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ELLIOTT'S FRUIT BOOK ; 
 
 OR, THE 
 
 mtxcm $xnit-§xaims (Sink 
 
 IN 
 
 ORCHARD AND GARDEN. 
 
 ) W 
 
 BEING A COMPEND OF THE HISTORY, MODES OP PROPAGATION, CULTURE, &C, OP 
 
 FRUIT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEARLY ALL THE 
 
 VARIETIES OF FRUITS CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY: NOTES 
 
 OF THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCALITIES AND SOILS, 
 
 AND ALSO A COMPLETE LIST OF FRUITS 
 
 WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 
 
 BY F. Rf^ELLIOTT. 
 
 
 ,u rj Con 
 
 i D f*"5 
 
 ■\- 
 
 C. M. SAXTON, AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHER, 
 
 No 152 Fulton Street. 
 
 1854. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by 
 
 C. M. SAXTON, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for 
 the Southern District of New York. 
 
 E. 0. Jenkins, Bbainabd & Bueridge, 
 ijprtntrr anti Stereotjiper, lEngrabcvs, 
 
 114 Nassau Street, HeraldBlock, 
 
 NKW YORK. CLEVELAND. 
 
 ^ 
 
 56 
 
 <b 
 
TO 
 PKOF. JAKED P KIRTLAND, 
 
 %\n $.n\km n §tMtutt)a, 
 
 BY HIS FRIEND, 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Few objects are more engaging than the culture of fruit. Hope, 
 with all her pleasing fancies, encircles every planter of a fruit tree ; 
 while year after year, as it is nurtured and advanced to a bearing 
 state, Hope yet remains entwined with prospective reality ; until at 
 last its branches, loaded with ripe, ruddy, delicious fruits, bear out the 
 goddess in sustaining the efforts of man to gratification of taste and 
 feeling, as well as profit pecuniary. 
 
 Fortunate is it for the author of a work on fruits in this practical 
 age, that no excuse is required for presenting himself before the pub- 
 lic, or crowding upon ground apparently now so fully occupied. 
 
 Hazardous as the thought may appear, after so much of matter 
 upon the subject has been prepared and published, minutely, practi- 
 cally, and theoretically explanatory, by such writers as Coxe, Lind- 
 ley, Downing, Thomas, and others, I yet have imagined there was 
 room for another work • at least it may induce an extended interest 
 in the subject ; and in a country so broad of extent — so prolific of 
 fruits and men — composed of such great diversity of soil and cli- 
 mate as ours, there may possibly be garnered some little items that 
 heretofore have escaped the vision of my brother lovers of the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Pleasantly, therefore, during the past ten years, have I been nur- 
 turing of trees and noting their products ; gradually have I drawn 
 in from the stores of my many friends, the votaries of Pomona, 
 specimens of their skill and trust. These I have carefully examined 
 and compared, and have meted to them in the following pages such 
 award as seemed to me just. 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 That I have trodden upon the favorites, and therefore the views 
 of some of my friends, I shall not pretend to deny ; but that I have 
 so done in aught but a true feeling of interest to the cause, I beg 
 they will not for the moment believe. 
 
 Such is the vast variety of garden and orchard fruit — such the 
 diversity of circumstances which affect the growth of trees, the size 
 and qualities of the fruit — such the great number of new sorts, and 
 new modes of treatment discovered, that one book, however care- 
 fully prepared, cannot embrace all the knowledge of the subject ; 
 but each lover of Pomona and her gifts must cherish and examine, 
 each for himself, relying only on the book as a guide comparative ; 
 and looking on the pages of this present, as the result of an inten- 
 tion to create a plain, practical work, to classify and describe fruits 
 in such order, to embody their history, and the best modes of cul- 
 ture, in such manner, that the amateur or extensive orchardist may 
 gather at a glance most of the requisite information to success 
 
 The mere test of quality, it is well known, does not render a fruit 
 worthy or unworthy of general cultivation ; therefore, the classifica- 
 tion of the National Pomological Society was imperfect as a guide 
 to fruit-growers ; but by changing or modifying this to first, second, 
 and third class, and explaining in many of the texts descriptive of 
 varieties, the reasons for position given, I trust to have somewhat 
 improved the matter. 
 
 New fruits are daily being brought to light ; the soils of the West 
 producing them almost spontaneously ; the science of the East creat- 
 ing them with rapidity and certainty ; pomological meetings and 
 Horticultural Societies are monthly recording and describing them ; 
 it is, therefore, generally conceded requisite that some order of classi- 
 fication be carried out, if we expect any limit or bounds to our 
 cause. 
 
 The classes adopted in the following pages, corresponding with 
 those of the National Society, have therefore seemed to me well 
 adapted to the end in view. There are some varieties now placed 
 in the second class, that will undoubtedly, when more generally 
 known and distributed, become worthy a place in the first class ; 
 but those now placed in the third class, I feel confident will never 
 
PREFACE. Vii 
 
 advance from their present position, if their friends have reasonable 
 opportunities of comparing them with first-class varieties ripening 
 at the same time. That the number of the first class could now 
 readily be increased, will, I am aware, appear apparent to many po- 
 mologists ; but, as it already embraces a sufficient number to meet 
 all wants, I have preferred rather to add hereafter, than to retract. 
 
 Believing that in fruits, the seeds, cores, and stones are often as, or 
 perhaps more, sure guides to indicate a variety than the outward 
 form, I have made my drawings from specimens of medium size, 
 (discarding both the largest as well as smallest for such purpose,)* 
 representing the appearance of the fruit when halved, except in the 
 cherry, where the pit is shown whole. In my drawings illustrative 
 of form, I have followed the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 
 
 " Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary. 
 First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, 
 in smaller type, the various synonymes, or local names, by which the 
 same fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country." 
 
 The names of authors previously having described many of the 
 fruits, I have omitted, as not essential to the value of description 
 or fruit, nor necessary to the practical purposes for which I intend 
 the work. 
 
 The text descriptive has been, in almost the entire work, made 
 either anew or revised from those already published, with specimens 
 of the fruit before me ; and, following the established rules of pri- 
 ority in description, I have (while retaining so much of the original 
 that it may at once be recognized ) endeavored to reduce and Ame- 
 ricanize. In a few cases I have preferred continuing an erroneous 
 name, because of its being now generally known. Where a de- 
 scription is given written by another, and the fruit not seen by my- 
 self, I have endeavored to give, if of importance, the initials of the 
 author, or abbreviation of title of the work from whence such de- 
 scription was drawn, for which see pages 13, 14. 
 
 Of the importance of fruit culture, it is deemed superfluous to 
 
 * A friend who lias carefully examined these drawings and descriptions, says 
 I have represented them all, or nearly all, rather below, than of, medium size. 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 more than remark, that the interest evident in the establishment of 
 journals devoted almost wholly to its cause ; the fact that no news- 
 paper is now counted of value without being more or less occupied 
 with matter relating to the orchard ; the universal growing desire of 
 every one who has ground of his own to plant thereon trees and vines 
 productive of luscious fruits — all speak volumes illustrative of the 
 extent which the subject holds in the minds of our energetic, ambi- 
 tious, persevering people. 
 
 And here I must be permitted to record my tribute to the memory 
 of A. J. Downing, to whom the pomologists, the fruit-growers, the 
 nation, owe more than to any one man yet existent ; by and through 
 whose work on the " Fruits of America," the advocates of nomencla- 
 ture received the first bold stand, and in a way which has led to extri- 
 cation of much that was previously in state of confusion ; to whose 
 graceful, easy, attractive, yet bold manner of writing, is owing 
 much of the care and attention, culture and embellishment, of and 
 through tree, plant, and flower, of the homes of Americans. 
 
 This work has been commenced and completed more at the sug- 
 gestion and request of friends than from any feeling of my own 
 ability ; and, while I have endeavored to avoid error, I yet feel that 
 numerous corrections will have, in subsequent editions, to be made ; 
 this, partly, from omission and commission, consequent on one's first 
 work, and partly from the constant state of advancement in pomo- 
 logy. And as it is intended to revise and correct it as soon as the 
 cause demands, I shall consider myself, and the cause, indebted to 
 those gentlemen who in reviewing it may observe errors, if they 
 will communicate the same to me. 
 
 To the following gentlemen, who have kindly furnished me with 
 notes, descriptive of their experience, or of varieties or specimens 
 of fruits, by which I have the better been enabled to prepare this 
 work, I sincerely tender my acknowledgments : 
 
 In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder and C. M. Hovey, 
 Boston ; Samuel Walker, Roxbury ; B. V. French, Braintree ; 
 Robert Manning and J. M. Ives, Salem. 
 
 In New York, to Messrs. Chas. Downing, Newburg ; S. B. Parsons, 
 Flushing; P. Barry and Geo. Ellwanger, Rochester; John J. 
 
PKEFACE. ix 
 
 Thomas, Macedon; David Thomas, Aurora; Benj. Hodge, Buffalo; 
 Herman Wendell and B. P. Johnson, Albany. 
 
 In Pennsylvania, to Doctor W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. 
 
 In New Jersey, to Mr. Thomas Hancock, Burlington. 
 
 In Ohio, to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., and Professor J. P. Kirtland, 
 Cleveland ; Messrs. A. H. Ernst, J. A. Warder, and R. Buchanan, 
 Cincinnati ; M. B. Bateham, Columbus ; Charles Carpenter, Kelly 
 Island ; D. C. Richmond, Sandusky. 
 
 In Michigan, to Daniel Cook, Esq., Jackson. 
 
 In Indiana, to Mr. John C. Teas, Raysville. 
 
 In Kentucky, to Messrs. H. P. Byram, Louisville ; James Allen, 
 Nelson Co. 
 
 Doctor J. A. Kennicott, The Grove, Northfield ; 
 Adna Williams, Galesbury. 
 
 In Wisconsin, to Mr. F. K. Phoenix, Racine. 
 
 In Mississippi, to Doctor M. W. Phillips, Log Hall. 
 
 F. R. E. 
 
 Pomona Gardens, near Cleveland. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 
 
 Of these we enumerate here those only that we have used most freely in 
 the forming of our pages, either "by extract,, or as serving for authority to our 
 decisions. 
 
 Allen. A practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine. 
 
 By J. Fisk Allen. 1852. 
 Arboretum Britannicum, or the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and 
 
 botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, by J. 
 
 C. Loudon. London, 1845. 
 Annates de la Societl d' Horticulture de Paris. Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo., 
 
 from 1827 to 1845. 
 Adlum. A Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best 
 
 mode of making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828. 
 Buchanan. A treatise on the Grape. By R. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1852. 
 Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour l'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes 
 
 generaux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau et M. Vilmorin. Paris. 
 
 Yearly volume. 
 Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth 
 
 ed. New York, 1844. 
 Baumann's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre dispanible dans l'Eta- 
 
 blissement des Freres, a Bolwiller, 1842. 
 Cole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, 1851. 
 Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Frees in the United States, and of 
 
 the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadel- 
 phia, 1817. 
 Chaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal, 
 
 American ed. Boston, 1835. 
 Cobbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. 
 Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman. 
 
 Boston, 1840-41. 
 Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly journal of Agriculture, &c„ edited by 
 
 Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time. 
 Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. 1845. 
 JDom. Gard. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 
 
 1839. 
 
12 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Duhamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris, 
 
 1768, 2 vols. 
 Dec. Physiologic Vegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctions 
 vitales des Vegetaux. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3 
 vols. 
 Ernst Mans. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq., Cincin- 
 nati. 
 Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By 
 
 William Forsyth, 7th ed. London, 1824. 
 Floy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by 
 
 Michael Floy. New York, 1845. 
 Fessenden. New American Gardener, containing practical directions for the 
 culture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828. 
 Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C. Loudon, in monthly 
 
 nos., 19 vols, to 1844, London. 
 Sort. The Horticulturist, a monthly journal of Horticulture, &c. Pub- 
 lished by Luther Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to 
 1852, and continued to the present time. By Jas. Wick, jr., publisher, 
 and P. Barrey, ed. 
 Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the cultivation of the Grape Vine on open 
 
 walls. By Clement Hoare. London, 1840. 
 Hort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson. 
 Harris. A Report on the insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. 
 
 By Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1852. 
 Hov. Mag. or H. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Af- 
 fairs. Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo. monthly nos., 1834 to 
 the present time. 
 Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F. 
 
 Johnston. American ed., New York, 2 vols. 1842. 
 Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 2 
 
 vols. 
 Knight. Various articles in the London Horticultural Society's Transactions. 
 
 By Thomas Andrew Knight, its late President. 
 Kenrick or Ken. The new American Orchardist. By William Kenrick, Bos- 
 ton, 1844. 
 Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. 
 
 By Vincent Kollar ; notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo. 
 Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. London, 1835, 
 1 thick vol. 
 
 An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836, 1 thick voL 
 
 . An Encyclopedia of Agriculture, By the same. London, 1831, 1 
 
 thick vol. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 13 
 
 Loudon. Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the plants in Britain, by the 
 same. London. 
 
 . The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842. 
 
 • . The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. Lon- 
 don, 1838, 1842. 
 
 . Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By the same. London, 1838. 
 
 Liebig. Organic Chemistry in its application to Agriculture and Physiology. 
 
 By Justus Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844. 
 Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, or an account of the 
 Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. 
 London, 1831. 
 Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832. 
 
 . An introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley. 
 
 London, 1835, 2d ed. 
 
 . British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work. 
 
 . The Theory of Horticulture, or an attempt to explain the Operation 
 
 of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. Lon- 
 don, 1840. 
 
 . The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New 
 
 York, 1841. 
 L. or Linnceus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols. 
 Mass. Hort. Society. .Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 
 
 1842 to the present time. 
 Man. The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning, 2d ed. enlarged by 
 
 John M. Ives, Salem, 1844. 
 Man. in H. M. Manning's articles in Hovey's Magazine. 
 Michaux. The North American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of 
 the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, new edition, 
 Philadelphia, 1852. 
 M'Intosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M'Intosh. London, 
 
 1819. 
 N. Y. Trans. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 
 
 from 1842 to present time. 
 Nois. See Jardin Fruitier. 
 
 New England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horti- 
 culture, &c. Boston, continued to the present time. 
 
 0. Duh. See Duhamel. 
 
 * 
 Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine, or Figures and Descriptions 
 
 of the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. 
 
 London, 1828. 
 
 Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By William R. Prince. New York, 
 
 1831, 2 vols. 
 
14 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830. 
 
 Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York, 
 1828. 
 
 Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Franchise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits, 
 cultives en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to 
 nos. 
 
 divers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Saw- 
 bridgeworth. 
 
 Hon. or Ronalds. Pyrus Malus Brentfordienses ; or. a concise description of 
 Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort By Hugh Ronalds, Lon- 
 don, 1831. 
 
 Revue Horticole. Journal des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. 
 Paris, 1844, et chaque mois. 
 
 Torrey & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged descriptions 
 of all the known plants growing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By 
 John Torrey, M. D., and Asa Gray, M. D., New York. 
 
 Thomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul- 
 tural Society of London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great 
 care by Robert Thompson, the head of the Fruit Department.] 
 
 Thacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D., Boston, 1822. 
 
 Wilder, MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq. 
 
 W. D. B. Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Reports of Pennsylvania Horti- 
 cultural Society. 
 
 W. R. P. Articles and Descriptions by Wm. R. Prince, in various Horticul- 
 tural Journals. 
 
 Warder Review. Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor and 
 publisher. A Monthly Journal of Horticulture, etc. Cincinnati, 1850, 
 to the present time. 
 
 Wilder in Hort. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and 
 published in Horticulturist. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS — HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF 
 FRUITS IN OHIO AND THE WEST— VALUE AS FOOD. 
 
 A subject so boundless, in a country of such extent and capacity 
 of soil and climate as ours for the production of all the finer fruits ; 
 in a country which, until within a few years, was but a wilderness — 
 a wild, uncultivated-tract, now yielding, with the most common, or 
 rather with no care, immense quantities of luscious ripe fruits for 
 transportation to countries where the arts of culture were fully 
 known and understood before we were, filling our store-houses with 
 food, our hearts with gladness, adding to our wealth while contribu- 
 ting to the blessings of others ; (for what meets the eye or gladdens 
 the heart more pleasantly than the sight of the perfect fruits of the 
 earth 1 ?) — a subject, we say, then so boundless, merits more of 
 enwreathing plaudit than our limits here may allow, though our 
 fancy picture it. Nor have we space, although especially applicable 
 to the practical use of our work, to more than commend the study 
 and practice, in a scientific view, of man to perfection of that de- 
 picted in the following stanza : 
 
 " The heaven-taught gardeners wondrous skill 
 
 Shall wreath the earth with flowers, 
 While new and luscious fruits shall grow 
 Throughout her Eden howers." 
 ■ ■ 
 As yet the western soils present comparatively little toward the 
 inducement of study and practice ; for so freely does every variety 
 of fruit grow, that man has only to plant in order to reap. Soon, 
 however, the grower will learn that skill and care only will reward 
 him with product from his trees — skill, in the thorough understand- 
 ing of the principles of vegetable physiology ; the care and practice, 
 necessary in applying the same. 
 
 Rapidly as the West has grown from a tract of country only 
 inhabited by the red man and beasts, to the presenting almost, at 
 this day, of the " Garden of America ;" her prairies, her limestone- 
 hills and broad levels ; her sandy alluvial bottoms, located in almost 
 as many different climates as positions, abound with all of nature's 
 food, stored for years in the production of tree, fruit, and flower, to 
 
 15 
 
16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 such extent that she may yet be said to be in her infancy. And no 
 one who has not visited and traversed her wide borders — no one 
 reared and trained on soils where four-sixths is rock — can have, but 
 by traveling over it, any conception of the wealth stored up in the 
 soil of the West. 
 
 We speak here more of this from believing, that while the East 
 may yield her supplies liberally, attended by the care and expense 
 of supplying fresh food annually, the West will ere long far outstrip 
 all ; as she only needs among her sons more study of the nature of 
 plant and tree to bear the palm in producing any fruit. 
 
 It is for the West then, more especially, that our work is destined. 
 Although ourself, reared at the East, and all our life familiar with her 
 fruits, her soils and capabilities, we shall yet endeavor to blend the 
 one with the other, that our work may be applicable there as here, 
 even as we cherish at this day our "loved old home," with her 
 rough, rocky surroundings, incentive only to the greater perfection 
 and action of mind ; in that, self-dependence is made apparent from 
 day to day. 
 
 Before the West was, i. e., settled by white man, the impression 
 prevailed, among other errors connected with fruit culture, that " he 
 who plants pears, plants for his heirs ;" and we well recollect being 
 told when a boy, on planting out a young pear-tree, that possibly 
 our children might eat of it, but we, never. Such prophecy, how- 
 ever, failed in our case, as nearly all others, for we have eaten often 
 of it. And now, whether we attribute it to the locomotive age, to 
 the active minds of our eastern brethren, or the spontaneous growth 
 of the West — aided by her industrious denizens — we hardly wait 
 for the season to come around ere we eat of the fruit ; our own 
 experience having been to receive trees and plant them in March, 
 and eat of the fruit in November following. Let this be attributable 
 to what it may, such is now the impress, that no one buys a city 
 lot, intending to keep it over one year, but he plants trees upon it, 
 expecting and reaping the fruit thereof. 
 
 All this is encouraging ; but there is also a dark side in fruit cul- 
 ture gradually coming on us, to be met only by the general diffusion 
 of knowledge on this subject; a knowledge that, as before remarked, 
 will enable us to compete skilfully with deficiencies or over-luxu- 
 riance in soil ; to know the insects destructive, and their habits, that 
 we may secure our products from their ravages ; and a just appreci- 
 ation of the nature of trees, that we may know how to shape them to 
 the withstanding of our changeful climate. 
 
 As under each appropriate head we give somewhat of the olden 
 history of fruits, our remarks here will relate mainly to their intro- 
 duction and advancement to Ohio and the West. Previous to 1796, 
 there was very little other than the natural fruit of the soil culti- 
 vated in Ohio ; and not until about 1820 or '22, was there any con- 
 
ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 17 
 
 siderable introduction and planting of " grafted fruits " in the north 
 part of the State. At that time the nursery of William Coxe, Esq., 
 Burlington, New Jersey, seemed the nearest from which to obtain 
 trees ; and therefore from thence came most of the first plantations 
 of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince, Kenrick, and Buel, 
 supplied our northern pioneers ; and from these, with the liberal 
 hand which always characterizes a fruit culturist, a lover of the Cre- 
 ator's best gifts, grafts were distributed freely to whoever would. 
 As early as 1796 or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propa- 
 gated many of the older and best eastern varieties on the borders 
 of the Ohio river, and there cultivated both trees and fruits, from 
 whence most of the older orchards of southern Ohio, and probably 
 Indiana, were procured. Gov. Worthington, at an early clay, 1808, 
 or previous, introduced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio. 
 In 1820, Prof. Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull 
 County, Ohio, some two hundred sorts of the best fruits then 
 known ; and in 1827, or '28 Geo. Hoadley, Esq., sent about one 
 hundred kinds to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many 
 fine eastern varieties ; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all 
 these were liberally distributed, followed by additional introductions 
 of new varieties, in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly every 
 pioneer brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity 
 of his former residence East, which he planted and grew with care, and 
 we have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties up to 
 about 1832. Since that period, not only have importations of 
 extended varieties been largely made and planted from eastern nur- 
 series, but the nurseries of trees grown for sale have so multiplied 
 in the whole West, that millions of trees are now annually grown 
 and planted. 
 
 For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we 
 are indebted to the zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A. 
 Kennicott : 
 
 u The Grove, Northfield, Cook Co., Illinois, 
 October, 4, 1853. 
 
 " The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by the 
 French about 1682, in and about Kaskaskia and Cahokia ; and it is 
 said, that ' the first generation of fruit trees, there planted, had done 
 good service, and gone the way of all the living,' long before the ad- 
 vent of the present race who people ' Lower Egypt.' The Rev. John 
 M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate most 
 luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of the 
 second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost 
 forest size. 
 
 From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees 
 were, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable 
 
18 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been 
 brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their 
 route from the old world. 
 
 From this you perceive, that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit- 
 growing states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener- 
 ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ; 
 though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our cele- 
 brated varieties in cultivation, to those glorious old trees, so graph- 
 ically described by the Rev. Mr. Peck ; and yet, I am by no 
 means certain, that some of our most valuable local varieties did not 
 originate in that classic fruit-land of Southern Illinois. 
 
 It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois, 
 there may now be native varieties, surpassing in value a large ma- 
 jority of the sorts named in the books, for local cultivation, at least. 
 Analogy would lead to such a conclusion; for, as a general rule here, 
 of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be 
 found worthy of notice, and worth preserving in their natural state, 
 though not desirable for propagation. 
 
 From personal observation you are already aware, that some fruits 
 of high repute East, are nearly worthless here ; and that others are 
 wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate. It 
 is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to 
 be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost, 
 and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much 
 difficulty and doubt attend our western nomenclature. 
 
 Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts 
 cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties 
 East, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on the 
 fructification here, under the true names. 
 
 Many of our varieties, of the first trees transplanted in western Illin- 
 ois, and southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars from 
 the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central-eastern Illinois ; 
 and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio, and 
 others from Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and 
 a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what proportion, 
 or what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars, I am un- 
 able to determine. Very few were sold under eastern names, how- 
 ever, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin. 
 
 Among these pedlars' trees, the Red June is decidedly the most 
 valuable, and the Milam the most abundant. 
 
 Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted out 
 in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the pedlars' trees, which 
 continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The Buffalo nur- 
 series and your Cleveland dealers have furnished the most. The 
 nurseries of Chautauque County sent some early, and the Rochester 
 establishments a great many more recently, and a few ten or twelve 
 
ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 19 
 
 years ago. The Flushing nurseries are also represented in our or- 
 chards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana; 
 and, in fact, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not 
 sent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin." 
 
 Similar to those named, is that of most Western States, in the his- 
 toric _ introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value 
 sufficient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those 
 meriting a first place are rare. The character of " very good" will 
 apply to probably one-tenth of the fruit, while that of " best" will 
 hardly apply to one-thousandth. 
 
 Of the value of fruits as food, of their free use and tendency to 
 health of system and morality of character, much has been written ; 
 but the following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words : 
 
 " The free use of ripe fruits not only prevents disease, but their reg- 
 ulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All 
 ripe fruits are, also, more 01 less nutritious. Professsor Salisbury 
 has clearly demonstrated that the apple is superior to the potato, 
 in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man, 
 and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for 
 swine, or fed raw to other domestic animals." 
 
 Eipe grapes have cured Epidemic dysentery. Physicians have, 
 occasionally, advised the use of " cooling acid fruits ;•" and the ear- 
 liest writers have directed the sugary ones, as " figs," for food in con- 
 valescence. Families, where fruit is most plentiful and good, and 
 prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all 
 kinds, and more especially from fevers and "bowel complaints." 
 Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen 
 the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as 
 " diluents," and all as " diureties ;" the free acids neutralizing, or 
 rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying them 
 off rapidly through the natural channels. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES — THEIR PROPAGATION, BY 
 BUDDING, GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS AND 
 SUCKERS. 
 
 • 
 
 "Our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are 
 the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have 
 always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a 
 stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state.' 1 '' Of this, we 
 have here a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by 
 Prof. Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed 
 gathered from the same tree, only about one tenth have surpassed, 
 and two tenths equaled, the parent ; the remainder mostly falling 
 back toward the original mazzard. 
 
 Most of our choicest varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance 
 cross-impregnation : few have been the result of artificial skill and 
 care ; cross breeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and 
 while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from 
 cross breeding, none are known in fruits from hybridizing. Lindley 
 says : " If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of an- 
 other species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two 
 distinct varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed, 
 the seed which results from the operation will be intermediate be- 
 tween its parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first 
 case, the progeny is hybrid or male ; in the second, it is simply cross- 
 bredP Although of the same genus, no hybrid has ever yet been 
 created between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and cur- 
 rant. These cross-breds, when closely resembling the female 
 parent, are termed sub-varieties. 
 
 This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was 
 advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticulturist 
 of England : while that of Dr. Van Mons of Belgium, was the re- 
 production of seedlings from seedliugs in succession ; selecting each 
 time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved the 
 best in the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the 
 pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com- 
 mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded 
 as the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties ; and 
 to this theory, this fruiting at an early stage, according as the parent 
 is far removed from its original state, may we not attribute much 
 of the habits of many of our pears % The Frederic of Wurtemburg, 
 
 (20) 
 
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING ETC. 21 
 
 originating by Prof. Van Mons in this way, it is well known pro- 
 duces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the bud ; while 
 the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety, requires twelve 
 or fifteen years. This process however, if taken, as by Van Mons, 
 from the commencement, i.e., a wildling, would require a life-time ; 
 but our people have all around them seedlings which at an early age 
 are producing fruit ; if, therefore, seed be taken from the best of 
 them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable that more 
 than ten years would elapse to produce something very superior. 
 
 On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by 
 crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to 
 whatever form, size or character he may desire, and this with an 
 almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully 
 described by Thomas in his Fruit Culturist, we extract therefrom : 
 
 " A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the 
 Indian corn. The pistillate or seed-bearing flowers covering the 
 young ear, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate or 
 fertilizing flowers on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re- 
 mote position, the pollen or fertilizing dust from the summits may 
 not certainly fall on the ear ; and if different sorts grow near, a mix- 
 ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif- 
 ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same 
 field ; or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each sort 
 no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled 
 with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of 
 common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the 
 stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci- 
 dental mixture from other trees, become very small, unless affected 
 by insects, which becoming thickly dusted with powder from one 
 flower, plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross-fertiliza- 
 tion. Where many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity, 
 cases of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can 
 be developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings. 
 
 In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (fig. 1), the five 
 central organs a t are the pistils; the 
 upper extremity of each is the stigma. The 
 surrounding thread-like organs, b, are the 
 stamens, surmounted by the anthers. The 
 anthers are little bags or cases rilled with 
 the pollen or fertilizing dust. When the 
 flowers open, the anthers burst, and dis- 
 P^T charge the pollen on the stigma, which 
 
 operates on the embryo fruit at its base. 
 The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im- 
 pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety with the pollen 
 of another. This was performed with great success by Knight. 
 
22 OEIGINATING OF VAKIETIES. 
 
 Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the 
 anthers had burst and discharged the pollen, he 
 cut out with a fine pair of scissors all the 
 stamens, leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2). 
 When the stigma became sufficiently mature, 
 which was indicated by its glutinous surface, he 
 transferred the pollen of the other sort, on the 
 point of a camel's-hair pencil. The fruit, thus 
 yielded, was unchanged ; but its seeds partook 
 variously of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from 
 them bore new and intermediate varieties. 
 
 For the success of such experiments,, several precautions are req- 
 uisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has 
 fully expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and 
 scattered their dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting 
 or fully matured anther, when it will be dry and powdery ; the 
 stigma must be inoculated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glu- 
 tinous, otherwise it may be fertilized from another source, and then 
 the intended pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once 
 inoculated, cannot be inoculated again. It is safest, where practi- 
 cable, to force the trees by artificial heat into flowering a few days 
 earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inoculations 
 of pollen floating in the air ; and to prevent its spread by bees, to 
 apply a temporary covering of gauze. A want of attention to these 
 minutiae, has led some experimenters to fancy they had obtained 
 crosses, when they had only natural seedlings." 
 
 Budding. — This mechanical process, in connection with that of 
 grafting, layers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of 
 increasing the number of trees or plants of any one variety ; and is 
 performed on stocks of the same or closely allied species. These 
 are designated under each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c, on 
 other pages. The process and practice is also one, which, although 
 well and truly described in all fruit works and most of the leading 
 journals, is nevertheless too often attended with so much of failure, 
 that while we here repeat descriptions, we at same time advise 
 every new beginner to visit the leading nursery-man or successful 
 amateur grower in his immediate neighborhood, and learn more in 
 half a day from practical example than could be told him were one 
 to write a month. In order to be successful, it is requisite that the 
 stock on which it is intended to operate should be in a thrifty, 
 healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the best time 
 is usually just when the terminal bud is forming. Various modes 
 of budding are known and described ; but that most successful, most 
 rapid, and in common use, is the one termed incorrectly, American 
 shield budding, described by Forsyth in 1802 — which differs from the 
 
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 
 
 23 
 
 Fig. 3 
 
 bandage 
 
 common shield budding, only in leaving a small piece of wood at base 
 of the bud inserted, instead of taking all out. An incision is made 
 lengthwise through the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right 
 angles at the top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T., fig. 3. 
 
 A bud is then taken from a shoot 
 of the present year's growth, by 
 shaving off the bark an inch or 
 an inch and a half in length, with 
 a small part of the wood directly 
 beneath the bud, fig. 4. The ed- 
 ges of the bark, at the incision 
 in the stock, are then raised a 
 little, fig. 5, and the bud pushed 
 downward under the bark, fig. 6. A 
 woolen-yarn, or other substance, is then 
 wrapped around, commencing at the bottom and passing the bud, re- 
 turning again and tying just below, covering all but the bud, fig. 7. 
 The pressure should be just sufficient to keep the inserted portion 
 closely to the stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark. In 
 about ten days or two weeks after insertion, the strings will 
 require to be loosened, and at expiration of three weeks removed 
 altogether. The ensuing spring, as soon as the buds begin to swell 
 strongly, cut off" the stock about six inches above the bud ; and as 
 the shoot or bud grows, tie it to the piece of stock above its inser- 
 tion until about midsummer, when it will be time to cut away the 
 piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut downward from 
 the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice with some -is to 
 place the buds in water ; this so saturates them with moisture, that 
 they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of the stock, and 
 hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot containing buds in- 
 tended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately be cut off to 
 within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation will 
 exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are wanted to be kept a 
 number of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss or wet 
 cloths ; or if desired to send any distance, the whole wrapped in oiled 
 silk. In this way they will keep without injury ten days or more. 
 u Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick 
 or rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring 
 of bark is removed from the^ stock, and another cor- 
 responding ring, containing the bud, slit open on one 
 side, is made to fit the denuded space. Fig. 8. 
 
 " Trees which have been girdled in winter by mice, 
 may be preserved by a process similar to annular bud- 
 ding, by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions, 
 and applying one or more pieces of bark peeled from 
 the branch of another tree, so as to restore the con- 
 
24 
 
 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. 
 
 nection between the two severed portions. This is done as soon as 
 the bark will separate ; the same end may, however, be accom- 
 plished early in spring by cutting away portions of the sap-wood 
 with the bark, and connecting the two parts by several pieces of a 
 branch, care being taken that they coincide accurately, as in graft- 
 ing. The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax." 
 
 Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all 
 resolving into the same thing — that of transferring one variety onto 
 another. The modes most regarded, and in most common prac- 
 tice, we describe. 
 
 Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practised when 
 the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it 
 lays in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of 
 albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other, 
 or if the stock is too large that they match on one side. See fig. 9. 
 The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut 
 in the graft, and when put together, to serve as support in steady- 
 ing the graft until the circulation of sap has united it with the stock. 
 This is practised to a large extent by nursery-men on pieces of 
 roots, and is then termed " root-grafting." 
 
 Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit 
 
 is made in either stock or graft. 
 
 See fig. 10. 
 
 Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it 
 is done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the 
 upper rootlet or fibre. See fig. 11. 
 
 Saddle Graf ling. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obilquely 
 on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge, 
 and the scion is slit up -the centre, when its sides 
 are pared down till they fit the sides of the stock. 
 See fig. 12. This is the best mode to pursue with 
 the cherry and other stone fruits. 
 
 Side Grafting, as seen in the cut, fig. 9, is per- 
 formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch 
 long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por- 
 tion, splitting the graft and paring the inner por- 
 tion, tnen inserting it so as to give a union of the 
 barks and woods — leaving meanwhile the top of 
 the stock to carry on the circulation of sap until the 
 graft becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is the best for 
 the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also when scions 
 may have been received late in the spring, or the work of grafting 
 unavoidably delayed. 
 
 Fig:. 9. 
 
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 25 
 
 ft m 
 
 Fig. 13. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 10. 
 
 Cleft Grafting is an easy though clumsy mode, rarely prac- 
 tised, except on limbs or branches too large for whip grafting. In 
 this the scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock 
 is split with a grafting chisel or large knife,which is drawn to one side 
 and holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albu- 
 men or inner barks match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away. 
 
 Wrapping or Tying. After the Operation of grafting is per- 
 formed, bass bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen, or cotton yarn, 
 is then wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places. 
 Where small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nur- 
 sery-rows, this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed 
 on standard trees, it is best to cover the matting with a wax, made in 
 the following manner : 
 
 Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts lard. 
 This should be well incorporated together, while warm, strips of cot- 
 ton cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width 
 required for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the 
 labor, and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen 
 string, may be dispensed with. 
 
 Grafts which have become dry, maybe restored if the moisture is 
 applied so gradually that its absorption may require several weeks. 
 In one instance shoots cut early in autumn, and subjected to tho- 
 rough drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next spring, 
 by wrapping them well in moss and burying them in a dry spot of 
 ground ; and being set, they all grew. 
 
 Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp 
 moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a 
 very small compass, with great safety, by enwrapping them with 
 oil-silk or thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them to include 
 the moisture, by means of small thread. 
 
26 
 
 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. 
 
 Layers. This is practised in low shrubs and vines, as the quince 
 and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking 
 a branch, cutting a notch or slit on the under side, and pegging it 
 
 securely, so that the centre 
 will be about four inches 
 under ground, see fig. 14. 
 With the grape trailing the 
 vine on the surface, as shown 
 in fig. 15, and after buds 
 have started a few inches, 
 cover with soil, the vine; 
 each bud will throw out 
 roots, and if the operation 
 be performed in spring, they may be taken up and separated in the 
 fall. 
 
 Fto. 
 
 Cuttings. 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 saw-dust, etc. 
 
 Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of mul- 
 tiplying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion 
 of a shoot of one year's growth into the soil ; the 
 moisture of the soil renews the supply of sap, the buds 
 swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices ex- 
 pend themselves in the production of new roots, which 
 shoot downwards into the soil, fig. 16. Under ordi- 
 nary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is 
 only applicable to such species as readily throw out 
 roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and grape. 
 The cutting should be made from eight inches to a 
 foot long, and have all the lower buds cut out, in order 
 to prevent its throwing up suckers. Wood of the last 
 year's growth is used, and the lower end cut square 
 across at the base of a bud. They should be inserted 
 perpendicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see, 
 under the head of grapes ; the earth should be pressed 
 securely at the bottom, and lightly at the top, and 
 when possible, a mulch of two inches of tan bark, 
 , thrown over them to preserve moisture. 
 
 Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry ; as 
 soon as well rooted they are suited to be removed. 
 
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 27 
 
 Suckers, are underground runners — often the result of careless 
 cultivation in breaking off roots. They should always be destroyed, 
 but never replanted, not even the Frost Gage plum, proving healthy 
 when so propagated. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 TRANSPLANTING TREES HOW, WHEN; PACKING, CARE OF WHEN RE- 
 CEIVED ; PRUNING TIME WHEN, HOW, THE TOPS, THE ROOTS ; LABELS 
 
 FOR ; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAINING J FORM OF 
 YOUNG TREES. 
 
 Notwithstanding our people are, as a nation, " planters of trees," 
 yet how few, comparatively, ever succeed in carrying the existence 
 of trees planted, beyond the first season ; or if a second year, only 
 with a puny sickly habit, anything but satisfactory. The first thing, 
 in the removal of trees, should be care not to destroy the roots in 
 digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such cause than 
 large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out of the 
 ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury of roots, 
 but really they were cracked through every portion, and all the 
 pores through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and in- 
 jured, often as much or more to injury of tree, than if one half the 
 roots had been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out with 
 spades, leaving only about four to six inches of main root, and a few 
 small fibres. Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe 
 shortening-in of limbs, to recover anything like their native vigor, 
 and are not worth, to the planter, over one-half price of trees well 
 and carefully dug, with roots nearly entire. 
 
 Preparing the Soil. If an orchard is to be planted, and on soil 
 retentive of moisture, or, in other words — level clayey soil — it 
 should first be thoroughly subsoiled, at least twenty-two inches deep ; 
 it should then have sufficient number of under drains, that no sur- 
 plus water would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging 
 deep holes should never be practised, but the whole soil should be 
 made of fine tilth, and if the ground is well drained, or naturally 
 dry, dig broad spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the 
 ground is not drained and naturally wet — a location and condition 
 which should never be adopted — let the planting be made by plac- 
 ing the tree on the level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon 
 the level prairies this course has been found most successful, and at 
 times, without even removing the sod beneath the tree. 
 
 Many suppose, that a tree grown in nursery on sandy soil, will not 
 
28 
 
 TRANSPLANTING TREES. 
 
 succeed on clay and the reverse ; this, if they will only use reason, 
 and study the nature of obtaining food by the tree, they will see, 
 at once, has no foundation in fact ; but a tree taken from the rich 
 ground of a well kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved 
 soil, amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in 
 vigor and health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our 
 western country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, bar- 
 ren hills of New England. Food for the plant is therefore requi- 
 site, and this should be prepared, in a well and previously cultivated 
 and enriched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state, by 
 application of animal manures immediately to the roots ; this should 
 never be done ; but, Prof. Lindley says, " that a small quantity of 
 super-phosphate of lime, as it is called, that is to say, a mixture of 
 oil of vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with dry mould, and thrown 
 in round the roots of a newly-transplanted tree, will generally aid 
 in the formation of root fibres, and, consequently, assist very much 
 in establishing the plant in its new situation ; or, if scattered over 
 the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the places where 
 most required." 
 
 How to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, we next 
 
 proceed to plant the tree. 
 Supposing that the roots, 
 in removing, have been 
 carefully preserved, our 
 tree will present, when 
 placed in the hole pre- 
 pared for it, the appear- 
 ance represented in our 
 fig. 17, the upper root 
 being about four inches 
 lower than the level of 
 the surrounding soil. If 
 the roots are broken, 
 prune, bv a cut from the 
 .under side of each end. 
 ■Now, one man should 
 scatter carefully in the 
 Fi s- 17 - fine earth, while another 
 
 holds the body of the tree with one hand, and with the other care- 
 fully presses the earth around and beneath every root, taking care 
 to keep the small roots and fibres, each in its place, lifting them 
 as the work progresses, so that their ends are horizontal with their 
 base. Leave the earth, if the planting be done in Spring, level 
 around the tree, and with the surrounding surface ; if planted in the 
 Tall, earth up a little mound around the stem-end, and over the 
 
 
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION", ETC. 29 
 
 entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again in the Spring. Avoid 
 treading or other pressure around the tree, other than that made by 
 the hand in firmly placing the earth among the roots, in the process. 
 
