Pfi 2087 .S425 Copy 1 PU 2887 .3425 Copy 1 It CICERO COMPOSITION SCOTT VAN TUYL A CICERO COMPOSITION BOOK BY HARRY F. SCOTT AND CHARLES H. VAN TUYL INSTRUCTORS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY CHICAGO NEW YORK ^ if Copyright, 1913, BY SCOTT, FOKESMAN AND COMPANY ©CI.A346332 7u/ PKEFACE The exercises of this book have been prepared for drill on some of the grammatical topics which seem to the authors to need special attention in the reading of Cicero. The sentences for translation are based on the text indicated at the head of the lessons, with occasional additions of vocabulary made necessary by the topics to be illustrated in the lessons. Verb constructions have been placed first as being likely to furnish the pupil more immediate help in translation. Some of the simpler case uses which may seem to need little attention after the second year have been given for the sake of comparison with others which are translated by similar English phrases. The lessons of Part II illustrate the same topics as the lessons with the corresponding numbers in Part I. Since the pupil is usually expected to be provided with a Latin grammar when reading Cicero it has not seemed neces- sary in every instance to include fully detailed statement of the grammatical topics presented. Probably the statementsi given will be found sufficient in most of the lessons, but the references given at the foot of the page will be found helpful in affording a more complete description of a particular con- struction. The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Pro- fessor Charles Knapp of Barnard College, at whose sugges- tion numerous changes have been made. The statement regarding the dative with compounds is essentially that sug- gested by Mr. B. M. Allen of Phillips Exeter Academy in a paper published in the Classical Weekly. In the grammatical references A. indicates Allen and Greenough ; B., Bennett ; H., Harkness ; H.-B., Hale and Buck. CONTENTS Part I Lesson Page I Interrogative Particles. Indirect Questions 7 (Catiline I, 1). II Cum Clauses of Description. Cum Causal Clauses. Cum Adversative Clauses 8 (Catiline Ij 2, 3). III Conditional Sentences Future More Vivid and Future Less Vivid 9 (Catiline I, 4, 5). IV Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact. Non-committal Conditional Sentences 11 (Catiline I, 6, 7). V Purpose Clause with ut or ne; with a Relative; with quo. 12 Catiline I, 8, 9). VI Eesult Clauses with ut; with a Relative 14 (Catiline I, 10, 11). VII Substantive Clauses of Desire ; of Fact 15 (Catiline I, 12, 13). VIII The Subjunctive with Expressions of Fear. Negative Commands 16 (Catiline, II, 1-3). IX The Volitive Subjunctive. The Optative Subjunctive.... 18 (Catiline II, 4, 5). X The Concessive Subjunctive. Direct Questions with the Subjunctive 19 (Catiline II, 6-8). XI Clauses with quin, quominus, etc 21 (Catiline II, 9, 10). XII The Anticipatory Subjunctive. Clauses of Reason with quod, quia, and quoniam 22 (Catiline II, 11-13). XIII Characterizing Clauses. Clauses with dignus and indignus 23 (Catiline III, 1, 2). XIV Conditional Clauses of Comparison. Clauses of Proviso . . 25 (Catiline III, 3, 4). XV Indirect Discourse, General Rule. Future Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse 26 (Catiline III, 5). XVI Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact in Indirect Dis- course. Implied Indirect Discourse 28 (Catiline III, 6, 7). XVII The Imperative. The Present Tense with dum 29 (Catiline III, 8, 9). XVIII The Gerund and Gerundive. Phrases Expressing Purpose. 31 (Catiline III, 10, 12). XIX The Periphrastic Conjugations 32 (Catiline IV, 1, 2). XX Expressions of Place 34 (Catiline IV, 3, 4). 5 6 CONTENTS Lesson Page XXI Expressions of Time. Roman Dates 35 (Catiline IV, 5, 6). XXII Ablative of Agent; of Means; of Accompaniment 37 (Catiline IV, 7, 8). XXIII Genitive of Description. Ablative of Description 39 (Catiline IV, 9, 11). XXIV Ablative of Comparison, of Degree of Difference 40 (Manilian Law, 1-3). XXV Ablative of Separation ; of Accordance 41 (Manilian Law, 4-6). XXVI Ablative with utor, etc.; with dignns and indignus ; with nitor and fretus 43 (Manilian Law, 7-9). XXVII Ablative of Manner; of Attendant Circumstance; of Route 44 (Manilian Law, 10-12). XXVIII Genitive with Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting; with Verbs of Accusing and Condemning; of Indefinite Value • . 46 (Manilian Law, 13-15). XXIX Genitive with interest and refert ; with Verbs of Emotion. 47 (Manilian Law, 16-18). XXX Subjective Genitive. Objective Genitive. Genitive of Material 49 (Manilian Law, 19-21). XI_XI Dative with Special Verbs. Passive Use of Verbs which Govern the Dative. Dative of Possession 50 (Manilian Law, 22, 24). XXXII Dative of Purpose; of Reference; of Separation 51 (Archias, 1-3). XXXIII Dative with Compounds; with Adjectives. Genitive with Adjectives 53 (Archias 4-6). XXXIV Accusative of Exclamation. Two Accusatives with Verbs of Naming, etc. Adverbial Accusative , 55 (Archias 7-9)t XXXV Correlatives 56 (Archias, 10-12). Part II. I-XII Verres I, 1-18, II, 61-66 58 XIII-XVII Marcellus 65 XVIII-XXIII Ligarius 68 XXIV, XXV Fourth Philippic 72 XXVI-XXXV Sallust 's Catiline 74 College Entrance Examination Papers 81 Vocabulary 87 Index 105 CICERO COMPOSITION PART ONE LESSON I FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE (CHx\PTER 1) 1. Interrogative Particles (a) A question which does not indicate what answer is expected and which does not contain an interrogative pro- noun, adjective, or adverb may have the enclitic -ne added to the emphatic word, usually the first of the sentence. Meministiwef do you remember? (b) A question which implies by its form that the answer "yes" is expected is introduced by nonne (occasionally by nihilne). Nonne meministi? do you not remember? (c) A question which implies by its form that the answer "no" is expected is introduced by num. Num meministi? you do not remember, do you? 2, Indirect Questions An indirect question has its verb in the subjunctive mode. Ignoro ubi fuerls, I do not know where you were. Exercises 1. Have the consuls a decree of the senate against Catiline ? 2. Does not the senate know all these things? 3. Cicero did 7 8 CICERO COMPOSITION not order Catiline to be led to execution (death), did he? 4. We knew who had been called together and what plan they had adopted. 5. Do you wish to lay waste the city with fire and sword ? 6. You do not know how long this man has exhausted our patience. 7. Cicero did not ask where Catiline had been. 8. Had not the Eomans often heard who killed Tiberius Gracchus? 9. The authority of the senate was not lacking, was it? 10. Have you not restrained this enemy by punish- ment? 11. Do you see who has come into the senate? 12. The fear of the people did not disturb (move) Catiline, did it? 1. A. 332, a, 5; B. 162 2; H. 378; H.-B. 231 1. 2. A. 573, 574; B. 300; H. 649 II; H.-B. 537 6, 507 3. LESSON II (Chapters 2, 3) 1. Cum Descriptive Clauses of Situation A subordinate clause introduced by cum, meaning "when," if used to describe the situation in which the main act took place has its verb in the imperfect or past perfect subjunctive. Cum in senatum venisset nemo eum salutavit, when he had come into the senate no one greeted him. 2. Cum Causal Clauses A subordinate clause introduced, by cum, meaning "since/' gives the reason for the main act and has its verb in the sub- junctive (any tense). Cum hostis sit civis esse non potest, since he is an enemy he can not be a citizen. 3. Cum Adversative Clauses A subordinate clause introduced by cum, meaning "al- though/ 7 states a fact which is in contrast or opposition to the main clause and has its verb in the subjunctive. CICEBO COMPOSITION 9 Cum magnas copias liabeat tamen eum non timemus, although he has large forces, still we do not fear him. With adversative clauses, tamen usually stands in the main clause. Exercises 1. When the camp had been located in Etruria, the number of the enemy increased. 2. Although we have a decree of the senate of this sort, still this man lives. 3. Since Catiline had not been arrested, the state was in great danger. 4. Do you not confess that Marcus Fulvius was killed justly? 5. The commander of the camp was not in the senate, was he ? 6. Did you defend Catiline w r hen the consul had said this? 7. The Romans remembered who (plural) had fled on that day. 8. Although you remain in the city your plans have been checked. 9. You were not satisfied by the departure of the prominent men of the state, were you? 10. Since no one defends me, I shall flee from (ex) the city. 11. You know 7 who is com- mander of the camp of the enemy. 12. When you were plot- ting (moliri) the destruction of the state I did not arrest you. 1. A. 546; B. 288 B; H. 600 II; H.-B. 524. 2. A. 549; B. 286 2; H. 598; H.-B. 523. 3. A. 549 ; B. 309 3 ; H. 598 ; H.-B. 523. LESSON III (Chapters 4. 5) 1. Conditional Sentences, Future More Vivid A future more vivid conditional sentence is a conditional sentence which refers to future time and which gives no indi- cation as to the attitude of the speaker or writer toward the fulfillment of the condition. The conclusion is an assertion of 10 CICERO COMPOSITION future action or existence. The verbs stand in the future (or future perfect) indicative. Si manebis salvus eris, if you remain you will be safe. The future perfect is used to emphasize the idea of the completion of the act. In English the present tense (with future mean- ing) is commonly used in the condition of a sentence of this type. 2. Conditional Sentences, Future Less Vivid A future less vivid conditional sentence is a conditional sen- tence which refers to future time and, which implies doubt on the part of the speaker or writer as to the fulfillment of the condition. The conclusion refers to a future act or situation as conceivable or imaginable without asserting that it will take place or be realized. The verbs stand in the present (or per- fect) subjunctive. Si maneds salvus sis, if you should remain you would be safe. The perfect is used to emphasize the idea of the completion of the act. Exercises 1. If you send these men I shall exclude them. 2. If you (plural) should kill the consul you would relieve me of great anxiety (ablative). 3. If I should be silent I should be an enemy of my country. 4. If you set out you will relieve us of (from) great fear. 5. Since you have attacked the whole state openly I order you to withdraw from the city. 6. Cicero did not find out all these things, did he? 7. If you should leave these men in the city I would order them to with- draw. 8. "When your associates had assembled, you assigned the parts of the city for setting on fire (for fires). 9. If Catiline kills his rivals it will be a great calamity to the state. CICEBO COMPOSITION H 10. Although the gates are open, still you remain in the city. 11. Do you not see here in the senate some who were with him ? 12. You did not know who was watching for the safety of the state. 1. A. 516 1, a } c; B. 302 1 ; H. 574, 2, 3 ; H.-B. 579 a. 2. A. 516 2, b, c; B. 303; H. 576; H,-B. 580. LESSON IV (Chapters 6, 7) 1. Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact A conditional sentence which implies that the condition is not true has its verbs in the imperfect or past perfect sub- junctive; the imperfect to refer to present time and the past perfect to refer to past time. Si in urbe esses omnes te timerent, if you were in the city all ivould fear you. Si in urbe remansisset interfectus esset, if he had remained in the city he would have been hilled. Commonly the tense of the verbs in the two clauses is the same, but the imperfect may be used in one clause and the past perfect in the other if the sense requires. 2. Noncommittal Conditional Sentences A conditional sentence referring to present or past time and not implying that the condition is either true or false has its verbs in the indicative. Si exercitus adest urbs salva est, if the army is at hand the city is safe. Si hie homo amicus fuit iniustus fuistl, if this man was your friend you were unjust. 12 CICEIiO COMPOSITION The imperative or the subjunctive may be em- ployed in the conclusion instead of the indic- ative whenever the sense requires. Desilite, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prSdere, jump over- board unless you wish to give up the standard to the enemy. The future more vivid conditional sentence is merely a non-committal conditional sentence in future time. Exercises 1. If you were in Etruria we should not fear you. 2. If you are trying to kill the consul you are an enemy of (to) the state. 3. If I had been moved by hatred I should not have spoken thus. 4. If the ex-consuls left their seats vacant they feared you. 5. If we leave the city the citizens will not fear us. 6. If the laws should be disregarded no one would be safe in the city. 7. Although these things affect (pertain to) the lives and safety of all, I shall pass them by. 8. If this fear were groundless (false) compassion would be due (owed to) you. 9. Does not the ruin (plural) of your fortunes threaten you at the next Ides? 10. If Catiline had withdrawn he would have saved us from this fear (taken away this fear for us). 11. The ex-consuls did not greet you when you came into the senate, did they? 12. If you can- not appease your parents, avoid their presence. 1. A. 517 ; B. 304 ; H. 579 ; H.-B. 581. 2. A. 515; B. 302; H. 574 ; H.-B. 579. ■ LESSON V (Chapters 8, 9) Purpose Clauses 1. Purpose may be expressed by the subjunctive intro- duced by ut, or (if the purpose is negative) by ne. CICEBO COMPOSITION 13 In templum convenimus ut periculum vitaremus, we assembled in the temple in order to avoid danger. Eos exclusi ne me inter fleer ent, I excluded them that they might not kill me. 2. If the purpose clause contains a comparative form of an adjective or of an adverb quo is regularly used instead of ut. Gallos arcessivi quo copias maiores haberem, I summoned the Gauls that I might have larger forces. 3. If the purpose clause is closely connected in thought with some noun or pronoun in the main clause it may be introduced by a relative pronoun. Una legio missa est quae impetum faceret, one legion was sent to make an attack (which should make an attack). Exercises 1. Catiline wished to live at the house of (ad) Lepidus to avoid suspicion. 2. If he had been received by Lepidus he would not have come to Cicero. 3. You did these things that you might seem braver. 4. If I knew what these men think I should not hesitate. 5. The senate decrees this that the authority of the consuls may be greater. 6. These men were sent ahead to decide on a day with Manlius (who should de- cide, etc.). 7. If the Roman knights were silent they approved. 8. I set out from the city in order that the consul might not lay violent hands on me. 9. If you should come to me I would not receive you. 10. This man w T ill go into exile that he may stir up unpopularity against the consul (for the consul). 11. The senate will send men who shall escort you to the gates. 12. Although this is at variance with my customs, I order you to withdraw. 1. A. 531 1 ; B. 282 1; H. 568 ; H.-B. 502 2. 2. A. 531 a; B. 282 1 a; H. 568 7 ; H.-B. 502 2 &. 3. A. 531 2 ; B. 282 2 ; H. 590 ; H.-B. 502 2. 14 CICEEO COMPOSITION LESSON VI (Chapters 10, 11) Clauses of Result 1. A subordinate clause introduced by ut, with its verb in the subjunctive, may be used to express the result of the main act. The negative in a clause of result is non. Multi ita perterriti sunt ut ex urbe profugerent, many were so frightened that they fled from the city. 2. // the result clause is closely connected in thought with some noun or pronoun in the main clause, it may be introduced by a relative pronoun. Nemo tarn improbus erat qui non id iure factum esse fateretur, no one was so disloyal that he did not admit that this was done justly. The relative clause of result is especially fre- quent ivhen the main clause contains a nega- tive. Exercises 1. The number of the enemy was so great that our soldiers did not dare to make an attack. 2. No one is so desperate that he never wishes peace. 3. The time was so short that the commander could not wait for these men. 4. I kept you out of the consulship that you might not injure (vexo) the state as consul. 5. If your own wish had not trained you for this madness, this situation (thing) would bring you distress. 6. You do not see any loyal (good) man in so great a number of your followers, do you ? 7. Although the custom of our ances- tors does not hinder me, still I shall not order you to be punished. 8. Have you not often neglected the safety of your [fellow] citizens? 9. Since the Roman people have raised me to the highest [position of] authority, I shall not neglect their CICEBO COMPOSITION 15 safety. 10. These men have undertaken a war so wickedly that they do not retain the rights of citizens. 11. If Italy should be laid waste in war you would exult. 12. Your en- durance of cold and hunger is so great that it seems incredible. 1. A. 537 1; B. 284; H. 570; H.-B. 521 2. 2. A. 537 2 ; B. 284 2 ; II. 591, 2 ; H.-B. 521 1. Note.— Words enclosed in brackets are to be omitted in translation. LESSON VII (Chapters 12, 13) 1. Substantive Clauses of Desire Verbs expressing an idea of desire, such as those meaning to command, urge, persuade, request, and the like, may take as object (or as subject in the passive) a clause introduced by ut or, if negative, by ne, with its verb in the subjunctive. Occa- sionally the subjunctive without ut is used. Rogasti ut te domi meae adservarem, you requested that I take care of you at my house. Postulo ut temporibus rei publicae cedds, I ask that you yield to the necessities of the state. Such a clause may be used as an appositive of the object of any of these verbs. 2. Substantive Clauses of Fact Verbs meaning to happen, to bring about, and the like, may take a dependent substantive clause introduced by ut ivith its verb in the subjunctive. The subjunctive in clauses of this kind expresses a fact. The negative is non. Accidit ut nemo te videret, it happened that no one saw you. Effecerant ut hae saepes munimenta praeberent, they had caused these hedges to furnish protection. 16 CICEBO COMPOSITION Exercises 1. I demand that you answer these men. 2. The danger has caused us all to hold (brought it about that we all hold) the same opinion. 3. Who has persuaded you (dative) to strengthen this conspiracy of desperate men. 4. It happened that we were relieved from fear and anxiety for a little while. 5. There was no one so foolish that he did not then fear. 6. We beg (petere) that you will keep the enemies of the country away from the temples and houses of the city. 7. These men were so disloyal that our fathers did not give them the use of one hour to live (for living). 8. We are withdrawing that we may not seem disloyal. 9. If he had led out all his [fol- lowers] this full grown plague of the state would have been destroyed. 10. If a sick man should drink cold water he would seem to be relieved at first. 11. I promise you this that your diligence may be greater, 12. Fear of punishment caused many who were disloyal to withdraw (exlre) from the city. 1. A. 563; B. 295, 296; H. 565; H.-B. 502 3. 2. A. 568; B. 297; H. 571; H.-B. 521 3. LESSON VIII SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE (Chapters 1-3) 1. The Subjunctive with Expressions of Fear Verbs and other expressions of fear or danger may be fol- lowed by a clause with the subjunctive introduced by ne or ut. In this use ne means "that" and ut means "that not." Socii eius timent ne in exsilium eat, Ms associates fear that he is going into exile. CICEBO COMPOSITION 17 Verebamur ut nuntius mitteretur, ive ivere afraid that the messenger would not he sent. 2. Negative Commands (Prohibitions) Negative commands in the second person (prohibitions) are commonly expressed by the imperative of nolo (noli, nolite) and the infinitive of the verb expressing the act forbidden. Noli hoc dlcere, do not say this. Such commands are sometimes expressed by the imperative of caveo followed by the subjunc- tive with or without ne, and occasionally by the independent subjunctive (present or per- fect) with ne. Exercises 1. Catiline's associates were afraid that he would be driven from the city. 2. Do not drive him from secret plots into open brigandage. 3. He fears that Italy will be snatched from his grasp (jaws). 4. Can you persuade him to with- draw from the city ? 5. Do not hope that my former leniency will be endless. 6. Do not demand that I arrest these men. 7. When the army had been collected we preferred to remain here. 8. I did not know what you were awaiting. 9. If he had waged war openly he would have been conquered. 10. If any one should accuse me I should defend myself. 11. The danger was so great that Quintus Metellus prepared an army. 12. He set out that he might not be arrested and killed. 13. Although he has left the citizens unharmed they fear that the danger has not been warded off. 14. I feared that he would not lead out these men with him. 1. A. 564 ; B. 296 2 ; II. 567 ; H.-B. 502 4. 2. A. 450; B. 276, c; H. 561; H.