Class _-_VA4-k_ Book, ^^^\^^L -/ f://t((f'rf/ /:^\'f.i( Jf/<^/('r^r Cjf/f'/f'r Jf^ //|/r/...XjL..:..^..v -I THE STATE OF MISSOURI ■t>naaia//S/li/(U4ii'nS'jtu/i^,:iic. .'//(t 'hn-ViLili-ciil/im,,,,.,,.;.. < f. ... . /M. UmtU SU-U. 'jiffvuu . ././„.'«,. y/!<-< a :..tt.i/<..yh JA^. Ju..,u, Jj. <-lf *^W«'VM4 ■'-■^M )^vi^e5 ^A I \3 v lMt\ PROCLAMATION OF JAMES MONROK, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, ADMITTING THE STATE OF MISSOURI TO THE FEDERAL UNION, ISSUED AUGUST lO, 182I. FACSIMILE FROM THE ORIGINAL ON FILE IN OFFICE OF SECRETARY OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D. C. THE STATE OF MISSOURI AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY EDITED FOR M. T. DAVIS, F. J. MOSS, B. H. BONFOEY, W. H. MARSHALL, J. H. HAWTHORNE, J. O. ALLISON, L. F. PARKER, N. H. GENTRY, D. P. STROUP, THE MISSOURI COMMISSION TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION BY Walter Williams "A good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; a land of wheat and barley and vines; a land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness; thou shalt not lack anything in it."- — The Book. 1904 m% %'* Press of E. W. Stephens, Columbia, MVtissouRi, 1904. Engravings by Michaelis Engraving Company; 'St. Joseph, Missouri i^ TO THOSE WHO ARE MISSOURIANS AND TO THOSE WHO SHOULD BE CHAPTERS THIS BOOK CONTAINS I. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. II. THE STORY OF THE STATE. Jonas Viles, A. M., Ph. D., Instructor in History, University of Mis- souri. III. MISSOURI CHRONOLOGY. H. E. Robinson, President of State Historical Society of Missouri. IV. HOW THE COMMONWEALTH IS GOVERNED. IsiDOB LoEB, LL. B., Ph. D., Professor of Political Science and Public Law, University of Missouri. V. CLIMATE. A. E. Hackett, Director Missouri Weather Service. VI. GEOLOGY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY. C. F. Maebut, B. S., a. M., Professor of Geology, University of Mis- souri. VII. AGRICULTURE. H. J. Wateks, B. S. a., Dean of the Missouri College of Agriculture and Superintendent of Agriculture, Missouri Commission. VIII. LIVE STOCK. F. B. MuMFOKD, B. S., M. S., Acting Dean Missouri Agricultural Col- lege and Professor of Animal Husbandry. IX. HORTICULTURE. L. A. Goodman, Superintendent of Horticulture, Missouri Commission. X. DAIRYING. W. W. Marple, Superintendent of Dairying, Missouri Commission. XI. POULTRY. XII. MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. W. L. Thomas, Sometime Editor St. Lou^s Journal of Commerce. XIII. MINING. G. E. Ladd, a. B., Ph. D., Director, ScLool of Mines and Metallurgy, University of Missouri, and Superintendent of Mines and Metal- lurgy, Missouri Commission. XIV. TRANSPORTATION. XV. EDUCATION. G. V. Buchanan, Superintendent of Education, Missouri Commission. XVI. CHURCH, ART, AND THE PRESS. Art by John S. Ankeney, Jr., Instructor in Freehand Drawinci. Uni- versity of Missouri. XVII. FAUNA. George Lefevre, A. B., Pli. D., Professor of Zoology, University of Missouri. XVIII. PLANT LIFE. B. M. DuGGAR, M. S., A. M., Pli. D., Professor of Botany, University of Missouri. XIX. THE GREAT CITIES. St. Louis: Prepared by Ripley D. Saunders, and William Flewellyn Saunders, under the direction of the Business Men's League. Kansas City: W. C. Winsborough, for Commercial Organizations. St. Joseph: M. ,E. Mayer and John L. Bittinger, for Commercial Club. Joplin: Joel T. Livingstox, for Joplin Club. Springfield: Wm. Johnston, for Commercial Club. Sedalia: Charles E. Yeater. Hannibal: S. J. Roy, for Merchants' Association and Business Men's Association. Jefferson City: Hugh Stephens, for Commercial Club. Carthage: H. L. Bright, for Commercial Club. Webb City : H. A. Gardner, tor Commercial Club. Other Cities over 5,000 Population. XX. THE STATE BY COUNTIES. Roy a. Hockensmith. XXI. THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE. XXII. MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. XXIII. INDEX. MAPS OF MISSOURI: Geological, Soil, Transportation, Mining. FOREWORD HIS volume, which is the story of Missouri told by Missouri — the State's autobiography — is made possible by the liberality of the taxpayers of the State in voting permission to the General Assembly to appropriate one million dollars for a Missouri exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and, as a result of that appropriation, it is a part of that exhibit. Every care has been taken to secure accuracy of statement. Much of value has of necessity been omitted. "As it is the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood, so it is no imputation if he hath not caught all." It is believed, however, that the chief re- sources and advantages of the great State are fairly and comprehen- siveh'^ set out in the pages that follow. It is impossible to mention all who have aided in the preparation. In addition to those whose names appear in the table of contents, special thanks for assistance in gathering material are also due A. M. Dockery, Governor; Sam B. Cook, Secretary of State; Albert O. Allen, State Auditor; George B. Ellis, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture; W. T. Carrington, State Superintendent of Public Instruction; F. A. Sampson, Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri; J. C. Whitten, Professor of Horticulture in the University of Missouri; Thomas M. Bradbury, Secretary of the Board of Railway and Warehouse Commissioners; R. G.Yates, Insurance Commissioner; R. C. Home, Chief Clerk to the Labor Commissioner; Independence Mann, Chief Clerk to the Adjutant-General; Professor E. M. Shepard, of Drury College; John H. Bothwell, of Sedalia; Allen V. Cockrell, of Washington, D. C, and J. W. Marstellar, Chief Clerk in the Bureau of Mines and Mine Inspection. The zeal, energy, and ability of Roy A. Hockensmith, who has been assistant in this work, is remembered with appreciation. The book is sent out from the Department of Publication of the Missouri Commission, of which Department F. J. Moss is the Commissioner in charge, in the confident expectation that it will result in large and lasting good in acquainting the world with the possibilities of Missouri to the end these possibilities may be realized in the fullest measure. For the interest of the members of the Com- mission, under whose direction the volume is issued, and for their uni- form courtesy to those in immediate charge thereof, it may not be inappropriate here to express the personal gratitude of The Editor. MISSOURI — pronounced Miz-zoo-ry — is fifth of the United States in present population and material wealth, easily first in potential resource. Geographically, it is the central commonwealth of the federal union. When it entered the union eighty-three years ago it was the twenty-fourth state in rank. In the space of three score years and ten, the Psalmist's span of human life, it has passed all other states in the race for primacy, save four. Within less space of years to come, in the group of the republic's then greatest States — New York, Pennsyl- vania, Texas, California, Missouri — central and supreme will be the imperial State of Missouri. New York and California will be strong in commerce, Pennsylvania in manufacture, Texas for its tremendous agricultural area, while Missouri, in commerce, manufacture, agriculture in all its branches, will have no superior even among the giants. The present day situation gives foundation for proph- ecy and its fulfillment. In the pages of this volume are told in pen and pencil the resources of the state in some of its many lines. Naught is exaggerated. The plain unvarnished truth about Missouri is superlative. At this point let the merest summary suflSce. A State is the product of its people. In field and mine and forest are found the tools. The character of the population who use these tools decides. In this is Missouri finely fortunate. Three gates opened wide to the Missouri ter- ritory in the early days. The Spanish came by the lower water gate in search of gold; the French by the upper water gate in quest of adventure or led by Marquette's noble missionary zeal; through the mountain gate from the east- ward came the Virginians, their children of Kentucky and in later times the Scotch-Irish descendants, the men and women from north and east and from beyond the sea, all seeking homes, where there was blue sky and elbow-room and Missouri Chronology I 541 The first white men (under DeSoto) set feet on the soil of Missouri. 1 542 Louis de Mos- coso, successor to DeSoto, explored the southwestern part of Missouri. Mo.- THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1673 Marquette and Joliet discov- ered the Missouri 1680 Hennepin explored eastern Missouri. 168 La Salle named the Mis- souri river "St. Philip." 1697 French Can- adians explored Missouri. freedom. The Spanish are re- membered by an occasional name of town or river and the French in the same wise or by some ancient family tree. The colonists from east of the Appalachians seeking homes were the real founders of the early State. They builded homes. They consti- tuted a brave, intelligent, pa- triotic citizenship. They founded a state in the wilder- ness and equipped it with all the machinery of government a year before the congress of the United States could make up its mind to admit the stur- dy youngster to sit full-privi- leged at the republic's coun- cil table. They were of genu- ine pioneer stock. Some peoples will not bear trans- planting; even in the wilder- ness others are architects of States. Of the latter were the settlers in Mis- souri, hardy, dominant and daring. Missouri, a very Titan for strength, is the product of their handiwork, while every State from the Father of Waters to the Golden Gate shows their skill in commonwealth-construction. In struggles with savage beast and untamed man the pioneer Missourian showed persistent heroism and hardihood. They were his children who in the strife be- tween the States enlisted to the number of beyond 100,000 in the Union army and more than 50,000 in the Confederate service, keeping the State's quota full, without draft or enforced enlistment, not merely in one but in both armies, a record unexampled among the States north or south. They were church-going and school-encouraging. They had respect for law. No vigilance committee was needed to preserve order even in the most primitive community. In the earliest constitution Missourians recognized the providence of God, provided for the es- tablishment of free schools and planned for a State seminary of learning. One interior county, with population of a scant few hundred, gave, nearly seventy years ago, by subscription, $117,000 for the founding of a college, a farmer, who could neither read nor write heading the voluntary subscription list with $3,000, a gift, considering time and circumstance, more princely than that of modern millionaire. It is not strange that with such ancestry, the Missourians of to-day MISSOURI was admitted as a territory June 4, 181 2. James Madison, President. Act recorded in volume 2, page 743, United States Statutes; the sixth territory to be admitted. Territory covered what is now Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi, the In- dian Territory, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, and most of Kansas, Colorado and Wyoming. Admitted as a state conditionally March 2, 1820, James Monroe, President. Act recorded in volume 3, page 645, of United States Statutes. The thirteenth in order of admission after the original thirteen colonies. Ap- plications made to Congress for a State government March 16, 1818, and December i8, 1818; a bill to admit was defeated in Congress, which was introduced February 15, 1 8 19; application made to Congress for an enabling act December 29, 18 19; enabling act (known as the Missouri compromise) passed by Congress March 6, 1820; first State constitution formed July 19, 1820; resolution to admit as a State passed Senate December 12, 1820; rejected by the House February 14, 1821; conditional resolution to admit approved March 2, 1 82 1; condition accepted by the legislature of Missouri and approved by the governor June 26, 1821; by proclamation of the President, formally ad- mitted as a state August 10, 1821; President Monroe's proclamation is recorded in volume 3, appendix No. 2, United States Statutes. A facsimile reproduction appears as frontispiece to this volume. MISSOTJBI FABM SCEITE. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE GREAT MISSOURIAN, "OLD BULLION." THIRTT YEARS IN UNITED STATES SENATE. BORN MARCH 14, 1782. DIED APRIL 10, 1858. should have the largest permanent school fund of any State, give eleven million dollars yearly to education, set apart one-third of the entire state revenue to the support of the public schools, have two per cent more children in school than the average for the United States, more than four per cent fewer illiterates and a church-bell within earshot of every citizen. The population has had admixture of foreign elements in the more recent years. This admixture has been of thrifty, easily assimilated rather than of thriftless, unhomogeneous kind. Of the foreign-born citizens of Missouri — only 7 per cent of the total population— there are 124,000 Teutons, 27,000 Irish, 14,000 Slavs. In the first State to the eastward, Illinois, where the foreign-born popu- lation constitutes 20 per cent of the whole, 385,000 are Teutons, 130,000 Irish and 140,000 Slavs. Seventy per cent of Missouri's population was born in Missouri, a striking commentary as to the value placed upon the State by those who know it best. The population of Missouri has steadily grown. In 1900 it was 149 times as large as in 1810, when the first census of the then territory was taken. During the last ten years the population grew from 2,679,184 to 3,106,665, or 16 per cent. During the present decade there is every indication that it will be augmented by as large or by a larger percentage. Such a population might well be expected to own their homes. There are, for 3,106,665 people in this State, 646,872 homes. Nor is the expectation con- trary to the census facts. In homes owned free of encumbrance Missouri out- ranks Illinois, Alabama, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, and New Jersey. Missouri outranks all its neighbor- ing States in farm homes owned free of encumbrance. Texas, Kansas, Illinois, Nebraska, Iowa, each has a larger percentage of mortgage-encumbered farms than Missouri. Missourians are home-builders and home-owners. This is the people which has made Missouri, a people fearing God and hon- oring man, of sane not stagnant conservatism, jealous of religious, political and industrial freedom, building home and church and school house, felling the forest, tilling the soil, digging the mine, toiling in factory, and holding to high ideals of citizenship in public and in private life. These are the handlers of the tools. But what of the tools with which these architects of the State have worked, of those with which they labor? Missouri Chronology 1 70 1 French under Count de Fron- tenac built a fort and started settle- ments in south- eastern Missouri. I 705 French as- cended the Mis- souri river to the mouth of the Kansas river. 1 71 2 Mining priv- ileges in Missouri granted to An- thony Crozat. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. FATHER OF THE STATE UNIVEBSITT. BOBN AFBIL 19, 1812. DIED JANUABY 9, 1888. Missouri Chronology 1 71 8 The Missis- sippi Company established settle- ments in south- eastern Missouri. 1 719 Sieur de Lochon dug lead on the Meramec, M. de la Motte, near Frederick- town and Renault north of Potosi. Missouri is a State of many interests. Other States lead in one or two in- dustries, Missouri is in front rank in all. The figures are from the census re- turns of the federal government. Take twenty leading products of the United States and note a group of the six States which excel in each of the twenty. Missouri appears in every one of the twenty groups while the next State appears in only eleven of the groups. Missouri is an agricultural State. Outside of the three cities of St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph, only 7.6 per cent of the population live in towns of over 4,000 inhabitants. Farming is the basis of all wealth. Taking Jefferson City, the capital of the State, as a center, within 250 miles is the center of the area of farm values of the United States, the center of the total number of farms, the center of oat production, the center of corn production, the center of wheat production, the center of gross farm income, the center of improved farm acre- age, the center of the production of the six leading cereals. One-tenth of the corn grown in one year in the world is grown in the State of Missouri. The per capita production of corn in the United States is 10.8 bushels, in Missouri it is 67 bushels. Canada is a wheat country, yet the State of Missouri grows two- thirds as m.uch wheat as all the province of Canada. The per capita production of all cereals in the United States is 57.1 bushels, in Missouri it is 81.3 bushels. Agriculture is profitable in every Missouri township. Missouri is a live stock State. It has more live stock farmers than any other State. Its live stock are worth $200,000,000. The quality of the Missouri A live stock is shown when it is recalled ^ that while in the State are only 4 \4 per cent of all the live stock of the United States it represents 5 per cent of the value. It has more finely-bred stock than any other State. The per capita ownership of domestic animals in the United States is $39, in Missouri it is $49.06. There is one dairy cow for every five inhabitants of the United States while Missouri has one for every four inhabitants. In poultry Missouri excels by 200 per cent the average production for the United States. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri leads in horticulture as in agriculture and live stock. In the lab- oratory of a university in Germany analysis was made of the fin- est fruit soils from all the world. The best two specimens were from the loess lands of Missouri. There are a third more apple trees in Missouri than in any other State. Missouri's fruit crop will excel that of any other State. It is the center of the apple, the peach, the berry region of the world. Within its borders are the largest nurseries and the largest orchards known. Its apples are of international reputation. Two bushels of apples for every inhabitant of Missouri is the annual product and four quarts of strawberries. There is no county in the State where fruit is not a paying crop. Missouri is a mining State. It produces eighty per cent of all the zinc mined in the United States, ninety per cent of all the nickle, and a large per cent of the lead. Half the State is under- laid by coal, a greater extent than in any other State in the federal union. There is estimated to be, at present prices, four hundred billion dollars worth of unmined coal in Missouri. The building stone exceeds that of any other State. Nearly $700,000,000 worth of mineral wealth has been taken out cf the mines of Missouri and the development has hardly begun. Its mineral output exceeds that of California while its yield of lead and zinc alone is greater than the total of the silver pro- duct of Colorado. In manufactures and commerce Missouri is a leading State. Cheap fuel and proximity to great and growing mar- kets will increase the rank of the State in this regard. Three- fifths of its surplus products are consumed at home. The home market is unsurpassed. Transportation facilities are widespread and adequate. Steam railways, electric lines, macadam and dirt roads extend in all directions. In one Missouri county, Jackson, are more macadamized roads than in any other county in the United States. Diverse industries, an extended crop sea- son and unexampled fertility of soil make, be- cause of the skill, intelligence and energy of the people, a prosperous community. The Mis- souri river bottom land is like the Nile land for area and richness. The prairies afford abundant harvests. The uplands are unex- celled for fruit. Missouri is an agricultural State, but it supports three cities of over 100,000 people, a larger number than any other State save four. It leads in general agriculture but it also ranks foremost or in the front rank in all other industries. In consequence its people are prosperous. On the first day of May they had on de- posit in banks an average of $136 for every man, woman and child in Missouri, a larger amount than in any neighboring State. There has never been a general crop failure in Mis- souri. There are no lean years to eat up the years of fatness. Labor has its due. The hours of labor for the average toiler have decreased in a year TYPICAL BARN AND SILO CARTHAGE. A. GLIMPSE AT THE STATE UNIVBRSITS : ACADUAl- tC HALL, LAW AND CHEMISTRY BUILDINGS. 6 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1720 Spanish ex- pedition from Santa Fe, massa- cred by the Mis- souri Indians near Boonville. 1 721 Fort Orleans built by M. Burg- mont above the mouth of the Osage. 1 724 Fort Orleans destroyed and the garrison massa- cred by the In- dians. from 9.5 to 9.26 while his wage has grown from $25.39 to $27.77. The wealth in home and bank is evidence of material prosperity. The Missourian does not, however, neglect those things that make for the higher life. School, church, the press, are encouraged. The largest circulation in proportion to population of any newspaper in any city in the world is that of a Missouri newspaper in a Missouri town. Massachusetts is properly regarded as a center of literary cul- ture. There are more magazines and other periodicals circulated in proportion to population in Missouri than in Massachusetts and more books used from the public library in Kansas City than in Boston. The government of Missouri is well administered. The State has an assessed valuation of $1,327,962,237, and a tax rate of 17 cents on the $100. This is the lowest of any State. In 1902 the tax rate in Nebraska was 63 cents, in Kansas 54 cents, in Iowa 40 cents, and in Illinois 40 cents. Despite this phenomenally low tax rate Missouri supports its State institutions liberally. Its laws are en- forced, property rights held sacred and administration of State affairs conducted with economy. Missouri is sometimes called a southern State and again a western State. It is not a southern State nor a western State. Though it extends further south than Virginia, it extends further north than Kansas. Geographically, it is at the very center of continental United States. It is politically well-nigh equally di- vided between the two great parties. Though it has voted with one exception the democratic ticket by varying majorities for twenty-five years, Missouri casts more republican ballots than any other state except New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Its negro population is small, only 5 per cent of the total. There are more negroes in Topeka, capital of Kansas, than in any Missouri city. The colored population of Missouri is decreasing while it is in- creasing in Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. There are more negroes to the total population in the capital city of any State from Missouri to the Atlantic than are to be found in any Missouri city with a single exception. Though an original slave State, Missouri abolished slavery by its own act, the only State in the American Union so doing. Missouri sent SUNSET ON THE MISSOURI EIVEE AT BOONVLLLE. PhotO by Maw Schmidt, BoonvUU THE STATE OF MISSOURI. GOVERNOR. LEADER OF CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS. BORN SEPTEMBER 11, 1809. DIED SEPTEMBER 29, 1867. more soldiers to the Union army in proportion to population than any of its neighbors and more northern States. It may properly be classed not as a north- ern or southern, eastern or western, but as a central State, a State in a class to itself with the best qualities of all. Located between the 36th and 41st parallels of north latitude and between the 89th and 96th meridian of west longitude, Missouri is a part of the temperate zone in which the woi'k of the world is done. Its climate conduces to health and physical strength. The Bureau of Ethnology of the federal government has pointed out that native Missourians are stronger and taller than the native citi- zens of any other State. The average mean temperature of Missouri, 54 degrees, is higher than the average mean temperature in any State of the same latitude eastward. Health in Missouri is promoted by the pure air and bright sunshine and by the good water with which the state is abundantly supplied. Vital statis- tics taken from the judicial and carefully compiled figures of the federal census — as are all the figures in this volume where not otherwise expressly stated — make plain that the claim for the health feature of Missouri is not an idle boast. The annual death rate in the United States per thousand population is 16.3 while in Missouri the annual death rate is only 12.2. To express it differently: One-third more deaths occur annually in the other States of the Union in proportion to population than in Missouri. While the annual birth rate in the United States exceeds the annual death rate 11.2 per cent, the excess in Missouri is 13.8 per cent. Missourians are born more numerously and die less rapidly than the citi- zens of the other States. If Missouri, which is capable of supporting as large a population in propor- tion to area as Egypt, equalled that land in population there would be 64,000,000 people in this State instead of less than 3,500,000. God forbid that that time should ever come. Let us always live far enough apart to be neighborly. But there is room enough without crowding for several million more inhabitants of Missouri — and unfeigned welcome! The state is 328 miles in extreme length from north to south and contains 69,415 square miles. Its entire population could be placed, allowing to each a space of six square feet, upon less than a third of a square mile. In area Missouri is slightly larger than England and Wales, which have 32,526,075 population while Missouri has 3,106,665. It is more than four times as large as the mountain republic of Switzerland which has about the same population. There are 588 persons to the square mile in Belgium, 558 Missouri Chronology 1732 The country thrown open by the King of France to all his subjects and the lead mines much developed. 1735 St. Gen- evieve established 1762 Francis Bur- ton discovered rich mines at Potosi. 1762 St. Charles established. 8 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1762 Louisiana ceded to Spain by France. 1764 St. Louis es- tablished by Laclede Liguest. 1767 Carondelet established. J 1765 St. Ange de Bellerive estab- lished the capital if Upper Louisi- ana at St. Louis. in England, 409 in Holland, and 725.7 in Saxony. In Missouri there are only 45.22 persons to the square mile. The soil of Missouri is capable of yielding varied products more largely than the soil of any country in the world. Here is space and to spare for millions upon millions of intelligent, thrifty, industrious citizens. Missouri has had an interesting and important history. At least three times within the three-quarters of a century of its life as a sovereign State has it been the central figure of national political affairs swaying the policies of the republic. The great Grecian mathematician asked for a spot upon which to rest the lever with which he would move the world. In Missouri may be found a broad area, filled with every help to material prosperity, blessed with noble citizenship, whose sons and daughters are to aid in moving the world nearer to the ideal of human life. The State has given great men to the nation, the chief product of any State. Four hundred Missourians were asked to name the leaders of the State's thought, the men who had done the most for Missoui-i and through Mis- sourians for the world. The majority named Thomas Hart Benton, Frank P. Blair, John S. Phelps, B. Gratz Brown, R. P. Bland, Hamilton R. Gamble, James S. Green, and Edward Bates, statesmen; James S. Rollins, the father of the State University; Sterling Price and A. W. Doniphan, soldiers; James B. Eads, engin- eer; E. M. Marvin, preacher; Eugene Field, poet; and George C. Bingham, artist. The spirit of Missouri is the spirit of progress, tempered by conservatism. It rejects not the old because of its age, nor refuses the new because it is not old. It is the spirit of a community, conscious ol" its own secure position, somewhat too careless at times of the world's opinion, hospitable, generous, brave. The dream of the greatest statesman is a nation of useful citizens dwelling in happy homes. In Missouri the dream finds realizai ion. The noble Latin motto of the State has e\ er expressed — and does — the spirit of the united citizenship: "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law." Nobler motto there could not be for commonwealth or citizen. It is the State of Missouri, its autobiography in this volume set down, that bids the wide world welcome. UNITED STATES SENATOR. LEADER OF UNIONISTS AT OPENING OF WAR. BORN FEBRUARY 19, 1821. DIED JULY 8, 1875. J^jS,^ TORY O THEr STAT MISSOURI has a unique place among the States of the union; broadly speaking, other States are northern or southern, eastern or western, while Missouri is both western and southern, with much of the energy and con- servatism characteristic of the north. This exception to any hard and fast classification should be a source of pride to every Missourian. Other sections have each their distinctive attributes; Missouri to a large degree unites the strong points of all. The peculiar development of the State is due primar- ily to her control of the Missouri river. She is the nat- ural gateway to the west and southwest, and the natural meeting place of the two great streams of emigration from the east. Hence her population is of a varied origin, drawn from all sections of the east, and from many Euro- pean nations. The tremendous natural resources of the State have made her, economically speaking, the most in- dependent in the Union, and for this reason she has maintained her freedom from positive identification with any section. By geographical position and natural wealth Missouri has a place all her own. The present territory of Missouri was originally part of the French province of Louisiana, but prior to the ces- sion of the western bank of the Mississippi to Spain in ^1762, it was almost unexplored and unoccupied. There was one settlement, the oldest in the State, at Ste. Gene- 9 10 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology I 770 Pontiac visit- ed St. Louis, and was murdered on the Illinois sideot the Mississippi. 1770 The country surrendered to the Spanish. 1776 Florissant es- tablished. 1780 St. Louis at- tacked by the Indians and many inhabitants killed. 1785 Mississippi river flood, "The year of the great waters. 1787 Called "the year of the ten boats," ten barges having arrived in company at St. Louis from New Orleans. HOUSE IN ST, CHARLES WHERE THE FIRST LEGISLATURE MET. vieve; across the river there was a flourishing community of perhaps fifteen hun- dred Canadians about Kaskaskia and Fort Chartres; the Missouri river and the southeastern portion of the present State had been very imperfectly explored by trappers and miners. The separate history of Missouri begins with the founding of St. Louis in 1764. The first house in St. Louis was erected by Pierre Laclede Li- guest, of the firm of Maxent, Laclede & Co., merchants of New Or- leans, who held a license for the fur trade on the Missouri. After a win- ter at Fort Chartres, Laclede fixed his trad- ing post at St. Louis in February, 1764. In the following year an En- glish garrison arrived at Fort Chartres and the exodus of the French began. In three years St. Louis was a thriving town of over five hun- dred inhabitants, the largest settlement in the valley north of New Orleans. After the Spanish took formal possession in 1770, that portion of Louisiana north of the Arkansas river was known as the Illinois country and ruled by a succession of Spanish lieutenant-governors at St. Louis. These governors, hliwever, identified themselves with the province; French remained the official language, even of official documents, and the trans- fer of allegiance brought no break in the continuity of the history of the district. The Spanish lieutenant-governor was an absolute ruler, save for orders from New Orleans; he controlled the troops and militia, acted as chief justice under a code that did not recognize trial by jury, and was quite unrestrained by any popular assembly. Until the Louisiana Purchase the district had little part in the changes going on about her, and little history beyond the usual chronicles of a frontier settle- ment. There was a steady and healthy growth in population, at first of French from Canada, Kaskaskia, or New Orleans, reinforced after 1790 by the Ameri- cans from Kentucky, until, at the time of the Purchase, the population of the district was somewhat over six thousand. There were commandants, subordi- nate to the governor at St. Louis, at New Madrid, Ste. Genevieve, New Bourbon, St. Charles, and St. Andrews. That is, the towns were strung along the Missis- sippi south of the Missouri, with two settlements, St. Charles and St. Andrews, near the mouth of the Missouri. New Madrid and Cape Girardeau contained a large number of Kentuckians, but the great majority of the newcomers settled I on detached farms along the rivers and creeks between St. Louis and Ste. Gene- '' vieve and about St. Charles. As yet they were content with the toleration freely granted them by the Spanish, and the province, although three-fifths of the white population were of American birth, remained essentially French. The upper Illi- nois country was primarily an agricultural community, with few distinctions of rank or wealth. The richer men were the merchants, the wholesale dealers or middlemen, who sent the products of the colony to New Orleans or Montreal, and distributed among the people the manufactured goods they received in return. THE STORY OF THE STATE. 11 GOVERNOR, 1876 TO 1880. BORN DECEMBER 22, 1814. DIED NOVEMBER 20, 1886. The younger men spent the winters with the professional trappers on the upper Missouri or Mississippi, collecting the furs which were still one of the staple exports. In the southeast the lead mines gave an opportunity for enterprising spirits. Besides the fur and lead, the picturesque flat-bottomed barges carried down the river salt from the numerous saline springs, and beef and wheat from the fertile fields around St. Louis. In the long and tedious return voyage against the current, the boats were laden with the few articles of luxury required by the colonists, such as sugar and spices, and manufactured articles of all descriptions. The artisans were few and incompetent, so that practically all the implements except the rudest, were imported. Even the spinning wheel was a rarity in the homes of the French, and butter a special luxury. The Kentuckians were a more enterprising and ingenious people, but their influence on their easy-going neighbors was slight. The merchants, however, were energetic and successful. Much to the disgust of the English, they succeeded in centering the trade of the Mississippi valley at St. Louis and in diverting the fur trade from Montreal to the East and to New Orleans. The intellectual life of the colony was not of a striking character. There was absolutely no provision for education and illiteracy was prevalent. Few books were to be found, and those chiefly in the libraries of the priests. The re- ligion was of course the Roman Catholic, established by the government, but the Protestant Kentuckians, although never granted any official toleration, were not molested as long as they worshipped quietly. There was no political life, no town meetings, no elections. The forms of trial were simple and judgment di- rect and expeditious. Taxation was light; land was freely granted for nominal fees, and the Spanish governors were lenient and tolerant. Altogether life seems to have been very pleasant in old St. Louis. There was rude abundance and solid comfort; a gentle, easy-going, care-free people, and a refreshing absence of nervous unrest of the western American. Perhaps the content of the people was founded on a purely material prosperity, and their happiness was a rather self-satisfled complacency in existing conditions, yet one almost regrets that this simple mode of life had to yield to the more strenuous American ideals, if Mis- souri was to take full advantage of her commanding position. Such was the upper Illinois country av the date of the Purchase. The Pur- chase itself, however, and the later history of Missouri were consequent to the great westward movement of population that ranks with the barbarian invasions and the colonization of America In the great migrations of mankind. There wore Missouri Chronology 1788 Manuel Perez Commandant at St. Louis. 1793 Zenon Tru- deau Command- ant at St. Louis. 1798 Dehault De- lassus Command- ant at St. Louis. 1799 "The year of the hard winter." 12 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology I 800 Louisiana retroceded to France by Spain. 1802 Formal change of pos- session made. 1803 Louisiana Purchase from France to the United States completed April 30. 1804 Upper Louis- iana transferred to the United States, March 10. I 804 Lewis and Clarke Expedition started up the Missouri river, May 14. four great highways from the Atlantic to the Ohio, all following river valleys as lines of the least resistance. The northern and easiest, passage, now followed by the Erie canal, was barred by the Iroquois Indians until the new century began. So the earlier pioneers crossed Pennsylvania to Pittsburg, or followed the Poto- mac or the Yadkin into the Shenandoah valley and crossed the western range by one of several passes, of which the Cumberland Gap is the most famous. In any case the early settlers planned to reach the Ohio, or the Tennessee, or the Cumberland. The wanderings of Daniel Boone in eastern Kentucky in 1769-71 mark the beginning of the migration. That typical frontiersman, so endeared to all Americans by his bravery and his simple heart, saw in the fertile fields of Kentucky the opportunity of the poor man with no capital but his bare hands and his courage. He was followed by a constantly increasing stream of settlers from the back country of Virginia and the Carolinas. They were of quite a different type from the great planters of the tide-water plantations. In their veins was a iibei-al infusion of Scotch and Irish blood. They were restless, ad- venturous, enterprising, and brave lo a fault; the ideal people to win the fii'st struggle with the wilderness in the oattle for the West. The prosperous settlements in eastern Kentucky welcomed the Declaration of Independence and struck an important blow in the Revolutionary war. George Rogers Clarke, a leading Kentuck- ian, led an expe- dition of Virginia militia and Ken- tucky volunteers against the Brit- ish forts at Kas- kaskia and Vin- cennes, in order to forestall a threatened Indian attack under En- glish leadership. The forts surren- dered, and their possession by the Americans some- what strengthen- ed their case in the negotiation of the treaty of peace. That treaty yielded to the United States all the district between che Alleghanies and the Mississippi. The settlers now poured into Kentucky by the thousands. Men, ruined by the war or the universal stagnation that followed it,' soldiers and officers whose only reward for their sacrifices were land grants in the west, and less desirable elements at- tracted by the speculation in land, covered Kentucky and northern Tennessee with scattered settlements. The fertile soil soon provided a surplus of food stuffs for export. But transportation over the rude roads to the seaboard was extremely difficult and expensive; the natural outlet, the only practicable one, was down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans. And here Spain blocked the way. Holding both banks of the Mississippi at its mouth, she claimed the right to close it to all but Spanish commerce. This Mississippi question was one of life and death to the men of Ken- tucky and Tennessee. It threatened to detach them from the Union and necessi- tated the Louisiana Purchase. The pioneers, with a characteristic directness, argued that it was a violation of natural justice that Spain, because she chanced CABIN IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY WHERE DANIEL BOONE LIVED. THE STORY OF THE STATE. 13 l-.«-«^«^._., . _ ^.s JAME5 5. GREEN UNITED STATES SENATOR. BORN FEBRUARY 28, 1817, DIED JANUARY 9, 1870. to own the two banks of the river at New Orleans, should be able to throttle their trade. In considerations of diplomacy and of international law they saw only technical subtleties with which Spain and the eastern States sought to ob- scure the justice of their case. The inherent divergence between the more con- servative manufacturing and commercial east and the simpler, more direct agri- cultural west is as old as the west itself. The Congress of the Confederation sought long and in vain for a solution of the Mississippi question. Spain's at- titude was consistent throughout; she would grant to the United States liberal commercial privileges with Spain and her colonies, but the United States must abandon, at least for a term of years, her claims to the navigation of the Mis- sissippi. Spain hoped, if the commercial States accepted the bait, to detach the west and southwest from the Union. More than once the northern and eastern States were on the point of abandoning the Mississippi, in fact Jay ne- gotiated a treaty accepting Spain's terms, but the resistance of the south and the discontent of Kentucky saved Congress from such a fatal concession. The danger in those years that the western settlements would take matters into their own hands was a very real one. Added to their resentment of the hesitancy of Congress was the entirely insufBcient protection afforded them from the Indians. Spanish governors of New Orleans did their best to fan the smouldering discontent into open revolt, that Kentucky might become inde- pendent and join Spain in confederation or alliance. Some of the leaders high- est in the confidence of the people, notably Wilkinson and Sebastien, were the paid agents of Spain. But the sober sense of the Kentuckians prevailed and Missouri Chronology 1804 First English School established in St. Louis. 1805 Territory or Louisiana estab- lished with Gen. James Wilkinson as Governor, March 3. [806 Ft. Bellefon- taine established on the south bank of the Missouri river, a few miles above its mouth. MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILBOAD YAKDS AT JEFFBKSON CITY. 14 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology I 806 Settlements founded on the Loutre. SKULL OF MOUNDBUILDEB. INHABITED MISSOURI PREVIOUS TO INDIAN OCCUPATION. 1806 Bethel Bap- tist church estab- lished near Jack- son, Cape Girar- deau county. 1806 John Travis appointed to the Missouri circuit, Methodist Epis- copal church. thwarted the efforts of the conspirators. Wayne's victory over the Indians and the admission of Kentucky to the Union relieved the tension somewhat and finally, in 1795-6, the United States forced Spain to yield. She surrendered her claims to Natchez and the south, opened the Missis- sippi to American trade, and provided a port of de- posit at its mouth. Meanwhile hundreds of Kentuckians had been solving the Mississippi problem by quietly moving across the Mississippi. The Spanish could offer cheap lands, light taxation, and an easy tolerance. In some cases great tracts of land were granted to one man, as to General Morgan at New Madrid. The Americans in the main kept to themselves, either on their scattered farms or at New Madrid and Cape Girardeau. The famous Northwest Ordinance, forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory, retarded settlement north of the Ohio. Moreover, Ken- tucky was filling up with tremendous rapidity, the best lands were occupied, and obscure and conflicting land claims discouraged the later comers. And many of the original pioneers followed Daniel Boone once more to a newer country. So at the time of the purchase the majority of the inhabitants of Missouri were of English speaking ancestry from Virginia and Kentucky. The Mississippi question was in abeyance until in 1802 the Spanish in- tendant at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit. Two years before, how- ever, Spain had retroceded Louisiana to France by the secret treaty of San Ildefonso, in return for an Italian principality to be granted to the son-in-law of the King of Spain. Napoleon was just then dreaming of the restoration of the colonial empire of France, but his activity in America forced Jefferson into a vigorous foreign policy. The slumbering discontent in Kentucky awoke with re- newed intensity, the whole country was convinced at last of the importance of the free navigation of the Mississippi and Monroe went to France in 1803 as the representative of a truly national policy. He was instructed to purchase New Orleans and the Floridas, or at least to secure a port of deposit or a similar concession. When Monroe reached Paris, he discovered that Livingston, the resident minister, had completed the preliminaries of the purchase, not of New Orleans, but of the whole district of Louisiana. Napoleon's sudden abandonment of his colonial schemes was due to the unexpected obstacles he encountered. The heroic resistance of Toussaint L'Ouverture in Santo Domingo was draining France of men and treasure; indeed she had been unable to take possession of Louisiana. Again, the continental policy of Napoleon made war with England almost inevi- table. Colonial expansion and war with England, at the same time, were too heavy a burden for France; with her command of the sea, England could promptly seize Louisiana. Napoleon, therefore, with the remorseless disregard for sentiment that made and ruined him, met Livingston's demand for conces- sions on the Mississippi with the proposal to sell all of Louisiana to the United States. Before the latter had recovered from his astonishment Monroe arrived, and together they resolved to exceed their instructions and accept the bargain Napoleon "tossed into their laps." For $15,000,000 the United States secured all THE STORY OF THE STATE. 15 APOSTLE OF FREE SILVER. REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS 1873 TO 1895. AND 1897 TO HIS DEATH. BORN AUGUST 19^ 1835. DIED JUNE 15, 1899. the claims of France to New Orleans and the watershed of the Mississippi on its western bank. Thus began the colonial expansion of the United States. The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the national domain, settled forever the Mississippi question, and hastened the inevitable advance to the Pacific. Early in 1804 Major Amos Stoddard raised the American flag in St. Louis, and for a few months remained as governor with the same powers as his Spanish predecessors. Congress then organized that part of the Purchase north of the thirty-third parallel as the District of Louisiana in the Territory of Indiana. Indiana was governed under the Northwest Ordinance by a governor. General W. H. Harrison, and by three judges, without a legislature. Congress at the same time refused to confirm by law the land grants made since 1800. The illiberal form of government and the uncertainty as to land titles evoked a formal protest from the people. In the next year Congress changed the dis- trict to the Territory of Louisiana and Jefferson appointed Wilkinson its first governor. Both Lewis and Clarke later held this ofBce, the latter being in office when the state was admitted. The territory obtained in 1812 a legislature of two houses, the upper house, or Council appointed by the President, and a delegate to Congress; in 1816 it elected its own Council. Two years later the territory applied for admission to the Union. The governors and legislatures introduced the American law and judicial procedure, and a system of local government. Until 1812 the original five districts of the Spanish regime were retained with a simple administrative and judicial machinery. When the ter- ritory was granted a legislature, the districts became counties, with the right of representation according to population. New counties were organized as the population increased until at the date of admission the State was divided into 25 counties. The administration of the counties was developed, new courts organized and a supreme court of appeal established at St. Louis. The transfer to the United States stimulated the western movement through Kentucky. Here and there might be found an enterprising Yankee, or a stolid German from Pennsylvania, but the immigrants were still of the sturdy old English and Scotch-Irish stock of Virginia and the Carolinas. The population was essentially agricultural and settled for the most part on de- tached farms or in little hamlets. The existing towns increased in inhabi- tants, but comparatively few new ones were founded. As in the early days, Missouri Chronology 1807 Frederick Bates acting gov- ernor. 1808 Meriwether Lewis appointed governor. [808 The Missouri Gazette, the first paper west of the Mississippi river, established in July by Jos. Charless 16 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE HAENEY MANSION. Missouri Chronology 1808 The Missouri Fur Company es- tablished. 1 8 10 Boon's Lick settlements made (now Howard county). I 8 10 Benjamin Howard gover- nor. [811 New Madrid destroyed by an earthquake, December 16. settlement followed the rivers and creeks. The inhabited s^rip along the Mis- sissippi, before the Purchase perhaps twenty miles wide, in 1821 was more than doubled in width and was divided into two tiers of counties. Another stream of colonists ascended the Missouri to the Boon's Lick country, on the Missouri river. A flourishing set- tlement grew up there in the early days and three counties were organized before 1821. Franklin was the chief town of the dis- trict and the centre of the western trade. It was the headquarters of the hun- ters and trappers and of the traders who followed the old Santa Fe trail to New Mexico. Both banks of the Missouri were oc- cupied and organized as counties and a beginning made along the Missis- sippi to the northward. Altogether there were some 60,000 inhabitants in the territory when it became a State. During the territorial period Missouri became American in government and in character. The French influences persisted longer in the older Missis- sippi towns; French merchants in St. Louis controlled much of the trade; individual Frenchmen were prominent in society and politics; but the coming of the newspapers and the steamboats ended the old regime. St. Louis with its fire engine and two newspapers was a bustling western town, while the Boon's Lick settlements reproduced the early days of Kentucky. The boisterous bullies of the river, the reckless adventurers so inevitable in a frontier settle- ment, with their feuds and duels, gave a false impression of lawlessness of those early days. The Missourians were a buoyant, optimistic people, quick to take offense, and preferring a rude and ready justice; indeed, they had the faults and virtues of the frontiersman everywhere, but they kept the Anglo- Saxon reverence for law and order. They were an agricultural people even more than in the earlier days, for the fur trade was already past its zenith. Somewhat less than a sixth of the population were slaves, to be found in the older Mississippi country, but on the whole the plantation system of the South was unsuited to Missouri. Wheat, corn, and beef with salt and lead, were the chief productions of the territory. The trade still followed the rivers, and received a great stimulus from the coming of the steamboats, which made the rivers highways jn both directions. The greater part of the ex- ports, however, were still floated down to New Orleans in the clumsy barges, which were commonly sold as lumber with the cargo. The petition of this flour- ishing territory for admission to the Union began the long polit- ical contest over slavery and and for the first the country by a line into a North- Southern section, had viewed with the admission of Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Mississippi as slave states. Why then did she demand that Missouri should be free; why did the inevitable opposition of the two sections break out on on the classic hinkson cbeek. State rights, time divided geographical em and a The North complacency THE STORY OF THE STATE. 17 ATTORNEY-GENERAL IN LINCOLN'S CABINET. BORN SEPTEMBER 4, 1793. DIED MARCH 25, 1869. the admission of Missouri? Kentucky and Tennessee were admitted when the best men, north and south, were united in a philosophical condemnation of slavery, and a hope of its ultimate extinction. Louisiana and Mississippi, and Alabama, which was admitted as a slave State in 1819, were all far to the southward and surrounded by slave territory. Missouri, however, was on the border line, and was not a great slaveholding community — slavery was not the foundation of its social and economic structure. Moreover, it was the first state to be formed from the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. But the political question of the balance of power between the sections was the imme- diate cause of the struggle. At the adoption of the Constitution, North and South were nearly equal in population and representation, but in thirty years the free States had developed much more rapidly and gained a preponderance in the House of Representatives. In the Senate with its representation by States the relation of the sections had remained unchanged. Up to 1818, the new States, had been admitted in pairs, a free State with a slave State, but in that year both Missouri and Alabama were clamoring for admission. If both came in as slave States, the existing balance in the Senate would be destroyed. Alabama was by geographical position, inevitably slave. So the North was determined that Missouri should be free. As soon as the debates in Congress began, the difference of opinion was seen to go much deeper than any political question of balance of power. The divergence in the development of political and social ideals in the two sec- tions appeared so plainly as to appall the nation. On the question of slavery the older philosophical disapproval of the North had broadened into a growing conviction that slavery was a moral and an economic wrong. Almost all of the northern States had abolished slavery and believed that its further exten- sion should be resisted. The South had moved even further in the opposite direction. Instead of the earlier theoretical condemnation of slavery, the South now regarded it as indispensable to its present mode of existence. No one thing had done as much to bring about this change as the invention of the cotton gin and the enormous development of the cotton culture, which had in- creased threefold the value of slaves and promised the South an era of unex- ampled prosperity. Intimately connected with this developing difference of opinion on slavery, was a more serious divergence in political ideals, a radically Mo. — 2. Missouri Chronology 1 8 1 2 Territory of Louisiana chang- ed to Territory of Missouri, January 4, with William Clarke governor. 1 8 12 Bank of St. Louis incorpor- ated. 1 8 1 3 First brick house in St. Louis built by Wm. C. Carr. 1 8 14 Many Indian massacres oc- curred in Mis- souri. 18 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. f Missouri Chronology I 8 1 7 Charles Lucas killed in a duel with Thomas H Benton. ?I7 The General Pike, the first steamer to land at St. Louis. different conception of the relation of the States to the general government. The South held that the powers of the general government should be limited by a strict and literal interpretation of the Constitution, and that the Constitu- tion was a compact between the States. In the North, however, the older par- ticularistic theories of the powers of the States were yielding to a devotion to the Union, and a desire to extend the general powers of the government. This divergence had been growing silently for years, almost unsuspected; now it startled North and South alike. In Congress the struggle over Mis- souri was a contest between the House and the Senate. In 1819 the House, by its adoption of the Tallmadge resolution that the further introduction of slavery into Missouri should be prohibited, and that all children born of slaves should be free at twenty-flve years of age, committed itself to the theory that Congress might compel a State to abolish slavery as a condition of admission. The Senate refused to concur. Arkansas territory was set off from Missouri, however, with no restrictions as to slavery. When Congress reassembled in December, the Missouri question was complicated by the application of Maine for admission as a free State. The Senate was resolved that the two States must be admitted together or not at all. The House was equally determined that Mis- souri should not be admitted as a slave State. The debates which followed showed the country how far it had drifted toward disunion. The arguments on the one hand were that Congress had no right to impose conditions on the admis- sion of a State; that the restriction urged by the House violated the guarantees of the Treaty of Purchase, and that slavery was necessary to the prosperity of the South and the best thing for the negro. These propositions were denied in toto by the North. Moderate men of both sections sought some compromise, and finally united on the proposal of Senator Thomas, of Illi- nois. This first Missouri compromise satisfied neither party, but finally passed both Houses in 1820 by small majorities. By it Maine was admitted, as a free State of course, and no restriction as to slavery was introduced into the permission to Missouri to form a State constitution. But from all the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes, the southern boundary of Missouri, slavery was forever excluded. Missouri acted at once on this permission. A convention met at St. Louis and drew up a State constitution, which bore few traces of the excitement of the time, and remained the fun- damental law of the State until after the war. In its main out- lines it bore a close resemblance to the Constitution of Kentucky. The democratic character of the inhabitants was reflected in the MONUxMENT TO THOMAS JEFFERSON, ORIGINALLY ERECTED AT MONTICELLO FROM DESIGNS LEFT BY MR. JEFFERSON; NOW ON STATE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS AT COLUMBIA. THE STORY OF THE STATE. 19 UNITED STATES SENATOR, 1863 TO 1867. GOVERNOR, 1871 TO 1873. BORN MAT 28, 1826i. DIED DECEMBER 13, 1885. provision for universal suffrage; the disqualification of clergymen for the higher offices, and the prohibition of the Legislature to charter more than one bank, re- flected unpleasant incidents in the previous history of the territory. But the clauses as to slavery attracted the most attention and had an unforeseen result. Before the debates in Congress there was a respectable minority in favor of the prohibition of slavery, but the natural resentment w^hich swept over the State at the attempt of the North to impose conditions on her admission, destroyed its in- fluence. The Convention seems to have been unanimous against the restriction of slavery. The Constitution declared that the Legislature had no power to emancipate slaves without the consent of their owners, a clause which Benton claimed to have originated to take slavery out of State politics. The Legislature could provide for emancipation with the consent of the masters, and it was its duty to secure humane treatment for the slaves. Finally, the Legislature was to see to it, by suitable legislation, that all free negroes and mulattoes be ex- cluded from the State. The decision of the State was in no sense determined by the attempted dictation of the North. Missouri was not a great slaveholding community, frontier settlements never are; nor were conditions favorable in general, for the plantation system. Less than one-sixth of the population were negroes in 1820 and the ratio steadily decreased. But slavery had always existed in the territory, the great mass of the population were familiar with the system, were descendants of slaveholders and bound by ties of sympathy and blood to the South. The Constitution was declared in force by the Convention, and, as every one believed that the admission was a mere formality, the people elected a governor and legislature and organized a State government. Mis- souri for a time was practically, if not legally, a State without the Union. Congress, however, did not admit Missouri to the Union until after months of fierce and acrimonious debates. The extremists, North and South, were dissatisfied with the first compromise, and in the House of Representatives refused to accept Missouri's Constitution on the grounds that the clauses as to free negroes were unconstitutional. The Senate, as before, was on the side of Missouri. Neither would yield, the excitement in Congress and in the country threatened the very existence of the Union, when Henry Clay, by his Missouri Chronology 1 8 1 8 Congress ask- ed to authorize a state government for Missouri. 1 8 1 9 The Inde- pendence, the first steamer to ascend the Missouri river, went to Old Franklin in May. 1 819 The Tall- madge anti- slavery resolution affecting the ad- mission of Mis- souri as a state, passed by the United States House of Repre- sentatives. 20 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 820 Bill providing for the establish- ment of the state of Missouri passed both houses of Congress in March. 1820 Forty -one members of a Constitutional Convention elected in May. 1820 The Consti- tutional Conven- tion met in St. Louis June 12, and adjourned July 19. 1820 Alexander McNair elected governor of Mis- souri in August. ST. CHARLES COUNTY BESIDENCE WHESE DANUX BOONE DIED IN 1820, personal influence and eloquence, induced Congress to accept the second Mis- souri compromise. Missouri was to be admitted under her Constitution, when she pledged herself, by a solemn public act, never to construe certain specified clauses of it so as to au- thorize any law abridging the rights of citizens of any other State. Missouri, with her State government fully organized, and her senators and representa- tives in Washington wait- ing for recognition, re- sented this seemingly treacherous delay of Con- gress. But the Legislature passed a resolution which Monroe recognized as ful- filling the conditions, and Missouri entered the Union. And, curiously enough, the articles of the Constitution enumerated in the act of Congress and the resolution of the Leg- islature can not by any human ingenuity be identified with the clauses exclud- ing free negroes! The first State elections resulted in the choice of Alexander McNair as Governor, and John Scott, the old territorial delegate, as representative. The Legislature was nearly unanimous in favor of Barton as senator, and after a protracted contest chose Thomas Hart Benton as his colleague. Barton served continuously until 1831, and Benton until 1851. All in all, Benton is the greatest man Missouri has produced. At Washington he stood in front rank in the Senate which included Clay, Webster and Calhoun, was the intimate and trusted friend of Jackson. At home he dominated democratic party until his retirement, and was one of the best types of rugged western democracy. His strength lay rather in his unwearied industry, and his natural sound sense than in eloquence or learning. Throughout his long career he was the steadfast advocate of specie currency and a liberal land policy — both essential to the development of his State — and went down in defeat on his opposition to the extension of slavery. Political parties, however, did not emerge until the presidential election of 1828, when Missouri then cast her vote for Jackson. Probably opposition to the national bank and the money power influenced the votes in 1828, but Missouri was naturally demo- cratic; Jackson, the man of the people, represented the ideals and aspirations of the majority of Mis- sourians. Slavery and her southern sympathies kept the State in the demo- cratic party until the stirring times be- fore the war. The influence of slavery on Missouri's polit- ical history must not be overestimated, however. The proportion of negroes to the total population steadily diminished, and these the He the the ON A COUNTBT EOADSIDE THE STORY OF THE STATE. 21 ENGINEER. BUILDER OF THE ST. LOUIS BRIDGE AND MISSISSIPPI RIVER JETTIES. BORN MAY 23, 1820. DIED MARCH 8, 1887. negroes were found chiefly in the fertile lands along the great rivers, and in the older portions of the State. Throughout the State free labor was the rule. The anti-slavery minority revived after the admission of the State. Many of her ablest men, Benton in particular, disliked slavery, were opposed to its extension, and longed for its disappearance. The leaders, drawn from all political parties, met in 1828 in secret conference, and planned a campaign for gradual emancipation, and the prospect for success seemed excellent, when the excesses of a New York abolitionist raised the spectre of social equality between the races, and the whole scheme was abandoned before it was disclosed. Resentment at the extreme views of the abolitionists created an insurmount- able obstacle to any successful agitation later and, perhaps, prevented gradual emancipation in both Kentucky and Missouri. The general legislation up to 1849 does not call for any extended comment. The Legislature devoted much of its time to providing for the increase in popu- lation by the organization of new counties and perfecting the local government. The laws of the State were carefully revised in the session of 1824-5, and again at the end of the succeeding decades. Several minor amendments to the Con- stitution were adopted from time to time, but the attempt to remodel the instru- ment by the Convention of 1845 was rejected by the people. The chief concern of the Missourians was in the battle with the wilderness. The population, which doubled every ten years until the war, was still drawn in the main from Kentucky, but the population was losing its earlier homo- geneity. The northern stream of immigration through the Mohawk valley and the old Northwest reached the Mississippi and joined the earlier movement in Missouri, and the men from Illinois and the northeast began to form an impor- tant element in the State. The Germans, the first foreign born immigrants to the State, were settling in large numbers about St. Louis and to the northeast. They were a frugal, industrious, and law-abiding people, and, except for their tendency to retain their own language and customs, a thoroughly desirable acquisition. The older districts were soon fully occupied, so the bulk of these later immigrations followed up the tributaries of the Missouri and the Missis- sippi and settled in the back country. Many of them settled in or near the Missouri Chronology 1820 The first Legislature of Missouri met in St. Louis the 3d Monday in Sep- tember, with 14 senators and 43 representatives. 320 Legislature adjourned Sep- tember 26, in ' honor of Daniel Boone, who died that day. 1820 An act of Legislature passed November 28, fixed the seat of government at St. Charles until October i, 1826, at which date it was to be removed to Jef-< ferson City, 22 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 821 The admission of Missouri as a state was refused by Congress on on February 1 1 , account of the State Constitution requiring free ne- groes and mulat- toes to be exclud- ed from settling in the state. I 821 The Clay formula, making the condition that the "restrictive section" of the constitution of Missouri should not be construed to affect any citi- zen of any state, was passed by Congress on February 26. 1821 June 4 a special session of the Missouri leg- islature was held at St. Charles which passed the required act of Congress. REPKESENTATIVE MISSOUEI HOME — CASS COUNTY. large towns. The whole State was subdivided into counties of reasonable size. It was losing, also, somewhat of its distinc- tively southern character. Missouri was still pri- m a r i 1 y an agricultural State. Manufactures were in their infancy, and com- m e r c e , outside of food stuffs, was confined to furs and the Mexican trade. The former had diminished greatly in amount and impor- tance, but the Mexican trade which followed the picturesque old Santa Fe trail, became sufficiently important for the United States to survey the easiest route in 1825. Roads were built throughout the State, as the density of population warranted the expense, but the steamboats on the Mississippi were still the easiest means of transportation. The towns increased in number and in wealth and St. Louis became one of the important cities of the Union. The wild speculation in public lands which followed the deposits of the United States in the State banks and the distribution of the surplus stimulated a feverish and fictitious prosperity, and the collapse brought ruin to many indi- viduals. The healthy growth in population and wealth continued; meanwhile, the State wisely refrained from a ruinous system of public improvements, and Missouri recovered quickly from the financial depression. One result of the demand for land was the acquisition of the triangle be- tween the western boundary and the Missouri river — the Platte Purchase of 1836. There were two obstacles to the consent of Congress to this increase in territory, the existence of an Indian reservation there, and the violation of the letter of the Compromise of 1820. The Missouri senators, Benton and Linn, secured this fertile region, now one of the richest in the State. The first settlers in the extreme west, however, were the Mormons, fresh from their trials in the east. They were a thrifty people and prospered in their new homes, but their peculiar moral and religious views aroused the dislike of their neighbors; they were accused of horse stealing and much petty dishonesty, and were soon attacked and retaliated in kind. The militia finally broke up the Mormon settlements, forced them to abandon their property and leave the State. Missouri was no longer merely a frontier settlement. In 1839 the Legis- lature applied the proceeds from the public lands donated in 1820 to the foundation of a State University, which was located in Columbia. After a long period of slow but solid growth, the University has of late entered on a period of phenomenal develop- ment and now ranks with the best of the State uni- versities. St. Louis was a city of sufficient impor- tance to attract Lafayette in his triumphal progress and to induce Webster to journey from New En- gland to see the growing Empire of the West. Mis- souri never had a serious AN EVEMNG MEAL Indian question of her THE STORY OF THE STATE. 23 LEADEi; ui rm; .march to Mexico, the greatest in HISTORY. BOKX JULY 9, 1808. DIED AUGUST 8, 1887. own, but she sent her militia to crush the Black Hawk rising In the North, and to destroy the Seminoles in Florida. Her senators and representatives at Washington were heard in every important discussion, and Missouri in gen- eral took an intelligent and active part in national affairs. The revolt of Texas, with its consequent annexation and war with Mexico, aroused more interest in Missouri than in any other State, perhaps. A very large number of the Americans who appropriated Texas when it was still a Mexican State, were Missourians, many more took part in the Texan war of independence, so that ties of blood reinforced the characteristic land hunger which aroused the West in favor of annexation. The extension of slave ter- ritory, which appealed to the disciples of Calhoun, had only a secondary interest for Missouri. At the very outset of the war, a regiment of Missouri volunteers hastened to New Orleans to defend Louisiana. Her most striking service, how- ever, was in the conquest of New Mexico. General Kearney, of the regular army, organized an expedition at Fort Leavenworth, composed of a small number of regular troops and the famous "Doniphan's Brigade" of Missourians. This little army, a thousand strong, traveled the Santa Fe trail for nine hundred miles in fifty days, and captured Santa Fe without a struggle. The expedition was absolutely without any base of supplies from the day it left Fort Leaven- worth; the march lay through uninhabited wilderness and desert. General Don- iphan passed on into Mexico, did valiant service against Mexicans and Indians, and returned by sea to New Orleans. A second regiment followed Doniphan down the trail and policed New Mexico until the end of the war. A third regiment was ready to start out when peace was made. The question of slavery in the regions acquired from Mexico revived the geographical division of political parties, and opened the struggle which cul- minated in the Civil War. In Congress Henry Clay put through the last and greatest of his compromises; in Missouri, however, there was no compromise. Ben- ;arly HOME OF GOV. CHARLES ton had been the unquestioned leader of the demo- 1. HABDiN, COLUMBIA. FiBST crats for twenty-five years, but now the majority of iBicK HOUSE IN CENTRAL MIS- them revolted against him and his steadfast resis- JOUBi. tance to the extension of slavery in the territories. Missouri Chronology 1821 On August 10, a copy of the actof the Missouri legislature was delivered to the president of the United States, and he immedi- ately proclaimed the admission of Missouri as a I 821 Banking Loan Offices were es- tablished which proved disastrous financially to the people. 1 821 The first di- rectory of St. Louis was pub- lished, giving the population as 5,500. 24 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1822 St. Louis was incorporated by the legislature. 1823 Joshua Barton killed in a duel with Thomas C. Rector. ?24 Frederick Bates elected governor. CONFEDKBATE MONUMENT — SPRINGFIELD. Moreover, his imperious and ill-controlled temper had made him many enemies, and his autocratic will alienated the younger men. His opponents accordingly at- tacked him through the Jackson resolutions passed by the Missouri legislature in 1849. These resolutions, denied in the strongest terms the power of Congress to interfere with slavery in the territories and hint not obscurely at the pos- sibility and legality of secession. They were, and were intended to be, a direct censure on Benton. His reply was characteristic. On the floor of the Senate he denounced the resolutions as unwise, unsound, and disloyal; he denied that they represented the real opinion of his State; he continued his fight against the extension of slavery until the Compromise was passed, and then went back to Missouri to face his opponents. The principles put forward in the Jackson resolutions served as a political platform to the pro-slavery democrats until the war. Benton in 1850 appealed from the Legislature to the people and conducted a vigorous campaign through- out the State in the election of the next Legislature. His speeches were a curious mixture of sound political sense and a wealth of personal invective and denunciation characteristic of the man. The democratic majority in the Legislature of 1851 was divided into two factions, for and against Benton, so that the whigs were holding the balance of power. The anti-Benton democrats joined the whigs and elected a whig to succeed Benton. The latter returned to Congress as a representative in 1852, where he was out-spoken in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska bill. His friends in the Legislature prevented any choice of United States senator in 1854 and brought his name forward as a candidate in 1856. in which year he was also a candidate for governor, stand- ing third on the list, but his vote combined with that of the American candidate far outnumbered that of the regular democratic ticket. Benton himself died soon afterward; his supporters were divided among the Americans, the union demo- crats, and the republicans. The other wing of the democratic party was more than ever com- mitted to slavery and the South. The opposition to it did not take effective form until the presi- dential election of 1860. Meanwhile, in Congress, Douglas with his Kansas-Nebraska act had repealed the Mis- souri Compromise and established his prin- ciple of "squatter sovereignty." The exist- ence of slavery in the territories was to be left to the people of the territories. The doc- trine proved a dangerous one in its practical operation, for there was no agreement as to when the people should make their decision, whether under the territorial government or at admission as a State. In the specific act organizing Kansas and Nebraska, Missouri was directly interested in the status of Kan- sas. If Kansas decided against slavery, slavery in western Missouri, sur- rounded as it would be on two sides by free territory, would be in a precarious position. Moreover, the South in general believ- ed that it was the in- tention, unexpressed it is true, that Kansas should be slave, and Nebraska THE STORY OF THE STATE. 25 HAMILTON R.GAMBU- WAB GOVEENOB 1861-1864. BOEN NOVEMBEE 29, 1798. DIED JANUABY 31, 1864. free. Thus the Missourians would resent any interference with slavery in Kansas as prejudicial to their welfare and as a violation of natural justice. When Kansas territory was organized in 1854, there were a number of Missourians in the district, who at once were reinforced by settlers from the western counties. But certain energetic New England opponents of slavery were determined that Kansas should be free, even under popular sovereignty, and through their "Emigrant Aid Societies" they aided hundreds of northern men to emigrate to Kansas. The earliest of these settlers seem to have been "bona fide" emigrants interested primarily in bettering their fortunes. But the coloni- zation scheme seemed to the Missourians a quite unjustifiable interference; they retaliated with the formation of Blue Lodges whose purpose was to aid the southerners in Kansas to maintain their political superiority. They appealed to the South for aid in money and for settlers. So far, the efforts of either section were equally legitimate or illegitimate. But the South was hopelessly handicapped by the system of slavery in the race to occupy Kansas. There was no large class available for emigration. The whites were either slaveholders and owners of plantations who could not easily convert their property into cash, or poor whites, while the north could send out an army of mechanics, artisans, petty merchants, or small farmers. Only one band from the South of any size answered the call of Missouri. She by herself could not cope with the natural immigration from Illinois and Iowa, reinforced by the surplus population of New England sent on by the Emigrant Aid Socie- ties. Within a year it was evident that Kansas was slipping out of the grasp of the South. It was over two years before President Buchanan found a governor firm enough to establish order with the help of the federal troops. A desultory warfare continued on the Missouri border until the war, and was a training school for the guerrillas and bush-whackers in the later contest. This struggle for Kansas re-acted on Missouri politics and strengthened the pro-slavery democrats. The old whig party disappeared and was replaced by the Americans and the union democrats. The republican party made little head- way outside of St. Louis. James S. Rollins, an old-line whig, secured the sup- port of these elements of opposition to the regular democracy and in 1857 was defeated for governor by 334 votes only. The national parties, also, were in a chaotic condition at the presidential election in 1860. There were four candi- dates and four platforms on the slavery question before the people. The demo- MlSSOURI Chronology 1825 Governor Bates died and was succeeded by Abraham J. Williams, presi- dent of the State Senate. 1825 John Miller elected governor. 1825 Lafayette vis- ited St. Louis. 1826 The fourth annual session of the Missouri leg- islature was the first one to meet at Jefferson City. 26 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology AN AfTEKNOON IN HABVESTING DAYS. 1827 The Kansas, Shawnees and Iowa tribes of Indians removed from the state of Missouri. 1828 John Miller re-elected gov- ernor. 829 A battle be- tween the Whites and Indians oc- curred in Ran- dolph county in July, 3 of the former and 12 of the latter being killed. 1 83 1 Spencer Pet- tis and Major Biddle fight a duel and each is killed. ?3i The Mor- mons first settled in Jackson coun- ty. cratic party was rent in twain; the southern delegates nominated Breckenridge and denied the power of Congress or the territorial government to exclude slavery; the northern delegates chose Douglas, with a platform reaffirming the doctrine of "popular sovereignty." The republicans nominated Lincoln and de- clared their absolute opposi- tion to the further extension of slavery. A convention of the older whigs and Ameri- cans, calling themselves un- ion democrats, tried to elimi- nate slavery from the cam- paign by proclaiming "the Constitution, the Union, and the enforcement of the laws" their platform. Bell was their candidate. In Missouri the contest lay between the various dem- ocratic candidates. The union democrats attracted the conservatives and drew heavily from both sec- tions of the democratic party. In the State election the factions patched up a truce and elected as governor a Douglas democrat. In the national election, however, the Douglas ticket was successful, with a majority over the union dem- ocrats of but 429. The Breckenridge ticket was 27,000 votes behind that of Bell, and the republican electors at the bottom of the poll. Missouri had repudiated the extreme doctrines on slavery, both northern and southern, and cast her vote for a conservative policy and mutual concessions. Such was her attitude until civil war made it no longer tenable. The decade before the war was one of great prosperity to the State. Popu- lation still increased at about the same rate, but the political troubles in Europe and the Irish famine sent over large numbers of Germans and Irish, so that the foreign born comprised one-seventh of the population. The first railroad was begun in 1850, followed by many others, all liberally aided by State guarantee of their loans. The first general grant of State funds to the public schools was made in 1852-3. Twenty per cent of the revenue of the State was to be divided among the counties for public instruction. This policy, changed in detail in 1875, has been continued ever since. The governor elected in 1860, Claiborne F. Jackson, was the sponsor for the Jackson resolutions of 1849. The Legislature was hopelessly divided. The Breckenridge democrats were the most numerous, but were outnumbered by the combined vote of the Douglas and Bell adherents, while the republicans were few but active. The Legislature had not been long in session when the Governor called upon them to take action on the question of secession. He recommended that a convention be summoned to ascertain the will of the people. The repub- licans were almost alone in opposition, but the moderate members forestalled any precipitate action by inserting a proviso that the convention submit any act or resolution that changed or dissolved the political relations of the State to the Union, to a popular vote. In the election of delegates to the convention, secession was presented to the people as a political issue for the first time. The result was a surprise to all and a disappointment to the extreme Southern sympathizers. The convention did not include a single avowed champion of secession. The people regarded the seces- sion of South Carolina and the Cotton States as hasty and unjustified by any act of the federal government. The vote, however, was not a condemnation of se- cession as unrighteous or unconstitutional; it did not mean that the majority were uncompromisingly Union. Missouri called for delay and compromise, for the preservation of the Union if possible. That this was the real sentiment of the State appears in the appointment, by the Legislature, of delegates to the THE STORY OF THE STATE. 27 GEORGr^C BINGHAM ABTIST. BORN MARCH 20, 1811. DIED JtTLY 7, 1879. THE PICTURE REPRODUCES HIS FAMOUS County Election, now in mercantile librabt, st. louis. Peace Conference in Virginia and, by the convention, to the Border States Con- gress of Kentucky, and especially in the resolutions of the convention. These resolutions declared that, at present, there was no adequate reason for Missouri to leave the Union; that Missouri favored any fair compromise, endorsed the Crittenden Compromise, and desired a national convention; and that, as coer- cion of the seceding States would inevitably lead to civil war, Missouri entreated the national government not to employ force. The convention then adjourned, after empowering a committee to call it together again if necessary. The decision of the convention was a crushing blow to the Southern sympa- thizers, and paralyzed their efforts for a time, although Jackson and the chief officials of the State were with them. They needed arms for their adherents and had already secured the pledge of the commander of the arsenal at St. Louis that he would surrender it to the State. Now they were forced to bide their time. Meanwhile Francis P. Blair, the leader of the Missouri republicans, was organizing a force to protect the arsenal. The Germans at St. Louis had formed marching clubs during the presidential campaign; these Blair quietly but openly transformed into military organizations. The Germans were quite untouched by the perplexing problem oi State sovereignty, and were moved only by their opposition to slavery and their attachment to the Union. Lincoln acted on the advice of Blair and sent Captain Lyon, an uncompromising Union man, to com- mand the increased garrison at the arsenal. The guns were safe from any sudden attack. Governor Jackson and his party recovered some of their lost ground when Lincoln called for State troops after the attack on Fort Sumter. Jackson re- fused to obey the call of the President on the ground that Lincoln's purpose was "unconstitutional and diabolical." The neutrality of the State, which was perhaps the wish of a majority, was no longer possible, and Missouri had to cast her lot with the North or South. For a few weeks it was uncertain whether the people would be influenced most by their loyalty to the Union or their re- sentment at the attack on the seceding States. In the Legislature the Southern sympathizers revived a militia bill to place the State on a war footing, and Gov- ernor Jackson established a practice camp for militia on the outskirts of St. Louis. He succeeded in smuggling in guns and ammunition from the South. Missouri Chronology 1831 The first steamboat from St. Louis went to the head waters of the Missouri 832 During the Black Hawk War, Major General Gentry of Columbia es- tablished fortifica- tions in northeast Missouri. 1832 Daniel Dunk- lin elected gov- ernor. 332 Asiatic chol- era killed over 400 people in St. Louis. 28 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1833 Mormons driven from Jackson county. 1833 Over 100 people die from cholera at St. Charles. 1834 Lewis F. Linn elected U. S. Senator. 1835 A destructive fire at St. Louis destroyed the Cathedral and many other buildings. Blair offered his Germans to Lincoln as Missouri's quota of militia, and five regiments were mustered into the United States service. The two parties were now armed and face to face at St. Louis. Through the spring of 1861 Mis- souri and the border slave States were the greatest source of anxiety to Lin- coln. Their support was absolutely necessary to the South, if secession was to be successful; if they seceded, the success of the North was doubtful. Maryland and Delaware, from geo- graphical position, Lincoln was obliged to secure at all costs. Virginia, on the other hand, in spite of her reluctance, was certain to join the South the mo- ment war broke out. But Kentucky and Missouri hung in the balance. Lin- coln knew that open interference here might drive these States from the Un- ion and give to the South a wealth of men and treasure. These border States for a time dreamed of a position of neutrality and A MissouRiAN OF THE EARLY DAYS. Liucolu Waited with patience until they Photo by Joe L. Douglass, Columbia should see that this was impossible. Missouri was the more doubtful State; indeed, at this critical period, she once more played a decisive part in the na- tion's history. Lincoln was particularly fortunate in that two Missourians of undoubted honesty and ability, Montgomery Blair and Edward Bates, were in his cabinet. Through them he kept in touch with Francis Blair and the repub- licans in St. Louis. He relied on Lyon and the German regiments to thwart Jackson and the secessionists, and refused as yet to send Federal troops into the State. When the Governor began to mobilize the militia at Camp Jackson, Lyon felt it was time to strike. The Governor was evidently planning to override the decision of the convention and refuse obedience to the President. His militia, although insignificant as yet, were certainly a nucleus for a revolution- ary force. So Lyon surrounded Camp Jackson with his Germans and regulars, and forced the militia to surrender without a blow. They were so outnumbered that resistance was impossible. Indeed, they were not an immediate danger to the republicans and Lyon's attack must be regarded as a precautionary measure. Most unfortunately, the soldiers, who were roughly handled by the crowd of Southern sympathizers, fired upon the people, and killed and wounded a number of innocent spectators. For a few days it seemed that this vigorous action of Lyon would defeat its own purpore and drive the State into secession. A grossly exaggerated report of the brutality of the German troops sent a wave of resentment through the State and carried the unfortunate militia bill through the Legislature. This diverted most of the revenue to the organization of tne militia, whom the gov- ernor was empowered to enlist to the number of 50,000. But the excitement died down as the real facts became known, and the Federal troops remained in- active at St. Louis. For a month Governor Jackson and General Price were reorganizing the State militia, and seeking a recognition of neutrality from Gen- eral Harney. When he was superseded by Lyon, the crisis came. Jackson and Price met Lyon at St. Louis in conference, and the latter demanded that the new militia be disbanded and absolutely refused to pledge himself not to occupy the State with Federal troops. His terms were refused, and two days later he moved his troops by water to Jefferson City. The State militia lacked arms and THE STORY OF THE STATE. 29 THE children's POET. BORN SEPTEMBER 2, 1850. DIED NOVEMBER 4, 1895. organization, they were scattered in a brief engagement at Boonville, and the Governor and the Southern members of the Legislature fled to the southwest. Here the fragment of the Legislature met somewhat later and passed an act of iiecession. The Governor and General Price retired to Arkansas to organize an army with the Confederate General McCullough. None of the battles of the campaigns in Missouri had in any sense of the word a decisive influence in the Civil War. At the outset, the Confederates under Price and McCullough held the southwestern part of the State. Lyon met his death in an effort to dislodge them with an insufficient force, but in 1862 they were forced to evacuate the State. In 1864 Price made a brilliant raid across the State up the Missouri valley, but accomplished nothing beyond the destruction of public property. Missouri, however, suffered severely throughout the war from a cruel and destructive guerrilla warfare. Almost every county had its band of Southern sympathizers who were forced to abandon their homes and take to "bush-whacking" or slip south to join the Confederates. The worst elements in the old border warfare reappeared in organized bands of outlaws or as irregular troops under the Federal flag. The Union commanders placed the State under martial law, and maintained an army of occupation. Some of them indeed, seemed to have forgotten that Missouri was not in rebellion. Still, in spite of the hard feeling thus engendered, Missouri sent over 109,000 men to the Union armies, more in proportion to her population than any other State in the Union, beside perhaps 30,000 more who enlisted under the Confederate flag. The flight of Governor Jackson and the dispersal of the Legislature in 1861 left the State without an organized government. The convention re-assembled at Jefferson City and assumed control of the State. By what purported to be amendments to the Constitution, it vacated the offices of Governor, of Lieutenant- Governor, and of Secretary of State, and appointed Hamilton R. Gamble provis- ional governor. At a later meeting in the same year the convention abolished minor officers, cut down salaries, organized the militia, and issued State Defence bonds. It required also an oath of allegiance to the Union from every State officer. In the following year it expelled all of its members who had joined the Confederates, and tabled Lincoln's proposal for gradual emancipation. It adopted, also, a more stringent test oath to be taken by every voter. Finally, in 1863. it adopted a plan of gradual emancipation, and dissolved itself. Al- Missouri Chronology 1836 Lilburn W. Boggs elected governor. 1836 Stephen F. Austin, born at Potosi, with oth- ers, went to Texas to aid in the fight for independence, and established Austin the capital of that state. 1836 The state penitentiary at Jefferson City opened with one inmate. 1836 Railroad from St. Louis to the Iron Mountain chartered. THE STORY OF THE STATE. 31 PEEACHER. BORN JUNE 12, 1823. DIED DECEMBER 3, 1877. though a new Legislature was elected in 1862, the convention and its Governor were the paramount political power in Missouri for over two years. It certainly put the most liberal of interpretations on its powers, yet it is due to it that Mis- souri had a continuous State government throughout the war and escaped the horrors of reconstruction. In the election of the Legislature in 1862 the voters called for emancipation of the slaves and the conven- tion in 1863 passed its emancipation ordinance. The radical republicans were much disappointed with its gradual character, and with the moderate policy of Gov- ernor Gamble. They tried in vain to secure the interfer- ence of Lincoln in State politics. In the next year, how- ever, they gained control of the State government, and of the new Constitutional Convention. This convention, which met in 1865, drafted an entire new Constitution, which was adopted by the people. Its provisions on certain questions, notably education and finance, were a distinct advance on the original Constitution, but its real purpose was to put in force the programme of the radical republicans. Slavery was at once and forever abolished. The conditions required of all voters were so drastic that every man who had not been from the beginning uncompromising in his support of the Union 1^. JT ._ was disfranchised. Every voter was to be registered, ■n . was to take the famous "Iron Clad" oath, that he had never committed any of a long catalogue of acts, in- cluding every conceivable display of sympathy with the South, and, moreover, must convince the registration officers that he swore truly. The oath was demanded from every State or county officer, every teacher, attorney, or minister, and from every man who voted on the ratification of the Constitution. Yet the Con- stitution was adopted only by a small majority. The radicals controlled the government until 1870. Although the supreme court of the United States declared the "Iron Clad" oath unconstitutional, the MARK TWAIN AT HIS OLD HOME IN HANNIBAL. Missouri Chronology 1836 Great floods throughout Mis- souri. 1837 Ex-Senator David Barton died September 26, at Boonville. 1837 The state house at Jefferson City burned No- vember 1 7, with all the early records. 1825 Col. Richard Gentry killed in Florida during the Seminole War, on December i. 32 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. FKUIT EXPERIMENT STATION, MOUNTAIN GROVE. Missouri Chronology 1838 The contest as to the state line between Missouri and Iowa began. 1838 Mormons expelled from Missouri. 1838 Ex-Governor William Clarke died. 1839 State Univer- sity established at Columbia. 1839 Heavy immi- gration into Mis- souri, estimated at 50,000. 1840 Thomas Reynolds elected governor. Legislature passed a more stringent registration law and reduced the democrats to a helpless minority. The more moderate republicans, B. Gratz Brown, Blair, and Carl Schurz, were opposed to any such wholesale disfranchisement. The attempt to extort the oath from professional men occasioned much petty perse- cution and popular reaction against the radicals. A large number of the re- publicans were quite out of sympathy with the dominant faction in their party, and organized a movement for the repeal of the obnoxious suffrage clauses in the Constitution. The first proposed amendment, however, was to extend the right of suffrage to the negro. It was defeated. The negro received his right to vote from the Fifteenth Amendment, adopted in Missouri in 1870. In the State election of 1870, the republican party split on the question of the repeal of the "Iron Clad Oath." Both factions nominated candidates for Governor. The democrats refused to place a ticket in the field, and threw their strength to B. Gratz Brown, liberal republican. He was elected and a majority of the Legislature were opposed to the radical programme. At the same elec- tion the oath of loyalty for voters was abolished by Constitutional amendment and all the citizens once more possessed the right to register their will at the polls. During the next few years, the new democracy, loyal to the Union, stead- ily gained ground and attracted the moderate republicans. A coalition of the two divided the State ticket between them in 1872; Horace Greely as an inde- pendent candidate opposed to the republican policy of reconstruction, carried Missouri in the presidential election. Four years later the democrats had gained a supremacy in the State they have been able to maintain ever since. Missouri has developed farther and faster in the last quarter of a century than in all her previous history. But her achievements belong rather to the writer of economic and social history — many of the movements are not yet com- plete — so that it seems best to close this brief sketch at this point when the war and its results ceased to affect directly the political history of the State. During these last years the wealth and material prosperity of the State have increased enormously. The march of westward settlement has left her far behind, so that she has lost entirely her earlier character of a frontier State. The genius of Eads bridged the Mississippi, and the railroads now cover her territory and join her to the Atlantic, the Lakes, the Pacific and the Gulf. She has become the center of trade of the new Southwest. Although agriculture is still the solid foundation of her prosperity, she is now a great manufacturing State as well. Emigrants from the Old World, Illinois, Iowa and Kansas are still seeking homes within her borders, and she is herself a colonizing State and has filled Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, and the Pacific coast with her people. And yet the sentiment of every Missourian, and of every student of her history is, that> the real development of the State has hardly begun. 7 i^'^ei^, '£d a^ OR an adequate appre- ciation of the true na- ture and significance | of political institu- tions reference must be made to their historical de- velopment. The limits of this | article do not permit a de- tailed discussion of institutional growth in Missouri. In another part of this volume the develop- ment of Missouri has been traced from its position as a colonial district under French and Spanish rule through the several phases of territorial gov- ernment to its admission as a State into the Union. Missouri has | had three Constitutions, the first adopted in 1820, the second in 1865, and the present one in 1875. It is the purpose of this article to describe the machin- ery of government as it exists | under the present Constitution. The Constitution of 1875 was framed by a convention which met at Jefferson City, was adopted by a vote of the people on October 30, 1875, and wenti into effect on November 30, 1875. It consists of fifteen Articles, dealing with Boundaries, Bill of I Rights, Distribution of Powers, I Mo.— 3 34 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1842 J. B. C. Lucas, a leading citizen of St. Louis, died. 1843 Senator Linn died, and David R. Atchison was appointed to fill the vacancy. 1 844 Governor Reynolds com- mitted suicide by shooting himself in the head, and was succeeded by Licut.^Gov. M. M. Marmaduke. 1844 John C. Ed- wards elected goverpcr. 1844 Ex-Governor DunkJin died July 2'5 1844 Great floods on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Legislative Department, Executive Department, Judicial Department, Impeach- ments, Suffrage and Elections, Counties, Cities and Towns, Revenue and Taxa- tion, Education, Corporations, Militia, Miscellaneous Provisions, and Mode of Amending the Constitution. Eighteen amendments to the Constitution have been adopted as follows: one in 1884, one in 1890, one in 1892, seven in 1900, eight in 1902; five additional amendments have been proposed by the present General Assembly and will be voted on at the general election in November of this year. These numerous amendments are indicative of a desire for a general revision of the Constitution which has been strongly urged in recent years. The Bill of Rights contains thirty-two sections defining in general those rights and immunities in respect to person and property which were gained by Englishmen during their long constitutional struggle from Magna Charta to the Bill of Rights, and embracing those which were added by Americans during the colonial period. They include the right of trial by jury and other privileges re- specting civil and criminal procedure and prohibit ex post facto laws, and im- prisonment for debt. It is also provided that freedom of speech, press, and re- ligion shall exist and "that no money shall ever be taken from the public treas- ury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect or denomination of re- ligion." : ' In Missouri the grant of the elective franchise is extremely liberal. The right to vote is possessed by every male citizen of the United States and every male alien who has legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States not less than One year nor more than five years before he offers to vote, who is over twenty-one years of age and has resided in the State one year and in the county, city or town where he votes at least sixty days, but no member of the military or navar forces of the United States, nor any person kept in any public poorhouse, asylum, or prison, nor any one convicted of certain crimes is allowed to vote. In 1900, the total number of votes cast for governor was 684,- 294, or twenty-two per cent of the total population. This is larger than the av- erage of other States in the Union, and shows that the people manifest a keen interest in the selection of their officials and that parties are well organized. These parties have their State and local committees, conventions, primaries, etc. Laws exist which are designed to prevent fraud at such primaries and special provisions are made for St. Louis and Kansas City. In all cities containing 25,000 or more inhabitants the law requires the registration of voters but in other parts of the State no system of registration is provided. The Australian ballot system of voting is provided for all except minor elec- tions. All nominations for State offices must be certified by the Secretary of State. Aside from this, however, the administration of the election laws is left to the local authorities except in St. Louis and Kansas City, each of which has a board of election commissioners consisting of three members ap- pointed by the Governor. The members of the St. Louis board serve for a term of four years and their appointment must be approved by the Senate. One of the members must belong to the leading party politically opposed to the Governor. The members of the Kansas City board serve for a term of three years, and one must be a member of the leading party politically opposed to that to which the other two members belong. The powers of government in Missouri are divided between the central and '.ocal governments. In the central government there is further sub-division of powers "into three distinct departments — the legislative, the executive and the judicial." The Legislature, which is styled The General Assembly of the State of Mis- souri, consists of two Houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate consists of thirty-four members. After each decennial census the State is divided into thirty-four districts as nearly equal in population as may be and 3ach district elects one senator. Senators are chosen for a period of four years, HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 35 but- are divided into two classes so that only one-half of the total number retire every two years. Representatives are chosen for a term of two years and the number varies with the population. After each decennial census a ratio is established by dividing the total popu- lation of the State by 200. The present ratio is 15,553. Counties having one ratio of population or less are entitled to one representative; those having two and a half times said ratio, to two rep- resentatives; those having four times said ratio, to three representatives; those having six times said ratio, to four representatives; and those hav- ing more than this number are entitled to one ad- ditional representative for every two and a half additional ratios. This method of apportionment gives a relatively greater representation to the smaller counties. Under the census of 1900, the apportionment of representatives is as follows: St. Louis city, sixteen; Jackson county, six; Buchanan county, four; Jasper county, three; Greene and St. Louis counties, two each; and the remaining one hundred and nine counties, one each, making a total of one hundred and forty-two representatives. Counties are divided into as many districts as they have representatives and the voters of each district elect one representative. Tf, however, a county is entitled to more than ten rep- MlSSOURI Chronology 1845 State line troubles between Iowa and Mis- souri cause blood- shed. NODAWAY COUNTY COURT HOUSE, MARYVnXE. 1845 Constitution- al Convention met at Jefferson City. 36 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 2^-30 Missouri Chronology 1846 Regiments for the Mexican War raised in Missouri, com- manded by Cols. A. W. Doniphan and Sterling Price. 1846 New Consti- tution rejected by popular vote. 1848 Austin A. King elected governor. 1848 State bound- ary contest be- tween Iowa and Missouri settled by the U. S. Supreme Court in favor of Iowa. resentatives each district must be given not less than two nor more than four representatives. This applies at present only to the city of St. Louis, which has six districts, four of which are each entitled to three representatives, while the other two each elect two representatives. No person is eligible as senator until he is thirty years of age and has been a qualified voter for three years; nor as representative until he is twenty-four years of age and has been a qualified voter for two years; nor to either position unless he is a male citizen of the United States, has been a resident of the dis- trict from which he may be chosen for one year next preceding his election and has paid a State and county tax within said period. Senators and representa- tives receive an allowance for traveling expenses and $30 for stationery. They are also entitled to a compensation of $5 a day for the first 70 days of the session and after that to $1 a day for the remainder of the session. The statutes of the State are revised once in every ten years and at the session in which such revis- ion is made, the period during which members of the Assembly may receive the full compensation of $5 is 120 days. The General Assembly meets at the State capitol at Jefferson City. A reg- ular session is held once in every two years and begins on the first Wednesday after the first day of January. No limit is fixed to the length of the session but the reduction of the compensation of mem])ers after 70 days of an ordinary ses- sion and 120 days of a revising session tends to limit the session to those periods. Thus the session of the Fortieth General Assembly, which was a revising ses- sion, continued 139 days and the present General Assembly was in session 76 days. The Governor, on extraordinary occasions, may convene the General As- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 37 PORTLAND PLACE, AN EXCLUSIVE RESIDENCE DISTRICT, ST. LOUIS. sembly for a consideration of such special matters as he shall submit to them. The provisions for reducing the compensation after a certain period do not apply to extra sessions. The sessions of each house are generally public, but if neces- sary, they may be held with closed doors. Each house appoints its own officers, except that in the Senate the position of President devolves upon the Lieutenant-Governor by virtue of his office. The presiding officer in each house appoints the committees to which all bills must be referred and which exercise a great influence upon the course and character of legislation. In the ordinary course of legislation a bill must be read on three different days in each house, be passed by a majority of the members of each house and be approved by the Governor. If the Governor disapproves of the measure, it must be returned to the house in which it originated and in order to become a law, it must be agreed to by two-thirds of all the members of each house. The general appropriation act takes effect from the date of its enactment, but other acts do not go into force until ninety days after the adjournment of the session, unless in case of an emergency, the General Assembly shall, by a vote of two- thirds of the members of each house, otherwise direct. The General Assembly has complete power of legislation except where it has been limited by the Constitution. The Constitution of 1820 contained few re- strictions upon the legislature though these were increased by the adoption of amendments to the Constitution. The tendency has been to increase the limita- tions upon legislative power and in the Constitution of 1875 they have become quite numerous and extensive. In general, the restrictions are placed upon the financial powers of the General Assembly and upon its power to pass local and special acts with reference to a large number of matters. In addition to legislative powers the House of Representatives has the power of impeachment in the case of the principal State officers, including judges, who are charged with high crimes and misdemeanors or with misconduct, habits of drunkenness or oppression in office. All impeachments are tried by the Senate. Conviction requires the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present. Judg- ment can extend no further than removal from office and disqualification to hold any other office under the State. The person impeached, however, is liable to prosecution and punishment by the ordinary courts, according to law. The Executive Department includes those officials who supervise the exe- cution of the laws and administer the affairs of the commonwealth. The Con- stitution provides that it shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Sec- retary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney-General, and Superin- tendent of Public Schools, all of whom are elected by the people for terms of four years and are eligible to re-election except the Governor and State Treas- urer, who can not be re-elected as their own successors. The Governor must be at least thirty-five years old and must have been a citizen of the United States ten years and a resident of Missouri seven years next before his election. He Missouri Chronology 1849 Fire at St. Louis in May destroyed over 400 buildings, causing a loss of over three millions. 1849 Cholera was very fatal this summer, over 4,000 people dying in St. Louis. 1850 Benton and anti-Benton con- test over the State attracted great attention, Benton losing. I 851 Henry S. Geyer, Whig, elected Senator by a coalition of Whigs and anti- Benton Demo- 1852 Sterling Price elected governor. Missouri Chronology 1853 The Hanni- bal and St. Joseph and St. Louis and Pacific railroads under construc- tion. 38 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. S55 Lieut. -Gov. Wilson Brown died at Cape Girardeau, August 27. 1855 The Gascon- ade river bridge on the Missouri Pacific railroad collapsed under a heavy excursion train on Novem- ber I, and some 30 people were killed and over 70 injured. 1856 TrustenPolk elected governor. 1857 Gov. Polk elected to the U. S. Senate and succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. Hancock Jack- son. INDUSTRIAL HOME FOB GIRLS, CHILLICOTHE. receives an annual salary of $5,000 and the use of a furnished residence at the capital. The Lieutenant-Governor must possess the same qualifications as the Governor. He receives an annual salary of $1,000 and $7 additional per day during the session of the Senate. No person is eligible to any of the other executive oflBces indicated above unless he is a male citizen of the United States, at least twenty-five years old, and has been a res- ident of the State at least five years next before his election. Each of such ofiicials receives an annual salary of $3,000. In addition to these oflacials the statutes provide for a large number of officers, boards, and com- missions, all of whom are appointive officials or hold their positions ex officio except the three railroad and warehouse commissioners, who are elected by the people. The chief executive power is vested in the Governor. It is the Governor's duty to see that the laws are faithfully executed. He is commander-in-chief of the militia and may call out the same to execute the laws. He has the power to grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons for all offenses except treason and cases of impeachment. He appoints a large number of officials, in some cases with the consent of the Senate, and fills all offices which become vacant unless other provision is made by law. He also has a limited power of removal. In addition to his executive powers, the Governor has considerable influ- ence upon legislation. As has been indicated above, he can call the Legislature in extraordinary session. He gives the General Assembly information relative to the condition and needs of the State, and recommends such measures as he deems expedient. He possesses the veto power which includes the right to veto specific items in appropriation bills. In case of death, impeachment or conviction, failure to qualify, resignation, absence from the State, or other disability of the Governor, the powers, duties and emoluments of the office devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor until the disability is removed or the term expires. He is also, ex officio, president of the Senate. In case the Lieutenant-Governor is under any disability, the president pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the House of Representatives suc- ceed in regular order to the office of Governor. Missouri differs from the national government in the method of organizing the administrative activities. Instead of grouping all such matters under a few executive departments the plan has been followed in many cases of organizing a separate and practically independent division for each individual field of activity. An official or board, either elective or appointive, is placed at the head of each division, and as a rule is not responsible to any superior authority for the character of the administration. In considering this administrative organization, however, it will be of advantage to group these divisions according to their nature under certain general heads. The Treasury Department is administered by the State Auditor, State Treasurer, and Board of Fund Commissioners. The State Auditor has general supervision over the financial operations of the State; he keeps the public ac- counts, audits the accounts of county collectors and other holders of public money, enforces the payment of all amounts due the State, audits all claims against the State and grants all warrants or payment of money out of the State Treasury, save in exceptional cases where the law may make other provision. He makes a report to each General Assembly, setting forth the financial opera HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 39 STATE GEOLOGICAL. SUKVEY, SCHOOL OF MINES, ROLLA. dons for the preceding two years and estimates of revenue and expenditures for the ensuing biennial period, with such recommendations as he may deem expe- dient. He gives a bond of $50,000. The State Treasurer receives and keeps the moneys of the State and dis- burses the same upon warrants drawn upon the treasury. He is required to give a bond of $500,000. The Board of Fund Commissioners consists of the Governor, State Auditor, State Treasurer, and Attorney-General, the first two being president and secre- tary respectively. The board has supervisory control over the treasury de- partment and administers the public debt. During the years 1851-1857, Missouri incurred a debt of $23,701,000 for the pur- pose of aiding the construction of rail- roads in the State. It was expected that this debt would be liquidated by the rail- road companies, but all of them with the exception of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Co. defaulted in the payment of interest and principal. This was largely due to the breaking out of the Civil War, though some of the roads defaulted in the payment of interest as early as 1859. By 1865 military expenses and unpaid inter- est had increased the debt of the State to more than $36,000,000. During the next four years this debt was reduced by more than $14,000,000, this amount being ob- tained chiefly through the sale of stock of the State in the bank of the State of Mis- souri, from payments for railroads sold by the State and from reimbursements by the United States government for war expenditures. In 1869 the bonded debt amounted to $21,675,000. It was re- duced to $16,518,000 in 1883, to $9,711,000 in 1893, and it was entirely extin- guished in 1903. There still exist, however. State certificates of indebtedness amounting to $4,398,839.42. These were issued in exchange for money and securities which were taken from the State public schools and seminary (University of Mis- Fouri) funds and applied to the reduction of the bonded debt of the State. The certificates of indebtedness are non-negotiable and are intended to be a perma- nent obligation upon the State. They bear interest at the rate of five or six per cent per annum, and represent a large part of the public school endowment and the entire interest bearing endowment of the University of Missouri. The amount of certificates held to the credit of each fund and the annual income received therefrom are: Amount. Annual Int. Public School Fund $3,159,000 00 $187,040 00 Seminary Fund 1,239,839 42 63,211 96 The total bonded indebtedness of counties and townships on July 1, 1902, was $8,066,878. The total bonded indebtedness of cities and towns on the same date was $31,193,870. The bonded indetbedness of the city of St. Louis repre- sents nearly four-fifths of the latter figure. The liberality of the State in loaning its credit for the promotion of railroads, contributed in large measure to the development of the magnificent system of I'ailroads in Missouri, and thereby to the increase of the wealth of the State. The fact, however, that the State treasury never received any direct compen- sation for the greater part of the loan led to distrust on the part of the people and this is manifested in the present Constitution by the existence of stringent restrictions upon the power of incurring indebtedness. The General Assembly is forbidden to give or pledge the credit of the State in aid of any individual Missouri Chronology 1857 Robert M. Stewart elected governor. 1858 Serious troubles between Western Mis- souri and Kan- 1859 Southwestern Expedition sent out by Governor Stewart. i860 Claiborne F. Jackson elected governor. 40 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronoi.ogv I 86 1 Convention to which was given control of all relations be- tween the States assembled Febru- ary 28. 1 861 Camp Jack- son at St. Louis captured by Gen- eral Lyon on May 10. 1 861 Governor Jackson called for 50,000 mili tia on June 12. or corporation. The only case in which any one is permitted to incur a debt on behalf of the State is on the occurring of an unforeseen emergency or casual deficiency of the revenue, when, upon the recommendation of the Governor, the General Assembly may incur a debt not to exceed $250,000 in any one year, and provision must be made for its repayment in not more than two years, in all other cases the proposition for the debt must be submitted to the qualified voters and ratified by a two-thirds majority. Similar provisions limit the debt- creating power of counties, cities, and other local subdivisions of the State. The general property tax is the chief source of revenue. All property, real or personal, with limited exemptions for religious, educational, and charit- able purposes is subject to direct taxation for State, county, city and other local purposes. Property is assessed for taxation by assessors elected in each county or in each township in counties having township organization. A county Board of Equalization consisting of the county judges, surveyor, and assessor, reviews and equalizes valuations within the county and assesses any property that may have been omitted from the assessor's books. In St. Louis city the assessment is made by the Board of Assessors, consisting of a President elected by the voters of the city and of one assessor appointed by the mayor, with the consent of the council, for each assessment district into which the city is divided. The Board of Equalization of the city of St. Louis consists of the President of the Board of Assessors and four real estate owners, resident in the city at least ten years, who are appointed by the circuit judges of St. Louis The State Board of Equalization, consisting of the Governor, State audi- tor. State treasurer, secretary of State, and attorney-general, adjusts and equalizes valuations among the several counties of the State. In addition such Board assesses the property of railroad, bridge, telegraph, and telephone com- panies. The law requires that property shall be assessed at its cash value, but it is well known that it is assessed at much less. Under the system of valua- tion by local assessors great lack of uniformity exists with respect to the pro- portion of actual cash value which is taken as the basis of assessed value. Statistics collected by the State Revenue Commis- sion in 1902, show that this varies all the way from thirty per cent to one hundred per cent, with a probable average of from forty per cent to fifty per cent. Missouri is distin- guished on account of the stringent restrictions which the Constitution places upon the rate of taxation. It is provided that the State tax upon property, exclusive of the tax necessary to pay the debt of the State, shall not exceed fifteen cents on each one hundred dollars valuation. Restrictions also exist upon the rates for local purposes. These provisions are likewise due to the feeling of dis- ,l u ^ •IT IS THE S0UL TK*T SEES." | 1 i M |r': Mil mum ''^m,m^ IN THE SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND, ST. LOUIS. HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 41 trust engendered by the era of public aid to railroads during which period pub- lic debt and taxation were greatly increased. These conditions, however, can not be repeated, and there is a growing feeling that the present limitations are too restrictive to enable the State and its local subdivisions to provide ade- quately for their legitimate needs. The following tabular exhibit shows the assessed valuation of real and personal property and railroad, bridge, tele- graph, and telephone property, and the rate of taxation for State purposes for the years 1872, 1882, 1892, 1902 and 1903: Missouri Chronology 1872 1882 1892 1902 1903 ASSESSED VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSON- AL PROPERTY .$ 572,293,377 . 615,260,539 . 853,754,205 . 1,052,716,812 . 1,117,170,229 ASSESSED VALUATION OF RAILROAD, BRIDGE, TELEGRAPH AND TEL- EPHONE PROPERTY $ 20,867,895 $ 35,626,524 63,884,057 120,869,198 125,427,191 TOTAL ASSESSED VALUE ) 593,161,272 650,887,563 917,638,262 1,173,586,010 1,242,594,420 RATE OF TAXATION FOR STATE PUR- POSES ON EACH $IOO VALUATION 45 cents 40 cents 25 cents 25 cents 18 cents 1 86 1 Federal troops occupied Jefferson City on June 15. This does not include the assessed valuation of merchants and manufac- turers' stock and machinery which for 1903 amounted to $85,367,817, making the total assessed valua- tion of the taxable wealth frr of Missouri for 1903, $1,- 327,962.237. It will be noted that while the total assessed valuation has largely increased the tax rate has steadily decreased so that the total amount of taxes collected from this source in 1903 is lit- tle if any larger than that received in 1872. For 1904, the tax levy for State purposes is 17 cents on each one hun- dred dollars valuation, of which 2 cents provides for the payment of in- terest on the State public school and seminary certificates of indebtedness. The constitution provides that at least twenty-five per cent of the gen- eral revenue of the State shall be applied to the support of public schools. As a matter of fact the General Assembly regularly appropriates thirty-three and one-third per cent for such purposes, leaving only 10 cents on each one hun- dred dollars valuation as the rate for general State purposes. A collector elected in each county or in each township in counties having township organization, collects the general property tax and pays into the State treasury the amount of State taxes collected. In addition to the general property tax the State levies a number of special taxes and fees of which the most productive are those on beer, dramshop licenses, collateral inheritances, foreign insurance companies, and incorporation of companies. The accompanying tables of the receipts into and the disburse- ments from the State treasury during the biennial period ending December 31, 1902, show the amounts received from the different taxes, etc., and the general purposes for which expenditures were made. I 861 The battle of Boonville, the first on Missouri soil, on June 17. STATE HOSPITAL FOR INSANE, NUMBEK FOUR, FARMINGTON. I 861 The battle of Cole Camp on June 18. 861 The battle of Carthage on July 5- 42 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. STATE HOSPITAL FOR INSANE, NUMBER TWO, ST. JOSEPH. Missouri Chronology 1861 The Con- vention declared all State offices vacant, and chose Hamilton R. Gamble pro- visional governor on July 30. 1861 Battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10. I 861 Lexington surrendered by Col. Mulligan to General Price, September 2 1 . 1 86 1 Battle of Springfield, Sep- tember 25. 1861 Battle of Belmont, No- vember 7. RECEIPTS EXPENDITURES General Property Tax #5,672,164.11 Public Debt, Principal ' ' $1 ,400,012.05 License Taxes (Chiefly on Public Debt, Interest 92,747.20 Dramshops) 858,042.15 Legislative Department 173,889.16 Beer Inspection 770,613.78 Judiciary 383,403-^7 Collateral Inheritance Tax 443,139.12 General Administrative De- Incorporation Tax 334,475.00 partments 310,620.34 Tax on Foreign Insurance Agriculture, Commerce and Companies ■312,298.97 " Industry 326,396.11 Earnings of Penitentiary 500,051.26 ■ Assessing and Collecting Income of Eleemosynary Revenue 371,717.50 Institutions 987,663.52 Militia 44,962.67 Fees of State Officers 152,127.12 Printing and Publishing 132,444.62 Excise Commissioner's Fees 51,278.20 Criminal Costs 617,801.07 Interest on Deposits 76,162.30 Penitentiary 498,507,36 Miscellaneous 80,568.28 Eleemosynary Institutions i ,911,856.78 Public Schools 2 ,275,326.26 602,763.84 Total ^ic ,238,583.81 State University Normal Schools 207,057.37 Miscellaneous 24,096.00 Total #9 ,373,601.60 It will be noted that the most considerable item of expenditure is for pub- lic education. In addition to this sum, however, public schools derive revenue from county, township and district school funds, aggregating $8,396,434, and from taxes levied in the several school districts. Some of the special taxes are collected by the county and township collec- tors, but beer inspection fees are collected by the beer inspector, and taxes on foreign insurance companies and incorporation fees are paid directly into the State treasury. The granting of dramshop licenses is under the control of local authorities except in St. Louis, where there is an Excise Commissioner appointed by and holding office during the pleasure of the Governor. He has authority to charge fees, aggregating $9 semi-annually for each license issued. He retains forty per cent of the total fees collected for his compensation and the expenses of his office, the balance being paid into the State treasury. The State tax on dramshop licenses is collected by the city collector in St. Louis and by county or township collectors in the counties. The Secretary of State is the custodian of the seal of the State and of all public records and actions of the General Assembly; he countersigns official acts of the Governor and preserves a register of the same; he superintends the printing and distribution of the laws and of the journals of the General Assem- bly and of the Official Manual of the State; he issues certificates of incorpora- tion and registers trade-marks. All certificates of nomination of candidates for State offices must be filed in his office and he certifies the same to the author- ities of the several counties of the State; he performs the duty of registrar of lands and has charge of the examination of State banks and trust companies. The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and prosecuting attorney of the State. It is his duty to give his opinion whenever requested upon ques- tions of law to the General Assembly, principal executive officers and to the HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 43 STATE HOSPITAL FOR INSANE. NUMBER ONE, FULTON. prosecuting attorneys of the counties. He is required to appear in the Supreme Court to prosecute or defend all cases to which the State is a party. He is empowered to institute and prosecute in the name of the State all legal pro- ceedings necessary to protect its rights and to enforce its claims against all persons and when directed by the Governor he is required to aid any prosecuting attorney in the discharge of his duties. A prosecuting attorney is elected in each county of the State for a period of two years, to represent the State in his county and in all criminal cases in the courts of appeals. He is also the legal adviser and prosecuting attorney of his county. In the city of St. Louis the term is four years and a circuit attorney is also elected for the same period, the functions of the prosecuting attorney being restricted to the court of criminal correction whose jurisdiction is lim- ited to misdemeanors. A sheriff elected in each county, a constable elected in each township and police officers elected in small towns and appointed in larger cities are the administrative officers of the courts in their respective jurisdictions. The ap- pointment and control of police officers is in charge of the city authorities except in St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph, each of which has a Board of Police Commissioners appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate. The St. Louis Board consists of the mayor, ex officio, and four commissioners appointed for terms of four years. In Kansas City the Board consists of the mayor, ex officio, and two commissioners appointed for terms of three years. In St. Joseph there are three commissioners serving for terms of three years. The Adjutant-General is the chief administrative officer of the National Guard of Missouri. He is appointed by and holds office during the pleasure of the Governor who is commander-in-chief. The National Guard of Missouri is at present organized in one brigade consisting of four regiments, one battalion, and two unattached companies of infantry and one battery of artillery. The battalion of cadets of the Missouri Military School, a department of the Uni- versity of Missouri, is also a part of the National Guard of the State. CARNEGIE LIBRARY, JOPLIN. Missouri Chronology 1 8 6 1 Warsaw burned, Novem- ber 22. ^6 1 Battle at Salem, Decem- ber 3. 1861 Battles at Shawnee Mound and Mil tord, December 18. 1861 Ordinance of secession passed at Neosho by a minority gather- ing of the legis- lature. 1862 Execution of eight men at Pal- myra by General McNeil in Feb- ruary. 1862 Battle at Kirksville, August 6. 44 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri CHRONOI.or 1862 Battle of Lone Jack, August 15. The State Superintendent of Public Sctiools tias ttie duty of promoting the eflBciency of the public school system of the State. He exercises supervision over the educational funds; has authority to grant teachers' certificates; he is required to spend annually at least five days in each congressional district, conferring with and advising the local boards of education and other school authorities. He makes an annual report of the condition of education in the State. The State Board of Education consists of the Governor, Secretary General and the Sup lie schools. The to exercise gen of State, Attorney- erintendent of Pub- board is required eral supervision over the en- t i r e educa- tional interests of the State. A State Li- brary Board, consisting of the State Su- perintendent of Public Schools, TRAINING SCHOOL FOR BOYS, BOONVILLK. 1862 Battle of Newtonia in Sep- tember. 1863 Battle of Springfield. 1863 Emancipation Ordinance passed. ?63 John B. Henderson and B. Gratz Brown elected United States Senators. ex officio, and four members appointed by the State Board of Education for terms of four years, recommends lists of books for school libraries and fixes by contract with publishers a stipulated price at which such books shall be fur- nished to school district boards of education. The University of Missouri is the State institution of higher education. Its government is vested in a board of nine curators appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of six years each. It embraces the following departments: graduate, academic, education, law, medical, military, agriculture, engineering, experiment station — all located at Columbia, and the school of mines and metallurgy located at Rolla. In addition to the Department of Education or Teachers College of the Uni- versity of Missouri, normal instruction is provided for by three State Normal Schools, located at Kirksville, Warrensburg, and Cape Girardeau respectively. Lincoln Institute at Jefferson City is a State institution for the normal, industrial and collegiate instruction of colored students. The government of each of these institutions is vested in a board of seven regents, six of whom are appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of six years, the seventh being the State Superintendent of Public Schools, ex officio. A Bureau of Geology and Mines is located at the School of Mines at Rolla. Its government is vested in a board of managers, consisting of the Governor, ex officio, and four members appointed by him with the consent of the Senate for terms of four years. The board appoints the State Geologist and superin- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 45 AT THE MISSOURI STATE FAIR, SEDALIA — AGRICULTURAL. HORTICULTURAL, SHEEP, SWINE AND POULTRY BUILDINGS. tends the geological survey of the State. The State Historical Society of Missouri is located at the University of Missouri at Columbia. Its duty is to collect and preserve material pertaining to the history of the State and to conduct a library of historical reference. It is a trustee of and holds all of its property for the State. Its government is vested in an executive committee, consisting of the Governor, Secretary of State. President of the State University, president and secretary of the society, ex of- ficto, and tvsrenty-six trustees elected by the society. The State Library is located at the State Capital. It is chiefly a library of legal reference and is under the supervision of the Supreme Court, which appoints a librarian who holds office during its pleasure. The Missouri State Board of Agriculture consists of the Governor, Dean of the College of Agriculture of the University of Missouri, and the Superin- tendent of Public Schools, ex officio, and of one member from each congres- sional district appointed by the Governor for a term of three years. It has supervision over the agricultural interests of the State and is charged in partic- ular with the enforcement of the laws regulating the sale of imitation butter and skim-milk cheese. The board appoints a salaried secretary whose office is located at the College of Agriculture of the University of Missouri. A State Veterinary Surgeon is appointed by the board of agriculture. He investigates dangerous, infectious diseases among live stock, and takes measures to eradicate the same. His office is also at the College of Agriculture. The State Board of Missouri Chronology 1864 Price's Raid through Mis- souri. 1864 Battle of Pilot Knob. 1864 Massacre of Union soldiers at Centralia by guerrillas. 46 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. COLONY FOR FEEBLE MINDED, MARSHALL. Missouri Chronology 1864 Thomas C. Fletcher elected governor. 1865 Constitution- al Convention held in St. Louis. 1865 Agricultural Department of the State Univer- sity established. 1867 Charles D. Drake elected U. S. Senator. 1867 Asiatic chol- era prevailed along the Mis- souri river. 1867 Missouri Press Association organized May 17, at St. Louis. Agriculture is, ex officio. Board of Directors of the State Fair, which is held annually at Sedalia. The Missouri State Horticultural Society and the Missouri State Poultry Association are organized for the purpose of promoting the advancement of the interests of the State in their respective fields. The affairs of each organization are administered by an executive board consisting of the Governor, ex officio, and of the president, vice-president, second vice-president, secretary and treas- urer, elected by the members of each organization. A Fruit Experiment Station is located at Mountain Grove. Its government is vested in a board of three trustees appointed by the Governor with the con- sent of the Senate for terms of six years. The Agricultural Experiment Station, located at Columbia, is a part of the College of Agriculture of the University of Missouri. The Fish Commission of Missouri consists of five members appointed by the Governor for terms of four years. It is their duty to take measures for stock- ing the waters of the State with edible fish. A Game and Fish Warden is ap- pointed by the Governor for a term of two years and is charged with the enforce- ment of the game and fish laws of the State. The Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners consists of three members elected for terms of six years. They are charged with the administra- tion of the laws regulating railroads and public warehouses. The board appoints a chief inspector of grain. A Beer Inspector is appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Sen- ate for a term of four years. It is his duty to inspect all beer manufactured or sold in the State and to determine whether the materials from which it has been brewed are such as are authorized by law. A fee is charged of one cent for each gallon, and two cents additional for each package inspected, the revenue, which amounts to a considerable sum, going into the State treasury. Inspectors of Petroleum are appointed by the Governor for St. Louis, Kan- sas City, St. Joseph, Hannibal and for such other cities and townships as have petitioned therefor. The term of office is two years. The inspector retains the fees collected for such inspection except in St. Louis where he is required to pay annually into the State treasury all fees collected over the sum of $7,000 which he i:; allowed to retain for his compensation and for the expenses of his office. The inspection of commercial fertilizers and the enforcement of the laws governing the same are placed under the charge of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Columbia. Inspection of imitation butter and skim-milk cheese is under the supervision of the Board of Agriculture. Inspection of bakeries is under the charge of the labor commissioner. The Bureau of Labor Statistics and Inspection of Factories, Mines and Workshops is under the charge of a commissioner of labor and inspection ap- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 47 pointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for the term of two years. It is his duty, in addition to collecting and reporting respecting the condition of labor and industries of the State to inspect all manufacturing estab- lishments and enforce the laws relating thereto, and to organize and maintain in each city containing more than 100,000 inhabitants a free public employment bureau. A Factory Inspector is appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for a term of four years. It is his duty to secure the inspection of factories and to enforce all the laws relating to the same. The Bureau of Mines, Mining and Mining Inspection is under the charge of three mine inspectors appointed by the Governor. It is their duty to see to the enforcement of the laws enacted for the health and safety of men in the mines, and to report statistics of the mines of the State. The State Board of Coal Mining consists of three members appointed by the Governor for terms of two years. It is the duty of the board to examine and pass upon the qualifi- cations of persons seeking certificates of competency as mine managers, fore- men, engineers, etc. The State Board of Mediation and Arbitration consists of three members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of three years. It is the duty of the board to effect settlements by mediation or arbitra- tion of all controversies between an employer and ten or more employees. The State Board of Health consists of seven members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of four years. The board has general supervision over the health and sanitary interests of the State, and may quarantine infected districts. It conducts examinations for all persons desiring to practice medicine, surgery or mid-wifery and issues licenses to such as possess the requisite qualifications. Other boards for the examination, licens- ing and registration of persons practicing professions or engaged in occupa- tions, are the Board of Osteopathic Registration and Examination, the State Board of Dental Examination, the State Board of Embalming, State Board of Pharmacy and State Board of Examiners for Barbers. The first three boards consist each of five members appointed by the Governor for terms of five years; the latter two boards consist each of three members appointed by the Governor for terms of three years, the consent of the Senate be- ing necessary for the ap- pointment of members of the Board of Pharmacy. Persons are licensed to practice law by the Su- preme Court, Courts of Appeals, and circuit courts, and upon gradua- tion from the law depart- ment of the University of Missouri or from one of several other law schools in St. Louis and Kansas City. Persons are licensed to teach in the public schools upon graduation from the department of education of the Univer- sity of Missouri or from either of the State Normal Schools or after examination by the State Superintendent of Public Schools or the County Commissioner of Schools. The State Board of Charities and Corrections consists of the Governor, Missouri Chronology 1868 Joseph W. McClurg elected governor. 1868 Monument to Thomas H. Benton unveiled in Lafayette Park, St. Louis. 1869 Carl Schurz elected IT. S. Senator. 1869 Foundation of Eads bridge laid at St. Louis. CONFEDEKATE HOME, HTGGINSVILT.K. 48 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SCHOOL FOK THE DEAF AND DUMB, FULTON. Missouri Chronology 1870 B. Gratz Brown elected governor. 