 Time When. With nearly all trees and all locations, Fall is the 
 best time to transplant ; new granulations have to be made, ere the 
 roots broken by the process can again supply themselves, or the 
 plant, with food. This process, if trees are removed in Fall, will 
 often be found to have taken place during winter, and ere the ex- 
 haustion by the leaves by growth in Spring, of their food laid up in 
 bud and bark the year previous, the roots are again furnishing their 
 support as nature orders. If, however, trees are removed in Spring, 
 it often happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food 
 previously laid up is exhausted, ere new rootlets are formed. Mul- 
 ching, and other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order 
 to keep the roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted 
 trees, than those of Fall planting. 
 
 Packing. Amateurs, as well as nurserymen, often have occasion 
 to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable they be so packed, 
 as to ensure success when received. In order to this, they should 
 be made into a bundle with damp moss liberally mingled among 
 the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and the 
 small within ; band securely with twisted straw bands, then take 
 long straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near 
 the center of the roots of bundle ; lay another layer, with the butts 
 four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until yon have the 
 length of bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully lay straw 
 over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing at top, 
 so that when cords are around it, all will be covered ; proceed with 
 one end of cord, first lashed to a strong root, to bind it around, 
 once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If intended to 
 go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, a stout 
 stick should be packed in centre of each bundle, extending about 
 four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down a strong 
 bass mat, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss, and placing 
 the roots of bundle upon it, draw it up carefully over, and secure it 
 by strong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, let the roots be 
 well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a thick clayey mud, 
 but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc., among them. 
 
 Care of, when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing how 
 to care for them when received after long voyages. If dry, or 
 withered, or frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bu- 
 ried, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some 
 days ; or, if late in fall, and buried where the water drains off readily, 
 let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have only a couple of 
 inches upon them. Trees received dry in spring, may be immedi- 
 
30 
 
 TRANSPLANTING TREES. 
 
 ately immersed in a running stream of water, and after the buds are 
 swollen, planted out in some location for the season, where the mid- 
 day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can be always 
 kept moist by mulching, etc. 
 
 Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a 
 tree, must ever be borne iti mind in pruning, to ensure success, is 
 evident ; but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if 
 correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a 
 tree, whether made in spring, just before midsummer, in fall or win- 
 ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected, 
 where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the 
 circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c, &c, should, by 
 all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches, 
 that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July ; that 
 all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu- 
 ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as 
 rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer, 
 closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to 
 be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se- 
 lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been, from 
 the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood 
 than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be 
 seen in almost every orchard. Barry says : 
 
 " It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how 
 to prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice. 
 
 The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems 
 and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal- 
 ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch 
 or stem, if we cut between two joints, and thus leave a portion of 
 
 wood above the bud 
 intended to be cut to, 
 as in fig. 18, this wood 
 dies, and we have the 
 trouble of another 
 pruning to remove it. 
 If we cut too close to 
 the bud, and thus re- 
 move a portion of the 
 wood with which it is 
 connected, as in fig. 
 19, the bud will either 
 die or disappoint us 
 by producing a very 
 feeble growth. The 
 proper way is to take 
 the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the 
 
 20 
 Figs, to Pruning. 
 too far above the bud. Fig. 19, cutting too 
 20, the cut as it should be. Fig. 21, re- 
 moval of a branch, the cross line indicating the proper 
 place for the cut. 
 
 Fig. 18, cuttin, 
 close. Fig. 
 
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. SI 
 
 knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be out to, and then 
 make a firm,' quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the 
 knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig. 
 20. In soft-wooded, pithy trees, like the grape vine, for example, 
 half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The 
 cut should also be made, as much as possible, on the lower 
 side of the branch, to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The 
 position of the bud cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning, 
 to produce or modify certain forms. When we wish the new shoot 
 of a lateral branch to take as much as possible, an upright direction, 
 we prune to a bud on the inside ; and if we wish it to spread, we 
 choose one on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back 
 young trees, to form a stem or side branches, the bud selected to form 
 the leader is chosen on opposite sides every successive year, in order to 
 maintain the growth in a straight line. If cut every year to a bud 
 on the same side, it would, in two or three seasons, show an inclina- 
 tion to that side injurious to the symmetry of the tree. 
 
 The Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely 
 separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In orchards 
 it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a common 
 axe ; and even lit gardens there seem to be few persons who either 
 know how, or take the proper care in this matter. They are either 
 cut so that a portion of. the base of the branch remains, and sends 
 out vigorous shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are 
 cut so close that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem 
 is taken with them, and a wound made that years are required to 
 heal up. Both these extremes ought to be avoided. 
 
 The surface of th* cut made by the removal of a branch, should 
 in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch 
 is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and 
 below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the 
 cross line in fig. 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder, 
 and, by being° drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com- 
 pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there; and yet the 
 cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch. 
 When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smooth 
 with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the 
 healing of the wound." 
 
 Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not 
 only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re- 
 store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken 
 from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken or mutilated, to a 
 greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance 
 or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such 
 a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots 
 
32 TRANSPLANTING TREES. 
 
 must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and branches in 
 length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered, 
 the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring 
 them to a corresponding condition. 
 
 " Pruning the Roots. This is practised as well to promote fruit- 
 fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs 
 that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in 
 proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being 
 equal, are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence, 
 when a tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of 
 food from the soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves 
 slowly in its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the 
 young branches and buds begin to assume a fruitful character. 
 
 Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply 
 into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur- 
 face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches. 
 The principle is the same. 
 
 The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, just 
 at the extremities of the roots : the distance from the tree will, there- 
 fore, depend on its size, and the spreading character of the roots. 
 The trench should be the width of a common garden spade, and deep 
 enough to admit of an inspection of all the roots of the tree. If the 
 lateral roots are to be shortened, this is done first. The knife should 
 be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated with 
 a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If the 
 tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on with 
 a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart stroke 
 with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as possible, will 
 separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root pruning 
 may be performed, depends on the character of the species, the con- 
 dition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. Those 
 practising it for the first time should go to work with great caution. 
 It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. As re- 
 gards the season, it may be performed either at the end of the first 
 growth, in July or August, or in the autumn or winter, when vege- 
 tation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, with 
 complete success, in August, in a .dry time when little growth was 
 going on. At this season, a copious vratering should be given after 
 the pruning is performed." 
 
 Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation of 
 blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or 
 lessen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others ; but 
 all seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil, 
 in France, and first published in this country in Barry 's " Fruit 
 Garden." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in 
 gardens, than of standards in orchards. He says : 
 
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 33 
 
 " The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following 
 six general principles : 
 
 "1. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning, depends, in a great 
 measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches. 
 
 " In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally dis- 
 tributed in the different parts without any other aid than nature, 
 because the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural 
 tendency of the sap.* 
 
 " But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im- 
 posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &c, change, more or 
 less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the 
 form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees 
 require the development of ramifications, more or less numerous, 
 and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as 
 the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, it hap- 
 pens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become 
 feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be obtained, dis- 
 appears, to be replaced by the natural form, that is, a stem^ or a 
 trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to 
 preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ certain means, 
 by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can be changed 
 and directed towards the points where we wish to obtain the most 
 vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegetation in the parts 
 to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and, on the con- 
 trary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. To accomplish 
 this, the following means must be successively employed : 
 
 " 1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those 
 of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves. 
 The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts, 
 deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have pro- 
 duced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less quantities, and 
 the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts being pruned long, 
 present a great number of buds, which produce a large surface of leaves, 
 and these attract the sap, and acquire a vigorous growth. This principle 
 holds good in all trees, under whatever form they may be conducted. 
 
 "2. Leave a large quantity of fruit on the strong part, and remove 
 the whole or greater part from the feeble. We know already that the 
 fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the roots, and 
 of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary result of 
 this is, what we are about to point out, viz., that all the sap which 
 arrives in the strong parts, will be absorbed by the fruit, and the 
 
 * This is not in all cases true. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, ex- 
 hibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends 
 of the branches attract nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower 
 parts to die out. In other species, similar instances might be quoted, and, as a 
 ' general thing, the proposition is unsound, except in a comparative sense. 
 2* 
 
34 TRANSPLANTING TREES. 
 
 wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, while on the 
 feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be appropriated by the 
 growing parts, and they will increase in size and strength. 
 
 " 3. Bend the strong parts and keep the weak erect. The more 
 erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap 
 to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract 
 much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently, 
 make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This 
 remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees. 
 
 " 4. Remove from the vigorous parts the superfluous shoots as 
 early in the season as possible, and from the feeble parts as late as pos- 
 sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch, 
 the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the sap 
 attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble 
 parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous growth. 
 
 " 5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous 
 parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always 
 any shoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus 
 pinching early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such points is checked, 
 and naturally turns to the growing parts that have not been pinched ; 
 this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms. 
 
 " 6. Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave the fee- 
 ble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts ob- 
 structs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently favors 
 the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers, 
 
 " 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light, 
 and confining the strong pa,rts more in the shade, restores a balance, 
 for light is the agent which enables leaves to perform their functions 
 and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater 
 proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development. 
 
 2. " The sap acts with greater force and produces more vigorous 
 groioth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long. 
 This is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must evidently 
 produce a greater development of wood on them, than if it were 
 divided between fifteen or twenty buds. 
 
 " It follows from this, that if w T e wush to obtain wood branches, 
 we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit buds. On the 
 contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, w r e prune long, because 
 the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to fruit. 
 
 " Another application of this principle is to prune short for a year 
 or two, such trees or parts as have become enfeebled by overbear- 
 ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is 
 of great importance.) 
 
 3. " The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots causes 
 the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Ac- 
 cording to this principle, when we wish a prolongment of a stem or 
 
PACKING, PRUNING,. PROTECTION, ETC. 35 
 
 branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no pro- 
 duction that can interfere with the action of the sap on it. 
 
 4. " The more the sap is obstructed in its circulation, the more 
 likely it will be to produce fruit buds. This principle is founded on 
 a fact to which we have already had occasion to refer, viz. — that the 
 sap circulating slowly is subjected to a more complete elaboration 
 in the tissues of the tree, and becomes bettei adapted to the forma- 
 tion of fruit buds. 
 
 "This principle can be applied to produce the following result ■: 
 when we wish to produce fruit buds on a branch, we prevent a free 
 circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular 
 or circular incisions on it ; and on the contrary, when we wish to 
 change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a vertical posi- 
 tion, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we concentrate 
 the action of the sap and thus induce their vigorous development. 
 
 5. " The leaves serve to prepare the sap absorbed by the roots for 
 the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the 
 shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to 
 perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large 
 quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth 
 or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and 
 the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the 
 fruit; and the branches so stripped will 'have feeble, ill-formed 
 buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly 
 growth. 
 
 6. " Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develop before 
 the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very 
 close pruning, and in some cases, as the peach, this even will often fail. 
 This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main branches 
 of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development of the 
 buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the side shoots 
 thus produced, for without this, the interior of the tree will become 
 naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very difficult." 
 
 " If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied 
 in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different 
 fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The 
 mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be 
 perfectly plain and simple ; yet no one need hope to accomplish, in 
 all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skilful 
 operator is sometimes disappointed ; but those who give constant 
 attention to their trees, will always discover a failure in time to 
 apply a remedy." 
 
 Training. We give the accompanying fig. 22. taken from 
 " Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening" merely as illustrative of 
 the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored 
 
36 
 
 TRANSPLANTING TREES. 
 
 land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly ; 
 the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful 
 and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to 
 hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing 
 principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable 
 almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each 
 form is known ; a, the herring-bone fan ; 6, the irregular fan ; c, the 
 stellate fan ; c?, the drooping fan ; e, the wavy fan ; /, the horizontal ; 
 <7, the horizontal with screw stem ; A, the vertical with screw or 
 wavy shoots ; i, same with upright shoots. 
 
 Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or 
 pine about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side 
 smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with 
 a soft lead pencil, and driven down one foot into the ground, at the 
 commencement of each variety. 
 
 For standard trees, slips of wood three inches long and half 
 an inch wide, and either painted and written on as above — or, 
 having the name burned in with iron type, which is better, then 
 secured to a side branch by strong copper wire ; are those most in 
 use. Labels are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mix- 
 ture of two parts (by weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac, 
 one of lamp-black, and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be 
 mixed in a mortar with a small portion of water at first, and the 
 whole added afterwards. Preserve the mixture in a well corked 
 bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards 
 to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for 
 years. 
 
 If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire it should be 
 firmly twisted round the zinc so as not to remain loose, or else the 
 
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 37 
 
 constant motion from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire 
 should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent 
 cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and pass round 
 a side-shoot, instead of a main branch to prevent the danger of 
 cutting in by the growth of the tree; and should be. attached below 
 a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch. 
 
 The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following con- 
 trivance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide 
 and six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round 
 the twig, bring it through a hole punched mid- way between the ends, 
 and clinch or twist it with the fingers or a small pair of pincers. 
 These labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate. 
 
 Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl to write 
 the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating. 
 Oxidation soon renders the letters distinct. 
 
 Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured 
 by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection, is to take 
 three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with 
 strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will 
 also serve to protect in a great measure from mice ; but for protec- 
 tion from the latter, strong "hardware paper" as it is termed, 
 secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tar 
 is best. 
 
 The form of young trees most desirable to be obtained for planting, 
 are those so grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem 
 from the root to the terminal bud. This is only obtained by per- 
 mitting the side branches to grow, and be regularly shortened in in 
 the nursery, so that not only the stem but the whole tree presents 
 the form of a pyramid. One tree so grown, is worth more to the 
 planter, than ten grown with long slender stems of uniform size six 
 or seven feet high. A tree rightly (or as first described), grown, 
 will have double the quantity of roots, and when removed will need 
 no staking, while the latter will require staking four or five years, 
 and then never make a fine tree. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. INFLUENCE OF 
 
 SOILS CLIMATE — STOCKS. 
 
 The theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist- 
 ence in the parent-tree, once had strong supporters ; but we have 
 never been able to reconcile it with any known laws existent in 
 vegetable life, beyond theory. That all cuttings taken from a seed- 
 ling plant, no matter how propagated, are but the continuation of a 
 single plant, having existence in a healthy state only so long as the 
 original exists in vigor and health, although advocated, and with con- 
 siderable of reason to support, is a proposition we cannot accede to. 
 Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that no variety can be 
 procured of a healthy origin except grown on the principle of Van 
 Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varieties to produce 
 fruit on trees of advanced age, and without care, of size equal to its 
 first appearance when the trees were young, is often cited as evi- 
 dence of the " running out " of that variety ; those so citing seeming 
 not to know, that fruit is being produced elsewhere on younger trees, 
 under good treatment, fully equal or surpassing the original. All 
 seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether grown from 
 a wildling or cultivated variety ; and varieties are undoubtedly 
 under propagation unhealthy ; but that they are more so on account 
 of the term of years they have been continued, admits of doubt. 
 That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natural limit 
 shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or evenly 
 treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a tree, 
 propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedling stocks, 
 or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original tree, is 
 a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The white 
 Doyenne Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have all 
 been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have grown 
 all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical. 
 
 The influence of soils, on both tree and fruit is now too well 
 known among horticulturists, and the exhaustion thereof too often, 
 unwittingly, accepted to support the theory of exhaustion of vari 
 eties. We have repeatedly written that, at no very distant day, 
 will it be requisite for the orchardist to fully understand the nature 
 of soil requisite for each distinct variety. We do not believe a fruit 
 originating in soil abundantly supplied w r ith lime will preserve 
 
FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 39 
 
 the same character and quality when grown in one utterly devoid 
 of that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, while 
 practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of rot, &c, 
 exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with aught 
 but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of each 
 variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall not 
 extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted 
 to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on 
 varieties has, we think, only this effect, viz. : to create more or less 
 rapid growth of both tree and fruit as we go north or south, causing 
 in the tree a coarser, more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to 
 injury from sudden changes of atmosphere, when grown south ; and 
 in the fruit, greater size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and 
 corresponding depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in apple 
 and pear ; but in the peach, apricot, and nectarine, additional charac-' 
 ter and sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated. 
 
 The influence of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily ex- 
 plained; for while all know that to propagate a strong growing 
 variety upon a slow growing stock has a tendency at once to 
 reduce its growth of wood and create a producing habit ; and vice 
 versa, when a slow grower is placed on one of vigorous habit. Yet 
 the reason why a fruit is better or worse in quality when grown on 
 varied stocks and subject to like soil, has not been explained. Seed- 
 ling stocks, as most used by nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous 
 or hardy ; hence the apparent difference in trees propagated on 
 them and removed to various locations. Under each general head 
 of varieties of fruits, we give such information as we have been ena- 
 bled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to the variety, and 
 refer thereto for further remark. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 GATHERING FRUIT TIME WHEN FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND 
 
 RIPENING. 
 
 The gathering of hardy fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces, 
 grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in 
 the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is 
 depositing; neither should they be gathered immediately after a 
 
40 GATHERING FRUIT. 
 
 rain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired ; but 
 under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they 
 are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If 
 on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it 
 separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be 
 cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown 
 or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering 
 with " fruit gatherers " is esteemed most perfect, 
 but if we could induce all our orchard farmers 
 to gather by the hand, we should consider we had 
 accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen 
 in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation. 
 
 The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter 
 
 apples should be gathered some ten days earlier 
 
 than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended 
 
 rig. 23. to have them keep well. 
 
 Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening, 
 
 much has been said, and often with good reason and truth. 
 
 The following description of a fruit room, is from a foreign jour- 
 nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has 
 a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity 
 between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char- 
 coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it 
 produces a cooler temperature in Summer. 
 
 " Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree, 
 after the latter has ceased to grow ; nor will its flavor be so good, 
 because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of the 
 temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their tis- 
 sues cannot be effected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit 
 become shrivelled and dry, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces- 
 sity of gathering fruit at two different periods from one and the 
 same tree. First from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation 
 ceases first, and eight or ten days later from the upper half, or ex- 
 tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath- 
 ering from espalier trees than from standards ; and likewise, sooner 
 from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide 
 for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part- 
 ing from the tree. The different kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts, 
 etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they 
 drop of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump- 
 tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity. 
 The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccha- 
 rine properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in 
 the open air, they should be kept from those ripened in houses or 
 on espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen, 
 as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best 
 
FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 
 
 41 
 
 condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best 
 method of gathering fruit is to pluck it off singly with the hand, care 
 being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a 
 brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances 
 have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the 
 aid of a ladder ; but practically, they require too much time, and 
 therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all. 
 Long, shallow and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car- 
 pet at the bottom, are in general us« about Montreuil. In these 
 baskets the fruit is placed in layers — three layers — separated by 
 leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are 
 filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit, 
 we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care and at the 
 proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the 
 winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening 
 should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so 
 as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus 
 keeping up a succession from the time they are gathered till the 
 succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room 
 should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent change 
 of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows. 
 The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg. Fahr. A higher 
 temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and 
 a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where 
 the temperature is very low — say an ice-house — it will keep a lono- 
 time, if not destroyed by moisture ; but, before it is wanted for 
 dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature 
 to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the 
 keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos- 
 phere should be kept 
 rather dry than humid, 
 and the fruit should be 
 placed separately, so as 
 not to touch one another. 
 We would select a 
 northern aspect, and dry 
 place, sheltered if pos- 
 sible, by high evergreen 
 trees, fer the purpose 
 of building the fruit 
 room ; the quantity of 
 fruit to be preserved 
 must determine its di- 
 mension. The annexed 
 plan is fifteen feet long 
 bv twelve feet wide, and 
 
 Fig. 24. Ground Plan of a Fruit Room. 
 
42 
 
 GATHERING FRUIT. 
 
 nine feet high (inside measure). In a room, of this size, 8,000 fruit 
 can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls (fig. 
 24, a and b). .A body of air is interposed between the two walls, 
 at c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric 
 influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built 
 of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors, 
 are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both 
 in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the 
 walls. The entrance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall is a 
 double door, d, one to open at the outside, and the other in the in- 
 side. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit 
 room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four wooden 
 shutters, /, two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are 
 placed four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean- 
 ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil- 
 ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with 
 laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior walk 
 
 In the interior, benches, or shelves, (fig. 
 25,) from the bottom up to the ceilings, 
 are placed a foot above one another. To 
 facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the 
 shelves above four feet from the ground 
 are placed at an angle of 45 cleg., a, in 
 the form of a stage ; the lower ones are 
 fixed horizontally, b. To ensure the 
 circulation of air between the shelves, 
 they are divided in five parts, and a 
 space of an inch left between each of 
 them ; those in front, c, are provided with 
 aledgeboard. The centre of the fruit room 
 is reserved for a table ( fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet 
 broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar- 
 ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a 
 fruit room, by the aid of which we are enabled to furnish the table 
 with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the 
 year. When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at 
 first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity 
 of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised 
 ones are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four days, 
 to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected, 
 the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or 
 cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one 
 by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can, 
 also, be preserved for a length of time in this place, having been 
 gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every 
 branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a 
 
 Fig. 25. Section showincr the arrange 
 ment of the Shelves. 
 
FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING. 
 
 43 
 
 Fig. 26. Method of sus 
 
 pending clusters of 
 
 Grapes. 
 
 pair of scissors, and 
 fixed the reverse way 
 to a metalic hook, of 
 the form of an S, {fig. 
 26.) Attached thus, 
 they are less likely to 
 rot, because the ber- 
 ries are placed in a 
 freer position, and do 
 not touch each other. 
 They are hooked to 
 one or two hoops, as 
 shown at fig. 27, and 
 suspended with a cord 
 cord to the ceiling, and 
 thus 
 
 Fig. 27. Movable frame for sus- 
 pending the Grapes. 
 
 made movable with two 
 pulleys. Having thus all the fruit disposed in the fruit room, the 
 doors and shutters are opened during eight or ten days, to deprive 
 the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after this has been 
 done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit, room hermetically. 
 The doors are no more opened, except for the work necessary to be 
 done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was known of dry- 
 ing-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during winter, except 
 by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass through the 
 apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are obvious ; the 
 interior temperature will change according to the exterior; and, bad 
 as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under freezing point, no 
 use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must be abandoned to 
 chance, and disappointment will soon follow. In this case we recom- 
 mend the use of chlorine of calcium. This substance has the prop- 
 erty of absorbing about double its own weight of moisture, when it 
 becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain length of time to a 
 humid atmosphere, produced by the moisture emitted by the fruit. 
 It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere in the best condition. 
 
 To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden 
 box is made {fig. '28, a,) one foot and a 
 half square by three inches deep, and 
 placed upon a table 6, which is at the 
 side, c, an inch lower than on the other. 
 Xhe chlorine of calcium, after having 
 absorbed a certain quantity of moisture, 
 becomes liquefied, and runs into the 
 earthenware vase, d, placed underneath 
 for the purpose. Should the chlorine 
 become dissolved before the total con- 
 sumption of the fruits, the dose must be 
 the liquid in the vase, if put in a pan, and 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 Box for using the Chlorine 
 of Calcium. 
 
 renewed ; in which case 
 
4A GATHERING- FRUIT. 
 
 placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium, and as good 
 for use as before. 
 
 Fruit in Cellars. — "A great deal of winter fruit suffers early decay, 
 in consequence of a deficiency of ventilation, especially during autumn, 
 and after the fruit is deposited. Another cause of decay, is the im- 
 proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or 
 around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, the assorting of 
 decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves 
 must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in a 
 most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at 
 the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls. 
 To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas- 
 sage all round. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may 
 be twice the width, with the same conveniences in assorting or 
 picking. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats can- 
 not reach them. It is said, that the Germans are very successful in 
 the ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the princi- 
 pal chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a cur- 
 rent, which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from the 
 vegetable and other contents." 
 
THE ALMOND. 
 
 Amygdalus communis — Dec. Rosacea of Botanists. 
 
 The almond tree is a native of the north of Africa ; of the moun- 
 tains of Asia ; and, of Russia. Linnaeus places it in the same genus 
 with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the 
 parent of both. The fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is 
 said, have been found growing naturally upon the same branch. 
 How true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know, 
 but we do know, that nature produces no such variations in the 
 present age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine, 
 but is easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the pecul- 
 iar color and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those 
 of the peach, but are larger than most varieties, and produced in 
 greater profusion. It is a fruit which has been too much neglected, 
 and especially in our south-western States, where it should be grown 
 in such quantities, as to entirely exclude importation from Europe. 
 
 Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed in 
 sand, kept moist during winter, cracked in spring, and sown in drills 
 three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, covered 
 two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the wild 
 plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the 
 peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, rich soils, the 
 plum is best. 
 
 Soil, Hardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well 
 drained ; but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not 
 essential. The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive 
 in the middle, and portions of the northern States ; while South, the 
 soft shell, or ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The 
 cultivation needed is same as that of the peach. 
 
 Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article 
 of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter 
 almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic 
 acid of the shops. 
 
46 THE ALMOND. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 CLASS I. Varieties worthy cultivation. 
 
 Long Hard Shell. 
 
 Long Hard Shell Almond, | Amandier a gros fruit , [ Amandier a gros fruit doux. 
 
 Flowers, large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone, 
 about as large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper ; 
 very hardy ; ripens about last September. 
 
 Languedoc. 
 
 Great-fruited sweet, | Great Soft Shell, | Large Persian 
 
 The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know 
 It is said to be very large and sweet. 
 
 Soft Shell Sweet. 
 
 Ladies' Thin Shell, 
 Sultan a coque tendre, 
 Amandier des Dames, 
 
 Soft Shell Sweet Almond, 
 Doux a coque tendre, 
 Amandier a coque tendre, 
 
 Ou Amande Princesse. 
 
 This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, wtih 
 a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers ; and 
 the kernel of which is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The 
 flowers open at same time with the leaves, and are deeply tinged 
 with red. Fruit, oval, compressed; nut, oval-pointed, one-sided, 
 tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August, or in July at the 
 South, where it is only adapted. 
 
 CLASS III. Varieties unworthy Cultare. 
 Common Almond. 
 
 Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune. 
 
 A variety usually found in nurseries, inferior to the Long Hard Shell. 
 Sultana Sweet Almond. 
 
 Amande Sultane, | Sultan. 
 
 A tender-shelled variety, inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet. 
 
 Pistachia Sweet. 
 
 Amande Pistache. 
 Small, pointed, inferior fruit. 
 
 Peach Almond. 
 
 Pecher, | Amandier Pecher. 
 
 A cross between the Peach and Almond. Nearly sweet — often bitter. 
 
 Bitter Almond. 
 Differing from the common Almond in its bitter kernel. 
 
THE APKIOOT. 
 
 Armeniaca vulgaris — Dec. Rosacce of Botanists. 
 
 The common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not general 
 cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu- 
 mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes 
 it as known in Italy under the name prcccocvi ; while the former 
 mentions, that it was introduced into that country about the six- 
 teenth year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abound- 
 ing in Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. " The 
 Chinese," says Grossier, " have many varieties, which they cultivate 
 both for ornament and use." The barren mountains west of Pekin, 
 are described by the same author, as being covered with these trees. 
 And Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole 
 range of the Caucasus." It is, also, stated to be from Armenia and 
 Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, berkoche, whence the 
 Tuscan, bacoche or albicocco, and the English, apricock, and, finally, 
 apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub- 
 lished in 1817, says of the apricot, " This fruit is extremely tender, 
 in our severe winters in exposed or open situations, unprotected by 
 a wall." And similar statements have been made by writers, from 
 time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late 
 years, its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more 
 tender as a tree than our sweet cherries ; and, contrary to general 
 statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions ; for in 
 climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tend- 
 ing suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and 
 breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour, 
 during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps, 
 apparent, until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root, 
 in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best, 
 but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower 
 limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as*a 
 preventive. The trees should be shortened-in "freely, as with the 
 peach; and standards should always be grown more in manner of 
 round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise ; for if so grown, injury to the 
 fruit fi om late spring frosts, can often be prevented, by covering 
 them with a cloth. 
 
 Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding 
 
48 THE APRICOT. 
 
 on the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of oar Western States 
 makes one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which 
 answers very well on light, sandy soils, but generally gives too 
 much tendency to wood growth rather than producing fruit. The 
 seeds grow readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very 
 good sorts ; few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing 
 the parent in size, although often proving more hardy and produc- 
 tive. Budding into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum-tree, has 
 been thought to add hardihood to the apricot. 
 
 Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are 
 best adapted to successful fruiting the apricot ; although they are 
 often grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter 
 case, however, it requires mulching or free watering, otherwise the 
 tree ripens its wood a^d drops its fruit before fully matured. 
 
 The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result 
 of exposure, as stated previously ; but the fruit is a favorite of the 
 curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained 
 against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of 
 this insect. 
 
 Uses. " A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior 
 to the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cherries and before 
 plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving 
 in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, 
 where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; 
 it is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown, 
 in the preparation of tarts. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. 
 
 Breda. 
 
 Amande Aveline, Ananas, 
 
 DcHollande, I Persique, 
 
 Hasselnussmandel. 
 
 This old variety withstands severe frosts in spring, is hardy as a 
 tree, a good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even 
 after ripe. Fruit, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ; 
 suture, well marked ; skin, orange, becoming rich brownish orange 
 in the sun ; flesh, deep orange, parting freely from the stone, 
 juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, small, roundish, compressed ; 
 kernel, sweet. Season, first of August. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 49 
 
 Early Golden. 
 
 Dubois' Early Golden, | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot. 
 
 Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty 
 yet close wood, hardy, productive, and said to bear considerable of 
 late frosts without injury to the blossom. 
 
 Fruit, small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval, 
 narrow suture ; skin, smooth, pale orange ; flesh, orange, moder- 
 ately juicy and sweet, but not high flavor ; separates from the stone ; 
 kernel, sweet. Season, 10th to 15th July. Very valuable as a 
 market variety. 
 
 Large Early. 
 
 Gros Precoce, I De St. Jean Rouge, 
 De St. Jean, | Gros D' Alexandria, 
 Gros Freche, 
 
 This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an 
 abundant bearer : foliage, large, leaves, tapering toward the foot- 
 stalks, with little ear-like appendages in place of glands. 
 
 Fruit, medium size, oblong compressed ; suture, deep ; skin , 
 downy, pale orange in the shade ; fine bright orange with a few 
 ruddy spots in the sun ; flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates 
 freely from the stone ; stone, brown, much flattened, oval, perfora- 
 ted along the back from base to apex ; kernel, bitter. Season, 
 10th to 15th July. 
 
 MOORPARK. 
 
 Anson's, 
 Dunmore, 
 
 Sudlow's Moorpark, 
 Oldaker's Moorpark, 
 De Nancy, 
 Anson's Imperial, 
 Peche, 
 Peche Gros, 
 
 Temple's, 
 Dunmore's Breda, 
 Hunt's Moorpark, 
 Walton Moorpark, 
 Peach, 
 Royal Peach, 
 Abricot Peche, 
 Wurtemburg. 
 
 This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William 
 Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous 
 to his decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer. 
 Fruit, large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter 
 each way, larger on one side of the suture than the other ; skin, 
 orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish red in the sun, 
 marked with numerous carmine specks and dots ; flesh, firm, bright 
 orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and lus- 
 cious flavor ; stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated along the back 
 
 3 
 
50 THE APRICOT. 
 
 where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the 
 other ; kernel, bitter. Season, early in August. 
 
 We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moor- 
 park and Peach apricot, and have therefore made the Peach a syno- 
 nym of Moorpark. 
 
 CLASS If. Adapted to certain Localities ; or, Gardens of Amateurs, 
 
 New and untested. 
 
 Burlington. 
 
 This variety originated at Burlington, N. J., from a seed of the Peach 
 Apricot planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolman in 1838. Native soil, poor 
 gravel. Tree, vigorous, young wood reddish. Fruit, medium size, oblong, 
 somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct suture ; skin, golden yellow, 
 with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, fine 
 flavor ; stone, rough, perforated. Season, last of July. 
 
 Brown's Early. 
 
 Origin Chelsea, Mass. Fruit, large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek; 
 flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last 
 July. 
 
 Hemskirke. 
 
 A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the Peach Apricot. Tree 
 very short jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed; 
 skin, orange, with a brownish red cheek ; flesh, bright clear orange, tender , 
 juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small; kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of July. 
 
 Kaisha. 
 
 From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The 
 Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish, 
 semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged, 
 and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary 
 and delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with 
 a sweet kernel." 
 
 Large Red. 
 
 Under this name we received a tree three years since, but it has not 
 yet fruited. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large, 
 round, dark orange red, sweet, and juicy. 
 
 Musch. 
 
 Mu9chMu3ch, } D' Alexandrie, 
 Gros Musch. 
 
 This variety takes its name from the city of Musch, on the frontiers 
 
ADAPTED TO CERTAIN LOCALITIES. 51 
 
 of Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety ; and 
 80, receiving it from three different sources, we for a long time supposed 
 them identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as 
 Moorpark, wood being very short jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, 
 about one and a half inch in diameter ; skin, rich yellow, with orange red 
 spots and marblings on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, tender, melting, 
 sweet; kernel, sweet. Season, last of July. 
 
 Newhall's Early. 
 
 Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruit, medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep 
 red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor; clingstone; season, last July, 
 early in August. (Cole.) 
 
 Roman. 
 
 Abricot Commun, Grosse Germine, 
 
 Germine, | Transparent. 
 
 A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold unfavorable situations ; good 
 bearer ; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow, 
 dotted with a few red spots; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry; stone, oblong; 
 kernel, bitter ; season, first August. 
 
 Royal. 
 
 Abricot Royale. 
 
 A French variety, with large leaves, and vigorous habit of growth. 
 Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with 
 a little red; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy; last of July. 
 
 Shipley's. 
 
 Shipley's Large, | Blenheim. 
 
 From England, a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval, 
 orange yellow, juicy, sweet; kernel, bitter; season, last July. 
 
 Shaker Para. 
 
 A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen 
 it noticed in the journal of the London Hort. Society. Its name, meaning 
 "bit of sugar," is the only description given. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 Large Turkey, | Be Nancy. 
 
 Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish 
 orange in the sun; flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy; kernel, sweet; seasoa, 
 middle August. 
 
 The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all 
 respects resembling the common Turkey, except having most of the leaves 
 more or less blotched with yellow. 
 
52 THE APRICOT. 
 
 CLASS III. Varieties unworthy farther Culture. 
 Alberge. 
 
 Albergier. 
 
 Fruifc, small, roundish, yellow, flesh, firm, vinous. Middle of August. 
 
 Brussels. 
 
 Fruit, medium, oval, compressed, pale yellow, with dark brown specks ; 
 flesh, yellow, firm, brisk flavor. Middle of August. Kernel, bitter. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Purple, Noir, 
 
 Angoumois, Violet, 
 
 Du Pape. 
 
 Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple; flesh, tender, 
 juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent ; kernel, sweet. August. George 
 Hoadley, Esq., informs us that this variety has been brought from Germany 
 under name of " Hamburgh Apricot,'- probably from Booth's nursery, near 
 Hamburgh. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Early Orange, Royal George, 
 
 Royal Orange, Persian, 
 
 Royal Persian. 
 
 Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, with a ruddy tint in the sun ; flesh, 
 dark orange, dry, insipid ; kernel, sweet. Middle July. 
 
 Red Masculine. 
 
 Early Masculine, Abricot Precoce, 
 
 Brown Masculine, Abricotier Hatif, 
 
 Abricotier. 
 
 Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh, 
 yellow, poor flavor ; kernel, bitter. Season, middle July. 
 
 White Masculine. 
 
 White Apricot, Abricotier Blanc, 
 
 Abricot Blanc, Early White Masculine, 
 
 White Algiers. 
 
 Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days later. 
 
THE APPLE. 
 
 Pyrus Malus, L. — Rosacea of Botanists. 
 
 Of all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever 
 had preference. The " crafle of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of 
 fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then 
 long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had 
 arrived to all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing 
 and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood 
 as now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less 
 number of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and 
 of Europe, it is generally understood, that, from the variety pyrus 
 malus of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty- 
 two varieties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman 
 writers ; these have increased, until now probably 2000 would not 
 include the whole number named and partially or wholly de 
 scribed. 
 
 To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas and others, as 
 well as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much 
 in aid toward winnowing from this immense number, the wheat 
 from the chaff; and yet such is the extent of our country, and the 
 habit of all our pioneer settlers to sow seeds of the best apples, 
 that we are yearly in the production of vast numbers of new seed- 
 lings, adapted mainly only to their own locality, but occasionally of 
 such excellence as to warrant their general introduction. It is 
 owing to this, that, notwithstanding pomological writers are daily 
 condemning, our list of esteemed varieties is constantly swelling, to 
 the almost utter confounding of the seeker after a knowledge rela- 
 tive to " what varieties to plant." 
 
 Orcharding in its profits pecuniary, as relating to the apple, has 
 become well understood, and no one, who has land in any way 
 suited now hesitates to plant. We have no certain data, but think 
 we do not overstate when we say, that, besides large quantities im- 
 ported from Eastern States, there are propagated and planted annually 
 over 6,000,000 trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, 
 Illinois, and Wisconsin. The Western country is already pro- 
 ducing by millions of bushels, and her " orchards," so to speak, are 
 not yet planted. Such is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid 
 increase of people in cities, that no one should be at all deterred 
 
64 THE APPLE. 
 
 from continued planting ; for, we have not only the wants of in- 
 creased population of our own land to supply, but that of foreign 
 countries. Already our fruits are sent to England and other distant 
 shores, and eagerly sought for and purchased at what would here 
 be termed high prices. Although the Newtown pippin as sent from 
 the Pell orchard on the Hudson River, has done much toward 
 establishing our reputation abroad, we anticipate an advance in good- 
 favor, when the same variety grown on our Southern Ohio, Kentucky, 
 Indiana and Illinois soils, shall be shown ; for certainly they are, like 
 all our Western growths, when compared with those of the East, 
 far superior in size. 
 
 The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy 
 seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity hi horticul- 
 ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1000 years 
 old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight 
 regarded " many varieties" as in his time " already on the decline," 
 which Coxe, in his "View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says 
 " grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard." 
 Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy 
 and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit. 
 
 The puberty or fruit bearing age of the apple tree varies accord 
 ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and 
 under the clear sun of our western states, most varieties come into 
 bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five 
 years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated 
 varieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to 
 fifteen years. 
 
 Propagation — By sqeds. These should be selected if intended for 
 stocks to work varieties upon, from native seedling trees of strong, 
 vigorous, healthy growth. The common practice is to visit a cider 
 mill in the months of October or November and take therefrom in- 
 discriminately such as first come to hand ; but he who desires to grow 
 fine healthy trees had much better purchase the apples from such 
 trees as we describe, and, if he choose, take them to the press himself. 
 The seed should be entirely separated from the pumice or pulp, al- 
 though much of it will grow if spread immediately on the land thinly 
 and plowed in lightly ; but this is a coarse unworkmanlike method. 
 To free it from the pulp, take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon 
 boards for forty-eight hours, proceed to sift it ; the next process, is 
 washing in tubs, when most of the pulp which passed through the 
 sieve will rise to the top of the water and may be taken off. If the 
 ground is ready it may now be sown, the ground being made rich 
 in vegetable, or partially mixed with well rotted animal manure, 
 trenched or plowed twenty inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of 
 about one foot wide and two feet between each drill ; scatter the 
 
BUDDING. 55 
 
 seed so that when it grows there will be one plant lo every two 
 inches and cover with about one inch of earth, and one inch of leaf 
 mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh raw manure induces insects, 
 and consequently diseased roots. If the seed is intended for ship- 
 ment or keeping over until the spring planting, boxes not over six 
 inches deep should be procured with holes made in the bottom for 
 drainage, and then the seed packed in shallow layers with sand or 
 moss, and placed in the open air on the north side of some building 
 or fence. 
 