-B. 501 3 a. 18 CICEBO COMPOSITION LESSON IX (Chapters 4, 5) 1. The Volitive Subjunctive The subjunctive may be used to express an act as willed. The negative is ne. (a) The expression of will may take the form of urging someone to act together with the speaker. In urbe maneamus, let us remain in the city. (b) It may take the form of a command to be carried out by someone else than the person addressed. Centurio de muro descendat, let the centurion descend from the wall. (c) Barely it may express a command in the second person. 2. The Optative Subjunctive The subjunctive may be used to express a wish. The pres- ent tense in wishes refers to future time, the imperfect to present time and the past perfect to past time. Utinam is regularly employed to introduce the imperfect and past perfect of the optative sub- junctive and sometimes to introduce the pres- ent. The negative is regularly ne. (Utinam) huic aliquando gratiam referre possimus, that we may some day be able to requite him. Utinam Clodius viveret, would that Clodius were alive. Utinam omnes copias suas secum eduxisset, would that he had led out all his forces with him. Exercises 1. Let us grant one thing even now. 2. Let us point out the road to those who did not set out with Catiline. 3. Would CICEEO COMPOSITION 19 that I had gained the thing (id) which I have been waiting for. 4. I hope that you may all see (0 that you may all see) that a conspiracy has been formed against the state. 5. Let them not use up the resources of virtue in the practice of crimes. 6. Would that there were a place for leniency. 7. Would that Manlius were collecting all the desperate men from all Italy into his camp. 8. Let these gladiators confess that they are comrades of Catiline. 9. Do not allow these des- perate men to remain to the peril of the state. 10. The Ro- man people feared that war was impending. 11. There is no punishment so great that it is not due this crime. 12. What has made you fear (brought it about that you fear) ? 13. The time was so short that many remained in the city. 14. They are quiet that they may not take upon themselves the hostility of the loyal (good) citizens. 1. A. 439; B. 273; H. 559; H.-B. 500, 501. 2. A. 441, 442; B. 279; H. 558; H.-B. 510, 511. LESSON X (Chapters 6-8) 1. The Concessive Subjunctive The subjunctive is sometimes used to express a concession which is made for the sake of emphasizing the fact that ivhat follows is true in spite of the concession. The negative is ne. Sit Scipio clarus, erit profecto aliquid loci gloriae nostrae, granted that Scipio is famous, surely there will be some place for honor to me. 2. The Subjunctive in Direct Questions The subjunctive is used in questions which imply that a command or an expression of duty or obligation is expected in reply. It is also used in questions which imply that some- 20 CICEEO COMPOSITION thing is impossible or which serve as a mere expression of indignation or incredulity. The negative is non. Commemorem has urbes captas esse? shall I remind you that these cities were taken? Quis arbitraretur hoc bellum ab uno imperatore confici posse? who would have thought that this war could have been brought to an end by one commander? Tu ut ullam fugam mediteris, would you ever think of any flight? Exercises 1. Granted that Catiline is very modest, he will not go into exile. 2. Shall I change my purpose and desert my friends? 3. Who would say that the consul has driven citizens into exile ? 4. Shall I confess that I am an enemy to my country ? 5. Since I am deeply in debt (in great debt), shall I fear war? 6. Granted that these men have great possessions, still they are not good citizens. 7. Let us ask why they hesitate to set out from the city. 8. May he turn his course from this career of crime to flight and exile. 9. Would that you who are so compassionate saw the danger. 10. If I had great pos- sessions I should not desire war. 11. You are so shameless that you do not dissemble. 12. We have lands and buildings but we shall not take from our possessions in order to add to our credit. 13. Cicero did not fear that he would be thought a cruel tyrant. 14. Do not expect from Catiline a readjust- ment of accounts (new accounts). 15. Granted that the con- sul is watchful, the danger has not been warded off. 1. A. 440; R 278: H. 559, 3; II.-B. 532. 2. A. 444; B. 277; H. 559, 4, 5, 557; H.-B. 503, 517, 1. CICERO COMPOSITION 21 LESSON XI (Chapters 9, 10) Clauses with quin, quominus, etc 1. Words and phrases of hindrance, prevention, and re- fusal when accompanied by a negative may be followed by quin or quominus with the subjunctive. Non recusamus quin (or quominus) contenddmus, we do not refuse to fight. When no negative is used the subjunctive with these expressions is introduced by ne or quominus. Deterrent reliquos ne (or quominus) frumentum confer ant, they prevent the others from collecting grain. The use of quominus with recuso is limited to sentences containing a negative. 2. Words and phrases of donbt when accompanied by a negative are followed by quin and the subjunctive. Non dubium est quin amicus sit, there is no doubt that he is a friend (it is not doubtful, etc.) Exercises 1. There is no doubt that these men are burdened with debt. 2. We cannot be prevented from bringing help. 3. You do not refuse to attempt so great a crime. 4. I shall not pre- vent Catiline from perishing in brigandage. 5. There is no doubt that they are plotting massacre and proscriptions. 6. The immortal gods will hinder you from attaining that which you desire. 7. Granted that these men are assassins and criminals, they are nevertheless brave soldiers. 8. Shall I recall this class from Catiline? 9. If we cannot live honor- ably, let us perish honorably. 10. Would that we were able to call up Sulla from the land of the dead (inferl). 11. Do not 22 CICERO COMPOSITION build as if [you were] rich. 12. I fear that the consul is watching. 13. There is no doubt that Cicero warned them. 14. We cannot hinder them from desiring choice estates. 15. I refuse to be of this class. 1. A. 558, &; B. 295, 3; II. 568, 8, 595, 2; II. -B. 502, 3, 1)). 2. A. 558, a; B. 298; H. 595, 1; H.-B. 521, 3 b). LESSON XII (Chapters 11-13) 1. The Anticipatory Subjunctive Subordinate clauses introduced by words meaning "before" or "until" take the subjunctive to represent an act as antici- pated or looked forward to. Legio se recepit priusquam hostes impetum facer et, the legion retreated before the enemy made an attack. Exspectabam dum milites revocares, I was wailing until you should recall the soldiers. If the subordinate clause expresses an actual occurrence it has its verb in the indicative. 2, Clauses of Reason with quod, quia, and quoniam A clause of reason introduced by quod, quia, or quoniam has its verb in the indicative if the reason is given directly as that of the speaker or writer, but in the subjunctive if it is quoted as a reason expressed or held by some other person or by the speaker or writer at some other time. Profectus est quod verebatur, he set out because he was afraid. Gratias consul! egerunt quod rem publicam conservdvisset, they thanked the consul for having saved the state, i. e., because (as they said) he had saved the state. CICERO COMPOSITION 23 Exercises 1. I waited until Catiline should lead out his army. 2. The consul wished to fight before the enthusiasm (pi.) of his forces should fail. 3. Metellus did not wait until the senate was called. 4. The praetor was sent into the district of Pice- num before there was any uprising. 5. Cicero warned, them because (as he said) they were citizens. 6. We have remained in the city because we do not wish to go forth. 7. The consul promised this on the ground that (because) the gods were defending the state. 8. There is no doubt that we have a brave army. 9. I could not hinder these men from remain- ing in the city. 10. Who would forget that this is his native country? 11. Since he is not a citizen, let him die. 12. If the colonists had been informed they would have restrained the gladiators. 13. If you should die for your country it would be a brave deed. 14. I checked (prohibere) all his attempts before the danger was great. 15. We feared that the war would not be settled with you as leader. 1. A. 551, 1), 553; B. 292, 293, III, 2; H. 603, II, 2, 605; H.-B. 507, 4, 5. 2. A. 540; B. 2S6, 1; H. 588; H.-B. 554, 555, a. LESSON XIII THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE (Chapters 1, 2) 1, Characterizing Clauses A relative clause ivhich is used to describe the antecedent of the relative has its verb in the subjunctive. Nemo est qui non te metuat, there is no one ivho does not fear you. 24 CICEEO COMPOSITION The characterizing clause is found most fre- quently with negative or indefinite expres- sions, such as nemo est qui, non est qui, null! sunt qui, multi sunt qui, quis est qui, and the like. Multi erant qui eum defenderent, there ivere many who defended him. A relative clause which is parenthetical in character or which is equivalent in thought to a main clause has its verb in the indicative, even though it serves to describe the ante- cedent. When the antecedent is a proper noun or a personal pronoun, the relative clause either belongs to this class or else serves merely to point out the antecedent without describing it, and so has its verb in the indicative. P. Considius qui rei militaris peritissimus habebdtur praemittitur, Publius Considius who was regarded as thor- oughly familiar with military affairs was sent ahead. The subjunctive in characterizing clauses com- monly expresses a fact, but sometimes it is used to refer to an act or situation as possible or conceivable, or as an obligation. Nemo erat cui litteras darem, there was no one to whom 1 could give a letter. 2. Clauses with dignus, indignus, and idoneus The adjectives dignus, indignus, and idoneus, are frequently followed by a relative clause with its verb in the subjunctive. Dignus est qui mittatur, he is worthy to be sent. Exercises 1. There were many who did not see the danger. 2. There is no one to whom this day is not pleasing. 3. He who founded this city is worthy of being [held] in honor among us (who CICEBO COMPOSITION 25 should be in honor, etc.). 4. The leaders of this war are unworthy to remain in this city. 5. These envoys are suitable to be sent to Catiline. 6. You are not worthy to know this. 7. There were many w T ho did not fear unpopularity. 8. All were waiting for me to drive Catiline out of the city (until I should drive). 9. The consul disclosed the situation (res) because it was not known to (by) the others. 10. Do not give this letter to the praetor. 11. Volturcius was not a friend of Catiline, was he? 12. They drew their swords before they made an attack. 13. If they were weak and helpless you would not fear them. 14. If the praetors should arrive at the Mulvian bridge without the suspicion of anyone the danger would be less. 1. A. 535; B. 283, 1; H. 591. 1, 5; H.-B. 521, 1. 2. A. 535, f; B. 282, 3; H. 591, 7; H.-B. 513, 3. LESSON XIV (Chapters 3, 4) 1. Conditional Clauses of Comparison A conditional clause of comparison is introduced by a word or phrase meaning "as if" (quasi, velut si, tamquam, tam- quam si, etc.) and has its verb in the subjunctive. The tense of the verb in a clause of this type is regularly present or per- fect if the main verb is present or future; it is imperfect or past perfect if the main verb is in any past tense. Eum metuerunt velut si adesset, they feared him as if he were present. 2. Clauses of Proviso A clause of proviso is introduced by dum, modo, or dum- modo, and has its verb in the subjunctive. 26 CICERO COMPOSITION Hoc dicat dummodo in exsilium eat, let him say this pro- vided he goes into exile. Exercises 1. I shall lay the matter before (ad) the senate as if I thought nothing had been discovered. 2. Provided the letters are surrendered the fight will be stopped. 3. I shall open the letters provided these men assemble in the morning. 4. I summoned Gabinius as if I suspected nothing. 5. Gaius Sul- picius is suitable to be sent to the house of Cethegus (who should be sent). 6. There is no one who believes that this year is appointed by destiny (fated) for the destruction of the state. 7. There was no doubt that he wished to unite (join himself) with the forces in the city. 8. Granted that these men are soothsayers, they did not know this. 9. Shall I set fire to the city on all sides? 10. Let us reveal what we know, without fear. 11. Would that I had not given this letter to the Gauls. 12. We were afraid that the Gauls would send cavalry into Italy. 13. Provided Catiline approaches with an army we shall set fire to the city. 14. I shall bring in Volturcius as if I did not have the letters. 1. A. 524; B. 307; H. 584; H.-B. 504, 3. 2. A. 528 ; B. 310 ; H. 587 ; H.-B. 529. LESSON XV (Chapter 5) 1. Indirect Discourse. General Statement In indirect discourse a main clause expressing a statement has its verb in the infinitive with the subject in the accusative , a main clause expressing a command has its verb in the sub- junctive, and all subordinate clauses have their verbs in the subjunctive. CICEEO COMPOSITION 27 Ariovistus respondit: se non sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audere quas Caesar possideret, Ariovistus re- plied that he did not dare come without an army into that part of Gaul which Caesar had possession of. Caesar dixit se non longius quattuor milibus passuum processurum eo die ; hue postero die convenlrent, Caesar said that he would not advance further than four miles on this day, (and) that they should meet him here on the day fol- lowing. 2. Conditional Clauses Referring to Future Time in Indirect Discourse A conditional sentence referring to future time in indirect discourse, whether future more vivid or future less vivid, has the verb of the conclusion in the future infinitive. The verb of the condition is in the present or perfect subjunctive if the verb on which the indirect discourse depends refers to present or future time, but in the imperfect or past perfect if the verb on which the indirect discourse depends refers to past time. Legatos ad Caesarem niisit: si Caesar permitteret se in castra venturum esse, he sent envoys to Caesar (to say) that if Caesar would grant permission he would come to the camp. Exercises 1. The Gauls said that letters (tablets) had been given them by Lentulus. 2. Cethegus replied that he had these swords at his house (apud se) because he was fond of good weapons. 3. Cicero thought Statilius would confess if the letter should be read aloud. 4. The consul said that the let- ters had been opened ; [and] that I should bring in Gabinius. 5. We know that he will answer insolently if we give [him] the opportunity (potestatem facere). 6. Gabinius confessed that those things which the Gauls had charged were true. 28 CICERO COMPOSITION 7. You assent as if you recognized the seal. 8. Provided we answer consistently, the others (ceterl) will not confess. 9. Is there nothing which can recall you from this crime ? 10. The lowest are worthy to be united with us (joined to us) . 11. The Allobroges said that they would come if it should be neces- sary. 12. The consul said that Statilius had recognized the seal; that the letter should now be read aloud. 13. Lentulus did not deny those things which the Gauls charged, did he? 1. A. 580, 588 ; B. 314, 316 ; H. 642, 643 ; H.-B. 534, 1, 2. 2. A. 589, 1, 2, a; B. 319, 320; H. 646; H.-B. 534, 1, b. LESSON XVI (Chapters 6, 7) 1. Indirect Discourse. Conditions Contrary to Fact In indirect discourse the conclusion of a conditional sen- tence contrary to fact is expressed by the future participle with fuisse, if the verb is active. The condition has the mode and tense which would have been used in direct discourse. Dicit legatum auxilium missurum fuisse si periculum vldisset, he says the lieutenant would have sent help if he had seen the danger. If the verb of the conclusion is passive or has no future participle futurum fuisse is used, followed by ut and the imperfect subjunctive of the verb in question. Dicit futurum fuisse ut auxilium mitteretur si periculum visum esset, he says that help would have been sent if the danger had been seen. 2. Implied Indirect Discourse The subjunctive may be used in a subordinate clause to indicate that it is a quotation although no main clause of indirect discourse stands in the context. CICEEO COMPOSITION 29 Servos qui ad eos perfugissent poposcit, he demanded the slaves who had fled to them. Exercises 1. I think that my colleague would not have removed these men from his counsels if they had been good citizens. 2. The praetor said that if Ceparius were present he would give him into custody. 3. The senate decreed custody for those who were present. 4. The consul gave [them] an opportunity (potestatem facere) if they wished to reply. 5. You see that the praetors were praised because they were brave. 6. Cicero thought that he should free Italy from war if he should punish these enemies of the country. 7. Gams Glaucia will be killed as if he were a private citizen. 8. Provided the state is freed from danger a thanksgiving will be decreed. 9. All these soldiers are worthy to be praised. 10. Who is there who would dare say this? 11. "We know that you would not have arrested these men if they had not been the leaders of a dangerous war. 12. Do you think the praetors would have been praised if they had not been brave men? 1. A. 589, h; B. 321; H. 647; H.-B. 581, ~b 3 1). 2. A. 592; B. 323; II. 649, I; H.-B. 535, 1, a. LESSON XVII (Chapters 8, 9) 1. The Imperative The imperative mode is used to express affirmative com- mands. The forms of the present tense are usually employed except in the case of the verbs memini and scio, of which the future is used with present meaning. The present forms of scio are, however, occa- sionally used. Memini has no present forms. 30 CICEEO COMPOSITION Muta istam mentem, change your purpose. Scitote me vigilare, know that I am watching. 2. Tense Use with dum A clause introduced by dum, meaning while if used to indi- cate the period of time within which the main act occurs, has its verb in the present indicative. Dum haec geruntur, ex urbe profectus sum, ivhile this was going on I set out from the city. Dum meaning as long as may take any tense of the indicative which the sense requires. Exercises 1. Remember that all these things have been managed by me. 2. Know that the gods have brought us aid in person (present). 3. Make a larger statue of Jupiter and turn it toward the east. 4. While these things were happening the soothsayers assembled. 5. While the statue was being set up these facts (things) were disclosed. 6. While you were deny- ing all these things, we obtained (arrived at) these proofs. 7. The Romans thought that the gods would not have brought them aid if they had not been appeased. 8. Cicero resisted those (dative) who wished to make war on the Roman people. 9. Do not neglect your own safety and the hope of power. 10. I feared that these things would seem incredible to some. 11. There is no doubt that civil war is approaching. 12. Were you so infatuated as to deny that this city is ruled by the will of Jupiter? 13. Be assured (know) that the whole city is safe. 14. Lentulus entrusted the letter to the Gauls, who (he said) wished to conquer the Roman people. 1. A. 448, 449, a; B. 281 ; H. 560, 2 ; H.-B. 496, c. 2. A. 556; B. 293; H. 533, 4; H.-B. 559. CICEEO COMPOSITION 31 LESSON XVIII (Chapters 10-12) L The Gerund and Gerundive The gerund is a verbal noun. The gerundive is the future passive participle when used in agreement with a noun or pro- noun in a phrase which is equivalent in sense to a gerund and an object. In the place of a gerund standing as the object of a preposition and itself governing an object the gerundive is always used. Nos non pugnando sed tacendo superare potuerunt, they might have conquered us not by fighting but by keeping silent. Haec ad placandos deos pertinebant, these things tended to appease the gods. 2. The Gerund or Gerundive in Phrases of Purpose The accusative of the gerund or gerundive construction with ad, and also the genitive of the gerund or gerundive construc- tion ivith causa may be used to express purpose. Ad pacem petendam venerunt, they came to ask for peace. VUandae suspicionis causa remansit, he remained for the purpose of avoiding suspicion. Exercises 1. By conquering this enemy I have rescued you from a cruel destruction. 2. We shall not save the state by yielding. 3. I conducted myself thus for the purpose of saving you. 4. They are waging war for the purpose of destroying the state. 5. We have come for the purpose of seeing. 6. Remem- ber that Gaius Marius was driven from the city and that many brave men were killed. 7. Avenge (sing.) the cruelty of the consul and his friends. 8. While you w T ere celebrating 32 CICEEO COMPOSITION these days your commander was defeated. 9. If I should assail the disloyal citizens it would redound (valere) to my glory. 10. The conspirators did not wish to betray those who they said were their friends. 11. Many said that Marius would have crushed the enemy if he had defeated them. 12. I know that they will destroy the state if I do not defend it. 13. You have incurred (undergone) unpopularity in saving us. 14. Cicero did not do this for the sake of living with enemies. 