1870 Ex-Governor King died. I 871 Francis P. Blair elected senator in place of Charles D. Drake, resigned. 1871 Ex-Governor R. M. Stewart died in St. Joseph. ex officio, and of six members appoinced by him with the consent of the Senate for terms of six years. It is charged with the investigation of the whole system of public charities and correction and the collection and publication of infor- mation relating thereto. The eleemosynary institutions of the State are the four State hospitals for insane persons, located at Fulton, St. Joseph, Nevada and Farmington respec- tively; the Missouri Colony for the Feeble Minded and Epileptic at Marshall; Missouri School for the Deaf at Fulton; Missouri School for the Blind at St. Louis; Confederate Soldiers' Home at Higginsville; Federal Soldiers' Home at St. James; the Missouri Training School for Boys at Boonville; and the Indus- trial Home for Girls at Chillicothe. The management of each of these institu- tions is vested in a board ot managers consisting of five members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of four years. The State Penitentiary is located at Jefferson City and is under the general control of a warden appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate. The State Treasurer, State Auditor, and Attorney-General are ex officio inspec- tors of the Penitentiary and are required to visit and examine the same, and to enact and enforce rules for its management. The Superintendent of the Insurance Department is appointed by the Gov- ernor with the consent of the Senate for a term of four years. It is his duty to examine the condition of insurance companies, authorize them to transact business in the State, and see to the enforcement of laws in relation to in- surance. The Bureau of Building and Loan Supervision is in charge of a supervisor appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for a term of four years. He is charged with the examination of building and loan associations and the enforcement of the laws relating to the same. The examination of State banks and trust companies is under the charge of the Secretary of State. The Commissioners of Public Printing are the Secretary of State, State Auditor, and State Treasurer. They let contracts and exercise a supervision over the printing and binding for the State. The Board of Permanent Seat of Government consists of the Governor, Sec- retary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer and Attorney-General. It has general supervision and charge of the public property of the State at the Capital. The board appoints a commissioner of the permanent seat of government who exercises control over the public property under the direction of the board. Special boards and commis- sioners are created from time to time for the administration of particular matters of a tempo- rary nature. Examples of such commissions are the State Tax Commission and the Board of Commissioners for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. a missouki cobn crib. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, two Courts of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Criminal Courts, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts,, Mu- nicipal Courts and Justices of the Peace. HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 40 The Supreme Court is the highest court of the State. It consists of seven judges, elected for terms of ten years each, the mem- bers choosing one of their number as Chief Jus- tice. The court is di- vided into two divis- MlSSOURI Chronology *|1 COURTHOUSE, POSTOFFICE, CITY HAIX — KANSAS CITY. ions, one consisting of four judges and the other of three. The latter division has exclusive jurisdiction over all criminal cases, but in all other cases their jurisdiction is concurrent and provision exists for transferring cases to the court as a whole. The jurisdiction of the court is chiefly appellate. The counties of the State are divided into two districts, over one of which jurisdiction is possessed by the St. Louis Court of Appeals, and over the other by the Kansas City Court of Appeals. Each court consists of three judges elected by the voters of the respective districts for terms of twelve years each. These courts were established for the purpose of relieving the Supreme Court, and they have exclusive appellate jurisdiction, except in cases where the amount involved exceeds $4,500; in cases involving the construction of the Constitution of the United States, or of Missouri; in cases where the validity of a treaty or statute of an authority exercised under the United States is called in question; in cases involving the construc- tion of the revenue laws of Missouri; in cases in- volving the title of any oflSce under the State or the title of real es- tate; in cases where a county or other polit- ical subdivision of the State is a party, and in all cases of felony. The excepted cases go di- rectly from the Circuit to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court and the courts of appeals each appoint a clerk and a marshal. mkthodtst episcopal church, south, savannah. 1872 The Gunn City tragedy in Cass county. 372 Silas Wood- son elected gov- ernor. 1873 Lewis V. Bogy elected U. S. Senator. 1874 Charles H. Hardin elected governor. Mo— 4. 50 THE STATE OF MISSOURI Missouri Chronoi-ocy 1875 Centennial Historical sketches of many counties publish- ed. 1875 Francis M. Cockrell elected U. S. Senator. 18 Constitution- al Convention held in Jefferson City. 1876 John S. Phelps elected governor. The State is divid- ed into thirty-two cir- cuits, in each of which there is elected a cir- cuit judge for a term of six years. In a circuit composed of a single county or city, more than one judge may be elected, but in such event each judge sits separately for the trial of cases. A t present Buchanan and Jasper counties elect two, Jack- son county five, and St. Louis county eleven cir- cuit judges. In St. Louis eight are judges of the civil division, two of the criminal and one of the juvenile court. A clerk of the circuit court is elected in each county for the term of four years. The circuit courts have original jurisdic- tion over all civil and criminal cases not oth- erwise provided for and appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals except where it is ex- pressly prohibited from exercising the same. A special criminal court is provided for the 15th judicial circuit and for each of the on the gasconade river. counties of Buchanan, Plwto hy Joe L. DoikjIuss, Columbia. Greene and Jackson. Each of these courts possesses the criminal jurisdiction of circuit courts and is presided over by a judge elected by the voters of the circuit or county. Courts of common pleas are established at Louisiana, Hannibal, Sturgeon, and Cape Girardeau, and are presided over by the judges of the circuits in which they are located, except in Cape Girardeau, where a special judge is elected by the voters of the county. A court of criminal correction exists in the city of St. Louis with jurisdiction over misdemeanors. It is presided over by a judge elected for a term of four years. A probate court exists in every county and in St. Louis City. It is presided over by a judge of probate elected by the county or city for a term of four years. In some of the cities of the State police courts are established with juris- diction over the violation of municipal ordinances. Two or more justices of the peace are elected for terms of four years each in every township of the State. They are examining magistrates and have juris- diction to try misdemeanors. They also have jurisdiction over all actions against HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 51 KANSAS CITY PUBLIC LIBRARY, railroad companies to recover damages for live stocK killed or injured, and over all civil actions where the sum or value of the thing in dispute is limited in amount. One or more notaries public are appointed by the Governor for a term of four years in each county and city of the State. A notary public has authority to administer oaths, attest signatures, and to take depositions and acknowledg- ment of documents which shall be received as legal evidence. The Governor may appoint in any other State or territory of the United States, and in any foreign countries, one or more commissioner':^ to hold oflflce during his pleasure, who are authorized to attest signatures and to take acknowl- edgments of documents to be used as legal evidence in this State. The principle of local self-government is firmly established in Missouri. The constitution provides several local subdivisions of the government and citizens within the respective areas are permitted to manage their own affairs, through their own officials except as regards a few matters that are of general interest to the people of the entire State. In many cases, however, as has been indicated above, local authorities attend to matters of general concern as well as to those of purely local interest. The local units of government are counties, townships, cities, towns and villages, and school districts. Missouri is divided into 114 counties and one city. The city of St. Louis occupies the unique position of being distinct from any county, whereas all other cities form parts of the counties in which they are situated. Matters which in other cities are attended to by county officials, are provided for in St. Louis by officials of the city. The chief administrative authority of the county is the county court, con- sisting of three judges. The county is divided into two districts, each of which elects a county court judge for a term of two years. The voters of the entire county elect a presiding judge who serves for four years. The other county officers are a judge of probate, clerk of the circuit court, recorder of deeds, clerk of the county court, assessor, public administrator, and surveyor, each elected for a term of four years, and a prosecuting attorney, sheriff, collector, treasurer, coroner, and school commissioner or county school superintendent, each elected for a term of two years. Counties having special Missouri Chronolocv 379 George G. Vest elected U. S. Senator. 3 80 Thomas T. Crittenden elect- ed governor. 52 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. criminal courts and courts of common pleas generally elect clerks of such courts. Buchanan county also elects a county auditor, while Jackson coun- COUBT HOUSE, FEDERAL BUILDING, GARTH MEMORIAL LIBRARY — HANNIBAL. Missouri Chronology 1882 Ex-Governor Willard P. Hall died at St. Joseph. 1884 John S. Marmaduke elected governor. ^87 Governor Marmaduke died and was succeed- ed by Lieut. - Governor Albert P. Morehouse. ty has a county marshal. The clerk of the circuit court is, ex officio, recorder of deeds, but in counties having more than 10,000 population the county court may separate the offices, and it is required to do so if the assessed valuation of property in the county exceeds $15,000,000. Counties having "township organ- ization" do not elect a county assessor or county collector. There also exists a county board of education, consisting of the county com- missioner, one member appointed by the county court and one member appointed by the State board of education, who serve for terms of two years. In counties having county supervision of schools the county school superintendent possesses the functions of the county board of education. There are two kinds of townships in Missouri. The "municipal" township and the "incorporated" township. The municipal township exists in those coun- ties which have not adopted township organization. The county is divided into townships by the county court. In each township there are elected at least two justices of the peace for terms of four years, and one constable for a term of two years. The municipal township has no corporate powers, and is merely an area of administration. Provision exists for the organization of a county into incorporated town- ships, when a majority of voters favor such proposition. Townships so organ- ized are granted certain corporate powers. The officers of such townships are a trustee who is, ex officio, treasurer; collector, clerk who is, ex officio, assessor; constable, two members of the township board of directors, at least two justices of the peace, and as many road overseers as there are road districts in the town- ship. All of these officers are elected for terms of two years. The principle of township organization has not been well received throughout the State, and only 17 out of the 114 counties are at present organized in this manner. The State is divided into small districts for school purposes. The districts are either common school districts or city, town or village districts. The af- fairs of the common scliool districts are managed by a board of education, con- sisting of three directors elected, one each year, by the qualified voters at the annual meeting held on the first Tuesday in April. At this meeting the voters have power to determine various matters applying to schools. In the city, town or village districts, the governing authority is a board of education, consisting of six directors elected, two each year, for a term of six years. A superintendent may be elected by the board to assist it in the school administration. Special provisions exist for the organization of school districts in cities containing more than 50,000 inhabitants. The State and county school authorities are expected to promote the inter- ests of education in the school districts. A few counties are organized under what is known as "county supervision." In such cases the county school super- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 53 "down by the dusky roadside." intendent, who takes the place ol the county school commissioner, has an effective supervisory con- trol over the educational ad- ministration of the county. Under the constitu- tions of 1820 and 1865, it was the custom of the legislature to in- corporate cities and towns by special acts. General laws were en- acted for the regulation of such incorporations, but the localities, as a rule, preferred special charters. This led to an un- due interference by the legis lature in local affairs, and the constitution of 1875 seeks to pre vent this by providing that the General Assembly shall not pass any special law "incorporat- ing cities, towns or villages, or changing their charters." The General Assembly was permitted, however, to establish classes of cities not ex- ceeding four and to enact general laws for the organization of the different classes. The legislature has, accordingly, established four classes, the popula- tions of the cities being the basis of the division, as follows: first class, 100,000 inhabitants or more; second class, 30,000 and less than 100,000 inhabitants; third class, 3,000 and less than 30,000 inhabitants; fourth class, 500 and less than 3,000 inhabitants, and towns with special charters even if they have less than 500 inhabitants. In addition a class of villages is provided for, including all places with less than 500 population, except those incorporated under special charters. The organization and powers of each class are different, but each city elects a mayor as its chief executive officer, and a legislative body for the enactment of local ordinances, etc. This body is known as the municipal assembly in cities of the first class, and consists of two chambers, a council and a house of dele- gates. In other cities it consists of one chamber only, and is known as the com- mon council, in cities of the second class; council, in cities of the third class, and board of aldermen in cities of the fourth class. In villages the functions of the council and mayor are performed by the board of trustees and its chairman. Other administrative officers exist in cities, the number and kind depending chiefly upon the population of the city. Some of these are elected and others are appointed by the mayor and heads of departments. The constitution specially provides that the city of St. Louis or any other city having a population of more than 100,000 may frame and adopt a charter for its own government. Such charter must be in harmony with the constitu- tion and laws of the State. Under the constitution it is necessary that the charter shall provide for a chief executive officer and two houses of legislation, but this provision so far as it affects St. Louis, has been recently changed by an amendment of the constitution, under which the charter could provide for only one house of legislation. St. Louis has not yet taken advantage of this pro- vision arid its municipal assembly consists at present of two chambers. Kansas City is the only city besides St. Louis which has framed its own charter under the provisions of the constitution, though St. Joseph has sufficient population to enable it to do so. Missouri Chronology 588 David R. Francis elected governor. ?9i Ex-Governor Morehouse com- mitted suicide by shooting himself in the head at his home in Mary- ville. 54 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri CHRONOLOn-i 1892 William J. Stone elected governor. It is necessary to note, however, that cities and towns which were incor- porated under special charters before 1875, are not obliged to surrender the same, and some cities are under such charters to-day. Moreover, cities organ- ized under general laws, do not necessarily come under a new class by reason of the in- crease of their population to the requisite figure. In all cases it is necessary that a majority of the voters shall declare in favor of such act. Thus St. Joseph, which has more than 100,000 population, is still organized as a city of the second class. Missouri is entitled to two senators and sixteen repre- sentatives in Congress. The General Assembly has divided the State into sixteen congressional districts, each of which elects one representative. St. Louis City contains two congressional districts and part of a third, the balance being made up of St. Louis county. Jackson county constitutes one congressional district, and the other districts are made up of a number of counties. CARNEGIE LIBEAKY, CARTHAGE. ] NtWTON i l_ ^ L .214' JUDICIAL CIRCUITS BY COUNTIES. HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 55 FEDERAL SOLDIERS HOME. ST. .lAlIES, PHELPS COUNTY. Missouri is in the Eiglitii Judicial Circuit of tlie United States and an annual session of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals is held at St. Louis. The counties of the State are divided into an Eastern and Western district, for each of which a United States district judge is appointed. The Eastern District is divided into an Eastern and Northern Division, and the Western District into the Western, St. Joseph, Central, Southern, and Southwestern divisions. Two sessions of the circuit and district courts are held annually in each division. A United States district attorney, assistant district attorney, and a United States marshal are appointed for each judicial district, and clerks of the circuit and district courts are appointed for the respective divisions. A sub-treasury of the United States is located at St. Louis under the charge of an assistant treasurer. Three customs districts are established in the State, at St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Josepli respectively, each of which is under the charge of a sur- veyor of customs. Missouri is divided into two internal revenue districts, with headquarters, one at St. Louis and the other at Kansas City. A collector of internal revenue is appointed for each district and deputy collectors are appointed with offices at various ports of the State. An assay office is located at St. Louis under the charge of the United States Assayor. Custodians of public building and property are appointed for St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Springfield, Hannibal, Sedalia, and Jefferson City. Provision has been made by Congress for public buildings at Joplin, Co- lumbia, Moberly, Kirksville, Louisiana, and Nevada. The State is divided into three United States land districts, with head- quarters at Boonville, Ironton, and Springfield respectively. A register and a receiver are appointed for each district. The vacant public lands in Missouri in 1903, amounted to 422,526 acres. Two of the twelve inspectors in charge of the Post-Office Inspection Service of the United States have headquarters in Missouri — at St. Louis and Kansas City, respectively. One of the six divisions of the rural free delivery service has its headquarters at St. Louis, and is under the charge of a division superin- tendent. Missouri Chronology 1895 Pertle Springs Democratic Con- vention, on -August 6, made tree coinage ot silver a national issue. 1896 E.\-Governor Silas Woodson died in St.Joseph. 1896 Lon V. Stephens elected governor. .>() THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1899 Convention at St. Louis, called by Gov. Lon V. Stephens proposes the holding of a Louisiana Pur- chase World's Fair. 1899 State Histori- cal Society of Missouri organ- ized at Columbia. 1900 A. M. Dockery elected governor. W FEDERAL BUlLDliSG, JEFFERSON CITY. . The Norlheru Division of the United Stales Army, embracing the deparl- ments of the Lakes, Missouri and Dakota, has its headquarters at St. Louis and is under the command of a major-general. Jefferson Barracks, a military reserva- tion of the United States, is located near St. Louis. The Mississippi River Commission, which has con- trol of the improvement of the Mississippi river, has its chief office in St. Louis, under the charge of the Secretary of the Commission. The Supervising Inspector of the Fourth Steamboat Inspection District of the United States, has his office in St. Louis. Stations of the Weather Bureau are located at St. Louis, Kansas City, Columbia, Hannibal, and Springfield, and a Fish Culture Station of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, is located at Neosho. The great seal of Missouri consists of a representation of the coat of arms of the State. The latter device vv^as adopted by the First General Assembly after the admission of Missouri into the Union, and has not been modified since that time. The seal is in circular form and is two and a half inches in diameter. It consists of a circular shield, divided into two equal parts by a perpendicular line; on the right is a grizzly bear of Missouri in a red field, above which is a silver crescent in an azure field; on the left. In a white field, are the arms of the United States. Around the shield is a circular band on which are the words: "UNITED WE STAND, DIVIDED WE FALL." For the crest, over a full-faced helmet grated with six golden bars, is a silver star, and above it a constellation of twenty-three smaller stars, representing respectively, Missouri and the twenty- three other States which formed the Union at the time this State was admitted. The supporters are a grizzly bear of Missouri on each side of the shield standing on a scroll, in- scribed with the motto of the State, Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto. Under the scroll are the nu- meral letters "MDCCCXX," representing the year in which the first constitution of the State was adopted. Around all is a circular scroll, inscribed with the words: "THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI." The political institutions of Missouri, which had their origin in the results of the experiences of the older commonwealths, have been gradually developed in accordance with the needs of the peo- ple of the State, and serve to-day for the govern- ment of a population of nearly 3,500,000. Under this government the equality of all persons before the law has been established, the personal and property rights of every individual have been ren- dered secure, educational and charitable institu- tions have been promoted and the agricultural in- dustry and commercial interests of the State have achieved a development which is equalled by few of the States of the Union. While mistakes have not always been avoided, the thoughtful citizen may refiect with pride that the history of his gov- ernment, during the eighty-three years in which Missouri has been a member of the Union, marks a dis- tinct approach towards the realization of the motto of the State: — Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law. AN EXCELSIOR srnrxos PARK SCENE. The ExEd'TiVE Department. A. M. DoCKKIJV. (iovemor. 'I'. 1.. Jiri'.i;V. Lieiitenaut-(i(>veruoi'. i:. C. ("KOW. Attornej-iJeneral. SA.M 1'.. COOK, Secretary of State. I!. 1'. WILLIA.MS. Slate Treasurer. ALI'.KKT o. ALLEX, State Auditor. W. T. CARRI.VGTo.N. Superintemltnit ul" I'lib.ir Insnii. 1i|iiiii.,i)tiiiiiii(1(ltf IP — ^^ yff — ~" 6S ISSOURI, from its inland location, has climate essentially continental. While extremes of heat and cold are marked, they are not so great as are found in the more northerly States. The annual mean temperature ranges from 50 degrees in the northwestern to 60 degrees in the southwestern counties, the average for the State being 54 degrees. The average temperature for July, the warmest month, ranges from 75 degrees in the northwest to 80 degrees in the southeast; the mean temperature in January is 23 degrees in the northwest, 30 degrees in the cen- tral counties and 38 degrees in the southeast. The mean temperature for January in Missouri is 30 degrees; in Kansas 28.9; Nebraska 20.7; Iowa 17.1; Minnesota 10.9; Wisconsin 14.4; Ohio 28.2; No extremes oi heat and cold. Temperature varies only slightly in different counties WEBAGE ANJS'UAL CROP SEASON (MARCH TO SEPTEMBER, INCLUSIVE) PRECIPITATION FOR TEN YEARS BY COUNTIES, IN INCHES. 59 60 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Average mean temperature for the year, 54 degrees. Five inches greater rain fall than Kansas Precipitation general throughout State. AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR TEN YEARS BY COUNTIES IN INCHES. Illinois 26.5. It will be noticed that the January temperature in Missouri is higher than in any of its neighboring states or in the states in the same lati- tude to the eastward. The annual mean temperature is also higher in Missouri than in any of these States. Where in Iowa it is 47.2 and in Illinois 51.9, in Missouri it is 54.3 degrees. The average temperature for the State for each month in the year is as follows: January 30; February 30; March 41.8; April 55.4; May 65.1; June 73.8; July 77.5; August 76.2; September 68.6; October 57.5; November 43.3 and De- cember 33. Periods of extreme cold are of short duration and the temperature seldom falls lower than 5 to 10 degrees below zero. During the summer months the temperature occasionally reaches 90 to 95 degrees, but the average number of days with maximum tempera- ture over 90 degrees is only 34 for the entire State. Hot winds, such as are occasionally experienced in Kansas and Texas, are unknown. J/.S7 J2.1Z 8.^7 The average date of the last killing frost in spring varies from March 30, in the south- ern section of the State to April 16, in the northern, the first kill- ing frost in autumn from October 29 to Oc- tober 13. The length of the seasons in days varies from 179 to 210 in the various counties. The average annual precipitation, computed from the federal government records for the last ten years, ranges from 34 inches in the northwestern to 46 inches in the southeastern counties, the average for the State being 39.05. In ^h^ridulion (^/?ai/ifa^/ in J?Zzjjouri dySeajons. CLIMATE. 61 NORMAL JANUARY TEMPERATURE FOR TEN YEARS BY COUNTIES. Periods of cold of short duration. Long crop season. twenty years the precipitation has never exceeded or been less than the normal 5 inches except three years each. The distribution of rainfall throughout the year is highly favorable to the farmer, the average for the State for the different seasons being as follows: Distribution of rain fall highly favorable. NORMAL JULY TEMPERATURE FOB TEN YEARS BY COUNTIES. 62 THE STATE OF MISSOURI Snow rarely earlier than November fifteenth. freezing Prevailing south- erly winds. Zero J3. JO.Missoun 28.9/Cansas 26.J /iiinois 20.7Mdra^ka. fZf /owa. Mean Temperature of./anuary /OO. 90. 70. 6a. m ^. fi-eezlngM 20. /<2 Zero. Spring 11.97 inches; summer 12.12; autumn 8.47; winter 6.49. The wettest months are May 4.95 and June 4.78 while the driest are December 2.23, January 2.04, and February 2.22 inches. The average crop season precipitation — March to September, inclusive — is 27.65 inches. This is three inches greater than that of Illinois; five inches greater than that of Kansas; seven inches greater than that of Minnesota and eight inches greater than that of Nebraska. From November to March inclusive, the precipita- tion is usually general in character, but during the summer months the greater part occurs as local showers. Rainfalls of from 2 to 3 inches in twenty- four consecutive hours occur in some portion of the State nearly every month but falls of more than 4 inches in twenty-four hours are rare. The average number of rainy days, in which a tenth of an inch or more of precipitation occurs is — 8 in January, 9 in February, 10 in March, 11 in April, 12 in May, 11 in June, 9 in July, 7 in August, 9 in September, 8 in November and 9 in December. The prevailing winds are southerly, a 1 - though during 77.3 Juli^ leZAugnsi 73.8 June. 68.6 Sep^emi^er eS.IMai/. 57.5 Oclober 55.4AprU ^3.3 J)fb:/eml>er ^f.O March 33.7 I>eceml?er. 30.0 January- Feiruary. m <3^ ^nt/is. the winter months north- westerly winds prevail a consid- erable part of the time. The aver- age hourly wind velocity ranges from 5 to 10 miles during the summer and from 8 to 10 miles during the win- ter months. Snow rarely falls earlier than November 15 nor later than April 15. The average seasonal snow fall ranges from 8 inches in the southeastern por- tion of the State to 30 inches in the northwest. m. 70. m so. ■70. JO 20. 70 Zero. 77S77if^esi. J//li/ S^.3 Annual 7^ea/t. 30 Tawesl.^Iinmr^. m Missouri's Mrmal Temperatuce M I S SOURI has within her boundaries a great- er variety of natural features than any of the adjoining States , except Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas. These features vary not only in detail but in general character. The accompanying map shows two topographic divisions — sometimes called the Ozark and the prairie region — more prominent than the others. The northern and western parts of the State are mainly smooth, the southern part mainly rough. The roughness or smoothness is the expres- sion of the depth and width of valleys cut into a plain. The depth of a valley depends upon the eleva- tion of the country in which it has been cut, and its width compared with that of other valleys in the same region depends upon the size of the stream that has made it, the time the stream has been at work and the hardness of the rocks in which it has been cut. In the southern part of the State — the Ozark region — the valleys are all cut in limestones, which are rather hard rocks, while in the northern part the valleys are cut in soft shale. The southern part of the State was higher also when the streams began to cut their valleys than the northern part. The valleys in the southern part of the State, at least those in the Ozark region, are relatively narrow and deep; those in the prairie region are broad and shallow. Occasional limestone beds in the north and occasional softer rock in the south produce small areas of smooth country in the rough region and small areas of rough country in the smooth region. There is no sharp line separating these two regions from each other. In a general way the dividing line follows the Missouri river from its mouth to the vicinity of Miami; thence it runs south- ward to Windsor and thence southwestward to where General character- istics of Missouri topogra- phy. Features of the Ozark region. 63 64 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ATCHISON COUNTY LANDSCAPE. Valleys of the Ozark reeion. AX OZARK HLUFF. Spring river crosses the State line. South and east of this line lies the Ozark region, north and west of it the prairie region. The general shape of the Ozark region is that of an elliptical dome, being highest along the central line, reaching a maximum height at one locality and sloping downward in all directions from this, more rapidly at right angles to the axis of the ellipse and less rapidly along the axis. The axis of this ellipse runs from the Mississippi river in Ste. Genevieve county southwestward to the State line near the southwestern corner of Stone county. The elevation of the country around the foot of the Ozark region is about 800 feet above sea level. The elevation of the top along the central part of the axis varies from 1,400 to 1,700 feet. From the line of greatest elevation the drainage runs north- ward to the Osage and Missouri rivers, which flow parallel to the axis of the Ozark region on one side and southward to White river on the other. All the streams have cut valleys of greater or less depth. Toward the heads of the streams that flow northward, i. e., just north of the central axis, the valleys are shallow and usually rather wide on account of the small size of the streams and the great distance they flow before reaching a large river. The same characteristic is true of the streams flowing southeastward on the south side of the axis — those east of the central part of Howell county. The streams that flow southward from the western part of the Ozark region have cut deep, narrow gorges from their heads. All the Ozark valleys reach a maximum depth in the region about midway between the central axis \ GEOLOGY. 65 W^^-' ^*ig? SJ"^^ Main features of the prairie region. RELIEF MAP OF THE UNITED STATES SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI. and the border of the region. So far as ruggedness of the country is concerned, the central part of tlie Ozarlvs is not extremely rugged, though it is rather high. Around this is a region that is much more rugged; the valleys are deeper and narrowed; the country is completely cut up with an innumerable number of deep ravines, though the general elevations are not so high as in the central region. Around this intermediate belt of rough country is a belt that is both less rugged and lower than the preceding one. This is the border of the region and it slopes down to the prairies. The prairie region is lowest along the border line between it and the Ozark region and rises gradually westward, or slightly northwestward. Along the southern and southeastern border of the region the elevation varies from 600 to 800 feet above sea level. In the northwestern part of the State the ele- vation is about 1,200 feet. There are two divisions of the prairie region, both of which rise northwest- wardly. In one of them, the southerly area, the rise is not uniform. It takes place in a series of steps which are successively higher west- ward, with a slight gradual rise between each step. The trend of the steps is northeastward and southwestward. In the part of the prairie region lying south of the Missouri river there are two of these steps, one of which does not ex- tend into north Missouri. North of the river there is only one of these steps that is prominent, but there are several minor ones. This region is also cut up into valleys by the valleys of the rivers that drain it. Excepting, however, a belt of country a few miles wide prairie region along the edges of the steps, the valleys are not deep and narrow, and even here they do not reach the depth attained by the valleys of the Ozark region. In the other division the country rises nearly uniformly northwestward. The terraces or steps which characterize the southerly area are here buried deep beneath a MISSOURI'S OLDEST INHABITANT. OEMCRALIZED CROSS SECTION ACROSS MISSOURI FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST. 3Ju.- 6(3 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Soils of Missouri. superficial layer of clay, gravel and sand, so they are not recognizable factors in the topography of this division. The map shows the areas of those divisions. The rivers of north Missouri flow either into the Missouri or the Mississippi. Those flowing into the Missouri have a southerly course, usu- ally almost due south, while those flowing into the Mississippi flow southeastwardly. The val- leys of the larger streams are often five miles or more in width, with flat, meadow-like floors over which the stream channels wander in me- andering courses. The intermediate country is undulating and rarely too steep for cultivation. The soils of Missouri, considered from the point of view of their origin, are of two general kinds. The south- ern part of the State is covered with a residuary soil, or a soil that has re- sulted from the decomposition of the native rocks, while the northern part of the State is covered with a trans- ported soil, one that was brought from j elsewhere, of glacial origin. The di- viding line runs a few miles south of the Missouri river, from the western line of the State to the vicinity of Boon- ville; thence eastward the river may be considered, in a general way, as a di- viding line. A LUMP 01'' MISSOURI! COAL, rUTNAM COUNTY. FISHING SPRING, NEAR STEELVILLE GEOLOGY 67 HA HA TONKA LAKE, CAMDEN COUNTY. Soil and rock affect the stability and quality of the water supply. In the Ozark region water is obtained from wells and excellent springs; shallow wells in the loess soils and deeper ones in the clay soils furnish abundant water sup- ply. Stock water is plentiful and can be readily stored in surface basins. The Plentiful water supply. SKETCH iMAP OF MISSOURI SHOWING AREAS OE i'KKNCU'AL PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS. 68 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Pleistocene Devonian Archaean • ggjS^^^'^^ii'^y^ T:yg^j^Rg3ggpy ' if <:.^ - ym^:i^^ m£ I I I , -— 1= Clql. I .' I. '.. ' . I ', I ' V -^ I s Lower Car- f boniferous Jefferson City r Limestone ^ Roubidoux ( Sandstone Gasconade Limestone St. Joseph Limestone La Motte Sandstone Porphyry Granite GENERALIZED SECTION OF MISSOURI STRATA. rocks in Missouri nowhere contain any considera- ble quantity of matter tending to make the water unwholesome. Using the word rock in its geological sense, the Missouri rocks are mainly sedimentary, formed by the settling into beds of masses of sed- iment, and igneous, formed by solidification from a molten condition. The igneous rocks are of two kinds, granites and porphyries. Enough granite, usually pinkish in color, is exposed for an inexhaustible supply for commercial purposes. It has been quarried for years for building and ornamental stones and pav- ing. Porphyry of varying colors, equal to that in the ancient Roman temples, exists in large quantities. The sedimentary rocks are of two main groups. One is composed of limestone formed while Missouri was not only covered by water, but was far from any land area. Four-fifths of the State south of the Missouri river and much of it north of the rivei\ is underlaid with these lime- stones. The other groups of rocks were formed when Missouri was either part of a continent or covered by a shallow sea near land. The rocks of the earth's surface may also be classified according to age. Three of the four general ages, Conozoic, Mesozoic, Palaeozoic and Azoic, are represented in Missouri, and eight or nine of the subdivisions of the ages. If all of these formations were superimposed at any one place they would build a column 3,500 feet high from the top of the granites. The thickness of the lower layer is unknown. The rocks do not all underlie the whole State, but by the bowing up of beds or by cutting through of streams they are brought to the surface at various places. The oldest rocks are in Iron and surrounding coun- ties. The center of the rock beds which underlie the larger part of Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Illinois, and Iowa, which contain the natural re- sources from which these States draw their wealth, is in Iron county, Missouri. A geological map divides the rocks into groups, each group usually including more than one kind of rock or more than one formation. On the geological map of the State, the granites and porphyries are shown in solid red color. They are found in south and southeastern Missouri. A long period later with the coming of the sea over the Missouri area brought first the La Motte sand- stone. Gradually the land sank beneath the sea and extensive St. Joseph limestone was formed on the shallow bottoms. This limestone is usually gray and of rather coarse crystalline texture. It is comparatively free from flint and decomposes readily to a fertile and easily-tilled red clay soil. GEOLOGY. 69 Great deposits of disseminated lead liave been found in tliis formation. Ttie Gunter sandstone, the Gasconade limestone, and Roubideaiix sandstone were formed sub- subsequently. Passing outward from the Archaean core of Missouri is next found the Jefferson City limestone. Its predominant rocks are the thickly-bedded, soft, white, non-crystalline "cotton rock" and the heavily-bedded, slightly-crystalline gray limestone called "spotted rock." Along the eastern side of the Ozark re- gion is the Crystal City sandstone, a bank of pure white sand extensively quar- ried for glass-making and foundry purposes. The Marshfield sandstone in the southwest and the Eureka limestone in the eastern and northeastern Ozark re- gion decompose to a pale-reddish or yellowish soil. Younger formations are the Trenton limestone; the thin De- vonian rocks around the Ozark region; the Louisiana limestone, fine grained and nearly 98 per cent pure carbonate of lime; the Hannibal shale, usually yellow- ish drab or greenish, with a small per centage of fine sand; the St. Louis, Keokuk, Burling- ton and Chouteau limestones, forming a bank around the Ozark region from Perry county to the extreme southwest; the Auxvasse sandstone, the Kaskas- kia limestone and the Chester shales, found in a restricted area on the eastern side of the Ozark region, which close the deposits up to the period of the coal. ' ^[ After this deposition the area of Missouri closed its ma- rine history. It was under the sea at various times thereafter, but for short periods only, and the later stratified rocks of Mis- souri are made up of land mate- rial. The firist formation was a series of sand and clay beds, called the Cherokee shales. This was probably deposited around an Ozark island. The coal beds of practically all the central and southwestern coal-producing counties are in this formation. Above the Cherokee shale is the Clear Creek formation which includes all the workable coal beds not found in the Cherokee shales. The Pleasanton shales, the Kansas City group, the Rockport shales, complete the coal measure forma- tions and this general group. The Tertiary rocks were deposited long after the Rockport shales. These are found in the southeast, and include the Idalia shales, the Benton sands with its notable watermelon belt, and the Piketon gravels. This represents the last phase of the Tertiary submergence of southeastern Missouri. The sub- mergence at no time extended far north of Cape Girardeau. Following close upon the Tertiary submergence is the coming of the glacial deposits, three in number. Along the Missouri river, which was approximately the southern border of the ice, and in a narrow belt down the Mississippi river Physical character of some Missouri rocks. ENTRANCE TO MASK TWAIN's CAVE KEAK HANNlfeAL. Formation of the coal-bearing rocks. The Tertiary rocks 70 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Glacial deposits. is a deposit of a porous, brownish, coarse clay loam, and narrowest along the high bluffy portion of the Missouri river between Jefferson City and Washington. It forms the basis of the most fertile large body of soil in the State of Missouri. Just north of the belt of loess is a belt or area of fine-grained bluish clay, with occasional beds and pockets of sand, especially in the lower part. It may be considered to extend over all the northern part of the State except the area of the loess and a small area of gravelly clay in Harrison, Gentry and Worth coun- ties. The third phase of the glacial deposits is of the same character as the second, with a considerable proportion of gravel bowlders and sand. The three kinds of deposits grade insensibly into each other so there is no sharp line of demarcation between them. Since the disappearance of the glacial sheet the area of the State of Mis- souri has been continuously a land surface and its physical history has been and still is continuous and one of erosion. The beds of rock that have been de- posited during the long ages in the past are now being worn away by the forces which attack all land surfaces. The duration of this continental period may be looked upon, however, in the light of the history of the past. At several times during the long geological history of the State it has been part of the land area and was later submerged again. The present continental period is probably not exceptional. At some time in the far distant future it may again go be- neath the sea and receive another coating of material. The world is not yet finished. W^orld-making forces are at work now as vigorously, probably, as at any time in the past. We live in the midst of these changes but on account of the extreme shortness of our time-measuring units the long periods of geolog- ical time have no end and the changes going on around us marking the prog- ress of that time are unnoticed. 'T''^^^^gg3?^ii:-^-^:^l^^^^>V^..,-i ^?-^S :^;ig'-&^^ /, s. .V THE STATE OF MISSOURI IN BELIEF — PHOTOGRAPHIC BEPBODUC'TION OF MAP BY PBOF. C. F. MAEBUT. MISSOURI produced last year one-eighth of all the corn of the United States and more than one-tenth of all the corn of the world. One county in Missouri grows more corn than is produced by all the new England States com- bined. One man in Missouri grew on his farm this year more corn than is reported by the last census from the nine Slates of Utah. Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Rhode Island. Wy- oming and Nevada combined. Three counties in Missouri grow more corn than these nine- teen States combined: Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire. Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Colorado, North Dakota, Florida, California, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, Utah, Ari- zona, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Nevada. This is more coi'n than is reported by the census for either New York, Maryland, or West Virginia; more than either Spain, Portugal, or Austria grows; is twice as much as is grown in Australasia, including Australia and Tas- mania and two-thirds as much as is grown in Egypt. The least productive county in Missouri grows more corn than the States of Nevada, Wyoming, Mon- tana, and Idaho, combined. Missouri grows nearly three times as much corn as Canada and Mexico com- bined; three times as much as all South America; three-fifths as much as all Eu- rope, and nearly one-half as much as is produced in the whole world outside of he United States. Missouri's corn crop last vear is esti- •^O. * At the time this article was prepared the Government and State statistics for 1903 were not complete. Therefore the statistics are for 190Z except those taken from the Twelfth Census which are for 1900. n THE STATE OF MISSOURI. WASHINGTON >.HO «vo« r N G L. " c o O R A 1 """ON, NCW MEXICO Missouri grows one-tenth of all the corn of the world. Highest average yield of corn per acre of any State in the Union. TIIKEE MtSSOURI COUNTIES ■■•-•" \ f"" GROW MORE CORN THAN \ / NINETEEN STATES. '•• 'j mated by the State Board of Agriculture at 314,073,985 bushels, worth, on the farm, $100,000,000. This was the largest yield of any State in the Union, with possibly one exception, and was the highest average yield per acre of any State in the Union. Missouri's corn crop exceeded the combined production of thirty States and Territories, as follows: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Washington, Oregon, California. Missouri produced last year, accord- ing to the State Board of Agriculture, 62,000,000 bushels of wheat, which was one-twelfth of the entire wheat crop of the United States; the largest yield accredited to any winter wheat State, and the largest average yield per acre of any State, either winter or spring. The Missouri wheat crop exceeded the combined production of twenty- two States, including New York, Penn- sylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and all the New England States. This is more wheat than is grown by the United Kingdom of Great Britain, including England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; more than is pro- - ^ ^_^ duced by either Ontario or Manitoba, and two-thirds as much as the whole of Canada. This exceeds the combined wheat crop of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Neth- erlands, Belgium, Portugal, and Switzerland, and it is four-fifths as much as is grown in the whole of South America. This is more than is grown in Austria or Roumania; more than Bulgaria and Servia combined; exceeds the total production of Australasia, including AGRICULTURE. 73 Missouri grows one-twelfth of all the wheat of the United States. THE MORNING START. Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and New Zealand. This exceeds the combined wheat crops of Siberia and Central Asia; is more than is produced in Africa, including Egypt, Algeria, Tunis, and Cape Colony, and is more than three times the wheat production of Japan. Missouri's aggregate annual production of the six chief cereals (corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and buck-^ wheat) exceeds the combined pro-^ duction' of the following twenty- ^.' four States: Kentucky, Massachu-j^ setts. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, '. Maine, Vermont, Delaware, New , Jei-sey, Georgia, Alabama, Mary-/ land, Louisiana, West Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, and Nevada. The average produc- duction per State of corn last year for the eleven States: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Michigan, Min- nesota, Wisconsin, New York, and Pennsylvania, was 147,220,343 bushels. Missouri's corn crop was 314,073,985 bushels, or more than double the State average of these leading States. The State average production of wheat for these States was 32,603,042 bush- Wheat crop ex els. Missouri's wheat crop was 62,000,000 bushels, or almost double the average production of these leading States. In oat production the State average of the eleven States listed above was 20,546,281 bushels, while Missouri's crop was 23,967,170 bushels. The average production of hay in these States is 3,495,272 tons, and Mis- souri's hay crop was 4,828,005 tons, or one-third more than the State average of these eleven leading hay States. In the production of the six leading cereals (corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and buck- wheat), the average of the eleven States was 399,086,155 bushels, or nearly fifty per cent more than the State average of these eleven leading States. The center of Total Acre- age in Farms in the United States is in Missouri. The center of Improved Farm Acreage is at the eastern border of the State. The center of Farm Values of the United States was at the edge of Missouri in 1899, and may be safely said to lie within the State at this time. The center of Corn Production of the United States is at the eastern edge of Missouri. The center of production of the six leading cereals, corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and buckwheat, is in Missouri. ceeds combined production of 2: States. HAYMAKING, DAVIESS COUNTY. Largest yield per acre accredited to any State in the Union. 74 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri's produc- tion of six chief cereals exceeds that of 24 States. Missouri has largest number of farms of any State excepting Exceeds all its neighbors in pro- portion of farms operated by owners. The center of Gross Income from Farms of the United States is at the east- ern border of the State. The centers of production of wheat and oats of the United States are within a hundred miles of the northern boundary of the State. The centers of population, manufacturing, education, progi'ess, culture, follow the center of production. Missouri had in 1900 284,886 farms, aggregating 34,000,- 000 acres, or an average per farm of 120 acres. These farms were worth, accord- ing to the census, $843,979,213. This is the largest number of farms reported for any State in the Union excepting Texas. The increase in the number of farms in Missouri during the last ten years was 19.7 per cent, a larger in- crease than is reported for Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, or Nebraska. The increase in the number of persons engaged in agriculture in Missouri during the last ten years is 18.4 per cent; a larger increase than occurred in either Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, or Ne- braska during the same period. Sixty-nine per cent of these farms were operated by their own- ers, a larger proportion than is shown by Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, or Nebraska. More people are engaged in agricultural pursuits in Missouri than in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Ne- braska, New York, Pennsylvania, or Ohio. Missouri's annual production of sweet potatoes is 743,377 bushels. / y This is more than is grown by Illi- / nois and Iowa, combined; more ,./' than the production of Arkansas, Nebraska and Oklahoma, combined; [^ ''"" '' '"'\.,-- \ more than the whole of New Eng- '""■^'■"^ \ land; more than the total of thirty '? \ other States. \ Missouri's corn crop loaded into V wagons holding fifty bushels each, one Missouri county raises more corn and allowing twenty-five feet for than all the new England states. each wagon and team, would make a procession 36,800 miles long, or long enough to extend once and a half around the world. Corn is Missouri's one hundred million dollar crop. Practically one-half of the annual harvest of the State is corn. Wheat amounts to one-fifth and all other crops to three-tenths. In Missouri Corn is indeed King. AGRICULTURE. 75 CUTTING OATS, ATCHISON COUNTY. One man, gathering fifty bushels of corn per day, would be kept busy in harvesting the crop, six million, two hundred and eighty-one thousand days, or over twenty thousand years. The Missouri oat crop last year was 27,816,165 bushels, or more than the combined crop of Australasia and Africa, or as much as is produced by Spain and Italy together. Missouri's potato crop last year was 12,234,112 bushels, or approximately as much as was produced by Massachusetts, Colorado, Texas, Georgia, Florida, Ala- bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Nevada, combined. The products sold from the market gardens of Missouri in 1900, according to the census, brought $3,494,357, a gain during the last ten years of 215 per cent. This is approximately as much as the vegetable output of all the New England States excepting Massachusetts, and about the same as the sales from Kansas, Nebraska, the two DakoLas, and Wisconsin, combined. Missouri has, according to the last census, the largest number of family gardens of any State in the Union, and devoted to these crops 74,633 acres, pro- ducing a ci'op worth $5,388,000. This exceeds the combined production of Illi- nois and New Jersey, and is more than is pi'oduced by Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Jersey, and California, combined. Of the twenty-five counties in the United States reported in the census as leading in vegetables and producing about one-tenth of all the vegetables grown in the United States, St. Louis and Dunklin counties are included. Missouri had, in 1900, 3,126,400 square feet of glass devoted to vegetable production, a larger area than was reported for the States of Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska, combined. The leading watermelon county in the United States, is according to the last United States census, Scott county, Missouri. The second county in the United States in the production of watermelons is, according to the same authority, Dunklin county, Missouri. These two counties produce more than one-fourth as many watermelons as the State of Georgia, and more than either Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, In- diana, Florida or Arkansas, and as many as were produced by New Jersey and California, combined. One county in Missouri grows more sweet potatoes than either Iowa, Penn- It would take one ^ ^man 20,000 [^ years to gather Missouri's corn crop. Missouri's corn crop would reach once and a half around the world. Grows more sweet potatoes than total ot 30 States. J^i/era^e Prodaciion 0/ Six Xeadin^ Cereals, in Sieve/i leadin^iStates. i^^^^mM^^^^m^mam^ e73. 002.7/8 3iLsheU. Produdix)n 0/ J'ix leading Cereals in JlTissouri ^ma^^mmm^K^mi^tmm^^mmam^mmm 399. 036. /SSBzzsheU 76 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Largest number of family gardens of any State. Leading water- melon county of United States. Two Missouri counties ship a watermelon for the head ot every family in the United States. MISSOURI GROWS MORE OF THE SIX CHIEF CEREALS THAN TWENTY-FOUR STATES. sylvania, West Virginia, Delaware, or Oklahoma, and more than the combined production of Nebraska, New York, and all the New England States. Missouri produces the largest yield of cotton per acre of any State in the Union. Missouri produces as much clover hay, according to the last census, as all the New England States, Iowa, New York and Minnesota, combined. The State contains 69,115 square miles of land surface, or 45,425,600 acres, of which 33,997,873 acres are included in farms. Of this area 22,900,043 acres are improved. There were, in 1900, 284,886 farms of an average size of 119.3 acres, which were valued, exclusive of buildings, by the United States census, at $695,470,723. The buildings were valued at $148,508,490, making a total value for farm lands and buildings of $843,979,213. MISSOURI'S ANNUAL HARVEST. Crop Acres Product Value Corn 7,746,214 314,093,985 bu. $99,727,295 Wheat 3,166,900 61,045,000 bu. 34,490,000 Oats 759,434 23,867,169 bu. 6,374,795 Hay 2,940,600 4,828,005 tons 29,428,870 Forage 370,725 462,070 tons 2,310,350 Flax 85,402 366,849 bu. 380,940 Rve 25,550 459,900 bu. 229,950 Buckwheat 2,500 40,000 bu. 24,000 Barley 1,820 45,500 bu. 15,835 Broom Corn 8,765 4,661,600 lbs. 129,532 Clover Seed 58,737 bu. 394,698 Grass Seed 219,760 bu. 454,425 Cotton 67,658 23,916,840 lbs. 1,788,960 Tobacco 4,361 3,356,460 lbs. 324,040 Potatoes 93,915 11,510,451 bu. 3,870,435 Vegetables 114,853 5,153,958 Pastures Total 7,511,346 15,022,692 2^,900,043 $200,110,775 ■i- 1 1 V AGRICULTURE. 77 A MISSOURI FARM HOME, MACON COUNTY. The figures of Missouri's annual harvest place the State in the very front rank of agricultural States. At the same time no other State is developing as rapidly and adding to her agricultural w^ealth at the same rate. It is obvious that the future is secure of any State that grows successfully and profitably in every county, every year, corn, wheat, oats, timothy, clover and blue grass. In addition to these staple crops Missouri grows commercially a larger A'ariety of valuable crops than any other similar area in America, or thfl world. No state is less afflicted with drouths, floods, insect pests, blighting winds or crop failures. The Missouri farmer has more time in which to plant, cultivate, harvest and market his crops than has his northern neighbor. The mild climate affords more working days in the year and a longer growing season so that the efficiency of the workman is inci-eased. The plow may be kept going in almost every month of the year. The soil is thus prepared without haste and at a minimum expense. In the Bast high-priced land and costly fertilizers reduce the margin of profit. In the West expensive ii-rigating plant;^ and high-priced water affect seriously the cost of production. Missouri's soils are productive without arti- ficial fertilization and her rainfall is sufficient to insure large crops without irrigation. Missouri's soils have stood the test of more than a half century and will not wear out, burn out or leach out. When the population becomes so dense as to demand the highest possible production, Missouri's farms may be brought under artificial irrigation at far less expense and with greater assurances of an abundant and regular supply of water and with a far greater variety of valuable crops to grow than any country now under irrigation. yiverii\illi ifc : Hn>wii loam Bla<;l< lYairic RoUiuriPraiiii- * -.ingtrnt . , , iVETTl' : JAl'KSON I '" j -Warr^islxi , o™a™ ► »?. 'r — --^-[^ %__] .'f ;^'"-'- " ' " 1 ^Vi^^3C Afii.i.Ki; j y„,„,:;',r y)^ e ^C | ^h-. University of Missouri and H..). WATERS Dtan of tho College of Apiculture University of Missouri 1904 Scale of miles i.Ac;.>: Sandy rlav lomu Redi.n,....o„..,..„v iTAT;''?11^^>*^''^>^^'<--Ki = Modoraiely llinlv ' [ M"m>.i • v. ,, ' 'OzurkBordpi- 1 ! V I Wf'H'^TKI - — L,' n K N T ,- jreAjicots s j Lenlfi ' , . ^ s j[_ J-'^ "^. Marl.l.'tlill I Mnii'slonoilay flinlv Ozark Center N K WTO A- L Nposli ^ J CHRISTIAN a J "'•'""'- ! e -^.,. f . I ^.aJena j n A U 1) Y j L.:_ I i ^ ' / ~Hv() H K (t O * I H I 1 i Vy < I niKi- _ <• *t:;ai-iiiju-i-.H%Tlle ACRICULTURE. 81 FARM SCENE, ATCHISON COUNTY. of Cass, the south half of Jackson, southwestern quarter of Lafayette, south- western two-thirds of Johnson, the southwestern portion of Henry and northern Bates. It is well adapted to coi'n, all varieties of grass, wheat, clover, flax and castor beans, and can be made to grow alfalfa successfully. Sandy loam is a clay ameliorated by a mixture of sand, dark in color, deep and productive. It covers the counties of Barton, Vernon, southern Bates, eastern Henry and Johnson; the western portion of Pettis, St. Clair and Cedar; northwestern Dade and northern Jasper. It is well adapted to corn, wheat, timothy, flax, broom corn, orchard grass, blue grass and alfalfa. Red limestone clay is the border of the Ozark region and covers the coun- ties of Cole, Moniteau, Lawrence, Polk, Newton and Greene, nearly all of Dade; the eastern portions of Cape Girardeau, Perry, Ste. Genevieve, Jefferson, St. Clair, Pettis, Miller and Cedar; the western part of St. Louis, Franklin, Gas- conade, Osage, Hickory and Dallas; northern Crawford, McDonald, Christian and Stone; southern Cooper, Laclede, and Morgan; northwestern Barry and Douglas; southwestern Webster; southeastern Maries; northeastern Phelps and a small portion of Wright, Ripley, and Butler. It is a limestone clay soil with a slight admixture of flint, red in color and varies in depth from one foot to four feet. In the river and creek valleys occur large bodies of alluvium. The surface is rolling, but is for the most part level enough to be divided into large, regularly shaped fields on which the most improved machinery is operated. This section is especially adapted to wheat, producing a plump berry of fine color and very high milling quality. In addition to wheat it is adapted to the production of corn, clover, blue grass, orchard grass, tall fescue, English blue grass, timothy, all classes of fruits and vegetables, cotton in the southmost parts and on a considerable portion of this soil alfalfa will succeed. Limestone clay (flinty) is the Ozark plateau. It is a clay limestone soil with an admixture of flint, is red or gray in color and varies in depth from one to three feet. The area comprises the counties of Texas, Shannon, Dent, Reynolds, Howell, Oregon, Carter, Ozark, Taney, Wayne, Iron and Washington; nearly all of Camden and Pulaski; the southern part of Stone, Phelps and Crawford; southeastern Barry and Benton; southern McDonald and Morgan; southwestern Jefferson and St. Francois; northeastern Webster; eastern Dal- las; western Ste. Genevieve, Perry and Cape Girardeau; northern Ripley and Butler. The surface is hilly with narrow valleys. A relatively small proportion of the upland is well developed, excepting in the southern and western parts. The valleys of the streams contain a rich alluvial soil, already in a high sta'e il/r..— (i. 400,000 acres of unentered gov- ernment land. Corn the world's greatest cereal. 82 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Three Missouri boys earned $41 54. S- in one summer in the corn field. The largest corn farm in tlie world is in Missouri. of cultivation. This is tlie timber reserve of the State and comprises the whole area of Missouri that is capable of growing pine. The undeveloped parts, wher- ever the timber is thin enough, are covered with blue stem grass and Japan clover, furnishing excellent grazing for all classes of live stock. When cleared, nearly all of this land will grow red and white clover, cowpeas, orchard grass, tall meadow oat grass, tall fescue, red top, and timothy. On much of this land it will be possible to grow alfalfa successfully. With the rich valleys for the production of corn and considering the mild cli- mate and the very few months in which it is necessary to feed stock, the whole of . . „^„„o,,. ' ' \. ObjOKvilli '^'^ CIIRJSTIAN THREE MISSOURI LADS AND THEIR CHECK FOB A SUMMER'S CORN CROP GROWN ON SHARES. JAMES CHRISTIAN. HARRY CHRISTIAN the section will in the near future be converted into pastures, or live stock farms. Much of this land may now be purchased at from $1.25 to $2.50 per acre. Red limestone clay, flint free: A comparatively small body of exceedingly productive soil described as a red limestone clay, free from gravel, occurs in Iron, Madison, St. Francois, and Washington counties. This soil is deep red in color, varies in depth from one and one-half to three feet and is adapted to all crops grown in the State. It is especially suited to MISSISSIPPI COUNTY CORN FIELD. AGRICULTURE. 83 THIRTY-FIVE TWO-ROW CULTIVATORS AT WORK. the production of wheat, clover, corn, fruits and vegetables of all classes and all kinds of grasses and forage plants. The surface is rolling, affording ex- cellent natural drainage but level enough to be cultivated cheaply. UNITED STATES LANDS. There remain in Missouri subject to homestead or cash entry about 422,000 acres of Federal Government land, thus located: A Missouri farmpr is the real corn king. SPRINGFIELD DISTRICT. BOONVILLE IISTRICT. IRONTON DISTRICT. COUNTIES ACRES COUNTIES s ACRE COUNTIES ACRES Barry 9,484 Benton 1,500 Bollinger 1,521 Christian 2^6 Camden 18,316 Butler 801 Dallas 2,827 Cedar 40 Carter 480 Douglas 6,745 Crawford 360 Crawford 2,533 Laclede 4,744 Dallas I 1,800 Dent 4,209 McDonald 7,970 Hickory 3,760 Howell 3,545 Ozark 51,941 Laclede 8,600 Iron 8,242 Pulaski 1,876 Maries 2,120 Madison 6,187 Stone 13,044 Miller 3,420 Oregon 5,249 Taney 12,787 Phelps 1,480 Perry 461 Texas 2,074 Polk 40 Phelps 12,052 Webster 268 Pulaski 13,470 Pulaski 4,538 Wright 2,540 St. Clair 2,000 Reynolds 6,522 Washington 360 Ripley 3,268 Total 116,556 St. Francois 200 Total 67,266 Ste. Genevieve Shannon Texas 2,092 4,779 12,789 1,882 Washington Wayne Total 4,369 85,719 Free Government land. J?i/era^e Production ofCor/z in ^^ei/enXeadzn^Cor/iA^ates. ProcZuciiopz of6br/i in- J?Ti2Souri. I J/^.073.SSS^u^hel3 84 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Wheat grown cheaper in Mis- souri than else- where. BUILDING LEVEE, PEMISCOT COUNTY. Homestead entrie! may be made for 160 acres and an additional 160 acres may be secured under cash entry. The homestead entry fees and commissions on lands not within two and one-half miles of a railroad are $14 for 160 acres, $13 for 120 acres, $7 for 80 acres, and $6 for 40 acres. On lands within two and one-half miles of a railroad the fees are $18 for 160 acres, $16 for 120 acres, $9 for 80 acres, and $7 for 40 acres. Under each entry the land costs $2.50 per acre within railroad limits and $1.25 per acre outside of the railroad limits. ~ United States land offices are located at Boonville, Ironton, and Springfield. Corn is the world's greatest cereal. No other crop is to be compared with it in the quan- tity and quality of feed that may be grown per acre. In cheapness of produc- tion and convenience in handling it surpasses all other crops to even a greater extent. A State well adapted to corn will always have a prosperci"^ and progressive agriculiure. Such a State becomes a great feed yard and from it is drawn the world's supply of high class horses, mules, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, butter, cheese, milk, etc. These are the highest types of farming and attract the most intelligent classes of people. Missouri grew last year 314,093,985 bushels of corn on 7,746,- 214 acres. This crop was Avorth on the farm approximately $100,000,000. This Two valuable crops ^^^ practlcallv one-eighth of all the corn produced in the United States and grown on the i . .f K ..-. iMi Investigation of in- calculable benefit. JACKS AT STATE FAIB — SEDALIA. are continually maintained for purposes of instruction. Thorough instruction is offered by this institution in Stock Breeding, in the history and development of breeds, and in feeds and feeding. Much attention is given to the judging of animals for the selection of profitable types. All students in Animal Husbandry receive a course in Veterinary Science which treats of the common diseases and methods of treatment of the domes- tic animals. The investigations conducted by the Missouri Experi- ment Station have been of incalcu- lable benefit to the farmers of th^ State. The experiments in cattle feeding have attracted wide atten- tion and have had much to do with fixing many of the profitable feeding methods in the State. The discovery of Dr. J. W. Con- naway, of this Station, that by a simple method of inoculation, cattle could be made iiumune to the Texas or splenetic fever, has opened up a large and profitable market for Missouri cattle. The Live Stock Laboratory, located on the College Farm is a stone building devoted to instruction in Veterinary Science and in- vestigations in Animal Breed- ing. It contains also a large and well-lighted judging pavilion in which the stock judging exercises are conducted. Saddle horses. The records of the American Saddle Horse Association show that there are 3,028 saddle horses recorded in the United States. Of this number 686 are reg- JEKSEY CALF L. E. SHATXUCK, STAiNBEKRY. ANGOBA GOATS — ELMEB FBAZEB. MARYVTLLE. 116 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. CATTLE, LIVINGSTON COUNTY. istered from Missouri. This is 23 per cent of all the registered saddle horses in America. Exclusive of Kentucky, Missouri has move registered saddle horses than all the other States combined. Of the original foundation of the American lifSTBIBUTION OF EEQISTERED SADDLE HORSES. FROM THE AMFRTPAN S ADOLF TTORSF REGISTER iJVK STOCK 117 PRIZE ilEKEFOKUS O. HARRIS, SULLIVAN COUNTY. Event of unusual importance. saddle horse breed, Missouri furnished some of the most important sires. Two Missouri horses, especially, appear frequently in the pedigrees of the best saddle horses. These are Vernon's Roebuck and Pat Cleburne. From these two noted animals, and a large number of lesser fame, have sprung the Missouri saddle Saddle horse records horses. An event of unusual importance to the saddle horse breeding industry in Missouri happened in 1886 when L. D. Morris, Clark Potts, R. W. Edmondson, Jack Harrison, and G. Tom King brought four great saddle stallions from Ken- tucky. These animals. Black Squirrel, Moss Rose, Artist Montrose, and Mark Diamond, have left an ineffaceable impress upon the saddle horse stock of the State. These great sires have given Missouri an enviable reputation for high class saddle animals throughout the United States. Another horse whose value it is impossible to measure, was Old Montrose, who was used in the State for breeding purposes from 1880 to 1893, inclusive. Some of the men who have sold animals of high merit at large prices are Jeff Bridgeford, H. T. McElroy, T. H. Jones, Dr. S. Maddox, George Nicholson, and John Harrison. One of the most successful breeders of saddle horses in the State is John Harrison, of Auxvasse. He has sold 800 saddle horses — an average of forty a year. Some of the great horses that he has sold were Rex Denmark, $1,665; Montrose, $1,450; Red Rose, $1,250; Star Rose, $1,100, and Chimes, $1,125. In his twenty years' experience as an exhibitor of saddle horses, he has won 1,600 prizes and $20,000 in prize money. In the year 1890 he won 250 first prizes and $5,300 in prize money. It is believed that this breeder, during the years of 1886 to 1893, had the largest herd of brood mares of the American Saddle Horse breed of any breeder in the world. Another gentleman whose successful career as a sad- dle horse breeder has perhaps been unexcelled in any State or country is that of Jeff Bridgeford. This gentle- man has sold 250 head of saddle horses for $100,000. George Nicholson, of Fulton, has been a breeder of saddle horses for twenty-five years. Two horses. La Rose and King La Rose, owned by this gentleman, sold for h $1,500 and $1,250, respectively. La Rose took first and King La Rose Breeders of saddle horses. M SSOU Successful for years ND ANA NO took second at the World's Fair i n Chicago for three-year-old sad- dle horses. One NUMBER OK HEREFOBL. CATTLE EXHIBITED BY HVK LEADING STATES AT ALL INTERNATIONAL SHOWS. 118 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. CATTLE FKOM THE MISSOURI AGIUCULTURAL COLLEGE FARM. World's Fair prizes. of his mares has produced thirteen colts, valued at $4,000. This ruare is still (1904) alive. Another successful breeder is Dr. S. Maddox, of Ely. A very successful handler of horses, especially saddle horses, is Ben R. Middleton, of Mexico, a picture of whose horses accompany this article. At the World's Fair in Chicago there were 37 saddle horses entered for com- petition. Fourteen of these were from Missouri, fifteen from Kentucky, and eight from all other States. Of the five herds entered, two were from Missouri. The saddle horse breeders who won important prizes in this event were J. A. Potts, who won first on stallion four-years-old and under five; E. L. Parrish, of St. Louis, first on three-year-old stallion; T. S. Harrison, of Auxvasse, first on three-year-old mare; and A. F. Wychoff, of Appleton City, first and sweepstakes on stallion, any age. Besides this, a large number of second and smaller prizes were awarded to Missouri breeders. The special premium for gentleman dis- playing the best horsemanship in the saddle was awarded to Jeff Bridgeford, of Paris, Missouri. Summing up all the prizes taken by Missouri at the Chicago World's Fair, we find that she won three firsts, one first and sweepstakes and seven seconds, a total of eleven first and second prizes. Kentucky at the same CATTLE FEKDIJVQ — W. K. MUIB, CALLAWAY COUNTY. LIVE STOCK. 119 COOPEB COUNTY CATTLE SCENE. HItutoyruph by Max Schmidt, lioonvitle. iMi.ssori'! M)Rlll\MtP!(\ 1 fVLl MM Of rT-MISSOl RI Jl t:: fair won four firsts and two seconds, a total of six first and second prizes. At the St. Louis Fail', wtiich tias always been a Mecca for the saddle horse exhib- itors of the south and west, Missouri won first and sweepstakes prizes, 12 out ' = of 14 times. Some of the horses that helped to win these honors for Missouri were Mark Dia- mond, Old Montrose, Moss Rose, Rex Diamond, .-r-='7— ^TTsj Miss Rex, and Rex McDonald. Rex McDonald is one of the greatest living saddle horses. He was bred by Joseph McDonald, of Mexico, Missouri. His sire was Rex Denmark. He has won first and sweepstakes every year shown at St. Louis from 1894 to 1903. Other breeders of saddle horses are, A. B. Hughes, W. E. Cone, Hanson J. Marks, R. P. Moore, W. E. Cheatham, C. P. Clark, G. Tom King, L. M. Monsees & Son, A. F. Wykoff, D. P. Ewing, S. W. Roberts, Moss A. Robertson, E. S. Stewart, A. F. Styles, Thomas Bass, J. A. Potts. Missouri has long enjoyed an enviable reputation as an important source of light horses. Many of the substantial citizens of the State were pioneers from the blue grass regions of Kentucky. These early settlers brought with them the Kentuckian's love for good horses and his skill in breeding fine stock. Thus we find nowhere else better specimens of the American saddle horse, the standard- bred horse, and the thoroughbred, than in Missouri. Two of the four purchasing stations for government horses are in Missouri, one at St. Louis and one at Kansas City. The hard dense bone which is necessary for the successful trials of speed is characteristic of the horses pastured on the limestone soils of Mis- souri. There are some very large breeders of standard-bred horses in the State who have been unusually successful. One of the oldest and most distinguished of these is Col. Ryland Todhunter, of Greystone Park, Lexington, Missouri. NUMBER OF FIRST AND CHAM- PION PRIZES WON BY MISSOURI HEREFORDS AT ALL INTERNA- TIONAL SHOWS IN COMPETI- TION WITH THE WORLD. Some of the great horses. Roadster horses. 120 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. HOLSTEliSS, FIKST PKIZE, STATE FAIK. — M. E. MOOBE, CAMEEON, MISSOURI. Standard-bred horses. Good trotters. This gentleman has been breeding standard-bred horses for fifty years and has sold in that time animals to the value of more than $100,000. Some of the fa- mous horses sold by this breeder are Star Wilkes, $6,000; Idol, $5,000; Lady Thorn $5,000; Merchant, $2,500, and Ashland Chief, $2,500. This breeder's famous stallion. Star Wilkes, in one year produced colts valued at $33,000. At the Kansas City Fair in 1877, horses from this farm won first premium on stal- lion over all ages and breeds, first premium for best mare and first premium for best weanling colt. Another farm that has produced good trotting horses for twenty years is Spring Lawn Farm, owned by E. J. Shelpman. This farm has sold 95 registered horses for $28,500. Two horses bred on this farm. Trumpeter and Gilberd's Sprague, sold for $1,200 and $1,050, respectively. This establishment has won $12,500 in premiums at the various Stata and local fairs. It is estimated thai the best stallion owned by this farm produced 500 colts which, at a conservative estimate, are valued at $125,000. Another Missouri breeder of note is B. F. Swaggard, of Sweet Springs, Mis- souri. This gentleman has had eighteen years' experience and has sold trotting horses to the value of $40,000. Some of his best sales were Dillon Boy, $10,000; Andrew Allison, $3,300; Lady Glenn, $2,000, Maud, $1,500, and Mambrino Bee, $1,500. The trotting record for Missouri stallions is held by Dillon Boy, 2:09 1-4. This horse was bred and owned by Mr. Swaggard. Other good breeders of standard-bred horses are John Burruss, Henry T. Mc- Blroy, S. M. Finley, W. H. Stephenson, E. T. Letton & Son, H. D. Renter, G. E. Chinn, N. J. Coleman, J. R. Gentry, E. Knell, R. L. McDonald, J. F. Robinson, J. D. Shewalter, H. D. Ayers, D. L. Bourn, G. M. Catron, and D. A Colyer. The mule is an indispensable draft animal in southern agriculture. The draft breeds of horses are as naught compared with him for continuous labor in the cotton and the corn. No modern war can be successfully carried forward without the mule. Large-sized, well-pro- portioned and strongly-built mules are DB. cox, OWNED BY J. c. CLABK, BUTLEK. characteristic of Missouri. For this rea- son, when the British army sent its agents to the Western continent to buy The Missouri Mule, mules, they established their distributing center at Lathrop, Missouri, and from this point were sent out 115,000 mules. These mules, after serving with dis- LIVE STOCK. 121 MULE, VALLEY VIEW JACK FARM; 8 YEARS OLD. 19 HANDS HIGH. 1,900 POUNDS. Missouri furnishes mules for South Africa. tinction throughout the Boer war, are now one of the most important factors in developing the agriculture of that region. At fehe beginning of the war in the far East between Russia and Japan, a large consignment of mules was pur- chased in Missouri for the Russian army. In the production of good mules the Missouri farmers have found out that large-sized and well-formed parents must be selected. The diminutive mules so often seen in certain parts of the south are not a profitable sort to produce. The high quality maintained in Missouri mules is due to the extreme care exercised by the breeders of this class of ani- mals. The average Missouri mule breeder is as careful in the selection of his mares for the production of mules as for any other class of horses. Guyton & Harrington, Lathrop, maintained the largest horse-distributing liarn in the world during the Boer war. During this war the company furnished 115,000 Missouri mules and 65,000 horses to the British Government. The census for 1900 gives the number of swine in Missouri at 4,524,664. Secretary George B. Ellis, of the Board of Agriculture, values these at $45,216,760. Only two classes of animals, cattle and horses, have a higher total valuation than Missouri swine, have domestic swine. The domestic hog is a stable product of the western farm. Its ability to grow rapidly and econom- ically have made it one of the most profitable animals for the small and large farmer alike. The ordinary pig " will produce from ten to fourteen pounds of pork for every bushel of corn fed. He will gain so rapidly that he can be :-old at the maximum price at six months of age. Thus, money invested in hogs is rapidly returned. "While every important breed of hog is represented within the borders of the State, the great majority of hogs belong to one of the three great and Duroc-Jersey. There are probably THE GUABDL4.N OF THE FLOCK. breeds — the Poland-China, Berkshire, more representatives of the Poland-China breed than all of the others combined 122 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Poland-China swine Breeders of fine hogs. Berkshire swine. Tlii-s early-maLuring breed has been iu high favor for a very loug period. They are distinctly a product of the corn belt of America. One of the most successful breeders in the State is F. M. Lail, of Marshall. AN(i us CATTLE AND This gentleman has POLAND-CHINA HOGS- been engaged in breed- jioMEK CATTERSON, iug Poland-Chiua hogs MAKYViLLE. 23 years, producing in that time more than 2,000 hogs. The total sum received for these animals is $40,000. One sow, Sally S., ovirned by this breeder has farrow- ed 100 pigs and these have been sold for $4,- 000. Five hogs sold by Mr. Lail brought $4,645. Another well-known breeder of Poland-Chi- nas who has had over 20 years' experience, is E. E. Axline, of Oak Grove. This herd has produced over 4,000 animals which have sold for over $75,000. Four animals sold by this breeder brought $2,475. Another breeder who has been in the business ten years is J. W. Breedlove, of LaBelle. This gentleman has produced 400 hogs which have sold for $8,000. J. R. Young, of Richards, Missouri, has produced 350 hogs in seven years which have brought him $22,000. Five of his best hogs sold for $5,135. Other successful breeders of Poland- China swine in Missouri are, T. W. Herbst, A. T. Grimes, B. W. Wallen, E. C. Branch, Sensintaffer Brothers, C. A. Gries- enauer, Samuel Taylor, I. A. Novinger, E. E. Faires, E. H. Rodgers, W. B. Windsor, B. A. Hofstatler, D. D. Updike, R. W. Tay- lor, Burks & Brothers, Walter J. Sims, D. W. B. Kurtz, C. W. Stewart, T. G. Phelps, D. F. Risk, L. W. Monsees & Sons, Nelson Cole and J. E. Summers. The famous blue-grass pastures of Missouri have created a demand for a grazing hog. Breeders of Berkshires claim that their favorites are the most successful grazing animals among all the breeds of domestic swine. Certain it is that wherever they have been tried they have given great satisfaction to their own- ers. Missouri enjoys the distinction of having one of the most famous Berkshire breeders in America. N. H. Gentry, of Se- dalia, has successfully shown at the great- est fairs in the world and has perhaps sold more high-priced Berkshire hogs than any contemporary breeder. At the BEX MCDONALD, KING OF SADDLE STALLIONS. LIVE STOCK. 123 JEKSEYS ROLLO OLIVER, DEARBORN. Columbian Exposition Mr. Gentry won ten of tlie eighteen first prizes offered. Two other first prizes were won by a boar of Mr. Gentry's breeding, and five other firsts were won by this distinguished breeder. At the World's Fair at New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1885, the Gentry Berk- shires won all the first prizes offered on Berk- shires, and also a $250 gold medal for the best herd of any age or breed. In 1903, 102 Berkshires were sold from this herd for $9,- 915. Stock from this herd has been used in nearly every Berkshire held of prominence in the United States and Canada. Shipments at different times have been made to foreign countries, including British West Indies, Cuba, and South America. It is generally conceded that Mr. Gentry has better bred Berkshires than have ever been imported from the old country. The Breeders' Gazette some years ago said that the history of the breed afforded no parallel to the success accomplished by this breeder in the improvement of the Berkshire breed. Lord Premier, for which $1,500 has been refused, is the greatest Berk- shire boar living. He, his sire, his grandsire (the great Longfellow) were all bred at Wood Dale, the Gentry farm. Other good breeders of Berkshires are Harris & McMahan, June K. King, John Morris, Evon Davies, E. C. Larch, James Price, Joseph Quesollo, P. A. Scott, William Brisky, and J. H. Riley. No breed of hogs has increased so rap- idly in favor among Missouri stockmen as the Duroc- Jersey. This breed is prized particu- larly because of its great hardiness and prolificacy. Ten years ago the Duroc-Jersey was rarely found in the State. To-day there are more than 100 breeders, thus ranking next to Poland-Chinas in num bers in the State. S. Y. Thornton has. been breeding Duroc- Jerseys for nine years. In that time 602 ani- mals have been sold for $13,000. During the three years 412 head have sold for $9,312. The picture accompa- nying this article shows four of Mr. Thornton's sows which together produced sixty-five pigs. J. D. Stephenson has sold $10,000 worth of Duroc- Jerseys in nine years. Other men who breed Duroc- Jerseys are W. L. Addy, J. D. Stevenson, Harry Sneed, E. McFarland Bros., W. A. Mustain, C. Folgate, T. F. Johnston, A. F. Has won the first prizes. Duroc-Jersey su ine. SADDLE HOESE — B. B. MIDDLETON, MEXICO. 1-24 I'HE STATE OJ MJSSOURJ SIIOKTIIORNS — SANFORD SMITH, CARTHAGE. Sheep. Climate, soil anH water adapt Missouri to' sheep raising. The State's well- deserved fame. Russell, J. C. Woodburn, D. L. Ziimbro, S. G. Richards, Joseph Gibson and J. L. Condron. The business of breeding and feeding sheep is rapidly growing in this State. At the present time Missouri has a larger number of sheep than any adjoining State except Kentucky. Some of the most famous breeders of Merino sheep in America are located in Missouri. At the Columbian Exposition, L. E. Shattuck, of Stanberry, took more first prizes than any other breeder. The Shattuck flock is now owned and successfully bred by E. B. Wilson, of Stanberry. The Bothwells, of Breckenridge, have been remarkably successful in the production of high-class Rambouillet sheep. Shropshire sheep are bred by S. F. Huntsman, of Cairo; W. L. Smithy, Strother; Joseph Miller, of Granger; J. W. Boles, of Auxvasse; A. A. Alexander, Houstonia; I. H. Blood, Peru; E. C. Crouch, Blue Springs; L. N. Callison, Jamesport; H. Nance, Civil Bend; F. P. Paradise, Brook- field; M. P. DeWitt, Reger; E. W. Garrett, Sutherland; Grimes & Wilson, Monroe City; and H. C. Taylor, of Coping. Approximately 200 men in this State own registered Shropshire rams. Cotswold sheep have been successfully handled for twenty years by Hopson Glasscock, of Oakwood. W. B. McFarland breeds Ram- bouillet sheep at Paris. The climate, soil and good water render Missouri particularly adapted for the production of high-class sheep and, with the present rapidly increasing num- bers, it will be but a short time when Missouri will rank with the best sheep States in the Union. There are large areas of land in south Missouri that can be successfully used for the pro- duction of sheep. JNfuch interest has been shown in the past two years in the breeding of goats. There are now in the State more than 31,000 head. These goats have been used on land where other live stock could not subsist. In many cases they have been successfully employed for the destruction of brush and weeds on pas- tures otherwise worthless. Missouri has won fame for her flocks and herds. Her people are by nature and training lovers of good stock. The State is located admirably for live stock growing. No other state surpasses it now and the splendid showing of its pure- bred animals points to its continued pre-eminence. UOSt liJLL liEKD OF DUKOC-JEKSEY S. Y. THORNTON, BLACK WATER. ISSOURI leads all the United States in horticulture. During the last fifteen years there has been an increase of 300 per cent in the number of apple trees in Missouri. The State now has 25,000,000 apple trees, a third more than any other State in the federal union. The Missouri apple has international ^ renown. In peaches as in apples Missouri is first. The greatest acreage of peach orchards of any State is possessed by Mis- souri. A full crop yields $4,500,000. The center of the strawberry region is in Missouri. Two thousand car loads of strawberries are shipped annually from the State. In a single year the berry crop aggregates $3,500,000. The largest orchard in the world is in Missouri. The largest nurseries in the world are in Missouri. No other State has so large a fruit acreage. Twenty million dollars is the value ot 1 lie State's fruit crop. The best fruit land in the world, the loess formation, is in Missouri. The red lands of the Ozarks, ideal subsoil, are scarcely second in value. The fruit lands are inexhaustible. There is an apple tree in Mis- souri 90 years old, 10 1-2 feet in circumference. There is a peach tree in Missouri 54 years old, 7 1-2 feet in circumference. There is a grape vine in Missouri 120 years old, 2 1-2 feet in circumference. All are bear- ing fruit. The largest variety of wild crab apple in the world is in Missouri, 9 inches in circumference. Missouri has raised apples weighing 30 126 thp: state of Missouri. A third more apple trees than any other State. APPLE TREES BY COUNTIES, EXPEESSED IN THOUSANDS. ounces and measuring 18 1-4 inches, peacties 13 1-2 inches in circumference, pears weighing two pounds and strawberries 8 1-4 inches in circumference, and the quality is in proportion to the size. The fruit yield is unexcelled. From one tree in a single year have come 110 bushels of apples, from one tree 610 boxes of cherries, from one tree 35 bushels of peaches, from one wild grape vine 1,000 pounds of grapes. J?ia^ra.?7t ^kou/in^ i/ie numier o/ Fruit /rees i/z tke j5laie. /ruitjrees ye£Z7"6 fS90 to t90^, inciu5i7/e /Millions yS90 /S9f 7S9Z /S93 /894^ ^8SS ^S96 /S97 i89ff /ff9Si Y900 /ffO/ /y^<^ f^03 /904: Z6 ______ Z^ ^ 2.Z ^ ^ ZO / ^ ■/8 ^ / ■f6 / y i4- / ■fZ ^ ' -fO y 8 y The largest number of varieties of good winter apples and the largest num- ber of varieties of grapes have originated in Missouri. Forty dollars an acre every year for twenty years is the average of a Holt county orchard. Two hundred dollars an acre from 5-year-old trees is the re- turn from a McDonald county orchard. Jackson county strawberry yield was $1,210 an acre and from Buchanan county raspberries $470 an acre. HORTICULTURE. 127 Provision for the teaching of horticulture has kept pace with the growth of the fruit industry. The Missouri State Horticultural Society is the largest ^'Jmli^^ M-.-^'j / *' M-^^t 1' '^ . 1 l^s Su^, ^M ^^il^^^^^^^^^^Bi ^Kl^^^'l JjjH HJH Mj^ ^^^^^^m^H Hi HH BHB FARM AND ORCHARD, GASCONADE COUNTY. and best in America. Local societies are numerous and flourishing. The Mis- souri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, founded by Henry Shaw, is of world-wide fame. The department of horticulture in the Missouri Agricultural College is of Greatest acreage of peach trees of any State. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN (SIIAW'S GARDEN ) , ST. LOUIS. 128 THE STATE OF MISSOURI Center of the strawberry region of the world. Best fruit land on earth. 1 -JJ *| *'/?"' •F:,\(1I TlJl.ES BY COUNTIES, EXPRESSED IN THOUSANDS. 9t^ the highest excellence while at Mountain Grove is maintained by the State the Originates many ^^^^ exclusive Fruit Experiment Station in the federal union. Thirty thousand varieties of fruit, fruit growers are to be found in Missouri and fruit is profitably produced in every county in the commonwealth. The natural resources of Missouri favor great horticultural development, undulating surface, variety of soil formation, medium climate, well distributed rainfall and cen- tral geographical location all contribute toward unsurpassed horticultural advantages. The Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri which in- tersects the State from the northwest to its east central liorder, together with their trib- utaries afford unexcelled facili- ties for both water drainage and atmospheric drainage. Horticul- tural products thrive only upon soils which have good water drainage, so they will work easily in spring and in which the plants may root deeply. Atmos- pheric drainage is of equal im- portance, so the cool, heavy at- mosphere may drain off at night, leaving the plants free from danger of frosts. From the Missouri river northward the land is of glacial formation, being rich clay loam, which is for the most part sufficiently undulating to be adapted NUBSERT. HORTICULTURE. 129 APPLES READY FOR COLD STORAGE, LACLEDE COUNTY. to a great variety of crops. In the southern half of the State the Ozark uplift presents an immense area, nearly all of which is adapted to fruit growing. Along the two great rivers are fringes of the loess soil, a silt- like deposit, which lies in a strip from one to twenty miles wide. This latter formation is the finest fruit soil in the world. While usually of broken and forbidding surface, it is ex- ceedingly fertile, remarkably homo- geneous to a great depth, perfectly drained and adapted to the growth of all kinds of horticultural plants. In it the forest trees often root to a depth of twenty to thirty feet. Orchard trees partake of this same habit of growth and are remarkably produc- tive in this soil. In the southeast there is an extensive alluvial de- posit which, where well drained, produces im- mense crops of small fruits and vegetables. The moderate cli- mate of the State fa- vors the growth of a great diversity o f horticultural products. The native flora em- braces both northern and southern plants as well as both eastern and western species. In this central position, with a large variety of soil, the State combines conditions that favor the natural growth of plant families of other sections of the country. Here the wild flora of the different sections seems to blend together and overlap. The na- tive wild crab and June berry, capable of en- during the rigors of a northern winter, flour- ish here in the same woods with the more southern pawpaw and persimmon. Among grapes, the northern, southern, eastern and western species and their cultivated varieties thrive. Missouri vineyards are planted to the various varieties that have sprung from the native species of other sections as well as from those that are indigenous to the central west. The Soulard crab, the most promising native American apple (which is possibly a hybrid between our native wild crab and the apple introduced from Europe) was brought to horticultural ON A FRUIT FARM, WEBSTER COUNTY. ON THE MISSOURI HORTICULTURAL GROUNDS, COLUMBIA. Forty dollars an acre from one orchard annually for twenty years. Horticulture taught by the State. Mo. — 9 130 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Natural resources favor great horticultural development. Excellent drainage everywhere. Formation of the land conduces to fruit culture. Loess soil une- qualled in the world. Moderate climate favors growth of great diversity of fruit. PACKING PEACHES, WEIGHT COUNTY. notice in Missouri. Among our native plums, tlie northern American species and tlae soutliern Cliicl^asaw plums blend together in our woods and cultivated representatives of both species are of importance in the Missouri orchards. The sand plum and the sand cherry, both natives to the semi-arid section of the west, also thrive with luxuriance in this State. The wide range of adapta- tion of Missouri soil and climate to varied groups of native plants is of horticultural significance, not so much on account of the economic value of some of these native spe- cies, but because it proves that the State is adapted to the growth of a great variety of horticultural products. Rainfall is sufficient and well distributed for the best orcharding. The average, approximately forty inches, is abundant and the distribution through- out the growing season is unusually favorable. The months of April, May, June and July show the most abundant rainfall, an average of five inches for each of these four months. This is the season of the most abundant wood and leaf growth of fruit trees and conse- quently the time when they re- quire the greatest amount of water. The months of August, September and October show a de- crease in the amount of the rain- fall which is favorable to the ripening and maturing of the wood of the trees so as to ena- ble them to withstand the coming winter. While the rainfall is ample and well distributed the percentage of sunny days is high. During August, September and October especially, when most of the fruit is maturing, the aver- age amount of bright sunlight is considera- bly higher than in other fruit States. The intense sunlight and the proximity to aipy prairies are important factors f Missouri fruit growing and may also account in part at least, for the compara- tive freedom from many of the fungous diseases which are known to thrive best in a moist, cloudy atmos- phere. Missouri's central position is favorable to the marketing of her horticultural products. Perishable fruits like berries and peaches are sent to almost all of the principal markets east of the Rocky Mountains while the Missouri apple is PEACH ORCHARD, OZARK COUNTY. CLEARING FOR PLANTING IN THE OZARKS. HORTICULTURE. 131 BOX OF MISSOURI STRAWBERRIES. capable of reaching practically all the great markets of the world. This ability to ship in all directions is of especial advantage in disposing of perishable products. It not only gives easy access to a larger number of markets but it affords opportunity for a choice of market, providing there is an over supply in any section. Perishable fruits go west to Denver, Omaha and Sioux City; north to Minne- apolis, St. Paul and Detroit; east to Buffalo, New York, Phirad'eFphia and Baltimore; and south to Birmingham, Mobile, New Orleans and Gal- veston, as well as to all in- tervening cities of impor- tance. The strawberry, for example, is first sent north, east or west, depending upon the best demand, and toward the close of the season it is shipped south, after the southern crop has passed. The State also lies just at the eastern gateway to the grain-growing, grazing and mining districts of the west and northwest. Many of these districts, while rich in other interests, do not produce fruit enough for home consumption and they offer a growing market for Missouri products. The apple, which is less perishable, is shipped wherever there is a scarcity of this fruit. Easy railroad connection with the Gulf ports affords convenient ship- ment to the populous European countries, where there is a rapidly growing demand for American apples. In population and wealth Missouri is the fifth State in the Union. She has numerous large cities, which are rapidly growing. Her mining interests, especially in coal, iron, lead and zinc, are large. Her fertile soil and other natural resources maintain a large, and will maintain a larger popula- tion. This gives an unexcelled local market for all horticultural products. N o more wonderful yet easily explainable growth in the imperial west can be shown than in the progress of horticul- ture in Missouri. In 1880 Missouri was the tenth fruit State, in 1890 the fifth and now the first. In Missouri orchards in 1900, were over 20,- 000,000 apple trees. Now there are 25,000,000. New York stands next with about 15,000,000, Illinois third, having over 13.000,000 trees. Ohio comes fourth with nearly 13,000,000. Missouri's enormous apple or- chard area is for the most part of comparatively recent plant- ing. In 1890 this State had only Fruits from north and south flourish. Rainfall sufficient and well distrib- uted. Percentage of sunny days high. RALLS COUNTY APPLES J. O. ALLISON. 132 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Sun and rain bring great fruit crops. Central position favorable to marketing. Enormous growth of fruit tree f acreage in recent 1^' years. ^ STARK BEOTHERS NURSERY, PIKE COUNTY- LARGEST IN THE WORLD. Most successful ~ varieties of apples. two-fifths of its present number of apple trees in orchard, or about 8,000,000. This shows an increase of 12,000,000 trees or 150 per cent for the decade, a growth in this industry such as has not been approached by any other State. The States which, next to Mis- souri, show the largest increase in apple or- chards for the decade, are Illinois, Kansas, and Arkansas, in the order named. This shows that Missouri is now the center of ac- tivity in apple growing which is shifting from the older States to the middle west. Since 1900 apple planting in Missouri has continued to increase with acceler- ating rapidity; well trained business men are planting apple orchards as a com- mercial investment; professional men are investing their savings in apple orchards; large companies are being formed and immense areas are being planted out, under the su- pervision of salaried su- perintendents; farmers are planting large apple or- chards as one of the most important phases of gen- eral agriculture. Orchards numbering thousands of acres are not uncommon in the State and those numbering hundreds of acres are of frequent oc- currence. Yet not one hundredth part of the land adapted to apple growing is utilized. The most successful apples in Missouri are: Early — Yellow Transparent, Early Harvest, Red June, Benoni, Early Pennock, Duchess, Lowell; Fall — Maiden Blush, Wealthy, Jefferies, Grimes Golden, Jonathan, Rome Beauty; Winter — Gano, Winesap, York, Black Twig, Ingram, White Winter Pippin, Huntsman, Ben Davis. Missouri has not yet reached the highest mark in apple production. This is because her orchards are young. Less than half the apple trees in the State PERRY COUNTY VINEYARD. Leads the world in apples. Center of activity in apple growing. HOWELL COUNTY VINEYAKl). are old enough to bear fruit and only a small proportion of them have reached full bearing age. When the trees now planted come into full bearing Missouri HORTICULTURE. 133 IN A COOPEK COUJXTY ORCHARD — W. H. H. STEPHENS. will undoubtedly take first rank in apple production which rank she has already taken in the number of her trees. Among Missouri fruits the peach ranks next to the apple in importance. The Ozark region particularly is famous the country over for its peaches, and Mis- souri is the leading State in peach grow- ing. Peach orchards comprising hundreds of acres are common in the southern part of the State. The red clay soil, mixed with gravel, in the Ozarks and the loess soil along the two great rivers are the principal peach soils of the State. Missouri peach orchards are re- markably free from se- rious diseases, such as yellows, rosette and lit- tle peach, which have often been so disastrous to the industry in some of the older States. The best varieties of peaches in Missouri are the Mountain Rose, Champion, Carmen, Family Favorite, Elberta, Old Mixon freestone and clingstone, Pickett's Late, Wheatland, Salway, Wilkins, Bonanza and Henrietta. The berries rank third in horticultural importance. Berry growing is most extensively developed in the vicinity of the large cities and in special localities from which the product is shipped to other States. For local consumption, how- ever, berries are successfully grown in every county in the State. Missouri berries are shipped to all the principal markets east of the Rocky Mountains. Southwest Missouri is one of the largest berry-grow- ing districts in the United States. A number of towns ship several hundred car loads each season. Among these are Neosho, Sarcoxie, Pierce City, Monett, Ma- rionville. West Plains and Olden. Each car load makes about 600 crates and sells at $600 to $1,000 a car. In some instances sales from Missouri berry apple orchakk tkn ykaus uld, saline county. plantations amount to $300 to $500 an acre, but $100 to $200 is a good average yield. Among the best varieties are the Crescent, Warfield, Aroma, Parker Earle, Bubach and Haviland strawberries; the Hopkins, Ohio, Kansas, Evans and Cumberland black raspberries; the Cuthbert, Thwack, Lowden and Miller red raspberries; the Early Harvest, Snyder and Taylor blackberries; and the Lucretia dewberry. Grape growing is developed to an impor- tant degree along the river hills and in many Apple growing as a business invest- ment. Peach growing next in importance to apple growing. Young orchards and their future. 4''i'- \'J \^,/ ■ ', .■' \\\\^ ill \l'i 1 \i |fe 1? -?4. ^B* Tin m Ill li- . \-,[ M P Ef. a&mxsifvi ^*aUi JL Best varieties of peaches. TRAIN LOAD OF PEACHES ON FRISCO RAILROAD. 134 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Grape growing important. Cherries a most profitable crop. HAULING PEACHES TO THE KAILROAD. An acre of berries yielding five hundred dollars. Vegetable growing a large industry. sections of the Ozark region. Hermann, on tlie Missouri river, is noted for extensive vt'ine making. No better grape soil can be found than the loess hills of the Missouri river, Missouri occupies an enviable position with regard to the introduction of new varieties of berries and grapes. Among those who have added to the world's wealth of fruit in this way are Herman Jeager, of Neosho; Jacob Rommell, of Morrison; Samuel Miller, of Bluffton; J. C. Evans, of Harlem, and the late George Hussman, of Columbia. The cherry, though not as yet largely grown in Missouri, is a most profitable crop from the Missouri river northward. Among the best varieties are the Richmond, Ostheim, English Morello, Dyhouse, Montmorency and Wragg. The nursery interests of the State are develojjed in keeping with the large fruit-growing industry. The most extensive nursery in the United States has its headquarters in this State, with branches in the east and south. Millions of young trees are annually grown by this firm alone and sent to various parts of the world. One of the important interests is growing stocks, re- sistant of some of the diseases that are pre- valent in some of the older fruit-growing countries. The growing of cut flowers near the large cities, has reached important proportions in recent years. The rose, carnation, violet and bulbous plants take the lead in this industry. The large percentage of sunny days in winter, com- bined with the mild climate, give the State an important advantage over the Atlantic states for growing winter-forced plants under glass. St. Louis is one of the leading centers of the country for growing and distributing greenhouse and hot-bed plants. The vegetable growing industry is of importance, especially in the vicinity of the large cities and in special localities. South- east Missouri ships im- mense quantities of mel- ons. Tomatoes are largely grown for shipping and for canning, especially in southwest Missouri. This is an important auxiliary to peach growing, the tomato often being grown between young peach trees, where it pays for the cul- tivation of the orchard until it comes into bearing. The value of Missouri orchards reaches $30,000,000 for apples, $10,000,000 for peaches, $3,000,000 for other fruits, and at least $5,000,000 for the berry and APPLE ORCHARD SIX YEARS OLD, LAWRENCE COUNTY. PICKING STRAWBERRIES, NEWTON COUNTY. HORTICULTURE. 135 APPLE ORCHARD UVE YEARS OLD, DENT COUNTY. grape plantations. A full crop is worth $20,- 000,000. In three years this will be increased 50 per cent because the younger trees will have come into bearing. The floral and greenhouse interests aggregate $2,- 000,000, the vegetable truck gardens $3,000,- 000, and the nursery in- terests $4,000,000. The widespread ex- tension of cold storage takes care of apple and other fruit crops, keeping prices uniform. Canning factories, evaporators, and cider mills are being built in many towns. The Missoui-i State Horticultural Society was organized forty-six years ago, for the promotion of horticultural work in the State. Its influence has been far- reaching in developing Missouri horticulture. Some of the largest fruit growers and most prominent horticultur- ists of the country have from time to time beeen Identified w it h the work of this organiza- tion. Its annual re- 4. ■ +1, ™^r,f STRAWBERRY FIELDS AT LOGAN, LAWRENCE COUNTY. ports contain the most valuable data extant, concerning the history and development of the fruit-grow ing industry of Missouri. international influence The Missouri Botanical Garden, at St. Louis, being of and importance, can not fail, with its splendid equipment, to lend an especially strengthening influence to the horticulture of the State in which it is located. The State University, at Colum- bia, maintains a college of agriculture and agricultural experiment station in which horticultural instruction and horticultural investiga- tions are carried on. Some of the departments of pure science, particularly botany, entomology, and chemistry, carry on investigations hav- ing a direct horticultural bearing. The State Fruit Experiment Sta- tion, at Mountain Grove, is located in one of the representative fruit sections of the Ozark region. Its work deals with the practical and scientific problems that confront the fruit grower and horticulturist. On account of the scope and quality of the work done in this station, the horticultural interests of the State are greatly strengthened. The Normal Schools of the State main- tain departments of agriculture. In these departments the teachers of the PICKING PEACHES, TEXAS COUNTY. Largest nurseries in the world. Missouri State Horticultural Society and its splendid work. 136 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Fruit experiment station only one in the United States. AI'PLE ORCHARD FIVE YEARS OLD, DOUGLAS COUNTY. Value of Missouri's investment in fruit. Abundant oppor- tunity for large horticultural development. (State receive in- struction in nature study and school gardening as well as in general agricul- ture. This is a unique feature in normal school work. Many teachers in the public schools ' "■ ' (isi' , I : of the State give in- struction in agriculture, which bears more or less directly upon horticultural interests. While horticulture is already one of the leading industries of Missouri, the limit of the possibili- ties of the State in that direction has not as yet been even ap- proached. Only a small part of the area natur- ally well adapted to fruit growing and gar- dening has as yet been developed. Lands that apple orchard, Dallas county. are adapted to fruit growing are cheaper in proportion to their intrinsic value than in most other fruit sections. In recent years, however, steps in advance are rapidly being taken along horticultural lines. The best growers no longer cling to ancient traditions and obsolete practices, but are evolving methods adapted to the new con- ditions of the west. Capitalists of exten- sive business training are investing in orch- ards and their business ability, combined with the skill of the prac- tical grower, is result- ing in better marketing and in better manage- ment of the industry. New varieties, better adapted to local conditions, are being originated. The horticultural interests of the State, already large, bid fair to assume enormous proportions. buttekfield nursery, farmington, on the iron mountain railroad. HOME OF A MISSOURI HORTICULTURIST. M ISSOURI is a dai- ry State. Its cli- mate, soil, situa- tion with refer- ence to tlie great markets, give proof ttiat it will be even greater as a dairy State. In no State in the Federal Union are natural conditions so favorable for dai- rying. The most valuable or highest-priced ingredient in milk is butter fat. A cow, highly organized and sensitive, is readily affected by physical conditions. A cold, disagreeable climate and a warm enervating climate are alike hurtful. In neither can dairying succeed as well as in a more temperate region. Missouri is a dairy State because of its favorable I climate. During its long summers and its short winters, a cow requires less reserve force to protect her, consequently can use her energy to the manu- facture of milk. Missouri is well calculated for dairying because of its abun- dance of good water at all seasons of the year. In many sections of the State there are springs that furnish water and at the same time are valuable in handling milk by reducing temperature. In connection and in addition to cli- mate and water is the question of feed. Here Missouri occupies an enviable position. There is no cow feed raised that can not be produced in this State. All of those products of the soil that go to make a large quantity and a good quality of milk are either being produced now or can be if desired. The luxuri- ant growth of grass is the finest in the world, more especially blue grass, which is of the greatest abundance all over the State, and makes an early pasture and lasts until late in the season, providing the dairy cow with such food as she needs for an abundant production of good rich milk. Large quantities of alfalfa are grown. This is valuable not only for its merit as cow feed, but because of the immense quantity that can be produced in one season. Two or three crops can be grown in one year and a large quantity per acre. Cowpeas grow luxuri- 137 Missouri State. dairy Because of its favorable climate Because of its abundance of good water. Because of its variety of cow feed. 138 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. DAIRY BARN, MARSHALL GORDON, COLUMBIA. Well located with reference to profitable mar- kets. In itself a great market for dairy products. Fifteen million dollars of dairy product. antly. Kafir corn and sugar cane are products of this State. All are valuable as cow feed. The most valuable and high-priced butter is June butter, butter with a grass flavor, a fresh taste and a good rich color. The long-continued grass season in Missouri, including the rich fall pastures, enables Missouri to make more of the June butter than other States. The State is well located with reference to dairy markets. In the southwest dairying is impracticable. Missouri is near to this great and growing market. The south, southwest and portions of the west, where conditions are unfavor- able to profitable dairying, are nearest to the Missouri market. This gives ad- vantage in cost of transportation and in quickness of delivery. Missouri is in itself a great market for its dairy products. A much larger output, if available, of dairy products would be consumed within the State. Mis- souri had in 1899, according to the federal census, 755,336 cows. The value of their output was $15,420,360 or an average of $19.66 a head. To-day there are at least 800,000 cows in Missouri with an average production of $21.00 a head. These cows would produce in milk 320,000,000 gallons and in butter 32,000,000 pounds. Missouri consumes 112,500,000 pounds of butter and 4,000,000 pounds of cheese annually. These figures show how large a market yet unsupplied there exists for Missouri butter in Missouri. Of Che $15,000,000 of dairy product produced in 1899 on Missouri farms, nearly $10,000,000 was consumed on the farm, leaving little over $5,000,000 to be sold. This shows prominently the local market advantage. The dairyman of SKIM MILK CALVES, HENKY LOGAN, PETTIS COUNTY. DAIRYING. 139 Missouri has tlie inestimable advantage of being close to a market that will consume all his output. He may sell all his dairy product at his barn door. Much has been done of late to develop interest in dairying in this State. The Missouri State Dairy Association, probably the largest association of its kind in the United States, the creameries recently established and the dairy work in the Missouri Agricultural College have stimulated dairying. In addition there is no question but the plan of handling milk on the farm, through the medium of hand separators, is bringing to bear a strong pressure towards the Missouri State Dairy Association largest in the United States. UAIKY BARN, E. C. DAMERON, CLARKSVILLE, PIKE COU.NTY. rapid development of dairying in Missouri. By the use of a hand separator not only much expense and labor is eliminated but a decided increase in value is given to that part of the milk which is left at home. The butter fat can be sold at a good price and the skimmed milk fed to calves and pigs. More money is thus made at less trouble. The dairymen need not patronize any particular creamery or skimming station or cheese factory for it is possible, un- der this new plan, to ship cream to any of a dozen mar- kets. This profitable change has been the cause of a trans- formation in the business and a strong increase of sen- timent for dairying. The Blue Valley Cream- ery in St. Joseph, which was butter making in a city plant. established in 1901, manufactures only pure creamery butter and is the only one of the large factories probably, in the west, that does not handle some other prod- uct in connection with the manufacture of butter. It is supposed to be the larg- est exclusive pure creamery butter factory in the world, and although only two years old, has an annual output of about six and a fourth million pounds, sold largely direct to the consumer. The butter is made of separated cream prepared Transformation in the business. Largest exclusive pure creamery butter factory. 140 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. cheese factories in operation. Records of individual cows. JliKSKY IlEKU, SETTLES & SETTLES, i'ALAiVKA. on the farm and shipped from ten to four hundred miles. This butter grades as extras when shipped to the New York market and stands high in markets where it is sold. Tlie number of patrons of this creamery is about 4,500. The Appleton City Cheese Company, at Appleton City, established in 1885, operates all year, has sixty patrons, and handles 1,713,082 pounds of milk. Out of this was made 164,614 pounds of cheese, one-third shipped out of the State. L. H. Smith, at Ravenna, has a cheese factory which was established in 1897. He operates it seven months each year. He had last year forty patrons; bought 407,889 pounds of milk, made 42,071 pounds of cheese, and sold about one-eighth of the amount locally. The Model Cheese Company, in Caldwell county, south of Cameron, was es- tablished in 1900; oper- ates the entire year; had twenty-three pat- rons last year; handled 739,670 pounds of milk and made 71,931 pounds of cheese, 1,200 pounds of which was sold local- ly and the remaining amount shipped to Kan- sas City. John Hiatt, of Polo, owns and operates a cheese factory that was established in 1901. He operates it the entire year; had last year thirty -five patrons and bought 270,000 pounds of milk; made about 7,900 pounds of cheese; sold 2,400 pounds of it locally, the rest in different parts of the State, except about 600 pounds which was sold outside. R. T. McCaskey, at Altamont, has a cheese factory, established in 1897, and operated twelve months in the year. Last year he had fifty-two patrons; handled 1,080,000 pounds of milk, and made 108,000 pounds of cheese. There are in active operation in Missouri fifty creameries, twenty-nine cheese factories, and twenty skimming stations, which are ad- juncts to the creameries in operation. There are some remarkable records of in- dividual cows and herds of cows in the State of Missouri. No better evidence of the adapta- bility of this country for doing a dairy busi- ness exists than these records. The figures refer to a single year's product. C. J. Oswald, of Asbury, reports that he has a cow in his herd, which is a mixed herd of, what he regards, the ordinary scrub cow, that during the flush, or for several months after lactation, gave from 45 to 50 pounds of milk a day that tested six per cent butter fat. This is a remarkable record and would do justice to a special dairy cow, thoroughbred, and intended for dairying alone. D. P. Daniels & Son, of Vandalia, have twelve cows, mixed Guernsey and Jersey, which produced $828 worth of material. With the exception of a little used at home, this was made into butter and sold. W. W. Belford, of 1826 Wall street, Joplin, reports nine cows, mixed breed, that were milked on an average of eleven months during the year, and milk was sold from these cows for $1,000. SKIMMING STATION. LINN CO. DAIRYING. 141 THE SEPARATOR THAT MAKES DAIKYING DIFFERENT. J. A. Humphrey, of Marshall, milked from 50 to 63 cows and sold the product for $4,876.50. E. & E. J. Hosmer, of Marshfleld, milked 71 cows, mixture Shorthorn and Jersey. These cows averaged over 340 pounds of butter which was sold for 23 cents a pound. One cow produced over 560 pounds. A. J. Girdner, of Princeton, who milks thirty cows, sold his calves, which were fed on separator skimmed milk, for $22 a head. ,, , r , ■ „ , , „ , . Value or skimmed As an evidence of the value of skimmed milk to feed pigs, G. E. Taylor, of miik to feed pigs. Wheeling, states that nine pigs, from the time they were three weeks old, fed exclusively warm milk from the separator, when 105 days old averaged 1041^ pounds a head. He had fed them in connec- tion with this milk during that time, 15 bushels of corn and sold them for five and a half cents a pound, or $51.18. The corn he fed them cost $6.20; the rest was made out of something that is too apt to be con- sidered worthless. J. M. Smith, of Brook- field, milks 40 cows, mixed breed, and he sold their product for $2,400. 'Squire Innis, of Ne- vada, milked 22 cows, mix- ed breed, and sold 11,000 gallons of milk; 480 gal- lons of cream; used 350 gallons of milk at home, 25 gallons of cream, and 100 pounds of butter, and fed 50 gallons of new milk to his calves. Figuring the milk, cream and butter used at home the same as that sold, he realized from these cows $119.50 each. William Riehl, o f Potosi, milked 15 Grade Jerseys, 6 of them heif- ers and realized for the butter, at 23 cents a Some Jersey records. pound, $800. F. D. Hersey, o f Trenton, milked 12 Short- horns and realized for the product, $844.53. E. B. Cooper, o f Trenton, milked 25 reg- istered Jerseys, realizing for the product, $2,050. Charles A. Foster, of Trenton, milked six registered Jerseys and sold their product for an average of $113 from each cow. S. W. Coleman, of Sedalia, milked seven cows, registered Jerseys. He av- eraged 400 pounds of butter for each, sold it at 25 cents a pound, and the A MODERN DAIRY WAGON, C.\RTHAGE. 142 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. skimmed milk fed to calves and pigs. One-half of the herd were two-year-old heifers. In addition to the $100 average realized for butter made from the cows, LEAVING CREAM AT CITY STATION. Figures that prove the story. he sold $850 worth of hogs. The amount of feed he bought for cows and hogs cost $700, which left a net profit of $850. He does this on ten acres of land, what is called the ideal ten-acre farm. George W. Koontz, of Carthage, has 31 Jersey cows, which brought $3,161.70 for butter, most at 25 cents a pound, the remainder at 30 cents. The average production of these cows was 352 pounds. They realized about $102 a head, which is the largest average he has ever realized, although the year previous he made more butter per cow. In addition he had the usual profit from calves and pigs, which were fed on the warm, sweet skimmed milk from the separator. He had from this herd in 1903, 23 calves. J. W. Chapman, of Joplin, milked 143 cows and sold their product for $18,190, making an average of $127.13. A large proportion of this was sold as milk and the rest of it as cream. L. P. Dix, of Jeffer- son City, milked eight cows. Grade Jerseys, and averaged from their product $97.50. Mrs. Lizzie McKee- ver, of Richmond, has a herd of 12 cows, Hol- stein and Jersey. She realized from them an average of $87.58 each. M. L. Brooks, of Dawn, milked 24 cows. Grade Jerseys, and re- alized from them an av- erage of $69.70. This was for butter at an av- erage price of 23 cents a pound. LOADING CREAM AT IRON MOUNTAIN RAILWAY STATION. DAIRYING. 143 BLUE VALLEY CREAMERY COMPANY, ST. JOSEPH. A strict accounting and what it shows. H. C. Goodrich, of Calhoun, milked 32 cows. He churned 331 pounds of but- ter per cow and used in cream and milk for the family about seven pounds per cow, making an average production from his entire herd of 338 pounds of butter. Deducting the expense of pack- ing and marketing, he realized 23 4-5 cents a pound, which amounted to $80.44 per head. He fed these cows $426.05 worth of bran, $54 worth of corn, $100 worth of silage, $276.72 worth of hay and fodder, $25 worth of soy beans, $105 worth of pasture, making in all $986, or $33.83 per head. He charged three cents a pound for making the butter, which amounted to $10.44 for each cow, and estimated 15 per cent on the money invested in cows to pay interest, insurance and keeping up the herd, which amounted to $7.50 a cow. This estimate was made on $50 each, which was a good strong price. He figured that the calves, skim milk and fertilizer would pay for keeping the herd. This makes a total of all ex- penses connected with the business of $48.17 per head. This pays for every thing they ate, making the butter, and interest on the invest- ment and leaves a net balance of $31.90 per head. Could there be stronger ar- ^ A gument for dairying in Missouri than actual rec- ords? Fred Manley, of War- rensburg, fed ten hogs on skimmed milk and corn, and made them weigh 204 pounds at 6 months and 27 days. He fed ten others on corn and ground wheat and they only weighed 184 ;.'■ -:':^~ ■ pounds at 9 months and 15 days. E. T. Shelpman, of Springfield, has 15 regis- JERRY — OWNED BY PER swAiNsoN, VERNON COUNTY. tared Jersey cows. He milked, last year, twelve. He sold from those twelve cows, $1,077.55 worth of cream and butter, and consumed $155.30, which made the total output from those twelve cows, $1,232.85. Mr. Shelpman e s t i - mates that, counting the returns from skimmed milk and calves, each cow be- longing to him brings him every twelve months, gross, $150. Thomas P. Em- mons, of Thayer, Ore- gon county, reports as a result from 20 cows last year, $2,054 worth of milk, from a mixed herd of cows. C. H. Dunlap, of Sedalia, reports $5,050 as the value of products from 40 head of cows last year, which is an average of a little over $125 each. To this may be added the story of Jerry, owned by Per Swainson, of Nevada, whose existence dates from January, 1885. This cow was a wedding present to How dair\ing pays. RECEniNG MILK AT ST. LOUIS DAIRY COMPANY S PLANT. The record of Jerry. 144 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Two large cream- eries in Kansas City. Skimming stations and their output. The future of Missouri dairying. Mr. Swainson, and valued highly on that account as well as for the returns from her all these years. She is a thoroughbred Jersey. She had her first calf in 1887; has had seventeen calves and produced 93,125 pounds of milk. The most of this milk has been sold in town at 20 cents a gallon; figured at this price, her product has been worth $2,330.40. In addition to this Mr. Swainson has sold $605 worth of calves and has nine head now, which he values at $265, which would make a total product of $3,260. The first year she was milked continu- ously; after that time she was allowed to go dry about six weeks each year. He made a special test of this cow for one week on ordinary feed and got about five gallons of milk a day that tested five per cent; figuring his milk on this basis, if it had been made into butter, he would have had nearly 8,000 pounds of butter which, at 25 cents a pound, would have brought him about $2,000. There are two large creameries in Kansas City, the Meriden Creamery Com- pany and the O. F. Chandler & Co., which manufacture respectively probably about two million and a CHEESE MAKING, half, and a million pounds — - —■ =ii.^ — I FRANK MOULTON, of butter. From thirteen ■^■^^^M^^^ ' cowGiLL. creameries are reported ^^^^^^HB^ I 1,213 patrons, an average SI^^HHHp l\' of 03. These creameries ' ■' manufactured 1,211,- 445 pounds of butter, an average of 93,188 pounds. These are probably a little over the average cream- eries. For the rest of the 50 that are counted in the State, about 730,000 pounds of butter is reported; 25,- 000 pounds having been shipped out of the State, which probably is an average for all the creameries, materially increases the deficit for supplying the demand for home consumption. These factories were operated the entire year and the average price paid was probably about 22 cents a pound for butter fat. This is a very good price and will compare favor- ably with the price paid in the east, where dairying is carried on more ex- tensively. Twelve skimming stations report 713 patrons for last year, and have handled 6,968,817 pounds of milk, making an average of 580,734 pounds. A portion of this was shipped to be manufactured into butter and the remainder used for sweet cream trade in the cities and for making ice cream. These are some of the reasons why Missouri has a bright future as a dairy State. The conditions oi the soil, and climate, are favorable. The market is at the very door. Modern methods have been introduced and there is a growing interest in dairying throughout the commonwealth. SKIM MILK I'KiS. ISSOURl which, i n 1900, was the third State among the United States in poultry production, is now the first. Illinois and Iowa, which surpassed Missou- ri at the time of taking the last census, have been equalled and sur- passed by Missouri. Poultry raising is general throughout the State, the climatic conditions and tha accessible markets combining to make it profitable. The Missouri mule is famous. Last year the surplus products of the Missouri hen exceeded by $2,000,- 000 the value of mules shipped out of the State. Over 60,000,000 dozen eggs were shipped from Missouri. If this be counted as two-fifths of the entire product — the other three-fifths being consumed in the State — over 150,000,000 dozen eggs constitute the annual product of the Missouri hen. Estimating the eggs at 10 cents a dozen, the egg product alone of the Missouri poultry yard aggregates $15,000,000. No other product of the farm brings so much cash to the farmer or the farmer's wife. In addition to the eggs, there were shipped from Missouri during the last year, 85,835,750 pounds of poultry, valued at $1,285,870. Estimat- ing this as two-fifths of the poultry grown, this would amount to over 210,000,000 pounds, valued at exceeding $3,200,000. County for county, Marion leads. Not including fancy poultry, eggs for hatching, nor what was consumed at home, the ship- ments from that county amount to $886,- 237.45 a year, with Pettis a close second. Franklin county is second in egg shipments with a total of 2,437,650 dozen eggs, and Lincoln is third, with a total of 2,117,920 dozen. The first seventeen counties in poul- try shipments are Marion, Pettis, Greene, Henry, Lincoln, Franklin, Boone, Carroll, Sullivan, Daviess, Nodaway, Grundy, Polk, Vernon, Macon, Ray, and Cass. 145 Mo. — 10 Missouri first State in poultry pro- duction. Has surpassed Illinois and Iowa. Sixty million' dozen eggs shipped from the State. Nearly a million dollars in one year a single county's profit; from poultry. f^^. .T,' " MISSOURI IVHIG, AND «;eni:uai. advertiser. \.,, 1 I'M M\ II \, 1, Ml.-H(ll Kl.i >A'I IKIJAV. AI.OI -1 ,t, l-'.i;i .\ ., 1 ■■m,m, mr» 1,.,- ,„ ... / ,..,.„. L^'» FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF FIRST PAGE OF ONE OF THE OLDEST MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS. 146 LEADERSHIP in manufactures depends upon the possession of raw materials in economic proximity, cheap and abundant fuel and food supply. All these Missouri has in pre-eminent degree. The raw mate- rial furnished by mine and field and forest, coal for fuel and the most fertile soil for food products combine in this commonwealth. Twenty-six thousand square miles of Missouri soil aie underlaid with coal, a larger area than the coal fields of England which made that little island fore- most for commerce and manufacture. At the border of the State are the coal fields of Illinois and Arkansas. Within easy reach are the anthracite mines of the east. Transportation facilities are large and increasing. New coal fields arc being opened up. Manufacturing is an urban industry. The most populous Missouri city, St. Louis, is also its largest manufacturing center, the fourth in the United States, and in some branches of manufacture the first. In the manufacturing and mechanical industries St. Louis employed, in 1900, $162,179,331, paying $38,191,076 in wages to 82,672 wage-earners, and producing $233,629,733 worth of goods, including custom work and repairing, making busy 6,732 establishments. Twenty-five trunk lines of railway comprising nearly 6,000 miles of track and 6,000 miles of river navigation, with five bridges spanning the Mississippi and Missouri rivers indicate the importance of the city's commerce. Kansas City had some 1,500 manufacturing establishments with an annual output of $35,000,- 000. In 1900 St. Joseph had 440 manufacturing establishments with an annual product of $31,000,000. The further localization of manufacturing labor is illustrated in the accom- panying table which shows the number of manufacturing establishments in 147 Upon what leader- ship in manu- factures depends. Larger area of coal fields than has England. 148 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. R. C. STONE MILLING COMPANY, SPRINGFIELD. twenty-five of the leading cities of Missouri. The total number in the State is 18,754, while in the twenty-five cities named there are 11,017 or 58.7 per cent of the total. The cities had 32.2 per cent of the State's population. The total num- ber of wage-earners employed was 117,179. The total of the product of the manufacturing and mechanical industries largest manufac- °^ ^^- Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph and Springfield, by the census of 1890 and tuning city in the census of 1900 are thus reported: America. St. Louis fourth 1890 1900 Per cent of in- crease St. Louis. Kansas City. St. Joseph. Springfield. $229,157,343 $31,936,366 $11,916,141 $3,062,095 233,629,733 36,527,392 31,690,736 4,126,871 2.0 14.4 165.9 54.8 What is manufactured in Missouri? What position does the State occupy with reference to manufacturing industry and commercial activity? What use ATLAS PORTLAND CEMEN MANUFACTURES. 149 W. S. DICKEY CLAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, DEEl'WATER, HENRY COUNTY. has she made of the talents she is known to possess? And in what way can her great and growing prominence along lines of material prosperity be most instruc- tively and entertainingly presented? There were, in 1900, 18,754 manufacturing and mechanical industrial estab- lishments in the State. They employed a capital of $249,888,581. This capital was represented by: (1) Buildings valued at $36,748,706; (2) land worth $26,757,573; (3) machinery, tools, etc., that cost $70,040,656; and (4) cash and sundries aggregating $116,341,586. An army of proprietors and firm members numbering 20,659 directed 13,900 salaried officials, clerks, etc., to whom they paid $14,569,606. They also dis- bursed the princely sum of $60,719,428 to another and larger army of wage- earners which mustered, 134,975 men, women and some children. Of this amount there was paid to 106,782 men, 16 years of age and over the vast sum of $53,321,296; to 23,686 women, 16 years of age and over, $6,041,960; and to 4,510 children under 16 years of age $756,172. Invested in manu- facturing in Missouri. COMPANY, RALLS COUNTY. 150 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. KUUEUTS COTTON COMPANY, KENNETT, DUNKLIN COUNTY. What is manufac- tured in Missouri? In addition to disbursements, Missouri manufacturing enterprise was sub- ject to miscellaneous expenses involved in the rent of works, taxes (not includ- ing internal revenue), rent of offices, interest and contract work, aggi'egating $41,396,905; besides paying a bill of $214,988,018 for materials, and the inci- dentals needed to carry on its gigantic operations. As a reward for its skillful, energetic and sagacious use of its brains and cash, it rejoiced in a production valued at $385,492,784. The statement of these figures suggests the comforts, the luxuries of life to thousands. As one reads he may in fancy hear the rumble of ponderous JOHN DEEEE PLOW COMPANY, KANSAS CITY. MANUFACTURES. 151 ARMOUK PACKi:;Ci eOAlPAA'Y, KAAbAS CJTY. machinery in the mill, the rattle and clatter of the factory and the workshop, and see the molten metal in the fiery furnaces. His mind will insensibly revei't to comparisons of this with the olden time, as he thinks of Missouri's present and prospective production and trade. Missouri leads the world in the manufacture of street cars and tobacco. Missouri among the States ranks second in babbit metal, sixth in printing and publishing and seventh in gross value of manufactures. St. Louis is first in tobacco manufacture and street car construction, fourth as a manufacturing city and fifth in boots and shoes made and sold. Missouri is sixth in the manufacture of flour, St. Louis being fifth among the great cities of the United States. There are 593 merchant mills in the State Leads the world in certain manufac- tures. AMERICAN BANK BUILDING. GEO. B. PECK Dl'.Y GOODS CO. S02.Ii: KANSAS CITY BUSINESS BLOCKS. BOARD OF TRADE '.^^ BUJLDING. 152 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. High rank in production of flour. With an annual product of ?17,800,204. The mills of the State have established a high standard of flour production and have a wide market. In pork packing Missouri holds a prominent place. Kansas City ranks second and St. Louis fourth among the great packing cities. In the dressed beef trade the State is gaining in facilities and enlargement of plants. It handled in 1902, 683,827 cattle and 103,893 calves in St. Louis alone and shipped in that year a total of 318,387,455 pounds of dressed beef and veal. St. Louis manufactures more tobacco than any other city in the world Nearly all the leaf tobacco manufactured- comes from Kentucky and Missouri except that imported. The output of cigars was 48,131,634 in a single year %' The total for Missouri One-third the white lead out- put of the Unit- ed States. SECTIONAL VIEW OF KANSAS CITY STOCK YAIUIS. The tobacco manulactured aggregated 32,603,965 pounds was 318,891,391 p,. inds. The lumber ;idustry of the State has grown from a product of $5 265 617 in 1880 to $8,359,92.3 in 1890 and $11,177,529 in 1900. The receipts of lumber in St Louis in 1902 were 1,500,000,000 feet. One-third of the white lead output of the United States is made in Missouri The shipments alone in 1902 amounted to 70,000,000 pounds. St. Louis leads the cities of the world in the amount of shelf hardware handled, selling annually about $35,000,000. The amount of beer manufactured in St. Louis in 1902 was 2 707 508 bar- rels or 83,932,738 gallons, valued at $18,000,000. The largest brewery in the world is in St. Louis. MANUFACTURES. 153 As a wholesale shoe market of a product largely locally manufactured Mis- souri is growing in trade supremacy. The total shipments show a gain in one year, 1902 over 1901 of 8 per cent. The rapid increase is due largely to the phenomenal growth in manufacturing facilities, particularly in St. Louis. There has been a corresponding decrease in receipts from Boston, which has been a large seller of shoes to this part of the country, and several new manufacturing centers are also now competing with the Boston district. St. Louis makes large shipments of shoes to foreign points, espe- cially to Mexico, the West Indies and Central America. As a jobber of shoes St. Louis now holds first place. Fully one-half of the goods sold are made in St. Louis factories and are of the better grades. St. Louis has been a noted cen- ter of boot and shoe manufacture for many years and its jobbing trade in these articles footed up $43,500,000 in 1901. In the decade from 1890 to 1900 St. Louis nearly doubled the value of its shoe product, being in the latter year $8,286,156. The largest drug market in the world is St. Louis. The trade has entered the manufacturing field also and now put out their own pharmaceutical and proprietary goods in addition to which many of the heavy chemicals are manu- factured, resulting altogether in aggregate sales of $40,000,000. Missouri manufactures may be classified under some 250 heads, covering all branches of manufacturing industry. St. Louis manu- factures more tobacco than any city in the world. ST. CHARLES CAR MANUFACTURING SHOPS. Lumber industry important. HYDRAULIC PRESS KRICK COMPANY, ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 154 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES FROM 1850 TO 1900, WITH Result of the factory output. Year [900 1890 1880 ^1870 i860 Establishments Capital Cost of Material used Value of Products Total Wages 18,754 ^249,888,581 314,988,018 385,492,784 60,719,428 14,052 ^189,558,546 177,582,382 324,561,993 59,643,429 8,592 $ 72,507,844 110,798,392 165,386,205 24,309,716 11,871 $ 80,257,244 115,533,269 206,213,429 31,055,445 3,157 20,034,220 23,849,941 41,782,731 6,669,916 Record of Missouri manu- factures. COTTOA SEKD OIL MILL *The Census for 1870 was defective. The agricultural implement factories manufactured in 1902 goods worth 1,321,785; those making awnings, tents and flags, $1,015,350; bakeries, $6,319,- 521; badges and regalia, $26,000; bags and bagging, $4,110,901; boilers and tanks, $1,252,557; paper boxes, $491,724; boxes, wood, $1,807,820; brick and tile fac- tories, $3,604,900; boots and shoes, $11,668,392; bar and store fixtures, $1,035,412; brooms and brushes, $194,105; candy and confectionery, $3,503,974; carriages and wagons, $5,252,803; coffins and burial cases, $1,080,207; copper and brass goods, $2,161,272; cooperage, $3,264,- 015; car works, $11,487,441; cigar factories, $1,447,316; men's cloth- ing, $7,859,614; women's clothing, $1,959,399; cotton factories, $305,- 852; drugs, chemicals and drug- gists' sundries, $6,674,151; electrical apparatus, $1,002,931; flouring mills, $19,816,268; foundry and machine shop products, $12,939,938; furniture factories, $4,327,565; gro- cers' sundries, $4,110,039; glass harness and saddle factories, $2,681,283; hats and caps. KEAAETT, UUAKLliN COUJNTY factories, $1,856,871; $379,720; iron (structural and architectural), $1,835,470; liquors, distilled, $172, 716; liquor, malt, $17,755,288; leather factories, $868,689; lumber sawed, $3,598,340; lime and cement, $1,131,961; oils and grease, $1,872,771; pipe fac- tories, $335,415; printing and bind- ing, $7,140,288; pack- ing houses, $48,859,- 056; paints and var- nish, $5,649,818; planing mills, $3,- 347,534; rubber goods, $715,457; roll- ing mills, $1,760,746; stoves and ranges, $6,820,657; stone and marble works, $909,- 959; soap, candle and glue factories, $2,697,616; smelters, $5,744,376; surgical and optical goods. COBNEK IiN STOKE OF J. H. BARCLAY DRY tiOUDS COMPANY, MACON. MANUFACTURES. 155 $49,000; tinware, sheet iron and galvanized ironware, $3,930,442; trunk and valise factories, $992,- 214; tobacco factories, $19,139,- 286; wire goods, $1,296,106; woolen mills, $393,174; miscel- laneous, $4,853,529; prison fac- tories (seven in all, including one saddle tree, four boot and shoe, one broom, and one men's working clothing), $2,692,934. The banker is a necessary part of the success of industrial interests. Mis- souri leads in number of State banks and is thirteenth among the States in num- ber of national banks. These banks have resources of nearly $300,000,000. The per capita bank deposit of Missourians is $136.81, scarcely exceeded by any other State. The present State banking law was enacted in 1877. It provides for publi- cation of statements, and makes it a felony to receive deposits after it is known PER CENT OF INCREASE FOR EACH DECADE Per Cent of Increase by Decades 1850 1890- 1880- 1870- i860- 1850- 1900 1890 1880 1870 i860 2,923 33-5 63-5 -27.6 276.0 8.0 $ 8,576,607 31.8 161. 4 -9-7 30Q1.6 133.6 12,798,351 21. 1 60.3 -4.1 384.4 86.4 24,324,418 18.8 96.2 -19.8 393-5 71.8 4,692,648 1.8 '45-3 -3.0 365.6 42. I As a wholesale shoe market. St. Louis largest drug market i the world. MANUFACTURES OF TWENTY-FIVE LEADING CITIES OF MISSOURI. WATERWORKS TOWER, CAUUTHERS- VILLE. 