Glass i M j THE BRIGHTON AMBULATOR, CONTAINING \ HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL DELIIEATIONS OF * FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME BY C. WRIGHT.' DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE REGENT. LONDON: printed for the author j and published by sherwood, neely, and jones, paternoster- row j wilson, cornhillj clements, strand, ! London; by c. wright, 5, princes-place, i north-street, brighton; and sold by all BOOKSELLERS. 1818. Pluminer and BrewiB, Printers, Love-lane, JLastcheap, London. DEDICATION. TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS GEORGE AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, OF THE UNITED KINGDOMS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, &c. &c. &c. May it phase your Royal Highness To accept the most humble acknow- ledgments of the Author for the honor of being permitted to lay before your Royal Highness this small Volume, containing a Topographical History of the Town and Parish of Brighton, i\ which has been so, peculiarly favored with the patronage of your Royal Highness, and of your August and Illustrious Family. To trace all the causes, and to detail all the circumstances which have co-operated to elevate this Town to its present enviable state, would require* an abler hand than mine; but it was impossible to mark the successive periods of its improvement, and trace the progress of its growing importance, without designating your Royal Highness the Author of its Prosperity. In a place, the Inhabitants of which have witnessed and experienced, through a series of years, the gracious condescension, generosity, and munificence of your Royal Highness, to obtrude my humble testimony to those virtues which are well known to all, and which rise so far above my ability to express, may expose me to the charge of presumption ; — and to enumerate the many instances in which this Town has been honored by your Royal High- nesses Illustrious Patronage, would as far ex- ceed the limits of a Dedication, as it would surpass my humble powers to record them in appropriate language. But one requisite for doing justice to a subject so extensive and exalted, I presume to claim ; — in those feelings of profound respect and loyal attachment which I possess, in common with all the Inhabitants of this highly favored Town, and in the zeal and gratitude with which I have the honor to be, Your Royal Highnesses Most devoted and obliged, Subject and Servant, CHARLES WRIGHT. Brighton, June 4,, 1818. PREFACE. ACTUATED with a desire to publish a con- cise History of Brighton, in the best possible state of correction, the Author anxiously trusts that the Ambulator will be found fully adequate to an- swer the enquiries of the Traveller, and for the purpose of general information ; — it being com- piled from the most authentic sources, — the greatest part newly arranged, and the subject extended almost under every head, with much original matter given. To be corrected in errors, which unavoidably may have been committed, or to be informed of any thing which may have escaped his research, and which may render the Work more complete, would afford him pleasure, and such communications will be thankfully received. Vlll The Author most respectfully relies upon the kind consideration of the Public, and trusts, that in the perusal of the Volume they will dis- cover his object has been to blend the Ancient, Modern, and Present Description of the Town in chronological order. Leaving his infant pro- duction to their kind patronage, he hopes it will not be deemed wholly unworthy of their appro- bation. Brighton, 5, Prince's Place, North Street, June A, 1818. CONTENTS Page. Antiquities % • • • 5 Artillery Place . 58 Assinary • • • 171 Aquatic Excursions •• • *ibid. Bankers 16 1 Barracks— cavalry • 123 infantry •• 125 Bathing 134 — - Regulations 176 Baths, medicated vapour *..... •*• 137 Original, Wood's 139 Royal ~ 155 Benefactions « 169 Billiard-rooms <-■ 127 Boarding-houses • 151 Botanic Gardens 64 Charles II. (Escape of) • *•.•• 12 Climate S3 Church 72 Church -yard 76 Chapel Royal • 79 St. JamesVstreet 80 Countess of Huntingdon 81 T. R. Kemp 84 Dr. Styles 86 Arminian or Westleyan 87 Unitarian ibid. — ! (Various) 88 X + Page. Commerce 96 Chalybeate spring ...» 141 Coaches 166 Description of Brighton ••••. 24 Description of the intended work-house 59 Dispensary 102 Donations, &c. •....„.., , 105 Etymology 1 East Division of the Town 84 Establishment cf a Gass-light Company 64 Encroachments of the Sea 132 Fortifications , « „ , . 9 History, (ancient and modern) ,. 2 - — (present) ...••.. 18 Infirmary .105 Intended Improvements 65 Legacies 120 Letters of Horses 176 Libraries, Donaldson's ......146 *— Tuppin's 147 — Choat's 148 - Wright's 149 1 Wright's music 150 Minke .....ibid. List of Streets and Squares, with the number of Houses in 1770 and 1794 S3 List of ditto for 1818 -. 67 Livery Stables 175 Local Conveyances * 170 Regulations 89 Marine Parade « £0 XI Tage. Markets 93 Memoirs of the late Dr. ttussel 143 North Division 54 North Stey nes » .. 55 Packets 100 Pavilion 36 Population « 10 1 Post Office 172 Professors of Music, Languages, &c ...163 Provident Institutions 119 Physicians, &c. - 159 Printers, &c 166 Public Exhibitions 130 Riding Masters and Teachers • • ...'...* 176 Royal Crescent 52 School of Industry Ill National ,....110 Union Charity, for girls 112 ditto for boys 113 — Duke-street, Mr. Kemp's 114 Sea 131 Sedan Chair and Fly Regulations 177 Seminaries 162 Shampooing .' 138 Situation • 20 Society, Maternal 114 Dollar i 115 Benevolent 1 16 For promoting Christian Knowledge ibid ' British and Foreign 117 United Fishermen's 118 Friendly 119 Soil 22 Solicitors • • . . 159 Sporting varieties 128 Xll Steyne , . 47 . St. James's-street 54 Subscription House 127 Subscription pack of harriers 129 Taverns, &c. Castle 152 Old Ship 164 ■ '— New Inn ; 155 _.. Royal, (late New Steyne) ibid . — Regent 156 Theatre 125 Town of Brighton 32 Town Officers 158 West Division of the Town 57 Waggons 169 iivtflljton AMBULATOR. PART I. Etymology and Modern History of Brighton. THERE is a degree of obscurity about the ety- mology of Brighton which may be much regretted, but its rise and progress can be easily ascer- tained. It is said to have been a place of note in early times, but of this fact we have no precise record. Bailey, in his dictionary observes that it was St. Brighthelm, a Saxon, who gave the name to the town. Skinner says, Brighton was so named from Brighthelm, a canonised bishop of Fontenoy, in France, who lived so late as the middle of the 10th century. Other testimonies state that it was a Saxon bishop of that name, who resided here during the heptarchy, who gave his name to the town. This supposition is more probable, for we find that when Ella, (with his three sons, Cimen, Wiencing, and Cisa,) effected their B 2 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. landing at West Wittering, S. W. of Chichester, anno 447, and defeating the Britons, who endeavoured to oppose him, took possession of all the maritime parts of the country. Ella thus laid the foundation of the kingdom of the South Saxons, from which the country derives its name. Brighthelm accompanied this army. One of his successors resided at Aldrington, and held a considerable portion of land until the year 693, when that bishop was killed in battle. This is stated by Stillingfleet, and other writers, but no mention is made of the place where the engagement was fought. After the death of Brighthelm this town appears to have belonged to the ancestors of Earl Godwin. They were called Thanes, or noblemen of considerable possessions in Sussex. But the first, of which we have any account, was Ulnolh, lord of the manor of Bright* helmstone, who was appointed commander of the ships sent by the county of Sussex in 1008, to oppose the invasion of the Danes. In 1019 we find Ulnoth's son, Earl Godwin, accompanied King Canute to Denmark, then invaded by the Vandals. Godwin performed some distinguished exploits, and the king created him Earl of Kent, Sussex, and Surry. About 1046 Earl Godwin became unpopular with Edward, the Con- fessor, when Brighthelmstone and his other pos- tjessions were seized. Godwin regained them by force, and, being re-instated, enjoyed his possessions until the 17th of April, 1053, when he was suddenly taken ill at a dinner at Winchester, where the court of Edward was then held, and died four days afterwards. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. $ Harold, the eldest son of Earl Godwin, succeeded to the chief manor of Brighthelmstone. This noble- man was distinguished for his qualities as a statesman and warrior, and his public and private virtues so en- deared him to the nation, that they began to look upon him to be the fittest person to succeed the reign- ing monarch. Upon the death of Edward, 1065, he was chosen king, but from some secret arrangements between the king, and William, duke of Normandy, the latter made a claim, when he asserted his right by force of arms. After Harold had defeated his brother Tostin. and the king of Norway, at Stanford Bridge, near York, William landed at Pevensey, in Sussex. Harold immediately proceeded southward, and, with the ad- dition of some levies hastily collected at Brighthelm- stone and his other manors in Sussex, encamped within nine miles of the invaders. On the 14th of October, anno 1066, he joined battle with the Normans, and, after performing all that valour and judgment could do against so brave an enemy, closed his life in the field of battle near Hastings. Harold's possessions of Brighthelmstone, and his other manors having fallen into the hands of William the Conqueror, this town was conferred on his son-in- law, and one of his generals, William, Lord of Warren, in Normandy, afterwards created Earl of Surry in England, with the rape of Lewes, to which was at- tached the castle of Lewes and its demesnes. The south Saxon monarchy lasted about 320 years, during which the most remarkable occurrence b 2 4 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. was the conversion of Adelwach to Christianity by Wilfred, first bishop of Sussex, in the year 650. By a reference to doomsday book, we have some authority for our guidance. It is written Bristelmctune. This valuable record of antiquity was begun in 1086, by order of William the Conqueror, and was compiled in less than six years, written on 380 double pages of vellum, in one hand, and it is, without doubt, the most important and interesting document possessed by any nation in Europe. It is also remarkable, that of the 63 hundreds in the division of the county of Sussex, one half of them retain the same name now as were inserted in doomsday book. For a proof we shall enumerate the following in this neighbourhood. Bristelmetune .... Brighthelmstone. Hov. Hove Villa and Ecclesia. Newtimbreham > , ; Newtimber _ Nivembre y Prestetune ..... Preston. Paninges Poynings. Wordinges Worthing. Stanninges Steyning. The Saxon division of the county into rapes is a term peculiar to Sussex. The discovery of a Roman military way a few years ago on St. John's common, and in the enclosed lands adjoining, in the parishes of Hymere and Clayton, winch has since been dug up for the materials to mend the turnpike road from London to Brighton, fully con- BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 5 firms the opinion of Camden, Stillingfleet, and other antiquaries who fix the Partus Adurni of the Romans, at Aldringlon near this town, which, for want of such a way being known, Salmon is inclined to find at Old Romney in Kent. This fact being satisfactorily decided among his- torians respecting the Roman road, and from the discovery of some coins, one of large brass, inscribed '** Antoninvs" the reader will also find an instance of the wreck of time, in viewing the ruins of Aldrington church, the tottering walls of an ancient and not large edifice, situated in an open field about \\ mile to the west of Brighton. On this side of the town a great number of human bones have been found, whence it has been concluded, that some important battle was fought here, of which, however, we have no historical evidence. Without indulging in fanciful conjectures respect- ing the etymology of Brightelmstone, we shall, in the absence of positive information on that subject, pro- ceed to trace the remains of antiquities in the neigh- bourhood. Church-hill, upon the elevation of which stancls a venerable structure. Of the erection of the Church we have no record ; nor can we learn from the style of architecture to fix a probable date. About this hill there are various barrows, in which are deposited the remains of the ancient inhabitants of this island. It is reasonably supposed that the Britons called this hill the sacred hill or promontory, where they erected ilruidical altars, formed of three large stones, raised b 3 6 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. perpendicular, with a much larger table stone incum- bent on the top. There are several of these large stones to be seen, as if thrown down from their origi- nal structure. Some of them lie in a field leading to the Chalybeate spring. Close to the road, in a field, near the declivity of Church-hill, are the remains of other stones; in short, the variety of these stones near the barrows, have, from time to time, attracted the notice of antiquarians, but no satisfactory conclusions have been drawn from their frequent researches. We have to notice the vestiges of Roman camps. About a mile on the downs, above Brighton, near the race course, on the summit of a hill, which entirely commands the sea, is a triple earth work, with ditches, distinguishable, but of a few feet only in depth. The angles are rounded off, as are many Roman camps, and the outermost trench measures three-quarters of a mile. At Hollingbury-hill, which is distant two miles further in a northerly direction, there is a Roman camp, and the only one which lies at any considerable distance from the acclivity of the downs. The plan is nearly a square, enclosing five acres. In the centre are three large barrows. This station contains several tumuli, on which skeletons, bones, and a few Roman coins, have at different times been discovered. Between Brighton and Lewes are still to be seen lines and intrenchments, which are apparently Roman, and, some years ago, an urn was dug up in this neighbourhood, containing 1000 silver denarii, on which were impressions of all the Emperors. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 7 At the conquest William gave the rape of Lewes .md its barony to William de Warren, who distinguished himself at the battle of Hastings. This town was in- cluded in those large possessions granted to William de Warren, who made it part of the endowment to the rich Cluniac priory which he founded at Lewes. A convent for mendicant friars was founded here in 1080, by William, Earl Warren, and his wife, Gundred, fourth daughter to William the Conqueror. It was dedicated to St. Bartholomew, and it was maintained and supported by the industry of the in- habitants. This convent was built upon the spot of ground upon which stands the workhouse. It ap- peared to have been occupied by its religious order of mendicants, until 1513, when the French made a descent upon this part of the coast, pillaged and set fire to the town. The prior's lodge, which was the only part that escaped the conflagrationj was pulled down in 1790, and the present vicarage house erected. In digging the foundations for the workhouse, built in 1730, a number of skeletons and bones were discovered, which proves that the burial ground of the convent was confined to this spot. After the Norman conquest, Brighton gradually emerged from the most abject state of feudal depen- dance, and became so considerable in population, as to need the accommodation of a public market, and in the year 1313, John de Warren, Earl of Surry, ob- tained a weekly charter for holding a market on Thursday. b4 3 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. The lower town, or that under the cliff, being too small for the residence of the mariners, many of them fixed their habitations in the upper town; but the husbandmen and artificers having covered the cliff with their dwellings, a considerable way from the Steyne, westward, the fishermen began two streets, one at either end of that range, which where named from their situation, and still point out the early limits of the town. After East-street and West-street, the intermediate streets were erected, and the proprietors of the North-lanes built their dwelling houses in North- street. In this state of progressive prosperity Brighton continued until 1377, when the French invaded this part of the coast, burnt and plundered most of the towns from Portsmouth to Hastings ; but the exact injury which Brighton sustained has not been re- corded, as the enemy landed at Rottingdean, and a bold stand was made against the French by the watch and ward-men of this district. At the commencement of the war against France, by Henry 8th, anno 1513, we find all the maritime industry of Brighton suspended, and its buildings threatened with plunder and conflagration. Upon the failure of Sir Edward Howard's expedition against Brest, the French fleet sailed for the coast of Sussex, under the command of Admiral Pregent. He landed a party of men in the night time, who entered Brighton, plundered it of every thing valuable which they could remove, and set many houses on fire. The French BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 9 re-embarked with their booty the next morning, before a force could be assembled to repel them. On the 19th of July, 1545, the French landed at Hove, with an intention to burn this town, but the beacons having been fired in time to alarm the country, a force was soon collected on the downs, sufficient to intimidate the invaders, who departed without having done any material mischief. Fortifications. Brighton, thus harassed by frequent attacks of an active enemy, the inhabitants resolved to erect fortifi- cations. At a court baron, held on the 27th Sep. 1 558, (1 Eliz.) the lords of the manor granted the inhabi- tants a parcel of land on the cliff, between Black Lion- street and Ship-street ; situated about 216 yards west- ward of the lower end of East- street, to build thereon a store-house for armour and ammunition, afterwards called the block -house. The walls of this fortress were about 8 feet in thickness, and 18 feet in height; it was circular, and measured 50 feet in diameter. Several arched apartments in its thick walls, were repositories for the powder and other ammunition for the defence of the town. In front of it towards the sea, was a little battery, called the Gun-garden, on which were mounted four pieces of large iron ordnance. Adjoining the block-house, on the east, stood the town house, with a dungeon under it for the confinement of male- factors. From the summit of this building rose a turret, on which the town clock was fixed. At the b5 10 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. same time with the block-house were erected four gates of free stone, (three of which were arched,) leading from the cliff to that part of the town which lay under it, viz. The east gate, at the lower end of Eas>street ; and the portal, vulgarly mis-called the porter's gate. The middle gate, opposite the end of Middle-street ; and the west gate, which stood at the end of West- street. From the east gate, westward, there was, at the same time, a wall built about 15 feet high, and 400 feet long, where the cliff was most easy of ascent ; and from the termination of that wall, a parapet, 3 feet high, was continued on the verge of the cliff to the west gate, with embrasures for cannon. The block-house was built at the expence of the town, but the gates and walls seem to be erected partly, if not wholly, at the expence of government. From 1545 to 1580, Brighton was safe from the attacks of the enemy, but in the latter year the in- habitants were much alarmed at the sight of a fleet of 50 sail, apparently waiting for a landing, and were supposed to be the Spanish armada. Lord Buckhurst, Lord Lieutenant of the county, mustered all his men on the brow of the hill between this place and Rotting- dean, to oppose the landing of the supposed enemy. The next morning a few boats ventured cut to sea to reconnoitre this fleet, and discovered that they were only Dutch merchantmen, detained by contrary winds. At the end of July, in the same year, the town was more justly alarmed at the Spanish armada. The inhabitants neglected no means in their power to de- BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. U fend themselves. The shores of Sussex were lined with people when this tremendous armament passed in their view, pursued by the navy of England. The prosperity of the fishery was now on the de- cline. The frequent capture of their ships and boats had cramped their trade, and in 1699 the sea, by one of those unaccountable revolutions which deluge our coast, whilst its waters desert another, began to en- croach on the shores of Sussex, and, by its increasing alluvion had, previous to 1665, destroyed 22 copyhold tenements under the cliff. There still remained 113 tenements, (shops, capstern places, stake places, and cottages,) which were finally demolished by the sea in the memorable storms of 1703 and 1705, and in the course of these encroachments the block-house, gun- garden, wall and gates, were gradually sapped, and at last so completely destroyed, that in the year 1761 scarce any of their ruins could be discovered. On the 4th of March, 1818, as Mr. Izard, mer- chant of this town was ordering the excavation of the foundation of two houses on the West cliff, between Ship-street and Middle-street, the labourers discovered the walls of one of the streets under the cliff, which was overwhelmed by one of these terrible inundations of the sea. It was formerly called South-street. These remains appeared buried more than 15 feet with beach. b6 12 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Escape of King Charles the Second. One of the most memorable circumstances in the annals of this town is the escape of Charles the "Second, from its shore to the Continent, in the year 1651 . That prince who, after his defeat at Worcester, liad been wandering for near six weeks from one spot of secret refuge to another, in imminent danger, was conducted at last to the house of a Mr. Maunsell, at Ovingdean, by Lord Wilmot and Col. Gunter, whose name, being then common in the town, it is reason- able to suppose that he was a native of Brighton. At Ovingdean the king lay concealed for a few days, as local tradition still relates, within a false wall or par- tition, while his friends were contriving the best means for his escape to France. Among the mariners of Brighton they considered the most eligible person for their purpose was Nicholas Tetershall, master of a coal brig then moored before the town; and the event proved that they had not made a wrong estimate of his resolution and integrity. It was, however, their intention not to trust him with more of their secret than was indispensably necessary. They accordingly, through Mr. Maunsell, offered him a considerable sum for the passage of a few Cavaliers or Royalists, who were flying from the fury of the triumphant Republi- cans, and Tetershall, allured by the reward, and ac- BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 13 tuated perhaps by a generous sympathy for their cause and distress, engaged to convey them in safety across the channel. The next evening, the 14th of October, was fixed upon for their departure. Soon after night fall the king was conducted by his host over the hills from Ovingdean, and, in his wonted disguise, entered a little inn, in West-street, then called the George, where he and his companions were to wait for Teter- shall's notice for embarkation. But, to their great sur- prise and alarm, the master of the house, whose name was Smith, plainly indicated by his behaviour that he recollected the king's person. He, however, promised and observed the most honorable secrecy. Tetershall entered the room soon after, and, in like manner, instantly recognised his sovereign. His brig having a few years before been detained by a royal squadron in the Downs, on her way from New castle, she was released by order of Charles himself, then Prince of Wales; and his features seem to have made a deeper impression on the mind of Tetershall from that act of kindness, for he, in the same breath, intimated his knowledge of the royal person, and his determination to risk every thing for his safety. His brig was then half full of coals, and his sailors in a great measure disengaged from duty. In order there- fore to collect them without exciting any suspicion, he gave out that his vessel had broke from her moorings, and having by such means got hands enough on board, 14 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. he signified to them his engagement in a secret ex- pedition, in which their assistance should not go un- rewarded. Matters thus prudently adjusted, he went ashore by himself, in order to get a bottle of aqua vitae, and to inform his wife that he should be absent for a few days. Curiosity urging the good woman to dive into the mystery of so sudden and unseasonable a departure, he was at last constrained by her importunity to reveal to her the nature of the service he had undertaken ; and she, with a fortitude and fidelity which reflects a lustre on her memory and her sex, earnestly ex- horted him to an honorable performance of his engage- ment with the illustrious fugitives. Tetershall returned on board, and about five o'clock the next morning set sail with a favorable wind. In the course of the day, as the king, who still remained in disguise, was sitting on the deck, one of the sailors stood close to windward of him smoking his pipe, and on being rebuked by the captain for making so free, retired, muttering, " truly a Cat may look at a King" but without being then aware how personally apposite the adage was. This voyage, undertaken with so much promptitude and courage, was as successful as it deserved to be. Without encountering the least obstruction or alarm, either from the weather, or the Republican cruizers, Charles and his companions safely landed in the after- noon at Fecamp in Normandy* BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 15 The extent of Charles's bounty and gratitude to his preserver after the restoration is now unknown ; but that he was a court pensioner or expectant, in the year 1670 may be inferred. That year he was constable of Brighton, and his zeal as a bigot was manifested after the passing of an act against the religious meet- ings of non-conformists. In 167 1 , Tetershall, in consideration of his services, was appointed by James, Duke of York, (then Lord High Admiral of England,) Captain of the Royal Escape, as a fifth rate ; and the year ensuing the king granted the reversion of that sinecure to his son. The following is the patent for the reversion of the appointment. « Charles R. Whereas, our dear Brother, James, Duke of York, Lord High Admiral of England, hath, by his orders, dated the 4th of September last past, directed you to cause Captain Nicholas Tetershall to be borne in pay, together •with one servant, as Captain of our vessel called the Royal Escape; and that he should be allowed pay as Captain of a fifth- 1 ate ship, aud he and h s servant paid with the yard at Deptfoid; and whereas the said Nicholas Tetershall, hath humbly besought as to continue the said allowance unto his sou, Nicholas Tetershall, after his decease, in consider- ation of his faithful and fortunate service performed unto us, we have thought fit to condescend unto that bis re- quest. And it is accordingly our will and pleasure, that, after the decease of the said Nicholas Tetershall, the son he borne in pay, together with one servant, as Captain of our said vessel the Royal Escape; and that he be allowed pay as Captain of a fifth-rate ship j and he and his servant 16 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. paid with the yard at Drptford, in the same manner as his father now is. Given at our Court at Whitehall, the 29th *>f August, 1672, in the four and twentieth year of our relgo. By His Majesty's Command, HENRY COVENTRY." •* To »he principal Officers and Commi c s" oners of our Navy, ^ now and for the time being." The Royal Escape was Tetershall's coal brig ornamented and enlarged. Soon after the restoration she was moored in the Thames opposite Whitehall, to receive the veneration of the multitude. But in some time after, when Charles became unpopular, she dropped down to Deptford, where she remained in a progressive state of decay until 1791, when her mouldering remains were broke up for fuel in one of the dock yards. Captain Tetershall died 20th of May, 1674, and Captain Nicholas Tetershall the younger in 1701, and they were buried in Brighton church-yard, where a monumental inscription eulogises his services. It was new lettered about 40 years ago, at the expence of Sir J. Bridger, Knt., one of his lineal descendants. We have endeavoured to trace out whether Smith was rewarded for his fidelity, but we cannot learn an in- stance of grateful recollection towards this person from Charles II; and it will appear remarkable that no notice was taken of Smith at the restoration. The name of the Inn was changed from the George to the King's Head Inn, upon the return of the monarch BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 17 from exile. Smith appears to have made a considerable fortune by exhibiting the cooking implements, roast- ing-jack, &c. which king Charles had formerly em- ployed his time in using whilst incog at his house ; and by presents bestowed upon him by various noble- men as a reward for his loyalty. A few culinary articles are yet to be seen in the house, which, although it has undergone considerable modern repairs, still re- tains the corner where the king sat down. There is a fine original portrait of Charles II, by Sir Peter Lilly, in the possession of Mr. Eales, the present landlord, but he does not know how long it has been in the house. 