 By Grafting. All of the modes described in previous pages are 
 used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of diameter at 
 crown of from one quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these 
 are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our 
 rich western soils; they should be dug up, have their side roots 
 trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about 
 eight inches; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue 
 method, just at the crown or union of top and root The same 
 course may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with excep- 
 tion of shortening the roots. 
 
 Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing 
 of some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are 
 found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted 
 in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good 
 trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned 
 by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root, 
 as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on 
 trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or 
 November often with as good success as in spring. 
 
 Nurserymen generally practise taking up the seedling trees late in 
 autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them, 
 when laid down at an angle of 452, with earth. This is done in the 
 cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in 
 February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to 
 allow one inch of sand on the bottom ; and the stock grafted just 
 coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them, 
 covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in 
 a cool place, but free from frost, until the day of planting. 
 
 By Budding. This course, from the immense demand for trees 
 and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots, 
 has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud- 
 ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for bud- 
 ding should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud, 
 inserted about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on 
 the north side of the stock as possible. The time when, is usually 
 
56 THE APPLE. 
 
 the month of August, varying from early to late in month, as the 
 location is South or North, and the season early or late. 
 
 By layers and cuttings. This course is only pursued to increase 
 the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf 
 varieties. Some growers, however, west, have reputation for increas- 
 ing largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means 
 of layers,- than otherwise : we have never seen them. 
 
 Cutting of Scions. These may be cut at any time from the fall 
 of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in spring — 
 always, however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the 
 time of cutting. We consider the best time late in the fall, when 
 they may be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid 
 in a cool cellar, where they will usually keep well until spring. The 
 wood of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if 
 possible, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until 
 toward spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft 
 be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps, 
 be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen 
 the vitality and success of the scion. 
 
 Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over 
 luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft, 
 with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads, 
 are worth double the price of trees six years old, ten and twelve 
 feet high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It 
 should, however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all 
 varieties have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that 
 while a nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and 
 just to the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to 
 do so with the Fall Wine, American Pearmain, and many other 
 varieties at the same age. All this should be remembered by 
 the purchaser, and in his selection be guided more by the stocky 
 pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather 
 than height of tree. 
 
 Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a 
 previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity and 
 vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from 
 frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the 
 attention of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted 
 out in the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are 
 neglected. Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss 
 comparatively of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter 
 known that trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy, 
 and have produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the 
 
TRANSPLANTING AND DISTANCES. 57 
 
 valley, he would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills. 
 There are some parts of the West, and very much at the East* 
 where the hills are entirely unsuited to the plow ; yet by planting 
 with trees, and digging around until of twelve or more years old 
 they will make the most profitable of orchards. 
 
 On the prairies, a belt of trees ground the orchard is considered 
 of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes 
 destructive to fruit and tree Here also the selection of the highest 
 knolls and oak groves is fouad best for success in fruit growing. 
 
 Influence of Stock and hardihood. Recently there has been much 
 speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of budded 
 or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the indis- 
 criminate use of small pieces of roots. That budding will be found 
 in the main any better than the grafting process, when performed, 
 as advised, at the crown, and on the whole of a seedling root, we are 
 disposed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it. 
 The only point we can see in its favor is the comparative hardihood 
 of the stock as compared with that of the variety intended to be 
 grown : this will in some varieties make budding the preferable 
 mode, as it is now well known that some, indeed most, of the strong 
 rapid-growing sorts, of northern or eastern origin, are somewhat dis- 
 posed to " bark burst" near the ground, and to remedy this, budding 
 will be adopted. But again, all seedlings are not alike hardy al- 
 though as a whole, more so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly 
 cultivated sorts may be found, which, if worked as grafts on whole 
 roots, and again re-worked at three feet from the ground, would en- 
 sure as much hardihood as is in the nature of trees ; yet this will 
 never be practised to any considerable extent, on account of its ex- 
 pense in the growing a tree. That the habit of bearing will be in 
 creased or lessened by budding or grafting, as we advise, is also 
 another feature at this time in dispute, but we can see nothino- to 
 favor it, except the fact that trees budded do produce better than 
 roots grafted on the old common indiscriminate practice of using 
 anything in shape of a piece of root, depending on the richness of 
 soil to create from it a tree for sale. For other remarks on influ- 
 ence of stock, see previous pages. 
 
 Transplanting and distances. Trees when taken from the nursery 
 should have their roots immediately covered in the ground, on ar- 
 riving at their destination. Often trees are left out over night on 
 wagons, subject to severe cold and frost, by which they are not al- 
 ways ruined, but frequently so far injured as to check their entire 
 growth one season. We do not like the practice of shortening back 
 the tops of apple trees where they have been taken up with care ; but 
 as usually dug it is requisite to success that the top be shortened 
 2* 
 
58 THE APPLE. 
 
 back to correspond with the diminished root. One reason for ob- 
 jecting to the shortening in, is, that it has a tendency to start the top 
 of the tree too thick, and we prefer with the apple to thin out, rather 
 than increase the number of branches. 
 
 The mode of how to plant has been written on a previous 
 page. 
 
 The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on 
 the soil and the variety — rich deep soils requiring a greater dis- 
 tance than those of shallow depth, and inferior quality. And of 
 varieties, such as the Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Ap- 
 ple and other stocky or upright growing sorts, twenty-five feet 
 apart would be sufficient; while the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet 
 Bough, &c., or those of rapid broad growth, would need, on rich soil, 
 forty feet. 
 
 Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any 
 one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive 
 designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All 
 deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the 
 elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or 
 otherwise, in proportion to plentiful or scanty supply of that sub- 
 stance in the soil. Liebig has shown that the acids generated in 
 plants are always in union with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot 
 be produced without their presence. * * * Now, the apple tree du- 
 ring its development, produces a great quantity of acid ; and there- 
 fore in a corresponding degree, requires alkaline, and probably, 
 earthy bases alone, as an indispensable condition to the existence of 
 fruit." 
 
 " It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay- 
 ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in 
 such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most 
 certain, at the same time, that these alone would be perfectly ineffi- 
 cient for the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the 
 alkaline bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be 
 somewhat affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very 
 existence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quan- 
 tity of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable 
 to the formation of acids." 
 
 "The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 lbs. of ashes, de- 
 prived of carbonic acid, about 13 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 7 lbs. of 
 sulphuric acid, 38 lbs. of potash, and 25 lbs. of soda ; these four 
 bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis 
 of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of 
 lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the ash of the bark, 
 about 5 per cent, of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate 
 of lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent, of lime in the asli of 
 
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 59 
 
 the wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our western 
 soils, application of lime and potash will be found requisite to the 
 production of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily 
 timbered lands of the west, which have been cut and burned, the 
 ashes from, the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash 
 requisite to success for a certain length of time ; but, already, there 
 are orchards in Ohio, where application of lime and potash in the form 
 of wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of 
 trees, and perfection in fruit. The western prairie soils require these 
 only ; of all other ingredients they are naturally abundantly sup- 
 plied, and application of animal manure is not needed. 
 
 Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as req- 
 uisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but while the trees 
 should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they 
 should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid ma- 
 nures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus 
 induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness 
 and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two 
 orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has 
 always been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decay 
 ing ; while the other has been more regularly and moderately 
 grown, and is now in a healthy fruiting state. All crops besides 
 wheat, rye, oats, and clover, may be grown in an orchard. Pota- 
 toes, peas, and corn are most advisable. 
 
 Pruning. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an- 
 nually attended, is but a light task ; it should consist mainly of 
 cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap 
 one another — to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing 
 too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots. 
 This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed, 
 as they shoi*ld be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting 
 to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon 
 short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender 
 shoots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with refer- 
 ence thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these 
 require thinning out ; while others, are of straggling rampant habit, 
 requiring only the checking of branches at ends to maintain an even- 
 ly balanced tree ; these qualities will be found partially noted in our 
 descriptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particu- 
 lar forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to 
 a previous chapter. 
 
 Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees, western 
 cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex- 
 
60 THE APPLE. 
 
 empt ; they are now, however, through the great amount of imports 
 tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and 
 troublesome. 
 
 The Borer, (Saperda bivittaia), is yet little known ; a few instances 
 only of its appearance West have been noticed. It is an insect that 
 should be watched and checked on its first appearance. It is de- 
 structive, not only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash, 
 suffer equally. The perfect insect is a brown and white striped 
 beetle, about half an inch long, which, flying at night, may be de- 
 stroyed in the month of June by building bonfires in the orchard. 
 In its larvae state, in which it does its work of destruction, it is a 
 fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the collar, just at the sur- 
 face of the ground, girdling or perforating the wood to such an ex- 
 tent as often to cause death before its attack is noticed, except by 
 the careful observing orchardist ; the small round holes from which 
 dust is ejected indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with 
 a knife, others use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole 
 and destroys the worm, or on withdrawing brings it out. Downing 
 advises as a preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the follow- 
 ing mixture : " one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and suffi- 
 cient tobacco water to reduce to the consistence of paint." 
 
 The Caterpillar, (Clisiocampa Americana,) or common orchard 
 Caterpillar, has been long know T n as destructive of the foliage of 
 orchards. This, says Thomas, is hatched in spring as soon as the 
 leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch, 
 long, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase 
 constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a 
 quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes 
 to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a 
 yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are 
 deposited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each, 
 encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of 
 the extremity. They remain through winter, protected from the 
 weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in spring, 
 as just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars." 
 
 A mode for their destruction, is to cut off the small branches 
 which hold the eggs, during autumn or winter, and burn them. Those 
 that escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June by 
 attaching a sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first 
 with spirits of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For 
 this work, one hour in the morning early, is worth four at any other 
 time in the day. 
 
 The Canker Worm, (Anisopteryx pometaria.) This insect we 
 
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 61 
 
 have never seen West until the present season. It is not confined to 
 the apple, but, if anything, it prefers the elm to all others. 
 
 "The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a. black 
 dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, 
 dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath. 
 
 The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the 
 spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find 
 their way up in the autumn. The females having no wings, climb 
 slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover 
 about to pair with them. Very soon after this/if we examine the 
 trees, we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty 
 or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the 
 forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twen- 
 tieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky- 
 brown, or ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, 
 and commence preying upon the foliage." 
 
 The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvass 
 saturated, with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree. 
 Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden 
 wedges between it and tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading 
 up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in the fall, 
 and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw and 
 cotton batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all 
 that have become entangled therein. 
 
 The Apple Moth, (Carpocapsa pomonana,) is the insect which 
 disfigures so many^of our apples and pears, causing them to fall 
 prematurely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of 
 brown mingled with grey, fore wings light grey and brown, and a 
 dark brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June 
 and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the 
 fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, 
 eats its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the 
 ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the 
 crevices and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a 
 white web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season. 
 
 Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed 
 with lye- water early in spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it 
 falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or 
 tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from 
 whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed. 
 
 The Bark Louse, a species of coccus or scale insect, is of a brown 
 color, about one tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form, 
 attaching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the 
 
62 THE APPLE. 
 
 sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale oil soap, or a 
 mixture of lime soft soap and water, of the consistence of common 
 whitewash, and applied to the bark with a hard brush, in winter or 
 early spring. 
 
 The Wooly Aphis, {Aphis lanigera) makes its appearance in the 
 form of minute white down, in the crotches and crevices of branches. 
 It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with ley-water, lime wash, 
 or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five 
 gallons of weak ley, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces 
 soot, or "lamp black," thoroughly mixed. 
 
 The blight or blackening and decay of terminal shoots we have 
 elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees, 
 and plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling 
 to the moon. 
 
 Rust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of 
 the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, but 
 suspect from accounts, that it is caused from an unhealthy state of 
 the tree in exhaustion of elements in the soil, and therefore a result 
 not a cause of disease. 
 
 Of terms used in description of varieties. — Thomas, in his " Fruit 
 Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use 
 in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We 
 therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These 
 terms, as applied to the growth of tree, in its shoots, has refer- 
 ence mainly to young trees, and comparatively, as follows : Erect, 
 .as in the Early Strawberry. Diverging, as in the Domine, or Rib- 
 ston Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Droop- 
 ing, when they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees 
 assume, as they grow into the larger branches of older trees. As- 
 cending, when they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregular, 
 as in black Gillifiower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but 
 more slender and curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern 
 Spy. Stout, as in Red Astrachan. 
 
 " The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif- 
 ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of ex- 
 posure to the sun, and with a change of soil, climate, and season. 
 When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually 
 assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and 
 nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and 
 are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing 
 the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap- 
 plied by a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts. 
 
FORMS OF THE APPLE. 
 
 63 
 
 During winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees be- 
 come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice 
 and by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be 
 obtained. Skilful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the 
 color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar 
 cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos- 
 sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known 
 from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman- 
 ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly 
 marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use- 
 ful points of distinction. No one for instance, could easily mistake 
 the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown 
 or purple of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the 
 Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern 
 Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or greyish ap- 
 pearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, for the 
 clear shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan." 
 
 The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as 
 light greeiv in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in 
 the Rhode Island Greening ; bluish green, as in Peck's Pleasant. 
 
 Forms of the Apple. — In these we follow the general impression 
 understood of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by 
 Barry, from whom we extract : 
 
 Bound or Roundish (fig. 29,) when the outline is round, or 
 nearly so, the length being about equal to the breadth. 
 
 Flat (fig. 30,) when the ends are compressed, and the width 
 considerably greater than the length. 
 
 Conical (fig 31,) in the form of a cone, tapering from the base 
 to the eye. 
 
 Ovate or Egg-shaped (fig. 32.) 
 
 Oblong (fig. 33,) when the length is considerably greater than 
 the width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as 
 in the conical. 
 
 In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some 
 varieties are — 
 
64 THE APPLE. 
 
 30 33 34 
 
 Angular, having projecting angles on the sides. 
 
 One sided, having one side larger than the other. 
 
 Ribbed (34,) when the surface presents a series of ridges and fur- 
 rows running from eye to stem. 
 
 Of size — Small as in Gilpin, medium as in Fameuse, and large as 
 in Rhode Island Greening. 
 
 Of the meaning of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c, 
 there seems to be no certain definition beyond that of accepted 
 usage. Calville, generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of 
 light specific weight, and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially 
 about the calyx. Pippin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle 
 texture of flesh, in the apple ; while Greening is understood to imply 
 a breaking, tender character. Pearmain, to indicate a particular, 
 roundish, conical form, with an aromatic perfume in the flesh. 
 
 Uses. — The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems 
 superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table 
 use, raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c, &c, the apple 
 deserves more attention as food for animals ; analysis having shown 
 that it is about equal to the potato in fattening properties. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. 
 
 American Pearmain. 
 
 American Summer Pearmain. | Watkin's Early. 
 
 Early Summer Pearmain. 
 
 This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, and we there- 
 fore discard the word " summer." 
 
 In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard 
 fruit, it will not " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for 
 supplying home wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole 
 of September. The trees require thinning out of small branches ; 
 but, as it fruits mostly on the ends of branches, should never be 
 
WOETHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 
 
 65 
 
 shortened back. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with 
 lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sections. 
 
 Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; the 
 form varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in 
 good or poor soil ; color, red, streaked and dotted with grayish 
 yellow ; stem, medium, projecting about even with the surface ; 
 cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, slightly recurved ; basin, deep, 
 round, smooth ; flesh, tender, subacid, — best ; core, small ; seeds, ovate 
 pyriform. 
 
 Autumn Strawberry. 
 
 Late Strawberry. 
 
 Strawberry. 
 
 American : originated, Western New York. Size, medium, or 
 rather below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked, 
 and, in the sun, the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a 
 plum ; stem, slender, medium length ; cavity, open, regular ; ca- 
 lyx small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, 
 
66 THE APPLE. 
 
 Autumn Bough. 
 
 yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, 
 large, full. Season, October. 
 
 Autumn Sweet Bough. 
 
 American : tree, vigorous, productive ; size, medium or above ; 
 form, obtuse conical ; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally 
 a russet blotch, and a few small russet dots ; stem, slender, curved 
 to one side ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, closed with long seg- 
 ments ; basin, ribbed or furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, deli- 
 ciously sweet ; core, small ; seed cavity, hollow ; seed, plump, 
 full. Season, September. 
 
 Baldwin. 
 
 Late Baldwin, I Woodpecker, 
 Pecker, | Steeles Red Winter. 
 
 American : originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to 
 bitter or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash ; and for the 
 western soils should be worked where intended to have the head 
 commence. Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very pro- 
 ductive. Our drawing was taken from an Eastern grown specimen, 
 and is not more than one-half the size of this variety when grown in 
 Illinois. 
 
 Size, large ; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color, 
 yellowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few 
 russet spots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem ; 
 stem, three-fourths inch long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 67 
 
 basin, rather narrow, plaited; flesh, yellowish white, crisp tender, 
 sub-acid; core, small, compact; capsules, ovate hollow; seeds, long 
 ovate, pyriform. Season, December to March. 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Baltimore Pippin, | Cables Gillifknver. 
 
68 
 
 THE AP.PLE. 
 
 Origin unknown. Tree, thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm 
 rich soils. Size, medium to large ; form, round ; color, light yellow, 
 striped, and splashed with red, a little bronzed russet about the stem, 
 and often a blue tinge marbled toward the stem resembling a bloom; 
 stem, short ; cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, small, half open ; basin, 
 shallow, regular; flesh, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, tender, 
 crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; core, medium or small; seeds obo- 
 vate pyriform. Season, December to March. This is distinct from 
 the Baltimore, of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with 
 red, and with large open calyx. 
 
 Bethlehemite. 
 
 "This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newton Spitzenberg, 
 and we have testimony of one or two who say they know it under 
 that name. We are not, however, satisfied of their identity, and as 
 the really good qualities of this fruit are such as to make it desira- 
 ble in all collections, we have no hesitation in recommending it. 
 Thus far all specimens w T e have seen were from trees grown in rich, 
 loamy soils, and all we can learn of its history is that it came from 
 Bethlehem, in Ohio. Size, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, 
 tapering slightly to the apex ; color, pale yellow ground, striped and 
 stained with two shades of bright red, dotted w T ith irregular shaped 
 brown dots, some russet about the stem : calyx, medium, sometimes 
 large ; basin, deep, broad, irregular, somewhat furrowed ; stem, short; 
 cavity, narrow, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, with a mild 
 sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor ; core, small, compact ; 
 seeds, obovate, obtuse pyriform. Season, November to January, 
 but keeps until April. Trees, upright, strong growers. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 69 
 
 Belmont. 
 
 Gate, I White Apple, 
 
 Mamma Beam, Kelley White, 
 
 Golden Pippin of some, J Waxen of some. 
 
 American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by 
 others in Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr. 
 Downing in his first edition of " Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it 
 synonymous with the " Waxen" of Coxe. As this is yet uncertain, 
 we adopt the name by which the fruit is most largely known. 
 
 Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer, 
 does not succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, but on all high, 
 warm, or limestone soils does finely, and makes a large tree. 
 
 Size, medium to large ; form, irregular, usually roundish, some- 
 times oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West, 
 on new rich soils in Wisconsin; but grown South its delicacy, fine 
 grain and flavor are lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color, 
 rich clear light yellow ; at South with a few dark brown specks, and 
 North with a clear vermillion red cheek, with carmine spots ; South 
 slight russet marblings, and much of mould or fungus ; stem, me- 
 dium length, projecting slightly beyond the surface, always slender ; 
 calyx, varying from small and close to open and reflexed ; basin, 
 from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed; flesh, yellowish 
 white, fine grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid; core. 
 
70 THE APPLE. 
 
 rather large ; seeds, ovate, pointed, abundant, brownish red. Season, 
 November to February. 
 
 Bellflower, 
 
 Fellow Bellflower, | Yellow Belle-fleur, | Lady Washington. 
 
 American. Tree, 01 slender, yet healthy growth, with yellowish, 
 rather upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy, but 
 grafted on pieces of roots does not bear well, otherwise, very pro- 
 ductive. Size, large; form, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the 
 eye ; color, pale yellow, with a blush next the sun ; stem, long, slen- 
 der, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh, 
 tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid; core, large; capsules, long, 
 hollow ; seeds, large, ovate, pyriform, angular at broad end. Season, 
 December to March. 
 
 Broadwell. 
 
 Broadwell Sweet. 
 
 American. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading, 
 light yellowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large ; form, 
 regular, roundish, flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the 
 calyx ; shin, thin, smooth ; color, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny 
 side brownish bronze ; stem, short ; cavity, expanded ; calyx, open ; 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 71 
 
 segments, short; basin, narrow; flesh, white, fine-grained sweet 
 juicy ; core, close, compact ; seeds, small, plump, light-brown. Sea- 
 son, November to March. 
 
 Bullock's Pippin. 
 
 American Golden Russet, I Golden Russet, 
 Sheepnose, j Little Pearmain, 
 
 Fall-Winesap, erroneously. 
 
 American. Tree, 
 ultimately of only 
 medium size, with a 
 round regular head, 
 shoots erect, rather 
 slender, admirably 
 suited to rich soils 
 of Southern Ohio, 
 Indiana, etc., etc. 
 Grown south, the 
 fruit is almost en- 
 tirely covered with 
 russet ; north, and 
 on sandy soils, it is 
 a warm, rich yel- 
 low, with only mar- 
 blings of russet. 
 
72 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Size, small to medium ; form, roundish, ovate, tapering much to- 
 ward the eye ; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with 
 soft russet, and in sun, a marbling of red ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
 narrow, regular ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes 
 furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate, 
 sprightly ; core, large for size of fruit ; seeds, full, ovate, pyramidal. 
 Season, December to March. 
 
 Canada Pippin. 
 
 Canada Reinette, 
 
 Canadian Reinette, 
 
 Pomme de Caen, 
 
 Reinette Grosse du Canada, 
 
 De Bretagne, 
 
 Jannarea, 
 
 German Green, 
 
 Reinette du Canada, 
 
 Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre, 
 
 Reinette du Canada Blanche, 
 
 Reinette da Canada a'Cortes, 
 
 Portugal, 
 
 Wahr Reinette, 
 
 White Pippin, 
 
 Yellow Newiown Pippin, erroneously. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, 
 very hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened, irregularly an- 
 gular, much ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth ; color, 
 light greenish-yellow, a blush in sun, and small dark green specks, 
 surrounded with light green suffused beneath the skin : stem, short ; 
 cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; calyx, large; basin, deep, angu- 
 ler, with prominent ribs ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
 sub-acid, sprightly ; core, small, compact ; seeds, dark, almost black. 
 Season, January to May. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 73 
 
 Challenge. 
 
 American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, har- 
 dy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich yellow, with- 
 many russet dots, and occasionally a russet patch ; when fully ex- 
 posed to sun, the russet spots become vermillion red ; stem, pro- 
 jecting even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, 
 with long irregular segments ; basin, broad, open, medium depth, 
 always furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet, tender ; 
 core, medium ; seeds, large, plump. Season, October and November. 
 
 Cloth of Gold. 
 
 Drap d'Or, Early Summer Pippin, of some. 
 
 VraiDrapd'Or, | Bay Apple, 
 
 Bonne da Mai. 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 M 
 
 This is, by some, said to be identical with tl Cooper." We do 
 not yet so recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage, 
 moderate bearer. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull 
 yellow or gold color, with distinct brown or russet specks ; stem, 
 short; cavity, wide, open; calyx, small, half closed; basin, shallow, 
 plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild, sub-acid, not fine grained, ten- 
 der, juicy, well flavored; core, with open hollow capsules^ seeds, 
 short, ovate, dark reddish brown. Season, August to October. 
 
74 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Cornish Aromatic, 
 
 Foreign. Requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size, medium \form^ 
 roundish, regular, sometimes a little conical ; color, yellow ground, 
 mostly overspread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ; 
 stem, long, slender ; cavity, regular, open, rather deep ; calyx, small ; 
 basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor 
 closely allied to Esopus Spitzenburg ; core, open, hollow, regular 
 form ; seeds, large. Season, November to February. 
 
 Danvers Winter Sweet. 
 
 Epse*3 Sweet. 
 
 American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, very pro- 
 ductive ; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock. 
 
 Size, medium ; form, roundish, oblong ; color, dull yellow, with 
 orange blush, and small russet specks ; stem, slender, inclining to 
 one side j calyx, small, woolly ; basin, shallow, rather narrow ; flesh, 
 yellow, firm, sweet ; core, large, open ; seeds, ovate, pointed, dark 
 rich brown. Season, December to April. 
 
 Dutch Mignonne. 
 
 The Dutch Mignonne — Darling, or Favorite, is from Holland, 
 and a fruit which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 75 
 
 strong upright shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South 
 Ohio. Size, large ; form, round 'sh, regular ; color, dull orange, 
 mostly covered with rich dull red, dotted and mottled with large 
 yellow russet specks, and a dash of russet about the cavity of stem ; 
 stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, open ; ba- 
 sin, deep, round, regular ; flesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming ten- 
 der when well matured, sub-acid aromatic flavor ; core, small, com- 
 pact ; seeds, few, defective. Season, November to January. 
 
 Dyer. 
 
 Pomme Royal, 
 Golden Spice, 
 Tompkins, 
 Beard Burden, 
 
 Pomme Water, 
 Bullripe, 
 
 Mygatt's Bergamot, 
 Bard Apple, 
 
 White Spice. 
 
 American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading 
 irregular, moderately productive. Size, medium ; form, round, or 
 roundish flattened ; color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or 
 less over the surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, slightly fur- 
 rowed ; calyx, with long recurved segments ; basin, medium ; flesh, 
 yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, sub-acid ; core, medium ; 
 seeds, small. Season, October and November. 
 
 Early Joe. 
 
 American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat 
 questionable, if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple 
 
76 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 has the most of delicate pear flavor of any variety ; and while it is 
 all unsuited to orcharding, one tree should always be planted. 
 While young it is of slow growth, but, as trees get older, it improves, 
 and makes a tree of round irregular spreading form of medium size. 
 It is very hardy, but should have rich strong soil ; shoots, dark 
 colored ; and so foliage. 
 
 Size, medium, or rather below ; form, roundish, flattened ; stem, 
 rather slender ; cavity, open, deep, a little russeted ; color, pale 
 yellowish green, overspread and striped with deep and pale red ; 
 calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 tender, very delicate ; core, medium, centre open ; seeds, short 
 ovate, pyriform. Season, last of August. 
 
 Early Strawberry. 
 
 American Red Juneating. | Red Juneating. 
 
 American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous 
 leaves erect, with long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all 
 localities, and although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed. 
 
 Size, small ; form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color, 
 yellowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ; 
 stem, varying from long, straight, and slender, to medium, curved ; 
 calyx, small ; basin, narrow and shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 tinged with red, sub-acid, sprightly, tender ; core, medium ; seeds, 
 small. Season, July. 
 
 Esoptjs Spitzenberg. 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 77 
 
 American. Origin on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender 
 shoots ; when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open 
 head ; requires age to produce much or good fruit, and much of 
 ]ime and potash, when it is a good bearer. 
 
 Size, above medium, large when carefully grown ; form, flattened 
 at base, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably 
 ribbed and irregular in its surface, and almost always slightly angu- 
 lar ; color, rich lively red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled 
 with yellow russet ; stem, varying, sometimes short and stout, at 
 others long and slender ; cavity, deep, regular, open ; calyx, small, 
 closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, a little 
 tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, regular, ovate, 
 rounded in form ; seeds, large. Season, January to March. 
 
 Fameuse. 
 
 Pomme de Neige, | Sanguineus, 
 Snow. 
 
 Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to 
 all northern sections producing yearly, and always fair smooth fruit. 
 Tree, of moderate, rather diverging habit ; shoots dark ; and as an 
 orchard tree, only of second size. Without being a fruit of high 
 character, it is just so good that, taken with its production of regular 
 handsome fruit, it cannot be dispensed with. Tree, hardy, and rich 
 strong or heavy soils suit it best. 
 
 Size, medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, green- 
 ish yellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark rich red ; stem, 
 slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, narrow ; 
 flesh, remarkably white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; core, 
 close compact; seeds, light brown, long pointed. Season, October 
 to January. 
 
 Fall Wine. 
 
 Wine, of Cole. 
 
 American. Its origin unknown, introduced west from the garden 
 of Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ; 
 drooping, when in bearing state, very healthy ; producing mode- 
 rately, but annually, large beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils ; 
 and fruit of medium size on soils of moderate quality. Our figure 
 exhibits it from the two soils. It is now much grown in Indiana 
 and Illinois as " Wine," from which it is quite distinct. 
 
 Size, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red 
 marbled over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of 
 brownish — sometimes it is faintly striped ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
 deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, 
 crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, vinous. Season, September 
 to November. 
 
78 THE APPLE. 
 
 Although evidently an old eastern fruit, it appears now unknown 
 there, if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his 
 notice of where grown. 
 
 Fall Pippin. 
 
 Philadelphia Pippin. 
 
 This is unquestionably an American seedling, and probably from 
 the " White Spanish Reinette," which it closely resembles in all but 
 its period of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers re- 
 specting it, as the Holland Pippin is often grown under this name as 
 well as its parent. It is extensively grown at the West and in the 
 Eastern states, and universally succeeds well ; but where the soil is 
 of a clayey nature, on the alluvial bottoms and deep prairies, it does 
 not answer as well. Tree, of growth vigorous, shoots, dark, di- 
 verging or spreading, becomes large. 
 
 Size, large ; form,, roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color, 
 greenish yellow, until fully ripe, then rich yellow with a faint blush, 
 when grown in good soil and exposed to sun ; stem, long, moder- 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 79 
 
 ately stout ; cavity, deep, round ; calyx, above medium, with seg- 
 ments in divisions; basin, deep, wide, and open; flesh, yellowish 
 white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic; core, medium, for size of fruity 
 seeds, ovate. Season, October to December. 
 
 Fallenwalder. 
 
 Fallawater, 
 
 <rreen Mountain Pippim, 
 
 Biitch Codlin, erroneously, 
 
 Tulpahoeken, 
 
 Pirn's Beauty of the West, 
 
 Pound, erroneously, 
 
 Mountain Pippin 
 
 American. Originated in Berks Co., Penn. " It sprung up in 
 the woods, and was left standing after the other trees were cut down ; 
 hence the name Fallen walder, or apple of the cut-down woods." 
 Not worthy a place in small orchards or gardens ; but on rich lime- 
 stone soils, when grown for distant market, it is highly valuable, 
 being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and keeping a long 
 time, even in southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; 
 shoots, stout, partially spreading. 
 
 Fruit, large; form, round, varying to roundish, flattened and 
 roundish ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted 
 with a few small irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surround- 
 
30 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 ed with a shade of light green, presenting at first glance, appearance 
 as of white specks; stem, short; cavity, open, generally regular; 
 calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow, open, broad, often slightly fur- 
 rowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture, tender, juicy, 
 mild, sub-acid; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate pointed. 
 Season, December to May. 
 
 Fort Miami. 
 
 Scandiana Mala. 
 
 American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April, 
 1846, we made our outline and description from specimens sent us 
 by A. Spafford, Esq., Perrysburgh, O., since which we have been 
 unable to obtain of the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth ; shoots, 
 dark color, nearly upright, spreading ; not an early bearer, but the 
 original tree said to be very productive. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both 
 ends, widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed ; color, brownish red, 
 more or less russeted ; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long; 
 cavity, deep, open, uneven ; calyx, medium size, closed ; hatin, me- 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 81 
 
 dium depth, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceed- 
 ingly high-spicy, sub-acid flavor. Season, February to May. 
 
 Garden Royal. 
 
 American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower 
 while young, hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually 
 productive ; suited to small orchards or gardens where a delicious 
 fruit is desired for table use. 
 
 Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat, 
 very regular ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, be- 
 coming brighter in sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, 
 large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, 
 tender, mild, sub-acid. Season, last of August and September. 
 
 Golden Sweet. 
 
 Orange Sweet, | Trenton Early. 
 
 American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while 
 young, making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size, 
 spreading irregular branches ; succeeds well in all soils ; productive 
 annually of large crops of fair fruit. This variety was shown two 
 years, late in season, and in bad state, at the Ohio Pom. Convention, 
 as " Trenton Early." We this year received specimens of it through 
 the kindness of Dr. Warder, when in season. 
 4* 
 
82 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide , 
 color, yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with 
 many small greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem, medium 
 to long; cavity, round, shallow, regular ; calyx, closed; basin, round, 
 moderately deep, slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, very rich, sweet, hardly tender ; core, medium, 
 round, ovate; seeds, abundant, ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or 
 to grow for stock feeding, this is unsurpassed. Season, July and 
 August. 
 
 Golden Ball. 
 
 Belle et Bonne, | Connecticut Apple, 
 
 The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt, but it is probably 
 a native of Connecticut, from whence it has been largely distributed 
 East. The trees do not bear well v?hile young, but improve as they 
 advance in years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with 
 large, glossy, rich green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking ; 
 requires a rich, strong, heavy soil. 
 
 Fruit, large ; form, roui iish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 83 
 
 yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots j 
 stem, short, stout; -cavity, broad; calyx, half closed; tern, shallow ; 
 /<?sA, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed ; core, me- 
 dium ; seeds, large, and plump. Season, October to December. 
 
 The Belle Bonne of Lkdley is quite another fruit, and should 
 not be confounded with this. 
 
 Green Sweet. 
 
 Eoney Greening. 
 
 Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading, shoots rather slender, fruit 
 valuable for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil ; 
 fruit always fair. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish; color, dull greenish 
 white or yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots ; 
 stem, varying ; cavity, narrow, russeted ; calyx, above medium size 
 for the fruit, closed; basin, medium, slightly furrowed; flesh, green- 
 ish white, tender, juicy, and quite sweet; core, medium, round; 
 seeds, ovate. Season, December to March. Grown in Indiana, it is 
 large, has a brownish cheek, and matures in October and November. 
 
 Gravenstein. 
 
 Ohio Nonpareil, | Grave Slije. 
 
 Foreign. A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding 
 finely on all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cook- 
 
84 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 ing in August, and eating in September and October ; shoots strong, 
 smooth, upright. Tree large, regular, round head, foliage broad. 
 
 Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened, a little irregular, some- 
 what ribbed, on surface undulating ; color, at first pale greenish, 
 yellow ground, becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and 
 splashed with bright red ; exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes 
 of a dark hue, beautiful, few faint light green dots ; stem, short ; 
 cavity, open, deep ; calyx, with open half reflexed segments ; basin, 
 rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub- 
 acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, capsules open, 
 hollow ; seeds, ovate pyriform, reddish brown. 
 
 Harvest. 
 
 Early Harvest, 
 Yellow Harvest, 
 Prince's Harvest, 
 Early French Reinette, 
 
 Early June, 
 
 July Pippin, 
 
 Large White Jnneating, 
 
 Yellow Juneating. 
 
 American. Universally esteemed, requires a soil well supplied 
 with lime and potash, otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots erect, 
 straight ; slow growth, not successful root-grafted as an orchard 
 tree. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened ; color, 
 pale light yellow, with a few dots of white ; stem, medium length, 
 rather slender, often short, and a little stout; cavity, open, deep, 
 regular ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, 
 white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, 
 abundant, light brown, ovate. Season, July. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 85 
 
 Herefordshire Pearmain. 
 
 Winter Pearmain, erroneously, Parmin Royal, 
 
 Royal Pearmain, Old Pearmain, 
 
 Royale d'Angleterre. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit 
 is of the highest excellence ; shoots slender, diverging, partially droop- 
 ing. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical ; color, brownish red, 
 mottled, and slightly striped, on a dull russety green, or when fully 
 matured, yellow ground, with stripes and marblings of russet, 
 from the stem, dotted with greyish specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
 acuminate, russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellow- 
 ish, tender, mild, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, laying nearest 
 
 the stem end ; 
 to February. 
 
 seeds, large 
 
 ovate, light brown. 
 
 Season. December 
 
 Sutton. 
 
 Hubbardston Nonsuch, 
 Sutton, Sutton Beauty. 
 
 American. Originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even 
 better when grown West, than in its native locality. Tree, vigorous 
 grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin, 
 which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very 
 productive. 
 
86 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular ; 
 color, yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped with 
 rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short open seg- 
 ments ; basin, deep, round, rarely ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, mild, 
 sub-acid, juicy. Season, October to February. 
 
 Jersey Sweeting-. 
 
 American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of 
 fair fruit in all soils, warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and 
 more character to the flesh. Shoots stout, short-jointed, reddish. 
 Tree, spreading, round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valu- 
 able. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ; 
 color, greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered 
 with stripes of pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; 
 calyx, half closed ; basin, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ; 
 flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, tender, sweet ; core, rather open, me- 
 dium, round, ovate ; seeds, full, ovate pointed. Season, September, 
 and October. 
 
 Jonathan. 
 
 Philip Rick, 
 King Philip, 
 
 Winesap, erroneously. 
 Wine, „ 
 
 American. Originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown, 
 
WOETHY GENEEAL CULTIVATION, 
 
 87 
 
 slender, diverging ; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping 
 and pendent habit ; very productive ; needs rich, strong soil. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yel- 
 low ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light 
 red, and with few" minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender ; 
 cavity, open, wide ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, 
 slightly furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, slightly 
 acid unless fully matured, when it is sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medi- 
 um ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown. Season, December to Feb- 
 ruary. 
 
 Lady Apple. 
 
 Api, j Pomme Rose, 
 
 Petit Api, i Pomme d'Api Rouge, 
 
 Pomme d'Api, | Petit Api Rouge, 
 Gros Api Rouge. 
 
 Foreign. Trees very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads, 
 like that & of a pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters ; require to be 
 ten or more years old, ere bearing much, after which, very produc- 
 tive. Shoots, very dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears 
 to succeed in all soils, and the fruit, though small, from its beauty, 
 always commands a high price. 
 
 Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ; 
 very glossy ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, fur- 
 rowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. Season, Decem- 
 ber to May. „ 
 
83 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Ladies' Sweeting. 
 
 American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety- 
 West, where it seems generally to succeed, but neglecting, to make, 
 or having lost our description, we copy that of Mr. Downing, who 
 first introduced and disseminated the variety : " Wood, not very 
 strong, grows thriftily, bears abundantly." 
 
 " Fruit, large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye ; 
 sJcin, very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellow- 
 ish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is 
 sprinkled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered when 
 first gathered, with a thin white bloom. There is, also, generally, a 
 faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the 
 fruit, and rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set 
 in a narrow, shallow plaited basin ; stalk half an inch long, in a shal- 
 low cavity ; Jlesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, crisp, 
 delicious, sprightly, agreeably-perfumed flavor ; keeps without shriv- 
 eling or losing its flavor, till May." 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 Orange, of some, 
 Tallow Apple , 
 Tallow Pippin, 
 
 Greasy Pippin , 
 
 Queen Anne, 
 
 Pound Royal, erroneously. 
 
 American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair 
 
WOKTHY GENEEAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 89 
 
 fruit, will always command a place in large orchards, where this 
 variety is known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading, 
 most valuable on rich, heavy soils. 
 
 Fruit, large ; form, roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color, green, 
 becoming rich yellow ; oily surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, 
 narrow ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, 
 yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma ; core, medium 
 or small ; seeds, ovate. Season, August and early September. 
 
 London Sweet. 
 
 London Winter Sweet, | Winter Sweet, 
 
 Heicke's Winter Sweet. 
 
 American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio \ often abundant 
 in Cincinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any 
 other named variety, though it nearest resembles Broad well. 
 Adapted to the rich deep soils of the West ; said to be produc- 
 tive. 
 
 Fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish, flattened ; 
 color, pale yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet ; 
 very smooth ; grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think, 
 marring its beauty ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, medium 
 depth, round, regular; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, round, 
 regular ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, pleasantly sweet ; 
 core, rather small ; seeds, ovate pointed. Season, November to Jan 
 uary, but will keep through February. 
 