50 > Cities Capital Wages earn'd Value of * I Product St. Louis $162,179,331 $38,191,076 $233,629,733 2 Kansas City 26,437,307 7,783,652 36,527,392 3 St. Joseph 11,068,825 3,109,647 31,690,736 4 Springfield 2,11 1,048 1,017,345 4,126,871 5 Jefferson City 1,627,434 169,124 3,361,998 6 St. Charles 1,940,719 601,987 3,145,662 7 Hannibal 1,890,718 611,859 3,025,349 8 Joplin 1,411,495 516,080 2,961,793 9 Sedalia 1,293,053 463,787 1,599,326 10 Carthage 859.385 217,237 1,176,981 1 1 Nevada 437,924 190,232 1,046,616 1 2 Moberly 551,453 353,641 950,664 13 Louisiana 453,470 90,531 908,088 14 Independence 505,645 100,982 886,354 15 Cape Girardeau 431,170 105,009 612,259 16 Chillicothe 323,685 114,007 608,767 17 Boonville 299,128 89,426 473,455 18 Trenton 205,715 113,508 459,748 19 Webb City 211,090 79,294 425,763 20 Mexico 261,617 68,230 415,894 21 Clinton 333,364 69,099 372,194 22 Maryville 180,075 66,789 333,883 23 Brookfield 101,293 89,698 329,889 24 Carrollton 215,760 41,445 311,368 25 Rich Hill 224,609 42,659 255,132 *Rank in value of products. Manufactures of twenty-five leading cities. that a bank is in a failing condition. A revision of the banking law in 1899 authorizes the Secretary of State, before any banking corporation, individual banker or trust company shall commence business, to cause an examination to be made, in order to ascertain whether the requisite capital of such bank, banker or trust company has been paid in in cash. This is construed to mean that at least 50 per cent of each share of the capital stock must be paid, and be ready for use in transaction of business, over and above the amount invested in banking State banking law 156 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF THE FOURTEEN LEADING INDUSTRIES OF THE STATE. Industries Year No. of Estab- lish' ts Capital Invested Cost of the Materials Used Value of the Product Total Wages Paid per Year Average No Wage Earners Per Year Totals for the 14 Industries Act. inc. '90-00 Per cent of inc. Boots and Shoes Carriages and Wagons Car Construc- tion by R.R. Car Cons, by other concerns Men's clothing, fact'ry prod. Coffee and spice (roasting etc. ) Confectionery Flouring, grist mill products Foundry and mach'shop Malt Liquors Lumber and Timber Printing and Publishing Slaughtering and Packing Tobacco 1900 1890 5,139 3,667 1,472. 40.1 1900 50 1890 29 1900 377 1890 425 1900 43 1890 27 1900 1890 1900 1890 4 5 148 59 1900 1890 27 15 1900 1890 99 75 1900 1890 1,145 710 1900 1890 261 186 1900 1890 49 30 1900 1890 1,197 830 1900 1890 1,100 778 1900 1890 1900 37 68 602 1890 430 5113,326,395 85,918,067 27,408,328 31.9 4,183,979 3,712,915 4,019,087 3,963,675 3,645,260 1,394,974 4,530,982 1,442,927 4,651,882 4,966,073 2,517,482 1,089,088 2,842,164 1,440,173 11,402,827 12,630,645 11,606,445 11,708,878 25,731,930 16,689,575 11,089,799 8,245,425 11,149,288 8,052,275 7,944,033 4,986,780 8,011,237 5,594,664 #122,972,261 93,055,297 29,916,964 32.1 7,993,026 2,521,027 2,733,960 2,441,925 3,019,574 2,082,326 5,101,335 2,655,320 5,095,156 4,566,017 4,303,097 3,290,476 3,476,112 2,120,762 21,937,507 29,210,639 6,732,008 5,819,009 3,073,011 6,563,536 6,410,216 4,328,903 2,167,852 1,439,861 39,108,137 15,142,352 9,282,841 8,809,272 #203,494,824 155,920,549 47,574,275 30.5 1 1,253,202 4,841,004 5,583,364 5,233,324 6,524,121 3,890,542 7,722,768 3,974,173 8,925,088 8,113,852 5,266,264 3,892,792 5,554,384 3,584,953 26,393,928 34,486,795 15,073,005 13,680,773 13,776,905 16,954,137 11,177,529 8,359,925 4,706,287 3,503,733 43,040,885 18,320,193 27,847,432 17,583,646 26,401,101 23,144,690 3,256,411 14. 1 2,052,114 1,119,370 1,310,560 1,499,133 3,182,753 1,737,771 1,373,353 1,147,604 1,693,725 1,772,799 176,420 113,551 662,513 520,767 851,377 1 ,249,091 3,882,749 3,807,974 I ,890,100 1,847,195 2,012,659 1,930,504 3,774,832 4,050,989 1,446,742 645,322 2,097,204 1,702,600 59,057 50,674 8,383 16.5 5,915 2,716 2,503 3,026 5,581 2,859 2,772 1,854 6,129 6,113 499 252 2,058 1,454 1,654 3,011 7,084 6,754 3,150 2,834 6,043 6,703 7,256 7,423 3,102 1,264 5,231 4,411 ianking in Missouri. house furniture and fixtures. All sums collected in connection with the execu- tion of this law are credited to the State bank examination fund. Any derelic- "^S^S^ s\ 11^ PITTSBURG PLATE GLASS COMPANY, CRYSTAL CITY, JEFFERSON COUNTY. tion from the law of the State binding upon corporations or bankers results in the institution of proceedings duly authorized by the laws of 1897 against insolv- ent banks. MANUFACTURES. 157 FIKST NATIONAL BANK, CARTHAGE. The growth of banks organized under the State law is shown in the follow- ing comparison of their deposits at various periods since 1882: 1882 $ 52,980,358 1893 61,705,242 1903 136,649,641 An official statement of the financial condi- tion of Missouri State banks, issued by the Sec- retary of State on September 9, 1903, tabulates statements from 704 State banks and 22 trust companies. It gives the resources of incorpor- ated banks, outside of St. Louis and Kansas City, as totaling $107,018,736. The resources of St. Louis banks, $58,629,457; those of Kansas City, $5,837,618; the private banks had $8,865,150, and the trust companies $124,654,728 in resources. The grand total of resources of the banks of the State footed up $180,350,962, not including the trust companies. The aggregate capital stock of the banks on September 9, 1903, was $21,068,- 600. In February, 1904, a gain of $683,400 was reported, due to the incorporation of new banks, $473,000; increases of capitalization, $210,400. The aggregate capital stock of the 22 trust com- panies on September 9, 1903, was $21,712,900. Since then, by February, 1904, the capital stock in the trust companies has been increased to $22,112,900. This gain of $400,000 was caused by the organization of two new trust companies, one capitalized at $150,000, the other at $100,000, and by an increase in the original capitalization of another one from $150,000 to $300,000. The trust companies are classified, according to their capitalization, as follows: Five at $50,000; one at $55,000; one at $63,700; two at $75,000; one at $80,000; one at $100,000; one at $150,000; one at $187,500; one at $226,000; one at $250,000; one at $300,000; two at $1,000,000; two at $2,000,000; three at $3,000,000; one at $5,000,000. A classification of the State banks by their capitalization, made in February, 1904, shows the folow- ing: Two hundred and thirty-five at $10,000; two at $10,500; two at $11,000; fifteen at $12,- 000; five at $12,500; one at $13,000; one at $14,- 000; sixty-six at $15,- 000; seven at $16,000; one at $16,500; one at $17,000; one at $18,000; ninety-two at $20,000; two at $21,000; one at $21,500; two at $22,000; seventy-one at $25,000; one at $26,000; one at $26,500; one at $28,000; twenty-seven at $30,000; one at $33,000; three at $35,500; sixteen at $40,000; sixty-six at $50,000; one at $55,000; two at $60,000; one at $70,000; five at $75,000; twenty-seven at $100,000; one at $125,000; two at $150,000; seven at $200,000; three at $500,000; one at $600,000; one t $2,000,000. UADCLIFFE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, AGENCY LARGEST ESTABLISHMENT OF ITS KIND IN THE WORLD. Growth of banks. Resources of bank- ing institutions. 158 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SS^:n,'.s. rsco fSOf .so. f903 ■* so o.o o o I ^ 146 / f.4 4 4.3 o o^c o a // f.4X 4 2a o.o o a 1 /. ^.4q 4 y a o o o o ; i.3a 4,o o o.a o s> l A3-CS- 3j9 o OjO o o \ 1 1.!t4 S^B oa.ooo \ 1 1.3 Z 3.7 o o^o o o '" "A \ 1 r.3 o 3.S o o.o a o \ \ i f za 3. So o.o o o 1 r.ZS " "-.- \ 1 1 f.Z4 V , / f.Z 2 ^ // f.zo 3 / o o,o & o A \ \ I\ // f.f a 3.0 ^ o,o o o / \ \ / f.fS Z.9 o CO o o \ V i 1 /. / 4 2.B o a.o a o 1 \ \ 1 ■ 1 t f 2 2 7 O 0J30O / y f.fo Z.6 OOjOO o V /.OS Z.Soop oo / 1 \ / / f OS 2.^0 0.0 o / \ / /.O 4 Z,3 o o.oo.o /■ N s / / fO 2 2JJ o o.o o o / f.o a MISSOURI'S COAL HARVEST YEAR TONS PRICE PER TON VALUE 1889 2,223,477 $ 1.36 $ 3,030,414 1890 2,437,399 1.32 3,234,351 189I 2,650,018 I. 31 3,480,867 1892 3,017,285 1.26 3,825,828 1893 3,190,442 1.25 3,999,681 1894 2,383,322 1.26 3,013,075 1895 2,283,081 I. 17 2,675,690 1896 2,420,147 I-I3 2,741,711 1897 2,429,388 1. 10 2,684,757 1898 2,838,152 1. 10 3,148,862 1899 3,191,811 1. 12 3,582,111 1900 2,995,022 1. 21 3,643,975 I9OI 3,813,527 1.24 4,716,331 1902 4,063,572 1-31 5,325,832 1903 4,600,000 1.46 6,716,000 Total 44,536,643 $ 1.25 $ 55,819,485 Coal production and average prices. Coal, the chief reliance in modern times for fuel, is found in exactly one- half of the 114 counties of Missouri. The coal fields underlay nearly 25,000 square miles, more than one-third of the surface of the State. Coal mining, though extensively carried on, is hardly begun as far as opening up the enormous stores of coal wealth. But 38 counties are now furnishing a commercial output yet coal is found underlying the widely extended surface indicated on the mineral map plate. On the assumption that a two- foot seam of coal will produce 2,500 tons of available coal to the acre, and worth $1.25 per ton at the mine (which is the average price of the past fifteen years) the value of the coal per acre will equal $3,125, or $2,000,000 per square mile, or for 25,000 square miles, a sum amounting to $50,- 000,000,000. This is an immense value and yet it represents but one bed two feet thick while in One-half the State underlaid by coal. Immense values in the coal beds. 166 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. fact Missouri has large areas where the coal beds measure three, four and five feet in thickness. The coals of Missouri are bituminous, except in the case of numerous pocket deposits which are largely composed of cannel coal. The latter are found in Cole, Cooper, Miller and Morgan counties. Some of these coal pockets reach Location and use of g^ thickness of ninety feet, and many range from forty to seventy-five feet in issoun coa . thickness; but the area which they cover is small. The crevices in the cannel coal are usually filled with "sheet" lead and zinc ores and frequently, one or the other of these ores occurs in considerable quantity. Missouri coal is used almost exclusively for the generation of steam and for domestic purposes. But little has been used in the making of gas, or coke. The railroads consume, as fuel for locomotives^ the greater part of the coal output and manufactories are second to them in amount of consumption. The coal not devoted to these industries is consumed for domestic purposes. The demand for coal as a fuel for stove and furnaces in residences, in place of wood has grown within the past few years and will continue to grow. Missouri is surrounded on all sides by large coal-producing States, hav- Location favorable ing Illinois on the east, Iowa on the north, Kansas on the west, and Arkansas to coal production. Coal fields easily worked. IN A CARTHAGE STONE QUAEKY. on the south, with their coal fields close to our borders. This practically con- fines, at the present time, the sale of our coal to the home market. We can justly infer from this fact, however, a rapid improvement in industrial condi- tions within the State, for we produced 536,428 more tons of coal in 1903 than in 1902, and there was an increase in value of the product of $1,390,168, or over 26 per cent. The coal fields of Missouri are not located in rough or mountainous re- gions, but lie on elevated plains having a gently undulating surface covered with fertile soil, much of which is in a high state of cultivation. The whole area is thickly settled and supports many thriving towns and villages which are closely connected with the mines by a net work of railways penetrating the coal fields in all directions. There is always a considerable local demand for coal, and there are, therefore, many small operators who work their mines only during the winter season. The organization of large companies to control extensive bodies of coal lands is occurring more frequently with each succeeding year. There is, at present, however, opportunity for excellent investments in coal lands in Mis- souri, and there is perhaps promise of better and surer returns from such in- vestments than in any mining proposition open to the public. The cost of "coal rights" which give possession of the coal and authority to sink shafts, erect MINING. 167 buildings and to construct and operate rail or other roads, on the surface, to- gether with all privileges necessary for the transaction of a coal mining busi- ness, varies in Missouri from $8 to $15 per acre, vi^here the coal runs between three and four feet in thickness. Referring to the diagram and statistical table, it should be stated that the Missouri coal trade did not begin with 1889; statistics have been Statistics regarding given only for the period between 1889 and 1903, because prior to 1889 the work of gathering statistics was not systematically done. The price ($1.36 per ton at the mine) received in this State fifteen years ago for coal was better than since realized, except for 1903, when it reached the record- breaking sum of $1.46 per ton. The value of the Missouri coal product for 1889, was $3,030,414; for 1895, $2,675,690; for 1902, $5,325,832; and for 1903, $6,716,000. This shows an in- the Missouri coal trade. PIU LKAD SMELTERS AT HEECULANEUM, JEFFEESON COUNTY. crease over 1889, of $3,685,586, or 121.62 per cent; over the year 1895, of $4,040,- 310, or 151 per cent; and over 1902, of $1,390,168, or 26.10 per cent. The future promises even better results than the year just closed; first, because of the number of new mines which have been opened, their great capacity and splendid equipment, and the excellent quality of coal and thick beds, in newly devel- oped fields; second, because in years past, no such perfect understanding has existed between employer and employe, as is found at present, there having been but one strike in 1903, among the coal miners of the State. The coal mines of Missouri are in fine condition viewed from any standpoint, especially those of safety, sanitation and equipment, and so far as mine accidents are concerned, no State can show a better record. The earliest mining in Missouri was for lead. M. La Motte discovered the Future of the coal industry in Missouri. 168 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Lead mining the oldest in the State. Lead and zinc associated. Varieties of zinc and lead ore commonly found. AMERICAN TRIPOLI COM- PANY MINES, AT SENECA, NEWTON COUNTY. lead deposits in southeast Missouri in 1720 wliich bear his name, and which have been since worl^ed almost continuously. In 1869 the diamond drill was first used in southeast Missouri by the St. Joseph Lead Company with the result that large bodies of disseminated ores were discovered at the depth of about 120 feet and underground mining proper was begun. In the same year as the result of the establishment in St. Louis of zinc works, zinc ores be- came valuable. The ores of lead and zinc are almost invariably found associated except in the southeastern district, where the ores are generally lead, and where zinc is rarely found in commercial quantities. Three prominent districts are found in the State. The southwestern district, including the southwestern corner of the State, has an area of about 125 by 75 miles. The second district is south and west of St. Louis, and includes a territory of about 80 by 85 miles. The third district is the central part of the State, south and west of Jefferson City, with an area of about 75 by 85 miles. The ores of zinc are sphalerite, or zinc sulphide, locally called "jack," "rosin jack." "black jack" and "blende;" smithsonite, or zinc carbonate, locally called "zinc drybone" and "car- LEAD PRODUCTION YEAR TONS PRICE PER TON VALUE 1889 44,3^1 $ 44-55 $ 1,974,500 I 890 47,761 45-49 2,172,647 189I 44,281 49.10 2-, 174,197 1892 49,626 44.21 2,193,965 1893 40,297 39-34 1,585,569 1894 52,003 37-48 1,949,568 189s 61,618 30.06 1,852,400 1896 65,504 30.33 1,987,155 1897 67,404 27.62 1,862,122 1898 73,687 40.86 3,011, °55 1899 70,829 44.10 3,146,237 1900 80,478 46.30 3,726,202 I 90 I 109,842 44-15 4,849,595 1902 126,831 42.01 5,367,065 1903 142,547 49.12 7,002,936 Total 1,077,029 ^44,855,213 bonate;" calamine, or zinc sili- cate, locally called "silicate;" and hydro-zincite, or hydrous zinc sil- icate, not found commercially. Of the lead ores, there are found galena, or lead sulphide, locally called "blue mineral;" or lead cerussite, or lead carbonate, locally called "drybone" or "car- bonate;" pyromorphite, or lead phosphate, sometimes called "green lead;" and anglesite, or lead sulphate. Of these lead ores, galena is the main source of the metal in all the districts. Cerus- site was much more abundant than galena in the early days of lead mining in Missouri, because it is secondary ore; and is always found near the surface. Pyro- MINING. 169 morphite and anglesite are of rare occurrence, and are of no commercial value. The zinc ores are relatively hard and light, having an average hardness of about 4.5, and an average specific gravity of about 4 while the lead ores are relatively soft and heavy, having an average hardness of about 3 and an average specific gravity of about 6.5. These ores are always associated in the ore-body with other minerals, which are usually called the gangue. These are as follows: Calcite, or lime carbonate, locally called "tiff;" dolomite, or magnesian lime carbonate, locally called "mundic," and white iron pyrites; pyrite, or iron bisulphide; chalcopy- rite, a copper and iron bisulphide usually found in small tetrahedrons; chert, an impure flint; jasperite, a secondary deposit of dark silicious material occa- sionally cementing the ores and gangue; greenockite, or cadmium sulphide; tal- low clay, sometimes called "gouge;" limonite, or hydrated sesqui-oxide of iron; and bitumen, or mineral pitch. These ores occur in four different ways. First, as "float" or "drop" mineral, on or near the surface — rounded or water-worn, weathered chunks of ore which have originated from broken down crevices in superincumbent beds, or have been segregated by the action of running water. Second, as disseminated ore. Here the ore, usually galena, occurs in fine grains, or minute crystals, dis- seminated in masses, or beds, generally more or less intimately mixed with Association of lead and zinc ores. Four different formations. CAliTEKVlLLE, JASPEK COUNTY, MINING VIEW. dolomitic grains, often called "spar" rock. This is characteristic of the south- eastern disseminated lead district. Third, segregated ore. In the upper por- tion of crevices, or veins, the ores and gangue are more or less disturbed from their original position, and are frequently mixed with residual clays, the "tal- low" clay of the miners. Here the softer rock, usually lime, of the ore-body has been washed away by subterranean drainage, and the ores and gangues, mixed with the broken down wall-rock and insoluble cherts form a brecciated How lead and zinc mass irregularly mixed together and the ore is concentrated. Fourth, the are located. crevice, or ore-body proper. Here the wall-rocks are more or less well defined, particularly in Lhe magnesian limestone, though they ai'e frequently broken into irregular, more or less horizontal flat openings, where the ore and gangue have penetrated for some distance. In this case the ore-body is more massive and solid, more or less completely filling up the shattered crevice. The flat openings are the so-called ore runs, or ore horizons. The crevices are usually vertical, penetrating to unknown depths, and they frequently follow fault lines. They vary in width and thickness in different formations and even in the same 170 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. formation. The trend of these crevices, or veins, is usually more or less par- allel with folds of the strata. „ . , The commercial production of lead in extensive quantities in Missouri Commercial production of dates practically only to 1870. From 1870 to 1889 the production grew, averag- lead in Missouri, ing for the twenty years an annual output of 29,131 tons; from 1889 to 1903, a period of fifteen years — shown graphically on the accompanying tables: Prices received for the annual output. I Constant and rapid increase. .^^c£e*c£' lyecz^-^ /SaS ^0 /'303 zfzcZzz.stz/e . Atis Tom. teas /aso /SSf rasi /3Sd fss^ /■eas /ess /B97 f39a /sss :raoo ^90/ fsoz rso3 /f-o.oco / ^ So f z s,o o o / -43.00 -r 2 o,o o o 1 > / i ■48oa / / S,ooa ' \ ^ 1 1 47.00 f f O^O O o \ A 1 ■46. 00 r o s.oo o 1 \ / \ 'id-.oa f o o^o o o '' V / \\ 1 .4.a.o \ / 1 '^ ! 43.0 J 9 a. o If a » 1 / m' 4Z.OO 3S,o oo \ 1 / ■ff.o eo.o o o \ 1 ■4o 00 7S.OOO V I 1 / 3 3. 00 7 O,o oo -h ^/ 3S 00 S S:o ao \ ^^ y i 3 Too 6 O.o o o > > / / r 1 3e.oo S'Ao o o \ \ / 3^.oa •SO>o o a / 3400 ■^.S.o o o -^ A / \ 3 3. J 1 30.00 ■/90.000 ' V / 1 1 29.00 f 80.000 ,^ 1 28. 00 /70 000 / \ Z7 00 / 60.000 // 1 26 00 /SO 000 1 / / \ 1 \ 1 2S.0O i ^0.0 00 1 1 \l 2-f.OO f 30 000 /\ V 2 3. 00 / 20 000 ^^^^ / \ 1 , 22. 00 -/ i 0.000 "7 '-\ \ 1 1 1 Z /.OO 90.000 / \ \ \ 1 2 O.OO 90 000 y y \ V /"\ ^ J J 79.00 80.000 y > ,'-■-. -./ 78.00 7 000 \ / 7 7 00 Go. 00 \ / 76. 00 so.ooo 1/ 7S.00 .Price. . Product Production of zinc ores and prices received. Ifears ^889 to ^^OJ Z7idu.sii/e, eTTiiraceJiicai j/earj eTtdiTif Jiine 30^'^ Result of temporary high prices. The prices given are average prices and embrace those paid for all grades, including the silicates, which bring only about half the amount paid for good "jack." During the year 1899, the price for zinc ore reached the surprising sum of $52 per ton. This was but temporary, however, although it continued long enough to attract the attention o f speculators from all sections of the country, with the result that many "fake" enterprises deceived the unini- tiated, and many worthless proper- ties were sold for fabulous sums. The coal mine, putnam county. 174 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. WEBB CITY, JOPLIN AND CARTERVILLE SCENES. Estimate of zinc output of State. Deeper mines and better equipped plants. ZINC PRODUCTION Joplin district suffered for a time as a result of this wild speculation, but the foundation for a great and paying industry was there and stable conditions were soon restored. During 1903 the price of ore reached $42.50 per ton, but it should be remembered that the highest figures refer to the very highest grade, averag- ing between $33 and $37 per ton for many months during the year. For the year as a whole, the data at hand justifies an estimate of two hundred and twelve thousand two hundred and fifty-seven tons, at $34, which makes the output worth $7,216,736. The product of Mis- souri zinc mines from 1873 to the present, unlike the price received from the ore, has made a continu- ous increase with but one excep- tion, which naturally followed the great business depression of 1893 and 1894. Although the expenditure of more time and money in develop- ment work is necessary, as deeper mining is undertaken and there is the slight added cost of handling more water and' hoisting material from greater depths, the cost of producing zinc ore has advanced but little. In fact, the improved methods for handling and clean- ing and saving ore which are prac- ticed by the best equipped plants more than offsets the greater cost of working deeper mines. Many tracts of land that were worked years ago to shallow depths and abandoned as worked out, have been reopened at greater depths, where are found extensive ore bodies which promise much better results than were obtained in the former shallow mines. YEAR TONS PRICE PER TON VALUE 1889 8a, 357 $ 21.44 $ 1,765,744 1890 100,248 22.51 2,256,582 189I 123,752 21.60 2,673,043 1892 131,488 21.76 2,861,178 1893 108,591 20.57 2,245,028 1894 89,150 15.00 1,337,910 1895 101,294 16.86 1,707,665 1896 9^,754 19-75 1,831,856 1897 93,148 18.32 1,706,947 1898 139,668 20.96 2,927,321 1899 181,430 34-33 5,974,624 1900 186,290 30.65 5,711,631 I9OI 224,074 23.70 5,308,671 1902 234,903 30.84 7,052,819 1903 212,257 34.00 7,216,736 Total 2,101,404 $ 25.02 $ 52,577,755 MINING. 175 LAFAYETTE COUNTY COAL MINE. Missouri was ttie first State west of Ohio to produce and smelt iron ore. Iron ores are found in nearly every county in south Missouri and in a few counties north of the Missouri river. They are chiefly confined to the Silurian rocks, probably ninety-five per cent of the six hundred and thirty-six iron ore localities, which have been mapped out in the State, occurring in this formation. Some, however, are found in the lower carboniferous rocks, and some immense deposits (now largely worked out) occurred in the Algonkian rocks and the Archean porphyries of southeast Missouri. A few carbonate and unimportant limonite deposits lie in the coal measures of the extreme west and northwestern portion of the State. The most extensive deposits now known are in Phelps, Crawford, Franklin, Dent, Iron, St. Francois, Bollinger, Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Ozark, Howell, Miller, Camden, Morgan, Benton, and St. Clair counties. The total product of the State, to date, is between eight and nine million tons, the leading producing counties having been in the order of importance; St. Francois, with nearly three and three-quarter million tons; Iron, with one and three-quarter million tons; Crawford, with nearly one million tons; and Phelps, with three-quarters of a million tons. Fifty, or nearly half of the counties of the State, have important iron ore deposits. Iron ore easily mined in Missouri. Where the iron ore is found. RAY COUNTY COAL MINE AND FARM SCENE. 176 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. . ^■HHH^^Bt&iJHSiHi^ '^^ ' ' ' '^ ^^^^^^^B di^iHMift^ ''^ ^5Q1 Missouri has produced ironl ore aggregating $35,000,000. Character and product of some Missouri iron mines. Charcoal used for fuel. ZINC MINING PLANTS ON MINOR & KOGERS' LAND, AURORA. Missouri has produced in the neighborhood of $35,000,000 worth of iron ore, her largest output having been previous to the decline in production at the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob mines. In 1887 Missouri produced about four hundred and thirty thousand tons of iron ore, but the product gradually diminished until 1900, after which, owing to better prices and an increased demand, the industry has revived in the State, and the annual output is again increasing. The important ores from which iron is produced in Missouri are hematite and limonite, the former producing about two hundred pounds more iron to the ton than the latter. The Cherry Valley Mine, in Crawford county, has produced over a half mil- lion tons of ore; the Simmons Mountain Mine, in Dent county, over one quarter million tons, and the Meramec Mine, in Phelps county, three hundred and seven- ty-five thousand tons. The quality of this class of ore is excellent, it is very high in metallic iron and very low in sulphur and phosphorous, and is also easily smelt- ed. In the past two or three years a number of new and important ore bodies have been found, and it may be safely pre- dicted that new discoveries will be made in the years to come, and that in this dis- trict, especially in Shannon, Phelps, Dent and Crawford counties, the iron industry will thrive far into the future. A large modern smelter has recently been com- pleted at Sligo, in Dent county, for the smelting of these ores. Charcoal is used for a fuel, and, in burning it, by-products are saved, including large quantities of wood alcohol. While limonites occur wherever the Silurian limestones, or Cambrian forma-J Catherine lead co., madison county. MINING. 177 JIG ROOM, CONSOLIDATED LEAD COMPANY, DESLOGE, ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. the limonites of Pennsylvania. tions, exist in the State, and to some extent in the younger formations, they are Higher percentage principally distributed along the southeastern slope of the Ozarks and on the of iron ore than western slope, up the valley of the Osage river and its tributaries. The limonite ores of Missouri, even the more silicious ones, carry a higher percentage of iron than the red hematite ores of Alabama, or the limonites of Pennsylvania. Many of them are comparatively free from phosphorus, and it is possible that large bodies will be found sufficiently free from this element to render the ore useful for Bessemer processes. The red hematite ores of Missouri occur as dis- tinct beds in the coal measure and Lower Car- boniferous rocks, and, un- like the other iron ores of the State, their geo- logical age is definitely fixed. Inaccessibility and comparative cost of min- ing have hindered the production of these ores, but with the extension of railroads, many of the red hematite deposits of the State will become ex- tremely valuable. Mo. — 12 COE RUN LEAD COMPANY, FLAT RIVER, ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. 178 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain. First furnace erected in the State. History of Iron Mountain. IN A MORGAN COUNTY COAL MINE; HUBBARD & MOORE. ore in 1836, but mining changed hands several times. Local smelting was continued un- til the year 1877, at which time over one hundred and ninety-two thousand tons of pig iron had been produced. After this date the ore was shipped to other points for smelting. Two classes of ore occur here: first, vein de- posits, the largest of which origi- nally had a maximum thickness at the surface of sixty feet or more, but which rapidly nar- row in depth, and ultimately di- vide into two separate veins, va- rying in width from twelve to Specular ores of the porphyry district occur princi- pally at Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, and in their immediate vicinity. The Pilot Knob district has produced nearly two million tons of ore, the Iron Mountain, over three and one half million tons. At both of these points the richer ores have apparently been exhausted, and only "clean up" work is at present in progress. It is claimed that by recent drill work, the main veins have been dis- covered at small distances from the point where they were lost or thinned out in the original work- ings. If this is true Missouri can expect in the im- mediate future to regain her prominence as an iron producing State, but the assertion must at present be looked upon with grave doubt. In 1815 the first iron furnace was erected in the State at a point near Ironton, where ores from Shepard Mountain, a short distance from Pilot Knob, were used. The ore from Pilot Knob proper was first mined in 1835. The Pilot Knob ores are fine grained and massive with often slated struc- ture. They are very low in phosphorous and in general make a high grade Bessemer product; but with rich and pure ore there is also associated a great deal of lean and impure material. The cross-section, made by Prof. W. B. Potter, shows in a graphic way, the manner in which the ore occurs. Iron Mountain came into the possession of a company organized for the purpose of mining iron was only begun in 1844, after the property had The first smelting was done in 1846. LIVINGSTONE MINE, ZINC ON WAGON,HOWELL COUNTY. A (?ros5iee^/o/? //>roi/g/? P//o//f/?od. MINING. 179 ZINC MINING SCENE, LAWRENCE COUNTT. eighteen feet. This ore is comparatively high in phosphorous. Second, the bowl- der or conglomerate ore, which is similar in origin to the bowlder formations at Pilot Knob. These latter ores are comparatively (sometimes wholly) free from phosphorous. Traces of silver are found in most of the lead ores of southeast Missouri, in some localities in paying quantities. The Einstein Silver Mine, on the St. Francis river, in Madison county, has thus far been the only producer. Gold has been occasionally found as a placer deposit, in the glacial drift of northern Missouri, while traces of this metal occur in some of the silver-lead ores of Madison county. The copper ores are widely distributed in the southern half of the State. In the zinc mines of southwest Missouri chalcopyrite crystals are abundant, but not sufficiently so to be commercially important as an ore. Copper mines have been opened in Shannon, Ste. Genevieve, Phelps and Franklin counties, but up to the present time, not more than twenty thousand dollars worth of ore has been produced. , Manganese ore occurs in southeast Missouri, princi- pally in Iron, Wayne, and Madison counties. Nickel and cobalt occur associated with the lead ores of southeast Missouri, and are especially abundant on the Mine La Motte tract, in Madi- son county. Several hundred thousand dollars worth of nickel and cobalt ore is now lying on the "dump" at this place, awaiting treatment at the new refinery, which will be in operation in the spring of 1904. This will be the only Silver and gold found in Missouri. Copper and manganese found in small quantities. Nickel and cobalt among Missouri's mineral resources. ALPHA MINE, ONLY GOLD MINE IN THE STATE. 180 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Immense cement manufacturing plants. Missouri leads all States in the production of barite. Ahead of the world in tripoli. MACON COUNTY COAL MINE. plant in the United States for the refin- ing of nicl?;el and co- balt ores, the produc- tion of which will become an important industry in Missouri in the immediate fu- ture. Pure lime rock is found in almost every section of the State, and Missouri is one of the greatest lime producers in the Union. At various points, suitable shales are associated with pure limestone, so that the best materials are at hand for the manufacture of Portland cement, and the industry is becoming a very large one in the State. Immense cement manu- facturing plants have been erected at Hannibal and Louisiana. Plate glass of the best quality has been manufactured for many years on a very large scale at St. Louis and Crystal City, and a new plant has been re- cently established near Valley Park, on the Frisco railroad. A very pure silica is obtained for the plate glass industry from a lower Silurian sandstone, the supply coming mostly from Pacific and Crystal City. Missouri leads all other States in the production of barite, the output for 1902 amounting to 36,602,790 pounds. Washington county is the largest pro- ducer, while large amounts are annually mined in Jefferson, Franklin, St. Fran- cois, Miller, and Morgan counties. It is used chiefly in the manufacture of paint. A material, commercially known as tripoli, which probably results from the decomposition of beds of chert, occurs at several points in the State, and is very extensively quarried at Seneca, in Newton county. The bed of tripoli at Seneca is from 80 to 100 acres in extent, and varies in thickness from 10 to 25 feet. The material is ground in immense quantities into a flour, which is used as a polishing powder. Over 20,000,000 pounds of it are produced annually. It is also largely manufactured into blotters and filters. In its production Mis- souri leads all other States. The tripoli bed at Seneca is the largest in the world. Gravels and mortar sands are abundant in the State and are widely used. Trap rocks of the best quality for road macadam occur in southeast Mis- souri, but have not as yet been utilized. WHITE LIMESTONE QUABBY, CABTHAGE. MINING. 181 BIRD S EYE VIEW OF SENECA, NEWTON COUNTY. Missouri has a great variety and inexhaustible quantity of clays. They have been utilized for many years, in many ways. Structural and ornamental brick of the highest grade are produced on a vast scale. The finest quality of terra cotta, great quantities of sewer pipe, paving brick, roofing and drain tile, pottery, fire brick and a general line of refractory materials are manufactured at various points in the State, while ball clays and kaolins for porcelain manu- facture and a variety of fire clays are mined in large quantities and shipped away in the raw state. Brick clays occur in the meadows and river bottoms all over Missouri, and are especially abundant over the plains of the northern and western portions of the State. The most important brick clay, however, is known as the loess, a sedimentary deposit, which rests upon the bluffs of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries. It extends back from the rivers for a distance of ten or twelve miles, and varies in thickness from 10 to 50 feet. It is a yellowish, porous clay, very resistant to the weathering forces of nature, easily worked, and adapted to the manufacture of both common building brick, and the finest grades of ornamental brick. It is utilized most extensively in,' St. Louis, Kan- sas City, and St. Joseph, where millions of brick are made from it each year. There are nearly four hundred brick yards in the State which produce from three and a half to four million dollars worth annually. For the manufacture of sewer pipes in Missouri, inferior grades of fire clay are used, mixed with brick clays and shales, the latter as well as the fire clays occurring in inexhaustible quantities in the measures. The sewer pipe industry is second only in importance to the building brick. Most of the sewer pipe is made in St. Louis, although considerable quantities are produced in Kansas City, in Henry county, and nearby. The annual product is valued at from one to one and one-quarter million dollars. Missouri ranks foremost in clays. Brick clays of finest quality. Sewer pipe made extensively. UOE EUN LEAU COMPANY CONCENTRATING MILLS. CAPACITY 750 TONS DAILY. 182 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Rich beds of clays. fine Pottery clays abundance. Kaolins frequ found ently WHITE LEAD WOIiKS, JOPLliN, LARGEST IN THE UNITED STATES. Missouri has long been noted for its high grade refractory materials pro- duced from the fire clays occurring in the coal measure outlayer of St. Louis county and city, in the coal measure deposits of north central Missouri, and in innumerable pockets in the limestone and sandstone formations in the central- eastern portion of the State. Extensive and thick beds of excellent fire clay occur and are worked in Callaway and Audrain counties, but the best known fire clays of the State are those of St. Louis, where they are carefully treated, exposed to the influence of weather for years, washed, and finally made into glass house-pots, and such articles as can only be produced from the finest quality of fire clay, where the elements of strength and durability are as im- portant as the refractory property. The coal measure clays are plastic, while the pocket varieties which are worked extensively along the Wabash and Frisco railroads, are non-plastic and are known as flint clays. The annual value of the flre clay products of the State is approximately one million dollars. The pav- ing brick clays, which are more properly called shales, occur mostly in the coal measures, and are found in inexhaustible quantities in the northern half of the State, and practically along its whole western border. Paving brick have been produced in the State for the last fifteen years. Thb annual product is valued at about four million dollars. Clay suitable for the manufacture of pottery is found in abundance in many parts of the State. Shales are to some extent employed, and many impure fire clays. They carry a comparatively high per cent of fluxing impurities. For the better grades of ware, those free from iron are selected. The industry is not as large as it should be, and there remain splendid opportunities for its de- velopment. The value of the annual product is not far from $200,000. Kaolins, or clays which rank commercially as kaolins owing to their free- dom from iron, are confined mostly to the southern and especially to the south- eastern portion of the State. They occur abundantly in pockets in the lime- stone rocks. Their production is confined almost wholly to Johnson and Bollin- ger counties. The product is mostly shipped out of the State. It is probable that with more careful methods of sorting and handling this clay, the demand for it will increase, and that the industry will become a larger one in the future. The terra cotta industry depends for success upon artistic skill and ability to mix and handle clays, in order to mould, dry and burn the large and elegant LEAD SMELTERS AT HERCULANEUM, JEFFERSON COUNTY. MINING. 183 CARBONATE OF ZINC MINE NEAR WEST PLAINS. pieces which in recent years have been produced in St. Louis for structural and ornamental pur- poses. The tile and flower pot industries are scattered over the State, the drain tile plants being chiefly confined to the northern portion, while the roofing tile are manufactured only in St. Louis. Alto- gether the annual output of these products will not exceed $150,000 in value. In former years immense quantities of surface clay, known as "gumbo" has been burned for bal- last along the railroads crossing the prairies of the northern portion of the State. In some years, the product has been valued at over one million dol- lars. The clay industries of the State are in a flourishing condition, the annual output ranging from eight to ten million dollars. Missouri is no less well supplied with building stones than with clays. They are found in every section of the State. In the coal measures, in the north and west limestones and sandstones are omnipresent, and there are several beds of marble of good color and susceptible of a high polish. The limestones and sand- stones are worked locally in all sections of this district, and the limestones are extensively quarried in Jackson and Buchanan counties, while in Johnson county and Warrensburg, a number of large quarries have been operated for many years in the massive beds of brown sandstones which occur there. In the lower car- boniferous formation, which extends from Clark county, in the northeast, to Mc- donald, in the southwest, and along its southeastern extension through Lincoln, St. Charles, and St. Louis into Ste. Genevieve counties, immense quantities of high grade limestone are quarried. It is durable and much of it readily submits to flne tool work and carving, and it takes a good polish. The beds vary in color from white to drab, and many of them are filled with fossils, which add much to the attractiveness of the stone when polished. Immense quantities of these limestones are quarried in the city of St. Louis, for foundations, buildings, curb- ings, paving stones, etc., while at Carthage, in southwest Missouri, they are quarried on a large scale for high grade .structural work, monuments, etc. The Jasper county court house, at Carthage, built of Carthage limestone, is one of the handsomest stone buildings in the west. Tile and flower pot industries. Gumbo valued at a million dollars. Building stone in every section of the State. MYRTLE D. MINE, CAKTERVILLE, JASPER COUNTY. 184 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. COUNTIES PRODUCING COAL, LEAD AND ZINC DURING THE YEAR 1902, OUTPUT OF EACh" AND VALUE OF SAME. TONS OF AMOUNT REc'd TONS OF AMOUNT REc'd TONS OF AMOUNT REc'd TOTAL REc'd COUNTIES ZINC ORE FOR ZINC COAL FOR COAL LEAD ORE FOR LEAD ORE FOR COAL, LEAD MINED PRODUCT MINED PRODUCT MINED AND ZINC Adair Audrain Barry Barton Bates "5 j 1 $ 1,610 312,403 33,435 200,433 $ 384,926 52,467 238,308 $ 384,926 52,467 1,610 238,308 381,508 34,890 36,307 19,902 40,660 1 359,061 381,508 Benton Boone Caldwell Callaway Camden 800 21,600 1 23,609 ",853 24,483 36,307 19,902 40,660 272 85 $ 13,290 Carroll Cass 1,985 3,670 3,825 3,825 3,670 Cedar 1,350 3,037 3,037 Chariton 3,107 4,602 4,602 Christian 2,025 3,592 180 3,592 Clay Cole 8,052 13,688 1,822 2,170 8,100 8,100 13,688 Cooper Crawford 1,045 945 107 4,708 6,530 2,170 Dade Franklin 150 4,200 5,180 7,453 172 90 7,908 4,140 7,908 15,793 Greene Grundy Henry Hickory 1,444 21 42,874 546 34,936 91,616 63,232 149,718 1,309 342 43 63,403 15,500 1,892 63,403 58,374 63,232 149,718 2,438 Jasper Jackson Jefferson Johnson Lafavette 193,351 5,997,029 4,350 9,050 23,253 1,045,720 9,050 7,042,749 2,023 26,299 21,000 539,612 8,500 52,500 16,517 750 36,888 52,500 63,187 16,517 Lawrence 14,3^3 420,300 920,479 460 21,066 920,479 441,366 Livingstone Macon Madison Miller 79,221 800 i,i98',i33 139,440 1,400 1,330,107 3,881 * 176,970 139,440 1,400 1,330,107 225,878 Moniteau Monroe Morgan Montgomery Newton Nodaway Ozark 832 2'i,434 28,998 504,763 143 1,980 446 2,400 338 3,465 557 4,650 89 866 160 3,213 3,782 44,801 7,520 ^44,087 3,782 74,137 3,465 8,077 4,650 648,850 400 4,400 1,590 4,372 4,372 4,400 Ralls 125,543 191,854 191,857 Randolph Ray St. Clair 20,150 450,181 28,355 526,933 28,355 526,933 280,162 450,633 450,633 St. Francois 3,139 5,663 88,734 5,663 3,592,938 3,592,938 Schuyler 205 512 512 3,373 4,974 4,974 Washington 207,126 226,964 226,964 W right 10 200 2,794 29 120,343 1,276 120,343 1,476 TOTAL 1902 ^34,903 #"7,052,819 4,063,572 $ 5,325,832 126,829 $ 5,367,065 $ 17,745,716 TOTAL 1903 212,-257 ■"■ 7,216,738 4,600,000 6,716,000 142,547 7,002,936 20,935,674 DECREASE 22,646 INCREASE 163,919 536,428 $ 1,390,168 15,718 $ 1,635,871 $ 3,189,958 *Nickel and Cobalt pr at #300,000. oduct 1902 , 48,908. Ni 1 ckel and Cobalt to be added t above figi ires for 1903, pi oduct valued MINING. 185 marbles. BLACK DIAMOND MIAK, BEVIEK. The Silurian formations which occupy the greater portion of the southern half of the State, and outcrop in a few counties Limestones, north of the Missouri river, supply endless sandstones and quantities of limestone and sandstone, of many varieties; while along the southern tier of counties, and the southeast border of this formation very handsome marbles occur in thick beds and varying colors, from cream, pink and rose tints to dark chocolate. They take a high polish and will doubtless in time be extensively quarried, but at present are little developed, owing to lack of transportation facilities. The Silurian limestones vary much in quality in different localities. Some times the beds are thin seams and make an excellent flagging and sidewalk ma- terial, but more often they are massive. They are generally magnesian, and often silicious and very hard, although they dress well and make handsome building stone. The first story of the new building of the School of Mines, at Rolla, is built of magnesian limestone quarried in Phelps county. Sandstones are also abundant in this formation, and are extensively used for local purposes, especially for sidewalks, culverts, and foundations. In southeastern Missouri, the Archean granites and porphyries are quar- ried on a large scale, the latter for paving stones, and the former for both pav- ing stones and dimension material. The granites occur in Shannon, Reynolds, Wayne, Madison, Iron, Washington, St. Francois, and Ste. Genevieve counties. The quarrying of granite has been confined to outcrops along the lines of the Iron Mountain and Southern and Belmont Branch I'ailroads. These rocks occur in color varying from gray to pink and red; some are fine grained, and some coarse, while all take a high polish and are readily tool worked. Blocks of any de- sirable size are obtainable. The Allen monument, erected in Pittsfield, Massachu- setts, was taken from quarries of the Syenite Granite Company, at Granitevilie, Iron county. It is forty-two feet high and four and one-half feet square at the base, and is a single piece of granite. The columns in front of the Studebaker building, in Chicago, ten in number, each eighteen feet high, four and one- half feet in diameter, and weighing about eighteen tons, were quarried and dressed by this company. The area in which gas, oil, and asphaltum are found is everywhere under- laid by the beds of the lower coal measures, the equivalent of the Cherokee shales of the Kansas geological survey. The lower coal measures are here made up of thin alternating beds of shale, sandstone and coal. These beds are extremely irregular, varying decidedly in thickness within short distances, and also frequently changing in composition. Some of the sandstones, especially those near the middle and base of the formation, are saturated with asphaltum and asphaltic oil. The lower coal measures thin out rapidly with asphaltum and finally disappear. This formation rests upon the Mississippian limestone, which dips strongly to the northwest at the rate of 10 to 20 feet to the mile. By reference to the geological map of Missouri, it will be noticed that the lower coal measures enter the State from Kansas in the northwest part of Jasper county. In this geological horizon, and especially within the neighborhood of about 15 to 25 miles from its eastern border, will probably be found the most profitable deposits of asphalt oil and as- phaltum. Farther t o the west, within certain clay mining and manufacture, beookfield, linn county Paving stones and dimension material. Gas, oil and asphaltum. 186 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. limits, will be found whatever oil and gas there is in the State. The Where natural gas whole northwestern corner of the State is overlaid by the upper coal measures. may be found. The lower coal measures in Missouri are outlined on their southern edge by rather thick beds of ferruginous sandstone, and these coal measures everywhere overlie the Burlington period of the Mississippian lime- stone. Between the top of the Mississippian and the bottom of the upper coal measures will be found what ever profitable deposits of petroleum, natural gas, as- phaltic oil and asphaltum may exist in any locality in this region. A further examination of the geological map of Mis- souri will show that the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway practically outlines the crest of the Ozark uplift, the drainage being on either side of the railway system. The Ozark mountains are represented by a very greatly eroded plateau, and a cross-section shows sharp fractured and faulted folds at and on either side of the crest. Inl the deep fissures formed by these fractures, especially in the southwestern part are found veins of lead and zinc. Farther west, where the folds are more gentle and are not fractured, and where they extend through the lower coal measures, will be found whatever profita- ble deposits of oil or gas may occur in the State. Passing from the Kansas oil field eastward into Missouri, the Cherokee shales rise rapidly until they come to the surface along the line of contact be- tween the coal measures and the lower carboniferous, as outlined on the geolog- ical map. From the Kansas field, going eastward, the opportunities for evapora- tion are constantly greater, and the volatile products being given off, there is left, first, a thick oil, next asphaltic oil containing about equal parts of asphalt and lubricating oil, and lastly, where the sandstones of the Cherokee beds come to the surface along the feather edge of contact, nothing but the residual asphalt. JOHNSON S SHUT-IN, BEYNOLU8 COUNTY. Through the lower coal measures. In the Cherokee Shales. Ai ATLAS POKTLAND CEMENT COMPANV'S FLA.XT, KALLS COUNTY. MINING. 187 which saturates the rocks, is left. This asphaltic sandstone has a thickness, near Sheldon, of 24 feet, and near Liberal of 20 feet, and outcrops at various points along the contact border throughout the State. This asphaltic sandstone is a natural paving material, such as has been used for many years in Germany, and is now being developed in California and Kentucky. It should be recog- nized as one of the important resources of Missouri. Midway between this asphaltic rock and the Kansas oil field, drill holes along the western border of Missouri strike the thick, tenacious asphaltic oil before mentioned. This oil frequently drains out of rocks and spreads upon the surface of seepage springs, forming the so-called "tar springs." It is fre- quently used by farmers as a natural lubricant. Chemically, it may be separated into the finest kind of lubricating oil and a superior grade of asphalt. Few countries in the world possess so abundant a supply of potable water as the State of Missouri. This is especially true of the southern half of the State, which may be called a region of springs. Two of the largest rivers in Missouri's abundant supply of potable water. JASPER COUNTY MINES PROSPERITY, WEBB CITY, JOPLIN. the world, the Missouri and the Mississippi, traverse the breadth and length of this State, and into the drainage basins of these two streams flow many large tributaries, nearly all the latter being fed by springs of remai'kable size and purity of water. North of the Missouri river the State is covered by glacial drift. Here the springs are small and less frequent, but an abundant supply of good water is everywhere obtained from wells in the glacial gravels. South of the Missouri the drift is absent, and erosion has generally cut deep valleys along the borders of the Ozark plateau. Here are found some of the largest and purest springs in the world. — in fact, nearly every farm possesses one or more springs of some sort. As examples of some of the great springs, Greer spring, in Oregon county, has a flow of 42,000 cubic feet per minute, or 456,390,000 gal- lons per day. Mammoth spring, in Shannon county, has a flow of 35,280 cubic feet per minute; Blue or Round spring, in the same county, has a flow of 25,500 cubic feet per minute; Bennett's spring, in Dallas county, has a flow of 1,500 cubic feet per minute; Ha Ha Tonka spring, in Camden county, has a flow of 14,760 cubic feet per minute; Meramec spring in Phelps county has a flow of 7,500 cubic feet per minute; while Mammoth spring in Arkansas, just over Largest and potent springs. 188 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. FIEK BKICK WORKS, FULTON, CALLAWAY COUNTY. Mineral springs in various localities Excelsior Springs. the Missouri line, has a flow of 21,000 cubic feet per minute. These waters con- tain from twelve to eighteen grains of mineral matter to the gallon — mainly carbonates of lime and magnesia. The State abounds in mineral springs, representing nearly all the varieties of mineral water, many of them being excellently equipped with hotels, bath houses and pleasure grounds, rendering them attractive health resorts. Some of them have acquired more than a local reputation. The largest and most popular resort in the State is Excelsior Springs, in Clay county, a beautiful little city lighted by electricity and with a good sewer system, fine hotels, bath houses, and ample pleasure grounds, all of which have been developed since the discovery of the springs in 1880. The two most important of the springs here are the "Re- gent" and "Siloam," both ferro-manganese waters which have their source in the coal measures shales. In the "Regent" spring, the manganese bicarbonate, (.9821 grains per gallon) aids in the assimilation in the human system of the ferrous bicarbonate (3.4376 grains per gallon). Two drill wells, the "Sulpho- saline," 1460 feet deep and the "Salt- sulphur," 1370 feet deep, have been sunk in the vicinity, fur- nishing sulpho-saline waters which are a fortunate combina- tion with the ferro- manganese, as they counteract the as- tringent properties of the latter. The "Re- gent" and "Sulpho- saline" waters are carbonated and ship- ped to all parts of COAL SEVENTY-THEEE FEET THICK, IN MORGAN COUNTY. MINING. 189 BACHELOR S HOPE MINE, PITTSBURG. the country. The similarity of these waters to those of St. Moritz and Mont d'Or, in Switzerland and France, has been shown. Among other noted chalybeate springs in the State are Pertle Springs, in Johnson county; Eldorado Springs, Cedar county; Randolph Springs, in Randolph county; White Springs, Madison county; Lebanon Magnetic Well, La- clede county, and Paris Springs, Lawrence county. Of the alkaline waters, Pan- acea Spring, in Barry county; the Windsor Springs, Henry county; Climax Springs, Camden county; Siloam Springs, Howell county; Plattsburg Spring, Clin- ton county; Cusenbury Spring, Jackson county; the artesian well, at Clinton, Henry county, and the Nevada well, Vernon county, may be mentioned. Of the sulphatic waters, the B. B. Springs, of Pike county, carrying 5G9 grains of saline matter to the gallon, of which 475 are manganesian sul- phate, or epsom salts, and the Lineville mineral well, in Mercer county, carrying 180 grains of sodium sulphate to the gallon, and Chouteau Springs, in Cooper county, are the most prominent. Of the muriatic waters. Sweet Springs, in Saline county, was, until the burning of its large ho- tel a few years ago, one of the most popular resorts in the State. A considerable quantity of this water is now carbonated and shipped. McAlister Springs, in the same county, is rapidly be- coming a health resort. The Montesano Springs, in Jefferson county, and the Belcher artesian well, in St. Louis; the Monegaw Springs of St. Clair county; the Spaulding artesian well in Ralls county, interesting as one of the oldest artesian wells in the country, hav- ing been sunk in 1823, the Brunswick deep well, in Chariton coun- ty; the artesian wells in Henry county; the sulpho-saline wells at Excelsior Springs, in Clay county, already re- ferred to, are all types of this group. A number of flowing artesian areas have been discovered in the State. One in the north- east corner extends from Clark to Pike county; there is an- other in St. Louis coun- Other notable mineral springs. ON THE CHARRETTE. Sweet Springs. Flowing artesian wells. CRUSHED STONE WORKS, CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. 190 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. MINING SCENES IN SOUTH MISSOURI. Water supply of Missouri towns. Mining education in the State. snider's quarry, iron county. ty; one on both sides of the Missouri river, in the central part of the State, extending from Jefferson City to Malta Bend; one in the north- west part of the State; one near Linn Creek, on the Osage; one at Clinton, in Henry coun- ty; one in Vernon coun- ty; one i n southern Christian county; one in McDonald county; one at Campbell, in the southeastern part of the State, and one in Jef- ferson county. Spring- field, a city of 30,000 in- habitants, gets its en- tire water supply from Ful- bright spring, situated four miles from the town, and yielding 8,000,000 gallons per day; and Clinton is sup- plied by flowing artesian wells. Missouri has recognized the great and growing im- portance of the State's min- ing interest by the estab- lishment of a technical School of Mines and Metal- lurgy, a department of the State University, located at Rolla. The School of Mines is well equipped in buildings, laboratories, libraries, and teaching force for excellent work. It enrolls annually two hundred students, nearly one half from other States and foreign coun- tries, and the good result of its establishment and main- tenance has been amply de- monstrated. TRANSPORTATION facilities are es C5 sential in civil- ized States. The roadway, of what ^ ever material, is necessary for the exchange of f products. Com- merce can not exist, manufactories can not prosper with- out the aid of adequate transportation. Missouri ranks ninth among the States in present railway mileage, but with the com- pletion of systems under construction or planned, and the expansion of lines now in operation, the State will take higher rank. In naviga- ble waterways Missouri is among the leaders, counting the Mississippi, the Missouri, and the smaller rivers. The commerce of the State has grown beyond the freight and passenger facilities and a system of double tracks has been begun upon the main lines. The canalization of the larger rivers will come with the increasing demand for cheap and augmented transportation. Macadamized roads, already largely con- structed in St. Louis, Jackson, Pike, Jasper, Boone, and other counties, are being extended to other sections. There is an abundance of road material available. The railway main line mileage in Missouri, according to the official re- port of the Board of Railway and Warehouse Commissioners, is 6,976.13. This is an increase during the last year of 572.37 miles. The accompa- nying railway map shows the location and extent. The total value of the railways in the State, as reported for taxation, is $86,698,663.28. There are fifty-seven companies, operating 147 lines of railway. Trains stop at 1,632 stations. The mileage by systems is: Arkansas and Oklahoma 2.20 miles Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 271.91 miles Bellevue Valley 3.57 miles Chicago and Alton 263.65 miles Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 1,033.05 miles Chicago, Great Western 84.46 miles Chicago, Kansas City & Texas. 20.20 miles (Now owned by and included in the mileage of Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City.) Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 140.27 miles Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 232.41 miles Crystal Railway 3.50 miles Des Moines & Kansas City 11.83 miles (Now owned and included in C, B. & Q.) 191 192 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SOUTHWEST MISSOURI ELECTRIC RAILROAD CAR. Eureka Springs Railway 8.04 miles (Now St. Louis & North Arkansas.) Greenfield & Northern 37.67 miles (Now included in Frisco.) Hamilton & Kingston 8.04 miles T* Cl^nni^'iinrrv^lf 1 1 1 Missouri transportation facilities among the best. Kansas City Belt 6.33 miles Kansas City Bridge Terminal 8.00 miles Kansas City, Ft. Smith & Southern 49.00 miles (Now included in Kansas City Southern Mileage.) Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield 236.01 miles Kansas City & Independence Rapid Transit 11.97 miles Kansas City & Independence Air Line 5.58 miles The above lines have been absorbed by and are now known as Kansas City Southern from Belt Junction to Kansas City. .11.97 Kansas City & Independence Air Line, Air Line Junction to Independence 5.58 17.55 miles Kansas City, Nevada & Ft. Smith 75.52 miles (Now included in K. C, C. & Springfield.) Kansas City, Osceola & Southern 115.29 miles (Now included in Frisco mileage.) Kansas City Suburban Belt 12.00 miles (Now included in Kansas City Southern.) Kansas City Southern 187.97 miles Kansas & Texas Coal Company 10.00 miles (Now known as Missouri & Louisiana.) Keokuk & Western 69.60 miles (Now C, B. & Q.) Manufactures Railway (in St. Louis) 66 miles Missouri and Louisiana Railway 10.00 miles Mississippi River & Bonne Terre 47.47 miles Missouri, Kansas & Texas 507.31 miles Missouri Pacific & Iron Mountain 1,328.07 miles Missouri Southern 20.15 miles Omaha & St. Louis 78.00 miles (Now included in Wabash.) Paragould & Sout heastern 13.07 miles Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City 253.39 miles Rockport, Langdon & Northern 5.60 miles TRANSPORTATION. 193 MERAMEC RIVEK, NEAR VALLEY PARK, ST. LOUIS COUNTY. St. Clair, Madison & St. Louis Belt 1.87 miles St. Joseph & Grand Island 10.66 miles St. Joseph Terminal 8.35 miles St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal 7.44 miles St. Louis & Hannibal 103.00 miles St. Louis, Cape Girardeau & Ft. Scott 103.50 miles (Now St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern.) St. Louis, Kennett & Southern 19.25 miles (Now included in St. Louis & Gulf.) St. Louis, Kansas City & Colorado 100.00 miles ist of Missouri railway systems. PC* 4 ^^^Hl»;JB f . .^-. « * * «.MJi*«B«» 'ii '*•. -^ % ~^BNk ^^^^H ^K?f*:- jB -,<.-i ~ - ^^Kf- ^3 ■ ;^ fg^M_ ^ fl PpP^ w ^^^ '^^^SpXH^^H H m^'--^ ^^fe.,- ^/fst^^w^m^^^ P^^^H Wt^^kr ^Ski hwAhHHI S^^Hi MISSOUBI PACIFIC RAILWAY BRIDGE. Mo. — IS 104 THK STATK OF MISSOUKI. I'RIStO TRAIN — 'THE METEOR." List of Missouri railway systems. History of Missouri railroads. St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern 214.59 miles St. Louis & Gulf 55.02 miles St. Louis & North Ai'kansas 7.82 miles St. Louis & San Francisco 570.93 Purchase of Kansas City, Ft. Scott & Memphis and other increase 529.99 1,100 92 miles St. Louis & Southwestern 127.10 miles St. Louis Transfer 6.50 miles Terminal Railroad Association 2.29 miles Wabash 577.38 miles Williamsville, Greenville & St. Louis 25.00 miles Leavenworth, Terminal & Bridge Company 93 miles Louisville & Nashville, in St. Louis 15 miles Pertle Springs Railway 2.25 miles Higginsville Switch 3.62 miles Union Pacific Railway, in Kansas City 50 miles With the completion of the Rock Island system from St. Louis to Kansas City early in the spring of 1904, there are in operation connecting these two cities, seven trunk lines. St. Joseph and other cities are all well supplied with railways. The steam railroads now in operation in Missouri have all been constructed since July 4, 1851, upon which day was begun the Iniilding of the Pacific railroad from St. Louis westward. A locomotive — the first west of the Mis- sissippi river — was put up- wl ''^™|t.*-iJ ■ i. _ on the track in 1852, a -.^JLg & ^ .j _f ii'„ passenger train run to . •_ v A?^p#IBBHOQi*H|i|-| Cheltenham, a distance of -^i^Sl^Ii^.^^'^^JI *.~ & six miles, before the close of that year, and the road opened to Pacific (then Franklin) in July, 1853. During the next decade the Pacific road was com- ,,, , oji- I. V. ^ A EREIGHT STEAMER ON THE MISSOURI RIVER. pleted t o Sedalia, the Southwest Branch (now the St. Louis and San Francisco) to Rolla, the St. Louis and Iron Mountain to Pilot Knob, the North Missouri (now the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern) to Macon, the Hannibal and St. Joseph to St. Joseph, the Cairo and Fulton to TRANSPORTATION. 195 COUNTRY ROAD ON GRAND PRAIRIE, CALLAWAY COUNTY. Sikeston, and forty -four miles of track were laid on the Platte County (now the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs) road, making in all 800 miles of railroad in the State. Following the war period, during the years from 1865 to 1873, occurred the memorable era of railroad expansion in the United States. The 35,000 miles of railroad in this country grew to 71,000. Missouri led the average State, her mile- age being more than trebled, increasing to 2,860. Increase during the subsequent years, was also rapid, until the mileage of 6,996.13i — at present over 7,000 — was reached. Remarkable growth of Missouri railroads. 1852[-5 MILES 18541-38 MILES 18551-139 MILES ASSESSED VALUATION OF RAIL- ROAD PROPERTIES IN 1900 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1904 Missouri Arkansas Illinois Kansas Iowa 3,052 10,079 8,716 9,236 24,051,139 77,878,672 57,883,714 46,008,5 10 '817 MILES Missouri 6,777^77,448,204 2,000 MILES 1-3,965 MILES 6,142 MILES ■1-6.887 MILES STATES ASSESSMENT PER MILE ■■■■■■■■■■■■i-7.000 MILES GROWTH OF RAILWAY MILEAGE IN MISSOURI. 11,430 7,806 7,726 6,870 4,981 River traffic. _,,...., .,,.,, ,i„ , ,, , , i- Electricity as motive Electricity has within the last few years begun to be employed as motive / pOWci . power. Electric roads have been built in St. Louis, St. Charles, Jackson, Buchanan, Jasper and other counties and the outlook is for great extension of these and other electric suburban and interurban lines. The river traffic of Missouri would be largely increased if proper govern- mental support was given to the improvement and maintenance of navigable channels. This traffic, which has declined for years, because of the building of railroads, has begun to increase and will continue to grow as the value of the rivers, as competitive and supplementary to the railroads, is appreciated. The country roads have shown improvement in the last few years. Every part of the State is reached by them and a system of scientific super- vision and cash boxes for road purposes, with the abundance of road material at Country ronds hand, will make the road and highway system of Missouri unsurpassed by that of any State. Additional statistics as to mileage of the various roads, steam, electric, gravel, and earth, and the waterways, are set forth in other chapters. 196 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Constant increase in transportation facilities. A JASPEK COUNTY ROAD. Transportation facilities in Missouri are being constantly increased and improved. The rolling stock and equipment of the railways is of the best. Every section of the State is reached by one or more steam railroads. In provision for easy access to profitable markets, Missouri with an abundance of local roads, in the heart of the continent, traversed by the great transcontinental lines of traffic, is unexcelled for situation and transportation. OlS THE PIKE, MABION COUNTY. ISSOURI has the largest permanent productive school fund of any State in the Union. In the United States, in 1900, 13,385,628 children attended school, or 17.5 per cent of the population. In Missouri in the same year, 604,111 children attended school, or 19.4 per cent of the popu- lation. The school attendance for Missouri was above that for the United States at every age pei'iod. From 5 to 7 years, the at- tendance in Missouri was 50.3 per cent, while in the United States it was 48.1 per cent. From 10 to 14 years, the attend- ance in Missouri was 83.4 per cent, and in the United States only 79.8 per cent. From 15 to 20 years, the attendance in Missouri was 31.2 per cent, while in the United States it was 26.8 per cent. The effect of education upon illiteracy is shown by the census figures of three decades. Here again Missouri leads. In 1880 the percentage of illiterates in Missouri was 13.4, while in the United States it was 17. In 1890 it had fallen for the United States to 13.3 per cent, while in Missouri it had de- creased to 9.1 per cent. In 1900 the percentage for the United States was 10.7. while in Missouri it had fallen to the very low percentage of 6.4. The decrease in illiteracy in Missouri has been absolute as well as relative. The actual number of illiterates in 1880 was 208,754, while in 1900 there were only 152,844. During the same period the actual number of illit- erates in the United States, outside of Missouri had in- creased. Missouri school attend- ance higher than that tor United States. Missouri leads in literacy. 197 198 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Eleven million dollars annually for schools. One-third the State revenue for public schools. Average rate ot school tax. School enrollment. Missouri has school property valued at $42,600,117. Nearly eleven million dollars are annually expended for schools. There is a total enrollment i n Mis- souri schools of 780,- 541 pupils, with 20,1 6G teachers There are "^' in the S t a t e 2 8 3 public high schools, with 23,880 pupils; 9,119 rural and 623 city and town districts. Over 25 per cent of the total amount spent for Missouri public schools comes from State taxation and interest on public funds. The Missouri school idea is a mean between entire local control and local taxation on the one hand, and large State control and State taxation upon the other. The Missouri constitution requires that at least one-fourth of the State revenue be set apart for the public schools. The legislature, however, has for years, set apart one-third for the purpose, not including amounts for the State University and normal schools. This is unexcelled by any other State in the Union. Missouri expends in a single year for schools, public, private and denominational, $10,959,828. This is nearly ten per cent of the entire assessed valuation of the State. It is more than four times as much as is expended upon all the branches of the State government, legislative, judicial, and execu- tive, excepting schools. Missouri expends annually for schools more than the entire cost of the State governments of Iowa and Kansas, or of Illinois and Nebraska com- bined. The average rate of school tax is 57 cents on the $100 valuation. The enumeration shows a grand total of 974,923 chil- dren of school age, 6 to 20 years; white — male, 471,522; female, 454,949; total, 926,471; colored— male, 24,543; fe- male, 23,909; total, 48,452. The total permanent school funds. State school, semi- nary, county school, township school, and special district, aggregate $13,023,997. Private and church schools have an endowment of $8,988,322. The school enrollment is 704,193; divided as follows: White— male, 338,927; female, 334,009; total, 672,936. Col- ored—male, 14,760; female, 16,497; total, 31,259. There are 10,101 school houses for white children in Missouri, and 450 for colored children. The two races have separate schools. The general average for teachers' wages in the district schools is $308.52. There are 350,000 volumes in the district school libraries of Missouri. By the time Missouri came into the Union, educational sentiment had become quite general within her borders. The liberal grants of land from the Federal Government for educational purposes had the double effect of emphasizing the EDUCATION. 199 I KIXDERGARTKX, ST. LOlHS. FTHST fiRAOK. CARUTIIERSVILLK. .M ISSOIRI CH1LW5EN l.V SIX SCHOOL CRADKH. SECOXn GRADIv MEXJCO. educational needs of the new country and of lightening the burdens of the people i n meeting them. T h e original constitution o f the State, adopted in 1820, made pro vision for free schools and called the attention of the legislature to the im- portance of a State University. In the language of the r^^vised constitution of 18C5, "A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being essential to the pi'eservation of the rights and liber- ties of the people, the General Assem- bly shall establish and maintain free schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons in this State between the FOURTH GRADE, COLUMIUA. 200 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SEVENTH GRADE, MONTGOMERY CITY. EIGHTH GRADE, PARIS. Larger investment in schools in last ten years than any other State. Great growth of public high school. Public school statistics. ages of five and tw^enty-one years." The revision of 1875 changed the period of free schooling to that between the ages of six and twenty years. The early legisla- tures took up the impoi'tant matter of pro- viding free schools and following ses- sions have revised and added to existing laws. With the decadence of the old sentiments which brought the private schools into existence the public school took on new life and power. Support came more cheerfully, better equipment resulted and teachers of higher qualifications were in de- mand. A united pride in the public school and its willing support gave it a growth and popularity which few States have known. Within the last decade Missouri has per- haps invested a larger per cent of her wealth in public school property than has any other State in the same period. This is espe- cially true of MISSOURI CHILDREN IN FOUR SCHOOL GRADES. the p U b 1 1 C high school. Only a generation ago the primary schools of this class which were respectably housed could be enumerated in numbers of one figure; to-day they are numbered by scores, and the growth in efficiency seems to have been commen- surate with that of physical equipment. As late as 1890 only 23 high schools were accredited by the State University, now 122 are so accredited — a growth of over 450 per cent — nothwithstanding the requirements for such honor have been increased within the period. The popularity of the public high school, as marked by this increased equipment and greater scholarship, is well founded and will endure. A much larger percentage of Missouri children are now in school, a larger percentage of the entire school enrollment are now in the public high school, and a larger percentage of the population are now in higher institutions of learning than at any previous time. These facts need no comment further than the statement that they are the result of a growth in educational sentiment rather than merely an expression of our increased wealth. The public school statistics of Missouri show these interesting figures: school districts — rural, 9,119; city and town, 623; teachers — rural, 10,393; city and town, 6,530; enumeration — rural, 482,284; city and town, 492,639; enroll- ment—rural, 402,495; city and town, 301,248; average length of term in days — rural, 126; city and town, 171. Three and three-fourths per cent of the pupils en- rolled are in the high schools. The high school graduates numbered last year 7,143. EDUCATION. 201 Early in the histoi-y of this State when there were no free schools of the secondary grade the churches came to the front and provided acade- mies which were the worthy forerunners of the present system of high schools. The academies did almost nothing with the higher branches of knowledge until the wonderful development of the public school system provided the high school for the field occupied by the academy. To avoid competition with the free school and to meet a new demand, that for higher education, these academies took up the advanced work and more nearly occupied the sphere of the college. The importance of these transitional institutions which came in our day of need and which have changed their sphere of activity from time to time as the varying needs of the community dictated, can not be overestimated. Founded by the churches, their facul- ties were composed of Christian men and women whose ster- ling worth was an important factor in fostering high charac- ter and noble ideals among our people. The academy or col lege, as frequently called and sometimes properly, at once be- came the center of influence for culture in its community and as its students went out into the surrounding country to teach or preach or build homes, the culture of the college life went with them. As remarked by an observing citizen of the State: "One can easily detect the influence of the college life whenever he comes within fifty miles of one of these institutions." The product of these modest forerunners of the present high school and the modern college became the patrons and champions of our institutions of broader culture, thus bringing to this and future generations a rich heritage in consequence of the wisdom, self-sacrifice and earnest labors of the pioneers. Many of these academies passed out of existence when the public high school came to occupy their sphere of activity. Others moved up to a higher plane and continue to serve an important purpose by giving an opportunity for higher work preparing for a University. In these institutions many boys and girls who have graduated from the high school, but are yet young and immature, may pursue their college work near home and in an atmosphere more congenial to their present needs than that of a larger and higher institution. Whatever may be said concerning the present need of the advanced academy and small college, all thoughtful people must acknowledge a debt of gratitude to them for the important ^ service they rendered during the formative period of our public school system and of the State University. In all the schools of Missouri are employed 20,166 teachers. Of these 16,923 are in the public schools, 185 in the State University and Normal schools, 90 in other State institutions, 1,417 in pri- vate colleges and academies, and 1,551 in parochial and other private elementary schools. The number of pupils enrolled is 780,541, divided thus: public, elementary, and high schools, 704,193; State University and normal schools, 5,086; State institutions for defectives, 954; private colleges and acad- emies, 22,072; parochial and other private elementary schools, 48,236. The annual expenditure of $10,959,828 for Missouri schools is thus divided: public, elementary and high schools, $8,363,128; State institutions. University and normal schools, $680,000; State institutions for defectives, $274,000; pri- vate colleges and academies, $1,307,700; parochial and other pri- vate elementary schools, $335,000. There is a school in easy reach of every child in Missouri. < 202 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. CHRISTIAN COI.LEOE, COLUMHIA. The estimated value of school property is divided as follows: public, elementary and high schools, $23,339,117; State University and normals, $2,475,000; State institu- tions for defectives, $1,295,000; private colleges and acad- emies, $11,531,000; parochial and other private elemen- tary schools, $3,900,000; total, $42,600,117. Missouri's first normal school was a private enter- prise, founded by a man whose educational enthusiasm IIOWAKD-PAYiN'K COLLEGE, FAYETTE. amounted almost to inspiration. The founder's ambition was to prepare teachers in mind and spirit for the duty of teaching the youth of the land, a service which he re- garded as sacred. The nature of Doctor Joseph Baldwin's work gave the community a high idea of the teacher's calling. It turned the public thought from the school master to the school teacher — from the stern commander to the sympathetic leader. Public sentiment rapidly crystallized in favor of making this useful school a State institution. The legislature responded to this desire in 1871, and also established the normal school at War- rensburg, dedicating both schools to the preparation of CIIKISTIAN UNIVERSITY, CANTON. EDUCATION. 203 teachers for the public schools of the State. In 1873 the legislature placed its seal of approval upon the State normal school by pro- riRST YEAR, vidir.g for one in the southeast district, locat- ing it at Cape Girardeau. The attendance upon these schools has always shown public confidenct in their usefulness About 3,000 prospective teachers are instructea in these schools annually. The faculties are com- posed of men and women of superior training and exceptional skill. Missouri has looked well to the educational opportunities of the chil- dren of her colored peo- ple, and has provided, in Lincoln Institute at Jef- ferson City, one of the best schools in the coun- some Missouri high school pupils. try for the preparation of colored teachers. The nature of the work of this nor- mal school differs from that of the others only as the different needs and aptitude of the race seem to require. The courses of instruction are broad, the management is liberal, and the faculty consists of the best colored educators the State can procure. Perhaps the most marked feature of this insti- tution is its department of agriculture and manual industries, in which it takes high rank. Separate schools in Missouri for white and colored childi'en, sup- ported by equal taxation, do not imply any less privilege for the children of the colored race. Indeed the colored children are, by statute, given advantage. The white child has free tuition in the district of his residence, but must pay tuition if he goes to another district. The colored child, on the contrary, if the district in which he resides is too small to maintain a colored school, may go, at the ex- pense of the taxpayers of the district, to school in any other district. No institution in Missouri has had a more interesting and inspiring career than has the State University. Interesting because the race has always viewed with lively concern the struggle of an individual or institution for a i-ecognized place to live and work out a destiny. Inspiring because its enei-getic cai'eer has imparted a quickening impulse to every phase of educational work in the State. The University was founded in 1839, in Columbia, whose citizens, together with others of Boone county, offered a bonus. Some of the donors subscribed and afterwards paid more than their entire estates were worth at the time the sub- Education ot the colored children. The State University. 204 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SOME BUILDINGS OV THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT COLUMBIA. LATHROP HALL. ACADEMIC HALL. PRESIDENT S RESIDENCE. AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. The beginnings ot the State University. THE OLD COLUMNS. scriptions were made, and Switzler's His- tory of the citizens of ever r e m e m - ever repudi- priated to the vided in the agricultur dean's residence. University, saj's: "To the honor of these Boone county let it be said and for- bered, that not one dollar of this sum was ated, but the whole collected and appro- benefit of the public school fund as pro- Constitution of the State." The corner Seven departments at Columbia and one at Rolla. stone of the main building was laid July 4, 1840; the University dedicated July 4, 1843; the corner stone of the building for "The College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts," laid June 28, 1871; and the re-dedication of the University, as enlai-ged and improved, was on June 4, 1885. The University at Columbia has seven well equipped departments: Academic, Law, Medicine, Teachers College, Agriculture, including Engineering, Graduate, Military, and one, the School of Mines and Metallurgy, at Rolla. The Agricul- tural College is one of the besi; in the United States. The federal government has, in connection with the college, located an experiment station, which is doing ex- cellent work. The Parker Memorial Hospital, on the University campus, is a valuable addition to its medical school as well as of value in caring for the health of the students. It is the result of the gift of William L. Parker. The University was conceived and has been maintained from the first as co- ordinate with the common schools in forming the State school system. Espec- ially in late years has its influence been exerted toward the articulation of all EDUCATION. 205 the public schools, and it is easy to believe that this influence, aided by county supervision so much longed for by nearly all school people, would give a thor- oughly articulated system of schools extending to every county of the State. New departments of instruction have been added from time to time until its courses and equipment now offer all the opportunities of a high grade State University. The attendance has grown until now 1,654 students are enrolled. The faculty has, almost without exception been presided over by successful leaders of teach- ers. The cura- tors have gen- erally avoided an error quite common to the direction o f large e d u c a - tional institu- tions, that is, the selection of heads o f de- partments and instructors on their scholar- ship alone. No institution ever became s o pros- perous o r popular that it could afford to employ any but good teachers, and a good teacher p o s - sesses other quali- ties fully as essen- tial as scholarship. With its present high standing in the confidence of the peo- ple, and consequent strong financial sup- port, the University tinue to increase its usefulness al- most indefinitely. The average cit- izen is proud of the State University and it is a satisfaction to predict that in the not distant future every Mis- souri child, as he looks along the vista of free public education, the common heritage of all, will see the State University at the farther end; entirely free and as inviting as the rural and village schools. Besides the State University there are a score of institutions doing excel- lent work in the field of higher education. Washington University, St. Louis, which will move into its new home in the vicinity of Forest Park at the close of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, will be one of the best equipped universi- ties in the country. This institution has long been known for its good organiza- tion and efficient work. With its present strong financial backing it takes rank with the few great universities of America. The St. Louis University had its modest beginning in 1824 as a school for Indian boys. The founders and teachers were Jesuit Fathers, whose devotion to the cause of Christian education, aroused the admiration of the community, cre- ating a general desire for a broader opportunity for the school. A new and beau- tiful aite was donated in what was then the center of the city, and the legisla- The present of the State University. should GEEEN- HOUSE. SOME BUILDINGS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT COLUMBIA, Its future. Other institutions for higher education. 2()() THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ENGINEERING nUILDING. LAWS OBSERVATORY I'AKKER MEMORIAL HOSPITAL. MEDICAL LABORATORY. HORTICUL- TURAL BUILDING. DAIRY LABORATORY, LIVE STOCK JUDGING BUILDING POWER HOUSE AND MECHANIC ARTS BUILDING. SOME BUILDINGS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT COLUMBIA. Washington University. Central College. William Jewell College. tiire of 1832 granted a liberal charter and gave the school its present name. This university has never received any large bequests, has no endowment fund, but depends for support upon the tuition and board of its students. Its growth has thus been slow but saire. The instructors have always been devoted scholars who were not attracted by large salaries but by the opportunities for noble serv- ice in behalf of the youth of the church. Its record is such as brings satisfaction to its friends and patrons, over whom it has a profound influence. Central College i& the outgrowth of the Howard county high school, which was opened at Fayette when oppoi-tunities for secondary education in Missouri were all but unknown. In 1847 it was converted into a college of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and has held an important place among the colleges of the State. It is the alma mater of many thousands who have become cultured citizens of perhaps every State in the Union. William Jewell College was founded in 1849, and located at Liberty by the Missouri Baptist General Association to promote the preaching of the gospel within the bounds of the State. Its chief promoter was Dr. William Jewell, of Columbia, in whose honor the college was named. Its work has always been of EDUCATION. 20 a high order, giving it an lionorable standing among our institutions of higher education. Fulton became the home of Westminster College, which was established in Westminster 1853 by the Presbyterian church of the State to influence and fit young men for College. the ministry. The college has recently added new buildings and considerable endowment. Christian Brothers College -,. was opened in St. Louis in 1850, and chartered in 1885. Its found- ers and teachers were the Chris- tian Brothers of the Catholic church, whose devotion to the cause of Christian education has given this institution a secure place in the affections of its patrons and the respect of the com- m u n 1 1 y at large. ORIGINAL BUILDING. JIhXHA.XICAL HALT, 1 liMill Ibi *W .J1I1II!. . Illt^iir] ijl > 111 II! ! sir. NORWOOD HALL. ^ ^ 3 1 S iiinii? tirr '■X I SOME BUILDINGS OF THE SCHOOL OF MIXES — A DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT ROLLA. St. Vincent's College is an off-shoot from St. Mary's Seminary, the first insti- tution of higher education established in Missouri, if not indeed, the first west of the Mississippi. The college was opened at Cape Girardeau in 1843 by the Catholic church, and is the focal point of the higher educational interests of that church for a large territory. Drury College represents the zeal and devotion of the ministry of the Con- gregational church of this State, who under the leadership of the Rev. John C. Learned, brought to realization a resolution of their body to establish an insti- tution "where men might be thoroughly trained for leadership in the growing southwest." This college was located at Springfield and its career began in 1873. The record of the Drury graduates indicates that the college is following successfully the spirit of the above quoted purpose of its founders. In the year 1875 a new college came into existence at Parkville with a special and most useful mission. Prom its inception Park College has been industrial as well as intellectual. Its students cultivate a farm of 1,200 acres and do much other work of an industrial character by which they are trained to habits of usefulness, led to see the various industries from an intelligent standpoint MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING. St. Vincent's College. Druiv College. Park. College. 208 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. and permitted, in many cases, to meet the expense institution is housed in a group of neat commodious erected and equipped largely by student labor. SOME OF THE COLLEGES OF THE STATE FOR BOTH SEXES, IN WHICH DEGREES ARE CONFERRED, THE NAME, LOCATION, CONTROL AND YEAR OF OPENING: Avalon College, United Brethren, Trenton, 1869. Buchanan Colleg-e, Troy, nonsectarian. Carleton College, Farmington, Methodist Episcopal. Central College, Fayette, Methodist Episcopal South, 1857. Central Wesleyan College, Warrenton, Methodist Epis- copal, 1864. , ^„^, Christian Brothers College, St. Louis, Catholic, 1851. Christian University, Canton, Christian, 1855. Clarksburg College, Clarksburg, Baptist, 1876. Drury College, Springfield, Congregational, 1873. Evangelical Lutheran, Altenburg, Lutheran. Grand River Christian Union College, Edinburg, Chris- tian, 1850. ^„^„ La Grange College, La Grange, Baptist, 1858. Missouri Bible College, Columbia, Christian, 1896. Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Cumberland Pres- byterian, 1889. ^ . Missouri Wesleyan College, Cameron, Methodist Epis- copal, 1887. Morrisville College, Morrisville, Methodist Episcopal South, 1872. , .. . .^ . Northwest Missouri College, Albany, Methodist Episco- pal South, 1893. Odessa College, Odessa, nonsectarian, 1883. Park College, Parkville, Presbyterian, 1875. Pike College. Bowling Green, nonsectarian, 1882. Pritchett Institute, Glasgow, nonsectarian, 1866. Southwest Baptist College, Bolivar, Baptist, 1878. St. Louis University, St. Louis, Catholic, 1829. St Vincent's College, Cape Girardeau, Catholic. 1843. Tarkio College, Tarkio, United Presbyterian, 1883. University of the State of Missouri, Columbia, state, 1841. . ,„,„ Washington University, St. Louis, nonsectarian, 1859. Westminster College, Fulton, Presbyterian, 1853. William Jewell College, Liberty, Baptist, 1849. In addition, there are among the degree-conferring col- leges for women, the following: Baird College, Clinton, nonsectarian. 1890. Baptist Female College, Lexington, Baptist, 1855. Central Female College, Lexington, Methodist Episco- pal South, 1869. Christian College, Columbia, Christian, 1851. Cottey College, Nevada, Methodist Episcopal South. 1884. Forest Park University, St. Louis, 1861. Hardin College, Mexico, Baptist, 1873. Howard-Payne College, Fayette, Methodist Episcopal South, 1844. Liberty Ladies' College, Liberty, 1890. Lindenwood College, St. Charles, Presbyterian, 1830. Stephens College, Columbia, Baptist, 1856. St. Louis Seminary, Jennings, 1871. William Woods College, Fulton. of their college life. The buildings which have been The youngest of this group is Missouri Valley College, founded by the Cumberland Presbyterian church in 1889 and located at Marshall. The especial vigor by which its ca- reer has been marked and the exalted purpose which has inspired its management give i t high rank among our institutions of learn- ing. Several other schools in the State are doing more or less work of college grade. These are noted in other chapters of this volume. The private and church schools of Missouri are thus tab- ulated: Colleges — male and co-educational, 21; teachers, 540; pupils, 6,808; colleges— female, 18; teachers, 260; pu- pils, 3,071; business and normal schools, 20; teachers, 142; pu- pils, 4,056; military academies, 7; teachers 48; pupils, 561; special medical, dental, etc. 25; teachers, 224; pu pils, 2,989; academies 47; teachers, 215; pu pils, 5,047; parochial (Catholic), 199; teach- ers, 746; pupils, 31,732; BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS OF LINCOLN INSTITUTE, JEFFERSON CITY. EDUCATION. 209 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, NO. 2, WARREXSUUliG. parochial (Lutheran), 180; teachers, 211; pupils, 9,493; private and other church, 45; teachers, 80; pupils, 2,516. The Manual Training School for Boys at Boonville, and the Industrial Home for Girls at Chillicothe are industrial and reformatory. The State also supports in St. Louis, a school for the blind, and in Fulton a school for the deaf and dumb. All these insti- tutions rank high for efficiency. With all our advancement in wealth and institutions and ma- chinery of government there is danger everywhere o f losing sight of some of the cardinal principles underlying all good education and useful culture. Great buildings and fine equip- ment are good only when well used. There is danger that a splendid school plant will come to be reckoned as a great school and small equipment as indica- tive of a poor school. In fact false distinctions are but natural to the person of casual observa- tion. He can see the indication STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, NO. 3, CAPE GiRAROEAU. of greatuess in the fine building Afn. — /) Value of equ'pmcnt for schools. 210 TITE STATE OF MISSOUKI. Missouri fortunate in school support. The result of education. but is too short sighted to trace its truer signification in the sound characters and genuine culture of the men and women a school has educated. Wilh all our progress in modern buildings and expensive apparatus we can not afford to lose sight of the fact that this equipment is as far from being a school, as a modern city mansion is from lieing a home. Missouri is fortunate mat the spirit prevalent in many places has not developed to any marked extent here. The quality oi" the school must always be found rather in its spirit, and we must no I. as people, allow ourselves to fall into a passive state of mind caused by the greatness and richness of ^ " our modern ^^'' school c o n V e n - iences and forget that we must be ' |^ as w a t c h f u 1 as ever to foster in our schools the sterling qualities MISSOURI MILITARY ACADEMY. JIEXUU. WEXTWORTII MILITARY ACADEMY. LEXINGTON. I5LEES MILITARY ACADEMY. IVfACON. of heart and mind that have ever distinguished the peoples of real culture and true great- ness. The buildings which housed the great school at Rugby had small effect upon the character of its pupils. It was the spirit of the immortal Dr. Arnold which inspired them and all who loved the history of that old school. So has it been with all schools which live in the hearts and lives o f their pupils and of us all. So it is with count- less city, village and rural schools all over the land. The spirit of some great teacher overshadows a 1 1 material things and moulds characters more enduring than time. Thus it must ever be If we are to have a great and splendid race of noble men and true women. Sr.ATE iNORMAL SCHOOL, NO. 1, KIRKSVILLE. ISSOURI has ever encouraged those things which make for the higher life. Religion has been fostered by the people of the State; art has been generously supported and the productions of the press, in newspaper and book form, have indicated the developed literary taste of the people. The oldest religious denomination i n Missouri is the Catho- lic church. Its establishment was synchronous with the commencement of the settlement of that part of the Louisiana Purchase which after- Avard became the Territory and then the State of Missouri. The earliest settlers were all Catholics, as witness the names of their colonies: Ste. Genevieve, St. Charles, St. Louis. The first named, the oldest town in the State, also enjoyed what was, so far as historical records go, the first religious service ever held in Missouri. It was conducted by a Jesuit Father, on February 29, 1760. The first Catholic, and therefore also the first Christian church, was built in St. Louis, in 1770. As early as 1818 the Right Rev. "William Louis Dubourg, bishop of New Orleans, transferred his episcopal residence to St. Louis. The church now has in the State, besides maintaining an archiepiscopal see at St. Louis, three dioceses, with 591 priests, 306 churches, and 181 stations and chapels, with a Catholic population of 292,000 souls. In 1799, thirty-nine years after the first Catholic service of which history tells, probably the first Protestant preacher who ever set foot west of the Mississippi visited what is now Cape Girardeau county and preached the gospel, "though contrary to law." This was the Rev. Thomas Johnson, of the Baptist denomination. In 1806 the first Protest- ant "meeting house" west of the great river was dedicated. Bethel Bap- tist church, now the Baptist church of Jackson, Missouri. In 1816 the first Baptist Association, of seven churches, was formed. The "General Association of Missouri Baptists" was organized in 1834, in Providence church, Callaway county. There are now in 211 For the higher life in Missouri. Catholic the oldest religious denom- ination. First pro- testant preache 212 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. FIRST SISTERS OF JIERCY BAPTIST. HOSPITAL. FIRST CONGREGATIONAL. CHRISTIAN. FIRST FIRST PRESBYTERIAN. METHODIST. Presbyterians, enter the Slate. GROUP OF JOPLIN CHURCHES. affiliation with tliis body 78 local associations, with 1,837 churches with a total membership of over 150,000. Their property is valued at $2,700,000. Col- ored Baptists in Missouri have 110 ministers, 195 churches, and 13,154 members. In 1814, Sunday, November 6, the first regular Protestant services were held in St. Louis, by the Revs. S. T. Mills and Daniel Smith, ministers of the Presby- terian church. On August 2, 1816, the Rev. Salmon Giddings, who had ridden 1,200 miles on horseback to reach his field of labor, organized the first Presby- terian church west of the Father of Waters, at Bellevue, with thirty members. On November 23, the following year, he organized the First Presbyterian church of St. Louis, the first Protestant church in the city. The first presbytery was organized in 1817, with four ministers and four churches. A synod was estab- lished soon. In 1838 a division rent the Presbyterian church throughout the United States into old and new school branches. In 1866 the old school synod in Missouri was again divided, on war issues. An independent synod was organ- CHURCH, ART AND PRESS 213 GKACK METHODIST EriSCOl'AL. CAL\AUY I'KESLJVTERIAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL. ized, which in 1874, be- came organically con- nected with what is popularly known as the Southern church. I n 1870 the old and new school synods became one body, in affiliation with the Northern church. In 1903 this synod had 200 minis- ters, 240 churches, and 24,000 members. Con- tributions for all pur- poses amounted t o $435,000. The Southern synod had 90 minis- ters, 163 churches, and 12,800 members. The total contributions were $155,000. In 1806 a confer- ence of Methodist preachers in Greene county, Tennessee, ap- pointed one Jno. Travis to the Missouri "cir- cuit," to do what he could for the spreading and upbuilding of the gospel. At the close of his conference year he reported two circuits and 106 members. In 1816 the Missouri An- nual Conference was formed, with no western boundary. In 1820 this conference numbered fifteen preachers and 2,079 communicants. The decade between 1840 and 1850 witnessed the division of the church in the State by the organization of the M. E. church south. The M. E. church now has three annual conferences, two white and one colored, with 700 white churches and 60,000 members. Church property is valued at $2,000,000. The colored churches number 126, with a membership of 6,300. Their property is valued at $175,000. The M. E. church, south, has three confer- ences, about 400 minis- ters, 1,100 churches and 110,000 members. The value of the church property is above $2,- 500.000. CHRISTIAN CHURCH, MARYVILLE. Presbyterian church statis- tics. SOME Si'ia.NGllKLl) C'lirUCIll- Methodists in Missouri. 214 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Episcopalian church in Mis- The African M. E. church iu Missouri has 10(a ministers, 144 churches, and 8,000 members. The first service of the Protestant Episcopal church in the Territory of Mis- souri was held October 24, 1819, in the city of St. Louis. Christ church was organized in November of that year. In 1831 efforts were made in the interior of the State, but as late as 1835 there was but one organized parish, one church building, and not a single clergyman in the entire State. In 1836, with the arrival of the Right Rev. Jackson Kemper, missionary bishop, a favorable change occurred. At the end of that year five clergymen were at work. The diocese was "Disciples in the State. CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL. GRACE EPISCOPAL. JEWISH SYNAGOGUE. FIRST LUTHERAN. METHODIST EPISCOPAL. organized in 1840. In 1889 the diocese of west Mis- souri was set off. The de- nomination now has 100 churches, with 11,930 members. The contribu- tions for a 1 1 purposes amounted, in 19 3, to $159,000. The church property is valued at $920,000. some Kansas city churches. The first preachers of the Disciples, or Christian church, in Missouri, were JElders Thomas McBride and Samuel Rogers. They entered the State about 1820. During the following ten years many pioneer preachers arrived and did effective work in different portions of the State. The first churches were organ- ized in Callaway, Boone, and Howard counties, between 1825 and 1830. The first church in St. Louis was not organized till 1836, with about a dozen members. From these beginnings the denomination has rapidly grown until it now num- bers 690 ministers, 1,700 churches, and 175,500 members. CHURCH, ART AND PRESS 215 Luthe Congregation- alists. JXTEUIOH CATHOLIC C'lIUllCII. CONCIil'TiOX. Cunbeiland Prpsbyterians. The first Piesbylery of the Cumljerlaiul Presbyterian church west of the Mississiippi was erected in Pike county, in 1820, with four ministers, all who then lived in Missouri, Arkansas, and western Illinois. There are now 398 churches, 186 ministers, and 28,8G8 members. The contributions in 1903, for all causes, summed up $119,751. The church property is valued at $694,220. In 1839 a colony of some 600 persons arrived in St. Louis, direct from Bremen, Germany, under the direction of Martin Stephan, a Dresden preacher. A tract of land was purchased in Perry county, and the emigrants went into camp and began to build up a number of German colonies. Here, under the controlling influence o f Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm Walther, the real father of the Lutheran faith in America, the foundations of this church were laid broad and deep in the new world. In 1847 "The German Evangelical Luth- eran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other States" was organized, with twelve congregations and twenty- two ministers. It now has 125 ministers, 140 churches, nearly all with parsonages and parochial schools, and 30,000 com- municants. The Congregationalists, by a curious irony of Provi- dence, did not secure a intebiob peimary department boom, Sunday school, congbe- footing in Missouri until qational church, pierce city 216 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. G;rman Evan- gelical. Other denomi- nations. HOME OF WILLIAM R. NELSON, PKOPRIETOR KANSAS CITY STAR. some time during the latter part of the first lialf of the nineteenth century, about 1855, although most of the early Presbyterian missionaries were sent to Missouri by the New England Congregational Associations. Compared with some of the older churches the growth, however, has been rapid. The denomination now numbers, in the State, 79 ministers, 76 churches, and 10,419 members. The contributions for all causes, in 1903, amounted to $171,651. The German Evangelical church, in Missouri, is to the manor born. It was in the neighborhood of St. Louis that the first German Evangelical missionaries began their work in this country, and it was at Gravois, on the fifteenth of Octo- ber, 1840, that the first German Evangelical Association of the west was or- ganized, with seven ministers. The denomination now numbers, in the State, 103 ministers, 107 churches, 84 parochial schools, and 85 parsonages, and has a list of over 20,000 communicants. In addition to these larger bodies, there are about 30 smaller denominations represented in Missouri. The latest available statistics supply the following in- formation about them: There are seven Baptist bodies — Seventh Day, with one organization and 13 members; Free Will, 108 churches, 4,752 members; Primi- tive, 129 churches, 3,763 members; General, 1G6 churches, 6,654 members; Two- Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian, 32 churches, 668 members; United, 45 churches, 2,738 nit'tnucr?; Church of Christ, four churches, 185 members. The Plymouth Brethren have 10 organizations and 398 members. Christadelphians, two churches, 20 members. Christian Scientists, 12 organizations and about 600 members. The Independent Churches of Christ in Christian Union is a denomi- nation with 56 churches and 3,926 members. The Church of God has seven or- ganizations and 221 members. The Church Triumphant has one organization with 20 members. The Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) has five organizations, with 309 members. The Altruists, a native Missouri organization, boasts one church and 25 members. The Dunkards have 44 churches and 2.090 members. The Evangelical Association has 26 churches and 1,102 members. The Friends (Quakers) have five organizations and 615 members. The German Evangelical Protestants have only two churches, but 1,700 members. The Men- nonites number 15 churches and 748 communicants. The United Presbyterians have 14 churches, 1,068 members. The Reformed church has 11 organizations and CHURCH, ART AND PRESS 217 r- 586 members. The Uuiversalisls have 10 churches and 711 members. Spiritualists have five organizations and 853 members. The United Brethren in Christ have 105 churches and 4,361 members. Unitarians haxe six churches, with 1,135 members. The Ethical Society has one organization, with 150 mem- bers. Jews have 17 synagogues and 4,450 members. Latter Day Saints have 42 organi- zations, with 3,189 members. The extent of the Sunday School work for the children and youth of Missouri is re- vealed by the following figures, taken from the reports of the Missouri Sunday School Association: In 1903 there were 6,718 Sun- day Schools in the State, with 66,344 officers and teachers, and 507,097 scholars. In the Home Department 64,369 more were enrolled, making a grand total of 571,466. In the year 1902, out of a Sunday School population of 969,482 in the State, 560,352, or 57.7 per cent, were enrolled as pupils in the schools. The thoroughness with which this work is carried on, the completeness of State and county or- ganization, is shown by the fact that in a number of counties in 1902 — to be accurate, 11 of them, Adair, Audrain, Clinton, DeKalb, Holt, Livingston, Moniteau, Nodaway, Polk, Scotland, and Shelby — there were more pu- pils in the Sunday Schools than school pop- ulation in the counties. Nodaway county, for instance, with a school population of only 10,034, had 11,555 pupils in its Sunday schools. Livingston county, with a school population of 6,386, had 7,485 enrolled. In other words, not only the chilui-en, but many adults, were gathered together for systematic monument to richard p. bland, Bible study. The most thoroughly organized Lebanon. county in the United States along Sunday School lines is Lawrence county, Mis- soui'i. The largest Bible class in the United States, in proportion to the popula- tion of the town is in Missouri. One would naturally think the west too new for an art, but the truth is Mis- souri had artists years ago. She has been particularly fortunate in possessing at least one man, George C. Bingham, who has preserved her types of his day on canvas. As time goes on the works of Bingham will be of more value as records not only of former cus- toms but of the old time hospitable Missourian himself. Though living at a time when Amei-i- can art was very poor in technical equipment, Bingham managed to acquire sufficient skill to portray, in a fairly powerful manner, the spirit of his age. An intelligent and keen, as well as a sympathetic observer of the life around him, he has left some priceless contributions to Amer- ican art and history. On canvas after canvas he painted the portraits of his contemporaries but it is for his original compositions that we of today are especially indebted to Bingham. These compositions having as subjects the The Sunday School work in the State. Modern art. CHRISTIAN CHURCH, KIRKSVILLE. 218 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. OFF SCIIEVENGKN HAKHY CIIASK S MOST FAMOUS MAKINE I'lCTURE. St. Louis Art School. Missouri rich private art galleries. various public events of tlie day — tlie "County Election," etc., are remarkably faithful delineations of life in early Missouri. Among the pioneer art schools of the west a prominent place must be given the St. Louis Museum of Art School, founded by Halsey Ives and at present splendidly housed — thanks to the efforts of the founder. It was the starting point for many artists who have continued their studies in the east or in Europe. Some of America's best art workers call this school their alma mater. The Art Club of Kansas City maintained a successful school of art in that city for a number of .years until a fire destroyed their collection and disbanded the school. Since then private enterprise has kept one or two schools of art going. The University of Missouri at Columbia, has offered courses in the history of art for sometime and has recently opened a department of drawing and painting with free tuition. Missouri is rich in art collections for a western State, and. besides both public and private galleries of modern work in her cities, possesses reproduc- tions of the great art of the past. Such collections of reproductions are invalua- ble for the general dissemination of art knowledge as well as to those studying art, whether art student, child, or club member. Fortunately the various collec- tions in the State do not simply repeat each other. The St. Louis collection of casts from Greek and Roman sculpture contains many not found in the Uni- versity of Missouri col- lection and vice versa. The painting of the Re- naissance is illustrated by the collection of pho- tographs and the gal- lery of copies in color presented to the West- ern Art Gallery, Kansas City, by Mr. Nelson and by the photographs and large collection of lan- tern slides at the Uni- versity of Missouri. What the art of any country i s , however, C. A. BUILDING, JOPLIN. CHURCH, ART AND PRESS 219 Artists born in Missouri. M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, MOBERLY. must depend chiefly on her artists. Missouri has many more artists than might seem probable on first thought and some of them are pro- ducing valuable and interesting work. If we take account also of the men born in Missouri who now live elsewhere, spending, perhaps, a part of their time in their native State, the list would receive the addi- tion of some of the best known names in New York and even Paris art circles. At St. Louis, among a number of good men, two at least are painting nature in a very individual and poetic manner while another is doing successful mural work. Flourishing art societies are maintained and exhibitions given regularly. Kansas City has one of the strongest draughtsmen in the west be- sides several good painters. Its art club is a very successful organization, giving yearly exhibitions from which the club purchases at least one canvas destined for Kansas City's permanent gallery. In various parts of the State, sometimes in the most unexpected places, are scattered painters or sculp- tors who have given years of study to their work and whose influence will tell for great good in the end. It is perhaps a misfortune that the people of Missouri are very much like other Americans in that one still finds those who willingly spend liberally for floor coverings and furniture but hang chromos on their walls. Some day it will be realized that serious studies by the State's best artists make splendid wall hangings and then the art workers of Missouri will be sustained by an impetus to produce their best that only such practical recognition can supply. To produce a great national or State art there must be not only artists and museums but an art loving public as well. In this respect Missouri is acting wisely in placing art as one of the every day studies in her great school sys- tem from which must come her future citizens. In city and country school the importance of drawing is at last realized and the child is brought face to face with nature, taught to observe carefully, and then to repi'oduce what he sees. The model may be a little flower or some fruit or even a boy or girl and the child uses pencil or color as the case may demand. The children are also encouraged to pro- duce original work that ,. by doing so they may ■; learn the characteris- tics of good art and so have their own taste cultivated. It is ex- tremely necessary for our State and national growth that the taste of our children should be developed for that which is strong, sim- ple and forceful rather than for that which is extravagant and ornate. The collections of the art of the past can be made of great benefit in this regard, especially when the child can be introduced to them by an intelligent sympathetic and patient interpreter such as one finds, for example, in Mrs. Helen Parsons, the curator of Kansas City's gallery. Fortunately the art work of the schools has not stopped in the gram- mar grades but has reached a natural and splendid development in the better An art-loving public. M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, KIRKSVILLE. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, KIRKSVILLE. 220 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. GERMAN LUTHERAN IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. Some Missouri authors. The newspapers of the State. high SL-hools of Ihe Slate. Many of Missouri's best art workers are now giving part of their time to instructing the pupils of the secondary schools with results that well repay their efforts. Taken all in all Missouri has a good foundation on which to build a noble, distinguished art if each one does his shai'e toward the whole — only so can anything last- ing be accomplished. The writings of Missouri authors have more than a State or national rep- utation. The greatest American humor- ist, Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) was born in Monroe county, Missouri, and grew to manhood in this State. In Missouri was born and educated the children's poet, Eugene Field, and here he did his first literary work. The most popular historical novel of recent yeard is by a Missourian, Winston Churchill, and has its scene laid in Mis- souri. The "Little Book of Missouri Verse," edited by J. S. Snoddy and "Missouri Litera- ture," edited by President R. H. Jesse and Dr. E. A. Allen, contain the names and extracts from the excellent works of Missouri authors in verse and prose. The Missouri Bibliography, compiled by F. A. Sampson, of Columbia, secre- tary of the State Historical Society, contains the titles of one thousand five hundred volumes by Missourians. Among them are William Vin- cent Byars, William Marion Reedy, Henry M. Blossom, George W. Ferrel, E. R. Taylor, John T. Hughes, Col. William F. Switzler, J. M. Green- wood, John D. Lawson, Frank Thilly, W. V. N. Bay, John F. Darby, Alexander Majors, R. E. Lee Gibson, John N. Edwards, Raymond Weeks, Hugh A. Garland, Constance Faunt Le Roy Runcie, W. R. Hereford, C. L. Phifer, Lee Merriwether, W. P. King, Thomas L. Snead, Robertus Love, Claude H. Wetmore, F. H. Sosey, L. W. Allen, Champ Clark, Kate Field, HANNIBAL CHURCHES. James K. Hosmcr, John R. Musick, James Newton Baskett, W. T. Moore, J. H. Garrison, E. A. Allen, R. M. Field, W. R. Hollister, Harry Norman, D. C. Allen, N. C. Kouns, J. W. Buel, C. M. Woodward, Henry Tudor, D. R. McAnally, E. R. Hendrix, Ernest McGaffey, and Denton J. Snider. Missouri newspapers are well-edited, widely- circulated and influential. There is no county without a daily or weekly newspaper. Every shade of political, social, and religious thought is represented. In 426 cities, towns and vil- lages are published the 992 newspapers and magazines of the State. Of these, 87 are daily, 14 semi-weekly, 746 weekly, 4 fortnightly, 10 semi-monthly, 119 monthly, 3 bi-monthly, and 9 quarterly. The Missouri Gazette — now the St. Louis Republic — is the oldest Missouri news- paper. Its publication dates to 1808. The Palmyra Spectator is the oldest weekly newspaper continuously in one family. BAPTIST CHURCH, KIRKSVILLE. ITH its extensive water frontage, washed as the State is along the entire stretch of its eastern bor- der by the Mississippi river, traversed from west to east by the Missouri and furrowed by innumerable lesser streams, the fisheries of Missouri demand first consideration in an exami- nation of the fauna of the State and its economic value. The Mississippi river and its tribu- taries constitute the most extensive river system in the United States and embrace many large streams which are not only of value as water highways but are of the ut- most importance on account of their fisheries. In recent years the fisheries of this great system have developed to such a degree that they now exceed in quantity and nearly equal in value the en- tire yield of the remaining interior waters of the United States, with the exception of the Great Lakes. The most important products are buf- 221 THE STATE OF JNllSSOURI. where the fisheries are conducted. Investment in fisheries. Output from fisheries. falo fish, catfish, and German carp, while mussel shells, which are used quite extensively in the manufacture of pearl buttons, furnish an item of no small value. The fisheries of Missouri are conducted chiefly in the Mississippi river, although fishing for the market is carried on to a considerable extent in the Missouri river, St. Francis river. Little river, Big Lake and in various other waters, especially the lakes and streams of the southeast. In the year 1899 according to the United States Fish Commission there were employed in their fisheries 1,531 persons, and the value of the total invest- ment represented b y boats, apparatus for catching fish, or seines, nets of all kinds, lines, traps, etc., shore prop- erty and capital used in the fisheries, amounted to $645,671. The total product of the fisheries for that year was 7,551,442 pounds, the value of which was $211,301. More than half of this quantity was obtained from the Mississippi river alone. The va- rious kinds of appara- tus commonly used, and the quantity and value of the products obtained with each were as follows: Seines yielding 1,655,514 pounds, $52,302; fyke nets, 1,530,103 pounds, $49,189; trammel nets, 843,686 pounds, $25,420; and set and drift lines, 888,977 pounds, $35,831. The species of fish and other animals which contribute most extensively to this result were buffalo fish, 1,862,226 pounds, $44,743; catfish, 875,050 pounds, $40,755; frogs, 237,600 pounds, $29,313; black bass, 394,336 pounds, $20,362; crappie, 358,913 pounds, $18,310; and suckers, 495,307 pounds, $14,181. The remainder was made up of German carp, mussel shells, fresh-water drum fish, paddle fish, sturgeon, sunfish, otter skins, pike perch, turtles, white and rock bass, pike and pickerel, lake sturgeon, eels, and mooneys, in the order of their value. ON THE NIANGUA KIVEB. TABLE SHOWING BY WATERS, THE NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN THE FISHERIES ' OF MISSOURI. FISHERIES IN WHICH EMPLOYED ^ c 2 H a ^ > 1 w .0 J^ H 3: n r m 2 r. H > X I- 13 c 2; > 2 X WATERS z M ■z 3 > H •z 2 ^ s M M M H > H "tg z < H 2! n -1 Mississippi River i6i 207 162 36 121 2 359 814 Missouri River 1 1 1 21 145 161 47 334 St. Francis River 3 14 20 34 42 88 S8 35 97 Little River, Big Lake 38 42 24 60 66 106 56 46 8 100 186 Swamps and Lakes Total 69 39 10 59 4 80 80 382 116 406 476 148 274 194 81 8 121 2 406 1,531 The entire investment in the fisheries, amounting to $645,671, is distributed among the waters of the State as follows: 1 AUNA AND FISHERIES. 223 Mississippi river $508,695 Missouri river 115,859 St. Francis river 6,224 Little river and Big Lake 8,513 Swamps and Lal^es 6,380 Total $645,671 It will be seen from this comparison that by far the greater part of the money invested in the fisheries is to be found in the industries along the Mis- sissippi river, and although this is chiefly due to the greater value of the store- property, amounting to $261,639, belonging to the mussel fisheries, it also indi- cates that the other waters of Missouri have not been exploited as fully in respect to their fisheries as the Mississippi river which alone yields more than half of the products obtained in the entire State. It can not be doubted a valuable field lies open for the extension of fisheries into other waters which are as yet but poorly developed. An examination of the yield of the more important waters with respect to the products of the fisheries is of especial interest as indicating the relative distribution throughout the State of those species of animals on which the fisheries mainly rely. Mussel-fishing of largest value. TABLE— YEAR'S YIELD OF MISSOURI FISHERIES, WITH RESPECT TO WATERS. W.ATERS BL.'VCIC BASS lbs BUFFALO FISH lbs GERM.AN C.^RP lbs CATFISH lbs CR.APPIE lbs DRUM lbs Mississippi Ri\er 4,246 763,386 417,980 347,479 9,091 114,255 Missouri River 1,210 235,220 171,845 8,487 70,040 St. Francis River 105,000 I 60,600 1,000 1 1 1,300 79,000 985 Little Riv., Big Lake 262,000 584,000 6,220 189,400 239,300 4,625 Swamps and Lakes 21,180 I 19,020 28,050 55,026 23,035 7,460 Total 394,336 1,862,226 453,250 875,050 358,913 197,365 WATERS EELS HICKORY SH.AD MOONEYE P-AUDLE FISH PIKE PIKE PERcA Mississippi River 3,256 450 4,195 106,576 4,491 Missouri River 855 57,875 1,900 10,090 St. Francis River 800 700 2,350 615 Little Riv., Big Lake 2,900 6,100 13,900 2,442 Swamps and Lakes 19,680 1,1 50 195 Total 7,811 450 4,195 190,931 19,300 17,833 WATERS ROCK BASS STURGEON, LAKE STURGEON, SHOVELNOSE SUCKERS SUNFISH WHITE BASS Mississippi River 3,560 7,269 75,810 67,652 1,840 760 Missouri River 1,950 74,720 77,055 440 St Francis River 2,025 12,000 31,000 Little Riv., Big Lake Swamps and Lakes 9,070 1,170 77,930 260,670 93,830 4,850 Total 15,825 9,219 150,530 495,307 131,520 I ,200 WATERS TURTLES FROGS MUSSEL SHELLS OTTER SKINS TOTAL B-' lbs • WATERS VALUE Mississippi River 32,219 2,084,000 4,048,515 ;? 67,527 Missouri River 711,687 32,110 St. Francis River Little Riv., Big Lake Swamps and Lakes 1,300 10,300 72,300 91,104 74,196 394 368 581,369 1,594,189 615,682 26,753 57,372 27,539 Total 43,819 237,600 2,084,090 762 7,551,442 21 1,301 Year's yield of Missouri waters. 224 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Comparison of various streams. With proper protection a greater develop- ment. Mussel shells. Several facts of interest are apparent after an examination of the above statistics. All of the products given with two or three exceptions were obtained in the Mississippi river, while some for example, the buffalo fish, German carp and mussel shells were caught in very large quantities. The yield of the St. Francis river was not far behind that of the Missouri in bulk, but it represented a greater diversity of forms. The fisheries products of Little river and Big Lake exceeded in quality and nearly equalled in value the total output of the St. Francis and Missouri rivers combined, while miscellaneous lakes contrib- uted a not considera- ble amount to the en- tire world. It is also worthy of notice that the mussel fisheries are confined to the Missis- sippi river, in part at least due to the greater accessibility of the mussel beds of that stream to the market. The result of the comparison of the wa- ters of the State shows clearly that as con- ti-asted with the Mis- sissippi the other rivers are not yielding their proportionate share of the products of the fisheries, and undoubt- edly these streams, with proper protection, are capable of a much greater development. There are eight wholesale fish establishments in St. Louis with an aggregate business of $1,450,363, and seven in Kansas City with a business of $436,597. The Missouri Fish Commission, with hatcheries at St. Joseph and St. Louis and the United States Fish Commission with hatchery at Neosho have done much to keep Missouri waters well stocked with fish. The mussel fisheries of Missouri produced in a single year, 2,084,000 pounds of shells. The value of these shells, which were landed principally at Hannibal, Canton, and La Grange was $9,217, although this figure includes two pearls ON THE OSAGE RIVER. IN SWIFT RIVER CAMP. valued at $135. which were found in the shells. The shipment of shells from Hannibal alone amounted to thirty car loads of 50,000 pounds each, its shells being sold at from 40 to 75 cents per pound, according to the variety. FAUNA AND FISHERIES. 225 The manufacture of pearl buttons from the shells of our native fresh-water mussels taken in the Mississippi river is of comparatively recent date, having Pearl button factories. A VIEW ON THE BEAUTIFUL MERAMEC RIVER. been first undertaken in 1891 at Muscatine, Iowa. During the next four years the business developed into an industry of considerable proportions in several Industry of consid- States. 'arable impor- .1/0. — IS FLOATING FISHING ON THE BIG PINEY BIVER. 22G THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SHOOTING FEOM "DUGOUT" ON ST. FRANCIS KIVER. There are six factories in Missouri, employing 121 persons in 1899, and pro- ducing 50,000 gross of buttons and 164,400 gross of button blanks. Utilization Although there are some 400 species of mussels living in the Mississippi of mussels of river and its tributaries, very few can be utilized in the manufacture of but- various kinds. tons, because not all by any means possess the necessary qualifications. Only those shells are serviceable which after the waste of grinding a considerable amount are still of the requisite thickness for buttons. The shells of many species are too soft or too brittle and will crack and split in the process of cutting and grinding; and, again, the shells must present a uniform color, which is preferably white, since the pink, purple and other colors are liable to fade. Dead shells which have lain a long time exposed to air or water become useless for button making. The species in most common use on the Mississippi river is the so-called "niggerhead," Qnadrula ehena. which has a very thick shell and is uniformly glistening white on the interior. A few other species pass muster at the hands of the button-makers, and ranking next to the "niggerhead" among the commoner forms are those known along the Mississippi as "sand shells," which, however, include several different species of mussels, as, for example Lampsilis anadontoides, L. rectua, and L. fallaciosus. The popular name arises from the fact that these forms are found chiefly on sandy bottoms. Several additional species yield good buttons, but they are generally scarce, and in Missouri nearly all of the shells obtained in the mussel fishery are "niggerhead" and "sand shells." The habitat of the mussel is of course not confined to the Mississippi river and many of the tributaries contain good button varieties, but owing chiefly to the absence of local demand, beds in these streams are rarely fished. Missouri with its rolling prairies, its belts of timber and its varied waters, has all the natural pre-requisites of a most diversified fauna, and as a home Diversified fauna. for fauna could be Surpassed by no State in the middle west. But, as a result of the sure extermination that follows upon the heel of civilization, much of the game that once so abounded in the State, has passed into history. Common forms which are used for button- making. FAUNA AND FISHERIES. 227 FISHING ON WHITE BIVEB, TANEY COUNTY. The Virginia deer, our most conspicuous game mammal, once common in Deer increasing in some sections. Black bear almost extinct. many parts of the State, is now confined to a few of the southern and south- eastern counties, when it occurs in relative abundance, and In favorable locali- ties is said to be increasing. The forests of this region are free from under- growth and, therefore, afford little natural shelter for the larger mammals, but the deer have in recent years been securing an artificial means of conceal- ment in districts where lumbermen have left masses of tree tops and branches on the ground after cutting out timber. It is quite possible that the reputed increase of deer is mainly due to this fact, which is proba- bly also responsible for the growing invasion of similar regions by wolves from the farther-west. In the extreme south- eastern counties the black bear appears as an occasional straggler from Arkansas, and on the streams and lakes of the same section the beaver may still be found in small numbers. The cougar, va- riously called mountain lion, puma or panther, is found now but very rarely even in the wildest and most unset- tled districts. This is also true of the wild cat, or cata- mount, once so common, but now restricted by civilization to thinly settled sections. t x.; | The red fox, that prince of cunning, is quite numerous. The less shrewd gray fox is found in smaller numbers. The raccoon and opossum are familiar inhabitants, and the rabbit or cotton- tail, in spite of the enormous destruction which yearly takes place in its and 'possums. ranks, is astonishingly abundant. The gray squirrel, and the woodchuck, or groundhog, famous for his long winter sleep, are numerous. The muskrat. A GROUP OF MISSOURI POSSUMS. Foxes 228 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Rich bird tauna. Prairie chicken, snipe and plover. Game laws. A MORNING CATCH, HOLT COUNTY. whose fur when dyed is frequently sold under the name of "electric seal," is in evidence whenever water occurs. Among the carnivora, or flesh-eating mammals, which have not already been mentioned, are the otter, not infrequently found on certain streams. Situated immediately in the tract of the great migrations which annually take place through the Mississippi valley, it is not surprising to find that Mis- souri possesses a won- derfully rich bird fauna. In addition to the residents, thou- sands of birds pass through the State in their journeys to and from the more northern latitudes. Geese and ducks, as visitors, are numerous and afford excellent shooting on the more favorable wa- ters, but the game bird ■par excellence is our American quail or bob- white. The wild turkey is still found in the southwestern counties, and the ruffed grouse, known as the partridge or pheasant, occurs in less disturbed wooded districts. The prairie chicken, abundant at an earlier day in the northern section of the State, is here as elsewhere practically a bird of the past, so carefully has the market hunter performed his exterminating work. Snipe, plover, woodcock and other minor game birds are plentiful in suitable localities. Missouri possesses a rich and diversified fauna, diminished of course through the progress of civilization and the absolute slaughter by the market hunter, but susceptible of preservation by care and wisdom. The future of the game and food animals and fish of Missouri depends in the main upon the interest which can be aroused throughout the State in the efforts to stay the destruction by the enactment of rational fish and game laws and the securing of adequate means for their enforcement. Game Laios. — Unlawful to kill deer between January 1 and October 1, to kill any wild song bird or insectivorous bird at any season of the year, or to disturb the nests of such birds, or take therefrom any eggs. Unlawful to kill any turkey, Chinese pheasant, pinnated grouse (prairie chicken) or ruffed grouse (commonly called pheasant or partridge) or any quail (sometimes called Vir- ginia partridge) between January 1 and November 1, or any woodcock, turtle dove, meadow lark or plover between January 1 and August 1. Unlawful at any time or season to catch, take or injure by means of nets, traps, pens or pits or other device any kind of game as herein described, and any person who shall kill any wild duck between April 1 and October 1 or who shall ensnare, trap or kill by means of any explosives any wild goose or turkey, or who shall shoot or kill the same between sunset and sunrise by means of gunpowder or other explosives of other kind shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. This does not apply to any person who shall ensnare, trap or net wild geese or ducks on his own premises for his own use. Unlawful for nonresidents to kill or trap game. Shipment of same outside of State not allowed. ,- PLANT w HEN the plant life of Mis- souri shall have been well studied (he State will be ranked among the first of the fields for close botanical research, and particularly for that kind of botanical research which may be applied to the interests of agriculture, forestry, and other industrial pursuits. It is true that the plant life of Missouri does not represent so many highly specialized or peculiar plant forms as that characterizing many sections of the country which happen to be more peculiarly situated. An extraordinary variety of ordinary types is to be found; and this variety of types and the effects of the local conditions upon these s give rise to the problems which make botanical studies particularly profitable. At first glance it seems strange that a great variety of forms should characterize a region in which the conditions of temperature do not vary from those Alpine to those temperate. Moreover, within the State there are included no such diverse plant habitats as those rep- resented by cold, wet peat bogs or dry and shifting sand plains. Nevertheless, it seems very probable that Missouri, in proportion to her area, includes within her borders as great a variety of plant life (reckoned in number of species) as any other State; hence a much greater variety than the majority of the States 229 State fine field for botanical research. Extraordinary variety of types. 230 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri flora made up of many elements. As to climatic conditions. Change of the general flora. even with more varied conditions. In order to properly understand tlie plant life with relation to the environment, it is necessary to recall the important factors of the environment. All general physiographic and climatic factors must be taken into consideration in analyzing plant adaptations. Missouri lies south of the great prairies of Iowa, and east of those of Kansas. She is, therefore, most fortunately situated to receive additions to the flora through the migration or seed dissemination of the typical prairie plants. The Mississippi river, forming her eastern border, brings the State in touch with the whole Northern central basin which this river drains. Crossing the State from the northwest to the central east, the Missouri river brings down from the prairies and plains, from the northwestern woodlands, and even from the west- ern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, the plants characteristic of those regions. The Ohio River becomes confluent with the Mississippi opposite a point about thirty-flve miles north of the southern boundary of the State; and thus a bond of union is effected with the whole Ohio Valley, the western slopes of the eastern mountains, and also through the Tennessee River with the States as far south as Alabama. This brings to the southeastern border plants of practically the whole Appalachian system. Through the Ozark Hills direct connection is had with the mountain vegetation of Arkansas and with a certain ridge vegetation in Tennessee and Alabama. Lastly, there is indirect connection through per- sistent winds, with the great southwest and its typical prairie and arid vegeta- tion. From these brief references to the general position of the State, physi- ographically and geographically, it will be very evident that the native flora of Missouri must be made up in part of elements representing an unusual stretch of country, as well as a great variety of floral covering. Moreover, these various elements in the flora are constantly strengthened, and may not be annihilated by accidental conditions. The climatic conditions in Missouri are different north, east, south, and west. More or less local conditions may be said to prevail in the northwest, southwest and southeast. The rainfall is greatest throughout the southern portion of the State, and somewhat less rain falls in the southeast than in the southwest. This is particularly true with reference to the growing period, and, therefore, the dif- ference is emphasized. From year to year the date of the last killing frost does not seem to vary within very wide limits in different parts of the State, although the northwest is often a week later than the central portion. The first frosts in autumn are also earlier in the northwest as a rule. Aside from these conditions of temperature and rainfall, two others of less importance may be mentioned, those of light and wind. The light factor, while absolutely essential for the growth of green plants, does not need special consideration with reference to Missouri conditions, since, in general, the conditions conform to those character- istic of the whole country. Light-loving, heliophilous, and shade-loving, umbro- philous, plants are, of course, characteristic of our flora, and naturally seek ex- posure or shelter as their needs demand. The wind factor is also comparatively unimportant. Composite plants, however, whose seeds are for the most part so light and feathery as to be blown great distances, flnd an easy method of dissem- ination through the State and the impress of the southwest is strongly felt throughout western and central Missouri. Entering the State from the northwest and traveling southeastward to the border, one passes through successive regions in which the general floral covering changes several times. The true prairie vegetation of the northwest grades into a central region of unusual heterogeneity where, indeed, northern, western, southern and southwestern plants contend constantly among themselves for the mastery. In the Ozark plateau the flora seems to be of a type with some dis- tinctly Appalachian elements, but with many peculiarities common to that of the extension of this ridge into Arkansas, Tennessee, and Alabama; and, fin- ally, in the southwest there is a flora more closely resembling that of the south- ern alluvial formations. PLANT LIFE. 231 THE PKOCESS OF TRANSFORMATION FHOM WOODED HILLSIDE TO BLUE (iKASS I'ASTURE. General forest vegetation. In order to view the general floral features from the point of view of the economist, one niay for the moment leave out of consideration all minor charac- ters of the plant associations in order to fix the attention upon the two great popular floral sub-divisions, forests and prairies — sylvan and campestral types. The general forest vegetation of the State is to be found in the region characterized by a soil of residuary limestone, and, in addition, along the val- leys of nearly all streams. These are the typical forest regions, yet changes which are now being wrought by the pursuits of men serve in the main to en- croach upon the territory of the forests and further to expand those areas with campestral aflSnities. It must not be supposed that soil features alone separate the plant life into prairjes and prairie and forest vegetation. As a matter of fact, any exposed or high area, if forests, of considerable extent, may become a prairie. In such areas, forest fires find nothing to check them when once they have begun to make headway, and any such exposed piece of land of sulficient area may, after being burned over, grow up as a typical prairie. It is thus that in certain sections of the true Ozark re- gions distinctive prairies have arisen, and in due course of time these have again been supplanted by forests. The North American continent is divided into three main regions, a boreal or northern, an austral or great central, and a tropical, or far southern. The The upper lines marking these regions are all deflected, of course, by the positions of moun- tain ranges. The central portion of this austral region, known as the upper austral zone, occupies much of the central portion of the country. The eastern humid section of this zone, known as the Carolinian area, skirts the Alleghenies on the east and south, cutting through many States on the Atlantic border, and it extends westward from West Virginia and Kentucky to the one hundredth me- ridian. This area includes besides (1) small section of many of the Atlantic and Gulf States, (2) nearly the whole of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas, a large portion of Nebraska, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, and (3) small areas in other bordering States throughout this gen- eral region. This would mean that so far as temperature is concerned we might predicate the successful growth in Missouri of any plant species of this whole area, as well as of many plants common to several areas; for, as a matter of fact, some plants are quite independent of mean daily temperatures, and are not con- formable to such a single-factor category. Aside from the heat or temperature factor, there are other important climatic relations of the plant, relations as to rainfall, light and wind. austral zone. 232 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE CYPRESS (TAXODIUM DISTICHL^M), THE DOMINANT GROWTH IN THE CYPRESS SWAMPS. Importance ot moisture in plant distribu- tion. Missouri plants as to formations. More important, however, to the life of a plant is usually the relation to the soil, or the substratum, the so-called edaphic relation. This latter relation is three fold, and may refer in special cases to the moisture content of the soil, and always refers to the physical constitution and to the chemical content of the soil. Of these various relations the former is perhaps the most important of all factors governing the distribution of plants within any region. It is often largely de- pendent upon rainfall, and then becomes, for all practical purposes, a climatic factor. In recent times the above fact relating to the importance of moisture in the distribution of plants has been well recognized, and those who have in our time done most for the study of plants in their environments have made use of this important relation to water content in arranging plants in groups according to their natural preferences of habitat. These groups, with more or less common and constant affinities, are termed plant formations. In applying these group- ings to a study of the vegetation of this State, the plants of Missouri may be divided into the following formations: First. Hydrophytes, consisting of aquatic or sub-aquatic plants, that is, those whose habitat is either the water or water-soaked substrata. Second. Mesophytes, those requiring or electing a medium degree of soil moisture and a medium humidity, this group making up the great bulk of our species. Third. Xerophytes, are those plants which prefer to grow or may grow in a dry atmosphere, and in a soil or situation furnishing but little moisture. In this State, moreover, it is well to distinguish at least one other: Fourth. Rupestrine, including those plants growing upon cliffs and ledges under a great variety of conditions of moisture. The above subdivisions refer largely to the flowering plants and to the ferns and fern allies, not attempting to include, except in a general way, the lower cryptogams. Our typical aquatic flowering plants are few, and this is doubtless due to the scarcity of lakes and ponds in the State. For the most part, the ponds are arti- flcial, and the plants which are found in these habitats are generally species of very wide distribution, such, for instance, as a few species of the small floating duckweeds (Lemna and Spirodela), pondweeds (Potamogeton), the common horn- wort (Ceratophyllum), the Chinquapin water lily (Nelumbo), and the water- weed (Philotria). As characteristic amphibious plants we have a large number, such, for instance, as the water plantain (Alisma), arrowhead (Sigittarria), cat- PLANT LIFE. 233 tall (Typha), bur reed (Sparganium), wild rice (Zizania), and other grasses and sedges. On the mud flats of our streams, in wet woods, swamps, and in other such situations are to be found numerous other species of sedges, such compo- sites as certain tickseeds (Coreopsis), also water peppers (Polygonum), rag weeds, etc. As a truly amphibious plant, confined, however, to the southeastern portion of the State, might be mentioned the well known cypress (Taxodium dis- tichum), a tree of great scientific and economic interest. This tree is the domi- nant growth in the true cypress swamps. Its wonderful "knees" and thickened trunk bases have long afforded interesting topics for physiological speculation. Again, along the borders of streams, are to be found as typical riparian plants, a few willows (Salix) and birches (Betula), the plant tree (Platanus), as well as many herbaceous plants. On the whole, it is noticeable that Missouri streams do not commonly abound with aquatic plants, although the willow weed (Dianthera) is fairly common as a stream-bed plant throughout at least a portion of the State. The water cress (Nasturtium) is also found filling those streams carrying more or less clear or spring water in many portions of the State. Without special reference to the moisture content of the soil, the mesophytic flora may be divided into two types — the sylvan or forest type, and the campa- nal, or grass-herbaceous type of prairies and clearings. These two types include innumerable plant associations and so many species that very little can be said of them in detail. The forest vegetation throughout the State may be divided into upland and lowland types. The upland type includes, as most common rep- resentatives in the northern and central portions of the State, a considerable variety of oaks and hickories, the black walnut, once so common throughout our State, the pine in a limited area, and in some sections many species of Crataegus certain species of plum and other shrubby plants. This forest type in southern Missouri is much richer in species than the forests situated back from the streams in the northern portion of the States. In the south, the upland forest type may be divided into several regions, governed by soil and exposure, each of which regions has its characteristic dominant forest trees. From this it may be said in general, that the white oak is found on the ridges in the southeast, thence throughout a large portion of the pine area sub- In the cypress swamps. Aquatic plants. Uphnd forest type. A TYPICAL HAEDWOOD FOREST IN SOUTHERN MISSOURI. 