18 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. PART II. Present History — Soil — Climate — Description of the Tow?i by various Writers. Present History of Brightelmstone. IN tracing the rise and progress both of citie* and of towns, the historian has often to regret that their origin lies involved in obscurity. It has been a consideration of some importance, whether the indul- gence in conjectural observations should be allowed in the present instance, or whether it would not be better to confine ourselves to a plain statement, as more satisfactory to the reader than enlarging upon the opinions of fanciful antiquaries, who can discover in every trifling remain of antiquity an alliance of the particular neighbourhood to some considerable im- portance. The latter course is that which we shall prefer. In detailing the modern history of Brighton, we have not many difficulties to encounter. Its first establishment is satisfactorily ascertained, and reasons are assigned for its extent and celebrity. Of all the watering places in Great Britain, Brigh- ton is, both on account of the recency of its origin, the rapid increase of its population, and its primitive in- significance, compared with its present magnificence BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 19 of buildings, entitled to peculiar contemplative at- tention. These are circumstances which will, in the course of our narrative, admit of abundant confirmation. In the midst of those considerations that ought to engage the narrator, in order to multiply the sources of rational enjoyment, we are anxious not to exceed the materials of useful information. Before we enter further upon our topographical delineations, we shall observe that our reasons for ex- punging the word Brightelmstone does not arise for want of due respect to its antiquated derivation, but from the general adoption of Brighton among all classes of society. In fact, the name of the town was gene- rally abbreviated into Brighton before the year 1700. It is nevertheless to be observed, that in all official papers, records, warrants, &c, Brightelmstone is invariably written. 20 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Situation. The parish of Brighton, in the hundred of Whales- bone,* and annexed to the rape of Lewes,f is situated on that part of the coast which constitutes the south- east side of Sussex; built on an eminence which greatly declines towards the south-east, with a regu- lar slope to the Steyne ; and from thence rises with a moderate ascent to the eastward, along the cliff to a * Iu Doomsday book this hundred was called Wellesmore, but in process of time, most probably at the institution of constables under Edward I, the boroughs of Preston and Patcham were united to Brighton, aud composed a new hun- dred called Wellsbourne. The name seems evidently borrowed from a stream which still runs at times, nearly the whole length of that hundred. It rises near the end of Patcham, and] passing along the levels, near Brighton, by the Grand Parade, and opposite the Castle, it formed a large pool, and a rivulet run down the Steyne, by Mrs, Fitzherbert's house, and crossing Pool-lane entered the sea. Numbers of the in- habitants recollect this rivulet bursting out with so large a current, as to inundate the wide level to the north of the town ; and even the greatest part of the Steyne. For the par- ticulars of the diaining of this rivulet, see ariiclt Stfine. The parish of Brighton is divided into five manors, but they are so intermixed that the boundaries cannot be trared. The present Lords of the ma ■ or are Thomas Read Kemp, esq., and Charles Soase Dickeus, esq a reeve is paid to the Lords of the manor, which signifies rents or tithes. Th^ fishermen pay to it *ix mackarels each boat every time they return from mackarel fishing and have taken al ove too mackarel. fThe Saxon division of the county into rapes was strictly adhered to at the conquest. There are six rapes in Sussex, with their castles and respective baronies ; namely, Chichester, Arandel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey, and Hastings. j BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 21 considerable distance. It is bounded on the north by the parish of Preston, on the east by the parishes of Ovingdean and Rottingdean, on the west by Hove, and on the south by the English Channel, and gives the name to a bay, in the shape of a half moon or crescent, in the centre of which stands the town; — the eastern horn terminating in that well known promon- tory, Beachy-head ; and on the west by the projection of land on which Worthing stands, and called by mariners Worthing-point. It is protected from the N. and N. E. winds by an amphitheatrical range of hills ; and on the west it has extensive corn fields, which slope from the Downs towards the sea. The hills around Brighton are of easy access, and they are covered with an agreeable verdure. From their summits may be seen some of the most pic- turesque and pleasing views of wild and cultivated nature that the imagination can fancy, over the ex- pansive weald of Sussex. Towards the sea there is an uninterrupted view from Beachy-head to the Isle of Wight. Brighton is distant from London, by Ryegate, 53 miles ; by East Grinstead and Chailey, 57 miles ; by East Grinstead and Uckfield, 58 miles ; by Hen- field, 56 miles ; by Steyning and Horsham, 61 miles. The vicinity of Brighton to the metropolis, and its easy and pleasant communication with that wealthy and populous city, the superiority of the roads (im- proved of late years) over all others in Great Britain, which admits of an easy travelling intercourse in less than seven hours ; — the salubrity of its atmosphere, 22 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. which is seldom obscured by fogs, and never to any nu- pleasant degree ; — the crystaline purity of its waters ; — the elegance and spaciousness of its accommodations, all unite to render this town one of the most popular watering places in the British empire. Soil. In this parish the soil is chalk and loam, covered with mould of sufficient depth and fertility to afford plentiful crops. On the hills about Brighton the soil varies in depth as its approaches the summit, consisting of a very shallow earth on a substratum of chalk, covered on a light stratum of vegetable calcerous mould, upon which grass grows spontaneously, inter- mixed with aromatic plants of various sorts. Being thus naturally dry, the heaviest rains that fall here seldom prevent the exercise of walking or riding for any length of time after they have ceased. Advancing down the hills the soil becomes more loamy. The Downs, which run from Chichester, eastward, as far as Eastbourne, are about 60 miles in length, and and they are called the South Downs properly, about Lewes. The sheep fed on these Downs collectively, (according to Young's survey) are, in summer 270,000 ; and, in winter 220,000. Upon the South Downs ex- clusively, sheep and lambs 180,000, and in winter 120,000. South of these hills lies an extensive arable vale, of a singular fertility This district, extending from BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 23 Brighton to Emsworth, 36 miles, is at first a very trifling breadth between here and Shoreham, The nature of this soil, which is unquestionably to be ranked amongst the finest in the island, is a rich loam, either upon a reddish bjick earth or gravel. Climate. The N. and N. E. winds being in a measure ex- cluded by the hills, the climate is very temperate, and exceedingly favorable to vegetation. The S. and S. W. winds which blow from these quarters three parts of the year, removes the density of the atmos- phere, and occasions the air to feel soft and light for respiration, and less impregnated with any pernicious particles. In the summer months we have observed that the air is constantly refreshed by a temper ating breeze, which almost invariably rises and falls with the sun ; and it is worthy of observation that the more excessive the heat, these light winds are cooling and refreshing, and are peculiarly congenial to the human constitution. In the winter it is remarkable what a warmth pre- vails over the atmosphere when these S. W. winds are moderate. However, the equinoxal gales in the au- tumn, winter, and spring of the year, are frequently so boisterous as to do considerable damage to vege- tation. These winds, when they are impregnated with saline particles, occasioned by the west wind beating the spray against the beach, destroy all hedges and 24 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. trees in exposed situations. All the leaves, andjin general every thing that is green being turned brown. The hedges are cut by the spray on the side open to the wind, in the same manner as if it had been done artificially. Description of Brighton. Before entering upon the present state of this town, the introduction of the following letters will not be uninteresting. They will at least afford an innocent enjoyment to the curious, who wish to con- template upon the early infancy of this town, and compare these accounts, with regard to a reference, to point out its celebrity as a watering place. Under this impression we shall subjoin the two following letters, which are addressed by the Rev. William Clarke (grandfather of the celebrated traveller) to his friend Mr. Bowyer. Brighthdmstone, July 22, 1736. " We are now sunning ourselves upon the beach at Brighthelmstone, and observing what a tempting figure this Island made formerly in the eyes of those gentlemen who were pleased to civilize and subdue us. The place is really pleasant ; 1 have seen nothing in its way that outdoes it. Such a tract of sea ; such regions of corn ; and such an extent of fine carpet, that gives your eye the command of it all. But then the mischief is, that we have little conversation be- BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 25 sides the clamor nauticus, which is here a sort of treble to the plashing of the waves against the cliffs. My morning business is bathing in the sea, and then buying fish ; the evening is riding out for air, viewing the remains of old Saxon camps, and counting the ships in the road, and the boats that are trawling. Sometimes we give the imagination leave to expatiate a little ; — fancy that you are coming down, and that we intend next week to dine one day at Dieppe, in Normandy ; the price is already fixed, and the wine and lodging there tolerably good. But though we build these castles in the air, I assure you we live here almost under ground. I fancy the architects here usually take the altitude of the inhabitants, and lose not an inch between the head and the ceiling, and then dropping a step or two below the surface, the second story is finished something under 12 feet.* I suppose this was a necessary precaution against storms, that a man should not be blown out of his bed into New England, Barbary, or God knows where. But as the lodgings are low they are cheap ; we have two parlours, two bed chambers, pantry, 8$c. for 5s. per week ; and if you will really come down you need not fear a bed of proper dimensions .f And then the coast is safe ; the cannons all covered with rust and grass ; the ships moored, and no enemy apprehended. Come and see, * A few of these houses still remain as a sample in and About East-street. t Mr. Bo wyer was a short man. C 26 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Nee tela-temeree Gallica, uec Pictuni tremeres nee littore toto Prospiceres dubiis ventura Saxona ventis ' My wife does not forget her good wishes and compliments upon this occasion. How you would surprise all your friends in Fleet-street, to tell them that you were just come from France, with a vivacity that every body would believe to be just imported from thence V Brightkelmstone, August, 1736. "We are now about taking our leave of that very variable element the sea. After it had smiled upon us for a month, it is at present so black and angry that there is no seeing or approaching it; it is all either fog or foam, and I truly pity every body who cannot fly from it. We had this morning some hopes of entertaining your society * with our discoveries upon the beach. The sea had thrown up a piece of old coin, grown green with salt water, but instead of an Otho's head it proved only a farthing of Charles I, and 1 humbly nodded over it as one of the princes of the Mitre.f Pray let me know which way your researches run at present in this society. We have here a very crrriors old font, covered over with hieroglyphics, representing the two Sacraments, which rise in very bold but bad relievo's on each side of it.J" • The scciety of Antiquaries. fThe tavern where the society then held their meeting-. \ See a particular description of this font under the head Brighton Church. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 27 The following is a description of Brighton by Dr. Coe> in 1766:— " Brighton is a small ill-built town, situated on the sea coast, at present greatly resorted to in the summer season, by persons labouring under various diseases, for the benefit of sea bathing and drinking sea water ; and by the gay and polite on account of the company which frequent it at this season. Until within a few years it was no better than a mere fishing town, inhabited by fishermen and sailors ; but through the recommendation of Dr. Russel, and his writings in favor of sea water, it has become one of the princi- pal places in the kingdom. It contains six principal streets,* five of which are parallel with each other, and are terminated by the sea, namely, East-street, Black-Lion-street, Ship-street, Middle- street, and North-street runs along the end of the other five, from the Assembly House, kept by Mr. Shergold, almost to the Church. There are Assembly Rooms at the Old Ship, kept by Mr. Hicks. " Besides the Church there are three other places of worship ; one for Presbyterians, another for Quakers, and a third for Methodists, which last is lately erected at the expence of the Countess of Huntingdon, adjoining her house, through which there is a communication. " The place on which the company walk in the evening is a large field, near the sea, called the Stean, which is kept in proper order for that purpose, and whereon several shops with piazzas and benches therein are erected, as is also a building for the music to per- •North-street, c2 28 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. form in when the weather will permit. There is also a small battery towards the sea ; likewise a chaly- beate spring not much frequented." The following passages are extracted from the description of Brighton given by Dr. Relhan, who resided here after the decease- of Dr. Richard Russel, June, 1761 :— "The ancient name of Brighton is no way dis- coverable ; and the etymology of its modern one is very uncertain. " The bay is a bold and deep shore, exposed to the sea ; from the banks or cliffs a clean gravel runs to the sea, terminating in a hard sand. The soil here, and over all the South Downs, is a chalk rock, covered with earth of various kinds and depths in different places. The grass of this soil is interspersed, on the summit of the hills, with wild aromatic plants of different sorts, which might be easily increased, and to these, perhaps, may be ascribed the remarkably sweet flavor of the mutton; and by the culture of these aromatics might easily be procured a medicine, used with the greatest success in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and much wanted in the neighbourhood of London ; I mean goat's milk. " The country round Brighton is open and free from woods, and finely diversified with hills and valleys. There is every reason to believe that in the earliest times the situation of this town was in the highest estimation. The altars of the druids are no where to be seen in greater number. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 29 " The town at present consists of six principal streets, many lanes, and some spaces surrounded with houses, called by the inhabitants squares. The great plenty of flint stones on the shore and in the neigh- bouring corn fields, enabled them to build the walls of their houses With that material, when in their most impoverished state. At present they ornament the windows and doors with the admirable brick which they burn for their own use. The town improves daily, as the inhabitants, encouraged by the late great resort of company, seem disposed to expend the whole of what they acquire, in erecting new buildings, or improving the old ones. Here are two public rooms, the one convenient, the other not only so, but elegant, (the Old Ship,) not excelled perhaps by any in Eng- land, that of York excepted. "The endemial or popular disorders of temperate people being the product of air and diet, the best proof of the healthfulness of the air of any place is deduced from the customary longevity of the inhabi- tants, and the rate of the bills of mortality. By the poor's rate of this parish, there are 400 families in Brighton ; each of these may be supposed to contain five souls, (the common calculation in England is six in a family,) and consequently the number of inhabitants, exclusive of those supported in the work-house, who, at a medium, amounted to 35, may be estimated at 2000. " In seven years, beginning with 1753, and in- cluding 1752, the baptisms were 388, and the burials c3 30 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 227 ; so that the baptisms were annually to the deaths, nearly as five to three. This calculation includes the dissenters, but not their baptisms. " But as the dissenters are nearly a-tenth of the whole, I may be allowed to add to the number of baptisms 35 for the seven years, which is five annually, and nearly a-tenth, and makes the whole of the bap- tisms 423 to 227 burials. By this the baptisms are annually to the deaths, as 60 to 32, which is nearly two births to one death. In London there is annually a death in every 32 persons, which is nearly two to one in favor of Brighton." The town is supplied with water from a variety of wells. The greater part of them, which are near the shore, suffer in limpidity and taste at the flowing of every tide.* The water most esteemed by the in- habitants is drawn from a well in the middle of North- Street; and that preferred by the company is obtained at the Castle Tavern. These waters answer every domestic purpose of life extremely well, and as the qualities of springs of any place have been, from the time of Hippocrates to this day, looked upon as a mark of those of the air, the sweetness and goodness of spring water here, may, with propriety, be esteemed a corroborating proof of the healthfulness of the air of this town. • It is curious that some of these wells rise as the tide declines, and are nearly empty at high water. Perhaps there is not a town in the kingdom supplied with better water that* Brighton.— Edit. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 31 With regard to the sea water at this place, it appears by experiments, that in summer, (weather tolerably dry,) there are, in every pint of it, at least five drachms and fifteen grains of depecated salt; about five of bittern, or a decomposed earth, attracting humidity from the air ; and six grains of white cal- cerious earth. This proportion of clean contents, being nearly a twenty-third of the whole, is as great, or perhaps greater, than is to be found in the sea water of any other port in England, and must be ow- ing to its peculiar distance from rivers, it being further from such, I apprehend, than any other sea port in England." c4 32 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. PART III. The Town, and its Divisions. — Pavilion. — Steyne. — Marine Parade. — Crescent. — Dorset-gardens. — St. Jameses-street. — North Steynes. — West Cliff. — New Work House. — Gas Lights. — Botanic Gardens. — Intended Improvements. The Town. BRIGHTON, including its various modern ad- ditions and improvements, is of a quadrangular form, the streets intersecting each other at right angles. Flint-stones gathered from the beach, cemented with mortar, were the common materials used in these buildings, with brick- work round the doors and win- dows. Walls thus formed are very strong, but their appearance is rather inelegant. Of late years the new mansions and houses have introduced a modern style of architectural design, and now we observe a tasteful display of buildings in every direction. As we have described the fatal inundation of the lower town in 1699 — 1705; our next object will be to point out the boundaries of Brighton in its infant years. West-street formed its western boundary, as did East-street the eastern. North-street formed the extremity in that part of the town. Most of the BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 33 ground now occupied by Black- Lion-street and Ship- street, and in the intermediate space, were, even for some time after East and West-streets were built, plots or gardens, for the production of hemp for the use of the fishermen of the town. In process of time, as population increased and the sea made encroach- ments on the lower town, two streets began to be erected on the scite of these hemp gardens, which were called from the signs of their Inns, Ship-street and Black- Lion-Street. In order to assist the visitor in his remarks upon the rapid increase of the town, we shall take the period when it become fashionable by the residence of his Royal Highness the Regent, to insert a list of the streets and squares of Brighton, with the number of houses in each, as surveyed in 1770 and 1794. — 1770 1794 * Old Houses. New Houses. Total. North-street 88 .... 62 .... 150 Bond-street ... 32 .... 32 Church-street ... ... 34 .... 34 King-street — .... 51 ... ♦ 51 Air-street 6 .... 11 .... 17 East-street, including 7 g Q ^ ^ . .37. . . .117 Castle- square ) Pool and Steyne • • • 12 .... 68 .... 80 Steyne-street .... — .... 15 ... . 15 Manchester-street •• — .....6«... 6 Carried over .. 196 ... 297 .... 483 34 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 1770 1694 Old Houses. New Houses. Total. Brought forward . 196 . . . 297 . . . -483 Charles-street ... ... 19 ... . 19 Broad-street ... 22 .... 22 York-street ... 20 ... . 20 Margaret-street • • ... 12 ... . 12 Mount-street • • • • — • • • • 9 • • • . 9 New-steine — .... 17 ... . 17 Rock-buildings .... — ....5-... 5 East-cliff and Lane • • 58 .... 19 .... 77 Brighton-place . . . . 50 * ... 16 .... 66 Black-Lion-street . • . 62 .... 15 .... 77 Ship-street 70 .... 4 .... 74 Middle-street .... 67 .... 13 .... 80 West-street 95 .... 51 .... 146 Russel-street • • • ... 78 ... • 78 Artillery-place • • • .... 17 ... . 17 Total ..... 598 ... 623 .. . 