15. The citizens wished to see the consul before they departed to their houses. 1. A. 502, 503; B. 338, 339; H. G26-631 ; H.-B. 609, 611. 2. A. 504, b, 506 ; B. 338, 1, c) 3, 339 ; H. 626, 628 ; H.-B. 612, I, III. LESSON XIX FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE (Chapters 1, 2) The Periphrastic Conjugations 1. The First Periphrastic conjugation is made up of the future active participle and the forms of sum. It represents the subject as intending to do or about to do the act mentioned. Non est iturus, he does not intend to go. 2. The Second Periphrastic conjugation is made up of the future passive participle and the forms of sum. It expresses in the passive an act as a necessity or obligation. Carthago delenda est, Carthage must be destroyed. Expressions of Obligation The following methods of expressing obligation are fre- quently employed: (a) The second periphrastic conjugation. CICEBO COMPOSITION 33 (b) Oportet with the infinitive and subject accusative (sometimes with the subjunctive). (c) The forms of debeo with the complementary infinitive. Exercises 1. This danger which you see ought to be warded off. 2. We ought to endure these sufferings bravely. 3. I am about to yield much (plur.) that I may rescue Italy from war. 4. Gaius Gracchus was killed because he was about to stir up the agrarian partisans (agrarii). 5. These men have been left to incite the Allobroges and to stir up the slaves. 6. I shall remedy many things by remaining silent. 7. We killed these enemies of the country for the' purpose of warding off danger. 8. These men whom we hold are about to die. 9. I ought to be moved by the sorrow of my son-in-law and my daughter. 10. Death ought not to be unhappy for a philoso- pher (sapiens). 11. Cicero thought that the state would have perished if he had not been consul. 12. Rescue Italy from war and devastation, gentlemen of the senate. 13. Provided you are safe, I shall not be anxious about myself. 14. Is not the name of the Roman people worthy to be defended? 15. We ought to see all the storms which threaten. 16. While you were thinking of (de) yourselves, I rescued the country from war. 1. A. 194, a; B. 115, 269 3; H. 531; II.-B. 162. 2. A. 194 b; B. 115, 337 7 1)) 1 ; H. 531; H.-B. 162. 34 CICERO COMPOSITION LESSON XX (Chapters 3, 4) Expressions of Place With most nouns or pronouns, ideas of place are expressed as follows: (a) Place where is regularly expressed by the ablative with in. (b) Place from which is regularly expressed by the ablative with ab, de, ex. (c) Place to which is regularly expressed by the accusative with ad or in. But with names of towns and small islands, also with domus and rus the rule is as follows: (a) Place where is expressed by the locative. (b) Place from which is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. (c) Place to which is expressed by the accusative without a preposition. With such words as locus and pars and with any noun modified by totus, medius, or omnis, place where may be expressed by the ablative with- out a preposition. The genitive of an adjective may be used to agree with the locative domi. In agro Piceno dllectum habuit, he made a levy in the dis- trict of Picenum. Ex provincid decessit, he withdrew from the province. Legati in Galliam missi sunt, envoys were sent into Gaul. Edmae restiterunt, they remained at Rome. Me domi meae interficere conati sunt, they tried to kill me in my own home. Brundisio discessit, he has departed from Brundisium. CICEEO COMPOSITION 35 Domo molita cibaria trium mensium extulerunt, they took from home a three months' supply of ground grain. Catillna non Massiliam Tvit, Catiline did not go to Marseilles. Rex domum rediit, the king returned home. Exercises 1. When the conspiracy had been disclosed in the city we thanked the consul. 2. The envoys of the Allobroges who had come from Gaul wished to return home. 3. "Why did not Catiline go to Marseilles? 4. This kind of punishment has often been employed in this state against disloyal citizens. 5. We set out from home because we feared that we should be condemned. 6. Titus Volturcius departed from Rome with the Gauls. 7. Publius Lentulus thought that the Gauls would send cavalry into Italy. 8. If Catiline goes (future) to Mar- seilles he will never return to Rome. 9. Those who wished to kill the consul in his own home will be driven (expellere) from the city. 10. All who have remained at Rome ought to be given into custody. 11. The senate ought to follow the proposal of Decimus Silanus. 12. The defendants were about to confess because they feared punishment. 13. We have sur- rounded them with guards for the purpose of taking away hope. 14. I do not understand why you refused. A. 426, 427; B. 182 1, 2, 228, 229, 232; H. 491 I, II; H.-B. 433, 409, 385, 449, 451, 450. LESSON XXI (Chapters 5, 6) Expressions of Time 1. The time at which or within which an act is done is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition. Prima hord impetum fecerunt, they made an attack at the first hour. 36 CICEBO COMPOSITION 2. The time during which an act or situation continues is regularly expressed in Latin by the accusative without a preposition. Multos annos bellum gesserunt, they waged war for many years. Occasionally per is used with the accusative. 3. Roman Dates. — Dates are expressed in Latin by count- ing backward from three points in a month instead of by counting forward from the beginning of the month as in English. These three points are the Kalends (the first day of every month), the Nones (the 7th of March, May, July, and October and the 5th of all the other months), and th^ Ides (the 15th of March, May, July, and October, and the 13th of all other months). To express in Latin a given English date, for Nones or Ides, subtract the day of the month in the English date from the\ date of the Nones or Ides for that month and add one to the result. For Kalends, subtract from the number of days in the month given and add tivo. The result will be expressed as so many days before the Nones or Ides of the month given, or before the Kalends of the month following, the month being indicated by an adjective agreeing with Nonas, Idus, or Kalendas. Thus the 8th of January is in Latin, ante diem vi (sextum) Idus Ianuarias, commonly . abbreviated a. d. vi. Id. Ian. So March 28th is ante diem v Kalendas Apriles. June 2d is ante diem iv Nonas Iunias. December 8th is ante diem vi Idus Decembres. The day before the Nones, Ides, or Kalends is pridie Nonas, Idus, or Kalendas. Exercises 1. The first oration against Catiline was delivered (habere) November 8th. 2. On that night Catiline fled from Rome with a few friends. 3. Within a few days the whole plot was CICERO COMPOSITION 37 disclosed. 4. For many years there had been a certain clash- ing of factions (partes) at Eome. 5. Lentulus was praetor in the year in which Cicero was consul. 6. The men who have attempted to destroy the city will be put to death within four days. 7. For three years Catiline had sought the consulship. 8. On December 2d Lucius Caesar said in the senate that Lentulus, the husband of his own sister, ought to be put to death. 9. On the 25th of March a slave tried to burn my friend's house. 10. I shall return home in six days, but I shall not remain at home. 11. The enormity of such (so great) a crime ought to be punished and the state ought to be defended. 12. The consul asked what associate (compan- ion) the senate was going to give him before the public assem- bly. 13. You summoned Catiline to destroy the state. 1. A, 423 ; B. 230 ; H. 486 ; H.-B. 439. 2. A. 423; B. 181 1; H. 417; H.-B. 387 II. 3. A. 631; B. 371, 372; H. 754, 755; H.-B. 662-671. LESSON XXII (Chapters 7, 8) 1. The Ablative of Agent With the passive voice the person by whom the act is done' (the "agent") is regularly referred to by the ablative with a or ab. Litterae ab Lentido datae sunt, the letter was given by Lentulus. With the second periphrastic conjugation the dative of agent is used. 2. The Ablative of Means Means is expressed by the ablative ivithout a preposition. Sp. Manlium sua manu occidit, he lulled Spurius Manlius with his own hand. 38 CICERO COMPOSITION 3. The Ablative of Accompaniment Accompaniment is regularly expressed by the ablative with cum. But cum may be omitted in military phrases if the noun has a modifying adjective other than a numeral. Cum M. Lucidlo in Siciliam profectus est. he set out to Sicily with Marcus Lucullus. Exercises 1. Supreme power has been retained by the Roman people for many years. 2. Our fathers by whom this city was founded did not all hold one and the same opinion. 3. We who vie with you in (de) love for the state will defend the city with our swords. 4. The shop-keepers (those who are in shops) fear that their profits (sing.) will be lessened by war. 5. Our enemies wish to perish with all the Roman citizens rather than alone. 6. The slaves are present with the multi- tude of free born [citizens]. 7. These men came to Cicero's house on the 8th of November. 8. On the same day all the clerks had assembled with equal zeal for (of) defending the state. 9. Some born at Rome regard (judge) this as a city of the enemy. 10. The^ consul feared that he would perish at his own house. 11. The temples of the city ought to be pro- tected by you. 12. I was about to assure you that all were present. 13. These men know that all their profit is main- tained (alere) by peace. 14. This day will unite all loyal men with us. 15. The enthusiasm (plur.) of the freedmen was observed by the free-born citizens. 1. A. 405: P>. 216: H. '468; H.-B. 406 1. 2. A. 409; B. 218; H. 476; H.-B. 423. 3. A. 413; B. 222; II. 473 1, 474; H.-B. 419, 420. C1CEE0 COMPOSITION 39 LESSON XXIII (Chapters 9-11) 1. The Genitive of Description The genitive accompanied by an adjective is sometimes used to describe a person or thing. Magnae virtutis erant, they were (men) of great ability. Aside from its use in expressions of measure this genitive is mainly limited to words modified by eius or by the adjectives magnus, maximus summus, and tantus. Consilium eius modi, a plan of this kind. 2. The Ablative of Description The ablative with an adjective is also frequently used to describe a person or thing. Pompeius erat magna temperantia, Pompey ivas (a man) of great self-control. hi many instances there is no particular differ- ence between the use of the ablative and the genitive as thus employed. But phrases of measure are always expressed by the genitive and physical qualities most frequently by the ablative. Exercises 1. Why did the senate honor the consul with decrees of this kind? 2. Cicero said that Marius was [a man] of undying fame (gloria). 3. The danger of many years will be warded off by the aid of loyal citizens. 4, If I had not been a man of great diligence I w T ould not have saved the state. 5. The victor returned from the province with his army. 6. A thanksgiving ought to be decreed to him (is) by whom the 40 CICERO COMPOSITION state has been saved. 7. Since you have a consul who is brave you ought not to hesitate. 8. To defend the city at this time is [an undertaking] of great difficulty (toil). 9. You have decided today regarding the fortunes of all. 10. Defend the temples and homes of the city for one night. 11. We returned to Kome on April 9th. 12. Nothing can frustrate (fallere) my hope of saving the state. 13. Although I have refused honors (Insignia) of this sort, still the Roman people will always remember who saved the state. 14. If Scipio had not been a man of great courage he would not have compelled Hannibal to return to Africa. 1. A. 345; B. 203; II. 440 3, 447; H.-B. 355. 2. A. 415 ; B. 224 ; H. 473 2 ; H.-B. 443. LESSON XXIV THE MANILIAN LAW (Chapters 1-3) 1. The Ablative of Comparison With an adjective or an adverb in the comparative degree the ablative may be used in the place of quam (than) and the nominative or accusative. Patria mea mihi carior vita est, my country is dearer to me than life. 2. The Ablative of Degree of Difference Degree or measure of difference is expressed by the ablative. Paucis ante diebus, a few days ago (before by a few days). The most frequent use of this construction is in phrases of time with post or ante, and with the neuter singular of multus accompanying words which express or suggest comparison. CICEEO COMPOSITION 41 Exercises 1. What place is more pleasing than the Forum, which has always been open to me? 2. This war is more serious than all the wars which our ancestors waged. 3. The province will be defended much more easily (more easily by much) because our army is now in Asia. 4. A few years ago many Roman citizens in Asia were murdered. 5. A war of this kind is not more dangerous than peace. 6. We ought to send a com- mander who is much better prepared (more prepared) for this war. 7. Pompey, who is a man of unusual ability, will easily defend our allies and tributaries. 8. At that time the kingdom of Ariobarzanes was entirely (all) in the power of the enemy. 9. Murena was recalled to Eome before the king had been conquered (superdre). 10. The daily practice of speaking has brought me ability for public action (agere). 11. For several years the Eoman people have contended with this king. 12. It will be much more difficult to wipe out that stain. 13. The king was not braver than our commanders. 14. A man of the highest authority ought to be chosen. 1. A. 406; B. 217; H. 471; H.-B. 416. 2. A. 414 ; B. 223 ; H. 479 ; H.-B. 424. LESSON XXV (Chapters 4-6) 1. The Ablative of Separation Words meaning to separate, deprive, relieve of, be free from, be in want of, and the like, take the ablative of separation, sometimes with a preposition and sometimes without. Magno me metu liberabis, you will free me from great fear. The verb careo, to lack, is followed by the abla- tive of separation without a preposition. Exercitus frumento caret, the army lacks grain. 42 CICEEO COMPOSITION With libero, and words of similar meaning, the ablative of separation if referring to a person regularly has a preposition, 2. The Ablative of Accordance The ablative, commonly without a preposition, is used to refer to that in accordance with which an act is done. Id volunt ate mea factum est, this was done in accordance with my wish. Sometimes the preposition ex or de is used. Exercises 1. Cnaeus Pompey has by his superhuman wisdom freed us from the dangers of this war. 2. We shall defend the province both from disaster and from the fear of disaster. 3. Mithridates at that time was deprived of (carere) part of his kingdom. 4. It will be disgraceful for you to be deprived of the glory of so great a realm. 5. The war in Asia and in Spain will be carried on in accordance with one plan. 6. In accordance with the customs of our ancestors we shall not per- mit this king to remain (be) unpunished. 7. The terror of our allies is much greater than their danger. 8. Was the army of Mithridates braver than the Roman army? 9. We ought to send a commander who is [a man] of great self- control and great kindness. 10. If we had sent a commander of this kind to Asia the attacks of the enemy would have been checked. 11. Many thousands of Roman citizens have been killed by the enemy. 12. This king tortured an am- bassador of the Roman people by flogging and chains. 13. We shall be deprived of honor if we do not defend these states. 14. Pompey freed all our harbors from fear in a short time. 1. A. 401, 402; B. 214; H. 461-465; H.-B. 408, 410. 2. A. 418 a ; B. 220 3 ; H. 475 3 ; H.-B. 414. The Latin grammars will give details as to the use of prepositions in the sections to which reference is made. CICEEO COMPOSITION 43 LESSON XXVI •.Chapters 7-9 "> 1. The Ablative with utor. etc. The verbs utor. fruor. fungor. potior, and veseor. and their compounds, have their objects in the ablative. Quo usque abntere patientia nostra? how far will you ex- haust our patunee? 2. The Ablative with digitus and indignus With the adjectives dignns and indignus a dependent noun or pronoun is in the ablative. Hoe erat els indignum. this was unworthy of them. 3. The Ablative with nitor and iretus The verb nitor (also innitor] and the adjective fretus may take a dependent ablative. Non Insidiis nitebantur. they did not rely on ambuscades. Hoe polliceor nun humanis consiliis fretus, I do not promise this relying on human wisdom. Exercises 1. We have used these revenues that we may defend the provinces. 2. You wish to benefit by (enjoy' the fortunes of these citizens who are engaged in business in Asia. 3. I have always performed my duty m ) in the perils of my friends. 4. Our army gained possession of several towns in the kingdom of Tigranes. -3. These honorable men are worthy of trust. 6. We have often sent to the provinces men who are unworthy of praise. 7. Our allies see the danger but they rely on your wisdom. S. On account of fear the leaders did not use the opportunity. 9. Relying on the resources | copiac ) of other kings Mithridates is again waging war. 10. Are not his shattered fortunes worthy of compassion ! 11. The Roman 44 CICEMO COMPOSITION people would have been deprived of the Forum if the fleet had been defeated. 12. This very famous city was freed from the dangers of siege by Lucius Lucullus. 13. In accordance with your order part of the soldiers were dismissed by Lucul- lus. 14. Cicero said that our commander came into Pontus with an army. 1. A. 410 ; B. 218 1 ; H. 477 ; H.-B. 429. 2. A. 418 J) ; B. 226 2 ; H. 481 ; H.-B. 442. 3. A. 431, a; B. 218 3 ; H. 476 3 ; H.-B. 438. LESSON XXVII (Chapters 10-12) 1. The Ablative of Manner The ablative with cum is' used to express manner. But cum may be omitted if the noun is modified by an adjective. Magna cum curd (or magna curd) fines suos tuentur, they guard their territories with great care. Some ablatives of frequent occurrence, such as casu, iure, iniuria, vi, are used without a preposition even when not accompanied by an adjective. 2. The Ablative of Attendant Circumstance The ablative is sometimes used to refer to a circumstance or situation attending an act or state. Minus facile earn rem imperio nostro consequi poterant, they could accomplish this less easily under our authority. Sometimes the idea of attendant circumstance is so closely related to that of manner as to make it of little consequence which name is used for a particidar example. CICEEO COMPOSITION 45 3. The Ablative of Route The ablative without a preposition is used to refer to the route by which one travels. Hac via Ibimus, we will go by this route. Exercises 1. All these things were accomplished by him with great speed. • 2. He waged wars in Spain and in Sicily with great courage. 3. At that time our armies crossed from Brundisium with great peril. 4. The two kings began to wage war with great prestige (auctoritds). 5. Envoys who were coming to us by sea from foreign nations were captured by the pirates. 6. Cicero returned to Rome by the Appian Way. 7. In that war the Roman commander displayed (used) great knowledge of military affairs. 8. The state has always enjoyed his wis- dom, and his industry in action (gerund). 9. Has not Mith- ridates exhausted your patience? 10. Would that we had many brave men who were worthy of triumphs. 11. In dan- ger (plur.) we rely on the advice and authority of those who are free from (carere) fear. 12. In accordance with his cus- tom Pompey demanded hostages. 13. If w^e had kept the islands free from pirates they would not have been deserted. 14. We have with great effort (toil) defended our own homes. 15. Many wars have been brought to a conclusion by this man with great success (felicitds). 1. A. 412 ; B. 220 ; H. 473 3 ; H.-B. 445. 2. A. 412 ; B. 221 ; H. 473 3 ; H.-B. 422. 3. A. 429 a ; B. 218 9 ; H. 476 ; H.-B. 426. 46 CICERO COMPOSITION LESSON XXVIII (Chapters 13-15) 1. The Genitive with Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting The verbs memini and reminiscor, remember, and obliviscor, forget, frequently have their objects in the genitive case. Bat if the object is a neuter pronoun or adjective it is always hi the accusative. Reminiscantur veteris incommodl, let them remember the disaster of long ago. 2. The Genitive with Verbs of Accusing and Condemning Verbs of accusing, condemning, and acquitting may have a dependent genitive expressing the crime or fault charged. Proditionis aecusatus est, he was accused of treason. 3. The Genitive of Indefinite Value The genitive may be used to express indefinite value or price. The construction occurs chiefly with the adjective forms magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, maximi, minimi, and the like. Hie homo tantl fuit, this man was of so much importance (value). Exercises 1. Our allies will never forget the self-control and the affa- bility of this commander. 2. They remember the disasters which our armies have brought. 3. We remember the avarice of many who have been sent into those regions. 4. No one could accuse Cicero of eagerness for (of ) a province. 5. You seem to condemn these men for avarice. 6. The consul ac- cused many generals of pleasure-seeking (libido). 7. Men in these places have forgotten the splendor of our realm. 8. In war prestige is considered of great importance (value). 9. CICERO COMPOSITION 47 They know with how great kindness (humanitds) our ancestors ruled those nations. 