 American. 
 
 Melon. 
 
 Norton's Melon. | Watermelon. 
 
 Origin questioned — whether New York or Connecti- 
 
90 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 cut. (See Horticulturist, vol. ii., page 357.) It proves fine so far, 
 and wherever it has been tested, and we confidently place it in the 
 class worthy of general cultivation. Tree, ■ vigorous, spreading; 
 shoots, reddish brown ; requires deep, strong soil. 
 
 Fruity medium to large ; form roundish, flattened, regular ; surface, 
 glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with 
 broken streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark 
 in the sun ; stem, medium, slender ; cavity, wide, round, open, marked 
 with greenish russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, finely plaited at bot- 
 tom ; flesh, white, fine-grain eel, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly ; core, ra- 
 ther small ; seeds, broad, nearly black. Season, October to Decem- 
 ber. 
 
 Melting. 
 
 Melt in the. Mouth, 
 
 Melting Mouth. 
 
 American. Origin, Pennsylvania ; introduced to Ohio, and ex- 
 hibited (as grown in the centre of that State) at the Pomological 
 meetings for three years. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ; 
 fruit borne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding 
 in lime ; on young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases 
 as they advance in years and size, and under good culture. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow 
 ground, overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with 
 yellow russet ; sUm, short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short 
 erect segments; basin, shallow, broad, open; flesh, yellowish crisp, 
 
WORTHY .GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 91 
 
 juicy, tender, sub-acid ; core, small, compact ; seeds, long oval point- 
 ed, abundant. Season. January to April. 
 
 Michael Henry Pippin. 
 
 White Pearmain, | White Winter Pearmain. 
 
92 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation 
 throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very produc- 
 tive. 
 
 Fruit., medium to large ; form, angular, roundish, conical -,'color, 
 light yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregu- 
 lar formed specks of russet ; often there is a shade of rich yellow 
 marbled, or striped, apparently underneath the skin ; stem, usually- 
 short ; cavity, narrow, regular ; calyx, with long segments in divis- 
 ions ; basin, shallow, narrow, somewhat furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, 
 juicy, sweet ; much valued for cooking and keeping well, being in use 
 from October to March ; core, small, compact, surrounded by a broad 
 coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core ; seeds, ovate pointed, 
 light brown. 
 
 Monmouth Pippin. 
 
 Red Cheek, of some, j Red Cheek Pippin. 
 
 American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as 
 v^ry productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conver- 
 sant only with the fruit. 
 
 Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; sometimes roundish coni- 
 cal ; color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised 
 rough brown specks, with a shade of light green suffused around 
 them underneath the skin ; stem, rather short; cavity, deep, regular ; 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 93 
 
 calyx, medium, segments woolly and often nearly closed ; basin, wide, 
 abrupt, deep, much plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse- 
 grained ; breaking, tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid, with consider- 
 able aroma, or perfume ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, 
 abundant. Season, December to February, and often till April. 
 
 Nfwtown Pippin. 
 
 Green Newtown Pippin, 
 American Newtown Pippin, 
 
 Green Winter Pippin, 
 Petersburg Pippin. 
 
 American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich 
 limestone clay soil, or a warm sandy rich loam, well dressed with 
 lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth 
 fruit On sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have 
 never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit 
 from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see farther pages ; but 
 is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood. 
 Growth slender, slow ; as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with 
 branches diverging, pendant. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio, 
 and farther west, this and the Yellow Newtown Pippin succeed, and 
 produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard. 
 
 Fruit medium ',/orm, roundish oblong flattened ; color, dull green 
 -when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small 
 
94 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 minute russet dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and, 
 grown on alluvial soils south, patches of dark green mould ; stan, 
 slender ; cavity, acuminate regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt, 
 hollowed, and slightly wrinkled ; flesh, greenish white, very fine- 
 grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly perfumed ; core, compact ; seeds, dark 
 brown, ovate. Season, February to May. 
 
 Newtown Spitzenberg. 
 
 Ox-Eye, 
 
 Burlington Spitzenberg, 
 
 Joe Berry. 
 
 Matchless, 
 Kountz, 
 
 American. From Newtown. Long Island. It is extensively and 
 successfully grown in the West as Ox-Eye, and highly estimated. 
 
 Fruit, medium; form, round, flattened; color, yellow ground, 
 mostly striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as 
 of a bloom ; russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the 
 crests of waves ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ; 
 calyx, small, segments erect; basin, open, regular, not deep ; flesh, 
 yellow, tender, slightly sweet, rich, aromatic ; core, small ; seeds, few, 
 ovate pointed. Season, December to February. 
 
 Northern Spy. 
 
 American. Native of East Bloomfield, N. Y. While the quality 
 of this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot 
 be considered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 95 
 
 least twenty years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It 
 is of thrifty, vigorous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cul- 
 tivation, and as an orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as 
 it inclines to make an upright, close head ; young shoots stout, dark, 
 spotted ; blooms late, often escaping late frosts in spring. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, sometimes 
 ribbed; sBn, thin and tender; color, light yellow, mostly over- 
 spread with light red, striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red, 
 and, when first gathered, covered with a fine bloom; stem, slender, 
 projecting about even with surface ; cavity, open, wide, deep ; calyx, 
 small, closed ; basin, open, regular, other than the furrows produced by 
 ribs of the fruit— not deep, but rather abrupt ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, large, capsules open ; seeds, 
 abundant, many of them triangular ovate pointed. Season, January 
 to April. South, it will probably become an early winter variety. 
 
 Ortle"! 
 
 Ortley Pippin, 
 Woolman's Long, 
 White Bellefleur, 
 White Bellflower, 
 Green Bellflower, 
 Willow Leaf Pippin, 
 Ohio Favorite, 
 Detroit, 
 White Detroit, 
 Van Dyne, 
 Jersey Greening, 
 
 Hollow Core Pippin, 
 Greasy Pippin, 
 Melting Pippin, 
 Crane's Pippin, 
 Warren Pippin, 
 White Pippin, erroneously, 
 Yellow Pippin, 
 Golden Pippin, of some, 
 Woodward's Pippin, 
 Tom Woodward Pippin, 
 Inman.. 
 
 American. Native of New Jersey. First described by Lindlej 
 
96 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 as Ortley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that 
 as any other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the 
 entire Western States, it proves one of the hardiest, most pro- 
 ductive, profitable, as well as best varieties known. In size, it is 
 also largely increased over specimens grown North, where the form 
 is more oblong, the texture somewhat closer, and sprightliness a 
 little enhanced. Shoots, slender, brownish, yellow, upright, long 
 jointed. 
 
 Fruit, large, when grown on rich soils ; shin, smooth ; form, ob- 
 long oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color, pale yellow- 
 ish white at the North — South it becomes a richer yellow, with 
 specks of dark red, and a vermilion tinge surrounding when exposed 
 to sun ; stem, varying from short and stout to long and slender ; 
 cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed or plaited 
 from the surrounding angles or ribs that are often apparent in the 
 fruit ; fiesk, yellowish white, tender, crisp, sprightly, mild acid ; core. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 97 
 
 large, open ; seeds, abundant, loose in the capsules. Season, January 
 to April 
 
 Peck's Pleasant. 
 
 Waltz Apple. 
 
 American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots rather erect, slightly 
 diverging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer 
 texture than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very 
 much) flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color, when 
 first gathered, green, with a little dark red — when ripe, a beautiful 
 clear yellow, with bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered 
 gray dots, which become small and almost indistinct near the apex ; 
 stem, varies, mostly short and fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost 
 always with a slight ridge or wave on one side, connecting with 
 stem ; calyx, medium size, usually segments half open ; basin, round, 
 regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, firm yet tender, juicy, 
 mild, aromatic, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, ovate, dark 
 reddish brown. Season, December to February ; often keeps to 
 April. 
 
 Phillips' Sweeting. 
 
 American — native of Ohio. Growth vigorous, upright, wants 
 strong heavy soil. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened ; 
 
98 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 color, yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; flesh, 
 yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp. Season, December and January. This 
 may yet prove identical with " Richmond," described on future page. 
 
 Porter. 
 
 American — native of Massachusetts. Tree slender, slow growth, 
 a regular even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good 
 supply of lime and phosphates ; succeeds wherever grown — one of 
 the best at South. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear 
 yellow — when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek ; stem, slender , 
 cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, closed ; basin, narrow, deep \ flesh, 
 fine-grained, juicy, firm yet tender, acid. Season, September and 
 October. 
 
 PoUGHKEEPSIE RuSSET, 
 English Russet, [ Winter Russet ? 
 
 ^rnnm^^ 
 
 As this variety, described by Downing as the " English Russet," 
 is probably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts 
 known under the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt 
 the name of Poughkeepsie Russet, as commemorative of the sec- 
 tion whence it was first disseminated. Growth, upright. Shoots, 
 lively brown, profuse bearer, and although only of medium size, its 
 quality of keeping over year renders it very profitable. There is 
 also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes sold under this name, 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 99 
 
 of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well, and the tree when 
 grown makes a dense top. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regu- 
 lar ; color, light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish 
 russet, when well matured, becomes yellowish ; stem, rather short ; 
 cavity, round ; calyx, small, close ; basin, abrupt, regular, round ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, fine texture, rather firm, aromatic ; core, 
 small ; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. Season, all Winter and Spring. 
 
 There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our 
 figure) which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx, 
 and often beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they 
 may prove identical, and the soil and location make the apparent 
 difference. 
 
 Pomme Grise. 
 
 Grise, 
 
 Gray Apple. 
 
 A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to 
 Northern sections, and to gardens. It is a good bearer, of slender 
 growth, forming a tree of small size. 
 
 Fruit, below medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, 
 yellow gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye ; stem, slen- 
 der ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, round ; flesh, yellow, tender, 
 sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant. Season, December to 
 February. 
 
 Pryor's Red. 
 
 Prior's Red, | Pitzer Hill, 
 Big Hill. 
 
 This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield 
 Seek-no-further and Roxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the 
 
100 THE APPLE. 
 
 Seek-no-further. Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not 
 regarded as an early bearer, but as very hardy, and the fruit keep- 
 ing well when grown South, and on rich alluvial soils. Grown at 
 the North, the trees come into bearing at about eight years, and the 
 fruit has very little russet (unless unusually warm seasons), except 
 at stem end ; South, in good culture, it attains a size of four inches 
 diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly covered 
 with russet. 
 
 Fruit, medium to very large; form, -at North, regular, roundish, 
 tapering to the eye — South, always angular, sometimes even broad 
 at apex, being roundish, angular, flattened; color, pale yellow, 
 ground mostly overspread with rich, warm red and russet, marbled 
 and splashed with bronzed yellow near the stem, dark yellow russet 
 spots surrounded with a lighter shade ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; 
 calyx, small, segments erect ; basin, abrupt, pretty deep, round and 
 even, occasionally shallow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid, 
 much resembling Westfield Seek-no-further ; core, medium, marked 
 at distance with a line encircling ; seeds, varying, generally ovate. 
 Season, January to April. 
 
 Eaule's Janet. 
 
 Raul's Gennetting, Raule's Jannette, 
 
 Rawl's Janet, Rawle's Jennette, 
 
 Winter Genneting, Rock Rimmon, 
 
 Rock Remain, Neverfail, 
 
 Jennette, Yellow Janette, 
 
 Indiana ."annetting. 
 
 This variety, according to H. P. Byram, Esq., was first brought to 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 101 
 
 the south-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue 
 Ridge, where it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it 
 Janet, hence the name. According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov. 
 Worthington had it in his orchard 40 years since, and from thence 
 it was brought to northern Ohio. The Scriptural name of Rock- 
 Rimmon, given it in the Sciota valley, was probably on account of 
 its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree is tardy in 
 spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other varie- 
 ties ; thus often escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only 
 second rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincin- 
 nati is highly so, as it succeeds when many others fail. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem 
 end ; skin, thick, tough ; color, a ground of light pale yellowish 
 green, mostly overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and 
 with a blue or grayish shade laying within as of a bloom ; small 
 russet dots, that show most when the fruit is high colored ; South 
 many patches of mould or fungus ; stem, slender, rather long ; cavity, 
 deep, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, short segments ; basin, open, 
 regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near the calyx ; fiesh, 
 yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, angular 
 ovate. Season, late spring. 
 
102 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Rambo. 
 
 Romanite, 
 
 Bread and Cheese Apple. 
 
 Seek-no-farther, 
 Terry's Red Streak. 
 
 American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and lo- 
 cations, and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It 
 succeeds on sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on 
 strong limestone soils, giving evidence of the food suited best 
 to it. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, flat, or roundish flattened ; color, yellowish 
 white, marbled and streaked with yellow and red, and with large 
 rough spots ; stem, long, slender, often curved ; basin, acuminate ; 
 calyx, nearly closed ; basin, broad, slightly furrowed ; flesh, green- 
 ish white, tender, sprightly, mild, sub-acid ; core, large, rather hol- 
 low; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. Season, October to De- 
 cember, but often keeps to March. 
 
 Red Canada. 
 
 Old Nonsuch, | Richfield Nonsuch. 
 
 American. Probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender 
 growth ; shoots diverging ; requires rich strong soil, when it is pro 
 ductive ; and always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most 
 valuable for orchard or garden. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 103 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem end ; 
 color, rich clear yellow ground, when exposed to the sun, overspread 
 with bright handsome red, two shades light and dark intermingling 
 
 ci 
 
 or striped, many light gray dots presenting at first sight an appear- 
 ance of a somewhat rough exterior ; shin, thin, tender ; stem, vary- 
 
 O 7 7/ 7 7 «/ 
 
 ing from short and stout, to slender and long, usually as seen in our 
 figure ; cavijy, deep, regular, a touch of light russet ; calyx, small, 
 closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, or uneven ; 
 Jlesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, aro- 
 matic; core, small, compact; seeds, ovate, pyriform. Season, 
 January to ApriL 
 
 Ked Astrachan. 
 
 Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular moder- 
 ate bearer of fruit always fair. As a dessert fruit — it is rather acid, 
 unless fully ripe ; but for marketing or cooking, it has few equals, 
 at its time. Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage. 
 
 Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex ; 
 color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson. 
 a little russet near the stem, and a white bloom ; stem, varying, 
 generally short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow, uneven ; 
 
104: 
 
 THE APPLE, 
 
 flesh, white, crisp, juicy, acid ; core, small ; seeds, oyate, dark brownish 
 black. Season, August. 
 
 Rhode Island Greening. 
 
 Burlington Greening, } Jersey Greening ? Coxe, 
 Hampshire Greening. 
 
WORTHY GENEKAL CULTIVATION". 
 
 105 
 
 This variety has been condemned in many sections because of not 
 producing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, as when the 
 trees were youDg. Testimony has shown that it is a gross feeder, 
 and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual 
 soils, where the variety is defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes, 
 will answer. On sandy soils well manured, the texture is closer 
 than on clay. 
 
 Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened, sometimes a little angular 
 at the base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull 
 blush, on sun-grown specimens, near the stem ; stem, medium ; 
 cavity, open ; calyx, rather small, woolly ; basin, medium depth, slight- 
 ly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic, 
 lively acid juice ; core small ; seeds ovate, pointed. Season, Decem- 
 ber to February. 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near 
 Sandusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with 
 any known sort. 
 
 Fruit, large ; form, roundish, occasional specimens have one side 
 a little enlarged ; color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite over- 
 spread with light and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light 
 russet; stem, varying, mostly short, slender; cavity, deep, open, 
 regular, a little brownish at bottom; calyx, large, segments, 
 5* 
 
106 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 long ; basin, deep, open, uniformly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, 
 juicy, delicate sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. Season, 
 October to December. 
 
 Rome Beauty. 
 
 Boman Beauty, | Gillett's Seedling. 
 
 American. Native of Southern Ohio. In fruit and tree it some- 
 what resembles Sutton; requires, to perfect good fruit, a rich, 
 warm, loamy soil. On poor clay, it is undersized, deficient in 
 character, and inclined to overbear. 
 
 Fruit, large; form, roundish; color, rich light yellow, mostly 
 overspread and striped with shades of clear bright red ; stem, slen- 
 der ; cavity ; open, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly 
 separate ; basin, round, open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp, 
 mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat hollow ; seeds, long, ovate, 
 Season, October to December. 
 
 large and full. 
 
 American. 
 
 Roxbury Russet. 
 
 Boston Russet, | Putnam Russet, 
 Marietta Russet. | Belpre Russet, 
 Sylvan Russet. 
 
 Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts, 
 
WORTH"* GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 LK.lt 
 
 it was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or '97, by Israel Put- 
 nam, and from, thence distributed throughout the southwest. It is a 
 thick-skinned fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second 
 rate in quality ; grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to 
 " bark burst " near the ground, but elsewhere perefectly hardy, and 
 very productive. Spreading growth, with rather downy snoots ; 
 young trees often crooked. 
 
 Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, flattened, and often 
 angular ; color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet, 
 occasionally a faint blush on the sunny side ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
 medium ; calyx, closed ; basin, round, moderate depth ; flesh, green- 
 ish white, moderately juicy, mild, sub-acid; core, compact; seeds, 
 ovate, defective. Season, January to June. 
 
 Summer Kobe. 
 
 Wolman's Harvest, | Woolman's Harvest, 
 Lippincotu 
 
 I 
 
 This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy, 
 sprightly sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert. 
 Tree, a slow grower, diverging — shoots downy ; requires rich, strong 
 soil, lime and phosphates to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy. 
 Moderate, regular bearer. 
 
 Fruit, medium, or rather small ; form, roundish, sometimes flat- 
 tened ; color, rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ; 
 stem, varying from stout to slender, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, 
 partially closed : basin, round, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, 
 
108 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate. Season, last of 
 July and August. 
 
 Swaar. 
 
 American, " produced by the Dutch settlers, on the Hudson ; its 
 name in low Dutch meaning heavy." On all warm, rich, sandy soils 
 it is one of the very finest fruits, and a good keeper. On cold clayey 
 grounds it does not succeed well, as a general thing ; the past year, 
 however, we have received of it grown on clay loam, limestone sub- 
 soil, equalling or surpassing any ever grown on sand. On the rich 
 prairie soils of the west, it is said to succeed, proving a good bearer 
 and profitable. 
 
 Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, slightly ribbed or un- 
 equal on its surface and often a little angular ; color, greenish yel- 
 low at first, becoming a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown 
 specks, sometimes marbled with gray russet on the side and round 
 the stem, and often tinged with dull red ; stem, slender ; cavity round, 
 deep; calyx, small, half closed, basin, shallow, somewhat plaited; 
 flesh, yellowish, fine grained, juicy, tender, spicy aromatic perfume ; 
 core, small, to medium ; seeds, broad, ovate. Season, January to 
 March. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 109 
 
 Sweet Bough. 
 
 Bough, I Sweet Harvest, 
 
 Early Sweet Bough, Washington, 
 
 Large Yellow Bough, | Niack Pippin. 
 
 American. First described by Coxe as Bough ; we add, Sweet, as 
 expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young 
 shoots, yellowish, somewhat irregular, ascending. Tree, a moderate, 
 annual bearer, succeeding in all good soils not wet. 
 
 Fruit, large, (our figure hardly medium ;) form, roundish, conical, 
 ovate ; color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe ; stem, 
 varying in length ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, narrow, deep ; 
 flesh, white, tender, crisp, sprightly, sweet ; core, medium, open cap- 
 sules ; seeds, ovate, light brown. Season, August. 
 
 Sweet Pearmain. 
 
 This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the " English 
 Sweeting ;" but according to Mr. Manning, the " English Sweeting" 
 is the " Ramsdell's Sweeting," of Downing, (See Hovey's Mag. vol. 
 "St. page 150. ^ This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio, 
 
Ixv/ 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 and farther west, suiting well the rich soils ; keeping finely all win- 
 ter ; highly valued for baking or eating. 
 
 Fruit, medium size or often above ; form, roundish, slight- 
 ly angular ; - color, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish 
 bloom ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep wide and open ; calyx, 
 woolly ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, 
 sweet ; core, medium, with outer or consecutive lines ; seeds, ovate, 
 pyriform, dark brown. Season, December to March. 
 
 Talman's Sweeting. 
 
 Tallman's Sweeting, Tolman's Sweeting, 
 
 Brown's Golden Sweet. 
 
 American. Native of Rhode Island ; its name from a family by 
 name of Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree, 
 great bearer, fruit keeping well ; growth rapid, upright, strong, wood 
 dark. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel- 
 low, with a greenish line from stem to apex ; stem, long, slender ; 
 cavity, wide, regular ; calyx, medium ; basin, moderate depth, fur- 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 Ill 
 
 rowed ; flesh, white, firm, very sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, light 
 brown, ovate pointed. Season, November to April. 
 
 Tetofsky. 
 
 A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves 
 large, broad, light green, peculiar ; regular annual bearer; in quali- 
 
112 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 ity about with Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two 
 weeks earlier ; very valuable for cooking or marketing ; a gross 
 feeder, requiring good soil ; needs little pruning. Our figure does 
 not well represent it, being far too small for an average. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel- 
 low ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white 
 bloom ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, farrowed ; calyx, rather 
 large, long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed ; flesh, 
 white, tender, sprightly, juicy, slightly acid, or sharp sub-acid, with 
 a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, small, fleshy ; seeds, plump, light 
 brown. Season, last of July. 
 
 Sweet Romanite. 
 
 Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously, 
 
 This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological ,, Society by 
 W. B. Lipsey, of Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able 
 to identify it with any variety heretofore described. The flesh being 
 fine grained and firm — somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite — prob- 
 ably induced the name. It is grown in Illinois, under name of 
 " Sweet Nonsuch," and introduced there under the erroneous name 
 of " Orange Sweet." Tree, hardy, moderate but regular bearer. 
 
 Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular ; color, 
 greenish yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright 
 red and covered with a fine bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regu- 
 lar, with little russet; calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half 
 erect ; basin, broad, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 113 
 
 crisp, juicy, sweet — superior to Ramsdell's or Danvers' Sweeting ; 
 core, medium, or rather small, compact — centre slightly hollow; 
 seeds, ovate, oblong, pyriform. Season, November to March. 
 
 There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States, 
 which is oblong ; stem, long and slender ; color, light yellow, striped 
 with red ; flesh, more yellow and dry — an inferior or unworthy 
 variety. 
 
 There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown which is flat, with slender 
 stem ; cavity, deep light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry, 
 and tough ; inferior. 
 
 Vandervere. 
 
 Vandervere, of Cincinnati, 
 Smokehouse? 
 Gibbon's Smathhouse ? 
 Millcreek, 
 Vandervere Pippin 
 Red Vandervere, 
 Fall Vandervere, 
 Yellow Vandervere, 
 Spiced Ox Eye, 
 
 Baltimore, of some incorrectly, 
 Gibbon's Smokehouse ? 
 Striped Ashmore ? 
 Millcreek Vandervere, 
 Imperial Vandervere, 
 Pennsylvania Vandervere, 
 Striped Vandervere, 
 Staalclubs, 
 Watson's Vandervere. 
 
 American. Native of Delaware. There is much confusion rela- 
 tive to this apple, and, while it is extensively distributed and grown, 
 it has numerous synonyms. The variety described as "Smoke- 
 house," by Dr. W/D. Brinckle, in Horticulturist, vol. 3, p. 334, we 
 received specimens of, last winter, from Pennsylvania, and could de- 
 tect no difference from the Vandervere when well grown. It may, 
 
114 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 however, be distinct. The tree is a free grower, productive, and 
 early bearer. Grown on soils deficient in lime, like many of our 
 western bottoms, and some of prairie ; it has always more or less 
 of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime, the rot disappears, 
 and the fruit increases in size and improves in quality ; needs good 
 culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size and much more conical, 
 and less highly colored than South. Young shoots spotted. 
 
 Fruit, from medium to large ; form, round flattened, sometimes 
 angular ; color, orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red, 
 few streaks of deeper red when grown exposed to sun, dotted at in- 
 tervals of a quarter to half inch with large yellow russet specks ; 
 when grown North, these specks are more of gray and much smaller, 
 often russeted about the stem ; stem, projecting about even with 
 surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, open, regular ; calyx, with small 
 segments ; basin, open, broad, sometimes slight waves or furrows ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid ; core, 
 round, compact ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform. Season, December to 
 February. 
 
 Wagsnsr. 
 
 American. " Origin, Penn Yan, Yates County, N. Y. ; seed sown 
 in 1791. Tree, thrifty; young shoots, pale green; old wood, dark 
 red, requires free trimming in order to produce large sized fruit 
 abundantly : annual bearer." 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 115 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, slightly ribbed at base ; 
 color, yellow ground, mostly covered with deep glossy red, with 
 stripes and splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light 
 russet specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, wide, deep ; calyx, small ; 6a- 
 sin, broad and open; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, crisp, 
 juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small, oblong ovate ; seeds, 
 light brown, ovate pyriform. Season, November to March, but will 
 keep to May. 
 
 Westfield Seek-no-further. 
 
 Connecticut Seek-no-further, | Seek-no-further. 
 Red Winter Pearmain, of some. 
 
 An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and 
 fruit has no superior. Very popular in its native State, all South 
 and West. Grown in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is 
 much russeted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich 
 bronze ; progressing northward, it gradually loses its russet, until on 
 light sandy soils in Michigan, it becomes a pale yellow ground, with 
 stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, regular, roundish, conical — broad at base ; 
 color, light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with 
 red, small russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow ; often 
 considerable russet about both stem, and calyx ; stem, long, slender ; 
 cavity, open, regular ; calyx, usually small, closed, sometimes open, 
 
116 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 with short segments ; basin, regular form, moderate depth ; flesh 
 yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain flavor ; core, medium ; seeds 
 ovate. Season, December to February. 
 
 Wood's Greening. 
 
 Coale's Greening'. 
 
 American. Native of New-Jersey. First described by Coxe, from 
 whose nursery it was introduced to the west by Prof. Kirtland, 
 about 1820. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming somewhat 
 spreading. It is well adapted to strong heavy soils, producing abun- 
 dantly fruit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of " best " 
 quality. 
 
 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened ; color, pale 
 green, becoming yellowish, with a few rough spots ; stem, short ; 
 cavity, acuminate ; calyx, rather large ; basin, slightly plaited ; flesh, 
 greenish white, fine grained, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, 
 small ; seeds, ovate. Season, January to March. 
 
 Wine. 
 
 Wine Apple, j Hay's Winter, 
 
 Hay's Winter Wine, j Winter Wine, 
 Hollow Crown Pearmain. 
 
 American. Native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 117 
 
 everywhere successful. Strong heavy clay loams produce the 
 largest fruit, while best quality are grown on sandy loam. Tree, 
 thrifty ; shoots rather slender, spreading ; foliage small. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, round flattened, often quite angu- 
 lar, or largest one side ; color, light pale yellow ground, mostly over- 
 spread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity of stem ; 
 stem, short ; cavity, acuminate or narrow, deep; calyx, large ; basin, 
 broad, open, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub- 
 acid ; core, small ; seeds, large. Season, November to February. 
 
 Wine Sap. 
 
 Wine Sop. 
 
 Probably originated in New-Jersey. First described by Coxe. 
 The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular m 
 its growth, not forming a handsome head, out producing fair fine 
 fruit in all soils, from poor sand to limestone clay— largest m the 
 latter, and finest texture in the former— fine on dry prairies. 
 
 Fruit medium; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, some- 
 times roundish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ; 
 color, grown North, a bright clear red stained and striped with 
 darker shades, and with spots of light yellow; grown South, the 
 dark red becomes most prominent, while the patches of light yel- 
 low at base are more often seen ; it is also more irregular or an- 
 gular in form, and oft with russet about the stem -stem, varying in 
 length, slender; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed; 
 
118 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sub-acid, 
 sprightly ; core, medium, capsule, hollow ; seeds, short ovate. Season^ 
 October to January, often keeps till March. 
 
 Yellow Newtown Pippin. 
 
 This variety is extensively grown ; West it becomes large ; keeps 
 well. Trees, though slender growth, good bearers and apparently 
 perfectly at home in rich limestone soils. That there are two New- 
 town Pippins, we do not question; see " Newtown Pippin ;"but we 
 have the past year supposed there might be three, but whether the 
 distinction is without a difference we are yet unprepared to decide. 
 We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which the latter New- 
 town Pippin of Lewis Sanders, Esq., may possibly prove identical 
 with Y. N. P. 
 
 Fruit, medium, to large ; form roundish, flattened, angular, or 
 broader than long; color, clear yellow, with considerable russet 
 from the stem, many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the 
 sun, the yellow becomes very rich and dotted with carmine dots ; 
 stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, large open, segments short, stiff, 
 broad ; basin, broad, irregular only from the slight ribbing of the 
 fruit ; flesh, yellowish, very firm, crisp, juicy ; core, medium ; seeds, 
 purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 119 
 
 Newtown Pippin, of Lewis Sanders, Ky. 
 
 Fruit, large ; form, angular, roundish conical, prominently ribbed ; 
 color, dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow, marbled and splashed, 
 the latter prevailing mostly at stem end ; stem, short ; cavity, acu- 
 minate, somewhat russeted ; calyx, medium, short segments ; basin, 
 pretty deep, irregular, ribbed ; jlesli, yellowish white, firm, crisp, 
 vinous, juicy, sub-acid, with tinges or lines, and specks throughout, 
 as if decay had partially taken place ; core, medium, or rather large ; 
 seeds, dark rich reddish brown, ovate, pyriform. 
 
 CLASS II. New and untested. Adapted to certain Localities, or 
 
 Amateur Gardens. 
 
 Abbott Seedling. 
 
 American. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, dull green, tinged 
 with red ; flesh, tender juicy, wants flavor. Winter, (Hov. Mag.) 
 
120 THE APPLE. 
 
 Adams. 
 
 Noll's No. 1. 
 
 A Pennsylvania seedling of White Deer township, Union County. 
 Large ; roundish oblate ; faintly mottled and striped with red on a 
 greenish yellow ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, broad acute ; 
 calyx, rather large, segments closed; basin, wide, moderately deep, 
 plaited; flesh, greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy; "very good." 
 (W. D. B.) 
 
 Adam's Pearmain. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus- 
 set; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early winter. 
 (Lindley.) 
 
 Albemarle Pippin. 
 
 Fruit, medium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks ; flesh, pale 
 yellow, sub-acid. Grown in Virginia ; keeps well. (Thomas.) 
 
 Alexander. 
 
 Emperor Alexander. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green- 
 ish yellow ; stem, small ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, 
 coarse crisp ; showy ; poor bearer. October. 
 
 Ashmore. 
 
 Red Ashmore, | Fall Wine, erroneously. 
 
 American. A desirable variety deserving attention. Fruit, above 
 medium, regular, round, bright clear red; short slender stem ; deep cavity.; 
 calyx, small, closed; deep, regular basin; core, large; capsules, hollow; 
 seeds, plump ; flesh, white crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. Octo- 
 ber and November. The Black Vandervere, a third rate fruit, is some- 
 times grown as this variety. 
 
 Ashland. 
 
 American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull 
 greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish 
 gray, and large russet dots ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry ; 
 hardly "very good;" stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small; 
 basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January. 
 
 Aunt's Apple. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red, 
 radiating from stem, which is short, stout; cavity, open, broad, russeted; 
 calyx, closed ; basin, finely folded ; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid, 
 musky perfume, juicy ; " very good ;" core, medium. November *to 
 January. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 121 
 
 Aromatic Carolina. 
 
 From South Carolina. " Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood, 
 abrupt terminal buds; fruit, large, oblate, conical, pale red, slightly 
 streaked; heavy bloom; wide basin; open calyx; flesh, tender, melting, 
 aromatic. July. Abundant bearer." (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) 
 
 Autumn Seek-no-further. 
 
 American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with 
 red in sun; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, open, erect seg- 
 ments; basin, round, medium depth; core, medium; flesh, white, juicy, 
 tender, sprightly, sub-acid ;" very good." October, 
 
 Autumnal Swaar. 
 
 Autumnal Sweet Swaar, | Sweet Swaar, 
 Sweet Golden Pippin. 
 
 Tree, spreading; shoots, vigorous, diverging; fruit, large, round, flat- 
 tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long; basin, open, shallow; 
 calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, tender, yellowish, spicy, sweet, not 
 juicy ;" very good." October. 
 
 Autumn Pearmain. 
 
 English Summer Pearmain, J Royal Pearmain, 
 Summer Pearmain, | Parmain d'Ete, 
 
 Sigler's Red. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, oblong 
 conical, brownish yellow and green, red blended with yellow in sun. 
 small brown specks; stalk, short; calyx, in a broad shallow basin'j 
 slightly plaited; flesh, pale yellow, crisp ; nearly "best." September. 
 
 Aunt Hannah. 
 
 From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow; flesh 
 tender, crisp, sub-acid ; "very good." Winter. 
 
 Bailey Spice. 
 
 American. From Plattsburg, K Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish 
 brown; fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, light yellow, faint 
 blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, nar- 
 row ; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy; core, large, open: 
 seeds, light brown. October. "Very good." 
 
 Bailey Sweet. 
 
 Patterson Sweet, j Edgerly Sweet 
 
 From Perry, N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened 
 sometimes ribbed, clear yellowish red, with an occasional russet patch • 
 stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt, 
 often plaited; flesh, yellow, rather dry, sweet; "very good-" core, me- 
 dium; seeds, ovate pyriform. November to December. 
 6 
 
122 THE APPLE. 
 
 Belzer. 
 
 American. Ohio. Fruit, medium, red striped on greenish yellow ; 
 flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August. (T. S. Humrickhouse, 
 in Hov. Mag.) 
 
 JBenoni. 
 
 From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer; fruit 
 medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow striped with 
 crimson, dotted with white specks; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow; 
 calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed; flesh, yellow crisp, tender, juicy, 
 vinous; "very good;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and 
 September. 
 
 Bevan. 
 
 Sevan Favorite, | Striped June. 
 
 From New Jersey. Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis- 
 tances ; we have thought the Red June, which comes to us at Cleveland 
 from Kentucky, might be this apple, but have had no opportunity of com- 
 paring them in season. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened, slight- 
 ly conical, distinct broad red stripes on yellow; stem, varying from short 
 to long; cavity, shallow; calyx, large; basin, plaited; flesh, firm, tough, 
 sub-acid ; seeds, plump, ovate pyriform. August. We are also of opinion 
 this may be the Carolina June, of the West. 
 
 Bentley's Sweet. 
 
 From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great 
 keeper; valuable south, in rich soils. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ir- 
 regular, flattened at ends ; red and yellow striped, or blotched ; stem, 
 long, curved; calyx, large; basin, open, deep, furrowed; core, compact; 
 seeds, large, ovate, pointed; flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy; "very 
 good." January to Sept. 
 
 Better than Good. 
 
 Juicy Bite. 
 
 From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described. 
 Tree, slender, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye; 
 yellowish white ; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Early Winter 
 
 Bean Sweet. 
 
 " This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel. Medium size, ovate, 
 oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe 
 on the tree ; crisp and juicy ; ripe in Oct. ; wilL keep till Feby. or March ; 
 a good baking apple." (B. V. French, Esq., Ms.) 
 
 Blue Pearmain. 
 
 Tree, hardy, shoots stout, dark color ; buds, large, unsuited to exposed 
 situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown of£ Fruit, very 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 123 
 
 large, roundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched with purplish red 
 over a dull ground ; white bloom ; stem, short; calyx, small; basin, deep; 
 core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Early 
 Winter. 
 
 Black Apple. 
 
 Black American, | Jersey Black, 
 Dodge's Black. 
 
 American. Tree, slender, moderate growth, drooping, when old ; a good 
 bearer ; negative quality, often esteemed. Fruit, medium, round slightly 
 flattened, dark red, almost black, whitish bloom, and many whitish specks ; 
 stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx rather small ; basin, shallow ; core 
 large ; capsules, long, ovate, hollow ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellow- 
 ish white tinged with red, crisp, juicy. Nov. to Feby. 
 
 There is much confusion at theWest with this variety, and several fruits 
 are grown under the same name. One under name of Black, or " Canada 
 Black," is oblong, with greenish flesh, inferior ; tree, a fine grower. 
 
 Another is of medium size ; fruit depressed at ends ; skin rough ; flesh, 
 aromatic ; ripening in September ; tree upright grower, with rough uneven 
 bark. 
 
 Black Coal. 
 
 Welcome, 
 
 This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, above 
 medium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark red striped, and mostly 
 overspreading a lighter red ; numerous specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, 
 slightly russeted ; calyx, closed, woolly or downy ; basin, open ; core, 
 large, hollow ; seeds, loose ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, 
 juicy, tender, rather acid. Nov. to Feby. 
 
 Bledsoe. 
 
 " From Kentucky. Eesembles White Pippin, (Canada Pippin.) Fruit, 
 large, conical, flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base, 
 brownish specks ; skin, smooth ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, 
 closed ; basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown ; flesh, white, 
 tender, juicy ; " very good." March and April. Claimed as a seedling ; 
 new." (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 
 
 Blood. 
 
 From central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular; 
 dull red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional 
 rough gray dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open ; 
 broad segments ; basin furrowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong 
 ovate, dark red ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, break- 
 ing mild almost sweet; " very good." Dec. to March. 
 
 BOALSBURG. 
 
 A seedling of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclining to 
 
124 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 conical, delicately mottled and striped with red on a yellow ground ; stem, 
 short, thick ; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; basin, deep, moderately 
 wide; flesh yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing; "very good." 
 (W. D. B.). 
 
 BOHANON. 
 
 A variety probably originally of Virginia, lately brought to notice as 
 grown by Lewis Sanders, Esq., of Ky. It much resembles Maiden's 
 Blush. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with in- 
 clination to a ribbed surface ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny 
 side, russet about stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, partly 
 closed; basin, deep expanded; core, open; seeds, numerous, light brown ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-acid. Sept. 
 
 Bourassa. 
 
 Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections, — Vermont, 
 North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly 
 ribbed, occasionally irregular ; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish 
 brown in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, small, irregular ; calyx, with 
 long segments; basin, narrow; core, rather large; seeds, few; flesh, 
 white, fine grained, sub-acid; "best." October to January. 
 
 Brabant Bellflower. 
 
 Brabant Belle-fleur, | Iron Apple. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good 
 head. Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, 
 flattened at ends; pale yellow, mostly coverered with red striped and 
 
FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 125 
 
 splashed; calyx, large; basin, wide; flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid. 
 iNov. to Jany. 
 
 Brooke's Pippin. 
 
 A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely 
 ribbed ; greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stem, short, rather stout, 
 deep, irregular, russeted cavity ; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes 
 furrowed ; seed, long, slender acuminate ; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine tex- 
 ture, with a pleasant aroma ; best ;" winter ; bearing abundantly every 
 year in localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some re- 
 semblance, does not succeed. 
 
 Buck's County. 
 
 Buck's County Pippin. 
 
 A Pennsly vania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ; 
 greenish yellow, with sometimes a faint brown cheek ; stem, short, not 
 stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ; 
 seed, small, short ; flesh, tender; texture fine ; flavor excellent; "very 
 good. (W. D. B.) 
 
 Butter Apple. 
 
 American ; probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu- 
 lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet 
 dots, russet near and in cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, nar- 
 row, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, abrupt ribbed ; core, medium ; seeds, 
 roundish ovate ;, flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet ; " very good." 
 Nov. to Feby. 
 
 Buffington's Early. 
 
 A moderate bearer; origin unknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened, 
 little ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush ; cavity, deep ; basin, 
 shallow furrowed ; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid ; "best." Last of July. 
 
 Burr's Winter Sweet. 
 
 Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree, good grower, spreading. Early and 
 abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at base, full at 
 crown ; smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with vermilion, 
 russet at stem ; small gray specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, broad, 
 open ; eye, medium, closed ; segments, short ; basin, open ribbed ; core, 
 small ; seeds, medium ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aromatic 
 perfume. Dec. to March. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Bush. 
 
 Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate, conical ; greenish yel- 
 low, russet dots near the crown ; calyx, small ; basin, deep plaited ; flesh, 
 " very good." (W. D. B.) 
 
126 THE APPLE. 
 
 Carnahan. 
 
 Cannahan's Favorite. 
 
 Native of Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large, 
 roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with stripes of red, greenish russet 
 dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, large, long segments ; 
 basin, ribbed ; core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; 
 " very good." Dec. to Feby. 
 
 Cannon Pearmain. 
 
 American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small, 
 roundish, often angular, yellow with dull red, and large yellow specks ; 
 stem, long curved ; cavity, shallow, russety ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, 
 furrowed; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly; "very good." Dec. to March 
 
 Cann. 
 
 American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun, 
 and near the stem ; flesh, white, sweet ; " very good." Oct. to Dec. Tree, 
 thrifty, spreading. 
 
 Campfield. 
 
 Newark Sweeting. 
 
 American. Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium, 
 roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull red in sun; flesh, white, 
 dry sweet ; valued for stock and cider. 
 
 Carolina Winter Queen. 
 
 American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed 
 with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety 
 South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruit, above medium, roundish 
 conical ; greenish yellow streaked and stained with red from the stem, a 
 little russet at stem, and few small faint dots ; calyx, open, segments, re- 
 flexed; basin, round, medium ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep; core, medium; 
 seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; "best." Nov., 
 Jany. 
 
 Cayuga Red Streak. 
 
 Twenty Ounce, Twenty Ounce Apple, 
 
 Eighteen Ounce, Gov. Seward, 
 
 Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneously. 
 
 From Western New York. We adopt the name " Cayuga Red Streak," 
 to prevent continued confusion with " Twenty ounce Pippin." Fruit, 
 large, roundish, conical, dull yellowish green striped and marbled with 
 yellowish red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish 
 white, coarse, crisp ; sub-acid. Nov., Dec. Esteemed for cooking. 
 
 Cat Face. 
 From Kentucky. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends; greenish yel- 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 127 
 
 low, streaked with light and dark red ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, 
 wide ; calyx, prominent ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, light brown ; 
 flesh, white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst, 
 Ms.) 
 
 Clyde Beauty. 
 
 Mackie's Clyde Beauty. 
 
 From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical, 
 slightly ribbed ; pale, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, 
 deep crimson in the sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, 
 closed ; basin, furrowed; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." 
 October to December. Deserves more attention. 
 
 Cole. 
 
 Scarlet Perfume. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading, 
 hardy, an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium, 
 roundish, little conical, bright red ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, medium, 
 partly closed; flesh, white, juicy ; "very good." August. 
 
 Cooper. 
 
 Beauty Red, J Lady Washington, 
 Seek-no-further, of some erroneously. 
 
 An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in 
 1796 ; its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ; 
 hence we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright, 
 stout; branches at right angles; wood, reddish, "subject to canker;" a 
 good bearer, maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best 
 on rich limestone clay. 
 
 Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow with 
 stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, slender, 
 short ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, not fine grained, crisp, juicy ; 
 *' very good." September, but often keeps to November. 
 
 Cooper's Early White. 
 
 Grown in Illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive 
 and profitable. Fruit, medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with 
 faint blush, greenish tinge at stem; stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep; 
 calyx, closed; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed; flesh, white, crisp, 
 sprightly. September and October. 
 
 Cocklin's Favorite. 
 
 Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumber- 
 land Co. ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) 
 
 Chief Good. 
 
 Fummum Bonum. 
 
 From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, 
 
128 THE APPLE. 
 
 flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes 
 of green ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, small, partly closed ; 
 basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, open ; 
 seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A. H. Ernst, 
 Ms.) % 
 
 Court-pendu-Plat. 
 
 Court-pendu, 
 
 Garnon's Apple, 
 
 Cour pendu, Rond Gros, 
 
 " " Musque, 
 Coriandra Rose, 
 Wollaton Pippin, 
 
 Capendu 
 
 Cour pendu, Extra, 
 
 " " Rouge Musque, 
 Pomme de Berlin, 
 Russian, 
 Prineisse Noble Zoete. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, slender; early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium, 
 regular, flat ; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun; stem, short; cavity, 
 deep; calyx, large; basin, wide, shallow; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly 
 little acid ; " Very good." November to February. 
 
 Court of Wick. 
 
 Barlow, 
 Court de Wick, 
 Fry's Pippin, 
 Wood's Huntingdon, 
 Philip's Reinette, 
 Week's Pippin, 
 
 Court of Wick Pippin, 
 Rival Golden Pippin, 
 Golden Drop, 
 Transparent Pippin, 
 Knightwick Pippin, 
 Yellow. 
 
 Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit for dessert, 
 this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy — suited to the North. Fruit, 
 small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened ; greenish yellow in shade, little 
 red and dotted with russet specks in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, 
 with long wide spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds, 
 ovate ; flesh yellow, sharp, sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Cumberland Seedling. 
 
 From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed 
 valuable for market ; large, roundish, flattened ; flesh, white, sub-acid ; 
 "good;" new. 
 
 Cumberland Spice. 
 
 The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In 
 absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description : 
 
 " Rather large, varying from roundish-conical to long-conical, the taper- 
 ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded; color, waxen yellow, 
 with a slight vermilion tinge near the base, and with black specks on 
 the surface ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long; cavity, wide, 
 slightly russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, even ; flesh, yellowish-white, break- 
 ing, rather light ; core, hollow ; flavor, mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and 
 agreeable spiciness ; of good second-rate quality." 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 129 
 
 Cracking-. 
 
 "From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little 
 pruning." Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white; flesh, tender, juicy ; 
 "very good." October to January. (Dr. J. A. Warder's Notes.) New ; 
 highly esteemed where known. 
 
 Cat Pippin. 
 
 West's Spitzenberg, 
 Haymaker, 
 
 Honemaker Pippin, 
 Hommacher Apfel. 
 
 Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium to 
 large, greenish; flesh, greenish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April. 
 New. 
 
 Darlington. 
 
 Darlington Russet. 
 
 Native of northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear smooth rus- 
 set ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, 
 white; hardly "very good." January to June. 
 
 Delight. 
 
 From R. Buchanan, Esq., Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish flat- 
 tened, slightly angular, yellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, ver- . 
 milion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large, 
 short segments ; basin, round, slightly furrowed ; core, compact ; seeds, 
 6* 
 
130 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 ovate angular; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet; "very- 
 good." New. February to May. 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 Red Detroit, | Black Detroit, 
 Crimson Pippin. 
 
 Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers. 
 Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark blackish crimson, dotted 
 and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
 plaited; core, large, hollow; flesh, white, often stained with red to ^ the 
 core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes 
 grown as the Black Apple. 
 
 Dillingham. 
 
 From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky, Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium, 
 round, regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep russeted ; 
 calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, 
 fine grained, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" great bearer. October and 
 November. 
 
 Doctor. 
 
 Red Doctor, | De Witt. 
 
 Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in southern Ohio and Indiana, 
 producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat ; 
 yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots 
 of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds, 
 oblong, pyriform; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January. 
 
 Domine. 
 
 Origin uncertain. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; shoots, long, diverg- 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 131 
 
 ing ; early good bearer ; profitable orchard sort West ; succeeding finely 
 in most soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes 
 and splashes of bright red and large russet specks ; stem, long, slender, 
 inclining to one side ; cavity, wide ; calyx, small ; basin, broad ; core, 
 medium ; seeds, abundant, purplish brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; 
 " very good." November to April. 
 
 Dutchess. 
 
 Dutchess of Oklenburgh. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, moderate bearer ; 
 valued for cooking. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light red 
 striped and splashed on yellow; stem, short; cavity, acuminate; basin, 
 deep ; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September. 
 
 Emperor. 
 
 Dickson's Emperor. 
 
 From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed ; yellow, 
 with dashes of carmine red, and minute specks of straw color; dull red 
 cheek in sun; stem, short; calyx, large; basin, deep, irregular; core, 
 small ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; "very good." November to January. 
 
 Early Pennock. 
 
 Shakers' Yellow, j August Apple, 
 Indian Queen ? New Jersey Red Streak? 
 
 Warren Pennock. 
 
 This is probably an old Eastern variety so changed by our Western 
 soils as not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or 
 Belmont Counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early prolific bearers of 
 fruit, rather below second rate quality ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering to 
 the eye; greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red; stem, 
 long; cavity, deep, irregular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid. 
 August. Resembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen. 
 
 English Golden Russet. 
 
 Golden Russet, of New York. 
 Foreign. Growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yellow ; 
 stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December to 
 March. ^ 
 
 English Sweeting. 
 
 Ramsdell's Sweeting, Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet, 
 
 Ramdell's Sweet, ' j Red Pumpkin Sweet, 
 Avery Sweeting. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, early prolific bearer ; fruit, medium 
 to large, ftblong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red 
 dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun ; stem, short ; 
 cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob ; calyx, with short stiff seg- 
 ments; basin, round, regular; core, long ovate; seeds, imperfect; flesh, 
 yellowish white, sweet ; " very good.' October to February. 
 
132 THE APPLE. 
 
 . EsTEN. 
 
 From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, oblong 
 ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stem, 
 slender ; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, sub-acid. October. 
 
 Eustis. 
 
 Een. 
 
 Native Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened ; red 
 and yellow striped or splashed ; stem, slender, inclined one side ; cavity, 
 deep, open ; calyx, closed : basin, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate angular ; 
 flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January. 
 
 Fall Jennetting. 
 
 Fall Gennetting'. 
 
 Probably American. An old variety known to us in Connecticut when 
 a boy, although Mr. Hovey says, in 1847 — " New and very desirable." 
 Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, ribbed at base, narrowing to the eye, pale 
 greenish yellow, blush in sun, russety specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; 
 calyx, closed ; basin, round ; core, small ; seeds, angular ; flesh, yellowish 
 white, tender, juicy ; " very good." October and November. (Hov. 
 Mag.) There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from July 
 to September, which is sour and unworthy. 
 
 Foundling. 
 
 Funtling. 
 
 Native of Mass. " Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the 
 eye, yellowish green, with broken stripes pale red, greenish specks ; stem, 
 short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, me- 
 dium; seeds, small; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid. 
 August and September.'' (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Fall Queen. 
 
 Horse Apple, Red Gloria Mundi ? 
 
 Oldfield, Fall Beauty. 
 
 Origin unknown. Yalued -highly South and West for cooking. Fruit, 
 medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular, greenish yellow to 
 orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem ; stem, short ; cavity, shal- 
 low ; basin, narrow ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, yellow, coarse, acid. Last 
 July. 
 
 Fall Harvey. 
 
 Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, 
 greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep; 
 flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy ; " very good." October and November. 
 
 Favorite. 
 
 From Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yel- 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 133 
 
 low, striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots; stem, short; 
 cavity deep ; calyx, small ; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium ; seeds,' 
 long ovate; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid; not quite " very good." 
 November to January. 
 
 Father Abraham. 
 
 From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's 
 description : " Small, flat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker 
 red ; texture, thin, tender ; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun, 
 juicy, agreeable. Early winter. Keeps till April." 
 
 Ferdinand. 
 
 Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright; fruit, 
 large, oblate, irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick ; calyx, open ; 
 basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New. 
 (Wm. Sumner in Hort.) 
 
 Fleiner. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright ; fruit, medium, oblong, 
 lemon yellow, red cheek; , flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; "good." Sep- 
 tember and October. Productiveness its chief merit. 
 
 Franklin Golden Pippin. 
 
 xree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish 
 ovate, conical, pale light greenish yellow, interlined with fine whitish net 
 work, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; 
 basin! narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juicy ; " very good." October. 
 
 French's Sweet. 
 
 The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round 
 ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly 
 perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ripe October and November, and will keep till 
 January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. Y. French, Ms.) 
 
 Fronclin. 
 
 tl Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer ; fruit, 
 medium, regular, round ; bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. New. 
 (Pom. Trans.) 
 
 Flushing Spitzenberg. 
 
 American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots ; fruit, medium, roundish, 
 slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish red, 
 russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding ; stem, slender ; cavity, 
 narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, tinged 
 
134 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 yellow, juicy, crisp, mild, nearly sweet ; " very good." 
 February. 
 
 November to 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 Native of Canton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36 1-2 
 inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across 
 top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium, 
 roundish Flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem 
 cavity, small dots ; stern, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, short seg- 
 ments ; basin, rather deep; core, small ; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, 
 tender, juicy, mild sub-acid; " very good." November and December. 
 
 Gabriel. 
 
 Ladies Blush. 
 
 The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove 
 identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under 
 medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers ; fruit, 
 medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with 
 pale red; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, small; basin, shallow ; 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 135 
 
 core, medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; 
 " best." October and November. 
 
 Garretson's Early. 
 
 John Garretson's Early. 
 
 Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun- 
 dant bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; pale green, becoming 
 yellowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow; calyx, 
 closed ; basin, ribbed ; core, large ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, crisp, ten- 
 der, sub-acid ; " very good." August. 
 
 George. 
 
 From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer ; fruit, me- 
 dium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks, 
 oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, firm, 
 juicy, mild acid. July. 
 
 Gilpin. 
 
 Carthouse, | Rornanite of the West. 
 
 From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it 
 more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex, 
 deep red and yellow; stem, varying ; cavity deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
 sometimes furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, 
 will keep a year. 
 
 From Wallingford, Conn, 
 tender, juicy ; " very good." 
 
 Giles. 
 
 Fruit, medium, conical, dark red ; flesh, 
 October and November. 
 
136 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Gray Vandervere. 
 
 Windower, 
 Great Vandervere, 
 White Vandevrere, 
 
 Indian Apple, 
 Betsey's Fancy, 
 Vandervere Pippin, of some. 
 
 A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere. 
 Dr. Warder says, this is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and 
 esteemed highly for cooking. Fruit, medium or slightly above, round 
 flattened ; skin, rough, uneven, mostly a dull red, with gray bloom, small 
 specks of russet, a little bronze at the stem ; stem, long ; cavity, open ; 
 calyx, with short segments ; basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh, 
 yellowish, breaking, moderately juicy. December to March. 
 
 Granny Earle. 
 
 Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh, 
 white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Granniwinkle. 
 
 Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed 
 only for cider. Fruit, medium, roundish, oblong, dark red ; flesh, yellow- 
 ish, sweet. October and November. 
 
 Gully. 
 
 From Lancaster co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium, white with blush 
 cheek ; flesh, white, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.) 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE!. 187 
 
 Green Seek-no-further. 
 
 Seek-no-further of Coxe, | Bracy's Seek -no-further. 
 
 Growth, vigorous, upright ; fruit, large, roundish conical, greenish yel- 
 low, with dark specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, slightly 
 ribbed ; flesh, white, little coarse, mild sub-acid. November to January. 
 
 Hagloe. 
 
 Summer Hagloe. 
 
 Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots, valued for cooking, 
 often fine for dessert; fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on 
 yellow ; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small ovate 
 cider fruit. 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 » 
 Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until 
 March, it becomes " very good" for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very 
 productive ; fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate, yellow, with black 
 specks, light suffused shade around ; stem, one inch ; cavity, wide ; calyx, 
 closed ; basin, shallow furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core, 
 large ; seeds, long ovate. November to March. It is from this variety, 
 mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark 
 cider is made. 
 
 Hartford Sweeting. 
 
 Spencer Sweeting, | Cliamp Sweeting. 
 
 Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive ; fruit, 
 large, roundish flattened ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; 
 cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ; 
 " very good." December to March. 
 
 Haskell Sweet. 
 
 Sassafras Sweet. 
 
 Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture ; 
 fruit, large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun; stem and 
 cavity, medium ; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost 
 "best." October. 
 
 Hawley. 
 
 Douse, | Dow's. 
 
 Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger 
 and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils, 
 otherwise it would take first class. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, 
 conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few brown dots ; stem, slender; 
 cavity, wide; calyx, small, partly closed; basin, medium, slightly plaited ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October, sometimes in 
 September. 
 
138 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Hector. 
 
 From Chester county, Pa. Large, oblong, conical, striped and mottled 
 with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender ; deep, open russeted cavity ; 
 basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp ; texture, fine ; " very good." 
 (W. D. B.) 
 
 Helen's Favorite.. 
 
 From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light 
 spots ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; core, compact ; 
 seeds, small ; flesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy ; " very good.'' 
 January and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 
 
 Herman. 
 
 From Cumberland co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong, 
 red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy ; "very good." 
 December to April. (Pom. Trans.) 
 
 Holland Pippin. 
 
 Reinette d' Holland, 
 Slimmer Pippin, 
 
 Pie Apple, 
 
 French Pippin, of some. 
 
 Tree resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is o,ften confounded, but from 
 which it is distinct. It is esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 189 
 
 in August, but we think surpassed by G-ravenstein. We refer for descrip- 
 tion to Fall Pippin, with this difference, more regular round, stem shorter, 
 cavity not as deep, more broad and open, calyx smaller, and basin not as 
 wide. 
 
 Housum's Red. 
 
 From Berks county, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides, skin 
 red in stripes, yellow at base; "stem, short, thick; cavity, narrow, not 
 deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited ; flesh, fine tex- 
 ture, tender, with delightful aroma; "very good" at least. October to 
 February. (W. D. B.) 
 
 High Top Sweet.' 
 
 Summer Sweet, of Ohio, | Sweet June, of Illinois. 
 
 From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive ; fruit, medium, 
 roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots; stem, slender; 
 calyx, closed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet; "very good." 
 Last of July. 
 
 Hunter. 
 
 From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish, conical, striped and 
 splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, 
 small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy. 
 October. 
 
 Jabez Sweet. . 
 
 From Middletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green, 
 dull red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Tree, good habit, spreading, much grown and esteemed in some parts 
 of Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after 
 laying in a warehouse during winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium 
 to large, roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ; 
 cavity, moderate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, com- 
 pact; seeds, light brown; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid; 
 almost " best." October to March. 
 
 From Chester co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant, 
 abundant bearer ; fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and stained 
 with red, becoming dark in sun, dotted with white spots and russet at 
 stem ; stem, half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, nearly closed, 
 woolly; basin, deep, regular; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy; "best." 
 September and October. New. 
 
 Jersey Pippin, 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, round, oblong, conical, flattened, pale yellow- 
 
140 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 ish green, faint stripes red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, 
 rather large ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; flesh, greenish 
 yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid; "very good."- November to February. 
 New. 
 
 Jenkins. 
 
 Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate ; 
 red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground; 
 stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx, 
 closed ; basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seed, grayish 
 brown, acute-ovate ; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy ; flavor, 
 agreeably saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic ; " very good," 
 if not " best." The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples pecul- 
 iarly fitted for the table at evening entertainments. (W. D. J3.) 
 
 Jewett's Red. 
 
 Jewett's Fine Red, Nodhead. 
 
 Tree, slow, rather slender diverging growth ; fruit unfair while young ; 
 best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to 
 succeed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the 
 eye, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped 
 with red, numerous white dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, 
 small, partially closed ; basin, shallow, wrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds, 
 ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, tender, mild aromatic 
 sub-acid; "best," November to February. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 141 
 
 Kaighn's Spitzenberg. 
 
 Red Spitzenberg, 
 Red Pearmain, 
 Red Winter Pearmain, 
 Long Pearmain, 
 
 Sc^pfarmain, } erroneously, 
 
 Ohio "Wine, 
 Long John, 
 Red Pippin, 
 Red Phcenix, 
 Sheepnose, of some, 
 Russam. 
 
 This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good 
 qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it, 
 as the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom. 
 Meeting, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name 
 Spitzenberg, was derived from a mountain " berg." Pruit, large, oblong 
 rounded ; yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about 
 even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, small; basin, 
 slightly furrowed; core, small; seeds, irregular in form; flesh, yellowish, 
 coarse, dry; "good." November and December. Often grown in 
 Michigan as Red Belleflower. 
 
 Keswick Codlin. 
 Foreign. Yery productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited 
 
142 - THE APPLE. 
 
 to Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate 
 conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one 
 or two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; 
 calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed imperceptible ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; 
 flesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid. September and October. 
 
 KlNGSLEY. 
 
 From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse 
 early bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed 
 with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx ; stem, slender ; calyx, 
 small, closed; basin, shallow; core, medium, open; seeds, small, dark 
 brown ; flesh, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." November to July. 
 (H. Wendell in Pom. Trans.) 
 
 King Apple. 
 
 There are two distinct fruits under this name, one grown in Western 
 3ST. Y., and one in Mason Co., Ky. 
 
 The first is as follows : Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed, 
 pale yellow ground, mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and 
 splashed, brown dots, and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout, 
 thick ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, 
 abrupt, slight furrows, and projecting ribs surrounding ; flesh, yellowish, 
 crisp, juicy, sub-acid. November and December. 
 
 The second is : Fruit, yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with dull 
 red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to the 
 Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base ; calyx, small ; basin, 
 shallow ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, me- 
 dium ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Lancaster Greening. 
 
 From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive ; fruit, 
 medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches ; 
 stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub- 
 acid ; valued for keeping till April. 
 
 Lecker. 
 
 Laquier, | Lacker. 
 
 From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium, 
 roundish oblate ; skin, striped with crimson on a paler red, with numer- 
 ous large dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted, 
 narrow, rather deep ; basin, wide, deep, plaited ; core, small ; seed, dark 
 cinnamon, short, plump; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy 
 «' good" at least. December to March. (W. D. B.) 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 143 
 
 Lake. 
 
 Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, abundant bearer, 
 fruit hangs well ; fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yellow, mostly 
 overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots ; cavity, deep ; 
 calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core, medium ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellow, 
 tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." October. 
 
 Late Queen. 
 
 Brown's Late Queen. 
 
 American Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on 
 yellow, bluish tinge at stem end, and many large russet dots ; calyx, 
 closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ; stem, medium ; cavity, 
 deep ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." September 
 and October. 
 
 Leland Spice. 
 
 Leland Pippin, | New York Spice. 
 
 From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green- 
 ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half 
 inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ; 
 " best," October to December. Deserves more attention than yet 
 received. 
 
 Ledge Sweet. 
 
 From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer; fruit, large, 
 roundish flattened ; yellowish green, tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus- 
 set specks ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed ; 
 basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 fine, juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Limber Twig. 
 
 James River. 
 
 A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree, 
 hardy, productive ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light 
 yellow, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and 
 occasional patch of russet; stem, long, slender; cavity, open, funnel 
 shape, russeted ; calyx, rather small ; basin, irregular, round ; core, large, 
 
144 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 hollow ; seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid ; " very 
 good." Keeps to May. 
 
 For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c. 
 
 Lowre Queen. 
 
 Loure Queen. 
 
 Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ; 
 somewhat resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, 
 oft, angular ; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular 
 dots, or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, regu- 
 lar, deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly 
 furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy 
 " very good." November to February. 
 
 Loudon Pippin. 
 
 Tree, productive, most grown in Northern Virginia ; fruit, large, round- 
 ish conical ; greenish yellow ; stem, short; calyx, large; flesh, greenish; 
 white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples 
 should be. 
 
 Long Stem. 
 
 Below medium, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; skin, red in fainr 
 stripes, with a number of grey russet dots; stem, long; cavity, me- 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 145 
 
 dium, acuminate; basin, small, shallow, plaited; flesh, greenish white, 
 tender ; agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenburg aroma ; quality, 
 " very good." (W. D. B.) 
 
 This is distinct from the " Long Stem" of Cole, which is large, round- 
 ish, pale yellow, brown in sun ; calyx, large ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh, 
 white, juicy, aromatic. September and October. A native of Mass. 
 
 Loring Sweeting. 
 
 Loring Sweet. 
 
 Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow, tinged with 
 pale red in sun, brownish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, 
 medium, closed; basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, plump; flesh, yel- 
 lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet; "very good" November to 
 January. 
 
 Lyscom. 
 
 Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite. 
 
 From Mass. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow, broken stripes, and 
 splashes of red; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; basin, plaited; 
 flesh, fine grained, mild sub-acid. September to November. 
 
 Margaret. 
 
 Early Red Margaret, Red Juneating, 
 
 Early June, ") ~ „.* Striped Juneating, 
 
 Red June, j 0j MUth > Early Red Juneating, 
 
 June, of some in Ohio, \ Eve Apple, of the Irish, 
 Margaretha Apfel, of Germans. 
 
 This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry; oftener grown as 
 Red Juneating. Tree, a regular moderate bearer, upright downy shoots. 
 Fruit, medium or below, roundish, oblong conical ; green in shade, dark 
 crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ; 
 basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender ; " very good." July. 
 
 Manomet. 
 
 Manomet Sweet, | Horseblock. 
 
 From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, vigorous, good bearer; fruit, medium, 
 roundish ; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and 
 trace of russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, 
 large, closed, long segments ; basin, shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, me- 
 dium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet ; "verygood."^ Au- 
 gust and September. 
 
 Major. 
 
 Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ; 
 red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side ; stem, variable in 
 length, of medium thickness ; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin, 
 uneven, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp ; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac- 
 charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which, 
 however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) 
 7 
 
146 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Marston's Red Winter. 
 
 From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, round- 
 ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun, russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; 
 cavity, deep ; calyx, partly open ; basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds 
 dark brown ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy ; " very good." Jan. to 
 April. 
 
 Melvin Sweet. 
 
 From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green ; 
 striped with pale red; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February. 
 (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Marks. 
 
 From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering 
 slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few 
 russet dots, nearly covered with a faint orange blush ; stem, half inch 
 long ; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, 
 narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted ; seed, yellowish gray ; flesh, whi- 
 tish, tender, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed ; quality, " very 
 good," if not " best.' 5 (W. D. B.) 
 
 Male Carle. 
 
 Mela Carla, Pomme de Charles, 
 
 Mela de Carlo, Pomme Finale, 
 
 Chatles Apple. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 147 
 
 Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil 
 is rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should 
 always have a place. North it does not answer. Fruit, medium, globu- 
 lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxeny lemon yellow, with distinct 
 brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by 
 patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem, 
 slender ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core', 
 small ; seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose per- 
 fume ; " best," October to January 
 
 Mouse. 
 
 Moose. 
 
 From Ulster Co., N". Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical; pale greenish 
 yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ; 
 flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than " very good." 
 December to March. 
 
 Monarch. 
 
 A fruit considerably grown West ; will yet probably prove identical 
 with some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; 
 rich dark red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ; 
 cavity, deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, me- 
 dium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender, 
 perfumed ; " good." October. 
 
 Monk's Favorite. 
 
 From Eandolph Co., Indiana. Tree, very thrifty, rapid growth, annual 
 bearer j fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled, 
 striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots ; stem, short ; cavity, 
 open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow- 
 ish white, sub-acid, tender; "very good." December to June. 
 
 McLeluan. 
 
 Martin. 
 
 From Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive 
 bearers ; fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled 
 with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, round ; calyx, nearly closed ; 
 basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, 
 fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; nearly " best." December to March. 
 
 Mother. 
 
 From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate growth, annual bearer ; 
 fruit, large, roundish ovate ; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and 
 striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, 
 small, nearly closed ; basin, plaited ; flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub- 
 acid; "very good." October to January. 
 
 Minister. 
 
 From Massachusetts. Tree, productive; fruit, large, oblong conical, 
 ribbed ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; 
 
148 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 basin, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy ; "good;'' showy. 
 October to December. 
 
 Musk Spice. 
 
 Fruit, small, roundish flattened; yellowish, bright clear red cheek ; stem, 
 long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; 
 flesh, "yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." October. 
 
 Munson Sweeting. 
 
 From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark colored, short 
 jointed shoots, good bearer ; fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ; 
 pale yellow, blush in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry, 
 sweet ; " very good." October to December. 
 
 Mifflin King. 
 
 From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong ; red on yellow ; flesh, tender, 
 juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.) 
 
 Myer's Nonpareil. 
 
 From Massillon, 0. Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact 
 head ; an annual bearer of fruit uniform in size ; fruit, large, roundish 
 flattened ; red and yellow marbled and splashed ; stem, medium ; cavity, 
 regular ; calyx, partially open ; basin, not deep ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 tender, juicy, sub -acid; "best." October to December. New. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 149 
 
 Newark Pippin. 
 
 French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin. 
 
 Tree, crooked, irregular growth ; fruit, large, roundish, oblong ; greenish 
 to clear yellow, small black dots ; cavity and basin, deep ; flesh, yellow, 
 tender, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. 
 
 Neversink. 
 
 From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish ; exterior of an 
 exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots, 
 and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short 
 and rather stout; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large; basin, 
 deep, rather wide, furrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate ; flesh, 
 yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much 
 shriveled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple ; " quality, " very 
 good." (W. D. B.) 
 
 Northern Sweet. 
 
 Northern Golden Sweet. 
 
 From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer ; 
 fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich 
 yellow, often carmine red cheek ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, slightly 
 furrowed; stem, rather stout, swollen at base; cavity, shallow; flesh, 
 white, tender, sweet ; nearly " best." November. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Fall Orange. 
 
 From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots; early and 
 productive bearer ; fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem, 
 short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly plaited ; core, small ; 
 flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid ■ best when fresh from 
 tree. October to December. 
 
 Orndorf. 
 
 From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular ; lemon 
 yellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red ; stem, 
 slender ; cavity and basin, deep ; calyx, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; 
 flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; nearly " best." October 
 and November. 
 
 Orne's Early. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with 
 thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy. 
 September. (Thomas.) 
 
 Old Town Crab. 
 
 Spice Apple, of Va. 
 
 Growth, strong, compact ; fruit, small ; greenish yellow, brown specks ; 
 flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.) 
 
150 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Osborn's Sweet. 
 
 Osborn's Fall Sweet. 
 
 Fruit, large, roundish; lemon yellow, with specks; flesh, yellow, crisp, 
 tender, sweet. October. 
 
 Overman's Sweet. 
 
 From Fulton Co., 111. Fruit, medium, conical; pale yellow, striped with 
 red ; cavity, narrow, deep , calyx, closed ; basin, obscure ; flesh, white, 
 firm, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" baking. October and November. 
 
 Osceola. 
 
 From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat ; yellow, striped with red, 
 dotted with dark spots ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, 
 sub-acid. Keeps till May. Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Paradise Winter Sweet. 
 
 Honey Sweet, of some. 
 
 From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, large, roundish flat- 
 tened ; dull green, with a pale brownish blush ; stem, short ; cavity, 
 rather deep ; calyx, medium ; basin, not deep ; core, medium ; seeds, 
 ovate pyriform ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; "very good." 
 November to March. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 151 
 
 Paragon. 
 
 Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends; pale yellow, faint 
 blush ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; basin, deep, 
 slightly ribbed ; core, medium ; capsules, open ; seeds, ovate pointed ; 
 flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to 
 February. % 
 
 Peach Pond Sweet. 
 
 From Dutchess Co., 1ST. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; annual 
 moderate bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish ; pale red, marbled and striped 
 on yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, open, slightly russeted ; calyx, with 
 segments in divisions ; basin, deep ; core, small ■ seeds, ovate pyriform ; 
 flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet; very good." October. 
 
 People's Choice. 
 
 A small red apple, with peculiar markings ; quality, " very good ;" 
 native of Chester County, Pa. (W. D. B.) 
 
 Pfeiffer. 
 
 From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish ; 
 sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded 
 parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground, 
 on the side exposed to the sun ; stem, slender ; narrow cavity ; calyx, 
 rather large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. (W. D. B.) 
 
152 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 PlCKMAN. 
 Pickman Pippin. 
 
 From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish ; yellow, with scattered 
 shades of russet and small russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; 
 calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, center somewhat hollow ; seeds, 
 light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid ; valued for cooking-. 
 January to April. 
 
 Pine Apple Russet. 
 
 Hardingham's Russet. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over- 
 spread with thin russet ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, plaited ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November. 
 
 Pumpkin Sweet. 
 
 Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, Yankee Apple. 
 
 An old Connecticut fruit, only valued for baking. In wet soils or heavy 
 clay, liable to be water-cored. We suspect the Pound Sweeting to be the 
 same; bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit, large, roundish, 
 ribbed at base ; yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks ; stem, short ; 
 cavity, deep greenish, russeted; calyx, small; basin, irregular; flesh 
 white, tender, sweet; " good." September to November. 
 
 Pumpkin Russet. 
 
 Sweet Russet. | York Russet, 
 Flint Russet. 
 
 Fruit, large ; roundish ; yellowish, green , thinly russeted ; stem, long ; 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 153 
 
 cavity wide, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, dry, sweet; "good." Septem- 
 ber to December. 
 
 Primate. 
 
 Rough and Ready. 
 
 A variety lately come into favorable notice in CentraLNew York, that 
 may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. : Fruit, medium, 
 roundish, tapering to the eye ; pale yellow ; occasionally, blush red 
 cheek ; calyx, closed ; basin deep ; stem varying ; cavity rather narrow ; 
 core, with open seed capsules ; seeds, pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white ; 
 very tender, delicate, juicy-mild sub-acid ; " best." September and 
 October. 
 
 Progress. 
 
 From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large ; yellow, 
 specked with greenish russet, blush in sun ; conical ; flesh, tender ; keeps 
 till Spring. (Ho v. Mag.) 
 
 Quince. 
 
 Cole's Quince. 
 
 From New York. Originally described by Coxe. Grreat bearer; should 
 be better known. Fruit, medium ; roundish ovate, with ridges ; pale 
 yellow, occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line 
 or ridge from stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long 
 segments ; basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad 
 concentric lines ; seeds, short, ovate, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 tender, juicy, aromatic perfume, sub-acid; ''very good." December to 
 March. 
 
 7* 
 
154 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 Ragan. 
 
 From Fulton County, 111. New. Fruit, large, roundish ; pale yellow, 
 overspread, striped and marbled with light red, an occasional russet 
 patch ; stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, 
 nearly closed ; basin, open, deep, slightly plaited ; core, small ; seeds, 
 abundant; flesh, white crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises 
 valuable as an early winter market variety. 
 
 Randel's Best. 
 
 Randal Bert. 
 
 Fruit, medium, globular slightly flattened; greenish yellow, mostly 
 striped and overspread with dark red ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; basin, 
 shallow; core, compact; seeds, brown; flesh, white, tender, smooth- 
 grained, sweet. November to February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 
 
 Raritan Sweet. 
 
 From New Jersey. Tree, productive, valued for baking and stock. 
 Fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; dull yellow tinged with red in sun, irregu- 
 larly scattered brownish red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, little 
 russeted ; calyx, with bold stiff segments ; basin, deep, irregular, slightly 
 wrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, tender, 
 sweet. October, November. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 155 
 
 Red Quarrenden. 
 
 Devonshire Quarrenden, j Sack Apple. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; clear deep red, with 
 specks of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base ; 
 calyx, large, half closed; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, ten- 
 der, sub-acid ; "very good." Aug. 
 
 Red Sweet. 
 
 Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer ; fruit uni- 
 formly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cooking. 
 Fruit, medium, round, flattened ; yellow, overspread and striped with lively 
 red ; stem, short ; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments ; core 
 and seeds, small; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet. Nov. 
 to Feb. 
 
 Republican Pippin. 
 
 From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West. 
 A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread- 
 ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, mottled and 
 striped with red, few large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; 
 calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, small ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish 
 white, tender, sub-acid. Sept. to Oct. 
 
 Ribston Pippin. 
 
 Glory of York, | Travers, 
 
 Formosa Pippin. 
 
 Foreign. Valued in Northern sections, not esteemed South or Central. 
 Fruit, medium, roundish ; greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in 
 sun ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open ; core, small ; seeds, 
 flattened ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. Nov. to 
 Feb. 
 
 Roman Stem. 
 
 French Pippin, of some. 
 
 From New Jersey. Shoots slender, diverging; succeeds finely on the 
 dry prairies, and on all rich limestone soils ; productive. Fruit, medium, 
 roundish oblong ; whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patch- 
 es of blackish russet, unless well grown ; stem, with a fleshy knob one 
 side ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin narrow ; core, open, 
 long ovate; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; 
 " very good." Nov. to Feb. 
 
 Ross Nonpareil. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish ; dull red, 
 blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet ; 
 stem, slender ; calyx, medium ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aro- 
 matic ; " very good," nearly " best." Oct. to Nov. 
 
156 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Selma. 
 
 From Clark Co., 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, flattened ; yel- 
 low, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in 
 sun; stem, long; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, 
 abrupt ; core, medium ; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish 
 white, breaking, mild sub-acid; "very good." Nov. to Dec. 
 
 Seever. 
 
 Seevers' Red Streak. 
 
 From Coshocton Co., 0. Fruit, medium, globular ; lemon yellow, 
 striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg- 
 ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh, 
 yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; "best." Oct. to Nov. 
 
 ScHOONMAKER. 
 School mocker. 
 
 Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish 
 flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun ; skin, 
 little rough ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, 
 open ; core, small, compact; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk, sub-acid; 
 " very good." Jan. to March. 
 
 Scollop Gilliflower 
 
 This is entirely distinct from Eed Gilliflower, with which it has been con- 
 
FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 157 
 
 founded. It requires rich, strong soil; is largely grown, and much 
 esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium to large, roundish con- 
 ical, flattened at base, tapering toward the eye, sometimes angular, always 
 much ribbed or scolloped ; light yellow, striped and splashed with shades 
 of light and dark red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted, ir- 
 regular ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed ; core, 
 large, hollow ; seeds, ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, 
 juicy, slight tinge of sweet. Nov. to Feb. 
 
 Siberian Crab. 
 
 The Pyrus haccaia of botanists. There' are a number of varieties, as, 
 Eed, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double 
 White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for 
 preserving, or grown for ornament. 
 
 SlNE-QUA-NON. 
 
 From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit, 
 medium, roundish ; greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ; flesh, 
 greenish white, tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid. Aug. 
 
 Scarlet Pearmain. 
 
 Bell's Scarlet Pearmain, j Oxford Peach. 
 
 Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils. Fruit, medium, 
 conical ; red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp, 
 juicy, sub-acid ; " good." Sep. to Oct. 
 
 Smith's Cider. 
 
 Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; bright red 
 and yellow, mostly red ; stem, varying ; cavity, regular ; calyx, half closed, 
 long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid; " very good ;" varies much 
 in soils. Nov. to Dec. 
 
 Sops oe Wine. 
 
 Sops in Wine, | Sapson, 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, early bearer, esteemed for its peculiar pink 
 flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ; light 
 red, nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks yellowish iu 
 shade with yellow specks, whitish bloom ; stem, short, slender ; calyx ; 
 with broad segments ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; core and seeds, 
 medium; 'flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild sub-acid; "very 
 gqj^J." Aug. to Sep. 
 
 Sponge. 
 
 Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches 
 and stripes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin, 
 open; core, large, open; flesh, white tender, juicy, sub-acid; very good.'' 
 October. 
 
158 THE APPLE. 
 
 Spring Pippin. 
 
 Springport Pippin. 
 
 Tree, unproductive, upright, thrifty. Fruit, above medium, roundish ; 
 yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots; calyx, closed; stem, 
 short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. Dec. to May. 
 
 Stanard. 
 
 Stanard's Seedling. 
 
 From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, 
 overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, rib- 
 bed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, 
 acid; not quite "very good." .Nov. to Feb. 
 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Montreal. 
 
 From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened ; pale yellow, striped 
 and splashed with red and deep crimson ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ; 
 calyx, closed ; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, large ; seeds, small ; flesh, 
 white, fine grained, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." Sept. 
 to Oct. 
 
 Stroat. 
 
 Straat. 
 
 The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have 
 grown. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; yellowish green ; stem, 
 short ; cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, yellow, tender, brisk sub-acid. 
 Sep. to Nov. 
 
 Striped Pearmain. 
 
 Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter. 
 
 Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip- 
 tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular, 
 slightly flattened; yellow striped and blended with two shades of red ; 
 calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; core, open ; 
 seeds, large; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Dec. to Feb. 
 
 Summer Sweet Paradise. 
 