1221 The reader having a guide for observation, we can more explicitly draw the attention in giving a description of the extended buildings, by dividing the town into three divisions; the old town being detailed. East Division. From the Steyne to the Crescent and to the north- ward, only two houses were built in 1772, namelv BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 35 the old Library house, where now stands Donaldson's, and a neat cottage-house in German-place, now the residence of Mr. Paul Hewitt, wine merchant. West Division. In 1775 the foundation of houses in Russel-street was first laid, and the proprietors so named it after Dr. Russel, in commemoration of his important ser- vices to the town. Before that period scarcely a house was standing beyond West-street. North Division. A few houses, called North-row, with the King and Queen Inn, constituted the whole of the build- ings in that direction. The Pavilion will be described as a separate article. It is amusing to hold a conversation with some of the old inhabitants of this town; to them its present appearance cannot fail to be a subject of admiration. It must also remind the intelligent observer of those wonders which decorate eastern story; where, by the waving of a wand, the magician conjures up scenes adapted to overwhelm the spectator with astonish- ment. c6 36 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. The Pavilion. The greatest ornament to Brighton is the marine residence of the Prince Regent, to whose liberal patronage the town is indelibly indebted for its pros- perity. In the year 1782 his Royal Highness (then 20,) paid a visit to his illustrious uncle, the Duke of Cum- berland ; in the following year the visit was repeated, when the Prince chose Brighton for his summer resi- dence. The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough had purchased a house for their summer recreation, which now bears that name. The house near Marlborough- mansion, belonging to the late Thomas Kemp, esq., was occupied and subsequently purchased by his Royal Highness. In 1784 the erection of the Pavilion was first commenced, and completed in 1787. It then con- sisted of a circular building, crowned with a dome, raised on stone pillars, and a range of apartments on each side, and from its eastern front commanding a very fine view of the Steyne and sea. In 1793 his Royal Highness and the Duke of Marlborough (whose house stood, at the north end of the Marine Pavilion,) made a spacious large sewer along the Steyne, for carrying off a stream, which flowed occasionally from the level, north of the town, and sometimes, as we have before observed, burst out with so large a current as to inundate the Steyne, and forming a wide ditch across the level, by the Castle Tavern, emptied itself into the sea. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 37 In consideration of the great expence of this most important improvement, the lords of the manor, with consent of the homage, gave his Royal Highness and the Duke permission to rail in or enclose a certain portion of the Steyne adjoining their houses respec- tively ; but never to build or encumber it with any thing that might obstruct the prospect, or be any way a nuisance to the Steyne. In 1800 his Royal Highness the Regent purchased the whole of the Pavilion property from Mr. Weltjie. Until 1801 no particular improvements at the Pavilion were undertaken. His Royal Highness having that year made a purchase of the Grove Elm-gardens, the shrubberies and pleasure-grounds of the Duke of Marl- borough, which the London road intersected, by run- ning in the rear of the Pavilion, the inhabitants of the town gave his Royal Highness permission to enclose the old road, and accordingly its course was turned up Church-street and along the New road, at his own expence. By this alteration the grounds became united. The Grove-gardens was formerly a public promenade and the resort of tea parties. In 1802 further additions were made to the Pavilion, by additional wings which more completed the proportions of the structure, presenting an uni- formity which was wanting before, having a handsome sea front extending 200 feet. The ground towards the Steyne was also laid out with great taste. In 1803 his Royal Highness purchased the shops in Castle- square, adjoining the old stables, an acqui- 38 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. sition which has rendered his Royal Highnesses terri- tory more compact. In 1815 — 6 the Prince Regent purchased from the lords of the manor a piece of land to the north of Marlborough-house, extending to the angle of Church- street, and enclosed it with a flint wall, ornamented with a low ^palisading. This piece of waste was also planted with shrubs, and laid out in grass plats, walks, &c, which add considerably to the rural beauties of the enclosures. In 1814 the Prince Regent purchased Marl- borough-house, which now forms part of the Pavilion ; the same year the houses and shops on the north side of Castle-square, and the wiiole of the old stables and coach-houses between the south side of the Pa- vilion, and terminating* in a line with the bottom of North-street, were pulled down, in order to construct a range of domestic offices. In 1817 the whole of the elegant range of build- ings called Marlborough-row, were purchased by the Prince Regent, and enclosed as far as the north gates. It was intended to take the alignment as far as the angle of Church-street, to unite with the stables, but the opposition of the proprietor of the blacksmith's shop, (a low and disgraceful building,) to more than a four-fold compensation for the premises, has, for the present, terminated the improvements at the north entrance. These various enclosures of land have enlarged the extent of the Prince Regent's property to a very agreeable plantation, occupying more than 7 acres, BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 39 interspersed with gravel walks, grass plats, &c. which gives a finished appearance to the whole. The visitor will be somewhat at a loss to con- jecture the cause of the barren aspect of the Downs, which is deprived of forest scenery, from a prevailing notion that timber will not thrive within the influence of the sea breezes, when, in the Pavilion enclosures, there are numerous trees of large growth. Another circumstance will attract his attention, that in these enclosures there is a large and picturesque rookery. These birds are said, by natural historians, not only to feed and fly in flocks, but to build also in society; which it is alledged they regulate by a complete sys- tem of jurisprudence. They seem, indeed, to have some idea of separate property. No one is allowed to carry off the materials from another's nest; and every crime against the peace of the community is punished with severity ; the delinquent is attacked by those who are invested with authority; he is by them chastised according to the nature of his offence, and sometimes banished the commonwealth. Another naturalist observes, that "among all the sounds of animal nature, few are more pleasing than the cawing of rooks. The rook hath but two or three notes, and when he attempts a solo we cannot praise his song, but when he performs in concert, which is his chief delight, these notes, although rough in them- selves, being intermixed with those of the multitude, have, as it were, all their rough edges worn off, and become harmonious, especially when softened in the air, where the bird chiefly performs. When the whole 40 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. colony is roused by the discharge of a gun we hear this music in perfection." No apology will be deemed necessary for the in- troduction of these remarks ; they may serve to increase our admiration of the wisdom and goodness of the Deity, displayed through every part of his wide extended creation. We have given an outline of the different ad- ditions of land, which, from time to time, have im- proved the royal domains. Our next object is to notice the disposal of the buildings. The spot of ground formerly known by the name of the Promenade-grove, is laid out in flower-gardens and a beautiful green-house ; on the north side of which there is erected a truly magnificent range of buildings, and they may be reckoned among the capital improvements for which Brighton is indebted to his Royal Highness; — these are the royal Stables, surmounted by a stupendous dome, within 20 feet of that of St. Paul's, the metropolitan church, and crowned with a cupola. The centre of the building, which supports the dome, is circular, containing a spacious reservoir of water for the use of the stables which surround it. In this circular area the doors of various stables open, comprising 62 stalls; namely, 38 for hunters, and other saddle horses. Somewhat elevated is a gallery, which leads to the several apartments occupied by the servants belonging to these princely stables. The circumference of this spacious building is 250 feet. On the west side is an extensive Riding-school, 200 feet long, and BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 41 50 broad; and to the eastward of the dome it is in- tended to finish a beautiful Tennis-court. There are two grand entrances to the stables, the one is from Church-street, through a lofty archway, which enters into a spacious square court, containing the coach-houses, carriage-horse-stables, servant's offi- ces, &c; a similar archway leads to the circular dome, opposite to which is a corresponding entrance into the Pavilion lawn. On the east and west side of the circle there are similar arches, which have their entrance into the riding-school and tennis-court. The exact construction of these spacious archways to the" points of the compass, the whole range of stables re- ceive a proper ventilation, and preserve a temperature in the warmest summer days, that the external cover- ing of the towering dome with lead and glass, does not appear to promise. These buildings, which are most decidedly the most magnificent erected in Europe for such a purpose, were built under the direction of Mr. Porden, in 1808, after the eastern style of architecture. During the years 1815, — 16, and — 17, the Pa- vilion has been undergoing a series of alterations, additions, and improvements, and the architectural designs in contemplation are not yet completed. For this reason it would be premature to detail the plan by anticipation, and it is impossible to do adequate justice to this royal edifice, which will, in the course of two years, present a magnificence deserving the appellation of a palace, worthy the residence of the 42 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. illustrious proprietor ; we shall, therefore, in the con- tinuance of our remarks, merely confine ourselves to the latest improvements. In 1814, Marlborough-house being connected with the royal edifice, a suite of apartments were added on the north side which had been much required. It is useless to give a description of this range of building, as it will shortly come down, in order to give place for further improvement to the Pavilion. In 1815 a grand entrance-hall to the west, which opens into the pleasure grounds, was built under a porti- co of the Doric order. In the course of the same year a considerable number of artists were employed in finish- ing the embellishments of the interior apartments. The family part of the house and domestic offices being still too small for the accommodation of the servants, his Royal Highness added another wing, to correspond with the house late Mr. Weltjie's, and, in 1816, the old range of Pavilion stables, coach-houses, shops, &c. to the south were pulled down, and on their scite are erected the new kitchen, and a complete range of culinary offices, terminating in the fine sub- stantial building on the north side of Castle-square, designed for the apartments of the Steward of the household, the officers attached to his department, and bed chambers for the royal establishment. It may reasonably be expected that in the con- struction of these offices for the culinary department, the plan of the architect has been directed to their con- venience and communication. In the furnishing of BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 43 the kitchen and other offices, every modern improve- ment to facilitate the process of the culinary art has been introduced in all its boasted perfection. It is not exceeding the faithful observation of a narrator, in stating that the recency of the above alterations forms one part of the most useful and convenient ap- pendages to a mansion that is to be seen in the British empire. The circular building, which stands in the centre of the court-yard, contains a large reservoir at the top, which is constantly filled with fresh water from the engine-house underneath, and supplies that necessary article to the kitchen, the steam boilers, the scullery, and, in short, throughout the whole of this spacious structure. The ingenuity and contrivance displayed in the construction of the various stoves, ovens, boilers, and particularly the steam table in the centre of the kitchen, with the multiplicity of conduct- ing pipes to throw on and carry off the waste water, is an admirable specimen of mechanical invention, deserving the high encomiums which the foreign Princes, Ambassadors, and principal of the nobility who have examined the whole machinery, have ex- pressed towards the introduction of these mechanical improvements by Mr. Slarke. The steam apparatus for cooking is the most complete and successful in- vention ; from one boiler, which is heated at the back of the kitchen fire, the steam is conducted to any ex- tent, and hot water at the same time supplied to those offices, where the consumption is required by mean* ef collateral conveying pipes. 44 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. From the entrance in Castle-square, a spacious communication runs in a parallel line to tlie northern extremity of this seat of royalty. In 1817 the most splendid additions to the Pa- vilion were undertaken, and these are the two wings to the north and south, covered with pagoda towers, ter- minating in a conical point, with stone pedestals ; from their base to the top is 130 feet high. The architecture of these towers excite the attention of the observer, from their inversion from the roof in a spheriodical elevation ; they are covered over with a thin plate of iron, and afterwards a coating of Mihl composition, which adds to the durability of these ornamental designs. The pagoda to the south, contiguous to the new kitchen, will be the dining room ; it is 72 feet long, and 50 in width, and, to the covered ceiling, it is 40 feet in heighth. This dining room is receiving its embellishments, and when finished it will exceed, in splendor of decoration and furniture, all the rooms in any palace of Europe, appropriated for a banquetting room. The north pagoda is equal in dimensions to the south, and this beautiful building is the concert room ; there is a recess in the north part, of an additional ten feet, destined for the erection of an elegant and beauti- ful toned organ, built by Mr. Lincoln, which will be fixed up at the latter end of this year, (1818.) The first time the concert and music room was used, com- menced about the middle of last January, with a series BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 45 of performances by the Prince Regent's private band of instruments, from the music of Mozart, Handel, Bethoven, and other celebrated composers. In the construction of this superb room, every attention was paid by the architect to combine the harmony of the music in its perfect equilibriums of tone produced by each instrument. His Royal Highness perceived that the too great elevation of the ceiling somewhat de- stroyed the combination and vibration of sound, in order to obviate this defect a few trifling alter- ations have been deemed necessary, which are forth- with undertaken, and there remains no doubt, that, under the refined and accomplished taste of the Prince Regent, the Pavilion music room will attain the ackme of scientific proportions of combination and sound from the different instruments. The royal band of musicians consist of the first professors of the science, and their performances are rarely to be equalled in this country. Having detailed the progressive improvements of the Pavilion, the reader will expect that we should give a minute description of the internal beauties and embellishments of this delightful residence. In the present state of this royal palace it is impossible to do justice to the magnificence of the taste and style displayed in the principal apartments. We have al- ready observed that the dining and concert rooms, at the time of our publication, remain in an unfinished state, and we urge this as an apology for avoiding every inaccuracy in giving an account of splendid 46 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. decorations and furniture rooms, because the Pa- vilion is undergoing enlargements, the real extent of which it is impossible to anticipate. In another year it is likely to be in such a state of completion, as to al- low the narrator to give an authentic description, which will display the splendor that cultivated taste and refined art can produce, suitable to the grandeur of an edifice promising to be an ornament to the archi- tecture, and a specimen of the superiority of the arts and manufactures of Great Britain. This explanation of our motives, in declining giving a defective and incomplete description of the interior of the Pavilion, will be more satisfactory, when we assure the reader that we are promised the accurate report of the improvements and embellishments upon their completion. The intended improvements in embryo, consist of the elevation of the dome of the Pavilion, the re- building of Marlborough-house to correspond with other parts of the structure, The greater part of the Castle Tavern, being the property of the Prince Regent by purchase, at the expiration of the remaining lease, those premises are likely to come down, in order to open the front view on the Steyne, and the ocean, and to obtain a sufficient space for the architectural designs in contemplation. A handsome tower, with . a clock and turret, is intended to be erected on the south side. The whole range of the Pavilion buildings will be fronted with mastic composition. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 47 The Steyne. The fashionable promenade, denominated the Steyne, extends in a serpentine direction on the eastern part of the town, and it is unrivalled for the beauty of its lawn, and the crowds of nobility and gentry which assemble on it every evening. It is stated that this promenade derived its name from the Roman way called Stane-street; but this supposition is the conjecture of fancy, for we find in the ad Decimun of Richard of Cirencester, in his 15th Iter, that the Roman western road, called Stane-street, commenced at the east gate of Chichester, and taking a northern direction pursued its course to Bignor-hill, within a few furlongs of the Roman pavements of a villa, discovered in 1811. After passing Bignor, the direction it took was through Hardham to Pulborough, It has been further traced to Woodcote, Dorking church-yard, to London, which is now distinguished by the name of West Ermine-street ; it is therefore impossible to attribute its name to this Roman road. Before the late inroads of the sea, the Steyne was skirted, or edged on that side by chalk rocks, and from that circumstance received its name. Stein, or Steen, a rock, in tue imported language of the Flemish emigrants, was then a proper denomination for this verdant margin of a chalky cliff. How it came to be called Steyne, must be attributed to fashion. Fifty years ago it was called Stein Field, and nothing more than common waste land, indiscrimi- nately used by the inhabitants for the repository of 48 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. heavy jgoods, sale of coals, boatbuilding, net mak- ing, &c. From the gradual slope of the hills to the Steyne, a large pool of water, collected on the spot near where the Castle Tavern is situated, and run- ning down the east side of East-street, emptied it- self into the ocean in Pool-lane, adjoining the White Horse Inn, in which state it remained until the year 1793, when an immense sewer was erected under the north level, to carry off the waters accumulating from the springs to the north-east, and in the town and neighbourhood, at the sole expence of the Prince Regent and Duke of Marlborough. The Steyne was levelled and enclosed, and, as the company invariably prome- naded in this field, the nuisances gradually disappeared. The Steyne is 660 yards in circumference, divided into north and south, as the thoroughfare for passen- gers from Castle-square to St. James's-street intersects the lawn east to west. In 1785-6 the first houses on the South Parade began to be erected. The Library was first car- ried on by Mr. Thomas, afterwards by Mr. Dulow, who was succeeded by Mr. James Gregory, and, lastly, by Mr. Donaldson, the present proprietor, who pulled down the old building, and, in 1806, erected the present edifice, the dimensions and beauty of which are an ornament to the lawn, and not to be surpassed by any structure devoted to a similar pur- pose in the kingdom. In the course of a few years the South as well as the North parades were finished, presenting a range of buildings conspicuous for their modern elegance. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 4» On the west side of the Steyne there is an elegant mansion, built by the late Right Hon. G. W. Hamilton, Esq., formerly M. P. for Haselmere. This building consists of an elegant hall in the centre, 20 feet by 18. On the right side of the hall is a superb dining room, 34 feet 6 inches by 24 feet 6. The hall and dining room are beautifully stuccoed and painted ; the front is finished with artificial stone, and looks extremely handsome. The whole building is indeed justly admired for its elegance of architec- ture, as uniting simplicity with true grandeur. This mansion was the residence of the late Lady Ann Murray, whose benevolence in this town will never be obliterated from the memory of the poor. Her Lady- ship's dying, in 1817, the house has been subsequently purchased by Mr. Harrington, an extensive distiller at Brentford, Middlesex. Adjoining to the last-mentioned mansion stands a very handsome house, built for Mrs. Fitzherbert, in 1804 ; the style of the architecture is extremely neat, and reflects great credit on the well-known taste of the fair owner. The grand entrance-hall, and the whole suite of apartments are classically painted in buff and white. The staircase to the first landing is single, from whence it branches off to the right and left, to a beautiful drawing room, from whence folding doors open into the library, sitting and dressing rooms. The whole interior is fitted up and furnished in a superb and elegant style : in fact, the offices are numerous and well planned, and forms a desirable 50 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. residence. The exterior of the house is fronted with a stone colour ; tlie balconies and virandas are painted two greens, stone colour, and white. Marine Parade. From the south-east angle of the Steyne this delightful range of capital modern houses, which over- look the sea, and command an extensive line of coast are situated. The fine moderate ascent of the eastern cliffs in this direction has been an additional recommendation to this spot for building, and, within the last two years, every vacant plot of land has been purchased, and nearly the whole covered with elegant mansions. Rock-house, the property of Robert Bur- nett, esq. erected in the year 1788, and which stands between the New Steine and Rock-buildings, was the first house of any magnitude on this cliff, since which period it has become distinguished for its fashion- able preference. This house was formerly a tobac- conist's shop, the property of the late Mr. John Smith, of this town. The house was considerably enlarged and improved by the late Sir Robert Burnett. It is considered a most charming mansion. The Marine Parade now joins the Royal Crescent, which at pre- sent forms the eastern entrance into Brighton. The Marine Parade is likewise built on a scale of uniformity, and whenever the prejudices of some of BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 5) the proprietors of these mansions concede a part of the inclosed plots of ground in front of their premises, in order that the irregularity of the promenade should be obviated, there is little hesitation in pronouncing the Marine Parade capable of forming one of the finest and most agreeable esplanades in Great Britain, In- deed, the plan has been adopted at the Crescent, where the road has been widened, and a broad pavement of Yorkshire stone, adds a considerable ornamental promenade, which we understand the Commissioners intend to carry on until its junction with the Steyne. This is undoubtedly one of the contemplated improve- ments of the first importance to the celebrity of the town, and the prosperity of the neighbourhood. Upon the Marine Parade there is another Steyne (the New) which has a delightful view of the Downs to the north, as well as the sea to the south. The Rock Gardens also promises the advantage of a lawn, and prospects equally desirable. The streets running parallel to the cliffs, and to the south of Marine Parade, are all of modern erec- tion, and they now form a considerable part of Brighton The principal are, Manchester-street, Charles-street, Broad-street, German-place, Mar- garet-street, Camelford-street, Steyne-street, Bed- ford-street, &c. In 1793, opposite German-place, there was a bat- tery of four pieces of cannon, erected for the protec- tion of the coast, in apprehension of an invasion by the new republic of France ; but in 1803 it was taken d 2 52 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. down as an unnecessary defence. The only battery remaining is on the west cliff, which is never used. A new street is marked out above the Marine Cottage, to be called Charlotte-street, which is to be built upon a scale of magnificence, agreeable to a plan exhibited at Donaldsons library. Another street, to be called Clarence-street, near to Mrs. Lamotte's man- sion, is now building. The Royai Crescent Is a noble pile of buildings, including fourteen elegant houses, and commanding very beautiful land and sea views. The houses are large, lofty, and fur- nished with bow windows. They were completed in the year 1807, and at that time were distant more than 500 yards from the Marine Parade. In front is an iron railing, with handsome gates at each extre- mity, and a grass plat in the centre, between which and the houses there is an excellent walk paved with stone, and a good carriage road. A statue of the Prince of Wales, by Rossi, 7 feet high, on a pedestal 1 1 feet high, was, in the year 1802, placed in front of the Royal Crescent. The Prince is represented as dressed in his regimental uniform, with his arm extended towards the sea. This statue cost upwards of £300. The likeness is not consi- dered very striking, and since it has been injured by BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 53 the loss of one of the arms, it is not even deemed a pleasing ornament. Opposite the Crescent there is cut a zig-zag flight of steps, which lead down the cliffs to the beach. A similar accommodation was undertaken opposite the New Steyne and Charles-street, for the use of its