10. It will be worth the cost (it will be of so much value) provided the province has a strong guard. 11. These cities have many statues and pictures which are worthy of our knowledge. 12. Centurionships will not be sold in the army of a commander who is free from avarice. 13. Do these men confess that they have used the money drawn from the treasury? 14. The enemy remember his compassion but fear his courage. 15. You forget the complaints regarding the injuries of others. 1. A. 350 ; B. 205, 206 ; H. 454 ; H.-B. 350. 2. A. 352 ; P>. 208 ; H. 456 ; H.-B. 342. 3. A. 417 ; B. 203 3, 4 ; H. 448, 1 ; H.-B. 356. LESSON" XXIX (Chapters 16-18) 1. The Genitive with interest and reiert The impersonal verbs interest and refert take the genitive to refer to the person concerned. In the place of the genitive of a personal pronoun, however, the ablative feminine singidar of the corresponding possessive adjective is used. Caesaris interest, it is of importance to Caesar. Med refert, it is of importance to me. The degree of concern may be expressed by an adverb, a neuter accusative, or a genitive of indefinite value. Magnopere rel publicae interest, it is of great importance to the state (concerns the state greatly). Midtum Ciceronis interest, it is of great importance to Cicero. Magni nostra interest, it is of great importance to us. The subject may be an infinitive with or without a subject accusative, a neuter pronoun, or an indirect question. 48 CICEBO COMPOSITION 2. The Genitive with Verbs of Emotion The impersonal verbs miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, and taedet may have a dependent genitive to refer to the cause of the feeling expressed by the verb and an accusative to refer to the person affected. Numquam fact drum meorum me paenitebit, / shall never be sorry for my deeds (it will never repent me). Exercises 1. It is of importance to the Roman people that his authority be increased. 2. What this man has accomplished (gerere) on land and sea will be of great importance to you. 3. If Hortensius had said this he would be ashamed of his words. 4. The pirates will be sorry (repent) if our praetors are cap- tured. 5. I pity that state which cannot defend its own ports. 6. In those times magistrates of the Roman people were not ashamed of the Forum. 7. It was of importance to the Ro- mans to hold the sea. 8. Cicero accused Mithridates of cruelty because he had killed many Roman citizens. 9. The Romans remembered the naval discipline of the Carthaginians whom their ancestors had defeated. 10. If we should not defend the sea coast we should not be worthy of power (imperium). 11. Pompey is worthy to receive (Less. XIII, 2) the army from those who have it. 12. Our ancestors waged wars with unusual good fortune and their army was invincible (uncon- quered). 13. If you are brave you are not ashamed of the truth. 14. It is of importance to the province that Pompey be sent. 1. A. 355; B. 211; H. 449; H.-B. 345. 2. A. 354 b; B. 209; H. 457; H.-B. 352. CICEBO COMPOSITION 49 LESSON XXX (Chapters 19-21) 1. The Subjective Genitive With nouns expressing action a dependent genitive is often used to refer to the person by whom the act is done, Adventu Caesaris, by the coming of Caesar, 2. The Objective Genitive With nouns and adjective expressing or implying action a dependent genitive is often used in a relation similar to that of the object of a verb. Amor patriae, love of country. 3. The Genitive of Material The genitive is sometimes used to refer to the material of which a thing is composed or to the persons or objects making up a collective noun. Multitudo hominum, a multitude of men. Exercises 1. Cicero said that he did not fear the veto of the tribune. 2. Our allies place all hope of safety in Pompey. 3. Scipio, who destroyed Numantia, had an army of brave soldiers. 4. The memory of his uprightness has caused the allies (Less. VII, 2) to demand him. 5. The edict of the consuls did not pre- vent me from saying this (Less. XI, 1). 6. Do you not see that a multitude of enemies threaten our allies? 7. It is of importance to the allies that the war be undertaken. 8. Hor- tensius said what he believed and he is not ashamed of his opinion. 9. Your ancestors did not pity those whose cities Scipio destroyed. 10. Gabinius, who wishes to be a legatus, has never been accused of baseness. 11. We have not for- 50 CICERO COMPOSITION gotten the customs of our ancestors, but we are trying to suit new plans to new conditions (casus) of the times. 12. In my opinion, fellow citizens, the consul ought not to hesitate. 13. Relying on his own counsel he organized an army and waged war with the enemy. 14. This one young man performed (fungi) the duty of two consuls. 1. A. 343 Note 1 ; B. 199 ; H. 440 1, 447 ; H.-B. 344. 2. A. 348 ; B. 200 ; H. 440 2 ; H.-B. 354. 3. A. 344 ; B. 197 ; H. 441 ; H.-B. 349. LESSON XXXI (Chapters 22-24) 1. The Dative with Special Verbs Most verbs meaning to favor, please, trust, resist, and their opposites, also those meaning to believe, persuade, obey, serve, envy, threaten, pardon, and spare, govern the dative. Fratrl suo persuasit, he persuaded his brother. Opitulor and auxilior, both meaning to help, impero, command, and noceo, injure f also take the dative. 2. The Passive Use of Verbs which Govern the Dative Verbs which in the active take only a dative are used im- personally in the passive. The dative is retained. Mihi persuasum est ut Irem, I was persuaded to go (it was persuaded to me). 3. The Dative of Possession The possessor of a thing may be referred to in the dative, with the thing possessed in the nominative as the subject of a form of the verb sum. Mihi sunt duo fratres, I have two brothers. CICEEO COMPOSITION 51 Exercises 1. We favor Pompey because he is a man of great prestige. 2. Why do not those leaders yield to (obey) the judgment of the whole Roman people? 3. The allies see why our com- mander did not resist the fleet of the enemy. 4. The dignity of Pompey is envied by those who dissent. 5. We have as authority Gaius Curio, a man of great ability and foresight. 6. Because Pompey has a fleet the province will suffer no damage. 7. Our soldiers could not be persuaded to keep (cohibere) their hands from the king's (adj.) gold. 8. If we send an army of avaricious soldiers we shall suffer (be visited with) greater disgrace. 9. Quintus Catulus has often heard the complaints of our allies. 10. We did not send a fleet to Asia on account of a desire for (of) war. 11. It is of impor- tance to me to seek protection from (for) dangers. 12. Never, Gaius Manlius, will you be ashamed of this law. 13. The Roman people who are present with such (so great) enthu- siasm will not be sorry for their perseverance. 14. We have many provinces which must be defended. 15. Cicero per- suaded the Romans to choose Pompey. 1. A. 367; B. 187 II a ; H. 426; H.-B. 362. 2. A. 372 ; B. 187 II h ; H. 426 3 ; H.-B. 364 2. 3. A. 373 ; B. 190 ; H. 430 ; H.-B. 374. LESSON XXXII ARCHIAS (Chapters 1-3) 1. The Dative of Purpose The purpose which something fulfills or is intended to fulfill is often expressed by the dative. Duas legiones subsidio misit, he sent the two legions as re- enforcements. 52 CICERO COMPOSITION 2. The Dative of Reference The dative is often used to refer to a person likely to he affected favorably or unfavorably by an act, or with reference to whom an act is said to be done or a situation to exist. Occa- sionally this use of the dative is found with words referring to things. Yobls consulite, consult for yourselves. The dative of reference is often used together with the dative of purpose. Novissimis praesidio erant, they served as a guard for the rear. With forms of sum the dative of purpose is fre- quently translated like a predicate nominative. Auxilio eis fuit ? he was a help to them. 3. The Dative of Separation Some verbs which express an idea of taking away are fol- lowed by- a dative instead of an ablative. Militi scutum detraxit, he snatched a shield from a soldier. This is really a dative of reference used to indi- cate the person affected by the act of taking away. Exercises 1. This pursuit has always been a [source of] profit to me and to my friends. 2. Does it not seem strange to you that I use this style of speaking? 3. Many will confess that my voice has been a [means of] safety to them. 4. Although I am not a poet, the pursuits of culture have been a great advantage (usus) to me. 5. I ask that you consult for [the interests of] this very learned man. 6. Quintus Catulus, both father and son, favored Aulus Licinius because he was a poet. 7. To me this man whom I am thus able to help has always CICEBO COMPOSITION 53 been a leader in (ad) these pursuits. 8. You have a privilege which is suited to this defendant. 9. The jurors were per- suaded by Cicero to grant this privilege. 10. His coming was known to Marius, who was then consul. 11. At that time practice in (of) speaking was not neglected at Rome. 12. This art is a common bond for those who have devoted them- selves to the pursuits of culture. 13. The pursuits of culture were a [means of] training for Cicero and for many other Romans. 14. Do not take away (eripere) from us this com- mon bond. 15. Reputation for ability will never be taken away from you. 1. A. 382; B. 191; H. 425, 3; H.-B. 360. 2. A. 376; B. 188; H. 425, 4; H.-B. 366-368. 3. A. 381; B. 18S 2 d) ; H. 427; H.-B. 371. LESSON XXXIII (Chapters 4-6) 1. The Dative with Compounds Frequently with verbs compounded with ante, oh, prae, and sub, the noun or pronoun connected in sense ivith the preposi- tion is put in the dative. An accusative will also be used if required by the meaning of the verb. Bum exercitul praefecisti, you have placed him in command of the army. The dative may also be used in the same manner with compounds of ad and in when motion is not expressed, and occasionally with com- pounds of a few other prepositions. Finitimis bellum inferunt. they make tear on their neighbors. 2. The Dative with Adjectives Many adjectives, such as those meaning agreeable, friendly, like, suitable, and their opposites, take the dative to refer to 54 CICEHO COMPOSITION the object toward which the quality is directed or with refer- ence to which it is said to exist. Vobls accommodatus, suited to you. 3. The Genitive with Adjectives The genitive may be used to modify adjectives of desire, knowledge, ignorance, skill, memory, fullness, power, sharing, and the like. Appetentes gloriae, desirous of glory. Similis takes sometimes the genitive, sometimes the dative. In Cicero it is used more fre- quently with the genitive. Exercises 1. There are many who surpass (antecellere) this praetor in honesty. 2. Since you grant to others time for celebrating games, why should you censure me? 3. In the conduct of public affairs I have always set before me the examples of brave men. 4. These pursuits are suited to me because I relax my mind by them. 5. Do you not wish to be enrolled in a state which is like Heraclea? 6. If the Luculli had not been friendly to Archias they would not have received him into their home. 7. These books are full of precepts which seem to me wise. 8. If you were familiar with literature (not ablative) you would be delighted with this man. 9. Since he was desirous of the favor of Lucullus he was enrolled at Heraclea. 10. Although these pursuits have been a pleasure to me, they have never withdrawn me from my friends. 11. You wish to take away the right of citizenship from him be- cause he is a friend of Lucullus. 12. Metellus seems to me very conscientious because he was disturbed by the erasure of one name. 13. The records which you desire are not like the testimony of these men who have come for the sake of CICEEO COMPOSITION 55 this trial. 14. Proofs will not be lacking to you if you ask (future). 1. A. 370; B. 187 III; H. 429; H.-B. 376. 2. A. 334 ; B. 192 ; H. 434 ; H.-B. 3G2. 3. A. 349 ; B. 204 ; H. 450 ; H.-B. 354. LESSON XXXIV (Chapters 7-9) 1. The Accusative of Exclamation The accusative is sometimes used in exclamations. fortunatam rem publicam, lucky state. 2. Two Accusatives with Verbs of Naming, etc. Verbs of naming, calling, appointing, thinking, and the like, may have in addition to the direct object a second accusa- tive in predicate relation to the direct object. Hanc invidiam gloriam puto, / consider this unpopularity an honor. With the passive of these verbs the direct object becomes the subject and the predicate accusa- tive becomes a predicate nominative. Ipsorum lingua Celtae appellantur, in their own language they are called, Celts. 3. The Adverbial Accusative The neuter accusative of some adjectives and the accusative of a few nouns may be used adverbially, chiefly to express the idea of degree. Ille imperator plurimum potest, that commander is very efficient (is powerful in the highest degree). 56 CICEEO COMPOSITION Exercises 1. surpassing skill, which won so much love from us all ! 2. sacred name of poet, dishonored by no barbarian race! 3. Cicero often calls Ennius a great poet. 4. Lucullus was called a distinguished man because he opened up Pontus and routed the forces of the enemy. 5. Do you think Laelius was aided in no respect by literature in (ad) the cultivation of virtue? 6. The Eoman people were very powerful in war, on land and sea. 7. Cato was called a learned man in those times. 8. Mithridates, who had made war on (helium inferre) us was defeated and his army was routed. 9. Fame will never be taken away from Homer, whose name has been sacred in every age. 10. That poet was dear to Scipio because he had honored with praise (plur.) the name of the Roman people. 11. If you are familiar with the laws (Less. XXXIII, 3) you know that Archias is a citizen. 12. Natural ability (nature) without learning is of more avail than learning without nat- ural ability. 13. Africanus is called by Cicero a god-like man. 14. I have often said that learning is (for) a solace and refuge for adversity. 1. A. 397 d; B. 183 ; H. 421 ; H.-B. 399. 2. A. 393 ; B. 177 ; H. 410 ; H.-B. 392. 3. A 397 a; B. 185; H. 416 2; H.-B. 387 III. LESSON XXXV (Chapters 10-12) 1. Correlatives A number of adjectives, pronouns, and conjunctions are often used cor relatively. Among the most important cor- relatives are the following: Cum . . . turn, not only . . . but also Tantus . . . quantus, as great . . . as CICEEO COMPOSITION 57 Talis . . . qualis, such . ,. . as Tot . . . quot, as many . . . as Totiens . . . quotiens, as often . . . as Eo . . . quo, to the place to which, as far as Alius . . . alius, one . . . another Alii ... alii, some . . . others Alter . . . alter, one . . . the other. Exercises 1. We all know that this man has written not only Greek verses but also Latin verses. 2. The one was from Rudiae (adj.), the other was a Heraclean, sought by many states. 3. Pompey did not have as many writers of his deeds as [did] Alexander. 4. My love of glory is as great as you have said. 5. This commander adorned the temples of the city as often as he w T aged war. 6. Would that w r e had such a commander as Scipio was. 7. Some scorn celebrity, others w T ish to be mentioned. 8. Our glory will penetrate as far as (to the place to which) our weapons have gone (pervenlre). 9. One was presented with citizenship, another was rejected. 10. These dangers are not so great as we have always thought. 11. I achieved those things in my consulship not only for the safety of the city but also for the lives (sing.) of the citizens. 12. the charm of glory. 13. Alexander called Achilles a fortunate young man. 14. Sulla was very powerful as a commander. 15. Fame w r as called by Cicero a great rew T ard of toils and dangers. X. A. 152, 323 g; B. 341 3, 140; H. 657 4; H.-B. 144, 564. 58 CICERO COMPOSITION PART TWO LESSON I VERRES I (Chapter 1) 1. Is not this belief dangerous to you and to the state? 2. A rich man cannot be condemned, can he? 3. Are you at- tempting to increase the unpopularity of this order? 4. The Roman people will not ask why this plunderer of the treasury has been brought to trial. 5. Did not the jurors decide con- scientiously? 6. Great wealth (plur.) cannot break down the sacredness of the courts, can it? 7. Do you know who has been a persecutor of the province of Sicily? 8. Have not many guilty [men] been acquitted? 9. We know why our prestige among foreign nations has not continued (remained). 10. I do not understand why you cannot regain favor (return to favor) with the Roman people. 11. Am I able to accom- plish this, gentlemen of the jury? 12. Do you not see that the ill-repute (Infdmia) of the courts is dangerous to you and to the Roman people? LESSON II (Chapters 2, 3) 1. When I had made his plans manifest, he took fright (feared). 2. Although the assembling of so great a throng does not disturb him, still he sees the danger. 3. Since he knows that I am prepared, he attempts to corrupt the court. 4. Since he hopes [for] this, he despises the senatorial order. 5. Although he is very bold, he will not be able to escape the CICEEO COMPOSITION 59 force of the accusations. 6. When he attempted to do this, he was made defendant by me. 7. Did not Gaius Verres con- fess? 8. He has not deceived us in anything, has he? 9. The jurors easily saw what Verres hoped. 10. Was he able to buy other things so easily? 11. Although his eloquence is unusual, he will accomplish nothing. 12. When I was in Sicily, many embassies came to me. 13. Since you demand a shorter time, you place your hope in money. LESSON III (Chapters 4, 5) 1. If you [shall] desert the army, I shall not defend you. ' 2. If he should betray the consul, he would violate the sacred- ness of the lot. 3. If he should lose this fleet, he would bring the quaestor into unpopularity. 4. If this man is condemned, the province will be restored to its former (ancient) status. 5. When Verres was praetor, he plundered the monuments of the kings and the temples of the gods. 6. Although the Sicil- ians are our allies and friends, they are tortured and killed like slaves (in modum servilem). 7. Since I do not wish to increase the misfortune of these men, I shall not mention all the outrages of Verres. 8. Have not honorable men been con-, demned without trial (ail. abs.)? 9. The provinces do not maintain (hold) their own laws, do they? 10. Do you w 7 ish to hear what the cause is? 11. If the children should hear his name, they would be frightened. 12. If I pass by the disgrace of his youth, I shall not seem to do so on account of money. 60 C1CEEO COMPOSITION LESSON IV (Chapters 6, 7) 1. If he had pretended that he was trusting in the protec- tion of eloquence, I should have contended (fought) in another manner. 2. If I were relying on the authority of celebrated men, I should be foolish. 3. If he had stood by the terms of his bargain, he would not have challenged the jurors. 4. If Hortensius is consul-elect, you cannot be convicted. 5. If I greeted Verres, I did not wish it to be mentioned. 6. If this were not shameful it would seem absurd. 7. If the jurors follow the opinion (existimatio) of the Roman people, Verres will be convicted. 8. If you should say this openly, it would be reported to Cicero at once. 9. Curio did not congratulate the consul elect, did he? 10. Although Hortensius is your' friend, still you will not be acquitted. 11. Since the jurors are honorable men, you have no hope. 12. Do you know who has been made consul? LESSON V (Chapters 8, 9) 1. I speak thus that we may hold [control of] the courts. 2. We shall send a boy to announce this to the praetor. 3. I dissembled in order to conceal my vexation of spirit longer. 4. These men were called to the senator at night that I might not find it out. 5. A certain man came to forewarn me. 6. Cicero did this that he might have more power- ful friends. 7. If you had treated us generously, we should have promised this. 8. If the elections were not at hand, I should not be disturbed. 9. If the Sicilians are summoned by Hortensius, they will not come. 10. If the consul should CICEEO COMPOSITION 61 threaten, these men would take fright. 11. If he does not dare to reply he is not a brave man. 12. Although the praetor is a friend of Verres, Cicero will not be silent regarding these things. 13. We came to you that we might not seem to be taking thought for ( consider e) our dignity rather than for our duty. LESSON VI (Chapters 10, 11) 1. These witnesses are so timid that they are deterred by the authority of Metellus. 2. There were no jurors so upright that Verres did not try to corrupt them. 3. This praetor is so watchful that we cannot escape. 4. This man was so inno- cent that he did not know what he was doing. 5. Verres said this that you might seem to have been made consul by his help. 6. You wish to drag out (ducere) the affair that Glabrio may not preside over the court. 7. Cicero used all lawful time in order to be better prepared (comp. of par at us). 8. If his friend had been made consul, you would not have accused him. 9. If I had been prepared, the defendant would not have escaped. 10, Our danger would be great, if this juror should be retained. 11. If we have (shall have) upright jurors, I shall receive (capere) the reward of my industry. 12. Cicero was so watchful that the jury was not changed. LESSON VII (Chapters 12, 13) 1. The Sicilians persuaded me (dative) to undertake this affair. 