234 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE YELLOW PliSE (PTNUS ECIIINATA) IX SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI. Pine and oak. Grasses and farms. sequently referred to, and finally it serves also to give the stamp of an oak forest to nearly all wooded uplands throughout the middle and northern portion of the State. The pine (Pinus echinata) at one time covered, or at least dominated the region south and southwest of the Archaean outcrops in the southeastern part of the State. It found favorable conditions for growth upon the silicious outcrops and flinty hills of the region, growing as far down the northern hillsides as the silicious soil obtained. In some sections this pine has rapidly disappeared, with the common methods of lumbering, and in the absence of all methods of for- esting. In some places it has been superseded by orchards of peaches and plums; but with proper methods of forestry it could yet be made to do a most important forest duty. Occupying a considerable belt west of the region of pine and white oak, there is found the Black-Jack scrub-oak associations. As an economic forest area this is a belt of less importance, and it may be looked upon as marking the bor- der land of forest and prairie. The upland and south hillside clearings, which require much time in order to be converted into pasture or culturable land, represent a fierce struggle for occupation between many naturalized and native weeds on the one hand and the second growth, or shoot-growth, of the forest trees on the other. Throughout much of the year the herbaceous growth, or forest vegetation, in this region, is characterized by grasses and a few ferns, with a liberal number of rosaceous plants. This type of forest also shields, particularly on the hillsides, many of our most common and much sought spring plants, as well as the "flow- ers" of later seasons. Among the very earliest of the former one must mention, without attempting to group them in their exact associations, the dog-tooth violet (Erythronium), the spring beauty (Claytonia), bloodroot (Sanguinaria), violets (Viola), and in rich woods, Isopyrun in abundance, and many others. These are followed by such of the open woods plants as phlox, verbena, and qua- masia, and several species of Astragalus. The early summer flora of herbaceous plants in upland and fairly moist woods, is dominated by such plants as Phacelia, Podophyllum, Galium, and Geranium. The species of middle and late summer, in the upland woods, at least, show a proportionately greater number of leguminous and rosaceous PLANT LIFE. 235 plants, as well as many mints (Labiatae) and composites (Compositae). The herbaceous autumn flora of the wooded uplands coalesces more than any other with the campestral and open glade covering. As in manj'^ other parts of the country, the flowers of the woodland borders are at this season largely composites, such as asters, goldenrods, coneflowers, and the like. In the number of individuals the composite families stand easily first in almost any region, although the subdominant growth in the pine lands consists largely of beard grasses (sometimes termed broomsedges) and hardy legumes. In spite of the fact, however, that the upland forest type includes the great forest regions of Missouri, yet the river valleys and alluvial plains, when in forest, afford a heavy growth of timber, and owing to the numerous associations of her- baceous plants which are to be found throughout the lowland forests, the latter give every indica- tion of much greater density of shade and luxur- iance of growth. The lowland forests include our elms, certain maples, the basswood, and many oaks from the upland associations. It also merges gradually into the true riparian formation, includ- ing the poplars, sycamores, willows, and others. In the southeastern portion of whe State the black- gum abounds, three species of hackberry are com- mon, and the sweetgum is not infrequent. The above, indeed, gives but a faint idea of the lowland forest type, for numerous shrubs and vines, as well as trees less frequently found, are generally distributed, although they may not be pointed to as constituting usually a dominant element in the general type. The herbaceous growth or forest floor vegetation characteristic of this type, includes also numerous plants of our vernal aestival and serotinal floras. While the general forest floor growth characteristic of this type includes numerous rosaceous plants, some members of the nettle family, as well as some ferns and sedges, we find very commonly many interesting herbaceous associa- tions, with such herbs as members of the waterleaf family (Hydrophylaceae), the jewel weed (Impatiens), certain crucifers (Cruciferae), and many others, including violets and mints, bed-straws and com- posites. Very little need be said of the plant associations forming the prairie and cam- pestral type; but under this should be included the vegetation of the prairies, of pastures, and of abandoned fields. In the true prairies the grass floor is of course the most distinctive feature; and composing the latter the grasses are quite various, depending upon the soil and other conditions. Along with these are to be found many species of composites and some mints. Many of our hillsides, which were formerly wooded, have been denuded of practically all trees and the cultivation of fields has broken up the native grass flora. Under such condi- tions blue grass has usually established itself and has spread, often through its Flowers of the woodland. THE EDIBLE MOREL ( MORCHELLA ESCULENTA) ABUNDANT IN SHADY PLACES EARLY IN MAY. Heavy growth ot timber. Prairie and campestral types. A \ lU-DESTEOYlNG FUNGUS (.LENTINUS QUERCINUS). 236 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE RELATION OF PASTURAGE TO FOREST VEGETATION AND UNDERBRUSH. WORK OF A WEEK BY A FLOCK OF GOATS. Few instances of a live xero- phytic formation. own initiative, to a most remarkable extent. Growing with this there are to be found several weeds of general distribution, notably, the ironweeds and the milk- weeds. Along the edges of fields and wherever the cultivator is negligent, there are to be found some native, numerous cosmopolitan introduced species and many- fugitive weeds. These last seem to gain strength by the presence of man, and they are so important as a factor in the plant life and in denoting the worth of the soil that one should look with suspicion upon any cultivated field which would not soon grow up to them if neglected. In some sections of the State the prairie vegetation has been so nearly annihilated that in order to find any true associations belonging to it one must look to the borders of railroads, fence- corners, and roadsides. Fortunately for the industrial development of the State, but detracting somewhat from the botanist's pleasure, perhaps, is the fact that very few in- stances of a true xerophytic formation are to be tound. Nevertheless one finds occasionally breaking the monotony of the general mesophytic formations, ex- posed clay hills and barren outcrops which are characterized by such modifica- tions in the plant covering as to justify a differentiation of these plants as of xerophytic tendency. It is sometimes difficult to clearly distinguish this xero- phytic formation from that which would be properly classified as the extremest in the cliff summit subdivision of the rupestrine flora. The chief woody growth consists of scrub oaks and some dwarf species of Crataegus, with a few suffru- tescent plants of several families; such herbaceous plants abound as certain mem- bers of the rockrose family, a few grasses, and the plantain-leaved everlasting (Antennaria) ; and finally there are found a few dense tufts of several species of moss, including also the common lichen, popularly known as the reindeer moss. PLANT LIFE. 237 Perhaps the most interesting formation of the State is the rupestrine, which name is applied to the whole vegetation to be found upon rocks and cliffs. This formation is made up of types of vegetation varying from those which are to be found in situations under ledges, subject to the constant drip of seepage waters, to that type which is characteristic of the high expos- ed rocky summits. In the former situations there is found the true fontinal type of mosses and hepatics, and it is this last which at times closely resembles and grades into the xerophytic form- ation previously described. Be- sides the fontinal and the ex- posed types, portions of the cliff may, of course, be covered with vegetable mould or turf, and here a variety of plants of the general mesophytic type (which may require special conditions of shelter) find refuge and flour- ish. On these cliffs, moreover, are to be found several species of our most interesting ferns, and with the increasing expos- ure the vegetation is at times completely monopolized by asso- ciations of lichens and mosses. Poison ivy and Virginia creeper also find here an opportunity to grow and spread themselves un- interruptedly over considerable areas. On those cliff summits of considerable extent, especially on those where occur also shrubby plants of the barren hill types, one notes a peculiar and interesting fact. Some of the plants whose normal habitats are the prairies or the plains have here sought refuge, and upon these exposures they seem to find those conditions well adapted to their maintenance. In fact, throughout the central portions of Missouri, particu- larly in the vicinity of the Missouri river one searches in such situations alone for many characteristic plants of the more arid west. In the same situations one finds the one mem- ber of the heath fam- ily whose range is far westward and northward i n this State, namely the low h u c k 1 e b erry (Vaccinium vacil- lans). It is the compo- site family which in Missouri dominates all others in number THE VEGETATION OF CLIFFS AND OF MOIST WOODS. Rupestrine, a most interesting vegetation. Rivers and waters. Ivy and creepers. AN "INK cap" (cAPRINUS PICACEUS), A FUNGUS OF EARLY SPRING. 238 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri domin- ates in the composite family. No red cedar in Missouri. Beautiful wild flowers. Algae, and less conspicuous flora. Fungous collec- tions. of species, and perhaps in individuals as well. The most striking differences obtain when one compares the orchid and heath-rhododendron elements in our flora with the same elements in eastern floras. In central and southern Mis- souri orchids are almost totally lacking, and in the same region there is found, for the most part, but a single representative of the heath family. In the southeastern portion of the State these plant species become somewhat more abundant — the impress of the far southern flora being more strongly felt. What has been said of the Eri- caceae and Orchidaceae holds true, in large part for those two geolog- ically old subdivisions of our flora, the Gymnosperms (with us conifers only) and the Pteridophytes (fern and fern allies). North, west and northwest of the pine lands of the State (where only one species of the pine is native) our only coniferous plant is the red cedar which, if it is the same species as the red cedar of the east, is much altered in form and reduced in stature. In central, northern and western Missouri a score of ferns are to be found, which number is nearly doubled by the species of the northeast. The traveler, the layman trav- eler, from the east will ask in vain for some of the delicate vernal rep- resentatives of his home flora, yet for these he can find in our flora many substitutes. With these sub- stitutes and with many species com- mon to both sections, with the spring beauty, the flowering sumac and the red-bud, followed by the luxuriance of phlox and verbena, he should be able to compensate himself abundantly for the trailing arbutus, rho- dodendron and orchids until the time of full fruitage of mints and composites. If he is keen in economic appreciation, as well as in aestheticism, he will certainly realize that the prairies which produce such mats of grasses and such "weed" as- sociations, or the stream flats which support a growth of horseweed and other herbs of almost shrubby proportions, are capable of blossoming in a vari- ety of important ways. Aside from the cryptogams, or seedless plants, already referred to under the name Pteridophytes, various representatives of the Bryohpytes (mosses and hepatics) and of the Thallophytes (algae and fungi) are to be found abundantly, but these, of course, form a much less conspicuous part of the general landscape. The moss flora is varied and interesting. Algae are very common in ponds and on damp soils, but they are not so abundant in our streams as in many other parts of the country. The lower ordei's are most abundant, notably members of the blue-green algal families, and the lowest families of the green algae. The fungous flora of Missouri is very interesting. In the vicinity of Colum- bia, during a single year, certain collections have yielded more than five hun- dred species. This number may be taken to represent about one-half, perhaps, of the fungi which may be readily found in the vicinity. It seems probable that approximately the usual proportion of saprophytic and parasitic forms will be found to obtain. Many of the commoner parasitic species of the East are not so well represented in our flora. This is particularly true of those species which THE ALMOND-FLAVOBED MUSHROOM (AGARICUS PABACEUS.) PLANT LIFE. 239 A COMMON MUSHROOM OF LAWXS AND MEADOWS (AMANITOPSIS VAGINATA). require for their besf development and spread a constantly moist atmosphere and a temperature with extremes not so great as that of this latitude in the West. On the other hand, the saprophytic forms are found in great abundance, and THE OYSTER PI-EUROTUS (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS), AN EDIBLE FUNGUS PRODUCED IN GREAT QUANTITY ON DECAYING LOGS IN MOIST SITUATIONS. 240 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Many edible mushrooms. But few poison- ous var eties. Number of species of plar in rhe State. most of the commoner species of the East are undoubtedly also native or intro- duced into our State. Many edible species grow luxuriantly. One finds in lawns and pastures during the early summer the esculent species of Coprinus (ink caps), and later in the season, Lepiota naucinoides, Amanitopsis vaginata (the meadow Amanitopsis), Agaricus campestris (the cultivated agaric), Calvatia cyathiforme (the cup-shaped puff-ball), C. craniformis (the puff-ball of pastures, as well as woodland borders), Calvatia gigantia (the giant puff-ball), and many others. In the wooded areas there are to be found in the early summer, Mor- chella esculenta (the edible morel) in great quantity, and this is a plant too little appreciated by the layman. In addition, the giant gyromitra (Gyromitra esculenta), several species of Lactarius, etc., are not uncommon. Decaying elm and willow logs of the low woods furnish a profuse growth of the oyster Pleuro- tus (Pleurotus ostreatus). During the late summer and early autumn several large species of Clitocybe are found on roots of decaying stumps in lawns almost ev- erywhere, together with some smaller species of related ge- nera. In the early autumn the most abundant edible fungus is Armillaria mellea (the honey colored Armillaria). The latter fungus occurs in such abundance in the moist forest, and in locations where pasture succeeds forest, that is, where decaying roots crop up through the sod, that it 'is often possible to collect it by the wagon load. Of the pois- onous or suspicious mush- rooms, only a few have as yet been found in the vicinity of Columbia. A variety of the fly Amanita (Amanita musca^ ria) is known to be poisonous, and among those looked upon with suspicion may be men- tioned one or two other spe- cies of Amanita and certain members of the genus Rus- sula, and the suspicious Cli- tocybe (C. illudens). Concerning the number of plants (reckoned by species) in the State, no definite accurate statements can be made. Professor Tracy, twenty years ago, published a list of eighteen hundred, with many regions not covered. Lists of Jackson county and Boone county flora add at least seven hundred to the list, so it can be safely assumed that the flora of Missouri includes more than twenty- five hundred species of these higher plants. Its interest to the botanist and its economic value are suggested by this general discussion of the character and extent of the flora of Missouri. THE LEATHERY FUNGUS STEREUM FASCIATUM, A FACTOR IN THE DESTRUCTION OF FALLEN OAKS. M ISSOURI is rightly regarded as an agricultural State. Yet in Mis- souri are three cities of over 100,000 inhabitants, a larger num- ber than in any other State except five. St. Louis, the metropolis of Missouri, is the only city in the United States which by special constitutional enactment is a city without a county organization. Of the total population of Missouri 34.9 per cent reside in towns and cities. There are forty municipalities in the State with a population of over 3,000. There are 107 towns with a population between 1,000 and 3,000. Missouri cities, towns and villages are organized under the general State law as of the first, second, third or fourth class or, in some instances, under special charters granted CITIES OF 3,ooo AND OVER, WITH RANK IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN THE STATE, TOGETHER WITH THE POPULATION IN 1890 AND 1900. „ ^ ^ » > > > > z z ^fl *^ z z *^ 5 7; z y Z z y c H 00 vO H 00 \o > vO > vO ." ■i ." Aurora 712 16 3,482 6,191 Louisiana 858 22 5,071 5,131 Boonville 987 31 4,132. 4,377 Macon 1,072 34 3,350 4,068 Brnokfield 802 20 4,534 5,484 Marshall 865 24 4,258 5,086 Butler 1,35^ 3« 2,812 3,158 Maryville 958 29 4,017 4,577 Cape Girardeau 909 27 4,288 4,815 Mexico 863 23 4,789 5,090 Carrollton 1,122 3^) 3,8,8 3,854 Moberly' 543 1 1 8,2,3 8,012 Carterville 981 30 2,884 4,445 Monett 1,367 39 1,699 3,115 Carthage 470 9 7,962 9,416 Nevada 590 13 7,262 7,461 Chillicothe feis M 5,699 6,905 Poplar Bluff 1,003 32 2,187 4,321 Clinton 871 2S 4,689 5,061 Rich Hill 1,074 3 5 4,008 4,053 Columbia 777 i8 3,985 5,651 Richmond 1,234 37 2,895 3,478 DeSoto 784 19 3,960 5,61 1 St Charles 545 12 6,161 7,982 Fulton 897 26 4,289 4,883 St Joseph 34 3 52,811 102,979 Hannibal 344 7 12,816 12,780 St Louis 4 I 460,357 575,238 Independence 631 14 6,373 6,974 Sedalia 281 6 13,994 15,231 Jefferson City 450 8 6,732 9,664 Springfield 181 5 21,842 23,267 Joplin .15s 4 9,909 26,023 Trenton 817 21 5,039 5,396 Kansas City 22 2 132,416 163,752 Warrensburg 920 28 4,682 4,724 Kirksville 737 17 3,491 5,966 Washington 1,407 40 2,725 3,015 Lexington 1,041 33 4,538 4,190 Webb City 483 10 5,043 9,201 Mo.— ir, 242 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. by the legislature. The cities are, in the main, well improved, with good streets and light, water, and sewerage systems. The larger cities are described in separate chapters while those of smaller population are described under the counties in which they are located. THE FOLLOWING GIVES A LIST OF THE CITIES WITH POPULATION BETWEEN i,ooo AND |i 3,000 AND THE RANK OF EACH IN THE STATE. RANK POP. RANK POP. RANK POP. RANK POP. IN STATE 1900 ' N STATE 1900 IN STATE 1900 i "^' ^TATE 1900 Albany 66 2,025 Ferguson 145 i,oi5 Lee's Summit 106 1,453 Princeton 96 1,575 Appleton 129 1,133 Festus 116 1,256 Liberty 51 2,407 Rockport 133 1,080 Ash Grove 141 1,039 Fredericktow n 95 1,577 Maiden 105 1,462 Rolla 94 1,600 Belton 147 1,005 Gallatin 84 1,78° Marceline 49 2,630 Salem 103 1,481 Bethany 62 2,093 Glasgow 91 1,67- Marionville 114 1,290 Salisbury 78 1,847 Bevier 81 1,808 Granby 54 i,3i5 Memphis 56 1,195 Sarcoxie >3i 1,126 Bloomfield 104 1,475 Grant City 108 1,406 Milan 86 1,757 Savannah 73 1,886 Bolivar 76 1,869 Greenfield 109 1,406 Monroe City 68 1,929 Seneca 140 1,043 Bowling Green 69 1,902 Greenville 139 1,051 Montgomery City 65 2,026 Shelbina 87 1,733 Breckenridge 146 1,012 Hamilton 83 1,804 Mound City 90 1,681 Sikeston 136 1,077 Brunswick 1 10 1.403 Harrisonville 79 1,844 MountainGrove 148 1,004 Slater 50 1,504 California 57 2,181 Hermann 97 1,575 Mount Vernon 119 1,206 Stanberry 48 2,652 Cameron 41 1,979 Higbee 128 1,151 Neosho 46 1,715 Ste. Genevieve 89 1,707 Canton 52 1,365 Higginsville 44 2,791 New Franklin 126 1,156 Sweet Springs 134 1,080 Carl Junction 123 1,177 Holden 60 2,126 New Madrid 102 1,489 Tarkio 70 1,901 Caruthersville 55 1,315 Huntsville 82 1,805 Norborne 121 1,189 Thayer "5 1,276 Centralia 88 1,722 Humansville 138 1,055 Odessa 107 1,445 Tipton "3 1,337 Charleston 72 1,893 Jackson 92 1,658 Oregon 143 1,032 Troy 127 1,153 Clarence 122 1,184 Kahoka 80 1,818 Oronogo 63 1,073 Unionville 64 2,050 Deepwater 120 1,201 Kennett 98 1,509 Osceola 142 1,037 Vandalia 124 1,168 Dexter 77 1,862 Keytesville 130 1,127 Pacific 118 1,213 Versailles 117 1 ,140 Doniphan 99 1,508 Kirkwood 43 2,825 Palmyra 53 1,313 Webster Groves 71 1,895 Edina 93 1,605 La Grange 100 1,507 Paris III 1,397 Wellsville 125 1,160 Eldorado Spgs. 59 2,137 Lamar 45 1,737 Pattonsburg 137 1,065 Weston 144 1 ,019 Excelsior Spgs. 74 i,88i La Plata 112 1,345 Pierce City 58 2,151 West Plains 42 2,902 Farmington 85 1,778 Lathrop 132 1,118 Plattsburg 75 1,878 Willow Springs 135 1,078 Fayette 47 2,717 Lebanon 61 2,125 Pleasant Hill 67 2,002 Windsor lOI 1,502 :^ L.OUIS To MINDS not given to an indolent acceptance of the merely super- ficial aspect of recorded facts, the history of St. Louis, culminating in the World's Fair period, resolves itself consistently into seven great illuminative epochs. Each of these is significant and typical of the city's distinctive life and especial destiny, yet, singly, each has many points in common with certain phases of the history of other American cities. As a historical whole, however, in which character alone may they be contemplated as furnishing a genuinely enlightening story of St. Louis, they are without a parallel in American annals. These seven great epochs in the history of St. Louis may be set down as follows: The foundation, settlement, and occupation of St. Louis by the French col- onists under Laclede and Chouteau, extending from 1764 to 1803. The Americanizing of St. Louis, dating from the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and accomplished by the influx of Virginia, Tennessee, Carolina, and New Eng- land blood, and later by an additional incoming from Kentucky. This was the work of the generation from 1803 to 1836. The development of the growing town of St. Louis into one of the most im- portant Mississippi valley commercial points of that day. This was due to the amazing growth of steamboat traffic on the Mississippi river and its tributaries, which first secured and then maintained St. Louis' control of the trade of the Mississippi valley, a period extending from 1836 to 1860. The Civil War period in St. Louis, a time of feverish commercial condi- tions and bitter political animosities. During this period St. Louis took its place in history as the American city that kept its State in the Union against the will of a majority of the State's people. This epoch extends from 1861 to 1865. The reaction period following the close of the Civil War, the only era of apparent stagnation or retrogression in the history of St. Louis. This lasted from 1865 to 1878. The renewal of St. Louis' progress along the lines of its true destiny, a period sometimes mistakenly alluded to as "the birth of the new St. Louis." Within this period the city made notable gains in trade and industry, in popu- lation and area, and took its rightful place among the great cities of the Union. 1878 to 1898. The World's Fair Period in St. Louis. This epoch constitutes the crowning glory of the city's history to date and has a tremendous significance as bearing Photo in heading; Laclede, Founder of St. Louis; Union Station. 243 244 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. LANDING OF LACLEDE ON THE SITE OF ST. LOUIS. upon its future. The commanding position occupied by St. Louis, the entire adequateness of its preparation for the Pair, the vast extent of its municipal improvements, the consequent prestige gained in the world's eye, render this period singularly vital with meaning of St. Louis' future greatness as based upon results already attained. 1898 to 1904. With these seven logical divisions of the history of St. Louis kept in mind, the story of the city's 140 years of existence assumes a coherent completeness as convincing in its teaching of destiny as a Greek drama. The city was preor- dained to good fortune from the very day when Pierre Ligueste Laclede founded it as a trading post and predicted the greatness which it was to attain. There has been no permanent or inherent obstruction to the fulfillment of this pro- phetic utterance. The little band of Frenchmen who, under Laclede and Chouteau, built the primitive cabins that constituted the material St. Louis of 1764, were adventurous and enterprising souls. They represented, indeed, the stanchest blood that France has ever sent out for colonizing achievement. The genuine pioneer spirit animated them, a spirit vital with the instinct for exploration, steadfast to overcome difficulties and endure hardsliips, keen to benefit from the results of their laboi's and sufferings in a new country. They were not only venturesome pathfinders in this virgin land, but shrewd traders as well^ driving close bargains and possessed of a distinct and" superior talent for commerce. Thrifty and in- dustrious, these Frenchmen and their families laid a sound foundation for the St. Louis of to-day. This foundation finds its bed-rock substance in the fur trade then so profit- ably followed along the western frontiers of the white man's progress across the continent. The early fur trade of the American west offered powerful induce- ments to enterprising souls. The skins taken from the wild animals of prairie, mountain and river valley were more easily convertible into money than was any other commodity. They were almost the sole article of export, the tobacco of the older settlements alone, perhaps, equaling them in commercial importance from this point of view. They furnished the material for the clothing worn by ST. LOUIS. 245 SOME BUILDINGS OF ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY. SCHOOL OF DIVINITY. MARION-SIMS DEAUMONT COLLEGE. a large praportion of the population, so that there was a strong do- mestic demand. They could be purchased of the Indian hunters of suring a great profit, or individual skill and and rifle. To men with with executive and returns from this exceptionally sure, the western fur trade the commercial basis Louis of the latter century stood and prospered. SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY'. the west at figures in plentifully gained by proficiency with trap money at command and organizing genius, the trade were large and Therefore it was that of those days furnished upon which the S t . half of the eighteenth Under the healthful stimulus of this trade, the little settlement of French folk — French always, and leaving the impress of their nationality upon St. Louis in stubborn disregard of the one-time fact of Spanish sovereignty over the entire territory — grew steadily in numbers and consequence. French hunters and trappers pushed farther and farther into the west and northwest, returning to St. Louis once each year with the furs of their own securing, or those obtained from the Indians in barter. French boatmen voyaged the Mississippi river with shipments of furs consigned by the Chouteaus and other great traders to New Orleans. Within the settlement itself there was a steady improvement of conditions. Bigger warehouses were built, stores be- came more numerous, more pretentious residences took the place of the rude cabins of earlier days, the life of the little community widened and assumed an attractiveness impossible to the virgin colony that had followed Laclede and 246 THE STATE OF MISSOURI DOWN TOWN IN ST. LOUIS, OLIVE STREET AT BROADWAY. Chouteau to the founding of St. Louis. This growth of the town as a French settlement was so continuous and healthful as to contain proof, even at that early stage of St. Louis' history, of the natural advantages operating for the future greatness of the city. But there was to be little more than a generation of what may be called the distinctively French shaping of St. Louis' destiny. With the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France by the United States in 1803, began the Amer- icanization of St. Louis. It is true that the influence of the original French settlers was potent for some years thereafter, but it is equally true that by sure degrees the Anglo-Saxon element grew stronger and stronger until finally it be- came the dominant force, and St. Louis was French in name only. Exactly as France had contributed her sturdiest pioneer blood to the found- ing of St. Louis, so did this encroaching element represent the best Anglo-Saxon stock that the world has ever seen. From Virginia, from Ten- nessee, and from the two Carolinas came the Americans who succeeded the French as the dominant fac- tors in shaping local history. A little later they were followed by stanch men and women from New England, and the combination militat- ed to produce a sing- ularly masterful force. In almost ev- ST. John's methodist epis( opal ciiukcii south, st. louis. ery instance the new ST. LOUIS. 247 HXCUKSION BOAT OX THE MISSISSIPPI KIVER. citizens of St. Louis stood for the best of ttie older communities whence tliey came. In many instances they were people of exceptional education and gentle breeding. They had shared to the full the advantages of that republican free- dom which their immediate ancestors had won from England as the result of the American revolution. They were vital with the splendid stimulus of popular liberty and democratic institutions and form of government. As had been their French predecessors, they were alert in commerce, and they possessed superior constructive and administi-ative talent. When the era of the Americanization of St. Louis dawned in 1803, the town had a population of something less than 1,000 souls. When it reached its noonday of completed achievement in 1835, allowing one generation of time for this achievement, St. Louis had a popula- tion of over 8,000, and five years later this was doubled. The first public school had been established, the first waterworks put in operation, the first banking institution incorporated; and St. Louis itself became a corporate city during this period. During the greater part of the distinctively French era the city limits never extended beyond Biddle street on the north. Seventh street on the west, and Cerre street on the south, the Mississippi river, of course, being the eastern boundary. In 1822, when American influence was making itself felt, the city limits were extended to Ashley street on the north and to Convent and Labbadie streets on the south. In 1839 and in 1841 the limits were again extended, the latter increase of territ- ry giving the little city a total area of 2,630 acres. It was during the transit. on period, when St. Louis was slowly changing from Prencb to American, that the early French names of the streets were abandoned and English substituted. By 1835, at the latest, the change was superficially complete, though the French still remained important factors in the city's de- velopment. But the subordination of French to American influence had been in marked evidence since the city's incorporation and the election, in 1822, of William Carr Lane, as the first mayor of St. Louis. The early French settlers and their sons had performed their part in fulfilling the city's destiny. It had been a most worthy and beneficent performance of pioneer duty. It had been followed by a singularly aggressive and forceful American administration, thus making the history of St. Louis during its first half-century or more a fine illus- tration of the best results possible to the best endeavor of two of the most vigor- ous breeds of men the world has ever known. 248 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. When the steamboat "Pike," commanded by Captain Jacob Reed, made a landing at the foot of Marliet street on August 2, 1815, being the first steamboat to reach St. Louis, a prophetic vision would have caused the people of the city to indulge in general rejoicing and especial thanksgiving. For in reality the "Pike" was the herald of a traffic that secured and long maintained for St. Louis that control of the trade of the Mississippi valley which first placed the city in the front rank of American municipalities. It is true that the development of steamboating was not at first notable, it being four year's after the "Pike's" arrival that the first steamboat to ascend the Missouri, the "Independence," left her St. Louis landing, but it was a steady growth and, finally, the steamboat traffic to and from St. Louis assumed vast proportions. Its golden age may, perhaps, be stated as extending from 1845 to 1875, a period of thirty years, dur- ing which time it accomplished marvelous things for St. Louis. The commerce of the city flourished and its trade territory widened to an amazing extent. The river front was one of the famous American scenes of the times, the St. Louis levee being lined with steamboats, three or four deep, receiving and discharging cargoes. The commission houses doing a southern supply business became great and wealthy. The up-river trade was also tremendously profitable and en- riched many St. Louis concerns. The influence of St. Louis as a great supply and distributing point, as well as the chief market fc • the sale of Mississippi valley products, was then fully recognized and her prestige permanently estab- lished. During this period the Merchants' Exchange of St. Louis was organized, in 1836, and came to be recognized as one of the most important American com- mercial bodies. But it was while the river ti'affic was at its height, and with twenty-five prosperous years still ahead of it, that ground was broken for the Pacific railroad, the first railway system extending west of St. Louis. Prom that year, 1851, until the present time, the development of St. Louis as a railway center was so steady, consistent and healthy that the city now stands among the first in the Union in the extent of its shipping and passenger traffic facilities. The river trade took a secondary place about 1875, but there is little doubt that its revival will constitute one of the inevitable developments of the not remote future. It exerted a powerful influence over the upbuilding of St. Louis, and ST. LOUIS. 249 the great figures of its history should be held in appreciative remembrance by the city which they served with signal distinction. In 1860, when the Civil War became imminent, the steamboat traffic of St. Louis probably had attained its fullest volume, and the city's popula- tion had reached a total of 160,773. At the very close of the steamboat era, the Eads Bridge across the river was finished and opened for traffic, and the original St. Louis union depot was es- tablished. These two events graphi- cally indicated the truth that the rail- way had supplanted the steamboat for the further development of St. Louis as the greatest inland commercial city of the United States. The Civil War benefited St. Louis trade in a sense, but those business houses employed in supplying the south with needed products suffered severely. The trade stimulus of the war period came from government con- tracts for army supplies, and was of a feverish character, experiencing a re- action after the Civil War closed, which caused a marked depression un- til the city once more renewed its legitimate trade connections and again moved forward in the paths of its log- ical destiny. Then, too, the naturally disturbed state of the popular mind had its inevitable effect in checking trade progress. The situation in St. Louis at the outbreak of the Civil War was remarkable. The city boasted a daviu k. fkakcis, teesiueat Louisiana purchase exposition. blended population, potent for commercial and civic development, but differ- ing radically on the issues of the Civil War. In the course of years, Kentucky had joined Virginia, Tennessee and the Carolinas in contributing to the influx of strong blood for the city's upbuild- ing. There had been a heavy acces- sion of Germans, due to national discontent culminating in the revo- lution of 1848 in Germany, and re- sulting in the emigration of Ger- mans by thousands These people were thrifty, home-making people, commercially acute to a marked de- gree, and of admirable citizenship material. The increase of Irish cit- izens was also notable, constituting iin element that has lent its best ef- fort to the service of St. Louis. The New England contingent had been materially strengthened, an enter- prising, resolute and valuable com- ponent part of the local population. Widely speaking, the alignment of the several elements on Civil War issues placed the Southerners, fjthe French and the Irish in the cat- WALTER B. STSVENh, SECRETARY, LOUISIANA PtTBCHASE EXPOSITION. Wil. H. THOMPSON, TREASURER, LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 250 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE WHOLESALE BUSINESS OF ST. LOUIS — SALES FOR 1903. egory of Confederate sympathizers, with the New Englanders and the Germans as Unionists in opposition to them. Missouri itself was southern in sentiment, but the federal government was so quick to recognize the crucial importance of the situation in St. Louis, and so prompt to support the New England and German local effort against the movement to carry Missouri out of the Union, that it was successful in holding this great border State in line, although the Missouri con- tribution to the Confederacy was notable in extent and quality. The best blood of the State so divided, however, was enlisted under both flags, brother against brother, and it took years to allay the resultant bitterness of spirit. During the Civil War period, St. Louis was a very hotbed of political intrigue, with Unionists and Confederate sympathizers in daily antagonism at close range, and its inti- mate history is peculiarly colorful and romantic in consequence. St. Louis lives in the larger annals of the time as the American city which held its State in the Union against the will of the majority of the people in that State. The same feverish commercial activity that had prevailed in St. Louis under the stimulus of war contracts, marked the first few years following the close of the war. It was followed, however, by the inevitable reaction, and this period of reaction is notable as constituting the only era of non-progression known in the history of St. Louis. It was as if the city, torn and bleeding from war's rude grasp, had sunk breathless into a temporary stupor, too wearied to resume the normal activities necessary to its advancement in the avocations of peace. But this was only temporai-y, as stated, and in 1878 St. Louis once more be- gan to assert its influence as the leading interior city of the Union. This re- vival of energy and commercial enterprise has been mistakenly described as "the birth of the New St. Louis." Such a characterization is a grievous error. The "New St. Louis" had but one birthday, and that was in 1764, when Auguste Chou- teau, with thirty Frenchmen at his back, landed at the foot of what is now Wal- nut street and, acting under Laclede's orders, founded the new settlement which Laclede christened St. Louis. At that time Laclede himself foresaw and pre- dicted the greatness of St. Louis and the city moved straight onward to its des- ST. LOUIS. 2.51 BUILDING THE ST. LOUIS, COLOKAl;0 AND KANSAS CITY EAILBOAD. tiny. Its progress was checked by the Civil War, but when, in 1878, its masterful business men once more regained their aggressive and compelling spirit, the city again moved forward along its appointed course. It was the Old St. Louis re- asserting itself and advancing to its preordained greatness. At this time the population of the city was close to $350,000. But this resumption of St. Louis' progress in the path of destiny was equivalent to a new birth. It began about 1878. In 1876 the scheme and charter were adopted, making St. Louis an independ- ent city without either county government or taxation. In 1878 the first Veiled Prophet's pageant was held, to be repeated annually there- after, drawing vast crowds to St. Louis. In 1881 the Mercantile and Commercial clubs were organized, each intend- ed to further the city's business interests. In 1882 the Cotton Exchange building was opened, the Expo- sition building was begun, the first extensive street illuminations, as a feature of the fall festivities, were seen, and the successful movement for the paving of the down-town streets with granite was begun. In 1884 the first Exposition was held, being the beginning of the most successful permanent exposition known in American history. In this year also the local movement for rapid transit street railway facilities was inaugurated, culminating ultimately in securing for St. Louis what is confessedly the most perfect, complete and comprehensive electric street railway service in this country. Indeed, the record of the period from 1878 to the present time in St. Louis is a marvelous record of the modernizing of a city. It is a record made by young men, the indomitable generation that has come to the front since the Civil War period. They were the inheritors o f splendid opportuni- ties and they have rendered a splendid accounting of their inheritance. Mention has just been made of some of their achievements, bring- ing the record up to 1884. Here are other notable instances of the progress accom- plished: In 1885, with the breaking of ground for the first great fire-proof office building in St. Louis, began the "sky-scraper" era of architectural construction which has transformed the physical appearance MISSOURI PACIFIC DEPOT, JEFFERSON BARRACKS. 252 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. •THE RELATIVE MANUrACTURING - • (MPORTANCE OfThE TOURG15EAT •C IT 1 EO or THE ,U H I TtD OTATCS.V BY THE LA5TCEN5U5 1 HEV^ N'OI3}\ ES A CHICAGO 5 PHILADELPHIA 4 OAIHT UOi_;i.3 D 1.317,2 95^96 H 8 8 8,9+.'5.5 I I 3 6o3,4 66.sz6 a 233,629,733 of the business section of St. Louis. Lofty buildings succeeded one another with an almost bewildering rapidity. Local capital, reinforced by outside invest- ments attracted equally to the industrial and commercial fields in St. Louis, found that these fire-proof "sky-scraper" office buildings made most profitable returns on an exceptionally safe employment of money. They were filled with occupants as soon as com- pleted, and there was still a demand for more. Coinci- dently, there was a marked increase in the number of large industrial plants estab- lished in St. Louis. There was also a vast increase in the capitalization and in- fluence of local banks, and the organization of trust com- panies was an accompanying feature of the time. In addi- tion, and as a singularly helpful force, the development of St. Louis as a great railway center went for- ward with giant strides. In 1886 the first cable street railway was put in opera- tion, the Union Depot Company was formed and a memorable period of activity in building associations was begun. In 1887 the city streets were first sprinkled by municipal contract, a charter was obtained for a second bridge, the Mer- chants, across the Mississippi, and St. Louis was made a central reserve city for the national banks of other cities. In 1888 work was begun on the new waterworks, having a capacity of 100,000,000 gallons daily, and a movement was begun to build freight depots on this side of the river for eastern roads. In 1889 the Merchants bridge across the Mississippi was constructed, the first electric street cars were operated and the largest electric arc-light works in the world were constructed in St. Louis. In 1890 the Merchants bridge was opened for traffic, the foundation-stone of the new city hall was laid, and the city streets and alleys were lighted by electricity. In 1891 the first county electric , road was built, the new Mercantile Club building was commenced, the St. Louis Traffic Commis- sion was organized, work was commenced on the new union station (pho- tograph in chapter head- ing), and the Autumnal Festivities Association was formed, with more than $500,000 subscribed to its support in advancing the interests of St. Louis. In 1892 work was begun on the new Planters' Hotel, to cost $2,000,000.00, Congress was induced to appropriate $16,000,000 for the improvement of the Mississippi river, the firat postal street railroad car to be run in the United States was operated over a St. Louis electric road, new buildings with a total frontage of 39 miles were erected, the grand Columbian street illumination took place and the Smoke TRUNKS GLASS >»>NO Glassware CONFCCTIOWEKV PRODUCX.S poo M DRY WAY, AT ROCHEPORT, BOONE COUNTY. MISSOURI FARM SCENE IN ST. LOUIS TRADE TERRITORY. 260 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. performance of the task imposed upon them and they have succeeded beyond expectation. Perhaps the greatest work of municipal improvement undertaken for the World's Fair period is that of so additionally purifying the city's water supply as to place it absolutely beyond suspicion on the score of healthfulness and attractiveness of aspect. This is being done by means of a great system of con- nected reservoirs and weirs at the Chain of Rocks, north of St. Louis on the Mississippi river, where about $700,000 of the water department's reserve fund is being expended. The basic idea of the plan is the purification of the water sup- ply by settling. The water is to be admitted to an entrance chamber from a low-service conduit and flow from the chamber over a weir 610 feet long, with a (^ three-foot drop, into a basin 400 feet wide by 670 long. From the surface of this basin the water then flows over the next weir, falling six inches into the next basin and passing to the next weir, falling one foot into the next basin. The next fall is six inches, the next one f?T<^. and so on through the series A NEW DEPOT ON THE MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILROAD AT BOONVILLE. of eight, the water falling ten and one-half feet in all from the entrance chamber to the service pipes. The six-inch falls are at weirs which are seven feet wide and the one-foot falls occur during the passage of weirs forty feet wide. The water flows over these weirs in a thin continuous sheet. There are to be no turbid masses pouring great volumes of mud from basin to basin; the transfer from one reservoir, while constant, will be wholly lacking in agitation. The process amounts to the continuous skimming of the clearest water from the top of each basin. From 48 to 60 hours will be the time of the water's transfer from the entrance chamber to the service pipes, and in this period 95 per cent of the foreign matter contained in the water will be precipitated. Second to this work for the further purification of the city's water supply only because healthfulness must come before beauty is the movement for the permanent improvement of King's Highway into a boulevard and driveway sys- tem of surpassing utility and attractiveness. It is intended so to improve King's Highway that it shall give an unbroken connection from the Chain of Rocks on the north to Carondelet Park on the south, touching all the important city parks, the cemeteries and the Missouri Botanical Gardens in its course. A great viaduct system crossing the railway tracks in the south-central section is included in this movement, the viaduct itself, by reason of handsome architec- ture, ornamented with statuary, preserving the beauty of the boulevard of which it will be a part. The establishment of new parks along the line of this mag- ST. LOUIS. 261 nifjcent boulevard and driveway system will also be a feature of the accomplished task. This great movement, the result of a recommendation to the Municipal Assembly of St. Louis made by Mayor Wells in June, 1902, is being vigorously pushed to completion. In addition, many other large tasks of municipal im- provement are in process of performance and it is estimated that a total sum of $10,000,000 will be expended in order that St. Louis shall be brought up to the highest standard of modernity. The mainspring of a city's prosperity, of course, is its commerce. Pierre Laclede founded St. Louis where it is because, applying the rude rules which the pioneers had learned from their trafficking, he saw that the site would control commercially a vast territory. St. Louis, as it has grown through its one hundred and forty years of devel- opment has never lost any trade it has gained, but its in- fluence has yearly widened till it is felt now, in both buying and selling, in every State of the country. That part of the United States in which St. Louis does most business, the west, the south and the southwest, had more railway build- ing to its credit in 1903 than all the rest of the United States put together. These figures, indicating where the largest development of the country is going on, are in- teresting. The new mileage of the railways in the State, built during 1903 was as shown in the accompanying table. Of this total 5,652 miles, 3,103.70 was built in Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Indian Terri- tory, Texas, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa, Ai'kan- sas, Mississippi and Louisiana, the States and Territories where St. Louis sells most of its goods. Into this trade territory in 1903 St. Louis manufacturers and wholesale merchants sent thirteen million tons of merchandise and manufactured product, most of it things to eat and drink and wear and build houses. One million tons more were sent into this trade territory last -year than the year before. To those who are accustomed to examining trade statistics these figures are an amazing proof of the great increase in the volume of business in St. Louis. The, past of St. Louis has been rich in achievement. The future of St. Louis is bright with assured promise. The influence exerted by the World's Fair movement has been genuinely wholesome and filled with the soundest inspira- tion. It has stimulated the best minds of the city to their best endeavor. It has not aroused that unwise spirit which seeks present profit at a sacrifice of future prosperity and stability. There have been no "boom" tactics resorted to during the World's Fair period. The firmest characters of local citizenship have safeguarded the community against this peril, consequently there will be no depressing reaction following, the close of the World's Fair. The great local banks have profited by the experience of other World's Fair cities, and, while offering every encouragement to legitimate enterprise, have been enabled to prevent the consummation of perilous projects from which the city would suffer later. Similarly, also, the real estate interests have properly discouraged an inflation of realty values that would mean demoralization in the end. The one aim of the leaders of local thought and action has been so to shape affairs that St. Louis should profit legitimately by the World's Fair to the fullest extent and yet remain secure against an ensuing depression and dis- turbance of proper values. As a result of the dominance of this wise counsel, the World's Fair gain of St. Louis is certain and vast in extent. The city has been favorably brought MILE.^GE OF RAILWAYS | BUILT IN 903 Alabama 129.39 Alaska 10 Arizona 107.07 Arkansas 230.77 California 169.5s Colorado 89.07 Connecticut Florida 53-05 Georgia 133 Illinois 114-3 Indiana 43.32 Indian Territory 386.8 Iowa 229.2 Kansas Kentucky 69.45 Louisiana 389.63 Maine 6.5 Maryland 12.82 Massachusetts 2.37 Michigan 158.68 Minnesota 262.1 Mississippi 116. 4 Missouri 236.2 Montana 70- 5 Nebraska Nevada 20 New Jersey 4.84 New Mexico 158 New York 33-83 North Carolina 94-5 North Dakota 130-57 Ohio 134.19 Oklahoma 660.6 Oregon 21.75 Pennsylvania 286.37 Rhode Island 3-4 South Carolina 34 South Dakota 15.56 Tennessee 114.9 Texas 361.26 Utah 186.16 Vermont 5-^5 Virginia 27.42 Washington II 1.22 West Virginia 103 Wisconsin 125.48 Total in the 5,651 United States 262 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. to the attention of the entire world. Its surpassing claims as a field for the profitable employment of capital are known in every great money center on the globe. The continent-sweep of its natural trade territory is vitally recog- nized. Its importance as one of the world's leading manufacturing cities is distinctly appreciated. The increase in population, due to the attracting of per- manent residents as a result of the World's Fair, will be great. The wholesome advance of real estate values is assured. The beautifying of the city as a pre- paration for the World's Pair constitutes a lasting gain of incalculable benefit. The stimulus to greater effort in the immediate future is an inevitable conse- quence of the new and prouder station now occupied by St. Louis. A spirit of WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS — BUILDINGS NOW USED FOB WOKLD'S FAIR PURPOSES. exceptional civic loyalty and acceptance of citizenship duties has been aroused. Good government of the municipality is more strenuously insisted upon than in the past. The elimination of politics as the deciding force in municipal elec- tions is viewed with greater favor. The World's Fair has created a cosmopo- litan atmosphere which counts for future greatness and dignity. The World's Fair advertising of St. Louis will be beneficently felt for many years to come. The first World's Fair city of the twentieth century holds the strongest position in the center of the world's stage. The local historian who closes his consideration of St. Louis and its history in the full flush of the World's Fair period does not need to be a partisan to predict the brightest of futures for this city. St. Louis is but at the beginning of the most fruitful era of its existence. It has progressed logically to this point. It has made good its claims at every juncture. The World's Fair cele- brating the centennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase is but a natural sequence in the fulfillment of the destinies of St. Louis, the metropolis of the Louisiana Purchase Territory. The future greatness of the city is confirmed by its inexorable past progress along its appointed course. This is the soundest and sanest logic of the exisiting situation. St. Louis, the World's Fair city of 1904, is now about to enter upon its fullest inheritance of well earned prosperity and international acclaim. SOME CHILLICOTIIE SPECIMENS OF IIOKSEFLESIl. KANSAS CITYl KANSAS CITY, on its western border where the waters of the Kansas and Missouri rivers meet, is the second city in size and commercial importance in the State. It is the third city in size in the domain comprised in the Louisiana Purchase, and the largest city, except San Francisco, west of the World's Fair City. Kansas City is located on the south bank of the Missouri river and on the east bank of the Kansas river, at the confluence of the two. After nearly two thousand miles southward in its course, the Missouri river here turns abruptly and runs almost due east across the State. Within the city limits, the Kansas river, after a course nearly due east throughout its length, turns abruptly north, emptying into the Missouri immediately at the elbow of the big bend. The one brings its waters from Yellowstone Park, and by its tributaries from the Lara- mie mountains and Cheyenne, and by Denver from the foot of Pikes Peak; the other from eastern Colorado, much of the southern portion of Nebraska and all of the northern portion of Kansas, a water shed of immense proportions. These water courses are for miles outlined on one or the other of their banks by high hills, locally called bluffs, in some places precipitous and often over two hundred feet high. In this immediate region, it is seldom that the hills are found imme- diately on both banks of the river. The country on one side is usually level, ex- tending away from the river some distance, and in places a mile or more, to the hills or high plateau-like lands. In the acute angle formed by the junction of these rivers, the bluff is immediately next to the river only for a distance of about half of a mile along the north side of the city where the old town was built and where the steamboats had their landing. Elsewhere about the city the bluffs are some distance from the rivers. This gives a level flat tract in the western part of the city known as the west bottoms, through which the Kansas or Kaw river flows. In this region is located many railway tracks, yards and freight houses, also the union depot, large wholesale and manufacturing inter- ests, the stock yards, and the great packing houses. In the northeastern part of the city there is also a wide level section, several square miles in area, running out to the Missouri river. While this is also chiefly occupied by railways and manufacturing interests, it contains many homes of employes and one amuse- ment park of about ten acres. The greater portion of the city, many of the wholesale houses, all the retail district, the office buildings, the financial institutions, the residences, churches and schools, in fact the city proper, is Photo in heading : Convention Hall. 263 264 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ARMOUR BOULEVARD LOOKING EAST FROJI 5IAIN STREET. located upon the hills or bluffs stretching to the east and south five to seven miles. It was only the lowlands or bottoms that suffered from the flood of 1903, and city. State, and national authorities are now engaged on plans to prevent a repe- tition of the inundation. While the flood was severe and disastrous in loss of property, perhaps more destructive than any city other than Galveston ever suf- fered, it did not cause a tremor of financial fear, nor were the greatest sufferers in the least disheartened. All buildings and improvements contemplated before the flood were constructed as if it had never occurred. Many of the oldest and most prosperous firms have built new buildings or enlarged their old plants in the fiood district since the disaster. This shows the utmost confidence, first in the belief that a like flood will never occur, and second, in the fact that the pre- cautionary measures now under consideration will be adequate to meet all emer- gencies should another deluge come down the valley of the Kaw. To write adequately the early history of Kansas City, would be to write the story of the development of all that country west of it, once known as the great plain, for the growth of Kansas City in population, its commercial and industrial expansion, and its financial prestige have been coincident and cotemporaneous with the settling and development of the vast region. In 1826, a branch of the American Fur Company was established by M. Chou- teau on the site of the present Kansas City. The Santa Pe trade began in 1831. In 1838 Kansas City, until then known as West Port Landing, received its name. It was, by the way, not named for the State of Kansas. It has a prior claim to the name it took from the Kansas river. In 184G a public sale of lots stimulated the city's growth. The business of all the border ports was increased by the war with Mexico. On February 22, 1853, the City of Kansas was incorporated by the Missouri legislature. Commercial prosperity for the next decade was remark- able. In 1870 the city had 32,260 inhabitants, and every one bought and sold real estate. The boom burst, as all booms do, and many suffered financial loss, at least for a time. The city and its people have since adjusted themselves to KANSAS CITY. 265 W. A. RULE. W. J. SMITH. R. T. VANIIOKN. SOME KANSAS CITY RESIDENCES. the new conditions and notwithstanding tlie individual misfortunes suffered in the "boom days" thej' gave form and shape to the city. Because of the activity of that time Kansas City is a city of homes, not concentrated and crowded but dispersed. The population grew each year. Manufacturing increased and — there is the Kansas city of to-day. Kansas City is the gateway to the west. Through Kansas City run the railways that traverse in every direction this mighty domain, in area greater than all of Europe outside of Russia, containing 60 per cent of the area of the United States, but only 14.7 per cent of its population. The greatest part of this area is comparatively undeveloped. The region from Manitoba to the Gulf of Mexico and from the mouth of the Kansas river to the Salt Lake basin is the newest of the United States and, in possibility, the richest. This is the trade territory of Kansas City geographically and by right of commercial con- quest. To the inhabitants of all this region she sells her wares and from them buys their products. To her markets are brought the cattle, the sheep and the hogs; and to her mills and elevators the wheat and corn and rye and barley and oats and rice from fifteen states and territories. Kansas City is situated on the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude. The Lake of the Woods on the northern border of the United States is on the forty-ninth parallel, ten degrees north. Galveston on the Gulf of Mexico near the twenty- ninth parallel is ten degrees south and an imaginary line drawn through the Lake of the Woods to Galveston, bisects Kansas City. She sits exactly midway between the northern and southern boundaries, and nearly midway throughout the greatest length of the United States from east to west. St. Louis is 240 miles to the eastward. The magnitude of Kansas City's trade territory will be more fully realized when it is understood that it extends to the west over an area contained in a 266 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. semi-circle drawn on a radius as great as the distance from Cincinnati to Kansas City, that is a radius of nearly six hundred miles. Not only does she purchase the products of the people of this area, and sell them her goods and wares, but she buys from and sells to the people outside of and beyond it. Her trade ter- ritory outside of this area to the east is Missouri and Iowa, to the south, Arkan- sas, Louisiana, Tennessee and the Gulf States; to the southwest, Arizona and New Mexico and the rest of Texas; to the west, Utah and to the northwest, NINTH STREET, EAST FROM WYANDOTTE. Montana and Wyoming. A statistician has recently calculated that her trade territory embraces 30.7 per cent of the area of the United States and contains 17.67 per cent of the population, 12.95 per cent of the assessed wealth, 35.16 per cent of the horses and mules, 39.5 per cent of the cattle, 38.73 per cent of the hogs, 32.12 per cent of the sheep, and its usual wheat crop is 20.46 per cent, its corn 51.46 per cent, its oats 43.25 per cent and its railway mileage 28.82 per cent. The resources of her immediate trade territory are varied and exceptional. Describe about her a circle on a radius of 150 miles, a very limited area, and look at the situation, see how she is located with regard to other cities and examine the resources at her immediate command in this circumscribed area in which a merchant from the farthest point can reach the city within five hours, or from it receive a shipment of goods within the same time. Within this circle described on a radius of 150 miles is located a total of 119 county seats, 60 in Missouri, 39 in Kansas, 14 in Iowa and 6 in Nebraska. The total population within this area according to the census of 1900, is 2,836,474. In Missouri, 1,579,863; in Kansas, 883,717; in Iowa, 252,708; in Nebraska, 120,186. In natural products this area contains the great coal fields of Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas, elsewhere described in this article; the world famed zinc and lead district known as the Joplin region which is third largest mining camp in annual value of product in the United States; the clay and shales of Missouri and Kansas from which brick, terra cotta, tile, sewer pipe and pottery are made; the granite, limestone and litholite of Missouri and cement rock of Kan- sas, all supporting large industries; the lime of Ash Grove, Missouri, and Fort Scott, Kansas; the rich lumber region of the Ozarks, and the wonderful oil and gas region of Kansas. The agricultural wealth contained within the limited area KANSAS CITY. 267 of the circle outlined above, all within one hundred and fifty miles of Kansas City, is beyond the conception of one who has not actually lived amid it. In this area there were in 1900, over three hundred thousand farms, the land and improvements of which, other than buildings were valued at more than nine hundred and ninety-one million dollars. The buildings on these farms were valued at nearly two hundred million dollars. The farms, together with all improvements and buildings, were worth the enormous sum of one billion, one hundred and ninety million dollars. The average value of each farm was nearly four thousand dollars. The wealth of Such a region as this is the reason of Kansas City's commercial prosperity, and this is only the inner circle of its vast trade territory; to the northwest, the west and southwest, it stretches beyond this half a thousand miles. Kansas City's government is administered under charter voted 1889, which superseded all laws of the State then enforced pertaining to cities of more than ON THE PASEO — LOOKING NORTH FKOM SEVENTEENTH STREET. 100,000 inhabitants. The debt-making capacity of the city is carefully restricted by the charter; practically no debt can be incurred except by the issue of bonds; no bonds can be issued unless favored by two-thirds of the voters at a special election. In no event can bonded indebtedness exceed 5 per cent of the value of the taxable property, except that the waterworks purchase bonds amounting to $2,902,000, are not included for the purpose of such calculation. The total bonded indebtedness including the waterworks purchase bonds, and less the cash in sinking fund was on January 1, 1904, $3,116,740.44. There has been a gain in assessed valuation of taxed property in the last three years of over $10,700,000, and a gain of 250 per cent in the last 20 years. During this time tax levy has been reduced from 16 mills to 12 1-2 mills on the dollar. The 268 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. assessed valuation at present is $93,541,808. At the special election in September, 1903, the voters authorized the issue of public improvement bonds as follows: Waterworks, $1,100,000; fire department, $100,000; hospital, $225,000; market house, $250,000; beautifying parks, $500,000. The financial credit of Kansas City LINWOOD BOULEVAKD. is unsurpassed. Of the bonds so voted, $500,000 of the waterworks bonds have been sold at a good premium. The issue of the bonds by the hospital and a por- tion of the park bonds have been authorized by the council. The other bonds will be issued as occasion may require. A non-partisan commission composed of I'epresentatives selected by a civic, professional and commercial organization assists the municipal government in wisely and economically appropriating the fund arising from the sale of the bonds. The city owns its waterworks system. Its fire department has an interna- tional reputation for efficiency. In lieu of all taxes, the Street Railway Company pays the city nearly 8 per cent of its gross receipts, less State and county taxes. The Gas Company can not charge more than $1.00 per thousand feet for gas, and pays into the city treasury 2 per cent of its gross earnings. The city has always been progressive in the improvement of its streets and the building of sewers. These have been paid for by special tax bills issued against the property benefited. Kansas City has nearly 200 miles of paved streets, mainly asphalt. The drainage is well nigh perfect. Among the public buildings are the city hall, costing $300,000; market house, city hospital, and a public bath house, the latter erected by contributions of public spirited citizens inspired by the Kansas City Star. The federal custom house and the county courthouse are fine public buildings. Kansas City has outstripped all of its neighbors in population. If the popu- lation of Kansas City, Kansas, is included with that of Kansas City, Missouri, KANSAS CITY. 269 SOME STUDENTS OF THE MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL, as should be done, the city has 37.4 per cent of the population of St. Louis, or 215,170. While in 1870 Kansas City stood thirty-eighth among the cities of the United States, in 1880 it had risen to the twenty-ninth place and in 1900 to twenty-second place. In these twenty years her population has nearly doubled. Including Kansas City, Kansas, she occupies seventeenth place. Only the acci- dent of a State line separates the two cities, which commercially are one. In the census of 1900 only two cities of 100,000 or more had a greater proportion than Kansas City of native whites of native parents. They are St. Joseph, Mis- souri, with 67 per cent and Columbus, Ohio, with 60 per cent; Kansas City rank- ing third with 58 per cent. Foreigners constitute only 11.2 per cent of the popu- lation and negroes 10.8 per cent; only three other cities in 1900 had a less per cent of foreign population, St. Joseph, Missouri, Washington, D. C, and Mem- phis, Tennessee. Kansas City is an American city of the highest type. Its peo- ple are thrifty, law-abiding and home-loving. There is little destitution, little squalor. The tenement house has not become a menace. The record of no development in Kansas City is more interesting than its growth in building operation. Strangers are astonished at the residences built and those under construction. During the last five years the estimated cost of structures for which building permits have been issued was twenty- six million dollars. These permits included 1,160 brick residences and 4,987 frame residences, aggregating in value fourteen and one-half million dollars. It is estimated that twenty million dollars has been expended in the last five years for the erection of residences in Kansas City, and for all structures during this period more than thirty-three million dollars. In the census of 1900 Kansas City stood seventh among American cities in aggregate building operations, yet the total for the last fiscal year was nearly twice as much as for the census year. The extraordinary growth in building has made profitable business in all building material lines. Incident to it has been a development of the brick industry. Six large firms manufacture brick with an annual out put of seventy-six million bricks, the largest west of Chicago and St. Louis 270 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. The parent plant, one of the largest manufactories of stove pipe, is in Kansas City. This firm has filled exceptionally large contracts; one in particular for the City of Mexico. The postal receipts are a reliable index to a city's business prosperity. In gross postoffice receipts, Kansas City ranks thirteenth among the American cities, though twenty-second in population. Her receipts are more than those of New Orleans and Memphis combined, or Omaha and Denver, or Louisville and Nash- ville combined, or Hartford and New Haven, Bridgeport, Waterbury and Memphis all combined. Postal receipts of Kansas City exceed the postal receipts from presidential postoffices of the ten States of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina and West Virginia. In the main ofiice of the thirty-five sub-stations, 440 people are employed. The gross receipts are $1,101,837.91. The amount of revenue of the office for the fiscal year was $784,013.42 with a smaller per cent of expense to the receipts than shown by any office above it in population. Kansas City is to-day the second largest rail- way center of America. No city anywhere can offer the merchants or manufacturers better ship- ping facilities. It is the point from which the railroads can gather the largest tonnage over the greatest area. Of all inducements held out to locate in Kansas City, and they are numerous, none is of greater value than its superior transportation facil- ities. Of the total 57,023 miles of track laid in the United States in 1903, over 30 per cent was laid in Okla- homa, Indian Territory, Texas MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL. CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL. FRANKLIN WARD SCHOOL. and Missouri. These roads all open new territory that ijays tribute to Kansas City merchants and manufacturers. Thirty-nine lines of railway run into Kansas City, with a mileage of fifty-five thousand miles, nearly one-fourth of the United States. These lines traverse thirty-one states and territories. The cap- itals of sixteen states and three territories can be reached from Kansas City without change of cars. Kansas City merchants and manufacturers have seven trunk lines from Chicago, six from St. Louis, seven from Nebraska and the great northwest, five to Colorado and beyond, eleven to Kansas, seven to Indian Territory, Oklahoma, Texas and the southwest and fourteen to Missouri. These lines reach nearly 12,000 cities and towns direct. The trackage of the railways, including switches, within the city is over 500 miles. More than three hundred freight trains in and out daily handle on the average 12,000 cars a day. More than two hundred passenger trains enter and disappear from the union depot daily and five of the roads do not enter the union depot. The railways have recently announced plans for a $5,000,000 station. Two new railroad enterprises rapidly reaching consummation, the building of the Kansas City, Mexico & KANSAS CITY 271 Orienl, and the development of the Union Depot Bridge and Terminal Railway Company promise much for Kansas City. The former line, 1,629 miles long, is the most important railway project undertaken in the United States for years. It brings the city 500 miles nearer to the coast and opens up a country now almost entirely undeveloped, marvelously rich in many resources. The undertaking of the Union Depot Bridge and Terminal Railway is both a transportation and indus- trial development. The completion of its plans will add much to the wealth and importance of the city. The railway companies in Kansas City's territories have ever prospered. With the completion of plans now underway pointing to greater growth and greater prosperity, Kansas City will enjoy the distinction of having the largest and best transportation facilities of any city in the United States of America. The live stock business of Kansas City is the most important, the most char- acteristic and the most rapidly developing phase of its commei'cial life. Kansas City's live stock business is the second largest in the world and is growing as none other. Its stock yards are the most convenient and the most thoroughly equipped in the country, and the output of its packing plant is exceeded only by those of Chicago. Slaughtering and meat packing in the United States ranks first among the industries in net value of products and second in gross value. In this industry ranking at the top of all the great industries in the United BURNHAM, HANNA, MUNGER & CO., WHOLESALE DRY GOODS. States, Kansas City to-day occupies the second place among the American cities. The magnitude of the live stock business astonishes all who have given it no direct attention. It is the largest item in the commerce of the city. More cap- ital is invested in it than in any other; the annual volume of business in dollars is greater than any other; it employs more people; it furnishes greater railroad tonnage, it draws its supplies from a larger territory and sells its products throughout a greater area. Kansas City is the outdoor to the great stock and 272 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. PARK COLLEGE, PARKVILLE, PLATTE COUNTY, NEAR KANSAS CITY. HORSES CATTLE HOGS SHEEP AND MULES I87I 120,827 41,036 4,527 809 I88I 285,863 1,614,304 79,924 12,592 I89I 1,347,487 2,599,109 386,760 31,740 I90I 2,126,575 3,716,404 980,078 96,657 1902 2,279,166 2,279,337 1,154,084 76,844 1903 2,137,112 1,969,381 1,151,730 67,274 cattle market of the world. Since the stock yards were established in 1871, they have been again and again enlarged, growing from 26 acres to 200 acres. They are paved throughout with vitrified brick, and have every facility for transacting business. The Live Stock Exchange building is the finest of its kind in the world. A more adequate idea of the remarkable growth of the live stock industry may be gathered from a comparison of the receipts of live stock for various years as follows: The growth of the pack- receipts of live stock at kansas city. ing industry is shown in the increased number of animals slaughtered. The increase in the percentage of the receipts consumed by the six local packing houses is more im- portant and significant than the increase in receipts, at the yards. In 1903 the pack- ing houses consumed 525 per cent of all the cattle received during the year, 95.5 per cent of the hogs and 67.2 of all the sheep. A new packing plant costing two million dollars is being built. The value of the products of the Kansas City packing houses for the cen- sus year was $73,205,027. This amount is larger than the value of the entire output of bituminous coal of Iowa, Illinois, Ohio and West Virginia combined. With the increase of business it is estimated that the annual output of the six packing houses is to-day nearly ninety million dollars. The following table shows the number of cattle, hogs and sheep slaughtered by the packing houses in various years since 1886: The cattle received during 1901 placed in line one behind another would reach from New York to San Francisco. The hogs similarly placed would reach from San Francisco to New York and back to Pittsburg. Facilities have been provided to encourage breeders to make the Kansas City stock yards the auc- tion market for the stock products. Annually the great American Royal Show and sale is held here, the greatest exhibition of breeding stock the world has ever seen. Kansas City has become the center of the pure bred cattle industry. One-third of the cattle of the United States are in the states directly tributary to Kansas City. The number has increased more than 30 per cent in eight years. The increased sale is equal to the number of cattle in Great Britain. The possibilities of Kansas City as a live stock market would seem to know no limit short of cessation of increase of population. Kansas City leads all other cities in the world as a distributing point for agricultural implements and vehicles. That portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the KANSAS CITY PACKING HOUSES. CATTLE HOGS SHEEP 1886 100,335 1,688,283 89,163 1890 581,520 2,348,073 199,000 1895 912,245 2,145,131 575,806 1900 1,139,246 2,854,281 629,918 1903 1,123,918 1,881,018 773,982 KANSAS CITY. 273 FARM SCENE, IN KANSAS CITY'S TRADE TERRITORY. that comprises Kansas City trade territory in the implement and vehicle line contains approximately 200,000 square miles, the greater portion of which is rich in farm lands, with a soil that is inexhaustible. Every implement factory of any importance in the United States is represented in Kansas City. The annual sales aggregate twenty-five million dollars, one-fourth of all the agri- cultural implements manufactured in the United States. The Kansas City Imple- ment Vehicle and Hardware Club is the largest organization of jobbers in one line to be found anywhere, and the Western Retail Implement and Vehicle Dealers' Association is the largest state or interstate organization of retail dealers in any line. Its annual convention brings to Kansas City from three to four thousand retail dealers to Kansas City's retail territory. The annual shipments of implements and vehicles from this point, if bunched in car loads, would approximate eighteen thousand cars or two train loads each working day in the year. With the increased agricultural production from the territory tributary to Kansas City, it may be safely asserted that Kansas City's growth in the imple- ment business, phenomenal as it has been, has only begun. Located at the very heart of the grain growing section of the continent, with railroads running throughout in every direction, giving it the best transporta- tion facilities, Kansas City has annually become one of the most important grain and milling centers of the United States. Tributary to her mills and elevators there is almost an unlimited supply of grain. Bach year the Kansas City eleva- tors handle more and more of this yield and its mills convert an ever increasing portion of it into flour, corn meal, cei'eals, products and feed stuffs for long demand and exportation. The grain interest of the city is conducted by the Board of Trade, the sole organization of business men in the city. Each year the receipts of grain of Kansas City have been larger than for the previous year. ^ In 1903 the receipts and shipments aggre- gating sixty-two million bushels were the largest known. In 1900 the census placed Kansas City ninth in flouring and grist mill products, to-day she would stand above this. Her milling capacity has been increased, and two new mills are being built. One of the mills with a daily capac- ity of 5,000 barrels, shipped this month twenty-five car loads of flour to South Africa. This mill grinds for export trade only. There are twenty-eight elevators in Kansas City with a storage capacity of 6,320,000 bushels and a handling capacity Mo. — /8- OS W 03,- BUNCH OF JACKSON COUNTY GRAPES. 274 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SCENE ON STOCK FARM, DE KALB COUNTY. of 1,518,000 bushels. Other elevators under construction will add a third to the storage capacity. That there is only one cereal mill of large proportions in the city is somewhat astonishing, the bulk of its product being oatmeal, much of which is exported. Kansas City should be the center of the cereal food business of the United States and doubtless will be. As a wholesale fruit and produce market, Kansas City ranks in importance with cities triple and quadruple her size. Its location makes it the great market place for the fruit and garden products of the west and southwest. A record of the value of last years' business shows: Butter, 10,000,000 pounds, valued at $2,000,000; eggs, 306,000 cases, $1,530,000; cheese, $782,400; poultry, 16,000,000 pounds, $1,500,000. Fruits combining all classes except berries, $2,100,000; ber- ries, $264,000. Vegetables, $1,500,000; the special lines including dried fruits, game, honey, wax and sundry items, $1,000,000. No fruit and vegetable market in the United States has promise of a brighter future. The lumber industry of the United States ranks fourth in the gross value of products. In this important industry Kansas City stands among the first. It is one of the leading lumber centers of the country, and in the sale of yellow pine probably leads. Its manufacturers are among the most prominent in the country. Their mills are located in the yellow pine timber lands of Mis- souri, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, and a daily output of their mill plants ranges from 50,000 to 400,000 feet. A fair estimate of the yellow pine lumber sold in Kansas City in 1903 would be one billion feet. The cypress which is supplanting the white pine is furnishing a large volume of business in Kansas City. The Pacific Coast lum- ber is handled in an increasing amount. As a hardwood market Kan- sas City holds a responsible place. There are four large hardwood yards in the city, and one of the largest wal- nut lumber plants in the world. Prac- tically all of the walnut lumber out- put is consumed in Europe. In the sash and door line, Kansas City shows a large business over an extensive territory. The Southwestern Lumbermen's Association maintains its headquarters at Kansas City. Its organ- ization has a membership of 16,050. There are upwards of 100 lumber compa- nies in Kansas City. These companies employ a combined capital conservatively estimated at $40,000,000. JUDGE THOMAS B. HUDSPETH, JACKSON COUNTY, AND HIS FOX HOUNDS. KANSAS CITY. 275 Coal is the alchemy of commerce. It is the first essential in manufacturing, the first essential in transportation. If it can be obtained regularly in large quan- tities at a reasonable price, and a great variety of raw materials is at hand, two of the chief factors for industrial success exist. Kansas City is especially fortunate in its coal supply. Twenty coal mining companies having an aggregate capital of $10,000,000, have headquarters here. In addi- tion to the companies operating their own mines there are twenty-five wholesale coal dealers employ- ing at least $1,000,000, which handle the product from mines not operated by Kansas City capital. Over 125 coal mines employing 15,000 operatives are owned and operated by the Kansas City Company. There are over 100 other mines in the Kansas City field employing 8,000 operatives. These mines have a total an- nual output of 14,000,000 tons. Four mil- lion tons of coal are sold in Kansas City. Two and one-half million are consumed by the railroads, and the remainder for com- mercial and domestic purposes. Geo- graphically, Kansas City is the center of one of the greatest coal districts in North America. The city is underlaid with two veins of coal, mined within the city limits; twenty-seven miles up the river are the large producing mines of Leaven- worth, Kansas; fifty miles to the east are the Lexington and Richmond fields; ninety miles farther east are the Bevier and Huntsville fields giving two of the thickest veins of coal west of the Mississippi river, averag- ing four and a half feet, and underlying a large portion of Randolph and Macon counties; to the southwest within the dis- tance of one hundred and forty miles are the Kansas fields, which produce one of the strongest steam-producing coals in the United States. On every side are extensive coal fields, those of Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian Territory and Colorado, and all chiefly controlled by Kansas City capital. Among the cities of the Union, greater Kan sas City, as an industrial community occupied, according to the census of 1900 the fifteenth place. At that time Kansas City had 22,089 factories with an aggregate capital of over $45,000,000. There were employed 25,925 operatives to whom wages amounting to $12,669,911 were paid. The raw material used cost $88.- 600,689, and the value of the output was $119,296,335. This was larger than the total manufactured product of twenty- seven states. While the gain in population in the decade in Kansas City was only 25.7 per cent, the increase in value of factory output was nearly 57 per cent greater than enjoyed by any other city except Pittsburg, pro- ducing an equal or greater output. Twenty years ago Kansas City was known as a jobbing and wholesale city, to-day it is known also as a manufacturing city. To-day there are more manu- facturing and wholesale concerns, and the manufacturing interests greatly ex- ceed the jobbing interests in capital invested, annual sales, number of employes and annual pay roll. The industrial growth is indicated by the Manufacturers MISSOURI GROWS THREE TIMES AS MUCH CORN AS MEXICO AND CANADA COMBINED. 276 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. A HERD OF MISSOURI CATTLE FOR FUTURE KANSAS CTTV MARKET. and Merchants Association with a membership of nearly 400 of the largest man- ufacturing firms representing a great variety of industries. Nowhere is a new concern more heartily welcomed. The people of this territory are intelligent and prosperous; anything that will supply their wants can be successfully and profitably manufactured in Kansas City. The most significant and important phase of the commercial life of Kansas City is the great variety of its interest. It is not a one line city. Other than interests already considered, the more important are dry goods, hats, caps, boots and shoes, millinery and notions, groceries, teas and coffees, drugs, liquor, hardware, machinery supplies, heavy iron, building material, paper, house and electrical supplies. Kansas City stands first as a dry goods market west of St. Louis. The wholesale grocer business is represented by very strong houses. The wholesale hardware business in all its branches is well represented. In the drug business is large capital which has grown rmarkably. Kansas City is the western depot for saddles and harness. Not only the live stock, grain and agricul- tural implement businesses have grown more rap- idly or more substantially, but Kansas City has become one of the best millinery markets in the country. One coffee house roasts its own product, grown on its own plantation in Mexico. The de- velopment in its electrical supply has been very great. The increase in the manufacture and sale of paints, oil and varnish has been large. The seed business is one of the largest west of the Mis- sissippi. Ten houses are engaged extensively in jobbing jewelry and watch supplies, making the city stand fourth in the United States in this regard. The wholesale crockery and queensware business is represented virtually by one house, established over forty years ago, which has pros- pered ever since, and ships entirely to the Coast. A Kansas City music house is the second largest in the United States. Almost every line is represented in the wholesale field. In 1880 the bank clearings of Kansas City for the year amounted to one himdred and one million dol- lars. In 1903 they amounted to ten hundred and seventy-four million dollars. Nothing better indi- cates the commercial growth and importance of Kansas City than these figures. Kansas City's financial prestige is very great. No city in the Union any- where near her in size can in any way compare with her in financial importance. LADY BRITON 16tH 90715, SWEEPSTAKES cow AT THE PAN AMERICAN EXPOSITION, C. G. COMSTOCK & SON, GENTRY COUNTY. KANSAS CITY. 277 IN FEED LOT OF CLARK & HOUSEHOLDER, AUDRAIN COUNTY. Twenty-second in population, she is eighth in banlv clearings and oftentimes seventh. Only New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston and San Francisco stand regularly ahead of her in bank clearings. The combined capital and surplus of Kansas City's eighteen banks amount to ten million dollars. They have a deposit of eighty million dollars. The clearings for 1903 were the largest in the history of the clearing house. One of the banks is the largest west of Chicago with one exception. Great deposits held by the Kansas City banks have made them compar- atively free of the eastern money makers. Yet in banking as in commerce, the city has only fairly begun to grow. While Kansas City is great in commerce and industry and her development as a factor in the business world has been surpassingly interesting, the growth of all phases of her higher life has been more rapid, more astonishing and more advanced. Early in the history of the city, an exceptional sys- tem of public schools was established, the growth and expansion of which has demon- strated the wisdom of its founders. The board of education, in which the two great political parties have been for thirty years equally represented, has been notable for the charac- ter, ability and public spirit of its members. The schools have a na- tional and interna- tional reputation for efficiency. The Manual Training School has be- come a model. Kansas City has more high ^^^'^^ ^^° railway, near kansas city. school scholars in proportion to its population than any city in the federal union. Liberality has ever been manifested by the tax payers in voting bonds for school purposes. The school tax is nine mills on the assessed valuation of eighty-six million dollars. The school buildings are of model school architecture. The public library, which is part and parcel of the school system, is a masterpiece 278 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SCENE IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI MINING of school architecture. The four high schools are especially noteworthy. The citizens are prouder of nothing than of Kansas City's public school system. Aside from her public schools, Kansas City offers other unusual educational ad- vantages in professional, parochial and private schools. Kansas City's public library, administered by the board of education, has for its home a classic and well-appointed building. The library contains about 50,000 volumes, is free to all residents of Kansas City, and is used by a greater percentage of the popula- tion than any library in the United States. To add to its practical use seven substations are maintained in the more distant schools, and a branch in a hand- some building at Westport. The school and the church go hand in hand and no less characteristic than the development of the Kansas City schools has been that of her religious life. One of the most interesting phases of the religious life of Kansas City is the building of so many churches in the outlying residence districts. All de- nominations are represented and all religious organizations. One hundred and eighty church edifices are to be found within the city limits. The buildings are models of church architecture, ornaments to the city, and evidence of the liber- ality of their membership. The establishment of the elaborate park and boulevard system is the most signal exam- ple of the Kansas City spirit. The park system under the man- agement of the Park Board comprises 1,874 acres of parks, 215 acres of park- ways, and twenty-six miles of boulevards, one of the most beautiful and har- monious park and boulevard systems in the United States. The system is com- prehensive; each portion has been planned with relation to every other and the whole to give embellishment to all the city and to serve all of its inhabitants. Throughout the center of the residence portion of the city from north to south runs the Paseo, a magnificent parkway, while the Parade, the central play- ground of the city adjoins the Paseo about midway of its length. The parks are beautiful and picturesque, with lakes, fountains, forest trees, winding drives and open playgrounds. The elaborate system of boulevards encircles the city and connects nearly all the parks'. The boulevards are most modern in cou- PO^JTIAC C. STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE FARM. KANSAS CITY. 279 .«»a(r'- DISTRICT IN KANSAS CITY TKADE TERRITORY. struction, are wide, well paved, bordered with wide walks and rows of trees on either side, and along those in the newer sections of the city, costly houses are being rapidly erected. The total cost of the park system exceeds six million dollars. To-day in Kansas City exceptional, but for her not unusual conditions pre- vail in all lines of business. The number of real estate transfers have increased from year to year. The rapid extension of the street railway system has been responsible for the great demand for residence property in outlying districts. Great retail branches of business are not less well represented in the city than the wholesale manufacturing interests. Many are moving into new and better stores. The humanitites of life are cultivated. Chas. Dudley Warner has written: "I can only express my admiration of the indomitable energy and spirit of that portion of the west which Kansas City represents, and congratulate it upon so many indications of attention to the higher civilization without which its material progress would be wonderful but not attractive." Kansas City has always been fortunate by being served by able and clean newspapers. One has the largest circulation of any paper published in a city with no more inhabitants. The Star, with its morning edition, the Times, the Journal and the Evening World, are vigorous and influential. Kansas City has grown marvelously in newspaper and periodical publishing, and in book and job printing. A prosperous people build commodious and beautiful houses. Nothing in Kansas City will more forcibly impress the visitor with the prosperity of the city than its great number of elegant homes. Every facility is offered for social enjoyment. Large theaters, attractive clubs and prosperous libi'ary, social and musical organizations. Business and professional organizations are prominent. The Priests of Pallas week is a notable harvest home occasion. A city can not be greater than her citizens. Kansas City is the outcome of the Kansas City spirit. Within half a century, the people of Kansas City have reared upon an uncouth and unattractive spot a wonderful and in many respects, a model city, clean politically, beautiful materially, aggressive commercially, and stable financially. Nothing has ever been too good for the citizen of Kansas City, either in his own home or for his own city. The audacity and pluck and comradeship of the people have made the Kan- sas City spirit. Since the early days, all questions have been approached by organized effort. The building and rebuilding of Convention Hall is evidence of what Kansas City means. This building 198 by 314 feet in size was built by popular subscriptions. It was the building of all the people, for all the people, to be conducted for the benefit of all the city without hope of gain. The National 280 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Democratic Convention of 1900 had been secured for the city, to meet in Con- vention Hall. It was to convene on July 4. Midday April 4 the hall burned. Before the sun went down upon the day, contract for rebuilding and making it fire proof in time for the National Democratic Convention was let and subscrip- tions began pouring in. The convention was held in it on time. The magnitude of the performance can be comprehended, when it is known that the original subscriptions had to be more than duplicated and that the building is steel con- struction, with a truss roof, without pillar or post to obstruct the vision, or mar the sound. It was estiinated that during the National Convention 30,000 people were in it at one time. It is adapted to almost every conceivable entertainment or gathering, such as grand opera, horse shows, balls, band concerts, industrial expositions, bench and poultry shows, flower shows, bicycle races, all of which have taken place in it. It is a great auditorium and stands a monument to a people great in civic pride, great in determination, and great in ability to exe- cute their plans. A photograph of Convention Hall is in the heading to this chapter. When it is remembered that 60 per cent of the total area of the United States is west of Kansas City, and that it contains only 14.7 per cent of the population, a faint conception is had of what development may still be expected in this region, and how Kansas City will grow as a result thereof. Kansas City's lines of communication cover this section like a gridiron. All lines of railway to REGISTERED ABERDEEN-ANGUS OF W. E. & HAMILTON CONE, SCOTLAND COUNTY. the west converge here. From here they diverge, and like the ribs of an open fan spread out over all this region to every nook and corner, every prairie set- tlement and mining camp, every stock ranch and lumber mill, every cotton plan- tation and wheat and corn field, bringing the wealth of them all to Kansas City, here to be turned into the finished product or retransported to the east and north and south, or across the seas. When this domain knows the development the region east of Kansas City now enjoys; when its fields are tilled as are the fields of Ohio; when its mines of coal and iron are worked as are the mines of Pennsylvania; when the cotton of its plantations is manufactured into the finished fabric where grown, as it now is in the south; when its slaughter houses have still increased until their 'apacity consumes the entire supply of live stock; when the ore of its lead and zinc and copper mines is converted at home into the finally finished product and not transported across the continent, or exported, to be reduced to the ultimate article; when its lumber before bearing transportation charges is made into articles of utility and beauty; when its natural gas lights the fires of its own furnaces and mills and shops, it will be as great in industry as it is to-day in agriculture and stock raising. It will be an industrial and commercial domain greater and more prosperous than modern history has known, and Kansas City will be as it is to-day, its commercial, industrial and financial metropolis. ST. JOSEPH is the third city in the State in population, in commerce and in wealth. It is the county seat of Buchanan county, and the metrop- olis of "The Platte Purchase." For a distance of one hundred miles, the Missouri river is the boundary line between Missouri and Kansas, and then it cuts its way through the central counties of Missouri and unites with the Mississippi river twenty miles above St. Louis. St. Joseph is located on the great east bend of the Missouri river, 300 miles by rail above St. Louis; by river 556 miles to the northwest. From Jefferson City, the State capital, St. Joseph is by rail 245 miles. The first settler at the foot of the Black Snake Hills, now the site of St. Joseph, was Joseph Robidoux, of St. Louis, a trader with the Indians. A treaty negotiated with the Sac. Fox and Iowa tribes brought what is known and in- cluded in the territory now embraced by the counties of Platte, Buchanan, An- drew, Holt, Nodoway and Atchison into Missouri as a conclusion of "The Platte Purchase" in 1838. Joseph Robidoux pre-empted the 160 acres of land on which he had located, and on which the main business portion of St. Joseph was builded. In 1S43 the town of St. Joseph was laid out. A special charter was granted in 1851. California emigrants made St. Joseph their outfitting point and the city was fairly launched on its commercial growth. In 1861, William A. Davis, who had been in the postal service for more than 30 years, conceived a scheme to distribute the mail bound west of the Missouri river, on the cars between Hannibal and St. Joseph. He placed his scheme and drawings for distributing cars in the hands of Major J. L. Bit- tinger, then postmaster, who, having examined the plans, forwarded them with his recommendation, to Postmaster General Blair. A special agent was sent to Photo in heading: Lice Stock Exchamje ; Library Buildiuy. 281 282 THE STATE OF MISSOURI C. D. SMITH DRUG COMPANY LETTS- SPENCEB GROCERY COMPANY St. Joseph with orders to confer with Mr. Da- vis, and inaugurate the business of dis- tributing the overland mail on the cars. It proved to be the great- est improvement ever made in the postal ser- vice. Mail is now dis- tributed i n special mail cars all over the country, and the rail- w a y postal service been adopted in many foreign lands. In 1871, a company was organized t o bridge the Missouri river at St. Joseph. The city voted $500,- 000, and bonds were issued to the amount of $500,000. The bridge was completed early in 1873. At this time new lines of railroad were projected. In a few years several additional lines were completed, until now there are fourteen leading lines which connect St. Joseph with every section of the United States, Can- ada and Mexico. No city has bet- NATioNAL BISCUIT tcr transportation facilities for COMPANY. trade. The city has made enor- mous strides in growth, commerce and manufacturing within the last ten years. Fourteen hundred traveling men, representing St. Joseph business houses, cover the territory west to the Pacific Ocean, north to the Canadian line, south to Mexico, and east as far as Ohio. The business men of St. Joseph are possessed of great foresight and enter- prise, but are not of the speculative character. They are energetic, but con- servative. They have a strong, stubborn way of doing things. They have in- sisted upon a clean, honest city government, and have generally succeeded in obtaining it. Few cities are so free from municipal corruption. The affairs of the city are economically administered. No official has ever been charged with corruption. The population of St. Joseph in 1846 was 936. In 1850 it was 8,932. In 1860 it was estimated at 12,000. In 1870 the United States census gave it as 19,565. PAXOKAMA OF ST. JOSEPH ST. JOSEPH. 283 In 1880 it was 32,431. In 1890 it was 52,324. In 1900 the United States census showed that the city had nearly doubled its population — 102,979. It is now estimated at 105,000. Thus it is shown that only one city in the United States — Los Angeles, California — has equalled it in growth during the ten years from 1890 to 1900. The natural advantages of St. Joseph as a commercial and manufacturing city are unsurpassed. It is in the heart of the most fertile section on earth, famous for its varied and wonderful r e - sources and prolific production. The per- manence and prosper- ity of the city is founded upon fortu- nate location, estab- lished institutions, ac- cumulated wealth, merited prestige and successful achieve- ments. The stability and prosperity of no city in the west is better assured than that of St. Joseph. In the span of one life- time it has grown from a trading point to an eminent commercial city, an im- portant railroad and financial center, and an established market in every way, of national prominence. It is a city where the majority of the resi- dents own their homes. The mer- chants, manufacturers, and most peo- ple in business own the buildings in which they trade. There is hardly a vacant house in the city, business or residence, and in nearly every case new buildings command tenants before their completion. Prices for real es- tate are no higher than those prevail- ing ten years ago, while in the mean- time the population of the city has doubled, and the real value, when compared with other cities of the same popu- lation, is much above present prices. As a distinguishing feature, the people of St. Joseph are permanent, contented, steady and reliable, as compared with the transient, restless and nomadic elements that seem to concentrate in other large commercial centers. TOOTLE, WHEELER & MOTTEB. RICHAEDSON-EOBERTS DEY GOODS C BRITTAIN DRY GOODS CO. FROM THE WEST BANK OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 284 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. From the highest point in St. Joseph there is a magnificent landscape view west over the Kansas valley and the highland prairie. To the south lies the valley of the Missouri river, so rich that it has produced unfailing crops of wheat, rye, oats, corn and hemp. The hills bordering the valley rise 200 feet, wooded from foot to top, while the prairie spreads out like the billows of a gently rolling sea. It is one of the great fruit growing sections of the world. The timber in the woodlands is varied and ample. The climate is mild and pleasant. There is no healthier region. Nowhere on earth in a like area is there grown as many horses, mules, cattle and hogs. Nowhere as much wheat, rye, oats, and corn. Nowhere as much fruit. The vast praii'ie region tributary to St. Joseph is wide, grand, open, not dull nor flat, but rising and sloping — a landscape scene of width comparable with naught but itself. PrairiQSi there are in other lands with far-spread arid grasses and brackish lakes, but here are the fertile prairie lands of America, bountifully watered by rivers, creeks and streams. St. Joseph was incorporated as a town under special charter, in 1845; as a city, under charter, in 1851. It includes within its incorporated limits an area of nine and one-half square miles. It has 152 miles of streets, of which sixty are paved with asphalt, brick, macadam or granite; has six miles of main sewers and sixty miles of district sewer. Its government is vested in a mayor and a council. Its bonded debt, less cash in the treasury January 1, 1904, was $925,000, bearing interest at 3 1-2 and 4 per cent. It has no floating indebted- ness. Its assessed valuation is $30,000,000, which is from 35 to 50 per cent of actual value. On this basis, a tax of $1.45 is levied. The State, school and county tax levied on the same basis, are $1.30. Five city parks furnish pleasure grounds for the people. The various departments of the city government, pub- lic works, police, fire and heat and light, building, board of health and others are conducted upon modern lines. Free public library, established in 1890, now INTEKIOK OF NATIONAL BANK OF ST. JOSEPH. contains 29,000 volumes. It is housed in a beautiful building provided by the school district at a cost of $107,000. The Carnegie Branch, erected from a gift of $25,000 from Andrew Carnegie, is in South St. Joseph. The city hall and public market house, the United States government postofRce, the county courthouse, the Home for Little Wanderers, the Memorial Home for Aged People, the State Insane Asylum No. 2, the county asylum for ST. JOSEPH. 285 the poor, the union station, the Young Men's Christian Association building, the Y. W. C. A. home, are excellent public buildings. There are two splendid hospitals — the Sisters and the Ensworth. The first is equal to any in the State, and the latter is also excellent. The public schools of St. Joseph are supported with an annual expenditure of $250,000. They are among the best in the west. The school district embraces fifteen square milesi of territory, owns thirty-two buildings, operates thirty-five schools, employs two hundred and seventy-eight teachers. At the last school census there was an enrollment of 11,054 pupils in the public schools. There are numerous and excellent private and parochial schools, among them: Antoine Kindergarten, Robidoux Kindergarten, Y. M. C. A. Evening School, St. Peter's German- English Lutheran School, St. Paul's Evangel- ical I/Utheran Parochial School, Cathedral Parochial School, School of the Immaculate Conception, St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, St. Mary's Catholic School, St. Patrick's Girls' Parochial School. St. Peter's and Paul's Cath- olic School, Christian Brothers College, Con- vent of the Sacred Heart. Piatt's Commercial College, St. Joseph Business University, Ens- worth Medical College, Central Medical College. There is no wholesale market west of St. Louis equal to St. Joseph. Other enterprising cities on the Missouri river have grown up, but in commerce none have been able to compete with St. Joseph. It is to-day the fourth largest wholesale dry goods market on the continent. There are four large houses in this line, using a capital of $3,000,000, employing over 200 traveling men, and making annual sales to the amount of $20,000,000. Their trade extends over the whole territory west of the Missouri river, the British possessions, Alaska, Mexico and the Pacific Islands. The immense dry goods business of St. Joseph has at- tracted many other interests to locate here, among which are wholesale groceries, hardware, boots and shoes, hats and caps, queensware, and also manufactories of various kinds. Over one million dollars worth of millinery goods are sold at wholesale by the jobbing millinery houses of St. Joseph. These houses give employment to over five hundred people in the manufacture and distribution of their goods. Thirty-eight salesmen cover the territory west of the Missouri river to the coast. The wholesale millinery business is steadily increasing and keeping pace with the other large jobbing interests. St. Joseph is a great market for paint specialties, covering the entire United States on some of these manufactured specialties. In the wholesale paper trade, St. Joseph has one firm, Sheridan-Clayton Paper Company, that is the largest handlers of tablets, and one of the largest supply houses in America. In the wholesale drug business, C. D. Smith Drug Company and the Van Natta-Lynds Drug Company embrace seven states and territories in their trade, with a volume of business approximating $2,000,000. The receipts of produce in St. Joseph indi- cate the extent of the city as a produce market. For a single year these approx- imated a million dollars of poultry; $1,500,000, of eggs; $2,500,000 of butter and 286 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. $6,000,000 of fruits and vegetables. An interesting comparison shows that the receipts of produce in 1868 were $150,000, and they had grown to nearly $9,000,- 000 in 1903. Manufacturing industries of St. Joseph have increased immensely in the past twenty years. There is no more desirable location for manufacturing. Transportation facili- ties and the vast extent of territory drawing its supplies from here make St. Joseph an at- tractive manufacturing point. The Buell Man- ufacturing Company, said to be the largest in the United States, manufactures blankets, robes . and flannels, which are shipped di- rect from the mills to almost every State in the Union. The two largest manufacturers in the world of duck and denim clothing are located here. Seven firms are engaged in woollen man- ufacturing with four thousand operatives. There are five large boot and shoe factories. Wyeth Company manufactures a great amount of tinware, saddlery and harness, and have a large trade in Mexico. The Perfection Pump Company ships its products in car load lots all over the United States. The National Bis- cuit Company, with three large flour mills, the St. Joseph Plow Manufactory, the Mokaska Manufacturing Company, manufacturing roasted coffees, spices and baking powder, are large and growing institutions. The manufacture of cigars is a large industry. The manufacture of confectionery, jellies, fruit, butters and mince meat is larger than any other city in the west. The furniture and coop- erage works have long been established. The manufacture of carriages, buggies and wagons is a prosperous business. The hominy mills use hundreds of thou- sands of bushels of white corn grown especially for them. Of foundry and machine shops there are a number, and more needed. There are a half dozen steam laundries. The St. Joseph Skirt and Waist Company employs forty people. There are three large breweries, the annual product of which is 60,000 barrels. Altogether, the manufacturing industries number nearly 200, and over 8,000 em- BENTON CLUB HOUSE, ST. JOSEPH. BIRDS EYE VIEW OF ST. JOSEPH. 287 ployes. The aggregate value of manufactured products is estimated at over $30,000,000, and is growing at a rapid rate year by year. There is probably no city in the Union, of the same size, as noted for pure milk as St. Joseph. Most of the milk supplied is furnished by nearby dairies, and is delivered twice a day from the farm. A large proportion of this milk is handled through milk dealers, who do a wholesale as well as a retail business. Prominent among these are the American, i the Lewis, Electric and Western Dairy Companies. The Western Dairy Com- pany is the largest. It handles in addi- tion to milk, a large quantity of cream and make a special feature of the manu- facture of ice cream, a great deal of which is shipped to outside towns and the rest sold locally. It is estimated that St. Joseph uses about 13,000 gallons of milk daily, and as the demand increases the territory from which this milk is brought is extended. About one-eighth of the amount used is shipped in on the rail- roads now. The largest dealers in cream and exclusive manufacturers of pure creamery butter are the Blue Valley Creamery Company. They buy cream ex- clusively and make during the flush, a car load of butter a day and pay out one- half a million dollars a year for the raw material. Although less than three years old, this is the largest creamery in the world. The retail business of St. Joseph has kept pace with its other industries. In all lines of commercial activity there has been progress and advancement. The result has been not only a city of business, but a city of homes. As a grain market St. Joseph has made wonderful advancements during the past year, and perhaps the largest gains of any other C: y in the great central valley, it being so favorably located at the corners of the four greatest grain pro- ducing States in America, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska, and on the Missouri river, and with ample railroad facilities both in and out, and three large independent grain elevators and others being now contracted for, and also four large mills with elevators connected. The St. Joseph Board of Trade was organized about one year ago, and has already since its organization increased the COMMERCIAL CLUB BUILDING, ST. JOSEPH. m ST. JOSEPH STOCK YARDS. 288 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. UNION STATION, ST. JOSEPH BUCHANAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. grain business of St. Joseph to such an extent that it has gone beyond this conti- nent for an outlet. St. Joseph is now one of the foremost inland markets of the country on exports, and will continue to grow in importance and business, be- cause of its natural advantages and its geographical position. St. Joseph is one of the important seed markets of the United States. Among the leading firms are the Chesmore-Eastlake Company, The Faber Seed Company, Mitchellhill & Company, and the Missouri Valley Seed Company. St. Joseph is in the center of the best agricultural territory in the world, and the seed market will continue to grow as the territory develops. An infallible index to the commercial importance of any city or section is afforded by the transportation facilities which it enjoys and which are indis- pensaljle for its development. The following lines constitute the present railroad facilities of St. Joseph: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway, Burlington & Missouri River railroad, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad, Chicago Great Western railway, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railway, Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad, Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs railroad, Missouri Pacific railway, and St. Joseph & Grand Island railway. These lines and sys- tems of which they form a part have a total mileage of 61,114 miles, and traverse the States of Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Ala- bama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, California, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Arizona territories, the Dominion of Canada and the Republic of Mexico. Situated on one of the main waterways of the continent, at an elevation which precludes the possibility of danger from flood, in the center of a fertile section producing an abundance of grain, live stock, coal and timber, having man- ufactories, wholesale jobbing houses in all of the principal lines, extensive mod- ern stock yards and packing houses, great railroad systems whose lines reach the great lakes, the tide waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Gulf of Mexico, St. Joseph is a natural distributing point for a vast territory. This fact having been recognized by the railroads at an early date, the city has been for ST. JOSEPH. 289 JOHN S. BRITTAIN. W. W. WHEELER. T. F. VAN NATTA. A. J. AUGUST. - - "... SOME ST. JOSEPH KESIOENCES. years a basing point for freight rates between the Mississippi valley and the west, which has materially aided in the development of its industries, and, thereby, renders its commercial supremacy unassailable, and assures St. Joseph's continued advancement. The street railway system of St. Joseph has been largely improved within the past year. The company has twenty-four miles of street railway, has erected new power house, car barns and shops. The extension to Lake Contrary has brought about the building up of one of the finest and most extensive pleasure resorts in the west. The Lotus Club, located at Lake Contrary, is considered one of the finest institutions of its kind west of Chicago. The St. Joseph Railway, Light, Heat and Power Company is building a new station costing over $250,000, with a capacity to supply electric light many years. The St. Joseph Gas Com- pany has in use fifty-six miles of main pipe, and has a capacity of furnishing two million cubic feet of gas every twenty-four hours. The city owns an electric street lighting plant costing over $100,000, operating 421 arc street lights, which plant will soon be enlarged to twice its capacity. The St. Joseph Water Company has over 100 miles of mains and 801 fire hydrants. The water supply is from the Missouri river, and is free from sewage contamination, being at all seasons of the year pure and healthy. St. Joseph has never been a boom town. It has no cheaply constructed buildings, no city lots gone back to farming purposes. St. Joseph has always been noted for its steady and solid growth. The charge of over conservatism might almost rest against its first forty years. Built up by men of wealth and rapidly increasing fortunes, it became known and respected for its solidity, credit, and uninflated values. The enterprise injected during the last ten years by younger men on the foundations of sound values already established, has made St. Joseph not only the envy of its neighbors, but a model for much older and larger cities. During the year 1903, buildings aggregating $1,949,457 were built in St. Joseph, and yet there is need for hundreds of dwellings and flat build- ings for the steady influx of new people into the city. Several new office buildings have recently been built, and yet there is such a demand for office rooms that all can not be suitably supplied. St. Joseph has a real estate board of thirty members, always alive to the best interest of the city. St. Joseph needs more flat buildings, more office buildings, more stoi'e buildings, more dwellings. No better place in the west for a profitable investment than right in hustling, bustling, enterprising St. Joseph. Mo.— 19 290 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. JOSEPH HOSPITAL ENSWOBTH HOSPITAL, St. Joseph is the wealthiest city of like population in the United States. There are nine incorporated banks, three national and six organized under the State banking laws. All of them are solid institutions, carefully and prudently managed. Their capital and re- 1 sources of directors and stock- I holders, give them a first class I standing in the financial world. The city has many splendid residences. In architectural de- sign, in furnishings, and in at- tached well laid out grounds they are not equalled in any western city. These residences are outside the business district and are located on the most attractive heights, from which the finest views can be had of the surrounding country. St. Joseph has several well-planned places of amusement : The Tootle theatre, Lyceum theatre. Lyric theatre, Crystal theatre, and Lake Casino. All reli- gious denominations are represented in St. Joseph. It is plain to those conversant with the religious and moral situation, that it can not be excelled in this country by any other large city in the west. St. Joseph ranks as one of the great Catholic centers of the United States. The Methodist Epis- copal church, Presbyterian, Christian, Baptist and Methodist Episcopal South; Episcopal, Jewish Synagogue, Cumberland Presbyterian, Congregational, Lu- theran, Seventh Day Adventists, Christian Scientists, Evangelical Synod, The Reformed Church. They are largely represented with buildings of fine modern architecture and congregations of large membership. The Salvation Army and the Young Men's Christian Association are well supported. The Aged People's Home and the Home for Little Wanderers are benevolent works sustained by the Ladies Union Benevolent Association. The latter was a gift of Charles W. Noyes, which institution he has also liberally endowed. There are now three daily newspapers in St. Joseph — the Gazette, issued every morning of the year; the News and Press, issued every evening except Sunday; the Volksblatt, an evening publication in the German language. The Stock Yards Journal, issued every evening except Sunday, is devoted to the live stock market, and the Courier, issued in the morning, is devoted to court pro- ceedings, filings in the county record office and legal publications. Both the morning and evening English newspapers are members of the Associated Press. Both are vigorous, progressive and highly creditable publications, equipped with every feature necessary to modern newspaper making. They circulate exten- sively in northern Missouri, southern Iowa, southern and western Nebraska, northern and western Kansas. Of the weekly publications, the more important are the Catholic Tribune, The Journal of Commerce, The Union, The Unionist, The Spectator, The Post and The Lance. There are several high class monthly publications, the oldest of which is the Medical Herald, under the editorship of Dr. Charles Wood Fassett, who also publishes the Medical Fortnightly. Others are the Western Fruit Grower and the Modern Farmer and Busy Bee, the Home and School Journal, and the Diocesan Messenger, and the Messenger of Peace. The greatest industry of St. Joseph and of most importance to her trade and territory is the live stock and packing industry. The city ranks fourth in the list of great packing centers of the world. The complete work of the builders of the packing houses is pronounced well nigh perfect by practical men from every live stock center. No improvement is contemplated at less favored markets without a pilgrimage to St. Joseph for the purpose of absorbing new ideas and up-to-date knowledge of stock yards and packing house construction. ST. JOSEPH. 291 ON LAKE CONTKAEY. Millions have already been expended in these substantial improvements, and vast sums will be expended in the future for additional packing houses and en- largement of yardage capacity, which assui-es the future of St. Joseph's packing and stock yards inter- est. The great packers who have sustained the market in such a magnificent manner and made it possible for St. Joseph to as- sume the fourth posi- tion among the great markets in the coun- try are. Swift & Company, Nelson-Mor- ris & Company. The Hammond Packing Company, and the Krug Packing Com- pany. Wherever Amer- ican meats are con- sumed, the products manufactured by these famous packers are a synonym of all that is good, pure and wholesome. The establishment of this great industry in St. Joseph has been the means of the building of a minature city of homes in the southern por- tion of the old city. The district adjacent to the stock yards and packing houses now possesses a population exceeding 12,000, and the residence and business portion, which six years ago was practically farm land, now represents a valuation of more than $2,145,000, and the demand for residences is greater than the supply. The post- office of south St. Joseph is also a barometer of the importance of the live stock and packing industry to the city. The gross receipts for 1899 totaled $10,389.18, whereas the gross receipts for 1903 aggregated $22,456.92, or an increase of 111.6 per cent. Nearly all trains stop at the South St. Joseph union station for mail, and in addition there is a street car service to the transfer station at St. Joseph union depot, to which are dispatched eleven closed pouches dailv. There is also a rural free delivery from this office, on which was delivered and col- lected 11,108 pieces of mail during the month of December, 1903. The St. Joseph Live Stock Exchange Building is the handsomest and most convenient structure of its kind ever erected for the convenience of the live stock trade. Upon this structure $125,000 was expended. It contains offices of the St. Joseph Stock Yards Company, the St. Joseph Stock Yards Bank, the St. Joseph Cattle Loan Company; all commission mei'chants, packers and others in- terested in the live stock business. As the packing houses of St. Joseph are the most modern, the cattle yards are also conceded to be without a parallel. In construction, sanitation and facil- ities for handling business, they have no equal. It is properly so when the rank of St. Joseph as a live stock market is considered. Prom an inconsequential position in the packing world in 1898, St. Joseph, in 1904, has risen to the fourth largest packing center in the world. In cattle, hogs, sheep and lambs, horses and mules, the growth of St. Joseph stock markets has been phenomenal. The Stock Yards Company has a capital of $1,650,000; employs 275 men. It has a daily capacity of 15,000 cattle, 20,000 hogs, 15,000 sheep, and 2,000 horses and mules. In the last five years the receipts of live stock have increased 107.7 per cent, and the shipments 92 per cent. The packing houses have a floor space of 65.25 acres. The daily slaughtering capacity is 7,950 cattle, 19,500 hogs; 5,500 sheep, and 10,000 poultry. The cost of plant and equipment, $2,635,000. The packing houses show an increase of 84 per cent in five years in the pay roll; 84 per cent in amount paid for live stock; 98 per cent in the number of cars of 292 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. product shipped, and as equally large or larger percentage of growth In other directions. During the last year 624,979 cattle and 599,189 sheep were received at the yards. The growth of St. Joseph's stock yards industry is shown geo- graphically when it is noted that in five years the number of cattle received has increased 169 per cent; the number of hogs 64 per cent; the number of sheep 393 per cent, and the number of horses and mules 94 per cent. During the last year there was received at the stock yards, cattle aggregating in value $21,874,267; hogs, $20,406,768; sheep, $2,995,945; horses and mules, $2,058,000. The growth and importance of St. Joseph is indicated in striking fashion by the very simplicity of these statements regarding the past and present business of the city. It is solid and substantial with a large and hopeful future. Its trade territory covers sections unequaled for fertility and resource. Its people are in- telligent, energetic and alert, and, under the leadership of the Commercial Club and other organizations and individuals, St. Joseph promises to continue and increase the marvelous prosperity which it has known in the last few years. "tfi^it i''^*^. GERMAN AMERICAN BANK. ,. ,, , ,J'.iV -JL . ^OF^r^i i^ JOPLIN, the mining metropolis of southwest Missouri, is the commercial center of the great lead and zinc district, which produces four-fifths of the entire zinc output of the United States. It is the fourth city of the State, having a population of 30,000, as shown by an unofficial cen- sus taken by the school enumerators, May, 1903. The history of Joplin dates from August, 1870, when E. R. Moffitt and John B. Sergeant struck a rich body of mineral in the Joplin creek valley, and mining commenced in real earnest. Joplin has had three booms, or periods of great business activity, but has never experienced a set-back, such as sometimes follow a great wave of prosperity. Her growth has been steady, every one of the censuses showing an increase in population, and her business, educational, religious and social side of life have kept pace with her rapid growth and development. During the year 1872, five lead smelters were built, and by 1876 the number of furnaces had grown to seventeen, all of which were run at full blast both day and night. In 1873 it was discovered that the lands contained deposits of zinc ore far greater in value than the lead, and the production of this mineral is the leading industry of the district. The lands in and around Joplin have only been partially developed, there being yet hundred of acres yet unprospected, and it is believed that the richest ore deposits have not yet been discovered. P. L. Cross- man, deep driller, who has sunk several drill holes 2,000 feet or more deep, says that at depths of from 400 to 600 feet there are still richer deposits than have yet been developed, and it is probable that millions of dollars worth of zinc will be taken from old mines when the surface minerals have been mined and turned into money. The output of Joplin mines for the year 1903 amounted to $2,876,590, and the grand total of the entire district, including the mines of within twenty-five miles of Joplin, was $9,471,840, being an increase of $40,505 over the year 1902. There are two kinds of marketable zinc, the sulphide of zinc and the silicate of zinc. The first kind of zinc ore is commonly called jack, and is shipped away from Joplin to zinc factories where fuel is within easy reach, as it is cheaper to transport the zinc than ship coal. The silicate of zinc is used in Joplin and re- duced at the Ozark Zinc Oxide Company's works. Silicate of zinc is manu- factured into zinc-white and is used as a base for paint. A trifle over a seventh of the mineral mined in Joplin is lead, most of which is consumed by the Picher Lead Company in the manufacture of white lead. This is the only plant in the world producing "Sublimed White Lead," so called because it is made by sublima- tion under the patent process invented by E. O. Bartlett, the general manager of Photos in heading: Street Scene; Mininfj Scene. 293 294 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. the company. This pigment is a uniformly fine white amorphous lead oxysul- phate, which, heing made direct from the ore by high heat under proper condi- tions, is free from all the acid effects of corrosion, does not crack or peel, and has a stability which is unequalled. Use and test for many years have demon- strated its superiority to all white leads. The Picher Company now makes and sells 7,000 tons annually, with an increasing demand. The works are modern, especially equipped, and represent an investment of $250,000. Besides the above production of white lead the company makes 10,000 tons annually of "Missouri Soft" pig lead. Joplin is a city of self-made men, nearly every one of the moneyed citizens having made his fortune there. They are largely American born and American educated. For thirty years there has never been a strike or labor disturbance to mar the natives' good name. Mining, though the leading occupation of the people of Joplin, is not the only one. In addition to the many and varied trades and business, there are ten wholesale houses, eleven large foundries and machine shops (one covering over three blocks of ground), six factories, including a bak- ing plant covering four blocks, a coffee roasting works, a 200-barrel flouring mill, and numerous other commercial institutions. Six banks, one building and loan association and a trust com- pany represent the financial interests of the city. The capital of the banks amounts to $340,000 and the deposits aggregate $2,624,584.73. The loans, discounts, bonds and stocks of these insti- tutions amount to over $2,050,000, and the undi- vided profits and surplus January 1, 1904 foot up $528,351.40. The financial stability of Joplin can best be told by the statement that there is not a dollar's worth of bank stock on the market. A block of $20,- 000 worth of stock of one of the banks recently sold for 185. One of the banks is a United States depository. Saturday night in Joplin is a sight worth going miles to see. All the banks of the city are kept open from 7 until 8, and over $100,000 is paid out from the several counting rooms. Then the operators receive pay for the week's turn in, and miners and other laborers are paid their week's wages. From 8 o'clock until midnight the stores are crowded with people making purchases, paying the week's grocery bill, laying in supplies for the next week, and "swapping experi- ences." Fully one-fourth of the week's business in the stores is transacted on Saturday night. Joplin has splendid telephone service; the Home Telephone Company has 1,100 'phones in the city and 1,650 free connections in the neighboring towns, and the M., K. & T. Company has 900 city 'phones and connections all over Mis- souri, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Both companies have long distance connections. The city maintains a splendid system of public instruction. There are fifteen well-built and thoroughly-equipped school buildings, presided over by a competent corps of 116 teachers. Graduates from the high school are admitted to the State University, Harvard, Yale, Columbia and other institutions of learn- ing without examination. In addition to the public school system, Joplin sup- ports a college and ladies' seminary, the latter being under the supervision of the Sisters of Mercy. There are seven ladies' clubs which devote the hours of meet- ing to literary pursuits. The religious sentiment of the city is very pronounced, there being twenty- five churches of various denominations. The Y. M. C. A. of the city also accom- plishes much good. It maintains a club building costing $20,000, and has in connection therewith a well equipped gymnasium, library and auditorium. JOPLIN CLUB. i JOPLIN 295 I Zmc MINED IH THE UNITED STATES 1903 OUTPUT OF ZIHG, FROM JOPim AMD VICIMITY $ 1250Q.0GG.oi> 10.000.000.°-° In the fraternal way and socially Joplin ranks high. Each of the great fra- ternities has strong organization. The Scottish Rite Masons have a commodious and elegantly appointed cathedral, and degrees up to and including the thirty- second degree are conferred in this beautiful rite. The Odd Fellows number over 1,100 members and are building a $30,000 hall for the use of their several bodies. The Elks are building a handsome |25,000 club building. When finished it will be the most complete in detail and appointments of any building of the kind in southwest Missouri. The Eagles and Knights of Pythias both have formulated plans for building. Fraternal insurance societies number over 4,000. The Jop- lin Club, an organization of business men, has been a powerful agency for good in the building up of the city. Joplin is well supplied with transportation facilities. The Frisco- Memphis system, the Missouri Pacific, Kansas City Southern and the Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas all have lines running into the city, with a total of forty regular passenger trains a day and a freight business of over 400 cars O CO CO 00 n 1876 O CO CD o 0) CO n 0) o o 0) o 0> 30,OO0 / 26,023 13.452 / 9,991 ^ 7,890 7.554 / 4,200 / 2,707 / - - GROWTH or JOPLIN SINCE THE FOUNnATION OF THE CITY. 296 THE statp: or Missouri. fe.