in- habitants. Northward from the Crescent are several new streets, such as Crescent-street, Upper Rock-gar- dens, &c. the latter containing a row of well-built and commodious lodging houses. East Lodge, the mansion of the Earl of Egremont, is situated opposite to the Upper Rock gardens. The situation commands an excellent combination of land and sea views Proceeding down St. James's-street, near the Steyne Hotel, is Devonshire-place, another newly erected range of handsome buildings. Among the recent improvements of Brighton, the handsome row of uniform houses, denominated Dor- set-gardens, deserves to be particularised. In front is an extensive well planned garden, where two octa- gonal temples ornament the pleasure ground. To those who wish for quiet, and can enjoy the charms of nature, this is a delightful retreat. The gardens were laid out, and the houses completed, in 1804. They were commenced in 1801, by Mr. Levy, and the ground was purchased from Dr. Hall. d 3 54 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. St. James's Street. Within a few years this street has become the fashionable mart for business, and may be denomi- nated the Bond-street of Brighton ; many of the shops being furnished in a style of elegance equal to those in the metropolis, and from the number of excellent streets running parallel into it from each side, the trade carried on has become considerable. The visitor has only to view the inverted cottage appearance of Mr. Hewitt's residence in German- place, built in 1782 ; and from that spot the in- numerable number of houses, bounding to the east and to the west, (as far as the Steyne) and to the north-east, have all been raised from their founda- tions subsequent to that recent date. Four new tenements, with shops, will be observed at the bottom of this street, built by Mr. Saunders, of this town, in 1818, designed by Mr. W. Mackie, architect of Great Charlotte-street, Blackfriars-road, which- are much admired. North Division. Pursuing our divisions of the town it is necessary to observe, that the North-row, commencing from the King and Queen Inn, constituted the whole of the buildings to the north. As recent a date as the year 1795, this district, more commonly known as the Level, was generally covered with water; but since the main BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 55 sewer was laid, this part of the town was drained, and instead of a barren waste, it now displays a variety of the most handsome edifices, erected in Marlborough- place, the North-buildings, Glocester-place, York- place, and Trafalgar-place, on one side ; and the Pa- vilion-parade, Grand-parade, Carlton-place, Sussex- place and Terrace, Richmond-place, &c. on the other. The North Steyxes. In 1817, a plan was adopted for the employment of the poor, by enclosing the waste level at the London entrance into the town. For the accomplishment of the design, a considerable subscription was raised among the proprietors of houses and tenements in the neighbourhood of the contemplated improvements. His Royal Highness the Prince Regent was a liberal donor of 500 guineas. Little progress was made last year, except building a dwarf wall, with a stone coping. In the spring of 1818, these improvements have been carried on with alacrity. A very handsome iron pallisading now ornaments the dwarf wall, with grand entrances at the north, south, east, and west. The Steyne adjoining the Pavilion will be named in honour of the illustrious Patron of the town. It is a circular inclosure of more than 500 yards. On the outside of the pallisades, a very handsome foot-path is made, whilst the carriage drive is remarkably wide. This piece of land was so barren and full, of flint d 4 56 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. stones, that a prodigious .portion of manual labour has been required to level, clear, and open the ground ; of course many men have been employed to bring this dreary spot into some order for a design. Mr. Fur- rier, gardener to the Prince Regent, undertook the task, and at the period of our publication (May) we are enabled to form some estimate of the good taste and science which have been adopted in perfecting this most admirable undertaking. A border and barge, 15 feet wide, will be raised from the wall, after which, a fine gravel promenade walk, 20 feet wide, is carried all round. Three raised clumps are formed, •ne in the centre, and one at each end, which are sur- rounded with grass plats. These clumps will be planted with trees, shrubs, and flowers. The Earl of Chichester has most liberally offered the gift of sup- plying this plantation with trees from his nursery. This Steyne will be opened for the fashionable pro- menade in July 1818. Adjoining the Regent Steyne, and more north- ward, is another oblong enclosure, with a dwarf wall and pallisades. As this Steyne will not be completed before next season it is unnecessary to enter into de- tail. We certainly must class these improvements among the most judicious embellishments of a fashion- able watering-place. The promenade of company will be uninterrupted from disagreeable annoyances, whilst the spacious drive will afford facilities for carriage parties and equestrians. In April 1818, as the workmen were clearing the grounds, they dug up several pieces of Roman coins, BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 57 one of which was in excellent preservation ; it was a mixed copper piece. Round the impression of the head the inscription was " IMP. ALEXANDER PIVS. A. V. C." on the reverse side " Mars Altor," with the initials S. C. between the figure of Mars. The date was worn off the eds:e. The Western Division. Proceeding from the church down North-street, there are several roads to the west cliff, the first leads to Clarence Place and Regent's Place, the en- trance to which is exceedingly inconvenient. The houses situated in this direction have a most enviable view of the ocean, and are much admired from their rural prospects. West-street is one of the carriage roads to the west cliff; and this street, from its easy descent to the cliff, is exceeding pleasant, spacious, and remarkably clean. North-street is distinguished for the number of its excellent houses, shops, and the extent of business carried on, in the wholesale and re- tail trade. The East-cliff, so denominated, is very short in extent, commencing at the corner of East-street, and ending at the Old Ship Tavern. There are several excellent lodging houses, which overlook the sea. About 1761, a battery, with an arched room under it for ammunition, not far from the ancient scite of the East-gate, was erected. It mounted twelve 24- pounders. On the 17th of November 178.6, this bat- d 5 58 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. tery, whose scite was not then protected by a groyne, was completely undermined by the sea, and fell to the ground. In the arched magazine beneath, there were 17 barrels of gunpowder at the time it fell; but for- tunately none of them took fire amidst the crash of ruins. The remains of this battery are still visible. Opposite to Ship-street there is a flight of steps leading down the cliffs to the beach, which is called Waterloo Terrace, and it proves a most advantageous accommodation to the visitors and inhabitants. Upon the entrance to the west cliff the road is unfortunately narrow, and more so at the end of Middle-street. Carriages are obliged to pass through a narrow lane, dangerous and bad beyond description, before they can reach West-street. This unfortunate intersection of the west and east cliff communication of the town loudly calls for amend- ment. There is not a stranger who arrives in Brighton that does not immediately discover the disgraceful state of the west entrance. The want of a good road is a great disadvantage to the fashionable and popu- lous neighbourhood of the west cliff. Artillery Place, So called from the battery erected in 1793, con- sisting of eight pieces of cannon, 42-pounders, now reduced to six. Behind this battery is a handsome house, for the use of the gunner, with magazines and other appropriate offices. This battery is not used BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 39 upon any public occasion, nor are royal salutes ever discharged. The contiguity of the houses behind the battery is one cause of their being dispensed with. Along the line of the west cliff, until its extreme point to the brick-kilns, presents an almost uninter- rupted range of elegant built mansions, residences, and excellent lodging houses. Cannon Place, Belle Vue, Bedford Place, and Westfield Lodge, are all in this neighbourhood. Bedford Square is intended to consist of 36 spacious lodging houses ; and when it should be completed it will be the most uniform and striking ornament to this part of the town. To the north of the west cliff, there are a number of elegant houses, erected in a line with Clarence- place, &c. INTENDED IMPROVEMENTS. Description of the New Poor House for the Parish of Brighton. The spot of ground which the directors and guar- dians have purchased for the erection of this building is situate on the east side of the road, leading from the church to the Devil's-dyke, extending from the south east corner of Church-street to the first wind- mill, and contains about 13 or 14 acres, which is suf- d 6 60 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. ficiently large for the erection of a spacious building, and extensive grounds for gardens, not merely for the production of such vegetables as may be required for the consumption of the paupers in the house; but that an employment may be obtained for them in cul- tivating the ground, and thereby make their labour productive of considerable advantage towards their maintenance, and increase the supply of vegetables in the town market. The design for the building is by Mr. William Mackie, architect, Charlotte-street, Blackfriars-road ; and was selected from 40 others, which were submitted for the approval of the directors and guardians, they having publicly advertised a premium for the best design, and after a very mature deliberation, consi- dered that the present approved design was that which not only combined a proper degree of elegance for an institution of this kind with economy, but was more replete with convenience than any institution for the same purpose in the united kingdom. The principal front is intended to have an eastern aspect, looking directly on to the North Steyne, or Level, at the en- trance of the town, from the London and Lewes roads, forming a frontage of 200 feet. The front consists of a centre and two wings, to be built with rough flint work, and faced with artificial stone. The centre is three stories above the ground floor, surmounted with a pediment and turret for a clock, with a stone balus- trade and cornice. The principal part of this is occu- pied by the governor and matron's apartments, a com- mittee room for the parish meetings, and a lying-in BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 61 ward, with store-rooms, two staircases, and an open area for light and ventilation in the centre, running from the basement to the top ; and the upper, or attic story, is for the sick wards or infirmaries. Immedi- ately behind the centre building, and nearly in the centre of the scite occupied by the whole, are situate two dining rooms and a kitchen, with the requisite culinary apartments, viz. scullery, cookery, pantry, and meat room, &c. ; in the basement story under the kitchen, &c. are the washhouse, laundry, mangle room, and bakehouse, communicating with the drying ground behind. The wings are only two stories above the ground floor, and are wholly occupied by wards and work- rooms for the paupers ; in each wing there are six wards and three workrooms, about 50 feet long by 20 feet wide, extending from the centre building to the north and south extremities of the front, and then re- turning westward on the north and south sides about 150 feet, forming in the interior a quadrangle or area of considerable extent, which is divided into two large yards for air and exercise of the paupers, rendering the whole perfectly ventilated and free from any in- fection. At the west extremities of the wings are situate two separate buildings for the boys and girls, per- fectly distinct from the adult paupers, having no com- munication whatever with any part of the establish- ment, excepting that of the governor and matron, each having a separate entrance with a yard and play ground. In these buildings it is intended the children 62 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. should be under the care of a schoolmaster and school- mistress, who shall teach them to read and write, and superintend their work; and indeed, have the whole care of the children, subject to the direction of the governor and matron. In the centre of the west front next the road, over the church hill, are situate the buildings for the lu- natic paupers, perfectly detached from any other part of the establishment, having also a separate airing ground for each sex. Near these, but more in the in- terior of the building, are situate the brewhouse, places of confinement for the refractory paupers, and the dead houses, with several small buildings, for the re- ception of coals, wood, &c. for the use of the esta- blishment. The number of persons that this building is cal- culated to contain, including children, is about 460 ; and the grand principles which have influenced the mind of the architect in this design are the follow- ing :— Separation and classification of the paupers, both as to sexes, ages, and situations in life, in which they have previously moved. Employment and inspection, so that the whole, though perfectly separate and distinct from each other, should be as much as possible under the eye of the governor and matron. These being so well united in the arrangement of the plan, certainly must make the committee, ap-. pointed to select the most approved design, worthy BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 63 the highest thanks of the town of Brighton, for their most excellent choice. The expence of this building is estimated at £10,000, and the land was purchased for £ 1,400, and paid by a rate expressly raised for that service. It is a most important consideration that some effec- tual antidote should be immediately applied to coun- teract the evils of mendicity and pauperism in this parish. We subjoin the following statement, as a most interesting document of the rapid increase of Poor's rates : — Abstract of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Direc- tors and Guardians of the Poor of the Parish of Brighton, from the 25th of March 1817, to March 1818. RECEIPTS. Collected from Poor's Rates, paid into the Treasurer's hands, from Easter £ s. d. 1817, to Easter 1818 10,983 10 9 Reimbursement from Parishes ... 89 14 11 Poor's Earnings 85 12 5 Bastardy 201 13 £11,360 11 1 EXPENDITURE. Weekly List to Paupers 4,413 12 8 Other Charges summed up ... . 7,801 18 2 £12,215 10 10 Excess of Expenditure • • • • £ 954 19 9 64 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Establishment of a Gas Light Company. It is proposed, under the sanction of His Royal Highness the Regent, and the Commissioners of the town, under the regulations of their Act for 'the better paving and lighting the same, to lay down pipes from the manufactory, (which is proposed to be erected at the northern entrance into Brighton,) along the London road, by Carl ton-place, North and Pavilion-parades, across the Steynes, up St. James's street, North- street, East-street, East and West-cliffs, the Markets, and, in short, all those streets in the town where its introduction may be considered as of service to the inhabitants and the public. The Company have presented a bill to Parliament for leave to incorporate themselves into a joint stock Company, raising a capital of .£20,000, which is divi- ded into transferable shares of .£20. With this sum they will be able to lay down pipes to supply the town, without requiring from the inhabitants one portion of the expences, except for what lights they may consume individually. Botanic Gardens. At the bottom of Edward-street, leading to the Grand-parade, there is a neat plot of land, laid out with infinite taste and judgment, by Messrs. Morris and Cheesman, nurserymen, seedsmen, and florists for botanical and flower gardens, which we find the BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 65 proprietors intend to open for the recreation of visitors, as well as for the scientific amusement of the botanist, florist, and horticulturist. On each side of an agree- able walk, plantations of rare shrubs, stocks, flowers, &c, are judiciously arranged. At the end there is a well stocked green-house and hot-house, display- ing a variety of native and foreign products, which are not only for exhibition but for purchase. In a town subjected to considerable variations of property, it would be premature to anticipate the ex- tent of the additions of new buildings which are in every direction marked out. We have endeavoured to point out the numerous buildings that owe the recency of their erection to the reputation and celebrity of Brighton as a watering place, and every year pro- duces a considerable accession of population, as well as increase of residences. Within the last two years more than 500 tenements have been raised from their foundations, and yet the application for houses become incessantly sought after. The Marine Parade is now completely studded with buildings, and it is very probable that a number of villas will shortly appear more eastward. In the north there is no doubt of the erection of a number of houses, as the architect and builder are contemplating considerable improvements in that direction. A considerable sum of money is annually ex- pended by the Commissioners in paving the old and new streets, and taking into calculation the inconve- nience of occasional alterations and buildings, the r 66 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. streets may be considered remarkably pleasant and clean. The generality of the houses in Brighton are let as lodging houses, and these accommodations are not only numerous, but they are suited to every class of people. In the summer season, when the influx of visitors is beyond calculation, both houses and lodg- ings are sought after with avidity. Brighton possesses the advantage of affording residences of all sizes, some fit for families of the first distinction, while others may procure lodgings on a small scale, and in agreeable situations. The terms of letting houses and lodgings in the meridian of the season are far from exorbitant, and the price is generally regulated by the situation, and its commodious accommodation. Within these few years the most fashionable season at Brighton is become reversed ; instead of the months of June, July, August, and September being considered the meridian for company, we have per- ceived that October, November, December, and Ja- nuary, have invariably been distinguished for the resort of the nobility and gentry. Scarcely a house of any magnitude in the whole town can be procured, and it is to remedy this defection that the attention of specu- lators have latterly been directed to the building of spacious mansions. Independant of the nobility and gentry who pass their Christmas here, a great number of respectable families of small fortunes and establishments, in- variably resort to Brighton for the benefit of their BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 67 health. The facility of procuring houses and apart- ments at a low expence, after the migration of the summer visitants, is certainly an important deside- ratum. We mention these circumstances as a demon- stration of our opinion, that Brighton is still at some distance before it arrives at the summit of her pros- perity, and it will be a subject of conjecture to set a boundary to the extent of building land which the town will ultimately encircle in the course of a few years. List of the Streets, Squares, &c« with the Number of Houses in each, IN THE PARISH AND TOWN OF BRIGHTON. As we have enumerated the new and old houses in 1770 and 1794, shewing their increase within these periods, we now subjoin an accurate list of alL the houses, by which means the reader will obtain a cor- rect view of the enlargement of the town up to Ja- nuary 1818. West Division, Commencing at the extremity. Total. Houses to the west of Bedford row 36 Bedfoid-row 12, Cannon-place 9, Artillery-place 13 • ♦ 34 West-cliff and MayVbmldings 54 68 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Great Russel-street • • . CO Nebon-court and row, Little Russel-street and place, to Clarence-place 120 Clarence, Regent, and Grenville-places 50 Kentstreet 18 West-street 82 HiltonVpassage,ChuterVeourt,Bunker's-l)ill,Ash- by and Carpenter's-courts, Farm-yard and Mid- die-street-lane « ........ 52 Middle-street 70 Newman's, Boyce's, and Leacirs-courts, with Boyce's-street * • IB Ship-street • • 6S NewboldV court, Ship-street, twitten and gardens 10 Duke-street . . 28 Duke's-row, passage, and court, with New- road, Ship-street ................. 25 Union-street 31 Black-Lion- street • 35 Meeting-house-lane, Sander's-buildings, and the street leading to the market, 60 ; Nile-street and court 19 79 Brighton-place 34 Market-street and the Bartholomews, Little- Castle- sqnare and MayVcourt « . . 31 Eust.eliff- 39 Little-East -street 30 Great'Bast-street . . . . ? 82 Pepper-alley ,Warden's-buildings,Pool-lane,Steyne- place and lane 38 Castle square • 20 North-street 148 Houses in courts to the north of the upper end of North-street, and west of King-street 60' Mulbery-s.qtiare, Salmon's-court, and Priuce's-place 22 t BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 69 Air-street 36, Portland-street 18, King-street 51, and Jarrifs-court 6 Ill New-strtet 38, and New-road 15 53 Church-street 74 Little-Church-street 13, Jew-street 14, Thomas- street 50 77 Marlborough-row and place 18, North-row 18, and North-lane 16 52 North-buildings, Bowling green, Glocester-place, and at the back of ditto 30 Trafalgar and York-place 18 Union-street (north) 10, Oxford-place 20, and Mar- shail's-row 10 40 Number of Houses West Division 1869 East Division. Marine-parade 82 Steyne-street 8, Manchester-street 20, Charles- street 13, Broad street 31 72 German-place 21 Margaret-street 27, Camelford-street 34, New- Steyne street 12 73 New-steyne •••« • 31 Rock-gardens 12, Rock-mews 5, Camp's-buildings 4, Tuppen's buildings 8, Russel's-buildiugs 5, Cre- scent-buildings 12 46 Crescent • 14 Bedford-street 15, and tenements about and be- yond theJCrescent 8 23 St. James's -street 95 70 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR.. St. James's-place, and do. court, in Little-George- street • 25 George street 28 Dorset-place and gardens 32 Cumberland-street • 56 High-street 6.7 St. . JamesVChapel-street 12, Little St. Jamea's- street 32 44 Devonshire -place 13, Little-Lodge-buildings 14 ... . 27 Upper Rock-gardens 16, Rock-street 18 .... 34 Chesterfield-street 53, ditto court and Derby- place 38 * 102 Edward street ........ ~ . 64 Thomas-street 20, Cumberland-place 11, Dorset- buildings and Lime-kiln-row 12 43 John-street 75 Steyne-gardens 12, North-Steyne-row 28 ... . 40 Pavilion-parade 12, Priuce's-street 13, Blue and Buff 4 • 29 North-parade 16, South-parade 16, South-row and West- parade 19, all on the Steyne • • ' 51 Grand-parade . 28 Carlton-row, Woburn-street, and Nelson-street • • 62 Carlton-place 21, Circus-street 5, Carlton- street 9 • • • 35 Sussex-place, Sander's-buildings, Portland-row, Sussex- street, Ivory-place, and Stephen's-row 60 Richmond-place 27 Richmond hill, Patriot-place, and Carlton-hill • • 20 Number of Houses East Division 1414 Ditto West Ditto 1869 Total inhabited Houses .... 3281 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 71 In addition to the above statement we find, from a survey of new buildings undertaken in March 1818, they amount to 390. A very neat row of tenements are building to the north of New- street. The comple- tion of Bedford-square is in immediate contemplation. The Paragon-houses have taken the name of Bedford- place, for the purpose of adding to the ulterior line of improvements in that quarter. We ought not to omit the recent erection of a very handsome mansion to the west, building by Messrs. Wilds, of Brighton, for the residence of Mrs. Sober, sister to T. R. Kemp, Esq. lord of the manor. It is finely situated in the centre of the open grounds between Bedford- square and row. 72 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. PART IV. The Church. — Church-yard. — Chapel Royal. — St. James's Chapel. — Dissenting Chapels. The Parish Church. THIS is a venerable, although an inconsiderable structure of antiquity, and from its situation, on the summit of a hill to the north of the town, it commands such a prospect of the buildings beneath, the sea, and the highly variegated country around, as would make a church-goer even of an infidel. It stands 150 feet above the level of the ocean, and proves an excellent landmark to mariners. The Church consists of a body, chancel, and a very low tower. No part of it presents any architectural feature, either internally or externally, to merit re- mark ; the font alone is curious, standing in the centre of the middle aisle. It is of a circular form, and raised from the ground by one step. It has excited much observation among antiquaries, some of whom contend for its early date; others that it is only a copy from the original ; the former opinion is most predominant, and we give a few remarks on the sculpture with which it is ornamented, and the several BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 73" peculiarities on which our opinion is grounded. The principal compartment, facing the altar, represents the Last Supper, and consists of seven figures ; our Saviour, crowned with glory, in the centre, is in the act of giving the blessing, and on the table are dis- tributed various drinking vessels, with the bread ; the drapery consists of a variety of upright and horizontal folds. The next division contains a kneeling figure ; the third, which is larger, has a boat in the sea, with the sail furled, and two figures in it, one presenting a small barrel, or vessel, to a bishop, who has his mitre and crozier, and the other giving bread to a female, both of whom are in the water. The fourth division consists of three arches, each having a figure ; the centre appears to be the principal. We have no means of ascertaining the subjects of the last three mentioned compartments, though, doubtless, they re- late to some former circumstance. The whole is sculp- tured in basso relievo, and the execution bold ; over these is a line of zig-zag and lozenge work, curiously chamfered, and under them a row of exceedingly hand- some ornamental work of leaves and flowers, intri- cately and curiously intersected and varied, so much so as almost entirely to deprive it of the appearance of modern design, or even execution. This font, so much admired for the sculpture which adorned it, was, in the year 1745, nearly effaced by the then Churchwardens, who had it cleaned, and partially cut, and their names fixed in the base, viz, Thomas Stranbido, William Buokell, and G, Warden, 74 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. and thereby have rendered a curious piece of ecclesi- astical, as well as local antiquity, a monument of their own false taste, vanity, and ignorance. The Church is mentioned in the survey of this parish in Doomsday book, 1086. The Church stood within the manor held by Williamde Watteville, under William de Warren, which was valued, before the conquest, at .