2. All urge that this man be condemned. 3. My in- dustry has caused the Roman people to see (brought it about 62 CICEBO COMPOSITION that the Roman people see) the danger of the courts. 4. It happened that the praetor was a friend of Cicero. 5. Your greed is so great that it seems intolerable. 6. The grounds for suspicion (suspicions) are so slight that the defendant will not be condemned. 7. I have undertaken this affair in order that jou may make a test (trial) of my faithfulness. 8. We shall condemn him in order that the courts may not be trans- ferred to the equestrian order. 9. Verres sent agents to prom- ise money to the jurors. 10. I wish to be consul in order to have greater power. 11. If Marcus Metellus had been a juror, he would not have accepted money. 12. The Roman people demand that Septimius be brought (vocare) to trial. 13 r The danger to the senatorial order has caused me to mention (brought it about that I mention) this disgrace. LESSON VIII (Chapters 14-16) 1. I feared that Verres would plunder the province. 2. Do not seek money only (adj.). 3. Many feared that this juror would not be rejected. 4. Do not, senators, scorn the wish of the whole people. 5. Foreign nations fear that we are all like Verres. 6. We urge you not to send this man to Sicily. 7. It happened that ambassadors had been sent to the other provinces. 8. The case (thing) is so clear that he cannot be acquitted. 9. If the Roman people had not signified their wish, Pompey would not have restored the power of the tribu- nate (adjective). 10. If you should investigate all their un- dertakings you would see this. 11. We have convicted this man that the law might not be repealed (tollere). 12. The Roman people feared that Pompey would not restore this power. 13. Do not praise this court. CICEEO COMPOSITION 63 LESSON IX (Chapters 17-18) 1. Let us summon these unfortunate men. 2. Let us not set forth the whole charge. 3. May the praetor take up the cause of the courts and the senate. 4. Would that strict jur- ors had always been found. 5. Let us remind Glabrio that his father was a brave man. 6. "Would that your opinion were the same. 7. The suppliants feared that they would lose all their fortunes. 8. Do not resist the Roman people (dative), 9. Verres' friends feared that the jury would not be changed. 10. We hope that the jurors will be strict. 11. It happened that we did not have this power. 12. Would that we had offered witnesses. 13. May the lictors of the consul not influ- ence (move) you. 14. Would that we knew what has been said. 15. You have not promised this, have you? 16. Let us take care (provide) that this shall not happen. LESSON X VERRES II (V, Chapters 61, 62) 1. Granted that Gavius is a Roman citizen, still I shall throw him into chains. 2. Shall I say this in the presence of the magistrate? 3. Granted that he has gone on board ship, he shall be dragged back. 4. Should wq praise the diligence of the magistrate by whom this fact (thing) was reported? 5. Let us lead this man to the Mamertine magistrate. 6. Would that Verres had not come on that day. 7. Do not order the man to be bound. 8. Did the magistrate fear that Gavius was a Roman citizen? 9. When you had come into the forum you caused the cross to be prepared (brought it to 64 CICEBO COMPOSITION pass that, etc.). 10. All the Roman citizens urged that the man should not be flogged. 11. We have kept this man that our good will toward you might seem greater. 12. Granted that this city is an abettor of your crimes, there are Roman citizens in Sicily. 13. Who would praise your crimes and outrages ? LESSON XI (Chapters 63, 64) 1. The Porcian law did not prevent him from being beaten with rods in the forum of this city. 2. The praetor did not refuse to dismiss the court. 3. There is no doubt that he said that he was a Roman citizen. 4. There was no doubt that Cicero could produce witnesses. 5. I shall not refuse to ask for delay. 6. Roman citizens did not prevent you from bind- ing this man and applying (admovere) tortures. 7. Granted that he is unknown to you, he is not a spy. 8. Who would not be moved by the weeping of all these citizens? 9. Let us make all these things clear to the praetor. 10. Would that you had all been present then. 11. He did not fear that he would not obtain (gain) delay. 12. Do not neglect the other things which I have said. 13. It happened that many were then present. 14. You could not be hindered from crucifying (bringing to the cross) a Roman citizen. 15. There is no doubt that there were many spies in Sicily. LESSON XII (Chapters 65, 66) 1. Why did you not keep (adservare) the man until I came? 2. We restrained the man before this protection for citizens was taken away. 3. I was safe because I was known to the CICEEO COMPOSITION 65 Roman magistrate. i. He named Raeeius because (he said) he knew him. 5. There was no doubt that this man was known to other Roman citizens. 6. Why did you restrain him from sending a letter? 7. The Mamertines waited until you should order Gavius to be bound. 8. Did he not die before he saw his native country? 9. You ordered the cross to be placed there because he said that he was a Roman citizen. 10. Since he can see Italy, let him be satisfied. 11. Verres chose this place that all might see the monument of his crime. 12. The Mamertines feared that you would deny this. LESSON XIII MARCELLUS (Chapters 1, 2) 1. Marcus Marcellus is worthy to be restored to the state. 2. There is no one whose authority is greater. 3. The deeds of these commanders are not worthy to be compared with yours. 4. Who is there who would pass by such unheard-of clemency in silence (silent) ? 5. You restored Marcellus be- fore he knew what the senate wished. 6. I was waiting until this should happen. 7. Cicero was not prevented from saying what he wished. 8. Who would not confess this? 9. Let us share these honors (laus) with the soldiers. 10. If you had helped us, you would have received a great reward. 11. I did not know who was your associate. 12. Do not mingle rashness with wisdom. 66 CICERO COMPOSITION LESSON XIV (Chapters 3, 4) 1. Your praises will be celebrated as if you had conquered countless nations. 2. Provided he restrains his wrath, he will increase his former dignity. 3. No age will ever be silent regarding your deeds, provided you lift up this fallen oppo- nent. 4. We are fired with enthusiasm as if we saw this man present. 5. There is no one whom I compare with you. 6. Your praises are worthy to be celebrated in our literature. 7. Your justice put (adferre) an end to the war before we were all conquered. 8. Cicero thanked Caesar because he had restored dignity to the Marcelli. 9. He did not hesitate to compare Caesar with the greatest men. 10. The vanquished feared that they would be killed. 11. Your clemency is so great that all love you. 12. If you spare Marcellus, no age will be silent about your praiseworthy deeds (praises). 13. Provided you are our leader, we shall conquer. 14. You are increasing our authority as if we were unconquered. LESSON XV (Chapters 5, 6) 1. We saw that those who had undertaken this war had been restored to the state. 2. I thought that Caesar would not reject their plea if they should ask for peace. 3. You knew that if he should conquer he would be angry at us. 4. Cicero said that Caesar had conquered his enemies; that he should rejoice in his success (fortune). 5. Provided that we are freed from blame, we shall not grieve that peace has been rejected. 6. You are supporting (following) this man as if his plan were obscure. 7. The citizens were angry at me be- CICERO COMPOSITION 67 cause (they said) I had been the originator (auctor) of the war. 8. Your generosity was pleasing to us because the out- come of the war was uncertain. 9. Marcus Marcellus is worthy to be spared and restored to the country. 10. There is no one who does not fear the cruelty of victory. 11. We did not doubt that you would conquer in that war. 12. We knew that we should lose many citizens if we should dare to fight (dlmicare). 13. Certain persons said that these men would stir up civil war if we did not threaten them. 14. We know that many whom you have spared feared you. LESSON XVI (Chapters 7, 8) 1. I believe you would not have restored safety to this man if he had been your enemy. 2. The leader said that if he had not increased his diligence he would have lost his life. 3. You know that if I lived for myself alone I should not say this. 4. Such madness is not credible in those who have been spared by you. 5. He preferred the life of the man w^ho had saved him to his own. 6. We knew T that if you should hear this you would come to us. 7. Cicero said that he had lived long enough for glory. 8. Provided you are a philosopher, you will scorn death. 9. You say this as if you W'ere ignorant of these suspicions. 10. Caesar wished to live because he was laying the foundations of great achievements. 11. He healed the wounds of war before he established the courts. 12. I think he would have denied this if I had seen him. 13. We feared that this w^ould not come to your ears. 68 CICEEO COMPOSITION LESSON XVII (Chapters 9-11) 1. Pay to your country what you owe and we shall be con- tent. 2. Lay aside (ponere) the arms of war and free the minds of the citizens from anxiety. 3. While many were doubting what w T as best to be done, you saved the state. 4. Say what you think regarding me, for you are safe. 5. While we were urging the consul your brother came. 6. All said that Pompey would not have doubted what was best to be done if he had conquered. 7. He was angry at those who (he said) did not know what was to their advantage (of advantage to themselves). 8. Caesar thought that nothing would ever dim his fame (praises) if he should put out the conflagration of civil war. 9. We cannot hinder the leader from taking away the arms. 10. You live as if you enjoyed peace. 11. These soldiers fell in battle (acies) before they saw victory. 12. Many are not worthy to judge regarding you and your deeds (res gestae). 13. There is no one who would not wish Mar- cellus to be restored to the state. 14. Some are so ungrateful that they retain their arms. LESSON XVIII LIGARIUS (Chapters 1, 2) 1. We have obtained pardon by confessing. 2. Caesar had come prepared to investigate the charge (for investigating, etc.). 3. We have not said this to obtain pardon. 4. Those who were in Africa were not prepared for waging a war. 5. Surely Ligarius did not set out from Africa for the pur- pose of offending you (offending your feelings^. 6. He did CICEBO COMPOSITION 69 not fear that he would offend you by withdrawing. 7. He- member that I have dared to confess this charge. 8. Since Varus is not in the province, seek (pi.) another leader. 9. He wished to return because he thought this was best. 10. Cicero said that we should not have heard this if it had not been investigated by the diligence of an enemy. 11. Is not Ligarius worthy to obtain pardon ? 12. Varus did not refuse to receive a province. 13. My friend w T ished to return before he should be entangled in this affair. 14. Do not betray yourself for the purpose of defending Ligarius. 15. Cicero said that he did not know where to turn. 16. If this were concealed, you would have no suspicion. LESSON XIX (Chapters 3, 4) 1. This war ought not to have been undertaken by us against you. 2. Your sword, Tubero, ought to have been drawn in the battle (acies) of Pharsalia. 3. The man who accuses you ought to have a better cause than you. 4. We ought not to punish with death the man who is an exile. 5. Rewards ought not to be demanded by those who have killed Roman citizens. 6. I ought to say this before the man by whom I have bjeen restored to the state. 7. You have come for the purpose of demanding a reward. 8. He wishes to be in his ow T n country for the sake of living with his brothers. 9. Caesar thought that these Greeks would not have waged war against him if they had not been compelled. 10. I thought that if I should send a letter to him he would grant me what (id quod) I desired. 11. If I were in Africa, he would complain. 12. The cruelty of the dictator ought to have been punished. 13. You who were in arms ought not to demand that Caesar should condemn Ligarius. 70 CICEIiO COMPOSITION LESSON XX (Chapters 5, 6) 1. We now seek in the Forum what we sought at Caesar's house. 2. If Ligarius had been at Utica, he would not have borne arms against you. 3. If this had been a crime, Tubero, I should not have returned to Rome. 4. Are you unwilling to say that you were in Africa ? 5. Ligarius wishes to return to Italy because his brothers are in Italy. 6. Did you set out from Rome in order to go to Utica? 7. If you were in exile, you would wish to return home. 8. I do not doubt that he departed (discedere) from home because he feared death. 9. You ought to be content with this punishment. 10. The clemency of Caesar ought not to be hindered by you who have been saved by Caesar. 11. We were not then desirous of aid- ing, but this error was not a crime. 12. You approve of clem- ency (accusative) as if you desired peace. 13. Caesar de- manded the punishment of the man who had been cruel. 14. Do you think that we should have borne arms if some fatal calamity had not seized our blinded minds? LESSON XXI (Chapters 7, 8) 1. We set out from Rome on the 9th of November. 2. In that year I preferred to remain at home, but this was not granted. 3. The senate will appoint Tubero legatus in a few days if you are willing. 4. Ligarius, who had not been in the province many days, was not unfriendly to your cause. 5. On the 10th of June we came home from Utica. 6. The Roman people waged war with this king for four years before he surrendered his arms. 7. You ought not to lay aside the CICERO COMPOSITION 71 common cause to speak of yourself. 8. Africa ought not to have been seized before I came. 9. If you had consulted me you would have obeyed the senate. 10. If I were not hindered by illness you would not boast of these things (ail.), 11. If you should surrender the province to Caesar no one would criticize your plan. 12. I could not doubt what you were going to do. 13. Since many followed your authority, you ought to confess that the fault was yours. 14. When Tubero had been excluded from the province he came to Pompey. LESSON XXII (Chapters 9, 10) 1. I know that this virtue has always been praised by Caesar. 2. This man did not come to Macedonia with Tubero. 3. We can be turned aside from this course by no violence. 4. If other things were equal we should not wish to conquer. 5. I 'do not doubt that you condemn these men. 6. Cicero asked why Caesar should seem angry. 7. Varus was in the province at that time with military authority (imperium). 8. These soldiers had been in Macedonia for five years. 9. Although he had come according to a decree of the senate, he wished to return home. 10. We must conquer or we must perish. 11. I do not say this for the purpose of replying. 12. At that time, gentlemen of the jury, I certainly erred by remaining silent. 13. Since you have not been received by Varus, set out to Pompey. 14. You see that I would not have asked this if he had been your enemy. 15. I am not pleading this case as if you were a juror. 72 CICERO COMPOSITION LESSON XXIII (Chapters 11, 12) 1. You grant this because you are (a man) of great gener- osity. 2. All these brothers are of the same attitude of mind (voluntas). 3. They say that exile of many years is more desirable than home with their brother in exile (abl. abs.). 4. Pleadings of this kind would not have weight with (apud) you if the cause were not just. 5. Are you not moved by the tears of those whom you see? 6. The sorrow of Titus Broc- chus and of the Sabines is seen by all. 7. All who are not with us are adversaries. 8. You do not know what will hap- pen on the 4th of March. 9. In saving my brother you have done a favor to me. 10. Do not banish from the state these three brothers, who are excellent (optimas) and upright men. 11. Does anyone doubt that this day was very pleasing to the Roman people? 12. Have you given safety to this man for the purpose of drawing nearer to the gods? 13. Since you are (a man) of such (so great) compassion, the case does not demand a longer speech. LESSON XXIV PHILIPPIC IV (Chapters 1-3) 1. Who is more famous in the state today than Gaius Caesar? 2. Nothing is more pleasing to us than this plan. 3. A little while ago the senate decreed that there should be protection for (of) our safety and liberty. 4. Our legions are much braver than those brigands. 5. The madness of Antony is more cruel than the hatred of an enemy. 6. Al- though Antony is a man of distinguished name, he has been CICEBO COMPOSITION 73 judged (to be) an enemy. 7. A kindness of this sort ought not to be scorned. 8. An army has been prepared by the con- sul and we do not fear the return of Antony. 9. This leader is now at Alba with the fourth legion. 10. The senate honored Gaius Caesar with the heartiest (greatest) praise because he had protected the state. 11. Hope of defending your liberty has never failed me (dative). 12. This favor has been granted us for the establishing of liberty. 13. "We feared that the legions which had been summoned would not leave you. 14. Who does not know that the legion w r ould not have left him if he had not been an enemy. LESSON XXV (Chapters 4-6) 1. Are you not defending the liberty of the Romans against Antony? 2. In my opinion, fellow citizens, this man is a brigand, not a consul. 3. The province which did not receive him is not deprived of (does not lack) liberty. 4. In accord- ance with the customs of our ancestors the senate has praised the commander. 5. I do not dissent from the judgment of those who say that Catiline is an enemy. 6. Although we have conquered, we have not escaped (lacked) disgrace. 7. We all desire peace, but liberty is more pleasing than peace. 8. The soldiers are much more eager for the recovery of liberty be- cause they have seen his cruelty. 9. Since the senate is so united (of so great harmony), Antony will be crushed in a short time. 10. The forces which have been prepared by the new consuls will defeat this brigand. 11. The struggle is not with a commander who has a brave army. 12. By my toil and care I have brought about a situation of great harmony among the citizens (brought it about that there is a great harmony). 13. You who have an army will free (liberdre) 74 CICEEO COMPOSITION the state from this monster. 14. If Antony were a man of great authority, he would not have lost these legions. LESSON XXVI SALLUST'S CATILINE (Chapters 5, 14-17) 1. Catiline used all those arts which have been mentioned. 2. From his youth he had enjoyed war and civil strife. 3. Al- though he was not worthy of friendship, he had about him many young men. 4. He was of an evil and vicious character, but he wished to gain (potlrl) royal power. 5. He relied on the soldiers of Sulla (adj.) because they had always desired war. 6. Aurelia Orestilla was not worthy of the love of a good man. 7. I can rely upon the young men who resort to my house. 8. Some who have lofty ambitions (alta cup ere) are free from blame. 9. According to his custom he spared neither expense nor decency. 10. If the state w r ere free from luxury and avarice, we should not fear war. 11. Some who were participants in (of) this plot were more cruel than Catiline. 12. They would have assembled a little more secretly if Pompey had been at Some. 13. Our ancestors did not fear crimes of this sort. 14. The senate did not think that Catiline was worthy of the consulship. LESSON XXVII (Chapters 20-23) 1. These men to whom the nations pay tribute squander their wealth in every way (plur.). 2. Antonius, who was seeking the consulship with great expectations (hope), was an intimate friend of Catiline. 3. Fulvia told very boldly (with CICEBO COMPOSITION 75 great boldness) the things which she had heard. 4. The con- sulship would have been bestowed upon Cicero with greater enthusiasm if all had heard this. 5. Do you not think that you are worthy of authority ? 6. Relying on their wealth they demand greater power. 7. Why do you not use the weapons which you have? 8. Let us enjoy the rewards of victory, since victory is in our grasp (hand). 9. The participants in the plan (gen.) wished to gain possession of Spain. 10. Cati- line could not free these men from poverty. 11. They did not all come to Catiline's house by the same way (via). 12. They all promised with great enthusiasm that they would be pre- pared. 13. Although you have pictures and statues at home, you wish to buy others. 14. I shall be commander or I shall be a soldier with you. 15. At that time their authority was less than their pride. LESSON XXVIII (Chapters 24-30) 1. Cicero did not forget the plans of Catiline which Fulvia had betrayed. 2. The Roman people always remembered Cicero's consulship. 3. Catiline condemned many for cow- ardice. 4. Do you accuse a Roman knight of this crime? 5. The colonists who remembered the despotism of Sulla were eager for a revolution. 6. Catiline thought that in many ways he could attract (join) to himself men of this class. 