^^-'^K^ MINERS BAxMv. each week. Joplin has also a splendid electric railway service, with lines run- ning to all the neighboring cities and towns and to the important mining camps in the district. Joplin is particularly fortunate in the stability and excellence of its streets, roads and highways. They have been builded under the Hud- son special I'oad law. The waste material from the mines is used for road making and railroad bal- last. During the past ten years the streets and roads have been built in a sys- tematic way. In the city there are in addition to three and one-half miles of brick and asphalt streets, one hun- dred and twenty miles of gravel macadamized roadways, smoothed and compacted by a fifteen-ton roller, and since 1896, the special road district of Joplin has spent $103,000 in building and repairing the suburban roads leading into the city. During the past five years over fifty miles of new roads in the neigh- borhood of Joplin have been built. The Cunningham Park, a bower of beauty in the southwest portion of the city, a gift to the people by the mayor, T. W. Cunningham, is a popular pleasure resort. This plot of ground, covered with trees and shrubs, comprises fifty-six lots and is in easy reach of the street car line. It is contemplated soon to expend a considerable sum of money on this resort by the construction of a lagoon and also an auditorium for the use of summer Chautauquas and lodge celebrations and conventions. Joplin has a good system of waterworks. There are in the city forty-eight miles of water mains, and the daily consumption is over 2,000,000 gallons. The filtering plant has a capacity of 5,000,000 gallons daily, and as the city grows the supply can be increased. A recent chemical analysis of the water of the city showed it to be 97.5 pure. The city owns its electric light plant, which is managed by a non- political board of public works. The gas works has a plant which cost $300,000, and has a capacity of manufacturing 5,000,000 cubic feet daily. On account of its location and natural resources, Joplin is destined to be one of the great cities of the State. It is es- pecially fitted for a distributing point, be- ing the center of the great mining district of southwest Missouri and southeast Kan- sas. In a radius of ten miles from Joplin there are eleven towns and cities ranging from 500 to 2,000 inhabitants and making a population in the aggregate of over 80,- 000. All of these cities and towns are connected by electric railway lines. One of the old-time .Joplin miners re- cently described to a visitor from the east to the Joplin district: "We make a living on both sides of the land, on top and be- low; we raise fifty-three crops a year, one of garden truck, berries and fruit from the land, and fifty-two crops a year from below the surface, a turn in of lead and Scottish rite cathedral, .topli.x zinc each week." r»eai PRINGFIELD is the Queen City of the Ozarks. Its his- tory dates from the year 1830, though it was not un- til 1870, in which year the St. Louis & San Francisco railway reached Springfield that the city began its remarkable growth. While in 1870 the population of Springfield was 7,500, it was in 1900 23,267, and there are now fully 33,000 inhabitants in Springfield, including the compactly settled territory directly adjoining the incorporated lands. Springfield's commercial position can best be judged by what she is and by the character of the tributary territory. The city is 238 miles from St. Louis, 202 from Kansas City, 282 from Memphis and 177 from Fort Smith. Its wholesale trade covers at least one half of an area 350 miles east and west by 150 miles north and south, and amounts to over ten million dollars a year. Add to this the output of the factories, most of which is shipped out, the sum is $17,500,000. A significant feature of this section is its steady and rapid development. The new residences erected in 1900 were not less than 400. and most of these were fine buildings. Many new manufacturing enterprises were started last year, and others will be established this World's Fair year. The best feature, after all about Springfield is the beautiful homes of her people. These Spring- field homes are placed in large lots with grounds shaded with maple, oak and elm trees. Altitude has an important bearing upon the healthfulness and the products of a country. Official figures give the altitude of Springfield at 1,345 feet. As the surrounding country is also high, here is nature's sanitarium. Unquestiona- bly, there is no more desirable all the year round climate, or a section of greater diversity for the production of fruit, vegetables, grain and grass than the country surrounding Springfield. The city is fortunate in having good natural drainage, and having added thereto 32 miles of excellent sewers. It has 25 miles of brick paved, macadam and gravel streets, and 100 of brick sidewalks. The city is noted for its healthfulness; diseases especially fatal to children have never pre- vailed; malaria is unknown. Springfield rates fourth among the Missouri cities in postal receipts, which have increased nearly $25,000 in six years. One thousand one hundred families surrounding Springfield are served with daily mail delivery from the federal government's $150,000 postoffice building. The city has eight banks with deposits more than twice as large as any other city in the State except St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph. The amount of deposits in the St. Joseph and the Springfield banks was at the last report over $5,600,000. Springfield is a railroad center. The Frisco, one of the greatest systems in America now allied with the Rock Island operating together 15,000 miles, have seven lines into Springfield with sixty-four freight and passenger trains daily. The city is division headquarters of the Frisco. The main shops are located here. The Frisco Hospital is in Springfield, and the annual pay roll of the Photos in hcadiny : Street Scene; Commercial Club Buildinij. 297 298 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. UNITED IKON WOUKS 2,000 railway employes aggregate $2,500,000. Nearly $1,500,000 Is received at the Springfield railway stations, passenger and freight business yearly. The arrival and departure of trains ai-e so arranged that citizens can leave in the morning, ride 150 miles, more or less as business may require, have plenty of time for their work, and return home the same day. The city is within six hours by rail of St. Louis, the same of Kansas City, eight hours of Memphis, ten hours of Oklahoma City and eighteen hours of Chicago. It is estimated that 400 trav- eling men i"eside in Springfield. The people of Springfield, Greene county, of which Springfield is the county seat, are strong supporters of their public schools which are in excellent work- ing order. It is the fourth city in Missouri in the number of pupils enrolled, having 7,465. Drury College is a notable educational institution. The college grounds comprise 35 acres. The nine buildings cost for erection $200,000. The college has a productive endow- ment of $250,000, and at present an enrollment of 415 students. There are two Catholic schools; the Loretto Academy and St. Joseph School. The Springfield Nor- mal School, the Queen City Business College, Clark's Shorthand Business College, have large enrollments. The Carnegie Library constructed in 1903 at a cost of $50,000 is maintained from the public funds. Springfield has churches of all denominations; the aggre- gate value of the church edifices exceeds $500,000 with a membership of nearly 8,000. Springfield Club House, costing $30,000, is one of the treasures of the city. The building is delightfully located, and its membership reaches the strongest and most progressive citizens. The Baldwin Theater costing $100,000 is the best arranged and most beautiful theater in any city in Missouri outside of the three great cities. Doling Park is a favorite and beautifully kept summer resort. There are several country lodges near the city in the neighborhood abounding in rare and beautiful scenery. St. John's Hospital is a beneficent institution. There are two daily newspapers in Springfield, the Leader-Democrat and the Republican. The Express and Sunday Tradesman are weekly, while the Practical Fruit Grower, the Sunny South, the Policy Holder, the Opportunity and the Baptist News are monthly. Springfield is well supplied with telephone systems. The Home Telephone Company, has 1,555 telephones in operation. The Missouri and Kansas Telephone SPRINGFIELD. 299 Company, a branch of the Bell Telephone has in operation about a thousand telephones. The Springfield Waterworks Company, a private corporation, takes its supply from deep springs three miles from the city, and furnishes pure and abundant water. Its present capacity aggre- gates 100 gallons per capita. The Gas and Electric Company has its plant equipped with "9,7T2 i i Kggs 909,380 II 113,670 I $2,237,115 II Dozen. Photo in heudiny : BENTON COUNTY. 331 COUNTY is clay; top soil is some- times thick black vegeta- ble mould, more often gravelly clay. Hill and val- ley farms embrace one- fifth. They are less well improved than are prairie farms. Best half bring $25 to $35; one-fourth are available at $15 to $20, and remaining one-fourth at $10 or $15. Ordinarily the hill farm has one-third in cultivation. Manufactubed P e o - ducts: — Flour, and zinc monuments are manufac- tured. At Warsaw a com- pany manufactures thir- teen different styles of zinc grave monuments, shipped to nearly every western State. Transportation : — Mis- souri Pacific branch to Se- dalia, 29 miles, taxed road- bed; Rock Island, St. Louis to Kansas City, intersects Missouri Pacific at Cole Camp. Osage river, second in size to the Missouri river, furnishes timber, trans- portation and excursion boating. Water:- — Main streams are Osage and Grand rivers. Deer Creek, Tebo, Pomme de Terre, Turkey, Cole Camp, and Williams Creeks. Well water is hard and soft, containing sulphur at one place, Clark's. On the prairie clear lime- stone-filtered water is to be had at twenty to thirty feet. In the mountains springs abound, and there are few wells. Fishing: — Cat, buffalo, carp, jack salmon, bass, sun perch, suckers, and stur- geon are caught with the hook. Catfish weighing fifty pounds was caught at Warsaw. Many parties from central Missouri spend summer days upon the Osage river. Towns: — Warsaw, county seat; Cole Camp, railroad junction town; Lincoln, Fairfield, Edwards and Hastain; all deriving most support from agriculture and stock raising. Population: — White, 16,366; colored, 190; American born, 15,909; foreign born, 647; total, 16,556. Farm homes owned, 1,994; rented, 604; other homes owned, 462; rented, 319; total, 3,382. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax. from — cents to $1.15; aver- age, 50 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,689,207; forty per cent of real valua- tion; county debt, $260,000. No town- ship debt. ^ .^ t.J9IE^ Population of German descent in- habits northeastern portion of county, but not in majority. ZINC MONUMENT WORKS, T. B. WHITE. BOLLINGER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 31,710 872,025 * $ 327,010 Wheat 31,569 347.560 * 205,060 Oats 6.105 164,835 * 54,945 Hay 9,529 9.530 t 81,005 Forage 1,795 2,090 t 10,450 Broom Corn 4 2,000 t 55 Clover Seed 115* 635 Grass Seed 00* 130 Cotton 65 21.450 + 1.610 Tobacco 31 22,010 t 2,200 Potatoes 435 36,975 * 17,750 Vegetables 660 33,070 Total * Bushels, t Tons. BOLLINGER is situated twenty miles west of the Mississippi river, at a point one hundred miles down stream from St. Louis. One-third of its acreage — 129,470 acres out of 394,240 — is devoted to culture of cereals. Two-thirds of the county is unimproved and bears timber. Hardwood timber interests, large in no one place, but forming, with agriculture, the support of several small towns, will be in evidence for many years. Marble of high grade is found at Marble Hill, county seat. But- ter and milk constitute a relatively important item in farm production. Fruit growing is on the increase. Land and climate are especially favorable to strawber- ries. There are 2,298 farms, averaging in size, 119.4 acres, of a total actual valuation of $2,923,996. Surface is generally rough, bordering mountainous, and at the southern edge is land of low, level type. Population: — White, 14,636; colored, 14; American born, 14,414; foreign born, 236; total, 14,650. Farm homes owned, 1,802; rented, 479; other homes owned, 248; rented, 320; total families, 2,849. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax 5 cents to $1.30, average, 45 cents; assessed valuation, $2,575,343; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation: on farms, 50; town lots 66 2-3; personal property 40. Timber: — Black oak, white oak, post oak, and hick- ory predominate in uplands. Red gumwood and cy- press are chief in lowlands. White oak has been largely removed in railroad ties. Some walnut once grew on river sides. Minerals: — Indications of lead, zinc, copper, iron, kaolin, marble, and granite. First three are mainly in northern half of county; iron occurs between central line and swamps. Kaolin is in central western part, near Glen Allen. Limestone is common everywhere. Land: — North half of county is often rough and broken, though in places it is only rolling. This region Photo in heading : A Fertile Valley Farm on Castor River. 332 S 733,920 LIVESTOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER VALUE Cattle 13,114 $ 295,065 Horses 5,092 305,520 Mules 1,911 114,660 Asses and Jennets 24 2,160 Sheep 8.445 25.335 Swine 29,326 393,260 Chickens 72.358 1 Turkeys 3,098 1 7,450 1 59,:i00 Geese Ducks 2,446 J Swarms o f Bees 1,010 2,132 Honey 33,667 t 4,208 Wool 80.675 t 5,113 Milk Butter 1,343.155 §1 246.771 t ( 1 10,545 Kggs 376,650 11 47,080 $1,264,378 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. BOLLINGER COUNTY. 333 embraces farms scattered, and a large acreage of wild lands suscepti- ble of cultivation. Streams have generous bottoms, location of best /arm lands. Southern one-fifth, of the county is low land, in the south side, water-soaked. These flat lands contain much good farming soil. Best improv- ! perry a county ed bottom lands are valued at $20 an acre; unimproved, $10 to $12.50. Im- proved upland plateaus average $7 an acre; unimproved ridges, $1 to $5. There are 1,521 acres belonging to the government, which may be taken up at $1.25 an acre. The latter embraces both lowland and bluffs. Fkuit: — North of a point five miles south of Lutesville is found land emi- nently adapted to fruit growing. Strawberries and pears may be grown to profit in the central and southern portions. North thereof the land is rougher and bears more stone upon its surface. Apples and peaches thrive herein. Fruit land, within a few hours of market may be had in Bollinger county at $5 to $10 an acre. Manufactories: — Small saw mills are numerous, stave factories, flouring mills, distilleries, wool carding mill, soda water factory and fruit evapor- ator. There is also a nursery supply- ing a trade in this and adjoining coun- ties. Transportation : — Belmont Branch of St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South- ern; St. Louis & San Francisco; branch of the Frisco, connects Brownwood and Zalma. Towns: — Lutesville, population, 525, is chief railroad town, located just across a small creek from Marble Hill, county seat mill, stave factory and wagon shops, and is a leading shipping point for gravel. Marble Hill has a population of 295. Zalma has a flouring and a stave mill. Its inhabitants are engaged in shipment of lumber and railroad ties. Pat- ton has a flouring mill and stave factory. Hahn, Scopus, Green- brier, Sturdivant, Buch- anan, Dongola, Glen Al- representative Missouri farm len, and Laflin have saw mills and timber interests trading point in the northeast. Schools: — Will Mayfield Academy, Marble Hill and a training school at Sedgewickville, are the foremost. Marble Hill and Lutesville have good graded school systems. Newspapers: — Marble Hill Press; Lutesville Banner. STODDARD It supports a large flouring SCENE. Sedgewickville is a leading BOONE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I NUMBER | VALUE Total * Bushels. t Tons. BEYOND being among the foremost counties in live stock and in the cul- tivation of corn. Boone has been called to the cultivation of mind and heart. A million dollars a year are expended in a Boone county town for education. The State of Missouri provides here for the higher edu- cation of her sons and daughters, and sixteen hundred annually ac- cept the invitation to attend the University of Missouri, located at Columbia. Instruction is given in the academic and graduate departments and in the de- partments of law, engineering, medicine, agriculture, horticulture, military science and tactics, and education. Instruction is with- out charge. In addition to the State University, there are the Missouri Bible College, Christian Female Col- lege, Stephens Female College, Columbia Normal Acad- emy and the University Academy. Approved High Schools are located at Centralia and at Columbia. Population: — White, 24,078; colored, 4,564; Amer- ican born, 28,366; foreign born, 276; total, 28,642. Farm homes owned, 2,604; rented, 864; other homes owned, 1,291; rented, 1,462; total families, 6,221. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax average, 42 V^ cents; total assessed valuation, $10,028,403; assessment based upon one-half of actual valuation. No indebtedness. Timber: — Three-fourths of the area was originally timbered. Scarcely one-fourth is in that condition now. Hickory, ash, elm, wild cherry, hackberry, walnut, oak and maple were the chief trees. Sugar maple, once numerous, is well nigh, extinct. There are but two or three groves in the county. Land: — County contains 680 square miles of land, 435,200 acres, of which 301,732 acres are in a high state of cultivation. There are 3,540 farms, averaging 115.3 acres, worth an aggregate of $10,444,541. The land may be divided into 100,000 acres of undulating prairie, worth $45 an acre; ten thousand acres of river bottom, selling at $50 an acre; something over 200,000 acres of rolling upland, selling at $30 an acre, and 100,000 acres Academic Hall and the Old Columns. University of Missouri. .334 Corn 90,.586 4,529,300 * $ 1,363,145 Wheat 23,404 526..590 * 289,6-'5 Oats 7,169 266„580 » 70,645 Hay 45.348 72,555 t 471.610 Forage 3,36,5 4.205 t 21,025 Rrootn Corn 93 46,500 t 1,280 Clover Seed 3,470 * 19,4M0 Grass Seed 70* 125 Tobacco 71 49.700 + 4.725 Potatoes 755 105,700 * 33.825 Vegetables 870 44,470 I §2.319,905 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS VALUE Cattle 35,965 $1,168,865 Horses 12.088 805,865 Mules 5,465 409,875 Asses and Jennets 262 31,440 Sheep 19,765 65,885 Swine 51,208 512,080 Chickens 175,971 1 9,260 1 7,738 ( Turkeys Geese 164,580 Ducks 1,518 J Swarms of Bees 2.296 5,520 Honey 76,533 t 9..565 Wool 76,316 t 12,720 Milk Butter 2.970,921 § 1 500.906 t i 219,090 Eggs 910,200 II 113,775 I 13,519,260 t Pounds. § Gallons. II Dozen. Photos in heading BOONE COUNTY. 335 of rough white oak land which may be bought at $20 an acre. Near the towns of Columbia, Centralia and Sturgeon are farms held at $90 an acre, and imme diately adjoining these towns are small tracts held as high as $200 an acre. Soil is of three kinds: alluvium next to the Missouri river; brown loam of loess type immediately adjoining the allu- vium, in a strip a mile wide; and prairie loam soil, embracing three-fourths of the county. Minerals: — Coal, building stone, sand. Coal is mined near Brown's Station, Colum- bia, Harrisburg and Rucker. It is said that the coal area underlies 60,000 acres of mineable land with the seam found from within a few feet of the surface to a depth of 150 feet. Reliable estimate places the coal tonnage of the county at 360,000,000, showing a resource worth, at low estimate, $540,000,000. The vein is the same as that found in Macon and Randolph counties. It averages four feet thick. Transportation : — Main lines : Wabash, Missouri, Kansas & Texas, Chicago & Alton, all giving direct passage to Kansas City and St Louis. The Wabash operates a Branch from Cen- tralia to Columbia, and the M., K. & T. gives Columbia main line service by running passenger trains over a branch from McBaine to Columbia and return. PuiiLic Schools: — There are 107 districts; 8,554 chil dren of school age. The county has a permanent county school fund of $41,442.70, and a permanent township school fund of $35,484.38. Average school term is 139 days. Churches: — There are in the county 7,500 church members, owning 76 church edifices. Every Christian denomination is repre- sented. Counting the adult population, one in every two persons is a church member. There are 66 Sunday Schools in Boone county, with 5,600 officers, teachers and pupils. Publishing House: — Largest commercial es- tablishment is the E. W. Stephens Publishing House, employing 100 people, doing business in every State and territory; prints supreme court reports, digests or statutes for the States of Mis- souri, New Mexico, Iowa, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ari- zona, Utah. Towns:' — Columbia, county seat, population 5,651, school town; Cen- tralia, 1,722, live commercial and shipping point. Both these towns have modern improvements, and private properties are kept in ex- cellent condition. Sturgeon, 708, one of the wealthiest towns in Mis- souri; Rocheport, 593; Ashland, 401; Hallsville, 157. Each the cen- ter of rich farming community. Newspapers: — Weekly: Herald, Statesman, M. S. U. Independent; Centralia Guard, Courier; Hallsville Eagle; Sturgeon Leader; Rocheport Democrat; Ash- land Bugle; Hartsburg Truth. Columbia Daily Tribune. COLUMBIA MISSOURI HERALD BUILDING. BUGHANAN OUTSIDE the wholesale and manufacturing interests of its chief city, St. Joseph, Buchanan county's maintaining element is agriculture. St. Joseph is the largest wholesale dry goods mart west of St. Louis. It is a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, a city of amassed wealth and mass employment, and thus affords enhanced reward to agricultural pursuits within the county. Adjacent the city limits are small truck farms, and farther out fine old homesteads with large acreages, devoted to' live stock breed- ing and feeding. Horticulture, by reason of special fitness of soil and proximity of market, is an important industrial asset. Fully one- half of the soil is brown loam loess, peculiarly favorable to orchards. Population :— White, 115,322; colored, 6,516; American born, 112,363; foreign born, 9,475; total, 121,- 838. Farm homes owned, 1,538; rented, 1,038; other homes owned, 6,099; rented, 11,599; total families, 20,- 274. Finance: — County tax. 42 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 10 cents to $1.10, av- erage, 40 cents; tax valuation, $41,628,056; estimated to be one-half actual valuation. County indebtedness, $220,000; township debt, $15,000. Timber: — All excepting a prairie strip of two to six miles upon the eastern edge, the county was origi- nally a forest of walnut, maple, cottonwood, elm, syca- more, hackberry, and hickory. It is nearly all removed, excepting along the rougher places of Platte river and the Missouri river bluffs. Trees were of enormous size. Minerals: — Limestone is found along all the streams. It is used only locally. Some sand is taken from the Missouri river to serve building needs. Land: — Number of square miles, 420; acres, 268,- 800, of which 177,312 are included in improved farms. There are 2,584 farms of an average size of 90.3 acres, valued at $16,123,380. Buchanan county comprises three soils and four topographies. Along the river is a wide stretch of alluvium, black, endless in depth, Photos in heading: Buchnnan County Farm Scene; Residence of John Tootle. 336 BUCHANAN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn "4,470 3,574.560* iM,125,985 Wheal 32,218 628,250 * 361,245 Oats 6,591 230,685 * 59.9S0 Hay 18,657 32,650 t 228,.')50 Forage 1,950 2,600 t 13,000 liroom Corn 58 31,900 t 875 Clover Seed 680* 3,740 Grass Seed 400* 620 Tobacco 15 13,500 t 1,350 Potatoes 2,715 407,250 * 97,740 V'egetables | 1,545 75,610 Total 1 1 $1,968,695 LIVESTOCK f iND PROD UCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 28,346 * 921,245: Horses 9,208 613,865 ' Mules 2,826 211,950 Asses and Jennets 125 12,.500 Sheep 3,202 10,675 Swine 47,831 478,310 Chickens 135,928'', Turkeys Geese 3,878 1 3,241 ,'■ 117,030 Ducks 2,42i)J Swarms of Bees 1,900 5,440 Honev 63,333 t 7,915 Wool 13,080 I 2,180 Milk a, 514,524 § t_ 353,225 Butter 03,994 t 1 Eges 758,800 II 91,850 Total 1 i 12.829,785 * Bushels. t Pou Ids. |l Do zen. t Tons. § Gall ons. BUCHANAN COUNTY. 337 inexhaustible as grain land, and level. Bordering this is a high bluff, some- times 250 feet above the valley, which graduates on the east into long rolling hill land and finally into prairie. Bluffs and hills are brown loam silt land, porous to great depth. This land is noted for drought resistance. It covers more than one- half of the county. On the east edge is the black prairie. Soil is two and one- half to five feet deep and very fertile. The average price of farms through- out the county is $50 to $70 an acre. In the immediate vicinity of St. Joseph, land for truck farming reaches an average of $200 an acre. Land held principally by speculators ranges from $150 to an acre. Manufactories : — Are generally confined to St. Joseph. They in- clude: woolen mills, harness and saddle factories, pump facto- ries, flouring mills, wagon and buggy shops, cigar factories, roasted coffee and spice houses, baking powder, furniture and cooperage interests, hominy mills, clothing making estab- lishments, creamery products, and meat packing houses. Transpoktation: — Being adjacent to St. Joseph and within thirty miles of Kansas City, transportation is necessarily advanced. Leading into St. Joseph are miles of first class rock and gravel roads. Schools: — The county system is one of the best organized in Missouri. An- nual terms average seven to eight months. In St. Joseph schools are fostered with a favor characteristic of high class citizenship. Be- sides the public system are seventeen educational insti- tutions, embracing kindergar- tens, academies, evening academic schools, parochial schools, commercial colleges, two medical colleges, a busi- ness university, and Christian Brothers College. Summer Resorts : — Su- burban to the city of St. Joseph are five parks, with lakes and summer theatres and hotels. Lake Contrary is far-famed. Cities and Towns: — St Joseph; Rushville, popula- tion 412; Agency, 380; De- Kalb, 362; Easton, 227. Small towns are supported by agri- culture. Newspapers: — Dailies: St. Joseph Gazette, News and Press, Volksblatt, Stock Yards Journal (Weeklies listed under St. Joseph); DeKalb Tribune. Mo — 22 thro' the leafy lane. tma&mooQi^ BUTLER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP * Bushels. t Tons. MANUFACTURING of hardwood timber products is of chief account in Butler county. It is situated upon Arkansas border, three counties west of the Mississippi river. Poplar Bluff, center of the county commercially and physically, is located upon the edge of the bluff which extends diagonally across Butler from northeast to south- west, making division between hill land northwest and lowlands southeast. Originally there was pine in the hills. In lowlands first operations began in 1886. New life was added in 1899, and to-day one company owns 93,000 acres of swamp lands, from which it is cutting oak, hickory, and gum wood. The last is largely exported in log and lumber; oak and hickory are locally consumed in the manufacture of barrels, oil well sucker rods, mine timbers, hubs, spokes, and tool handles. One-half commercial timber is removed. As timber disappears lowlands become ready for irrigation and farming. The county contains 716 square miles, 450,240 acres, quite one-half of which is low, water-formed land. Improved farms, chiefly in hills, include 55,664 acres. Num- ber of farms, 1,577, averaging 97.7 acres each; aggregate, actual value, $2,745,914. Land: — Subject to homestead entry, 801 acres, in hills. One hundred and forty thousand acres of low- lands held for timber by mill men. Thousands of acres of this are "cut over" lands for sale at $5 to $9 an acre. Fifteen thousand acres of this character adjacent to Neelyville and Poplar Bluff are improved and bring $20 to $30. Forty acres cotton land adjacent Neelyville re- cently sold at $50. Soil is of wide variance in produc- tive quality. Hill land is deep cut with numerous creeks and by St. Francis and Black rivers. Valleys are cultivated; improved, they are worth $15 to $25 an acre. Four-fifths of hill land is rock covered. Seventy- five thousand acres may be bought at 50 cents an acre. Hill lands, best improved, bring $20, largely in north- west quarter. Conservative estimate upon hill land is: five-eighths susceptible of farming; three-eighths too rough for plow, but good for other purposes Finance: — Poplar Bluff real property assessment basis, $884,800; county tax, 75 cents; school tax, 25 cents to $1.25; average, 75 cents; total assessed valua- tion, $3,888,000; sixty per cent of real valuation; county debt, $47,500; no township debt. Population: — White, 15,241; colored, 1,528; Amer- ican born, 16,512; foreign born, 257; total, 15,769. Farm homes owned, 6,358; rented, 626; other homes owned, 636, rented, 1,196; total families, 8,816. Manufactories: — Those interests in Poplar Bluff amount to one-sixth of land values in Butler county. Photos in heading: liimel-Ashcroft Manufacturing Co.; H. D. Williams Cooperage Company, Poplar Bluff. 338 ACKES NIIMBBR 1 VALUE Corn 24,806 768,986 * 5<;88,370 Wheat 2,109 43.6.35 * 25,745 Oats 1,248 31.200* 10,400 Hav 5,.501 8,250 t 00,7.50 Forage 1,100 1 ,285 t 6,425 Cotton 1,715 565,9.50 t 42,445 Tobacco 16 ll,:6i) t 1.135 Potatoes 490 49,000 * 23,520 Vegetables 420 27,200 I $516,050 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KI ND PKODUCT VALUE Cattle 9,166 $ 206,235 Horses 3,265 195,900 Mules 1,180 70,800 Asses ant Jennets 19 1,710 Sheep 1,324 3.972 Swine 20,910 209.100 Chickens 55,637 1 Turkeys Geese 907' 1,925 \ 30,665 Ducks 2,227 J Svvaims c f Bees 1,101 2,0S0 Honey 36,700: 3,630; 4,588 Wool 605 Milk 982,630 § 1 99,515 Butter 193,025 1 / RRgs 273,080 II 34,135 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. BUTLER COUNTY. 339 Among the large individual interests are H. D. Wil- liams Cooperage Co.; L. M. Palmer Lumbering Plant; Hargrove & Ruth Lumber Co.; Bimel-Ashcroft Manu- facturing Co.; Hartzell Light & Mill Co., and a new handle factory. Cooperage company employing four hundred men, has daily capacity of 3,000 tight barrels. Operates line of cars and small steamboat line of Black river; mills in Missouri and Arkansas. Exports: custom is largely distilleries and cotton seed oil mills Palmer plant em- ploys 25 men, making coffee box and sugar barrel materials. Oak is quarter sawed; gumwood three- plied; operates log camps, over 90,- 000 acres in Butler county, Missouri and 70,000 adjoining acres in Arkan- sas. Mill capacity, 150,000 feet daily. Hargrove & Ruth saw and plane hard- wood timber. Men employed, 150; plant covers 16 acres; sawing capacity 30,000 feet daily, piling and railroad ties extensively. Bimel-Ashcroft Manu- facturing Co. makes spokes, six millions a year; employs 60 men; owns 20,000 acres of land. A handle factory has just been established, employing 35 men; small iron castings foundry; cold storage plant; bottling works; typewriter and adding machine factory; oil well supply factory, and patent lath plant make Poplar Bluff a manufacturing center. Hartzel Light & Mill Co. has a capacity of 175 barrels of flour, 125 barrels meal, and 1,000 sacks of corn chop daily. At Pisk a lumber company is located. Transportation: — Iron Mountain, St. Louis to Arkansas, 35.31; Cairo, Ar- kansas & Texas, 11.28; Doniphan Branch, 4.07; St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern, 22.96. High School: — Poplar Bluff; articulated with the University of Missouri; new, modern building with costly laboratories for physics and chemistry, and library. Gun and Rod: — Deer, a few black bears, abund- ance of wild turkey and ducks, quail and squirrels. Black river and St. Fran- cis river afford bass, crap- pie, cat fishing. A club house on St. Francis. Towns :^ — Poplar Bluff, the "Miniature Pittsburg:" electric lights, water- works, sewerage, $8,000 city hall, fire department. Iron Mountain division point; Neelyville, Fisk. Newspapers: — Poplar Bluff Citizen, Journal, Republican. poplar bluff, on black river. GALDWBbL CALDWELL COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Kgf,'s Total * Bushels. t Tons. CALDWELL is forty miles east of St. Joseph and sixty miles south of Iowa. Farming and live stock raising are characterizing indus- tries, dairying and sheep raising being leading detail features. Chief products are corn, beef cattle, horses, hogs, hay and farm-made butter. Year by year live stock exportation increases as the corn and hay surplus figures decrease. County area is 430 squai'e miles, 275,200 acres, of which the improved farms embrace 246,077. Farms number 2,329, averaging 118.9 acres, actually worth $7,084,650. Population: — White, 16,226; colored, 430; American born, 16,184; foreign born, 472; total, 16,656. Farm homes owned, 1,628; rented, 044; other homes owned, 901; rented, 562; total families, 3,735. Coal and Oil: — Coal underlies the entire county. Two miles east of Ham- ilton, two veins, one at 300 feet and the second seven- teen inches thick at 507 feet depth, are yielding an oily, bituminous coal, highly inflammable and produc- ing intense heat, used largely by Burlington passenger engines. Seventy-five men are employed. Oil drops from mine roofs. Bonanza Basin, embracing one-half, the central portion, of the county, bears striking oil prospects. Here and at Braymer, many acres of pros- pective oil land are now leased by local capitalists. Blue limestone of special firmness, near Kingston and Nettleton; sandstone, and a fire clay shale underlying coal, are important minerals, used only locally. Character and Price of Land: — One-third of Cald- well was originally timbered with large growth oaks, sycamore, cottonwood, elm, black walnut, and less im- portant species. Its location was upon Shoal creek and tributaries and in the southwest one-twelfth part. Enough remains for local firewood and rough plank purposes. The little rough land is along the streams. It is seldom precipitous and never brings less than $35 an acre. The two-thirds is high, rolling prairie. Within two miles of Hamilton best improved farms are selling at $70 to $80 an acre. Outside this district, not spec- ially influenced by location, the values range from $40 to $65. Soil is invariably black, vegetable mould, fif- teen to forty inches deep, with porous subsoil of clay. Products are widely diversified. Every farm has an orchard corresponding to family requirements. A CahhveU County Dairy Farm. 340 . . -^ ACKKS I'KOUICT 1 Corn 94,644 4,826,84--,* Wheat 2,40.5 62,530 * Oats 3,«6 120,260 * Hay 34,1-12 54.680 t Forage 10,915 14,555 t Broom Corn 98 53,900 t Clover Seed 450* Grass Seed 3,200 * Tobacco 14 12,600 t Potatoes 687 89,311 * Vegetables 515 $1,529,455 35,950 3l,.S60 305,980 73,775 1,480 2.475 4.900 1,260 21.390 28,110 $2,020,145 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I Nt'MBER 37,312 11.013 1,662 62 26.811 67,990 145,.561 1 4,333 [ 3,30:5 ,'■ 1,688 J 2.115 70,.'>00 J 138,510 i 3,538,3.59 § ) 371,657 J ( 820,500 I IM,212,610 7:14.200 124,6,50 6,200 89,370 679,900 132,410 5,4.35 8,815 33,085 212,490 103,315 "$3,332,510 I Pounds. ^ Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heading: CALDWELL COUNTY. 341 Dairying:— Dairy products are marketed in St. Joseph and Kansas City. Daily stiipments are made from Hamilton, Kidder, Breckenridge, Nettleton, Braymer, Cowgill, and Polo, which are centers of as many districts. At Hamil- ton the dairy pay roll last year averaged $2,- 306 a month. One farm- er, owning 160 acres near Hamilton, receives $80 a month for milk and cream. Cheese fac- tory at Kidder and at Cowgill; flouring mills at Hamilton, Braymer, Breckenridge and Mir- able; canning factory at Hamilton; furniture factory at Brecken- ridge; brick and tile factory at Breckenridge and Braymer, are lead- ing manufacturing in- terests. Transportation: — St. Joseph, Kansas City, St. Louis and Chicago are easily accessible. Track mileage is: Hannibal & St. Joseph, 30; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, 25. Both main lines, and touching fifteen of eighteen town- ships. Schools : — Hamilton High School is approved by the Univer- sity of Missouri. Its library em- braces a thousand volumes. There are 79 school districts in the county, eight of which have modern brick buildings. Kidder Institute, with 167 enrolled, is a co-educational preparatory school, at Kidder. The water is hard, filtered over limestone. Shoal Creek and its tributaries comprise the streams. Towns: — Hamilton, largest town, has electric lights and tele- phone; Kingston, county seat; Braymer, Breckenridge, Polo, Cow gill, Kidder and Nettleton, ar ■ agricultural towns. Newspapers:^ — Hamilton Ham- iltonian. Farmers' Advocate; Bray- mer Bee, Comet; Breckenridge Bul- letin; Cowgill Chief; Polo Vindica- tor, News. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax, from 10 cents to $1.15; average, 47 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,931,924; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 35; no county debt; no township debt. a MISSOURI JIULBERRY. LC3AIvI^AWW CALLAWAY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES I PRODUCT | VALUE Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. CALLAWAY is a county of schools and of general agriculture and live stock breeding. It is long established and far advanced in the devel- opment of church, school and farm. It is upon the north side of the Missouri river, four counties west of the Mississippi. At Fulton, county seat, is Westminster College, one of the first colleges of the West, Synodical College for young women, William Woods College for young women, Missouri School for the Deaf, and a high school of approved grade. Big mules are a notable production of Callaway county farms. Nineteen thousand horses and mules are in the county, to the worth of one and one-fifth million dollars. This means a total value of a fraction over five horses and mules for every fai'm in the county. The greatest product is corn, $1,201,035 a year. Cattle values are second in amount. Callaway county contains 760 square miles of land. Population:— White, 21,880; colored, 4,104; Ameri- can born, 25,431; foreign born, 553; total, 25,984. Farm homes owned, 2,699; rented, 831; other homes owned, 743; rented, 882; total families, 5,155. Finance: — County tax, 60 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax average, 49 cents; total assessed valuation, $7,301,814; assessed valuation is equal to forty per cent of actual valuation. County debt is $55,000. No township indebtedness. Timber: — There are twenty thousand acres of tim- bered land at present, scattered along the streams, and mainly in the southern half of the county. It consists of black oak, white oak, elm, sycamore, cottonwood, poplar, soft maple. Minerals: — Coal, fire clay and white sand are com- mercially utilized. The first two minerals are mined in the vicinity of Fulton. Coal formation underlies the entire county. The vein is thirty inches thick and is found at surface to thirty-foot depth. Annual output is 23,483 tons. About one hundred miners are employed in winter season. One mile south of Fulton fire clay and coal are taken from the same shaft, which is thirty feet deep. Land:— There are 486,400 acres, of which 340,989 are in a high state of agricultural development. Num- ber of farms, 3,585; average size, 135 acres; valued at $9,087,251. There are four characters of soil: level Photo in heading: Preparing Callaway Mules for the Markets. 342 Corn 87,770 4,171,305* $1,201,035 Wheat 26,650 669,250 * 366,440 Oats 10,653 38:^,510 * 101,630 Hay- 49.005 78,410 t 501,825 Forage 2,«0 3.040 t J 5,200 Flax 24 144* 145 Broom Corn 19 9,500 X 260 Clover Seed i,:3.50* 7,560 firass Seed 90* 160 Tobacco 189 97,300 X 9,345 Potatoes 98-.' 115,960* 37,105 Vegetables 1,460 66,615 I !f2,307,220 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle 32,913 11,069,675 Horses 12,554 836,9.35 Mules 6,314 473,5.50 Asses and linnets 335 41,875 Sheep 40,191 133,970 Swine 47,567 470,670 Chickens 202,2761 Turkeys Geese 8,461 1 9,3<6 f 177,300 Ducks 1,486 1 Swarms of Bees 2,913 6.000 Honey 98,900 : 150,560 : 12,260 Wool 25,090 Milk 2,854,182 § ( 211,270 liiitter 464,20.' ti Kggs 1,075,860 11 134,480 $3,!599.I35 t Pounds. § Gallons CALLAWAY COUNTY 34<3 prairie loam, commou to northeast Missouri; brown loam loess, of the kind which characterizes the bluffs of the Missouri river; alluvial soil, the deposit of the river; red limestone clay, moderately flinty, as found in the Ozark mountain border. The first soil is common to three- fourths of the county. The alluvium borders the river. Loess bluffs join the bottom land at all points except in the southeast corner, where is a small strip of clay. In the latter place white oak grows, and the land is rough; farms are selling at from $5 to $20. Elsewhere timbered farms sell at $20 to $40 an acre, and orig- inal prairie farms are avail- able at $35 to $50 an acre. Manufactures: — Fire clay and kaolin products are man- ufactured extensively. There is an iron foundry at Fulton, and flouring and feed mills operate in a small way in dif- ferent points of the county. Schools: — Westminster College, for men, established 1853, now undei' joint care of Southern and North- ern Presbyterian Synods of Missouri; campus of eighteen acres; main buildings, Westminster Hall, the Chapel, Science Hall, and Reunion Hall. Libraries are among the best. Athletics, literai-y work, and Y. M. C. A. fostered. Synodical College, for women, under Presbyterian auspices, and William Woods College for young women, under auspices of the Christian church, are first grade boarding schools. Transportation:^ — Chicago & Alton, main line and branch, 41.20; Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 35.40 miles. Churches: — There are eighty-three in the county. Towns: — Fulton, population 4,883; besides three colleges, it has State hos- pital for Insane Number 1, and Missouri School for Deaf. This town has macad- amized streets, waterworks, sewerage sys- tem, electric lights. Monthly stock sales are a feature of commercial importance. They are attended widely. Mokane, pop- ulation 331; Cedar City, 287; and Aux- vasse, population, 337, are the other incor- porated towns. All are live stock centers, live stock shipping points, and are sup- ported by agricultural interests of their respective localities. Newspapers: — Fulton Missouri Tele- graph, Sun, Gazette, Twentieth Century, Journal; Cedar City Reporter-Chronicle; Mokane Herald-Post; Auxvasse Review; New Bloomfield News. m. GAMDBN AMDEN is lo- cated in south- central Mis- souri, 40 miles southwest o f Jefferson City. It is concerned chiefly in production of railroad ties. In quantity produced it leads the State. Originally ninety- seven per cent of its 692 square miles of mountainous surface was a dense forest, from which but one-third commercial white oak has been removed. Ha Ha Tonka Springs, seven miles south of Linn Creek, on Niangua river, is a second feature of character. Of 442,880 acres of land, but 82,857 is in a state of cultivation. There are 2,069 farms, embrac- ing, in lands for cereal production, pasture and firewood purposes, an average of 137.4 acres. Cattle, horses, mules, and hogs, raised largely upon free range, aggregate in value one million dollars. Population: — White, 13,018; colored, 95; American born, 12,973; foreign born, 140; total, 13,113. Farm homes owned, 1,458; rented, 615; other homes owned, 181; rented, 333; total families, 2,587. Finance: — County tax, 47 cents; school tax, aver- age, 39 cents; assessed valuation, $2,048,189; sixty-six and two-thirds per cent of actual valuation. No county debt. No township debt. Timber: — Comprises white oak, post oak, hickory, black-jack, and, along streams, scattering elm, linwood, ash, sycamore, and hackberry varieties. White oak rail- road ties bring twenty-eight cents. Every farmer is en- gaged in their manufacture, cut mainly from land adja- cent Osage and Niangua rivers, rafted to Bagnell and there loaded upon railroad cars. Minerals: — Iron abounds. Kaolin deposits are large. A crystalline substance resembling onyx exists in large quantities in caves near Ha Ha Tonka Springs and near Barnumton. No mines. Land — Topography and Price: — Wholly mountain- ous. The main range is five hundred to seven hundred feet above corresponding valleys. Four-fifths is wild land, which can be bought for $3 to $10 an acre. The Osage river winds about through the entire northern part for sixty miles. Main tributaries are Niangua, Little Niangua, and Grand Auglaise rivers. Bordering all streams, upon one side, is the inevitable valley, less Photos in heading: Near Ha Ha Tonka Springs; Stalagmite in River Gave. 344 CA.MDEN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACKES 1 1 KOULCT 1 VALUE Corn 84,283 1,303,754* $ 384,310 Wheat y.055 172,045 * 94,625 O.iis 3,51? 105,510* 27,950 Hay 10,250 15,:«5 t 100,005 Forage 1,140 1,425 t 7,125 Fla.\ 10 60* 60 Broom Corn 26 13,000 t 27,300 l 360 Tobacco 39 2,595 Potatoes 489 61,125* 19,560 Vegetables 810 35,305 Total 1 1 *67 1,895 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 14,225 1 391,190 Horses 4.953 297,180 Mules 1,207 78,4.'-,5 Asses and Jen nets m 2,970 Sheep 10,275 30,825 Swine 21 ,753 217,530 Chickens 53,r.261 Turkeys 1,181 1 39,51:) Geese 2,967 1 Ducks 1.467 1 Swarms of Be es 447 1,255 Honey 14,900 t 27,830 t 1,865 Wool 4.640 Milk 1,295,400 § / 79,880 Butter 277,802 X 1 Eggs 383,510 II 47,940 Total 1 1 $1,193,240 * Bushels. t Pounds. II Doi ,en. t Tons. § Gallons. CAMDEN COUNTY. 345 than half a mile in width, location of the best farms. These usually sell at $25 to $35 an acre, carrying with them gener- ally twice as much free Residents hill land, in addition to the perquisite of free live stock i of limitless dimension. Entire are a rarity. The few are to be had at : Half hill, half creek bottom, $20 per acre, own nearly all the land. Soil varies from first class black, water deposit compo- sition in the river bottoms, to rocky clay in the hills. Blue stem grass grows wild. The Frisco railroad cuts across southeast corner, and has six miles of track therein. Wagon roads follow ridges or valleys, and profit from Nature's gravel- ing. Small boats occasionally ply the Osage and Niangua rivers and afford trans- portation for railroad ties. Sunday Schools:— Total number, forty-two. Linn Creek has Methodist and Christian churches, each supporting its Sunday School. In rural districts relig- ious services are held in school houses. CoNCKETE School Houses: — Rural district school buildings are frequently concrete construction. Floors are of hardwood and roofs of sheetiron or rough boards. Material is at hand; labor contributed. Concrete proves warm in winter and cool in summer. Ha Ha Tonka Springs: — Reached by overland drive from Lebanon, on the Frisco; or from Bagnell, on the Missouri Pacific railroad; is a summer resort of some consequence. Spring of clear water flows from ground in volume sufficient to supply St. Louis. A summer hotel accommodates less than fifty guests, and many parties camp at the spring, or upon the Niangua river, which affords the angler striped and black bass, jack salmon, buffalo, catfish, carp, and other fish. Arnhold's Mill and Climax Springs are other favorite camping places for summer visitors. Wild tur- raising angora goats is profitable. keys, squirrels, deer, quail and, occasionally, beavers are killed. Mountain scenery is further enchantment. Linn Creek is county seat. Newspapers: — Linn Creek Reveille, News; Mack's Creek Rustic. CAPE GIRARDEAU is one hundred miles south of St. Louis. It is one ' of the old settled, wealthy counties of southeast Missouri, and owes its prestige to agriculture, schools and to the fact that it has long been the freight distributing point for a large area. It borders Mis- souri's delta lands on the south and the Mississippi river on the east. Heretofore freight has come chiefly by boat to the landing at Cape Girardeau, the largest town. "Within the present year the St. Louis and San Francisco railroad has finished a line which parallels the Mississippi river from St. Louis to Cape Girardeau, adding further freight importance to the latter city, which has also been made the railroad division point. Wheat is the leading agricultural product. Corn, horses and mules, cattle, hogs, a high grade flour, railroad rock ballast and stone for the United States government river im- provement are important sources of revenue. Land sur- face measures 540 square miles, 340,600 acres, of which 211,544 acres are in improved farms to the number of 2,576. Farms average in total acreage of tillable, pas- ture, and other lands, 135.5; actual aggregate value $6,041,725. Timber: — Originally a heavy growth of tim- ber, in great variety, grew. White, red, black, post, and burr oak; gumwood, yellow poplar, black walnut, sycamore, ash, hickory, sassafras, and mulberry were prominent varieties. Sixty-five per cent is now re- moved, leaving only red gum, or satin walnut, ash and white oak in commercial quantity. Minerals: — Kaolin, crystal sand and limestone. Two mines of kaolin, one at Jackson and the second be- tween Jackson and Cape Girardeau are worked to profit. Crushed rock for railroad and river work is a large industry base. Crushers are at work along the giant limestone bluffs, which guard against the Missis- sippi's encroachment. Sand is imbedded in rock form. It easily disintegrates. Sand lands are available at $15 to $30 per acre. Land: — Chiefly hill land, though embracing thirty State Normal School^ Cape Girardeau, District No. 3. 346 CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY'S liHWCROl' 1 ACKES 1 I'KOOLCT VAI.IE Corn 38,220 1,242,150* § 465.805 Wheat 71,610 1,074,125* 633,680 Oats 7,956 230.725 * 76,910 Hay 18,024 27,035 t .324,420 Forage 2,515 2.925 14.675 Broom Corn 14 7.000:: 195 Clover Seed 730* 4,015 Grass Seed 75* 165 Tobacco 19 13.490 t 1 ,350 Potatoes 610 64,050* 30,745 Vegetables 720 .37,645 Total 1 1 1 $1,589,605 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 15,7?0 $ 394.259 Horses 6,875 412.500 Mules 3,205 208.325 Asses and Jennets 70 6.3(10 Sheep 9,221 27 ,663 Swine 35,691 356,910 Chickens 101,9:« 1 Turkeys 4,910 '^ 97,913 Geese 6.616 ,'' Ducks 1,909 ) Swarms of I3ees 2,073 3,620 Honey 6'.). 100 : 45, '.190 : 8,o3H Wool 7.665 Milk 2.009,604 § j 180,115 Butter 389.150 t i Eggs 488,210 II 61 ,025 Total 1 1 SI. 764,951 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do zen. t Tons. II Gallons. Photo heading : CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. 347 STODDARD CO thousand acres of Mississippi river bottom and nineteen thousand acres of lowlands, the latter lying south of the old Cape Girardeau-Bloomfield rock road, which marks the border- ing bluffs. Twenty-six thousand acres of bottom lie in one body, a few miles down the river from the city of Cape Girardeau. The soil is Mississippi river deposit black and fertile of age. One-third of this is second, im- proved bottom land, worth $35 to $45; remainder is unimproved, worth $20 to $30. Four thousand acres of same lie in one body upon the river at a point due east of Jackson; prices are same. Strip of lowlands de- scribed average $20 an acre in price. Soil is a mixture of black loam and clay marl to endless depth. Land is generally unimproved. Sawmills are rapidly converting these forests into farms. Uplands are light clay loam where thrive yellow poplar, pawpaw and mulberry. Eight per cent are to be had at $15; twenty-five per cent at $15 to $30; fifty per cent at $35 to $40; fifteen per cent at $50 to $60; and the remaining two per cent, ad- jacent to Jackson and Cape Girar- deau, average $60 to $70 per acre. Land tracts in lowlands are much larger than elsewhere. Limestone bluffs are frequently 300 to 400 feet high along the Mississippi and bordering the low- lands. Estimated 6,000 acres bluff land herein bearing stone at four cents per cubic foot. Population:— White, 22,327; colored, 1,988; American born, 22,977; foreign born, 1,338; total, 24,315. Estimated German and German descent, fifty per cent. Cape Girardeau was originally a French settlement. Farm homes owned, 2,032; rented, 603; town homes owned, 1,101; rented, 1,163; total families, 4,899. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents; school tax, from 10 cents to $1; average, 44; total assessed valuation, $6,427,056; assessed valuation per cent of real valua- tion, 40 per cent. No county debt; township debt, $108,000. Manufactures: — Flour, rock ballast, pressed brick, staves, barrel headings, hardwood lumber, wagon spokes and hubs, bent wood products, ice, kaolin pow- der and shirts are made. Nine flour mills are located here; two at Jackson; two at Cape Girardeau; one each at Oak Ridge, Bufordsville, Pocahontas, Millers- ville and Arnsberg. Railroads, Steamboats and Turnpike Roads: — Iron Mountain and Frisco, main lines and branches, afford outlet to main towns, the latter making Cape Girardeau a leading railroad and distributing point. Three lines of steamboats give freight service. Turnpike roads connect Cape Girardeau, Jackson, and Bufordsville; and Cape Girardeau and Scott county, a total of thirty miles. Schools: — State Normal School, for teachers, established 1873, at Cape Gi- rardeau; free tuition; psychology and pedagogy, mathematics, sciences, history, languages, manual training, elocution, vocal music, political economy; library of three thousand volumes; students, 363. Jackson and Cape Girardeau have high schools approved by University of Missouri. A military academy at Jackson, for boys, and St. Vincent's School, for girls, are at Cape Girardeau. Newspapers: — Cape Girardeau Progress, Democrat, Republican; Jackson Cash Book, Herald, Volksfreund. japanese walnuts. CARROLL COUNTY'S 1903 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. CARROLL has a larger acreage of Missouri river bottom land than any other county in the State; and Missouri river bottom is as famous for fertility as the Valley of the Nile. Naturally does it follow, then, that for feeding four million dollars worth of live stock, Carroll county farmers produce an aggregate of $2,710,200 worth of corn. North of the alluvial soil lies a belt of brown loam loess land ideally adapted to fruit growth. Barrels of apples grown here are shipped to Europe. The balance of the land is prairie, soil of blackest hue, where are located many of the fine livestock farms, foi which the county is also noted. Some coal is mined within the county. Manufacturing is carried on to considerable extent, and a manufac- turers' aid association at Carrollton offers inducement to further manufacturing. Pofulation:— White, 25,123; colored, 1,332; Amer- ican born, 25,657; foreign born, 798; total, 26,455. Farm homes owned, 2,407; rented, 1,165; other homes owned, 1,204; rented, 907; total families, 5,683. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax averages 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $10,111,364; farms are assessed at 25 per cent of actual valuation, and town lots upon a basis of one-third. No indebtedness. Timbers — Formerly there was an abundance of Cottonwood, elm, black oak, hazel, walnut, hickory and sugar tree timbers. There is now no commercial quan- tity of any kind. Minerals: — Annual production of coal amounts to approximately two thousand tons. It is locally con- sumed. It is the same seam worked in Ray county, overlaid with a roof which avoids the necessity of timbering, but lack of railroad facilities at the partic- ular locality, retards in this regard the development of the section. Land: — Three topographies; three soils; three prices. Along the Missouri and Grand rivers are broad belts of alluvial lands, embracing almost one-third of the county. This land is devoted chiefly to the pro- duction of corn and other cereals. Soil is inex- haustible, known to be in some places fifty feet thick. Generally it contains sand in desirable proportion anrt Carroll County Farm Views. 348 ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 148,342 8.603,836 * 12,710,200 Wheat 34.657 H4 1,080* 368,t;20 Oats 9,0.=)3 398,750 * 77,075 Hay 44.224 88,450 t 495,820 Forage 4,855 6,475 t 33,.375 Flax 24 240 * 250 Broom Corn 23 12,650 t 3.50 Clover Seed 5t;0* 3,080 Grass Seed 10,500 * 16,275 Tobacco 248 223.200 t 22,320 Potatoes 1.544 185,380 * 44,470 Vegetables 1,125 53,000 $3,822,995 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Cattle 39,614 $1,287,455 Horses 14,325 9.55,000 Mules 5,227 392,025 Asses and Jennets 96 9,600 Sheep 9, .50 4 ;n,68o Swine 78.831 788.310 Chickens 214,8631 Turkeys Geese 5,598 ', 4.7;« r 185.100 Ducks 3,590 J Swarms of Bees 2,748 5,770 Honey 91,600 : 44,475 :; 11.450 Wool 7,410 Milk 3,309,164 § ) Butter 625,994 1 i Eggs 1,181,600 11 147,700 $4,007,080 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading : CARROLL COUNTY. 349 LIVINGSTON . 1^. sells at $85 an acre. A small acreage lacking sand and therefore less productive, may be bought at $40 an acre. Something over one-third of the county is em- braced in the character of land which is next encountered from the rivers. It is land of silt formation, porous to great depths and sustaining a top soil of splendid fertility. This upland, together with 100,000 acres of black soil prairie in the northwest corner of the county, comprises the balance of the county. Its farms are finely improved and are largely devoted to the breeding of live stock. Carroll county embraces 690 square miles of land surface, 441,600 acres, of which 371,073 acres are included in improved farms. Fai-ms number 3,692, of an aver- age size of 113.6 acres. The aggregate valuation of the farms is, according to present selling price, $12,769,029. Manufactures: — Farm wagons and buggies, haying machinery, brick and tiling and cigars are manufactured. There are two wagon factories which sell well-built jobs throughout Missouri and southern Iowa. Two brick and tile fac- tories employ a large number of men and sell tile in markets adjoining the rivers of the State. Creamery products are made in a small way. Transportation: — Wabash main line, Kansas City to St. Louis, crosses the county at the south side; Santa Fe parallels the Wabash; and Chicago, Burling- ton & Kansas City leaves Carrollton in a northerly direction. Schools: — Public school system of eminently high grade. Norborne and Carrollton high schools are approved by the State University. Towns: — Carrollton, county seat, population, 3,854; Norborne, 1,189; De- Witt, 550; Hale, 665; Bosworth, 401; Tina, 368; Wakenda, 329; Bogard, 276, are the incorporated towns. Mineral Springs: — Two near Car- rollton. gathering the golden grain. Newspapers: — Carrollton: Democrat, Republican-Record; Norborne Demo- crat, Leader, Jeffersonian; Tina Herald; Bosworth Star-Sentinel; Hale Hustler, Leader; DeWitt Farmers' Herald; Bogard Dispatch. CARTER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACKES I PRODUCT I VALl Cori' 10,756 268,900 * ,$100,825 Wheat 1,511 31,i55* 12,480 Oats tJ73 20,190 * t!,730 Hay 1,602 3,405 t 28,860 Forage 720 840 t 9,330 i 4,200 Tobacco 13 935 Potatoes 173 15,916 * 7,640 Vegetables 130 8,395 Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. t Tons. TIMBER and natural scenery command in Carter county. The surface is mountainous, at one time covered by unbroken forests of pine and hardwoods. County is situated second above the Arkansas border and is the fifth west of the Mississippi river. One of the largest yellow pine mills in Missouri is located at Grandin, within the county. Railroad ties of white oak are shipped to the extent of 350,000 a year. Current river, flowing south through center of county, furnishes tie transporta- tion, and gives rise to Carter's just claim to picturesqueness. Club houses are located along this stream. Fishing, hunting, cave ex- ploring, boating and bathing attract summer camping parties. Commercial orcharding is to come. One orch- ard at Hunter has two hundred and fifty acres, and one at Elsinore a hundred. Population:- — White, 6,702; colored, 4; American born, 6,651; foreign born, 55; total, 6,706 Farm homes owned, 373; rented, 182; other homes owned, 216; rented, 514; total families, 1,285. Finance: — County tax, 45 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax, from 30 cents to $1.35; assessed valuation, $1,648,483; assessed valuation per cent of actual value, improved lands, 40; wild lands are as- sessed at $1.25 an acre; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Mainly pine, white oak, black oak, hick- ory. Pine lands cut an average of 4,000 feet per acre. They are largely cut over. There are ten sawmills, largest at Grandin. Minerals: — Iron ore exists in eastern and western border strips of six miles width east. Near Elsinor, Chilton and McDonald it is most evident. Lead and copper traces have been found. Land: — County area, 500 square miles, equal to 320,000 acres, of which 22,873 acres are cultivated. Number of farms, 554, average size, 115.7 acres, in- cluding land of various characters. Actual aggregate value, $1,793,959. Surface embraces three distinct types Photos in heading: On Current River; Yellow Pine Mills at Grandin, I $170,055 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND I NUMBER | VALUI 4,698 1,000 630 10 630 11,440 15.789^ 190 I 688f 662 J 416 13,867 1 1,990 J 402,410 § } 77,335 t i 105,200 II 105,705 60,000 37,800 900 1,890 114,400 9,360 931 1,733 333 32,030 13.150 $378,121 X Pounds. § Gallons, Dozen. 350 CARTER COUNTY. 351 of land: first, hill land, in many places mountainous; second, flatwoods; third, river and creek bottoms. Of the first class seventy- five per cent is rocky. It is estimated that more than one-half of entire county is thus too rough for the plow. Soil is clay. Eighty- seven thousand acres of this land sold within the past year for $1 an acre, pine timber having been removed. Much of it may be had at 25 cents an acre. It is adapted to fruit tree growth. Hills are less ^^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^.^^^ steep in eastern part of county, growing larger to the northwest. Second division includes one hundred square miles of high flat pine woodland around Hunter; wheat and hay land. Thirdly, the river bottom land is black loam, corn soil. Here are found the farms, worth $10 to $15 an acre, when improved; unimproved, $5 an acre. Farm improvements are best near Van Buren and Hunter. Cleared land within one mile of Van Buren may be bought for $10. It is in good state of cultivation. Manufactories:^ — At Grandin, a lumber company operates a mill with 285,- 000 feet sawing and 200,000 feet daily planing capacity; 1,211 men employed in woods and various mill departments; annual production, 75,000,000 feet; 110,000 acres uncut land; 14 drying sheds; 40 acres piled with stock lumber; electric lights, hospital, hotel, store, library, depot, sixty miles company telephone. Van Buren has two small sawmills and grist mill; Elsinore a sawmill. Transportation: — St. Louis, Memphis and Southeastern, 11.80; Frisco (Cur- rent river route), 35.67 miles taxed road. Churches: — Grandin has Baptist, Methodist, Congregational, Unitarian and Catholic; Van Buren, Baptist and Methodist. Elsinore, two church organizations. Churches: — Grandin has Baptist, Metho- dist, Congregational, Unitarian and Catholic; Van Buren, Baptist and Methodist. Elsinore, two church organizations. Fishing and Hunting: — Two permanent club houses have been erected upon Current river. One of these places is open the year 'round, proving Carter county both a summer and a winter resort. A number of caves filled with Missouri onyx are found along Current river. Bass, salmon and game fish of other kinds are gigged and hook-caught from clear water of Current river. Deer, wild turkeys, and small game killed in mountains. Towns: — Grandin, purely a sawmill town, entire population employed in local mill. Van Buren, county seat, situated in Current river valley, surrounded on two sides by high moun- tains, is farming center; Elsinore, sawmill town and fruit market; Hunter, junction for railroads. Newspapers: — Van Buren Current Local. shavings are carried away by machinery and later are burned. CASS COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. CASS is great in tlie production of corn and hay, in cattle, horses, mules and hogs. Its proximity to Kansas City makes it also prominent in dairying. Commercially it is a double-centered county. Pleasant Hill, towards the northeastern part of Cass county, is the largest town, draws from a large territory and has important commercial interests among which is a nursery and greenhouse, one of the most extensive in Missouri. At the center of the county is Harrisonville, county seat, almost as large as Pleasant Hill, with the advantages of a first class railroad center. Rail- roads approach this city from eight different directions. Cass is twenty miles south of Kansas City, and is upon the Kansas line. Corn and cattle products amount annually to more than $1,000 for every farm in the county. Corn prod- uct exceeds the two million dollar mark, and there are more than one and one-third million dollars worth of cattle. Horses and mules also rise above the million dollar mark. County embraces 688 square miles of land surface, mostly undulating prairie. Population: — White, 23,044; colored, 592; American born, 23,229; foreign born, 407; total, 23,636. Farm homes owned, 2,007; rented, 1,164; other homes owned, 1,293; rented, 833; total families, 5,297. Finance: — County tax, 30 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 20 cents to $1.70, av- erage, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $9,735,198; as- sessed valuation is estimated at one-third the actual valuation. County debt, $570,000; township debt, $364,000. Timber: — Timber was confined to the streams. It consisted of oak, elm, walnut, hickory, sycamore. Com- mercial timber exhausted. Minerals: — At Creighton, in the south central part of the county, a coal mine was opened in 1896 and I I $3,117,075 mined one thousand tons that year. The output grad- ually increased until 1900 when, because of refusal to comply with State regulations, the mine was ordered closed. The quality of product is good. Shaft is 156 feet deep. A tram road half a mile in length connects it with railroads. Clays of various compositions are found throughout the county, and limestone of a good quality is quarried on a small scale. Land: — The acreage of the county is 440,320, of which 363,474 acres are in a high state of cultivation. There are 3.225 farms of an average size of 127.7 acres. According to present selling prices, farm lands would aggregate a valuation of $13,767,132. These farms are devoted to live stock raising and cereal growing. The II Dozen. soil is generally a limestone shale clay of dark color and splendid fertility. As a whole the county topo- KeUngg Greenlioiise at Pleasant Hill — 3S5,000 Square Feet of Glass; 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 142.127 6,39.5,715 * $2,014,650 Wheat 18,824 423,540 * 232,945 Oats 7,288 233,150 * 61,785 Hay 57,013 96,920 t 581,520 Forage 4,135 5,515 t 27,575 Flax 11,534 46,1.36 * 47,980 Broom Corn 22 ,12,100 t 335 Clover Seed 5,000 * 28,000 Grass Seed 6,810 * 10,890 Tobacco 20 13,000 t 1,300 Potatoes 1,074 150,;360 * .52,625 Vegetables 1,000 58,370 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Cattle 41,130 $1,336,850 Horses 14,762 984,135 Mules 3, .502 262,650 Asses and Jennets 106 10,600 Sheep 8,806 26,420 Swine 85.758 857, .580 Chickens 205,944 1 Turkeys Geese 7,098 1 3,301 ! 104,190 Ducks 2,708 J Swiirtnsof Bees 3,171 9.050 Honey 103,700 t 13,210 Wool .33,066 t 3,510 Milk 3,700.220 § ) 653,300 t i 227,445 Butter Eggs 1,061,750 11 132,720 $4,028,360 X Pounds. § Gallons. Photos in heading: Cass County Corn. 352 CASS COUNTY. 353 ; JACKSON graphically is one gently rolling prairie, with small streams intersecting at in- frequent intervals. Farms are well improved with good fencing, large stock barns, windmill wells and comfort- able dwellings. These may le bought at $40 to $50 an acre. The broken, stream- bordering land is available at $30 an acre. Manufactures: — These are of local importance only. Brick and flour are chief, manufactured at the princi- pal towns. Transportation : — These facilities are excellent, af- fording train service into Kansas City at every hour of the day. Through service is had also to St. Louis. Railroads centering in the county are Missouri Pacific, Missouri, Kansas & Texas, Kansas City Southern, St. Louis & San Francisco, Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield, main lines and various branches. Schools: — There are three high schools, one at Harrisonville, Pleasant Hill and Belton. Towns: — Pleasant Hill, population 2,002; Harrisonville, population 1,844, county seat; and Belton, population 1,005, are the largest towns, supported by live stock, farming, railroads and manufacturing. Garden City, population 574; Drexel, 453; East Lynne, 353; Creighton, 360; Archie, 285; Freeman, 260; Ray- more, 271; Gunn City, 147; Westline, 131; Peculiar, 104, are the incorporated towns. Each is the trading point and livestock center of its respective locality. Newspapers: — Harrisonville: Cass County Democrat, Retort, Cass County Leader, Cass News; Pleasant Hill: Local, Times; Belton Herald; Garden City: The Garden City Views, Enterprise; Drexel Star; Creighton News. PxVNorama of harrisonville. Mo. — 23 CEDAR COUNTY'S 190-^ CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. CEDAR is the second county east of Kansas and the fourth north of Arkansas. It lies upon the northern slope of the Ozark mountains, although its surface is seldom mountainous. The county is a farm plat. Of its 317,440 acres, 185,840 are in cultivation. Corn, wheat, oats, timothy, blue grass, red and white clover, vegetables, apples, strawberries, and live stock are the products of farms. Surplus farm products amount to three and one-half million dollars a year, more than $200 for each man, woman and child in the county. A special feature of Cedar is its water- ing places. Eldorado Springs, in the northwest corner of the county, has a population of 2,137, and is the home of as many more people during the warm summer months. Population:— White, 16,878; colored, 45; American born, 16,756; foreign born, 167; total, 16,923. Farm homes owned, 1,880; rented, 916; other homes owned, 468; rented, 411; total families, 3,675. The principal foreign population is German, in vicinity of Jerico Springs. Finance: — County tax, 55 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, from ten cents to $1.25; average, 50 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,847,753; assessed valuation per cent of actual value, sixty-six and two-thirds; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Originally oak, hickory, sycamore, wal- nut, maple, ash and pecan grew upon three-fifths of the county surface. Two-thirds of entire acreage of county is now timber ridden. On flats trees were smaller than elsewhere. In bottoms growth was one to three feet through. Large tracts no more exist; largest are in north end, in extent 2,000 to 3,000 acres. Hardwood lumber, $1 to $1.59 per hundred; cordwood, $1.50. Minerals: — Coal is found near Jerico, Eldorado Springs, Caplinger Mills and Claud. Seventy-five men are employed periodically. Iron traces are not worked. Clays of all types are used only locally. Land: — County area, 496 square miles; improved farms, 2,765; average size, 101 acres; estimated actual value, $4,301,936. Surface is widely diversified, ofttimes level, sometimes rough and precipitous along streams, but little mountainous. Big Sac river, Little Sac, Ce- dar, Bear, and Horse creeks traverse county and define broad, fertile valleys, bounded with bluffs. East side of 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 66,830 2,405,880 * § 757,850 Wheat 27,738 485,415 * 266,980 Oats 7,529 180,695 * 47,885 Hay 44,319 66,480 t 332,400 Forage 2, ."1.35 3,380 t 16,900 Flax 1,573 6,292 * 6,545 Broom Corn 4 2,200 t 60 Clover Seed 30* 170 Grass Seed 87.n * 1,400 Tobacco 56 36,400 t 3,640 Potatoes 730 73.000 * 25,5.50 Vegetables 935 40,520 I $1,499,900 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle 19,903 .■f 497,575 Horses 8.274 5.51,600 Mules 2,013 140,910 Asses anil Jennets 57 5,130 Sheep 5,1V3 15, .520 Swine 30.080 .300,800 Chickens 149,6891 Turkeys Geese 4,688 1 3.645 f 106,055 Ducks 2,885 J Swarms of Bees 1.434 3,705 Honey 47,800:: 17',3r,o:: 5,975 Wool 2,890 Milk Butter 2,417,404 § ( 510,112 X S 124,440 Eggs 1,077,41011 131,675 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heading: Bird's Eye View, Stockton. 354 CEDAR COUNTY. 355 county is broken, with the hills reaching 200 feet above valleys adjacent. Up- lands therein are of deep red clay soil adapted best to wheat. This character of country extends to the north and northeast, where it is more broken. Western one-fourth is largely gently rolling prairie. In addition to this, there is a small prairie east of Eldorado. Prai- rie soil varies in color from deep black to ashy and red. Farms are well improved. Prices range as fol- lows: Best improved farms, includ- ing bottom farms, prairie farms and levelest hill farms of red soil, amounting to three-eighths of county, $25 to $35 an acre; one-eighth of same, $35 to $40. Uplands, embrac- ing three-eighths addition, $15 to $25 an acre; bluff land, timbered and un- improved, embracing one-eighth, $5 to $15 an acre. Manufactured Products : — Flour, tiling, axe handles, brooms, are made in quantities equal to local demand. Flouring mills are located at Jerico, Stockton, Eldorado, and Caplinger. Transportation: — Missouri, Kan- sas & Texas railroad touches north- west corner, at Eldorado Springs, having two miles of track within county. A road is proposed thence to Stockton. There are fifteen steel wagon bridges in county. Schools: — Six to nine months in each of eighty-seven school districts. High schools at Eldorado and Stockton. Springs and Caves: — Cedar is noted for its springs and caves of large size and unusual beauty. Eldorado Springs, with a population of 1,543 is builded upon patronage attracted by the heal- ing properties of several springs at that point. Here is located a park, the resort of two thou- sand people each sum- mer. Stockton, county seat, is situated above a GOATS are money MAKERS. great cave, from which flows a never-ceasing stream of clear, cool water. Jerico Springs, Arnica Springs, Cedar Springs and Sulphur Springs near Caplinger Mills, are also fav- orite watering places of lesser magnitude. Fishing: — Good fishing is afforded at each of the Springs. Gigging is a favorite pastime. Bass, catfish, trout and jacksalmon are caught. Newspapers: — Stockton Republican, Journal; Jerico Optic; Eldorado Springs Sun, News. A cedar county sample. UNEXCELLED in fertility, Chariton county gives its life and useful- ness to stock raising and general farming. The county is bounded on the south by the Missouri river and by the Chariton on the west. Its live stock surplus attains the elevation of four millions of dol- lars worth a year, and in addition to feeding this large amount of live stock, more than two million dollars worth of corn and hay are sold. Dis- tinctive productions of the agricultural department of the county are tobacco, sugar cane, and potatoes. Small sorghum molasses mills and creameries are found throughout the county. The physical area is 740 square miles, equivalent to 473,600 acres. In cultivation are 350,567 acres. Farms number 3,805, with an average acreage of 118.4, worth, by actual present price figures, $9,513,228. Blue grass is native to all soils. Population: — White, 23,580; colored, 3,246; American born, 25,830; foreign born, 996; total, 26,826. Farm homes owned, 2,519; rented, 1,247; other homes owned, 916; rented, 808; total families, 5,490. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, from seven cents to $1.25; average, 45 cents; total assessed valuation, $9,362,042; assessment based upon 40 per cent valuation; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Formerly all varieties of oak, walnut, mulberry, hickory, ash, linden, hackberry, cottonwood, sycamore, and maple were found. One-tenth of the land was of scrub oak covering in this respect, and the bal- ance bore large growth timbers, especially so in the bottoms. Timber originally covered slightly more than one-half of the land acreage. One-half of this amount has been clean-cut and put into cultivable shape; the remainder yet remains timbered with part of the larg- est size trees removed. There is yet considerable tim- ber of commercial size. MiNEKALs: — Coal mines are now, as for many years, worked only during the fall and winter months to supply the local demand. At Salisbury, at a :* = ""'!. of 150 feet, coal is found. A vein near the surface is worked in a small way at Brunswick. Indian Grove, Guthridge Mills, Keytesville, Newcomer, and Salisbury. Vein is from 18 to 42 inches thick. Land:- — All the various land lays are presented, from high rolling prairie to low overflow bottom. One- half of the county lying in the north side is high rolling prairie and readily sells at $60 an acre. The soil is a Sol Stnith Russell and his old home; Plowing by Steam, ••^.50 CHARITON COUNTY'S 1002 CROP 1 ACRKS 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn P4,016 5,170 880 * $1 ,.525,4 10 Wheat 26.980 674,500 * 370,975 Oats 5,917 225,985 * 59,885 Hay 48,1.^7 96,K5 t 481,375 Forage 7,4m 9,325 t 10,6-.'5 Fla\ 14 84* 85 Broom Corn 5 2,500 t 70 Clover Seed 320* 1,700 Grass Seed 11,7(10* ai.060 Tobacco 750 52.1.700 t 49,'t42 Potatoes 2,017 396,615 * 91,980 Vegetables i,ajo .55,895 Total 1 1 1 $2,708,092 LIVESTOCK AND PROD UCTS KI.ND 1 NUMBER VALUE SI, 422.990 Cattle 47,433 Horses 14,890 992,665 Mules 4,853 303,975 Asses and Jennets 111 11,100 Sheep 9,285 27,8.55 Swine 55,007 550.070 Chickens 241,7431 Turkeys 5,736 1 4,426 i 1.57 490 Geese Ducks 3,865 J Swarms of Bees 4,019 10,375 Honey 130,967 1 38,.500 t 16,745 Wool 6,415 Milk 3,381.070 §/ 030,156 t 1 181,935 Butter Eggs 1,457,210 11 182,1.50 TotHl 1 1 $3,9V5,865 * Bushels. 1 founds. || UOi en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in heading: CHARITON COUNTY. 357 deep, black vegetable loam of fine fertility. In depth it averages 32 inches. Much of this land is pastured and as a result has long ago become substantially set in blue grass, which is indigenous. The Missouri river bottoms embrace an acreage equal to one-tenth of the county's area. Usually the land is above overflow. The soil is that alluvium which leads the world in cereal production. Bottom farms sell at $60 an acre. Northwest from Keytesville to the county line lies a brown loam soil of loess char- acter, wherein fruit, hay and wheat are grown to eminent ad- vantage. It is rolling, was originally timbered and sells at $40 an acre. One-tenth of the county is scrub oak land, worth $25 to $30 an acre. Lastly, there is a one- tenth portion of un- drained creek bottoms which may be had at $15 to $20 an acre. Won- ders have been worked with some of this land drained. Manufactories: — Flour- ing mills, tiling plant, sorghum mills, and small creameries consti- tute the manufactories. The tile mak- ing factory is located at Brunswick. Clay of splendid properties for this purpose is found here. The product finds sale in Missouri markets, including a local market of considerable extent. Transportation: — Three main railroads: Wabash, Burlington and Santa Fe routes. The last named is a trunk line from Kansas City to Chicago; Wabash operates the main Kansas City-St. Louis, and Omaha-St. Louis lines through the south and west parts of Chariton county. The Burlington, Kansas City to Chicago, crosses the northwest corner. Fishing: — Grand river, Chariton ^ river and the Missouri afford fishing. There is also a lake near Sumner, in the northwest corner of the county which is the resort of many camping parties in summer. Towns: — Brunswick, population 1,403, is junction of the Wabash lines; Salisbury, population 1,847, is termi- nal for a branch line connecting Glas- gow with the main line Wabash; Keytesville, 1,127, is the county seat; Triplett, 342; Mendon, 252; Dalton, 223; Cunningham, 160; and Sumner are the leading towns, all supported in the main by live stock and general agriculture. Newspapers: — Brunswick Bruns- wicker; Keytesville Courier, Signal; Mendon Salisbury Press-Spectator; Triplett Tribune; Sumner Star POULTRY EAISING IS PROFITABLE. Citizen; Salisbury Democrat; CHRISTIAN is situated in the Ozark mountains of soutliwest Missouri, ten miles south of Springfield. Its surface in the north and west comprises considerable plateau land, high laying and level, and else- where is characterized by deep mountain gorges and corresponding cliffs. Proximity to market and the advantages of a railroad have made timber resources count for considerable in the past. And the same forces are now developing the county in that to which soil and climate are best suited, namely, fruit growing. Mineral deposits of the county are of conse- quence. Lead and zinc mines are operated near Ozark, county seat, and location of a mineral reduction plant. Mineral waters are here meritorious. Springs are located at Reno and Eaudevie. Farms of the county are estimated to be worth, according to present market price, $3,112,266. They number 2,648, of an average size of 97.5 acres. County contains 556 square miles, 355,840 acres, of which 149,140 acres are in cultivation. Last year sur- plus products amounted to $1,000 for each farm. All grains, vegetables, and fruits of this latitude are raised. Tobacco, strawberries, and tomatoes are of the fancy, as distinguished from staple, production. Railroad ties have long supplied ready money to farmers who choose to employ otherwise idle time. Population: — White, 16,822; colored, 117; Ameri- can born, 16,522; foreign born, 417; total, 16,939. Farm homes owned, 2,050; rented, 645; other homes owned, 338; rented, 422; total families, 3,455. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax, aver- age, 64 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,315,010; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, sixty-six and two-thirds; county debt, $28,450; no township debt. Timber: — Originally there was an unbroken forest of white oak, black oak, post oak, black-jack, and a few other species, but easily accessible commercial growth has been removed. Acreage timbered is 206,700, most of which is second, small growth. In eastern and south- ern sections, however, are white oak and black oak of marketable size. Creek bluffs are often crowned with cedar thickets, timbers of fence-post size. Minerals: — One-fifth of county shows mineral pros- pects, but a comparatively small portion has been devel- oped. Lead and zinc are mined at Ozark. One mine output for last year was 180 tons of lead. Iron evi- dences are abundant; no active mines. Fire and A Christian County Cave, near Ozark, 358 CHRISTIAN COUNTY'S 190 J CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 42,579 1,490,265* S 469.435 Wheat .36,4.58 674,475 * 360,900 Oats 5,893 194,470 * 51,535 Hay 12,150 18,225 t 109,350 Forage 1,630 2,175 t 10,875 Broom Corn 9 1,950 t 135 Clover Seed 1,750* 9,800 Grass Seed 40* 65 Cotton 10 3,250 t 29,900 t 230 Tobacco 46 2,990 Potatoes 554 55,400 * 19,390 Vegetables 880 34,835 Total 1 1 1 f 1,069,600 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 15,885 " S 397,125 Horses 6,296 377,760 Mules 1,601 113,070 Asses and Jtnnets 55 4 ,950 Sheep 5,853 17,560 Swine 27,910 279,100 Chickens 100,898 1 Turkeys 3,753 ! 74 730 Geese 3,050 ( Ducks 2,823 J Swarms of Bees 588 1,685 Honey 19,600 X 2,450 Wool 18.S25 t 3,155 Milk Butter 1,980,668 § ) 374,743 t ( 101,545 Eggs 691,720 11 86,465 Total 1 1 *1 ,458,595 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do t Tons. § Gallons. f.en. Photo in heading: CHRISTIAN COUNTY. 359 pottery clay are found; lime- stone is every- where. Land: — In char acter the most of the soils consist of clay loam of varying depths underlaid by a bright red clay sub- soil. Creek and river bottom lands are of a deep, sandy loam soil, rich in or- ganic matter and will support annual grain crops for years without use of fer- tilizers. Uplands are fertile according to depth of soil. In west end there is land very valuable for general agricultural purposes; also in vicinity of Nixa and between that town and Highlandville. Southern and extreme eastern parts are more broken; some level or undulating land is found in central eastern part. All upland soils are gravel-laden and in places very stony. Grain and grass thrive. Large areas of upland soils seem well adapted to tobacco growing. Price of lands range from $5 to $50 an acre. Maximum price is paid for best bottoms, which range from $30 to $50, depending upon situation with reference to market. Table lands in west end between Ozark and Sparta, in central dis- trict, and the prairie near Nixa, are priced at $25 to $35. Best ridge lands, im- proved, are selling at $20 to $25. Hill lands, improved, $5 to $15. Unimproved land sells at $3 to $15, depending upon timber growth or soil. Teaxsportation: — St. Louis & San Franscisco main line crosses northwest corner. Chadwick branch opens center of county. Mineral Springs: — At Reno and Eau- devie, in south part of county. These waters possess medicinal properties and the towns are popular local resorts. Fish- and hunting are additional attractions of CllKlSTlAX (olNTY lAKM SrHNK. thCSe VicinitiCS. Towns: — Ozark, county r44 295,360 Mules 1,681 117,670 Asses and Jennets 33 3,300 Sheep 5,472 14,415 Swine 20,079 200,790 Chickens 90,8761 Turkeys 3,246 1 66,385 Geese 3,392 \ Ducks 616 1 Swarms of Bees 469 1,375 Honey 15,633 t 1,955 Wool 20,250 X 3,375 Milk 1,638,215 § j 154,89,-j Butter 293,828 X \ Eggs 511,760 II 67,720 $1,:^01,240 t Pounds. § Gallons Dozen. Photo in heading: Tieic of Jefferson City. 306 COLE COUNTY. 367 embraced in the particular piece and the character of improvements. There are 119,476 acres of this land. The larger portion, 249,600 acres, is at present uncultivated and may be bought at $5 to $15 an acre. There are 1,700 farms, of an average size of 132.2 acres. The aggregate, act- ual valuation is put at $3,827,925. Farm production each year equals the land valuation. Manufactures : — Shoes, over- alls, beer, wine, saddle trees, and book bindery products are the man- ufacturing output. A contributing element to the large manufactur- ing of Jefferson City is its transpor- tation advantage. Freight and ex- press consignments are called for and delivered without charge for drayage. f s ^ O o i r ^ ^ ■s ^^ 3 f /^ Z s 1 i ■T^Rus-*llvii;c- c Jf^f'^ ^™Sgs /lEFFERSOMii CITY J fe Usage < It J f{' 7 \ M.l|Kn^ /\r^ p Wardsville \ } 1 ■4r^ r- r.2" W^XJ rx. ^ -%/ J ^ S~Obi^ / '0«gc BU.ff '^^ i^—- j r ! ^ ^ // ^ ^ O rU ^^ ^^ o*' MILLER f COUNTY ^ -J Traxspoktation : — Railroads : Missouri Pacific, main line, Bagnell Branch and River Route; Missouri, Kansas & Texas, and Chicago & Alton. There are forty passenger trains daily. Schools: — Enumeration, 6,300; terms six to nine months. Over eighty thousand dollars have been spent recently to this end in Jefferson City alone. Schools have libraries and in addition thereto is the free circulation library, recent gift to the city by Andrew Carnegie. Lincoln Institute, State normal school for colored, is here. Banks: — There are five banks, with a total deposit of three million dollars. Churches :■ — Thirty-one, representing eleven Christian denominations, with a total membership of 10,000. Wagon Roads: — From the various di- rections into Jefferson City are turnpike wagon roads, footing a total of 30 miles. In addition are 200 miles of dirt roads. Towns: — The incorporated towns are: Jefferson City, 9,664, elsewhere noted; Rus- sellville, population 295, on the Bagnell branch of the Missouri Pacific railroad. Newspapers:— Jefferson City State Tri- bune, Cole County Democrat, Missouri Volksfreund, Republican, Missouri School Journal, Post; Russellville Rustler; Cen- tertown: Central Missouri Leader. MISSOURI IS FIRST IN FRUIT. COOPER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 I'KODL'CT VALUE Corn P5,li>5 4,046,763 * ¥1,193,695 Wheat 60,951 1,340,920* 737,505 Oats 9,7H8 301,880* 80,000 Hay 23,463 Si),8.«5 t 299,140 Foraete 1,155 1 ,445 t 7,225 Broom Corn 2T 13,500 t 370 Clover Seed 3,515* 11,085 Grass Seed 300* 540 Tobacco 27 18,'.l00| 1,795 Potatoes 871 113,230 * 30,235 V'egetables 865 49,505 Total Cattle Horses . Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Svviiims of Bees Honey VVoc.l Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. + Tons. COOPER is upon the south bank of the Missouri river, lialf way across the State. Both vast and varied are its resources. It is long settled. Its history antedates the history of the State. Education is fostered. Academies and colleges are grounded firm and deep upon early years. In agriculture and live stock breeding the county is of leading im- portance. The first Shorthorn cattle in Missouri were imported to Cooper county. This breed of cattle now forms a large share of almost one million dol- lars worth of cattle shipped out annually. Horses are a large item of export, and corn shipments exceed a million dollars a year. Manufactures are active. Earth- enware, leather and flour are made. Boonville flouring mills are of the largest in the State. Clay for earthen- ware work, coal and some lead are mined. Sand taken from the Missouri river at Boonville is shipped widely. A model State institution located at Boonville is the reformatory — Missouri Training School for Boys. PoPULATiox: — White, 18,999; colored, 3,533; Amer- ican born, 21,445; foreign born, 1,087; total, 22,532. Farm homes owned, 2,009; rented, C44; other homes owned, 983; rented, 1,029; total families, 4,665. Finance: — County tax, G5 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 15 cents to $1.05; average, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $8,485,816; assessments based upon one-third actual valuation of property. No indebtedness. Timbee: — Appeared upon the Missouri and Lamine rivers, small creeks and their tributaries. The growth was large, indicating fertility of soil. Species em- braced oaks, walnut, elm, sycamore, linwood, sugar tree and Cottonwood. The most of the commercial timber has been removed, though an occasional strip is found. Minerals: — Clays constitute the main mineral. They range in composition from that suitable for pressed brick to kaolin. Coal has been mined within the county. A few small mJnes now operate through Photos in heading: The Turn in the Road; M. K. li T. Railroad Bridge Across the Missovri River at Boonville. 368 I $2,420,155 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND I NUMBER | VALI' 29,995 9,173 4.950 111 12,083 .57,225 198,239 1 10,108 ) 5,078 { 2,352 J 2,089 69.633 X 5.5,515 X 2.041,476 § 360,560 X 494,594 ¥ 099,835 61 1 ,o;i5 371,250 13,320 36.250 572,2.-.0 142.015 4,415 8.705 9,250 158.650 99,:i25 $3,0:6,800 X Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. COOPER COUNTY. 369 the winter season. Building stone of limestone qualities is quarried for purposes local. Boonville is one of the largest sand shipping points in Mis- souri. The product is depos- ited by the river. Small quan- tities of lead ore have been found in the southern half of the county. Land: — Number of square miles, 562; acreage, 359,680, of which 264,760 acres are in a high state of cultivation. Number of farms, 2,664; aver- age size, 127 acres; actual val- uation, $10,849,350. There are three kinds of soil: alluvium, adjoining in a narrow strip the river; brown loam of loess character, most extensive of the three kinds; and red limestone clay, bearing flint substance, found in the south half of the county. The bottom land farms are finely improved and sell at |70 an acre. Hill and prairie farms range generally in price from $45 to $50. Rough, timbered lands, $25 to $30 an acre. Fruit Lands: — Cooper and St. Louis counties stand alone in combining in considerable quantity the two kinds of soil which have made Missouri renowned as a fruit State. The red limestone clay is the soil upon which the Louisiana nurseries and the Ozark bordering orchards are founded. The brown loam loess is the soil which has made northwest Missouri excel in apple production. Manufactures: — Earthenware, leather and flour are the principal manu- factured products. Some native lumber is sawed by portable mills, and ship- stuff and other feed is ground by small mills, found in nearly every town. Transportation: — Four railroads touch the county: Missouri, Kansas & Texas crosses northeast to southwest; Missouri Pacific River Route from Kansas City to St. Louis crosses east to west; a branch of the Missouri Pacific runs south from Boonville to Versailles, in Morgan county; and the Missouri Pacific main line skirts the southern border. Schools: — One of the strongest features of the county. Boonville High School is approved by the State University. Kemper Family School for boys, at Boonville. At Boonville is also Megquier Seminary for young women, and at Pilot Grove is the Pilot Grove Collegiate Institute. Towns: — Boonville, population, 4,377, county seat, old river town, supported by farming, manu- ufacturing, mineral working, shipping interests. Has brick paved streets, electric lights, water- works, gas and other modern improvements Bunceton, population 856; Pilot Grove, 631, and Otterville, 384, are other towns with modern im- provements. Blackwater, 285; Prairie Home, 196. All towns are most largely indebted to agriculture for support. Newspapers: — Boonville Advertiser, Missouri Democrat, Central Missouri Republican, Western Christian Union, Central Missourier, Advance, Wasp; Pilot Grove Enterprise; Bunceton Eagle, Tribune; Otterville Mail; Blackwater News. Mo. — U — "•""ow-.Saglr.- MISSOURI RIVER BLUFF. CK^WFORD C RAWFORD is located seventy-five miles southwest of St. Louis, upon the Frisco railroad, and in the second tier of counties south of the Missouri river. Commercially, its leading interests are mineral. It ships more iron pyrites than any other county in the State. Land surface is broken and rock bearing and embraces 710 square miles, 454,400 acres, of vi^hich but 100,045 acres are cultivated. These together with contingent grazing lands are estimated to be worth $3,387,290. "Population: — White, 12,911; colored, 48; American born, 12,472; foreign born, 487; total, 12,959. Farm homes owned, 1,376; rented, 548; town homes owned, 304; rented, 340; total families, 2,568. Timber and Railroad Ties: — "White oak, post oak, burr oak, black-jack, in the main, with scattering hickory and walnut. White oaks were of large size, giving rise to the railroad tie industry, which has for many years been a lead- ing source of income. Other timbers were of small individual size. Land cut twenty to thirty cords of wood per acre, worth $1.75 to $2 for firewood. Minerals: — Iron pyrites, coal, lead, fire clay, kaolin, limestone, sandstone and granite are found. Cherry Valley Iron mine, four miles south of Steelville, and one two miles west of Steelville, are in active operation. Outputs are hauled to Sligo Smelter, in Dent county. Coal at a depth of sixty feet is found at Cook's Station and at Bourbon. Vein is said to be in pl:ices eight feet through. Lead is mined near Bourbon and Sullivan. Near Butts' Postoflice a lead bowlder containing 576 cubic feet has been located at forty-five feet depth. Granite deposits exist near Ber- ryman. Land: — One-fourth is fenced. The balance is free stock range. Farms are located chiefly in the northern one-half, though they occupy valleys throughout the southern portion. Soil in the bottoms of Meramec river, Huzzah, Courtois, Dry, Crooked, Little Bourbeuse, Brazil and Brush creeks is black alluvial formation; hill land soil is clay and the surface of the latter bears flint rock. Improved farms are selling at $8 to $40 in these proportions: one-fifth, $8 to $15; three-fifths, $15 to $25; one-fifth $25 to $40. Highest priced land is represented by 16,000 acres of Meramec river bottoms, and a lesser strip of upland north of Cuba. Three- fourths, wild land, approaches mountainous. Its value lies in mineral prospects, timber for firewood, and graz- ing purposes. It can be had in any quantity at $2 to $5 an acre, an occasional piece with promising mineral findings being held at $10. One-fourth of this is held by non-resident speculators. Manufactures: — Flour and staves are manufactured. Flouring mills Photos in heading: Crawford County Ooat Ran-ch; Water Mill, 370 CRAWFORD COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 28.347 992,145 * 1 372,0.55 Vl^heat 17,759 284.145 * 167,645 Oats 2,624 65,600 * 21,865 Hay 12,567 18,850 t 141,:H75 Forage 430 500 t 2,500 Broom Corn 53 26,500 t 29,100 t 730 Tobacco 41 2,910 Potatoes 391 37,145 * 17,830 Vegetables 450 18,575 Total 1 1 1 $745,485 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 15,605 $ 390,125 Horses 4.015 240,900 Mules 1,840 119,000 Asses and Jennets 80 7,200 Sheep 8,270 24,810 Swine 20,790 207,900 Chickens 66,518 1 Turkeys Geese 785 2,208 1,477 J 42,595 Ducks Swarms of Bees 632 1,789 Honey 21,067: 24,950 : 2,63{ ^'• ool 4,158 Milk Butter 1,220,864 § ( 237,621 t ( 83,300 Kggs 365,180 11 45,645 Total 1 1 $1,170,655 * Bushels. t Pounds. i| Do/ en. t Tons. § Gallons. CRAWFORD COUNTY. 371 GASCONADE COUNTY ! FRANKLIN are located at Steelville, Cuba Wilsons, Davisville, Jacobston, Bour- bon. Staves are made at Cuba and Dillard. Railroads: — Frisco main line St. Louis to the southwest has 26.01; Steel- ville branch Frisco 31.95; and the Sligo & Eastern 9 miles of roadbed within the county. DiSTnicT High School and Churches: — Steelville is the location of a high school supported by sur- rounding districts. Cuba has high school. Cuba has Presbyterian, United Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist Epis- copal. Episcopal and Catholic churches; Steelville has Cumberland Presbyterian, Methodist South and Baptist denominational structures. Towns: — Steelville, county seat, Cuba. Bourbon, Leasburg are leading towns, supported by agriculture and mining. Rainbow Trout: — August Lauth, 6 miles west of Cuba, raises rainbow trout. Project started 5 years ago; product sells at 40 to 50 cents per pound. Ponds are furnished from Elm Spring. Finance: — County tax 62; school tax from nothing to $1.15; average 46; total assessed valuation $3,069,- 135.11; assessed valuation of real val- uation 40 per cent; county debt, none; no township debt. One school district did not levy tax last year, having on hands sufficient funds to support term. Newspapers: — Steelville Democrat, Crawford County Mirror; Cuba Tele- phone. IN THE clear, cool HEAD WATERS OF THE MERAMEC. DADE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 68,078 3,042,340 * $ 643,335 Wheat 38,516 712,545 * 391,900 Oats 12,629 454.645* 120,480 Hay 15,432 23,150 t 138,900 h orage 1,535 2,045 t 10,225 Flax 2,846 11,384* 11,840 Broom Corn 94 51,700 t 1,420 Clover Seed 95* 530 Grass Seed 9,000* 14,400 Tobacco 17 11,050 t 1,105 Potatoes 564 56,450 * 19,740 Vegetables 875 39,965 Toul I *1.393,840 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs 21,144 $ 581,460 8,230 493,800 2,529 177,030 71 6,3'JO 4,158 12,475 29,832 299,320 >0,0321 4,355 I 2,952 [ 107,705 3,449 J 1.647 4,030 54,900 i 17,850 I 2,079,022 § I I 379,926 t f I 746,730 II 6,860 2.975 121,775 93,340 Total «1,906,160 * Bushels. t Tons. Pounds. Gallons. Dozen I Cottonwood, to two and Photos in N natural resources, Dade presents wide diver- sity. It is situate in the second tier of counties east of Kansas, and is third north of Arkansas. Horticulturally, it claims the climate which has embellished the Big Red Apple; agriculturally, it is well up in corn and wheat; for live stock, its blue grass acreage makes it adaptable; minerally, it pos- sesses beds of blacksmith coal, grindstone, iron ore, stone for lime manufacture, kaolin and kindred clays, and zinc. The southwest corner of Dade adjoins the northeast corner of Jasper county, which produces more zinc than any other mining district. There are 500 square miles of land equivalent to 320,000 acres, 207,- 587 acres of which are arable. Number of farms is 2,732, of an average size of 107.8 acres, valued at $4,008,918. Population: — White, 17,831; colored, 294; Amer- ican born, 17,777; foreign born, 348; total, 18,125. Farm homes owned, 1,658; rented, 1,028; other homes owned, 636; rented, 478; total families, 3,800. In vicin- ities of Mienert and Lockwood are German population. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.10; average, 61 cents; assessed valuation, $4,065,960; assessed valua- tion per cent of real valuation, 40; county debt $22,500; no township debt. Timber: — One-half was originally timbered with elm, all varieties of oak, sycamore, ash, hickory, maple, linden, and less prominent varieties. In the valleys growth was up one-half feet individual size; upon uplands appeared much scrub heading: Greenfield Street Scene; Packing Fruit; Coal Mining. 372 DADE COUNTY. 373 One-half timber removed. growth. Stationary saw mill operates at Greenfield. Minerals: — At present the largest mineral income is from lime, manu- factured at Everton, where are depos- its of limestone suitable. Coal of av- erage thirty-inch thickness is mined in winter at Sylvania. Mines are located high; entered by drift; twelve miles from railroad. Annual production, 5,- 180 tons. Coal is underlaid with clays of various value. Kaolin is found near Everton. Pits are not op- erated. Grindstone is deposited near Sylvania; iron ore testing sixty-six per cent, is surface-mined at Emmett, which town is in hope of a smelter. Unbounded deposits of limestone are near South Greenfield. It is said to be much similar to the famous Carthage white limestone. Lead and zinc are mined in a small way near Corry and Dadeville. Several cars of lead and zinc have been shipped. Land: — Surface of Dade county is one-half rolling prairie and one-half hill and bottom land. Western one-half is a billowy prairie, broken only by timber strips which skirt streams. Eastern two-thirds is chiefly hill land, with consid- erable stream bottom acreage. Portion embraces three large and many small prairies. Largest centers at Pennsboro; one surrounds Emmett and the third embraces one-half a township in the northeast corner of county. Uplands are generally of long, gradual ascent type, though along streams north of Greenfield, are some cedar bluffs several hundred feet in height, and of precipitous inclina- tion. There are about 1,500 acres in this one body, agriculturally waste land. Soil of county is of two general classes: red clay, and black loam. Red soil is wheat-adapted and is especially strong as drought resisting. Land is almost en- tirely owned by residents. Prices exist as follows: Ten per cent of farms at $7 to $15 an acre; seventy per cent at $20 to $30; fifteen per cent at $30 to $40; five per cent at $40 to $50, the last being located within close distance of Lockwood, Greenfield, Everton, Dadeville, and in the Pennsboro prairie. Manufactures: — White limestone at Everton constitutes basis of county's largest single plant. Creamery products, flour and corn meal are made. Cream- eries located at Lockwood and Meinert. Greenfield has a 150-barrel flour mill; custom mills at Everton, Comet, Hulston and Seigbert. Transportation: — Frisco, Springfield to Kansas, 29.34; Aurora-Greenfield branch of Frisco, 10.77 miles, taxed. High Schools: — At Greenfield and at Everton. Latter is central high school, supported by several districts. Water: — Artesian well at Comet. Living water averages ten to thirty feet depth. Streams are clear and swift, supplied by springs. Largest commercial orchard in Dade county contains 254 acres, near Everett. Small orchards are numer- ous. Newspapers: — Greenfield Vedette, Advocate; Lockwood Times; Everton, Dade County Journal; Dadeville Miner, SAC river, DADE COU.XTY. DALLAS / DALLAS, fourth county east of Kansas and half way between the Mis- souri river and Arkansas, embraces, in its western portion, some of the best farms in Missouri, while in the eastern portion land is largely timbered and undeveloped. Its topography varies from undulating prairie, to a mountainous surface. A spur of the Ozark mountains breaks through the northeastern boundary and extends almost to the south extreme. County contains 530 square miles of land, or 339,200 acres. 125,231 acres of which are cultivated. Number of farms 2,397, average size thereof 107.5 acres; in actual aggre- gated value $2,149,320. Corn, wheat, hay, vegetables of all varieties, apples, berries, milk and butter are pro- duced upon most farms. In horse and mule production the county ranks well up. Population: — White, 13,892; colored, 11; Ameri- can born, 13,806; foreign born, 97; total, 13,903. Farm homes owned, 1,771; rented, 635; other homes owned, 231; rented, 171; total families, 2,808. Finance: — County tax .50 on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from .10 to 1.05, average .52 1-2; total assessed valuation $2,098,477; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation 75; county debt $6,000; no township debt. Timber: — Four-fifths was primevally covered with white oak, red oak, post oak, walnut, hickory, and black- jack. Growth was larger in west fourth and the east and northeast grew much undergrowth and scrub tim- ber. One-half of county is now 'clean shaven of timber, being probably one-fifth, in the northeast corner, that has not been cut over. Inaccessibility owing to lack of railroad, and the rough character of the section is responsible for its less ready development. A few portable saw mills turn out native lumber at $1.50; cordwood is worth $2. Lead Mining: — One paying lead mine is operated at Leadmine, small inland town, twenty-five miles from Scenes on Dig Niangua River. 374 DALLAS COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 I'KODUCT | VALUE Corn 41,042 1.272,:h02* * 375,330 Wheat 1:3,572 203,.580 * 111,970 Oats 6,487 160,925 *| 42,645 Hay 16,160 24'240 t 121,200 Forage 3,00.5 :i.755 t 18,775 Fl;ix 20 120* 120 Broom Corn 15 7,500 i 205 Clover Seed 230 *, 1 39(1 Grass Seed 700 *| 1,360 Tobacco 64 4 1,800 tl 4,255 Potatoes fi4;3 67,875 *j 21 ,720 Vegetables 560 1 32,155 Total 1 1 1 $720,935 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 14,473 * 361, 8-25 Horses 6,279 .■-',70,^40 Mules ],69T 1 10,;i05 Asses anil Jcnneis 68 6,120 Sheep 9 5sr 28.610 Swine 21,105 211,0.50 Chickens 89,512"', Turkeys .•i,H70 , 55,705 Geese' 4,285 1" Ducks 1,9:^7 1 Swarms ot P>ees 837 2,025 Honey 27.900 :: ^O,^^ :: 3.490 Wool 5.090 Milk Butter 1. . 596,778 § ( 264.802 f f 104, .340 Esrgs 451,500 11 56,4:^5 Total 1 1 *1, 321. 735 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Dozen. t Tons § Gallons. I'lioios in heading: DALLAS COUNTY. 375 \ HICKORY CO ! CAMDEN COUNTY \ Ekxir f' ■•"-■■"-- -v^^^— ^— • - — "— ■— ■•~5 — -|— "- o ^ r"'/ \ '^^^^sT^^— -^ (f I o Celt. tft jy / V^^c ^^L/"'^^ > %./ / < Tunas g^ O Leadmine ^ o^ V I'rbana _^ ^ 7 Vc^ 5 J-^ _A~ ^ \ c z i"!/ -^ r : > o \ j b \ •■ir Cori>rn 1- \ f \ r M ^ (> o!^ z z \ / -A « 5 * ANo / f Z/^- / — J / Q Louisburg I y ^ 1 . ^ Pbd O .T ( ■ L..^ ^vO Y p WoodBiJ) ^ /H A V i/>M.,ihi\ / TJden X - ^(7\ ' >■ rcv-^ ■A ■\ , 1- Ha - \^~<7 \j^-— ''^/\./->. / ) f \ ^ z ; \\ i^^jV / (^V 1 C'"^ i 3 ; \^ !)^ 1 o • Jv^"!- " S(K ^T.^ ».s 1 IbuffalFH^ pj ^jjDcioverdalff i"Ay y \ v-gVw. o- ■vi V i \ I x^ \Vattstre« u. ^^^ L. y '^v^^ j / ^5hux>.- r^ ,0 1 -' 1 "7 >^pri^v,X^ -...o^ K" S ^ \i\ ■OJ iSL^'>>i ^ J '1 i archQ ^•'^tic^2^^'"-' "'^ ^5%^ ■ O Redtop /v\^ rJ^ . ij — ..— W— . .\_. . _.. —..—..''^7.-! )£ ■■ ^,J 4^ P ' Ol.v '"Cm^-v 9.250 Honey 120,833 :: 58,000 :: 15,855 Wool 9,665 Milk 3,499,526 § ( 191,590 Butter 566,802 X \ Eggs 1,2.31,980 II 154,000 Total 1 ! 13,9:55,605 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. |1 Dozen. t Tons. § Gallons. Plwto in heading: DAVIESS COUNTY. 377 alluvial. Estimated 10,000 acres grazing land too rough for cultivation, chiefly around Gallatin, Madaline and Lock Springs. This soil is favorable to fruit tree growth. Manufactories: — Flouring mills are located at Gallatin, Jameson, Pattons- burg; cheese factories at Altamont and Winston; butter factory at Jameson; wagons are made at Gallatin, and axe handles at Lock Springs. Transportation: — By rail, St. Jo- seph, Omaha, Leavenworth, Kansas City are within few hours; St. Louis and Chicago are within a night's run. Miles of railroad within county: Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, 13.13; Wabash, 35.81; Rock Island, main line, 28.26; Rock Island, St. Joseph branch, 7.07; Kansas City, Peoria & Chicago, 6.39. Schools: — Grand River College, at Gallatin, under direction of Missouri Baptist church, is co-educational insti- tution of preparatory, collegiate and music departments. Gallatin High School is on the State University's approved list; employs nine teachers and super- intendent. Towns: — Gallatin, county seat, lighted with electricity, waterworks system. Principal streets are macadamized. Pattonsburg, Jamesport, Jameson, Lock Springs, Altamont, Winston, and Coffeyburg, are leading agricultural centers and centers of a net-work of telephone, covering the county. Orchards: — Hill land is favorable thereto. Commercial orchards are of less than 50 acres each. One pear orchard has 5,500 trees and one apple orchard 3,500 trees. DA\IES.S COUMV iiULE SHOW. Population and Finance:— White, 20,994; colored, 331; American torn, 21,- 115; foreign born, 210; total, 21,325. Farm homes owned, 2,478; rented, 989; town homes owned, 849; rented, 681; total, 4,997. County tax, 32 cents; town- ship, eight cents; total 40 cents; school tax from nothing to $1.25; average 51 cents; total assessed val- uation, $8,785,951; assessed valuation per centage of real valuation, one- third to one-fourth. No county debt; no township debt. Newspapers: — Gallatin Democrat, Missourian; Altamont Index; James- port Gazette; Winston Sentinel; Pattonsburg Call; Lock Springs Herald; Coffeyburg Headlight. the harvest is great. DEKALB is purely a general farming and stock raising county. It is located thirteen miles east of St. Joseph and fifty-five miles north of Kansas City. The general topography is that of a high, rolling prairie, varied only by infrequent streams of the size of creeks. County contains 440 square miles of land surface, 281,600 acres, of which 222,284 acres are yielding hay and cereals. There are 2,377 farias of an average size of 110 acres each, valued, in total, at $9,605,943. Corn exports an- nually exceed one and one-third millions of dollars' income; cattle a close second in importance. A great many potatoes are grown. Population: — White, 14,291; colored, 127; American born, 13,975; foreign born, 443; total, 14,418. Farm homes owned, 1,571; rented, 735; other homes owned, 567; rented, 359; total families, 3,232. Latter Day Saints have a prosperous colony in southwestern part of county. Several hundred Germans are scattered over the county. Finance:! — County tax, 40 cents; township, 10 cents; school tax, from 30 cents to $1.25; average, 54 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,917,372; 25 per cent of real valuation. No county debt; no township debt. Land, Price and Soil: — With the exception of four areas embracing in total one-fourth of the land acre- age, DeKalb county is a high prairie, generally of a sloping akin to the billowy; ofttimes undulating. Land ranges in price from $30 to $40 for the bulk. The bro- ken, rocky, acreages adjoining Grindstone creek; the northwest one-fourth of the northwest one-sixth; the northwest one-fourth of the southwest township, and the balance adjoining Maysville, make up the quarter of the county which can be bought at $15 to $25 an acre. Highest priced land is in southeast section, where, near Cameron, in Caldwell county, because of its proximity to market, or near Osborn, because of its intrinsic value, it occasionally brings $50 to $60 and, rarely, $75. Prairie soil is loam overlaying clay. Bot- tom land is alluvial, black in color, endless in depth, generally light in weight. Blue grass is indigenous to it all. Timber: — One-fifth was originally white oak, black oak, ash, elm, hickory, and soft maple. One-third the amount was white oak. More than one-half has been cleared. Cordwood is yet shipped in small quantities from Maysville, Stewartsville and Weatherby. Portable mills supply local market with rough hardwood lumber. Minerals :^ — Grindstone rock, limestone and sand- stone are found in the bluSfs, which border Grind- stone creek. It is not commercially used. DEKALB COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 I'KODUC" r )* VALIE $1,29«,0!0 Corn 102,858 4,114,32{ Wheat 2.194 47,070 * 27,01)5 Oots 5,192 199,892 * 51,970 Hay 35.'4TO 60,300 t 301,-500 Forage 6,165 8.220 t 41,100 Broom Corn 210 115,500 t :i,175 Clover Seed 75* 410 Grass ?eed i,;«o* 2,095 Tobacco 6 5,400 J 540 Potatoes 9(;9 145,650 * 34,885 Vegetables ruo 43,030 Total 1 1 1 $1,801,780 LIVE STOCK AND PkOD UCTS KIND 1 Nl'MllKK 1 VAl.t E Cattle 39,241 $1,275,330 H orses 10,6:35 708,065 Mules 1,935 144,375 Asses and Jennels 65 6,500 Sheep 4.367 14,5.55 Swine 62,66 J 626,640 Chickens 140,4841 TurUeys Geese 4,03;^ ; 3.513 I 101,585 Ducks 2,W4 1 Swaniis of Bi.es 5i,r04 6,700 Honey 90, K« :: 19,100:: 11, -.65 Wool 3,185 Milk 3,289,876 § ( 2].S,250 Butler 509,494 t i Ejik's 7rti,.520 II 9r,o;)o Toial 1 Ids. II 1 $1,213,510 * Bushels. t Pour Jo .en. t Tons. § Gallons. I'huto in heading: Maysville Chautauqua, 378 DE KALB COUNTY. 379 Flour and Brick: — Flouring mills are the chief manufacturing concerns. Flour is made at Maysville, Osborn, Weatherby, Un- ion Star and Clarksdale. Moulded brick are made as locally called for. Transportation: — Rock Island, 30.61; Hannibal & St. Joseph, 9.24; Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy, 7,94; Kansas City, Peoria & Chicago, 20 miles of taxable railroad. Dirt roads are dragged and the largest county bridges are steel. Schools: — Eighty-two school districts in DeKalb, each maintaining seven to nine months' terms annually. Maysville and Stewartsville have graded schools, the former having eight rooms. Water: — Hard and soft drinking water is obtainable at twenty to sixty feet. Stock water is supplied from ponds and windmill wells. In rougher parts springs are numer- ous. No mineral springs. * Towns: — Maysville, county seat, population, 925; Stewartsville, popu- lation, 616; Union Star, population, 439; Clarksdale, and Osborne are the principal towns. All are supported by farming. Towns are connected with each other and with rural dis- tricts by telephone, conducted upon co-operative plan. Chautauqua: — The social event of DeKalb is an annual Chautauqua. It is held in mid-summer, and is at- tended by people from all over north- west Missouri. Men of national rep- utation discuss questions of general interest and a miltary band supplies music. People camp on the grounds. Newspapers: — Maysville Herald, Pilot, Democrat; Clarksdale Journal; Osborne Enterprise; Stewartsville Record; Union Star Herald. SEPARATING THE CREAM FROM THE MILK. ST. JOSEPH DAIRYING TERRITORY. CONVERTING CORN INTO CASH VIA LIVE STOCK LINE. DENT TWENTY-NINE iron mines operate within the borders of Dent county. Iron and timber and agriculture are the supports of the people. At Sligo, in the northeastern part of the county, are furnaces which manufacture seventy tons of pig iron a day. Wood alcohol and char- coal are also manufactured here. Dent is situated third south of the Missouri river, ninety miles southwest of St. Louis. Its lay is uneven — mountain- ous. Its surface bears rocks except in the valleys. Originally the entire 720 square miles of its area was a forest of hard and soft woods, but 101,513 acres are now in cultivation. There are 1,748 farms, average size of which is 157.2 acres, including arable, pasture and timber lands. Farm lands are estimated to be actually worth $2,307,556. Population: — White, 12,958; colored, 28; Ameri- can born, 12,840; foreign born, 146; total, 12,986. Farm homes owned, 1,293; rented, 500; other homes owned, 280; rented, 438; total families, 2,511. Finance: — County tax, 65 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 20 cents to $1.20; average, 48 cents; assessed valuation, $2,451,849; assessed valua- tion per cent of actual valuation, sixty-six and two- thirds; county debt, $15,000; no township debt. Timber: — Acreage bearing timber, 359,287; three- fourths of the timber footage is white oak, black oak, and black-jack, in equal quantities. White oak is found principally in the south, farthest from railroad and to a less greater extent in extreme northeast corner. Near the railroad it has been consumed in tie making. Black-jack and oak adhered to no special region, but intermingled over entire county. They are used exten- sively in manufacture of wood alcohol and charcoal. Post oak accounts for ten per cent. Pine grows in southeastern and southwestern corners, and is scat- tered along the entire eastern border. Balance of tim- ber is sycamore, walnut, maple and elm. Minerals: — Iron, copper, lead and limestone. Iron mines are confined to northeastern corner. Produce blue specular and red oxides, all of Bessemer class. Simmons Hill mine has produced 300,000 tons; Milsap mine, 75,000; Pomroy mine, 50,000; besides the others aggregating fully as much in output. Copper DENT COUNTY'S 1902 CROP j ACKES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 26,655 666,375 * t249,8ilO Wheat 20,583 257,290 * 151,800 Oats 2,611 65.275 * 21.760 Hay 15,891 23,835 t 178,765 Forage 240 280 t 1,400 Broom Corn 10 5,000 t 140 Clover Seed 4.50* 2,475 Tobacco 40 28,400 * 2,840 Potatoes 329 27,965 * 1.3,425 Vegetables 625 21,225 Tstal 1 1 1 *643,720 LIVE bTOCK AND PRODUCTS | KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 14,850 S .371. 2"0 Horses 4,000 210,000 Mules 1,680 100,800 Asses and Jennets 45 4.050 Sheep 7,620 22,860 Swine 19,235 192,3.50 Chickens 57,6951 Turkeys 1,539 1 29 790 Geese 1,743 r Ducks 1.851 J Swarms of Bees .547 1,030 Honey 18,233 :: 21,200 :: 2,2;9 Wool 3,.533 Milk 1,177,564 § ( 69,330 Butter 236.509 t \ Eggs 277,570 II 34,695 Total 1 1 *1,071,}'67 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Do zen. t Tons. § Gallons. Photo in heading: Rural Free Delivery. 380 DENT COUNTY. 381 and lead indications are good in northeast corner but neither has been earnestly prospected. Land: — Lay: mountainous. Upland soils are sandy and often thin with clay subsoils. Estimated that eight per cent of land is valley and bottom; also that fifty per cent of upland is tillable in general farming. Remainder hill land would grow fruits and grasses. Next to creek and river bottoms, lands are most fertile in northeastern part of county. Prices are as follows: best improved lands, $15 to $25 an acre; upland, improved, $5 to $15; unimproved lands, $1.25 to $4 an acre. Government lands subject to homestead, at $1.25 an acre, 4,209. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, quinces, and berries are grown in profit, though the industry is just gaining headway. Largest orchard is at Salem and em- braces 260 acres. There are several ranging in; size from fifty to eighty acres each. Subsoils insure necessary drainage. Manufactured Products: — Pig iron, charcoal, wood alcohol, wagons, bar- rels, brooms, and lumber. There are seven flouring mills. Transportation: — Salem branch of St. Louis & San Francisco railroad, Cuba to Salem. Also two short branches to Sligo and Winkler, in Phelps county. Fishing and Hunting: — Former is unsurpassed in Pigeon creek and Cur- rent and Meramec rivers, which also abound in scenery. Montauk Spring, at head of Current river, is a popular camping place for hunters and fishers. An occasional deer is killed. Wild turkeys are plentiful, likewise quail, squirrels, and rabbits. Towns: — Salem, county seat, com- mercial, mining, and manufacturing town, population, 1,481; has flouring mill, stave and barrel factory, planing mills. Sligo is center of iron district; location of furnaces and wood alcohol and charcoal plants. Newspapers: — Salem Monitor, Demo- crat, Democrat-Bulletin, Republican- Headlight, Leader. DOUGLAS COUNTY'S 190.' CROP 1 ACRES Corn 43,4-22 Wheat 21,109 Oats 3,681 Hay 12.701 Forage 550 Broom Corn 4 Clover Seed Grass Se'td Cotton 10 Potatoes 400 Vegetables 500 PRODUCT VALUE 1,272,660 * 232,200 * 92,025 * 12,700 t 735 t 2,200 t 40* 5* 2,800 J 40,000 * $400 137, 24, 101, 3. I $693,925 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Cattle 12,609 $ 316,725 Horses 5,756 3-f5,:^00 Mules 1,256 81,640 Asses and Jennets 39 3,510 Sheep 11 160 33,480 Swine 26.031 260,310 Chickens 75,8521 Turkeys Geese 1,873 i 3,091 f 49,025 bucks 2,465 J Swarms of Bees 542 1,095 Honfy 18.0GT :: 30,250:: 2,26!) Wool 5,040 Milk 1,448.835 § ( 83,625 Butter 258,212 t i Eggs 481,150 II 60,145 Total $l,242,-.'25 * Bushels. t Tons. t Pounds, § Gallons. D OUGLAS is in the second tier of counties north of the Arliansas line and is fifth east of Indian Territory. County embraces 792 square miles, equivalent to 50G.880 acres. Of this total, 126,885 acres are under cul- tivation. The remaining vast acreage is under timber; hardwood timber of first growth. The forest is com- paratively untouched. Half the footage in trees is white oak and black oak, trees often two to three feet through, and the land may be bought for about $1.50 an acre. A comparatively small area mineral bearing and nearest the railr«ad may be had at $3 to $5 an acre. The land is mountainous. What is perhaps the highest and most rugged ridge of the Ozark mountains marks the north edge of Douglas county. Many streams have their rise here. The farming districts adjoin Fox, Beaver, Bryant's and Spring creeks, and White river. There are 2,738 farms of an average size of 127.1 acres, of an actual value, according to present prices, $4,450,826. Population: — White, 16,775; colored, 27; Ameri- can born, 16,634; foreign born, 168; total, 16,802. Farm homes owned, 2,205; rented, 579; other homes owned, 218; rented, 173; total families, 3,175. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 10 cents to $1.50; average, 65 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,042,548; farms assessed on 40 per cent of value basis; town lots, 50 per cent and per- sonal property, 40 per cent. Timber: — On an average year timber product shipments approximate as fol- lows: Railroad ties, 3,000; fence and mine posts, 4,800; hardwood lumber, 1,200,- 000 feet; piling, 680 pieces. Along the south border of Douglas county is a pine growth, in extent about oae per cent of the timber. This is being removed at the PJwto in heading: Lund of the Sun-kissed Peach. 382 DOUGLAS COUNTY. 383 rate of about two and one-half million feet annually. White oak abounds in central part of county and there is also a large body in the west end and on north hill sides throughout the county; estimated to embrace 20 per cent of tim- ber. Twenty-four per cent is black oak, largest growth found near Ava and Squires. Black-jack grows everywhere to extent of ten per cent. Post oak, five per cent; hickory, two per cent; walnut, one per cent. Minerals: — Twentj''-five per cent of the county bears mineral indication. Lead, zinc, copper, and iron are found. Lack of railroad transportation leaves the prospects for mineral undeveloped. Limestone and sandstone are found along all streams. Land:— Soil is gravelly and often stone-bearing, but possesses considerable fertility. By proper rotation, profitable cereal growing is followed. Clover and grasses grow luxuriantly, even where too rough or stony for wheat or corn. Stock raising most nearly accords with the county's natural adaptability. Of the land. in cultivation, bottoms sell for $15 an acre; best ridge or upland valleys, $10; less level ridge land, $5. Wild timbered lands range from $1.25 an acre to $5. Estimated that $1.50 an acre would buy nearly all wild acreage. There are 6,745 acres owned by the United States government, which holils them subject to homestead at $1.25 an acre. Fruit Lands: — Soil, subsoil, climate and one-half of the topography are favorable to fruit growing. Douglas borders the west side of Howell county, which grows more peaches than any other Missouri county. Manufactories: — Are of local size and importance. Flouring mills, saw mills, tannery, planing mills, shingle factories, and wool carding machines. Public Roads: — Wagon roads are a feature mention-worthy. Natural gravel forestalls the mud. Caves and Scenic Points: — Brown's Cave, near Rippey, fifteen miles east of Ava, possesses interest for geologists and sightseers. Between Ava and Vera- cruz, are the highest mountains in the county. Towns: — Av?., county seat, has good flouring mill, feed mill and tannery. Freight comes by wagon via Mansfield, in Wright county, nearest railroad point, fifteen miles away. Rome, Topaz, Squires, Denlow, Bryant, Pansy, Winfield, Larissa, Veracruz and Loftin are farming centers, having custom flouring and feed mills. Newspapers: — Ava: Douglas County Republican; Ava: Douglas County Herald. DUNKLIN COUNTY'S 1903 CROP Total Total * Bushels. + Tons. DUNKLIN grows more cotton to the acre than any other Missouri county; and Missouri's average acre yield is the largest among the States. The county is located in the southeast Missouri delta dis- trict, extending below Arkansas' general north boundary line and is included between the St. Francis and the Mississippi rivers. There are 500 square miles, 320,000 acres, 101,173 acres improved. Farms num- ber 2,542, averaging 565 acres, estimated value, $4,338,670. Excepting two thou- sand acres of prairie in bodies of not more than four hundred acres each, Dunk- lin's surface was originally a dense forest of large-growth gum, all varieties of oak, maple, sycamore, poplar, cypress, ash, pecan, walnut, and sassafras. Pecan groves are yet standing, trees measuring up to three feet through. Along the sloughs is corkwood; ginseng and muscadine grape grow wild in the woods. Timbering interests are of commercial size. Mills, ranging in capacities from 15,000 to 30,000 feet daily, are at Dillman, Kennett, Decatur, Paulding, Kelleys and Campbell. The population is: White, 21,500; colored, 206; foreign born, 83; American born, 21,623; total, 21,706. Farm homes owned, 3,107; rented, 1,645; town homes owned, 791; rented, 969; total, 6,512. Land: — Level, excepting one strip one to two miles wide by ten miles long extending across the northwest corner, of a general elevation of 230 feet above the Gulf. Fifty thousand acres are owned by non-resi- dents. Of the 101,173 acres improved farms, one-half are held at $30 to $40 per acre; a very few within two miles of Kennett, Maiden, Campbell, Senath, or Card- well, all live markets, bring $45 to $55 per acre. The remainder is to be had at $20 to $30 per acre. Unim- proved land, representing about 300,000 acres, sells at $7.50 to $10 in the lower side of the county, while the same character of land in the north side brings $12.50 to $17.50. Drainage districts, at $2.50 an acre, have re- cently been organized covering the entire county. Soil is alluvial, composed largely of clay and ofttimes of sand. It is naturally adapted to cotton, melons, corn, onions, potatoes and other vegetables. Manufactures: — Timber and cotton products. In cottonseed oil production the county excels. In the first named, one thousand men find employment at pros- perous wages. At Cardwell is located the largest egg case factory in the world. Barrel staves and boxes are also important items of manufacture. Railroads: — All the towns are located on railroads which have county mileages as follows: Paragould & Southwestern, 13.07; St. Louis & Southwestern, 13.63; Delta Branch, 5.10; Frisco, 42.31; Frisco Branch, 4.50. Cotton Field Near Kennett. 384 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 46,847 1,639,645* § 614,865 Wheat 4,074 95,T40 * 56,485 Oats 802 24,060* 8,020 Hay 3,575 5,365 t 53,650 F"orage 1,425 1,660 t 8,300 Broom Corn 3 1,500 i 40 Cotton 38,495 13,838,200 t 1 ,039,365 Tobacco 13 8, .520 t 850 Potatoes 301 52,175 * 25,985 Vegetables 501 40,175 »1, 847, 0^5 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUM BER Cattle 13,206 S 297,135 Horses 4,410 264,000 Mules 2,765 193,5.'-,0 Asses and Jennets 20 1,800 Sheep 015 1,845 Swine 39,160 391,800 Chickens 78,1861 Turkeys Geese 890 1 5,808 ( 49.400 Ducks 6,046 J Swarms of Bees 1,87- 3.541 Honey 62,567 t 7,821 Wool 1,975 t 329 Milk 1,557,150 §j 99,235 Butter 300.839 t \ Eggs 474,910 II 59,305 $1 .,370,421 X Pounds. § Gallons. Photo in heading: DUNKLIN COUNTY. 385 Chubches and Schools: — In Kennett, Maiden and Camp- bell there are a total of fourteen churches, representing the leading Protestant denominations. Each of the towns has a graded school system. Water: — Wells in Dunklin county cost $2 each. They can also be removed to suit the immediate needs of the owner. Most of them are driven, the supply of water be- ing, therefore, inexhaustible. Water is slightly tinged with iron. Pish and Game: — Subsequent to the regular spring rise of the St. Prancis river, fishing is a means of ready money to the farmers. When the waters have subsided, car loads of all Mississippi varieties are stranded. These are caught by hand and shipped to St. Louis. As a game reserve, this section has long been the hunters' paradise. Duck shooting is equal to the ideal on canvas. A few black bears, deer, coons, 'possums and mink are yet to be found. The fur industry is yet of some im- portance. Towns: — Not one has a saloon. Kennett, county seat, has held an annual fair success- fully for twelve years; it has a baseball park, electric lights, and in commercial industries, a slack barrel factory, buggy spoke factory, broom factory, cottonseed oil mills, machine shop, ice plant, bottling works and cold storage, three cotton gins and two planing mills. Maiden has electric lights and wa- terworks, machine works, heading fac- tory, ice plant, bottling works, shingle and saw mill, cottonseed oil mill, six cot- ton gins, and is the location of the freight transfer sheds of the Cotton Belt railroad. Campbell is an important rail- road junction. The town's enterprises are a saw mill and dry kiln of 30,000 feet ca- pacity; planing mill, hoop mill; handle factory, shingle mill, stave mill, axe handle factory, a cotton gin, roller mills and brick yard. Senath has four cotton gins and a saw mill; Cardwell is the location of egg case and box manufacturing; Holcomb has two cotton gins; Hornersville two gins, saw mill and grist mill; Caruth, White Oak, and Clarkton are saw mill towns. Newspapers : — Ken- nett: Dunklin Demo- crat, Dunklin County Mail; Maiden: Dunklin County News; Campbell Citizen; Senath Star. Finance: — County tax, 70 cents; school tax, 75 cents; assessed valuation, $4,298,674; 30 per cent actual valu- ation; no debts. SOME PUMPKINS, DUNKLIN COUNTY. Mo. — 25 ^R^INI^L1^ F center ture. Total iRANKLIN is the nativity of the Missouri meerschaum cob pipe, home of the New Haven nurseries, location of white sand deposits and of German zither manufac- It is also a leading wheat pro- ducing county. It is located upon the south bank of the Missouri river, thirty miles west of the city of St. Louis. It embraces 866 square miles, 544,240 acres of land, 263,711 acres of of which are improved farms. These number 3,853, and average 121.8 acres, in- cluding land of cultivable, pasture and timber character. Actual value of farm lands, $9,919,500. Population: — White, 28,756; colored, 1,825; native born, 27,730; foreign born, 2,851; total, 30,581. Native born of foreign parentage, one-third. In some communities German is spoken. Farm homes owned, 2,875; rented, 961; other homes owned, 1,005; rented, 1,139; total families, 6,069. Finance: — County tax: general revenue, 30 cents; road, 10 cents; special road and bridge, 10 cents; school, tax, five cents to $1.15; average, 49 cents; assessed val- uation one-half real value; no county nor township debt. Commercial Timber: — Oak, hickory, walnut, cedar. White Sand: — Of ninety-nine per cent silica exists in form of solid bed of sand rock along Meramec river bluffs at Grays Summit and in a mountain at Pacific. Disintegrates readily. Three thousand cars annually are prepared and shipped from Pacific. It is used in manufacture of glass, for moulding purposes in iron and steel, fire brick and sewer pipe manufacture, saw- ing stone, and in making mineral paint. Land: — Excepting two pieces of prairie, one four miles southeast of Union, embracing 4,500 acres, the other eight miles south of New Haven, containing three square miles, and the river bottom land, Franklin is of frequent hills, rising one hundred and fifty feet in FRANKLIN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I I'RODtlCT | VALUE Corn 59,401 2,376.040* 1 887,265 Wheal 86,734 1.734,480* l,02-!,345 Oats 10.645 319,380 * 106,460 Hay- 32,693 36,310 t 363,100 Forage 1,195 i,:!9.-)t 6,975 Broom Corn 36 18,000 t 495 Clover Seed 2,8.i0 * 15.67.-) Cirass Seed 25* 5.5 Tobacco 60 42,600 t 4,260 Potatoes 1,716 171,600* 82,370 Vegetables 1,080 71,095 I $2,561,095 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMliER 1 VAl.UR Cattle 25,.355 $ 697,262 Horses 9,060 543,600 Mules 3,340 233,800 Asses and Jennets 70 6.300 Sheep 7,670 23,010 Swine 48,715 487,150 Chickens 27,3161 Turkeys Geese 2,339 ! 4,549 ! 144,350 Ducks 2,2laj Swarms of Bees 820 2,132 Honey 27,333: 31,075:; 3,417 Wocl 5,179 Milk Butter 2.834.431 § 1 .517,245 t 1 208,280 Eggs 1,682,860 II 210,360 Total * Bushels. t Tons. I $2,564,840 :^ Pounds. ^ Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading: Panorama of Franklin County; Along the Meramec River Bluff. 386 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 387 extreme above complement valleys of generous extent. Hills rise gradually, of long slant, rather than precipitous inclination. Immediately bordering Mis- souri, Meramec and Bourbeuse rivers are steep bluffs. Missouri bottom land ex- tends along the river with varying liberal w^idth, from Labaddie to Boles, and from Etlah to the northwest corner. Along Meramec and Bourbeuse rivers are also valleys alluvial. Hill lands are clay. No government land; estimated 35, 000 acres waste land. Entire county adapted to fruit growing, river hills pre- eminently so. Missouri river bottom well improved within a few miles of town sells at $70 an acre, and down to $30, in rare instances. It seldom overflows — on an average of once in ten years. Excepting the northeast thirty square miles, the land north of an east and west line through Union, is above described. South thereof, some bottom land, prospective mining lots or town-bordering property, brings $30 an acre. The average is $20. In the southeast land is found as low as $10; and in the southwest as low as $5 an acre. South-county land is covered with first growth commercial size hardwood timber. Manufactures: — Cob pipes are made to extent of one and one-third millions of pounds annually from cobs of corn grown especially therefor. Washington is the location of these factories, a brewery, and the Franz Schwarzer Zither fac- tory, only one of its kind in America. New Haven Nurseries: — Among the largest of the world. Located in loess lands bordering Missouri river. Transportation: — From St. Louis, it is less than one hour's ride via Mis- souri Pacific, the Frisco or Rock Island railroads. Turnpike mileage, 35. Churches: — Presbyterian, Cumberland Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, German Lutheran, German Evangelist, Christian and Catholic denominations. Newspapers: — Union Tribune; Pacific Transcript; New Haven Leader; Washington Observer; Sullivan Sentinel, and Washington Post (German). GASCONADE is situated upon the south side of the Missouri river, seventy miles west of St. Louis. It is horticultural and agricultural. It produces more wine than any other Missouri county. People are largely German. Along the Missouri river loess lands favor fruit raising; every farmer grows grapes sufficient for home wine, and Hermann, county seat, is location of Stone Hill wine cellars, largest east of Cali- fornia. But one-third of the county is in cultivation — 109,491 acres of the 326,- 400; in square miles, 510. There are 1,799 farms of 164 acres average size, in- cluding cultivable, pasture, and timber lands, worth in total, $3,877,796. Wheat, cattle, corn are leading products. Population: — White, 12,230; colored, 68; American born, 10,585; foreign born, 1,713; total, 12,298. Farm homes owned, 1,518; rented, 260; other homes owned, 375; rented, 281; total families, 2,434. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents; road tax, 25 cents; school tax, 38 cents on one hundred dollars; assessed valuation, $4,084,651; fifty per cent of real valua- tion; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Originally the county was wholly tim- bered. Species are white oak, black oak, hickory mainly; along streams were walnut, Cottonwood, elm, sycamore. One-third has been cleared. Small saw mills operate at Hermann, Morrison, Fredericksburg, Bay, Drake, Bland, Owensville. Kaolin: — Pits operated for three years along the route of Rock Island railroad. Supply is first quality and endless quantity. Saltpetre caves exist along Gas- conade river; iron and limestone are found, latter in vast quantities. Character and Price of Lands — Adjoining the Missouri river are great bluffs measuring in instances five hundred feet high. Back of these for fifteen miles are hills averaging three hundred feet above sharp val- leys. The land to explored depth is porous clay, techni- cally silt land, lending drought resistance to trees Timber is largest here and forests more dense. Along the Bourbeuse river in the south are likewise high bluffs Between the two sets of bluffs the land is less abrupt though hilly with deep-set streams. In this section a representative farm is 160 acres, with fifty acres in cultivation, five room house, stone or brick, land worth $20 an acre. Bordering the Missouri river are two thousand acres of bottom land selling at $65 to $75; Gasconade and Bourbeuse river bottoms amount to twenty thousand acres, worth $45 to $55. Hill land, Photos in Jieadiii!/: Stone Hill Wine Cellurs and Vineyard; Missouri Pacific Into Hermann; Gasconade County Courthouse. GASCONADE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 I'RODUCT VALUE Corn 24.765 891,450* $ 3.S4.295 Wheat 41,2L-CT VALUE Corn 1-^4,767 5,177,830 * $1,681,015 Wheat 23,590 483,59.5 * 205,975 Oats 11,464 378,310 * 100,250 Hay 39,07.5 68,380 t 376,0!<0 Forage 6,3.55 8,475 t 42,375 Fla.x 8,585 .84,140 * 35,505 Broom Corn 3,190 1 ,754,.500 X 48,3.50 Clover Seed 1,050* 9.240 Glass Seed 7,200 * 11,. 520 Tobacco 22 14,300 t 1 ,480 Polati es 799 99,875 * 34,955 Vegetables 1,200 63,5)5 Total 1 1 $2,620,1 50 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 37,136 $1,206,920 Horses 12.27,3 818,200 Mules 3,800 285,000 Asses and Jennets 90 9,0110 Sheep 3,666 11,000 Swine 54,569 545,690 Chickens 172, .561 1 Turkeys Geese 6,8.55 1 5,062 ( 164,345 Ducks 3,709 ) Swarms of Bees 2,601 0,365 Honev 88 700 t 11.240 t 11,090 Wool' 1,875 Milk 3,1118,098 § 1 250,070 Mutter 594,464 t \ Kggs 1,070,960 II 133,870 Total 1 1 $3,443,435 * Rushels. t Pounds. || Doz en. t Tons. if Gallons. HENRY COUNTY. 399 f^i"- JOHNSON ST. CLAIR Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; road tax, 15 cents on one hundred dollars val- uation; school tax, from 15 cents to $1.50; average, 50 cents; total assessed valu- ation, $8,953,427; real es- tate is assessed upon one- third basis; personal prop- erty at seventy per cent rate; county debt, $455,- 000; no township debt. Timbek: — One - fourth of Henry county was orig- inally timbered, along the water courses. Indicative of the land's natural fertil- ity, the trees were of black walnut, hickory, wild cher- ry, maple, hackberry, and some black oak and elm varieties. Timber remains in sufficiency for firewood and rough board purposes. Minerals: — Upon the mineral resources are based two of the largest indus- trial institutions of the county. Several different kinds of clays are found, one of which is admirably adapted to the manufacture of clay wares. At Calhoun, in the northeastern part of Henry county, for many years has operated a pottery making plant. It gives employment to a large part of the community. At Clin- ton, in the central part, is located a tile manufacturing plant, one of the largest in the western States. Its product is sold throughout the west and east to the ex- tent of several hundred car loads annually. Land:— The county contains 740 square miles of land surface, or 473,600 acres. In actual cultivation are 370,976 acres, devoted to the growing of grains common to the temperate zone. A large acreage is devoted to wheat, most of which is consumed by flouring mills within the county. Corn is cultivated in vast quantity. Notwithstanding the enormous live stock feeding within the county, more than one and one-half million dollars worth of corn is annually shipped out. There are 3,447 farms of an average size of 127 acres estimated to be worth, according to present selling figures, $12,253,050, Grain products and live stock values in aggregate on Henry county farms average in excess of two thousand dollars for each farmer, or $16 for every acre of land, cultivated, pasture, and timber. Topographically, the county is three-fourths undulating prairie. The exception is found in the stream-adjoining strips. Farms sell at $30 to $35 an acre. Three-fifths of the soil is black loam, wherein the land brings $35. Seven-twentieths is a lighter colored limestone loam where the land sells at $30. One-twentieth of the land is rough; sells at $10 an acre. Towns: — Clinton, population 5,061, county seat; three railroads; supported by agriculture, stockraising, flouring, claj^-working, and mercantile interests. Windsor, population 1,502, agriculture and stockraising. Deepwater, population 1,201, agriculture and stockraising. Montrose, 613; Calhoun, 561; Urich, 445; Brownington, 407; all centers of agricultural districts. Transportation: — There are three railroads: Missouri, Kansas & Texas, which crosses the county from northeast to southwest; Frisco, and the Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield, which parallel, in right angle to the M., K. & T. Newspapers: — Clinton: Henry County Democrat; Evening Democrat; Eye; Tribune; Republican. Windsor: Review; Journal. Blairstown Times; Urich Herald; Deepwater World; Montrose Recorder; Calhoun Clarion. HICKORY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total _Total * Bushels. J Tons. STRIKING about Hickory county is the beauty and low price of its prairie lands. It is cliaracterized by four alternating strips of undulating prai- rie and rough lands, of north and south trend. Beginning at the west side of the county, prairie of undulating type extends one-fourth across, followed successively by strips of rough breaks of Pomme de Terre river, prairie, and foothills of an Ozark unevenness which break through the border of Camden county. Corn, hay, cattle, horses, hogs, and milk and butter are chief products from 1,768 farms, averaging 1.233 acres, embracing in aggregate 101,897 acres of cultivated land. County contains 415 square miles of surfcae, equal to 265,600 acres, valued at $2,349,940. Population: — White, 9,984; colored, 1; American born, 9,793; foreign born, 194; total, 9,985. Farm homes owned, 1,248; rented, 472; other homes owned, 197; rented, 114; total families, 2,031. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to 90 cents; average, 42 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,224,366; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 60; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Two-thirds originally; one-fourth cleared. Hickory, black oak, post oak exist in commercial quantities, since timber has been little removed ex- cept in clearing land. White oak, elm, wild cherry, walnut, and black-jack are prominent varieties. Saw mills have ever been of size comparing to local demand. Minerals:^ — Iron, zinc and lead, coal, limestone, and oil. First four are found in small pockets, zinc and lead principally near Pittsburg. Pockets soon ex- hausted have been worked at several points upon Pomme de Terre river. Oil excitement once prevailed, based upon indications near Quincy. Limestone for local foundations is found upon river and creeks. Land: — The two prairies, one upon the west side of Pomme de Terre river being twice the size of that upon the east side, embrace one-third of county. Soil is black, prairie loam, one to two and a half feet in depth. Prices range from $20 to $30 an acre, being highest in vicinity of Weaubleau, a railroad point. The western prairie is gently undulating; the eastern slightly less so. Prices in former exceed those for similar land of latter location, $2.50 to $5 an acre, ow- ing to railroad facilities of the western side of the county. Two-thirds of Hickory is timber land, three- fourths of which is now tree bearing. This three- fourths of two-thirds may be had at $7 to $10 an acre. Heaviest timber is upon the eastern border. Soil is clay, mixed with gravel and surface stone. Wheat is peculiarly favored of this soil. The cleared timber lands are creek and river bottoms. Soil is black or brown, endless depth, sometimes bearing few surface Photo in heading: Jhjiry Bams and CooUng House of J , M, England, TIermitage. 400 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VAU E Corn 39.W.5 ], "90.715* S412,84.T Wheat 8.949 14:j.l«5* rs.r.'so Oats 5,61.5 1()9.3.50* 44,875 Hay 14.-'4.5 21,:^T0t 10li,8.50 Forage 1,935 2,420 t 12,100 Flax 35 •210 t 215 Broom Corn 13 C,5fl0 t ]8il Clover Seed 220* 1,2.0 Grass Seed 6fi0* 1,080 Tobacco 7 4.900 t 4(15 Potatoes 398 49,12.