£10, after the ravages of the revolution at £&, and at the time of the great survey at .£12, a year. There is no doubt of this identical font be- longing to the Saxons, some time previous to the in- vasion of the Normans. This Church was originally dedicated to St. Nicholas, Bishop of Mira, in Lycia, who lived about the beginning of the fourth century, and was the re- puted patron of mariners, owing to a naval miracle recorded in the legends of that country. His feast, which is held on the . 6th day of December, was used to be celebrated with devout dependance by the mari- ners of Brighton before the reformation ; however, it appears that these honest sons of industry, in process of time, made the Virgin Mary joint tenant with St. Nicholas, in the patronage of this Church. They shrewdly considered that Nicholas could not, either as a saint or a gentleman, object to so fair and exalted a partner, and that in case of any t)f , the sea-faring inhabitants of the parish were in danger, either their Holy patron, or more Holy patroness, would most probably be at leisure to step to their succour. In 1137 this Church was given by Ralp de BRIGHTON AMBULATOR 75 Cheney to the priory of Lewes, and the impropriation of the great tithes rested in that priory until its suppression in 1538. The impropriation and patronage of this parish were granted by Henry VIII, to Lord Cromwell, his vicar-general, who ordered a public register of baptisms and burials to be kept at Brighton, and every other parish in the kingdom, anno 1539, On the attainder of that nobleman this Church was next conferred, by Henry VIII, on his repudiated queen, Anne of Cleves; and on the death of that Princess, in 1557, it again fell to the crown. Under Queen Elizabeth the patronage and im- propriation of this Church was severed; the former was attached to the see of Chichester, and has con- tinued so to the present time ; the latter has, in the mean while, passed through many hands, and is, at this day, in the possession of Thomas Read Kemp, esq. The Church has undergone various repairs for centuries past, but has, within the last 80 years, been rendered more commodious, and the increasing population of the town requiring an enlarged accom- modation for the congregation, the internal ornaments of the Church are less in unison with the structure. No town in the kingdom requires a new Church more than the parish of Brighton, containing no less than 18,000 resident inhabitants. In 1777 eight bells, cast at the Bristol foundery, belonging to Mr. Rudhall, of Brighton, were^hungin its belfry; they are remarkably musical, and the e2 - 96 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. weight of the tenor, which is pitched in the key F, is 1500 lbs. In 1818, an addition of two bells were added. A society of scientific ringers often enliven the town with their merry peals. During the residence of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent at the Pavilion the British standard is always displayed from the steeple of the church, and upon public rejoicings. The living is a vicarage ; the Rev. Robert James Carr is the present highly respected vicar, having been presented to the living in 1804. The rectory of West Bletchington, distant about 2% miles, is annexed to the vicarage, the church hav- ing fallen into decay near a century ago. The Church Yard. Here the stranger will observe a profusion of monumental inscriptions of The pious work of names once fatn'd, Now dubious or forgot. In this sacred abode of the dead we have evi- dences of the mortality of life. Among the number of inscriptions, many might be transcribed, which would decompose the most serious gravity. We shall ab- stain from the introduction of many of those stanzas, for w pd Commerce. In the early part of the 17th century, this town was the most flourishing on the coast of Sussex for the fisheries, and several hundred families were main- tained chiefly by this employment, and the making of nets. The number of boats now engaged does not exceed 80, with a complement of two to three hands for each boat. Of this number the greater part are laid up at the close of the mackarel season ; and with- in these few years the fishing has declined, for the want of that encouragement which would secure the fishermen a constant demand for the supply. It is not to the irregularity of a sale, that this important branch of maritime trade is dwindling away, but to the consumption being so limited since the termination of 96 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. the war in 1815, and the facility of foreign speculators participating in the trade, at a less expence than can be forwarded to the London market by land carriage. We mention this circumstance as a subject of regret, because there is no object of greater importance than the encouragement of our own fisheries, not only as a source of national wealth, but in procuring the deli- cacies of the deep at a reasonable rate. Thus, in the winter season, when the south-west gales are so pre- valent, the success of the adventurous fishermen is so precarious, that they become indifferent in going to sea for an uncertain subsistence. The mackarel season commences about May, and continues until the end of August. The boats for this service are strongly built, and navigated by three or four men. The chain of nets used for taking this fish is upwards of a mile in length, and thousands of fish are often taken at one draught. The most favour- able wind is the south-west with a stiff breeze, when the fish rise to the surface of the water for food, and then a plentiful shoal is certain to be caught in the nets. The periodical migration of this species of the finny tribe from the Atlantic ocean into our channel is truly singular ; and the first that are caught is gene- rally off Torbay; and at the period these immense finny shoals swim into the roadstead off Brighton, the fish have a more delicious flavour, and are considered in the London market more valuable. The mackarel season in 1812 produced £20,000. A fish company in this town purchased, m 1813, no BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 97 less than 850,000 mackarel, which were sent to Billingsgate market in carts, independent of the sup- ply for the country around. A number of boats from Hastings, Yarmouth, and other places generally come off this coast, and remain the whole season, to catch and sell their fish. It is an invariable custom to send the first fish caught off Brighton, as a present to the Prince Re- gent; and the name of His Royal Highness is en- rolled among the patrons and benefactors of the Fishermen's society. The herring season generally commences about October, and is over about the middle of December. Some idea may be formed of the extent of the herring- fishery at Brighton, when it is mentioned, that in one day as many herrings were landed on the beach as sold for upwards of .£300. A few years ago vast quantities of herrings were dried and exported, but now that trade has very much declined. At Brighton the dried herrings, (known by the term bloated) are of a superior flavour, and fetch a higher price than any others. The mackarel and herring-fisheries are succeeded by the trawl-fishing, which comprehends soles, brills, mullets, scaite, plaise, thornbacks, maids, and some turbot. A quantity of whitings are caught here in the autumn, and they afford excellent sport to those who are fond of angling. Boats may be hired at a small expence, with proper lines and hooks'; a few herrings are easily procured for baits, and the whiting* will bite nearly as fast as the hooks can be let down. 98 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Lobsters and crabs are generally brought from Emsworth and Bognor Rocks, where they are plenti- fully caught. They are exceedingly fresh, and of course highly pleasant to the taste. The prauns and shrimps caught here are of a very fine flavour ; and when eaten almost immediately after they are taken out of the sea, they may be reckoned a real delicacy. A great number of men and women may be seen em- ployed with nets trawling along the sands on the beach at the ebb and flow of the tides for shrimps. As for oysters, they are brought here in great abundance. About two years ago, the fishermen discovered an immense bed of these shell fish, about mid- way in the channel, supposed to be two miles in length, and in some parts a mile in width, lying within the depth of a few fathoms of water. There is also a delicious shell fish caught here called an escallop, but little known in the London markets ; and which, for its nutritive qualities, and richness of flavour, has scarcely its equal. The sea- son for this delicacy is early in the spring. The only imports of any consequence, besides fish, are coals, of which the quantity has considerably increased since Brighton has become the fashionable resort of the nobility and gentry. The number of chaldrons imported last year was no less than 18,000. A town duty of 3s. per chaldron is levied, for the re- pairs of the groynes and improvements of the town. The manufacture of Tunbridge wares is becom- ing an object of importance here. The manufactories established are yet in their infancy, but they are BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. W likely to receive a fair proportion of public encou- ragement. Newhaven and Shoreham, being at the east anc\ west of Brighton, the imports and exports of various commodities is principally confined to those places. The following account of the amount of duties received on coals at Shoreham and Newhaven, brought or car- ried coastwise, will partly give an estimate of the great consumption in this town and neighbourhood : 1811 1812 1813 £. s. d. £. S. d. £. * d. Shoreham 7239 17 Q\ 7865 5 4 6557 11 Newhaven 6055 2 10 5575 4 11 5465 15 6 The trade with France is not very considerable, and is chiefly confined to the import of poultry, fruit, eggs, &c. f The intercourse with France is now assuming an important branch of business. No less than nine packets are employed on this station in the sum- mer season; they are large vessels, well built, and handsomely fitted up for the conveyance of passen- gers, carriages, and horses. It is not alone to the superior accommodation of the packets, that this route to France is increasing in public favor, but owing to the advantages of travelling by a nearer and more pleasant route. The distance from London to Dovef. is 71 miles, while Brighton is only 53 ; (by the new road) 50 miles. The distance across the Channel is 25 leagues, and the passage to Dieppe is pleasant f 2 •&■■ 100 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. and safe; the voyage is generally performed in 10 or 12 hours. From Dieppe to Rouen (the capital of Normandy,) is 38 miles, and from thence to Paris 82 miles, making the journey 90 miles nearer than by the route of Dover and Calais. The diligences from Dieppe to Paris perform the journey in 14 hours, and the carriages are well constructed for travelling, being generally upon the English plan of building. The roads likewise are exceedingly good, and they run through a beautiful, fertile, and well cultivated country. With all these favorable considerations we are not surprised at the preference given by travellers to go or return from France by this route. For general information we subjoin the names of the different vessels sailing from Brighton to Dieppe. Naney, Captain Blaber. Unity, Captain Clear. Ann and Elizabeth, Captain Daniels. Nautilus, Captain Wingfield. Elizabeth, Captain G. Lind. Lord Wellington, C.ptain CUeeseman. Prince Regent, Captai i Bulb. ck. Duke of Wellington, Captain Cole. Neptune, Captain Wallis. The Custom-house is situated in West-street. The business is well conducted, under the manage- ment of a collector, comptroller, and other subordi- nate officers. It is tributary to Shoreham Custom- house. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 101 Officers. William Gates, Esq. Collector. Thomas Pelham, E^q Comptroller. Mr. Samuel Chapel, Searcher. Mr. William Boyce, Tide-Surveyor. The following is the number of passengers who have arrived and departed, by the packets sailing be- tween Brighton and Dieppe, from the 1st of January, 1817, to the 31st of December inclusive: Departures, ...... 2431. Arrivals, 1947. Population. In 1313 Brighton must have been very populous, to have required a weekly market; we cannot find any account of the number of inhabitants at that period. In 1580 we can only find in the town-book the population stated as follows: — Mariners, holding 10,000 nets, without enu- merating their families 400 Artificers and husbandmen, able to pay to the expenditure of the town, amounting to £5. 0s. 2d. as their part of the contri- bution 102 Exempted from rates, namely, the constable and his twelve assistants ........ 13 Freeholders of lands and tenements .... 92 Without poor families 597 f 3 Hv BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. ' In 1766, the number of inhabitants were esti- mated at 2000. In 1788 the number of inhabitants was taken, previous to a general inoculation, when there appeared to be of s. ttled residents in the town above 3600. 1800 were inoculated, of whom 34 died. In 1794, on an exact enumeration of all the in- habitants in Brighton, previous to a general inoculation in the month of January, they were found to be 5669, which was an increase of more than 2000 in its popu- lation since the year 1786. There were, including about 250 that came in from the neighbouring villages, 2113 inoculated, out of whom no more than 50 died. In the summer of this year the inhabitants and visitors amounted to more than 10,000 souls. In 1801, according to the returns under the Population Act, the number of inhabited houses were 1282, and 7339 inhabitants. In 1811, according to th» returns under a similar act, the number of inhabited houses were 1424, and 12,012 inhabitants. In 1818, the number of houses is taken at 3286, and the resident inhabitants 18,000; the increase, therefore, in 23 years, appears to be near 13,000 inha- bitants. The summer visitors, from Jane to October, are taken at 7000 additional residents between those periods ; and from November to February at 2300 ; and from February to June at 1700. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 103 PART VI. Dispensary. — Sussex Infirmary. — Public Charities.—- Benefactions, tyc. Charitable Institutions. THE Brighthelmstone Dispensary was established in 1809, and this most excellent Institution was founded under the patronage of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, for the administering to the sick poor, advice and medicine gratis, and for promoting vaccination. It is scarcely necessary to pass an eulogium for the purpose of recommending this valu- able charity to the especial notice of the visitors to Brighton. It is simply sufficient to relate the great benefit it has been able to extend to the sick poor during the year 1817 ; and, from its first commence- ment, to obtain a liberal support from the bene- volence of the public. f 4 104 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Admitted from August 1816, to August 1817, Patients cured • • 219 Relieved 33 Died 14 Discharged for non-attendance • 27 Now on the Books 148 441 Vaccinated 1200 1641 Total, admitted from the commencement • • • 6452 Vaccinated • • 1538 7990 Statement of the funds of the Dispensary from August 1816, to August 1817. £. s. d. Receipts 615 7 9 Payments 600 9 Balance in Treasurer's hands • • • £\5 7 President. — Earl of Chichester. Vice-Presidents. — The Duke of Richmond, Earls of Egremont and Sheffield, Thos. Read Kemp, esq. Treasurer. — John Hall, esq. Union Bank. Secretary. — Mr. Thomas Attree. Collector. — Thomas Dent Ruddock, Printer, 30, Brighton-place. \ BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 105 Physicians. — Dr. Tierney, Physician extraordinary to his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, Dr. Blair, Dr. Gibney. Surgeons. — Andrew Bond, C. Hall, Henry Blaker, George Battcock, William Attree. Medical Assistant. — George Battcock. Dentist. — Charles Bew. Among the numerous donations to this Institu- tion, we find £. s. d. Her Majesty 10 Attree, T. Esq Ship Street • • • • 10 10 Bequest of an unknown Friend • • 100 Brooker, H. Dorset Gardens • • • 21 Clarges, Sir T. Bart. 10 10 Egremont, Earl of 55 5 Eardley, Lord 30 Hoare, W H Broomfield 10 10 Ingram, James, Rottingdean • • • 10 10 o Prischell, Charles, Brighton .... 10 10 Podman, Robert, ditto ...... 10 10 Standert, Mr. 10 10 Walker, Thomas, Biighton .... 10 His Royal Highness the Prince Regent is an annual subscriber of 10 guineas. Sussex General Infirmary. It is five years since the noble president, the Earl of Chichester, suggested that a sea bathing Infirmary r 5 106 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. might be added to the Dispensary, and, at the gene- ra} meeting, four years since, the intention of opening the house of the Dispensary as a General Infirmary, was announced, which wa§ accordingly put into exe- cution, and patients have been received as its means allowed. The number of patients admitted last year were 42, and since the establishment 184. Statement of the funds of the Infirmary from August 1816, to August 1817. £. s. d. Receipts 449 6 10 Payments 364 16 11 Balance in Treasurer's hands • • .£84 9 11 The Prince Regent is an annual subscriber of £15. The following are among the donations. £. s. d. The Prince Regent 21 Abbott, Right Honourable Charles . • 10 10 Chichester. Earl of 10 10 Egr mont, Earl of 10 10 Goff, Edward (legacy) * , 300 The fifth report of the Committee upon the state of the Infirmary is so explicit that we cannot forego its insertion in tais work: The Committee in reporting on the state of this infant establishment, cannot but observe, that though BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 107 it has been conducted on a scale necessarily confined, yet its benefits have excited ardent wishes for more extended powers of action. They cannot refrain like- wise from noticing, that whilst its resources have chiefly been drawn from the town of Brighthelmstone, a great majority of the Patients have been received from different parts of the country. It is worthy of remark, that <£274. 2.9. has been contributed by the Patients in the last five years towards their own sup- port, according to the existing regulations; a striking evidence how desirable such an assylum would be, if the admittance was oh the more liberal system of other I ntir m ar ie s . In consequence of the munificent offer of the Right Honorable the Earl of Egremont, (V. P.) to con- tribute .£1000 towards the erection of a County Hos- pital, it was resolved unanimously, at a General Meet- ing of the Governors and Subscribers, held at the Old Ship Tavern, Brighthelmstone, on the 10th Febru- ary, 1813; 1st. That this Meeting, viewing with peculiar de- light the progress of benevolence in the general foun- dation of Hospitals, in the vari: (is counties of Great Britain, and being fully persuaded, that this is one of the most efficient means of relieving suffering hu- manity, are anxious that the county of Sussex should follow such example, by establishing on a liberal scale, an Hospital for general purposes. i 6 108 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 2dly. That it appears to this Meeting, that Brighthelmstone is the most eligible situation for such an Institution; combining the most extensive popu- lation in the county, and the advantage of sea bath- ing, with great pecuniary means arising from annual subscriptions and collections, and especially the liberal donations of visitors. Calculations for building a Hospital for 60 Pa- tients, and adequate regulations have been made, and the following sums subscribed. £. s. d. Right Honourable the Earl of Egreraont • . . 1000 Lord Gage 200 Right Honourable the Earl of Chichester . . • 105 Right Honourable the Earl of Ashburnham • • 105 Charles Pieschell, Esq. 100 Dr. Tierney 100 Right Honourable John Trevor 100 WalUr Bnrre!l,Esq.M.P. 100 Charles Elliott, Esq Westfietd-house 100 John Fuller, Esq. Rose Hill 52 10 N. Kemp, Esq. Ovingdean 50 H. Champion, Esq. Danny 50 Sir Charles M. B.'nell, M. P. 50 W. Wigm y, Esq. 50 B. Harrison, Esq Treasurer of Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospital 26 5 Robert Foster, Esq. 21 Sir i -.uses >ib -aid, Bart 21 S. F. M if.rd, Esq. • • 20 Dr. B oxhtm 20 Rev. R.J Carr 20 Dr. Bodley 20 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 109 £. s. d. Mrs. Metcalf 20 Lady Mordaunt 20 Dr. And< rson 10 10 Rev. Dr. Holland, Poynings (and £3 3*. per annum) 10 10 Rev. Dr. Hooker 10 10 Andrew Bond, Esq 10 10 Fr. Freeling, Esq. 10 10 Mr. Beard, Rottitigdean 55 Mrs. Sibley 550 A considerable sum is yet required to give a per- manence to this intended structure, which the friends of humanity would raise to succour the afflicted. CHARITY SCHOOLS. Benefactions, Donations, &c. The Rev. Anthony Springatt, A. D. 1725, left 8s. per annum; and in the year 1740, the further sum of £25 per annum, for the education of 20 poor boys be- longing to the parish. Mr. G. Beach, A. D. 1735, left £2 10s. to the aforesaid charity school, and for an annual sermon for the poor of the parish. The Right Honourable the Countess of Gower A. D, 1770, left £7 10s. to the aforesaid charity. 1 10 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. This school was established according to the in- tentions of the founder, but it has ceased to exist, in consequence of the money being laid out in the short annuities, the funds were not available to the inten- tions of the original founder. The surplus money still accruing, together with the school, and small parcel of land adjoining, have been sold, and another school established upon its foundation, in the lanes leading to Black-lion-street, called the " National School for Boys," opened in February 1818, and sufficiently commodious to con- tain 300 youths, which is now the number destined for education in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and in the principles of the Eastablished Church. Notwithstanding the recency of the school in March 1818, there were 140 boys in this school, who receive their instruction solely by voluntary subscrip- tions, donations, and collections at the Parish Church and Chapels of Ease in the town. It is necessary to observe, that the School of In- dustry for Girls, which is hereafter mentioned for 150 girls, is managed under the same Trustees, and con- ducted upon the same plan of education ; and it likewise forms one of the branches of the National School. Treasurer. — John xMills, Esq. Old Bank. Secretary. — T. D. Ruddock, Brighton Place. Trustees. — Rev. Robert James Carr, Thomas Read Kemp, Esq. Nathaniel Kemp, Esq. Charles Scrase Dickens, Esq. and 20 other gentlemen. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Ill Mr. William Grimmett, A. D. 1668, left €69 8s. per annum, for educating and clothing 20 boys of this parish, to be instructed in reading, writing, merchant's accompts, navigation, and the principles of the Esta- blished Church. Mr. Grimmett had himself been educated at the Free School founded by the Rev. Mr. Springatt. Having realised by his industry, as a sea- faring man, £10,000, he bequeathed near £2000 for the endowment. Some informality in his will gave his heirs-at-law an opportunity of contesting the lega- lity of his wrll ; and his widow maintained generously a suit in chancery against them, when it was con- firmed. This school is conducted by a head-master, ap- pointed to that situation : but the recent introductions of new modes of facilitating education have almost made the intentions of this school nugatory ; and it was intended to have incorporated the funds with the national schools. School or Industry. In 1788, there was also established in the Town Hall a School of Industry for Giris, under the patron- age of Mrs. Kemp, the lady of Nathaniel Kemp, Esq. and other ladies of the town and vicinity of Brighton. This school is now removed into Church-street. One hundred and lifty girls, 70 of whom are clothed, are here educated and carefully initiated in the senti- 112 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. merits and practice of religion and industry ; and al- though this excellent institution has depended on occa- sional liberality for its continuance, it has not only been permanently supported, but become a pattern for similar establishments in the town. There is scarce a real vice in society, which has not its mediate or intermediate origin in the neglect of female education : their importance in society is gene- rally acknowledged, and it is of the highest moment that their morals should be preserved. It is with pleasure we have to enumerate several seminaries in Brighton for female virtue, and how justly are their patrons and patronesses entitled to the esteemj and gratitude of philanthrophy. Union Charity School for Girls, Established 1808. It is supported by voluntary subscriptions of dis- senters of every denomination. They are instructed m reading, writing, and the first rules of arithmetic, according to Mr. Lancaster's plan of teaching boys, and also in plain needle-work, spinning, and knitting. The school is in Middle-street, and in March 1818, there Were 70 girls in this useful seminary, which is managed by a committee of ladies. Edward Goff, Esq. (late of Scotland-yard) left a legacy of £200 for the use of this school ; and among BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 113 the donations we observe the name of the Earl of Bristol for £25. Treasurer. — Mrs. Mackey, 5, Dorset Gardens. Secretary. — Miss Wigney. Subscriptions are also received at the Brighthelm- stone Bank, Castle- square. Union Charity School for Boys Of all Denominations. This seminary of knowledge and religious instruc- tion is likewise erected in Middle-street, contiguous to the Girl's School. The late Mr. Edward GofTwas the founder of this institution, towards which he gave a donation of 1400 ; and the Prince Regent is an an- nual subscriber of 15 guineas. The school was opened in 1807. The plan of teaching reading, writ- ing, and arithmetic, invented by Mr. Lancaster is adopted. In March 1818, there were 140 boys receiving their education in this school, which is supported by voluntary subscriptions. Treasurer. — W. Wigney, Esq. Brighton Bank, Castle-square. 