 From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading 
 shoots. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong, flattened at ends ; pale green, yellow 
 in sun, dark russet marblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, 
 ' oft russeted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ; 
 core, small; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, Jurcy, 
 eweet ; "very good." Sep. 
 
 Summer Queen. 
 
 Lancaster Queen. 
 
 Extensively grown, profitable in some sections of Ohio; in Michigan 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 159 
 
 the reverse. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the 
 eye; yellow, striped and splashed with purplish red; stem, medium- cav- 
 ity, narrow; calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, sometimes 
 a pink tinge, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Aug. to Sep. 
 
 Summer Bellflower. 
 
 Summer Belle-fleur. 
 
 From Dutchess County, New York. Tree, strong, upright growth 
 spreading head, early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish ob- 
 long, slightly conical, two or three obscure ribs ; clear yellow, few green- 
 ish dots, faint orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base ; cavity, shallow ■ 
 calyx, closed, small reflexed segments; basin, five sided; core, medium' 
 hollow; small seeds; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, sub-acid; "best'' 
 New. August, September. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower 
 grown m Ohio, which we have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit 
 distinct from above. J 
 
 Sugar Sweet. 
 
 This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium ; ovate * dull yel- 
 lowish, inclining to a russet ; abundant bearer ; ripe, September, October • 
 a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.) ' 
 
 Sweet Bellflower, 
 
 Butter, of some. 
 
 There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name 
 We append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at 
 base, slightly ribbed ; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light 
 and dark specks; calyx, closed; basin, ribbed; stem, long, slender- 
 cavity, deep ; core, open ; seeds, small ; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking 
 juicy, slightly sub-acid. October, Novembe 
 
 L o> 
 
 Sweet Bellflower of Wyandott County. — Fruit, laro-e, ^lobular 
 slightly conical; light yellow, dark cloudy flakes 2nd & reddish 
 specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal- 
 low; core, small, compact; seeds, small; flesh, white, tender, sweet 
 November, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely 
 resembles this, and may prove identical. 
 
 Sweet Pippin. 
 
 Moore's Sweeting, | Red Sweet Pippin, of Indiana, 
 
 Pound Sweet, of some West. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened ; yellow striped and mostly 
 covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ■ 
 basin, broad; core, small; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking! 
 December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South 
 Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet. 
 Early Winter. 
 
160 THE APPLE. 
 
 Sweet Winesai\ 
 
 From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin, 
 greenish yellow with blotches of dark green ; calyx, medium ; basin, 
 open ; stem, short ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, 
 mild sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December. 
 
 Spice Russet. 
 
 Sweet Russet, of some erroneously. 
 
 Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; light yellow russet, numerous 
 small fine dots ; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen- 
 der; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; basin, shallow; core, large, some- 
 what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine 
 grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic; "very good." December to 
 March. 
 
 Tewksbury Blush. 
 
 Tewksbury Winter Blush, | Fink's Seedling. 
 
 From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very pro- 
 ductive, always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened ; 
 yellowish green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ; 
 stem, slender ; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light 
 brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to 
 August. 
 
 To-WNSEND. 
 
 From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderate spreading growth, abundant early 
 bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ; pale yellow, overspread and streaked 
 with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots rough, 
 blue bloom; stem, slender; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed, segments narrow 
 in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, breaking, rather dry, sub-acid ; " very good." 
 September. 
 
 Trumbull Sweeting. 
 
 Fenton Sweeting. 
 
 From Trumbull County, Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flat- 
 tened ; pale yellow, slight blush and red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; 
 calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very 
 good." September to November. 
 
 Virginia Greening. 
 
 Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at ends, slightly angular; dull green- 
 ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green 
 circle suffused around them ; stem, medium ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx, 
 large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish 
 white, mild sub-acid ; not quite "very good." December to March. Es- 
 teemed at the South as a keeper. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 161 
 
 Waddel's Hall. 
 
 Another Southern rarity. Fruit, medium, oblong ; dull greenish yel- 
 low striped with red ; flesh, whitish, sub-acid ; great keeper. 
 
 Walworth. 
 
 Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin. 
 
 From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; clear yellow, bright 
 red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks; stem, short, slender; 
 calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, large, open ; seeds, plump ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.) 
 We suspect this an old variety under a new name. 
 
 Walpole. 
 
 From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish tapering to the eye ; yellow 
 with bright red stripes, deepest in sun and yellowish specks ; stem, short ; 
 cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly ridged ; core, large, open ; 
 seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk sub- 
 acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following description of 
 the Sparhawk is from B. Y. French, Esq. We suspect the two identical. 
 The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. H., and is known in the family 
 of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found as the " Gall " Apple. It 
 was introduced to our Society by A. De Copen, of Dorchester, and the 
 Society gave it the name of Sparhawk. It is a large Apple ; oblate ; skin 
 smooth and glossy ; color, yellowish ground, striped with red ; abundant 
 bearer ; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable appearance ; 
 flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid ; highly desirable for cooking, and is 
 ripe September, October, but will keep longer ; it will class well with the 
 20 oz. Pippin. 
 
 Wells' Sweeting. 
 
 From Newburgh, K Y. Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium, 
 roundish; dull light green, brownish red cheek; stem, slender; calyx, 
 small; basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy sweet; "very good." 
 Nov. to Jan. 
 
 Wells. 
 
 Hogan, | Striped R. I. Greening, 
 
 English Winter Red Streak, of some, j Well Apple. 
 
 An old variety, probably originally from Maryland. It is much grown 
 in Central and Southern Ohio, as Wells; hence we give the name. It is 
 only good on strong clay soil. Fruit, large, roundish, narrowing to the 
 eye ; yellowish green, streaked and blotched with red ; calyx, closed ; 
 basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; ''very 
 good." Nov. to March. The trees grow vigorously, spreading tops, slen- 
 der branches, bear abundantly every year. There is also a ' ; Cook's Well 
 Apple," grown in Indiana, that originated in Ohio. It is a great and 
 regular bearer, small size, largest at blossom end ; stem, slender ; flesh, 
 " good ;" keeps well. 
 
162 THE APPLE. 
 
 Western Spy. 
 
 From Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit, 
 large, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with red, becoming bril- 
 liant on sunny side, small white specks; stem, short; cavity, narrow; 
 calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; 
 " very good." Dec. to March. 
 
 White Sweeting. 
 
 Wetherill's White Sweeting. 
 
 From New Jersey. Tree, vigorous ; productive on light soils. Fruit, 
 large, roundish oblong ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, white, sweet, 
 valued for baking and for stock. Sep. 
 
 Whitewater Sweet. 
 
 From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round ; bright yellow, with dark 
 spots; stem, short; calyx, slightly sunk; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, 
 sweet ; keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 White Seek-no-further. 
 
 Pomme Royal, of some, | Pound Royal, 
 Flushing- Seek-no-further. 
 
 From Long Island. Tree, healthy, not strong grower ; abundant, not 
 regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven 
 or waived surface ; yellowish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small 
 brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ; 
 stem, slender ; cavity, irregular, acuminate ; basin, broad, abrupt, furrow- 
 ed ; core, open ; flesh, fine grained, very juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " best." 
 Nov. to Feb. 
 
 White Juneating. 
 
 Juneating, Owens' Golden Beauty, 
 
 Caroline, Early May, 
 
 Carolina, of some. 
 
 Foreign. Its early maturity, its chief merit. Tree, fair, upright 
 growth, moderately productive. Fruit, small ; pale green, marbled slightly 
 with a darker shade, small russet dots ; stem, medium; cavity, shallow; 
 calyx, closed ; broad basin; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, 
 sub-acid. Last of June, early July. 
 
 White Spanish Reinette. 
 
 Reinette Blanche d'Espagne, D'Espagne, 
 
 De Ratteau, Concombre Ancien. 
 
 Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish 
 oblong, sometimes ribbed; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular; stem, 
 half inch long ; cavity, even ; color, yellowish green ; flesh, yellowish 
 white, crisp, sharp sub-acid ; valued for cooking. Nov. to Feb. 
 
FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 163 
 
 White Rambo. 
 
 Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, 
 large, roundish, flattened at ends ; skin, rough, yellow, russet dots and 
 spots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavity, broad, 
 open ; calyx, large, segments, in divisions ; basin, large, open, deep ; core, 
 small ; seeds, round ovate, plump ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, break- 
 ing, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Nov. to Feb. 
 
 Winter Harvey. 
 
 Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, 
 yellowish, firm, tender, juicy. Dec. to April. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Williams. 
 
 William's Favorite, | Williams' Red, 
 
 Williams' Favorite Red, | Wiliiams' Early Red, 
 Williams' Early. 
 
 From Mass. Tree, medium growth ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, 
 medium to large, oblong ; fine clear red, very dark in sun ; calyx, closed ; 
 basin, narrow; stem, slender; flesh, .yellowish white, tender; "very 
 good." Aug. 
 
164 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 Willow. 
 
 Willow Twig? | Willow Leaf? 
 
 Under these names we have examined specimens, and although there is 
 a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from varied location 
 and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for or- 
 charding on rich bottom lands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper, 
 and valuable for Southern exportation. Fruit, above medium to large, 
 roundish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed or mottled with light and dark 
 red; calyx and basin, medium; stem, generally short, slender; cavity, 
 roundish acuminate ; core, rather small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, 
 yellowish, rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." 
 Dec. to May. 
 
 William Penn. 
 
 A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Eather large, roundish oblate, 
 slightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red 
 on a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre 
 of which, is a minute russet dot; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes 
 fleshy, inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes 
 wide and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed ; flesh, 
 greenish yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, " very 
 good," if not " best ;" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W 
 D. B.) 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 165 
 
 WlNSLOW. 
 
 From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded 
 towards calyx ; dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near 
 calyx, light brown specks, and dark flakes ; calyx, open, segments, short; 
 basin, expanded; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow, rather deep; 
 core, small, compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 tender, juicy, sub-acid. Fall and early winter. (A. H. Ernst's, Ms.) 
 
 Wing Sweeting. 
 
 Fruit, small, round, flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on 
 light yellow ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, broad, deep ; stem, long ; cavity, 
 narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet, 
 productive. Winter. 
 
 Winter Pearmain. 
 
 This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain. 
 Fruit, medium, oblong ovate ; dull red on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; 
 cavity, narrow ; basin, small; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender, 
 sub-acid ; not quite u very good." December to March. 
 
 Yost. 
 Rather large, roundish, oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled 
 
166 THE APPLE. 
 
 with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide deep cavity ; flesh, 
 yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor ; " very good" quality. (W. D. B.) 
 
 Yacht. 
 
 Medium, roundish ; striped with red of various hues on yellowish 
 ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very 
 shallow, plaited : flesh, fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; li very good." 
 (W. D. B.) 
 
 York Imperial. 
 
 Johnson's Fine Winter. 
 
 From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun- 
 cated-oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to 
 present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the 
 sunny side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ; 
 cavity, wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep, 
 wide, plaited basin ; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy ; flavor, 
 pleasant and agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least "good, to many tastes 
 "very good" (W. D. B.) 
 
 CLASS III. — Unworthy of Cultivation. 
 
 Alfriston. 
 
 Foreign ; large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun, flesh crisp, acid ; October, 
 December. 
 
 American Pippin. 
 
 Grindstone, Green Everlasting. 
 
 Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red, flesh white, firm, 
 acid ; January to June. 
 
 Augustine. 
 
 American ; large, conical, red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; August 
 
 Aurora. 
 
 Dunlap's Aurora. 
 
 American ; large, red striped on yellow, roundish ovate, flesh yellowish, sub- 
 acid ; early winter. 
 
 Autumn Eomanite. 
 
 American j medium, round, red, flesh yellow ; September 
 
UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 167 
 
 Bare. 
 
 Bars. 
 
 American ; medium, roundish, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh 
 greenish white, poor. 
 
 Barnhilt. 
 
 American ; small, conical, yellow striped with red, flesh white, tough, dry ; 
 October, November. 
 
 Beauty of America. 
 
 Large, roundish, flattened, yellow with blush cheek, flesh yellowish, tender, 
 poor bearer ; November to January. 
 
 Beauty of the West. 
 
 Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh coarse, sweet 5 October, 
 November. 
 
 Beauty of Kent. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red, flesh 
 tender, inferior ; -October, November. 
 
 Bedfordshire .Foundling. 
 Foreign 5 large, roundish, green, flesh yellowish, acid ; November, December. 
 
 Blenheim Pippin. 
 
 Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish, yellow and dull red, flesh yellowish, sweet, dry ; 
 October, November. 
 
 Black Annette. 
 American ; small, roundish, dark red ; November. 
 
 Black Lady Apple. 
 
 Api Noir. 
 
 Foreign , small, roundish, blackish red, flesh white, stained ; November to 
 March. 
 
 Black Gilliflower. 
 
 Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple, flesh greenish white, dry, sub- 
 acid, poor ; November to March. 
 
 Borsdorffer. 
 
 Borsdorff, | King George the Third, 
 
 Queen's. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red cheek, flesh yellowish 
 white crisp, sub-acid ; November, December. 
 
168 THE APPLE. 
 
 BoROVITSKY. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish, pale green, striped red, flesh white, sub-acid ; 
 August, September. 
 
 Buff. 
 
 Granny Buff. 
 
 American ; large, roundish flattened, yellow, overspread with red, flesh yel- 
 lowish, spongy ; November, March. 
 
 Bullet. 
 
 Bartlett, Priestly, of some. 
 
 American ; medium, oblong, bright red on yellow, flesh light yellow, inferior J 
 January to June. 
 
 Chandler. 
 
 Winter Chandler. 
 
 American ; large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow, flesh greenish 
 white, sub-acid ; November, February. 
 
 Caroline. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, round, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, acid ; Novem- 
 ber, February. 
 
 Cathead. 
 
 Cathead Greening, | Round Catshead. 
 
 Large, roundish, yellowish green, flesh white, coarse, sharp acid ; October, 
 November. There is another one of this name equally worthless, same shape, 
 but striped yellow and red. 
 
 Catline. 
 
 Gregson, | Winter Grixon. 
 
 Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun. flesh pale yellow, nearly 
 sweet, for cider ; October, December. 
 
 Cash Sweet. 
 
 American ; medium, round conical, light red, flesh white, coarse, sweet, dry ; 
 October, November. 
 
 Cheeseborough Russet. 
 
 Howard Russet, York Russet, of some, 
 
 Kingsbury Russet, Forever Pippin, of some West. 
 
 American ; large, conical, thin russet on greenish yellow, flesh greenish white, 
 ooarse, dry, sub-acid ; October, November. 
 
 Cos, or Caas. 
 
 American ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks, flesh white, tender, 
 sub-acid, December to March. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 169 
 
 Cornish Gilliflower. 
 
 Cornish July flower, | Pomme Regelans, 
 Egg Top, of some. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek, flesh 
 yellowish, acid ; November to February. 
 
 Connecticut Summer Sweet, 
 i 
 
 American 5 medium, roundish, yellow and red striped, flesh yellowish, sweet, 
 tough ; August. 
 
 Cranberry Pippin. 
 
 American ; above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek, flesh white, 
 juicy, sub-acid ; November, December. 
 
 Donnelan's Seedling. 
 
 American 5 medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes, flesh yellow- 
 ish, dry, sub-acid ; September. 
 
 Downton Pippin. 
 
 Downton Golden Pippin, Knight's Golden Pippin, 
 
 Elton Pippin. 
 
 Foreign ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh yellowish, sharp acid ; October, 
 November. 
 
 Dumelow's Seedling-. 
 
 Dumelow's Crab, | Wellington Apple. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots, flesh yellow, 
 acid ; November to March. 
 
 Dumpling. 
 
 Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin , of Indiana, 
 Watson's Dumpling. 
 
 Large, roundish, oblong, light yellow, blush in sun, flesh white, indifferent ; 
 October, December. 
 
 Dutch Codlin. 
 
 Chalmer's Large. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun, flesh white, sub- 
 acid ; October, December. 
 
 Egg Top. 
 
 Eve, J Round Top, 
 
 Sheep Nose, of some, \ Wine, of some West. 
 
 Foreign *, medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red, flesh yellow- 
 ish white, tender, inferior ; November to February. 
 
 Easter Pippin. 
 
 Young's Long Keeper, j Ironstone Pippin. 
 Claremont Pippin, French Crab. 
 
 Foreign 5 medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush, flesh greenish, in- 
 ferior ; November to June. 
 
 8 
 
170 THE APPLE. 
 
 Fall Cheese. 
 
 Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese. 
 
 American ; medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in stlo, 
 flesh crisp, often mealy ; September to November. 
 
 Fama Gusta. 
 Foreign : large, conical, pale green, flesh white, acid ; October. 
 
 Ferris. 
 
 American ; medium, roundish, red, sub-acid, new, but surpassed by many 
 others ; November to February. 
 
 Fennotjillet Rouge. 
 
 Black Tom, } Bardin. 
 
 Foreign ; small, roundish, dark red, flesh firm ; November to January. 
 Fennouillet Gris. 
 
 Pomme d'Ani=», | Caraway Russet. 
 
 Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, flesh firm, acid. 
 
 Flower of Kent. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish, flattened, dull yellow and red, flesh, greenish yel- 
 low, coarse, sub-acid ; October, January. 
 
 Gault's Bellflower. 
 
 American ; large, roundish, pale yellow, flesh white, coarse ; October, De- 
 cember. 
 
 Gloucester White. 
 
 American ; medium, roundish, oblong, bright yellow, black patehes, flesh 
 breaking, dry ; October, November. 
 
 GOBLE RlJSSETT. 
 
 Sweet Seek-110-further. 
 
 Medium to large, oblong, flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red, flesh 
 whitish yellow, dry, sweet ; October, December. 
 
 Golden. 
 
 American ; medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow, flesh yellowish, acid j 
 July. 
 
 Golden Reinette. 
 
 Aurore, j Kirke's Golden Reinette, 
 
 Yellow German Reinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c, &c. 
 
 Foreign ; small, roundish, greenish yellow, a little red, flesh yellow, crisp, 
 mild sub-acid ; October, January. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTITATION. 171 
 
 Golden Harvey. 
 
 Brandy Apple. 
 
 Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid : Novem- 
 ber to March. 
 
 Golden Pearmain. 
 
 Ruckman's Pearmain, | Dutch Pearmain, 
 Red Russet. 
 
 Medium, roundish, flattened, red russet, flesh yellowish, dry, sub-acid • Nov- 
 ember, December. ' 
 
 * 
 
 Goodyear. • 
 
 Goodyear's Seedling. 
 
 American ; new, medium, roundish, red, flesh juicy, only valuable as a 
 keeper. 
 
 Governor. 
 
 American ; large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking : October, 
 January. 
 
 Golden Pippin. 
 
 English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, &c, &c, 
 Eleven other names. 
 
 Foreign ; small, round; yellow, with irregular russet marblings ; stem, long, 
 slender ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, fine grained, sub-acid, sprightly ; De- 
 cember to March. There is an " English Golden Pippin " grown at the west, 
 which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely distinct from above. 
 
 Grand Sachem. 
 Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red, flesh white, dry ; September. 
 
 Giant: 
 
 American ; large, roundish, dull red striped, flesh, greenish white, tender; 
 '•good." ' 
 
 Hannah. 
 
 American ; medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red, flesh white, dry ; Oc- 
 tober, November. 
 
 Hawthornden. 
 
 White Hawthornden. 
 
 Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, pale r ellow, blush in ran, flesh 
 white, acid ; October, November. 
 
 Hepper. 
 American ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh dry. 
 
172 THE APPLE. 
 
 Hoary Morning. 
 
 Dainty Apple, | Downy, 
 Sam Rawling's. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish, red striped on yellow, flesh pinkish ; October, De- 
 cember. 
 
 Heterich. 
 American ; medium, round, yellow, flesh whitish, acid ; November, January. 
 
 HOLLANDBURGH. 
 Hollandbury. 
 
 Medium, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, flesh white, sour ; December, 
 February. ' 
 
 Irish Peach Apple. 
 
 Early Crofton. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, streaked with red, flesh whit- 
 ish, watery ; September, October. 
 
 Kane. 
 
 Cane, | Cain. 
 
 American ; medium, roundish, striped crimson, flesh yellowish, beautiful to 
 look at ; Autumn. 
 
 Kerry Pippin. 
 
 Edmonton's Aromatic , 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish, oval, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, 
 crisp ; September, October. 
 
 Keim. 
 
 New ; American ; small, roundish, conical, yellowish white, flesh white, 
 " good." 
 
 Kentish Fill Basket. 
 
 Potter's Large Grey Seedling, | Lady de Grey's. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush, flesh tender ; 
 October, January. 
 
 Kenrick's Autumn. 
 
 American ; large, roundish, yellowish, green, striped red, flesh white, acid } 
 September. 
 
 Kilham Hill.. 
 American ; large, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red, flesh dry ; September. 
 
UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 173 
 
 King of the Pippins. 
 
 Hampshire Yellow. 
 
 Often grown west as Gravenstein. Medium, roundish, oblong, yellow and 
 red splashed, flesh white, slightly sweet, not agreeable 5 October, November. 
 
 Kirke's Lord Nelson. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish, red on pale yellow, fiesh firm, juicy, acid ; Octo- 
 ber, December. 
 
 Ladies' Blush. 
 American ; medium, yellow, with red blush, flesh dry. 
 
 Lady Finger. 
 
 Sheep Nose. 
 
 Medium, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush, flesh firm, watery ; November, De- 
 cember. 
 
 Lane Sweet. 
 
 Small, roundish, flattened, yellow with red, flesh yellowish, dry ; November. 
 
 Lemon Pippin. 
 
 Kirke's Lemon Pippin. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, oval, pale greenish yellow, flesh firm, sub-acid 5 October, 
 January. 
 
 Long Island Russet. 
 
 Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet, flesh greenish, dry ; Decem- 
 ber, March. 
 
 Loan's English Pearmain. 
 
 Small, roundish conical, dull red and russet, flesh firm, almost worthy cul- 
 ture ; September, October. 
 
 Longville's Kernel. 
 
 Sam's Crab. 
 
 Foreign ; below medium, oval, flattened, brownish red on yellow, flesh firm, 
 sub-acid ; August, September. 
 
 Long John. 
 
 American ; large, conical, greenish yellow, flesh yellowish white, dry, great 
 keeper. 
 
 Lucombe's Seedling. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish conical, yellow spotted with red in sun, flesh whit- 
 ish, firm, cooking ; October, December. 
 
 Luce's Early Joe. 
 
 American ; small, round, bright red on yellow, flesh crisp, inferior; September. 
 
174 THE APPLE. 
 
 Mank's Codlin. 
 
 Irish Pitcher, | Frith Pitcher. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun, cooking 
 only ; August. 
 
 Margil. 
 
 White Margil. 
 
 Foreign ; small, roundish, dull yellow, streaked with red, flesh white, tender ; 
 early Winter. 
 
 Marble Sweeting. 
 
 Virginia Sweet, | Mclntire's Sweeting. 
 
 American ; medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled, dull red and yellow, 
 flesh sweet, dry ; November, February. 
 
 May Seek-no-further. 
 
 May Apple. 
 
 Outwardly like Pryor's Red; flesh dry, coarse, only valued as a keeper, skin 
 thick. 
 
 Mauck. 
 
 Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical, flesh " good." 
 
 Menagere. 
 
 Menagerie. 
 
 Foreign ; large, flat, pale yellow ; September to January. 
 Monstrous Pippin. 
 
 Gloria Mundi, New York Gloria Mundi, 
 
 American Mammoth, | Ox Apple, 
 Baltimore Pippin. 
 
 Very large, greenish yellow, roundish, flesh white, acid ; October, December 
 
 Mother Davies. 
 
 Medium, round, oblong, greenish yellow, little red, flesh crisp, " good j" Oc- 
 tober, November. 
 
 Molasses. „ 
 
 Butter. 
 
 American ; small, roundish, red, dry, sweet ; October. 
 
 Milam. 
 
 Harrigan, | Winter Pearmain, of some. 
 
 American ; small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped, dull red, 
 flesh greenish, insipid ; December, March. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 175 
 
 Murphy. 
 
 Murphy's Red, | Jack Murphy. 
 
 American ; large, roundish, oblong, pale and dark red streaked, flesh 
 greenish white, " good ;" November, February. 
 
 Newark King. 
 
 Hinckman. 
 
 American ; medium, conical, red on greenish yellow, flesh tender, little 
 more than good ; November to February. 
 
 Norfolk Beaufin. 
 
 Read's Baker, J Catshead BeauSn. 
 
 Foreign ; large, flat, dull red on greenish, flesh stib-acid, good drying ; 
 November to May. 
 
 Nonsuch. 
 
 English Nonsuch. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red, flesh white ; 
 October, November. 
 
 Old English Codlijl 
 
 English Codlin. 
 
 Large, oblong, sonieal, lemon yellow, flesh white, tender, cooking; July 
 to November. 
 
 Old Royal Russet. 
 
 Leather Coat Russet. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish, gray russet on green, flesh greenish white, 
 sharp sub-acid ; November, February. 
 
 Old Nonpareil. 
 
 Non Pareille. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown, flesh firm, crisp, poor 
 bearer 5 December, January, 
 
 OSLIN. 
 
 Arbroath Pippio. 
 
 Foreign ; small, roundish, pale yellowish, flesh firm, crisp, acid ; August. 
 
 P arson's Early. 
 
 American ; medium or above, roundish, pale yellow, fiesh yellowish white, 
 sharp, sub-acid ; August September- 
 
176 THE APPLE. 
 
 Pennock. 
 
 Pomme Roye, of some West, 
 Big Romanite, 
 PennocK's Red Winter, 
 
 Neisley's 
 
 Large Romanite, 
 Red Pennock, 
 Prolific Beauty, 
 Winter. 
 
 American ; large, roundish, conical, angular, dull red, little yellow, flesh 
 coarse, dry rot ; November to March 
 
 Polly Bright. 
 Resembles Maiden's Blush, sharp acid ; September, October. 
 
 Pound. 
 Large, roundish, oblong, yellowish green, coarse, poor ; October, January. 
 
 Pomme lie Rose. 
 
 Large, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, small dots, flesh white, coarse, acidj 
 December, February. 
 
 Priestley. 
 
 Priestley's American, | Red Cathead. 
 
 Large, roundish, oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green, flesh greenish 
 white, inferior ; December to March. 
 
 Quaker Pippin. 
 American 5 medium, greenish yellow, very acid ; October. 
 
 Red and Green Sweet. 
 
 Prince's Red and Green Sweet, ] Large Red Sweeting, 
 Red Bough. 
 
 American ; very large, oblong conical, green and red striped, flesh sweet 
 poor ; August, September. 
 
 Red Ingestrie. 
 
 Foreign ; small, oblong ovate, yellow marbled with red, flesh firm, sprightly ; 
 September, October. 
 
 Red Gilliflower. 
 
 Red Seek-no-further, Harkness' New Favorite. 
 
 American ; medium, oblong conical, fine red, flesh white, mild sub-acid ; 
 November to January. 
 
 Red Calville. 
 
 Red Winter Calville, I Calville Rouge, 
 
 Calville Rouge d'Hivcr, Spice, of some West. 
 
 Foreign ; above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun, flesh 
 tender, poor ; November, February. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 177 
 
 Red Bellflower. 
 
 Red Belle Fleur, I Belle Fleur, 
 
 Belle Fleur Rouge, | Striped Belle Fleur, of some. 
 
 Foreign ; large, oblong conical, greenish yellow, covered and striped with 
 red, flesh white, dry ; November, January. 
 
 Red Streak. 
 
 Herefordshire Red Streak, | Scudamous Crab. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks, flesh yellow, dry, cider only; 
 October, December. 
 
 Rymer. 
 
 Foreign ; above medium, roundish, flattened, clear red, glossy, flesh white, 
 sharp, acid ; October, December. 
 
 Roseau d'Automne. 
 
 Roseau, incorrectly, of some. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, blush red cheek, flesh 
 yellowish, crisp, acid ; November to January. 
 
 Roseau. 
 Foreign 5 large, dark red, irregular in size and form, unprofitable. 
 
 Rule's Summer Sweeting. 
 American 5 medium, oblong, yellow, poor ; August. 
 
 River. 
 
 American ; medium, oblate-ribbed, red striped on yellowish green, flesh green- 
 ish white, coarse ; July, August. 
 
 Scarlet Nonpareil. 
 
 New Scarlet Nonpareil. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green, flesh firm, acid ; 
 November to February. 
 
 Shippen's Russet. 
 
 Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow, flesh white, spongy, 
 aoid 5 January to March. 
 
 Shipley Green. 
 
 American ; medium, oblong, rusty red, acid ; all Winter ; cooking only. 
 
 Skunk. 
 
 Polecat. 
 
 American ; large, flat, dull dark red on yellow, flesh yellowish, dry ; Decem- 
 ber, January. 
 
 ft* 
 
178 THE APPLE. 
 
 Spring Grove Codlin. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, oblong ronnded, greenish yellow, flesh greenish, sub-acid, 
 cooking ; August, November. 
 
 Springer's Seedling. 
 
 American ; small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red, flesh 
 firm, negative ; January to May. 
 
 Spice Sweeting. 
 
 Poor bearer, large, roundish, yellowish, flesh firm, sweet ; August, September. 
 
 Striped Mohawk. 
 Above medium, round, red striped on yellow, flesh dry, poor'; late Autumn. 
 Sugar Loaf Pippin. 
 
 Sugar Loaf Greening-. 
 
 Foreign ; large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun, flesh 
 " good ;" August, September. 
 
 Summer Golden Pippin. 
 
 Foreign ; small, roundish oblong, yellow, flesh whitish, firm, sweet ; August, 
 September. 
 
 Summer Bambour. 
 
 Summer Rambo, | Rambour Franc, 
 Rambour d'Ete. 
 
 Foreign ; above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red, roundish, flat- 
 tened, apt to be mealy ; August. 
 
 Summer Russet. 
 
 American ; small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry ; 
 September. 
 
 Sweet and Sour. 
 
 Medium, roundish, flattened, greenish, only valued as curiosity. From a dis- 
 eased propagation. 
 
 Surprise. 
 
 Foreign ; small, round, whitish yellow, flesh stained with red ; November, 
 December. 
 
 Sweet Baldwin. 
 
 American ; medium, roundish, deep red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; 
 September, October. There are, we think, two apples grown under this name, 
 as Thomas describes one as" nearly first rate," and ripening " early winter." 
 
 Tart Bough. 
 
 Resembles Early Harvest, but trees more rapid in growth, and ripens ten 
 days later, more acid. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 179 
 
 Transparent de Zurich. 
 
 Small or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent ; 
 September. 
 
 Thems Red Streak. 
 
 American ; medium, round, pale green, red stripes, flesh sour, Winter. (Hov- 
 Mag.) 
 
 Twenty Ounce Pippin. 
 
 Large, roundish, conical, green, poor, very distinct from Twenty Ounce, or 
 Cayuga Red Streak. 
 
 Victuals and Drink. 
 
 Big Sweet, | Pompey. 
 
 American ; large, oblong, rough, dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry ; Octo- 
 ber, January. 
 
 Victorious Reinette. 
 
 Reinette Triomphante. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots, flesh firm, sub-acid ; 
 December, January. 
 
 White Doctor. 
 
 Small, pyrimidal, greenish white, sweet, dry ; September, October. 
 
 White Calville. 
 
 White Winter Calville, American White Winter Calville, 
 
 Calville Blanche d'Hiver, | Niger. 
 
 Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow, flesh 
 white, negative ; November, February. 
 
 White Astrachan. 
 
 Transparent de Moscovie, j Glace de Zelande. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish conical, white faint streak of red, flesh white, 
 dry, poor ; August. 
 
 Winter Cheese. 
 
 American ; medium, greenish, with stripes of dull brownish red in sun, 
 mealy, poor ; December, January. 
 
 Willis Sweet ? 
 
 Large, roundish, oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red, flesh white, 
 sweet, cooking ; October, November. 
 
 Wormsley Pippin. 
 
 Knight's Codlin. 
 
 Foreign ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, acid ; October, November. 
 
180 THE APPLE. 
 
 Winter Queen. 
 
 Winter Queening. 
 
 American ; medium, conical, crimson and pale red, flesh yellowish, sub-acid ; 
 December. 
 
 Yellow Ingestrie. 
 Foreign ; small, clear yellow, cri?p, spicy, not valued ; October. 
 
 Yorkshire Greening. 
 
 Foreign ; large, roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull red, 
 flesh greenish white, acid ; Winter. 
 
 Zane. 
 
 Zane Greening. 
 
 American ; large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor ; February to June. 
 
 Zieber. 
 American ; small roundish, yellow, striped red cksek, flesh dry ; "good." 
 
THE BLACKBERRY. 181 
 
 THE BLACKBERRY 
 
 Rubus Villosus. 
 
 A well known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit is 
 so easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at- 
 tention from, cultivators. 
 
 Ripening, as it does, just as Raspberries are gone, when there is 
 a dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that exertions have not 
 been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants selected 
 from the wild state, placed in the garden, and well cultivated, have 
 produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor. 
 
 Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries, and the 
 plant requires similar soil and culture. 
 
 There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the 
 same botanical description. They are known under the common 
 names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black- 
 berry, &c. ; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The 
 fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highly esteemed 
 for making syrup, which is regarded valuable as a preventive as 
 well as curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, &c. As a dessert fruit, and 
 for cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often 
 advised by Physicians, on account of its healthful character. 
 
 There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not 
 in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish white. 
 
182 THE CHERRY. 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 Cerastes Sylvestris, and 0. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacea of Botanists. 
 
 The Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of the 
 United States, and also of Britain ; but the cultivated variety is re- 
 corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name), 
 a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy 
 by the Eoman General, Lucullus, after he had vanquished Mithri- 
 dates, in the year 69, B. C. 
 
 In 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert Walsh made communication to the 
 London Horticultural Society, stating the Cherry to be now grow- 
 ing in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years 
 ago. 
 
 He describes two varieties. " The first of these varieties is a 
 Cherry of enormous size, which grows along the northern coast of 
 Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng- 
 land. It is cultivated in gardens, always as a standard, and by a 
 graft. The second variety is an amber colored transparent Cherry, 
 of a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia 
 Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the- ancient Sanga- 
 rius. The trees attain gigantic size — the trunk of one measured in 
 circumference five feet ; height, to where the first branch issued, 
 forty feet ; summit of highest branch, ninety feet — and this im- 
 mense tree loaded with fruit." 
 
 From Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty- 
 second year B. C, although some authorities date its introduction 
 as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era — that is, in the early 
 part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be con- 
 firmed by Pliny, who says : " Italy was so well stocked that, in less 
 than twenty-six years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as 
 Britain, beyond the Ocean." The poet, Lydgate, who wrote in or 
 about 1415, says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the 
 streets of London, much as they are at the present day ; and in a 
 curious poem, entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to 
 them : 
 
 " Hot pescodes one began to cry, 
 Straberys rype and Cheneys in the ryse.- J 
 
 From England and Holland both seeds and trees were introduced 
 into this country early after its first settlement. 
 
PKOPAGATION. 183 
 
 u Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in 
 Italy when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71, 
 A. D.;" and from this date up to the present time, the varieties have 
 been gradually increasing until we have now described, in various 
 works, upwards of one hundred and fifty. 
 
 The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or- 
 namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of 
 many as ornamental or shade trees ; while examples of reward pe- 
 cuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been 
 additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of 
 the Cherry fit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and 
 we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connect- 
 icut forefathers in 1760, and recently renewed by Prof. J. P. Kirt- 
 land, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has planted the Cherry as a street 
 tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. Loudon, in his Ar- 
 boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cherry in Ger- 
 many ; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of and 
 described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our 
 people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan to. 
 the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says 
 Mr. Loudon : "These avenues in Germany are planted by the de- 
 sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the travel- 
 er, but in order that the poor* pedestrian may obtain refreshment 
 on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries, 
 on condition of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop, when 
 ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which 
 it grows." 
 
 In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren- 
 der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals — i. e., the 
 robbing of orchards ; and possibly, a law like that enacted in the 
 terrritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that, 
 in case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the 
 offence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for 
 the damage sustained. This made every individual interested in 
 preventing depredations on his neighbor's property. 
 
 Propagation. — The Cherry is propagated from seed — by bud- 
 ding — by grafting — and occasionally, by pieces of roots. 
 
 By Seed. —The seed of the black mazard is that generally used, 
 and considered best for propagating the Heart and Duke varieties 
 upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a 
 dwarf habit. Seeds of the Graffion or Yellow Spanish will occa- 
 sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent ; while 
 seeds of many of the cultivated kinds will not vegetate, there being 
 no germ or seed bud within the. stone. The seed should not be per- 
 
184 THE CHERRY. 
 
 mitted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and 
 washed clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in 
 boxes of, say, four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drain- 
 age, and then set in the open air, on the north side of a building, 
 clear of direct sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and, 
 if possible, fresh turf, and spaded or plowed in the fall one foot 
 deep. As soon as the frost is out in the spring, rake down the 
 ground level, mark out drills six inches wide and one inch deep, sow 
 seed so that it will be about three inches apart, cover with the soil 
 one inch, and add one inch of sand or leaf mould. 
 
 By Budding. — This is done as described on page 22 ; but in the 
 Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in 
 cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby 
 preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding 
 the Cherry is, when the tree on which you are going to operate is 
 forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of 
 the trees ; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cin- 
 cinnati, being ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted 
 the past spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this 
 section line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Oc- 
 casionally it will answer to bud in September, as it sometimes hap- 
 pens that a second growth is made about that time. 
 
 By Grafting. — This should be performed in all sections south of 
 Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week 
 in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where 
 both stock and scion are equal in size ; whip or tongue grafting is 
 best where the stock is not over half to three-fourths inch diameter ; 
 and cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. This last is 
 dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to the tree ; it is 
 better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the 
 mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work 
 has been put off a little too late. 
 
 By Roots. — The root of the mazard Cherry, cut into pieces of 
 about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about 
 one inch under ground early in spring, will often throw up strong 
 shoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next 
 best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable to sucker 
 than if from seed. 
 
 Transplanting. — When, from the seed bed to the nursery row, it 
 should be done in the fall on dry soils, and early in spring on soils 
 not perfectly dry in winter. They should be set in rows four feet 
 apart, and one foot apart in the row, and the plants should have one 
 half of last year's growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well as 
 
SOIL AND SITUATION. 185 
 
 the tap root, cut back to six inches. These, if the season is good, 
 will be suitable for budding the same summer. Orchard trees, and 
 also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year's 
 growth cut off, and the roots trimmed smoothly at ,ends with a sharp 
 knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be 
 about twenty-five feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances of 
 eight feet each way. 
 
 Standard Trees. — Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa- 
 tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and 
 throughout the West and South, not more than two feet. 
 
 Dwarf Trees. — Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke 
 varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases 
 be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is 
 best formed ; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30,) they 
 should be made to form heads branching immediately from the 
 ground. 
 
 Soil and Situation.. — The soil best suited to most Cherries is 
 that of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow 
 and produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. The roots of the maz- 
 ard or sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only 
 endure a few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where 
 water stands most of the winter. To this want of drainage in great 
 measure, is attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most of the 
 prairie soils throughout Southern and Western States ; and not until 
 we manage to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can we succeed 
 perfectly with the Sweet Cherries. The roots of the Duke's, Morel- 
 lo's, and Mahaleb, are less open and spongy in texture, and, there- 
 fore, less impatient of water. They, however, do not flourish vigor- 
 ously for any length of time, unless drainage is effected. To this 
 point in the culture of the Cherry, we beg especially to call atten- 
 tion of our Western and Southern readers, assuring them that, what- 
 ever of theory may have been advanced referable to climate, they 
 will find drainage, or the want thereof father, to be the primary 
 cause of destruction. Situated at a point where the Cherry proba- 
 bly does as well as at any place in the United States, we have had 
 occasion to notice the result of trees situated in what appeared suit- 
 able soil, but where, on examining, after having lost several trees, we 
 found water to have stood a long time about the roots. 
 
 Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States, is 
 rich in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to 
 the Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact, that most trees have their 
 roots standing in stagnant cold water, induces tendency to disease 
 from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect 
 drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty-four hours 
 
186 THE CHERRY. 
 
 together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur, 
 and finely broken or ground bones be made, the ground work to 
 success will be performed. 
 
 Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom, 
 rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and, 
 also, render the tree more liable to second growth in the fall, and 
 thus, unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout winter. 
 Northern exposures are recommended, but, an eastern one we regard 
 best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly 
 as the mid-day, or from one to three o'clock, p. m. ; while there is, 
 also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none 
 in the afternoon ; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation 
 gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when 
 planted on ground sloping south, west, or north. When planting on 
 either of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to 
 the south-west, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position. 
 
 Cultivation. In nursery rows, the earth, in spring, should be first 
 turned away from the trees ; in about ten days, it should again be 
 stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing 
 season. In October, it should be turned up toward the trees. The 
 plants budded last season, should be cut back to within six inches 
 of the bud, as soon as the same commences to swell strongly. The 
 buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the 
 stocks, and, in June, the stock should be cut with a slope downward, 
 close to the bud. The second year, they should be headed back to 
 four feet, when some will throw out branches two feet from the 
 ground ; others, where headed back. The third year, they should 
 be transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it 
 has been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any' mode of cul- 
 ture toward keeping the ground clean, after August ; it induces sec- 
 ond growth, immature ripening of wood, and consequent injury in 
 winter. Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around 
 in July, and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots. 
 
 Pruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs 
 little pruning, except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another. 
 This is best done in July, when the cut, if made smooth, and close 
 to the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow 
 too rapidly, dig around a tree, of, say, four inches diameter, a circu- 
 lar trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and two feet 
 deep, cutting off with a sharp spade, every root and fibre outside 
 that space. And, for every inch diameter, up to a tree twelve 
 inches through, add four inches distance of trench from tree. Often, 
 the top of the tree will also require pruning, so as to give it a round 
 head, as of an acorn, based on the circle of the trench. 
 
INSECTS AND DISEASES. USES. 187 
 
 The Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more pruning than the 
 Heart varieties, but all are impatient of the knife ; yet, if to be done, 
 let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming. 
 
 Dwarfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by 
 the " pinching-in " process. And as they grow with extreme vigor 
 on the Mahaleb, for three or four years, they require, not only to 
 have their tops pruned, but also, to be root-pruned annually. 
 
 If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut 
 from a sweet cherry tree. We have examined the results of many 
 cases, when large branches were lopped in spring, for the purpose 
 of changing the tree to a different variety, by grafting ; the result 
 has almost invariaby been death after two summers. When 
 necessary to be done, the wound should be covered with grafting 
 composition, or gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrap- 
 ped in straw or matting. Encasing the body during the winter and 
 spring months, with straw, cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ; 
 for the cause of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months, 
 although it does not always exhibit itself until July or August. 
 The atmospheric blight, injuring young shoots, acts, at once, in sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio, 
 are more or less destructive to the cherry, but as they are described 
 in other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases, 
 according to writers, are, in the West, numerous ; but, as they all 
 centre in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only 
 note on that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term 
 the primary cause of this disease, and, if added to what we have said 
 under heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have e'ffect 
 to check, in great measure, the evil. That it will render the tree 
 entirely free of the disease, we are not prepared to say; but, if to it 
 be added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nur- 
 sery on ground well drained, and not over stimulated by barn-yard 
 manures, we believe a change for the better will be the result. 
 
 Uses. The wood of the wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabi- 
 net makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the 
 Sweet Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the 
 tender-fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome. 
 The Sour Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much 
 esteemed for culinary use, while the Mazard and wild Virginian 
 Cherries are used in flavoring liquors. " The celebrated German, 
 Kirschwasser, is made by distilling the liquor of the common black 
 Mazard ; (in which the stones are ground and broken and ferment- 
 ed with the pulp;) and the delicious Ratijiia cordial of Grenoble, is 
 also made from this fruit. Mareschino, the most celebrated liquor 
 of Italy, is distilled from a small Mazard, with which, in ferment- 
 
188 THE CHERRY. 
 
 ing, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit are mixed. The 
 gum of the cherry is nearly identical with gum-arabic, and there 
 are some marvelous stories told of its nutritive properties." 
 
 Gathering the Fruit. The flavor and character of the cherry is 
 best obtained when gathered early in the morning ; but, if intended 
 for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem 
 attached, and when dry. 
 
 Classification. In order the more readily to distinguish varieties 
 of the cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those 
 heretofore made, have seemed rather to perpetuate error than induce 
 correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lind- 
 ley, in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions ; one embrac- 
 ing varieties, the fruit of which is round, acid or sub-acid ; the other, 
 sweet, and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees, 
 makes four divisions or classes, viz : Heart-shaped, Bigarreaus, 
 Dukes, and Morellos; and, in a measure, all other writers have 
 adopted these classifications. The two last terms of Mr. Downing, 
 — Dukes and Morellos, — we shall continue, as they are not inappli- 
 cable, and the trees are distinct in growth. But the word Bigarreau, 
 being derived from Bigarreb, originally meaning, and intended to 
 convey the idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and not 
 meaning, (as it is generally used and understood by pomologists) 
 firm-fieshed, we can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again ; 
 there are varieties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and 
 partially tender-fleshed, and however erroneous, would have (if the 
 old classification were pursued) to come under the head of Heart- 
 shaped. There are, also, varieties where the characters, both of tree 
 and fruit, of those determined by the two distinctions — Heart and 
 Bigarreau — are so closely commingled, as to often perplex the ama- 
 teur, and thus increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall, 
 therefore, designate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes 
 heretefore known as Hearts and Bigarreaus, being rapid growing, 
 lofty and spreading trees, as Sweet, of which the old Black Heart 
 may be taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by 
 the trees having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry, 
 being upright in growth while young, but forming a low, spreading 
 head, with wood less strong, and somewhat darker colored than the 
 Sweet Cherries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully 
 ripe, rich sub-acid. 
 
 The Morellos are less upright in growth thnn the Dukes. 
 Branches, small, slender, drooping ; foliage, narrow, dark green; fruit, 
 acid. 
 
 Engravings. These have been made from medium sized speci- 
 mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver's 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 189 
 
 hands. They represent the cherry cut in half, and are intended to 
 show the form of fruit in that way, and, also, exhibit the lines of tis- 
 sue in the flesh, which are different in varieties, but uniform in 
 numerous specimens of the same variety. 
 
 CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 
 Belle de Choisy. 
 
 Ambree de Choisy, 
 Cerise Doucette, 
 Cerise a Noyau Tendre, 
 
 Ambree a Gros Fruit, 
 Cerise de la Palembre, 
 Scheme Von Choisy. 
 
 Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near 
 Paris, France. The tree is of a Duke habit — 
 thus far proving hardy in nearly all locations. It 
 bears regularly every year, but only moderate 
 quantity. Its delicacy and exquisite peculiar 
 flavor, render it one of the most desirable for the 
 table, but unsuited to market purpose. 
 
 Fruit, round, or slightly depressed ; shin, 
 thin translucent, showing the netted texture of 
 flesh beneath ; of pale amber in the shade, mot- 
 tled with red and yellow where more exposed ; 
 and grown fully in the sun, becoming a bright 
 cornelian red ; flesh, amber yellow, slightly 
 tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in ir- 
 regular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy, 
 sub-acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable 
 flavor ; pit, small, round, a little pointed at apex; 
 stalk, often short, but varying. Season, last of 
 June. 
 
 Black Tartarian. 
 
 Bishop's Large, 
 Frazer's Black Heart, 
 Ronald's Heart, 
 Circassian, 
 Superb Circassian, 
 Black Russian, 
 
 Ronald's Black Heart, 
 
 Frazer's Black Tartarian, 
 
 Tartarian, 
 
 Black Circassian, 
 
 Ronald's Large Black Heart, 
 
 Double Heart. 
 
190 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 This variety is supposed to have originated 
 in Spain, whence it was transmitted to Russia, 
 and thence introduced into England, about 
 1794 or 1796, whence it found its way to this 
 country, and in 1810 was cultivated in Mid- 
 dletown, Ct., as Bishop's Large, and in 1813 
 as Ronald's Black Heart. The tree is of pe- 
 culiar upright growth, unlike any other variety, 
 or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its 
 vigorous habit, erect . form, large foliage, 
 and large sweet fruit, have rendered it perhaps 
 the most popular variety in cultivation. The 
 tree requires somewhat more pruning to thin 
 it out than other varieties ; otherwise, as the 
 trees grow old, they become too thick, and the 
 fruit attains only medium size. 
 
 Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, ir- 
 regular uneven surface, glossy, purplish black, 
 slight suture half round ; jiesh, liver color, 
 juicy, sweet, half tender, separating freely from 
 pit, mild, pleasant, not high flavor ; pit, below 
 medium size ; stalk, sunk in a regular cavity. 
 Season, last of June. 
 
 Black Hawk. 
 
 Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, near CI eve" 
 land, in 1842. Commenced fruiting in 1846. 
 The tree is of heal thy ,vigorous,spreading habit, 
 with much of the general character of Yellow 
 Spanish ; flowers, above medium ; soil of 
 origin, a gravelly loam. As a table fruit, 
 its high flavor will always commend it; 
 while, as a market fruit, its size and pro- 
 ductive habit of tree place it among the very 
 best. 
 
 Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, 
 sides compressed, surface uneven ; color, 
 dark purplish black, glossy ; fiesh, dark 
 purple, half tender, almost firm, radiating 
 lines irregular, without form, juicy, rich 
 sweet, fine flavor ; pit, medium size, un- 
 even surface; stalk, varying, inserted in a 
 broad cavity. Season, from 20th June to 
 1st July. 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 191 
 
 Brant. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly 
 loam. The tree is vigorous, with large foli- 
 age, and spreading, or rather round regular 
 form ; flowers, large, and open irregularly, so 
 that often a portion may be injured by late 
 frosts, and others escape. 
 
 Fruit, large, rounded, angular, heart shape, 
 sides slightly compressed ; color, reddish 
 black ; flesh, dark purplish red, radiating lines 
 whitish, partially indistinct, half tender, juicy, 
 sweet and rich ; pit, nearly smooth, slight de- 
 pressions, round oval ; stem, medium, set in a 
 cavity slightly angular. Season, early — say 
 middle of June. 
 
 Belle Magnifique. 
 
 Beile et Magnifique. 
 
 First introduced into this country from France by Gen. Dear- 
 born. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy, healthy, and vigorous. It 
 is a moderate bearer, the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree 
 until August, although much of it suitable for cooking last of June. 
 As a fruit for culinary purposes, it is very 
 desirable. 
 
 Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of 
 the largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed, 
 heart shape ; color, clear rich red on pale 
 yellow; when fully exposed to the sun, mostly 
 red ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid when 
 fully ripe, sprightly, separates freely from the 
 pit ; stem, planted in a deep yet open cavity 
 or basin, and varying from 1 1-4 to 1 3-4 
 inch in length. Season, middle June to Aug. 
 
 Cleveland. 
 
 Cleveland Bigarreau. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on 
 a gravelly loam soil. The tree is thrifty, 
 with stout shoots, and of a rounded spread- 
 ing habit ; large leaves ; flowers, above 
 medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far, 
 it has proved healthy wherever grown. 
 
192 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 Fruit, large, round heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a 
 regular uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one 
 side, near the stem ; color, bright clear red on amber yellow ground, 
 and occasionally blotched with carmine red ; flesh, pale yellowish 
 white, almost firm, deepest in color next the pit, radiating lines in- 
 distinct, juicy, rich fine flavor ; pit, medium size; stem, rather stout, 
 medium length. Season, about one week before Elton, or say 23d 
 to 25th June. Very productive. 
 
 Coe's Transparent. 
 
 Raised by Curtiss Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, some- 
 what spreading, vigorous, healthy habit. 
 
 Fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regular rounded form, 
 often slightly angular at junction of stem ; color, pale light amber 
 yellow, with a bright clear red, indistinctly mottled on two-thirds 
 the surface ; flesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender, 
 juicy, rich sweet and excellent ; pit, above medium ; stem, rather 
 short, in a moderate depression. Season, middle to 25th June. 
 
 Doctor. 
 
 The Doctor. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The tree 
 is of healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, up- 
 right, rounded in form, bearing even to excess 
 of fruit, so much so that unless well cultivated 
 the fruit becomes small. Original soil, gravelly 
 loam. 
 
 Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, with a 
 suture extending all round ; color, light yellow 
 and red, the latter most prevailing ; flesh, white, 
 tinged with pale yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, 
 with a delicious flavor ; pit, small ; stem, rather 
 slender, in a round regular basin. It ripens 
 early in June, but will hang until July. 
 
 Downer's Late. 
 
 Downer, | Downer's Late Red. 
 
 Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808. The 
 tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy, hardy, and abundant 
 bearer. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 193 
 
 Fruit, medium size, round heart-shape, 
 slightly compressed on one side ; color, a bright, 
 lively red, mottled with amber in the shade ; 
 flesh, amber color, stained slightly with red next 
 the pit, radiating lines slight ; tender, sweet, and 
 delicious when fully ripe. It is often gathered 
 before fully ripe, when it is a little bitter ; pit, 
 above medium size, oblong rounded ; stem, 
 medium, inserted in a narrow, slight depression. 
 Season, from fourth to twelfth July. This va- 
 riety sufferflfcess than most varieties, from warm 
 wet weather. 
 
 Delicate. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a 
 gravelly loam. The tree is of thrifty, healthy 
 habit, spreading so as to form a round head. It 
 is productive, and as a dessert cherry, its del- 
 icate, translucent character, rich, juicy, sweet, 
 high flavor, will always render it a favor- 
 ite. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, regular, 
 roundish, flattened, with a slight suture one 
 side ; color, rich amber yellow, overspread 
 and mottled with light carmine red, while the 
 flesh is so translucent, that held to the light, 
 the tissue is distinctly traced, and red appears 
 as though mingled throughout, when, on exit- 
 ing it, the flesh is a whitish-yellow, with dis- 
 tinct radiating lines, — tender, juicy, sweet, de- 
 licious, high flavor; pit, small, roundish 
 oval, with a broad ridge; stem, medium, set 
 in a deep, round depression. Season, about 
 first July. 
 
 Early Prolific. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree fruited 
 three years, during which, we carefully noted the fruit. It then was 
 lost by being removed ; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas. 
 Downing, and it is from the character shown under his hands, that we 
 are induced to place it in this class. Its large size, rich flavor and 
 early habit of maturity, class it among the most desirable, for pri- 
 9 
 
194 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 vate or marketing collections. Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright, 
 slightly spreading. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large, round, obtuse heart-shape, bright car- 
 mine red, mottled on light amber yellow ; and, on one side, a distinct 
 line, edged with yellow; stem, varying both in size and length; 
 flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious flavor ; 
 very productive. Season, early in June. 
 
 Elton. 
 
 Bigarreau Couleur de chair, 
 
 Flesh Colored Bigarreau, 
 
 Gros Bigarreau Couleur du chair, 
 
 Gros Bigarreau Blanc, 
 
 Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc, 
 
 Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, erroneously, 
 
 Bigarreau de Rocmont, 
 Cceur de Pigeon, 
 Bigarreau Belle de Rocmont, 
 Guigne gros Blanche, of some, 
 Bigarreau Common, ,, 
 Belle Audigeoise, 
 
 Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior 
 qualities have made it a great traveler, and 
 although often introduced to notice, under a 
 new name, it is always worthy place. 
 
 The trees grow vigorously, with a spread- 
 ing, rather drooping habit ; leaves, with pur- 
 plish footstalks. First introduced to this 
 country in 1823. 
 
 Fruit, large, long, heart-shape, pointed; 
 color, beautiful light yellow ground, mottled 
 and streaked with bright glossy red ; flesh, 
 yellowish, radiating lines not bold, half ten- 
 der, when fully ripe, nearly tender, juicy, 
 sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high flavor ; 
 pit, above medium, oval, rounded, with a 
 sharp point ; stem, long and slender, set in 
 rather a deep basin ; very productive. Sea- 
 son, last of June. 
 
 Early Richmond. 
 
 Kentish, 
 Virginian May, 
 Common Red, 
 
 Sussex, 
 
 Muscat de Prasrue. 
 
 Pie Cherry, 
 
 Kentish Red, 
 
 Montmorency a longue queue, 
 
 Commune, 
 
 An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country, 
 under the name we have adopted. It is probably, the true Kentish ; 
 
WOETHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 195 
 
 but, under that name, it becomes so often con- 
 founded with the common Sour Pie Cherry of 
 our country, that we have preferred to continue 
 it here, under the name it is best known in this 
 country. The tree belongs to the Morello class ; 
 grows about twenty feet high, with a roundish 
 spreading head ; very productive, ripening its 
 fruit in May, but, in dry seasons, holding it until 
 July. It is indispensable to every garden ; and 
 for market, coming as it does so early, is very 
 profitable. It is remarkable for the corolla re- 
 maining on the stalk, and for the tenacity with 
 which the stone adheres thereto. 
 
 Fruit, of medium size, borne in pairs, round, 
 bright red, becoming darker as it hangs on the 
 tree a long time ; flesh, of a reddish cast, juicy, 
 very tender, sprightly, rich, acid flavor ; stem, 
 usually short, say, one and a quarter inch, set in 
 deep, round basin. Season, twenty-sixth May to first of July. 
 
 Purple Guigne. 
 
 Early Purple. Guigne, | German May Duke, 
 Early Purple Griotte. 
 
 The origin of this valuable variety we have 
 been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators 
 received it from England, where it was figured 
 and described by Mr. Thompson, in the London 
 Hort. Society's transactions. Western Cultiva- 
 tors received it through a party of emigrants 
 from Germany, under name of German May 
 Duke, by which it is much grown in Ohio. The 
 trees are poor growers in the nursery, of a strag- 
 gling, loose, irregular, somewhat pendent habit, 
 but of healthy, hardy character, only moderat- 
 ly productive w T hile young, but as they grow 
 older, become more prolific. Its earliness and 
 delicious character, must always render it popu- 
 lar where known. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large, roundish, heart- 
 shaped, with an indenture at the point or apex ; 
 color, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh, 
 dark purplish red, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ; 
 'pit, medium ; size, roundish oval ; stem, long, 
 slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow basin. 
 Season, last of May and first of June. 
 
196 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 Governor Wood. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named 
 in honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of 
 Ohio. 
 
 The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower, 
 forming a rounded, regular head ; very pro- 
 ductive while young ; flowers large. 
 
 Fruit, of the largest size, roundish, heart- 
 shape ; color, rich, light yellow, mottled or 
 marbled with a beautiful carmine flush ; grown 
 fully exposed to the sun, it becomes a clear, 
 rich red ; suture half round, followed on oppo- 
 site side, by a dark line; flesh, light, pale 
 yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu- 
 minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine, 
 rich, high flavor ; pit, roundish ovate, con- 
 siderably ribbed ; stem, varying in length and 
 size. Season, middle of June. 
 
 In even small collections, this variety 
 should always have a place. 
 
 Hildesheim. 
 
 Hildesheim Bigarreau, 
 Tardif de Hildesheim, 
 Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim, 
 
 Tree, 
 
 upright, 
 
 Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim, 
 Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim, 
 Bigarreau Noir Tardif. 
 
 strong grower, unproductive 
 
 From Germany, 
 while young. 
 
 Fruit, medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and 
 splashed with red ; stem, long, slender ; basin, shallow, broad ; sut- 
 ure broad, half round, with hollow depression at apex ; flesh, pale 
 yellow, firm, sweet ; pit, medium, surface marbled with red. Sea- 
 son, last of July to twentieth August. The true variety is rarely 
 sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as coming just before 
 peaches, and when there are few fruits in market. 
 
 Hortense. 
 
 Reine Hortense, 
 Lemercier of E. and B. 
 Monstreuse de Bavay, 
 
 Belle de Bavay, 
 De 16 a la livre, 
 Belle de Petit Brie. 
 
 Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. 
 Duke habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a 
 round head, and promises to be very hardy, and extremely desirable 
 
 The tree is of 
 dense, upright, 
 
 in rich, moist 
 
 soils, where the Sweet Cherries do not succeed as 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 197 
 
 well. It is moderately prolific, the fruit quite large, and ripen- 
 ing as it does, quite late in the season, combined with the habit of 
 hanging long after ripe, and its rich, spright- 
 ly, sub-acid juice, must render it extremely 
 popular, when it becomes fully known. 
 
 Fruit, quite large, round, elongated, sides 
 compressed, smooth, glossy, regular surface; 
 .suture, shallow, half round, followed by a 
 marked line, terminating at base, in a knob- 
 by projection ; color, bright lively red, mar- 
 bled and mottled on amber ; grown in the 
 sun, it is mostly red ; flesh, pinkish yellow, 
 with radiating lines, distinct, but irregular 
 in form, tender, and when fully ripe, sepa- 
 rating freely from the stone, often even ex- 
 hibiting a hollow, vacant space, between pit 
 and flesh, high, sprightly, slightly acid 
 flavor ; pit, rather large, oblong, rounded ; 
 stalk, two inches long, generally slender. 
 Season, twelfth to twentieth July. 
 
 Joc-o-sot. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and 
 named after a noble Sioux chief, who died at 
 Cleveland, in 1844. Tree thrifty, half spread- 
 ing, or round-headed, and productive. 
 
 Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart- 
 shape, slightly obtuse, and with a deep inden- 
 tation at apex : sides, compressed ; suture, 
 broad, half round, followed with a dark line, 
 and often a knob-like projection ; surface, un- 
 even ; color, rich, glossy, dark liver-color, al- 
 most black ; jiesh, with indistinct radiating 
 lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with a 
 rich, sweet flavor ; pit, below medium size, 
 regular, smooth ; stem,, long, and of medium 
 size. Season, near the last of June. 
 
193 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 Kirtland's Mart. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland,in 1842, described 
 and named by ourself, in compliment to 
 the daughter of Prof. K. The tree is a strong, 
 healthy grower, upright, rounded in form, 
 shoots strong, not rampant ; flowers, large and 
 open, very prolific. The fruit is one of the 
 most beautiful of all cherries, quite firm-flesh- 
 ed, but withal possessing delicacy and high 
 flavor, that renders it one of the most desira- 
 ble varieties, either for dessert or market pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Fruit, large, roundish, heart-shape, very 
 regular ; color, light and dark rich red, deeply 
 marbled and mottled on a yellow ground, 
 grown fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark 
 glossy red ; flesh, with distinct irregular radiat- 
 ing lines, light yellow, quite firm, rich, juicy, 
 sweet, and very high flavored ; pit, medium, 
 regular, rounded, with distinct prominent lines 
 or ridges, flesh adheres slightly to it ; stem, 
 moderately stout, varying in length. Season. 
 last of June and first of July. 
 
 Kirtland's Mammoth. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland from a pit of the 
 Yellow Spanish, grown on a tree remote from 
 other varieties. Its name is given from the ex- 
 treme large size of the fruit, being one-eighth 
 greater than any other variety. The tree is of 
 strong, vigorous growth, with very large leaves 
 and large flowers. Jt is, however, only moder- 
 ately productive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam. 
 
 Fruit, of the very largest size, often three 
 and a half inches in circumference, obtuse, heart 
 shape ; color, light clear yellow, partially over- 
 spread, and marbled with rich red ; flesh, with 
 distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed, 
 almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a very 
 fine high flavor ; pit, roundish oval, regular, 
 surface indented ; stem, generally short, moder- 
 ately stout. Season, last of June. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 199 
 
 Late Bigarreau. 
 
 Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a 
 gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, shoots stout, 
 not rampant, forms a round regular head; 
 flowers, open, abundant, very productive. 
 
 Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, occasion- 
 ally a little angular and with a deep broad in- 
 denture at the apex ; color, a rich yellow 
 ground, with a bright red cheek, frequently 
 the red covers nearly the whole surface — 
 occasionally it is blotched or mottled ; suture, 
 shallow, half round, marked with aline on op- 
 posite side ; flesh, with distinct radiating lines, 
 yellowish, nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and of 
 agreeable flavor ; pit, small, round, regular; 
 stalk, one-and-a-half inch long, inserted in a 
 broad open depression. Season, 4th to 12th 
 July. 
 
 Large Heart Shaped. 
 
 Bigarreau Gaubalis, 
 Black Bigarreau of Savoy, 
 Bigarreau gros Couret, 
 Bigarreau de Lyon, 
 Guigne Noire luisante, 
 Great Bigarreau ? 
 
 Monstreuse de Mezel, 
 
 New Large Black Bigarreau, 
 
 Bigarreau gros Monstreux, 
 
 Gros Couret, 
 
 Large Heart Shaped Bigarreau, 
 
 Ward's Bigarreau. 
 
 This variety, originally from France, we have received from 
 different sources, and fruited the past two 
 years under most of the synonymes given. 
 We are also under the impression that the 
 " Great Bigarreau," noticed by Mr. Downing 
 in the Horticulturist for 1851, will yet prove 
 identical ; but we cannot yet speak confidently. 
 The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with 
 large foliage. Its productive habit, fine flesh, 
 and large size of fruit, render it very desirable 
 as a market variety; while its want of deli- 
 cacy and flavor unfit it for grounds of those 
 who grow only for private use. 
 
 Fruit, very large, roundish, heart shape, 
 occasionally obtuse, dark shining red, becom- 
 ing, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; sur- 
 face, very uneven ; flesh, reddish purple, coarse 
 tissue, with a distinct dark line one side next 
 the pit, not very juicy and lacking in high fla- 
 vor ; pit, large, oval • stem, varying, inserted 
 in a shallow depression. Season, 4th to 10th July. 
 
200 
 
 TBE CHERRY. 
 
 Logan. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil a 
 gravelly loam. Tree, hardy, healthy grower, 
 somewhat spreading, moderately productive ; 
 flowers, large, opening late, little liable to in- 
 jury from frost. 
 
 Fruit, medium or above, obtuse, sometimes 
 regular, heart shape, with a shallow indenture 
 at apex ; color, purplish black, when ripe ; 
 flesh, liver color, radiating lines almost white, 
 nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor; pit, 
 above medium, oval ; stem, varying in length 
 in a deep cavity. Season, middle to last of 
 June. 
 
 Osceola. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil 
 gravelly. Tree, round, spreading regular form, 
 hardy, healthy grower ; flowers, medium, open- 
 ing rather late and in succession ; a good, not 
 excessive bearer. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large, regular, heart shape, 
 with a deep, broad suture, half round ; color, 
 dark purplish red, inclining to black ; flfsh, 
 liver color, fine tissue, so much so that the 
 radiating lines are almost obliterated, juicy, 
 rich and sweet ; pit, medium or small, ovate, 
 rounded ; stem, moderately stout in a deep, 
 regular cavity. Season, last of June and early 
 July. One of the best for all collections. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 201 
 
 PoNTIAC. 
 
 Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil 
 gravelly. Tree, upright, rounded form, 
 slightly spreading, vigorous, healthy habit ; 
 flowers, above medium size, opening in suc- 
 cession ; regularly productive. 
 
 Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, sides 
 compressed; color, dark purplish red~ ap- 
 proaching to black when fully ripe ; Jlesh, 
 purplish red, radiating lines irregular, half 
 tender, juicy, sweet and agreeable ; pit, 
 medium, smooth, parts freely from the 
 flesh ; stem, varying from long to short, in- 
 serted in a broad, open cavity. Season, 
 last of June. 
 
 POWHATTAN. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil gravelly. Tree, vigorous, 
 healthy, round headed, productive. 
 
 Fruit, medium, size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed 
 on sides, surface irregular ; color, liver like, highly polished ; suture, 
 half round ; Jlesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure, 
 half tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor ; pit, small, 
 round, elongated; stem, medium. Season, late; 8th to 15th July. 
 
 For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best ; the 
 fruit ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size. 
 
 Rockport. 
 
 Rockport Bigarreau. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly loam. Tree, strong, 
 vigorous grower, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the 
 Black Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is one of the 
 first, of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings, that was described, and feeling 
 interested in its success, in various parts of the States we distributed 
 9* 
 
202 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 it pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts. 
 It has now been fruited extensively, and we 
 feel confident, while recommending this, that 
 other varieties of the same origin will be 
 equally successful. The tree wants good cul- 
 ture, and its period of maturity is materially 
 altered both by soil and culture, while its char- 
 acter appears unchanged. Valuable, either 
 for private or market gardens. 
 
 Fruit, large, round, obtuse heart shape, 
 surface generally slightly uneven, and always 
 with a knobby or swollen projection on one 
 side ; color, clear brilliant deep red, shaded 
 and mottled on a pale amber yellow, with 
 occasional carmine spots ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 radiating lines irregular, a yellow tinge around 
 the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, delicious 
 flavor ; pit, oval, regular and without ridges ; 
 stem, usually of medium length — one, to one- 
 and-a-half inches. Season, 20th to last of June. 
 
 Red Jacket. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The 
 original tree has always stood in ground uncul- 
 tivated ; yet its fruit, from lateness of ripening, 
 size and quality, renders it most desirable, and 
 especially for market culture, as it is very pro- 
 ductive. The tree forms a head similar to the 
 Black Mazard, not quite as erect. 
 
 Fruit, large, regular, long obtuse heart 
 shape ; color, fine, clear, light red, when grown 
 in the sun, but of an amber color, overspread 
 with pale red, and often a yellow russet patch, 
 when grown in the shade ; flesh, with radiating 
 lines distinct, half tender, juicy, of good, not 
 high flavor ; gathered before ripe, it is a little 
 bitter ; pit, medium ; stem, rather long and 
 slender, set in an open, moderately deep basin. 
 Season, middle of July. 
 
 Shannon. 
 
 This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1829 ; first de- 
 scribed in 1849. Named in respect to Wilson Shannon, once gov- 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 203 
 
 ernor of Ohio. The tree is very hardy, having been tested in many 
 locations. 
 
 Fruit, slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction 
 with stem, dark purplish red, when ripe ; flesh, tender, reddish pur- 
 ple, juicy, acid ; pit, small ; stem, long, slender, inserted in an open 
 cavity. Season, middle of July. 
 
 Tecumseh. 
 
 Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a soil of gravelly loam. 
 The tree is moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its 
 blossoms late in the season. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a 
 broad, shallow suture; color, when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or 
 dark liver color, mottled somewhat with red ; flesh, reddish purple, 
 irregular, distinct radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but 
 not high flavor ; pit, medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongated ; 
 stem, varying, set in an open, rather deep cavity. Season, middle to 
 20th July. Very valuable for a late market variety.. 
 
 CLASS II.— New and Untested — suited to Certain Localities, or Exten- 
 sive Grounds of Amateur Pomologists* 
 
 Arch Duke. 
 
 Oriotte de Portugal, Late Arch Duke, 
 
 Portugal Puke, J Late Duke. 
 
 An English variety, first described by Lindley, since figured and de- 
 scribed in Hovey's Magazine, from which we extract. The May Duke, 
 or Late Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is a more 
 vigorous grower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape. 
 Fruit, large, heart shape, compressed ; dark shining red ; flesh, light red, 
 slightly adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ; stem, long, slender. Sea- 
 son, early in July. 
 
 American Heart. 
 
 Probably a native of this country ; its origin is, however, uncertain. 
 Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, medium, heart shaped, four sides com- 
 pressed ; pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish, watery toward the pit, 
 juicy, sweet, second flavor : pit, medium ; stem, long, moderately slender. 
 Season, early in June. 
 
 Adam's Crown. 
 English; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round, heart 
 
204 THE CHERRY 
 
 shape ; pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Season, middle of 
 June. 
 
 An 
 
 NE. 
 
 We have had this variety growing for two years, but have not fruited 
 it. Chas. Do wing, Esq., writes us that it originated at Lexington, Ky., 
 ripens early, is very productive, and of excellent flavor. The tree is of 
 the Sweet Cherry class. 
 
 Burr's Seedling-. 
 
 Originated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, produc- 
 tive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape ; clear bright red on pale yel- 
 low ; half tender, juicy, sweet ; stem, slender. Season, middle to last of 
 June. 
 
 D'Esperin. 
 
 Bigarreau D'Esperin. 
 
 New, from Belgium. Hovey says, the tree has a compact, spreading 
 habit, of moderate growth, a good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart 
 shape, depressed at ends, flattened on sides ; suture, all round ; color, 
 clear, soft amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun ; flesh, 
 pale amber, tender, juicy, excellent ; pit, medium, oval ; stem, long, slen- 
 der. Season, early in July. 
 
 Belle of Orleans. 
 
 Belle de Orleans. 
 
 New, from France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, promises to 
 be valuable. Fruit, medium, roundish ; light yellowish white, with clear 
 pale red covering about one half the surface ; flesh, tender, juicy, and de- 
 licious. Season, early in June. 
 
 Buttner's Yellow. 
 
 Butlner's Wach's-Knorpel Kirsche, Buttner's Gelbe Knorpel Kirsche. 
 
 From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; only as a novelty is it de- 
 sirable. Fruit, medium, regular heart shape, flattened at stem end ; pale 
 lemon yellow, with russet marblings ; flesh, whitish yellow, firm, even 
 tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit ; stem, medium length and size, 
 in an open, round, regular cavity. Season, middle to last July. 
 
 Black Eagle. 
 
 English, raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong 
 grower, unproductive at the West. Fruit, above medium, borne in threes, 
 obtuse heart, shape ; deep purple, almost black ; flesh, reddish purple, half 
 tender, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Season, early in July. 
 
 Buttner's Black Heart. 
 
 Buttner's Herz Kirsche, Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche. 
 
 From Germany. As a late variety, firm fleshed, for market this pro- 
 mises well. Fruit, large, heart shape purplish black when fully ripe ; 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 205 
 
 flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, good, not high flavor . SL-ason, middle to 
 last of July. Tree, productive, a vigorous grower. 
 
 Downing's Red Cheek. 
 
 Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, half 
 spreading. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape ; yellowish white, 
 with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one half the fruit ; flesh, 
 yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet; pit, medium; stem, set in an 
 even hollow of moderate depth. Season, middle to last June. 
 
 " Champagne. 
 
 Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. This variety is highly 
 commended by the late A. J. Downing, but we have been unable to fruit 
 it sufficiently to place it among those of general cultivation. For large 
 orchards, we think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to com- 
 mand price in market. Tree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, me- 
 dium, roundish heart shape, slightly angular ; color, shades of lively red ; 
 flesh, amber color, juicy, sprightly, rich flavor ; stem, moderate length, in 
 a shallow cavity. Season, middle of June, but hangs well into July. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Triomphe,of Cumberland, ! Brenneman's May, 
 
 Monstrous May, J Sterei's May, 
 
 Cumberland Seedling. 
 
 This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co., Pa. Having fruited 
 it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the 
 other identical with Tradescant's Black, we have some doubts as to its being 
 a seedling or new variety. In the ad-interim report of the Pennsylvania 
 Hort. Society, it is thus described : Large, obtuse heart-shaped, some- 
 times roundish, compressed at the sides ; deep crimson, almost purple 
 when fully ripe ; suture, indistinct ; stem, rather long, slender, inserted 
 in a broad, open cavity; apex, slightly depressed; stone, roundish 
 oval, compressed; flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent to the stone ; 
 flavor, fine ; quality, " best ;" period of maturity about the middle of June. 
 
 China Bigarreatj. 
 
 Chinese Heart. 
 
 Raised by William Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading. 
 Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; bright amber yellow, becoming 
 mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy and rich, but, unless per- 
 fectly ripe, slightly bitter ; stem, long and slender ; very productive. 
 
 Carnation. 
 
 Wax Cherry, 
 
 Crown, 
 
 Cerise de Portugal, 
 
 Griolte de Villennes. 
 
 Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre, 
 Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale, 
 Griottier Rouge Pale, 
 
 A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely 
 disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit, 
 above medium ; yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red 
 
206 
 
 THE CHEEKY. 
 
 slightly marbled; flesh, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than 
 most of this class ; stem, stout. Season, middle to last of July, but will 
 hang a long time. Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a profuse 
 bearer. 
 
 Carmine Stripe. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading ; very 
 productive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides, 
 often an uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of car- 
 mine ; color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright lively car- 
 mine ; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly and agreeable ; pit, small ; stem, 
 varies. Season, last of June. 
 
 Caroline, 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, much resembles 
 Belle de Choisy ; in growth healthy, hardy, vigor- 
 ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable 
 as a dessert Cherry. 
 
 Fruit, above medium, round oblong; one side 
 compressed slightly ; color, pale amber, mottled 
 with clear light red, and when fully exposed to the 
 sun becomes rich red ; flesh, slightly tinged with 
 pale red or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy, 
 sweet, and delicate ; pit, medium, oblong oval. 
 Season last of June. 
 
 CONESTOGA. 
 
 This variety originated in Conestoga Township, 
 Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, very large, 
 obtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the apex; 
 dark purple ; stem, from an inch and three-quarters 
 to two and a quarter long, slender, inserted in an 
 open cavity ; flesh, purplish, firm ; flavor, sugary, 
 and very pleasant , quality "best" (W. D. B.) 
 
 Christiana. 
 
 Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and resembling, in charac- 
 ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having fruited it, we only note 
 from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of a 
 bright lively red color, and sprightly sub- acid flavor. 
 
 Donna Maria. 
 
 A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of 
 medium size; dark red; tender, juicy, rich acid; valuable for cooking. 
 Season, middle July. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 207 
 
 Duchess of Pallua. 
 
 A variety introduced from France by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, 
 and fruited first time in this country, this year, 1853. 
 
 Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped ; purplish black ; juicy, half tender, 
 sweet ; stone, small, oblong ovate. Season, 15th to 20th June. Promises to 
 be a productive valuable variety. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 DOWNTON. 
 
 English : raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head ; 
 moderately productive. 
 
 Fruit, medium, globular flattened ; bright red on yellow ; flesh, yel- 
 lowish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, 
 set in a deep cavity. Season, early in July or late of June. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Raised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, 0., in 1823. Original 
 soil, clay. Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded ; very prolific. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large, heart-shape, flattened on sides ; color, rich 
 dark red, when fully ripe ; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half 
 tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit, ovate rounded; stem, medium ; set 
 in a regular basin. Season, middle to last of June. 
 
 Favorite. 
 
 Elliott's Favorite. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil. 
 Tree, vigorous, half spreading, productive. 
 
 Fruit, medium, round regular, slightly compressed ; 
 color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red 
 cheek, mottled and marbled ; flesh, pale amber, trans- 
 lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet ; pit, small ; stem, 
 medium, inserted in an even basin* Season, last of 
 June. This variety requires high cultivation, other- 
 wise the fruit is small., and the flavor only good. 
 
 English Amber. 
 
 This is undoubtedly an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to 
 identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous strong 
 growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive. 
 
208 THE CHERRY. 
 
 Fruit, medium size, roundish heart-shape, very regular, borne in threes ; 
 color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled will* pale red ; flesh, whitish 
 yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet; pit, medium; stem, 
 long. Season, middle to last of June. 
 
 Florence. 
 
 Knevett's Late Bigarreau. 
 
 From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spread- 
 ing, unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows 
 old. Fruit, large, roundish heart-shape, flattened at base ; pale amber, 
 mottled or mostly covered with bright red ; flesh, amber color, firm, rich, 
 sweet, fine flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval ; stem, inserted in a broad ba- 
 sin. Season, middle July. 
 
 GlJIGNE NoiR LuiSANTE, 
 Black Spanish, 
 
 Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class. 
 Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular 
 moderate bearer. In 1823, it was cultivated in New Jersey, as Black 
 Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size, 
 heart-shape, globular ; glossy blackish red ; flesh, reddish purple, tender, 
 juicy, rich acid ; pit, round ; stem, medium. Season, middle to last 
 July. 
 
 Graffion. 
 
 Bigarreau, Italian Heart, 
 
 Yellow Spanish, , Bigarreau Gros ? 
 
 Fellow's Seedling, West's White Heart, 
 
 White Bigarreau ? Figarreau Tardif, 
 
 Amber or Imperial, Groote Princess, 
 
 Turkey Bigarreau ? Hollandische Grosse, 
 
 Bigarreau Royal, Prinzessin Kirsche, 
 Corise Ambree. 
 
 The G-raffion, or Yellow Spanish as it is generally known throughout 
 the states, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency 
 to decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The 
 tree is of strong spreading, healthy habit, and productive. 
 