-) * ] 5,720 Vegetables 470 21,985 $ 699,245 LIVE S rOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle 14,669 ,¥ 408,400 Horses 5,176 310 560 Mules 1,018 66,170 As^e^ and Jennets 41 3,6;i0 Sheep 5.745 17,23.') Swine 20,201 202,040 Chickens 89,2591 Turkeys 1,682 1 49,0,55 deese Ducks 805 1 Swarns of Bees 656 1,130 Honey 21.867 2,785 Wool 1,S,250 3,040 Milk 1,2.59.882 I 70,235 Butter 223,642 f Eggs 653,980 81.745 X Pounds. § Gallons. I $ 1,311.035 Dozen. HICKORY COUNTY 401 There is rock. Corn is principal product. Prices, $25 to $35. No damaging overflows. MANUFACTUUEn PRODUCTS : Flour, railroad ties, and hard- wood lumber for demand within county. Tkansportation : — The Frisco railroad has 7.42 miles taxed roadbed. Gives direct service to Kansas City and Springfield. Ex- tension of Missouri Pacific from Warsaw to Springfield is feasi- ble, and likely. Pomme de Terre river is used for railroad tie transportation to Warsaw, mak- ing connection with Missouri ~ Pacific railroad. Steel bridges cross river in most frequented points. no toll. CiiUKCiiEs: — Weaubleau, Cross Timbers and Hermitage have two each; Wheatland has three Protestant churches. Weaubleau Christian Institute is the leading educational institution; co-educational; enrolls one hundred pupils. Water: — On prairies, wells reach limestone water at 40 to 50 feet. In hills springs are used. Ponds are dug for live stock on prairies. Fish a?sd Game: — Catfish weighing fifty pounds have been caught in Pomme de Terre river. This river and Little Niangua are stocked with buffalo, bass, drum, suckers, redhorse and .jack salmon. Wild turkeys are largest game. Dairying: — Farmers are rapidly taking to dairying, owing largely to the adaptability of climate and land lay. Near the railroad on the west side of Hickory county are several farms contributing daily to Kansas City dairy markets. Fur Industry :^ — Otter and mink are trapped in winter, the fur industry amounting to considerable. Towns :^ — Weaubleau, largest railroad town; Hermitage, county seat; Wheat- land, Cross Timbers, centers of respective farming districts. Newspapers: — Hermitage Index; Weaubleau Leader; Hermitage Republican. SAW MILL, HICKORY COITNTY. HOLT COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. OVERTOWBRING attainments of Holt county are intellectual, agri- cultural, horticultural. Art, music, literature hold high esteem. Corn production reaches a total value of one and one-half million dol- lars a year. Fruit never fails. Loess land bluffs of Missouri river insure against drought injury. Fruit is sold in orchards, made into cider, jellies and fruit butters. Cattle, horses and mules, hogs, dairy products, oats, hay, potatoes and poultry are large products. There are many poultry fanciers resident who hold at Oregon, county seat, an annual meet. Land area, 462 square miles, 295,680 acres, of vs^hich 224,996 acres are in a high state of cul- tivation. Number of farms, 2,256; average size, 117.9 acres; estimated actual valuation, $10,485,180. Population: — White, 16,945; colored, 138; American born, 16,473; foreign born, 610; total, 17,083. Farm homes owned, 1,395; rented, 809; other homes owned, 799; rented, 728; total families, 3,731. Foreign population is German, occupying property mainly in northwest and southeast section of county. Finance: — Tax for county purposes, 30 cents; road, 10 cents; special road and bridge, 15 cents; average school tax, 49 cents; assessed valuation, $7,555,854; average per cent valuation real estate, 30; personal, 40; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Originally covered two-thirds surface, along Missouri and Noda- way river bottoms and along bluffs of former. Less than ten per cent is now timbered. Cordwood, $4, de- livered. Present timber is in south and east sections. Walnut, locust, elm, sumach, willow, maple, box elder. Limestone and Sand: — Former in great quantities is deposited along Missouri river bluffs. No quarries. Sand is plentiful; used locally. Land:^ — Three kinds: river bottoms, prairie, silt bluffs. More than one-third is river bottoms. That along the Missouri river is practically bounded by the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs railroad. Nodaway river bottoms are two to four miles wide. Soil is black, sandy loam, of endless depth. For one-half this land $50 an acre is asked. One-tenth, adjoining Missouri river, may be bought for $30; three-tenths of bottoms sells at $60; remaining one-tenth at $75. One- fourth of county is billowy prairie, where land now sell- ing brings $65 to $80. Adjoining Maitland and Mound City, where it lays levelest, farms are bringing $90 to $100. Some finely improved farms at outskirts of these towns have sold for $125 recently. A small per cent, say one-fifth of this prairie, approaching the once tim- bered hills, may be had at $50. Soil is two to four feet, adapted to cereals and grasses and vegetables. For ten miles up the Nodaway, beginning at its mouth and bounding the Missouri bottoms, are steep bluffs, with adjacent hills, little less precipitous. This land to ex- Panoramu of Holt Oonnly. 402 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 11.3,449 5,105,205 * $1,608,140 Wheat 9,098 163,765 * 04,165 Oais 15,470 402,2 .'O* 104,575 Hay 92,003 15,645 t 117,^40 Forage 2,170 2.8i)5 t 14,475 Broom Corn 40 2,300 X (i05 Clover Seed 125* 690 Grass Seed 950* 1 ,475 Tobacco 55 4l),o00 X 4,950 Potatoes 1,108 138„)00 * 33,-i40 Vegetables 1,390 39,750 Total $2,019,40.5 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Cattle 29,656 $ 963.820 Horses 9,266 617,735 Mules !e,617 196,'.i7f) Asses and Jennets 30 3.000 Sheep 4,345 14,486 Swine 98,886 998,800 Chickens 135,920 1 Turkeys Geese 1,436 { 2,355 1 131,1.30 Ducks 3,255 J Swarms of Bees 2,572 6,165 Honey 85,733 t 17,600 X 10,717 Wool 2,935 Milk Butter 2,314,.'i23 § (. 404,028 X 1 128,360 Eggs 845,.390 II 105,675 $;^,179,157 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heading: HOLT COUNTY. 403 extent of one-tenth of county la to be had at $25 to $35 an acre. Strips defined shade into hill land which amounts to one- third the county, worth on aver- age $50 to $60. Close to Oregon it is higher in price, purely on account of location. Few farms adjoining Oregon have brought $100. Fruit thrives here. Acre- ages yield incredibly large dividends and are therefore prac tically not on market. Farm homes frequently cost $5,000. Barns ai large. Real estate sales amount to 543,000, within the past year. Manufactures: — Canning factories at Oregon, Mound City, Forest City; put up corn, tomatoes, apples, pumpkins. Quality exceeds quantity. First prizes were won at Chicago Ex- position. Cider, jelly, and fruit butter plant, brick yard, cigar factory, flouring mill, sorghum mill, broom factory at Oregon. Mound City has flouring mill and cigar factory. Flouring mills at Forest City, Craig and Maitland. A TYPICAL THRESHING SCENE land. 79. Transporta t I o n : — Atchison & Nebraska, 2.90; St. Joseph & Nebraska (continuation), 5.86; Kan- sas City, St. Joseph & Coun- cil Bluffs, 59.46 miles taxed road. Dirt road grading is a feature. Churches and Schools : — Three lar- gest towns have fifteen churches, all denomina- tions. High Schools: Ore- gon, Mound City, Mait- School rooms in county, 109; school houses, Mound City, because of mineral spring and Big Lake, near Bigelow, are favorite points for pastime. At Big Lake is crappie, bass and trout fishing; boat house; duck shooting. Towns: — Oregon, county seat, electric lights, waterworks, park; annual chrysanthemum show; Mound City, electric lights, waterworks, park; Maitland, prairie town; Craig, Forest City, New Point, Bigelow, Corning, Forbes, all farming cen- ters. Newspapers: — Mound City News, Jeffersonian ; Maitland Herald; Craig Leader; Bigelow Enter- prise; Forest City Star; Oregon Sentinel. AN artist WITH the rope. HOWARD is one of Missouri's mother counties. It was early settled and from its borders have gone out men who laid and maintained the foundations of other counties in the State. It is notable for its great men produced, its schools and homes and fine live stock. The county is situated upon the north bank of the Missouri river, mid- way the State east and west. Cattle is the chief item of export. There are more pure bred Aberdeen-Angus and Brown Swiss cattle in Howard than in any other Missouri county, and there are many Shorthorn and Hereford herds. Much wheat is grown. Three of the oldest colleges of the State are located at two leading towns. In square miles the county measures 450. There are three kinds of soils. Of the 288,000 acres, 213,894 acres are included in improved farms. Number of farms, 2,037, averaging 140.2 acres, worth in aggregate, ac- cording to present selling prices, $7,905,630. Population: — White, 14,155; colored, 4,182; American boi'n, 18,014; foreign born, 423; total, 18,337. Farms homes owned, 1,457; rented, 542; other homes owned, 763; rented, 1,085; total families, 3,847. Finance: — County 40 cents on the one hundred dollars; school tax, 20 cents to $1.35, average, 49 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,857,716; thirty-five per cent of actual valuation. No county debt. Chariton township owes $15,000. Timber: — One-half of the county was originally timbered. Species indigenous are walnut, all the oaks, hickory, sycamore, linwood, elm, cottonwood and maple. Three-fifths of the timbered lands bore large growth trees; two-fifths of the trees were of the hoop-pole size. Mineral: — Coal has been mined for a great many years. Annual production is 4,350 tons. There are two veins, the upper, thinner one now being worked. It is from eighteen to forty inches thick. Limestone is found in the bluffs along the Missouri river. Salt Water: — Ordinarily the water of the county is limestone seepage. In certain springs, however, is found water heavily charged with salt. For many years this was a means of salt supply. The water de- posits two tablespoonsful of salt to the gallon. Land:— There are three types of land, as well as three kinds of soil. One-tenth of the county is Mis- souri river bottom alluvium, deep, black, fertile. It A I the Udur nf Eve, 10 1 HOWARD COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT | VALUE Corn 55,503 2,608,641 * $ 769.550 Wheat 43.481 956,.'i86 * 5-J6,120 Oats 2,733 84,690 * 23,4-10 Hay 25,613 43,540 t 278,655 Forage 1,630 2,0i5 t IClTf) Broom Cf'rn 11 5,500 t 150 Clover Seed 2,400 * 13,440 Grass Seed 145* 260 Tobacco 69 48,300 t 4,590 Potatoes 561 75,735 * 34,235 Vegetables 740 44,530 Total 1 1 1 $1,694,145 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 25,889 $ 841,395 Horses 8,0li) 534,600 Mules 4,321 324 ,o; 5 Asses and Jennets 176 23,000 Sheep 11,627 34,880 Swine 41 .460 414,000 Chickens 119,3851 1 urkeys Geese 6,892 1 3,059 I 110.. 5,55 Ducks 1,343 1 Swarms of Bees 1 ,358 2,920 Honey 47,a6T :: 53.170 :: 5,660 Wool 8,860 Milk Butter 1,902,8 10 §/ 348,718 t \ 136,515 Eggs 674,530 II 84,315 Total 1 1 1 2,520,375 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do ten. t Tons § Gallons. Photo in hcdiliiii/: HOWARD COUNTY. 405 seldom overflows, and never is injured by overflow. Farms are well Improved and sell for $50 an acre. One-fifth of the county is white oak land of loess char- acter, whereon fruit thrives. It interlies the alluvium along the river and the soil upon the prairie in the northeastern one- half. Farms here may be bought at $25 an acre, on the average. Seven-tenths of the county is upland which brings an average of $40 an acre. Most of it is prairie, though in some parts it was once covered with a dense growth of heavy timber. Blue grass is native to it all and will choke out all other grasses if the land be pastured. Flouring Mills:— The only manufactures of the county are flouring mills. There are many acres devoted to wheat growing, hence are found within the county several large and many smaller flouring and feed mills. Transportation: — Chicago & Alton main line, Kansas City to the east; Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas main line; Wabash connection is had by the town of Glasgow. Schools: — There are three first class colleges. Central College at Fayette, chartered 1855, twenty acre campus; 6,000 volumes in library. This school is the head of those educational institutions in the west under control of the Gen- eral Board of Education of the Methodist Episcopal church, South. It is a mem- ber of the Missouri College Union. Howard-Payne College, located at Fayette, is a boarding school for young women, and of high standing. Fritchett Institute and Observatory, located at Glasgow, is a well known college of reputation. It is co-educational, and is distinguished chiefly because of its observatory work. There are splendid high schools at Fayette, Glasgow, and New Frank- lin. Towns: — Fayette, county seat, school town, population, 2,717. Glasgow, river town, population, 1,672. New Franklin, railroad junc- tion, population, 1,156. Armstrong, 461. Roanoke, 147. These are all incorporated and are supported mainly by being trading centers of their respective live stock and gen- eral farming communities. Newspapers : — Fayette Adver- tiser, Democrat-Leader; Glasgow Missourian, Globe, Echo; Arm- strong Herald; New Franklin CENTRAL COLLEGE, FAYETTE. ' NeWS. HOWELL COUNTY 'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Hushels. t Tons. THE largest peach growing county in Missouri is Howell, situated upon the Arkansas border, half way across the State. Its lay is uneven, soil clay and its surface, excepting the valleys, covered with small rocks. Agriculturally, 153,710 of its total 588,800 acres are under plow. West Plains, county seat, population, 2,902, and Willow Springs, railroad junction, population 1,078, are trading centers and distributing points felt far beyond their county confines. Schools are a feature. Grapes are grown in vast quantities. Manufacturing thrives, incident to horticultural in- terests. Population: — White, 21,612; colored, 222; American born, 21,416; foreign born, 418; total, 21,834. Farm homes owned, 3,834; rented, 715; other homes owned, 599; rented, 738; total families, 5,886. Finance: — County tax 50 cents for general revenue and 10 cents for roads; school tax from 5 cents to $1.40, average, 71; total assessed valuation, $3,829,898; assessed valuation per cent of actual value, 50; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Formerly the entire surface was tim- bered, though never densely so. In northern one-fourth much pine was found; balance of land principally cov- ered with white, black, and post oak, black-jack and hickory. Mountain View is now the lumbering center. Wild timber is fast being succeeded by peach trees and grape vines. Minerals: — Carbonate of zinc, iron, silver and gold have been found. Carbonate of zinc exists in large quantities in southwest Howell, eighteen miles from railroad. Iron all over county. Mines central. Lime- stone deposits of worth exist in every township. Blue sandstone is found one mile from West Plains. Kaolin deposits seven miles northeast of West Plains; un- worked. Land: — Square miles 920; number of farms, 3,065; average acreage, 136.1; total value, $3,525,280. Located upon south slope of Ozark mountains. In stage of settlement and commercial development, in advance of most south Missouri counties. Land nearly all rock covered, but some of best valley lands are almost free therefrom. North half of county, together with that portion In south described by the three lower congressional townships adjoining Ozark county com- _ prises the roughest land Here are found most sur- Uowfll County's Leading Crops. 406 1 ACRES 1 P RODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 47,686 1,52.^952* 1 572.230 Wheat 36.605 366,050 * 215,970 Oats 4,323 108,050 * 36,015 Hay 11,8^^ 17,735 t 1.^9,615 Forage 1,125 1,31U t 13,0(i0 X 6,550 Broom Corn 26 360 Clover Seed 85* 470 Grass Seed 30* 65 Cotton .520 156,000 1 72,420 t 11,700 Tobacco 102 7,240 Potatoes 733 69,635 * 33,425 Vegetables 855 36,500 I $1,080,140 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 15,360 $'384,000 Horses 0,295 377.700 Mules 2,275 136.500 Asses and Jennets 42 3,780 Sheep 10,145 30,435 Swine 28,620 286,200 Chickens 82.631 1 Turkeys 'ieese 2.830 I 2.3.58 f 68,140 Ducks 1,777 J Swarms of Bees 818 2,218 1 loney 27,267 :: 31,350:: 3,408 Wool 5,225 Milk 2,196,528 § 1 150,290 Butier 436,122 tf Eggs 637.180 II 78,475 1, .026,371 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heading: HOWELL COUNTY. 407 face rock. Upon this character of land are located the largest and best orchards. It may be bought at $1.50 to $5 an acre, except it ad- joins the railroad, in which case it sells at $10 to $12.50. This land is timbered. Interspersing this land are found streamless valleys, comprising perhaps one-twelfth the surface, worth $15 to $25. In the l)alance of the south half not here- tofore included are found the farm lands of county. In Howell Val- ley and adjoining the Frisco, are ten thousand acres of farms rang- ing in price from $35 to $45 an acre. Suburb to West Plains land reaches $75 an acre. Good creek bottom lands elsewhere in the south half of county may be had at $10 to $20 an acre. Soil is univer- sally dark brown clay, with lighter colored subsoil. Manufactories: — Local in ca- pacity, and incident to fruit, min- ing and living necessities. Include, at West Plains, two large flouring mills, woolen mills, vinegar works, canning factory, feed mill, ice plant, distillery, two brick yards, machine shop, wagon and carriage factory, zinc oxide plant, cigar fac- tory, two planing mills. Teansportatiox : — Frisco, 39.75 ; taxed roadbed. Schools: — West Plains has school system embracing three ward and high schools. West Plains College is an academic school with 75 enrolled. Willow Springs Academy, preparatory school; 50 enrolled. Springs: — Siloam and Cureall springs are of reputed medicinal value. Towns: — West Plains, on main line Memphis-Springfield Frisco railroad; good schools; twelve churches, small park, waterworks, electric lights, fine hotel; opera house, baseball park, social club rooms, public library, Chautauqua circle. Willow Springs, rail- road town, junction of Frisco Springfield-Memphis line and Current River route; electric lights, waterworks, telephone. Siloam Springs; Burnham; Mountain View; Olden; Hut- ton. Horticulture and agricul- ture are main supports of each. Newspapers : — West Plains Gazette, Journal, News, Quill; Willow Springs Index. Republican; Mountain View Postman. ARKANSAS Frisco, Current river route, 18.97 miles BUBBO AND BOT. IRON IRON county receives its name from the vast amount of iron ore which it has supplied. It is famous as the location of Pilot Knob, a mountain peak seven hundred feet higher than its valleys, from which two million tons of iron have been taken; for Shepherd mountain, eight hundred feet high; and for other high peaks which have furnished large quantities of iron. County is third south of Missouri river and fourth west of Mississippi river, and is adjacent to Missouri's greatest lead mining district. In Arcadia Valley is found the same geological formation which characterizes the district centering at Mine La Motte, one of the oldest and largest lead mines in the Mississippi valley. Granite is a second mineral asset of importance. Other claims to distinction are in both hardwood and pine lumber, resources, and also in the fact that it is the location of many summer homes of people living chiefly in St. Louis. Three miles south- east of Ironton the United States government owns a tract of land used as a rifle I'ange by troops stationed at Jefferson Barracks, suburban to St. Louis. In the city of Ironton, county seat, is erected a bronze statue of General U. S. Grant, commemorating the spot where he received his military commission. There are 550 square miles of land in Iron county, 352,000 acres, of which the farming area represents 44,784 acres in cultivated land. There are 880 farms embracing an average of 116.2 acres of lands of different descriptions. They represent an actual aggregate of $2,145,770. Population: — White, 8,468; colored, 248; Ameri- can born, 8,393; foreign born, 323; total, 8,716. Farm homes owned, 646; rented, 197; other homes owned; 401; rented, 442; total families, 1,686. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 15 cents to 60 cents, average, 40 cents; total assessed valuation $2,623,620; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 60; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Eighty-flve per cent of county bears tim- ber, most of this acreage having timber of commercial liioad Eddy and Bluff, Big Piney River, 408 IRON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 11,977 329,:^68 * 8 123,515 Wheat 2,717 35.a20 * 20.8U1 Oais 1.39.i 30,645 * 10,315 Hay 8,219 12.330 t 117,135 Forage 4t)5 540 t 2,700 Clover Seed 20* no Tobacco 23 16,3:i0 t 1,635 Potatoes 281 25,290 * 11,140 Vegetables 215 9,780 Total 1 1 1 $297,070 LIVE STOCK AND PROC )UCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 8,245 8 185.512 Horses 1,665 99,900 Mules 780 46,800 Asses and Jennets 10 900 Sheep 3,075 9,325 Swine 8,446 84,460 Chickens 25,0321 Turkeys 680 1 1,737 I 17,015 Geese Ducks 1,390 J Swarms of Bees 723 1,854 Honey 24,100 t 3,013 Wool 8.2(10 t 1,367 Milk 661.062 § ( 60,909 Butter 127,673 t i Eggs 138.510 II 17,315 Total 1 1 $528,351 * Bushels. t Pounds. || D02 en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photo in headiny: IRON COUNTY 409 size. From eleven to fifteen millions o f feet of hardwood lumber are shipped annually. Blaek oak represents forty per cent of timber stand- ing; white oak an equal amount; pine five per cent, esti- mated to represent $155,000 worth o f raw material; and the balance is small growth hickory, wal- nut along streams, sycamore and elm. Along the railroad the large size timber has been cut. Pine appears in extreme west- ern end of Iron county and borders the west side of the prin- cipal hardwood forest covering nearly the entire western length. MiiNKRAi.s: — Iron has been produced since 1847. Pilot Knob, Shepherd mountain. Cedar mountain, Buford mountain, Russell, and Shut-In are the chief sources. Indications spread over entire surface. Marble, granite, lead, copper, limestone, sandstone, fire clay and kaolin are deposited. In Belleview valley, in northeastern corner is found a superior granite in immense quantities. It is of the sort found in the new Wash- ington University buildings at St. Louis. Land: — For general agricultural purposes, the best lands are located in Belleview valley in the northeastern part of the county, west of Buford mountain and nortli of Graniteville. Area comprises thirty square miles of fertile, red limestone clay soil, free from the flint fragments so common in upland district. Another section of fertility same as above but of less area is famous Arcadia valley, location of Ironton and Arcadia. These valleys are merely lowlands independent, in point of origin, of the streams which may be flowing through them. Soils are alluvial. Good land for farming is located about the upper waters of Marble creek. In south and west, county is very broken and rocky. Best improved lands are bringing $25 to $40 an acre; ridge land $5 to $15. Unimproved, timbered, best, $3 to $5; remainder from 50 cents to $2.50. Government land, 8,242 acres. Manufactokies: — Flouring mills, saw mills, hub and spoke factories, screen door factory and granite working plant. Transportation: — St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, main line north to south. Mineral Springs: — At Annapolis, in south county. Arcadia, mile south of Ironton, is a summer resort of note, especially for St. Louisans. Summer homes are maintained here and at Ironton. Both towns are within the shadow of picturesque Iron mountain. Perquisite to life here are fishing and hunting. Towns: — Graniteville, 846 people, ships 500 to 600 cars of granite annually; Ironton, county seat, 797, mining, man- ufacturing and farming; Arcadia, sum- mer resort, schools and manufacturing; Pilot Knob, 455, mining; Des Arc; Belleview; Vulcan, Middle Brook, Sabula and Jordan. Schools: — Arcadia College, and Ursuline Academy at Arcadia. Newspapers :^ — Iron Register. WHERE THE HILL SLOPES DOWN TO THE water's EDGE. PON the south bank of the Mis- souri river, at the western point where the stream begins its flow across the State, is Jackson county, Missouri. In the northwest corner of Jackson county is Kansas City, second city in size in the State and twenty-second among the municipalities of the United States. This suburban condition, coupled with the remarkable natural fertility of all soils and topo- graphies presented, encourages fancy farming in the north and west and general live stock feed- ing and stock breeding elsewhere in the county. An- other consequence of a great city within its borders is the location of many fine homes, 225 miles of rock roads and drives and electric lines linking suburb and city. Jackson county contains 630 square miles of land, 403,200 acres, of which 284,122 acres are under high state of cultivation. Number of farms, 3,681; average size, 97.5 acres; estimated actual valuation, according to market price, $22,642,725. Fine horses and cattle aggregate the amount of two and one-half million dol- lars. Farms produce a total of corn amounting each year to one and a half million dollars. Milk and but- ter amount annually to almost another million dol- lars. Population:— White, 176,053; colored, 19,140; American born, 175,140; foreign born, 20,053; total, 195,193. Farm homes owned, 2,097; rented, 1,536; other homes owned, 10,337; rented, 28,124; total fami- lies, 42,094. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from nothing to $1.10, average 46; total assessed valuation, $114,730,819; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40; county debt $150,000; township debt, $104,000. JACKSON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACKES ' PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 115,254 4,379.652 * 11,379,590 Wheat 24,9P1 624,535 * 359,100 Oats 8,;^82 276,606 * 71,915 Hay- 36,181 54,270 t 379,890 Forage 5,995 7,995 t 39,975 Flax 1,960 19,600* 20,385 Broom Corn 4 2,200 X 60 Clover Seed 2,500 * 13.750 Grass Seed 1,150* 1,T85 Tobacco 1.3 11,700 t 1,170 Potatoes 2,508 363,660 * 87,280 Vegetables 3,215 188, 1 90 Total 1 1 1 *2,543,690 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 50,091 SI, 627,955 Horses 14,490 96U.000 Mules 3,598 26:i,8oO Asses and lennets 1.51 15,100 Sheep 17,479 5S,:;.'05 Swine 74,409 744,090 Chickens 245.690 1 Turkeys Gecse 9.314 ! 3,485 f 176.860 Ducks 4,515 J Swarms of Bees 3,428 11,895 Honey 114.267 : 61,540 : 14,285 Wool 1 1 ,925 Milk 0,570,662 § 1 Butter 947,009 t t 821,425 Eggs 1,388,730 II 173.590 Total 1 1 $4,891,240 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. || Do t Tons. § Gallons. sen. Photos in heading: Boulevard. Vounfry Place of James Frazer, Independence; A n fmlrpenrlenf^ 410 JACKSON COUNTY. 411 Minerals : — Two miles southeast of city limits of Kan- sas City coal is mined. Shaft is 320 feet deep; annual production, 21,000 tons; vein is eighteen inches thick. Coal is underlaid by fire clay mining. Sixty men employed. Land: — Along the north line flows the Missouri river which gives Jackson many hundreds of acres of bottom land, rich, sandy loam. Two smaller rivers cut the county north and south ex- tending this acreage in two parallel strips. South from the north line the land is rolling and was at one time heavily tim- bered. Along the Blue river tim- ber still stands upon acreages to which is confined the rough land of the county. Ten miles south from the Missouri river begins the unbroken stretch of prairie, embracing one-half of the county area and every foot cultivable. Within five miles of Kan- sas City along the rock roads land is divided into gardens and is worth from two to five hundred dollars an acre. Prairie land within three miles of a rock road sells at $100 to $250 an acre. Average farm east of a line ten miles east of Kansas City will cost the buyer $125 an acre. Small acreage of rough land may be had at $40 an acre. Bottom lands are, of course, alluvial; hill lands are coated with a black soil of one to four feet, of remarkable fertility. Topog- raphy makes no material difference in price of land. Rock Roads :^ — Built of native limestone, twelve to eighteen feet wide, drive- way of dirt alongside. Roads built within past twelve years at a cost of $2,000,- 000. Rock preparation is sixteen inches thick. Independence is ten miles east of Kansas City, connected by two lines of rock roads. From this county seat town run, in every direction, seven trunk line roads, and from Kansas City south to county line are two other roads. County is now building a boulevard 100 feet wide from Kansas City to Swope Park, six miles out. Bridges are of solid masonry or steel. Hills are cut down and hollows filled. County is spending $275,000 a year in road building, anticipating in the near future a system of rock roads completely covering the county plat. Cities and Towns: — Kansas City, population 163,752; Independence, county seat, population G,974; Lee's Summit, 1,453; Blue Springs, 468; Oak Grove, 408; Buckner, 234; Greenwood, 230; Sheffield, Blue Springs. Newspapers: — Kansas City Daily: Star, Times, Journal, World, Presse; Independence: Jackson Examiner, Sen- tinel, Judge, The Letter; Zion's En- sign; School News; Assembly News; Lee's Summit Journal; Oak Grove Banner; Buckner Tribune; Blue Springs Sni-a-Bar Voice; Sheffield Press. dASPE^FL ^|^J^^^y|^^ JASPER is Missouri's one hundred million dollar county. It is reliably estimated that its vast resources are beyond this valuation. The county borders Kansas, and is fifty miles north of Arkansas. It is the greatest zinc mining district in the world. The ore supply is practically unlim- ited. This mineral, worked since 1873, is found mainly in the south half of the county. Lead oi'e has been profitably mined since 1848 and was the means of the zinc discovery. At the center of the county is found boundless deposit of white limestone, dressed production from which is shipped all over the United States and is of large industrial importance to the county. In the southeast corner horticulture is a heavy asset. Here are extensive nurseries and this is the location of the largest strawberry acreage in Missouri. From one point, alone, three hundred and sixty car loads of berries are exported in ordi- nary seasons. The northern half of the county is de- voted to agriculture and the feeding of live stock. Wheat is an important cereal and as a consequence this section is famous for fiouring mills of large number and capacities. Jasper county has three cities with a combined population of 45,000. Joplin, largest city of southwest Missouri, has 26,023 inhabitants; Carthage, county seat, has 9,416, and Webb City, intervening, has 9,201. An electric line connects most towns of the south half of the county and there are 250 miles of gravel roads in splendid condition. County has a per- manent public school fund of $275,000. There are three high schools and Carthage Collegiate Institute doing work approved by the State University. Population: — White, 82,576; colored, 1,442; Amer- ican born, 81,855; foreign born, 2,163; total, 84,018. Farm homes owned, 1,765; rented, 1,282; other homes owned, 8,880; rented, 6,067; total families, 17,994. Finance:' — County tax: general revenue 50 cents, special road and bridge 15 cents, total 65 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax 10 cents to $1.70, average 62 cents; total assessed valuation, $18,863,871; real estate is assessed upon a basis valuation of forty per cent of actual valuation and personal property ap- praisement is upon a 60 per cent basis. No county indebtedness. Township debt, $80,000, for railway construction. Beckoning the Harvesters; Mining Scene, Webb Citij, 412 JASPER COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACK'ES 1 PRODl'tT VALUE Corn 78,915 2,402,238 * $ 756.705 Wheat 82,975 1.618,015* 889,910 Oais 17,009 510,270* 135,220 Hay H,531 21,795 t 163,465 Forage 3,640 4,855 t 24,275 Flax 2,894 11.576* 12,040 Broom Corn 2.S 14,400 X 425 Clover seed 320 * 1,790 Grasi Seed 2,310* 3,585 Tobacco 2 1 ,300 X 130 Potatoes 1,094 109.400 * 38,290 Vegetables 1,570 80,965 Total 1 1 1 $2,106,800 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 Nl'MbEK | VALUE Cattle 23,750 % 615,125 Horses 11,203 728,195 Mules 2,247 1.57,290 Asses and Jennets 38 3,420 Sheep 3, 179 9,535 Swine 23,.'S02 235,020 Chickens 14.5.552] Turkeys . • Geese 2,483 1 i,5!>7r 109,680 Ducks 3,806 1 Swarms of Bees 3.830 7,.500 Honey 191,333 1 14,300 1 1 1 ,790 Wool 2,:595 Milk Butter 3.033,146 § ( 707,594 1 i 380,970 Eggs 916,813 11 114,600 Total 1 1 $■-'.375,520 * Bushels.- 1 Pounds. || D02 en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in heading: JASPER COUNTY. 413 Timber: — One-fourth timbered. Confined t o Spring river, Center creek and other less important streams. Consists of oak, elm, hickory, walnut, cot- tonwood, hazel brush. Timber now found is prac- tically all second growth. Minerals: — Zinc, lead, limestone, clay, gravel, coal. One-fourth of the land is developed mineral land and is worth from $100 to $10,000 an acre. Another one-fourth is pros- pected sufficiently to de- termine mineral existence and may be bought at from $5 to $100. Mineral indications cover nearly all the county. There are many exceedingly large mines of zinc and lead and hundreds of small mines. Opera- tions are largely on leasing system, land owners receiving stated royalties upon outputs. Product is sold weekly at mines. Mineral is found in depths varying from surface to 275 feet. Fifty per cent of the zinc sold in recent years in the United States was produced in the Joplin district. Last year this district mar- keted about ten million dollars worth of product, seven million dollars worth coming from Jasper county. Land: — Aside from the piling of large mountains of gravel ore refuse upon comparatively small acreages, the mining does not detract from the agricultural value of the country. Much of the best mining is done upon some of the most productive land agriculturally. Jasper county is generally undulating of lay. It embraces 672 square miles, 430,080 acres, of which 270,236 acres are improved farm lands. There are 3,054 farms, average acreage, 112; aggregate valuation, $15,977,893. Soil is red limestone clay characteristic of Ozark border. The best farms may be bought for $50 to $60 an acre, many at $30 to $40. Fruit: — Strawberries are grown in vast quantities and are of especially large size and splendid flavor. Apples thrive in this soil and climate. Manufactories: — In connection with mining and smelters, white lead works, zinc oxide works, paint factories, foundries and machine shops. Corre- lating with wheat growth are the large flouring mills. In addition are wagon and carriage works, ice plants, planing mills, brick works, broom factories, breweries, cornice works, woolen mills, clothing factory, fruit canneries, fruit evaporators, plow factory, lime kilns, pottery plants. Transportation: — Five great railroad systems. Electric line interurban. Mines furnish road material ready for gravel roads at no cost except hauling. Miles of gravel roads, 250. Schools: — Permanent school fund. Joplin, Carthage, Webb City and Car- terville high schools. School districts, 121. Carthage Collegiate Institute and Webb City College. Several business colleges. Towns: — Joplin, Carthage, Webb City, Carterville, Sarcoxie, Jasper, Oron- ogo, Carl Junction, Alba, Neck City and Chitwood incorporated towns. Newspapers : — C a r t h a g e : Democrat, Press; Joplin Globe. Times, News-Herald; Webb City Register, Sentinel ; Carterville Journal; Sarcoxie Record, Leader; Carl Junction World, Standard; Oronogo Index; Jas- per News. SARCOXIE NURSERIE.S. -•'«^^-*--*, M INING, manufacturing, dairying, horticulture and agriculture are all prominent in Jefferson county, just south of St. Louis. The largest plate glass manufacturing plant in the west is located at Crystal City. Extensive lead smelters are the life of Hercula- neum. At Kimmswick is an immense lime plant. Ninety per cent of Jefferson county's surface is indicative of mineral deposit. Zinc, lead, baryta, silica, pottery clay, tile clay and building stone are the min- eral products. Milk and butter are sent to St. Louis daily from all stations along the Iron Mountain railroad. Horticulture in this locality afford grapes, berries and other small fruits for St. Louis markets. There are 156,055 acres devoted to the raising of grain and vegetables. Jefferson county embraces 640 square miles of land, 409,600 acres, of which 2,596 farms include 132.6 each on the average. Farm lands are estimated to aggregate $5,869,924, in accordance with present sell- ing price. There are approximately one hundred miles of gravel roads in the county. At De Soto, the Iron Mountain railroad maintains machine shops and a di- vision point office. A Railroad Young Men's Christian Association is prominently associated with railroad in- terests. The town is also the location of a school which educates young men for Catholic priesthood. Population: — White, 24,593; colored, 1,119; Amer- ican born, 23,407; foreign born, 2,305; total, 25,712. Farm homes owned 1,967; rented, 672; other homes owned, 1,133; rented, 1,427; total families, 5,199. Peo- ple are about equally divided as to religious faith be- tween Protestantism and Catholicism. Finance: — County tax 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 15 cents to $1.30, average 54 cents; road and bridge tax 15 cents; total assessed valu- ation $6,157,680; assessed valuation 50 per cent of actual valuation. No county debt. No township debt. Timber: — White oak, black oak, post oak, hickory, walnut, traces of pine, black gum and cherry. Photo in htading: City of DeSoto. JEFFERSON COUNTY'S I'JOa CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT | VAI UH Corn 39,739 1,510,68-i * * 560,2?° Wheat 30,701 614,0-JO* 362,2'" 42,6"^ 3f.7,0^? Oats 3,65-00 : 89,280 55,730 Clover Seed 000* Grass Seed 50* Tobacco 9 6.390 1 Potatoes 1,860 186,000 * Vegetables 845 Total 1 1 1 Sl,50:.855 LIVE STOCK AND PRODI JCTS KIND > UMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 20,880 $ 522,000 Horses 5,808 348.480 Mules 2,545 178, 1.50 Asses and Jennets 51 4,590 Sheep 4,63fi . 13,908 Swine 23,694 236,940 Chickens 148.878 1 1,919 I 2,504 f Turkeys Geese 80,655 Ducks 2,847 J Swarms of Bees 1.054 2,684 Honey 35,133 : 15,100 ; 4,392 Wool 2,517 Milk 3,.302,440 § ( 413,215 tf 311,285 Butter Eggs 897,330 II 112,165 Total 1 1 11,817,766 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Doz en. t Tons. § Gallons. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 415 Minerals : — Southwestern portion of county is covered with mines, from Franklin county to Ste. Genevieve county line. Lead and zinc are principal minerals. Lead- ing mines are the Plattin mines, Howe's, McCormick zinc mine, Frumet mines, and Valles mine, bordering St. Francois county. On the Mississippi river at Festus and Silica are the famous glass sand deposits. Cement rock is found near Kimms- wick. Land: — Generally high, rolling, much of it broken. There are large fertile bottoms adjoining the streams. The best of bottom land sells at $50 to $100 an acre, dependent upon improve- ment and location with reference to towns. Medium land on flats and hill sides sell at $10 to $15; ridge land, $5 to $10. Best lands are in northwest and mid- dle northwest parts of county. In the southeast section are the most broken places. Best of wild lands sell as high as $20 an acre. Average wild land brings $10 to $15. No gov ernment land. Manufactories: — Lime kilns, smelters, wine presses, creameries, glass works, hub factories, saw, flouring and planing mills, corn shredders, brick yards. Mineral Springs: — Sulphur Springs and Kimmswick Springs are noted for their medicinal value. In addition to above, local health resorts are located at Big Bend on Big river and the Shut-in near Plattin creek. Some of the most picturesque scenery in Missouri is along the Mississippi river bluffs which rise oftentimes to an extreme of two hundred feet above the river. Towns: — De Soto, population 5,611, Iron Mountain division point and shop location; has marble works, planing mills, large flouring mills, hub factory, brick works, corn shredder. Festus, 1,256, brick factory, flouring mill, near by glass sand deposits. Hillsboro, county seat, 254. Crystal City, glass sand industry. Morse Mills, Cedar Hill, Byrnesville, House Springs, and Hematite. Newspapers: — Hillsboro Jefferson Democrat; DeSoto Press, DeSoto Republi- can; Festus News. H E M A r 1 1' E S M K L'l KH S . JOHNSON is one of the great multi-interest counties of Missouri. State Normal School for the Second District of Missouri annually enrolls one thousand students at Warrensburg, county seat city; Pertle Springs is famous as a convention city and summer resort; white and grey sandstone quarries are of justly high repute; and second only to schools is the in- fluence of the ascending-rich agriculture acreage, basis for home and school and church and State. Lafayette county is on the north, lying between the Missouri river and Johnson, which is also second east of the Kansas-Missouri boundary. Coal mines operate mainly at Bristle Ridge, five miles south of Montserrat. Corn is the leading product in value, amounting to more than two million dollars an- nually. Cattle represent a total value to feeders of one and one-third millions; horses and mules a little in advance of cattle. Dairy- ing in small, individual way is becoming popular among farmers. Gravel road mileage is rapidly in- creasing to the appreciable aid of modern farm meth- ods. County area, 800 square miles, or 412,000 acres, of which 411,544 acres are improved farms. Number of farms 3,869, in average size 126.2 acres including cultivated, pasture, timber and character of land. Esti- mated aggregate value $15,074,166. Population: — White, 26,128; colored, 1,715; Amer- ican born, 27,232; foreign born, 611; total, 27,843. Farm homes owned, 2,409; rented, 1,375; other homes owned, 1,353; rented, 998; total families, 6,135. Finance: — County tax: revenue 30 cents; road, 20 cents; courthouse, to be satisfied this year, 10 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax 3 cents to $1.10, aver- age, 40 cents; total assessed valuation $11,158,779; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation 40; no county debt; township debt, $65,000. Timber: — Forty per cent, along streams, originally; one-half cleared. Consisted of black oak, white oak, walnut, hickory and ash. Portable mills operate for local needs. Native hardwood lumber $20 a thousand feet. Minerals: — Coal, building stone and clay abund- ant. Coal mines at Knobnoster, Montserrat, Warrens- burg and Holden; total annual output 8,500 tons. I'lwios in heading: Scene in Pcrlle Si^rinfjs Parh-; Jnlinfson Coiinti/ Courthonse; Missouri Piirific Depot, Warrenshiiry, 416 JOHNSON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACHES 1 I'RODl'CT 1 VALUE Corn m>,mo 6,422,080 * $2,022,955 Wheat iV2,7-l6 l,26.i,905* 667,675 Oats 7,.5]9 225,570 * .59,775 Hay 49,231 83,695 t 544,030 Forage 5,740 7,655 t 38,275 Flax 8,902 35,608 * 37,030 Broom Corn 137 75,350 t 2.o;o Clover Seed 3,890 * 22,290 Grass Seed 3,:soo * 5,280 Tobacco 25 16'2:0 i 1,625 Potatoes 1,084 151,760* .53,115 Vegetables 1,240 63,075 Total 1 1 1 $3,517,185 LIVB STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VAI UE Cattle 21,459 SI ,347,420 Horses 15.341 1,022,735 Mules 4,G48 348,600 Asses and Jennets 206 20,600 Sheep 11,0';9 33,235 Swine 65.956 659,560 Chickens 223.6171 Turkeys Geese 9.690 ' 4,5;« i 204,830 Ducks 3,232 1 Swarms of Bees 2,842 6,365 Honey 94,733 t 11.840 Wool 43.150 X 7,190 Milk Butter 3,3f;4.75(i § / 590,668 t f 214,990 Eggs 1,263.320 II 114,600 Total 1 1 $3,991,965 * Bushels. ^ Pounds. || Do ten. t Tons. 5; Gallons. JOHNSON COUNTY. 417 >- i /COUNTY V 1- : Z 1 LAFAYE"Pi c r lV>l^anC' y\ s . (D Robins !<■ " tevillc _ r / j zi i I A"^~\ ,y^ >^ Vatle>-C.t\ / / 1 o" \ \ N \ ) A r »' 1 w i ,. „ J. 1 ^ v^ V^ \ I iBt* Kr^ ' • ^1 F,.lkA-,™t I . Q roIuiT.bus\ V^ \ ^cT^ s ~~-V c ' 1 \ 'V qpi. isviUf. V^J^^ ?^ \ 1 ^ ' S I ^- ,-S'^\ ^^""""^^ ^^^ /^^ J> Mnntscrrat \ .r lO z 1 V O 1 1 \i s W A R R lN§BiiRG tju. \1 '"' Kn.fl,,;- t* f lOi-^O"^^^^ ' 1^ \ > tSrfWV Kingsvillc /^J \ ^^^r^^—i I \ \^ ■\\\ ^ '^ .- g^ ^J^,.^ /}' \ \ J Q B*^^ leUge i i \ ''X 'O^ sp H M :1'S \ Q* \ J" : X ^X.'' ) S i\l 7l Burt%"ille °x / /^ /f\\ P ^d\ ll>^'*^^^P \ \ ' "^ ^> /y ^^n{l 9 Ai-hrey J^ ^^r=-— -"^ ^"/ It r^ X- / ^. r* y Cornelia Q , \ fC oXpk % i x ^ MaKnnHa _A \ \'J/ / ' ! 3?sr7"™' X , /^ l ' ' (fl ji iSa X '^^T. JV-, ^\__^ Y ~>0 Hmrifti / ^i : "1 J^^V'i X, \J H"'"<'" ^^ * 1 1 < Jr'^'-^^kV' S^^s^^ Leeton j'/. 1 V V Ou'ckCiiv ,J^- ^:=T ^~<>r •^' ' 1! i ^ ^b.:^:^ (^ ^^^^^z^ A _.._..±i 1 p. ■'-'cf^'^V^ HENRY \ /.. MW^I. — COUNTY White and grey sand- stone quarried from two deposits at War- rensbiirg. Saws aro operated; stone finds market i n Missouri and contiguous states. State Normal Scliool and Johnson county courthouse at Warrensburg are monuments to its beauty and value. Stone is found 90 fee( thick. Clays claimed to be fireproof are ex- tensively deposited near Montserrat. Land : — Four-fifths o f county i s uni- formly a rolling prai- rie, broken only by timber fringed creeks. One-fifth defines a rough ridge extending from Montserrat southwesterly to the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad and another broken, precipitous strip near Pittsville. Seemingly in a chain northwest to southeast, a series of hills, slop- ing gradually upon all sides, take position in this section of Missouri. They are never closer than one mile, frequently ten miles apart and rise three hundred feet above valleys adjacent. They are called knobs, hence the name Knobnoster, applied to a leading town. Land prices are $30 to $40 the county over. By actual record of land sold in 1903, average price was $36.22 an acre, an increase of $9.35 an acre over the year preceding. Average price of town lots $391. Two per cent of county, near Centerview brings $65 to $75. Soil of county produces corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, timothy, blue grass, clover. It is limestone loam, black, averaging in depth two feet, over clay. In rough regions land sells at $10 to $20. Manufactured Products: — Brick, flour, overalls, broom racks and finished stone. Transportation: — Missouri Pacific railroad, Kansas City to St. Louis, 37.01; Frisco, 10.39; Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 39.68; Rock Island, 37; Pertle Springs branch, 2.25 miles taxed road. Schools: — State Noi'mal School, main building erected 1871; courses in Kindergarten, Primary, Teaching, History, Physics, Chem- istry, Biology, Agriculture, Manual Training, Drawing, Latin, hotel, pertle Greek, French, German, Physical Culture, Music, Mathematics, Psychology and School Management. Enrollment: normal school term, 781; summer school, 487; total, 1,268. Last Legislature appropriated $50,000 for modern gymnasium. Science building erected 1895 cost $30,000. Holden, location of Catholic College for girls. Commercial College at Warrensburg. Towns: — Warrensburg, school town, county seat, farming. Stone quarries; $50,000 waterworks system; $50,000 courthouse; $45,000 electric plant; $10,000 stone depot; three large flouring mills are points of pride. Pertle Springs is mile and one-half away; Holden, second town commercially, supported by agri- cultural interests. Has creamery, flour mill, waterworks, electric lights; Knob- noster, coal mining, farming; Centerview, Chilhowee, Leeton, all centers of fine farming districts. Newspapers: — Warrensburg Journal-Democrat, Standard Herald, Star; Hol- den Enterprise; Knobnoster Gem; Centerview Record; Chilhowee News; Leeton Times. Mo.— 27 ^^^::n:^ KNOX COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. KNOX is in northeast Missouri. It lies thirty-five miles south of Iowa, and is the second county west of the Mississippi river. Farming and live stock raising are the chief industrial activities. Cattle values and corn products aggregate more than two million dollars. Horses and mules amount to the extent of a million dollars; hogs are worth half a million, and timothy and blue grass aggregate a total worth the same. County contains 510 square miles, or 326,400 acres, of which 252,685 acres are cultivated. There are 2,133 farms including 145 acres on an average. Actual value of farm lands, $6,677,124. Population: — White, 13,303; colored, 176; native born, 13,033; foreign born, 446; total, 13,479. Farm homes owned, 1,618; rented, 444; other homes owned, 539; rented, 326; total fami- lies, 2,927. Finance: — County tax, 45 cents; school tax, 20 cents to $1.15; average, 43i/^ cents; total assessed val- uation, $4,487,891; assessed valuation upon forty per cent basis; no county debt; no township debt. The Land: — Fabius river flows diagonally through the county from northwest to southeast. It is a many- forked stream, and has a large number of small tribu- taries. Along these and Salt river, in the southwest corner, originally grew large trees of black oak, hick- ory, walnut, ash, linwood, maple, white oak and cotton- wood. Forty per cent of the county was thus tim- bered. Three-fourths of the trees have been removed. Portable saw mills make hardwood lumber enough for local demands. Walnut logs are yet a commercial as- set, being shipped from Edina, Knox City, Hurdland, and Baring. Bottom lands adjoining the streams are generous of width, and soil is sandy, black loam. All lands set naturally in blue grass. Farms along streams, embracing both hill and bottom land, range in price from $20 to $40, according to improvement, and fur- ther depending upon whether little or much bottom land be included. Overflows are more frequent than along the Mississippi or Missouri rivers, but never are they seriously injurious. Long sloping hills, rarely reaching three hundred feet above the bottoms, often ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 77,360 3,326.480 * §1,014,575 Wheat 788 16,.550 * 9,930 Oats 7,043 200,725 * 50,180 Hay 52,370 89,030 t 445,1.50 Forage 6,090 7,105 t 35,525 Flax 7 50* 50 Broom Corn 4a 21,000 t 580 Clover Seed 15* 100 Grass Seed 14,850 * 20,790 Tobacco 18 17,100 t 1,510 Potatoes 640 711,750 * 19,940 Vegetables 805 36,78,i $1,634,145 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle ,34.143 m, 109,645 Horses 11,152 743,465 Mules 2,203 165,235 Asses and Jennets 49 4,900 Sheep 14,688 44,065 Swine 48,961 489,610 Chickens 147,0061 Turkeys Geese 2,559 I 4,139 f 121,920 Ducks 1,930 J Swarms of Bees 2,614 5,695 Honey 87,133 i 48,000 t 10,890 Wool 8,000 Milk 1,700,496 § ) 110,790 Butter 294,780 1 S Kggs 829,940 II 103,740 I $2,917,945 Pounds. Gallons Dozen. Photos iti heading: Farm scenes. Fred B. Parsons. 418 KNOX COUNTY. 419 SCOTLAND Hazelville Greensborg' bound the latter. Highest of these is at Edina, back from South Fork of Fabius river. Between streams are paralleling tracts of undulating prairie, valued at $30 to $50 an acre. Soil is black vegetable mould, to a depth of three and one-half feet, over clay. Farm improvements are best in south central and west central portions of Knox county. Farm homes costing $2, .500 to $3,500 are found. There are thirty or thirty- five Knox county farms which contain a thousand acres each. Wagox Factories:- — At Edina are two, one making "Miller" wagons, the other the "Scofield." The former makes 1,000 a year. Two grist mills, a cigar and tobacco factory, two saw mills, sash and planing mill, cold storage for poultry, grain elevator and a nursery, which ships stock into adjoining States, are additional manufactories of im- portance. Transportation: — Miles of taxable rail- road: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, 17.75; Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, 22.06. Rail- roads permit feeding cattle bought in Kansas City to be billed to Chicago; unloaded and fattened in Knox county, and reloaded for Chicago at the regular Kansas City-Chicago through rate. Dirt roads are successfully dragged. Schools: — County school system is headed with Edina High School, diploma from which admits without examination to University of Missouri. St. Joseph's College (Catholic), at Edina has one hundred students enrolled, with convent home for young women in connection. Oaklawn College, at Hurdland, estab- lished 1876, has one hundred students. Literary and music courses are provided by both institutions. Edina School of Music enrolls forty pupils in piano, organ, violin, mandolin, voice, French, elocution, and dramatic art. Springs: — Forest Springs are of mineral value; undeveloped. There are many small springs throughout the county. Stock is watered by these, by wells ranging in depth from twenty to thirty feet, and by ponds. The latter are giving way to windmill wells, in pace with modern farming. Towns:— Edina, county seat, largest town. Built around beautiful park; has electric lights, waterworks, telephone connection with every corner of the county; Hurdland, Knox City, Newark, Novelty, Locusthill, Colony, Kenwood, Baring are village farming centers. Live Stock: — Perhaps no county in the State surpasses Knox in matter of high bred cattle, horses and hogs. Percentage of low bred live stock is re- markably small, resulting from a move- ment some years ago to establish pure bred stocks. Horse sale at Edina first Saturday in each month, is often at- tended by buyers from all over north Missouri and southern Iowa. Orchards: — Near Hurdland is an 80-acre orchard, and others of less size. All fruits not tropical are grown. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, and berries of all varieties excel. Publications: — Edina Democrat, Register, Sentinel; Hurdland Times. FARM SCENE, KNOX COUNTY. LACLEDE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels, t Tons. LACLEDE is in the "Land of the Big Red Apple." Its 740 square miles of land surface are located in the central part of south Missouri, two hundred miles southwest of St. Louis, and chiefly upon a plateau of the Ozark mountains. Apples are its chief product. Many orchards number into hundreds of acres; the Frisco Orchard Company has been engaged for more than a year in putting out what will be the largest apple or- chard in the world. It is to be five thousand acres, located northeast of Lebanon, upon the St. Louis & San Francisco railroad. In the county are 473,600 acres, of which 131,942 are cultivated. Farms number 2,614, including plow, orchard, and pasture land, 110.9 acres in average, aggregating a present market value of $2,- 984,504. Besides apples, peaches, apricots, pears and berries, cattle, horses and mules, hogs and corn are exported. ^ Population: — White, 16,159; colored, 364; Ameri- can born, 16,147; foreign born, 376; total, 16,523. Farm homes owned, 1,878; rented, 753; other homes owned, 396; rented, 311; total, 3,338. Timber: — Originally all, except approximately 15,- 000 acres. Consisting of the various oaks, hickory, ash, cherry, cedar, and in the river and creek bottoms, ma- ple, black walnut, sycamore, mulberry, and elm. The bottom land timber was large growth, but the plateau land more frequently grows the scrub variety. Even the 15,000 acres of prairie, scattered in small tracts throughout the southern half, have at some time or other supported a scrub oak growth. Iron, lead, zinc, kaolin, and limestone deposits are believed to exist, though mining has never been fol- lowed in Laclede county. Land: — Located upon the top levels of the Ozark mountains, the general elevation is approximately one thousand feet above the Mississippi river at St. Louis. The county includes some fine lying land, both in river bottoms and on plateau. There is, also, some rough land, fit for pasture or orchard. The roughest is along the Niaugua, the Grand Auglaise, Osage Fork of Gasconade, and the Gasconade rivers, bold, precipitous mountain bluffs bordering the river on one side and river bot- toms on the opposite side. Lebanon, the county seat, is located upon a small body of land nearly level. Its Photo in hcadiny: Fruit farm of E. R. dough, Lebanon. 420 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 40,5t;7 1,257,.^77* $ 370,985 Wheat 18,317 300,585 * 165,320 Oats 4,880 144,900* 38,400 Hay 21,9B9 30,755 t 153,775 Forage 2,140 2,675 1 13,375 Flax 3 18* 20 Broom Corn 11 5,500 t 150 Clover Seed .560* 3,135 Grass Seed 185 * 335 Tobacco 30 21,000 t 1,995 Potatoes 657 65,700 * 21,025 Vegetables 460 23,120 $791,835 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS NUMItEK Cattle 17,273 $ 431.825 Horses 6,669 400,140 Mules 1,703 110,695 Asses and Jennets 80 7,200 Sheep 10,389 31,170 Swine 25.274 252,740 Chickens 75,879 1 Turkeys Geese 2,681 ' 2,6G9 f 69,090 Ducks 1,562 J Swarms of Bees 868 1,925 Honey 29,933:: 30,700 : : 3,615 Wool 5,135 Milk 1,870,784 §( 136,625 Butter 294,521 t \ Eggs 459,240 II 57,405 $1,507, .565 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. LACLEDE COUNTY. 421 location is one of the frequent plateaus which are rapidly being trans- formed into apple orch- ards. Orchards begin- ning to bear are worth $150 to $200 per acre, which is about $3 a tree. One - third of the im- proved lands outside of orchards, can be bought at $10; another one- third at $15 to $20; one- fourth at $25; remain- ing one-twelfth at $30 to $40. A half dozen farms adjoining Leba- non are held at $50 to $60. Seven-twelfths of the county is wild land, free live stock bluestem I'ange, which can be bought at $2.50 to $10. One-half of this is own- ed by speculators and non - residents. Upland soil is a light colored clay over gravelly red clay. Bottom land soil is brown clay alluvial. Soil and climate are the chief elements which make the section one of fruit. Laclede county, at the Paris Exposition, was awarded first prize for "The best display of Apples in the World." Flour is the only manufactured product. Tkaxsportation:^ — Frisco main line, St. Louis to Springfield, is taxed upon 36.35 miles of roadbed. Gasconade, Niangua and Osage Fork of Gasconade are of great value in transportation of railroad ties and logs. Lebanon High School conforms to four years' study, meeting requirements of University of Missouri. Living water is had at depths from 35 to 60 feet, general to mountainous localities. MiNy;i{AL SriuNGs: — At Lebanon is a well one water is said to contain magnesium properties. It is without price. Among the remarkable forma- tions of nature are a saltpetre cave and a natural bridge seven miles west of Lebanon. Fishing and Hunting: — The rivers offer all kinds of game fish, including bass, jacksalmon, crappie, perch, redhorse, buffalo and catfish. There are a few deer; wild turkeys are plentiful, and squirrels, quail, rabbits and foxes are abundant. Towns: — Lebanon, county seat, is the only town larger than the village. It is a fourth-class city, known as the home of the late Richard Parks Bland. A bronze monument to Congressman Bland stands in the court house yard. Lebanon is 56 miles northeast of Springfield, on the Frisco rail- road. It has electric lights, waterworks, two flouring including both Protestant and Catholic. Finance: — County tax, 51 cents; school tax, average 57 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,183,011; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation 65; county debt, $55,000; no township debt. Newspapers: — Lebanon Republican, Sentinel, Rustic; Conway Record. Springs are of a frequency thousand feet deep. The a land of apple oechaeds. mills, and eight churches. LAFAYETTE COUNTY'S 1903 CROP Total Total * Bushel; t Tons. IN CITIZENSHIP; in agriculture; in schools; in coal, Lafayette is one of Missouri's first counties. It has always figured prominently in the history of the State; in agriculture it has been fertile; it is the seat of several leading institutions of learning; its coal output employs two thousand men and brings in a million dollars a year. Lafayette county is located upon the south bank of the Missouri river, thirty miles east of Kansas City. It contains 622 square miles, 398,080 acres, 326,718 acres of which are under culti- vation. There are 3,043 farms averaging 120.8 acres each, worth actually $16,- 071,645. Corn, cattle, horses and mules, hay and wheat afford large agricultural income. In bee raising the county has a distinction. Confederate Home of Mis- souri is located at Higginsville. Population: — Families long established. Population one-fifth German and German descent, located at Concordia and Napoleon; some at Wellington and Higginsville. White, 28,002; colored, 3,677; American born, 29,337; foreign born, 2,342; total, 31,679. Farm homes owned, 3,879; rented, 1,007; other homes owned, 1,733; rented, 1,672; total families, 8,291. Finance: — County tax, 75 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.20; average, 40 cents; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 40; assessed valuation, $11,628,755; county debt, $535,000; township debt, $255,700. Timber: — Timber primevally embraced a two-mile strip along the Missouri river and less wide strips along other streams — total area, 33 per cent. Species were black oak, burr oak, hackberry, walnut, hard and soft maples, locust, white oak, catalpa, red elm, white elm, coffee bean, box elder, alder, and hickory. Growth was large and heavy; 75 per cent cleared. Few porta- ble mills. Coal: — Annual output, 539,612 tons, second largest coal county in Missouri. Mines have been operated sixty years. Vein is eighteen inches to two feet in thickness, forty-five to one hundred and twenty feet from surface. Mines operated at Alma, Bates City, Concordia, Corder, Higginsville, Lexington, Mayview, Odessa, Waterloo, Waverly and Wellington. Operating mines, 54. At Waverly vein is four feet thick. Limestone is taken from bluffs for local consumption; not considered commercially important. Land: — Approximately fifteen sections of rich, black, sandy, alluvial lands along Missouri river, priced at $50 to $60. Subject to overflow, averaging once in seven years. Adjoining these are limestone bluffs, pre- cipitous, rising two hundred feet on the river side but sloping gradually into prairie level upon the south. Soil is limestone, black, fertile. Improvements splen- did. Finest farm house in Missouri is located here, at a cost of $50,000, two miles southeast of Lexington. Enjoying the Bath; Artillery Drill, Wentworth Military 422 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 134,308 5,372,320 * $1,693,280 Wheat 48,948 1,3-^3.700 * 703,630 Oats 11,302 325,148* 84,.540 Hay 32,111 56,195 t 365,270 Forage 2,900 3,915 t 19,725 Fla.\ 86 S60* 895 Broom Corn ■Z'i 15,950 i 440 Clover Seed 2,250 * 12,375 Grass Seed 260* 405 Tobacco 15 13,500 I 1,350 Potatoes 1,256 175,840 * 42,200 Veeetables 1,810 76,320 I $3,999,130 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS NUMBER I VALUE Cattle 38,746 $1 ,259,245 Horses 12,981 865,400 Mules 5,169 387,675 Asses and Jennets 97 97,700 Sheep 8,465 28,215 Swine 77,801 778,010 Chickens 248,4391 Turkeys Gicse 7,972 [ 4,747 [ 188,625 Ducks 3,8)2 J Swarms of Bees 2,908 7,135 Honey 96,933;: 32,4.50 ; 12,115 Wor,l 5,410 Milk 4,126,8)6 !) ) 275,275 Butter 591,406 J f Eggs 1,476,270 II 184,535 $4,001,330 I Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading Academy. LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 423 Prices are $60 to $75 an acre. Balance of the county excepting two rough ridges, is prairie, ranging from undulating to a high, rolling surface. The prices of $60 and $75 limit most of it, though there are a few farms as low as $55 and some at $80. Approaching Higginsville, one farm ^^^ggggj^ '^ co^^^"* sold recently at and one farm near Lexington brought $105 an acre. Ridges which are located at Chapel Hill and Greenton are rocky and rough. Comparatively this land area is small. Farms are found at $20 to $30. One-third of the average farm in this section is too rough for advantageous cultivation. In majority of cases rock is sixty feet from surface. No surface rock. Top soil is loamy, one to four feet deep; in the bottoms endless. The representative farm is well stocked; farming done with modern machinery; land worth $65 an acre; two-story, six room house, large substantial barns, well-kept fencing, five-acre orchard. Furniture and Other Factory Products: — Furniture, flour, pressed brick, beer, tile, and cigars are made. There are four canning factories, and four creameries. Transportation: — Chicago & Alton, 36.70; Missouri Pacific, 42.83; same, Marshall & Boonville branch, 25.55; Higginsville Switch Co., 3.62 miles roadbed. Miles of telephone, 158.20. Schools :^Six high schools in six leading towns. Wentworth Military Acad- emy, established 23 years; military in- structor supplied by United States govern- ment; 125 students; twelve instructors; for boys. Central Female College; Meth- odist Episcopal church. South; 135 stu- dents; endowed; eighteen officers and teachers; organized 1869. Lexington Col- lege for Young Women; Baptist church; 115 pupils; established 1855. At Concor- dia: St. Paul's College; German Lutheran church, 120 pupils; 90 boarding pupils. Odessa College, of Odessa; co-educational, non-sectarian. Newspapers : — Lexington I n t e 1 1 i - gencer. News; Odessa Ledger, Democrat; Higginsville Thalbotte, Leader, Jefferson- ian; Concordia Concordian; Waverly Watchman. $50,000 farm residence, lafayette county. i ili' " 'IIU I it'l— ' ii L-AWRENC&' INER, farmer and tradesman direct the commerce of Lawrence county. Two of its first cities are devoted to mining lead and zinc. Tlie farmer raises wheat, strawberries and small fruits as specialties, in addition to the more staple crops of corn, hay and vegetables, and horses and cattle. Railroad intei'ests are foremost at one point. Another town, besides being center to splendid horticultural and agricultural area, is the seat of a college. With reference to conditions relating higher, Lawrence county is especially noted for its Sunday Schools. First Sunday School south of Missouri river was here founded. County is now under complete organization, including 5,980 homes en- rolled in the work. It is situated 270 miles southwest of St. Louis and 185 miles miles south of Kansas City. It embraces 606 square miles, equal to 387,840 acres, of which 264,343 acres are in cultivation. There are 3,414 farms, averaging 103.1 acres. Total actual valuation is $7,448,660. Population: — White, 31,379; colored, 283; American born, 30,586; foreign born, 1,076; total, 31,662. Farm homes owned, 2,261; rented, 1,085; other homes owned, 1,887; rented, 1,397; total families, 6,630. Finance:' — County tax, 30 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 40 cents to $1.30; total assessed valuation, $6,537,917; estimated one-third actual valua- tion; county debt, $33,000; township debt, $42,000. Timber: — Black oak, white oak, post oak, and black-jack are leading varieties, covering in small sec- ond growth, one-third of county. The first amounts to one-half. Local demand for mining timbers has con- sumed the first growth timber. Hickory and walnut occur along streams. Minerals :^ — One of the important mineral counties of Missouri. Lead and zinc and silicates are mined. Southern half of the county is indicative of mineral deposit; one-seventh is developed. Districts center at Aurora and Stotts City. Outputs average approximately as follows: zinc, 11,959 tons; silicates, 2,364 tons; lead, 460 tons annually. Fine limestone, sandstone and fire clay are found. Land: — Everywhere the county is suitable for farming. Best mines underlie good agricultural lands. Uplands are fertile, dark-colored clay loam, with gravel mixed in, red clay beneath. In central eastern portion and in a few other places where there are hills, stony land is found, but never too rough for cultivation. Bot- toms are sandy loam, rich in vegetable matter and very fertile. South half of county is table land, gently rolling. Photos in heading: Laicrcnce County Courthouse, Mt. Vernon; Pierce City Street Scene; Conyreaational Church, Pierce City. 424 LAWRENCE COUNTY'S 190 2 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 59,709 2,089,815 * $ 658,290 Wheat 100,320 1,906,080* 1,048,345 Oats 15,758 512,135 * 135,715 Hav 11,687 18,695 t 121,520 Forage 1,375 1,835 t 9,175 Flax 1,006 4,024 * 4,185 Broom Corn 8 4,400 X 120 Clover Seed 845* 4,730 Grass Seed 725* 1,160 Tobacco 30 19,500 X 1,950 Potatoes 959 119,875 * 41,955 Vegetables 1,510 66,395 Total 1 1 1 ^2,093.540 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 19,086 $ 572,580 Horses 9,534 619,060 Mules 3,391 237,370 Asses and Jennets 72 7,200 Sheep 4,081 12,245 Swine 26,076 260,760 Chickens 191.0841 Turkeys Geese 5,469 I 2,834 f 4,lt;4j 115,780 Ducks Swarms of Bees 2,285 5,320 Honey 7,167:: 14,540 :: 9,520 Wool 2,425 Milk Butter 2,833,353 §) 584.349 % 1 168,245 Eggs 892,760 II 111,545 Total 1 1 $2,122,100 * Hushels. t Pounds. || Do ten. t Tons. 4 Gallons. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 425 Northern part is prairie; and in the west approaching hilly. Pennsboro prairie upon the east side of Frisco railroad is productively unsurpassed. Best bottom lands are selling at $25 to $35 an acre; best prairie and table lands at $25 to $40. Good farming and fruit growing lands are plentiful at $15 to $25 an acre. Ridge lands, under improvement, are variously valued at $10 to $15 an acre. Fruit and Fruit Laxds: — All up- lands are adapted to fruit raising. Climate, soil and surface are favor- able to fruit. Subsoil is porous. Strawberries are largely grown in vi- cinities of Logan and Marionville. In the latter vicinity are 5,000 acres of commercial apple and peach orch- ards. An average shipment of ap- ples is 24,078 barrels annually, and thirty-one thousand crates of straw- berries for the year. There are sev- ■ eral small nurseries. Manufactories: — Flouring mills, planing mills, canning factories, saw mills, carding mill, distillery, creamery, brick plants, iron foundry, wagon factories, felloe factory, lime works. Transportation: — Main line and branch of Frisco, and White River Branch of Missouri Pacific give direct connection with St. Louis and Kansas City. There are twenty miles of fine gravel roads in the county. Springs: — Paris Springs, on Sac river, in northwest corner of county, and Spring River Head, near Marionville and Verona, are small local camping places. Water of former is claimed to be of mineral properties. Towns: — Aurora, mining town, population, 6,191; gravelled streets, electric lights and gas, waterworks. Pierce City, railroad town, 2,151; Marionville, 1,290, fruit center; Mt. Vernon, county seat, 1,206; Stotts City, mining, population 902; Miller, Verona, Bowres Mills, Friestatt, Lawrenceburg, Chesapeake, Paris Springs and Logan. Schools: — Aurora and Pierce City have school system headed by high schools, whose diplomas admit without examination to University of Missouri. One hundred school districts, each supplied with proper facilities. Marionville Collegiate Institute and an Industrial School for Boys are further educational institutions at Marionville. Lawrence County Sunday School Association: — Organized 1870, holds an- nual conventions; embraces 100 schools; 940 officers and teachers; 7,920 scholars (children of school age in county, 8,860) ; two whole municipal townships with ev- ery home, and sixty school districts with every member of each family connected. The famous Lawrence County Map shows every home in the county and its relation to the work. Newspapers: — Mt. Vernon Fountain and Journal, Record, Chieftain; Pierce City, Journal, Democrat; Aurora Adver- tiser-Herald, Argus; Stotts City Sun- apple packing, marionville, lawrence beam; Marionville Free Press. county. GENERAL agriculture and pearl button manufacturing support Lewis county. Corn and wheat are raised; cucumbers are grown and pickled in immense quantities; tomatoes and other vegetables are preserved. Canton and LaGrange, located upon the Mississippi river, are important steamboat shipping points. They are also loca- tion of as many colleges. Western Lewis county is devoted to cattle and horse raising. County contains 510 square miles surface, 326,400 acres, of which 235,- 437 acres are improved farms. These number 2,277, averaging 136 acres in culti- vated, pasture, timber and waste lands. Farm properties are estimated at $6,- 987,420 actual value. Population: — White, 15,680; colored, 1,044; American born, 16,210; foreign born, 514; total, 16,724. Farm homes owned, 1,600; rented, 617; other homes owned, 891; rented, 657; total families, 3,765. Finance: — County tax, 45 cents; school tax, from 16 cents to $1.05; average, 60 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,330,646; 40 per cent of actual valuation; no county debt; township debt, $30,000. Timber:' — Originally covered eastern one-third and land elsewhere adjacent streams, total amounting to one-half surface; consisted of oak, hickory, sugar tree, walnut, ash, maple, two-thirds of which have been cleared. Most people burn coal, which saves wood sup- ply. Half a dozen portable saw mills dot county. Sawed posts sell at 15 cents; cordwood, $3 to $4. Land: — One-half the county area is prairie land, covering western one-third and ridges alternating with streams running northwest to southeast in whatever other portions of county found. One-third of county is hill land and shading into bluff land; the balance is bottom land, the Mississippi bottom growing to three miles in width north of Canton, and likewise widening as one goes south from LaGrange. Extreme width of latter is nine miles. Prairie land averages $40 per acre; from $25 to $40, with an occasional well improved farm at $65. Best hill land averages the same; from $20 up to $100 within a mile of Canton and LaGrange. First bottom land brings $20 to $50; second bottom, which is higher elevation, $50 to $100, quantity of first being in excess of second. North Fabius, Middle Fabius and Wyaconda rivers have narrow bottoms. Probably 5,000 acres of bluff land along Mississippi, which can be bought at $10 an acre. One-half of all the land in county may be had at $30. Manufactures: — At Canton are four button facto- ries, which make their product from mussel shells taken from the Mississippi river. Four hundred men are employed in pearl button manufacture and in the Christian University, Canton, 426 LEWIS COUNTY'S 1902 C ROP VALUE 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT Corn 66,750 2,603,250 * 1 793,990 Wheal 6,890 160,540 * 96,33o Oats 7,753 294,615 * 73,655 Hay 43,980 65,965 t 362,810 Forage 4,210 4,910 t 24,550 Broom Corn 6 3,000 t Clover Seed 200* 1,320 GrMss Seed 2,:i,50 * 3,290 Tobacco 18 17,100 t 1,.540 Potatoes 565 67,560 * 16,890 Vegetables 935 30,460 Total 1 1 $1 ,394,915 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Catt'e 28,483 $ 925,697 Horses 9,681 645,400 Mules 1,870 140,2.50 Asses and Jennets 57 .5,700 Sheep 1 6,083 48,250 Swine .37,821 378,210 Chickens 139,4441 Turkeys 4,562 1 3,5<45 r 137,680 Geese Ducks 1,125) Swarms of Bees 2,130 4,430 Honey 71,000:: 58,200:: 8,875 Wool 9,700 Milk 2,034,886 § 1 126 'ifl'i Butter 357,616 t (■ Kggs 857,890 II 107,235 Total 1 1 $2,537,792 * Bushels. \ Pounds. | Doz sn. t Tons. § Gallons. Photo in heading LEWIS COUNTY. 427 exportation of mussel pearl used for nicknack ornamentation. A plan- ing mill employs fifty men; a flour- ing mill sends flour to England and Scotland as well as into various cities of America; two salting KOT FAR FROM THE MISSISSIPPI. iSHELBY" CO ' ] MARION plants preserve pickles and tomato pulp; a canning factory and glass bottle goods factory uses large quantities of cucumbers; one car load of artesian well water is shipped weekly, and Canton also has a wholesale lumber yard. LaGrange has a large flouring mill, four button blank factories, and one finishing plant. Transportation: — St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern; Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City. Ten miles of pike roads out of Canton; drag system on dirt roads is highly successful. Schools and Colleges: — Christian University, Canton, founded 1851; Col- lege of Art and Science, Bible. Commercial College and Conservatory of Music; co-educational; LaGrange College, at LaGrange, established forty years; under supervision of Baptists; 100 students; co-educational; academic and music. There are four high schools: Canton, LaGrange, LaBelle, and Lyon, the latter being a co-operative high school supported by districts of Lyon township. There are eleven churches in Canton and seven in La Grange. Artesian Wells: — Two artesian wells are located at LaGrange, and one at Canton. Water is bottled and shipped from all. Towns: — Canton, 14 miles macadamized streets and al- leys; public ownership water- works, horse fire department, electric lights. Ferry crosses river. Manufacturing, ship- ping, and farming. LaGrange location of LaGrange College; electric lights, public owner- ship; boat shipping point; manufacturing and farming. LaBelle, Lewistown, Monti- cello, all farming centers; lat- ter is county seat. Poultry interests are of considerable importance to towns. Newspapers : — LaGrange Tribune, Indicator; LaBelle Star; Lewistown Leader; Monticello: Lewis County Journal; Canton News, Press, Christian Educator. a north Missouri apiaby. LINCOLN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. t Tons. LINCOLN lies upon the west bank of the Mississippi river, forty miles north of St. Louis. Leading commercial and industrial activities are builded upon agriculture, live stock and horticulture. It is one of Missouri's leading wheat producing counties and also produces corn to the extent of a million or more dollars annually. Cattle, horses and mules and hogs are among surplus products of every farm; Buchanan College, at Troy, county seat, is a felt influence; and a distinguishing feature upon the east side of the county is that of the club house, several of which have been erected. County acreage is 382,720, equal to 598 square miles; improved farms embrace 252,984 acres of plow land. There are 2,763 farms, in average size, 92.9 acres. Valued at $7,726,050. Population : — Estimated one-sixth German and German descent, mainly found in the south end of the county. White, 16,621; colored, 1,731; American born, 17,685; foreign born, 667; total, 18,352. Farm homes owned, 1,982; rented, 798; other homes owned, 630; rented, 503; total, 3,913. Finance: — County tax, $1.07; school tax up to $1; average, 38 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,445,454, one-third of actual valuation; county debt, $184,000; no township debt. Coal: — Underlies ten thousand acres in vicinity of Hawk Point and Truxton. Fields have just been opened. Burlington railroad building switch. Hereto- fore local demands have been supplied; mineral, wagon hauled. Near Silex are vast deposits of white sand, suitable for glass manufacture. Portland cement ma- terials are found in abundance near Elsberry. Neither sand nor stone is utilized. Land: — Beginning on the east with the strip of bottom land bounded by limestone cliffs traced by the St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern railroad, the land therein is of two classes: upper, protected; and lower, unprotected. Land levee-protected in north end sells at $50 to $75 an acre, owing to improvements and loca- tion. Behind the levee, near Winfield, land brings $50 to $60. In southeast section of the strip, low bottom 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 79,175 3,562,905 * §1,086,705 Wheat 43,540 1,042,150* 625,310 Oats 16,330 63(i,8:i0 * 159,310 Hay 19,880 29,815 t 223,615 Forage 1,100 1,285 ■■ 1,000:: 6,425 Broom Corn 2 30 Clover Seed 150* 1,000 Crass Seed 35* 50 Tobacco 25 23,750 t 2,140 Potatoes 605 75,875 * 18,970 Vegetables 955 65,365 I $2,188,820 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER 25,678 10,111 1,752 56 10,827 48,534 100,4.39 1 6,704 ! 6,370 f 2,038 J 1,703 56,767 J 44,275 i 2,434,268 § I 373,344 t t 1,099,260 I 834,535 674,065 131,400 5,600 32,480 485,340 161,930 3,805 7,095 7,380 1.50,185 137,405 12,631,220 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heading ; In Westet-n Lincoln County. 428 LINCOLN COUNTY 429 PIKE Jl COUNTY >^ 1 1 ,„«.,^9»»«- f-; ^ ^ _._._.__.._„^j ^ ^-^\^^ ' "^ J ■\- — InA -''"-^ /fe'"'" ) •^Ti «.rf::;:;;;n^^^ ff\ ■tO LoviisviUA /-^v/ / /^ jS m M f-/ a * i i i -4i ^ WhiMTde. J ^ El5bern Vs i 75^" :^,,Kv.^ .-'''' ^^. \ 1 (j) Auburn ■W**^ 1 1*- 1- >- ; SC-^Oh '^^T^-^'^^'I^^^^L ^J—^ >--.-„ \ "A n\° ll O Olncy . 1^ x^V^-"i ^ ^ Xb^ A I n^ ol i, P...wj^ '^^^^^^v^ ^^JZ^^^' ^^ ™l 1^ ^G^^ ^^^ J^l^Mle i. \ r \ 1> o ^ Wrnfield, ^ 1 ro /.^utS •s^L/^ .k ..„ ■'■"ox^'-^^^ii^s^,. C ^-v_^ 5eS*^^ v/%,) ! Y^i^^^ CA^yc^Go '^^-'"-^'»- >-? "^-^^aa/ TBlv^ion^ \ Si /"l^^^^V^ Mo«,w Mmsv" Highviciv O355 gs»| *• )\ \ V o! ! L„,ns M,lls\ '^5^*S^";o„;^ (J^ -x^' ^-^^^^ z! xr^^"^ V '\]P / fl \ z! ^^-^.^jvSSi^-- .^•^'^ 1 f ST. CHARLES ^1 land, subject to overflow, sells as low as $5 or $10, up to $30. Low portions of the middle townships are of similar value. This land often adjoins higher bot- tom worth $50 and $60. Soil in the bottom varies from a very sandy loam to a heavy black bottom soil, all exceedingly rich. West of this strip defined by a line north and south through New Hope, Brus- sels and a point three miles east of Moscow, lies a strip of hill land rising in places one hundred and fifty feet above the valleys and worth $40, $50 or $G0 an acre. Better portions are situated in the north- ern and southern one- thirds. Cuivre river and other stream valleys comprise choicest of the strip. Adjacent to this on the west for an average width of six miles is a rougher, less productive land, selling for $10 to $30, depending upon amount of creek bottom land embraced. West of this land gets gradually better, increasing in price to a range of $20 to $35. Land west of Troy brings as high as $40; that to the northward, $25, and Cuivre bottom land, $60, all being within a few miles of town. More desirable locations around Elsberry bring $40 to $60. In extreme northeast Lincoln county are a series of round-rising hills, three hundred to four hundred feet high, trending north and south, peculiarly valuable as fruit lands. Section is known as "Knob Lands." High rolling prairie occupies western one- third of county. All west of line from Louisville to Millwood and southwardly through Linn's Mill, is of this character, except frequent bluffs are found along creeks. Prairie sells at $30 to $40 an acre, except in extreme southwest, where it can be had at $15 to $30. Best improvements are in northeast, southeast, west central and southwest sections. Two-thirds land grew oak, ash, hickory, walnut, maple, elm, sycamore, ash, linden and hackberry. Flour: — Is the leading manufactured product. Mills at Troy, Winfield, Moscow and Silex. Transportation:^ — St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern, 21 miles roadbed; St. Louis & Hannibal, 33 miles; Burlington, 31 miles. Turnpike Roads: — Twenty-three miles, connecting Elsberry to New Hope; Auburn to Silex to Olney. Twelve miles of rock and gravel road extends south and southwest from Troy. Buchanan College: — At Troy; enrollment, 119; established 1894. Nonsec- tarian. Winfield is location of sulphur spring; Whiteside location of lithia water spring; undeveloped. Club houses along sloughs and lakes fringing the Missis- sippi river, owned largely by St. Louis sportsmen. Towns: — Troy, Elsberry, Winfield, Silex, Moscow, Truxton, Foley, Olney, Whiteside and New Hope; all supported by agriculture. Newspapers : — Troy Free - Press ; Silex Index; Elsberry Democrat. of good breeding. Mm.. .JA ^ & \ 1 K^ lii.,./w^."^^*^u.i^^5 l^ri rwM ,r-JtR^sHj^-:/ ^ .r !,* *fc:i^ai»«iy Ti^isSi^^" 1- '-i -.r^ &\^.'' ARMING and stockraising, rail- roading and manufacturing are the activities employing Linn's population. The county is lo- cated in northern Missouri, twenty miles north of the Missouri river, half-way between St. Joseph and Han- nibal. Cattle and corn values add three millions; horses and mules contri- bute a million and two railroad division points account for a million dollars to Linn county. In square miles there are 620, or 396,800 acres, 304,- 720 acres of which are improved farms. There are 2,925 farms, embracing 134.5 acres each of land utilized for grain, pasture and feed-lot purposes; value, $9,297,810. Population: — White, 24,717; colored, 786; Amer- ican born, 24,455; foreign born, 1,048; total, 25,503. Farm homes owned, 2,211; rented, 644; other homes owned, 1,600; rented, 1,309; total families, 5,764. Finance: — County tax 32 cents on $100 valuation; school tax average 50 cents; total assessed valuation $7,005,000; one-third of real valuation. No county debt; no township debt. Mining: — Eight coal shafts operating; 307 men employed; 79,221 tons annual output, worth $139,440. Veins 26 to thirty inches thick, 130 to 210 feet deep; mines located near Brookfield, Marceline, Bucklin and Ste. Catharine. Timber: — Once covered sixty per cent of surface, being the eastern one-half and ten per cent along streams of other portions. Embraced white, burr, black, red and pin oak, ash, sycamore, hickory, walnut and elm. Two-thirds removed. Portable saw mills in every township. Walnut logs have in past made an industry, and are yet exported from Purdin, Brown- ing and Brookfield; likewise white oak railroad ties. Hickory cord wood is shipped to Omaha for meat cur- ing. Land: — Western one-half of Linn county is a roll- ing prairie with occasional small streams. It is sel- dom flat except in creek bottoms. Eastern half em- braces strips of a billowy sort of praiiie, though this Hei'eford Caltle; Hay Rake Faclory, Linneus. 430 LINN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 83,686 3,765,870 * $1,148,590 Wheat 3,630 88,120 * 52,370 Oats 5,266 173,780* 4.3,445 Hay 77,000 115,495 t 635,225 Forage 4,930 5,750 t 28,750 Flax V/2 10* 10 Broom Corn 3 1,500 X 40 Clover Seed 50* 330 Grass Seed 22J,000 * 30,800 Tobacco 16 15,200 t 1,370 Potatoes 780 1)7,750* 24,440 Vegetables 1,030 50,505 * Total 1 1 1 « 2,015,775 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 54,254 1 1,763,355 Horses 12,710 847,335 Mules 1,725 129,375 Asses and Jennets 45 4,500 Sheep 14.840 44,.520 Swine 39,974 399,740 Chickens 166,0761 Turkeys 5,165 ! 6,689 [ 147,285 Geese Ducks 2,536 1 Swarms of Bees 3,1 a5 9,140 Honey 104,167 X 13,020 Wool 67,070 X 11,180 Milk 3,143,211 § / 217,730 Butter 59n,412 X \ Eggs 956,570 II 117,073 Total 1 1 |;3,704,150 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Doi len. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in Iwadiny LINN COUNTY. 431 part is mostly hill land, once covered with timber and con- tains infrequent bluffs and ravines. Blue grass is indige- nous. Best prairie land sells at $50 to $65, with good farms at $40. One-half of this land brings $50. Eastern half sells at $20 to $45, a few farms reaching $50. One-half of this sells at $30. Around Brookfield land is in in- crease of price over the same land less favored in location with reference to market. Hill land reaches $90 in rare in- stances. Bottoms along Yellow, Locust, Parsons, Turkey and East Yellow creeks are from a quarter of a mile to two miles wide. Farms bring $20 for first or low bottom subject to over- flow, up to $50 for that more ele- vated. Soil is black, alluvial. Prairie soil is black, vegetable mould, ten to thirty inches deep, favorable to grass, vegetables, corn, oats, rye. Ma^jufactgries : — Hay stacker manufacturing companies at Linneus and Bi'owning; pressed and vitrified brick yards, iron casting works, cigar factory at Brookfield; railroad shops at Brookfield and Marceline. Transportatton:^ — Railroad interests cover four roads, two of which, the Burlington and the Santa Fe, have shops and division points within the county; former at Brookfield and latter at Marceline. Other roads are Wabash, St. Louis to Omaha, and Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City, from Carrollton, Missouri, to Burlington, Iowa. Dirt roads are well graded and dragged; steel bridges 104. High Schools: — Brookfield, Linneus and Marceline. Towns: — Brookfield: Population, 5,484; railroad, farming, mining; sew- erage, waterworks, electric lights, gas, fire department; business streets vitri- fied brick. Marceline: Population, 2,638; railroad, farming, mining; electric lights, waterworks. Railroad salaries in both towns amount to $80,000 monthly. Each town is location of railroad shops, division offices and the home of train- men. Linneus is county seat; electric lights; Meadville, Bucklin, Laclede, Brown- ing, Purdin and Ste. Catherine are vigorous, healthful farming centers. Further Information: — For further information address Secretary Commer- cial Club, Brookfield. Newspapers: — Brookfield Gazette, Budget, Argus; Marceline Mirror; Laclede Blade; Meadville Messenger; Bucklin Herald; Browning Leader-Record; Lin- neus News; Linneus Bulletin. MILKING TIME. UVINGSTON LIVINGSTON is one of Missouri's first counties by virtue of four fore- most causes: agriculturally it is among the leading; it is a center of livestock; intersection of three main line railroads one of which maintains a division point at Chillicothe; location of Chillicothe Nor- mal School. County is situated sixty miles due east of St. Joseph. Five hundred and twenty square miles of land, equal to 332,800 acres, are embraced. Acreage under cultivation 246,638; number of farms, 2,752; average size 116.7 acres including lands of various characters; total estimated value $8,492,481. Hereford, Shorthorn and Galloway cattle herds are among the rich- est in the State. Chillicothe is one of the largest mule and horse markets in Missouri. Population:. — Fifty Welsh families near Dawn. White, 21,507; colored, 795; American born, 21,463; foreign born, 839; total, 22,302. Farm homes owned, 1,896; rented, 794; other homes owned, 1,289; rented, 958; total families, 4,937. Finance: — County tax 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax 10 cents to 90 cents, average, 40 cents; total assessed valuation $7,904,549; assessed valuation per cent of real value, 30; no county debt; no township debt. Land: — Three classes of land are found: broad bottoms along Grand river and Medicine creek; high rolling prairie between east fork of Grand river and Medicine creek, running north from center of county, and across the county south of Grand river bottom; and rougher, hill land, between forks of Grand river. Grand river bottom reaches three miles in width and Medicine creek bottom averages two miles wide. Se- rious overflows once in seven years. Price $25 to $40; reaching $60 within three miles of Chillicothe. Soil black loam, less fertile in spots in southeast. Ridge land, rolling prairie, best of the county's offerings, em- bracing one-third the county, $40 to $65. Altitude 970 feet average. Soil deep above impervious clay. Rougher, hill land, between forks of Grand river, and small strip south of Dawn, $25 to $45. Fine orchards and blue grass meadows are characteristic. Fine farm improvements; number of elegant country homes. Wheat adaptable to all lands. Blue grass native. Farm yields for last year are as follows: 87,790 acres in corn, crop 5,000,000 bushels; 25,891 in wheat, raised 850,000 bushels; 10.780 acres in rye; grew 275,448 bushels; A Representative Cattle Barn; Corrector, T. F. B. Sotham, LIVINGSTON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES 1 PKODDCT VAU'E Corn 86,709 3,685.133 * $1,160,815 Wheat 8,500 212,440 * 122,1.50 Oats 4,4.56 178,240 * 46.340 Hay 46,568 81,495 t 407,475 Forage 4,085 5,445 t 27,225 Broom Corn 118 64,900 t 1,785 Clover Seed 410* 2,2.'J5 Grass Seed 4,140* 6,415 Tobacco 14 12,600 t 1,360 Potatoes 899 112,375* 26,970 Vegetables 835 50,975 Total 1 1 §1,853,665 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 36,928 SI, 300,1 60 Horses 11.590 772.665 Mules 1,727 139,525 Asses and Jen nets 40 4,600 Sheep 10,7.39 35,795 Swine .54,811 548,110 Chickens 160,9981 Turkeys Geese 2,755 I 2,617 f 121,435 Ducks 2,055 j Swarms of Be es 3,476 8,205 Honey 115,867:: 55,350: 14,485 Wool 9.225 Milk 3,049,085 § 1 201,655 Butter 595,562 J i Eggs 916,110 II 114,51.') Total 1 1 $3,160,375 * Bushels. t Pounds. II Doi ,en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in heading Chillicothe. 432 LIVINGSTON COUNTY 433 i GRUNDY COUNTY 0. _ ■i i i i -i i i > t- z O o z z ..-..-^ O o tz 1 ^"~"^ ?:!M„..yUne . '"'"AV ^ - C. Springhill^ J^ "O B*anners\nIIe (ff '^Z SlurgesC) ^X A P UJ j JX^ 'wDawn X^^^-^xJ^t; T[ I Bluemound O 1 1 7.f~ CARRbll / "'-.V j'^ BcdtorJ r ''■^^^ Avalon J> ■ ~ '^ COUNTY ^•^ \ 11,328 acres of oats, crop of 30 bushels to acre; 46,550 acres in timothy hay, raised 98,490 tons of hay and five to fifteen bushels seed; one-half uncultivated lands are in blue grass. Poultry and Dairying: — Poultry and eggs are large source of income. From Chilli- cothe alone there were shipped last year 652,372 pounds of poul- try; 125 car loads of eggs gath- ered from Livingston and sur- rounding counties; 2 0,000 pounds of wool; one-half million pounds of hides and $20,000 worth of raw furs gathered within radius of 100 miles; 60,- 000 pounds tallow and 2,000 pounds beeswax. Farmers are rapidly increasing dairying in- terests. Chillicothe is mule market center for buyers active over portions of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois and Nebraska. Railroads: — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul division-end employs 300 men at Chillicothe. Mileage within county: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, 31.08; Burlington, 23.62; Wabash, 25.61; Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City, 3.07. Schools: — Chillicothe High School approved by University of Missouri. Catholic church has schools for boys, for girls and a monastery; also hospital. Young Ladies' Academy is conducted by Sisters of St. Joseph; 200 pupils; seven teachers; literary, scientific, music, art and needle-work. St. Columbian Parish School has 125 boys and girls enrolled. Franciscan Monastery connected with church; three fathers. Hospital conducted by St. Mary sisters; cost $35,000; eleven trained nurses. One hundred families in St. Joseph's parish. State Industrial Home for Girls; 110 inmates, corresponds to Training School for Boys at Boonville. Maupin's Business College; 100 students. Chillicothe Nor- mal School; private educational institution; 746 students enrolled; nineteen in faculty; established 23 years. Water: — Chillicothe is supplied from driven wells alongside Grand river. At 350 feet is found sulpho-saline water; Mooresville Mineral Spring; Roach lake and Dayton lake near Chillicothe are play grounds. Towns: — Chillicothe, county seat, railroad center; waterworks, gas, electric light; school town; live stock market; flouring mills; department store employ- ing fifty people; foundry; Chula, Wheeling, Utica, Mooresville, Dawn, farming centers. Newspapers: — Chillicothe Democrat, Constitution, Tribune, Crisis; Chula News of Chula; Wheeling Democrat; Utica Herald; Avalon Aurora. HORSES frank PLATTER, CHILLICOTHE. Mo. — 28 Mcdonald county's 1902 crop Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. ONE hundred and sixty-five miles south of Kansas City, in the extreme southwest corner of Missouri, is McDonald county, embracing 580 square miles of land surface. Its 87,712 acres of improved lands are devoted to fruit and to grain. The balance of the county, 283,488 acres, is timbered and unimproved. As a whole the county is moun- tainous. Number of farms, 2,066; average size, 90.3 acres; estimated actual val- uation, $2,111,536. Leading farm products are corn, horses, hogs, cattle, wheat, butter and milk, eggs, hay. Population: — White, 13,560; colored, 14; American born, 13,474; foreign born, 100; total, 13,574. Farm homes owned, 1,446; rented, 599; other homes owned, 385; rented, 353; total families, 2,783. Finance: — County tax, 60 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 40 cents to 81 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,213,516; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 50, on improved lands; assessment based on $1.25 an acre for unimproved lands. Timber: — Consists of all varieties of oak; hickory, walnut, wild cherry, sycamore, maple, ash and locust. Formerly there was a small per cent of pine, but this has been removed. Saw mills are located at South- west City, Pineville, Lanagan, and Madge. There are many portable mills, making mine props and hard- wood lumber used in adjoining sections. Native lum- ber, $1. Coal:-— One mine at McNatt; operations small. Tiff is plentiful, but not extensively utilized. Lead, I I $705,740 zinc, and iron indications are found, but there are no mines. Land: Character and Price: — Surface of McDon- ald embraces all characters of land. One-fourth of the county, largely in the north one-half, is high, flat land, timbered with large growth trees. Four plots are prai- rie, being about equally divided among the four cor- ners of the county, embrace 38,000 acres. The balance is rough, broken land, precipitous along the streams, and river and creek bottoms, alluvial and fertile. The chief bottoms lie along Elk and Indian rivers, and Buf- falo and Sugar creeks. Southeast portion of the county is most rugged. The soil of prairies is a prairie loam, varying in color from mulatto to black. Improved Dozen. farms here are worth $20 to $30, with a very few farms bordering towns bringing $40 to $50. Flatwoods soil is 1 ACRES TRODUCT VALUE Corn 28,954 1,013,390* $ 319,220 Wheat 24,985 424,745 * 232,610 Oats 2,343 58, .575 * ]5,.520 Hay 7,811 11,715 t 82,005 Forage 895 1,195 t 5,975 Flax 7 28* oO Broom Corn 20 11,000 X 315 Clover Seed 450* 2, .520 Grass Seed 40* 65 Cotton 15 4,500 1 22,750 I 315 Tobacco 35 2,275 Potatoes 471 37,680 * 13,190 Vegetables 635 30,700 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Cattle 9,697 $ 242,425 Horses 4,533 •271,380 Mules 1,4131 93,015 Asses and Jennets 71 6,390 Sheep 6,568 19,700 Swine 23,363 233,630 Chickens 87,016 1 Turkeys (ieese 2,644 1 2,374 C 42,925 Ducks 2,534 J Swarms of Bees 7S7 1,780 Honey 26,233 t 19,880 I 3,280 \Vo<,l 3.315 Milk 1,418,138 § ( 99,310 Butter 252,876 t f Kggs 649,570 II 81,1115 I $1,098,350 t Founds. § Gallons Photo in heading : Apples by the Acres. 434 I McDonald county. 435 generally mulatto, though in some places it is of less fertile color. This is the ideal apple orchard land, worth $10 to $15. Bottom land, all of which is now in cultivation and improved with buildings, sells at $25 to $35. The rough, bluffy land is very largely unimproved. It sells at $2.50 to $4 an acre. It bears gravel. For fruit production it is first class. Eighty thousand acres of hill land in the county are owned by non-resident companies, which hold the property at $3 to $4 an acre, making effort to se- cure families for settle- ment. It is estimated that $5 per acre would con- vert this land into culti- vable shape. Manufactures : — Flour, lumber, railroad ties, mining timbers, logs constitute the manufac- tured products. Timber for railroad ties, mining timbers, and hardwood lumber is inexhaustible. It is found upon two hundred and fifty thousand acres. Transportation: — Direct railroads to Kansas City, St. Louis, and the south- west. Kansas City Southern has 20.96 miles; Frisco, 2.20 miles of taxed track. Sunday Schools: — In this regard the county is unusual. Along railroads and in northern half, churches are easily accessible. Sunday Schools are organ- ized at each of these places. Elsewhere school houses are pressed into service. Schools: — Southwest City has high schools. Pineville, Anderson, and Lana- gan, schools of more than one room. Springs: — Are numerous. Saratoga, Indian, Healing, Sulphur, Lanagan and Noel Springs claim laxative properties. Fisii AND Game: ^Salmon, perch, suckers, and catfish are caught from small streams. Wild turkey shooting is a chief pastime for sportsmen, both local and non-resident. Towns: — Pineville, county seat; Southwest City, population 691; Tiff City, population 164; Indian Springs; Anderson; Lanagan, railroad point for county seat. All are supported by fruit and farming interests. Newspapers: — Pineville Democrat, Herald; Anderson Argus; Southwest City Republic; Rocky Comfort; McDonald County Guide. PARTIAL view OF ORCHARD AT LANAGAN. MACON M MACON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES Corn 103,410 Wheat 5,850 Oats 4,155 Hay 7:3,020 For;ige 10,500 Broom Corn 75 Clover Seed Grass Seed Tobacco 45 Potatoes 1,095 Vegetables 1,225 4,446,555 * 146,200 * 141,200* 115,230 t 12,250 t 37,000 t 75* 2,750 * 40,850 t 130,430 * 11,356,200 87,730 35,300 576,150 01 ,250 1,020 495 3,850 3,675 30,115 59,325 Total * Bushels. t Tons. ACON is the greatest coal producing county of Missouri. It is in tlie St. Joseph-Hannibal latitude, and the third county west of the Mississippi river. There are seventeen mines, operating to the aggregate output of 1,198,133 tons a year. Schools are of the highest plane. Blees Military Academy, at Macon, is one of the foremost military schools in the west. Manufacturing is a large industrial element, to the end of the county's advance position. Agriculture and live stock add largely to the gross worth of the 4,233 farms-^$l,500 to every farmer for these two items. The aggregate of the cat- tle, corn and horses and mules overreach the million dollar mark. These three items in one year amounted to $4,270,270. Population: — ^White, 31,438; colored, 1,580; Ameri- can born, 31,122; foreign born, 1,896; total, 33,018. Farm homes owned, 3,221; rented, 997; other homes owned, 1,547; rented, 1,620; total families, 7,385. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundi-ed dollars valuation; school tax from 10 cents to $1.50; average, 47 cents; total assessed valuation, $11,211,497; farm real estate is assessed on basis of 25 per cent of actual valuation; town real estate on 33 1-3 per cent basis. Timber: — Originally there stood a large area of timber, mostly in the western half of the county. It grew largest along the Chariton river and its many tributaries. Oaks, hickory, elm, and walnut were the most numerous. Considerable timber remains to-day, and is to be had at almost any price. Minerals: — Coal is the greatest mineral. Mines are located near Ardmore, Keota, Bevier, Lingo, and Macon. The same seam of mineral is worked through- out the county. It averages four feet in thickness, at a depth of eighty to one hundred and fifty feet. Nine- teen hundred men are employed in the mines. Clay $ 2,215,100 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 48,518 $ 1,576,835 Horses 15,869 1,057,935 Mules 3,724 279,.300 Asses and Jennets 230 23,000 Sheep 16,608 49,825 Swine 42,266 422.660 Chickens 223,979 "1 Turkeys Geese 6,912 V 6,075 j 3,031 J 171,465 Ducks Swarms of Bees 5,590 12,720 Honey 186,333:: 63,700:: 23,290 Wool 10,615 Milk Butter 3,7«5,.304 § ( 749,608 t f 242,835 Eggs 1,239,460 11 154,930 I § 4,025.410 I Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading: Coal M initio Scenes, Macon County. 436 I ': MACON COUNTY 437 foi' brick manufacture is used for building purposes within the county. Lime- stone is deposited along all the streams. Sand is avail- able along the Chariton river. Land: — In physical area the county contains 820 square miles of land surface, 524,800 acres, of which 364,444 are in a state of cultivation. The actual farming value of land in the county is esti- mated in aggregate at $13,- 586,963. This estimate does not consider the mineral value. Coal varying in thickness from three feet to four feet ten inches un- derlies the land and fore- stalls accurate attempt at genei'al valuation estimate. Dealing with the purely agricultural value of the land, one-half of the coun- ty may be bought for $45 an acre, and the balance, lying mainly along streams and bearing" numerous small strips of second growth timber, at $27.50. Macon comes within the blue- grass belt. Blue grass takes all pastures. The eastern half of the county is of comparatively level lay, and the soil is the vegetable loam common to the level prairie of northeast Missouri. It grows all grains of the zone. Soil is of a uni- form depth, two to four feet, over clay. The western half of the county is roll- ing. Along the streams are frequent cliffs, confined to a perpendicular height of forty feet. Owing to the rolling character of the land, soil depth varies more than in the eastern half, ranging from six inches on hilltops to six feet on lesser altitude. Blue grass is native. Manufactures: — These are not numerous, though they are of comparatively large individual size. At Macon is a large wagon and carriage factory, a scissor manufacturing plant, products of which are sold throughout this section of States. There are also flouring mills of considerable capacity, cold storage plants, cigar factories, brick making establishments. Transportation: — Hannibal & St. Joseph; Wabash main line; Iowa & St. Louis; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe; Missouri & Louisiana short line. Towns: — Macon county seat, population 4,068; supported by mining, manufacturing, school and farming interests. La Plata, popu- lation 1,345, a cattle and agricultural center, situated upon high prairie. Bevier, population 1,808, mining and agriculture. Callao, 498; Ethel, 397; New Cambria, 325; Elmer, 236, and College Mound, 230, are supported mainly by agricultural and live stock interests. Newspapers: — Macon: Times-Democrat, Republican, Record; New Cambria Independent; La Plata Home Press, Republican; Bevier Appeal; Callao Herald; Atlanta News; Ethel Courier. ^* it is now .ug up INING of lead, niclvel, cobalt, copper, granite, marble, and iron, consti- tutes the chief industrial interest of Madison county, seventy-miles due south of St. Louis. In the northern part of the county is located Mine La Motte, center of the district. This mine has been operated continuously for one hundi-ed and thirty-two years and periodically for sixty-eight years prior to the commencement of its continuous oper- ation. It has yielded lead, nickel and cobalt in the main; copper in addition. Madison county embraces 492 square miles of land, equal to 314,880 acres. Second to min- ing in industrial importance is farming. Sixty-seven thousand, two hundred and twenty-five acres are under cultivation, the rest being timbered or mine properties. There are 1,163 farms, of an average size of 127 acres, of an estimated actual valuation of $1,968,770. Private dairying is increasing among the best farmers. Pro- ducts of milk and butter now amount to $67 a year for each farmer in the county. Population: — White, 9,732; colored, 243; Ameri- can born, 9,800; foreign born, 175; total, 9,975. Farm homes owned, 890; rented, 289; other homes owned, 283; rented, 527; total families, 1,989. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 40 cents to 80 cents; average, 60 cents; assessed valuation, $2,261,571; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 65; county debt, $4,800; no township debt. Timber: — Good timber is yet abundant. Hardwood lumber and railroad tie exports are considerable. White oak logs three feet in diameter find their way to the railroad. Fredericktown is a timber center. Along St. Francis river, in the western part, are large bodies of white oak in almost undisturbed state. White oak is the chief timber. Next to white oak in point of com- mercial value is pine, in southwestern corner of the county. Black oak, post oak, yellow oak, elm, sycamore and maple are other varieties. Photos in heading: Silver Dam, 8t. Francis River; La Motte District Lead Min- ing Scene; Plant American Lead Co.; Moulding Lead in Smelter. 438 MADISON COUNTV'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 15,961 606,518 * $ 227,445 Wheat 10,318 18:^,9i'4 * 108,515 Oals 1.971) 43,470* 14,4yO Hay 9,775 14,660 t 131,940 Forage 1.005 1,170 t 2,000 t 5,850 Broom Corn 4 55 Clover Seed 190* 1,045 Cotton ?> 990:: 17,750 :: 75 Tobacco 25 1,775 Potatoes 349 31,110* 15,075 Vegetables 500 18,935 Total 1 1 $525,200 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 8,995 $ 202,387 Horses 2,416 1 44,960 Mules 1,060 63,600 Asses and Jen nets 17 1,530 Sheep 4,T51 14,353 Swine 13,971 139,710 Chickens 30,027 1 Turkeys Geese 998 I 5i,822 f 23,120 Ducks 994 J Swarms of Be es 835 1,.541 Honey 27,833:: 15,824:: 3,479 Wool 2,637 Milk 856,884 § ( 67,790 Butter 174,467 t f Eggs 174,700 II 21,840 Total 1 1 §686,847 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. II Do/ en. t Tons. § Gallons. MADISON COUNTY. 439 ST. FRANCOIS Minerals: — Signs of minerals exist all over the county. Centering around Mine La Motte, is a lead district of large output. This main mine, worked for gener- ations, has yielded, besides enormous quan- tities of lead, nickel and cobalt to an ex- tent claimed to be ninety per cent of the output of the United States. Granite and marble are quarried at a point twelve miles southwest of Fredericktown and in southeastern part of county. A superior quality of white building stone is depos- ited near Fredericktown. Kaolin and pottery clay are shipped from south county railroad points. Land: — Rolling and mostly timbered; sometimes very rough. Soil is gravelly clay loam, with porous subsoil. Often it is stone-bearing in uplands. Bottoms are alluvial and of unsurpassed fertility. Eight to ten miles from railroad timbered land may be bought at $1.25 to $3 an acre. Improved uplands are selling at $8 to $15; bottom lands, improved, $15 to $20. Best farming lands of county are found in north central portion, near Freder- icktown. There are 6,187 acres of government land, awaiting homestead, at $1.25 an acre. This entire acreage is rock-bearing and rugged, but sustains a heavy timber growth. Fruit:- — The red clay lands with subsoil of porous, gravel-laden subsoil are admirably adapted to fruit growing. Apples, peaches, plums, pears, and berries of all kinds may be profitably grown. The industry is in its infancy. Manufactories : — Saw mills, flouring mills, granite and rock crushing mills, stave factories, wool carding mills, distillery, ice plant, and planing mill. These industries are of local dimension. Transportation: — Frisco main line, St. Louis to Memphis, and Bel- mont branch of Iron Mountain rail- road. Mineral Springs: — White Spring located eight miles south of Freder- icktown, has medicinal value and is a health resort. Some of the most entrancing scenery of the State is along the St. Francis river near Sil- vermine. Towns: — Fredericktown, coun- ty seat, population 1,577; shipping point for lumber, mines' output and farm produce. Marquand, saw mills and live stock. Mine La Motte, mining town and farming center. Water: — Big and Little St. Francis rivers. Castor river, dant. Newspapers: — Fredericktown Democrat-News; Fredericktown Tribune. COMPANY, attention! Springs are abun- MARIES COUNTY'S 1902 CROP. Total * Bushels. t Tons. FOR greatest usefulness Maries county relies upon its mineral, agricul- tural and horticultural resources, rich and varied. At the present time but 92,440 of its 329,600 acres are in a state of impi'ovement. The balance is enshrouded in a heavy, coarse fibered cloak of timber, forty per cent black oak, twenty per cent white oak, a like percentage of post oak, and the balance of scrub oak, walnut, sycamore, maple, hickory, ash and hackberry. This immense timber area represents, in itself, an important commercial asset, and its removal, together with consequent pasturing of the lands, will create blue grass pastures and promote live stock interests. Maries is situated twenty miles south of Jefferson City, capital of Missouri. Its sui-face is rough, in rare places mountainous, but the county is crossed by the Gasconade and Maries rivers and tribu- taries, which account for forty-eight thousand acres of river and creek bottoms, black soiled and fertile. Total value of farms is estimated at $2,235,660. Num- ber of farms is 1,619, embracing an average of 153.5 acres, plow land and timbered. Last year there were $407 worth of cattle, horses and mules for each farmer in the county. Population: — White, 9,615; colored, 1; American born, 9,335; foreign born, 281; total, 9,616. Farm homes owned, 1,123; rented, 491; other homes owned, 117; rented. 111; total families, 1,842. German is the type of those foreign born. Finance: — County tax, 45 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, average, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $1,988,403; fifty per cent of actual value; no county nor township debt. Timber: — Main part of commercial timber is in the western half of county, where it has been little drawn upon. Railroad ties have been the leading timber pro- duct. Half a dozen portable saw mills provide rough board lumber for local demand. Minerals: — Lead, zinc, iron, copper, and limestone comprise the minerals. Wholly undeveloped. Fire 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 29,96(3 898,980 * 1 265,200 Wheat 13,0-.i5 21t;,5G5 * 119,110 Oats 3,563 103,325 * 27,380 Hay 11,162 16,745 t 117,215 Forage 1,030 i.aso t 3,500 t 6,425 Broom Corn 7 95 Clover Seed .350 * 1,1)60 Tobacco 42 29,400 t 2,7i)5 Potatoes 34t; 39,T90 * 12,735 Vegetables 335 20,060 I $ 572,975 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 12,.386 S 309,650 Horses 3.921 235,260 Mules 1,912 114,720 Asses and Jennets 52 4,680 Sheep 7,422 22,265 Swine 2,137 211,370 Chickens 63,957 ^ Turkeys Geese 1,257 1 5,785 f 35,670 Ducks 1,394 J Swarms of Bees 369 870 Honey 12,300:: 1,540 Wool 23,949 ;^,91I0 Milk 916,400 § / 59,;«)5 Butter 149,587 t f Eggs 365,425 II 45,680 $ 1,045,060 I Pounds. § Gallons, Dozen. Photo in heading : In Nature's Dominion. 440 MARIES COUNTY. 441 clays, gravel, and sand offer an industry, with rail- road facilities extended. Land: — Soils of all up- lands are of limestone ori- gin and have a generous admixture of small frag- ments of flint. Subsoil is a red clay, usually rich in most of the mineral ele- ments necessary to plant growth. Valley lands are extensive, proportionately. The largest bottom areas are abutting the Gascon- ade river. Big Maries creek. Little Maries creek, Bour- beuse, Peavine, Dry Fork, Long, Cedar, Springs, Fly, Dry, and Tavern creeks. Eighty-five per cent of the county's 515 square miles of area is hill land, three-fifths of which, with timber removed, would be arable land. Government land, 2,100 acres. Best lands of the county are in the eastern one- half and along the Gasconade river and Big Maries creek. Those in highest cultivation bring $20 to $30 an acre; unimproved, best, $3 to $10 an acre; rough, $1.25 to $3. Best upland farms, partially in cultivation, may be bought at $5 to $15 an acre. Fruit: — One-half of the land is adapted to fruit growing. Flint hills and level plateaus are excellent locations for apple and peach orchards, and are close to market. Strawberries and tomatoes in those sections close to railroad may be made a profitable industry. The soil is well filled with gravel and overlies a gravelly clay subsoil, insuring bottom drainage necessary to best fruit results. Manufactures: — Flouring mills, wool carding mills, and hardwood saw mills are the manufacturing base. Farmers are individually engaged in making railroad ties during the months unfit for farming. Transportation: — Maries county is situated between the Rock Island and the St. Louis & San Francisco railroads, which parallel its north and south boundary lines. The first road passes through a small part of the northeastern corner, skirting the balance of the border. Gasconade river, third in size in Mis- souri, affords log and railroad tie transportation. Fishing: — Gasconade river and lesser streams afford fine bass, trout, goggle- eye and catfish angling. River is largely contributed to by springs which ooze from the mountain sides. Scenery is picturesque and many fishing parties spend summer vacations along the streams. Deer are scarce; wild turkeys, quail and squirrels are plentiful. Towns: — Vienna, county seat; Belle, upon the Rock Island railroad, in northeast corner of county; Summerfield; Richey; Brinktown, and Paydown. Newspapers: — Vienna: Maries County Gazette, Times; Republican Star. -^ COUNTY %■ A MISSOURI FARM HOME. MARION A MARION COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES I'ROOUCT VALUE Corn 59,440 2,074,890* * 815,840 Wheat n,n80 380,120* 228,070 Oais 4,580 174,080 * 43,520 Hay 28,7 tiO 48,81)0 t 208,895 Forage 1,230 1,435 t 7,175 Clover Seed 400* 2,640 Grass Seed OoO * 910 Tobacco 20 19,000 t 1,710 Potatoes 555 69,250 * 17,315 Vegetables 565 30,970 Total LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER Cattle 19,663 5 639,045 Horses 8,560 570,665 Mules 1,961 147.075 Asses and Jennets 46 4.600 Sheep 16,560 49,680 Swine 31 ,683 316,830 Chickens 128.4961 Turkeys Geese 5,234 ' 3 462 f 108,030 Ducks 1 ,387 J Syk-arras of Bees 1.556 3,650 Honey 5l,8fi7 :: 60,100 : 6,485 Wool 10,015 Milk 1 ,!l62,33a § / 18'' 330 Butter 354.670 I (■ Eggs 935,580 II 116,945 Total * Bushels. t Tons. Pounds. Gallons. GRICULTURAL endowment, natural mineral resource and proximity to great markets account for Marion county being a felt force in northeast Missouri and surrounding territory. It is situated upon the Mississippi river ninety miles north of St. Louis. At its south- ern edge is Hannibal, seventh in size among Missouri's cities, and its northeast corner is straightway across the river from Quincy, Illinois. Marion is one of the largest lime and cement manufactui'ing counties of the State. The mineral is taken from the abundance of limestone forming the river bluffs. It is also the source of ma- terial for the making of rock roads, which contribute so much to modern farming methods largely in vogue in the county. Wholesale lumbering has long been a leading element of trade centering at Hannibal. These yards, receiving lumber by raft from both north and south timber districts, have thus been enabled to un- dersell market points less favored of transportation and have built up a large business west of the Mississippi river. Burlington railroad shops are located at Han- nibal, giving employment to large numbers of men and creating a market for farm produce. Population: — White, 22,974; colored, 3,357; Ameri- can born, 24,904; foreign born, 1,427; total, 26,331. Farm homes owned, 1,436; rented, 531; other homes owned, 2,013; rented, 2,240; total families, 6,220. The foreign population is Gei-man. Finance: — County tax: general revenue, 30 cents, county road, 10 cents; court house, 10 cents; special road, 15 cents; school tax, average, 35 cents on one hundred dollars. Total assessed valuation, $9,553,657; farm property is assessed upon a basis of one-third The Old Witter Wliecl, by R. L. Dohcrty ; People's Mills; Metho- I $1,417,045 $2,155,340 Dozen. Photos in heading: dist Episcopal Church, South; Residence of Dr. Albnzo White, Palmyra. 442 MARION COUNTY. 443 °-v.,^ COUNTY "_ _/-i^ actual valuation, and town property at 40 per cent basis. County debt, $100,000; town- ship debt, $125,000. Timber: — There were orig- inally 258,000 acres of timber- ed land. Species indigenous are: Elm, white oak, hickory, cherry, walnut and hackberry. Sixty-eight thousand acres yet bear timber, generally of small second growth, along the Mis- sissippi river bluffs and the broken land along other streams. A few portable saw mills supply rough plank lum- ber for local demand. MiNKRALS : — The Mis- sissippi river bluffs are of lime- stone formation. Percentages of composition vary. Stone found affords the different mineral substances neces- sary to Portland cement manufacture, besides in all cases being adaptable to lime making. Hannibal cement works are classed among the foremost in the United States. Lime kilns are also of extensive proportions. Land: — County area, 420 square miles, 268,800 acres, of which 199,145 acres are in a high state of cultivation. Number of farms, 2,022, of an average size of 132.4 acres; estimated to be worth in aggregate, according to actual selling price, $7,992,166. Along the Mississippi river the land is broken, but back thereof are rolling lands, part prairie and part cleai'ed timber lands. There are twenty-five to thirty thousand acres of Mississippi river bottom, alluvial soil, and inex- haustible depth. Some of this land occasionally overflows. Twelve thousand acres are protected by levee. Westward are the bluffs, yielding much mineral and also adapted to fruit growing. Uplands west of bluffs embrace four-fifths of the county. Soil is a dark clay loam. Prices are as follows: Bottom lands, average, $25 an acre; twenty thousand acres of elm land, average, $80 an acre; thirty thousand acres of creek land, $40 to $50 an acre; fifty thousand acres of white oak land, $30 to $35. Prairie, $25 to $30 an acre. Manufactories: — Practically all located at Hannibal. Include the mineral working plant, railroad shops, and many factories of less extent. Transportation: — Hannibal & St. Joseph system operates three divisions within the county, and the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City comes into the county at the north line, crossing the river to Quincy. There are 100 miles of gravel wagon roads in the county. This mileage is rapidly extending, ow- ing to the availability of limestone material. It is constructed at a cost of only $800 a mile. High Schools: — Hannibal and Pal- myra each have high schools, work of the former being approved by the State University. Towns: — Hannibal, population, 12,- 780; manufacturing, railroad, and distributing center for lumber. Palmyra, county seat, population 2,323, agriculture and live stock. Philadelphia, 211. Newspapers: — Hannibal: Journal, Courier-Post; Palmyra Spectator, Pal- myra Herald. AT THE SITE OF OLD MARION CITY. MERCER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. nERCER is fifth In position of tne nine Missouri counties which border Iowa. Cattle are the largest source of income. Leading herds of stock cattle are Hereford, and Durham. Princeton, county seat, is headquarters of the Missouri Pure-bred Breeders' Association, and hence a live stock center. Corn is grown in vast quantities, product thereof reaching close to the million mark in aollars. One variety grown was awarded a first premium at Chicago in 1893. Horticulture is successful. There are two orchards of two hundred acres each, and many smaller. Limestone is a natural resource now developing into activity. Quarries are opened along Grand river, south of Princeton, and the Rock Island railroad has recently established there a rock crusher, giving employment to three hundred men. In matter of telephones, the county is in front rank. A net-work of 537 miles of wire penetrate the four corners; 752 in- struments. County contains 484 square miles of land, 309,760 acres, of which 235,774 acres are improved farms. Number of farms, 2,507; average size, 116.4; total estimated valuation, $7,714,917. Population: — White, 14,648; colored, 58; Ameri- can born, 14,606; foreign born, 100; total, 14,706. Farm homes owned, 1,790; rented, 306; total families, 3,143. Fin.\nce: — County tax, 32 cents; school tax, aver- age, 42 cents on one hundred dollars; assessed valua- tion per cent of real value, 25; total assessed valuation, $5,014,485; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — One-third of county surface was origi- nally timbered with oak, hickory, ash, elm, walnut, hackberry; seven-tenths of this has been removed. It occurred principally along streams. Minerals: — White limestone and coal. Quarries of former are just now attracting first operators. At Princeton a thirty-inch vein of coal is found at a depth of 340 feet. No mines. Land: ^ — In general direction, numerous streams. Grand river as chief, flow southward through the county. Between these water courses are prairie ACKES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 66,124 2,644,960 * $ 833,160 Wheat 1,674 28,460 * 16,365 Oats 5,206 130,150 * 33,840 Hay 48,192 67,470 t 303,615 Forage 10,444 13,920 t 69,600 Flax 9 90* 95 Broom Corn 4 2,200 t 60 Clover Seed 25* 140 Grass Seed 6,1100 * 10,695 Tobacco 7 6.300 t 630 Potatoes 709 85,080 * 20,420 Vegetables 990 43.305 I $1,330,935 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle 45,918 S;i,489,ll5 Horses 10,646 709,735 Mules 1,359 101,925 Asses and Jennets 51 5,100 Sheep 5,325 17,750 Swine 39,472 394,720 Chickens 200,7411 Turkeys Geese 14,407 ! 5,457 ! 135,8)5 Ducks 3,579 J Swarms o : Bees 2,666 8,010 Honey 88,867: 22.150 : 11,110 Wool 3,(190 Milk Butter 3.1.52,170 § / 505,915 t i 164,880 Eggs 989.010 II 123,625 I $3,165,475 I Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading: Mercer County Scenes, 444 MERCER COUNTY. 445 STATE OF IOWA GRUNDY ridges, uniformly so, except in the southwest corner where fifty square miles were orig- inally included in one vast forest. What rough land obtains is along streams; very little is untillable; all is capable of blue grass pasture. Land the county over brings $40 to $55, reaching $65 within two miles of Prince- ton. The little rough land brings $25 an acre. Grand river bottoms are generally one- half to a mile in width, in most places gently sloping upward into hills reaching an ex- treme of two hundred feet above their val- leys. Largest farms in county are about 600 acres; the smallest, 40 acres. Average farm house is erected at a cost of $600; many houses cost $1,500 to $3,000. Soil is black loam with clay subsoil. On the prairies it ranges in depth from one to three feet; in river and creek bottoms it is often six feet deep. Manufactured Products: — Flour, crush- ed rock railroad ballast and cheese are prin- cipal mill products. Cheese factories are located at Ravanna and Saline; rock crusher at Princeton; flouring mills at Princeton and Mercer, and at the latter town is a small woolen mill. Transportation: — Two railroads: Rock Island, 24.69; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 8.87 miles of taxed roadbed. County roads cross main streams over steel bridges. Roads are dragged. Schools: — Terms of public schools range from seven to nine months. At Princeton is located a well equipped high school, with laboratories and libraries. It is approved by the University of Missouri. Drinking water is limestone seepage. Wells are generally twenty to thirty- five feet deep on prairie; ten to fifteen in bottoms. At Lineville, situated, as its name indicates, upon the Iowa-Missouri line, is a mineral spring of some prominence. To\vNs: — Princeton, county seat, owns waterworks and electric lights. Tele- phone center of a large area of county. Mercer, Mill Grove, Ravanna, Modena, Half Rock; all supported by farming and live stock. Newspapers-:— Princeton Press, Post, Telegram. BEEBIES, H. B. WTMAN & SON. t^StSSkX iviiljJLjEi:^ - Jifupi r^' MILLER is situated twenty miles southwest of Jefferson City. As a unit the county is mountainous, but includes in the northwestern part an area of tablelands which, together with river bottoms, are location of valuable farms embracing a total of 116,683 acres in cultivation. Timber interests are accredited with the largest single item of export. More railroad ties are loaded at Bagnell, Miller county, than at any other point in Missouri. Large numbers of ties are hauled by wagon to this central market; large numbers come in "drives" down the Osage river from far off points. Extensive pockets of coal are found in Miller. The field has been opened by the Rock Island railroad recently completed between St. Louis and Kansas City. At Aurora Springs lithia water exists. Schools are a feature favorable to immigration. Academies are located at Olean, Iberia, and Spring Garden. Population: — White, 14,995; colored, 192; Ameri- can born, 14,958; foreign born, 229; total, 15,187. Farm homes owned, 1,700; rented, 587; other homes owned, 339; rented, 373; total families, 2,999. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, average, 44 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,683,415; one-half actual value; no county nor township debt. Timber: — Originally one vast forest. Sixty-five per cent now timbered. Largest year's shipment of rail- road ties, 900,000. Hardwood lumber amounts to above nominal aggregate. Black oak represents twenty per cent; white oak of commercial size, five per cent; black jack, thirty-flve per cent; post oak, thirty per cent. Hickory is next abundant, and sycamore, elm, maple, and walnut are prominent. Minerals: — Lead, zinc, coal, iron, glass sand, kao- lin, baryta, copper and building stone. Townships of Franklin, Jim Henry, Glaze, Saline and Osag* are par- tially developed. Lead and zinc are found in each. Franklin yields mostly lead and coal, but some zinc; while signs of iron are all over the county, the mining of this mineral is done only in central eastern part. Glass sand of a good grade is found near Eldon, in the northwest. Kaolin occurs eight miles from Eldon and in other less extensive deposits. Baryta is found MILLER COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn .S6.627 1,208,690 * $ 3.56,565 Wheat 19,355 358,070 * 196,940 Oats 4,179 135,820* .35,990 Hay 15,62H 33,440 t 140,640 Forage 1,005 1,2.55 t 6,275 Flax 10 fiO* 60 Broom Corn 6 3,000 1 230 t 85 Clover Seed 1,290 Grass Seed 55* 100 Tobacco 35 24,500 t 3,3.30 Potatoes 470 47,000 * 15,040 Vegetables 615 30,105 Total 1 1 1 1785,420 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 16,728 S 451,655 Horses 5,465 327,900 Mules 1,432 93,080 Asses and Jennets 29 2,610 Sheep 10,957 33,870 Swine 21,322 343,2.30 Chickens 78,5371 Turkeys Geese 4,985 i 4,599 ( 64,175 Ducks 2,124 J Swarms of Bees 473 1,190 Honey 15,767 :; :55,480 : 1 ,970 Wool 5.970 Milk Butter 1,318,315 § 1 235,352 t \ 90,340 Eggs 387,540 II 48,440 Total 1 1 $1„363,3T0 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do zen. t Tons. § Gallons. I Photo in heading: Miller County Svcuc. 446 MILLER COUNTY. 447 extensively in the lead regions. It is exported. Building stone is of high quality. Coal pockets are of a size insuring attention. Coal is especially abundant in western and northwestern por- tions. Land: — Area, 590 square miles, equal to 377,600 aci-es. Farms number 2,251, average size, 123.3, including lands of dif- ferent descriptions; actual value of farms, $2,889,820. Improved farming land lies mostly in the northwestern part of county and in valleys of Osage river. Tavern, and Grand Auglaise creeks and tributaries. Bottom land is most productive, but in the northwest, in vicinity of Eldon, there is a large area of tableland where is a deep, black soil of superior fertility. Here quantity of gravel is small; elsewhere it is large. Soil is deeper, since there is no erosion. All cereals and hay are grown here. The section is also rap- idly becoming a leading stock center. Roughest land is adjacent to Osage river. Bottoms interlie river and hills. Best of these are valued at $30 to $40 an acre. Best uplands sell at $30 an acre. Improved hill lands are available at $15 an acre. Undeveloped upland sells at $6 to $8. South of Osage river large areas may be had at $2.50 an acre. Government land to extent of 3,420 acres is subject to homestead entry at $1.25 an acre. Some of best fruit lands in entire Ozark region are located in Miller. Railroad facilities are also superior. Soil and subsoil are gravelly and porous, and major portion of that part north of river supports a vigorous growth of timber. Very little fruit is now shipped, being consumed locally. Commeixial orchards are being planted. Transportation: — Rock Island crosses county east and west; Missouri Pa- cific, Bagnell branch, Jefferson City to Bagnell, runs north and south, intersect- ing at Eldon. LiTHiA Wells : — Lithia water is abundant from wells at Aurora Springs, a leading health resort of this section. Elsewhere are mineral wells, not improved. Towns: — Eldon, railroad di- vision point; location wagon and buggy factory, brick yard, broom factory, flouring mill. Aurora Springs, health resort. Iberia, flouring mill, schools. Olean, flouring mill and canning factory. Tuscumbia, county seat, flouring mill. Spring Garden, school town and farming. Rocky Mount, coal. Bagnell, lumber and tie business. Distillery at Mary's Home. Newspapers : — T uscumbia Autogram ; Osage Valley Western Preacher; C. M. A. Companion, Olean News, Eldon Advertiser, Blue Ribbon; Eldon Eagle; Iberia Impetus. M M '^ ^' "^^'I'l^I county Is situated upoD the Mississippi river, one bun- f% /M tlr«'«| ami Blxty mlloH south of St I^uis, within the delta district. / W ■ a loading lunilH«r, alfalfa and cereal Rrowlng seriion of Missouri. ^ *^ It Is the most eastern |iolnt In the State. Its atreaKe Is 275.000. of which 97.453 acres are In cultivation, producing an annual corn and wheat product worth In excess of one million dollars. Toi" ;illy It is level and low-lying, all excepting a one-flfteenth iwrllon inii: to the west and southwoHt of CharlcHton. county seal, and it necessi- tat»'K «lik«* i)rotectlon from spring 11ooorn, 11,687; foreign born, 150; total, 11,837. Farm homes owned. 460; rented. 729; other homes owned. 509; rented, 751; total families, 2,449. FiNAKtr.: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from Ave cents to 65 cents; average. 50 cents; total assessed valuation. 1.1.308.102; county debt. $25,000; no township debt. Tim lint: Hlack and red oak; hickory, cypress, red gumwood, sycamore, Cot- tonwood, walnut of universally large growth. In north ]>ortion practically all comnienlal timber has l)een re- moved. Sa.m) U.m»kk.hoii.: — Sand constitutes mineral wealth. Most land Is sand underlaid, of high service In drain- age. Land: — Wholly alluvial, level, sand-mixed in vary- ing quantities. So long has the land been formed, sand is in quantity desirable rather than detrimental. Black dirt predominates In the composition. Eighteen thou- sand acres immediately to the west and southwest of Charleston are prairie. Here Is location of highest priced farms. North of the Iron Mountain railroad and west of a line north and south through Samos, farms bring $40 to $50 an acre. An occasional tract may be had at |30. A few surrounding Charleston reach $80. These farms are finely Improved and within a mile of the city. They are chara«-terized by modern Improve- ments, large frame residences, well painted and. being within an unsurpassed grain district, by large bams and live stock. North and east of the railroad which connects Charleston and Belmont, but one-fourth of the area Is In actual cultivation, and farms of this locality illy held at $25 to $35 an acre. All the aliove and is protected by levee which extends from Big iMkf on the north to Wolf Island, nlniost at the southeastern point of the county. South of the St. I>ouis A Southwestern and Iron Mountain railroads, which t'tiUttrtUng f'ltrn, M'. Is. I.rr, ('hftrlralnm. 441 Duck* M.^ Swaraa of B««a i.ns Honey J8.W)| ».ei8 Wool om! no Milk m rui ( , TS.500 Butter FifO SI.4S) 7 - • 1. • 1 .n* » ' .J.. .r.« 1 Intersect at Samos, only one-tenth of the land Is actually plowed. This portion is to be bad at $25 to $35 an acre. Soil is black sandy loam, of surpassing fertility, but farm improvements are less mention- worthy than those of the northern part of the county. Nine-tenths of this area is unimproved. At short winter and early sprin.'^ intervals it frequently ov^-r- flows from inland. From the river it is nearly all protected, and draining ditches are attending now to inland overflow problem. Unimproved land Is to be had at $1.") to $2U an acre. The entire county is destined to corn, wheat, clover, tim- othy, cowpeas, watermelons and alfalfa. In the south half cotton will bo a staple crop. Maxufactltrk.s: — Flour and timber prod- ucts. Principal towns have flouring mills u| to 150 barrels capacity. Timber products in- clude native lumber, handles, spokes and hoop: for barrels. Tk.v.nsi'out.vtki.n: — Three railroads, two of v are direct lines to St. Louis. Taxed roadbed eighty-flve miles. St hooks: — Charleston High School. Watkr: — Wells are driven. Water soft. Fishing: — Mississippi river bounds Mississippi count on three sides. Big Lake in north and numerous lakes south abound in river varieties of fish. Duck shooting is dom paralleled and never surpassed. Wild turkeys and small game are plentiful. Tow.Ns:— Charleston, population 1,893; Bertrand, 2(56; Whit- ing, 244; Anniston; all supported by timber and agricultural Interests, information address Charleston Commercial Club. Newspai'kijs: — Charleston Courier, Star, Enterprise. For A HKM) OK COWPKAS. Mil.— a MONITE>AU SURROUNDED and intersected by railroads, Moniteau county, washed upon the northeast by the Missouri river and immediately west of the State Capital county; long devoted to general farming and stock raising; is just now swinging into the column of Missouri's coal producing coun- ties. California is the countj' seat. Superior railroad facilities are ac- countable, too, though not in whole, for the location here of one of the three largest wholesale harness factories in the State. Poultry raising is a leading and very profitable industry. Milk and butter are shipped daily to St. Louis and Kansas City consumers, reached in from five to three hours respect- ively. Lead and zinc ores are mined within the county borders. In physical area Moniteau covers 420 square miles of land surface, or 268,800 acres, of which 183,348 acres are under plow. Two thousand one hundred and forty-four farms average in size 119.2 acres each, estimated to be an actual present cash value of $4,489,013. Population: — White, 15,223; colored, 708; Ameri- can born, 14,863; foreign born, 1,068; total, 15,931. Farm homes owned, 1,577; rented, 499; other homes owned, 763; rented, 483; total families, 3,322. Foreign population is German. Finance:— County tax, 30 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; average school tax, 48 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,009,523; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 35; county debt, $10,000; no township debt. Timber: — All the oaks, ash, hickory, sycamore, cot- tonwood and linden were originally found upon the north part of the county's surface. Along the Missouri river the growth was dense and of large size individ- ually. The commercial size trees are practically all gone, save where preserved for pasture shade. Along the river bluffs, however, still remain some scattering trees two or three feet in diameter. Minerals: — Lead and zinc and coal are mined. The first two are produced from mines located at Portuna, upon the Versailles-Tipton branch of the Missouri Pa- cific railroad. Coal deposits of remarkable depth exist throughout this section. One near California is eigh- teen feet thick, at a depth of sixty feet. Twenty-five years agd a number of isolated deposits were worked and were then thought to have been exhausted. Re- cent findings refute this. Upon Osage river, in the Courthuusc ; Thicshiny Seine in Moniteau County; Harness MONITEAU COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PKODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 50,38a 2,166,425 * S 639,095 Wheat 30,569 641.945* 253,070 Oats 9,371 318,615* 84,4.30 Hay 23,176 37,080 t 222,480 Forage 2,:^30 2,910 t 14,550 Fla-x 28 168 t 170 Briiom Corn 22 11,000 1 305 Clover Seed 3,700 * 20,720 (Irass Seed 80* 145 Tobacco 32 22,400 t 2,130 Potatoes 650 81,250* 26,000 Vegetables 615 30,205 Total 1 1 , $1,393,300 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 19,601 * 539,025 Horses 6,533 431,180 Mules 2,801 19(i,5(iO Asses and Jennets 15 4,500 Sheep 6,249 18.745 Swine 29,267 292,670 Chickens 109,329^ Turkeys Geese 4,654 I 4,929 f 100,920 Ducks ],.)83J Swarms of Bees 781 1,.525 Honey 26,033 :; 25,410 :; 3,255 Wool 4,235 Milk 1,966,328 § 1 123,490 Mutter 329.563 t f Kj,'gs 571 ,730 ri,4G5 Total 1 1 $1,787,570 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do/ t Tons. § Gallons. en. Photos in heading : Furtory, California. 450 MONITEAU COUNTY. 451 south part of the county, and Saline creek, in the north, limestone is found, though not sawed. Land: — Physically, Moniteau is one of the curiously shaped coun- ties of Missouri. The Missouri river cuts off what would else be its northeast corner, and, for some reason, the southwest corner is shaped to match in parallel. Beginning at the river, a gener- ous strip of bottom is encountered and then the bluffs, nar- row, high, gradually softening on the west into a hilly sur- face, until is reached the main line of the Missouri Pacific railway, which divides the county in two. Here is where originally grew the timber. Soil is black accretion in bottoms and brown loam loess upon the bluffs. The balance of the county is a red limestone clay, more or less flinty. South of the railroad the land lays level; an undulating prairie. It grows grass to perfection, accounting for a hay surplus of a quarter million dollars worth an- nually. Farms in hills sell at $30 to $35 an acre; those in prairie one-half of county, at $25 to $30. Fruit: — Nowhere are to be found better fruit growing adaptabilities than in the loess bluffs and adjacent hills. These bluffs are of formation favor- able to tree growth, and alongside of this is railroad, putting the orchardist within a few hours of St. Louis and Kansas City markets. Manufactories : — Wholesale harness factory at California; a tannery and woolen mills are the chief manufacturing interests. Transportation: — Missouri Pacific has four divisions intersecting the county: Main line from Kansas City to St. Louis crosses in the center, east and west; River Route, following the river bluffs on the north side of county; Ver- sailles branch from Tipton south; Bagnell branch, crossing southeast corner. Towns: — California, population 2,181; location of factories, county seat. Tipton, population 1,337. Clarksburg, 509; Jamestown, 344. All these towns de- rive principal support from general farming and live stock interests. Newspapers: — California: Democrat, Dispatch, Herald; Tipton Times-Ga- zette, Mail; Clarksburg Review; Jamestown Journal; Fortuna Record. CALIFORNIA OPERA HOUSE. MONROB^ FOR every acre of farm land — of whatsoever character — in Monroe county there was an aggregate last year of $14.95 worth of farm products. Monroe is situated twenty miles west of the Mississippi river and is the third county north of the Missouri. Corn, cattle, horses, mules, hogs and hay are the leading products. Aside from large contribution to material wealth, Monroe is an important factor in other, higher interests. Its schools rank among the best in Missouri. Literature and music are fostered. There is marked culture and the lustre of its intellectual products has gilded wider borders than the State. Mark Twain was born here. Population: — White, 18,108; colored, 1,608; American born, 19,483; foreign born, 233; total, 19,716. Farm homes owned 2,323; rented, 811; other homes owned, 694; rented, 582; total families, 4,410. Finance:- — County tax average 30 cents on one liundred dollars valuation; total assessed valuation, $7,172,439; assessment based upon one-third actual val- uation; no county debt; no township debt. Timber:- — Originally one-half of the county was timbered with the various oaks, hickory, walnut, elm, ash, maple and other less numerous varieties. One- half of the timber was found along the bottom lands of the streams. Here it was exceedingly dense and of immense individual growth. In the hills it was lighter, though of growth indicating fertility of soil beyond the ordinary. Timber in the bottoms has been removed; in the hills is yet found commercial quantities. Minerals: — Coal and limestone. Two veins of coal underlie the county. One is within a few feet of the surface and is worked in numerous places. At Paris this vein is about eighteen inches thick. The deeper stratum is unworked. It is claimed to be eight feet thick in some places. The annual production of coal for the county is approximately two thousand tons. Limestone for rough purposes is found abund- antly along all streams. Land: — Monroe county contains 644 square miles of surface, 412,160 acres, of which 331,911 acres are in a hi.gh stale of cultivation, devoted principally to corn. One-half (he county is a high, level-lyin.g prairie and llic remaindei' is hill land. There are 3,217 farms, embracing on the average 126 acres each. By actual I'liotots in luadiny : Home of Monroe County's Prize M'inners. 452 MONROE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VAf.LlR Corn 106,425 5,321,150* §1,622,950 Wheat 9,500 213,750* 128,250 Oats 8,825 286,845 * 71,710 Hay 49,360 83,910 t 419.550 Forage 48,000 5,600 t 28,000 Fla.x 10 75* 75 Broom Corn 18 9,000 X 2.50 Clover Seed 10* 05 G rass Seed 9 000* 12,600 Tobacco Polatoes 51 655 48,450 X 78,720 * 4,360 19,680 Vegetables 940 55,665 Total 1 1 $2,363,155 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NL'MBER | VALOK Cattle 37.689 $1,224,890 Horses 14.086 939,005 Mules 4.919 368,925 Asses and Jennets 290 29,000 Sheep 48,577 145.730 Swine 48,950 489,500 Chickens 180,50.i 1 Turkeys fieese 8,235 { 8,183 f 186,400 bucks 1,340 1 Swarms of Bees 3,714 9.915 Honey \Z^MO 1 193,:i00 t 15,475 Wool 32,215 .Milk Butter ■-',527,296 § 1 569,629 X ( 136,0,i0 Rggs 982,930 II 122,805 Total 1 1 !j;3,700.010 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Do-/ en. + Tons. !i Gallons. ISIONROE COUNTY 453 present selling prices, farms are estimated to represent a n aggregate worth of $10,525,470. The prairie land soil is a dark alluvial composition, one to four feet in depth, over clay subsoil. Farms are generally well improved and bring an average price of $45 an acre. There are perhaps twenty-five farms finely improved, lying close to towns for which would be asked $75 to $90 an acre; and a like num- ber of outlying farms to be had at $30. Three branches of Salt river break into the county from the north, northwest and south, respectively, and form near the eastern edge a confluence which leaves on a direct course for the Mississippi river. Bottoms along these river branches are from a few yards to a half a mile in width. They unite in claiming one-fifth of the county area. The soil is alluvial, black, fertile. The land occasionally overflows, but never suffers thereby. It is seldom found without some bluff land adjunct and hence may be had at $40 an acre. Three-tenths of Monroe county is rough timber land, ranging in price from $25 to $30 an acre. It is never too rough for pasture or fruit. Upon this character of land are found the best orchards of the county. Manufactures: — They are of a character incident to agriculture and stock raising. A great many sheep are raised, hence the location at Paris of a woolen mill of local capacity. A few flouring mills are also found. Transportation: — Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad crosses from east to west. The Burlington route also touches the county at the northeast corner. Schools and Sciiooi. Fund: — Monroe county has a perpetual school fund of $125,000 loaned at six per cent interest. There are three high schools, at Paris, Monroe City and Madison. The first two are articulated with the State Univer- sity. Churches: — All Christian denominations are represented. Christian and Baptist churches are strongest in membership. In- dian Creek township is com- posed of Catholics. Telephone : — E very farm house has privilege of telephone connection w^ i t h a subscription embrac- ing almost the entire county. Newspapers : — Paris Mercury, Paris Ap- peal; Monroe City: News, Democrat; Mad- ison Times; Stouts- ville Banner. MONTGOMERY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. MONTGOMERY is situated upon the north side of the Missouri river seventy miles west of the city of St. Louis. Three-fifths of the county is topographically of that level prairie which distinguishes northeast Missouri. Live stock and general agriculture form the base stone of county commerce. Corn is king. It feeds two million dollars' worth of home live stock while the annual wheat production amounts to nearly 400,000 bushels. Mining of coal and fire clay, mineral paint substance, and the glass and sand industry upon the Missouri river are also among the more important industrial interests. There are two direct railroads into St. Louis, affording excellent transportation facilities. Mineola Springs is a summer resort, for years patronized by local people, and now receiving notice from wider territory. Population: — White, 15,160; colored, 1,411; Amer- ican born 15,869; foreign born, 702; total, 16,571. Farm homes owned, 1,646; rented, 596; other homes owned, 766; rented, 577; total families, 3,585. Finance:— County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.10; average, 48 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,129,679; assessment valuation based upon fifty per cent of actual worth of property. No indebtedness. Timber: — Walnut, hickory, white oak, burr oak, sycamore, hackberry, elm, ash, and sugar maple were the most numerous species of a timber growth which primevally covered forty per cent of the county. It grew chiefly along the Missouri river and Loutre river. Minerals :^ — There are several coal mines in vi- cinity of Wellsville. Vein is reached at a depth of one hundred and twenty feet. Mines are worked only dur- ing winter season, outputting last year 2,400 tons, lo- cally consumed. At High Hill, upon the Wabash rail- road, clay is mined. It is of diverse compositions. Some of it is utilized in the manufacture of tiling, fire brick and pressed brick. Sand for glass manufacture is taken from the river in the south end of the county. A sub- stance from which mineral paint is made is contribut- ing to the mineral output. Zinc prospects exist in the rough lands in the south part of the county. Building _ stone is plentiful along all streams. Hcrrfords, L. D, Mmld. liellflninr : linlavec Rock, near DaiiriUr. ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 77,205 3,101,955* $ 946,095 Wheat 16,725 367,950 * 220,770 Oats 14,780 443,370* 110,845 Hay 26,035 39,050 t 214,775 Forage 1,545 1,800 t 9,000 Flax 1,100* 1,105 Broom Corn 150 14,000 1 385 Clover Seed 28 250* 1,650 Grass Seed 260* 3(J5 Tobacco 35 33,2i)0 t 2,9i)5 Potatoes 610 85,400 * 21,350 Vegetables 705 49,400 I S 1,578,795 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS NUMBEK I VALUE Cattle 23,005 1 747,600 Horses 7,779 318,000 Mules 2,572 192,900 Asses end Jennets 104 10,400 Sheep 12,200 36,600 Swine 40,.341 403,410 ( hickens 182,098 "1 Turkeys (ieese 5,1.56 ; 8,615 f 130,'375 Ducks 1,404 J Swarms of Bees 1,936 6,050 Honey 04 533:: 44,200 : 8,005 Wool 7,305 Milk 1,904,248 § 1 343,451 t ( 103,175 Butter Er&s 703,250 II 87 9 >0 Total 1 1 $ 2.053,420 Pounds. G;illons. Dozen. I'lioios in hcmliiKj : MONTGOMERY COUNTY 455 La.\d: — Tlie soil map in this volume shows sixty per cent of Montgomery's soil to be that which is found upon northeast Mis- souri level prairie. It is mulatto loam, one to four feet deep. Blue grass is of spontane- ous growth. The south portion of the county is red limestone clay, moderately flinty, in- dicating mineral deposit. Immediately ad- joining the Missouri river is a narrow strip of alluvium. It Is estimated that this portion, plus the bottoms of Loutre river and tributaries, amounts to ten per cent of the county. It sells at $60 an acre. Ten per cent of the land is of white oak growth and may be had at $10 an acre; the prairie land, amounting to sixty per cent, may be owned for $45 an acre. Twenty per cent of the surface is rolling upland, selling at $45. The cheaper land is of the Ozark bor- der soil notably conducive to the commer- cial orchard's success. It all grows blue grass. Manufactories: — Flouring mills consti- tute the manufactories. They are located in the principal towns. Nearly every postoffice point has a feed mill. Schools: — Montgomery City, Wellsville, New Florence, and Jonesburg have graded school systems. Montgomery City system is headed by a liigh school, doing approved work without examination to the State University. Health Resokt: — Mineola Springs is a river three miles southwest of Danville. A diploma thei'efrom admits picturesque point on Loutre For many years it has afforded place for local summer gatherings, and within the past few seasons its guests have come from out-of-county points as well. Towns: Montgomery City, population 2,026, is located near the center of the county, upon the Wabash railroad. Wellsville, population 1,160, is upon the railroad in the northwest corner of the county. New Florence, 424; Jones- burg, 407; Middletown, 375. All are supported wholly by farming and live stock interests. Stock sales are held in all towns. Danville is the county seat. Newspapers: Montgomery City Standard, Tribune; Wellsville Record, Optic-News; Middletown Chips; New Florence Leader; Jonesburg Journal; Rhineland Sunbeam; Bellflower News. MINEOLA SPRINGS, PICTURESQUE RESORT ON LOUTRE RIVER. * tiustiels. t Tons. COAL deposit seventy-two feel i t i is the substantiated boast of Mor- gan county. North of a center line land is of undulating lay, of high farming value. South thereof it is rough and rock covered. Morgan is second county south of the Missouri river and the fourth east of the Kansas line. Coal underlies, east to west, a large area through the center. Scientific and practical investigations reveal pockets of bituminous coal twenty-one to seventy-two feet thick, the latter record belonging to the Stover coal bank between Versailles and Eldon. Drift is entered with wagon and team, mineral loaded, outfit turned 'round and driven out. The new Rock Island railroad, St. Louis to Kansas City, opens this heretofore dormant district. Fire clay, kaolin, and other clays exist in large extent. Cattle, horses and mules demand chief attention of farming section. County area, 638 square miles; 408,320 acres; 139,649 acres cultivated. Number of farms, 2,013; 132.9 acres average size; estimated actual aggregate value $3,853,- 410. Population : —White, 11,737; colored, 438; Ameri- can born, 11,705; foreign born, 470; total, 12,175. Farm homes owned, 1,510; rented, 500; other homes owned, 245; rented, 251; total families, 2,506. Foreign popula- tion German, mainly in northwest. Finance :^ — County tax, $1,30 on one hundred dol- lars valuation; school tax, 10 cents to $1; average, 70 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,762,800; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40; county debt, $124,500, railroad bonds. No township debt. Timber: — Sixty-five per cent of surface, including south half of county and along streams of north half, was primevally timbered with all varieties and sizes of oak, walnut, hickory, sugar tree, elm, sycamore, in quantities according to precedence in enumeration. Twenty per cent of original timber lands are cleared. Minerals: — Coal: heretofore used locally and for blacksmithing purposes; field now opened commer- cially; deposits in pockets ten feet or more below sur- face. Fire clay and kaolin pits opened at Versailles, where utilizing plant has recently been installed. Lead and zinc findings on surface; no deep prospecting. Iron ore, surface mined, been little exported. Barite and onyx are available. Land: — Following line crossing county east to west through Versailles, dipping gradually to four or five Lead Mining , Morgan County; A Charming Bit of Scenery. ■ino MORGAN COUNTY S 1902 CROP ACKES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 46,292 l,.i04.490* ? 443,825 Wheat 13,160 289,720 * 159,346 Oats 5,476 197,135* 52,240 Hay 1S),348 29.075 t 159,915 Forage 4,175 5,220 t 26,100 Fl:ix 140 840* 855 Broom Corn 106 ,53,000 J 1,460 Clover Seed 310* 1,735 Grass Seed 600* 1,080 Tobacco 36 25,200 t 2,395 Potatoes 516 61,920* 19,815 Vegetables 490 24,510 Total 1 1893,276 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 20,268 1 557,360 Horses 5,979 394.615 Mules 2,554 177,780 Asses and Jennets 97 9,700 Sheep 10,862 32,585 Swine 19,809 i9,s,ono Cliickens 111,1651 Turkeys Geese 3,548 V 3,822 f 00,330 Ducks 934 J Swarms of Bees 600 1,410 Honey 20,000:: .35,280:: 2,500 Wool 5,880 Milk 1,708,908 § ) 107,.560 Butter 293,179 J \ liggs 629,440 II 78,680 I $l,r>35,490 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading : MORGAN COUNTY. 457 miles' extent to southward upon either side, is the watershed between Missouri and Osage rivers. North of this water- shed lies three-fifths of Morgan county, undulating prairie land of fine fertility, the evenness being broken only by friendly creeks which ideally drain. Here are farms, uniformly; good dwell- ings, woven wire fences, windmills, well stocked with blooded cattle, hogs, horses and sheep. Prices range from $20 to $40, with three-fourths worth $2-5 to $35 per acre. These farms are from eighty to three hundred and sixty acres. Within a mile of Versailles, chief town in county, prices reach $65. Ten per cent of prairie has small sur- face rock. Of the south two-fifths, only fifteen per cent is improved. Land is mountainous. Best farms are in Osage and Gravois river bottoms; worth $20 to $30, with a few asking $40 an acre. Hill farms, usually con- taining some creek bottom, are worth $8 to $15, according to extent of latter character of land. Eighty-five per cent is wild, timbered land with mineral in- dication; worth $6 to $12. Stock range is free. Bluestem grass and nut crop support live stock ten months a year. Fruit is the ultimate crop of this sec- tion. Clay Pkoducts and Handles: — Clay of widely diverse character underlies Morgan county. A deposit opened at Versailles is said to possess fire resisting qualities. Kaolin is included. Timbered portions of county supplies Versailles handle factory. Transportation:— Rock Island railroad, Kansas City to St. Louis, 26 miles; Missouri Pacific, main line, 7.30; branch, 12.76. Wagon roads include ten miles gravel, in several directions from Versailles. Churches: — Presbyterian, Methodist, Christian, Baptist, Episcopalian, Catholic and German Lutheran are represented at county seat. Mineral Water; Caves: — Water of iron property is bottled at Versailles. Caves abound in south Morgan county. Principal ones are Jacob's, Spears' and Dry Branch. Newspapers: — Versailles Leader, Statesman, Democrat. NEW MADRID is in tlie southeast corner of Missouri. Its entire sur- face is of the lowland type. Originally the county was an unbroken forest, which flooded with the approach of spring. Along the pres- ent course of St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern railroad is a strip of land four to five miles wide, averaging ten feet higher than the balance of the county. Farm settlements started here, and the timber was ruth- lessly removed to make room. Balance of the county has furnished hardwood timber to extent of making it foundational to the leading industrial activity. Eight large hardwood lumber mills and countless small ones operate within the county. Sixty-five per cent of land has been cut over; 90,635 acres are under plow. North of New Madrid corn and wheat are leading agricultural products; South thereof, cotton lands. Alfalfa is to become the leading crop. Farming acreage is rapidly increasing. Three drainage ditches, one extending from Morehouse south through Point Pleasant, and two taking same direction and lying between Hough and Laforge, have been constructed. On the west side drainage districts have been organized to build deep ditches north and south, paralleling one mile apart. Cost is to be $3.50 to $4 an acre. Timber: — Red gumwood, cypress, oak, ash, hickory, walnut, elm, hackberry, sycamore, pecan, cottonwood. Red gumwood is a close imitation of mahogany; is sus- ceptible of high finish. Largely shipped to Europe. Population: — White, 9,253; colored, 2,027; Ameri- can born, 11,170; foreign born, 110; total, 11,280. Farm homes owned, 303; rented, 787; other homes owned, 514; rented, 609; total families, 2,213. Finance: — County tax, 60 cents; school tax, five cents to $1.^5; average, 73 cents; total assessed valua- tion, $3,064,101; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40; no county nor township debt. Land: — Square miles, 620; acreage, 396,800, of which 90,635 acres are cultivated; number of farms, 1,063; average size, 114.6; estimated actual valuation, $6,869,145. Underlaid at six to eight feet with sand, serviceable in removing surface water, in manner sim- ilar to tiling. A drain divide is described by course of St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern railroad. It touches towns of Sikeston, Laforge, Lilbourn, New Madrid, Marston and Portageville. Soil is sandy mulatto. Here are best farms, representing one-fifth of the county in acreage; worth $40 to $50; in the immediate vicinities of New Madrid and Sikeston, $60 to $70. In the lower I'lintd ill Itrading : ^cir Madrhl Cotinty Farm Scene. 458 NEW MADRID COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 47,810 1.419,300* !(! 532,935 Wheat 20,155 423,208 * 249,690 Oats 280 8,40(1 * 2,800 Hay 1,907 2,860 t 37.180 Forage 705 820 t 4,100 Clover Seed 90* 495 Cotton 5,265 1.842,750 1 710 J 138,205 Tobacco 1 70 I'otaioes 112 11,200* 5,375 Vegetaoles 210 7,715 Total 1 1 1 * 977,865 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND I NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 8,067 $ 181,507 Horses 2,280 136,800 Mules 2,986 SOO.O-.'O Asses and Jennets 30 2,700 Sheep 612 1,836 -Swine 21,955 219,550 Chickens 41,509 1 1,483 ! 8.293 i Turkeys Geese 23,820 Ducks 2,(i44 J Swarms of Bees 1,643 4,165 Honey 54,767 6,846 Wool 2,355 392 Milk Butter 047,860 § I 127.918 t \ 53,910 Eggs 176,360 II 22,045 Total 1 I $ 862,591 * Bushels. i Pounds. || Do .en. t Tons. «i Gallons. NEW MADRID COUNTY 459 land sectiou east of divide are a few highly improved farms, but bulk of land is unim- proved; all overflows Soil is largely Missis- sippi deposit, is blacker and stiffer than that else- where in county. Few improved farms sell at $25 to $35; bulk of land unimproved, $5 to $10. West lowlands represent one-half of county. Soil is brown deposit, of overflow from hills. Drainage districts covering 160,000 acres exist; proposed to vote $500,000 bonds, build ditches one mile apart. Money is forthcoming upon bonds due in three years, first payment, twenty-five cents per acre, increasing for twenty years. Cost per acre estimated to average $3.75. One-fifteenth now drained; cultivable land selling at $25 to $35. Transportation: — Railroads: Frisco, 25.46; Iron Mountain, 3.67; Cotton Belt, 34.14; branch to New Madrid, 6.90; Frisco (St. Louis, Memphis & South- eastern), 31 miles taxed roadbed. Lee Line steamers, St. Louis to New Orleans, anchor at New Madrid, which is a heavy freight distributing point for surround- ing towns. Driven Wells: — Are the chief mode for obtaining water. Pipe point pene- trates sand, giving inexhaustible supply. Fisn AND Game: — Lake Cushion, near Point Pleasant; Lake Como, and Lake Hubbard are bountifully stocked with fish; canals and Mississippi river like- wise. Black bass, crappie, rock bass, catfish and perch. Deer, wild turkeys, ducks, quail, rabbits, squirrels and other game. Duck shooting is superb. Towns: — New Madrid, county seat, electric lights, two lumber mills, grist mill, stave and heading factory; cotton gin; two white Protestant, one Catholic and two negro churches. Morehouse, hub and spoke factory, two hardwood saw mills employing 300 men; three Protestant churches; Portageville, two saw mills, two cotton gins, two Protestant churches. Point Pleasant, cotton gin and saw mill. Parma, two saw mills. Newspapers: — New Madrid Weekly Record, Southeast Missourian; Portage- ville Push. NEWTON, situated upon the Kansas border and separated by McDonald county from Arkansas, is known as the great tripoli county of Mis- souri, as location of the government fish hatcheries, and as a lead- ing zinc mining district. Its area is 648 square miles. Tripoli mines at Seneca have an annual output of over six and one-half million pounds of product. Zinc, including jack, silicates and dry-bone, yields twenty thousand tons a year. At Granby a mine has been in continuous opera- tion since 1854. A smelter is here located. Other prominent featurizing inter- ests are nurseries, woolen mills, mineral waters, gravel roads, and Grand Falls Park with summer theater and picnic grounds. Horticultural interests are ex- tensive. Near Neosho many strawberries, dewberries, blackberries and rasp- berries are raised. Elsewhere apples, peaches, grapes, and pears are profitably grown. Apple products average approximately sixteen thousand barrels a year. Strawberries are produced to the extent of twenty-five thousand crates an- nually. Of the county's 414,720 acres, 193,560 are devoted to agriculture, being under plow. Farms number 3,043, of an average size of 92.1 acres, estimated to be worth at market price, an aggregate of $8,032,400. Population:— White, 26,280; colored, 721; Ameri- can born, 26,427; foreign born, 574; total, 27,001. Farm homes owned, 1,917; rented, 1,155; other homes owned, 1,650; rented, 827; total families, 5,549. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.60; average, 53 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,417,151; assessed val- uation per cent of actual valuation, 50; county debt, $30,000; no township debt. Timber :^ — Isolated bodies preserved for firewood and general farm purposes. Black oak constitutes sixty per cent of timber. Walnut and hickory are found in valleys. Small growth timber covers about half of the county. Minerals: — Mineral signs obtain nearly all over the county, but less than one-half have been earnestly prospected. Minerals found are tripoli, zinc, lead, lime- stone, sandstone, fire clay. Representative annual out- puts are: jack, 12,183 tons; silicates, 9,251 tons; dry bone, 198 tons; lead, 3,015 tons, tripoli, 6,660,000 pounds. Land: — Soil is a dark, fertile, gravelly, clay loam, underlaid by porous subsoil of deep, red or mulatto col- ored clay. All farm crops thrive. In some of the rougher districts soil is sometimes thin through erosion, and stony bearing. This soil is usually located by its dense growth of black-jack and post oak. Best lands are Photo in hcadinti : Strawberry Field, ne&r Neosho, ivhich supplies One Hundred and I'ifti/ Car Loads Anvuallji. 4fiO NKVVTON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACKES 1 PRODUCT 1 VAI.CE Corn 44.443 1,333,290* f 419,985 Wheat 59,243 880,625 * 488,750 Oats 8,2.i9 218,865* .•i8,000 Hay 9,.'iG(i 16,260 t 1!;1820 Forage 1,420 1 .895 t 9,475 Fla.x 1,2«6 5,068 * 5,270 Broom Corn 15 8,250 X 225 Clover Seed 1 ,020 * 5,710 Grass Seed 2o0* 400 Tobacco 18 11,700 t 1,700 Pota'.oes 1,270 120,6.50 * 42.230 Vegetables 875 28,630 Total 1 1 1 $1,184,195 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBEK [ VALUE Cattle 17,465 % 480,290 Horses 8,505 ,^l0,.-i00 Mules l,8Bti 121,290 Asses and Jennets 2^ 2,520 Sheep 811 2,435 Swine 15.360 1.53,C00 Chickens 147,1831 I'urkeys (leese 2,348 1 2,024 f 79,885 Ducks 3.795 j S«arms of I5ees 1,962 4,200 Honey fi.i.400 X 8,175 Wool 2.990 X ,500 Milk Butter 2.572.260 § ( 5(0,476 If 161,020 KgKs 1.000,250 11 125.030 Total 1 1 «l. 6.52.245 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Doz en. t Tons. § Gallons. NEWTON COUNTY 401 Land in these districts is rapidly being developed in northern parts, much of this being prairie. In the north part of county lands are well developed. All parts of the county are to some degree developed, but settlement is thinner in the southwest corner. Im- proved prairie lands sell at $25 to $40 an acre; valleys $25 to $35; ridges from $8 to $15. Unimproved lands, $5 to $10 an acre. All elevated lands — higher the better — are by nature adapted for fruit growing. Upon either side of shoal creek, and upon prairies in the northeastern, northern, southeast and all over west parts of the county, fruit lands approach the ideal. horticulturally. Manufactories: — These consist of flouring mills, saw mills, wagon factory, smelters, carding machines, woolen mills. There might be added tripoli works and nurseries. Transportation: — Frisco, St. Louis to Southwest, main line; Missouri Pa- cific, and Kansas City Southern. Several miles of gravel wagon roads have been built by the county. Mineral Springs: — At Neosho are iron and sulphur springs. Grand Falls Station, on Shoal creek, in northwest corner of county, is a place of natural scenery. At this place. Joplin, largest city of southwest Missouri, obtains its power for electric lights and waterworks. A dam is constructed across stream, forming a large lake. Boating and fishing are thus afforded. A summer garden and park make it a popular summer resort. Towns: — Neosho, county seat, population 2,725; has flouring mill, planing mills, plow and wagon factory, foundry, woolen mills, fish hatchery. Public school system approved by University of Missouri. Granby, population 2,315, mining town, center of mining district; has smelter, flouring mill. Seneca, population 1,- 043, tripoli mining. Newtonia, population 355, metropolis of Oli- ver's prairie, a lead- ing farming district. Wentworth, 238; Sagi- naw, Spurgeon, and Diamond are mining towns. Newspapers : — Neo- sho Times, Miner and Mechanic, Free Press, Daily Tutor, Herald; Seneca Dispatch ; Granby Miner; New- tonia News. hi NODAWAY 'm^m NODAWAY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACKES PRODUCT Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens lurkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. + Tons. NODAWAY is the first cattle county in Missouri. The value of this one live stock item amounts to approximately three million dollars. Besides this large value of cattle, horses, mules and hogs aggre- gate three and one half millions, and corn products add more than three additional millions. Other important products of the farm in this county are blue grass, timothy, and clover hay, poultry and eggs, butter, and oats. County borders Iowa on the north and is the second east of the Missouri river, separating Missouri from Nebraska; located within the belt of country which makes it purely agricultural. Population:— White, 32,809; colored, 129; American born, 31,680; foreign born, 1,258; total, 32,938. Farm homes owned, 3,002; rented, 1,437; other homes owned, 1,707; rented, 994; total families, 7,130. Land; its Topography and Price: — Nodaway is a high rolling prairie, with some timbered, rough land along the Nodaway, One Hundred and Two and Platte, the three rivers of the county. There are 848 square miles of land, 542,- 720 acres, of which 486,462 acres are improved. Farms number 4,490, averaging 123.9 acres each, of an actual value of $18,740,160. Originally stream-bordering, tim- bered land amounted to one-tenth; two thirds of this has been removed. Soil is an even black prairie loam, ranging generally from two and one-half to four feet deep, especially adapted to cereal production. The river One Hundred and Two, flowing southwardly across the entire county, divides it into two almost equal parts. East of this small stream, the farms aver- age in price $55 an acre; the cheapest ten per cent are $40 and a like percentage $85, elegantly improved. Soil in the western half is similar texture to that of the eastern portion, but of slightly deeper general average. Improvements are also of more pretension. Improved farms average $75 an acre. The cheapest are $50; ten per cent of the land brings $60; bulk ranges from $70 to $85. Adjacent Maryville one 100-acre farm recently brought $150, and around other Nodaway towns land has sold at $100. Farm improvements are equal to the best in Missouri or Iowa. Average farm residence costs $1,000. One near Burlington Junction cost $25,- 000, and another $12,000. Five and ten thousand dol- lar residences are common. Barns are large for live stock feeding and shelter. Factory Products: — Consist of iron castings for stoves and sash weights, flour, wagons and carriages, brick, tile, cigars, and butter. Maryville wagon factory Photos in headivg : Scene on Farm of R T. Lamar, Elmo; Burn of U. D. Bellows, Marijville. 462 Corn 247,194 9,887,760* $ 8,114,(145 Wheat 6,634 152.585 * 87.735 Oats 25,938 713.295* 185.4.55 Hay 49,377 98,755 t 543,155 Forage 7,12.5 9,500 t 47.500 Broom Corn 1 550 t 15 Clover Seed 860* 4,730 Grass Seed 5.700 * 8,835 Tobacco 3 2,700 t 270 Potatoes 2,036 295,220 * 70,855 V'esetables 1,305 69,320 I 4,132,515 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER I VALUE 90,202 24.149 2,906 65 5,168 175.075 299,293 1 5,445 I 5,705 f 6,126 J 5,286 176,200 * 22,410 * 4,982,620 § ) 909,612 t ( l,(i29,26n II $ 2,931,565 1,609,935 217,950 t;,.500 17,225 1,750,7,50 256,210 14,295 22,025 3,735 282,225 203,ti55 t Pounds. § Gallons I $ ? .31 6.080 Dozen. NODAWAY COUNTY. 463 OF IOWA builds 75 jobs annually; four cigar factories employ forty men; gas lights are built. Creameries are lo- cated at Ravenwood and Hopkins, and canning fac- tory at Parnell. Transportation: — Di- rect lines to St. Joseph Kansas City, St. Louis, Omaha and Lincoln. Miles of taxable roadbed: Wa- bash, 45.38; Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy: Brown- ville & Nodaway Valley, 9.76; Kansas City, St. Jo- seph & Council Bluffs, 12.87; Same, Hopkins branch, 33.69; Chicago, Great Western, 23.75. Schools : Conception College: — One hundred and eighty - six country school buildings. Mary- ville has system of three ward schools, and central high school approved by University o f Missouri. Maryville Seminary, co-educational, founded 1888, preparatory college under Methodist church. North. Academic, business and normal courses; attendance, 155. In 1873 Rev. Frowin Cotirad, Benedictine, from Engleberg, Switzerland, founded a monastery at Conception. In 1881 Pope Leo XIII erected it into an abbey, with Father Conrad abbot. In 1884 Conception College was established by Benedictine Sisters, from Switzerland who, in 1875, had founded a convent, later an academy for young women, and in 1890 an orphanage for girls. Monastery numbers 35 priests, ten clerics and 23 lay-brothers. Priests teach in Conception College, which boards 65 pupils and is in charge of 24 parishes and missions in Missouri and among North Dakota Indians. Clerics are preparing for priest- hood; lay-brothers work College farm. Seventy-three sisters teach forty orphans and young women in academy, and make vestments for the Catholic church. Mineral Springs:' — At Burlington Junction is a water of mineral properties. A hotel accommodates visitors. Towns: — Maryville, county seat, has waterworks, electric lights, sewerage, four miles of vitrified brick street paving. Has fourteen church edifices; in poli- tics about equally divided; two railroads, a Catholic hospital. Skidmore, Hop- kins, Burlington Junction, Barnard, are thriving farming towns. Finance: — County tax, 65 cents; average school tax, 47 cents; total assessed valuation, $10,823,245; one-third actual value; no debts. Newspapers: — Maryville Tribune, Republican, Forum, Democrat; Hopkins Journal, Pickering News, Parnell Sentinel, Ravenwood Gazette, New Conception Her- ald, Clyde Times, Bar- nard Bulletin, Burling- ton Junction Post, Gra- ham Post, Quitman Rec ord, Elmo Register, Clearmont News; Skid- more Standard. COUNTY LARGEST peach orchard in Missouri is in Oregon county. It numbers 102,400 trees. Horticulture is the chief pursuit. Peaches, grapes and strawberries are leading exports and acreages are increasing. Agri- culture is second. There are 1,880 farms averaging 119.6 acres each, including an average of 46 acres improved. Farm lands estimated at aggregate worth of $2,508,730. Cattle, hogs, horses, and sheep are pastured on free range. Both pine and hardwood trees are indigenous. Mineral exists. Ore- gon has the only active gold mine in the State. The county is situated upon the Arkansas border, ninety miles west of the Mississippi river. It is mountainous, three-fourths originally timbered; one-fourth barren land. Population: — White, 13,899; colored, 7; American born, 13,661; foreign born, 245; total, 13,906. Farm homes owned, 1,381; rented, 521; other homes owned, 301; rented, 520; total families, 2,723. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax, average, 65 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,141,046; two thirds of actual valuation; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — North of Eleven Points river, one-half was pine; remainder was white oak, black oak, post oak, hickory and sycamore. South of river hardwoods grew. Pine will be exhausted in six years. One-fifth hardwood timber clean cut or culled. Ten saw mills in county; largest capacity, 25,000 feet daily, located in pine district. Minerals: — Iron, carbonate of zinc, sandstone, blue limestone, and gold. Carbonate of zinc mines at Alton and Thayer. Stone is not shipped out of county, but several stone business blocks attest its worth. Alpha gold mine, twelve miles east of Alton on Eleven Points river, produced one mill test assaying $100. Small pieces have assayed $250 a ton. Land: — One-fourth "barrens;" bore no timber and surface is high and rolling. Large bulk embraces a strip five miles wide, extending two-thirds across the county, just north of Alton. Here and in valleys are grain farms. Fruit farm district borders Frisco rail- road in southwest part of county. Grain farms, im- proved, are worth $12 to $15 an acre. Surrounding Thomasville is a section of valley farms selling at $50 an acre. Fruit lands with bearing trees are unpriced, since in good fruit years these lands net from $100 to $300 an acre. Rough, rock bearing fruit lands, unim- OREGON COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACKES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 31,383 1,400,334* $ 376,585 Wheat 15.821 157.310 * 92,755 Oats 3,287 101,900* 33.965 Hay 4,322 6,-185 t 58,365 Forage 845 985 t 4,925 Broom Corn 5 2.500 t 70 Clover Seed 10* 55 Cotton 895 223,750 t 16,T80 Tobacco 50 35,500 i 3,550 Potatoes 307 30,700 * 14,735 Vegetables 785 30,295 Total 1 $ 632,080 LIVE STOCK AND PROI DUCT KIND. 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 11,102 $ 377,550 Horses 3,628 317,680 Mules l,4ti2 87,720 Asses and Jen nets 33 3,070 Sheep 4,677 14,031 Swine 25.291 2.52,910 Chickens 23,470 1 Turkeys Geese 1,305 ; 2,443 r 33.590 Ducks 1,940 J Swarms of Be es 848 2,160 Honey 28,267 t 3,533 Wool 14,400 t 2,400 Milk 1,192,300 § ( 233,474 t 1 101,700 Butter Eggs 330,380 II 41,300 Total 1 1 $ 1,0.36,644 * Bushels. X Pounds. II Do zen. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in Jiiadiiig : J'lach lilossoiits; Plckiny Peaches, near Koshkonony; A Sample Tuig. 464 OREGON COUNTY. 465 proved within six miles of railroad average $10 an acre. Farther away sell at $3 to $5 an acre. Upland soil is dark red clay mixed with sand, with bright clay subsoil. Bottom land soil is brown, practically the same, but deeper. Manufactories : — Flour- ing mills, lumber mills and cotton gins. Flour mills located at Thayer, Myrtle, Boze, Billmore, Surprise, Greer Spring, Koshkonong and Alton. Koshkonong mill has ca- pacity of 100 barrels daily; others are 50 barrels ex- cepting Billmore's, which is 25 barrels. Thayer and Thomasville have lumber mills, former also being location of planing mill making sash, door, blinds, and pickets. Cotton gins at Couch, Myrtle and Alton. Woolen mill at Alton. Canning factory at Thayer. Transportation: — Frisco, Springfield to Memphis, has 13 miles roadbed crossing southwest corner of county. Dirt roads profit from natural gravel upon surface. Churches: — Thayer has six, including Protestant and Catholic; Alton has Baptist, Presbyterian and Methodist; Koshkonong two; Thomasville two. Schools: — Sixty-three districts, seven months' average term. Thayer has well equipped ten room preparatory and high school, laboratory and library; nine months annual term; Alton school has six rooms, eight months' sessions; Thomasville has eight months. Springs: — County is famous therefor. Grand Gulf, a basin 150 feet deep is filled with clear spring water; natural bridge stands in foreground. Spring has connection with Mammoth Springs in Arkansas. Greer Springs and El Dorado Springs are picturesque places where water wells from the earth. Fish and Game: — Pike, buffalo, perch, sucker, bass and goggle eye furnish sport. Gigging is popular mode of fishing in clear water of Eleven Points river. Deer, wild turkeys, ducks in season and other small game. Towns: — Thayer, railroad division, 400 railroad men live here; electric lights, telephone, city hall, opera house; fruit shipping point. Alton, county seat, farming town; Koshkonong, mill and fruit shipping point; Thomasville, farming district. Newspapers: — Alton South Missou- rian, Oregon County Democrat; Thayer: Oregon County Trib- une, Thayer Repub- lican; Koshkonong Leader. Mo. — 30 O S^G & OSAGE COUNTY'S lOO.' CROP * l-iusliels. I Hounds t Tons. § Gallons OSAGE is situated upon the south bank of the Missouri river, ninety miles west of the city of St. Louis. Its surface is uniformly hilly and but thirty-five per cent is cleared of timber. It includes 586 square miles of land area, 375,040 acres, of which 137,186 are in cultivable condition. Farms number 2,022, embracing of land tillable, timbered and for pasture an average of 168.7 acres each, worth in aggregate, $4,319,078. Chief surplus products are cattle, wheat, corn, horses, and mules, hogs and hay. People are largely native born of foreign parentage. Many farmers have vine- yards, from which wine is made for home use and many farm homes are stone or brick, of German architecture. Population: — White, 13,822; colored, 274; American born, 12,770; foreign born, 1,326; total, 14,096. Farm homes owned, 1,638; rented, 405; other homes owned, 356; rented, 271; total families, 2,670. Finance: — County tax, 51 cents; school tax, aver- age, 34 cents; assessed valuation, 60 per cent of real valuation. No county debt; no township debt. Timbkr: — Entire acreage was originally timbered. White oak, black oak. scrub oak, black-jack and hickory predominated. Along the streams individual growth of trees was larger, walnut, sugar tree, ash, elm, sycamore and Cottonwood. White oak railroad ties and hickory hoops and implement handles are made in small way. Saw mills are portable, in size commensurate with local demands for rough board, hardwood lumber. Iron and Kaolin: — Surface iron ore exists. Car load is occasionally shipped to smelter, but not regu- larly. Kaolin deposits are found in untouched vastness. Land: — Surrounded practically upon three sides by the Missouri river and its chief Missouri tributaries, the Osage and the Gasconade rivers, the county is notably hilly, deep cut by the numerous streams emptying into the rivers. Bordering the Missouri river, the hills at- tain an extreme height of five hundred feet above ad- jacent valleys. Steep bluffs along Osage and Gasconade rivers reach four hundred feet. These heights diminish toward the center of the county. Sixty-five per cent of the land is unimproved and brings $2 to $10 an acre. Tracts are each less than a thousand acres. Along the I'liol'i ill lundinfi : HoIUiik' Frrnj liiUhjc, Gdficonadc Itircr, hi/ C. F. Weeks. 4fiG LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Catlle 17.164 * 462,010 Horses 4,022 261 ,480 Mules 3,323 232.610 Assts and Jennets 34 3,060 Sbeep 7,734 23,200 Swine. ■ 23,939 239.390 Chickens 126,4991 2,206 [ 4,847 ,'' Turkeys Geese 51 .360 Ducks 1.527 J Swarms of Bees 4.'j0 905 Honey 15,000:: 32,:i00 :: 1,875 Wool 5,050 Milk 1,161,904 §( 186,042 t f 80,610 Buuer Eggs 605,870 II 75,735 Total 1 $1,437,235 OSAGE COUNTY, 407 Missouri river is a narrow strip of bottom land embracing five thousand acres, worth $75 to $90 an acre. This overflows on an average of once in five years. Osage and Gasconade river bottom lands average in price $35 to $45. Extreme find- ings are at $25 and $75, owing to improvements and quality of soil. Many fine stone farm residences are located in the county. Creek bottoms, narrow, are worth $20 to $30 an acre. Where bottoms are combined, as in most instances, with hill land adjoining, prices for farms tone down to $10. Improved hill land aver- age, $15 to $20 for the best farms. Hill land with commercial tim- ber removed is available at $5. Soil in hills is light clay, usually rock bearing. The earth texture is favorable to fruit tree growth and wheat. Blue grass grows wild upon pastures. Chief agricultural product of bot- toms is corn. Ninety-five per cent of county owned by local people. Five per cent is held by mineral prospectors. Titles are perfect. Flour, brick and wine are manufactured. Flouring mills are custom ca- pacity, except at Bonnots Mill, which exports flour. Brick and wine are made upon the ground where used. Railroads: — Two main lines, St. Louis to Kansas City. Missouri Pacific, 23.83; Rock Island, 26.92 miles of taxable roadbed. A notable feature of county roads is that they represent many miles of gravel, and small streams are crossed on stone culverts, built at county expense. Linn, Bonnots Mill, Loosecreek, Cha- mois, Westphalia are credited with material aid in road building in their re- spective localities. Small barges and steamboats trafl[ic upon the Osage, Gascon- ade, and upon the Missouri river from Rocheport to St. Louis. Heavy freight hauling and moonlight excursions make profitable business during the summers. FiSHixG AND Hunting: — Many hunting and fishing parties resort along the rivers in season. Catfish, carp, and some game fish are caught; wild turkeys, deer and smaller game are plenti- ful. Towns: — Chamois is the largest; located upon the Mis- souri Pacific railroad. Linn, county seat, inland town. Bon- nots Mill, a French settle- ment, founded upon the larg- est fiouring mill of the county. Newspapeks: — Linn Un- terrified Democrat, Osage County Republican; Chamois: Osage County Enterprise; Meta Herald; Belle Star- Times; Westphalia Volksblatt. ifefeij"- A LOUSE CKEEK TOOL. OZARK OZARK COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. OZARK is on the Arkansas border; the fifth county east of Missouri's west line. The surface is mountainous, embracing 780 square miles, or 499,200 acres. Of this 79,085 acres, chiefly in valleys, are improved farm lands. Farms number 2,029, thus averaging in size 135.7 acres, of an actual value estimated at $1,281,078. Population: — White, 12,119; colored, 26; American born, 12,098; foreign born, 47; total, 12,145. Farm homes owned, 1,570; rented, 450; other homes owned, 111; rented, 136; total families, 2,266. Timber: — Originally the entire surface was covered with a heavy growth of white oak, black oak, post oak, hickory, black-jack, walnut and pine. Yellow pine was confined to the northeastern one-twentieth portion, where to-day are saw mills at Rockbridge and Trail. Portable mills are also engaged in the pine district, which is as yet little drawn upon. Walnut, which grew upon the val- leys, has been largely removed in the land clearing. Other timbers are used only locally. Cordwood is had for the chopping; rough board lumber at 75 cents to $1 a hundred feet. Zinc and Iron: — Zinc is mined at Wetherill, loca- tion of the Alice Mine, yield of which is hauled by wagon to West Plains. Zinc indications are found at all points. Mineral prospecting is carried on by farm- ers, whose limited capital forbids extensive or deep search. Iron ore is found upon the surface. Inaccessi- bility of railroad and cheapness of ore prevents its util- ization. Fire clay, lead and sand are other minerals known to exist undeveloped. Land; its Character and Price: — The Ozark mountains attain greatest heights and most picturesque ruggedness in this section of Missouri. The valleys are of the highest agricultural value. The abundance of blue stem wild grass makes all useful for stock graz- ing. Ninety per cent can be bought for $1.25 to $2.50 per acre. Farms range from $7.50 to $10 for the cleared land, averaging $6 per acre. These are chiefly located adjacent to Lick creek, Big North Fork of White river. Little North Fork of White river, and their tributaries. Everywhere the soil is a dark clay, inter- mixed with gravel and sand. The land has three alti- tudes; first the valleys, where the soil is darkest and of alluvial character; secondly, the hillsides leading up ' tin Hi(j)ii:sl I'oinI ill (liiiiKsrilh-. Cninihl ,S'(((/. 4 OS ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 31 .539 788.475 * §248,370 Wheat 15,031 165,340 * 90,035 Oats 1,809 49.7.'50 * 13,185 llay 3,180 3,925 t 35,32.5 Forage 530 705 t 3,535 Broom Corn 3 1,650 J 45 Clover Seed r 80* 450 Grass Seed =■ 70* 110 Cotton 3,370 943,600 1 27,9.50 I 66,0.50 Tobacco 43 2,795 Potatoes 394 30,400 * 13,790 Vegetables 200 12,035 5,615 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Kl MD NU.MBEK VALUE Cattle 15,463 * 380,575 Horses 3,936 236,160 Mules 1,181 70,860 Asses and Jennets 53 4,770 Sheep 7,392 22,175 Swine 22,005 220,050 Chickens 42,651 1 Turkeys Geese 1,0.55 1. 2,196 \ 25,180 Uucks 2,481 J Swarms of Rees 358 790 Honey 11,93{1 19,400 t 1.490 Wool 3,235 Milk i,;i50,no§) i28,643 t i 76,.590 Butter Kggs 220,070 II 27,510 t Pounds § Gallons •Si, 075,385 Dozen. I 'ho tit ill hrnilinij : /' OZARK COUNTY. 469 ARKANSAS to table lands, heavily burdened with stone of all sizes and character; thirdly, the table lands, porous and almost free from small rocks; and the rugged moun- tain tops, stone-bearing and usually heavily timbered. Five hundred thousand acres unfenced range supports live stock nine months a year. In product total cattle, corn, horses and hogs lead; cotton is a leading crop. Churches: — There are fifteen church buildings: Methodist and Christian at Gainesville; Union churches at Bakersfield, Thornfield and Romance. The other edifices are located at various crossroads. Nearly every school house in the county is used for religious service. TRANsroRTATioN : — The Frisco railroad touches within twelve miles of the northeast corner and the White River Route Missouri Pacific within eight miles of the southwest corner. Daily mail hack plies between West Plains, on the Frisco railroad, and Gainesville, 47 miles distant. Springs: — Hodson Mill Spring; Double Spring at Lonsdale; Bratton Spring, near Isabella, and Rock Bridge Spring, are among the largest. Creeks are largely supplied by springs of countless numbers. Manufactories: — Grain mills, cotton gins and saw mills. Flour is made at Gainesville, Lutie, Theodosia, Thornfield, Rockbridge, Dora, Sycamore, and Bakersfield. Cotton gins are at Gainesville, Theodosia, Sycamore; two at Bakers- field and at crossroad postoffices. Fish and Game: — Bryant's creek and North Fork of White river afford abun- dance of jacksalmon, suckers, buffalo, drum, catfish. Wild turkeys, deer, quail, rabbits, squirrels are plentiful, and duck shooting, in season, is unsurpassed. Towns: — Gainesville, county seat; Bakersfield, Theodosia, are all inland towns, supported by farming. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents; school tax, from 25 cents to 50 cents; average, 40 cents; total assessed valuation, $1,344,- 273; assessed valuation per cent of real value, 50; county debt, $500; no township debt. Newspapers: — Gainesville: Ozark County Times; Ozark County News; Bakersfield Boom- erang. OZARIC COUNTY WATER MILLS. PE-MISCOT MOST southeastern of Missouri's counties is Pemiscot. It is entirely lowland in character, five-sixths timbered, striding for agricultural position. Soil is alluvial, deposits of the Mississippi river. Indi- vidual timber growth, is large and forest dense. Cypress trees attain twelve feet in diameter, and cottonwood ten to twelve feet. Lakes existed; within two years the largest of these has been drained and has yielded sixty-five to one hundred bushels of corn to the acre. Alfalfa crop records are more striking. Four to six tons of hay are harvested annually after the first year. Cotton product aggregates a quarter of million dollars annually. Gins, cotton seed oil mills, and timber product plants are of largest proportion. Caruthersville High School is among the best in Missouri. It is approved by the University of Missouri. County contains 480 square miles of surface, 307,200 acres, of which 47,361 are in cultivation. Farms number 1,201, average size 71.5 acres, estimated actual value, $3,058,897. Population: — White, 11,253; colored, 862; Ameri- can born, 12,048; foreign born, 67; total 12,115. Farm homes owned, 462; rented, 729; other homes owned, 577; rented, 652; total families, 2,420. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.30; average, 66 2-3 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,344,288; 65 per cent of actual valuation; county debt, $8,000; no town- ship debt. Timbek: — Sycamore, cottonwood, red gumwood, wal- nut, ash, red oak, pvercup oak, cypress. Four-fifths of acreage has been log cut; twenty thousand acres have been deadened. Estimated that mills are making 250,- 000 feet of lumber weekly from Pemiscot land. In south of county, east of bayou, where forest was densest, land averaged 8,000 feet cottonwood acre yield, in addition to other timbers. Local mills have capaci- ties of 25,000 to 40,000 feet of soft wood daily. Land: — Level, protected from river by levee ex- tending along entire river front. To carry away water from hills inland ditches have been constructed west and southwest from a point between Hayward and Stewarts to Elk Chute, thence southwesterly into Lit- tle river which flows into St. Francis river. No I'hotos in hcadiny : Alfalfa, Second Crop, Third Year, Cdrutlirrsrinc ; One Ihindnil uitd One Car Loads of Lumber on One Raft. 470 PEMISCOT COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACKBS 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 25,480 764,400* ? 286,650 Wheat 0,620 n2..540* 66,400 Oats 68 2,175* 725 Hay 515 900 t 11,2.50 Hor;ige 440 515 t 2,575 Cotton 8,685 3,256.875 1 4,2H0 I 144,265 'I obacco 6 425 Potatoes 131 13,100 * 6,290 Vegetables 190 11,170 Total 1 1 $629,750 LIVE STOCK AND PRODI JCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 9,004 8 202,590 Horses 1.903 114,180 Mules 2.222 155,540 Asses and Jennets 82 7,.380 Sheep 613 1 ,839 Swine 15,663 156,630 Chickens 72,8.591 Turkeys 421 1 27,395 (jeese 2,526 f Ducks 3,370 J Swarms of Bees 775 1,521 Honey 25,832 1 2,070 t 3,229 Wool ;345 Milk Butter 810.269 § 1 160,828 t * 73,485 Eggs 266,260 II 33,285 Total 1 1 *777.4iy * Bushels. t Pounds. || D02 en. t Tons. § Gallons. PEMISCOT COUNTY 471 ARKANSAS ditches in extreme west and northwest, where water stands generally during Jan- uary, February and March. Three drain- age districts have organized to ditch through central part of county, which will drain practically all now undrained, ex- cepting the extreme northwest. Cost de- frayed through taxation system covering twenty years. Settlements are principally surrounding Caruthersville and Hayti and upon waterways. Estimated that less than five per cent of county is waste land. Tim- ber land, representing four-fifths of area, is selling at $10 to $20 an acre. One-fifth in cultivation sells at $30 to $40. Small acreage of it away from market may be had at $25; some immediately touching Caruthersville will reach $100; at Hayti, $90. Soil is rich, alluvial, seldom contain- ing too much sand. A good farm house costs $250, made of native lumber. Per- haps 60,000 acres of land are owned by for- eign corporations and co-partnerships, holding for sure advance in prices. Manufactuees: Timber and cotton are the basis of manufactures. Timber for hoops, staves, barrel heads and other such interests will be plentiful for twenty years. Much timber is being destroyed in order to make land agricul- turally available. At Caruthersville a mill gins cotton and utilizes seeds in oil making. Transportation: — Railroads: Frisco control: St. Louis, Memphis & South- western, 41.89; St. Louis & Gulf, 25.78 miles. Lee Line Steamers. Towns: — Caruthersville, county seat; Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist, Holiness and Catholic churches; two stave factories; heading plant: planing mill; cotton seed oil mill; money center for saw mills, paying $100,000 a month; electric lights; ice plant, cold storage, watei'works, wholesale hardware and saddle house; whole- sale grocery; annual livestock and agri- cultural fair. Hayti, railroad junction and division end; mill town, stave factory. Pascola, Holland and Steele are mill towns. Water : — Wells are driven gaspipe with pump attached. Water is ii-on flavor. One lake remains, Big Lake at Gayoso, 1,400 acres. Caruth- ersville Hunting and Fishing Club of 20 years have Big Lake under lease, build- ing club house. Newspapers : — Ca- ruthersville Press, Democrat; Hayti Ar- gus. LOQ LOADER AT WORK. PBRRY PERRY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels, t Tons. PERRY borders upon the Mississippi river, sixty miles south of the city of St. Louis. Originally its 436 square miles of land surface were one vast forest of oaks and walnut and willow and gum, with an occasional cottonwood tree and eight hundred acres in the south- west largely bearing yellow pine. At the present time 139,945 acres are under cultivation. Agriculture, timber and minerals are bases for county commerce and industrial pursuit. Popcorn growing is an agricultural feature. Corn, wheat, hay, oats and potatoes are leading crops of farms which number 1,936, and are of an average size of 133.9 acres. Estimated actual valuation of farms $3,629,938. Lithographic stone is a valuable mineral deposit, found in thicknesses varying from two inches to a foot. Eastern edge of Perry county is generally Mississippi river bottom bounded by bluffs. The central portion is rolling and the west and southeast localities are rough. Silver Lake, situated in the west side of the county. Lithium Spring, in the north and Schenmer mineral springs, in the south, are points frequented by pleas- ure seekers. Population: — White, 14,694; colored, 440; Ameri- can born, 14,279; foreign born, 855; total, 15,134. Farm homes owned, 1,496; rented, 429; other homes owned, 590; rented, 389; total families, 2,904. Finance: — County tax 37 1^ cents on one hundred dollars; school tax average 40 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,308,770; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40 cents; no county nor township debt. Timber: — Black oak, white oak, gumwood, wal- nut, post oak, hickory, pecan, willow and pine are the timbers indigenous. Present acreage 139,095. Black oak occurs to extent of forty per cent; white oak, twenty per cent; black gum, three per cent; 500 to 1,000 acres of pine. Minerals: — Lithographing stone, silica, iron, lead, copper, building stone are deposited. Lead mines are found in center of county, near Perryville. Lead in- dications in eastern and extreme western portions are very promising. County borders on the west the fa- mous southeast Missouri lead mining district. Build- 1 ACKES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 26,858 872,875 * $ 327,330 Wheat 51,919 994,317 * 586,645 Oats 5,019 125,475 * 41,835 Hay 8,889 i;^,335 t 146,685 Horage 2,335 2,725 t 3,500 t 13,625 Broom Corn 7 !)5 Clover Seed 1,300* 7,150 (irass Seed 10* 20 Tobacco 15 10,6.50 t 1,065 Potatoes 564 56,400 * 27,070 Vegetables 305 19,050 I $ 1.170,560 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER VALUE Cattle 11,158 $ 278,950 Horses 4,331 259,860 Mules 2,517 176,190 Asses and Jennets 27 2,430 Sheep 7,651 22,953 Swine 28,401 284,620 ( liickens 100,200 1 Turkeys (leese 2,743 ', 2,940 [ 66,905 Ducks 1,320 ) Swarms of Bees 779 1,445 Honey 25,907 t 35,000 I 3,246 Wool 5,833 Milk Mutter 1,168,984 ( 187,218 ( 92,085 I'^ggs 584.520 II 73,065 I $ 1,267.642 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heacHn-g: Perry County Scenes. 472 PERRY COUNTY. 473 ing stone is abundant in central section Iron was once mined, but operations were discontinued owing to low price of pro duct. Ten miles west of Perryville is a fine ledge of lithographic stone ly- ing in stratified beds. Zinc indica- tions are near Silver Lake. Lands — There is much more first class farming land in Perry m ^ county than is shown in the //i^ cultivated acreage. Bottoms are of the traditional Mis sissippi valley fertility i/: — One-tenth is prairie, stretching west from Bowling Green, county seat, and in smaller strips else- _ where. It ranges from $25 to $50. Rough land is found Stark's Xursciirs, iJiuixiaiiu ; Marble Ilciid l.inir Co., Louisiana. ■178 ACRES PKODUCT VALUE Corn 86,91.5 3,476,600 * ?1 ,060, 365 Wheat 43,772 1,006,765* 604,060 Oats 13.280 098,400 * 99,001) Hay 38.725 65,835 t .329,17.5 F'orage 3,000 3,500 t 17,500 Flax 35 2.55 * 270 Broom Corn 28 14,000 t 385 Clover Seed 175* 1,1.55 Grass Seed 670* 940 Tobacco 45 42.750 X .1,850 Potatoes .')72 71, .500* 17,875 Vegetabl'js 1,21.5 68,470 I $2,203,645 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 32,989 »1, 072,140 Horses 1 1 ,895 793,0(10 Mules 3,334 2.50,050 Asses and . ennets 191 19,100 Sheep 21,100 63,3(d Swine 44,010 440,700 Chickens 172,0001 'l"urke\s 8.143 . 5,990 f 170,; 55 Geese Ducks 2,281 J Swarms of Bees 3,064 7.365 Honey 102,133 t 12,765 W.H.l 73,700 t 12,28.5 Milk «uiu-: •2, n 4,706 § ( 465,2.53 t 1 195,340 Krks 889,020 II 111,125 $3,147,920 I Pounds. § Gallons. riiolos ill liCailiiiij PIKE COUNTY. 479 along the Mississippi river bluffs and in extreme southwestern corner. Land of this character embraces one-fourth and brings $15 to $25. Bottom land along the small streams and second bottom of the Mississippi river brings $45 to $50. In a few de- sirable localities, where farms are second bottom, highly im- proved, es- pecially near MONTGOMERY COUNTY Annada, as much as $100 is asked. First bottom land, subject to overflow, brings as low as $30, the best of it $35. Balance of county area, embracing one-half, is hill land of gradual and long slope, all-round crop land, and favorable to fruit tree growth. Soil is brown silt, clay undersoil, and land brings $35 to $50. Blue grass is indigenous. Bottom land soil is heavy black alluvial in character. Nurseries: — In loess lands which border the Mississippi limestone bluffs are located the Stark Nurseries, largest in the world. Offices employ 100 men; field, G50 men; road, 6,000 men. At Louisiana the company owns 850 acres and at Starkdale, close by, 3,000, where apple and peach tree nurture is emphasized. En- terprise established 1825; capitalization, $1,000,000; territory covered by sales- men: United States, India, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Corea and China. Pearl Buttons: — Are made from mussel shells obtained from the Missis- sippi river. Nord-Buffum Pearl Button Company's output: sixteen hundred gross daily. One hundred people are employed; fifty blank cut machines and propor- tionate finishing machines. Other leading commercial activities are wholesale lumber yard, of LaCrosse Lumber Company, head of a syndicate of twenty-two yards in Missouri. Sash and door factory, putting out $100,000 annual product; Buffum Telephone Com- pany, operating 500 miles of toll lines in Missouri; flouring mill, saw mill, steam laundry, at Louisiana; vinegar factory, flouring mill, at Clarksville; water bot- tling plant at Bowling Green; flouring mill at Frankford; powder plant, employ- ing 700 men, at Lamotte. Railroads: — Main line Chicago & Alton, Kansas City to Chicago and St. Louis; Burlington to St. Louis; St. Louis & Hannibal. Louisiana is on the St. Louis freight rate. Turnpike Roads: — Builded forty years ago, maintained by toll, connect all towns. Bridges, steel and wood; rate of toll, one cent single and one and one- half cent double teams per mile. Schools: — Pike College, at Bowling Green; College at Paynesville; Louisi- ana High School. At crossroads, four miles northwest of Louisiana, churches occupy three corners. Towns: — Louisiana and Bowling Green are chief with modern lighting and sanitation equipment. Clarksville, Frankford, Eolia, Annada, Curry ville. Newspapers: — Louisiana Times, News, Press-Journal, Herald; Clarksville Banner; Bowling Green Post, Times; Frankford Chronicle; Eolia Voice. s. V / .O. ^^.r PL:ATT&^ EITHER its geographical location, character of soil or schools would en- title Platte to a place among Missouri's leading counties. All these and other elements enter in its description. The county lies between two large cities. It is adjacent to Kansas City on the south and its northern boundary line is within twenty miles of St. Joseph. It is bounded on the west and south by the Missouri river, and Platte river flows through the center north to south, their bottoms combining a large portion of alluvial lands, bounded by bluffs of loess character, which recede into hill land and prairie. Park College, at Parkville, is one of the oldest and best educational institutions in the west, under Presbyterian auspices. It is a member of the Missouri College Union. Its course covers eight years' work. Owned by this in- stitution is a large farm upon which students desiring financial aid may work in return for all expenses. Blue grass is indigenous to all soils of the county. Originally hard and soft maple trees grew wild and the county thus came to have a unique reputation for maple sugar. Population: — White, 15,098; colored, 1,095; Amer- ican born, 15,821; foreign born, 372; total, 16,193: Farm homes owned, 1,369; rented, 646; other homes owned, 748; rented, 705; total families, 3,468. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 20 cents to $1.30; average, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $7,018,843; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 33 1-3; county debt, $16,000; no township debt. Timber: — The present approximate area of timber Is twenty square miles. It is in small scattering patches along the bluffs. It consists of black oak, elm, hickory, hackberry, linn and hard and soft maples. All large growth trees are found especially preserved for pasture shade. Minerals: — None developed, but the larger por- tion of the county, if not its entirety, is underlaid with coal. Platte county coal is taken from shafts in Kan- sas through tunnels underlying the bed of the Missouri river. It is soft coal, of unusually fine quality. Land: — Platte county contains 410 square miles of land surface, equal to 262,400 acres, of which 182,567 are under cultivation. There are 2,042 farms, of an t'hntOfs in hroilhui : I'UilU Ciniiihi Furiii KiriKx. 4 SO PLATTE COUNTY'S lr02 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PKODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 70,820 3,328,510 * $1,018,490 Wheat 51 ,789 98S,990 * .5(i5,79r, Oats 3,i.56 107,^8* 27,935 Hay 12,777 23.000 t 181,000 Korage 2,195 2,925 t 14,625 Broom Corn 1 550 t IS Clover Seed 410* 2 2'i.i Cirass Seed 270* '"4','b Tobacco 6t 57,600 t 5,760 Potatoes 877 131,550* 31, 570 Vegetables 910 40.910 Total 1 1 1$ 1,921,775 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMHEK | VALUE Cattle 25,704 $ 83.'{,380 Horses 9,129 608.tKj0 Mules 3,890 216,7.')0 Asses and Jenneis 94 9.400 Sheep 6,764 22,545 Swine 62.1^4 621,310 Chickens 141,382 1 Turkeys Geese 4.603 1 2.814 ', 115,575 Ducks 1,408 J Swarms of Bees 1,866 4,850 Honey 62.200 t 28,950 1 7.775 Wool 4,830 Milk 2,047,203 § / 136,510 Butter 3.i6,58« t I ErUs 828,210 II 103,.530 Total 1 1 ~* 2.687.085 * Bushels. t founds, || Doze n. t Tons. § Gallons. PLATTE COUNTY. 481 average size of 128 acres, of an actual valuation of $9,454,500. The largest farm crop is corn, exports of which annually exceed a million dollars. The larger portion of this crop is grown in the bottoms of Missouri and Platte rivers where the soil is of unlim- ited depth, black and alluvial. Somewhat exceeding the river bottom land in extent is the long rolling hill land. Prairie is found. There is no difference in valuation of the threti characters of land, all things else, including loca- tion and improvements, being equal. Good tillable and pasture lands, well improved as to buildings and fences, $50 to $70 an acre. Finely improved farms, representing sixty per cent of the county, sell at $75 to $100 an acre. Along the silt land bluffs a small acreage is available at $30 to $45. Manufactures: — One canning factory, two distilleries, making whiskies and brandies, and five flouring mills. Transportation: — Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs, 40 miles of railroad; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 36 miles; Chicago, Great Western, 14 miles in county. Direct service into Kansas City and St. Joseph. Turnpike roads, 12 miles. Dirt roads, well graded and otherwise improved, 665 miles. Banks: — Eight State and one private bank with a total capitalization and surplus of $215,300, and deposits amounting to $1,272,718.34. Mineral Springs: — In the southeastern part of the county are located arte- sian springs of chalybeate waters, similar to one of the wells at Excelsior Springs in adjoining county. Clay. Fishing: — Bean Lake, Sugar Lake and Horseshoe Lake are well stocked with bass, crappie, and perch. In the summer the lake parks are the resorts of fishing parties and picnics. In season duck shooting is a sport afforded by these lakes. Towns: — Weston, population 1,019; Parkville, 931; Platte City, 744; Dear- born, Edgerton, Waldron, latan, Beverly, New Market. All these towns are sup- ported purely by agricultural interests, excepting Parkville, which is the seat of Park College, and Platte City, county seat. Newspapers: — Platte City Landmark, Argus; Dearborn Democrat; Weston Chronicle; Parkville Gazette; Edgerton Journal; Camden Point Home Bee. WHERE HEMP HAS GIVEN WAY TO HAY. Mo. — 31 1(1% POI^K .^>>L V,- ^ir^ owned, 6S0,000 * Wheat 1,069 36,720 * Oats 4,875 170,590 * Hay 63,695 108,285 t Forage 4,060 7,435 t Broom Corn 5 2,500 X Grass Seed 9,500 * Tobacco 9 8,550 1 Potatoes 725 93,990 * Vegetables 695 % 750,300 22,oao 42,650 541,425 24,675 70 13,300 770 23,500 32,'.i85 '$1,450,705 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 43,521 $1,414,430 Horses 12,331 822,065 Mules 1,169 87,675 Asses and Jennets 47 4,700 Sheep 13,708 41,125 Swine 28,7»2 287,920 Chickens 146,3931 Turkeys Geese 6,020 ' 4,100 \ 121,395 Ducks 2,620 J Swarms of Rees 2,474 6,325 Honey 82,4(i- t 52,495 X 10,310 Wool 8,750 Milk 2,493,346 § 1 515,223 t; 12') 700 Butter Ress 860,810 II 107,600 , _ J X Pounds, § Gallons $3,051,995 Dozen. PUTNAM COUNTY 487 the county east and west. Along these streams and their tributaries are alluvial lands of great fer- tility, bounded in most places by narrow strips of rough lands gradually toning into a rolling topography, of which general character the county is. All the cereals of this latitude are grown. Timothy hay, clover and blue grass rival in luxuriance and quality the most noted portions of the United States. For timothy seed the county has a distinct reputation. The great percentage of land sells at $25 to $35 an acre. Small acreages of rough land, fit chiefly for fruit or pasturage, is available at $10. Best farms, well improved in fence and residence and outbuildings, bring $50 an acre. Immediately adjacent to Union- ville or Lucerne, small acreages range higher, on account of location. Water- melons and cantaloupes are grown in the bottoms of Chariton river. Manufactures: — Putnam Dye Works at Unionville employ a large number of people. Several kilns produce sufficient brick of first quality for local de- mand. At Powersville is located a cheese factory, products from which cover large section in Missouri and Iowa. Wagon and hay stacker factory at Unionville. Schools: — Enumeration, 5,087. School terms range from six months, in the rural districts, to eight months in towns. Union- ville High School is approved by the State University. Transportation : — Three railroads traverse the county north and south: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City, Iowa & St. Louis. Total mileage 33.45. Miles of dirt road, 2,000. Towns : — Unionville, county seat, population, 2,050; waterworks, electric lights, location of mines; commercial and geographi- cal center of county. Lu- cerne, population, 292; Powersville, Mendota and Blackbird are mining towns. Agriculture contri- butes most of support to all towns. Newspapers: — Union- ville: Republican, Panta- graph. Democrat; Powers- ville Record; Lucerne Standard. PUTNAM FADELESS UYE UoJLDING, UNIONVILLE. ilENDOTA COAL MINE, MENDOTA. RALLS COUNXyS 1902 CROP I ACRES I PKODLCT | VALUE Total * Bushels. t Tons. RALLS is adjacent to the ^Mississippi river, half way between tlie city of St. Lonis and the Iowa line. While its topography is generally roll- ing, and along the river hilly, its soil is universally of that produc- tive type common to Missouri's undulating prairie dislrict. The county is devoted to general agriculture, chiefly. There are 490 square miles of territory, three-fourths given to farming and in a high state of cultivation. A great many pure bred cattle and horses are raised and corn sur- plus amounts to almost a million dollars a year. A towering industry in Ralls is that of Portland cement and lime manufacturing. This county is famous for Bear Creek limestone, which tests 98 per cent pure lime. Peculiar to the northern portion of the county are some springs of salt impregnation, and an artesian well where the water spouts from the ground to the height of six feet. In a salt spring, three miles west of New London, ( have been found implements used long ago by the the French in securing salt sediment from the water. Good schools are the pride of the people of Ralls. There are two high schools and Van Rensselaer College, one of the oldest in the State. Population: — White, 11,860; colored, 927; Ameri- can born, 11,990; foreign born, 297; total, 12,287. Farm homes owned, 1,415; rented, 534; other homes owned, 377; rented, 359; total families, 2,085. Finance: — County tax, $1.20 on one hundred dol- lars valuation; school tax, average, 38 cents; total val- uation, $4,971,094; assessment valuation is one-half the actual valuation of lands. County debt, $272,000; no township debt. Timber: — The northeastern one-third along the Mississippi river, is original timber bearing land. The trees were black oak, white oak, red oak, walnut, elm, hackberry, hickory, and sugar maple. There is yet suf- ficient timber for local rough board and firewood pur- poses. Minerals: — Limestone is the greatest mineral. The Mississippi bluffs are of this material and along Bear Creek, in the northern part, are limestone bluffs almost of pure lime. At Oakwood are located the lime kilns for which Ralls is famous. From the same material is made cement. Quarrying is done mostly near Ilasco. Coal is mined in the southwest part of the county at I'liotos in heading: Atlas Portland Cement Co.; Home of E. O. Matson, 'New London; Home of May Gill, Perry ; William Wood's Farm, Near Perry; The Garth Farm. 488 Corn 74,200 3,190,685* 1 973,1 (iO Wheat 14,395 ;«3,8(5 * 194,305 Oats 8,205 25s,400* 64.615 Hay .30,900 52,535 t 288,945 Forage 1,005 1,290 t 6,450 Broom Corn 102 51,000 1 1,405 Clover Seed 80* 530 Grass Seed 3,050* 4,270 Tobacco 19 18,050 t 1,025 Potatoes 571 G5,f;(;5 * 16,415 Vegetables 820 31,165 I *; 1 ,i^88,S85 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBEK 1 VAI.l-E Cattle 27,924 if 484,7)^0 Horses 8,891 592,735 Mules 2,132 ]59.'.I0U Asses and Jennets 145 ]4,riO() Sheep 5,412 16,235 Swine 31.685 316,850 Chickens 151,114 1 Turkeys Geese 4,820 ', 4.700 I r5,900 Ducks 1,580 1 Swarms o Bees 1.861 4,406 Honey 63,0.«: 7,755 Wool b'.t.i<20 :. 9,970 Milk 1,865,784 § ( 134,725 Butter 345..535 t i Eggs 575,910 II 71,090 S 1 ,999,836 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. RALLS COUNTY. 489 Perry. Seventy men are em- ployed in the mines. Shafts are about sixty feet deep; vein twenty-six inches thick. Most of the production is con- sumed at the cement and lime works, within the county. Laxd: — Total number of acres, 313,600, of which 230,- 319 acres are included in im- proved farms. There are 1,- 996 farms, of an average size of 144.3 acres, worth $6,910,- 400, according to present sell- ing figures. Two-thirds of the county is prairie, beginning billowy upon the eastern bluff border and gradually toning down to the undulating kind at the west edge of Ralls. Farms are well improved gen- erally, and sell at $25 to $60 an acre. That portion of the county which has been cleared of trees sells at an average price of $40 an acre. In the immediate vicinity of New London some finely improved acreages are held at $75 to $90. The remain- ing ten per cent, lying along Salt river and the Mississippi river bluffs, is rough and timber bearing and may be had at $15 to $20 an acre. This land is especially favorable to orcharding and live stock grazing. MaiYufactuees: — Cement and lime are the chief manufactured products. Some flour and corn meal are made. Transportation. — Chicago & Alton, St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern, St. Louis & Hannibal, two divisions, Hannibal & St. Joseph. Schools: — Attendance enumeration, 3,556; number of schools, 69; number of high schools, two, at ew London and Perry. Van Rensselaer College, at the town of its name, is an old and respected institution. Springs: — Spalding Springs, Salt Springs, Saverton and Tremore's Lick are springs of water heavily charged with salt. At the first named place is also an artesian well and thereupon is founded a summer resort. Here are a two-acre lake and hotel. Towns: — New London, county seat, population, 881; Perry, population 624; Center, 300, are the towns incorpor- ated. Each is mainly supported by its live stock and general agricultural in- terests. Perry has coal fields of im- portance. Ilasco, on the Mississippi river, is location of cement manufac- turing center, and Oakwood is the home of lime manufacture. Newspapers : — New London : Ralls County Record; New London Times; Perry Enterprise. GARTH RESIDENCE, RALLS COUNTY. RANDOLPH, half way between Kansas City and St. Louis, twenty miles north of the Missouri river, is a foremost county by reason of its coal, railroads and agricultural interests. It is the third coal producing county of the State. Coal measure underlies virtually the whole county to the extent of greater abundance than has any other. Railroad interests are large and must be accounted to for markets which greatly encourage agriculture, the third pillar of industry. Moberly, chief city, is one of the most important railroad centers of north Missouri. From five directions trains enter its union station. The main western shops of the Wabash railroad are located here where are also the offices of three main divisions of the road. Two divisions of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas meet here. At two other points in the county the Chicago & Alton main line from Kansas City to St. Louis ar.d to Chicago crosses the Wabash and the Missouri, Kan- sas & Texas railroads. Vegetables and poultry are the source of support for many small farms which supply Moberly markets. Private dairying also is carried on. The larger farmers raise cattle, horses and hogs to the extent of nearly two millions of dol- lars worth a year and above this consumption as rep- resented, have a surplus of corn which sells for from eight hundred thousand to a million dollars annually. Population: — White, 21,600; colored, 2,842; Ameri- can born, 23,435; foreign born, 1,007; total, 24,442. Farm homes owned, 1,863; rented, 574; other homes owned, 1,569; rented, 574; total families, 4,580. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 40 cents to $1.00, average, 65 cents; total assessed valuation, $7,784,588; assessment for taxes is based upon a valuation forty per cent of actual valuation. There is no indebtedness. Timber: — Originally was found along the two branches of Chariton river and other lesser streams. Comprised hickory, black oak, white oak, post oak, red oak, walnut, elm, cottonwood and hackberry. The com- mercial timber has been removed. Manufactories: — Railroad shops are the chief fac- tories. At Moberly are extensive brick kilns and brick is made at other towns for local purpose. Flour and cigars are manufactured. Photos in heading: Union Station; WahusJi llosuitul; ^Vahash Machine Shops; Railrofld Youn79 64,445 t 451,115 Forage 3,480 4,640 t 23.200 Broom Corn 6 3,300 t 90 Clover Seed 740* 4,o;o (jrass Seed 510* 798 Tobacco 28 25,200 t 3,.530 Potatoes 1,517 237,550 * ,54,610 Vegetables 1,205 60,160 Total 1 1 $ 2.7?7,920 LIVES rOCK AND PROD UCTS KIND 1 NUlVinEU 1 VALUE Cattle 38,595 $ 1,251,335 Horses li,4S9 829,2(35 Mules 4,464 334,800 Assis and Jen nets 143 14,200 Sheep o,(;c8 22,225 Swine 84,394 843,940 Chickens 206,444 1 I urkeys Ceese 5,831 1 5,041 ! 176,280 Ducks 2,046 J Swarms of Be es 2,353 7,385 Honey 78,433:: 29,190 :: 9,805 Wool 4,865 iMilk 3,001,126 § ( 213,.32.'i Butter 570.058 t i Kggs 1,222,31(1 II 152.790 Total 1 1 $ 3,863,215 * Bushels. t Pounds. II Do zen . t Tons § Gallons. RAY COUNTY 493 East of Camden it sells at $50 to $75, with an occasional second bottom farm at $100, because of elegant improvements and loca- tion with reference to town. Soil of entire strip is rich, black loam. It is of inex- haustible depth. Corn is known to excel on this land after thirty years' consecutive yield. Wheat grows as luxuriously. Prairie embraces eight square miles to northeast, east and southeast of Lawson; a square strip of twenty square miles northeast of Knoxville; eight square miles centering at Georgeville; and for the most part in strips within that section in eastern part de- scribed by a circular line through points one mile south of Tinney's Grove, a mile east of Millville, and at Morton. Soil is black, light-weight loam, average three-foot depth, friendly to clover, blue grass and timothy. Sells at $35 to $60, averaging $50. Near Lawson it reaches $100, though rarely. Bulk of balance of Ray county is blue grass hill land, ranging in price from $35 to $70. Within half a dozen miles of Richmond, prices range $50 to $75, to $100 within a mile of town. Untillable land is practically unknown. A few farms adjoining Crooked river, three to five miles northeast of Vibbard, and some in extreme northeast corner of county contain this surface; selling as low as $20. Adjoin- ing land ofttimes sells at $40 to $50. Farm improvements are splendid, com- paring with best districts of Iowa or Illinois. Every farmer has orchard bear- ing apples, pears, peaches, apricots and berries. Manufactories: — Flouring mills at Richmond, Hardin, Orrick and Vibbard. Brick and tile factory at Lakeview. Soda waters bottled; vegetables canned in season at Richmond plants. Watkins' butter marketed at Lawson, said to be best in State. Tkansportatiox : — Three main line railroads to Kansas City; branch to St. Joseph. Schools and Churches: — Richmond High School, approved, heads county's splendid public system. Woodson Institute, co-educational academy, correlated with Central College, Fayette. All Christian churches represented. Water: — Drinking water in hills and prairies of limestone seepage; in bottoms, strongly iron impregnation. St. Cloud Springs, three miles north Richmond, is picnic ground. Sulphur spring near Millville. Towns: — Richmond, county seat, has waterworks, electric lights, telephone, business streets brick paved. Hardin, Lawson, Orrick, and Morton, have electric lights, telephones, and macadamized streets; Camden, Vibbard, Ray- ville, Elmira and Floyd are railroad towns; Millville, Knoxville, Russelville, Tinney's Grove and Georgeville are inland. Agriculture and stock raising sup- poi't all. Newspapers: — Richmond Conservator, Missourian, Democrat, Republican; Ray County Review, of Lawson; Hardin News; Orrick Star, Times. PURE BRED nOLSTElNS. RE¥^NOLDS REYNOLDS COUNTY S 1902 CROP Total Tota] * Bushels. t Tons. NATURE'S endowments to Reynolds comprise timber, minerals and a few broad river and creek bottoms for grain growth unexcelled. The county is situated in southern Missouri, three counties north of Arkansas and five west of Mississippi river. Timber interests may l;e considered dual; those of yellow pine and of hardwood. Pine timber is native to 275,000 acres of the 531,000 acres included within county domains, lying in the south and west. Pine lands have been cut up to eight thousand feet an acre; averaging five thousand. A Wayne county milling com- pany owned 180,000 acres, 30,000 aci'es of which it recently sold as land with timber removed. Hardwood acreage grew white, black and post oak. It is used for railroad tie and lumber making. Mill centers are Lesterville, Elling- ton, and Bee Fork, having a sawing capacity of 15,000 feet or less daily. Railroad ties are floated down Black river; within the year one tie drive represented 650,000 railroad ties. Acres of solid beds of red granite and of grey sand stone, and iron ore comprise chiefly the minerals, un- touched. Quality of granite deposited is seen in build- ings of Washington University at St. Louis and in street pavements. Ginseng in grown in eastern Rey- nolds. PoruLATiox: — White, 8,1G1; colored, 0; American born, 8,100; foreign born, 61; total 8,161. Farm homes owned, 797; rented, 388; other homes owned, 192; rented, 129; total families, 1,506. Finance: — County tax. 47 cents; school tax aver- age, 43 cents; total assessed valuation $1,804,513; two- thirds of real valuation; no county debt; no township debt. Land: — There are 830 square miles, making 531,- 200 acres, of which less than one-tenth, 50,271 acres, is cultivable. Farms number 1,165, averaging 103.3 acres each in lands of various characters, valued at $2,220,- 866 actual worth. As a whole the surface is mountain- ous. In a few localities there are quarter sections largely solid rock. Generally, however, surface bears small rocks. One-half the fifty thousand cultivable acres are river bottom land, rich, rock free, surpris- ingly well improved. Soil is clay* darker in bottoms. Black River near Lesterville ; Johnson's Shut-in. 494 ACRES TKODUCT 1 V.\I-UE Corn 15,503 410,830* $ 154,060 Wheat 2,782 41,7:^0* 24,620 Oats 898 17,960* 5,985 Hay 7,457 10.440 t 93,960 Forage 1,275 1,485 t 7,435 Broom Corn 3 1,500 t 40 Clover Seed 40* 220 Tobacco 41 39,110 t 2,910 Potatoes .328 29,520 * 14,170 Vegetables 380 13,065 I $316,455 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS NUMBEK Cattle 12.275 « 276,187 Horses 2,112 126,720 Mules 1 ,293 77,580 Asses an 1 Jennets - 19 1,710 Sheep 5,173 15,516 Swine 20,823 208,230 Chickens 38..5.i31 Turkeys Geese 837 ', 2.346 i'^ 15,025 Ducks 3,414 1 Swarms ■){ Bees 577 939 Honey 19,233: 13,100:: 2,404 Wool 3,183 Milk Butter 786,1 5.i § 1 103,424 1 f 58,190 I'-Sgs. 224,180 II 38,025 $812,709 X Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photos in licadiuy : REYNOLDS COUNTY. 495 Corn, grass, wheat and oats are raised in bottoms of Black river, Logan's Creek, Bushy Creek, Doe Run Creek, locations of principal farms. Farm lands under cultivation will average $20 an acre. With this a timber area of equal extent of land bought would be gratuitously given. Recently a 1,000-acre farm sold for $6,000; 250 acres were under cultivation. The 250 acres were priced at about full extent of con- sideration, the 750 acres of timber bringing a merely nominal price. One-fourth of the improved, cultivable land can be bought for $10; about one- fifth, in vicinity of Lesterville and Ell ington $30 to $40. These latter farms are well improved, crops have been ro- tated intelligently and buildings and fences are trim. Farms around Centerville sell at $15 to $25. One-half the county acreage is owned by mill men. This can be bought with pine privileges reserved or timber already cut for 75 cents to $1 an acre. Government lands, 6,522 acres. Maxufactokies: — A hub factory, spoke and fel- loe factory at Lesterville; flour mills at Ellington, near Lesterville and Carter's Mill; several grist mills and lumber mills at cross roads. Traxspoktatiox : — Missouri Southern Railroad, narrow guage, logging road with passenger accommodation, 37.17 miles tax- able road. Sabula, in Iron county, on the Iron Mountain is passenger point for Les- terville and Centerville, the county seat. Schools: — Fifty-three districts with school buildings and average six months term. Rod and Gun: — Many people fish and hunt along Black river and tributary streams. Red perch, catfish, goggle-eye and buffalo fish are plentiful. Deer, tur- keys, squirrels, pheasants and other smaller game are found. Johnson's Shut- in is a favorite point for campers. Towns:— Lesterville, Centerville and Ellington are chief. Trallaloo, fostered by Clarkson Saw Mill Company, of Leeper, has 200 inhabitants within a year of es- tablishment. Newspapers : — Centerville Outlook, Centerville Reformer. IN THE WILD WOODS. THE Ripley county farmer is a manufacturer and a miner. In sup- port of his table he tills the soil and pastures live stock upon the free range. For clothes and luxuries he depends well upon his broadaxe, with which he makes railroad ties, and his pickaxe, with which he soon collects a wagon load of iron ore for market. Ripley is upon the Arkansas border, sixty miles west of the Mississippi river. Its northern one-third is situated within Missouri's yellow pine belt. The south two-thirds bears hardwood timber. Its surface is rough, excepting 20,000 acres at the southeast coi-ner which is of lowland character. County contains 640 square miles of land, 409,600 acres, of which 63,496 acres are in cultivation. There are 1,740 farms, aver- aging 91.8 acres, including land of all characters. They are estimated at $2,585,848. Area of vacant land, 4,285 acres. Population: — White, 13,185; colored, 1; American born, 13,091; foreign born, 95; total, 13,186. Farm homes owned, 1,198; rented, 591; other homes owned, 309; rented, 504; total families, 2,602. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 40 cents to $1.25, average, 61 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,445,280; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 70 cents; county debt $8,000; no township debt. Timber: — Commercial timbers are yellow pine, white oak, black oak, red gum wood. These predomi- nate, with hickory, elm, and in the lowlands, corkwoof!. One of the largest pine lumber mills in Missouri is located at Grandin, Carter county, at the north edge of Ripley. At this point and Doniphan most of Rip- ley's log output is shaped into boards, dressca and un- dressed. Estimated that Ripley's pine timber will last five years. Three saw mills at Doniphan and seven or eight portable mills are helping to convert pine and hardwood into cash. Cord wood, $1.25; in the tree, free. Photo in heading : On Picturesque Current River, not fur from Doniphdn. 496 RIPLEY COU.VTY'S 190' CROP 1 ACKKS 1 PKODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 27,51-1 087,8.50* $ 257,9)5 Wheat 7,0:il 77,340 * 45,6.;0 Oais 2,t)81 55,915* 18,1)50 Hay a, 206 4,900 t 49,000 Forage 1.810 1,5- Of 7,(i50 Broom Corn 3 1,500 J 40 Grass Sieil 75* ]6'> Cotton 56.5 192.100 t 10.330 X U,510 Tobacco Z\ 1,6 5 Potatoes ■ZM 2 '.400 * 11,230 Vegei;ibles 405 20.580 To-al 1 1 1 $ 427,035 LIVE STOCK. .\ND PROD UCTS KINI^ 1 NU.MBEK | VALL'E Cattle O.UO § 22S..500 Horses 3.12ii 187..5(;0 Mules 1.514 90,840 .Asses and Jenneis 22 1,980 Sheep 3.92'.l 11,787 Swine 21.313 213,1.30 Chickens 42,914 1 Turkeys (iecse 787 1 .S,33.5 [ 24,430 Ducks 1,897 1 Swarms of llees 809 1.9GI Honey 2fi,9ti7 \ 3,371 Wool 9,370 X 1,562 Milk 1 ,09:^,404 § I 90,255 Butter 233.420 X 1 Kggs 2!it;,220 II 37,030 Total 1 1 $ 892,409 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Uo zen. t Tons. § Gallons. RIPLEY COUNTY. 497 ^ s — CARTER COUNTY -f '^ "Z :s" "1 X- z 3 H ? PlcaianfgTOvi (- ) o-^,^ ^^ ^ z o o )- ^ ^ v^ u ^'-^ V"- ' p Fomnook \*^) Q Poynor /- M ( J':; ? ^0. Naylcr;! 1 i ' .*/ / Pratt C^ Pu™a„ C/ i I QBup I, 9 " OF -c^-(^ ^.....fc7:_.. ARKANSAS — • l_ 1 STATE Minerals: — Iron in every township. Also clay and limestone. Land: — Topography varies from lovirlands in southeast to mountains in northwest. In the lowlands improved farms average $25 an acre; unimproved $5 to $10. Cotton and corn are chief products. Westwardly and northwest- wardly from lowlands hills are encountered. These grow higher and more abrupt until in the northwest they assume mountain importance. Wherever in vicinity of creeks they are rock covered. Eastern one-half is more thickly settled and better improved. Land in improved condition sells at $20 up to $30 in ex- ceedingly rare instances, and improved hill farms are to be found at $5 to $10 an acre. Unimproved mountain land in tracts of less than three or four hun- dred acres is had at $1.25 to $2.50 an acre. As the timber is removed, mining is increasing, and this with fruit raising is the hope of the county. Berries ripen one week in advance of crops even further south, owing to hill protection from north. Peaches grow perfect. Manufactured Products: — Railroad ties bring 26 cents in Doniphan, where annual shipments amount to half a million ties. Doniphan is location of two saw mills and one planing mill, grist mill, two roller flouring mils of 75 barrel capacities, small foundry, ice and cold storage plant and two stave factories. At Naylor is a 50 barrel flour mill; at King Bee a saw and planing mill. Transpoetatton : — Frisco (Southern Missouri & Arkansas), 9.29; Iron Mountain (Doniphan branch), 15.93 miles of taxed roadbed. Schools and Churches: — Doniphan has five churches; Naylor four. There are 68 school districts, averaging six months terms. Doniphan public high school of eight rooms contains laboratory for physics and chemistry and a refer- ence library. School term 9 months. Course comprises: four years English, four years Latin, three of history, one of science. It is approved by University of Missouri. Towns: — Doniphan, county seat, 1,500 inhabitants; new $20,- 000 court house; $15,000 water- works system. Naylor, Varner, ihiiimh^^^i— >■ ^ •,..#«/ --• Gatewood, Pine, Poyner, Fair ^SKlttMSB^^K^^^^^BMBSImteM^: '*\. Dealing, Ponder, Current View, King Bee; all supported by tim- ber and farming. Newspapers : — D o n i p h a n Hustler, Prospect-News. Mo. — 32 DONIPHAN, RIPLEY COUNTY. ST. CHARLES lies immediately north and west of the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Agriculture, manufacturing, horticul- ture and limestone are the elements of its commercial basis. Wheat and corn are the largest grain crops, and the county is first in onion production. St. Charles white corn for seed crosses the Atlantic an- nually. Best equipped car plant in the United States is located at St. Charles, the county seat. Three quarries ship immense quantities of blue limestone. In square miles the area is 520, or 332,800 acres, of which 220,491 are in actual cultivation. There are 2,297 farms, averaging 130.7 acres each in cultivable, pasture, and timber lands. Actual value of farm lands $11,127,188. Originally hard wood timber, white oak, black oaK, hickory, ash, walnut, elm, covered two-thirds area. One-third this former acreage, in western part of county and along the Mississippi river, remains; portable saw mills are found in the locality. Large numbers of railroad ties are being cut. Building Stone: — St. Charles county court house is monument to stone resources. Blue limestone is quar- ried along the Missouri river immediately south of St. Charles and at St. Peters. Fire clay is mined for car and foundry works. Pits are located four miles west of St. Charles. Land: — One-third is rich, alluvial bottom land. It is defined by the rivers and on the opposite sides by the Wabash railroad from St. Charles to St. Peters, thence by the St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern to Old Monroe. It may be subdivided into three parts: first, high bottom, representing one-half of the land, worth $80 to $125 an acre, according to improvements and altitude; second, lower bottom drained, embrac- ing one-third of bottom land, $50 to $70; third, four thousand acres, approximately, of overflow land east of St. Peters, $20 to $25. If tiled, the latter division is as valuable as first. The next dividing line would be run through Melville, Wentzville, Mechanicsville and Hamburg, bounding the south and west land averaging $60 an acre; this embraces one-third of the county. It is high-hill land, and the farms are in a high state of improvement. Perhaps a thousand acres within this strip are rocky, bluff land, and could be bought for $20 to $30; one-third would bring $75 or $80, best situated farms $100. South and west of the SI. Charles from the Miniiottri Rirer. 498 ST. CHARLES COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PKODUCT | V.\LUE Corn 59,550 3,156,095 * $ 962,610 Wheat 75,530 2,039,310 * l,223„i85 Oats ll,4t;5 458,56(1 * 114,640 Hay lti,145 32,2;)5 t 209,920 Forage 645 7.50 t 3,7.5(1 Broom Corn 8 4.000 t 110 Clover Seed 2,300 * 13,3:W (irass Seed 50* 70 Tobacco 10 9,500 t 855 Potatoes 1.-W3 172,62C * 43,155 Vegetables G.55 46,045 $2,618,070 Total 1 ! 1 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 17,201 S 5.59,030 Horses 7.457 497,125 Mules i!,809 210,675 Asses and Jennets 77 7.700 Sheep 3,9G7 11,900 Swine .S7,137 371,370 Chickens 218,5111 Turkeys (ieise 2.333 ', 2,261 1" 97,490 Ducks 2,637 1 Swarins of Bees 1 .257 3.190 Honey 41,900 : 18,820:; .5,240 Wool 3,135 Milk 2,146,182 § ; 1,56,220 Butter 346,975 t f KRgs 1.191,M0|| 148,940 Total 1 1 $2,072,025 * Bushels. ^ Pounds. || Dozen. | t Ions. ^ (.rallons. 1 Plioto in heuOinij ST. CHARLES COUNTY. 41)*J last line drawn, the land varies more price and producing qual- ity. In a creek bottom farms sell 5 an acre while adjoining it is land to be had for $5 or $10. Tax assessment at two- thirds valuation for this section is $15 an acre. Creek bottoms sell at $40 to $65 an acre. Population:— White, 22,332; colored, 2,142; native born, 21,874; foreign born, 2,600; total, 24,474. Farm homes owned, 1,360; rented, 903; other homes owned, 1,223; rented, 1,336; total families, 4,822. Finance:— County tax, $33,242.67; school tax average, 28 cents; total as- sessed valuation, $12,215,190; assessed valuation one-half of real valitation; no county debt; no township debt. Manufactories: — St. Charles is a manufacturing city. American Car & Foundry Co., employing 1,700 men, make railway cars from the ground up. The plant covers seventeen blocks along the river and is thoroughly equipped. Wa- bash, and Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems are supplied from St. Charles shops. Cars are sent to every civilized country. Departments include brass and malle- able iron foundries, wheel foundry, gray iron foundry, pattern shop, iron and machine shop, freight paint shop, coach wood machine shop, coach cabinet mill, coach erecting shop, coach paint shop, upholstering shop, mirror department, glass etching department, brass machine shop, brass finishing shop, brass lacquer and finishing department, coach blacksmith shop, lumber drying kilns, mechanical engineering department; organized 1873 and transferred to present corporation March 1, 1899. Capacity, 050 freight or thirty passenger coaches a month. Compressed brick plant, two stone quarries, cob pipe factory employing 60 persons, five cigar factories, two steam laundries, three wagon and carriage shops; creamei-y at New Melle; flouring mills at St. Charles, New Melle, Wentz- ville and O'Fallon. Transportation: — Wabash, 27.72; Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 43.80; St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern, 32.77; St. Louis & Hannibal, 5.77; St. Clair, Madison & St. Louis Belt Line, 2.80; St. Peters' branch St. Louis, Kansas City & Northwestern, 10.60 miles. Pike roads, 146; dirt, 660 miles. Schools: — Lindenwood College, Presbyterian school for young women, founded 1830; enrollment, 74; faculty, 15. Collegiate, music, elocution, and dra- matic art. Sacred Heart Convent, for young women; 65 enrolled. St. Charles Military Academy, for boys, preparatory school, St. Charles. Woodlawn Semi- nary, O'Fallon. High School, St. Charles. Seventy-one districts with one-third more schools. Newspapers: — St. Charles Banner-News, Cosmos-Monitor, Demokrat; Wentzville Union; O'Fallon Hausfreund. JTSX CI^AIFL ST. CLAIR is situated on the west side of southern Missouri. It is fifty miles east of Kansas and seventy miles south of the Missouri river at Lexington. Agriculture, stock raising, and mining are principal occu- pations. Tomato growing, live stock ranches and lime manufacture give it feature. Ranch is applied in St. Clair county to half a dozen farms each of not more than five hundred acres, devoted to cattle or sheep rais- ing. The owner places the property in the hands of an overseer, who lives upon the place and conducts the feeding of stock. The owner resides in town. North- west one-fourth of St. Clair county is prairie, commercial and industrial inter- ests thereof centering at Appleton City, largest town, population 1,133. Osceola, upon Osage river, is county seat; population 1,037. Lowry City, in northeast, is best town in its section of the county. Lime is manu- factured at Osceola. Population: — White, 17,645; colored, 262; Ameri- can born, 17,590; foreign born, 317; total, 17,907. Farm homes owned, 1,925; rented, 866; other homes owned, 617; rented, 409; total families, 3,817. Finance: — County tax: general revenue, 50 cents; road, 15 cents; sinking fund, 15 cents; total, 80 cents; school tax from 12 cents to $2.40; average, 60 cents on one hundred dollars; assessed valuation: land and per- sonal, $3,521,545; merchants, $114,980; railroads. $511,- 640; total, $4,481,165.16; assessed valuation per cent of actual value, 50; county debt, $7,000, outstanding war- rants; no township debt. Timber: — Forty per cent of land originally tim- bered; white, black, and post oak, hickory, pecan, wal- nut, hackberry, mulberry, elm, sycamore, cottonwood, chiefly in east, southeast and along streams. Com- mercial size almost exhausted. Minerals:— Coal production, 3,139 tons annually; operated mines at Appleton City, Dottie, Lowry City, luka Springs, Monegaw Springs, Taberville, Tifl^n and Osceola. Vein at Dottie, Taberville, Tiffin and vicinity of Lowry City is three to four feet thick; best deposits eight miles or more from railroad. Iron in northeast; Rosemont Ranch on Sac River. 500 ST. CLAIR COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES I PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 88.913 3,111,955* $ 980,265 Wheat 10,719 198,300 * 109,065 Oats 8,.566 231 ,280 * 61,2'.)0 Hay 27,0.i7 43,290 t 231,095 Forage 3,480 4,640 t 23,200 Flax 4,578 18,312 * 19,045 Broom Corn 745 409,750 t 11,270 Clover Seed 60* 335 Grass Seed 1,600* 2,.500 Tobacco 26 10,900 t 1,690 Potatoes 652 61,940* 21,080 Vegetables 1,230 56.185 $ 1,. 517.080 Total 1 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 P RODUCT 1 VALUE Cattle 27,359 $ 820,770 Horses 9,953 663.535 Mules 1,711 119,770 Asses and Jennets 82 8,200 Sheep 5,022 15,065 Swine 32,825 328,250 Chickens 147,208 1 Turkeys Geese 3.760 1 S,853 1 111,245 Ducks 2,637 I Swarms of Bees 1.681 3,526 Honey 56,033;; 19,990 ;; 7,004 Wool 3,.332 Milk 2,' ■80 ,.584 § ) 1.53,825 Butter ' 57,257 t \ Eggs 200,440 II 150,055 Total 1 1 $ 2,384,57 * Bushels. t Pour ds. II Dozen. t Tons. § Gall ans. Photo in heading ST. CLAIR COUNTY. 501 ,*' HENRY limestone and sandstone along Sac and Osage riv- ers. Whetstone deposits in pockets near Monegaw Springs; used for souve- nirs of the resort. Kaolin and earth paint in west half of county. White clay analyzes 61 per cent silica and 28 per cent alumina. Land: — Area, 690 square miles; 441,600 acres; cultivated, 219,404 acres; number of farms, 2,- 851; average size, 121.9 acres; aggregate valuation, $5,467,725. Entering at dif- ferent points in the south- west corner of the county, two prongs of the Osage river very soon flow to- gether and thence con- tinue a northeasterly di- rection to the county line and into Benton county. At Osceola, this stream is joined by Sac river, which enters St. Clair county at a middle point on the south border. Osage has approximately 65 miles and the Sac 27 miles of bed within the county. Northwest one-fourth of the county is undu- lating prairie. It is crossed by small creeks with narrow timber strips. Soil is uniformly prairie loam, black, with clay undersoil. Thin limestone rock is found at shallow depth. Bulk of prairie brings $40 to $50. One-fourth of it, embracing more creek, timber strips sell at $20 to $30. Along the main streams are bottom lands averaging three-eighths of a mile in width. Estimated at 25,000 acres. Soil is black, sandy, bottomless loam. Prices, $40 to $50 an acre. One-fourth of the county east of Sac and Osage confluence is cultivable farm lands, worth $15 to $25. Balance ranges from $1.25 to $10 an acre. Three thousand three hun- dred and twenty-five acres of government land are embraced. Wild land is clothed in blue stem grass. Manufactured Products: — Cheese, brick, and lime are manufactured. Ap- pleton City has three cheese plants and creameries; Osceola two lime kilns. Transportation: — Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 6.75; Kansas City, Osceola & Southern, 26.91; Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield, 29.91 miles of taxed railroad. Last two lines are operated under Frisco leases. County roads cross rivers by five large steel bridges. Schools: — Number of buildings, 114. High schools at Osceola, Appleton City. Appleton City Academy gives courses in primary, preparatory, academic, music, elocution, military and physical culture departments; 125 students. Mineral Springs: — White and black sulphur, magnesia and various chaly- beates, free and limestone waters. Monegaw Springs, Appleton City Springs, Taberville Springs, Chaly- beate, Salt Creek and County Line Sulphur Springs are points of min- eral water virtues. First two are provided with hotels which are pat- ronized during summers. Fishing is good. Newspapers : — Osceola Demo- osage river bridge, osceola. crat. Republican; Collins Advance; Lowry City Independent; Appleton City Trib- une, Journal. CENTER OL the iar tamed southeast Missouri lead mining and smelter district, is St. Francois county, forty-five miles south of St. Louis. Last year seventy per cent of the output of lead in Missouri was from this county. The developed district extends along the line of the Mississippi River & Bonne Terre railroad from Doe Run to Jef- ferson county. Iron mining is likewise an important commercial and industrial factor of the county. Its location is in the southwest corner, centering at Iron Mountain, which has yielded large annual outputs for many years. Some copper is mined also and baryta is found in the lead district. In other things St. Fran- cois is not backward. All directions rock roads run out of Farmington, location of one State institution, the Hospital for Insane; Carleton College and Elmwood Seminary, and a thorough system of public schools. Bonne Terre, another lead- ing town, location of one of the lai'gest concentrating plants in Missouri, is seat of a high school approved by the University of Missouri. County embraces 410 square miles of land, 262,400 acres, of which 97,765 are devoted to agriculture. There are 1,277 farms, averaging 162.6 acres each in lands of cultivated, pasture, and timber character. Total value of farm lands, $8,350,675. Population: — White, 23,440; colored, Gil; Ameri- can born, 23,136; foreign born, 915; total, 24,051. Farm homes owned, 900; rented, 390; other homes owned, 1,458; rented, 1,910; total families, 4,658. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; county I'oad tax, 10 cents; school tax from five cents to $1.30; average, 54 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,357,942; based upon thirty per cent of actual value; no county nor township debt. Tijuser:- — Varieties: White oak, black oak, post oak, red oak, sugar maple, black walnut, elm, cherry, hickory, black gum, pine, pawpaw. Red and black oak comprise one-half. Wherever accessible to railroad the largest timber has been removed. White oak repre- sents one-fourth of timber growth, but has been cut over more than any other sort. Large growth white oak is yet found in rough regions touching Big river in north, and St. Francis river in south and south- western corner of county. In the western and south- ern portions, sugar maples are numerous. Pine equal to two per cent of timber remains in districts remote from railroads. JfCUil Mhiiufi Difilrivt; Volunihia Lead Compaiiii, Slid ft Xo. 2. 502 ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACHES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 20,546 698,504 * * 261,960 Wheat 14,410 230,560 * 136,030 Oais S,.")] 1 02.775 * 20,925 Hay 11,834 17,750 t 177,500 I'orage 3,310 3,860 t 19,300 Broom Corn 6 2,500 1 70 ("lover Seed 125* 690 I'obacco 18 12.780 X 1,280 Potatoes 50.5 45,450 * 21,815 Vegetables 535 30,350 Total 1 1 1 $675,920 LIVE STOCK AND PROD LJCTS KIND 1 NUMBEH | VALUE Cattle 13,021 $ 325 ,.525 Horses 3,427 205,620 Mules 1,395 84,175 Asses and Jennets 15 1 ,3.50 Sheep H,54r 10,641 Swine 12,971 129,710 Chickens 54,344 1 Turkeys Cleese 1 ,(;JJ9 1 1,37(5,'' 30,910 Ducks 1,000 J Swarms of Bees 79(> 2,0s;4 Honey 2G,.533 X 3,317 Wool ]2,.590 X 2,098 Milk 1,3.58,211 § I 99,145 Butter 208,903 X f I'-ggs 347,350 II 43,420 Total 1 1 $913,995 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do .en. t Tons. § Gallons. I'liolos ill licddiiKj : ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. 503 Minerals : — More than two-thirds of county area has mineral prospects. One-tenth of prospects are developed. Minerals consist of lead in form of disseminated ore, zinc, iron, barite, nickel, red and gray granite, limestone, and sandstone. Copper is mined in small quantity. Land:^ — There are two classes: first, the rough hill land found in a large area in southwestern corner, and the broken regions adjacent to principal streams; and the gently rolling areas in the eastern and central parts of the county. The latter class, which embraces the plateaus and upland valleys, is quite free from stones and of suffi- cient fertility to support ev- ery kind of crop. The native growth of linden, elm, paw- paw and like vegetation is indicative of its richness. Poorest land amounts to only about five per cent and is in southwest corner, priced at $5 an acre. The average unimproved land of southern end of county may be bought for $10 an acre, and the best, amounting to twenty per cent, lying be- tween French Village and Libertyville, will bring $12 to $15 an acre. Of the im- proved lands, the best is situated in the eastern part and along streams else- where; prices range from $15 to $20. Ridge lands are sometimes found at $5 to $10 an acre, intervening strips of more even and higher priced areas. Major por- tion of county is'exceptionally well adapted to fruit growing, soil being deep, and subsoil of red, porous clay. Manufactories: — Flouring mills, wagon and machine shops, nurseries, saw mills, creamery, bottling works, planing mills, ore reduction works, granite quar- ries and brick works. Transportation: — Iron Mountain railroad, main line and Belmont branch; Missouri Southern, and Mississippi River & Bonne Terre. Thirty miles of rock roads in county. Towns: — Farmington, county seat, 1,778; three flouring mills, wagon and machine shop, bottling works, saw mills, large nursery, Carleton College and Elm- wood Seminary, State Insane Asylum. Bismarck, 708, division point. Knob Lick, 209; Bonne Terre, largest town, but unincorporated, location of concentrating plant, creamery, flouring mill, wagon factory. Doe Run, terminus of Bonne Terre railroad, mining town with large concentrating plant. Libertyville, mining district, population 15,000, embracing Flat River, Blvins, Desloge, Cantwell, Esther, Huntington, Cen- tral and St. Francois. Newspapers : — Farm- ington Times and Her- ald; Progress, News; Bonne Terre Star, Demo- crat-Register; Flat River Lead Belt News; Elvins Argus. FIFTY miles south of St. Louis, upon tlie Mississippi river, is Ste. Gene- vieve county, seat of tlie first settlement in Missouri. Its contribu- tions to the history of the State thus began early and have ever since extensively continued. The Catholic church exerts a strong influence from this center. Commercially and industrially the county is varied. Aux Vases sandstone is an export item of importance. Abutments for Eads Bridge at St. Louis vi^ere quarriea here. A large deposit of sand suitable for glass manufacture is found. Agriculture occupies 94,600 acres of cultivated land. County exports pecans. Wine making is incident to farm life. There are 450 square miles of land surface, equivalent to 288,000 acres. Farms number 1,364, averaging an acreage of 169 in total of cultivated, pasture and timber lands. The actual aggregate value of farms is estimated at $2,766,934. Population: — White, 9,885; colored, 474; Ameri- can born, 9,859; foreign born, 500; total, 10,359. Farm homes owned, 1,149; rented, 215; other homes owned, 335; rented, 245; total families, 1,944. Foreign popu- lation is German and French. Finance: — Total assessed valuation, $2,136,535; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 66 2-3; no county nor township debt. Timber: — Sixty-five per cent of county is timbered. Black oak represents thirty-five per cent thereof; white oak, twenty per cent; post oak, fifteen per cent; wal- nut, hickory, and pecan, bearing abundance of fruit, represent the remainder. Walnut and pecans are mainly along Mississippi river and inflowing streams. Black oak is in south and southwest; white oak upon north hillsides, and post oak grows throughout the county. Minerals:- — Copper, lead, zinc, iron, glass sand, kaolin, marble, and building stone are commercially utilized. Copper is mined in the eastern portion near the county seat. Disseminated lead was mined in Sa- line township in south Ste. Genevieve county, and zinc is found in Jackson township. Building stone quarries are located eight miles south of Ste. Genevieve city; product classed first rank. Antique marble is found Fartn Scene; Catholic Church, Ste. Genevieve. 504 STE. GENEVIEVE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT I VALUE Corn 18. ,356 578,211 * 1 216,830 Wheat 83,870 511,920* 319,7:i5 Oats 2,114 50,7;« * 16,910 Hay 7,798 11,695 t 146,190 Forage i.'iao 1.670 t 3,500 t 8,350 Broom Corn 7 95 Clover Seed 525* 3,890 Tobacco 12 8,520 t 850 Potatoes .58.5 58,-500 * 28,080 Vegetables 305 25,6i(5 Total 1 1 * 765,625 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 10,391 $ 257,3,50 Horses 3,586 215,160 Mules 1,070 61,560 Asses and Jenneis 20 1,)S0() Sheep 3,.545 10,635 Swine 20,946 209,460 Chickens 60,562 1 Turkeys Geese 1.636 ', 2,210 ( 43.905 Ducks 1,007 J Swarms of Hees 546 841 Honey 18,200- 1:^,170: 2,275 Wool 2,195 Milk Butter 8;J2,130§( 126,-63 t \ 62,940 Eggs 3;i7,080 II 42,135 Total 1 1 S 91:H,613 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Doz en. t Tons. SGa llo ns. Photos in hcadiny STE. GENEVIEVE COUNTY. 505 near central part of county, ten miles from Ste. Genevieve. Glass sand deposit extends in a ridge seven miles long, near the eastern bound- ary. Granite and kaolin are found on railroad between Ste. Genevieve and Farmington. Red and gray granite and oolitic limestone are found in western part of county. Land: — Best land is adjacent to the Mississippi river and the Saline and Aux Vases creeks. It sells at $50 to $75, and where close to market occasionally brings $100 an acre. Uplands are above the average hill land for gen- eral farm crops, but there is some land rough and too rock-bearing for profitable cereal culture. Best upland improved is priced at from $15 to $20; the next grade, $10 to $15 an acre. Best class of up- land, timbered and unimproved, is yet to be had at $5 to $10 an acre. There are 2,092 acres of land owned by the United States government, awaiting homestead, at $1.25 an acre. It is located mainly in the south, southeast and western portions. Fkuit: — All land in Ste. Genevieve county except- ing the river and creek bottoms, is eminently adapted to fruit growing. Upland regions of Saline and Aux Vases creeks are specially favorable to apples, peaches, pears, grapes and berries. Frisco railroad, just opened direct to St. Louis, means development in this line. Manufactories: — Flouring mills are chief. About one hundred thousand dollars worth of surplus wheat is raised annually. Saw mills, brick yards, lime kilns, brewery, soda water factory, ice plant, cigar factories, creameries, are main supports of a large inhabitance. There are some small nurseries and every farmer grows grapes for table wines. Transportation: — Facilities have been trebled within the past year. Frisco has opened a road giving direct connection with St. Louis, broadening Ste. Gene- vieve markets. This is in addition to a branch line of the Missouri Pacific which connects with main line at Elvins. Steamboat service transports heavy freight from up and down the river, making Ste. Genevieve a distributing point for an inland area. Towns: — Ste. Genevieve, 1,707 population: two flouring mills, two cigar fac- tories, ice plant. St. Marys, population 576; flouring mills and general trading center. Bloomsdale, flouring mill, stock center. River Aux Vases, Offenberg, Weingarten, Avon, Lawrenceton, and Zell. Newspapers: — Ste. Genevieve Fair Play, Herald, News; St. Marys Progi"ess, Times. ST LOUIS S city. ST. LOUIS COUNTY'S IWZ CROP 1 ACKES 1 PKODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 4 4. .323 2,216.150* •S 831,055 Wheat 51,891 1,349.165* 796 005 Oais 3,381 98.050 * 3.',685 Hay- 24.652 49.315 t 690.270 Forage 7.405 8,610 t 43,200 Broom Co rn 8 4,000 t 110 ("lover Seed l-.'5 * 090 Tobacco 2 1 .420 t 140 Pol aloes 7,611 951,375* 456,660 Vegetables 6,925 452,08") Toial 1 1 $ 3,302.900 LIVES TOOK AND PROD UCTS KIND 1 NUMBEK | VALUE Cattle 12,365 * 401,862 Horses 8,1561 570,733 Mules 4,052 2«3,(;40 Asses and Jennets 15 1„500 Sheep i,ri9 5,1.57 Swine 22,490 2J4,900 Chickens 207,803 1 Turkeys (leese ],4;5 ' 1,495 f 2,806 J 114,190 Ducks Swarms of Bees 1,201 3.003 Honey 40.033:: 7.075 : 5.(101 Wool 1.195 Milk 4,376,310 § 1 471.210 Butler 760.006 t ( 1^'ggS 1,118,05J II 139,7.:5 Totirt 1 1 $ 2,222, ■.!99 * Busliels. ^ Pounds. || Do zen. t Tons. i Gallons. T. LOUIS is a county of homes, ll bounds llie nortli, west and south lim- its of St. Louis city, metropolis of the Mississippi Valley, fourth city in size in the United States. The suburhan feature is its first claim. Kirkwood, Webster Groves, Ferguson, Florissant, Maplewood, Clayton, are homes to an inhabitance having professional occupation in St. Louis DeHodiament, Wellston, Bridgeton, Valley Park, Fenton, Luxenburg. Glen- coe and Centaur are towns of agricultural and manu- facturing importance. Meramec Highlands is a sum- mer resort, having hotel and cottages. Truck gardens and small poultry farms are many. County has 250 miles of graveled roads. Population: — White, 46,511; colored, 3,529; Ameri- can born, 42,680; foreign born, 7,360; total, 47,040. Farm homes owned, 2,205; rented, 1,723; other homes owned, 2,877; rented, 2,817; total families, 9,622. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, 10 cents to $1.05; average, 39 cents; total assessed valuation, $36,016,799; two- thirds actual valuation; no county nor township debt. Land: — Area, square miles, 492; acres, 314,880; number of acres cultivated, 206,863; number of farms, 3,908; average size, 64.8 acres; estimated actual value of farms, $32,607,621. River bottom lands, approximat- ing fifty thousand acres, lie adjacent to confluence of Missouri and Mississippi rivers; on Missouri river, east of St. Charles, extending interiorward to Florissant; in a strip one mile wide adjoining for eight miles the Mis- souri river south and west of the city of St. Charles; and upon Meramec river, where bottom ranges up to a mile in width. Fertility of Meramec bottom land equals that of the other bottoms. Bluffs adjoin Mississippi river south of St. Louis. Balance of St. Louis county is upland, shading to the mountainous in extreme Meramec II i(/)ihiii Hay 4,933 7,400 t 96,200 Forage 2,303 2,690 t 13.450 Clover Seed 055* 3,60.i Tobacco 8 5,6S0 t 570 Potatoes 324 25,920 * 12,440 Vegetables 4,437 95,140 Total 1 1 $1,053,200 LIVES TOCK AND PROD UCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE C;itlle 10,616 $ 2(:6,150 Horses 2.916 174,960 Mules 3,415 221,97.") Asses and Jen nets 11 990 Sheep 671 2,013 Swine 23.533 235,330 ChicUens 61,949 1 I'urkeys 2.39-i ; 37,870 (icese Ducks 4,009 J Swarms of Be es 1,600 2,518 Honey 53,333 1 3,6-iO t 6,667 Wool 605 Milk 785.761 § ( 134.745 t t IJutter Kpgs 5i63,08O II 32,885 Total 1 1 $ 1,048,343 * Bushels. 1 Pounds II Do zen. t Tons. S Gallons. 514 SCOTT COUNTY. 515 textured. Line drawn through Com- merce, Morley, Oran, Rockview, Kel- so, and Gray's Point, back to point of beginning, circumscribes the first, adapted to fruit growing and general farming. Unimproved lands sell at $5 to $15; improved, at $30 average. Improved bottoms, $40 to $60; unim- proved, $10 to $30. In southern, southwestern and western Scott coun- ty, land is generally level. One- fourth in southwest corner is low- land, four-fifths drained and in grain service. One-fifth undrained is con- fined to extreme west side. Between the railroads, in southern extreme, is triangular shaped region, one angle at Oran and other two on county line in south, that consists of a fertile black loam. In southwest corner of this area is located Sikeston ridge, where soil is unsurpassed. East of black soil region is sandy land, ex- celling in melon production. Be- tween this and Mississippi river are several hundred acres of best bottom soil, land selling at $40 to $60 an acre. Last of lowlands have recently been se- cured from government and drainage begun. Traxsportatiox: — Railroads: St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, Bel- mont Branch and Cairo Branch; St. Louis, Memphis & Southwestern; St. Louis & Gulf; Cotton Belt. Mississippi river is highway for heavy freight traffic. Fish a:sd Game:- -All Mississippi river varieties of fish ai-e plentiful and small game abounds. An occasional deer is killed. Duck shooting is chief sport for huntsmen. Newspapers: — Sikeston Democrat, Herald; Benton Record, Kicker. Towxs: — Sikeston, population, 1,077, railroad junction, center of farming, flouring mill, cooperage works. Commerce, population, 588, on Mississippi river, being thus a river freight point, flouring mill and cooperage; Oran, railroad junction, shipping point and business center; Morley, 437 people, railroad junc- tion, third in watermelon shipping importance; Benton, in- land county seat; Blodgett, 209, chief watermelon shipping V point, large lumber interests; Diehi- stadt. New Hamburg, Vanduser, Gray's Point, Kelso; all trad- ing centers. BOWMAN-MATTHEWS MILLING CO., SIKESTON. SHANNON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. THE! leading commercial feature of Shannon county is timber. It is in the second tier of counties north of Arkansas and the fifth west of the Mississippi river. The area is 960 square miles, 614,400 acres, upon which originally grew an unbroken forest of white, black, post and scrub oak; pine, hickory, elm, maple, ash, sycamore, hackberry, Cottonwood and walnut. Yellow pine and the oaks predominated and yet are found in intermingled strips throughout the county. Yellow pine has yielded wealth to large lumber concerns at Winona and Birch Tree. Oaks are dis- appearing rapidly owing to railroad tie manufacture, wherein farmers employ winter months. As the timber disappears, farming, stock raising and mining take its place. More than a thousand cars of iron were exported in 1903. Carbonate of zinc, zinc, silver and traces of gold are found upon or near the surface. Copper ore yielding eighty-five per cent copper and $6 a ton gold has been found at the Casey Copper Mine, two miles north of Eminence.. Lead ore almost pure is found. Capital is awaited for the development of these mineral indications. Population: — White, 11,241; colored, 6; American born. 11,131; foreign born, 116; total, 11,247. Farm homes owned, 961; rented, 393; town homes owned, 341; rented, 474; total families, 2,1G9. Land: — Shannon county is mountainous. Of its 960 square miles, 50,665 acres are included in the 1,311 improved farms. These farms avera,ge 120.5 acres, of an actual value of $2,705,636, in total. In live stock importance, hogs lead, because of free range and minimum amount of attention required. Fat hogs are generally marketed without corn. Cattle come next, and then horses. One-tenth of the county is in actual cultivation. Of this, three-fourths is valley and bottom land bordering streams, though more extensively along the railroad and in the northeast one-fourth of the county. The remaining one-fourth is ridge land, lying chiefly between Eminence and Ink, and in the south- western part of the county. One-half of the farms are to be had at $10 per acre and the balance at less than $25. The nine-tenths wild land may be classified into pine lands and cut-over lands. The former are mainly held by saw mill companies who refuse to sell. Small tracts, however, are sometimes to be had at $3 to $5 Photo in heading: Lop Train and Saw Mill, Ozark Land & Ltimhcr (Jo.^ Winona. 516 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 21,680 542,000 * $203,250 Wheat 4,035 44 ,.385* 26,185 Oats 913 18,t'60 * 6,085 Hay 4.791 7,185 t 61,075 Forage 535 6-^5 t 3,125 Clover Seed 15* 85 Grass Seed 10* 20 Tobacco 22 15,6-20 t 1,560 Potatoes 273 20,475 * 9.8.30 Vegetables 350 21 ,100 $.332,315 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 8,811 $ 198,247 Horses 2,429 145,740 Mules 1,081 64,860 Asses and Jennets 24 2,160 Sheep 2,391 7,173 Swine 18,210 182.100 Chickens 39,0671 Turkeys Geese 891 ', 1,195 1' 22,540 Ducks 2,319 J Swarms of Bees 327 915 Honey 10,900:: 7,140:: 1,363 Wool 1,190 Milk 864,720 § ( 74,925 Butter 151,122 I i EgRS 209,930 II 26,240 $727,4.5.3 t Pounds § Gallons. Dozen. SHANNON COUNTY. 517 per acre. The bulk of the wild land is cut over and sells at $2 to Manufacturing is' the chief industry, In line with the timber interests. Two lum- ber mills, one at Wi- nona and "another at Birch Tree, employ 750 men. The mill of the Ozark Land & Lumber Company at Winona, draws from the pine lands of Shannon, Carter and Oregon counties, where the com- pany owns 45,000 acres of untouched timber, besides 100,000 acres of cut over land ready for homestead. The mill includes: saw mill, planing mill, loading shed, refuse burner; and the lumber stock covers 30 acres. The sawing capacity is 140,000 feet daily and the planing capacity 150,000 feet. The company oper- ates 40 miles of standard guage road, 45 miles of telephone system, and an electric light plant of 600 sixteen-candle power lights and arc lights. The Cord-Fisher Lumber Company, at Birch Tree, owns 10,000 acres of yellow pine forest and 60,000 acres cut over. The mill capacity is 130,000 and the planer 85,000 feet daily. It can put out 22,000 laths per day and has a dry kiln capacity of 30,000 feet. The mill operates 26 miles of telephone. Railroad tie industry is large. Most ties are I'afted down Current river to Chicopee, in Carter county, where they are put on the raili'oad. There are several grist mills in Shannon, and flouring mills are located at Alley, Cedargrove and Birch Tree. The Frisco railway from Springfield to Cape Girardeau crosses the south end of the county and has 27.30 miles of track therein. Water is largely furnished by springs, which in the main supply the clear, swift-running streams. Current river is the largest stream. It abounds in trout, bass, jacksalmon, crappie, mountain trout, redhorse, suckers and fish of other less plentiful varieties. Current river scenery is famous. Towns: — Principal towns are, Winona, Birch Tree and Eminence, the first two being railroad towns and the latter the inland county seat. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents; school tax, average 55 cents; total as- sessed valuation, $2,213,438; two-thirds actual valuation. No debts. Newspapers: — Eminence Current Wave, Journal; Winona Democrat; Birch Tree Record. ^ ^^Si SHELBY is situated in northeast Missouri. Its eastern border is thirty miles west of Hannibal; its southern line seventy-five miles north of the Missouri river; its northern boundary forty-five miles south of Iowa. General farming and live stock raising are the chief pursuits. In timothy seed production the county excels. Coi-n, horses and mules, pure bred and beef cattle aggregate in value more than a million dollars- each. A feature in the cattle industry of Shelby is that of pure bred sales, one of Hereford and one of Shorthorn each year. Footings therefor run from twenty to thirty thousand dollars annually. Sheep are raised. At Shelbina is held an annual fair which gives stimulus to live stock breeding and agriculture. The chief social event of the year is the Old Settlers' Reunion at Shelbyville, county seat. There are 514 square miles of land surface, equal to 328,960 acres, of which 245,638 acres are subject to plow. Farms average in size 124.2 acres each, to the number of 2,475, of an estimated actual worth $6,993,148. , Population:— White, 15,488; colored, 679; Ameri- can born, 15,829; foreign born, 338; total, 16,167; farm homes owned, 1,790; rented, 639; other homes owned, 707; rented, 511; total families, 3,647. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; road tax, 20 cents; school tax from 10 cents to $1.00, average 38 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,826,014; assessed valuation of real valuation forty per cent. No county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Originally five-twelfths timbered with oak, elm, walnut, ash, sycamore, cherry, hackberry and birch. Two-thirds removed. Large trees stand for shade in midst of blue grass pastures. Railroad ties and pile stuff are shipped from Shelbina, Clarence, Hunnewell, Lakenan and Lentner. Limestone and Coal: — Limestone of commercial quality is found upon Salt river. It is used only locally. Coal is found at a point five miles east of Shelbyville. Mining methods are crude. The min- eral is worked by farmers who haul it by wagon to town. Land: — Shelby county embraces level prairie, long-rolling hills and, along the creeks, bluff land. The prairie lies largely in the south and west, is the high- est priced and attains the price summit adjacent Clar- ence and Shelbina, the leading railroad towns. Hill lands obtain throughout the county, alternating with Shelby County Farm Hccuc. 518 SHELBY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP | 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 80,440 2,458,8.35 * $ 1,05^,045 Wheat 14.6b0 371,3.50* 221,600 Oats 6,08.5 231,805* ,'S7,8J5 Hay 43,750 65,620 t 328,100 l-'orage 10,115 11,800 t 59,000 Klax 2(1 140* 145 Hroom Corn 11 5,.500 t 1.50 Clo ver Seed 40* 265 Gr.iss Seeil 27.250 * 38,1.50 Tobacco 88 86,100 t 8,250 I'ola oes 574 86,100 * 21, .52.5 Vegetables 7ti0 33,150 Total i 1 $ 1,821,1 LIVE STOCK AND PKODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 2!), 051 $ 944,1.55 Horses 1 1 ,r,o 7.58,000 Mules 3,38H 251,100 Asses and Jennets 114 11,1(K) Sheep 2'„8S7 71. 495 Swine :W. CROP * Bushels. t Tons. TIMBER and agriculture are the reliance of Stoddard county. Origin- ally the land, of two distinct types, was covered with a timber growth representing eighty-three different varieties. In natural sequence, as the former is converted into shingles, handles, hubs, lumber, spokes, cooperage and other products of local mills, agriculture is extended. County is one hundred and ten miles south of St. Louis and twenty miles west of the Mississippi river. It embraces 840 square miles of land, 537,600 acres, including both hill and the southeast Missouri lowlands. Improved farms in- clude 142,759 acres, less than one-third. Farms num- ber 2,873, average acreage of which is 79.2 acres, of a total actual valuation of $5,342,340. Population: — White, 24,622; colored, 148; Ameri- can born, 24,521; foreign born, 148; total, 24,770. Farm homes owned, 1,819; rented, 1,288; other homes owned, 687; rented, 1,170; total families, 4,964. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.35, average 53 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,065,230 assessed val- uation fifty per cent of real value; no county debt; no township debt. Land: — Middle part of county north to south is Crowley's Ridge, which swings, with occasional breaks, in a broad curve from Cape Girardeau, Missouri to Helena, Arkansas. In Stoddard, upon the east edge it presents a cliff, averaging 100 feet high. Cotton Belt railroad marks this cliff. On the west, the ridge gradually seeks level with lowlands. Ridge land rep- resents one-half of the county. Soil is yellow-red clay, some sand, and overlays gravelly clay, very tenacious. Top soil is one to four feet in depth. In this half, the representative farm is 100 acres with sixty acres un- der cultivation, farms worth $20 an acre. Adjoining towns of Bloomfield and Dexter it reaches $50. Fif- teen per cent of hills, timbered, sells at $10. East of and adjoining Crowley's Ridge is lowland, only ten per cent improved. Away from town this sells at $15 to Mlieat and Corn at liloomftchl and Cutting Outs at ■Dudhy. 520 ACRES I'KODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 59.042 1,712.218* 1 oia.Ofeo Wheat 28,3S4 482,540 * 284,090 Oats 3,030 84,840 * 28,280 Hay 7,.')51 11.825 t 113,2.50 Forage .500 £85 t 2,925 Broom Corn 20 10,000 t 275 Clover Seed 15* 8i Grass Seed 110* 210 ("otton 5,8.'J0 2,183,7.50 t 40.470 t 163,780 Tobacco 57 4.045 Potatoes 440 39,000 * 19,010 Vegetables 760 33,150 I S 1,29I,SI0 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER VALUE Cattle 15.752 * 393,800 Horses 6,428 :«,i,080 Mules 3,110 217,700 Asses and Jennets 37 3.330 Sheep 2,405 7,221 Swine 39.708 397,080 Chickens 109.380 1 Turkeys 2,:^04 ', 65,005 (icese 8,132 1 Ducks 7,524 J Swarms o Bees 2.9;^4 0.443 Honey 97,800: 9,510: 12,225 Wool 1,.585 Milk 1,135.0:«§( 133,215 Butter 329,348 t i Eggs .509,480 II 03,685 Total 1 1 $ 1,687,573 I Pounds. § Gallons. I'liotos in headiiiy : STODDARD COUNTY. 521 $20; near Essex, Dexter Gray's Ridge, Frisco nle, Idalia, Bell City, Ardeola and Zeta $20 to $ with an occasional $40 farm. Remaining ninety per cent is wild land selling at $6 to $10. To this $5 an acre may be added for drainage. Nearly $200,000 has been /^^'^ spent in draining. United States /^. J/ government, Missouri State gov- ^y^f \ ernment and Stoddard county J co-operate in drainage. Some farmers shallow ditch, three feet, to good result. Public drainage ditches number three: one ditch south from Bernie; sec- ond in same direction on a line with Dexter and third south from Essex. Soil is mulatto alluvial, adapted to wheat, cotton, corn hay and vegetables. Places are strongly sand and here are grown melons. Twenty thousand acres of this in north belongs to a land and lumber company Nearly all originally overflowed. One-sixth portion remaining is about same type lying west of Crowley's Ridge. North one-third is cleared and in fairly well improved farms, worth $20 to $25; near Puxico a few farms sell at $40; south two-thii'ds improved sells at $15 to $20; wild land, $10. All overflows. Titles are warranted. Timber: — Twenty-one kinds of oak; walnut, hickory, red, black and white gum, poplar. Forty per cent land is cleared. Saw mills 20,000 to 35,000 feet daily capacity, located at Bloomfield, Dexter, Essex, Dudley and Zeta. Clay for brick, tile and earthenware manufacturing is plentiful; likewise gravel in hills. Limestone in hills. Manufactures:^ — Timber products ai'e flrst. Flour, whiskey, earthenware. Cotton is ginned. Flour mills are up to 300 barrels daily capacity. Traxsportation : — Three railroads into St. Louis; Iron Mountain, Cairo, Arkansas & Texas, 28.05; Cotton Belt, 37. 4G; Frisco (St. Louis & Memphis), 25.80; (St. Louis & Gulf), 27.71 miles taxed roadbed. New road is being built through Bloomfield from Van Duser, Scott county, to Campbell, Dunklin county. Levee roads: west from Bloomfield toward Greenville, ten miles; part of old line from Cape Girardeau to Poplar Bluff lies across northwest corner; Old New Madrid levee road crosses southeast bottoms from Bloomfield. Schools: — High schools at Dexter and Bloomfield approved. Buildings contain 12 and 7 rooms respectively and are among best in Missouri. Christian College at Dexter, preparatoi-y school. Towxs:— Dexter, supported by wood work factories and farming; cotton gin, heading and stave factory, hub and spoke factory, coiled elm hoop factory, two axe handle factories, machine shop, brick yard, ships seven hundred car loads timber products annually. Bloomfield, county seat, farming and earthen- ware factory. Puxico, farming; Advance, Bell City, Bernie, Dudley and Essex. Newspapers: — Dexter Messenger, Stoddard County Democrat; Bloomfield Vindicator, Courier; Puxico Index; Advance Guard. STONB -TTrTB>-r.r>n "11' ~-~o STONE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. NATURAL resources of Stone county include timber, both hardwood and yellow pine, minerals, mineral waters from numerous springs, picturesque scenery and fruit and live stock pasture lands. Stone is three counties east of Indian Territory and borders Arkansas on the south. Land is mountainous, especially so in the southern I^art and adjacent to White river and its principal tributary, James Pork. Along these streams are eaves known to embrace large acreages. They are usually filled with stalactitic and stalagmitic formations of matter resembling onyx. Area of the county is 516 square miles, 330,240 acres, of which 257,113 acres are limbered. Pine timber is estimated at three per cent, worth approximately fifty thousand dollars. The various oaks are chief, aggregating a value several times that of the pine and largely augmented by the recent construction of the Missouri Pacific main line railroad from Kansas City to Memphis which runs across Stone county from northwest to southeast. Sulphur springs include the famous Ponce de Leon spring where many parties camp in the warm summer months. Well known Marble Cave, sixteen miles southeast of Galena is a won- derfully attractive cavern in which scientists have taken much interest because of its onyx deposits. Agriculture is confined to the valleys of White river and tributary creeks. Seventy-three thousand, one hundred and twenty-seven acres are in cultivation. The farms number 1,627, averaging 104.8 acres each of tillable, pasture and timber lands. Estimated worth $1,174,170. Government land subject to homestead at $1.25 an acre, 13,044 acres. Population:' — White, 9,888; colored, 4; American born, 9,847; foreign born, 45; total, 9,892. Farm homes owned, 1,282; rented, 376; other homes owned, 165; rented, 168; total families, 1,991. Finance: — County tax, 65 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax. 40 cents to $1.00, aver- age, 65 cents; assessed valuation per cent of real valu- ation, 50 cents; assessed valuation, $1,432,310; county debt, $22,500; no township debt. Timber: — Railroad ties and cedar posts have for many years been wagon hauled and floated to market, and recent railroad has lent impetus to the industry. The entire county is timbered except in extreme north end and along the stream bottom lands, where lie the farms. Estimated that white oak represents twenty- seven per cent; black oak, twenty per cent; black-jack, twelve per cent; post oak, ten per cent; pine, hickory, A Stone County HiUsiilc, 522 ACKES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 29,606 888,180 * $ 279,775 Wheat 12,776 191,640* 105.400 Oats 1,8.^4 5M20* H.-'iSO Hay 7,.Sl.i 9,14.5 t 64,015 Forage 210 280 t l,4l'0 Broom Corn 13 7,150 t 19.T Clover Seed H20 * 3.470 Cotton SO 8.400 t 39,000 t 570 Tobacco (iO 3,900 Potatoes 217 21,700* 7,.59o Vegetables 420 15,215 I $496,115 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NL'MBKK 1 VALUE Cattle 10,939 8 273,475 Horses ;!,914 'JU,840 Mules 1,183 70,!180 Asses and Jennets 54 4,800 Sheep 4.456 13.370 Swine 18.736 187,3(i0 Chickens 64,5121 Turkeys 2,183 1 3'l 140 deese 2,312 I Ducks 1.643 J Swarms of l!ees 506 1.272 Honey 16,83.3 :; 14,215 :: 2.104 Wool 2,369 Milk 1,080,536 § ( 70,725 Butter 197,087 t * Eggs 402,330 II 50,290 $951,385 t Pounds. § Gallons. Photo in heading: STONE COUNTY. 523 walnut, sycamore, maple, elm, ash and linden the balance. Minerals: — Marble, onyx, lead, zinc, tripoli, iron, clays. Lead is found all over county, but not as yet in pay- ing quantities. Most favoi'able indi- cations found are ten miles east of Ga- lena. Marble and onyx are found in caves along river sides. Limestone is abundant. No mineral development of consequence. Land: — Northern one-third is rough as a whole, but contains many gentle slopes and table lands and val- leys. In a general way the southern portion is very broken, the most moun- tainous being along the rivers. Along White and James rivers are valleys ol alluvial soil, fertile enough to grow best of grain crops. Hill sides are generally too rough for cultivation but are clothed in a blue stem gi'ass. In extreme southwestern corner and also a section northwest of Galena land is suitable for general farming purposes. Soil the county over, excepting bot- toms, is limestone with a heavy admix- ture of flint fragments and a red lime- stone subsoil also containing flint gravel. Improved bottom lands are bringing $15 to $25 an acre; unimproved $8 to $12. Uplands may be had for $5 to $10 where under improvement and $1.25 to $7.50 unimproved, depending mostly upon individual size and quantity of timber. Manufactories: — County boasts flouring mills run by water, canning fac- tories, broom factories, distilleries and saw mills. Tkansportation : — Missouri Pacific railroad, Kansas City to Memphis, just completed. White river is used for timber transportation. I'oNCE DE Leon Spring: — There are numerous springs welling from the mountain sides. Limestone and sulphur waters are found. A spring of the latter is located at Galena. The largest is at Ponce de Leon. River scenery and mountain air, fishing and hunting and spring water attract many camping parties in summer. Towns: — Galena, county seat; Crane, Ruth, are trading centers of respective farming districts. Newspapers: — Galena News, Galena Oracle. u o z u q: 5 <• -1 H^ CHRISTIAN Vva ^^liool COUNTY >■" "'Mr' i K •1 H"' • o <2i ! " liUfy '- i r IV.ijc- lie Uon 1 OC i o i r" i ^^>-^ ~^%. 1 '--lA/V- > j 2 Cap.- 8 .iS( r^jAv o N^ > z ^o o i < 1 / = <^ -) '"-c-i4^" r^ J M i \-^-^ V r y o ) L^ \ L„. 1 il2:^r::: STATE OF ARKANSAS SULLIVAN SULLIVAN is in north Missouri. It lies fifteen miles south of Iowa, sixty- five miles west of the Mississippi river, and contains 656 square miles land area. Cattle raising and feeding, and horse breeding are main sources of revenue. Within the county are twelve pure-bred cattle herds, some of which are among the best Hereford, Shorthorn, Polled- Angus, and Red Polled herds of Missouri. There are also several horse stables, one of which handles Percheron. Last year this stable sold eleven stallions and ihirty-one mai-es under the hammer at an average of $514.37 per head. Regina, 28817, one of the number, brought $2,500. Dr. Horine, 28821, yearling stallion, sold for $1,100. There are 419,840 acres, of which 323,868 acres are improved farms. Number of farms, 3,101, average size, 129.9 acres of arable, pasture and feed-lot land. Estimated value of farm lands, $6,382,353. Okiginal Timber: — It was elm, white oak, black oak, hickory, maple, wild cherry, birch, walnut, box elder, pin oak, cottonwood, hackberry and sycamore. Eastern and western creeks grew more white oak, while abundance of elm in central portion gave strip extending north and south across the county the name of "Elm Woods." Two thirds timber has been removed as cordwood and rail- road ties. Former is now shipped from Greencastle and Reger. Sawed posts sell at fifteen to twenty cents; ten cents for hewn posts. Milan is seat of two stationary saw mills and there is one at Reger. Portable mills are many. Coal: — Thought to underlie half the county. At Milan a 42-inch vein was worked until 1895, when shaft burned; it has not been replaced. Limestone in great quantity is found upon the streams. It is used only for local foundation purposes. Land: — Topographically, Sullivan county is rolling, even broken along the streams, making the soil widely diversified. Here a rich bottom farm, adjacent thereto is one comprising hills and low-lying bluffs, and a third next adjacent of undulating prairie. Medicine, Yellow, Mussel, and Spring creeks parallel north to south and furnish abundant stock water. All lands grow grasses with native adaptability; hence Sullivan is a stock rais- ing county. Timber lands skirt the streams; it is bot- toms and bluffs. Then are the hills, one hundred and fifty feet higher than complemental valleys, rising gradually, and thirdly, high, rolling prairies, more ex- tensive and frequent in the western one-third and in the south half of the eastern one-third. Soil is black loam, ten to twenty inches deep over clay subsoil, both in prairie and hills. One-half the prairie can be. ffulliran Caunty Cattle. 524 SULLIVAN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACKES 1 PRODUCT 1 VAI,UE Corn 71,020 2,793,100* $ 851,895 Wheat 741 U,820* 8,890 Oats 2,000 68.000 * 17,000 Hay 84,610 126,920 t 631,000 Forage !l,600 112,0001 56,000 Broom Corn 4 2,000 X 55 Clover Seed 10* 65 Grass Seed 4,020 * 5,6.30 Tobacco 20 19,000 X 1,710 Potatoes 784 117,600* 29,400 Vegetables 1,215 52,360 Total 1 1 1 $1,657,605 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 63,107 §-.',050, 975 Horses 14,201 946,735 Mules 1,657 124,275 Asses and Jennets 53 5,.S00 Sheep 15,;«5 46,005 Swine 2!),8i5 298,350 Chickens 169.3951 Turkeys Geese 9,011 1 5,225 ', 171,130 Ducks :i,lr.o 1 Swarms of Bees 3,147 8,3.55 Honey 101.900 .59,8.>5 : 13,115 W^ool 9,970 Milk Butter 2,937,894 § , 525,604 X \ 152,280 Eggs 1,020,420 11 128.675 Total 1 1 $3.9.55.165 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Dos en. t Tons. § Gallons. PlioloH in hcuVniij : SULLIVAN COUNTY. 525 had at $30 to $37.50 an acre, up to $45 in case of high improve- ments Timber land is at hand for $12.50 an acre, averaging $20, up to $35, for the best. Within a mile of Milan, $50. There are at least ten 1,000-acre farms. Fenc- ing mostly wire. Manufactories: — One wood- working plant in Milan employs twenty men, making sash, doors, door sash and other building sup- plies. A mill is maintained, in- cluding lumber sheds, dry kiln of 10,000 feet capacity. Flour is milled at Milan, Green City, Humphreys, Harris and Green Castle. Two brick plants are lo- cated at Milan. Transportation : — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Kansas City to Chicago, 18.40; Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, 33.74; Burlington & Quincy, 26.30. Schools: — Milan High School conforms to course of study laid down by University of Missouri. It is capsheaf to ten rooms graded school with modern library. Building steam heated and otherwise modern. Humphrey's College, Green City, established fifteen years, private academic institution. Towns:— Milan, county seat, at intersection of two railroads, location of Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City railroad shops, employing 250 men. Waterworks and electric light plants, owned by city. Green City, Newtown, Harris, Green Castle, Humphreys; all live stock centers. Population: — White, 20,168; colored, 114; American born, 20,059; foreign born, 223; total, 20,282. Farm homes owned, 2,294; rented, 749; other homes owned, 683; rented, 517; total families, 4,243. In Milan one person in three is a member of some church. Finance: — County tax, 75 cents; school tax, 42 cents; total assessed valua- tion, $5,544,812; two-fifths real value; county debt, $130,000; sinking fund loaned, $70,000; no township debt. Newspapers:— Milan Standard, Republican; Green City Press; Newtown Chronicle; Humphreys Tribune. RIBOON, A SULLIVAN COUNTY HORSE. #♦;>#:#■ mmmm0mw»mmr^m TANEY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. TIMBER, minerals, wild game, fruit and picturesque ruggedness consti- tutes ttie wealth of Taney county. It has 660 square miles of moun- tainous land, 422,400 acres, of which 66,988 acres are included in im- proved farms. It has the largest game preserve in Missouri. It is rich in stone and granite. There are caves of onyx and deposits of zinc and lead and marble. Peaches, pears, grapes, apples and strawberries grow luxu- riously. Farms number 1,671, found along streams and adjoining hills, averag- iiin' an acreage of 144.5, counting cultivated, pasture and timber lands. Total actual value of farm lands, $1,520,884; total farm production four times as much each year. Population: — White, 10,125; colored, 2; American born, 10,030; foreign born, 97; total, 10,127. Farm homes owned, 1,372; rented, 380; other homes owned, 120; rented, 143; total families, 2,015. Finance: — County tax, 60 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 40 cents to $1.45; average, 65 cents; total assessed valuation, $1,331,466; assessed val- uation per cent of actual valuation, 55; county debt, $7,128.60; no township debt. Timber: — Black oak is chief, comprising thirty-five per cent of the timber which covered originally seventy- five per cent of county. "White oak embraced twenty- five per cent of it, of best individual size in south half. It grew in groves, many of which have in recent years yielded to the tiemaker's axe, without, however, percep- tibly diminishing supply. It is estimated that half a million dollars worth of white oak timber is available. Post oak grows on ridges and flats. Twelve per cent of timber is black-jack. These two species are useful only for fuel. Pine in primeval quantity, eight per cent, stands in southwest corner. Cedar is an important scattering growth. It occurs upon bluffs of rivers mostly in southern half. Trees attain a height of forty feet. Minerals: — Signs of zinc, lead, granite, marble, onyx and l)uilding stones. Lead prospecting has been accompanied with some success along Turkey, Bylin, Swan, Bull, Bear, Beaver, and Short creeks. Shaft on Caney creek is 100 feet deep. Lead and zinc are both taken therefrom. Marble deposit is found on Pine Taney County Views. 526 ACRES PKODUCT 1 VALl E Corn 27,281 7'.n,U5* §219,210 Wheat 9.556 133,785 * 73 580 Oats 2,1 :i8 64,110* I6,!)95 Hay 3.038 3,80J t 20,601) Forage 50.5 675 1 3,375 Flax 7 28* ■M Broom Corn 4 2,200 t 60 Cotton 2,010 608.000 t 45.225 Tobacco 54 3.1.100 t 3.500 Potatoes 312 31,200* 10.920 Vegetables 310 15.02O I $144..520 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 15,144 $ 378.600 Horses 3.838 2*1,280 Mules 953 57,180 Asses and Jennets 0( 5,130 Sheep 5.662 16,985 Swine 21 ,567 215,670 Chickens 44,941 1 Turkeys Geese 91^8 \ 2,050 f 31.S30 Ducks 2I3j Swarms of Bees 245 687 Honey 8.167 ;; 14.648;: 1,021 Wool 2,4 10 Milk 940,840 § ( 63,110 Butler 150,00;^ t f Kggs 3.30,930 II 41 ,366 $1,044,299 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading : TANEY COUNTY o-^V CHRIS-nAN_ Blufi Mountain in south part of county; also granite, dolo- mite and limestone. Land: — Upland soils are limestone clay, admix- ed generously with gravel. Subsoil is red, gravelly clay. Surface is stony. Fruit may be grown on most all the land, and corn in the darkest places. Up- lands have yielded forty bushels to the acre in corn. Clover and other grasses grow here and tomatoes do well. Best land is in the northeastern corner, along Beaver creek, and else- where along White river. The bald knobs and rocky glades are common in the southeastern corner and to a less extent all over the south half. They are worth- less for farming. These places are caused by surface being underlaid by solid rock. They often cover whole hills or an elevated flat. Improved river bottom farms sell at $10 to $25 an acre. Best improved uplands, $10 to $15; unimproved, $1.25 to $5 an acre. Government lands, 13,474 acres. Manufactories: — Small saw mills, cotton gins, distillery, steam flouring mills and water mills, and corn crackers constitute the manufactories. Transportation: — White River Route, Missouri Pacific, Carthage to Mem- phis, has recently been built through the southwest corner of Taney county, giv- ing it railroad outlet. White river is used extensively for rafting timbers to market. Water: — White river winds through county for one hundred miles. It is clear, cool, countain stream and affords fishing unsurpassed. Striped and black bass, goggle-eye, jacksalmon, catfish and buffalo ai'e caught. Sulphur springs are frequent, though wholly unimproved, through the county. Some of these are near Forsyth, where many parties camp in sum^mer, bathing and hunting. Deer, wild turkeys, squirrels and other small game are killed. Towns: — Forsyth, county seat, situated upon White river, in center of a val- ley farming district; population 204. Cedar Valley, center of farming, location of water flouring mill and cotton gin. Lucia, in western part, is on new railroad. Pine Gap, west of Forsyth, is a lumberman's camp. Kirbyville has cotton gin. Walnut Shade, Day, Stow and Bluff are trading points. Newspaper : — Forsyth Republican. TE-XAS LARGEST county in Missouri is Texas, witli its 1,145 square miles of sur- face. It is in the heart of the Ozarli mountains, second county north of Arkansas, six counties east of Kansas State line. All the products of general farming are counted among its products. Six hundred thou- sand bushels of corn are produced; cattle, horses and hogs following in importance. Unique among its leading industries, however, is that of growing ginseng, used by Chinese as a great cure-all. Isolated gardens about the county total seven acres in plant. It grows beneath sheds covered with branches of j'oung trees. Roots sell at $8 a pound. Of the 732,800 acres of land in Texas county, 185,681 are in cultivation. Farms number 3,729, of an average size of io5.5 acres, estimated at $3,953,426 in actual valuation. Population: — White, 22,187; colored, 5; American born, 21,849; foreign born, 343; total, 22,192. Farm homes owned, 2,990; rented, 756; other homes owned, 317; rented, 260; total families, 4,323. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax average, 60 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,359,235; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 66 2-3; no county or township debt. Timber: — Over one-half a million acres yet in tim- ber. Of this, black-jack comprises thirty-five per cent; black oak, twenty-five per cent; white oak, twenty per cent; balance mainly pine. The last formerly was scat- tered throughout the county, but became predominant only in Jackson and Current townships, bordering the southwest corner of Dent county. It is valued at $5 to $7.50 an acre, making a total resource of approximately $100,000, rapidly being converted into money. Mills are portable. Mineral: — No developed mines. Indications of lead and zinc are found in eastern and southern parts; iron in north central; copper in extreme west. Iron is est)ecially promising. Building stones and clays are abundant. Chalk is found. Land: — Adjacent to principal streams, Piney river and tributaries. Current river, Roubidoux river and Jack's Fork, county is much broken and most of hills are very stony, but there are large areas which are in the nature of upland valleys and undulating plateaus. These are almost free from stones and may be farmed Fruit Scene; Giiiscny. 528 TEXAS COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PKODUCT VALUE Corn 54.:?G2 1,630.860 * $ 611, .570 Wheat 24.800 321,800 * 197,530 Oats 4,551 91 ,220 * 30.405 Hay 22,974 34,460 t 223,990 Forage 3,330 2.590 t 12,9.-^0 Broom Corn 10 5,000 t 135 Clover Seed 15* 85 Grass Seed ■JO* 45 Cotton fiO 18,000 t 1,350 Tobacco 58 41,180 t 4,1-,J0 Potatoes 652 65,200 * 31,295 Vegetables ri5 23,820 Total 1 1 $1,137,295 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 18,699 |i 467,475 Horses 7,695 461,700 Mules 2,175 141,375 Asses and Jennets 83 7,470 Sheep 18,527 55,,581 Swine ;^2,42.'? 324,330 Chickens 92,343 1 Turkeys Geese 2,867 ; 3,346 1 58,890 Ducks 2,304 J Swarms of Bees 734 2,005 Honey 24,467 :: 54,185 :: 3,058 Wool 9.030 Milk Butter 2,356,776 § ) 468,541 t ! 138,860 Eggs 1,615,300 II 86,915 Total 1 1 $l,7r>6,.'-)89 * Bushels. i Pounds. || Do en. t Tons. § Gallons. riiotog ill hcudiny : TEXAS COUNTY. 529 to profit. Soil is gravelly clay loam, of moderate fertility. Subsoil is uniformly of red clay in uplands, in bottoms a rich, sandy alluvium with wealth of humus. Bottom land is selling at $15 to $20 an acre; upland valleys, $5 to $15, these fig- ures being for improved lands. Unimproved lands and hills and plateaus bring $2 to $6. Fkuit Lands: — Two-thirds of county is adapted to fruit raising. Soil and climate combine thereto. At present, plantings border railroad in south- west corner. Away from railroad peaches are fed to live stock, being so plentiful. Manufactories: — Several flouring mills, saw mills, stave factories, shingle factories, spoke and axe handle plants, a wool carding machine; small nurseries. Tkansportation: — Memphis route of St. Louis & San Francisco railroad cuts across the southwestern corner. Principal streams afford log transportation. Mineral Springs: — Blankenship mineral spring, located three miles north of Houston, is a local resort in summer. Very attractive scenery is found at the "Narrows," between east and west prongs of Piney river, three miles west of Houston. Unexcelled fishing is found in the three rivers, noted also for scenery. Towns: — Houston, population 514, inland town, is largest. Has flouring mill and planing mill; it is center of ginseng culture. Cabool, situated on railroad, has 471 population; it is a leading shipping point; has flouring mill. Licking, 193, in northeast part of county, has flouring mill and is purchasing point for that section. Summerville and Plato are trading points of importance. Ginseng: — Grown in specially prepared native soil of leaf mould and shaded by awnings of leaves and branches. Planting is only expense, except that of re- placing branch coverings each spring, which is slight. Four-year-old roots lose two-thirds weight in drying. Market is found in New York. Newspapers: — Houston Herald, Star, Republican; Cabool News. Mo. — Si VERNON VERNON is situated one hundred miles south of Kansas City. Among its products corn is king. Cattle and horses are next in rank with a total value exceeding two millions of dollars. Hay and hogs add the third of the six and one-half millions of dollars worth of farm values. Coal is a prominent factor in income. In molas- ses, nuts, castor beans and plums the county leads Missouri. Nevada, county seat of Vernon, is famed as a central market for these products, for its schools and colleges, location of a State Hospital for Insane, and for Lake Park, with its boating and bathing, summer theater, its flowers and walks and driveways and groves, enjoyed by hundreds of visitors during the summer season. The park embraces 132 acres. Farm lands are assessed upon a basis of $12,029,592, fifty per cent of actual value. Area in square miles, 850, equal to 544,000 acres, of which 408,694 acres are included in improved farms. These number 3,988, aver- aging 121.6 acres of land of different descriptions. Population: — White, 31,378; colored, 241; Ameri can born, 30,595; foreign born, 1,024; total, 31,619. Farm homes owned, 2,495; rented, 1,423; other homes owned, 1,493; rented, 1,286; total families, 6,697. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 15 cents to $1.20; average, 66 cents; county debt, $140,000; no township debt. Timber: — Originally one-eighth of surface, located in southeast corner; white oak, black oak, walnut, hick- ory, elm, ash. Cordwood, $4 on market; coal is cheaper fuel. Minerals: — Coal production, 207,125 tons a year; most productive mines south and east of Panama: vein four feet thick; depth, eighty to one hundred and fif- teen feet; Harwood and Mound ville. Seventh county in coal output. Four hundred men engaged. Coal at banks as low as $1.25 a ton. Asphaltum in paying quan- tities located near Bellamy, in south central Vernon. University of Missouri analysis: petrolene, 88.51; as- phaltene, 10.23; organic matter, 1.14; mineral matter, 12. This encourages belief that petroleum underlies. Building stone for local rough work is found upon streams. Land: — Three-fourths of county is undulating prai- rie. One-fourth is accounted for in breaks made by numerous streams, especially in southeast one-eighth part. Prairie soil is rich black limestone, which grows Railway Station, Nevada; Lake Park, Nevada; Bananas Grow- A. ChurcMll'a Home, Nevada, 630 VERNON COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES 1 FHODl'CT | VALI'E Corn 156,016 5,928,646 * 81,867,-525 Wheat 14,-,',S8 2X4.760* ].n6,620 Oats 9,814 260.070 * 68.920 Hay 51,346 93.3911 t 554,310 Forage 4,425 5,900 t 29,500 Flax 9,172 36,688 * 38.155 Broom Corn 142 78,100 t 2,150 Clover Seed 470* 2.6.30 (irass Seed 3,8.'J0 * 4,560 Tobacco 21 13,6.50 X 1.365 Potatoes 1,896 162,000 • 56.700 Vegetables 1,375 61,635 Total 1 1 1 $2,844,1(10 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBEK | VALUE Cattle 40,672 $1,321,840 Horses 15,--S4H 1,016. ,'00 Mules 3,a92 254,4n0 Asses and Jennets 67 6,700 Sheep 5.469 16.405 Swine 50,810 508,400 Chickens 191.703 1 Turkeys Geese 5.127 1 2.886 I 156,3.S0 Ducks 4,774 J Swarms of Bees 4.811 11,874 Honey 161,467 1 27.970 I 20,18! Wool 4,662 Milk 3,6'?9,(i96 § / 212,050 Butter -46.158 t ( Eggs 1.195,300 II 149,412 Total 1 1 $3,684,4.56 * Bushels. t Pounds. || D02 en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in heading : ing in Open Ground at Dr. VERNON COUNTY. 531 corn, wheat, oats, flax, tame grasses and small fruits. Blue grass is native. Finest farms, outside those adjoin- ing Nevada, are selling at ?40 to $50. Those excepted sell at $G0 to $75. One-half of the farms may be bought for $35. Near Nevada are numerous truck and fruit farms of small acreage, for which would be asked fabu- lous figures. In river bot- toms land ordinarily brings $20 to $30; small percentage $15. These lands overflow; water subsides in flve days at outside and without dam- age to land. In southeast • section soil is sandy loam, selling at $25 to $35 for well improved farms. Unimprov- ed timber lands are to be had at $10 to $15. These are in southeast and are adapted to fruit growing "^ and grazing. Transportation: — Railroad center. Miles of taxed track: Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 36.48; same, Eldorado branch, 10.59; Missouri Pacific, Lexington & Southern, 29.03; same, Nevada & Minden, 16.73; same. Ft. Scott branch, 18.51; St. Louis & Santa Fe, Rich Hill branch, .88. Gravel roads, four miles east and west from Nevada. Schools: — One stone, eight brick and 140 frame school buildings. Average teachers' salary, $42. Three colleges: Cottey College and St. Francis' Orphans' home and Convent School, at Nevada; and Cooper College, Moundville. First is Methodist school for girls; founded 1884. Cooper College, non-sectarian, pre- paratory, academic, music and art; established 1892. Convent School, seventeen sisters; 35 boys and girls; Catholic church, Nevada, to which ninety families be- long; established 1894. Catholics also have parochial school, established 1904. Nevada Business College, flve years old. Nevada High School articulates with State University. Mineral Springs: — Iron Springs, White Sulphur Springs, Black Sulphur Springs, located in Lake Park, Nevada. Fair Haven Mineral Springs is small summer resort with hotel accommodations. Good flshing in lakes. Nevada has an organized fishing club. Towns: — Nevada, junction of Missouri Pacific and Katy railroads, and ter- minal for other roads; electric line depot to Asylum and to Lake Park; electric lights, gas, waterworks, federal building, one mile brick street paving and four miles of gravel. In manufactures: two brick yards, two ice plants, candy fac- tory, foundry and machine shops; two cigar factories, zinc smelter, planing mill, 300-barrel flouring mill, two grist mills, two poultry packing houses. Schell City, Walker, Richards, Metz, Sheldon, Moundville, and Bronaugh are farming centers. Newspapers: — Nevada Post, Mail, Herald; Sheldon Enterprise; Walker Her- ald; Richards Progress; Schell City News; Metz Times. WARREN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. WARREN is forty miles east of Jefferson City and the same distance west of St. Louis, upon the north side of the Missouri river. Its natural adaptabilities lie in two directions: agricultural and min-^ eral. It embraces 435 square miles of land, 278,400 acres, of which 116,770 acres are cultivable. There are 1,358 farms, embracing in agricultural, timbered, mineral and pasture lands, 160.3 acres on an average, worth an aggregate of $4,075,225. Five-eighths of the land is timbered with white oak, black oak, walnut, linden, cottonwood, and cedar. Here are minerals, clays of all kinds. Vast deposits of clay occur near Bridgeport and along the river bluffs from a few miles east of Holstein to a point three miles east of Mar- thasville. This is shipped from Warrenton and Marthasville, and utilized within the county for ballast, after being burned. Clay is drift formation and forms immense hills. Surface mining is employed wholly. A spur of Wabash railroad opens up one section, running two miles southeasterly from Truesdale. Sandstone, cotton rock and brown granite are found along central section streams and in juxtaposition with clay deposits upon the river. Sand is plentiful along the Missouri river. Land: — Warren county land may be divided into four classes: first and most valuable is Missouri river bottom, varying in width, bounded upon north by bluffs traced by the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad track. Prices range according to improvement and elevation of land, from $40 to $100. Most farms bring $50, $60, and $65. North of this line, touching Bridgeport and Tuque, is a second line defining northern limit of most valuable bluff land. It is especially favorable to wheat and fruit. Price, $10 to $40, frequent creek bottom land being best. Water which falls upon Warren county drains in two principal directions. Northern side drains into the Mississippi river and that south of di- viding ridge flows immediately into the Missouri. Clay ridge occupies six miles of space, bounded on the south by the line through Bridgeport and Tuque, and on the north by one east and west through Warrenton. The clay surface is rugged and rocky. Prices are from $2 to $8; half a dozen farms adjoining Warrenton held at $30 because of location. Entire strip is thickly tim- bered. North of the clay ridge are two kinds of land: first, which in character is like that lying immediately north of Missouri river bottom, is of like price. The A Truesdale Fire Clay Mine, 70 Feet Face; The Canon on Char- 1 ACKF.S PRODUCT VALUE Corn 83,170 l,f?ft.840* $ 5-JG,0:5 Wheat 29.690 6H2,8-.'5 * 409.19.1 Oats 10,455 315,015* 86,>'55 Hay 9,400 14,105 t 84, K ',0 Forage 730 8.50 4,2.50 Broom Corn 2 1,000: 240: 30 Clover Seed 1,.5S5 Grass Seed BO* 85 Tobacco 21 19,950 X 1,795 Potatoes 585 78,750 * i;<,(i90 Vegetables 3U0 18,855 *1, 152,915 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER Cattle 11,9)1 $ SSS.O'^O Horses 3,709 24?,2(i5 Mules 1..^81 118,5:5 Asses and Jennets 18 1,800 Sheep 3.82t) 11,180 Swine 19,1t)9 191,090 Chickens 138,501 1 Turkeys Geese 1,7:« 1 2,736 ( 68,350 Ducks 1,005 J Swarms of Bees 5b2 1,155 Honey 18,733:: 18.300:: 2,310 Wool 3,050 Milk Butter 1,207,.590 § 1 l9o,l-i6 X f 74,890 Eggs 737,580 II 92,195 $1,200,870 Pounds. Gallons. Photos in heading : rette; Farm Scene. 532 WARREN COUNTY 533 balance, occupying the western half of most northern township, and as south as Pendleton, is high, rollin prairie, worth |30 to $50 an acre, dependent upon improvement a distance from town. Agricult urally, one-third of Warren is wasteland, upon the dividing ridge. Hill land is favor- able to fruit trees and there are two commercial orchards near Warrenton. Manufactories : — A wagon factory at Wright City employs fifteen men; fire-clay pit, south of War- renton, twenty-five men ; brick yard at Warrenton; flouring mills at Warren- ton, Wright City and Mar- thasville. Tkansportation : — Three rail- roads: Missouri, Kansas & Texas, miles; Wabash, 25 miles; Burlington, 4 miles, paralleling through the south, middle and northern portions respectively; lines trending east and west Kan- sas City to St. Louis. Missouri river is the only navigable water- way. Central Wesletan College: — Located at Warrenton; has enrollment of 335; under direction of German Methodist Episcopal church. Excepting theo- logical, all courses are taught in English. Established 1864; productive endow- ment, $75,000; five buildings, worth $75,000. Co-educational; twenty-seven pro- fessorships and instructorships. Military department, normal and business de- partments, besides collegiate and music. Population: — White, 9,297; colored, 626; American born, 8,818; foreign born, 1,101; total, 9,919. Farm homes owned, 1,022; rented, 325; other homes owned, 312; rented, 282; total families, 1,941. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents; school tax, 10 to 80 cents; average, 37 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,716,915; one-third of real valuation; no county debt; no township debt. Towns: — Warrenton, county seat, home of Central Wesleyan College; Mar- thasville, Wright _^ City, Holstein, Peers and Pendleton; all supported largely by farming. Newspapers: ' — Warrenton V o 1 k s - freund; Banner, Cen- tral Wesleyan Col- lege Star, Herald; Marthasville Record. SOUTH of St. Louis, two hours' journey by rail, is Washington county, fifty miles south of the Missouri and scarce forty miles west of the Mis- sissippi river. It is a land of minerals. In shipment of baryta it is first of Missouri's counties. This mineral is found in many different places and in great quantities. Lead is mined. In 1797 a lead mine was oper- ater at Potosi, county seat. Lead furnaces followed shortly, under patronage of the Spanish government, which sought thus to encourage development of the fa- mous southeast Missouri lead district, about which even then fabulous tales were told. Topographically, the county is rough. Less than one-fourth is now devoted to culture of grain. Horticulture is gaining headway. Lumber interests draw upon both hardwood and yellow pine, the latter being in the western section and amounting to ten per cent of the timber. Another feature of which the county boasts is its rock road system, centering at Potosi. These roads spread in four directions and embrace sixty miles in length. County contains 780 square miles, 499,200 acres, in land sur- face, 93,743 acres devoted to the plow. There are 1,724 farms, embracing 123.6 acres each on an average, count- ing cultivated, pasture and timber lands. Population: — White, 13,622; colored, 641; Ameri- can born, 14,015; foreign born, 248; total, 14,263. Farm homes owned, 1,068; rented, 723; other homes owned, 350; rented, 661; total families, 2.802. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax, from 10 cents to $1.30; average, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,146,020; assessed val- uation estimated to be one-half actual valuation, no county nor township debt. Timber: — Four hundred thousand acres are yet timbered with all varieties of oak, yellow pine, hickory, sycamore, ash, maple, walnut, elm. White oak repre- sents thirty-five per cent; most abundant in northeast- ern and southwestern corners. Black oak covers twen- ty-five per cent of the quantity; chiefiy in western and southwestern parts; black-jack exists to approximately fifteen per cent; pine represents ten per cent, but is rapidly disappearing. It is in the western part, east of Fourche a Renault creek, and along some of its tribu- taries. Post oak amounts to five per cent in eastern part. Hard maple is a valuable timber along creeks in certain localities. Maple sugar is made from the sap. Washington County Farm Scene. 634 WASHINGTON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES 1 PKODUCT | VALUE Corn H/i fO^ 17,220 t 154,9S0 Koiage i,00\J 1,815 t 3,500 X 9,225 Broom Corn < 95 Clover Seed 3.'i * 19 Tobacco 29 20.590 X 2,060 Potatoes 449 53,880 * 25.8ei0 Vegetables 5-,'5 24,485 Total 1 1 $009,340 LIVESTOCK AND PKODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 15.422 1:^85.550 Horses 3.6.-.H 219.4H0 Mules \,mi'> 107.«40 Asses and Jen nets 21 1 890 Sheep 6..5(i9 19.707 Swine 20.111 201,110 Chickens 52,034 \ Turkeys Geese 2,I1ti 1 l.()5.5 f 35,160 Ducks 1,4. -4 J Swarms of Be es 4.5-1 1,190 Honey 1.5.1H; :: 18,710 :: 1,890 Wool 3,118 Milk 1,3C,9,2II5§ 1 81 ,090 Mutter 273, J27 X i Eggs 31(i,.«0 II 39,545 Total 1 1 $1,097,376 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. II Doz § Gallons. en. t Tons. Photo in heading: WASHINGTON COUNTY. 535 Minerals: — Baryta, lead, zinc, iron, copper, brick and pottery clays, lime- stone, sandstone, marble and whet- stone. Developed districts are around Palmer, where lead is mined; Potosi, location of lead and tiff; Shibboleth, lead and tiff; Old Mines, lead and tiff; Richwoods, and Kingston, lead and tiff. Iron is found in northwest, south- west and southeast corners of the coun- ty. Copper is found in northeast. Zinc is mined near Potosi. Land:' — There are three general classes of lands: farming, mineral and fruit. The northeast is a tableland, which is best for farming purposes. It sells at $20 to $30 an acre, under culti- vation. Tablelands also occur in the southeast and are valued at $20 to $25 an acre; likewise along the Potosi branch of the Iron Mountain railroad. Bottom lands in the interior, improved, are selling at $10 to $15; ridges at $3 to $5 an acre. In the northeast, south- east, and much of the east, the land is gently rolling, but is elsewhere gener- ally rough. All upland soil is gravel- laden and sometimes stony. Usually there is a red gravelly clay subsoil. Government lands to extent of 2,242 acres are available at $1.25 per acre. All the land outside bottoms, is adapted to fruit growing. Wild land near railroad may be had at $5 to $6 an acre; and same in interior at $2 an acre. Cultivated fruit land from $5 to $10 an acre. Transpoktation: — St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railroad, main line and Potosi branch. Potosi rock road system. Water: — Big river, Indian creek, Big and Little Fourche a Renault creeks, Curtois and Mine a Breton creeks are chief water sources. Many springs con- >r >-.'".-'-.*^*i!iBfrieuiLi*.^3 «;-.:-«■ CORN riELD, WASHINGTON COUNTY. tribute to these streams. Fishing is afforded by all streams. Towns: — Potosi, county seat, population 638; has flouring mill, stave fac- tory, lead and baryta mines. Irondale, mining town; Caledonia, flouring mill and mineral interests. Belgrade, center of farming region; flouring mill. Richwoods, farming and mining. Palmer, mining. Undine, saw mill and shingle mill. Shir- ley and Blackwell have lumbering. Newspapers: — Potosi Independent, Journal; Irondale Gazette. WAYNE COUNTY'S 100-2 CROP I ACRES I PKODUCT I VALUB Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs Total • Bushels. t Tons. YELLOW pine lumber has ever been the base for labor and commerce in Wayne county. Originally the quantity of pine timber exceeded that of oaks, cottonwood, elm, red gum, hard maple, or sycamore, other prominent varieties. Twenty saw mills operate within the county, one at Leeper and another at Greenville, having daily ca- pacities of two hundred thousand feet. One-fifth of the timber, 83,022 acres out of 512,000, has been clean cut and land subjected to the plow. Pine has nearly all been removed from the eight hundred square miles of county surface. Mills are now drawing material from surrounding counties in the pine belt of Missouri. Farms raise corn and live stock, latter having access to two hundred thousand acres of free, blue stem range. Actual value of farm lands, $2,261,298. Iron Ore and Building Stone: — Former is surface gathered and by wagon loads hauled to railroad towns, to market. Building stone is plentiful, both lime and sand. In towns are found business blocks and residences made of hand hammered stone from local quarries. It is not shipped. Land: — Wayne county's surface is for the most part exceeding hilly; even mountainous in the north- west. River valleys, 13,500 acres of lowlands fringing southeast border, and approximately two thousand acres of flatwoods immediately south of Greenville, con- stitute the exception. Wild mountain land can be bought, pine timber removed, for $1.25 an acre. Flat- woods, which is mountain plateau land with less tim- ber than hills, is worth $5. Swamp lands, comprising one-tenth of the county, bring $4 to $10 in the timber. River bottom farms adjoining St. Francois, Black and Castor rivers, well improved, bring $25 to $35, a very small acreage. Creek bottom lands, improved, run from $10 to $20; soil, mulatto alluvial. Hill soil is of two kinds: limestone, free from surface rock, centering around Patterson; and a gravelly clay, with surface rock. Former embraces some of the best farms, worth $10 to $20 an acre; uncleared, $2 to $5. The latter, post oak land, worth $3 to $6, cleared, and less when in timber. In the 2,500 acres adjoining Greenville, one- half is cleared. Best farms have sold for $50 adjoin- ing town. Within a mile, however are timbered lands at $1.50 an acre. Yellow Pine Lujiber. — For many years Wayne led in shipment of yellow pine lumber. As other counties yielded to the saw it divided honors, in which position Saw Mill at Leeper; Wayne County Scene. 636 Corn 33.3:« 9;n,7-,>0* $ .StM.O.'O Wheat 8,.V^6 110.8H:>* 70,42.1 Oats 2,375 6.-).310 * 21 ,770 Hay 8 367 11.715 1 117,1.^0 Forage 2,495 a.oiot 14,.5.')0 Broom Corn 13 (5,500 1 IbO Grass Seed ao* 45 Tobacco 33 23,4 ;iO X 2,34 Potatoes 515 4e,3&0 * 2-2,-,'50 Vegetables 685 34.050 $ 646.785 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND I NUMBER | VALUE 14.-.'61 2.401 1,643 3i 4.210 27.299 65,568 I 639! 5,;W7 I 3,2-^7 I 1.3)0 44.667 t 14,S60 I l,24ft,r,19§ ( 259,891 t i 334,861 Ij $320,872 ]4>.0n() 98,5S0 2.880 12,630 272,9'JO 37,265 2.815 5,-8! 2,477 106,210 41,860 11^18.2.52 Pounds. Gallons. Photos in heading WAYNE COUNTY. 537 BUTLER it stands to-day. Two large saw mill companies operate mills, cut timber in forests, employing 2,000 men. At Greenville lumber is planed, mill being of 150,000 feet daily capacity. Transportation: — Missouri Southern, 4.24; Iron Mountain, 32.34; Southern Missouri & Arkansas, 32.74; Williamsville, Greenville & Arkansas, 25 miles of taxed roadbed. Concordia College, at Gravelton, has an enrollment of 60. Springs and Caves: — Near Bruno, Patterson and Lick Valley Springs are outcropping streams of clear water, claimed to possess medicinal value. Holmes' Cave, ten miles north of Greenville, is eighty yards deep and twelve feet entrance. Towns: — Piedmont is largest, supported by Iron Mountain freight division point, farming and timber. Greenville, county seat, supported by milling; Wil- liamsville is a railroad junction; Leeper is a mill town. Population: — "White, 15,194; colored, 115; American born, 15,183; foreign born, 126; total, 15,309. Farm homes owned, 1,239; rented, 538; other homes owned, 302; rented, 920; total families, 2,999. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax, five cents to $1.30; average 59 cents: total assessed valuation, $3,304,638; thirty-three per cent of actual valua- tion, on improved lands; $1.25 an acre on wild lands. No county debt; no town- ship debt. Newspapers: — Piedmont Banner, Greenville Journal, Greenville Sun. WAYNE county TIMOTHY. ///. €^^ WEBSTER is one of the foremost of those counties which won for south Missouri the significant title "Land of the Big Red Apple." Two hundred miles southwest of St. Louis, on the Frisco railroad, it embraces a vast acreage of table lands of the Ozark mountains. Apples afford the chief income. The Winans apple orchard, near Marshfield, contains 86,000 apple trees, 40,000 peach trees and 10,000 pear trees. Numerous orchards of eighty to three hundred acres are found. Estimated total number of trees, 800,000. Timber: — Originally ninety per cent of the land was timbered, consisting of white oak, black oak, and hickory. Thirty-five per cent is cleared and thirty per cent of the balance has been relieved of commercial size trees. A dozen portable saw mills operate, selling native hardwood lumber at $1 and $1.25 per hundred feet. Cedar, elm and sycamore timber borders creeks. Cordwood sells at $1.50; railroad ties are sold at 25 to 30 cents. Limestone, sandstone, tiff and lead exist, but no ac- tive mines operate. Population: — White, 16,524; colored, 116; Ameri- can born, 16,413; foreign born, 227; total, 16,640. Farm homes owned, 1,881; rented, 665; town homes owned, 425; rented, 357; total number of families, 3,328. Bo- hemian settlement three miles southwest of Marshfield. Land: — There are 630 square miles, 403,200 acres of land, of which 143,960 acres are included in improved farms. These are in number 2,500, of an average size of 105.3 acres, and an estimated value of $3,280,194. Next to apples the leading products are corn, cattle, horses, wheat, hogs, and butter, in order. Webster occupies the highest average elevation of any county in Missouri. There extremes are 1,690 and 1,092 feet above sea level. It contains many acres of undulating, tillable, table- land, unimproved. One-half of the county is tableland. In a Webster County Orchard. 638 WEBSTER COUNTY'S 1002 CROP 1 ACRES 1 I'KODUCT 1 VALl'I^ Corn 36.4.-)9 1,276,065* S401 ,960 Wheat 25.696 411,185* 22(1,125 Oats 7,085 231), 265 * 61.020 Hay 20,143 30,-.'] 5 t 176,185 Forage 1,485 1 .980 t 2,750 t 9,11(10 Broom Corn 5 75 Clover Seed 270* 1,510 Grass Seed 75* 120 Tobacco 42 27.800 t 2,780 Potatoes 5T6 57,600 * 20.160 Vegetables 780 36,410 Total 1 1 *!l86,lSt5 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBRR | VAI.UK Cattle 14,290 $892,975 Horses 6.0.^0 363.000 Mules 2,19.S 142.545 Asses and Jennets 85 7,650 Sheep ]3,20» 39,610 Swine 21.015 210,150 Chickens 81.901 1 Turkeys 3,410 1 70,700 Geese 3,148 f Ducks 1,988 1 Swarms of Bees l.:<80 .3 887 Honey 46,''0O t 4 J, 370 I 5,7.50 Wool 7.895 Milk Butter I,981,43 199,530 Chickens 64,760 1 Turkeys Geese 2,46:i I 2.757 r 48,850 Ducks 1,494 ] Swarms of Be es 6fi4 1,570 Honey 20.13 r; .w.i.'iO:: 2,517 Wool 8.358 Milk l,380,5->.'0 § ( 109,975 Butter 5j2-'.;o5 i i Eggs 609,9 JQ II 76,2)0 Total 1 1 *1 .270,265 * Bushels. t Pounds. II Do ten. t Tons. I Gallons. Photos in heading : WRIGHT COUNTY. 543 LACLEDE „ COUNTY Land : — County includes much good farming land. Soil is deep, grav- elly, clay loam of more than ordinary fertility. Subsoil is usually red clay with ordinarily a generous admixture of gravel, thus rendering it porous and giving excellent drainage to plant roots. Aside from the bottoms, the best agricultural lands are to be found in the center of the county, near Hartville; in the western and in the southwestern localities, and in the vicinity of Mountain Grove. Bot- toms are valued at $15 to $20 per acre, and improved ridge and table- lands, $5 to $10. The unimproved lands may be bought for $2 to $5. Government lands embrace 2,540 acres, which are subject to homestead at $1.25 an acre. This acreage is scattered over county in small tracts. Wright county is congenial to the growth of apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes and all of the berries. Best of fruit lands may be bought in northern part at $3 to $5, and in south end, close to railroad, for $5 to $10. Transportation: — Memphis route of St passes through the southern side. Water: — Gasconade river flows through the county from south to north. Secondary streams are Beaver, Elk, Whetstone, Steens and Bryant's. Perhaps the most impressive mountain scenery in Missouri is at Cedar Gap. Towns: — Mountain Grove, population 1,004, fruit, farming and live stock center; has flouring mill, planing mill and canning factory; location of State Louis & San Francisco railroad WEIGHT COUNTY LANDSCAPE. Fruit Experiment Station; unusually good schools. Mansfield, population 494, railroad, mail and shipping point of importance. Hartville, 445, county seat. Norwood, Odin and Grove Spring each has flouring mill. Cedar Gap, Lead Hill, Astoria, Whetstone, and Macomb are supported by farming and timber interests. Newspapers: — Hartville Democrat, Progress; Mansfield Mail; Mountain Grove Journal, Advertiser; Glenn's Sunday Clipper. 544 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. wt. NEAREST k-> ii.-^^^^SM HiHlMiM) RAILROAD DISTANCES m^H^^^^jQj BETWEEN ^^•Nl^^BJ MISSOURI ^^**| TOWNS MISSOURI TOWNS > 2 H o c > > n < > 5 H M X •13 » 3 •«) w a > r > X > z z M M > t-l r 5 z td w to •< Aurora 269 233 296 31 173 389 98 246 Boonville 171 60 123 177 35 118 189 38 Brookfield 224 122 103 312 130 104 289 57 Butler 287 72 135 119 99 242 95 194 Cameron 291 55 35 245 149 171 222 124 CarroUton 211 66 lOI 256 146 133 233 63 Carthage 313 150 213 II I 137 280 18 210 Chillicothe 225 86 77 276 150 130 253 77 Clinton 228 88 151 102 40 183 "5 113 Columbia 146 175 200 208 66 1x6 220 46 DeSoto 42 319 369 244 230 162 373 190 Fulton 134 186 216 231 90 102 244 62 Hannibal 120 199 207 285 '43 298 70 Harrisonville 259 44 107 145 71 214 123 144 Independence 273 10 73 179 85 228 157 139 Jefferson City 125 158 221 205 63 128 218 88 Joplin 331 167 230 129 155 298 228 Kansas City 277 63 190 94 199 167 129 Kirksville 205 180 138 272 130 89 285 57 Lamar 303 128 191 63 "5 258 39 188 Lexington 240 43 106 233 56 196 210 96 Louisiana 94 213 233 291 149 26 304 96 Macon 171 152 137 238 96 70 251 ^3 Marshall 239 84 147 210 68 155 251 53 Maryville 318 105 42 295 199 223 172 170 Mexico no 162 192 255 1 1 1 57 268 38 Moberly 148 129 160 215 73 70 228 Nevada 278 103 166 88 90 233 64 163 Palmyra 135 II I 182 284 128 15 297 55 Pleasant Hill 249 34 97 155 61 204 133 134 Poplar BlufF 166 443 493 212 358 286 341 314 Rich Hill 299 84 147 107 109 252 83 182 Richmond 244 49 68 ^39 143 166 216 96 Sedalia 188 94 157 142 143 155 73 Slater 228 95 158 221 79 144 262 42 Springfield 202 190 253 142 28s 129 215 St. Charles 24 253 284 226 212 144 355 124 St. Joseph 327 63 253 157 207 230 160 St. Louis 277 3^7 202 188 120 331 148 Trenton 286 114 72 304 208 155 281 123 Warrensburg 218 65 128 186 30 173 164 103 Webb City 326 160 223 124 107 290 8 220 INFORMATION regarding various matters of interest in Missouri can not be properly classified in any of the preceding chapters. This information will be found in the pages of the present chapter. It relates to politics, laws, census statistics, history and other divisions which can best be gathered into a general chapter upon statistics and which will be supple- mentary to that Avhich has been elsewhere presented. The State contains 69,415 square miles of land surface or 45,425,600 acres of which 33,997,873 acres are included in farms and of this area 22,900,043 acres are included in improved lands. There were in 1900, 284,886 farms of an aver- age size of 119.3 acres, which were valued, exclusive of buildings by the United States census at $695,470,723. The buildings were valued at $148,508,490, making a total value for farm lands and buildings of $843,979,213. There are listed for taxes 41,830,793 acres, valued by the assessors at $325,415,250, which is estimated to be only 40 per cent of the true value, which would make an actual value of $813,538,125. Square miles of land surface in Missouri, 68,431, or 43,795,840 acres; square miles of water surface, 706, or 451,840 acres. Total area, land and water, 69,137 square miles, or 44,247,686 acres. Ranks twentieth in size among the States and territories, including Alaska. Estimates have been made for this volume as to the amount of taxes paid by different citizens of the State. From statistics secured from one-half the coun- ties it is calculated that 37,670 persons pay over $100 a year taxes, 204,511 pay between $100 and $20; and 403,755 pay less than $20. If the first class is averaged at $125, there is a revenue of $4,708,750; from the sec- ond class, averaged at $50, results $10,225,550; from the third class averaged at $15, results $6,056,325; making a total revenue of $20,990,525. Missouri, a border State during the Civil War, was the scene of 244 battles of the 2261 engagements called battles, in which ten or more men were killed or wounded. The exact number of men in the Confeder- ate service is not known, though it probably exceeded 50,000, but the State is credited with 109,111 men in MISSOURI'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 7,746,314 314,09.3.985* $ 99,727.2;»5 Wheat .3.166,900 61,045,000* 34,490,000 Oats 759.434 23,867.169 * 6,374,795 Hay 2,940,600 4,828,005 1 29,428,870 Forage 370,725 462,070 1 2.310,350 Fla.x 85,402 366.849 * 380,940 Rye 25,550 459,900 * 2-i9,950 Buckwheat '2,.^00 40,000 * 24,(100 Barley 1.820 45,500 * 15.835 Broom Corn 8,765 4,661,600 ] 129,532 Clover Seed 58,737 * 394,698 Grass Seed 219,760 * 454,425 Cotton 67,658 23,916,840 ^ 3.356,460 ; 1,788,960 Tobacco 4,361 324,040 Potatoes 93,915 11,510,451 * 3,870,435 Vegetables 114,853 5,153,958 Total 1 1*185,098,083 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 2,978.589 f 89,910,496 Horses 967.037 62.415.660 Mules 283,519 20.087,915 Asses and Jennets 8,777 879.615 Sheep 1,087,213 3.329.696 Swine 4,5i4,664 45,216,760 Chickens 14,903,601 1 Turkeys Geese 466,665 ', 428.307 1 11,430,300 Ducks 278, 140 J Swarms of Bees 205.110 615,330 Honey «, 153,300 t 4,145,137 I 769,160 Wool 690,8.55 Milk Butter 25!: 4J J.207,755 § ( ),509,110 J i 18,802,950 Eggs 85,203,290 II 10,6.50,410 Total 1 1 $264,799,147 * Bushels. X Poun ds. II Do sen. t Tons. § Gallo ns. Mo. — 35. 545 546 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. National teries. Boundary lines. the Union army, of which number 8,344 were colored. The State furnished six regi- ments of infantry and one battery, over 8,000 men, for service in the Spanish war. The 6th regiment went to Cuba and the battery to Porto Rico. It sent 9,288 regular soldiers to the war with Mexico. Its National Guard numbers 2,800. MISSOURI GROWS MORE WHEAT THAN THE WHOLE OF AFRICA. There are three Na- tional cemeteries in the State —at St. Louis, with over 12,000 graves; at Springfield, with over 1,600, and at Jefferson City, with nearly 900. Missouri is bounded on the east by Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee, on the south by Arkansas, on the west by Nebraska, Kansas and Indian Territory, and on the north by Iowa. The boundaries of the State as named in the en- abling act are as follows: "Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi river on the parallel of 30 degrees north latitude; thence due west to the St. Francis river and up that river to the parallel 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude; thence west to a point where the said parallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas river, where the same en- ters into the Missouri river; thence due north to the intersection of the parallel which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines to the Mississippi and down the Mississippi to the place of beginning." The northern boundary line was long undecided, and in the dispute with Iowa military force was repeatedly MISSOURI WHEAT CROP EXCEEDS THAT OF THE WHOLE OF AUSTRALASIA. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 547 threatened and once employed, and a Missouri sheriff was arrested and im- prisoned; several acts of Congress were passed to ascertain the true boundary, and finally, in 1846, the whole matter was referred to the United States Supreme Court and settled. By an act of Congress, June 7, 1836, the State was extended on the west to the Missouri river, its present western limit. WHERf; THE BATTLE WAS I'OUGIIT, BOONVILLE. THE FIRST BATTLE OF MIS- SOURI DURING THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. The population figures given in this volume are from the Federal census reports of 1900. In 1904 the Federal Census Bureau issued a census bulletin, based upon authenticated calculations, of tlie increase made since 1900 in the population of cities of over 10,000. The figures for Missouri are: Joplin, population 1890, 9,943; 1900, 26,023; increase, 16,080; estimated for 1901, 27,631; for 1902, 29,239; for 1903, 30,847. Kansas City, population 1890, 132,716; 1900, 163,752; increase, 31,036; esti- mated for 1901, 166,856; for 1902, 169,960; for 1903, 173,064. St. Joseph, population 1890, 52,324; 1900, 102,979; increase, 50,655; estimated for 1901, 105,479; for 1902, 107,979; for 1903, 110,479. St. Louis, population 1890, 451,770; 1900, 575,238; increase, 123,468; esti- mated for 1901, 587,585; for 1902, 599,932; for 1903, 612,279. Sedalia, population 1890, 14,068; 1900, 15,231; increase, 1,163; estimated for 1901, 15,347; for 1902, 15,463; for 1903, 15,579. Springfield, population 1890, 21,850; 1900, 23,267; increase, 1,417; estimated for 1901, 23,409; for 1902, 23,551; for 1903, 23,693. Growth in popula- tion since 1900. Internal revenue paid in 1900 to the United States, $16,694,171, in a grand total of $295,316,107 by all the States, Missouri ranking eighth in the Union. Number of Federal pensioners in State, 53,775; amount paid them in 1900, $7,245,470; ranks sixth in the Union in number and payments. Total payments in all States, $137,698,620, to 989,603 persons. The State has cast its electoral vote for president and vice-president as fol- lows: 1820 — Monroe and Tompkins, 3; successful; republican. 1824 — Clay and Jackson, 3; unsuccessful; republican. 1828^ — Jackson and Calhoun, 3; success- ful; democrat. 1832 — Jackson and Van Buren, 4; successful; democrat. 1836 — Internal revenue receipts. Federal pensioners and pensions. How Missouri's electoral vote has been cast. 548 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri's electoral vote. Van Buren and Johnson, 4; successful; democrat. 1840 — Van Buren and John- son, 4; unsuccessful; democrat. 1844 — Polk and Dallas, 7; successful; demo- crat. 1848 — Cass and Butler, 7; unsuccessful; democrat. 1852 — Pierce and King, 9; successful; democrat. 1856 — Buchanan and Breckenridge, 9; success- ful; democrat. 1860 — Douglas and Johnson, 9; unsuccessful; democrat. 1864 — Lincoln and Johnson, 11; successful; republican. 1868 — Grant and Colfax, 11; successful; republican. 1872 — Hendricks and Brown, 6; unsuccessful; democrat. 1876 — Tilden and Hendricks, 15; unsuccessful; democrat. 1880 — Hancock and English, 15; unsuccessful; democrat. 1884 — Cleveland and Hendricks, 16; suc- cessful; democrat. 1888 — Cleveland and Thurman, 16; unsuccessful; democrat. 1892 — Cleveland and Stevenson, 17; successful; democrat. 1896 — Bryan and Sewall, 17; unsuccessful; democrat, 1900— Bryan and Stevenson, 17; unsuccess- ful; democrat. SOME BUILDINGS OF DRUBY COLLEGE, SPRINGFIELD The governors of Missouri have been: Territorial — Benj. Howard, 1812-16; William Clark, 1816-20. State— Alex. McNair, 1820-24; Frederick Bates, 1824-25; John Miller, 1825-32; Daniel Dunklin, 1832-6; Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836-40; Missouri governors. Thomas Reynolds, 1840-4; John C. Edwards, 1844-8; Austin A. King, 1848-53; Sterling Price, 1853-57; Trusten Polk, 1857; Robert M. Stewart, 1857-61; Clai- borne F. Jackson, 1861; Hamilton R. Gamble (provisional), 1861-4; Thomas C. Fletcher, 1864-8; James W. McClurg, 1868-71; B. Gratz Brown, 1871-3; Silas STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 549 Woodson, 1873-5; Charles H. Hardin, 1875-7; John S. Phelps, 1877-81; Thomas T. Crittenden, 1881-5; John S. Marmaduke, 1885-9; David R. Francis, 1889-93; William J. Stone, 1892-6; Lon V. Ste- phens, 1896-1900; Alexander M. Dock- ery, 1900-05. The salary is $5,000 a year. Taxes are assessed annually, and must be paid before December 31, un- der a penalty of one per cent until paid. Taxes and penal- ties are liens upon prop- erty assessed, and suits to enforce payment can be instituted in one year after becoming delin- quent. The time of de- linquency is on January 1. The suit and sale of property for tax- es follow as in or- dinary course of law. .4,^ The following . J'^ table shows the COLUMBIA NOEMAL ACADEMY. CmLLICOTHK NOEMAL SCHOOL. SPRINGFIELD NORMAL COLLEGE. r) 111 im ^'w population of the State at each census, together with rank among the States, density of square mile, slaves and per cent of increase each period: The population in 1900 was 149 times as large as it was in 1810, when the first census was taken. Of the 115 counties in the State, all but 20 showed an increase in 1900. Of the population, 65.1 per cent is rural, while 34.9 per cent is in the towns and cities. The State has 1,105,- 258 persons of school age, of whom 14,129 are foreign-born, 55,819 colored, and 554,448 male and 555,810 fe- males. There are 662,928 persons of militia age, of whom 53,282 are foreign-born and 38,312 are colored. Of the 856,684 voters, 113,025 are foreign-born and 46,887 Rank Density Slaves Population Per CENT 1900 5 45.20 3,106,665 16.0 1890 5 38.98 2,679,184 23 .6 1880 S 31-55 2,168,380 26.0 1870 5 25.04 1,721,295 45.6 i860 8 17.20 114,931 1,182,012 73-3 1850 13 9.92 87,422 682,044 77.8 1840 16 5.58 58,240 383,702 173.2 1830 21 2.13 25,091 140,455 III .0 1820 23 I .01 10,222 66,557 219.3 1810 22 •3* 3,011 20,845 Assessment and collection of taxes. Growth of population. Population divisions. 550 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. are colored. Of the voting population, 7 per cent are il- literate. The legal rate of interest is 6 per cent, but parties may contract in writing for any rate not exceeding 8 per cent. The penalty for usury is the forfeiture of the interest at ten per cent to the common schools and the recovery of costs by defendant. Judg- ments bear interest at 6 per cent per annum. If the con- tract sued on calls for a high- er rate of interest (not exceed- inging 8 per cent) the judg- ment thereon may be made to bear the rate of interest so agreed on. An open account bears interest at 6 per cent per annum from the time when demand of payment is made. SEO.VLIA PUBLIC LIBRARY. There are 2,643 fourth-class postoffices in Missouri, and the average annual CON L'El'TXON CONVE.N T. salary of each fourth-class postmaster is $179. The aggregate receipts during the year of the 2,813 postoffices in the State, ; including the large cities, were $6,071,035 and the expense per capita of the postoffice sys- tem was $1.86. There are 1,165 rural deliv- ery routes. Taking Jefferson City as the center of the State, according to the twelfth census of the United States: The center of the area of farms in the United States in 1900 was 250 miles from the center of Missouri, or 150 miles east of the Mississippi river. The center of farm values was 150 miles from the center of the State, or 50 miles east of the Mississippi. The center of the total number of farms was 30 miles south by west of Jefferson City. The center of oats production was 175 miles from the center of the State, or 50 miles north of its northern boundary. The center of corn production was 125 miles from the center of the State, or just east of the Mississippi river. CABXHAOE COLLEQIATE INSTITUTE. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 551 MARYVUXE SEMINARY. The center of wheat production was 225 miles from the center of the State, or 75 miles north of its northern boundary. The center of improved farm acreage was 125 miles from the center of the State, or just east of the Mississippi river. The center of the production of six leading cereals was 125 miles from the center of the State, just on its northeast- ern border. The center of gross farm income was 125 miles from the center of the State, or just east of the Mississippi river. LIAUENWOOD COLLEGE, ST. CHARLES. Center of cereal production. CENTRAL FEMALE COLLEGE, LEXINGTON. If each inhabitant of Missouri were allowed six square feet of ground, the Density of population of the State, 3,106,665, could be placed upon one-third of a square P"^" mile, or 213 acres. In Missouri the average size of farms is 119.3 acres. In the United States 30.7 of the population live in towns of over 4,000. In Missouri 34.9 live in such towns. But outside of the three cities of St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Jo- seph, only 7.6 live in such towns. Missouri expends 12 cents a day for each pupil in her public schools. The deaths per thou- sand in the United States each year from alcoholism are 2.8; in Missouri 2.4. Bronchitis is more dan- gerous in other States than in Missouri. In the United States deaths per CABSAIX PLACE, CABTHAGE. 552 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri honey the best. First in sorghum. Public holidays. 1843 ■ 59 1873 P"""369 1885 ■■■ 312 1892 ■■■■■ 550 1895 1904 thousand population each year are 20.3, in Missouri, 16.5. The highest priced honey on the market is made from Missouri white clover by Mis- souri bees. Missouri ranks first among the States in the production of sorghum. Public Holidays: — The first day of January, the twen- ty-second day of February, the thirtieth day of May, the NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN STATE UNIVERSITY. fourth day of July, the first Monday in September, any general State election day, any Thanksgiving day appointed by the governor of this State or by the president of the United States, and the twenty-fifth day of December, are public holidays; and when any of such holidays fall upon Sundays, the Monday next following is considered such holi- day. For all purposes whatsoever as re- gards the presentment for payment or ac- ceptance, and of presenting and giving notice of the dishonor of bills of exchange, bonds, promissory notes or other mercan- tile paper, such holidays are treated and considered the same as the first day of the week, commonly called Sunday; and all bills of exchange, bonds, promissory notes, or other mercantile paper falling due on any such holiday or Sunday, are considered as falling due on the next succeeding day, unless such succeeding day be a holiday; in such case, it is considered as falling due the day previous. TRIBUNE BUILDING, JEFFERSON CITY. MISSOURI GROWS TWO-THIRDS AS MUCH WHEAT AS ALL CANADA. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 553 WESTMINSTER COLLEGE, FULTON. I : m yi I ^^ '^' The Missouri weights and measures showing pounds in bushel, follow: Wheat, beans, clover seed, Irish potatoes, peas and split peas. . Rye, shelled corn and flax seed. . Unshelled corn Barley Oats Bran Onions Dried peaches Dried apples Buckwheat Hemp seed Blue-grass seed Timothy seed Castor beans Cotton seed Salt Mineral coal Coke and charcoal (cubic inches) Sweet potatoes 60 Parsnips 56 Common turnips 70 Carrots 48 Rutabagas 32 Cornmeal and millet 20 Green peas, unshelled 57 Green beans, unshelled 33 Apples, peaches, pears and Hun- 24 garian grass seed 52 Malt 44 Top onion sets 14 Red-top seed and orchard grass 45 seed 46 Sorghum seed 33 Osage orange seed 50 Cucumbers 80 Tomatoes 2680 56 44 42 50 50 50 56 56 48 38 28 14 42 36 48 45 Terms of office of county officers — Presiding judge county court, term 4 years, elected 1902; county court judges, term 2 years, elected 1902; probate judge, term 4 years, elected 1902; clerk circuit court, term 4 years, elected 1902; recorder of deeds, term 4 years, elected 1902; clerk county court, term 4 years, elected 1902; prosecuting attorney, term 2 years, elected 1902; sheriff, term 2 years, elected 1902; collector, term 2 years, elected 1902; assessor, term 4 years, elected 1902; treasurer, term 2 years, elected 1902; coroner, term 2 years, elected 1902; public administrator, term 4 years, elected 1900; surveyor, term 4 years, elected 1900; school commissioner, term 2 years, elected April, 1902. \/ Missouri weights and measures. Terms of office of county officers. 554 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. HARDIN COLLEGE, MEXICO. Missouri's expendi- ture for charity. For charity, Missouri gives $3,000,000 annually. The work is divided about equally, in extent of financial devotion, between public and private institutions. Maintained at the expense of taxpayers are four State hospitals for insane, lo- cated respectively at Fulton, St. Joseph, Nevada, and Farmington; Colony for the Feeble Minded and Epileptic, at Marshall; School for Blind, at St. Louis; School for Deaf and Dumb, at Fulton; State Industrial Training School for Boys, at Boonville; State Industrial School for Girls, at Chillicothe; Federal Soldiers' Home, at St. James, and the Confederate Home, at Higginsville. There are 96 county infirmaries. City hospitals for the sick are maintained in St. Louis, Kan- sas City, and St. Joseph, and the first named has a city insane asylum and poor house. The official charity appropriations amount to $1,463,000, and private charity is estimated at $1,500,000. For one year the expenditures for public charity are; Four State Hospitals, Insane. .$536,493 Colony for Feeble Minded and Epileptic: for support 33,665 Special 51,214 State School for Blind 30,000 State School for Deaf 75,000 State Reform School for Boys.. 45,000 State Industrial School for Girls, for support 12,300 Special 12,000 Federal Soldiers' Home 11,000 Confederate Soldiers' Home. .. 8,000 City Hospitals for Sick, St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph 100,000 St. Louis Insane Asylum 150,000 St. Louis Poor House (chronic insane) 100,000 Ninety-six county Poor houses. 163,000 Outdoor relief in 114 counties.. 136,000 Total for city and county char- ities $649,000 Total for State Institutions. . .$814,672 STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 555 The private charity estimated, is: In St. Louis, 120 private insti- tutions $600,000 Three general relief associa- tions, St. Louis (Provident Association, Catholic and Jewish) 100,000 For the rest of the State, pri- vate institutions 600,000 Private Relief Associations. . . . 100,000 Private individuals 100,000 Private charities. Total private charities $1,500,000 Total official charities 1,463,000 Total for charities in Mis- souri, annually $2,963,000 Congressional districts number sixteen, thus divided: First. — The counties of Adair, Clark, Knox, Lewis, Macon, Marion, Putnam, Schuyler, Scotland and Shelby. Popula- tion 1900, 183,590. Second. — The counties of Chariton, Carroll, Grundy, Linn, Livingston, Mon- roe, Randolph and Sullivan. Pop- ulation 1900, 183,358. Third. — The counties of Caldwell, Clay, Clinton. DeKalb, Daviess, Gentry, Harrison, Mercer, Ray, and Worth. Population 1900, 182,960. Fourth. — The counties of Andrew, Atchison, Buch- anan, Holt, Nodaway and Platte. Popu- lation 19 0, '^ 221,885. F i f t h.— The county of Jackson. Pop- ulation 19 0, 195,193. SPRINGFIELD HIGH SCHOOL. J±:3 S_ 3i i CARUTHERS- VILLE HIGH SCHOOL. KIKKSVILLE HIGH SCHOOL. Sixth. — The counties of Bates, Cass, Cedar, Dade, Henry, Johnson and St. Clair. Population 1900, 162,620. Seventh. — The counties of Ben- ton, Greene, Hickory, Howard, Lafay- ette, Pettis, Polk and Saline. Popula- tion 1900, 218,666. Eighth. — Counties of Boone, Cam- den, Cole, Cooper, Miller, Moni- teau, Morgan, and Osage. Population 1900, 142,254. Congressional districts. 556 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. WILLIAM WOODS COLLEGE, FULTON. SYKODICAL COLLEGE, FULTON. »^jJMk^HHJI| HBHH ■ H 1 9 '^'"l^B vI^^HI^^^^hI v^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l 1 1 U^"^ k . WHEN SITE FOB MISSOURI BUILDING WAS ACCEPTED. In From Row— Commissioners D. P. Stroup, N. H. Gentry, President David K. Francis, Com- missioners F. J. Moss, W. H. Marshall, Architect Isaac S. Taylor, Governor A. M. Dockery, and Commissioner M. T. Davis. ers J. O. Allison and B. H. Bonfoey reported a division of the work of the Com- mission into various departments, each to be in charge of a Commissioner as Chairman with a Superintendent. Upon the final decision of the Commission the departments determined upon were: Agriculture, Horticulture, Live Stock, Poultry, Dairying, Mining, Education and Social Economy, Forestry, Fish and Game, Woman's Work, and Publication. Superintendents for these departments were chosen. In one or two instances there were changes, but the final list of Commissioners in charge and the Superintendents included: Agriculture — Commissioner, J. O. Allison; Superintendent, H. J. Waters. Horticulture — Commissioner, B. H. Bonfoey; Superintendent, L. A. Goodman. Mining — Com- missioner, M. T. Davis; Superintendent, G. E. Ladd. Education — Commissioner, J. H. Hawthorne; Superintendent, G. V. Buchanan. Forestry — Commissioner, W. H. Marshall; Superintendent, T. P. Russell. Fish and Game — Commissioner, W. H. Marshall; Superintendent, J. H. Ridgway; Poultry — Commissioner, D. P. Stroup; Superintendent, Henry Steinmesch. Dairying — Commissioner, D. P. Stroup; Superintendent, W. W. Marple. Publication — Commissioner, F. J. Moss; Superintendent, Walter Williams. It is an interesting fact that the Missouri Commission selected as superintendent in no instance an active as- pirant for appointment. In Social Economy, Commissioner J. H. Hawthorne was in charge: in Woman's Work. Commissioner B. H. Bonfoey, with Mrs. Daisy Turner Riggs, in charge of the exhibits, and in Live Stock, Commissioner N. H. Gentry, but no Superintendents were named. M. T. Davis, F. J. Moss, and Governor Dockery, ex officio, constituted the special building committee. The Missouri State Building, a temporary structure, the largest, handsomest and most attractively furnished of the many State buildings was designed by Isaac S. Taylor, of St. Louis, architect, and was erected at a cost, including fur- nishing, of $105,450. The contractors were Strehlow and Phelps, of St. Louis. It was the scene during the Exposition of numerous entertainments, conventions and meetings of every kind. The keynotes of the Missouri Building were public comfort, culture and social enjoyment. A golden dome surmounted by an em- blematic statue of "The Spirit of Missouri," by Miss Caroline S. Wood, of St. Louis, crowned the building. Over the main entrance was this inscription: "Embracing within her confines all the elements of an empire, devoted to all the Arts and Sciences that advance civilization, Missouri, the central State of the Louisiana Purchase, greets her sister States and welcomes the world." Around the building were the names of these great Missourians: Thomas Hart Benton, Francis P. Blair, B. Gratz Brown, David R. Atchison, David Barton, MISSOURI COMMISSIONEBS TO THE LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. H. Hawthorne, Treasurer. F. J. Moss, Vice-President. N. H. Gentby. B. H. BoNFOEY, Secretary. M. T. Davis, President. w. H. Mabshaix. L. F. Paekeb. D. p. Stboup. 565 J. O. AlXISON. 566 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. I i THE MISSOURI STATE BUILDING. Meriwether Lewis, Edward Bates, Lewis F. Linn, Louis V. Bogy, Aylett H. Buckner, John S. Phelps, James S. Green. The building contained rooms adapted for various purposes, two large halls in either wing, a commodious au- ditorium or State Hall, in which conventions were held, a handsome rotunda, with brilliant electric fountain, the suite of Governor Dockery, men's parlors, women's parlors, press room and executive offices. On the second floor were rooms for the Commissioners, hostesses and matron and other rooms fittingly furnished. The building was warmed by steam in cold weather and refriger- ated by cold air in warm weather — the only building so arranged. The ap- proaches and elevations of the buildings were adorned with statuary, heroic figures of Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon Bonaparte being at the main entrance. Concerts by Kern's Orchestra were given during the Exposition period daily. All the privileges of the building were absolutely free to all. In the west Hall was placed a collection of paintings by Missouri artists and the fine bell pre- sented by the citizens of the State to the battleship Missouri. In the East Hall was a model library shown by the St. Louis Public Library, under the direction of F. M. Crunden, the librarian. In the same hall was a bound file of every newspaper for 1903, a collection of all books of Missouri authors, loaned by the State Historical Society, Columbia, F. A. Sampson, Secretary, and Miss Minnie Organ, assistant, and a reading room with current publications. A relief map of Missouri, prepared by C. F. Marbut, professor of geology in the University of Missouri, was on one wall. Here was also the office of the Department of Publication. On another wall was the famous Lawrence County Sunday School map, loaned by the maker, L. L. Allen, of Pierce City. In the gallery was a fine photographic exhibit made by the citizens of the enterprising city of Han- nibal. In the State Hall were portraits of Missouri governors and distinguished citizens. The mural decorations in the rotunda consisted of four pendentives illustrating the prehistoric, savage, developing and productive eras in the State's MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 567 IN THE OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONERS, MISSOURI BUILDING. history. The prehistoric era was represented by a study of early animal life, the saber-toothed tiger in the wild ruggedness of the original. In the repre- sentative of the savage era the Indian was shown in his crude surroundings, preparing a young deer for the meal, while a child looks on. In the next study the Indian gave place to the white man, a scene of early pioneer life on the plains being depicted. The representative of the productive era changed from the realistic of former panels and showed symbolical figures of Abundance, sur- rounded by cultivated fruits and flowers and by Machinery, Architecture Science, Literature and Art. The decorations in the dome embodied a histor- ical allegory, tracing the epochs in the development of the middle west. First was shown the heroic figure of La Salle, the French explorer, with fleur- de-lis banner, taking possession of the territory in the name of Louis XIV. The second group showed France clothed in the tri-color of Napoleon, deliv- ering the keys of possession to America. The next group typified the struggle of colonization in the wild country yet to be made habitable. The concluding group was symbolical of the progressive civilization of peace. In the panel above the mantel in the Governor's reception room the artists brought out strongly the more important details of the shield of the State. The mural decorations were by F. Luis Mora of New York, and Jack Duncan of St. Joseph. The entire build- ing was beautiful in design and execution. It was dedicated June 3, 1904, in the presence of a great and enthusiastic throng, with remarks by prominent Mis- sourians, the principal address being by Governor Dockery, who 'presided and formally received the building from the president of the Commission, M. T. Davis. The building was daily thronged with visitors. On Missouri Day, October 11, special celebration was held and the day was one of the great days of the Expo- sition. On Saturday, the nineteenth of Novembei-, 1904, at six o'clock in the evening, almost at the close of the Exposition, the Missouri building was acci- dentally destroyed. Flames from a gas-heater set fire to the structure which speedily burned despite every effort to save it. Fortunately all the valuable 568 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE KANSAS CITY CASINO, ON THE MOOEL STREET. THE MISSOURI MODEL RURAL SCHOOL. historical boolvs and paintings were taken out little injured. After the fire the offices of the Commission were moved to the Kansas City Casino. Even the blackened ruins of the Missouri building cast shadows of its former glory, and here on the evening of November 29, the Superintendents and Assistant Super- intendents gave a dinner in honor of the Commissioners, the final function of the Fair. Every effort was made, and successfully, to impress upon the visitors Mis- souri's hospitable greeting. Mrs. Emma Davison Nuckols, of Jefferson City, and Mrs. Belle Hall Small, of Sedalia, served as hostesses. Mrs. Cora Griffith was matron. At the registry desk, where nearly a million guests registered their names, Capt. J. M. O'Shea, of St. Louis, presided. In the inaugural work of the commission, Capt. Frank Gaiennie was ex- ecutive commissioner. When the departments were organized this position was abolished. B. K. Blair was chief clerk until the opening of the Exposition, when he resigned, and was suc- ceeded by H. B. Trimble, assistant secretary. There was an efficient corps of assistants. P. T. Williams was bookkeeper, Mrs. L. T. West, stenographer, with Miss M. A. Cain and Miss E. J. Howdon as assistants. R. E. Baker was electrician, Alexander McCoy, night engineer, S. H. Van Tromp, superintend- ent of the grounds. The staff included J. A. Owen, Henry Rice, M. M. Milligan, Bert Smithson, Edward Earney, John Bridgman, Edgar Burns and Charles M. O'Connor. The Kansas City Casino was erected on the Model street to illustrate a build- ing to be placed in a park for general pub- MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 569 lie convenience. It was constructed by tlie Commission, $25,000 being set aside for the purpose. The building was furnished and maintained by the citizens of Kansas City. The plan included an open court surrounded by a colonnade which served as a shelter from the sun and rain. In the court was a splendid and care- fully executed topographical map of Kansas City. At one end of the colonnade was a pavilion 2G by 32 feet with a circular bay forming the end of the building. This pavilion was divided into offices and rooms for public comfort. At the opposite end of the colonnade was a pavilion similar in size and external character, containing one large room stored with maps, pictures and other illustrations ex- ploiting the Kansas City of to-day. The entire building was 136 by 62 feet. Van Brunt and Howe, of Kansas City, were the architects. The board of man- agers, from the various commercial organizations of Kansas City was com- posed of F. D. Crabbs, chairman; E. F. Swinney, treasurer; C. J. Smelzer, A. A. Whipple, D. J. Dean, E. F. Allen, H. C. McDougall, Frank M. Howe, W. S. Dickey, R. L. Winton, Franklin Hudson and J. C. McCoy. James Donohue was secretary of the Committee. Edward O. Wild was the executive officer. Colonel R. H. Hunt was the host of the Casino, and Mrs. H. H. Earnhardt, hostess. Judge J. H. Hawthorne was an advisory member of the committee. The build- IX THE women's PARI.OK- MISSOURt BUILDING. 570 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. MISSOURI STATE SCHOOL EXHIBIT — SHOWING FACADE. ing was formally opened June 4. It was one of the most popular resorts on the grounds and was universally complimented. The Missouri exhibit in Education was in the Palace of Education, directly in front of the main entrance. It was divided into three sections: The general State exhibit, the exhibit of the City of St. Louis and the exhibit of the Uni- versity of Missouri. The St. Louis exhibit was made by the City of St. Louis and COBNEB OF DUTCH ROOM IN MISSOURI BUILDING. MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 571 contained a comprehensive display of the school work with classes actually at work. The State exhibit was under the direction of Prof. G. V. Buchanan, Superintendent of the Sedalia Public Schools, with Misses Catherine Cranmer, Jim Hinkston, Cora Mae Hansel, Emma Sere and M. M. Brashear as assistants. It was the largest, best displayed and most effective for its purpose of any State educational exhibit. The exhibit was arranged in a double row of open booths, a broad aisle running from end to end of the space. The facade, which was of English oak, surrounded a space by twenty-three arches of modified Roman architecture. The plan of the exhibit was by grades, illustrating the State course of study, which provides for kindergarten and twelve years or grades of school work. Each grade had a booth for its display and the exhibits for that grade, from all the public schools of the State, rural, village and city. VIEW OF MISSOURI SCHOOL EXHIBIT FROM GALLERY. 572 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. KXIIIHIT OF UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI were found in that booth. Most of the written work and a part of the free hand drawings of the respective grades were neatly bound in red English cloth with Russia leather backs labeled in gilt letters. The contents of each volume was arranged by counties, alphabetically, whose initials are placed upon the back and the contents carefully indexed, so that the work of any one of the 200,000 pupils who contributed to the written work of the exhibit could be located in less than a minute if his name, grade, and the initial letter of his county were known. Every page of work and every article of handicraft in the entire exhibit bore the name, age, and the name of the school of its maker. Teachers' state- ments accompanied all written work saying whether the effort was of regular or special character, how many recitations weekly, minutes per recitation, and how many minutes the pupil was ex- pected to spend in the prepai'ation of the daily lesson, also, how many weeks the branch has been studied by pupil in this grade and how many in previous grades and the number of pupils in the class and number whose papers were sent for exhibit. One hundred and ten cases and eighty wing frames were used for display of the various forms of work. The wall space above the wing frames contained hundreds of pictures of school buildings and grounds, school groups, etc., in crayon, oil, ink, and water colors. The large hollow pillars and spandrels of the facade accommo- dated 355 transparencies, which showed Missouri school buildings, playgrounds, games and groups, and also the faces of scores of school children typical of the respective grades, and the busts of forty of the leading educators of the Q. V. BUCHANAN. SiiptTintendent of Education. MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 573 VIEW Ol' MODEL OF CAMPUS SHOWN IN EXHIHIT OF UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI. State, past and present: W. T. Harris, J. M. Green- wood, W. B. Neely, J. Fairbanks, E. C. Eliot, W. E. Coleman, L. E. Wolfe, Jno. R. Kirk, W. T. Carrington, W. S. Chaplin, R. H. Jesse, J. M. White, C. M. Wood- ward, R. D. Shannon, Jos. Baldwin, J. C. Jones, M. M. Fisher, F. A. Hall, Miss Susan Blow, L. M, Mc- Afee, J. B. Mitchell, G. B. Morrison, W. H. Black, C. W. Pritchett, J. W. Barnard, Mrs. Josephine Heer- mans, E. A. Allen, G. B. Longan, J. P. Greene. F. Louis Soldan, G. L. Osborne. Frank Thilly, E. B. Craighead, W. B. Rogers, N. L. Rice, Wil- liam Thompson, Miss M. W. HALL. Assistant Superintendent of Agriculture. H. J. WATERS. S 1 >;'i I'.e 1 1; It of A jric-iUuri. Ophelia Parrish, P. D. Tharpe, L. D. Drake, and R. C. Norton. The transparencies were so arranged as to aid the illumined signs in the arches to indicate the grade of work within the corresponding booth. Begin- ning next to the twelfth grade were the booths con- taining the exhibits of the various normal and pa- rochial schools and colleges of the state: Missouri Valley College, Central Female College, Central College, Howard-Payne College, State Normal School at Kirksville, State Normal School at War- rensburg, State Normal School at Cape Girardeau, Westminster College, Drury College, Central Wes- leyan College, Lincoln Institute, Liberty Ladies College, Loretto Academy, Saint Cecelia Seminary, William Jewell College, Christian College, Park College and Hardin College. Located here and there among the booths were seven biogens show- ing all forms of active school exercises, such as fencing, calisthenics, basket ball, military drill, etc., by moving scenes from school exercises in the various districts of the State. 574 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. "s 1 Missouri alone of the States showed a model rural school. The exhibit was a building 30 by 30 feet in size, completely furnished and equipped with desks, tables, maps, charts, books and all the accessories of a model rural school. In the Social Economy section of the Palace of Education, Missouri showed exhibits of the various State Eleemosynary Institutions, the Boys Training School at Boonville, the Industrial School for Girls at Chillicothe, the St. Louis Hospital and the State Labor Bureau. The buildings and work of the Colony for the Feeble Minded at Marshall and the four Hospitals for the Insane at St. Joseph, Nevada, Fulton, and Farmington re- spectively were shown by pho- tographs and charts and the splendid work of the Missouri Board of Charities and Cor- rection was shown by charts, pictures and transparencies. The Boys Trainini^ School made an extensive exhibit of its work in the production of carriages, wagons, clothing, shoes, blacksmithing, and wood-woi'king, and the Indus- trial School for Girls in sew- ing, and various kinds of woman's work. The new mil- lion dollar St. Louis Hospital was shown in a detailed plas- ter model and the State Labor Bureau exhibited data show- ing methods pursued and re- sults accomplished in that de- partment. Adjoining the So- cial Economy Section, was the section devoted to the educa- tion of defectives and in this section Missouri exhibited the work of the Missouri School for the Blind at St. Louis and the School for the Deaf and Dumb at Fulton. During much of the Exposition period both these schools maintained model schools in this section showing living school work by the actual teaching of classes of their regular pupils. These live exhibits always attracted large crowds of visitors and created more general interest than any other exhibit in the Palace of Education. The ex- hibits were directly under the charge of Commissioner J. H. Hawthorne. The most important exhibits from the State University were located natur- ally in the Palace of Education, though the resources and work of the institu- tion were also splendidly shown in the Missouri sections in the Palaces of Agri- culture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fish and Game, and by the School of Mines, in ENTRANCE TO MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT. GRAIN TRAIT OF GOVERNOR A. M. DOCKERY IN CENTER. MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 575 GRAIN PICTURE MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT. the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. In the Palace of Education more space was occupied by the State University than was allotted to any other Univer- sity. The exhibits shown on this space may be divided into two classes: Those which showed what the University has been and is, and those which showed what the University is doing. The center of the University space was occupied by the original monument from the grave of the immortal Thomas Jefferson. Made in accordance with the written specifications of this great patriot himself it stood over his last resting place till 1883. Then it came as a gift to the State University of the greatest state carved from the Louisiana Purchase. Since Jefferson was the father of the State University in America it was deemed most fitting that this monument should form a unique part of the exhibit of this University at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. To show what the University GRAIN PICTURE — MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 576 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE MISSOL'IU COKX TEMPLE rALACE OF AGRICULTURE. has been and is a series of six water color bird's eye views were prepared rep- resenting the buildings and grounds at Columbia as they appeared in 1843, 1873, 1892, 1895, and 1904. These views were supplemented by a similar bird's eye view of the School of Mines at Rolla as it appeared in 1904. In the six first mentioned the slow progress of the development from 1843 to 1892 and the rapid changes in the years 1892-1904 were strikingly portrayed. A series of charts showing at these same periods the condition of the University in number of students, number of instructors, in endowment, in value of property, in annual income, demonstrated that the growth of the University in the last twelve years has been remarkable in every way. A series of fine photographs of exteriors and interiors helped to bring the University of to-day before the eyes of the World's Fair visitor. Foremost among the many fine models shown at the Expo- sition stood the model of the campus of the University. It was on a scale of 1 to 100, about 10 by 16 feet in size, and is perhaps the finest piece of work that has come from the hands of George Carroll Curtis, of Boston, the geograph- ical sculptor who first won fame by constructing the models of Washington now in the National Library. This model, naturalistic, not conventional, in its treat- ment, was accurate to the last degree in measurement, in form and in color. Thirty-five departments united in showing what the University is actually doing in their several lines. They showed the discoveries, inventions, processes, and MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 577 A CORNER OF MISSOURI EXIIIDIT IN AGRICULTURE. products made bv teachers and students. Of the publications of the University which were on view the most important portion was the exhibit by the Law department of a complete set, elegantly bound, of all the legal publications of those who have been connected with the Law school as teachers or students. In the same case were placed a complete series of the official publications of the University and an incomplete series of publications by members of the faculty. In Romance languages a chart of phonetic tracings showed some of the original work of Dr. Raymond Weeks, and a Victor talking machine indicated the method of instruction employed In teaching these languages. Certain phases of this work in progress in the departments of Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Phys- iology and Internal Medicine were all represented. The department of Agri- culture, better represented elsewhere in the exhibits of Missouri and of the federal government, here showed the result of experiment in cattle feeding, in the winter protection of the peach, and in winter raising of asparagus in the open field. The most important portion of the display in Veterinary Science was concerned with Dr. Connoway's experiments in Texas Fever. The depart- ment of Engineering in addition to many plans and drawings exhibited the re- sults of practical tests of the properties of wood, steel, belts, ropes, and lubri- cating oils, extensive experiments in the caloric value of many varieties of coal, machines invented in the laboratories and complete plans for a power plant at the University. The work in physical training was portrayed by means of many original charts and record blanks by numerous photographs of the gym- nasium, of classes of teams and of athletic events. In experimental psychology Dr. Max Meyer's theory of music was illustrated by the unique organ invented by him. This department further exhibited an original piece of apparatus illus- trating the process of hearing. Missouri history was graphically represented Mo 37 578 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 'hnrr *SKJ!r»WBr"7t--.« Li- ; on a series of maps. The department of Political Science and Public Law showed the development of county organization in the State. The department of His- tory made clear the distribution over the State of political parties at all the presidential elections in which the State has taken part. The department of Economics, in connection with other phases of economic history, made clear the part played by rivers and railroads in reaching and increasing the resources of the State. Another series of maps showed Sociological progress, problems and conditions. In certain departments of Science Missouri received still further attention. Entomology dealt with Missouri insects both the helpful and the baneful. Botany discussed certain Missouri flora and dealt particularly with original plans for mushroom culture. Zoology, besides a fine array of Missouri fauna and original methods of mounting specimens, offered an interesting exhibit of the lower form of ani- mal life in the State. Chemistry showed specimens and the anal- ysis of the water furnished to the public in fifty cities and towns. In the department of Anatomy and Histology was por- trayed the method invented by Dr. C. M. Jackson for the study of topographic anatomy by means of prepared and mounted sec- tions of the human head and trunk. Most notable of the de- partmental exhibits was the great relief map of the State, made by Professor C. F. Marbut of the de- partment of Geology and his stu- dents. Five copies of the map were to be seen at the Exposi- tion. One in the Missouri Agri- cultural Exhibit was colored to show the agricultural resources and products of the State. In the Horticultural Exhibit the map showed the fruit soils of Missouri. In the Missouri build- ing it was a general geographi- cal and political map. In the ex- hibit of Mines and Metallurgy the map displayed the mining interests; in the University ex- hibit the Geological formations of Missouri were most elabor- ately and carefully represented. In the preparation of the maps not only were all published sources of information carefully studied but the results of Professor Mar- but's years of patient work in the field in every portion of the State were used to the full. The Missouri University Exhibit was made under the direction of a committee of the University consisting of John Pickard, Chairman, H. J. Waters, I. Loeb and H. B. Shaw. The University booth was built in accordance with plans suggested by John Pickard. The installation and care of the exhibits throughout the Fair was also in the hands of Mr. Pickard with T. K. Smith as assistant. The display far excelled that by any other Uni- versity. It was the testimony of competent foreign and American critics that never at any Exposition had any University made so superb a showing. PARTIAL \li:W OF Missdriii EXHIBIT. AGRICXILTUEAL MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 579 PARTIAL VIEW OF FACADE OF MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL EXHIDIT. Missouri's exhibit in agriculture was easily the climax of agricultural dis- play. In the Palace of Agriculture, the largest building ever devoted to such a purpose, the largest space, 25,320 square feet, was given to Missouri. In beauty of design, in artistic treatment, in com- prehensiveness and in educational importance the Missouri exhibit excelled, according to every verdict, the exhibit made by any State or nation at this or any other Exposition. The creative genius of the exhibit was Dr. H. J. Waters, of Colum- bia, Dean of the Missouri Agricultural College and director of the Experiment Station. In the collection of material he was ably assisted by Matt W. Hall, of Marshall, who upon Dr. Wat- ers' resignation to go abroad, succeeded him as Superintend- ent, and by Col. G. W. Waters, of Canton. E. D. Allen, of St. Louis, was the designer of the decorative features of the ex- hibit. Each of the one hundred and fourteen counties was rep- resented in the display. The space was surrounded by a beau- tiful facade constructed entirely of Missouri agricultural pro- ducts. Leading features of the exhibit were: Two corn towers, white and yellow, thirty-eight feet high; The Louisiana Pur- chase Monument made of corn forty-five feet high; The Louis- iana flag and the flag of the United States, both made of corn; thirty pictures of agricultural scenes forming a frieze around the entire exhibit, showing the progress of agriculture from the earliest times until the present day, were made of Missouri grain and other Missouri farm products, without artificial col- oring. A large grain picture, thirty-five by fifteen feet, showed a typical Missouri farm scene with its comfortable farm house, commodious barn, fine live stock, grain fields, orchards and good roads. Another grain picture slightly smaller in size, thirty by fifteen feet, reproduced from a photograph a 6,000 acre corn field with enough cultivators at work to cultivate 1,000 acres a day. All these pictures were made from grains, vegetables and other Missouri farm products. The collections of grass and forage plants was specially notable. At the en- trance to the space was a portrait of Governor A. M. Dockery, made in grain, and at either side an Indian maiden and a Mis- souri belle of the present day constructed from farm products, ^BHt'-'^?! B •i t .w._v 11 11 ILu^^^^^^^^^^B- CORN TOWER IN MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 580 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. PARTIAL V[i:\V OF MISSOURI'S EXHIBIT IiN HORTICULTURE. grains and grasses. A corn palace constructed entirely of the cereal, was on the main aisle some distance from the general display. Missouri had been chosen by the Exposition to repre- sent the great corn States. This corn palace was sixty feet high L. \. GOODMAN, .'^uperintend- ciu ol Hni- liciiliure PAUTJAL VIEW OF JUSSOUUl'S EXHIIUT K\ IIORTK I L I URE. ^IISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIia. 581 PARTIAL VIEW OF MISSOURI S EXHIBIT IX HORTICULTURE. and forty feet square, built of Missouri corn. All decorations were made of corn, wheat, grasses and other Missouri agricultural products. On display there were shown 3,000 bushels of Missouri corn of every variety together with specimens of all that agriculture produces in Missouri, which means evei-y farm product except the purely tropical, all of matchless quality and unsurpassed size. The central thought of the exhibit was to show the attractiveness of farm life and to demonstrate the wonderful progress of recent years in agriculture. In the Palace of Agriculture was shown a fine model of the St. Joseph stockyards graphically illustrating the great stockyard induptry of that thriv- ing city. In the Palace of Horticulture, Missouri, under the direction of L. A. Good- man, secretary of the Missouri Horticultural Society, as Superintendent, with John C. Evans and J. E. Searcy as assistants, made a most extensive, most artis- tic and most educational display. Around a space of 7,700 square feet was an imposing facade, charmingly decorated by fruits, flowers and other adornments. On tables, in glass jars, cases and on specially designed plates Missouri's display of fruit occupied this large space. Every inch of space was filled with the finest fruit. Nearly 200 varieties of apples were shown and for nearly five months fresh apples wei'e daily on the tables, while apples from cold storage were shown for the entire seven months of the Exposition period. Five hundred bushels of apples were given away on Apple Day, October 4. Seventy-two varieties of peaches were shown, fresh peaches on the tables daily from June 15 to December 1. Over sixty bushels of all different varieties were exhibited at one time, an unexampled picture. On August 15, Peach Day, five hundred bushels, a full car load, were distributed to visitors. Two thousand plates of pears, forty-eight varieties, were shown from August to December 1. Among the other fruits shown, were one thousand plates of grapes with 124 varieties, one thousand plates of strawberries with sixty-four varieties, five hundred plates of cherries with twenty-four varieties, lour hundred plates of plums with thirty- 582 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. two varielies, sixty plates of apricots with six varieties, twenty plates of nectarines with two varieties, one hundred and sixty plates of quinces with six varieties, three hundred plates of gooseberries with eight varieties, one hundred plates of currants with six varieties, two hundred plates of raspberries with twenty-four varieties, three hundred plates of blackberries with eight varieties, one hundred plates of dewberries with two varieties, twenty-four plates of mul- berries with four varieties, one hundred and twenty plates of huckleberries with two varieties, and one hundred plates of persimmons, pawpaws, crab apples and thorn apples with eighteen varieties. Ten show cases of Missouri nuts illus- trated forty-eight varieties. There were two thousand four hundred jars of fruit in solution illustrating four hundred and thirty varieties. Altogether six hun- dred and ninety-four varieties of fresh fruit were shown, a display unequalled by any State or country. Out of the one hundred and fourteen counties of Mis- souri ninety-six were actually represented by fruit. The Missouri Horticultural Society, the individual fruit grower and the horticultural department of the Missouri Agricultural College contributed materially to the sources of the ex- hibit. The exhibit was beautifully displayed and was especially popular. On its educational side it taught the adaptability of varieties to particular localities, the value of the soils and subsoils, elevation, cultivation, pruning and spray- ing, packing and marketing and cold storage, and various points which confront every fruit grov/er. The splendid horticultural exhibit occupied space at the main entrance to the Palace of Horticulture, and around and about the Missouri space ran a miniature fruit train, furnished by the Frisco Railroad, loaded with the various fruits in their season. -IM PABTIAL VIEW OF MISSOURI'S EXHIBIT IN IIOETICULTUBE SUOWINQ TRAIN. MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 583 ENTRANCE TO MISSOURI EXHIBIT IN MINING. In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, Missouri made the chief display of any State. Col. H. H. Gregg, of Joplin, was the first superintendent of this department. Upon his resignation, Dr. G. E. Ladd, dii'ector of the School of Mines, was named with R. F. Rucker, of Rolla, and J. J. Brown as assistants. Missouri's space was at the main entrance. It was surrounded with a neat facade upon which ran a miniature freight train, representing the six great railroad systems of the State, with cars filled with various mineral pro- ducts. The exhibit consisted of typical products of Missouri mines and quarries, coal, lead, zinc, copper, tripoli, building and ornamental stone, clays, sands, mineral waters, crystals of all Missouri types, mining machin- ery at work, laboratory speci- mens and equipment from the School of Mines, photographs of twelve hundred mining views — in brief a comprehensive show- ing of all the mineral wealth of the State. Every district was represented by adequate speci- mens and much was put on ex- hibition as indicating that the enormous mineral resources of Missouri, despite the great yield in the past, have hardly begun to be developed. An outside mining exhibit was made by Missouri in the Mining Gulch where min- ing machinery was shown at work and a Missouri mine. Special features were a zinc and lead concentrating plant, model of shot tower, illustration of process of making babbitt metal and solder. A Scotch hearth furnace for smelting lead ore was also in operation. Of all the exhibits in the Palace of Mines and Met- allurgy Missouri's exhibit was the most noteworthy in many ways. Its moving features attracted much attention and the various displays of the great mineral wealth of the State were artistically presented. The cement pavilion, an ornate and handsome pagoda constructed of manufactured clay products, a comprehen- sive collection of building material, consisting of fine blocks of granite, por- phyry, marble, limestone and sandstone, were among the numerous notable fea- tures of the display. No mining exhibit made at any Exposition compared with that made by Missouri at St. Louis. Butter and cheese were the fea- tures of the Missouri Dairy exhibit as presented by W. W. Marple, of the Blue Valley Creamery Co., of St. Joseph, as Superintendent and, successively, Ed- ward Wyckoff, B. C. Settle and Miss June Reed as assistant, in the Palace of Agriculture. It appeared diflBcult to make an adequate and at the same time attractive display of the dairy resources of Missouri but Mr. Marple surmounted the difficulty so skillfully as to win praise for the State from every visitor. The central figure of the butter display was a statue of two cows all of solid butter. The figure of a graceful woman, Ceres, goddess of Agriculture, with GEO. E. LADD, sickle in hand, was between the cows. Superintendent of Mining. 584 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. PARTIAL VIEW OF MISSOURI S EXHIBIT IN MINING. One cow was of the Jersey and the other of the Holstein breed, the one reproduc- ing a cow owned by Dr. A. T. Still, of Kirksville, and the other a cow owned by M. E. Moore, of Cameron. In the field back of the figures was shown the old and the new method of dairying and the Missouri coat of arms. The walls were cov- ered several inches deep with butter and the figures were brought out in bold relief. Three thousand pounds of butter were used in the exhibit. All was placed in a refrigerator of glass, kept constantly below freezing point. The exhibit occu- pied two hundred and twenty-four feet of floor space. A. Neilsen, of St. Louis, was the capable butter sculptor. A full cream cheese, from Altamont, Daviess county, weighing over three thousand pounds and requiring ten men to unload it, illustrated Missouri cheese making. On the face of the cheese was moulded a cow in clover with a milkmaid at her side engaged in milking. To make this cheese required thirty-five thousand pounds of milk, one and one-half car loads. The cheese was seven feet in diameter. The cow as a mortgage-lifter was shown in staff. In the Palace of Forestry, Fish and Game, Missouri had a notable display in Forestry. W. J. Ward, of Bloomfield, was appointed Superintendent of this department. Upon his resignation Thos. P. Russell, of Cape Girardeau, was ap- pointed his successor and the exhibit was made under his superintendence with E. S. Miller as assistant and P. B. Leaming as attendant. It was the best commercial exhibit in the building rather than a mere botanical display. The commercial woods of the State were shown, a facade enclosing a space 30 by 106 feet. The space included two booths, one devoted to gum, the other to Mis- souri woods. The gum booth contained furniture of various kinds and carvings designed to show the uses of black, red and tupelo gum woods. In the other IMISSOURI AT THE WORLD S PAIR. 585 PARTIAL VIEW OK "MISSOURI S EXIIIHIT IX :\I[NINr.. booth the yelloYv" pine, white oak, cypress, hickory, cherry, pawpaw and other Missouri woods were shown. Hand-carved mantels, tables, chairs and other furniture illustrated the use to which the various woods are adapted. The rapid growth of the catalpa was shown by specimens. In the south booth was a cherry tree stump 18 inches in diameter that grew on the grave of Moses Austin, of Potosi, Missouri, founder of the capital of Texas. The exhibit had place near the main entrance to the building and the display of live fish by the Missouri Commission occupied space in connection with the Forestry exhibit. The Fish and Game exhibit, located just outside the Forestry, Fish and Game building, was the only exhibit of live game at the Exposition. Under the skillful direction of the Superintendent, J. H. Ridgway, of Tuxedo Park, it at- tracted much attention. It was arranged in cages around a lake, the waters of which were stocked with fish. A commodious hunter's lodge furnished in rus- tic style with the paraphernalia of the sportsman was conspicuous upon the lake shore. The exhibit showed live deer, wild cat, mountain lion or panther, coyote, gray wolf, red fox, gray fox, opossum, raccoon, beaver, rabbit, fox and gray squirrel, mink, wild turkey, wild goose, wild duck, quail, black wolf, bald eagle, horned owl and four varieties of pheasants, all the varieties of game to be found in the Missouri forests. As showing the chief varieties of fish were exhibited rainbow trout, brook trout, large-mouthed black bass, small-mouthed black bass, croppie, channel cat, buffalo, sunfish, perch, eel and carp. The Missouri Live Stock department was under the immediate charge of Commissioner N H. Gentry, of Sedalia. The live stock display was the largest and finest ever made at an Exposition. The total amount of awards won by .Missouri stockmen was $86,472, of which cattle raisers got $34,820, horsemen 586 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. PARTIAL VIEW OF INTERIOR OF MISSOURI FORESTRY EXHIBIT. $18,517, hog growers $21,005 and sheep growers $2,130. Missouri duplicated to the stool^men the prizes which they won in competition with the world. The awards proved the greatness of Missouri as a live stock State. N. H. Gentry showed Berkshire hogs in 28 sections and won 23 out of 28 first prizes in competition with the world. He also won several second and lower prizes and almost without exception the animals in each section that won any part of the World's Fair prize money were either bred by Mr. Gentry or bred from stock he bred and sold. The Breeders Gazette said: "No such dominancy of a show is on record as that In other classes of live stock W. Boles, of Auxvasse, exercised by the products of Mr. Gentry's herd. Missouri also won first rank. In Shropshire sheep J. and in Cotswolds, John A. Haynes, of Richmond, and Hopson Glasscock, of Oakwood, won many prizes. McVey & Wommack Brothers, of Ful- ton, were winners in Angora Goats. In the classes devoted to horses, winners were Wm. McLaughlin, of Kansas City, in French Coach, Belgian Draft, Percheron and French Draft; Mrs. A. E. Ash- brook, of Kansas City, in Hackney; J. G. Callison, of Windsor, and others, in Standard Trotter; J. A. Potts, C. F. Clark, George A. Morris and Thos. Bass, of Mexico, and others in Saddle Horses; B. F. Shellman, of Weatherby, in Shetland Pony. In mules, jacks and jennets Missouri led the world, the chief winners being L. M. Monsees & Sons, of Smithton; Luke M. Emerson, of Bowling Green; Fred Harris, of Lee's Summit; W. A. Elgin, of Platte City; Blackburn & Jones, of Warrensburg, and E. F. Ken- drick, of Knobnoster. In Poland China hogs Winn & Mastin, of Kansas City, won the most prizes; in Duroc Jerseys, Mc- Farland Brothers, of Sedalia; in Chester Whites, L. L. Frost, of Mirabile; Harry McCullough, of Fayette, led in Brown Swiss cat- tle; C. D. Bellows, of Maryville, MISSOURI'S OUTDOOR MINING T. J. Womall, of Liberty, George EXHIBIT — PARTIAL VIEW. Bothwell, of Nettlcton, and Purdy Brothers, of Harris, in Shorthorns; O. Harris, of Harris, Gudgell & Simpson, of Independence, Benton Gabbert & Son, of Dearborn, J. A. Funkhouser, of Platts- burg, S. L. Brock, of Macon, Stewart & Hutcheon, of Bolckow, in Herefords; W. J. Turpin, of CarroUton, H. W. Elliott, of Estill, and Berry Lucas, of Ham- ilton, in Aberdeen-Angus; C. N. Moody, of Atlanta, W. H. Brown & Son, of MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 587 ENTRANCE TO MISSOURI TORESTRV EXHIBIT Carrollton, and F. P. Wild, of Cowgill, in Galloways; C. E. Still, of Kirksville, Rolla Oliver, of Dearborn, C. T. Graves, of Maitland, Mrs. S. B. Thomas, and Robt. J. Young, of St. Joseph, in Jerseys; and M. E. Moore, of Cameron, in Holstein-Friesian. The Missouri Poultry department was in charge of Henry Steinmesch, of Normandy, Superintendent, and made the best showing of any State. There were 1,142 entries from Missouri in poultry, turkeys, ducks, and geese, 242 in pigeons and pheasants, 86 in Belgian hares and rabbits, exceeding the total from all other states and territories. Out of a possible 617 prizes Missouri exhibitors won 377, a record to be proud of. A special point demonstrated was that Missouri is the banner turkey state, showing more, larger and finer. The record in all classes was high. Among the chief prize-winners were R. P. Thompson, of St. Louis, W. W. Henderson, of Bridgeton, and Mrs. Delia Maxwell, of Fayette, in Barred Plymouth Rocks; H. P. Mason, of Fayette, in Buff Plymouth Rocks; George E. Tippie, of Lee's Summit, in White Plymouth Rocks; Henry Stein- mesch in Silver Laced Wyandottes; L. E. Meyer and John Hettich, of Bowling Green, in Black Langshans; Lester Hat- ton, oE Garden City, in White Langshans; Miss Mary Shaal, of Lexington, in Turkeys, and Howe Brothers, of Meadville, in Capons sourians won first awards. COL. R. H. HUNT, Host at Kansas City Casino. T. P. RUSSELL, Superintendent of Forestry. In every class Mis- 588 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. MISSOURI OUTDOOR FISH AAD GAJIE EXIIIDIT. In compliance with many lequests from women of all sections of the State, the Missouri Commission created a department of Woman's Work, with B. H. Bonfoey in charge. Two beautiful booths were erected, one in the Manufactures Palace, for the display of needle work, the other in the Palace of Varied Indus- tries, for the display of decorated china, and pyrography. Mrs. D. T. Riggs, of Unionville, was placed at the head of this department, with Miss Stella M. Wentworth, of the same place, as assistant. . Among many creditable pieces of needle work displayed in the Missouri booth was a surplice made by the "Sis- ters of the Most Precious Blood," O'Fallon, which in the perfection of execu- tion compared favorably with any needle work shown at the Fair. The booth for the display of decorated china was the rendezvous for ceramic artists during the entire season. Pupils of noted artists loaned their work to the credit of the State, while the original designs, both conventional and naturalistic, by Mrs. K. E. Cherry, Mrs. B. C. Hazenstab and others, were an inspiration to women of all sections of the country, who^^ were interested in ceramic art. Good ^ miniatures were shown by Miss Martha , Hoke, of St. Louis, and Mrs. H. M. Shaw, of Fulton. Indiana and Mis- souri were the only two states making a display of woman's work in the large exhibit palaces, thus entitling them to awards of medals. The department of Publication in addition to exploitation work, collected and installed, through the assistance of the Slate Historical Society, exhibits in the Missouri State building of Missouri newspapers and Missouri authors. The department also prepared and pub- lished this volume, "The State of Mis- J. H. RIDGWAY souri," a summary in words, figures Superintendent of Fish and Game. and pictures Of the resOUl'Ces Of the E. O. WILD, Custodian Kansas City Casino. ISIISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 589 IX MISSOURI'S EXHIBIT IX DA IKY I NO. commonwealth. The edition numbered 80,000 copies and was 'distributed w i fh out cliar'ge; , Walter Williams, of Columbia, was Superintend- ent of this department, and R. A'. HoL-kensmith, of Car- thage, Assistant Superintend- ent. The Missouri exhibits won, in open contest before international juries of award, the highest awards in compe- tition with the world. In every department the grand prize came to Missouri not by favoritism but by the verdict of disinterested jurors se- lected" without prejudice from every state and nation exhib- iting at the Exposition. In Agriculture, Horticulture, Ed- ucation, Mines and Metal- lurgy, Forestry, Social Econ- omy, Fish and Game, Dairy- ing, Woman's Work, the grand prize was given, and in Publication the first edition of this volume, "The State of Missouri," was awarded the same distinction, the only book thus honored at any exposition. The awards as given were approved by the department juries, the Superior Jury and by the Committee of Five chosen under the Ex- position rules for final appeals. No State surpassed or equalled Missouri anywhere. The cost of the vari- ous exhibits and the detailed statement of the expenditures of the Commission are shown in the official report of the Commissioners. The appropriation by the State was a million dollars. The expenditures in the departments were: Agriculture, $78,039.24; Horticulture, $51,103.86; Education, $53,888.17; Mines and Metallurgy, $57,670.47; Live Stock (in- cluding Poultry), $95,158.24; Forestry, $9,- 298.85; Fish and Game, $12,754.81; Dairy, $10,190.29; Missouri Building expenses, including cost of mainte- nance, $232,918.16; general expense, $176,949.30. So well were the funds managed that $200,000 of the total ap- propriation of one million dollars was returned to the State treasury. At the close of the Exposition, un- der the appropriation act, the displays and furniture were divided, under the direction of the State Board of Equal- ization, among the various State Insti- tutions. Where this was not possible the property was sold and the receipts therefrom placed in the State treasury. Some exhibits were reserved to be taken to show Missouri at the Exposi- tion of 1905, in Portland, Oregon, which commemorates the centennial of the expedition of Lewis and Clark. The \V. W. MARPLE, Superintendent of Dairying. MISSOURI'S BIG CHEESE IN DAIRY EXHIBIT. 590 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. HENRY STEINMESCH, Superintendent of Poultry. Missouri Board of Commissioners made at the close of the World's Fair, a complete and de- tailed report of its work, as required by the law under which the board was created. Thus closed the record of Missouri at the World's Fair, a record unsurpassed by that made by any State at the Exposition, an ade- quate presentation in attractive and impressive way of the products, resources and possibilities of the Commonwealth. The effect of the work upon the future of Missouri is a matter of prophecy. That it will be great for good and far-reaching is certain. Missouri will be better known and better understood by those within and without its borders, its material re- sources will find larger development and, in all that makes for man's best interest, Missouri will hold in the future as in the past, high place. It is a proud record and worthy the State of Missouri. THE MISSOURI WORLD'S FAIR COMMISSIONERS. Mansfield T. Davis, Springfield, Missouri, President of the Missouri World's Fair Commission and chairman of the Executive Committee, was born in West Virginia, December 12, 1848, but came with his parents to Missouri when but four years of age. He was reared in Pike county, Missouri, and moved to Aurora in 1878, where he engaged in mercantile business and banking until 1903. In that year he became interested in the National Exchange Bank of Springfield, becoming its vice president, and at the same time moved to Spring- field. Mr. Davis is an active Democrat. For eight years he was a member of the Democratic State Committee. Governor Lon V. Stephens appointed him a member of the board of managers of the Missouri Fruit Experiment Station at Mountain Grove, in which capacity he served the State six years, resigning to accept appointment by Governor Dockery on the World's Fair Commission. In addition to being President of the Commission and chairman of the Executive Committee, Mr. Davis was Chairman of the Committee which supervised the construction of the Missouri World's Fair building and Chairman of the Depart- ment of Mines and Metallurgy. Mr. Davis is a Knight Templar. He is married and has five children. He has been active in every public enterprise and done much for the upbuilding of the State. Frank J. Moss, St. Joseph, Missouri, Vice President of the Missouri World's Fair Commission, was born of English parentage in Moundville, Wisconsin, in 1863. Since completion of his education his life has been devoted almost wholly to commercial lines. In 1881 he entered the employ of an older brother and afterwards acted in the capacity of a traveling salesman until 1892, he in- corporated the Huttig-Moss Manufacturing Co. At present, besides being Pres- ident and Manager of this company, he is Secretary and Manager of the Huttig- Moss Lumber Co., operating at Napoleonville, Louisiana, Vice President and General Manager of the Waverly Woodenware Works and Vice President of the Gulf Land & Lumber Company, at Leesville, Louisiana. In 1896 he was mar- ried to Miss Grace Flint, of St. Joseph. They have one child, a daughter 6 MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 591 MISSOURI STATE BUILDING IN FLAMES — THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN BY MRS. JESSIE TARBOX BEALS WHILE FIRE WAS IN PROGRESS. years old. In politics Mr. Moss is a Republican. He was Chairman of the De- partment of Publication, which issued this volume, and member of the build- ing committee which constructed the Missouri building, besides serving as vice president. Beverly Holcomb Bonfoey, Unionville, Missouri, Secretary of the Missouri World's Fair Commission, was born in Marshall, Texas, in 1854. His parents died when he was 12 years old and he was sent to New England to be educated. His early education was in the Middletown, Connecticut, High School and Hop- kins Grammar School, New Haven. He then entered Yale Sheffield Scientific School and at the end of two years came to Missouri as a civil engineer. He followed this profession until 1879, when he began the study of law. In 1880 he was admitted to practice and has since given his time to law, insurance and investments. Mr. Bonfoey was appointed in 1901 by Governor Dockery as one of the four Republican members of the Commission. In addition to his duties as Secretary, he has been a member of the Executive Committee, Chairman of the Department of Horticulture and Chairman of the Department of Woman's Work. In 1878 he married Miss Anna May Webb, of New York. They have five sons, B. L., Percy, Lawrence, Donald, and Warner. J. H. Hawthorne, Kansas City, Missouri, Treasurer of the Missouri World's Fair Commission, was born in Morgantown, West Virginia, October 1, 1856; educated in public schools and University of West Virginia, graduating from the latter in 1877. For two years after graduation he taught school and read law and in 1879 was admitted to the practice of the law by the Supreme Court. After a successful legal career at Kingwood, West Virginia, he removed in 1886 592 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. JllSSOUia STATE BUILDI.NG, AITKK THE FJKE. lo Kansas City, Missouri, where he resumed and has continued his chosen pro- iession. In 1890 he was elected judge of one of the Kansas City courts and re- elected in 1894. At the end of his second term in 1898 he was elected a memher of the revision session of the General Assembly and re-elected in 1900. In this body he was the leader of the minority party and very influential in all legis- lation. In 1903 he was appointed by Governor A. M. Dockery a member of the Missouri "World's Fair Commission of which he was elected treasurer and ex- ecutive commissioner. In 1881 he was married to Kate F. Godwin of Kingwood, West Virginia and has one son. He is a Mason, Knight of Pythias and a Modern Woodman. He comes from a direct Scotch ancestry and is a Presbyterian in religion, a republican in politics and a lawyer who confines his practice to civil business. LuMAN F. Parker, St. Louis, was born in Green county, New York, Septem- ber 26, 1847, of old Connecticut Revolutionary lineage. He was reared in New York and came to Missouri in 1868. During the five years following he taught school in the counties of St. Charles, Franklin, and Phelps, meanwhile reading law. In 1873 he was admitted to the bar at Rolla, the county seat of Phelps county, and practiced there with success until November, 1888, when he moved lo St. Louis to enter the law department of the St. Louis & San Francisco Railway Co., which at that time was owner of what there was of the present Frisco system. Mr. Parker became General Attorney for the system September 15, 1894, and General Solicitor May 30, 1896. He is a Republican in politics. David P. Stroup, Norborne, Missouri, was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, July 2, 1844. In 1845 his parents moved to Shelbv county, Indiana, where the son received his education in the public schools. November 8, 1867, Mr. Stroup came to Missouri, locating at Richmond, Ray county. He has since resided in MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 593 REVIEWING TROOPS FROM JUSSOURI STATE BUILDING GOVERNOR A. M. DOCKERY IN FRONT, COMMISSIONERS IN SECOND ROW, J. H. HAWTHORNE, D. P. STROUP AND M. T. DAVIS. the adjoining counties of Ray and Carroll. Mr. Stroup was appointed a World's Fair Commissioner by Governor A. M. Dockery on May 28, 1901, and was re- appointed March 30, 1903. He is a Democrat; farmer and stockman; married and has one child, a daughter. In the Commission work he was Chairman of the Department of Dairying and also Chairman of the Department of Poul- try. James O. Allison, New London, Missouri, was born on a Ralls county farm, educated at the State Normal School at Kirksville and the State University at Columbia. He served as School Commissioner of Ralls county and was Super- intendent of tho New London Public Schools. In 1884 he was elected member of the Missouri House of Representatives from Ralls county and was twice re- elected, serving as chairman of important committees. Admitted to the bar in 1887, he was in 1890 chosen prosecuting attorney of Ralls county and re-elected in 1892. On the Missouri World's Fair Commission he was chairman of the De- partment of Agriculture. Mr. Allison is a practicing lawyer and has farm in- terests. He is a Democrat and unmarried. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Missouri, was born March IG, 1850, in the same house where he now resides. He was educated in the private schools of Pettis county, graduating from Georgetown Seminary. He has served for years as member of the State Board of Agriculture and of the Board of Control of the State Fair. He was early trained in the care of pure bred live stock and Wood Dale Farm, his home, is famous for its Berkshires and Shorthorns. Mr. Gentry was Chair- man of the Department of Live Stock of the Missouri World's Fair Commission. He married, on December 29, 187-5. Miss Minnie Carter, of Waverly, Missouri. They have five children, a son and four daughters. Mr. Gentry is a Democrat. Mo. 28 594 THE STATK OF MISSOURI. REVfEWING PARTY O^^ STEPS OK MISSOURI nUILDIXG — COMMISSIONERS 11. P. STROUP AND M. T. DAVIS, PRESIDENT D. R. FRANCIS. GOVERNOR A. M. DOCKERY AND COMMISSIONER B, H. BONFOEY. William H. Marshall, Morehouse, Missouri, merchant, was horn July C, 1865, a member of a distinguished Southeast Missouri family. He served as Chairman of the Departments of Forestry and of Fish and Game and until ill health caused his absence from, the State, as Treasurer of the Missouri Com- mission. Mr. Marshall went west in 1904 seeking restoration of health but de- spite every effort failed and returning to St. Louis, died August 5, 1904, aged 39 years. His burial took place from the home of his brother. State Senator .John E. Marshall, at Sikeston under the auspices of the A. F. and A. M. Mr. Marshall was unmarried and a Democrat. MISSOURI PRLSS ASSOCIATION AT THE MISSOURI STATE BUILDING. THE AWARDS MADE TO MISSOURI Missouri won in competition with tlie world 2,437 awards. These were given by International juries after consideration of competing- exhibits from every state, territory and foreign nation represented. The provisional list of awards, of which the accompanying list is a copy, shows that Missouri received 53 grand prizes, 195 gold medals, 408 silver medals and 379 bronze medals, a total of 1,030. In addition 790 awards to exhibitors of live stock and 617 to exhibitors of poultry make the grand total of awards for exhibits made by the Missouri World's Fair Commission 2,437. Tliis of course does not include the awards to individual exhibitors, firms or corporations, of which many were won by Mis- sourians. This provisional list is only for the state exhibits and those made under state direction by the Missouri Commission. By departments the awards were: Agriculture, 298; grand, 10; gold, 50; silver, 115; bronze, 123; Horticul- ture, 372; grand, 2; gold, 17; silver, 158; bronze, 195; Education and Social Economy, 158; grand, 26; gold, 51; silver, 59; bronze, 22; Mines and Metallurgy, 158; grand, 9; gold, 69; silver, 59; bronze, 21; Woman's Work, 38; grand, 1; gold, 5; silver 14; bronze, IS; Fish and Game, 6; grand, 2; gold, 3; silver, 1; Dairying, 2; grand, 1; silver, 1; Publication, 4; grand, 2; gold, 1; silver, 1. IN THE DKPARTMENT OF AGRICUl.TURE. Grand Prizes, 10; Gold Medals, 50; Silver Medals, 115; Bronze Medals, 123; Total, 298. Grand Prizes. P. L- Lyng, New London, Varieties of Grasses. Missouri Commission. Display of Grains. Missouri Commission, Collective exhibit of grains, agricultural machiner.y, wool, cattle feeding experiments. Missouri Commission, Oats, wheat, alfalfa, rye, millet, flax, bluegrass, timothy, spelt. English bluegrass, Kentucky bhiegrass. white clover, red clover, meadow fescue, red l^afHr corn, white kaffir corn, broom grass, sorghum seed, hemp seed. Missouri Comi.ilssion, Mudpl of St. Joseph Stockyards. Missouri Commission. Popcorn. navy beans, sunflower seed, cow peas, soy beans, buckwheat, castor beans and black oats. Missouri Commission, Melons and canta- loupes, corn, cob-pipe corn. Missouri Cow mission. Display of Corn. Vnivcrsiiy of Missouri, Ejeiicrimoit SUition. Display showing sixt.y-flve varieties of wheat and srasses. University of Missouri, Agricultural Map. Gold Medals. J. F. Archer, Walker. Corn. Elcry Boles. Lebanon. Wheat. Luther Bromley, Maysville. Corn. J. H. Castin. Grant City, Corn. Chenoweth Bros., Lathrop. Wool. Glarksville Cider Company. Clarksville, Cider. Clarksville Cider Company. Clarksville, Vinegar. //. C. Grain, Elmo, Corn. Josiah Cravens, Arbela, Corn. Ira Darby, Jr., Fayette. Grasses. W. J. Davis, Lockwood. Clover. R. F. Dawson. Sheridan. Corn. J. W. Denton, Buckner, Corn. Henry Depky, Rockport, Wheat. M. N. Finnerty, Briscoe. Clover. J. W. Gaither. Hayti. Alfalfa. R. A. Gamble. Galena, Corn. Hopson Glasscock, Oakwood. Wool. Hall Goodrich Calhoun. Corn. D. F. Hall. Killwinning. Wool. .4. F. Jloirthii. Skidmore. Corn. Theo. HiK'hiur. Bern, Corn. »S. F. Huntsman, Cairo, Wool. William Laswell, Canton. Corn. A. E. Leavitt, Houston. Ginseng. Turner Long. Fayette. Corn. Brack Martin, Napton, Corn. Thomas May. Knoblv. Wheat. Douglass E. McDowell, Jonlin, Ginseng. T. W. McFurland. Boonville, Corn. R. J. Melton. Damon, Sorc'lnim. H. Meyer. Wcljslon, ( 'nliliage-heads. Mississipiii Cotinly. Watermelons. Missouri Commission, Artistic displays of corn and grains. Missouri Commission. Collection of vege- tables. J. E. Muir, Callaway. Wool. L. F. Noah, Bethany. Timotliv. Ntiss d- Son, Tina, Grain. H. M. Oliver. Fulton, Wool. C. O. Raine. Canton, Corn. Eva G. Roby, Uocheport, Wool. Scott County, Watermelons. Geo. W. Seyt. Kahoka, Corn. J. E. Shatiuck. Stanberry. Wool. J. Skillman, Platte City. Timothy. University of Missouri^ Experiment Station, Columbia. Chemical Analyses of grains. University of Missouri, College of Agricul- ture, Wool. University of Missouri, Wool. E. B. Wilson. Stanberry, Wool. B. Zadoc, Shelbyville, Corn. 595 596 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Sliver Medals. William AM, Augusta, Wines. E. A. Alginson. Montgomery City. Wlieat. Alf. Amor, Lexington, Squash. Thomas V. Bailcu. Lexington, Blue Stem. IK. U. Baker, Kennett. Corn. Geo. F. Bennett, I'atterson, Corn. li Bilyew, California. Corn. ll'wi. Blankenship, Alton, Corn. J. N. BohannoUj Agnes, Corn. J. W. Boles. Auxvasse, Wool. /}. Bondirer. Louisiana. Corn. O. B. BothneU d tion. P.reckenridge, Wool. O. Brumner, Ma'view. I'otatoes. A'. V. Bnckner, Lee's Summit, Wlieat. Louis II'. Jlnrpett, Tandy, Cabbage. liu llayiriinl. r)fKnlb. Corn. Hensley . Loumilt r. Parkville, Exhibits of Fruit. McDonald County, Exhibits of Fruit. Missouri Horticultural Society, Apples. Olden Fruit Co., Olden, Exhibits of Fruit. Ozark Orchard Co., Goodman, Exhibits of Fruit. Platte County. Exhibits of Fruit. State University, Horticultural Department, Fruit. St. Charles County, Exhibits of Fruit. St. Francois County, Exhibits of Fruit. St Louis County, Exhibits of Fruit. Silver Medals. Adair County, Exhibit of Fruit. Geo. Addis. De Soto, Fruits. J. A. P. Allison, Rushville. Apples. G. A. Atwood, Sweedburg, Apples. S. P. Bailey, Versailles, Apples. Barry County, Exhibit of Fruit. J. W. Beatty, Excelsior, Apples. C. G. Bell Fruit Co., Boonville. Apples. T. C. Berthold, Bismarck. Pears and Ap- ples. ./. M. Bisel. Rushville, Apples. Buchanan County. Exhibit of Fruit. M. R. Brommer, Boonville, Apples. Bollinger County, Exhibit of Fruit. E. C. Bntterfletiv. Blue Springs, Apples. J. 8. Butterfield, Lee's Summit, Fruits. M. Butterfield, Farmington, Exhibit of Fruit. Carroll County. Exhibit of Fruit. C. R. Gartner, Boonville, Apples. Chariton County, Exhibit of Fruit. A. H. Chcvally, West Plains, Apples. J. F. Chiles. Buckner, Apples. Christian County, Strawberries. Clay County. Exhibit of Fruit. E. R. Glounh. Lebanon, Apples. C. W. Cochran, West Plains, Apples and Peaches. Hiram W. Cook, Potosi. Exhibit of Fruit. Crawford County, Exhibit of Fruit. Henry Crecelius, Mehlville, Exhibit of Fruit. DeKalb County. Exhibit of Fruit. R. Daken, Skidmore. Apples. M. T. Davis, Easton, Exhibit of Fruit. Dent County, Apples. Dr. W. Y. Drace, Keytesville. Apples. J. A Durkcs. Weston. ILxhibit of Fruit. Chas. Eisenhorst. Bellefontaine, Peaches. Isaac Elliott, Trenton, Apples. Lewis Fetson, Keytesville, Apples. Alex. Fleming, Cuba. Apples. S. F. Fletcher, Lebanon. Apples. Franklin County, Fruits. H. Gassen. Lexington. Apples. ,!>?. H. Graden, Parkville, Apples. Greene County. Exhibit of Fruit. L. D. Groier Parkville, Apples and Pears. A. J. Haefer, Jefferson City, Currants. Gi-undy County. Exhibit of Fruit. J. E. Hall, Warrensburg. Strawberries. Ed Harriman, Utica, Apples. C. P. Harper & Co., West Plains, Fruit Exhibit. T. G. Henley, Spring Garden, Apples. John W. Hitt <£• Son, Koshkonong, Apples and Peaches. Tfolt Cnuntti. Anples. G. 8. Homan, Easton, Fruit Exhibit. Hoicurd County, Exhibit of Fruit. 598 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Silver Medal John Howe, raciflc, Grapes. Martin Hurt, Keytesville, Apples. Adda N. Jackson, West i'lains. Apples ;uid I'eaches. Jasper County. Exhibit of Fruit. J. T. Juijncs, Neosho, Strawberries. Jle*. hogtin. Logan. Strawberries. F. Luehrman. Lexington, Strawberries. ./. Laniiicrt and J. H. Murphu. Wallace, Apples. Linn Vountii. Gooseberries. TF. 8. Luter, Lutesville, Strawberries. S'. M, Mason, Jefferson Barracks. Peaches. E. h. Mason d Son, Trenton, Apples. /''. Martin and P. Taylor, Lamonte, Apples. R. M. Massey, Kearney, Apples. L. A. McComhs, Carrollton. Apples. Scott McGormick, Monett, Strawberries. McQuren Bros.. Yerona. Strawberries. J. F. Mealor, Boles, Peaches. J. B. Millsap, Latty, Apples. A. Mehl. Affton, Peaches. Henry Meyer, Bridgeton, Grapes. IF. M. Meyersick, Union, Pears. H. Miller. Graham. Apples. Charles G. Miller, Boonville, Peaches and Grapes. W. H. MireseU, Doniphan. Apples. J. C. Monsees, Beaman, Apples. James G. Montgomery , Maryville. Apples. Mrs. Montgomery . Maryville, Currants and Gooseiaerries. /}. F. Moors. Weston. Apples. Mount Pleasant Wine Company, Augusta, Grapes. A. W. Mueller. Augusta, Apples. R. W. Mueller, Augusta, Apples and Peaches. William W. Mueller, Ferguson, Peaches. ./. H. Miiriilni. Farley, Apples. jV. F. Murray. Oregon. Apples. Louise Murifcldt , Kirkwood, Peaches and Pears. ,/. L. Northington, Nevada, Apples. George W. Null, Maryville, Apples and Peaches. — Continued. Oherle Bros., Weldon Springs, Apples. Fred Getting, Mansfield. Apples. Henry Getting, Mansfield, Apples. A. W. Orr, Mount Vernon, Strawberry. Ed Otto, Washington. Apples. Ozark Plant Company, Logan, Strawberries, S. L. Peer tC- Son, Mansfield, Apples. J. C. Pfeister, Liberty, Apples. Pike County, Apples. Polk County, Apples. /S'. L. Pollard, Sommerville. Apples. Amos Probst, Kirksville, .\pples. S. W, Quick, Doniphan, Apples. Randolph County. Fruit i;.\hibit. O. Rainey, L'niouville, Apples. George F. Rurson, Little Rock, Chestnuts. Ray County, Apples. J. W. Reed, Bolivar, Apples. John R. Rice, Walnut Ridge, Apples. V. S. Richardson, Canaan, Apples. ir. ./. Rippeto. Fasley. Anples. Gits Riske, Augusta, Apples. Edward Roberts, Kaston, Apples. \\ ni. Robinson, Cateus. Annies. G R. Robertson, Marshall, Apples. D. A. Robnett, Columbia, Apples. Andrew Roost, Old Orchard, I'eaches. Simon Rousch, Edina, Apples. Roicell. & Son, West Plains, Peaches. Saline County, Apples. Benjamin Sams. Warrensburg, Apples. C. J. Samesby, Macomb, Peaches and Ap- ples. Mrs. L. E. Scannon, Olden. Peaches. Albert Schieler, Odessa. Plums and Pears. H. Schnell, Glasgow, Fruit Exhibit. M. Schopasse, Louisiana, Apples. C. D. Schulte, Lutesville, Strawberries. C. J. Sewessby, Macomb, Peaches and Apples. C. G. Schupback, Chadwick. Strawberries. //. C. Shire, rtdessa. Pears. J. P. Simock, Moberly, Cherries and Goose- berries. T^ , Sloan Bros., Burnham, Peaches. Clias. Smith, Neosho. Strawberries. Guy Slead, Mansfield, Apples. L. P. Snyder, Shaw, Apples and I'eaches. R. W Smith, Rocheport, Apples. Adam Stein, St. Charles, Apples. St. Genevieve County, Peaches. W. J. Sullivan, Doniphan. Apples. C." Throp, Aleston, Apples. Michael Tobin, Maryville. Apples. Charles Tuber, Lexington. Peaches. Henry Utlandt, Lexington, Apples. S. N. Van Trump, Orrick, Apples Wayne County. Apples and Pears. Webster County, Apples. Henry Wallis, Wellston, Grapes. Fred Warnhoff, Cuba, Peaches. Waveland Fruit Farm. Olden, Peaches. Wayne Countu Horticultural Society, \\ ap- papello, I'ears and Apples. T. K. Whitmeyer, West I'lains, I'eaches. William Westcrfelt, St. Charles, Apples. West Plains Fruit Company, West Plains, Apples. IF. E. Williams, Nevada, Apples. C H Williamson, Utica, Apples. C. R. Williamson, Mt. Vernon, Apples. IF. J. Wilson, Wakenda, Apples. G. R. Wise, Wellston. I'eaches. M. 8 Wycoff, Unionville. Apples. IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUC.4.TION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY. Grand Prizes, 26; Gold Medals, 51; Silver Medals. 59; Bronze Meda,ls 22. Total 158. Of these. 70 vi^ere to the General State Educational Exhibit, 44 to tne State University, 25 to the St. Louis City Schools, 8 to St. Louis ITniversity, b to Washington University, 1 to Christian Brothers College, and 1 to !> ores! Park University. GENERAL, STATE EXHIBIT. Grand Prizes. 'General State Educational Exhibit. Model Library. I'ublic Secondary Education. Public Primarv Education. Missouri State Board of Charities and Corrections. 600 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Gold Aletliils. Attucks School (Negro) Kansas City. Central High School. Kansas City. Carthage Board of Kducatiou. Collective College IC.xhibit. F. M. Crundcu, Collaborator. Kxhibit, St. Louis Coiiuly. (iallaudet School for the Deaf. (Jarrison School (Negro) Kansas City. Kansas City Hoard of Kducation. Kansas City Municipal Exhibit and liuildiujj. Kirksville Normal School. Lincoln High School (Negro) Kansas City. Missouri School for the Blind, St. Louis. Missouri School for the Deaf, Fulton. Manual "Training High School. Kansas City. Negro Schools of Kansas City (collec- tive). Model Rural School House. I'res. John R. Kirk, collaborator. I'rin. E. D. Phillips, collaborator. I'rin. I. N. Cammack, collaborator. State Training School for Boys. State Negro School Exhibit. State Bureau of Labor. Supt. .7. M. (greenwood, collaboi'ator. Supt. ti. V. Buchanan, collaborator. Silver ]IIe(l:il»;. Anderson Rural School. Carthage Board of Education, Primary Exhibit. Central College. Chillicothe Board of Education, Ele- mentary Exhibit. Columbia Board of Education, collabor- ator. Nature Stud.y. Columbia Board of Education, Element- ary Exhibit. Drur.v College. I'^ducational photographs, Kansas City. (Jreene County. Hannibal Board of Education. Second- ary Exhibit. Industrial Home for Girls. Joplin Board of Education. Element- ar.v Exhibit. Kansas City Board of Education, col- laborator. Nature Study. Kansas City Kindergarten. Kansas City. Whittier School. Ijincoln Institute. -Maplewood Board of Education, colla- borator. Nature Study. Missouri Valley College. iloberly Board of Education, Ele- mentary lOxhibit. Park College. Pettis County. Sedalia Board of Education, Primary Exhibit. Sedalia Board of Education, Secondary Exhibit. Springfield Board of Education, col- laborator. Nature Study. Springfield Board of Education, Com- mercial Department. Springfield Board of Education. Ele- mentary and Secondary. St. Joseph Board of Education, Second- ar.y Exhibit. St. Joseph Board oC Education, Pri- mar.y Exhibit. Supt. J. Fairbanks, collaborator. Westminster College. William Jewell College. nroiisRC MedaLs. Central Female College. <'entral Wesleynn College. Christian College. Hardin College. Iloward-Payne College. Humboldt School. Kansas City, Com- mercial Geograph.y. Independence Board of Education, Sec- ondary l<'xhibit. Joplin Board of Education, Secondary Exhibit. Liberty Ladies College. Maryyille Board of Education, Second- ary Exhibit. Moberly Board of Education, Secondary Exhibit. Morse School, Kansas City. Commercial Geography. Neyada Board of Education, Secondary Exhibit. ' riTY OF ST. I-OllS (SPEOIAI. EXHIBIT). Grand Prizes. I'^lementary Schools : a. Kindergarten. b. Written Work. c. Drawing. d. Installation. e. Statistics. Arts and Crafts Work and Drawing. Centra! and McKinley High Schools. Board of Education. Central High School. Living Exhibit. Photographic Display. Gold Medals. Miss Marie R. Garesche, Collaborator. Historical I'aintings in Facade. Living Exhibit, Classes of the High Schools. G. B'. Morrison, Collaborator. C. G. Rathmann. Director, Collaborat- or. Oscar M. Waring. Collaborator. Dr. P. Louis Soldan. Supt., Collaborat- or. William J S. Bryan, Coll.-ihorator. Silver Medals. MlSs Mary J. Brady. Miss Fannie P.. Grifhtli. Wm. B. Ittner. designer of Facade. High School Pupils' Organization. Miss Fanney 10. Lachmund. Miss Mary E. McCullough. Miss Amelia Meissner. Mrs. Matilda E. Riley. Miss Josie C. Slanton. I R. T. A. Peters, Moving Pictures. Bronxe Medals. I Wallei- L. Ratlinian. Moving Pictures. THE AWARDS MADE TO MISSOURI. 601 Drawing. Embryoloffy. Chemical chrystolography. Commemorative poems. ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY. Grand Prizes. I General Exhibit. I ToDographical Anatomy. Silver Medals. I I'athologleal Specimens. Brouze Medal. Stenographic Lecture Reports. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. Grand Prize. General Exhibit. | Manual Training School. Gold Medal. Silver Medal. I'ressure Indicator, V. 10. Nipher. Dentistry. Dr. C. M. Woodward, Collaborator. CHRISTIAN BROTHERS COLLEGE. Silver Medal. General Exhibit. FOREST PARK UNIVERSITY. Silver Meilnl. General Exhibit. THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI. [In addition to the accompanying- awards in Education and Social Economy the State University ^vas| given 2 grand prizes and 3 gold medals in Agriculture, a gold medal in Horticulture and on exhibit of the School of Mines 5 gold medals and 1 bronze medal in Mining and Metallurgy, making a total of 55 awards for the University, 11 grand prizes, 26 gold, 12 silver and 7 bronze medals.] Grand President R. H. Jesse, Special Commemor- ative Grand Prize for eminent services in education. Department of Agriculture, for cattle feed- ing experiments. Department of Anatomy, for topographical anatomy, etc. Department of Botany, for experiments in mushroom culture. Prizes. Department of Geology, for geological re- lief map of Missouri. Department of Geology, for soil maps of Missouri for Agriculture and Horticul- ture. Department of Horticulture, for studies in peach growing and asparagus culture. Department of Veterinary Science, for Texas fever experiments, etc. General Exhibit. Curtis Geographical Models. Department of Sociology, for demographic charts of Missouri. Department of Entomology, for original ap- paratus. Department of Horticulture, for methods of preserving fruit. Department of Law, for publications. Department of Medicine, for general exhibit. Department of Political Science, for charts illustrating development of Missouri Gold Medals. Department of Sociology, for Publications. Dr. Chas. A. EUwood, collaborator. Experimental Psychology, for original ap- paratus. Miley"s Photos in Color. Dr. John Pickard. collaborator. Political Map of Missouri. Schilling Mathematical Models. School of Mines, for General lOxhibit. University Publications. University for Sociological Investigations. counties. Silver Medals. Department of Mechanical Engineering, for Department of Botany, for studies in fungi. Department of Animal Ilusbandr.y, for ex- periments in animal breeding. Department of Chemistry, for test of Mis- souri waters. Department of Economics, for charts illus- trating economic conditions and history in Missouri. Department of Electrical Engineering, for original plans and apparatus. Department of Entomology, for collections. Bronze Medals Department of Astronomy, for astronomical I studies. Department of Botany, for varieties of wood fungi. Department of Chemistry, for chemical tests. charts, original apparatus and experi- ments. Department of Physical Training, for origi- nal plans and records. Department of Physics, for experiments, etc. Department of Physiology, for original ap- paratus and experiments. Department of Romance Languages, for work in phonetics, etc. Department of Zoology, for display of work and methods, for marine Invertebrates. Department of Civil Engineering, for engi- neering tests. Department of History, for historical maps of Missouri. Department of Mechanic Arts. IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICATION. Grand Prizes, 2; Gold Medal, 1 ; Silver Medal, 1. Total, 4. Missouri Commission, State of Missouri.' Gold Medal. Walter WilUmns, as Editor "The State of Missouri." Grand Prizes. Publication, "The I State Historical Society, Columbia, Gen- eral Exhibit. Silver Medal. A. Sampson. Secretary of the State His- torical Society, as collaborator to Missouri Exhibit. 602 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. IN THK DEPARTMENT OF DAIRYING. Graud Prize, 1 ; Silvei' Medal, 1. Total, '1. Orniiil Prize. Missiiitrl Citiinniasion, Butter Kshibit. Silver Medal. Missoiai Commifisioti, Cheese I'"xluliii IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MINING AND METALLURGY. Grand Prizes, 9; Gold Medals, G9; Silver Medals, 59; Bronze Medals, 21; Total, 158. Grand PriKeM. lirodcrick d Bascom Rope Company, St. I.ouis, Wire Ropes and Underground Wire Rope Haulage. Ili/dnnilic Pressed Brick Company, St. Louis, Brick. Lunyon Zinc Company, St. Louis, Zinc and zinc products. .1. Leschen d Sons Rope Company, St. Louis, Rope Tramway. Missouri Commission, Clay Exhibit. St. Louis Well Machine and Tool ComiHiny, St. Louis, Well-drilling I-^ijuipment. State of Missouri, Outdoor Metallurgical Exhibit. State of Missouri, Collective Mining Ex- hibit. //. A. Wheeler, St. Louis, Collective Clay Exhibit. Gold Medals. Alyonite Stone Manufacturing Company, St. Louis, Artificial Stone. American Coiicciitnitor Company, Joplin, Concentratdis aiul JMiniug Machinery. American Concentration Co., St. Louis, Magnetic Separator. .imerican Tripoli Company, Seneca, Tri- poli. Arthur Fritsch Foundry Company, St. Louis, Milling Machinery. Atlas Portland Cement Co., Hannibal, Ce- ment and Products. Audrain County, Fire Clay and I'roducts. Cartharje Marble and White Lime Co., Col- laborators. Carthage Building Stone Co., Collaborators. Carthage Lime Co., Collaborators. Carthage Quarry Co., Collaborators. Carthage Stone Operators, Carthage, Lime- stone. Carrizo Copper Company. St. Louis, Copper Smelting Process. Christopher & Simpson, St. Louis. Struc- tural Iron and Castings. City of Joplin, Calcite Crystals. Cleaner Manufacturing Company, St. Louis. Mineral Metal Cleaner. Curtis Company, St. Louis, Foundry Equip- ment. Curtis d Co. Manufacturing Company, St. Louis, Compressor, Pneumatic Elevator Hoist. G. H. Elmore, Joplin. Model Zinc and Lead Concentrator. Evens d Howard, St. Louis, Fire Brick. Sevi'er Pipe, etc. Freeman d Stevens. Joplin, 60-Ton Ore Dressing Mill. Oranhy Smelting and Refining. Company, St. Louis, Lead and Zinc Ore. F, P. Graves, Doe Run, Calcite Crystal. Greene and Marion Counties, Lime. Griffith d Maggard. Canton. Artesian Well. Elmo G. Harris, Rolla, Pneumatic Mine Pump. Heine Boiler Co., St. Louis. Boiler. H. M. Hughes, St. Louis, Smoke Consumer. Iron and St. Francois Counties, Granites. Laclede Fire Brick Company, St. Louis, Fire Brick. Tile, etc. Geo. E. Ladd, Rolla, Collaborator. Madison Coal Co., St. Louis, Coal. Morris W. Lee, Collaborator. Afissonri Geological Survey, Rolla, Publica- tions. C. F. Marhut, Columbia. Relief Map of Mis- souri. A. L. McRae, Rolla, Collaborator. Mi7ie La Motte Lead and Smelting Com- pany, Mine La Motte, Cobalt Ore and Products. Mississippi Glass Company, St. Louis, Fire Brick. Morgan and Franklin Counties, Clays. Mitchell Clay Mfg. Co., Fire Brick and Model. Meyer Stone Co., Collaborators. Missouri School of Mines, Rolla, Model Con- centrating Mill. Missouri School of Mines, Rolla. Chemical and I'etrographic Laboratory. Missouri Commission, Building Stones. Missouri Commission, Model Coal Tipple. Missouri Fire Brick Company, St. Louis, Gas Retorts. Fire Brick. Mound City Roof and Tile Company, St. Louis, Tiling. National Lead Company. St. Louis, Ijead Pipe. Babbitt Metal, etc. C. Noot, St. Louis, Collaborator. ./. E. Page, Kansas City, Model of Ore Trains. L Parker, St. Louis, Collaborator. Parker d Russell, St. Louis, Fire Brick and Gas Retorts. Pittsburg Plate Glass Company, Crystal City. Glass-making Material. Prox d Brinkman Manufacturing Company, Collaborators. Rof/crs Proirn d Co.. St. Louis. Pig Iron. St. Loiiis Terra Cotta Co., St. Louis, Terra Cotta. /•;. M. Shepard. Springfleld. Mineral Water. Spring River Quarry Co., Collaborators. State of Missouri. Ore Cars. State Bureau of Mines. Jefferson City. Coals. State of Missouri, Mine Photographs. F. W. Terpenning, St. Louis, Metal Felt Fibre. Trinidad Asphalt Company, St. Louis, As- phalt. Washington. Jefferson and Franklin Coun- ties. Barytes. Waters-Pierce Oil Co., St. Louis, Floor Dressing Oil. Western Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis, Coal Mine Model. Western Forge Company, St. Louis. Mill Dies and Forgings. Williams Crusher Company, St. Louis, CrusliGrs Winkle Terra-cotta Company, St. Louis, Terra-cotta. Silver Medals. Albrecht Schoellbrom Machine Co., St. Louis, Crushing and Pulverizing Ma- chinery. American Asphalt Company, St. Louis, Gil- sonite. Arkansas Phosphate Company. St. Louis, Rock Phosphate. St. Louis, Structural Company, Banner Iron Works, Iron. Belcher Water Bath and Hotel St. Louis, Mineral Waters. Blackberry Mining Company, Joplin, Dolo- mite Crystals and Pyrites. .^ ^ Frederick E. Bausch, St. Louis, Glass Pot Clay. THE AWARDS MADE TO MISSOURI. 603 Silver Mertals.— Continued. J. C. Broivtij Blackwell, Barytes. J. J. Brown, Rolla, Collaborator. Bowling Oreen Mineral Springs Co., Bowl- ing Green, Mineral Water. Garter, Iron and Phelps Counties, Iron and Manganese Ores. DCS Loges Lead Company, Des Loges, Pig Lead. Catherine Lead Company, Fredericktown, Anglesite Crystals. Chalybeate Springs Company, Mooresville, Mineral Waters. Oeo. T. Cooley, Collaborator. Clark Craycroft, Joplin, Zinc Crystals. Mrs. Maggie Creech, Joplin, Zinc Ore. J. H. Dougherty, Mine La Motte, Nickel and Cobalt. Ewald Iron Company, St. Louis, Iron and Steel. Excelsior Springs Water Company, Excel- sior Springs, Mineral Water. Wilson Foster, St. Louis, Alaska Minerals. Pernholts Brick Machine Company, St. Louis, Brick Machine. Fisher Bros., Sullivan. Lead Ore. Fulton Fire Brick Company, Fulton, Fire Clays, Brick and Tiles. Elias Oatch. Granby, Zinc Silicate. Lro)i CrisiroUl, Rolla, Road Materials. Intcrndtionul Miner, St. Louis, Publication. Jackson Lithia Springs Company, Kansas City, Mineral Water. Moses 1'. Johnson Machinery Company, St. Louis, Mine Hoisting Machines. Avondale Dominion Manufacturing Com- pany. Aurora, Zinc Ore. Joplin Mine Operators, Joplin, Lead and Zinc Concentrates. Camden E. Knowles, Collaborator. Lead and Zinc News, St. Louis, Journal. St. Joe Lead Company, Bonne Terre, Lead Ores. St. Louis Car Company. St. Louis, Brass and Bronze Castings. Mahel Mine, Jasper County, Crystals. /. Mandle, St. Louis, Crude ("lays. Midvale Mining d- Mannfnchuing Company, St. Louis, Manganese and Aluminum. National Tripoli Company, Kirkwood, Tri- poli. Ohio Brass Company, St. Louis, Electric Railway Brass Bonds. Old Orchard Mineral Spring Company, Old Orchard, Mineral Waters. Pittsburg-Joplin Lead and Zinc Company, Joplin, Zinc Ores. Ross-Keller Brick Machine Company, St. Louis, Iron, Steel and Bronze. L. J. Rozier, De Soto, Barytes. R. F. Rucker, Rolla, Collaborator. Sliao Furnace Company, Sligo, Pig Iron. Scott Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Model of Brick Machine. Squire Company, St. Louis, Molding Sand. Stupp Bros.. St. Louis. Structural Iron. Shannon, Phelps and Ste. Genevieve Coun- ties, Copper Ores. State Bureau of Mines, Jefferson City, Mine Maps and Charts. State of Missouri. Mining Publications. St. Louis Malleahle Iron Company, St. Louis. Malleable Castings. St. Lotiis Vitrified and Fire Brick Company, St. Louis. Fire Brick. Valle Mining Company. Valle Mines. Pig Lead. . , ,^ Vernon and Bates Counties, Asphalt ana Mineral Ores. Western Rock Salt Company, St. Louis, Salt. Windsor Water Company, St. Louis, Wind- sor Water. Woodpll Realty Company, Aurora, Zinc Ore Crystals. Bronze Medals. B. and M. Mining Company, Joplin, Zinc Ores. Croinn Mining Company, Joplin, ISlanganese Ores. William Einstein, St. Louis, Manganese Ores. (Irafton Quarry Company, St. Louis, Lime- stone. Jolin Jackson Manufacturing Co., Joplin. Mass of Zinc Ore. H. A. Johunn. St. Louis, Model of Mines. John Kiburs Pattern Company, St. I^ouis, Foundry Patterns. Lackawanna Mining Company, Joplin, Zinc Ores. Majestic Manufacturing Company. Joplin, Zinc Ores. Missouri School of Mines, Rolla, Calcite Moberly Brick and Tile Company, Moberly, Paving Brick. Myrtle J. Mining Company, Aurora, Zinc Ores. Perry Mining Co., Joplin, Zinc Ores. Republic Mining Company, Joplin. Calcite Crystals. Reliance Machine and Tool Works, St. Louis. Brickmaking Maciiine. .intonio Perez, CollaborMtcir. Roman Perez, Collaborator. St. Louis Ceramic Company. St. Louis, Burning of Chinaware. Schwahn Reduction Company. St. Louis, Aluminum and Products. Toiver Ch-ove Foundry Company, St. Louis, Mouldings. Henri/ Weyman, Joplin, Zinc Ores. Woodfill Realty Company, Aurora, Zinc Ore Crystals. r IN THE DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME. Grand Prizes, 2; Gold Medals, 3; Silver Medal, 1. Total, 6. Grand Prizes. Missouri Commission, Aquaria With Live 1 Missouri Commission, General Exhibit. Fish. I Gold Medals. Edward L. Loyet, St. Louis, Gold Fish. I J. H. Ridgway, Collaborator. Missouri Commission, Outdoor Exhibit. < Silver Medal. August Lauth. Fanning, Brook Trout. 604 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. IN THE DEPARTMENT OF WOMAN'S AVORK. Grand Prize, 1; Gold Medals, 5; Silver Medals, 14; Bronze Medals, 18; Total, 38. Graii Population, Female 549' Population, Foreign 3'- Population. Growth of 547. 549- Population, Male 549' Population, Negro 6, 20 Population, of Militia Age 549 Population, School Age 549 Population, Urban and Rural 551 Population, Voting 549 Postofflces. Number and Receipt.s of 550 Potatoes. Acres, Product and Value 545 Potatoes, Sweet 74 Pottery 182 Poultry 14 5 Poultry Association, State 46 Poultry, Awards in 605 Poultry, State Exhibit in 587 608 INDEX. Page Prairie Region 65 Precipitation, Average Annual, map 60 Presbyterians 212 President, Missouri's vote for 547 Price, Sterling- '^ Publications, Exhibit of 566 Publication, Awards in 601 Pulaski County 481 Putnam County 486 Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sioners 46 Railroad Properties, Assessed 195 Railroads, History of 39, 194 Railway Mileage 191, 194, 195 Rainfall 60, 61 Ralls County 488 Randolph County 490 Rank 1. 151, 549 Ray County ,. 492 Receipts and Expenditures 42 Religious Denominations, smaller.. 216 Representative Districts 559 Representatives in Congress 54 Reynolds County 494 Ridgway. J. H 587 Ripley County 496 Rivers 66 River Traffic 195 Rollins, James S 4 Rural Delivery Routes, Number of. 550 Russe^, T. P 584 Rye, Acres, Product and Value 545 Saline County 508 School Districts 52 Schools, State Normal 44, 1.35, 202 School Statistics, Public 200 Schools. State Superintendent of... 44 Schuyler County 510 Scotland County 512 Scott County 514 Seal of Missouri, The Great 56 Secretary of State 42 SEDALIA 301 Senators, State 36, 557, 559 Shannon County 516 Sheep 124, 545 Shelby County 518 Silver 179 Snowfall 63 Social Economy, State Exhibit in.. 574 Social Economy, Awards in 599 Soil Map of Missouri facing 80 Soils 66. 78, 82 Sorghum 552 Spanish-American War, Soldiers in 546 SPRINGFIELD 297 STATE BY COUNTIES, THE 315 STATE OF MISSOURI, THE 1 STATISTICS OF THE STATE, THE 545 State University, Exhibit of 574 State University 22, 44, 135, 203, 204, 205, 552 St. Charles 313 St. Charles County 498 St. Clair County 500 Ste. Genevieve County 504 Steinmesch, Henry 587 St. Francois County 502 ST. JOSEPH 281 Page St. Joseph Stock Yards, Exhibit of 581 ST. LOUIS 243 St. Louis County 506 St. Louis Jobbing Territory (map). 248 St. Louis University 205 St. Louis Wholesale Business (map) 250 St. Vincents College.- 207 Stoddard County 520 Stone County 522 Stones. Building 183 STORY OF THE STATE, THE 9 Strata, Generalized Section 68 Stroup, D. P 592 Sullivan County 524 Sunday Schools 217 Swine, Number and Value 545 Taney County 526 Taxation, Comparisons 6 Taxation, Restrictions Upon.... 40, 549 Taxes, Special 41 Taxes, Who Pays the 545 Tax, General Property 40 Tax Levy 41 Teachers, How Licensed 47 Temperature 59, 60. 61, 62 Territorial Period 16 Texas County 528 Tobacco ... .92, 545 Transfer to United States ." 15 TRANSPORTATION .. 191 Transportation, Map facing 192 Treasurer 39 Treasury Department 38 Trenton 314 Tripoli 180 Turkeys, Nuinber and Value 545 United States, Relief map of 65 Valuation, Assessed 41 Vegetables 75, 134, 545 Vegetation 230 Vernon County ' 530 Vital Statistics 7, 551, 552 Voting, Law Regarding 34 Warren County 532 War Service 2 Washington County 534 Washington University 205 Watermelons 75, 93 Water Supply 67, 187 Waters, H. J 579 Water Surface 545 Wayne County 536 Weather Bureau 56 WEBB CITY 311 Webster County 538 Weights and Measures 553 Westminster College 207 Wheat Production 72. 86, 545, 551 William Jewell College 206 Winds, Prevailing 62 Woman's Work, Exhibit of 588 Woman's Work, Awards in 604 World's Fair State Building 564 World's Fair, State's Exhibit at 564 Wool, Amount and Value 545 Worth County 540 Wright County 542 Zinc, Production of and Prices. 169. 173 \