114 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Duke Street Charity School. In 1817, T. R. Kemp, Esq. established a spacious school for the education of boys and girls, which build- ing adjoins his chapel in Ship-lane. The boys are instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic. The girls are taught to read and write, as well as instilled in those principles, which are requisite to bring them up to be domestic, industrious, and virtuous women. This seminary was not only erected, but it is sup- ported at the individual expence of its respected and vigilant pastor, and occasional collections at his chapel. In March 1818, Mr. Kemp had 140 boys, and 1 30 girls, receiving their education and religious in- struction in his school. The Brighthelmstone Maternal Society, For providing child-bed linen, and other suitable articles of clothing and nourishment, for the use of poor married women, was instituted the 28th of July 1813. In 1817 alone, this society were enabled to assist 160 poor women in time of need ; and thischa- ritv has been extended for the sum of £90. The concerns of this society are managed by a committee of 12 female subscribers. His Royal Highness the BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 115 Prince Regent is a subscriber of five guineas to the promotion of this society. Treasurer. — -Mrs. Bass, 27 , Brighton-place. Secretaries. — Mr. Ruddock, Brighton-place, and Miss Read, 22, Duke-street. There is another Maternal society, which was established antecedent to the above, that is carried on by a society of ladies of the Established Church, whose benevolent exertions in administering relief to poor married women, during the ' month of their confine- ment, is widely extended in private dispensations of charitv. Dollar Society. 'the attention of this society is directed to the relief of that description of local poor, who do not derive any assistance from the parish ; administering to sick persons, and alleviating those whom unfore- seen calamities have reduced in circumstances. An annual subscriber of 5s. 6d. entitles them to recom- mend one person annually to become a partaker of the charitable fund. Patronesses. — Her Majesty, their Royal High- nesses the Princess Elizabeth, Princess Augusta, and the Duchess of Glocester. Vice-Patronesses. — The Marchionesses of Down- 116 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. shire and Cholmondeley, the Countess Dowager of Harcourt, the Countess of Sheffield, &c. This benevolent society is chiefly supported and managed by a committee of 12 ladies in the town. Treasurer. — Mrs. Bayntun, 110, North-street. Sub-Treasurer and Secretary. — Miss Jarvis, 2, Dorset-place. Subscriptions are received by Mr. Ruddock, sta- tioner, Brighton-place. Benevolent Society For the relief of the sick and distressed poor of all denominations, instituted by the congregation wor- shipping at Mr. Kemp's chapel in Ship-street, insti- tuted in 1816. By the funds of this society, 1328 cases of relief have been extended by the committee. Treasurer. — T. R. Kemp, Esq. Secretary. — Mr. Croud, school-room, adjoining the chapel. Society for promoting Christian Know- ledge. This district Committee, for the Deanery of Lewes, was established in 1815, under the sanction of BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 117 the Lord Bishop of Chichester. Its primary object is to promote the diffusion of the scriptures, and reli- gious tracts, among the lower orders of society, at reduced prices. This establishment is a branch of the Parent So- ciety, in Bartlett's-buildings, Holborn, London, which was first formed by the members of the Church of England, A. D. 1669. President. — Earl of Chichester. Vice-Presidents. — The Earls of Bristol and Egre- mont, and 1 8 noblemen and gentlemen. Treasurer. — John Hall, Esq. Union-bank. Secretaries. — Rev. Dr. Holland, Rectory Poyn- ings, Rev. Robert James Carr, Brighton. Bookseller. — Mr. Sawyer, at the Society's Depo- sitary, Middle-street, Brighton. British and Foreign Bible Society, Instituted 1804. The Brighton Auxiliary Association to the Parent Society, for the purpose of promoting the circulation of the Scriptures, without note or comment, among the poor, was established in 1813. President. — The Rev. Robert James Carr. Vice-Presidents. — N. Kemp, Esq. and the Rev. Dr. Styles. 118 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Secretaries. — Mr. W. Penfold, and Mr. Grover Kemp. Treasurer. — William Wigney, Esq. Committee of Management. — Thirty Members: 15 of the Established Church, and 15 Dissenters. United Fishermen's Society, Instituted 1813, For administering to its members and their fa- milies relief in case of sickness, to widows and chil- dren, to superannuated fishermen, and to furnish a compensation for losses by casualties. More than £500 have been sent as donations to this society by various noblemen and gentlemen ; besides a number of honorary annual subscribers, among whom his Royal Highness the Prince Regent transmits 10 guineas per year. To entitle the fishermen to the full benefits of this institution, the subscribers, during nine months of the year, pay Is. per week, individually, in support of the fund, and £l annually for every boat. Among the donations with which the United Fish- ermen s Society has been honoured, we observe His Royal Highness the Prince Regent .... £52 18 His Royal H.ghness the Duke of Cambridge . • 20 SirT. B.rnarJ, Bart. 30 10 Lord and Lady Craven '• 30 Earl of Eg.emont 21 T. R. Kemp, Esq. 10 10 N. Kemp, Esq. 10 10 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 119 Besides a number of other benevolent persons of £10 5s. 2d. and £1. Patron, — His Royal Highness the Prince Re- cent. President. — Rev. R. J. Carr, vicar. Treasurer. — William Wigney, Esq. Secretaries. — Rev. Dr. Styles, D. D. Mr. Par- kins, Bookseller, St. James's-street. Friendly Society. This establishment was founded on the 23d of June 1813, for raising, by a voluntary subscription among its members, a fund for their mutual relief and maintenance in sickness, old age, and infirmity ; and also, to their widows and children. This society consists of 120 members, who hold their annual meeting at the Old Ship Tavern. Brighton Provident Institution, or Bank for Savings, Established 1817, at the Eagle Library, Middle- street. The object of this bank is to afford every indus- trious and provident person the great advantage of 120 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Public Security, and interest for small sums of money deposited, and to enable them, with little expence of time or trouble, and with the certainty of a steady en- crease of their deposits, to obtain personal comfort and independence. Sums are received at this bank, just as it suits the depositor's convenience so low as Is. at a time, and are laid out in government debentures. Bank open every Saturday evening, from 8 till 10 o'clock. Patron. — His Royal Highness the Prince Re- gent. President. — The Earl of Chichester. Vice-Presidents — Consist of 20 noblemen and gentlemen in the town and neighbourhood. Trustees.— L. Lloyd, Esq. William Masterman, Esq. S. M. Barber, Esq. Bankers, London; Rev. R.J. Carr, Vicar, and 10 gentlemen in Brighton. Superintending Committee. — Rev. R. J. Carr, A. M. and 12 members. Treasurer. — John Kull, Esq. Union-bank. Secretaries. — Rev. Dr. Styles and T. West, Esq. Managers. — One hundred and four. Act vary. — Mr. Sawyer, Bookseller, at the Sav- ings-bank, Mkldle-streeL Legacies, Benefactions, &c. In I548j William Midwinter, sailor, sold the scite of the Free Chapel or Chaun'r , -Seated to BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 121 St. Bartholomew, in the town of Brighton, to Thomas Friend and others, in trust for the said town, in con- sideration of the sum of £44, which had been raised by subscription among the inhabitants. This chaun- try, now commonly called the St. Bartholomews, was a parcel of the late dissolved priory of Iifcwes, and was burned by the French in 1513. The watch-house, market-place, and vicarage- house, &c. stand on this free-ground. In 1648, Henry Hilton, Esq. of Hilton, in the county of Durham, left by his will to the town of Brighton, an annuity of £24= for 99 years. In 1706, a gift of £20 to the parish was laid out in repairing one of the two mills belonging to the town, which had been blown down in 1703. Edward Joy, fisherman, bequeathed to his native town of Brighton, an annuity of <£4, arising out of Challener's manor, in Rottingdean : and Thomas Humphrey, fisherman, left the said town a rent charge of 40s. a year for ever, on Mousecomb, in Patcham. In 1795, Mrs. Mary Marriott, in pursuance of the directions of Mrs. Dorothy and Mrs. Ann Piercy, erected six alms-house's in this parish, for the recep- tion of six poor widows of the church of England, who have received no parochial relief, endowed them with the sum of £8, to be increased at her decease to £96, per annum, and allowed to each widow a new gown and cloak every second year. These alms-houses are built on the road to the cavalry-barracks, and they certainly have a very neat and gratifying appear- ance. 122 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Mr. Swan Downer, who formerly resided in Lon- don, but latterly in Brighton, died in the year 1816, and by his will bequeathed the interest of .£7100 in money, for a school for 25 girls; £5000 in money for clothing : the interest of £600 for the school-house ; £10 per annum for coals and candles; £40 per annum for writing and arithmetic ; £25 per annum for books, pens, ink, &c. The girls to be clothed twice a year, and to have a bible, &c. on leaving the school. The school to be managed by four lady conductresses; and £10 per annum for the ladies to give away to the children. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 123 PART VII. Barracks. — Theatre. — Amusements. — Sea-Bathing. Baths. — Memoirs of the late Dr. R. Russel. Cavalry Barracks. ON the road leading to Lewes, near a mile dis- tant from the town, is situated this pile of buildings, which exhibit a style of architecture not inferior to any barracks in England. They are built in a valley, and possess every advantage of air and prospect. The erection of these military accommodations was com- pleted in 1795. The front occupies a space of more than 500 yards from north to south, built of brick, and painted of a stone colour. The length of this building is disposed in the following order . — At the south entrance stands the guard room and maga- zine. The south wing contains the officer's apartments, consisting of 22 rooms; six servants' rooms; mess o2 124 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. room; barrack-master's office, a spacious riding- school, the canteen, besides a range of kitchens, cu- linary offices, &c. In the centre stands a separate building, appropriated for granaries, forage barns, with coal-cellars underneath. The north wing corre- sponds in dimension with the south, consisting of 30 rooms for soldiers. At ihe end of this wing is a pretty detached house, used for an hospital. In the rear .of the north wing is another detached range of rooms, containing accommodation for 100 soldiers. The military kitchen, and other culinary offices are also detached, which adds to the cleanli- ness and comfort of the men. The shops of the far- rier and veterinary surgeon, together with a range of stables for 105 horses are thrown backwards. In 1810, the officers of the 10th royal hussars formed a very excellent fives-court, at their own ex- pence, between the wings, in the centre of the back court-yard, where the officers occasionally enjoy that manly amusement. In 1801, a range of stables were erected for the reception of 400 horses; but in 1818, they were all removed, and the front of the building and spacious grounds are now thrown open to public view. This last alteration is decidedly a most ornamental im- provement. The barracks are sufficiently capacious to contain 625 private soldiers and non commissioned officers ; and before the stables in front were pulled down, there was room for 700 horses. The 13th regiment of light dragoons are at p.- BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 125 sent; stationed here, under the command of Colonel Doherty. 1?he infantry barracks are situated in Church- street, and will accommodate near 400 men. We wish it was in our power to speak well of this, building; but we regret to say, that the situation is not adapted for the comfort of the military, and it would be an improvement, if the whole of this cumbrous pile of bricks, mortar, and other nuisances, were to be con- demned, and another building erected in a more con- spicuous and agreeable spot. The Theatre. This place of public amusement is situated in the New-road, leading into North-street. It is a very handsome structure, having a colonnade, which runs along its whole front, supported by neat stone pillars. The entrance into the boxes is in the centre; and that to the pit is on the right, and the gallery on the left of the building. The interior has two tier of boxes. The Prince Regent's box is on the left of the stage, divided from the other boxes by an iron lattice work, gilded, which gives it a pleasing and private appearance. The pit and gallery are well constructed for the audience, par- ticularly the latter, which has a prominent view of the stage. g 3 126 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. The house is illuminated by nine neat cut-glass chandeliers, and a range of patent lamps at the foot of the stage. The stage is exceedingly convenient, and has a length proportioned to the structure. The whole is fitted up with a tasteful elegance, and we must acknowledge, that it reflects honour on the dis- criminate judgment of Mr. Trotter, the manager. The present theatre was built in the year 1807, under the direction of H. Cobb, Esq. of Clement's Inn ; and being opened during the recess of the Lon- don theatres, it has frequently some of the first per- formers from Drury Lane, Covent Garden, and Bath. The histrionic art, when it encourages virtue, and discountenances vice, contributes to the improve- ment of mankind ; and notwithstanding the sceptical opinions which are promulgated about the immorality of dramatic representations, we hope that this temple, dedicated to Thalia and Melpomene, will always meet with a corresponding public patronage. It was a fine compliment that the great Johnson paid to Garrick on his decease, when he said — " that his death eclipsed the gaiety of a nation." The first theatre built in Brighton was in the year 1774 ; and in consequence of the increased po- pulation of the town, a new one was erected in 1788, at the upper end of Duke-street. Upon the comple- tion of the new theatre in 1807, the licence for dra- matic representations was transferred. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 127 Club and Subscription Houses. The Brighton Club House is situated No. 1, on the South Steyne Parade ; and this establishment is under the management of Mr. Wiick, the proprietor, whose experience qualifies him to this responsible undertaking. The admission of members is by bal- lot; and all business relative to the club is managed by a committee of seven. The club consists of 200 noblemen and gentle- men of the first distinction. The subscription is three guineas per annum, and the rooms are furnished with newspapers and a variety of periodical publications. The Billiard Subscription Rooms are situated in Broad-street, under the superintendance of Mr. John Thomas Jones. They consist of two public billiard rooms, with full sized tables, and a subscription room. The terms are one guinea, which entitles the sub- scriber to a perpetual admission. The original rooms for billiards are kept in Man- chester-street, and are exclusively appropriated for noblemen and gentlemen of the first respectability. There are also billiard rooms in George-street and Ship-street, which we understand are well con- ducted. V28 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Sporting Varieties. The first object of any particular notice in the vicinity of Brighton, is certainly the race-course, about a mile from the Pavilion eastwards. This course ap- pears to have been marked out long before 1788, for in that year we find the stand was built by subscrip- tion, and afterwards the ground was very much im- proved. It is now allowed to present the finest turf and prospect of any race-course in Great Britain. The races were once the most celebrated for sport, and the best horses in the kingdom would contest for the Pavilion and other great stakes, plates, matches, &c. Previous to 1814, the absence of royalty, and the withdrawing of some of the stakes, were the precursor of their decline ; and in that year the racing calendar contains the dissolution of its sports. Efforts have been made to revive the races, but they cannot be nursed into maturity, owing to the indifference of the inhabitants to their existence being essential to the interests of the town. Upon a part of the race-course are the apparent remains of a small encampment, popularly called White Hawk. To the south of the race-stand, ap- pears an oval line of vallation, and another wall or lampart on either side, which runs quite across the hill. Tie interior enclosure was certainly too small for the encampment of any considerable number of BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 129 men, nor does even the outer line seem to have been erected for any military purpose. Between the race-stand and the town there is a delightful and rich tract of Down, arable, and pasture, above a mile in extent, which may contend with any other spot in Europe, in the united advantages of scenery and soil. Subscription Pack of Harriers. These celebrated harriers are kept at the kennel, adjoining the Regent's Diary, distant half a mile on the London road. The hunting season commences on the 1st of October, and terminates generally about the middle of March. The regular days for throwing off are — On Mondays, at Standhend-bott6m, near Pat- cham, three miles from Brighton, adjoining the right of the London road. On Wednesdays, at Brighton race-course. On Fridays, at Poynings-bottom, on the left of the road, leading to Devil's-dyke. On each of these days the hounds throw off pre- cisely at ten o'clock. Besides the above subscription pack, Colonel Wyndham's fox hounds occasionally hunt in the neighbourhood of Brighton. It is well to observe, that the diversions of the 6 5 130 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. chace is numerously attended by sportmen, who make it their object to reside in Brighton during the winter season. The extent of the downs, east to west, is more than nine miles, over a country so diversified, and in short, so well calculated for hunting, that we are not surprised at the number of sportsmen enjoying this pleasurable diversion. As for ,game the country supplies an annual abundance, for Lord Chichester's preserve being in the very centre of the hunt, hares are often started in braces. The foxes are very prevalent in their covers under the South Down Hills ; and the farmers are well pleased when the fox hounds arrive in the neigh- bourhood. Public Exhibitions. The Camera Obscura, an optical machine, used in a darkened chamber, so that the light passing through a double convex glass, represents objects in- verted, is agreeably situated at Haynes's toy-shop, on the Steyne-beach, opposite South Parade, and ad- joining Russel House. Price's Exhibition of Glass Working, in almost, every mechanical invention, St. James's-street. An ingenious piece of Bone Workmanship, repre- senting the Palace ofihe Thuilleries, and the Bastille in France. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 131 This curious production is the invention of French prisoners, whilst confined at Norman Cross ; and it was perfected after a labour of seven years. It is 7 feet in height, and 4 feet in width ; and they are deemed an exact model of those great edifices. These admirable specimens of captive ingenuity may be seen at No. 11, Poplar-place, North-street. The Sea. To a thoughtful mind the ocean is always an in- teresting object, constituting the most beautiful and sublime in perfection. Whether we consider its ex- tent — its capaciousness — its wealth, or its immense utility, we are lost in admiration : and the contem- plation of it is productive of refreshing and invigorat- ing effects — Nor rural sights alone, but rural sounds Exhilarate the spirit, and restore The tone of languid nature. Mighty winds That sweep the skirt of some far spreading wood Of ancient growth, make music not unlike The dash of Oceaa on his winding shore. The bed of the sea at low water is the place of amusement. Here the gay make a figure, the de- crepid seek for health, and the netters for shrimps The carters gather stones to make their roads and their walls, and the curious gather shells. The g 6 132 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. builders seek for materials to burn into lime, and the healthy seek for pleasure. The beach and strand is commonly strewed with heaps of the conferva, focus, and ulva tribes, which, if collected and prepared by the hand of industry, would be alike productive of pot-ash and manure. There is also found along this coast, a species of am- pelites, or black bitumen, highly charged with sulphur and salt. It is here called strombolo. In the hands of the late Dr. Russel this strombolo became no inconsiderable remedy in certain com- plaints. After it was rubbed fine and strewed upon the coals, he used to apply its hot steam through a funnel, to the swelled glands of scrophulous patients, after those tumours had been fomented with sea water Encroachments of the Sea. In the former part of this work we have described the destruction of every thing below the cliff from inundations, and soon after, the sea was encroaching with alarming rapidity on the cliff itself, fragments of which were daily crumbling into the sapping tide. It was, therefore, found absolutely necessary, for the preservation of the rest of the town, to erect groynes before it. These groynes are contrived by means of •strong wooden barriers, projecting from the cliff to- wards the sea, as far as low water mark, which inter- BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 133 cept and confine the beach, or sea gravel, that always rolls eastward in this part of the channel. By this contrivance a large body of beach, rising gradually to- wards the cliff, is accumulated on the western side of every barrier, which resists the impetuosity of the roughest sea. But in the reduced state, which a co- incidence of unfavourable circumstances had reduced 'Brighton about the beginning of the last century, it were impossible for the inhabitants to raise within themselves a sum adequate to so expensive an undertaking, a Brief was granted them, under which they collected ,£1700. By means of this public aid, and the internal contributions of the town itself, the cliff has been well secured from the west part of the town, as far as the Steyne extends. The Marine Parade and the Crescent Cliffs, have also groynes, which prove an excellent boundary to the watery elements in that quarter. Some of the proprietors of the Marine houses have lately, with no less judgment than industry, be- gan to guard their property, by erecting- a flint wall along the base of the cliff. 134 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. SEA BATHING. " This is the purest exercise of health! Thus life redoubles ; and is oft preserv'd By the bold swimmer, in the swift illapse Of accident disastrous — Hence the limbs Knit into force! ' and the same Roman arm That rose victorious o'er the conquered earth* First leain'd, while tender, to subaue the wave! Even from the body's purity, the mind Derives a secret, sympathetic aid!" Our remarks upon hot, cold, and sea-water va- pour baths, must be confined to the reports of profes- sional gentlemen, who have written Treatises upon the properties of Sea-water, and on Baths, and have con- sidered both as luxuries and remedies; — and remedies too, of very singular efficacy in the prevention and cure of contagious diseases. Some time after Dr. Russel published his first work upon Sea- water, Dr. Speed wrote a Commentary to it ; and in his introduction, he mentions, that " as the use of sea-water is grown inte fashion, he was in- duced to make inquiries into its nature, especially, as many patients flocked down to the sea-coast, he was determined to try experiments on the water/' Among BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 13£ these curious experiments he says, in reference to the external application of salt water, "that the phy- sicians of our own country have written very accurate- ly of cold bathing, without depreciating that in the sea ; but for my part, the latter is much preferable than the former, because the specific gravity of the sea is increased by the salt. Besides the salt, as a stimulus, is an efficient cleanser of the glands of the skin ; and those who come out of the bath perceive a kind of firmness, with heat over the whole surface of. their bodies, which is a fore-runner of re-established health. But if this heat does not come on spon- taneously, it is to be procured by moderate exercise. " Salt water is not simply a cold bath, but a cold medicated bath ; and yet whatever virtues this water may have, we cannot so exactly calculate its force as to determine what number of immersions are sufficient for the recovery of any particular patient. Yet some are so silly as to expect this, and sometimes physi- cians are so rash as to pretend to comply with their requests." .. Dr. Speed enumerates a variety of cases cured by the internal and external application of sea-water, namely, the Scrophulous Disease, or the King's Evil } the Scurvy, the Palsy, the Epilepsy, the Rhuematism, Disorders of the Nerves, the Gravel, fyc. The popularity of the above writers increased the confidence of the public in the efficacy of sea-water, as a remedy in the cure and prevention of diseases. However, the use of cold, tepid, and sea-vapour baths were almost neglected ; for we find by the remarks of 136 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. M. L. Este, Esq. 1812, a Member of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons, " that he considers it a subject of re- gret, that hot and vapour baths, and certain other ex- pedients, commonly resorted to with the happiest effects as indulgences, and preservatives of health, in other countries should be forgotten in our own. No- thing can be more conducive to the health, strength, and well-being of man than the judicious use of baths. They prove useful, not only in allaying pain, but in restoring patients reduced by fevers, whether con- tinued, remittent, or intermittent, and by the use of mercury, to their former health and vigour." The sea in the coldest weather is seldom lower than 40 degrees, or higher in the hottest summer than 65 degrees. The temperature of the sea, after a suc- cession of sunny days, will sometimes be found as high as 66 degrees. Our animal temperature, when in health, is at about 96 degrees, or from 95 to 98 de- grees. A bath, to deserve the epithet of warm, should convey a sensation of warmth to the skin during the whole time of immersion. A bath at about 94, al- though at a temperature lower than that of the body, will nevertheless appear warm, because water is a denser or heavier medium than air, and its heat is pressed by its weight upon the body immersed ; and because perspiration is suspended during immersion in warm water, and the constant flow of heat out of the body into the atmosphere, necessary for the for- mation of the vapour always emanating from the sur- face is checked. The tepid bath may be said to begin at about 83 degrees, and the warm bath at about 93 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 137 degrees, to as high a temperature as can be borne short of inconvenience. The operation of warm baths upon the skin proves particularly salutary, if they are steadily and ha- bitually used ; for they give the coarsest skin a softness, a pliancy, and preserve in it an elasticity and a deli- cate whiteness, which no other known expedient can impart to it. The blood circulates freely, the body feels a voluptuous ease, a flexibility, or rather supple- ness, till then unknown — a lightness, as if relieved from some enormous weight ; and the bather feels a glowing consciousness of existence diffusing itself to the very extremities. We shall conclude these remarks with a descrip- tion of the several baths at Brighton. Sea Water, Steam, and Medicated Vapour Baths. These Baths are situated at the Battery-house, overlooking the sea, at the bottom of East-street, and near the White-horse Inn, and are prepared and ad- ministered by Mr. Mahomed, with the aid of his sur- gical skill and practice in the act of Shampooing. The mode of operation by Shampooing, and the effects of these baths on the human body and consti- tution, it may be fairly alledged, that the universal remedy, as a panacea, has at length been' dis- covered. 