7. I have betrayed the plans of your enemy according to your wish, but I shall not use this money which you have given me. 8. Gaius Manlius, who is at Faesulae, will take up arms on November 8th. 9. The magistrates will prevent the slaves from taking arms. 10. By what road did Manlius set out to Faesulae ? 11. Fulvia had disclosed these plans to Cicero with great dan- ger to herself (suns). 12. Cicero could not forget the plots 76 CICERO COMPOSITION which had been made by Catiline. 13. It will be worth the cost (it will be of so great value), provided you kill Cicero. 14. Manlius was sent into Etruria to stir up the brigands (gerundive constr.). 15. This power was always considered of great importance. LESSON XXIX (Chapters 31-36) 1. It is of importance to the city to have peace because we are not prepared to wage war. 2. Cicero was not ashamed of the oration which he had delivered. 3. It is of great impor- tance to you that the army be increased (infin.). 4. The women repented of their pride and their pleasures. 5. The senate thought that it was of importance to the state that the legions be enrolled. 6. Many whom we condemn for (of) pride are unhappy. 7. We shall never forget the massacre and the fires which they had planned (prepared). 8. Catiline thought it was best to set out to the camp of Manlius by the Aurelian Way. 9. He wished to approach the city with an army but could not. 10. I will not ask with suppliant voice that you believe this. 11. The plebeians seceded from the nobles (fathers) because their bodies were not safe from in- jury. 12. Pity the state in which men unworthy of honor have power and wealth. 13. Catiline said that he wished to avail himself of (use) the law. 14. Catulus did not believe that Catiline had set out to Marseilles. CICEJRO COMPOSITION 77 LESSON XXX (Chapters 39-44) 1. I have disclosed this conspiracy to you because I know your eagerness for (of) war. 2. In accordance with (ex) the instructions of Sanga, the Gauls promised aid. 3. Many feared that an attack of the enemy would be made at that time. 4. There was hope of much greater reward on the other side. 5. The Allobroges had hoped for the aid (accusa- tive) of the senate because they wished to free the state from debt. 6. A multitude of the lowest [class] had set out from the city. 7. Cethegus said that he would send a band of his associates to kill the consul. 8. Does not Umbrenus pity the Gauls who complained of (cle) the avarice of the magistrates ? 9. It was of importance to the Allobroges to have the letters. 10. We shall not aid Catiline and the others by hesitating. 11. Umbrenus was a suitable man to appeal to the Gauls. 12. Cethegus accused the others because they did not make an attack on the senate house. 13. Fear of danger had caused this man to be adjudged an enemy. 14. The hopes of the Allobroges were known to Umbrenus. LESSON XXXI (Chapters 45-50) 1. Cicero had commanded the Allobroges to surrender themselves to the praetors. 2. Although Volturcius had fa- vored the conspiracy he disclosed everything. 3. When the Gauls had been arrested, many threatened Cicero. 4. Some (nonnulU) thought that this conspiracy pleased Caesar. 5. Ceparius had set out from home because he was anxious for (difflderc) his life. 6. We cannot persuade Cicero to accuse (name) Caesar falsely. 7. The praetors were commanded to 78 CICERO COMPOSITION arrest the ambassadors. 8. Lentulus was favored because lie was praetor. 9. Catulus, who had a great deal of (grandis) money, was defeated by Caesar, a young man. 10. Lentulus had many freedmen and dependents. 11. The Komans had magistrates whom they called quaestors. 12. Sallust says that a band of Roman knights threatened Caesar. 13. What did the senate decide concerning the punishment of Lentulus and the others? 14. The flight of Ceparius w 7 as known to the magistrates. 15. A few days before, the Gauls had been at the house of Lentulus. LESSON XXXII (Chapter 51) 1. Your friendship has always been an advantage to us. 2. The cruelty of the victors had been a [source of] grief to the citizens. 3. There will be no place for compassion if you prove (shall be) treacherous. 4. No one would have set a limit for the consul if he had drawn the sword. 5. "Will you take away life (anima) from citizens to whom the law per- mits exile. 6. Decimus Silanus wished to relieve the state of fear (take away fear for the state). 7. Surely our ancestors, who never did such things, had greater wisdom. 8. Let us consult for our own dignity and for the state. 9. We do not envy men who pass their lives in prominent positions (in excelso). 10. Do you fear that we shall forget the crimes of these men? 11. We all think these men are worthy of punishment and unworthy of compassion. 12. Other states were not envied by our ancestors. 13. The death of Catiline will be a [source of] joy to many good citizens. 14. There will be no danger, since the consul has an army at hand. CICEEO COMPOSITION 79 LESSON XXXIII (Chapter 52) 1. Many assented to the opinion of Caesar. 2. Inactivity will not stand in the way of (dbstare) your punishment, since we all see the danger. 3. Gabinius, Ceparius, and Statilius wish to make (Inferre) war on their country. 4. You are opposed to me because I complain of (de) your avarice. 5. The mind which is subservient to pleasure is not free. 6. I am not hostile to Lentulus but I do not trust him. 7. Cato was angry at those who spared the criminals. 8. If our ancestors had been desirous of wealth, they would not have made a great state from a small one. 9. You whose villas are full of statues and pictures do not consider your danger. 10. For- merly the Roman people were more familiar with war (not ablative) than with luxury. 11. I fear for myself and the state because Caesar says that he is not afraid. 12. Wealth is (for) a pleasure to you but in the greatest dangers it can- not save you. 13. Do you wish to take away our pleasures from us? 14. The state furnishes you luxury, while (al- though) others have poverty. 15. Since I have a large supply of weapons at home, I am not afraid. LESSON XXXIV (Chapters 53-57) 1. famous family of the Cornelii ! 2. worthy end of such a life ! 3. The Romans called this place the Tullianum. 4. No one ever called Cato timid. 5. Caesar was equal to Cato in rank (genus) and eloquence. 6. The camp was full of soldiers who did not have weapons of war (adj.). 7. Aiito- nius, who was consul, had been an ally of Catiline. 8. The generosity of Caesar was a refuge for many. 9. Sallust de- 80 CICERO COMPOSITION scribed (aperlre) the character of Catiline as far as he could. 10. Cato was very influential in the senate on account of his eloquence. 11. Relying on the resources of the citizens, I shall reject the slaves who have come to me. 12. If there had not been hope of plunder, these soldiers would not have come to the camp. 13. The consul thought that it was best to escort Lentulus to prison. 14. Lentulus was not worthy of the consular authority. 15. Petreius had given the associates of Catiline an opportunity for (of) fighting. 16. "When the conspiracy was disclosed at Rome, Catiline attempted to es- cape into Transalpine Gaul. 17. The associates of Catiline were called enemies of the state. LESSON XXXV (Chapters 58-61) 1. You will find out that Catiline is not only a brave soldier but also a good general. 2. Your glory will be as great as your courage has always been. 3. Shall we fear such an army as Catiline has? 4. Manlius did not have as many soldiers as there were in the army of Antonius. 5. I shall send a legion to the place to which ,the enemy have set out. 6. Some recognized their enemies, others their kinsmen. 7. The one took position near the eagle, the other was in command (curare) on the left flank (part). 8. liberty, hope of glory ! 9. The soldiers of Catiline cannot be called cowardly. 10. One had been a brigand, another a soldier. 11. The dan- ger which threatens (overhangs) you is very great. 12. Since the city is no longer safe for us, let us fight for our lives and our liberty. 13. These things have seemed to us not only shameful but intolerable. 14. The veterans, who were mind- ful of their many brave deeds, fought with great energy. 15. The soldiers did not spare their friends who were in the army of Catiline. CICEBO COMPOSITION 81 COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS HARVARD, JUNE, 1911 1. Translate into Latin When Caesar wished to keep the enemy from water, he sent certain soldiers to the river to drive them off (repellere), if they should attempt to descend from the hill. If he had not done this, he would not have been able to capture the town. 2. Translate into Latin When the consul had called the senate together and was laying the whole matter before them, Catiline, (who was) a man of the greatest boldness, entered the senate-house (curia) with the rest of the senators ; and although he was aware that all knew that he had already made his plans for the war and that he was sending arms to his associates (socius) that every- thing might be ready when he arrived, still he dared to stay at Rome until he was driven into exile b}^ the consul. After the senators heard that he had gone to Manlius at Faesulae, they no longer feared that he would destroy the state. HARVARD, JUNE, 1912 1. Translate into Latin Although the general had already captured the town by storm, he had lost so many soldiers that he ordered the lieu- tenant to lead three new cohorts to his camp. He declared that if these arrived before night, he should start at once for the place where the enemy's troops were encamped to engage them before they could find out that his forces had been strengthened (aageo). 82 CICEBO COMPOSITION 2. Translate into Latin After Caesar had been made permanent dictator, he had Anthony elected consul with himself, for he wished to seem to save the republic, not to overthrow it. Still many feared that if he dared, he would try to rule alone and would not consult the senate or allow the assemblies to be held. There- fore when he was murdered by Brutus and his associates, a large part of the citizens declared that those who murdered him had acted rightly. But Octavianus afterwards punished Brutus and the rest, killed many, and finally gained possession of the supreme power, so that the people regretted (paenitere) Caesar's murder. YALE, JUNE, 1911 Latin Composition [Time allowed, forty-five minutes] Someone will inquire: "What? those preeminent men whose virtues are set-forth in literature [Lat. handed-on by letters] , were they instructed by that training [Lat. teaching] which you extol with praises?" It is difficult to assert this of all, yet I have a definite answer to make. That there have been many men of high ability [Lat. mind] and worth who, without training, have of themselves, by reason of the almost divine character of nature herself, turned-out- to-be [Lat. stood-forth] men of self-control and weight, I admit. I also add this , that natural-ability [Lat. nature] without training has attained [Lat. availed for] praise and worth more often than training without natural-ability. And at-the-same-time I maintain this, that, when to con- spicuous natural-ability training has been added [Lat. has- moved-toward], then is that splendid and exceptional CICEEO COMPOSITION 83 < result >, I know-not what ? wont to stand- forth. Note. Words enclosed in < > are omitted in the Latin. YALE, JUNE, 1912 Latin Composition [Time allowed, forty-five minutes] Moreover, what language can be found equal to the merit of Cn. Pompey? What is there that anyone can bring for- ward that is either worthy of him or new to you or unheard by anyone ? For those are not the only virtues of a com- ' mander which are commonly so called — exertion in difficulties, courage in dangers, energy in action, swiftness in accomplish- ing, wisdom in foreseeing; which [qualities] are as great in this one man as they were not in all the commanders whom we have either seen or heard of. Italy is a witness, which that victor L. Sulla himself admitted was freed by this man's valor and aid. PRINCETON, JUNE, 1911 11. Composition B. — Translate into Latin After Catiline had fled, there were some at Rome who said he had been driven into exile by the consul. Would that this were true! But do you not know that he has set out for his camp in order to make war upon us? Yesterday, when the senate was convened, he did not fear to come to the temple of Jupiter Stat or as if he were a harmless and innocent citi- zen. I asked him what plans he had made and when he intended to set out to meet his companions. Since he sees that 84 CICEEO COMPOSITION all is known, he has now decided to act openly, and unless we make preparations against him, he will come upon us unex- pectedly with his band of evil men. PRINCETON, JUNE, 1912 11. Composition B. — Translate into Latin When Catiline and his accomplices left the city, Cicero knew that the republic was not yet free from all danger. He spent much time finding out what they were doing and how great forces they had collected. Finally he heard that they were trying to incite some of the Gallic tribes to join them in an attack upon Rome. If he had not caught the leaders of the conspiracy in the city, Catiline's plan would have suc- ceeded. Do not blame him for putting these evil-doers to death. They deserved to die, for they had intended to burn our homes and kill all who offered resistance. CORNELL, 1911 Translate into Latin [Mark long vowels in what you write.] 1. I fear that he will not be made leader. 2. He was killed on the ground that he was a wicked citizen. 3. Though that may be true, I will still prevent him from leaving the city. 4. I should like to know whether you believe that these things will be done. 5. I bid you not to estimate him more highly than you do me. . 6. In the consulship of Pompey and Crassus Caesar first landed an army in Britain. A year later he set out a second CICERO COMPOSITION 85 time for this island with five legions and a large number of cavalry. When he had disembarked his army and chosen a place suitable for a camp, he inquired from certain captives where the enemy were, and was informed that, terrified by the multitude of Roman ships which they had seen, they had withdrawn far from the coast. BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, 1912 Translate into Latin Whenever the Romans had to traverse the Alps, the march was dangerous because of the hostility of the Gauls who inhabited that region. Caesar determined to conquer these tribes in order that a safe route might be opened through the mountains. To accomplish this he sent Servius Galba with one legion and a part of the cavalry to the Alps and ordered him to remain there all winter if necessary. At first Galba met with great success. The enemy were defeated in several engagements, their fortresses were stormed, and they were forced to make peace. But in the middle of the winter, when Galba had sent away many of his soldiers to gather supplies, the Gauls thought that they had a favorable opportunity to renew the war. From the hill surrounding the camp they made an attack with greatly superior numbers, and the Romans after a stout resistance were forced to withdraw into the province. VOCABULAEY abettor, adiutrix, -tricis, F. ability, facultas, -tatis, F. ; Inge- nium, -I, "N. able, be able, possum, posse, potuT. about, circum, prep, with ace, (con- cerning), de, prep, with abl. absurd, rldiculus, -a, -urn. accept, accipio, -cipere, -cepT, -ceptum. accomplish, conficio, -ficere, -feci, -tectum; perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum. accounts, new accounts, novae tabu- lae, novarum tabularum, F. pi. accusation, crimen, -inis, N. accuse, accuso, -are, -avT, -atum; condemno, -are, -avl, -atum. achieve, gero, -ere, gessT, gestum. achievement, opus, operis, N. Achilles, Achilles, -is, M. acquit, absolvo, -solvere, -solvl, -solutum. act, ago, -ere, egT, actum. add, adqulro, -qulrere, -quTsivT, -qulsitum. adopt, capid, -ere, cepi, captum. adorn, exornd, -are, -avl, -atum. advantage, usus, -us, M. be of advantage, expedio, -Ire, -Tv? or -il, -Itum. adversary, adversarius, -T, M. adversity, res adversae, rerum ad- versarum, F. pi. affability, facilitas, -tatis, F. affair, res, rel, F. ; negotium, -T, N. affect (pertain to), pertineo, -ere, -uT. Africa, Africa, -ae, F. Africanus, Africanus, -T, M. again, iterum, adv. against, in, contra, preps, with ace. age, aetas ? -tatis, F. agent, interpres, -pretis, M. and F. agrarians, agraril, -orum, M. pi. aid (noun), auxilium, -T, N. aid (verb), arliuvo, -iuvare, -iuvl, -iutum. Alba, Alba, -ae, F. Alexander, Alexander -dri, M. all, omnis, -e; totus, -a, -um. all things, omnia. allay, sedo, -are, -avl, -atum. Allobroges, Allobroges, -um,M. pi. allow, patior, patT, passus sum. ally, socius, -I, M. alone, solus, -a, -um. although, cum (with subjunctive); quamquam (with indicative). always, semper, adv. ambassador, legatus, -T, M. ancestors, maiores, -um, M. pi. ancient, antiquus, -a, -um. and, et; atque; ac; -que. and not, neque. angry, Iratus, -a, -um. announce, n tint id, -are, -avT, -atum. annul, toII5, tollere, sustull, sub- Iatum. another, alius, alia, aliud. answer, responded, -spondere, -spondl, -sponsum. Antonius, Antonius, -T, M. Antony, Antonius, -7, M. anxious, sollicitus, -a, -um. be anxious for, diffldo, -fldere, -fisus sum. any, anyone, anything, quisquam, quicquam; quis, quid; ullus, -a, -um. appeal, sollicito, -are, -avT, -atum. appease, placo, -are, -avT, -atum. Appian, Appius, -a, -um. appoint (as legatus), lego, -are, -avl, -atum. approach, accedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessum; appropinquo, -are, -avl, -atum. approve, probo, -are, -avT, -atum. Archias, Arch i as, -ae, M. 87 88 VOCABULARY Ariobarzanes, Ariobarzanes, -is, M. arms, arma, -brum, N. pi. army, exercitus, -us, M. arrest, comprehendo, -prehendere, -prehendT, -prehensum; deprehen- dd, -prehendere, -prehendT, -pre- hensum. arrive (at), pervenio, -venire, -venl, -ventum. art, ars, artis, F. as far... as, eo...quo; quantum. as many... as, tot...quot. as if, tamquam; quasi, conjunctions. ashamed, make ashamed, pudet, pu- dere, puduit or puditum est, (impersonal). Asia, Asia, -ae, F. ask, quaero, quaerere, quaesTvT, quaesltum; interrogo, -are, -avl, -atum; flagito, -are, -avl, -atum. postulo, -are, -avl, -atum. assassin, slcarius, -I, M. assemble, convenio, -venire, -venl, -ventum. assembling-, concursus, -us, M. assembly, public assembly, contio, -on is, F. assent, adnuo, -ere, -uT; adsentio, -sentlre, -sensl, -sensum. assign, descrlbo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scrlptum. associate, socius, -T, M. assure, eonfirmo, -are, -avl, -atum: at, in, prep, with abl. at the house of, ad, prep, with ace. at once, statim, adv. attack (verb), peto, -ere, -TvT, or -iT, -Itum. attempt (noun), cdnatus, -us, M. attempt (verb), Conor, conarl, co- natus sum. attain, adsequor, -sequl, -secutus sum; consequor, -sequl, -secutus sum. attitude, attitude of mind, voluntas, -tatis, F. attract, adiungo, -iungere, -iunxT, -iunctum. Aurelia, Aurelia, -ae, F. Aurelian, Aurelius, -a, -um. authority, auctoritas, -tatis, F. ; im- perium, -T, N. ; (a person) auctor, -oris, M. avail, avail one's self of, utor, -I, usus sum. avarice, avaritia, -ae, F. avaricious, cupidus, -a, -um. avenge, ulclscor, -I, ultus sum. avoid, vlto, -are, -avl, -atum. band, manus, -us, F. banish, extermino, -are, -avl, -atum. barbarian, barbarian nation, bar- baria, -ae, F. bargain, pactum, -I, N. baseness, turpitudo, -dinis, F. battle, line of battle, acies, -el, F. be, sum, esse, ful, futurus. ^bear, fero, ferre, tull, latum, beat, caedo, -ere, cecldl, caesum. because, quod, cum, conj. before (conjunction), priusquam. before (preposition), ante, ivith ace. ; (in the presence of), apud, with ace. begin, coepl, coepisse, coeptum. belief, opinio, -onis, F. believe, sentio, -Ire, sensl, sensum; credo, -ere, eredidl, creditum. bestow, mando, -are, -avl, -atum. betray, indico, -are, -avl, -atum; prodo, -dere, -didl, -ditum. bind, deligo, -are, -avl, -atum; vin- cio, -Ire, vinxl, vinctum. blame, culpa, -ae, F. blinded, improvidus, -a, -um. boast, glorior, -an, gloriatus sum. body, corpus, -poris, N. bold, audax, audacis. bond, vinculum, -T, N. book, liber, librT, M. born, be born, nascor, nascl, natus sum. both. . .and, et. . .et. boy, puer, puerl, M. brave, fortis, -e. bravely, fortiter, adv. break (down), perfringd, -fringere -fregl, -fractum. VOCABULARY 89 brigand, latro, -onis, M. brigandage, latrocinium, -I, N. bring, fero, ferre, tull, latum; ad fero, adferre, attull, adlatum; ad duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum; bring in, induco, -ducere, -duxi -ductum; introduco, -ducere -duxi, -ductum; bring to, adfero, adferre, attulT adlatum; bring about, efficio, -ficere, -feci -fectum; bring to pass, perficio, -ficere ; feci, -fectum. Brocchus, Brocchus, -7, M. brother, frater, -tris, M. Brundisium, Brundisium, -T, N. build, aedifico, -are, -avl, -atum. building, aedificium, -T, N. burden, premo, -ere, press!, pressum. business, engage in business, ne- gotior, -arl, -atus sum. but, sed, conj. bury, emo, -ere, eml, emptum. Caesar, Caesar, -aris, M. calamity, calamitas, -tatis, F. call, appello, -are, -avl, -atum; vo- co, -are, -avl, -atum; call together, convoco, -are, -avl, -atum; call