138 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. We shall explain the nature of the sea-water va- pour baths, and the art of Shampooing : The sanative steam of sea-water just taken from the ocean, is an evaporation which evolves and pro- duces oxigen, or the purest vital air, far excelling the properties of any atmospheric air whatever, and abso- lutely necessary for wholesome respiration. This me- dicinal and sane vapour, possessing all the virtues and salubrity of sea air, is inhaled, or taken into the lungs of the patient, and refreshes and purifies the blood in its regular circulation throughout the entire human mass. The use of these baths have proved an infallible cure to many afflicted and diseased patients, of which a variety of interesting cases may be seen at the bathing-house. The unafflicted, in the enjoyment of these baths, insure continued freedom from disease, and revel in aa innocent luxury before untasted. Shampooing. The following remarks may be new to many of our readers, and they are extracted from a valuable work, published by M. L. Este, Esq. late lecturer on Animated Nature, &c. wherein he observes, that " Shampooing is an expedient neither known or understood in this country, but generally used in India and the Levant as a luxury, and often resorted to as a remedy in very high estimation. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 139 " The operation is performed by people regularly trained to the office, called shampoo men ; and to be agreeable, it must be done with art. It consists of gently pressing and turning the body, rendered pre- viously supple and pliant by the sea-water vapour baths. The Shampooing attendant then gently squeezes the flesh and muscles with the whole hands, from the ex- tremities to the centre, thereby removing every sensa- tion of pain ; and concludes his business by rubbing the skin briskly, which takes from it all the porous- atheromatous obstructions, and renders it as soft and smooth as satin. " The sensations after steeping and macerating a long time in the warm vapour baths, after the pro- cess of shampooing, are certainly very different from the sensations of weakness — they are delightful ; for in the bath, health is admitted at every pore,while the latter process imparts to each particular joint its full freedom, and all its latitude of motion. The whole gives an ease, a pliability, a suppleness, or an activity, equally invigorating to the mind and to the body, which may serve to correct the prejudices of the re- laxing effects of warm bathing." Original Hot and Cold Baths. After the efficacy of sea-water had been so well ascertained, Dr. Awsiter caused a most commodious 140 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. suite of baths to be erected at the Pool-lane, between the Steyne and sea. On one side of a handsome ves- tibule are six cold baths, and on the other hot and shower baths, which are supplied from the sea by an engine. These baths are kept by Mr. G. Wood. We have been favoured by a respectable inhabi- tant with the following particulars ; and as their inser- tion under the proper head was too late, we have no doubt that this information will more substantiate our former remarks upon the encroachments of the very variable element the sea. In 1715, about the distance of 350 yards from Wood's Original Baths, there stood a house, the resi- dence of Mr. Male, a respectable rope-maker. At the back of his house was a yard, walled in, and an ex- cavated well. Beyond these premises were Mr. Male's spacious rope-walks, extending east and west parallel with the sea. During the prevalence of the violent storms which we have related, the rope-grounds were inundated, and lost under the beach. Subsequent storms made rapid encroachments upon the house, when the proprietor purchased some land, and built a dwelling in Steyne-lane, upon the scite of which now stands the mansion of Mrs. Fitzherbert. Mr. Male had scarcely removed his furniture, and entered his new habitation, when a dreadful gale sapped the foun- dation of the house and yard walls, and the whole was carried away by the water. In 1781, the mouth of the well was visible at low tides ; but since that period the encroachments of the BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 141 sea have rendered this last relic of the old town no longer visible, as it is now buried in deep water at low tide. The Royal Baths kept by Mr. Williams are near to Wood's Original Baths. Bathing. To the conveniences of Brighton must be added, that of bathing in the sea, at almost every part of the day, when proper persons attend at the machines, which are constructed upon a safe and commodious plan. The machines are used apart from each other for both sexes, therefore every proper attention is paid U> decency. Mineral Waters. This valuable mineral spring at W T ick, which rises about half a mile west of the church, was ana- lyzed by Drs. Relhar (successor to Dr. Russel) and Henderson. According to the latter 11 This water, when first taken up from the spving in a s;lass, in appearauce greatly resembles a solution of emetic tartar in common water. The taste is not unpleasant, some- 142 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. thing like that upon a knife after it had been used in cutting lemons. It does not seem to contain the smallest portion of sulphur : it neither changes vegetable blues, red, nor does it effervesce with alkaline salts, calcareous earths, magnesia, or fossile alkali; neither does it change vegetable blues, green, nor does it effervesce with acids; yet it curdles soap, and ren- ders a solution of it in various spirits milky. *' It seems to contain a considerable portion of calcareous earth mixed with the vitriolic acid in the form of its selenites, and also a considerable portion of iron, as will appear from the following experiment. Sixty-four ounces of this water by measure being evaporated to dryness, there was a residuum of a brownish colour, full of saline spicnlce, weighing eight grains, four grains of which, with an equal quantity of char- coal, was mad»? into a paste with oil, and calcined. On trying the calcined matter with the magnet, two pieces nearly in a metallic form adhered to it ; and when put upon paper, at the distance of half an inch, moved in every direction with the magnet. These two pieces weighed one eighth of a grain. " The gross residuum neither effervesces with alkali nor acids, and is sufficiently soluble in water. "This water becomes instantly transparent, like distilled water, on the addition of any of the minei*al acids, especially the vitriolic. " A solution of galls in common water, added to an equal portion of this water, becomes black like ink, in a few mi- nutes. " This chalybeate has been found serviceable in several cases of general debility, crapulas, indigestion, atony of the stomach, fluor albus, and in all those diseases where chaly- beate and tonic remedies are required, it promises, under due regulation, to be useful." A neat building, in the lodge style, is erected by the proprietors over this spring, and constant attend- ance is given during the season. To the northward BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 143 some plantations are reared, and within a few yards stands a handsome mansion-house, belonging to the proprietors of the wells, capable of accommodating a family of distinction. Memoirs of Dr. Richard Russel, F.R.S.M.D. Richard Russel was born 1687, in the parish of St. Michael's, Lewes. He was the son of Mr. Na- thaniel Russel, a respectable surgeon in that town, and after receiving a classical education in the free grammar school, at St. Anne's, Lewes, applied to his father's profession with that zeal and sagacity which distinguished his medical researches through life. While assistant to his father, he had occasion fre- quently to visit the family of William Kemp, Esq. of South Mailing, whose only daughter conceived an early partiality for him, and finally evinced her affec- tion by a clandestine marriage. Her father, after the first emotions of parental pride and indignation, be- came too sensible of his son-in-law's merits, to betray my lasting resentment at the young lady's choice. A reconciliation took place, and Mr. Russel, anxious to improve the advantages of his union with so respectable and wealthy a family, went to Leyden, then the most celebrated university in Europe for me- dical knowledge. There he acquired, under the in- struction and friendship of the learned Bosrhaave, a 144 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. fund of professional science, which afterwards proved a blessing to his native country, and no inconsider- able light to the medical world. On his return to England, he was ehcted Fellow of the Royal Society, and Doctor of Physic. Aftex the death of his father-in-law, he resided some years at South Mailing, and in 1750, removed to this town, where he practised with great celebrity for the remain- der, of his life. He began to revive and improve on the long-lost medical use of sea- water. By unwearied and successful attention to scrophulous and other glan- dular complaints, under a marine course, he extended the fame, both of his practice and residence all over the kingdom. From this period the erection of lodging-house* now became a profitable speculation in this town ; and from a poor obscure fishing-place it began to increase in population and celebrity. The wonderful success of this industrious phy- sician, appeared by several cases in his Dissertation on the Use of Sea-Water. The most eminent mem. hers of the faculty in England [bore willing testimouy to the great acuteness and utility of his professional investigations. The present flourishing state of Brighton, and every benefit which the diseased have ever since receiyed from sea water, are therefore, in a great measure, to be imputed to the medical labours and sagacity of that good man. He also caused a valuable mineral spring at Wick, about half a mile from the town, to be inclosed within a bason ; and a convenient little building was afterwards erected over BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 145 it. The proprietors of a new street, named it after him, in grateful commemoration of his important ser- vices to the town. The mansion on the margin of the South Steyne, was the residence of this celebrated physician, which now bears the name of Russel- house. His great industry and acuteness in experiments, appeared in two treatises, which he published, one on the Economy of Nature, and the other on the Efficacy of Sea Water in Glandular Complaints. They were first written in Latin, in an elegant style ; and in the preface to the latter, the author, with ingenious gratitude, i acknowledges some correc- tions by the learned pen of Mr. Jeremiah Markland, of Uckfield. But the highest testimonies to the judg- ment and reputation of Dr. Russel are, that few of his principles or theories have been overturned by the modern improvements in medicine, and that many of the first families in Sussex. still preserve his prescrip- tions with veneration, and often apply them with the happiest effect. This great man lived to an old age with unim- paired faculties, until his constitution gave way to na- ture after a most active life. He went to London on a visit, where he was taken ill, and suffering a short ill- ness, terminated his dissolution, sincerely regretted by, all who knew him, and by those also who knew him not, but by his works. He died aged 72, and was interred in the family vault, at South Mailing, on the 25th of December 1759. The late Rev. Dr. Manningham eulogised Dr. 146 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Russel in the following epigram, by the elegant sim- plicity of its composition — " Admiring ages Rasters fame shall know, Till Ocean's healing waters cease to flow." The following lines were written by the son of Dr. Russel, whose professional skill had so much in- creased the prosperity of this town, by recommending its Waters, Sea-air, and Bathing — " Brighthelmstone was confess 1 d by all, To abound with females fair j Bat more so since fam'd Russel has Preferred the waters there ; Then fly that dang'roas town ye swain*, For fear ye shall endure, A panic from some bright, sparkling eye, Which RussePs skill can't cure." LIBRARIES. Under the article of the Steyne we have men- tioned Donaldson's Library from its commencement, and all that we can observe is but little recommenda- tion, since its proximity to the most fashionable parade in the kingdom; — its spacious accommoda- tions — its agreeable rendezvous for the gay and po- lite — the blending of pleasure and cheerful recreation in the Loos, conducted during the summer evenings, with the morning conversatione parties of literary cha- BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 147 racters, so fully completes the melange of rational en- tertainment, that it is only to come and see the busy routine of active life, either in the pursuit of intellectual enjoyments, or in the less interesting indulgences of an evening's amusement. It would be invidious to pass an eulogium on Donaldson, as a senior librarian, be- cause his exertions to command public patronage are made evident from the internal advantages which the public derive from this library in accommodation and fashionable entertainment. Donaldson's catalogue of books contain 15,000 volumes. The next library we mention is that on the Ma- rine-parade, now conducted by Mr. Tuppen. Its pleasant and agreeable situation, and having a view of the Ocean is one recommendation ; — that of being a commodious room is certainly of considerable advan- tage to the visitors, and, of course, it will always com- mand a corresponding share of public partiality. "We have no doubt but the present Proprietor will combine all those necessary appendages to this library, which, for so many seasons, entertained its literary friends, by storing the reading tables with newspapers, pe- riodical publications, telescopes, &c. The agreeable and fashionable amusement of Loos in the evening was carried on at this library with a degree of speculative competition ; but unfortunately for poor Pam, the ma- gistrates, at the close of last year, took an antipathy against him, owing to the unbounded patronage he received from the ladies in general, that they thought Pam was an unwelcome resident, and by their mandate, h 2 148 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. supported by an obsolete law of Henry VIII., he was excommunicated from the libraries without benefit of an appeal. Pams return to his station at Donaldson's, Tuppen's and Wright's libraries is a consummation devoutly wished by the votaries of fashion and ra- tional enjoyment. Pam had in his train an orchestra of instrumental and vocal performers, who were en- gaged to entertain his company with select pieces of music and singing. But we trust that there exists no animosity against this amusement being introduced into the libraries, and that its renewal will restore good nature, cheerfulness, and gaiety, in all its attendant variations. The monthly Subscriptions at the above Libraries are 8s., and annual £\ lis. 6d. Choat's Library. This establishment is in North-street, and for some time, it has been celebrated as the emporium of literature ; and we may observe, that, from this consideration, it has become distinguished for literary support. Possessing a library, selected with dis- crimination, which an examination of the catalogue of 12,000 volumes, evidently contains, besides a reading-room, furnished with the principal London Daily and Weekly Newspapers, the Provincial Papers, Magazines, Reviews, and new Periodical Publications, we are not surprised at the patronage of the nobility and gentry to this mart of literature, of politics, &c. The Proprietor is continually adding new works of BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 149 established merit to his repository. The terms of subscription are 6s. per month, and one guinea per annum. New Circulating Library, Pavilion Parade. This year, Mr. T. H. Wright, (proprietor of the Music Saloon,) has opened a Circulating Library of new books, consisting of Travels, Voyages, History, Poetry, Biography, Natural History, French, Italian, &c. ; — also, a well selected collection of the most ap- proved Novels, Romances, Tales, and Plays, Morning and Evening Papers, Periodical Publications, &c. &c. Notwithstanding the recency of this establishment, it is supported by the nobility and gentry, with a cor- responding subscription, commensurate with the exer- tions of the Proprietor. Terms — Yearly subscriptions, ^€1 Is.; half yearly, 15s.; quarterly, lis.; monthly, 6s. Besides the above, which are considered the principal, we have a well selected library of books, carried on by Mr. Eason, in Great East-street, con- taining 4000 volumes, selected from the best authors. The Eagle Library is conducted by Mr. Sawyer, in Middle-street : and another in Castle- square, by Mr, White. h 3 150 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Music Libraries. The Music Saloon and Circulating Library, in Pavilion-parade, by Mr. Wright, likewise accommo- dates visitors and inhabitants with the use of all the best and approved new compositions of music to sub- scribers, upon a similar plan adopted with books, by the month, quarter, or year. Erard's, Erat's, Dodd's, and Barry's Patent Harps, with Broadwood's, Tom- kinson's, and Wilkinson's Grand Cabinet and Square Piano Fortes are also let out to hire. Mr. Menke, in Great East-street, has also a Mu- sic Library, conducted upon the same principles. Those Ladies and Gentlemen who frequent the Libraries, in order to prevent their being disappointed of books in the hurry of the season, shmild write out a list of 15 or 20 numbers from the catalogue, by which means they would be sure of some amusing work, if the particular one wished for should be out. It would be an important consideration to the librarians, if the subscribers, previous to their depar- ture, would kindly direct their attention to the return of books to the respective libraries. It is incalculable to what losses of property the librarians are obliged to submit, in consequence of these inadvertent omissions. The Morning Daily Papers are regularly received at the Libraries, early in the afternoon of the same day of publication in London, by the coaches. The Price of Stocks, up to 2 o'clock in the afternoon, i* BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 151 known at the coach offices by half past 8 the same night. Therefore, all news of importance is known at Brighton, within 6 hours after it has transpired in London ; — an advantage that no other watering-place in the kingdom enjoys. BOARDING HOUSES. The convenience of these establishments in Brighton, for the accommodation of visitors and com- pany, are too well appreciated to require any flatter- ing commendation in this work. They are acknow- ledged to have all the advantages of an Inn, and, at the same time, to combine all the comforts of a domestic residence at a family mansion. The terms for boarding, &c. in these houses, we believe, are regulated by one charge, viz. — Board and Lodging, £2 12s. 6d. per week : — Board, without Lodging, £2 2s. In the above charges, tea and coffee are included, but not wines. The servants of the respective boarders are ac- commodated at half price. Mr. Churcher's Mansion Boarding-house, at the corner of Charles-street, fronting the Marine- parade. Mrs. French's Marine Mansion Boarding-house, Marine-parade. h 4 152 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Mr. West's, German-place, and fronting the Marine - parade, established 1808. Mrs. M'George, 25 and 2n, Grand-parade. Mrs. Hurlstone, Grand-parade. Mrs. Parkes, 15, Grand-parade. HOTELS AND TAVERNS. Castle Tavern. On the west side of the Steyne, near the Marine Pavilion, and in Castle-square, stands this celebrated tavern. When the town first began to assume a po- pularity, Mr. Shergold purchased a small house, then accounted the best in the town for a tavern. It was opened, under the sign of the Castle, in 1755. As the visitors began to increase, the house was enlarged, and Messrs. Tilt and Best engaged in partnership with Mr. Shergold, in 1776. The other partners hav- ing given up the business, in 1790, to Mr. Tilt, it was carried on by him, and subsequently by his widow, until 1814, when Messrs. Gilburd and Harryett, the present Proprietors, undertook this weighty concern, and they have likewise improved the house. Besides a handsome Coffee-room fronting the Steyne lawn, and other commodious apartments suited to the business of a tavern, there are an elegant suite BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 153 of Assembly and Concert Rooms, built with infinite taste and judgment by Mr. Crunden, of London, in 1776 The anti-room measures 30 feet by 20, and com- municates with the tea and coffee-rooms, which are exceedingly neat, and also with the card-room, all of corresponding dimensions. The ball-room is 90 feet by 45, and 35 in heighth, and from the ceiling are suspended three very large and elegant chandeliers of cut glass. The room forms a rectangle, decorated with columns, corresponding with the pilasters round the room, and dividing the recesses into a variety of compartments, ornamented with paintings, suitable for an assembly and concert room. At the north end, a beautiful toned organ, was erected in 1814, built by Flight and Robson, of London. The Assemblies are held every Monday, from August to March, under the superintend ance of J. S. Forth, Esq. elected Master of the- Ceremonies, 1808. Last season — the Proprietors opened these rooms three times a week, for Promenade Concerts. The elegance of the rooms, and the pleasant melange of instrumental and vocal music, contributed to at- tract a fashionable assemblage every night of per- formance. From the success which the proprietors expe- rienced last season, the rooms will be again opened for a similar routine of amusements, on "the 4th of June. h 5 154 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Old Ship Tavern and Marine Hotel. This house, so for back as 1650, was known as the Ship Inn, and gave name to the street. Of course, it was a house in those days confined to a parlour and tap-room. But when Dr. Russel resided here, it was enlarged, and in his time it was celebrated for the resort of the Materia Medica. Mr. Hicks then kept the Inn, and, from respect to his guest, he had an admirable portrait taken of the Doctor, whose name is venerated by the inhabitants of this town, as the first person who brought Brighton into repute. The Portrait may be seen in the card room. This Inn kept increasing with the influx of visitors, and since Mr. Shuckard, the present pro- prietor has had the management, we may truly de- scribe these extensive premises as situated on the East Cliff as well as Ship Street, for the coffee-room fronts the sea, as well as a number of sitting and bed chambers, which have been added so late as 1816. For accommodation, this hotel has decidedly the preference. From the excellent arrangements ob- served throughout each department, it still bears its original reputation, on an extended scale. The original assembly, concert, and public rooms, are situated in Ship street. The ball-room is 80^ feet by 37, most handsomely finished, and at the west end there is a large music gallery. The tea and card rooms are exceedingly neat and convenient. But of late vears, the regular assemblies have been discon- 156 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. The baths are supplied with sea-water by means of a large iron main, through a tunnel, excavated 100 feet below the surface of the ground, and running 300 yards to the beach. This tunnel com- municates with two sets of pumps of large dimen- sions. These pumps are alternately worked by steam engines, two of which are in use at this esta- blishment. The proprietor intends completing a large tepid bath of 50 feet in length by 20 in breadth, and of a perpendicular depth, for the convenience of tepid sea- water bathing in bad weather, when the open sea can- not be resorted to. The Royal Hotel and Tavern is now un- dergoing a complete repair, and will shortly be refitted and handsomely furnished, by and under the direction of. Messrs. Oakley and Evans, of. Bond Street. It will be opened in June 1818. Independent of the four principal taverns already described, this town has to boast of many others* which if not upon so extensive a scale, maintain a celebrity among visitors for their excellent accommo- dations. Bolingbroke's Regent Hotel and Tavern, is situated at the corner of Church-street and the New Road. This establishment is not inferior to any in Brighton, since the present proprietor ha* completed its improved accommodations. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 157 Allen, Mr. White Horse Tavern, Great East-street. Howell, Mr. New Ship Tavern, Ship-street. Sheppard, Mr. Star and Garter Hotel, East Cliff. The following Inns have good accommodation for travellers and visitors. — Avann, Mr. Brewer's Arms, Church-street. Davison, Mr. Sussex Arms, East-street. Eales, Mr. King's Head, West-street. Francis, T. Mr. King's Arms, George-street. Fairs, Mr. Richmond Arms, Richmond Place. Harrison, Mrs. East Cliff. Long, Mr. King and Queen, Marlborough Place. Randall, Mr. Royal Oak, St. James's-street. Suggers, Mr. City of Hereford, Crescent-street. Taylor, Mr. Golden Cross, Prince's-street, near the Pavilion Parade. Walton, Mr. Norfolk Arms, Bedford Square. 153 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. PART VIII. Town Officers— Physicians— Bankers — Professors of Music, Languages, Sfc. — Coaches and Waggons — Post Office — Livery Stables, fyc. 1818. Magistrates. — Richard Hurst, Esq. John Henry Bates, Esq. and H. Hopkins, Esq. Constable. — Richard Bodle, Esq. Constable Elect. — Edward Humber, Esq. Headboroughs. — John Pocock, King-street; John Avann, Church street; William Towner, North- street; William Snelling, Ship-street; Henry Heriot, St. James's-street ; Shadrach Pocock, King-street ; Thomas Mascall, Ship-street; and Mr. Abraham Gower, Trafalgar Place. Churchwardens. — Mr. Edw. Blaker, Mr. Cornelius Paine, and Mr. Robert Ackerson. Overseers. — Mr. George Wigney; Mr. Isaac BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 159 Cooper; Mr. Spencer Western; and Mr. John Pollard. John Smith, Esq. Vice Consul to the French government, &c. for the county of Sussex, 51, St. James's-street, who is empowered to grant pass- ports for the Continent. Solicitors. Messrs. Brooker and Coldbatch, Clerks to the Ma- gistrates, Prince's Place, North Street. Mr. T. Attree, Treasurer and Clerk to the Com- missioners, and Town Clerk, Ship-street. Mr. T. Crosweller, Clerk to the Commissioners of Roads, St. James's-street. Messrs. Hill and Furner, Edward-street. Mr. Cobby, Brighton Place. Mr. Henry Bellingham, Black Lion-street. Mr. Read, Duke-street, (opposite Middle-street.) Physicians, &c. M. J. Tierney, Esq. M. D. Physician Extraordinary to the Prince Regent, South Parade. Dr. Gibney, Castle Square. Dr. Price, West Parade, Steyne. Dr. Blair, Steyne Place, Steyne. Dr. Dennison, Broad Street. 160 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Surgeons. — Bond, Hall, Newnham, and Brewster, North-street. Barratt and Blaker, Surgeons and Apothecaries to the Prince Regent's household, West-street.. Bethune, Mr. St. James's-street. Battcock aud Wattsford, Messrs. St. James's-street and Steyne Place. Coleman, Mr. St. James's-street. Conolly, Mr. P. St. James's-street. Dix, Mr. East-street. Mahomed, Mr. Shampooing Surgeon, Battery House, East-street. Pitt, Mr. East-street. Touray, Mr. Apothecary and Accoucheur, Grand Parade. Sidneysmith, John, Apothecary, 28, Ship-street. Dentists. — Mr. Bew, Dentist to his Royal High- ness the Prince Regent, and his Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, Great East-street. Mr. Fletcher, Surgeon Dentist, and Chiropodist, 3, Upper Ship-street. Mr. Burrougs, Veterinary Surgeon, Carlton Place. Mr. Molineux, Cupper, Broad-street. Chemists. — Glaizyer and Kemp, Mess. North-street. Phillipson, Mr. St. James's-street. Sarel, Mr. (late Savory and Moore), St. James'i Street. Blacklock, Mr. South Parade, Steyne. i BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 161 BANKERS. The long experience, and well established re- spectability of the banking establishments in this town, have proved a guarantee of such momentary importance, that the public confidence is co-equal with their opulence and responsibility. The Original Bank, (established 1787) North street, under the firm of Michell, Mills, and Co. This house draws on Sir J. Perring, and Co. Corn- hill. Hours of attendance from ten to four o'clock. The Union Bank, carried on under the firm of Hall, Lashmar, West, &c. nearly opposite the Old Bank, North Street. This house draws on Messrs. Jones, Loyd, and Co. Lothbury. Hours of business from ten to five. The Brighthelmstone Bank, in Castle Square, with a second entrance in Steyne Lane, under the firm of Wigney, Stanford, and Valances. This establishment draws on Messrs. Masterman and Co. White Hart Court, Lombard-street. Hours of at- tendance from ten to five. 162 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Seminaries. In this department of literature, Brighton cer- tainly claims a priority, not only in the number of its academies, but from the many respectable tutors which are concentrated within its vicinity, who give instruction in the various branches of the arts and sciences. The reputation of the proprietors of these establishments is a sufficient guarantee to the parents and guardians of youth of both sexes, for their ability and attention to the system of education per- sued ; for the attainment of commercial and classical instruction, as well as for perfection in the useful and refined accomplishments. Bulley and Burfleld, Misses. Boarding and Day Academy, 26, Black Lion street. Collett and Michell, Misses, for a limited number of pupils, Preston, near Brighton. Cooke and Ward, Messrs. Principal Day Academy, 1 1, German Place. Dempster, Mr. Marlborough Place, and Baron House Academy, Mitcham. Gillyatt, Mr. T. North Hall, (formerly of Islington,) near London. Hobsen, Misses, Devonshire Academy, Devonshire- place. Hooker, Rev. Dr. Rottingdean. Jackson, Miss, St. James's-street. Kemp, Mrs. Preparatory Academy for young.gentle- men, 15, Devonshire Place. Lawton, Mrs. Colonade House, Pavilion Parade. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 163 MoreH, Rev. J. L. L. D. Classical and Mathematical Academy, for a limited number, 2, Gloucester-place. Norton, Mrs. Cliff House, West Cliff. Orderson,Mrs. 32, Bedford Square, for a limited num- ber of young ladies. Powell, Miss, Boarding and Day Academy, 2, North Buildings. Rickard Thomas, Mr. 35, West-street. Rickwood, Miss, 59, West-street. Swinley, Mrs. 3, Crescent. Saunders, Mr. 53, Middle-street. Serjeant, Mrs. Preparatory School for young gentle- men, Bedford-house, West Cliff. Scutt, Mrs. W. 30, West-street. Snelling and Shelley, Misses, Boarding and Day School, 3, Dorset-gardens. Seek and Lansell, Misses, 10, Ship-street. Stocker, Mr. Boarding and Day academy, 68, Great East-street. Tate, Mr. Classical and English Academy, Dorset gardens. Tilt, Mr. Classical Seminary, Ship-street. Turness, Mr. Day Academy, near Brighton Place. Wynn, Miss, Bedford Place, West Cliff. Professors of Music, Languages, &c. Aibin, Mrs. teacher of the piano-forte, 1 3, North-row,. Brighton. Ashhurst, Mr. teacher of the classics, 32, Ship-street. 164 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Atkinson, Mr. profilist to His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, at Mr. Foakes, linen-draper, next door to the Blue-coach-office, Castle-square. Cooke, N. Mr. music teacher, and organist of the parish church, 9, New-street. Clements, Miss, teacher of the piano-forte and harp, and organist of the Chapel Royal, 4, Prince's- place, North-street. Clements, Mr. piano-forte-maker, and music-seller, opposite the Chapel Royal. Colquhoun, H. Mr. teacher of the flute, 13, Carlton- hill. Chamrovzove, Mr. teacher of the flute, Duke-street. Cohen, E. H. Mr. teacher of the Hebrew and German languages, 43, Russel-street. Cianchettini, Madame, (sister to the late J. L. Dussek), teacher of the piano-forte, 1, North-parade. Clerc, Le Mr. teacher of the French language and geography, 35, East-cliff. Cohen, L. E. Mr. teacher of the Latin, French, and English languages, 43, Russel-street. Ferrara, Madame, teacher of the piano-forte, 4, Manchester-street. Fischel, Mr. A. (from the university of Prague) teacher of the Hebrew, French,' German, and Dutch lan- guages. Address, Mr. Lewis, Upper Ship-street. Harris, John, Mr. teacher of the harp, 26, Margaret- street. Holroyd, Mr. miniature-painter, 31, New-street. Hedgcock, Mr. teacher of the piano-forte, andorganist BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 165 of St. James's chapel, 13, West-street, or at Donaldson's library. Kirchner, Mr. piano-forte tuner, teacher of the violoncelli, violin, &c. 8, New-street. Lloyd, Mr. teacher of the piano-forte, and professor of singing and dancing, 3, New-road, and Old Ship Assembly-rooms. Menke, Mr. teacher of the piano-forte, Music-library, East-street. Medley, Miss, M. A. teacher of the piano-forte, 27, Russel- street. Marchant, Mr. teacher of writing, arithmetic, geo- graphy, the method of drawing maps, &c. 49, North-street. Pollard, Mr. drawing-master, at Mr. Chalk's toy- shop, 4, St. James's-street. Scott, Mr. C. and W. drawing-masters and teachers, 2, New-street. Sawyer, Mr. private teacher of Latin, English, writing, and the elements of mathematics, Eagle- library and Insurance-office, 34, (top of) Middle- - street. Straccia, Mr. teacher of the Italian language, 12, Duke-street. Vining, Mrs. (of the Theatre Royal), tutoress in dancing, 26, Upper Russel-street. Wright, T. H. Mr. teacher of the piano-forte and harp, Music-saloon and Circulating-library, Pavilion- parade. Wright, T. H. Master, (son of Mr. T. H. Wright) Professor of the Harp, Pavilion-parade. 166 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Wright, M. A. Miss, (sister to Mr. T. H. Wright,) pro- fessor and teacher of the piano-forte and singing, Pavilion-parade. Printers and Engravers. The Brighton Herald Newspaper is published early every Saturday morning, in Prince's-place, North- street, by Mr. W. Fleet. As a provincial print it is certainly entitled to that widely extended patronage, which its independence in political and domestic in- telligence has obtained. This newspaper has been established upwards of 13 years. Forbes, Mr. Market-street. Ruddock, Mr. Brighton-place. Alford, Mr. engraver, Great East-street. COACH CONVEYANCES. Crosweller's Blue Coach Office,- Castle Square. The Original Accommodation Coaches to Lon- don, every morning at 9 o'clock, through Cuckfield, Ryegate, Sutton, &c. to the New White-horse-cellar, BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 167 Piccadilly ; and Blossom Inn, Lawrence-lane, Cheap- side. Also, coaches at 12 and 2 o'clock during the summer season to the above Inns. Worthing, Arundel, Chichester, and Portsmouth Post Coach, every morning at half past 9 o'clock, to the Crown Inn, Portsmouth. Hastings Post Coach, in 7 hours, (coastways) Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings, through Newhaven, Seaford, Eastbourne, &c. to the Swan Inn, Hastings. Bradford's Coach Office, 53, Great East Street. A Post Coach, every morning at 9 o'clock, to the Bull Inn, Holborn ; Black Bear, Piccadilly ; and Green Man and Still, Oxford-street. Lewes Post Coach, every evening at 6 o'clock. Union General Coach Office, 9, Castle Square. The Royal Clarence, every morning at 9 o'clock, through Horsham, Dorking, &c. to the White Bear, Piccadilly; and Bull Inn, Bishopsgate- street, London. The Regent, every morning, at 10 o'clock, to the Golden Cross, Charing Cross, andCross Keys, Wood-street. 168 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. The Times, every afternoon at 2 o'clock, through Hicksted, to the Golden Cross, Charing-cross, and Cross Keys, Wood-street. The Original Lewes Post Coach, every morning at half past 6 o'clock. The Hastings Post Coach, through Lewes every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday morning, at half past eight o'clock. Spread Eagle Office, 2, Castle Square. Snow's Dart, through Hicksted, Crawley, Rye- gate and Croydon, every morning at 6 o'clock, (Sunday excepted) to the Spread' Eagle Inn, Grace-church- street, and Ship, Charing-cross. The Comet, through the above Towns, and to the same London Inns, every morning at 10 o'clock. A Post Coach every afternoon, at two o'clock, through Hicksted, &c. to the same Inns in London. Witchchurch's Original Dart Office, 135, North Street. The Dart, every morning at 6 o'clock, to the Bull Inn, Leadenhall-street ; and Black Bear, Picca- dilly. The Umpire, every afternoon at 2 o'clock, to the above Inns in London. Both these coaches go through Hicksted, Crawley, Ryegate, and Croydon. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 169 Red Office, 10, Castle Square. Rugeroh's Irresistible Post Coach, every morning at 10 o'clock, through Cuckfield, Ryegate, Sutton, Clapham, &c. to Sanderson's, Boar and Cas- tle, Oxford-street; Gloucester Coffee-house, Picca- dilly ; and the City The Pavilion Coach, every morning, at eight o'clock, through Hicksted, to the White Horse, Fetter-lane. Hine's Office, 52, East Street. The Alert Post Coach, every morning at nine o'clock, through Cuckfield, Ryegate, Sutton, &c. to the Old Bull, Holborn ; Waldegrave's Hotel, Bishops- ate-street; and Brown's, 248, Oxford-street. Phipp's Worthing Coach, sets off from the Coach-office and Fruit-warehouse, East-street, every morning at 10 o'clock, and returns at 7 o'clock the same evening. WAGGONS. Bradford's Warehouse, Great East- street, every Monday and Thursday, to the Nag's-head Inn, Borough ; Bell Inn, Holborn ; and Black Bear, Pic- cadilly. 170 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Crosweller's Warehouse, at the corner of Little East-street, every Monday and Thursday, to Hatchett's, New White-horse Cellar, Piccadilly; Swan, Holborn-bridge ; and George Inn, Borough. Davis's Warehouse, 66, Middle-street, every Wednesday and Friday evening, to the Old White- horse Cellar, Piccadilly ; and Talbot Inn, Borough. Hope and Co's. Warehouse, adjoining the Post- office, every Wednesday and Saturday evening, to the White Bear, Piccadilly ; Green Man and Still, Ox- ford-street ; Bull Inn, Bishopsgate-street ; and White- Hart Inn, Borough. Patching's Warehouse, 107, North-street, every Monday and Thursday, to the King's-Head, Borough. The Brighton and Portsmouth Carrier's Ware- house, Little Castle-square, adjoining the Gun Tavern, ■ East Cliff. The Tunbridge Wells' Caravan, from the Grey- hound, East-street. The Brighton and Lewes Caravan, from the Ware- house in New-street. The Local Conveyances in Brighton are innumerable. A nouvelle kind of four-wheel vehicles, drawn by a man and an assistant, are very accommodating to visitors and the inhabitants. They are denominated Flys, a name given by a gentleman at the Pavilion, BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 171 upon their first introduction in 1816 ; and as they have superseded the sedan-chairs, we have given the list of fares, for the use of these vehicles, at the end of the work. The Assinary. In this town we find numbers of that patient animal, Asses, employed in either buggy, gig, tandem, or curricle, as whim or caprice leads the assinine hirer. It is ludicrous enough to see sometimes two corpulent persons drawn in a vehicle by two or four donkies. But it is the fashion to be singular ; and as their ex- hibition constitutes no inconsiderable source of mirth with the young and old, we have only to report that the Asses are generally well fed and looked after, and show good speed. The Sans Culotte appearance of the postillions will always excite a smile. The visitors, with their young folks, will be glad to learn, that there are plenty of ponies let out to hire by several riding masters, who teach their pupils the management of the animal, and the first rudiments of equestrian exploits. Aquatic Excursions. Here are plenty of boats, in which, for a few shillings, you may be wafted along the coast in safety i 2 172 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Reclining at ease the voyager has it in his power to recognize the beauties of the Land and of the Ocean, so that the thoughtful mind gratifies its relish for the works of creation. Post Office. This office is situated in Prince's-place, North- street, under the management of Mr. J. Redifer, the Post-master. The Mail for London is dispatched every night, (except Saturday.) Letters for this mail are received until nine o'clock; after that hour, one penny is charged until half past nine ; and from half past nine to ten, 6d. at which hour the bags are sealed up. For the better accommodation of the town, the letter-carriers go round the whole neighbourhood with a bell, to collect in all letters, between the hours of eight and nine o'clock. The Mail from London arrives at the post office, every morning at four o'clock, (Monday excepted.) Letters and Papers may be Obtained at the post-office window, at half past seven o'clock. The postmen complete the delivery of letters in the town in four hours afterwards. The Lewes Mail is dispatched every evening at seven o'clock precisely, which takes all letters for the eastern parts of Sussex, and to most parts of Kent. There is also another Mail to Lewes, at ten o'clock every evening. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 173 The Chichester Mail is made up every morning, at four o'clock, and leaves the London bags for Shore- Steyning, Arundel, and Chichester. All letters to the western parts, as far as the Land's End, are sent by the Cross Post. There is a messenger dispatched from the post- office, every morning at half past seven o'clock, who takes the letters for Preston, Patcham, Piccombe, Clayton, as far as Hurstperpoint. Also another messenger dispatched from the post- office, at the above-mentioned hour, who delivers all letters to the Crescent, beyond No. 59, Marine-parade, to the Crescent, and to Rottingdean. The messenger brings back letters the same evening. The infinite number of mistakes which frequently happen during the summer, in regard to letters being sent to wrong people, or lying at the post-office many days, and, at last, returned to the dead-letter box in London, lias been long complained of as a great evil at watering-places. The only way to prevent these unpleasant cireum- cumstances, is for every person, as soon as they are settled in their houses, to leave their Christian and Surname, and place of abode, at the post-office ; and likewise, when they leave Brighton, where they wish their letters to be sent after them. It frequently happens that many persons of the same surname come down to Brighton about the same time, and therefore too much care cannot be taken to i 3 174 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. prevent letters falling into wrong hands ; and this can only be by leaving a correct address with the post- master. Postage for Letters Inland. Distance not exceeding 13 miles Exceeding 15 miles, not exceeding 20 30 50 50 80 80 120 120 170 170 230 200 300 The above are the charges for single letters. No letter or packet charged as more than three letters, unless it weighs one ounce ; above that weight, the price of a single letter is charged for every quarter of an ounce. A packet postage of 3d. is charged for letters going to Ireland, Isle of Man, Guernsey or Jersey, in addition to the postage for the number of miles on land. The postage of letters for France, and all foreign parts, must be paid at the office. s. cL 4 S 7 8 9 10 11 1 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 175 Livery Stables. Ariss, John, Marlborough-mews, opposite theRegent's- stables, Church-street. Buckwell, Thomas, Norfolk-mews, Bedford-square. Crosweller andBlaber, Mess. St. James's-street-mews, German-place-mews, and Bedford-row-mews. Child, John, Livery and Commission-stables, Carlton- street. Gourd, Stephen, Circus-mews, back of Sussex-place. Hicks, Alexander, Old Ship-stables; Royal-mews, back of South-parade ; and St. James's-mews, St. JamesVstreet. Knowles, George, Livery and Private-stables, George- street. Longhurst, C. Crescent-mews, Crescent-street. Maiben, William, Golden-cross-mews, Princes-streets ; and Castle-mews, North-street. Penfold, Mr. Livery and Private-stables, George- street. Ryder, Mr. Livery and Private-stables, Margaret- street. Sanders, William, Livery and Private-stables, Rock- gardens, top of St. James's-street. Stead, Abraham, Grand-parade-mews, North-steyne. Shaw, Mrs. Collonade-mews, bottom of Edward- street. Thorn, James, Nelson-mews, Russel-street. West, Mr. Royal-hotel-stables, and Rock-mews, St James's-street. 176 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. Letters of Horses, &c. Howorth, Mr. New Steyne-street and Margaret- street. Hartwell, Mr. North-row, near the King and Queen, M arlborough-place . Piatt, Mr. 26, Margaret-street-. Shewbridge, Mr. George-street. Thorn, Mr. bottom of West-street. Riding Masters and Teachers. Peck, Mr. 16, George-street. Clarke, Mr. 31, Middle-street. Bathing Regulations. 1. That the Ladies' Bathing Machines dp stand between the Steyne-groyne and Pump-groyne, on the East-clifF: and that the Gentlemen's Bathing Ma- chines do stand on the east side of the post affixed on the beach eastward of the -Steyne-groyne. That the rest of the Ladies Bathing Machines do stand on the West-cliff, nearly facing West-street and Belle Vue ; and the Gentlemen's Bathing Machines nearly oppo- site the Battery, on the same Cliff; according to the marks put down for that purpose. BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 177 2. That no Bather demand or take more than one shilling a time for bathing each lady or gentleman, nor more than sixpence for each child or servant, under the penalty of ten shillings for every such offence. 3. That every person found undressing on the beach, and bathing, (except from a machine) between the posts affixed opposite the Norfolk-arms on the West-cliff, and the Crescent on the East-cliff, of this town, do forfeit and pay the sum of five pounds for every such offence. 4. An person being an invalid, and unable to pay the expence of bathing from a machine, may receive an order Gratis, by applying every Friday, either by letter or in person, to the Directors and Guardians, at the Town-hall, from the hour of eleven to one o'clock. Sedan Chair and Fly Regulations* That no Chairman or Flyman demand or take more than the following fares, under the penalty of twenty shillings for every offence — SEDAN CHAIR FARES. s. d. From the Castle, Chapel Royal, Theatre, or Royal aud Old Baths, not exceeding tine distance of West-street 1 0" Ditto, passing West-street to Russel-street, Artillery- place, and Bedford-row 16 178 BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. From the Castle, Chapel Royal, Theatre, or Royal and OKI Baths, to Belle Vue 2 Ditto, to Bedford-square and extremity of the Parish westward 2 6 Ditto to the New Inn 10 Ditto, to the top of North-street, Grenville or Clarence- place 1 6 Ditto, to the Steyne, Pavilion parade, Grand-parade, or Marlborough-place 10 Ditto, to Carlton-place, or North-buildings 16 Ditto, to Gloucester or Richmoud-place 16 Ditto, to German-place or Dorset-gardeus 10 Ditto to New-steyne, Devon-shire-street, or the Warm Baths there, or Rock-gardens 16 Ditto, to Bedford-street, or any Bnilding west of the Crescent 16 Ditto, to the Crescent 2 FLY FARES. S. d. From the Castle. Chapel Royal, Theatre, or Royal and Old Baths, not exceeding the distance of West-street 1 O Ditto, not exceeding Belle Vue 1 6 Ditto, to extremity of the Parish westward 2 Ditto, to top of North-street, as far as West-street, Church-street, New-street, and not exceeding Glou- cester or Sussex-place 10 Ditto, to the extremity of Richmond and York-places • 1 6 Ditto, to any of the Streets eastward, and Marine- parade, not exceeding Devonshire-street, or the Warm Baths there, and the New-steyne 10 Ditto, to Upper and Lower Rock-gardens, not exceed- ing the distance of Bedford-street 16 Ditto, to the Crescent, and not exceeding Crescent Cot- tage 2 ° BRIGHTON AMBULATOR. 179 s. d. If any Fly is used for the purpose of an airing, the Pro- prietor shall only charge for One Hour 16 One hour and a half 2 Two hours 2 6 So in proportion for any excess of time. If two grown persons go go in a Chair or Fly together, the Fare to be a Half Fare extra, and so in proportion for any more persons. If a Chair or Fly is ordered and brought to the house, and then countermanded, the Chairmen or Flymen to receive Is. if countermanded before the Chair or Fly is brought to the house, 6d. If the Chair or Fly is detained full half an hour after its arrival, the Chairmen or Flymen to be entitled to receive for the same 6d. in addition to the fare, and so in proportion for the time they are detained. The Chairmen and Flymen to be entitled to half fare additional after two o'clock in the morning. That every Chairman or Flyman, who shall refuse or neglect to take up a fare, being required so to do, (and not being engaged) shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sum of Ten Shillings. v That all complaints against persons breaking or avoiding the Rules and Regulations above stated, be made to the Clerk of the Commissioners without de- delay. FINIS. Pluminer and Brewis, Printeis, Love-lane, Little Lastcheap, London. In page 87, instead of the Rev. J. Morell, L. L. D. as the resident Pastor, by a subsequent arrangement, read, "At the hours of 11 in the morning, and 7 in the evening, of every Sunday, Dr. Morrell's House, No. 2, Gloucester place, Brighton, is open for the purpose of Divine Worship. The liturgy of the church of England, as re- formed by Dr. Samuel C'arke, is read constantly in both services. Residents and visitors to Brighton, who wish to 6e accommodated with seats, are requested to apply to the treasurer, 68, West-stn et '' In page 101, instead of Statement of tJu Fuuds of the Dispensary, read, £ s. d. Payment for expences of Patients, from August 1816 to August 1817 295 2 1 Balance in favour of the Institution vested in Exchequer Bills &c. &c 47'2 10 3 In page 116, instead of the Treasurer, Mrs Bayntwi, read Mrs. Dorset, West Street. ERRATA. In page 34, first line, read 1794 instead of 1091. In page 105, in list of donations read Piechell instead of Prischell; and Podmore instead of Podman. In page 111, instead of maintained generously, read generously maintained. In p. 113, instead of " invented by Lancaster is adopted" read " is upon the British and Foreign system of education.'' In page 120, instead of John Kull, Esq. Union Bank, read John Hall, Esq. In page 113, instead of Mrs. Mackay, read Mrs Markby. Library of Congress Branch Bindery, 1903