up, excito, -are, -avT, -atum. camp, castra, -drum, N. pi. can, am able, possum, posse, potuT. capture, capio, -ere, cepT, captum. care, cura, -ae, F. career, cursus, -us, M. carry on, gero, -ere, gessT, gestum. Carthaginians, Carthaginienses, -ium, M. pi. case, causa, -ae, F. Catiline, CatilTna, -ae, M. Cato, Cato, -onis, M. cause (noun), causa, -ae, F. cause (verb), efficio, -ficere, -feci. -fectum. cavalry, equitatus, -us, M. celebrate, celebro, -are, -avT, -atum. celebrated, nobiiis, -e. celebrity, praedicatio, -onis, F. censure, reprehendo, -prehendere, -prehendl, -prehensum. centurionship, centuriatus, -us. JS1. Ceparius, Ceparius, -T, M. certain, quldam, quaedam, quoddam or quiddam. Cethegus, Cethegus, -T, M. chain, vinculum, -7, N. challenge, reicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectum. change, muto, -are, -avl, -atum; commuto, -are, -avT, -atum. character, ingenium, -T, N.; mores, -um, M. pi. charge, (noun), crimen, -minis, N. charge (verb), Tnsimulo, -are, -avT, -atum. charm, dulcedo, -dinis, F. check, reprimo, -primere, -press?, -pressum; retardo, -are, -avl, -atum; prohibeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. children, ITberT, -orum, M. pi. choice, lectus, -a, -um. choose, deligo, -ligere, -leg!, -Iectum. Cicero, Cicero, -onis, M. citizen, clvis, -is, M. and F. private citizen, prlvatus, -!, M. fellow citizens, Qui rites, -ium, M. pi. citizenship, cfvitas, -tatis, F. city, urbs, urbis, F. in (of) the city (adjective), ur- banus, -a, -um. civil, civil is, -e. clashing, contentio, -onis, F. class, genus, generis, N. clear, perspicuus, -a, -um; planus, -a, -um; manifestus, -a, -um. clemency, dementia, -ae, F. clerk, scriba, -ae, M. coast, ora, -ae, F. sea ^coast, ora maritima, orae maritimae. cold, gelidus, -a, -um. colleague, collega, -ae, M. collect, conligo, -ligere, -legT, -Iectum. colonist, colonus, -I, M. 90 VOCABULARY come, venio, -Ire, veni, ventum. coming*, adventus, -us, M. commander, imperator, -oris, M. command, impero, -are, -avT, -atum. companion, comes, comitis, M. and F. compare, confero, -ferre, -tulT, -latum; comparo; -are, -avT, -atum. common, communis, -e. compassion, misericordia, -ae, F. compassionate, misericors, -cordis, adj. compel, cogo, -ere, coegT, coactum. complain, queror, querT, questus sum. complaint, querimonia, -ae, F. comrade, soda!is, -is, M. and F.; comes, -itis, M. and F. conceal, celo, -are, -avT, -atum. be concealed, lateo, -ere, -u!, concerning, de, prep, with abl. conclude (bring to a conclusion), conficio, -ficere, -feci, -tectum. condemn, damno, -are, -avT, -atum; condemno, -are, -avi, -atum. condition, casus, -us, M. conduct, administro, -are, -avT, -atum; gero, gerere, gessl, ges- tum. confess, fateor, faterl, fassus sum; confiteor, -titer!, -fessus sum. conflagration, incendmm, -T, N. congratulate, gratulor, -an, -atus sum. conquer, supero, -are, -avT, -atum; vinco, -ere, vlcl, victum. conscientious, sanctus, -a, -xxxn. conscientiously, religiose, adv. consider, habeo, -ere, -uT, -itum; conssdero, -are, -avT, -atum. consistently, constanter, adv. conspiracy, coniuratio, -onis, F. conspirator, coniuratus, -T, M. consul, consul, -is, M. consular, consularis, -e. consulship, consulatus, -us, M. consult (for the interest of), con- sulo, -ere, -uT, -turn, contend, pugno, -are, -avT, -atum. content, contentus, -a, -urn. convict, damno, -are, -avl, -atum; condemno, -are, -avT, -atum. Cornelii, CorneliT, -drum, M. pi. corrupt, corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupT, -ruptum. counsel, consilium, -7, N. countless, innumerabilis, -e. country, res publica, re! publicae, F.; native country, patria, -ae, F. courage, virtus, -tutis, F. course, Iter, itineris, N. court, judicium, -T, N.; consilium, -T, N. cowardice, Ignavia, -ae, F. cowardly, ignavus, -a, -um. credible, credibilis, -e. credit, fides, -el, F. crime, scelus, -eris, N. criminal, facinorosus, -T, M. ; sce- leratus, -T, M. criticize, reprehendo, -prehendere, -prehendi, -prehensum. cross, crux, crucis, F. cross, transmitto, -mittere, -mlsl, -missum. cruel, crudelis, -e. cruelty, crudelitas, -tatis, F. crush, opprimo, -primere, -press!, -pressum. cultivate, percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum. culture, humanitas, -tatis, F. Curio, Curio, -onis, M. Curius, Curius, -!, M. custody, custodia, -ae, F. custom, mos, mdris, M. daily (adj.), cotldianus, -a, -um. damage, detnmentum, -!, N. danger, penculum, -!, N. dangerous, penculosus, -a, -um. dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. daughter, f!lia, -ae, F. day, dies, -el, M. and F. dear, cams, -a, -um. death, mors, mortis, F. debt, aes alienum, aeris alien!, N. deceive, fallo, -ere, fefell!, falsum. VOCABULARY 91 decency, modestia, -ae, F. decide, iudicd, -are, -avT, -atum; decernd, -cernere, -crevl, -cre- tum. decide on, cdnstitud, -stituere, -stituT, -stitutum. Decimus, Decimus, -7, M. decree (noun), consultum, -I, N. ; decretum, -T, N. decree (verb), decernd, -cernere, -crevi, -cretum. deed, factum, -T, N. deeds, res gestae, F. pi. defeat, vincd, -ere, vIcT, victum; superd, -are, -avT, -atum. defend, defendd, -fendere, -fendT, -fensum. defendant, reus, -T, M. delay, mora, -ae, F. delight, delectd, -are, -avT, -atum. deliver (a speech), habed, -ere, -uT, -itum. demand, postuid, -are, -avT, -atum; imperd, -are, -avT, -atum. deny, nego, -are, -avT, -atum. depart, discedd, -cedere, -cessT, -cessum. departure, discessus, -us, M. dependent, cliens, clientis, M. deprive, be deprived of, cared, -ere, -uT, -itum. describe, aperio, -Ire, -uT, -turn. desert, desero, -ere, -uT, -turn. desirable, optatus, -a, -um. desire, cupiditas, -tatis, F. desire, cupio, ere, cuplvl or cupiT, cupTtum; desTdero, -are, -avi, -atum; concuplsco, -cuplscere, -cuplvl, -cupltum; exopto, -are, -avT, -atum. desirous, avidus, -a, -um; cupidus, -a, -um. desperate, perditus, -a, -um. despise, contemno, -temnere, -tempsl, -temptum. despotism, dominatio, -onis, F. destroy, deled, -ere, -evl, -etum. destruction, interitus, -us, M. ; per- nicies, -el, F. deter, deterred, -terrere, -terruT, -territum. devastation, vactitas, -tatis, F. dictator, dictator, -toris, M. die, morior, morT or morirl, mor- tuus sum. difficult, difficilis, -e. dignity, dignitas, -tatis, F. diligence, diligentia, -ae, F. dim, obscuro, -are, -avT, -atum. disappoint, fallo, -ere, fefelli, fal- sum. disaster, calamitas, -tatis, F. discipline, discipllna, -ae, F. disclose, patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum; expono, -ponere, -posul, -positum; enuntio, -are, -avT, -atum; aperio, -Ire, -uT, -turn. discover, invenio, -venire, -venT, ventum. disgrace, ignominia, -ae, F. disgraceful, turpis, -e. dishonor, violo, -are, -avT, -atum. disloyal, improbus, -a, -um. dismiss, dlmitto, -mittere, -misT, -missum. display (use), utor, -T, usus sum. disregard, neglego, -legere, -lexT, -lectum. dissemble, dissimulo, -are, -avT, -atum. dissent, dissentio, -sentlre, -sens?, -sensum. distinguished, clarus, -a, -um. distress, doior, -oris, M. disturb (move), moved, -ere, mdvT, mdtum; commoved, -movere, -mdvT, -mdtum; soilicito, -are, -avT, -atum. do, facid, -ere, feci, factum, doubt, dubitd, -are, -avi, -atum. doubtful, dubius, -a, -um. drag out, ducd, -ere, duxl, ductum. drag back, retrahd, -t rah ere, -traxT, -tractum. draw, educd, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- tum; destringd, -stringere, -strTnxT, -strictum; deprdmd, -prdmere, -prdmpsi, -prdmp- tum. draw near, accddd, -cedere, -cessT, -cessum. drink, bibd, -ere, bibT. 92 VOCABULARY drive from, eicio, -icere, -iecl, -iec- tum; expello, -pellere, -pull, -pul- sum. due, be due, passive of debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. duty, officium, -T, N.; munus, mu- neris, N. eager, ardens, ardentis. eagerness, cupiditas, -tatls, F. ; studium, -I, N. eagle, aquila, -ae, F. ear, auris, -is, F. easily, facile, adv. edict, edictum, -T, N. effort (toil), labor, laboris, M. elect, designatus, -a, -um. election, comitia, -orum, N. pi. eloquence, eloquentia, -ae, F. embassador, legatus, -T, M. embassy, legatio, -onis, F. empire, imperium, -T, N. employ, usurpo, -are, -avl, -atum. end, exitium, -T, N. endless, perpetuus, -a, -um. endure, perfero, -ferre, -tulT, -latum. enemy, an enemy of one's country, hostis, -is, M. and F. a personal enemy, inimlcus, -T, M. energy, vis, vis, F. enjoy, fruor, frul, fructus sum; per- fruor, -frul, -fructus sum. enjoyment, fructus, -us, M. Ennius, Ennius, -T, M. enormity, immanitas, -tatis, F. enough, satis, adv. enroll, adscrlbo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scriptum; scribo, scrlbere, scrips!, scriptum. entangle, implied, -are, -avl, -atum. enthusiasm, studium, -I, N. entrust, credo, -ere, credidl, credi- tum. envoy, legatus, -I, M. envy, invideo, -videre, -vldl, -visum. equal, par, paris. equestrian, equester, -tris, -tre. erasure, litura, -ae, F. err, errd, -are, -avl, -atum. error, error, -roris, M. escape, effugio, -fugere, -fugl; sub- terfugio, -fugere, -fugl; perfugio, -fugere, -fugl; elabor, elabl, elap- sus sum. escort, prosequor, -sequl, -secutus sum; deduco, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum. establish, constituo, -stituere, -stitul, -stitutum. estate, praedium, -I, N. Etruria, Etruria, -ae, F. even, etiam, conj. and, adv. everlasting, aeternus, -a, -um. every, omnis, -e. evil, malus, -a, -um. example, exemplum, -I, N. excellent, optimus, -a, -um. exclude, excludo, -cludere, -clusT, -clusum. ex-consul, consularis, -is, M. exhaust, abutor, -utl, -usus sum. exile, exsilium, -I, N. be an exile, exsulo, -are, -avl, -atum. expect, exspecto, -are, -avl, -atum. expense, sumptus, -us, M. extol, effero, -ferre, extull, elatum. exult, exsulto, -are, -avl, -atum. Faesulae, Faesulae, -arum, F., pi. fail, desum, -esse, -ful. faithfulness, fides, -el, F. fall, cado, -ere, cecidl, casum. fallen, iacens, -centis. falsely, falso, adv. fame, gloria, -ae, F. ; fama, -ae, F.; laus, laudis, F. familiar, perltus, -a, -um. family, familia, -ae, F. ; gens, gen- tis, F. famous, clarus, -a, -um. fatal, fatalis, -e. fated, fatalis, -e. father, pater, patris, M. favor (noun), gratia, -ae, F. ; bene- ficium, -I, N. favor (verb), faveo, -ere, favl, fautum. VOCABULARY 93 fear (noun), timor, -oris, M.; metus, -us, M. fear (verb), metuo, -ere, metul; vereor, -erl, veritus sum; timed, -ere, -uT; pertimesco, -timescere, -timul. fellow-citizens, Quirltes, -ium, M., pi. few, paucl, -ae, -a. fight (noun), pugna, -ae, F. fight (verb), pug no, -are, avl, -atum; dlmico, -are, -avl, -atum. find, reperio, -Ire, repperl, repertum. find out, comperio, -Ire, comperl, compertum. fire, incendium, -T, N. ; ignis, -is, M. with fire and sword (slaughter), caede et incendils. set on fire, incend5, -cendere, -cendl, -censum. first, primus, -a, -um. flank, pars, partis, F. flee, fugio, -ere, fugl, fugitum; pro- fugio, -fugere, -fugT. fleet, classis, -is, F. flight, fuga, -ae, F. flog, verbero, -are, -avl, -atum. flogging (verber), verberis, N. (usually plur.). follow, sequor, -T, secutus sum. fond, studiosus, -a, -um. foolish, stultus, -a, um; amens, amentis. for, pro, prep, with abl. force, vis, vis, F. forces, copiae, -arum, F., pi. foreign, externus, -a, -um. foresee, provided, -videre, -vidT, -visum, foresight, prudentia, -ae, F.. forewarn, praemoneo, -ere, -uT, -itum. forget, obllvTscor, -T, oblltus, sum. former, prlstinus, -a, -um. formerly, 61 im, adv. fortunate, fortunatus, -a, -um. fortune, good fortune, fortuna, -ae, F. forum, forum, -T, N. found, condo, -dere, -did!, -ditum. foundation, fundamentum, -T, N. four, quattuor (indeclinable num). fourth, quartus, -a, -um. free (adjective), liber, libera, llberum. free from, vacuus, -a, -um. free (verb), llbero, -are, -avl, -atum. free-born, ingenuus, -a, -um. free-born citizens, ingenul, -drum, M., pi. freedman, llbertlnus, -I, M. friend, amicus, -T, M. intimate friend, familiaris, -is, M. and F. friendly, amicus, -a, -um. friendship, amlcitia, -ae, F. from, a, ab; e, ex; de, preps, with abl. full, plenus, -a, -um. full grown, adultus, -a, -um. Fulvia, Fulvia, ae, F. Fulvius, Fulvius, -I, M. furnish, praebeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. Gabinius, Gablnius, -I, M. gain, percipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum; potior, potlrl, potltus sum. Gaius, Gaius, -I, M. game, ludus, -I, M. gate, porta, -ae, F. gather, conligo, -ligere, -legl, -lec- tum. Gaul, a Gaul, Gallus, -I, M. Gavius, Gavius, -!, M. generosity, llberalitas, -tatis, F. ; munificentia, -ae, F. generously, liberal iter, adv. gentlemen of the senate, patres conscrlptl. gentlemen of the jury, iudices, -um, M., pi. give, do, dare, dedl, datum. Glabrio, Glabrio, -onis, M. gladiator, gladiator, -toris, M. glory, gloria, -ae, F. Glaucia, Glaucia, -ae, M. go, eo, Ire, IvT, or il, itum. go on board (a ship), ingredior, ingredl, ingressus sum. god, deus, -I, M. god-like, dlvlnus, -a, -um. 94 VOCABULAEY gold, aurum, -?, N. good, bonus, -a, -um. good-will, benevolentia, -ae, F. Gracchus, Gracchus, -I, M. grant, concede, -cedere, -cess!, -cessum; do, dare, dedT, datum. grasp, manus, -us, F. gravely, vehernenter, adv. great, magnus, -a, -um; ingens, ingentis. so great, tantus, -a, -um. as great, ...as, tantus. . .quantus. greatest, summus, -a, -um. greed, cupiditas, -tatis, F. Greek, Graecus, -a, -um. a Greek, Graecus, -T, M. greet, saluto, -are, -avl, -atum; appello, -are, -avl, -atum. grief, Suctus, -us, M. grieve, doleo, -ere, -ul, -itum. groundless, falsus, -a, -um. guards, custodiae, -arum, F., pi. guilty, nocens, -centis. hand, manus, -us, F. ; to lay vio- lent hands on, vim et manus in- fer re. hand, be at hand, Tnsto, -stare, -stitl, -staturus. Hannibal, Hannibal, -balis, M. happen, flo, fieri, factus sum. it happens, accidit, accidere, acci- dit; contingit, contingere, con- tigit. harbor, portus, -us, M. harmony, concordia, -ae, F. hatred, odium, -T, N. have, habeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. hear, audio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum. hearty, magnus, -a, -um. help, auxilium, -T, N. help, opitulor, -an, -atus sum (takes dative); iuvd, -are, iuvl, iutum (takes accusative). Heraclea, Heracila, -ae, F. here, hie, adv. hesitate, dubito, -are, -avl, -atum. high, altus, -a, -um; superus, -a, um. himself, reflexive, sul, sibi, se. hinder, impedio, -Ire, -IvI or -if, -Itum; deterreo, -terrere, -terrul, -territum. his (reflexive), suus, -a, -um. hold, teneo, -ere, -u\ f -turn. home, domus, -us, (-1), F.; tectum, -I, N. Homer, Homerus, -I, M. honesty, fides, -el, F. honor (noun), honor, honoris, M. ; Insigne, -is, N. ; laus, laudis, F. honor (verb), honesto, -are, -avl, -atum; orno, -are, -avl, -atum. honorable, honestus, -a, -um. honorably, honeste, adv. hope (noun), spes, spel, F. hope (verb), spero, -are, -avl, -atum; opto, -are, -avl, -atum. Hortensius, Hortensius, -I, M. hostage, obses, obsidis, M. and F. hostile, Infestus, -a, -um. hostility, inimlcitia, -ae, F. house, tectum, -I, N. ; aedes, aedium, F., pi. at the house of, ad, prep, with ace. how long, quam diu. husband, vir, virl, M. I, ego, mel. Ides, Idus, -uum, F., pi. if, si, conj. if not, nisi, conj. ignorant, ignarus, -a, -um. ill-repute, Infamia, -ae, F. illness, morbus, -I, M. immortal, immortalis, -e. impend, impended, -ere. importance, of great importance, magnl (genitive). it is of importance, interest, in- teresse, interfuit. inactivity, inertia, -ae, F. incite, sollicito, -are, -avl, -atum. increase (transitive), amplified, -are, -avl, -atum; augeo, augere, auxl, auctum. increase (intransitive), cresco, cre- scere, crevl, cretum. incredible, incredibilis, -e. VOCABULARY 95 industry, dTligentia, -ae, F. ; indus- tria, -ae, F. infatuated, mente captus, (-a, -urn). influential, to be influential, mul- tum posse. inform, certiorem (-es) facere. injure (annoy), vexo, -are, -avl, -atum. injury, injuria, -ae, F. innocent, innocens, -centis. insolently, Tnsolenter, adv. instruction, praeceptum, -T, N. intolerable, intolerabilis, -e. investigate, investlgo, -are, -avl, -atum. invincible, invictus, -a, -um. island, Insula, -ae, F. Italy, Italia, -ae, F. jaws, fauces, -ium, F., pi. joy, laetitia, -ae, F. judge, iudico, -are, -avl, -atum. judgment, judicium, -T, N. June, of June (adjective), lunius, -a, -um. Jupiter, luppiter, lovis, M. juror, iudex, iudicis, M. jury, judicium, -T, N. just, Justus, -a, -um. justly, jure (able, of ius). Kalends, Kalendae, -arum, F., pi. keep, teneo, -ere, -uT, -turn,* ad- servo, -are, -avl, -atum. keep away, arceo, arcere, arcuT. keep out, repello, repellere, rep- pulT, repulsum. kill, interficid, -ficere, -feci, -tec- tum; occTdo, -cTdere, -cldl, -cT- sum; need, -are, -avl, -atum. kind, genus, generis, N. ; modus, -T, M. kindness, humanitas, -tatis, F.; beneficium, -T, N. king, rex, regis, M. kingdom, regnum, -T, N. kinsman, cognatus, -T, M. knight, eques, equitis, M. know, intellego, -legere, -lexT, -lec- tum; scio, -Ire, -IvT, -Ttum; nosco, -ere, novT, notum^ cognosco, -noscere, -novT, -nitum; sentio, -Ire, sens!, sensum. not know, nescio, -Tre, -IvT; ig- noro, -are, -avl, -atum. knowledge, scientia, -ae, F.; cog- nitio, -onis, F. known, notus, -a, -um. lack, be lacking, desum, -esse, -fuT. (be deprived of), careo, -ere, -ul, -iturus. Laelius, Laellus, -T, M. land, terra, -ae, F.; ager, agrl, M. Latin, LatTnus, -a, -um. law, lex, leg is, F. lawful, legitimus, -a, -um. lay, defero, -ferre, -tull, -latum. lay aside, pono, -ere, posul, posi- tum; omitto, -ere, omlsT, omis- sum. lay upon, Tnferd, -ferre, -tull, latum, lay waste, vasto, -are, -avT, -atum. lead, duco, ducere, duxl, ductum; deduco, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum. lead out, educo, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum. leader (prominent man), prTnceps, pnncipis, M.; dux, ducis, M. learned, erudltus, -a, -um; doctus, -a, -um. learning, doctrlna, -ae, F. leave, relinquo, -linquere, -ITquT, -lictum. leave vacant, vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, left, sinister, -tra, -trum. legion, legio, -onis, F. leniency, lenitas, -tatis, F. Lentulus, Lentulus, -T, M. Lepidus, Lepidus, -T, M. lessen, minuo, -ere, -uT, -utum. letter, epistula, -ae, F. ; litterae, -arum, F., pi. (tablets) tabellae, -arum, F., pi. liberty, ITbertas, -tatis, F. lictor, lictor, -oris, M. 96 VOCABULARY life, vita, -ae, P. lift up, extollo, -ere. Ligarius, Ligarius, -7, M. like, similis, -e. limit, finis, -is, M. literature, litterae, -arum, F., pi. little, parvus, -a, -um. little, a little, paulo (abl). live, vivo, vlvere, vixT, vlctum; (dwell), habito, -are, -avi, -atum. locate, conloco, -are, -avi -atum. long time, a long time, diu, adv. long, longus, -a, -um. lose, amitto, -mittere, -mlsT, -missum. lost, lost men, perditT, -drum, M. pi. lot, sors, sortis, F. love (noun), amor, -oris, M. love (verb), diligo, -ligere, -lexl, -lectum. lowest, the lowest class, Infirm, -drum, M. pi. loyal, bonus, -a, -um. Lucius, Lucius, -I, M. Lucullus, Lucullus, -I, M. luxury, luxuria, -ae, F. madness, amentia, -ae, F.; furor, -oris, M. magistrate, magistratus, -us, M. maintain, alo, -ere, -ul, alitus and altus; teneo, -ere, -ul, -turn. make, facio, -ere, feci, factum. be made, fid, fieri, factus sum. Mamertine, Mamertlnus, -a, -um. the Mamertines, Mamertlnl, -orum, M. pi. man, homo, hominis; vir, virl, M. desperate men, perditl, -orum, M. pi. young man, adulescentulus, -I, M. ; adulescens, -centis, M. manage, administro, -are, -avi, -atum. Manlius, Manlius, -T, M. of Manlius, Manlianus, -a, -um. manner, modus, -I, M. ; ratio, -onis, F.; consuetudo, -dinis, F. many, as many... as, tot...quot. Marcellus, Marcellus, -I, M. the Marcelli, Marcelll, -orum, M. pi. March, of March (adjective), Mar- tius, -a, -um. Marcus, Marcus, -I, M. Marius, Marius, -I, M. Marseilles, Massilia,-ae, F. massacre, caedes, -is, F. matter, res, rei, F. memory, memoria, -ae, F. mention, nomino, -are, -avi, -atum; memoro, -are, -avi, -atum; com- memoro, -are, avi, -atum. Metellus, Metellus, -I, M. military, mllitaris, -e. military affairs, res mllitaris, re) mllitaris, F. mind, animus, -I, M.; mens, men- tis, F. mindful, memor, -oris. mingle, commisceo, -miscere, -mis- cul, -mixtum. misfortune, calamitas, -tatis, F. Mithridates, Mithridates, -is or T, M. modest, very modest, permodestus, -a, -um. money, pecunia, -ae, F. monster, belua, -ae, F. monument, monumentum, -I, N. morning, in the morning, mane, adv. move, moved, -ere, movl, motum. much (adjective), multus, -a, -um. much (adverb), multd. multitude, multitudo, -dinis, F. murder, trucldo, -are, -avi, -atum. Murena, Murena, -ae, M. my, meus, -a, -um. myself (reflexive 1st person), met, mini, me. name (noun), nomen, -minis, N. name (verb), nomino, -are, -avi, -atum. nation, natio, nationis, F. ; gens, gentis, F. nature, natura, -ae, F. naval, naval is, -e. near, propter, prep, with ace. VOCABULARY 97 necessary, necesse, indecl. adj. neglect, neglego, -legere, -lexT, -lectum. never, numquam, adv. nevertheless, tamen, adv. new, novus, -a, -um. next, proximus, -a, -um. night, nox, noctis, P. at night, noctu, adv. no, nGllus, -a, -um. no longer, non iam. no one, nemo (no gen.), dat., neminl M. and F. not, non. not only. . .but also, cum . . .turn, nothing, nihil (indecl.). November, November, -bris, -bre (adjective). now, nunc, adv. Numantia, Numantia, -ae, F. number, numerus, -T, M. O, O, interjection. obey, pareo, -ere, -ul. oblivion, obilvio, -onis, F. obscure, obscurus, -a, -um. observe, cognosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum. obtain, adsequor, -sequl, -secutus sum; impetrd, -are, -avl, -atum. offend, offendo, -fendere, -fendl, -fensum. offer, do, dare, dedT, datum. often, saepe, adv. as often as, totiens. . .quotiens. on account of, propter, prep, with ace. on board, in, prep, with ace. one, Onus, -a, -um. the one... the other, alter. .. alter. one. . .another, alius. . .alius, open (adjective), apertus, -a, -um. open (transitive verb), aperio, -'ire, -ul, -turn. be open, pateo, -ere, -uT. openly, aperte; palam, advs. opinion, sententia, -ae, F. ; exlsti- matio, -onis, F. opponent, adversarius, -T, M. opportunity, potestas, -tatis, F.; facultas, -tatis, F. ; occasio, -onis, F. oppose, oppono, -ponere, -posuT, -positum. opposed, adversus, -a, -um. oration, oratio, -onis, F. order (command), iussus, -us, M. (arrangement), ordo, ordinis, M. in order that, ut, conj. order (verb.), iubeo, -ere, iussT, ius- sum; impero, -are, -avT, -atum. Orestilla, Orestilla, -ae, F. organize, conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum. originator, auctor, -toris, M. other, another, alius, alia, aliud. (all) the other, ceterl, -ae, -a. others, the others, ceterl, -Trum, M„ pi. ought, oportet, oportere, oportuit; debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. our, noster, nostra, nostrum, outcome, exitus, -us, M. outrage, flagitium, -T, N. owe, debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. pardon, venia, -ae, F. pass (one's life, etc.), ago, -ere, eg!, actum. pass by, praetermitto, -mittere, -mlsl, -missum; praetereo, -Ire, -il, -itum. part, pars, partis, F. participant, particeps, -cipis, M. and F. party, pars, partis, F. patience, patientia, -ae, F. pay, solvo, -ere, solvl, solutum; pendo, -ere, pependl, pensum. peace, pax, pacis, F. ; otium, -T, N. people, populus, -T, M. perform, fungor, fungi, functus sum. peril, pernicies, -el, F.; perlculum, -T, N. perish, pereo, -Ire, \i, -itum. permit, patior, patT, passus sum; permitto, -mittere, -misT, -missum. persecuter, vexator, -toris, M. 98 VOCABULARY perseverance, perseverantia, -ae, F. person, in person (adjective), prae- sens, -sentis. persuade, persuaded, -suadere, -sua- sl, -suasum (takes dative). Petreius, Petreius, -I, M. Pharsalian, Pharsalicus, -a, -um. philosopher, sapiens, sapientis, M. Picenum, of Picenum (adjective), PIcenus, -a, -um. picture, tabula, -ae, P. pirate, plrata, -ae, M. ; praedd, -onis, M. pity, miseret, miserere, miserujt. place (noun), locus, -T, M., pi. loci, M., and loca, N. place (vert), pond, -ere, posul, posi- tum; flgo, -ere, flxT, flxum. place before, prdpdnd, -ponere, -posul, -positum. plague, pestis, pestis, F. plan, consilium, -7, N. pleading", preces, -um, F. pi. pleasing, iucundus, -a, -um; gratus, -a, -um. pleasure, voluptas, -tatis, F.; de- liciae, -arum, F. pi. pleasure -seeking, libido, -inis, F. plebeians, plebs, plebis, F. plot (conspiracy), coniuratio, -onis, F. plots, Tnsidiae, -arum, F. pi. plot (verb), cdgitd, -are, -avl, -atum. plunder (noun), praeda, -ae, F. plunder (verb), spolid, -are, -avl, -atum. plunderer, depeculator, -ton's, M. poet, poeta, -ae, M. point out, demdnstrd, -are, -avl, -atum. Pompey, Pompeius, -T, M. Pontus, Pontus, -T, M. Porcian, Porcius, -a, -um. position, take position, adstd, -stare, -stitT. possessions, possessidnes, -um, F., pi. possession, take possession of, po- tior, potTrT, potltus sum. poverty, egestas, -tatis, F. power, potestas, -tatis, F. ; potentia, -ae, F.; imperium, -7, N. royal power, regnum, -I, N. powerful, potens, -tentis. to be most powerful, plurimum posse. practice, exercitatio, -onis, F. praetor, praetor, -ton's, M. praise (noun), laus, laudis, F. praise (verb), laudo, -are, -avl, -atum; conlaudo, -are, -avl, -atum. precept, praeceptum, -7, N. prefer, malo, malle, malu7; ante- pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum. prepare, comparo, -are, -av7, -atum; paro, -are, -av7, -atum. prepared, paratus, -a, -um. presence, in the presence of, apud, prep, with ace. present (adjective), praesens, -sentis. be present, adsum, -esse, -fu7. present (bestow), dono, -are, -av7, -atum. preserve, conservo, -are, -av7, -atum. preside over, praesum, -esse, -ful. prestige, auctoritas, -tatis, F. prevent, deterred, -ere, -u7, -itum; impedio, -Ire, -7v7, -7tum. pride, superbia, -ae, F. prison, career, -eris, M. privilege, venia, -ae, F. produce, prdducd, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum. profit, fructus, -us, M. ; quaestus, -us, M. promise, polliceor, pollicer7, poll i - citus sum. proof, argumentum, -7, N. proposal, sententia, -ae, F. proscription, prosenptid, -onis, F. protect, tutor, -an, -atus sum. protection, praesidium, -7, N. provide, provided, -videre, -vldl, visum. provided that, dum modo (con}.). providentially, dlvlnitus, adv. province, prdvincia, -ae, F. punish, punid, -7re, -7v7 or -il, -7tum; multd, -are, -avl, -atum; vindicd, -are, -av7, -atum. VOCABULARY 99 punishment, supplicium, -T, N. ; poena, -ae, F. purpose, sententia, -ae, F. for the purpose of, ad ivith accu- sative of Gerund or Gerundive; causa with genitive of Gerund or Gerundive. pursuit, studium, -T, N. put out, restingud, -stinguere, -stlnxl, -stTnctum. quaestor, quaestor, -tdris, M. quiet, be quiet, quiescd, -ere, quievl, quietum. Quintus, QuTntus, -T, M. Raecius, Raecius, -7, M. raise, efferd, efferre, extull, elatum. rashness, temeritas, -tatis, F. rather than, potius quam. read (aloud), recitd, -are, -avl, -atum. realm, imperium, -T, N. recall, revoed, -are, -avT, -atum. receive, recipid, -cipere, -cepT, -cep- tum; accipid, -cipere, -cepT, -cep- tum; capid, capere, cepT, captum. recognize, cogndscd, -ndscere, -ndvl, -nitum. recover, recuperd, -are, -avT, -atum. refuge, perfugium, -T, N. refuse, recuso, -are, -avT, -atum; repudio, -are, -avl, -atum. regard (judge), iudicd, -are, -avT, -atum. regarding, de, prep, with aol. reject, repudio, -are, -avT, -atum; reicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectum. rejoice, gaudeo, -ere, gavlsus sum. relax, relaxo, -are, -avT, -atum. relieve, ITbero, -are, -avT, -atum; relevo, -are, -avT, -atum. rely on, nltor, nltl, nlsus or nixus sum. relying on (adjective), fretus, -a, -urn. remain, maneo, -ere, mansT, man- sum; remaned, -manere, -mansi, -mansum. remedy, sano, -are, -avT, -atum. remember, memini, meminisse; reminlscor, reminlscl. remind, commoneo, -ere, -ul, -itum. remove, removeo, -movere, -movT, -motum. renew, renovo, -are, -avT, -atum. repent, paenitet, paenitere, paeni- tuit (impersonal). reply, responded, -spondere, -spondl, -sponsum. report, defero, -ferre, -tull, -latum. reputation, fama, -ae, F. repute, ill repute, Tnfamia, -ae, F. rescue, eripio, -ripere, -ripul, -reptum. resist, resisto, -sistere, -stiti. resort, frequento, -are, -avT, -atum. resources, copiae, -arum, F. pi.; opes, opum, F. pi. resources of virtue, Tnstrumenia virtutis. respect, in no respect, nihil. restore, restituo, -stituere, -stituT, stiturus; reddo, -dere, -didT, ditum. restrain, coerced, -ere, -uT, -itum; contineo, -ere, -uT, -tentum; de- terred, -ere, -uT, -itum. retain, retined, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentum; tened, -ere, -ul, return (noun), red it us, -us, M. return (intransitive vert), reded, -Ire, -il, -itum; revertor, revert!, (re- vertd, revertere), revert!, reversum. reveal, indicd, -are, -avT, -atum. revenue, vectlgal, -alis, N. revolution, novae res, novarum rerum, F. pi. reward, praemium, -T, N. ; fructus, -us, M. ; merces, mercedis, F. rich, pecunidsus, -a, -urn; beatus, -a, -um. right, ius, iuris, N. rising, ortus, -us, M. rival, competitor, -oris, M. road, iter, itineris, N.; via, -ae, F. rod, virga, -ae, F. Roman, Rdmanus, -a, -um. the Romans, Roman!, -drum,M. pi. 100 VOCABULARY Rome, Roma, -ae, F. rout, fundo, -ere, fiidl, fusus. Rudiae, from Rudiae (adjective), Rudlnus, -a, -um, ruin, ruTna, -ae, F. rule, administrd, -are, -avT, -atum. Sabines, SabTnT, -drum, M. pi. sacred, sanctus, -a, -um. sacredness, religio, -onis, F. safe, salvus, -a, -um; tutus, -a, -um. safety, salus, -utis, F. Sallust, Sallustius, -T, M. same, Idem, eadem, idem. Sangu, Sanga, -ae, M. satisfied, contentus, -a, -um, save, servo, -are, -avT, -atum; con- servo, -are, -avT, -atum. say, dlco, dlcere, dTxT, dictum; loquor, loquT, locutus sum. Scipio, ScTpio, -onis, M. scorn, contemno, -temnere, -tempsl, -temptum. sea, mare, maris, N. sea coast, ora maritima, orae maritimae, F. seal, signum, -I, N. seat, subsellium, -T, N. secede, secedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessum. secret, occultus, -a, -um. secretly, occulte, adv. see, video, -ere, vidl, visum; per- spicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spectum. seek, quaero, -ere, -quaesTvT, quae- sTtum; petd, -ere, petlvl or petiT, petltum; expeto, -petere, -petlvl (-petiT), -petltum. seem, videor, viderT, vlsus sum (pass, of video). seize, occupo, -are, -avl, -atum. self control, temperantia, -ae, F. senate, senatus, -us, M. senate-house, curia, -ae, F. senatorial, senatorius, -a, -um. send, mitto, -ere, mlsl, missum. send ahead, praemittd, -mittere, -mlsT, -missum. Septimius, Septimius, -T, M. serius, gravis, -e. servile, servllis, -e. set, statuo, -ere, statu!, statutum. set fire to, incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -censum. set forth, explico, -are, -avT, -atum. set out, proficTscor, proficlscl, profectus sum. settle, sedo, -are, -avT, -atum. several, complures, -a or -ia, pi. ; non nuilT, -ae, -a, pi. shameful, indignus, -a, -um; foedus, -a, -um. shameless, impudens, -dentis, adj. share, communico, -are, -avT, -atum. shattered, adflTctus, -a, -um. shop, taberna, -ae, F. short, brevis, breve. Sicilian, the Sicilians, SiculT, -orum, M. pi. Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, F. sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum. side, pars, partis, F. siege, obsidio, -onis, F. signify, signified, -are, -avT, -atum. Silanus, STIanus, -I, M. silent, tacitus, -a, -um. be silent, taceo, -ere, tacuT, taci- turn; sileo, -ere, -ul; tacesco, -ere. since, cum with subjunctive. sister, soror, sororis, F. situation (thing), res, reT, F. six, sex (indecl. num). skill, ars, artis, F. slaughter, caedes, -is, F. slave, servus, -!, M. slaves, servitia, -drum, N. pi. slight, tenuis, -e. small, parvus, -a, -um. snatch, away, eripio, -ripere, -ripul, -reptum. so, ita, tarn. advs. solace, solacium, -T, N. sold, be sold, veneo, -Ire, -iT. soldier, miles, mllitis, M. some, quldam, quaedam, quoddam (substantive), non nulll, -orum, M. pi. some. . .others, alii... alii. VOCABULARY 101 son, fili us, -T, M. son-in-law, gener, generl, M. soothsayer, haruspex, -picis, M. sorrow, maeror, maeroris, M. sorry, be sorry for (repent), paeni- tet, paenitere, paenituit (pity), miseret, -ere, -uit. sort, modus, -T, M. Spain, Hispania, -ae, F. spare, parco, -ere, pepercT, parsum, takes dative; conservo, -are, -avl, -atum, takes accusative. speak, loquor, -T, locutus sum. speech, oratio, -onis, F. speed, celeritas, -tatis, F. spirit, animus, -!, M. splendor, splendor, -doris, M. spy, speculator, -toris, M. squander, profundo, -fundere, -fudT, -fusum. stain, macula, -ae, F. stand in the way, obstd, -stare, -stitT. Statilius, Statilius, -T, M. station, in lofty station, in excelso. statue, statua, -ae, F. ; simulacrum, -I, N. ; signum, -T, N. status, status, -us, M. still, tamen, adv. stir up, concito, -are, -avl, -atum; conflo, -are, -avl, -atum; sollicitd, -are, -avl, -atum. stop, sedo, -are, -avl, -atum. storm, tempestas, -tatis, F. strange, mTrus, -a, -um. strengthen, corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum. strict, severus, -a, -um. strife, dissensio, -5nis, F. strive, certo, -are, -avl, -atum. strong, firmus, -a, -um. struggle, certamen, -inis, N. subservient, obnoxius, -a, -um. success, fellcitas, -tatis, F. such... as, (adjective) talis. . .qualis. such (adverb), tarn. suffer, accipio, -cipere, -cepT, -ceptum. suffering, dolor, doloris, M. ; crucia- tus, -us, M. suit, accommodo, -are, -avl, -atum. suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. suited, accommodatus, -a, -um. Sulla, Sulla, -ae, M. of Sulla (adjective), Sullanus, -a, -um. Sulpicius, Sulpicius, -T, M. summon, arcesso, -cessere, -cessivT, -cessltum; voco, -are, -avl, -atum. sun, sol, solis, M. superhuman, dlvlnus, -a, -um. suppliant (adjective), supplex, -icis. a suppliant, supplex, supplicis, M. and F. supply, copia, -ae, F. supreme, summus, -a, -um. surely, certe; profecto, advs. surpass, antecello, -cellere. surpassing, excellens, -entis. surrender, trado, -ere, tradidT, traditum. surround, circumdo, -dare, -dedl, -datum. suspect, suspicor, -an, -atus sum. suspicion, susplcio, -onis, F. sword, gladius, -T, M. take, capio, -ere, cepT, captum. take away, eripio, -rfpere, -ripuT, -reptum; tol!6, tollere, sustulT, sublatum. take from, detraho, -trahere, -traxT, -tractum. take up, suscipio, -cipere, -cepT, -ceptum. talent, ingenium, -T, N. tear, lacrima, -ae, F. tell, narro, -are, -avl, -atum. temple, templum, -T, N. terms, condicio, -onis, F. terror, terror, terroris, M. testimony, testimonium, -I, N. than, quam, con). thank, gratias ago (agere, eg!, actum). thanksgiving, supplicatio, -onis, F. that, in order that, so that (conjunction), ut. (with comparatives) quo. 102 VOCABULARY (after expressions of doubt) quln. that not, ne. that, (demonstrative adj. and pron.), ille, ilia, illud; is, ea, id, (less emphatic than ille). their (reflexive), suus, -a, -urn. then, turn, adv. there, ibi, adv. think, exTstimo, -are, -avl, -atum; arbitror, -an, arbitratus sum; puto, -are, -avl, -atum. (feel), sentio, -Ire, sens!, sensum. this, hie, haec, hoc; is, ea, id (less emphatic than hie). thousand, mllle (indecl.) ; thousands, mllia, -ium, N. pi. threaten, impended, -ere; minitor, -an, -atus sum; minor, -an, -atus sum. three, tres, tria. throng, multitudo, -dinis, F. throw, conicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectum. thus, ita, adv. Tiberius, Tiberius, -T, M. Tigranes, Tigranes, -is, M. time, tempus, temporis, N. at that time, turn, adv. timid, timidus, -a, -um. to, ad; in, preps, with ace. to the place... to which, eo...quo, advs. to-day, hodie, adv.; hodiernus dies. toil, labor, laboris, M. torture (noun), cruciatus, -us, M. torture (vera), crucio, -are, -avl, -atum; excrucio, -are, -avl, -atum. toward, ad; erga, preps, with ace. town, oppidum, -T, N. train, exerceo, -ere, -uT, -itum. training, discipllna, -ae, F. Transalpine, Transalpinus, -a, -um. transfer, transfero, -ferre, -tulT, -latum. treasury, aerarium, -T, N. treat, tracto, -are, -avl, -atum. trial, iudicium, -T, N. (test), perlculum, -I, N." without trial, causa indicta. tribunate, of the tribunate, .tribu- nicius, -a, -um, adj. tribune, tribunus, -T, M. tributaries, vectlgales, -ium, M. pi. tribute, stipendium, -T, N. triumph, triumphus, -I, M. true, verus, -a, -um. trust (noun), fides, -e7, F. trust (vero), confTdo, -fidere, -flsus sum. truth, Veritas, -tatis, F. try, conor, -an, -atus sum. Tubero, Tubero, -onis, M. Tullianum, Tullianum, -T, N. turn, converto, -vertere, -vertl, -versum. two, duo, duae, duo. tyrant, tyrannus, -T, M. Umbrenus, Umbrenus, -T, M. uncertain, incertus, -a, -um. unconquered, invictus, -a, -um. undergo, suscipio, -cipere, -cepl, -ceptum. undertake, suscipio, -cipere, -cepl, -ceptum. undertaking, conatus, -us, M. undying, aeternus, -a, -um. unfortunate, miser, misera, miserum. unfriendly, inimlcus, -a, -um. ungrateful, ingratus, -a, -um. unhappy, miser, misera, miserum. unharmed, incolumis, -e. unheard-of, inauditus, -a, -um. unite, coniungo, -iungere, -iunxT, -iunctum; adiungo, -iungere, -TunxT, -iunctum. unknown, ignotus, -a, -um. unless, nisi, conj. unpopularity, invidia, -ae, F. unpunished, inultus, -a, -um. until, dum, conj. unusual, eximius, -a, -um; singularis, -e. unwilling, be unwilling, nolo, nolle, ndlul. unworthy, indignus, -a, -um. upright, integer, -gra, -grum. uprightness, integritas, -tatis, F. VOCABULARY 103 uprising, tumultus, -us, M. urge, hortor, -an, hortatus sur use, Qsura, -ae, F. use, utor, GtT, usus sum. use up, consumo, -sumere, -sumpsT, -sumptum. Utica, Utjca, -ae, F. vanquished, victus, -a, -um. variance, be at variance, abhorred, -ere, -uT. Varus, Varus, -T, M. Verres, Verres, -is, M. verse, versus, -us, M. very modest, permodestus, -a, -um. veteran, veteranus, -I, M. veto, intercessio, -onis, F. vexation, dolor, doldris, M. vicious, pravus, -a, -um. victor, victor, victdris, M. victory, victoria, -ae, F. villainy, scelus, sceleris, N. violate, violo, -are, -avT, -atum. violence, vis, vis, F. virtue, virtus, -tutis, F. voice, vox, vocis, F. Volturcius, Volturcius, -T, M. wage, gero, -ere, gessT, gestum. wait for, exspecto, -are, -avT, -atum. waiting, be waiting, desum, -esse, -fuT. war, bellum, -T, N. of war (adj.), mTlitaris, -e. make war, bellum Tnferre. ward off, depello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum; propulso, -are, -avT, -atum. warn, moneo, -ere, -uT, -itum. watch, vigilo, -are, -avT, -atum. watchful, dlligens, -gentis. water, aqua, -ae, F. way (road), via, -ae, F. ; (manner), modus, -T, M. wealth, dlvitiae, -arum, F. pi. weapon, ferramentum, -I, N. weapons, arma, -drum, N. pi. weeping, fletus, -us, M. weight, have weight, valeo, -ere, -uT. what (interrog.), quid substantive; quT, quae, quod, adj. when, cum; ubi. where, ubi, adv. while, dum, adv. a little while ago, paulo ante. who, qui, quae, quod (relative pro- noun); quis, quid (interrog. pro- noun). whole, totus, -a, -um. why, cur, adv. wickedly, scelerate, adv. will, nutus, -us, M. win, concilio, -are, -avT, -atum. wipe out, deleo, -ere, -evl, -etum. wisdom, consilium, -T, N.; sapien- tia, -ae, F. wise, sapiens, -entis. wish (noun), voluntas, -tatis, F. wish (verb), cupio, -ere, cuplvl or cupiT, cupltum,' volo, velle, volul. not wish, nolo, nolle, nolul. with, cum prep, with abl.; apud, prep, with ace. withdraw (transitive), abstraho, -trahere, -traxT, -tractum. withdraw (intransitive), exeo, -Tre, -iT, -itum; discedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessum. without, sine, prep, with abl. witness, testis, -is, M. and F. woman, mulier, -eris, F. word, verbum, -T, N. worthy, dignus, -a, -um. wound, vulnus, vulneris, N. wrath, Tracundia, -ae, F. writer, scrlptor, -toris, M. year, annus, -T, M. yield, cedo, -ere, cessT, cessum; concedo, -cedere, -cess!, -cessum. (obey), pareo, -ere, -uT. you, tu, tuT. your, tuus, -a, -um; vester, vestra, vestrum. youth,, adulescentia, -ae, F. INDEX Ablative : of agent, 37. of attendant circumstance, 44. of comparison, '40. of degree of difference, 40. of description, 39. of manner, 44. of means, 37. of route, 45. of separation, 41. with dignus, 43. with nit or, 43. with Tit or, 43. Accusative : adverbial, 55. of exclamation, 55. two accusatives with verbs of naming, 55. Characterizing clauses, 23. Comparison, conditional clauses of, 25. Conditional Sentences : contrary to fact, 11. future more vivid, 9. future less vivid, 10. non-committal, 11. in indirect discourse, 26, 28. Conditional clauses of comparison, 25. Correlatives, 56. cum adversative clauses, 8. causal clauses, 8. clauses of description, 8. Dates, how expressed, 35. Dative : of possession, 50. of purpose, 51. of reference, 52. of separation, 52. with adjectives, 53. with compounds, 53. with special verbs, 50. with the passive of intransitive verbs, 50. dignus, with ablative, 43. with relative clause, 24. Doubt, construction with words of, 21. dum, with present tense, 30. Fear, subjunctive with expressions of, 16. Genitive : with adjectives, 54. of description, 39. of indefinite value, 46. with interest and refert, 47. of material, 49. objective, 49. subjective, 49. with verbs of accusing, etc.. 46. with verbs of emotion, 48. with verbs of remembering and forgetting, 46. Gerund and Gerundive, 31. Hindrance, subjunctive with verbs of, 21. Imperative, 29. Indirect discourse, 26. implied, 28. Indirect questions, 7. Interrogative particles, 7. Negative commands, 17. nit or with ablative, 43. Obligation, expressions of, 32. Periphrastic conjugations, 32. Place, expressions of, 34. Proviso, clauses of, 25. Purpose : clauses with ut or ne } 12. with quo, 13. with a relative, 13. expressed by the gerund, or ge- rundive, 31. quin, clauses with, 21. 105 106 INDEX quominus, clauses with, 21. Questions, indirect, 7. with the subjunctive (direct), 19. quod clauses of reason, 22. Result, clauses with ut, 14. with a relative, 14. Subjunctive : anticipatory, 22. concessive, 19. optative, 18. volitive, 18. in characterizing clauses, 23, in conditional sentences, 9^ 11. in clauses with cum, 8. with dignus, 24. in expressions of fear, 16. in indirect discourse, 26, 28. in clauses of purpose, 12. in direct questions, 19. in indirect questions, 7. with quln and quominus, 21. Substantive clauses of desire, 15. of fact, 15. Time, expressions of, 35. utor, with ablative, 43. APR 23 1913 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS muni 003 036 483 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 036 483 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Conservation Resources Lig-Free® Type I Ph 8.5, Buffered