 Fruit, large, regular obtuse heart-shape ; whitish yellow, mottled and 
 mostly overspread in the sun, with bright red ; flesh, yellowish, firm, 
 juicy, rich, sweet, delicious ; pit, small, round ovate ; stem, stout, in an 
 open basin. Season, early July. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Bigarreau d'Hollande, Armstrong's Bigarreau, 
 
 Spotted Bigarreau, I Turkey Bigarreau ? 
 
 Holland Bigarreau. 
 
 Mr. Downing, in his work on Fruits, says this variety was first import- 
 ed to this country from France. In the Jardin Fruitier it is stated to 
 have been originally received from Holland. Mr. Thompson of the Lon- 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 209 
 
 don Horticultural Society makes it synonymous with Graffion. We have 
 received trees from different sources, and as they all in fruitiDg prove to be 
 the Napoleon, we are unable to decide, and therefore copy Mr. Downing's 
 description. Fruit, large, heart shape, rather pointed ; white or pale yellow 
 in shade, mottled or spotted on the sunny side with bright carmine red ; 
 stem, rather slender, set in a deep hollow ; fruit, borne in thick clusters ; flesh 
 firm,' but not so much so as that of Graffion, more juicy, sweet and excel- 
 lent. Season. 20th June. 
 
 HOADLEY. 
 
 Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our- 
 self, in compliment to one of our best pomologists, 
 Geo. Hoadley, Esq.. of Cleveland. Tree, of healthy, 
 vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head. 
 Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape ; 
 light clear carmine red, mottled and striped on pale 
 yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet 
 bronzed yellow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, almost 
 translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious ; pit, 
 medium, roundish oval ; stem, medium, set in a 
 shallow basin. Season, 20th to last June. This 
 promises to become one of the most valuable as a 
 dessert cherry, not quite -as sweet as Coe's Trans- 
 parent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit 
 of less size. 
 
 III 1 I II 
 
 ■HiW 
 
 QpW 
 
 HOVEY. 
 
 Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vigorous, forming a pyram- 
 idal head. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, depressed point at apex ; 
 rich amber color, mottled or nearly covered with brilliant red ; stem, 
 short ; flesh, pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to 
 stone ; stone, small, oval. 15th to last July. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Imperial. 
 
 Imperial Morello. 
 
 A variety of Morello, forming a small, low-headed tree ; very produc- 
 tive. Fruit, rather above medium size, roundish heart shape, elongated, 
 sides compressed ; dark "purplish red when fully ripe ; flesh, tender, juicy, 
 rich acid; if gathered unripe, quite bitter; pit, small, long, pointed. Sea- 
 son, very late, last of July to middle of August. 
 
210 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 Large Morello. 
 
 Kirtland's Large Morello. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, but as yet not all tested. 
 Fruit, above medium, roundish ; dark red. juicy, rich acid, good flavor ; 
 pit, small. Season, early July. 
 
 Knight's Early Black. 
 
 English. Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered 
 situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class in 
 size, it is well suited to small gardens ; moderately productive. Fruit, 
 medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suture half 
 round, with a knobby projection opposite ; purplish red, becoming nearly 
 black ; flesh, parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, medi- 
 um ; stem, inserted in a deep, open basin. Season, last of June. 
 
 Kennicott. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland, and named by ourself, 
 after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the 
 West, J. A. Kennicott, M.D., of Northfield, 111. 
 Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, very productive. 
 Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture, 
 shallow, half round; color, amber yellow, mottled 
 and much overspread with rich bright clear glossy 
 red ', flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and 
 sweet ; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu- 
 lar ; stem, short in cavity, with bold surrounding 
 projections. Season, 8th to 16 July. As a market 
 fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of this 
 variety will make it popular when known. 
 
 Keokuk. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, forming a 
 large tree. Fruit, large, heart shape; dark purplish black; flesh, halt 
 tender, purple, rather coarse, deficient in flavor ; its dhief value, a market 
 variety ; pit, medium ; stem, stout. Season, early in July. 
 
 Merveille de September. 
 
 Tardive cle Mons. 
 
 The Marvel of September is a new French cherry, marvelous only 
 because it ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigor- 
 ous. Fruit, small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 211 
 
 Mary. 
 
 Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and noted in the Horti- 
 culturist as similar to Christiana. 
 
 Manning's Mottled. 
 
 Mottled Bigarreau. 
 
 Raised by Mr. Manning, Salem, Mass. Tree, vigorous, spreading, very 
 productive. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape ; suture, half round, dis- 
 tinct line opposite ; amber color, mottled and overspread with red ; flesh, 
 yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet, deficient in flavor ; pit, large, 
 oval, lays in a hollow separated on all sides but one from the flesh ; 
 stem, in a broad hollow. Season, last of June. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Madison Bigarreau. 
 
 Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree, healthy, moderate grower, tolerably 
 productive. Fruit, medium ; color, red, marbled on light yellow ; flesh, 
 half tender, juicy, sprightly very agreeable ; pit, small, oval ; stem, slender. 
 Season, last June. 
 
 May Duke. 
 
 Early Duke, 
 Large May Duke, 
 Morris Duke, 
 Morris' Early Duke, 
 Benham's Fine Early Duke, 
 Thompson's Duke, 
 Portugal Duke, 
 
 Buchanan's Early Buke, 
 
 Millett's Late Heart Duke , 
 
 Royal Hative, 
 
 Cerise Guigne, 
 
 Coularde, 
 
 De Holland, 
 
 D'Espagne. 
 
 From France. Tree, hardy, upright growth. It produces freely, but 
 ripens so irregularly that we have entirely discarded it : from young trees 
 one can rarely gather a pint of ripe fruit at any one time. The Holman's 
 Duke, Jeffrey's Duke, Late Duke of most gardens, Royal Duke, and Le- 
 mercier, a new vaiety from France, are all so similar to May Duke that 
 one description will suit all. They are only sub-varieties, and the Late 
 Duke probably obtained by propagating from late ripening branches 
 of May Duke. Fruit, roundish obtuse heart shape ; red at first, becoming, 
 when fully ripe, a dark purplish red ; flesh, reddish, tender, juicy, sub-acid. 
 Season, last of May to last of June. 
 
 LlNDLEY. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland from seeds given him by Mr. M. Lindley, of 
 Euclid, 0. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape, 
 surface uneven ; dark purplish red ; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red, 
 juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. Season, first of July. 
 
 Leather Stocking. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy, 
 moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often ob- 
 
212 THE CHEERY. 
 
 tuse ; color, faint dull red, becoming, when fully ripe, rich reddish black ; 
 flesh, very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, 
 in an open, but deep basin. Season, middle to last of July. As a variety 
 to transport long distances to market this will prove valuable. 
 
 Napoleon. 
 
 Napoleon Bigarreau, Lauerm arm's Kirsche, 
 
 Bigarreau Lauermann, | Clarke's Bigarreau. 
 
 From Holland. Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; productive. The best 
 SAveet cherry for cooking purposes, and, on account of its showy appear- 
 ance, always sells well in market. It is, however, liable to- decay on the 
 tree before fully ripe. Fruit, large, heart shape, inclining to oblong ; 
 bright delicate yellow, with shades of rich red marbled and spotted over 
 nearly two-thirds surface ; flesh, pale yellow, very firm, moderately juicy, 
 and, unless perfectly ripe, a little bitter ; pit, medium, oblong ; stem, stout, 
 set in a narrow basin. Season, last of June. 
 
 Ohio Beauty. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, and described by us in 1847 ; shortly 
 after which, the original tree was destroyed, and since that we have not 
 seen the fruit. "We had, however, previously sent out buds and grafts 
 and have often heard of its success. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ; 
 dark red on pale re$ ground, somewhat marbled ; flesh, white, tender, 
 delicate, juicy, with a fine flavor ; pit, small, oval ; stalk, long, set in a 
 deep, open basin. Season, middle of June. 
 
 Proudfoot. 
 
 Proudfoot's Seedling. 
 
 Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, 0. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous, 
 round, spreading head ; moderatively productive. This promises to be- 
 come valuable on account of large size and lateness in ripening, often, even 
 on warm, sandy soil, (and sheltered in a city garden.) holding its fruit un- 
 til the 20th July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base ; color, 
 when fully ripe dark purplish red ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet ; 
 pit, large ; stem, set in a shallow, open cavity. Season, 15th to last July. 
 
 President. 
 
 Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, 
 large; dark red slightly mottled; suture, all round, deep, distinct; flesh', 
 yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet ; pit, medium ; stem, short, 
 slender. Season, middle to last of June. 
 
 Richardson. 
 
 Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point; dark red, 
 inclining to black; stem, short, slender ; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy 
 saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps 
 well on or off the tree. Good grower and bearer, rather upright, hardy 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 213 
 
 in tree and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, m the garden of J. R. 
 Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.) 
 
 Roberts' Red Heart. 
 
 Raised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy 
 grower ; productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; pale amber 
 ground, nearly overspread and mottled with red ; suture, distinct ; flesh, 
 white, juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored ; pit, medium ; stem, long, 
 slender. Season, last of June. 
 
 Elkhorn. 
 
 Tradescant's Black Heart, 
 Large Black Bigarreau, 
 Bigarreau Noir Tardive, 
 
 Bigarreau Gros Noir, 
 Guigne Noir Tardive, 
 Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel. 
 
 This is probably an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made 
 known in this country and distributed under name of Elkhorn, we have 
 preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society. Trees, 
 very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of peculiar gray color, producing 
 fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very highly 
 cultivated, the fruit diminishes to near the size of the old Black Heart. 
 Its period of late ripening has heretofore kept it favorably before horti- 
 culturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better varie- 
 ties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface ; purplish black ; flesh, 
 firm, purple, moderately juicy ; pit, large ; stem, short. Season, middle 
 July. 
 
 Vail's August Duke. 
 
 Raised by Henry Yail, Troy, 1ST. Y. We have not fruited it, but copy 
 from the Horticulturist. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate grower. Fruit, 
 above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape ; rich bright red in the 
 shade, a lively cornelian in the sun ; flesh, tender, sub-acid ; pit, oval ; 
 stem, thick, when it joins the fruit, set in a deep narrow cavity. Season, 
 middle to last of August. 
 
 Wendell's Mottled. 
 
 Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau. 
 
 Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright 
 thrifty growth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly 
 valuable during the few years it has been before the public ; as yet it has 
 not fruited at the West. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ; dark purplish 
 red; flesh, firm, juicy, well flavored; pit, small; stem, set in around, 
 regular basin. Season, first to middle of July. 
 
 Waterloo. 
 
 We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip- 
 tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Pomo- 
 logical Congress, Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with 
 Moustreuse de Mezel. This we conclude must be error, either in the 
 
214 THE CHERRY. 
 
 variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in description given by Mr. Downing. 
 "We copy the latter's description; "Fruit, large; obtuse heart shape; 
 dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ; stalk, long and slender; flesh, 
 purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be- 
 gining of July." 
 
 Werder's Early Black. 
 
 Werdersche Fruhe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 
 
 This variety is, as yet, comparatively new in this country. It is 
 somewhat doubtful whether it will ever deserve more than a trial. 
 Fruit, medium ; roundish heart shape ; surface, slightly uneven ; dark 
 purplish red, becoming nearly black; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich, 
 sweet ; pit, small ; stem, medium. Season, middle of June. 
 
 CLASS IIT. — Unworthy farther Culture. 
 
 American Amber. 
 
 Bloodgood's Amber, | Bloodgood's Honey, 
 
 Bloodgood's New Honey. 
 
 American ; fruit medium,.roundish heart shape, amber and bright red, flesh 
 tender, juicy, variable ; pit large, stem long slender. Season, last June. 
 
 Amber Gean. 
 
 Gean Amber. 
 
 Fruit small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red, flesh white, juicy, sweet, 
 often bitter or mazardy, stem long, slender. Season, early July. 
 
 Belle de Sceaux. 
 
 Chatenay. 
 
 A Morello from France ; fruit round, deep red, flesh yellowish, juicy, acid. 
 Season, June. 
 
 Brown's Seedling. 
 
 American ; fruit medium, yellow and red, sweet, half tender, wanting in 
 flavor. 
 
 Bauman's May. 
 
 Bigarreau de Mai, | Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai. 
 
 From France ; fruit small, dark red, oval heart shape, flesh purplish, tender, 
 sweet. Season, last of May or early iu June. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 215 
 
 Black Heart. 
 
 Early Black, Ansell's Fine Black. 
 
 Black Russian, Spanish Black Heart, 
 
 Gnigne Grosse Noir, J Guinier a fruit Noir. 
 
 An old variety hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by many ; 
 fruit above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color, flesh almost ten-> 
 der, juicy, sweet. Season, last of June. 
 
 Black Mazard. 
 
 Hazard, I Common English, 
 
 Wild English Cherry, | Black Honey, 
 
 Bristol Cherry. 
 
 This is the wild species of Europe from which many of our sweet cherries have 
 sprung. It is now found in nearly every village or cultivated region of the 
 States, and is valuable mainly for its seed for growing stocks on which to bud. 
 There are numerous varieties, as all are grown from seed ; some are red, some 
 black, and some nearly white, all more or less bitter. Fruit small, oval heart 
 shape, flesh tender, juicy. Season, middle to last July. 
 
 Black Bigarreau. 
 
 Bigarreau Noir. 
 
 Fruit middle size, heart shape, nearly black, flesh firm, sweet, dry. Season, 
 July. 
 
 Bleeding Heart. 
 
 Gascoigne's Heart, | Red Heart, 
 
 Herefordshire Heart, Guigne Rouge Hative. 
 
 Fruit medium, long pointed, heart shape, dark red mottled, flesh half tender, 
 sweetish. Last of June. 
 
 Buttner's October. 
 
 Buttner's October Morello, I Du Nord Nouvelle, 
 Du Nord , De Prusse. 
 
 A Morello, of medium size, dark red, roundish, of no value except as hang- 
 ing long on the tree. 
 
 Boreatton. 
 
 Small, roundish heart shape, nearly black, flesh half tender, sweet, poor 
 flavor. Middle July. 
 
 Cerise de Xavier. 
 A Morello, medium, dark red, round, acid. 
 
 Corone. 
 
 Couronne, I Coroun, 
 
 Herefordshire Black, Black Orleans, 
 
 Large Wild Black. 
 
 Fruit small, roundish heart shape, dull black, flesh tender, mazardy. Middle 
 July. 
 
216 THE CHERRY. 
 
 Coe's Late Carnation. 
 Fruit medium, roundish, red, acid, only for cooking. 
 
 Cluster. 
 
 Cerise a Boquet, | Chevreuse , 
 
 Boquet Amarelle. 
 
 Fruit small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. Last of June. 
 Chinese Double Flowering. 
 
 Yung To, | Cerasus Serrulata, 
 
 Serrulated leaved Cherry. 
 
 A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental. 
 
 Corwin. 
 
 A Morello, medium size, roundish, red, flesh tender, acid, pit large. Season, 
 July. 
 
 Clarke's Superb. 
 
 Clarke's Bigarreau ? 
 
 Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, bright red with a dark maroon colored 
 stripe half round, flesh whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter. 
 Season, early July. 
 
 De Spa. 
 
 A Morello, medium size, dark red, acid. 
 
 Dwarf Double Flowering. 
 
 Double Flowering Kentish, | Cerisier a fleurs doubles. 
 
 A variety of the Kentish or sour cherry with semi-double flowers ; a pretty 
 ornamental shrub tree. 
 
 Davenport. 
 
 Davenport's Early, | Davenport's Early Black. 
 
 Tree tender, fruit medium, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh tender, 
 juicy, sweet. Season, last cf June. 
 
 White Heart. 
 
 Early White Heart, Arden's Early White Heart, 
 
 Arden's heart, | Dredge's Early White Heart, 
 
 White Transparent, Amber Heart, 
 
 Bowyer's Early Heat, Herefordshire White, 
 
 River's Early Amber, | Sweedish, 
 
 Sweedish Red Heart. 
 
 An old variety and generally known throughout the States. It is a variable 
 and uncertain bearer, and does not ripen sufficiently early to compete with 
 many new vareties. Fruit medium, or a little below, heart shape, whitish yel- 
 low, often nearly covered with pale red, flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Season, 
 middle June. The Early Red and Yellow of Manning is very similar. 
 
UK WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. "217 
 
 Early May. 
 
 Cerise Indulle, May Cherry, 
 
 Small May, | Precoce. 
 
 A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red, flesh 
 tender, juicy, acid. 
 
 Flemish. 
 
 Montmorency, I Kentish, 
 
 Cerise a Courte Queue, Montmorency a Gros Fruit, 
 
 Gros Gobet. 
 
 Fruit large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red, flesh yellowish 
 white, juicy, sub-acid, stem stout, short, fruit borne in pairs. Last of July. 
 
 Gridley. 
 
 Apple Cherry, j Maccarty. 
 
 American ; fruit small, roundish, color almost black, flesh firm, purplish, 
 moderately juicy. Season, early July. 
 
 Honey. 
 
 Sparhawk, Cream, 
 
 Large Honey, Yellow Honey, 
 
 Late Honey, | Meresier a fruit blanc , 
 
 Sparahawk's Honey. 
 
 Little better than a mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red, flesh ten- 
 der, sweet. Middle July. Pit large. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar 
 and probably identical with this. 
 
 Hyde's Red Heart. 
 
 Hyde's Seedling. 
 
 Fruit medium, heart shape, red on yellow, flesh whitish, sweet mazardy. 
 Early July. 
 
 Hyde's Late Black. 
 
 Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black, flesh half tender, 
 juicy, sweet. Early July. 
 
 Kentish. 
 
 Late Kentish, ! Common Red, 
 
 Pie Cherry, Common Sour Cherry, 
 
 Kentish Red. 
 
 This is probably a seedling of this country, which is found every where that 
 man has cleared the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had 
 been among the household goods brought by first settlers, and that wherever 
 planted it has grown, and by suckers, increased '■ seventy fold." It is hardy 
 and fruits abundantly, and many think it indispensable, but not after having 
 grown and fruited the Early Richmond. Fruit medium size, round, lively red. 
 tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July. 
 
 10 
 
218 THE CHEERY. 
 
 Knight's Late Black. 
 
 Medium to large, roundish heart shape, flesh half tender, sweet, dry. Season, 
 middle July. 
 
 Lady Southampton's Yellow. 
 
 Lady Southampton's Duke, ! Lady Southampton's Golden Drop, 
 Yellow or Golden, j Spanish or Yellow. 
 
 Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh firm, dry. Middle July, 
 
 Large Double Flowering, 
 
 A beautiful ornamental tree, with large showy double white flowers, like little 
 roses, without fruit and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation on 
 account of fruit. As an ornamental tree, it is beautiful when in flower 
 
 Lundie Gean. 
 
 Fruit medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black, flesh tender, juicy, 
 sub-acid harsh. July. 
 
 Louis Phillip. 
 
 Morello from France ; fruit medium, roundisb, dark red, flesh red, juicy, 
 tender, acid. Middle July. 
 
 Manning's Late Black. 
 
 Manning's Late Black Heart. 
 
 Fruit medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh purple, half tender, 
 sweet, pit large. Season, early July. 
 
 Manning's Early Black. 
 
 Fruit medium, heart shape, purplish black, flesh tender, sweet, good. Middle 
 June. 
 
 Morello. 
 
 English Morello, Large Morello, 
 
 Dutch Morello, j Late Morello, 
 
 Ronald's Large Morello. 
 
 The true English Morello is rare in this country, nor do we see any reason 
 for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello equaling, 
 if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most writers. In 
 growth, it varies from o;ir common Morello only in the branches being more 
 strong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. Fruit medium or 
 above, round, dark red or purplish black, flesh purplish red, tender, juicy, sub- 
 acid. Season, middle to last July. 
 
 Ox Heart. 
 
 Lion's Heart, | Bullock's Heart, 
 Very Large Heart. 
 
 Fruit above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black, 
 flesh red, half tender, sweet. Season, early July. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 219 
 
 OSTHEIM. 
 
 Ostheimer "Weichsel. 
 
 A Morello, fruit below medium, round, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July. 
 
 Prince's Duke. 
 Like carnation, but poor bearer. 
 
 Plumstone Morello. 
 
 Fruit large, roundish, deep red, flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. Last of 
 July. Its very large pit renders it unworthy, as compared with Shannon. 
 
 Pink Heart. 
 A small mazard, of pinkish red, oval, stem short. July. 
 
 Red Bigarreau. 
 
 Large Red Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge, 
 Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. 
 
 Fruit very large, oblong heart shape, irregular, color yellow or red, becoming 
 dark red in sun, flesh yellowish stained with red, firm, sweet. Early July. 
 Poor bearer. 
 
 Remington 
 
 Remington White Heart, Remington Heart. 
 
 Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh dry, bitter, sweet Middle of August. 
 
 Rumsey's Late Morello. 
 
 This variety matures its fruit late, but we have been unable to find qnalities 
 in it worthy of extensive or even moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and 
 the tree a miserable grower. Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, lively red, 
 juicy, acid. August. 
 
 Tobacco Leaved. 
 
 Four to the Pound. 
 Fruit small, round, red, firm dry flesh, large pit. 
 
 Transparent Guigne. 
 
 Transparent Gean, | Transparent. 
 
 Fruit small, oval heart shape, yellowish white shaded with red, flesh trans- 
 lucent, tender, melting sweet, a little bitter. Early July. 
 
 Sweet Montmorency. 
 
 Allen's Sweet Montmorency. 
 
 Fruit medium or small, round, amber and light red, mottled, flesh yellowish, 
 tender, sweet. Middle to last July. 
 
220 THE CHERRY. 
 
 Virginian Wild Cherry. 
 
 This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for fla- 
 voring liquors, but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well 
 known to need description, being the Cerasus Serotina of Torrey and Grey, 
 while the Choke Cherry, as it is commonly known, is the Cerasus Virginiana. 
 
 Virginia May Duke. 
 A variety of mazard. 
 
 White Tartarian. 
 
 Fraser's White Tartarian, | Fraser's White Transparent, 
 Amber a petit fruit. 
 
 Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color, flesh whitish yellow, 
 half tender, sweet. 
 
 White Bigarreau. 
 
 White Ox Heart, Large White Bigarreau, 
 
 Ox Heart. Harrison Heart, 
 
 Turkey Bigarreau. 
 
 Fruit large, heart shaped, yellowish with red in the sun, flesh almost firm, 
 sweet, delicious, poor bearer. Last of June. 
 
 Weeping, or all Saints. 
 
 Ever Flowering Cherry, Cerise Tardive, 
 
 Cerisier Pleurant, Cerise de St. Martin. 
 
 Fruit of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes 
 it very desirable. 
 
 Warren's Transparent. 
 
 Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle 
 July. (Cole.> 
 
 Wilkinson. 
 Fruit medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July. 
 
 Wellington. 
 
 Fruit medium size, obtuse heart shape, black, almost firm fleshed, dry, sweet. 
 Early July. 
 
THE CURRANT 
 
 Kibes rubrum, Lin. Grossularice of Botanists. 
 
 The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The 
 native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro- 
 ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has 
 found its way into every garden, and is the first fruit shrub planted 
 by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits, 
 ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no 
 doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of 
 the Kentish Cherry. 
 
 The Cherry Currant, a variety of comparative new introduction, 
 by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex- 
 pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the 
 Dutch horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from 
 seed, and improving the currant ; and not until the latter period of 
 the life time of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticul- 
 turists give it any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new 
 kinds, varying, however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to 
 be hardly worth retaining as distinct varieties. 
 
 Propagation. — Where intention is to produce new and improved 
 varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce 
 but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed. 
 When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds 
 clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early 
 in following spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and 
 covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in 
 a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and, on approach of 
 winter, have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mould scattered 
 among the plants. 
 
 The continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in 
 similar manner, and at same time as directed under head of Goose- 
 berries. 
 
 Transplanting. — This is best done in October, or early in spring ; 
 but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as 
 the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur. 
 The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each 
 way. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — The currant will grow in almost any soil, 
 producing fruit abundantly, but it is only when grown in rich, deep 
 soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charae- 
 
 (221) 
 
222 THE CURRANT. 
 
 ters. We have grown the Cherry Currant in a poor, gravelly soil, 
 and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same : 
 the first, being only of medium size and indifferent character ; while 
 in the second, they were large, as described, and possessing the 
 sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be 
 free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to 
 give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit 
 will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants 
 so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July 
 to September. 
 
 Culture. — The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard 
 manure every fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and, 
 during the fruit season, the ground should be kept clean of weeds. 
 
 Pruning. — This should be pursued much as is described under 
 head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of 
 them, should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old 
 should be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the 
 root are not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees, 
 it will be necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and 
 as the best and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding 
 year's growth, it is always best to retain as much of that as possible, 
 compatible with form and habit of the plant ; which should present, 
 when fairly grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyram- 
 idal shape, three to five feet high, and about two to three in di- 
 ameter. 
 
 The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa- 
 liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations ; produc- 
 ing freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well 
 supplied with food. 
 
 Insects. — The Currant Borer (JEgeria tipuliformis) is the only de- 
 structive insect which attacks the currant, and this is seldom met 
 with in the West, or in gardens where the three years' old wood is 
 regularly cut away, thereby giving vigor to the remainder of the 
 plant. This insect is produced from a blue black moth, appearing 
 about the middle of June, and depositing its eggs near the lower 
 buds ; these hatch, and the young borer enters the stem to the pith, 
 w T hich it devours. The best remedy is to cut off and bum all 
 branches affected. 
 
 The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to destroy the foliage of the Cur- 
 rant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We have 
 not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the N. Y. 
 State Ag. Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 469, by Asa Fitch, M.D. 
 
 Uses. — Familiar to every one are the uses of the currant ; green 
 it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in winter, by gather- 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 223 
 
 ing when of fall size, or just before they commence turning red ; 
 have thera dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and 
 pack in sand in a cool cellar. 
 
 Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by 
 many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes. 
 Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit, 
 numerous receipes for which are in all the Horticultural journals. 
 The fruit of the black currant made into a jelly is regarded by 
 many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, &c.° 
 
 Varieties. — Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of 
 cultivation. The Ribes rubrum or common red currant, is distinct 
 in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black Currant. The 
 Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul- 
 tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with 
 prefix « large fruited" anymore deserving attention of fruit-growers. 
 The Ribes sanguineum. with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a 
 pretty ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds. 
 The Ribes floridum, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities 
 and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce 
 new varieties. 
 
 CLASS [.— Worthy General Culture. 
 
 Black Naples. 
 
 The largest fruited and most productive of the Black Currant. 
 Hardy in all sections of the States; but in the Southern said not 
 to be productive. 
 
 Gondouin. 
 
 Gondouin Red. 
 
 From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be fur- 
 ther tested, but not largely planted. 
 
 Knight's Sweet Red. 
 
 Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply col- 
 ored and slightly less acid ; resembling more the White Dutch. 
 
224 THE CURRANT. 
 
 Red Dutch. 
 
 Long Bunched Red Dutch, I Large Red Dutch, 
 New Red Dutch, j Red Grape, 
 
 Iilorgan's Red. 
 
 Distinct from the variety usually grown in most old gardens, in 
 the fruit being somewhat larger, clusters longer, and acid less sharp. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 May's Victoria, I Goliath, 
 
 Raby Casth 3 , Houghton Castle. 
 
 Bunches very long, fruit red, somewhat larger than Red Duteh ? 
 and slightly more acid, ripens later and hangs a long time. Plants 
 vigorous, of a spreading habit. Its very large long bunches make 
 it the most desirable of all currants for market culture. 
 
 White Dutch. 
 
 New White Dutch, 
 White Crystal, 
 White Leghorn, 
 
 Reeve's White, 
 Morgan's White, 
 Large White. 
 
 Differing from the Red Dutch in being of a yellowish white, and 
 less acid, therefore preferred for table use. 
 
 White Pearl. 
 
 A new variety we have not seen. Hovey says it is announced as 
 having bunches four inches long, quarter inch in diameter, color of 
 pearl ; raised near Brussels. 
 
 White Grape. 
 
 River's White Grape. 
 
 Slightly larger in fruit than the White Dutch, with branches 
 more spreading. The two are not sufficiently distinct to be desirable 
 
 in small gardens. 
 
 Palnau. 
 
 Fertile Currant of Palnau. 
 
 This was described in the Horticulturist, 1852, as a new variety 
 from Tours, in France, and of great excellence, flowering early, and 
 producing abundance of fruit less acid than others of the reels. It 
 requires yet to be tested in this country. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 225 
 
 CLASS II. — Unworthy farther Culture. 
 
 American Black. 
 Unproductive. 
 
 Black English 
 
 Common Black. 
 
 Bunches short, poor flavor, unproductive. 
 
 Black Grape. 
 
 Ogden's Black Grape. 
 
 Better than the preceding, but not equal to Black Naples. 
 
 Common Red — Common White. 
 Well known old sorts. 
 
 Champagne. 
 Pale red, very acid. 
 
 Cherry. 
 
 Italy ; comparatively new, very acid, poor bearer, and only of medium size, 
 except with very high culture. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Missouri Fragrant, | Jefferson. 
 
 Valuable only as ornamental ; fruit large, bluish black, flavor requiring a 
 peculiar taste to admire it. 
 
 Missouri Large Fruited. 
 
 Missouri Eatable. 
 Similar to the foregoing. 
 
 Knight's Early Red. 
 Claimed to ripen ten days earlier than others, but does not sustain it. 
 
 Knight's Large Red. 
 Hardly to be distinguished from Red Dutch. 
 
 Striped Fruited. 
 
 Valuable only as a curiosity, in the fruit being striped slightly with white 
 and red. 
 
 10* 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 Ribes Grossularia — Grossulaceoe of Botanists. 
 
 The Gooseberry is found wild in m ost of the northern and middle 
 portions of our country, but, with few exceptions, its fruit is prickly 
 and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where 
 the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun- 
 dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free 
 of prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all 
 been introduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed 
 having been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price 
 at which the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost 
 certainty of success of importations made in the autumn. 
 
 The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en- 
 thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed 
 there as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens, 
 has been the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry 
 Shows were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been 
 customary to issue annually a Gooseberry Book, in which all new 
 varieties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts 
 of size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds ; 
 yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and 
 with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds. 
 
 Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections 
 bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed 
 well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western praries 
 suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec- 
 tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew to the destruc- 
 tion of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the atten- 
 tion of some one to make experiments by raising from seed of our 
 best varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of 
 which, it might safely be expected, would be^ plants, vigorous, and 
 comparatively free from disease as our natives. 
 
 Propagation.— Seed should be sown in rich loam, covered half an 
 inch deep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is 
 only advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The 
 most general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be 
 made of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in 
 September, or as soon as the season's growth is completed and the 
 wood ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with 
 
 (226) 
 
TRANSPLANTING. SOIL AND SITUATION. 227 
 
 all buds on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower end cut 
 square and even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpen- 
 dicularly in a soil two- feet deep, composed of loam and sand, and 
 exposed only to the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep, 
 fill up two inches and tread very firm and compact, the remaining 
 four inches fill in loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow Flow- 
 ering, or Missouri Currant, has been practiced and is said to prevent 
 mildew. 
 
 Transplanting. — This is best done in early October, at which time 
 the bushes transplanted (if it has not previously been done) should 
 be pruned back to within three bads of this year's growth. The 
 distance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three 
 feet, each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole 
 ground with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or 
 new mown grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or 
 six years, as young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones 
 
 Soil and Situation. — The soil should be two feet deep, well en- 
 riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy, 
 haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and 
 away from under shade of trees ; but, where it can be done, shaded 
 from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge. 
 
 Culture. — Where mulching is practised, the ground dug up once 
 early in spring, and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and 
 soot from chimneys or stove pipes, will be all required, save the 
 pulling of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course 
 of summer. 
 
 Pruning. — This, in training the Gooseberry like the Dwarf Pear, 
 consists much in the " pinching in " process, i. <?,, by means of thumb 
 and finger stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches 
 as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for suc- 
 cess of balance of plant ; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and 
 pulling most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early Sep- 
 tember, the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such 
 shoots cut out as have been neglected to be stopped in, or rubbed 
 off, and are tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free cir- 
 culation of air. All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators 
 prune in February ; we prefer the fall. The following simple pro- 
 cess of training or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with good 
 success : — In a row, the first bush has the branches of the year's 
 growth cut back one-third ; the second bush has every branch cut 
 back to two, close to the stem : the third, trimmed same as first ; 
 fourth, same as second, and so on alternately. The next year this 
 
228 THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 course is reversed, and No. one takes place of No. two. This sup- 
 plies fresh wood, and some think the increased vigor given to the 
 plant in only fruiting every other year has a tendency to prevent 
 mildew. 
 
 Mildew. — This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, at- 
 taching itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appear- 
 ance of scurf. It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmos- 
 phere and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the 
 plant. The remedies are, mulching the ground three or four inches 
 deep, with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to ke< p 
 the roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt 
 is, by some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in 
 creating moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in spring, and 
 after the fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap suds or such as 
 come from the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive. 
 
 Uses. — In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies, 
 tarts, &c, and is often bottled for winter use. This is done by fill- 
 ing the bottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft 
 water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water, cork- 
 ing and sealing, and burying them in a cool cellar with necks downward. 
 
 Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice, which after, 
 fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re- 
 sembling champagne. 
 
 The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and, coming immediately 
 after cherries when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market. 
 
 Varieties. — As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry 
 are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them va- 
 rying only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf. We 
 have therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well 
 tested in this country. 
 
 Bright Venus. (Taylor's.) 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy, 
 flavor best, hangs a long time. 
 
 Bunker Hill. (Capper's.) 
 
 Branches spreading ; fruit yellow, large, roundish, smooth, flavor 
 very good. 
 
 Champagne. 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit red. small, roundish oblong, hairy, very 
 good ; extremely productive. 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 229 
 
 Crown Bob. (Mailing's.) 
 
 Branches spreading ; fruit red, very large, oblong, hairy, flavor 
 best. 
 
 Early Sulphur. 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy, flavor 
 best ; ripens very early, 
 
 Duckwing. (Buerdsill's.) 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very 
 good ; ripens late. 
 
 Green Walnut. 
 
 Branches spreading ; fruit green, medium size, obovate, smooth, 
 flavor best. 
 
 Green Gage. (Pitmaston's.) 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit green, small, obovate, smooth, flavor best ; 
 hangs late, 
 
 Houghton's Seedling. 
 
 Branches erect, spreading, slender ; fruit pale red, oval, medium 
 size, flavor good, productive. This is claimed an American seedling, 
 and thus far has proved entirely free of mildew. 
 
 Heart of Oak. (Massey's.) 
 
 Branches drooping ; fruit green, very large, oblong, smooth, fla- 
 vor best. 
 
 Ironmonger. 
 
 Branches spreading ; fruit red, small, roundish, hairy, flavor very 
 good, productive. 
 
 Jolly Angler. (Collier's) 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit green, large, oblong, flavor best. 
 
 Keen's Seedling 
 
 Branches drooping ; fruit red, medium, oblong, hairy, flavor best ; 
 early and productive. 
 
 Laurel. (Parkinson's.) 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit green, large, obovate, flavor best. 
 
230 THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 Pale Red. 
 
 Branches erect, slender ; fruit .pale red, medium, oval, flavor very- 
 good, very productive. We received this variety from England, in 
 1847, and have fruited it yearly since. It so closely resembles 
 Houghton's Seedling that we have somewhat doubted the latter being 
 distinct. We have grown it in good and in poor soil, with and with- 
 out cultivation, and have never had it mildew ; while for productive- 
 ness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two 
 hundred fruit. 
 
 Roaring Lion. 
 
 Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, oblong, smooth, flavor best ; 
 hangs late. 
 
 Red Warrington. 
 
 Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, roundish oblong, hairy, flavor 
 best. 
 
 Sheba Queen. (Crompton's.) 
 Branches erect ; fruit white, large, obovate, downy, flavor best. 
 
 Whitesmith. (Woodward's.) 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit white, large, roundish oblong, downy, flavor 
 best. 
 
 , White Honey. 
 
 Branches erect; fruit white, medium, roundish oblong, smooth, 
 flavor best. 
 
THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 
 
 Vitis labrusca, L. — Vitacea of Botanists. 
 
 Throughout nearly every portion of the United States the Grape, 
 in its wild state is found growing. Of these, classes are divided, the 
 vitis labrusca, being our common Fox Grape, and from which we 
 are yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental 
 seedlings ; while the Frost Grapes vitis cordifolia, may perchance 
 have been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &c. Hardy, and 
 almost equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign Grape, 
 they have become the companions of our advanced civilization, until 
 almost every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit 
 thereof. They have made our country already known as a wine- 
 producing country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign va- 
 rieties, and are destined to add millions to our wealth, and temper- 
 ance to the character of our people. Records of immense vines are 
 made, as growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on 
 streams of waters, yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem 
 them all surpassed by a vine of Catawba Grape which we saw last 
 year growing on Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted 
 out but two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in 
 length, with a girth, near the ground, of main stem, five inches, and 
 had produced that year over 200 lbs. of fruit. 
 
 The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abound- 
 ing in lime, while the wash-water, soap-suds, &c, &c, of the house 
 had its escape near the roots. 
 
 We may also remark, that, upon this island, we have seen grapes, 
 more perfectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine- 
 yards of the Ohio ; and wine possessing all the boquet and aroma 
 so much esteemed by connoisseurs. 
 
 Vineyards. — The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of 
 France have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the 
 latter country having been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons an- 
 nually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of ground were required. 
 
 " The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their .his- 
 tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus, 
 however discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it 
 as a beverage until his edict was abolished. The general culture 
 was then encouraged, and increased to such excess, that it became 
 
232 THE GRAPE. 
 
 necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. At one 
 time women were prohibited from using wine in any case whatever, 
 under the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the 
 age of thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among rela- 
 tions of kissing women when they met, was to ascertain by their 
 breath if they had been drinking wine. 
 
 " Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved 
 his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of 
 his vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterces. 
 
 " The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the 
 invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the 
 Latins to Saturn ; and the Greeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of 
 a deity, for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix. 
 
 " It is said by Pliny, that Bacchus was the first who ever wore 
 a crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the 
 vine and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The 
 manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of 
 the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed- 
 ding, changed the water into wine. 
 
 "At several periods of the history of the world, the cultivation of 
 the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century 
 a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions 
 of Europe ; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the moun- 
 tains of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and 
 Italy cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape. 
 Those most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine, 
 are the Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the 
 champagne wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally 
 celebrated as wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highly 
 esteemed for their prolific bearing and regular crops. 
 
 " The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table 
 grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac and 
 other Muscat grapes." Noah planted a vineyard and made wine; 
 and among the bessings of the promised land are mentioned " wheat, 
 barley, and vine." 
 
 Although we have record of wine being made from a native 
 grape in Florida as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken 
 of in the United States until those established at Vevay and New 
 Harmony, Ind., Lexington, Ky., &c, about 1812, the originals of 
 which are are now mostly destroyed. 
 
 Jefferson recorded his opinion, that "no nation is drunken where 
 wine is cheap ; and none sober where the dearness of wine substi- 
 tutes ardent spirits as the common beverage." A wish to sustain 
 and exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of 
 the pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the minds of denizens 
 of the " Rhine of America," i.e., the borders of the Ohio river, 
 
THE GRAPE. 233 
 
 above and below Cincinnati, where now, it is probable, over ten 
 thousand acres are occupied with vines mostly of the Catawba 
 grape, the produce of which is made mostly into, what is there 
 termed, "dry wine," much resembling the better class wines of the 
 Rhine. That the culture of the vine and manufacture of wines within 
 the section named is only now in its infancy, no one will pretend to 
 dispute ; and ten years, we doubt not, will increase ten-fold the pres- 
 ent amount. 
 
 Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyar* 
 in our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating t 
 health. Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, says : " During an extensive prac 
 tice in the medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, . 
 have frequently found it important to employ wine and other diffu- 
 sive stimulants as medicines ; and while I am disposed to go as far 
 as any one in excluding strong drinks from the daily use of people 
 in health, I must express my satisfaction at finding we can produce, 
 in our own country, a pure, healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal 
 purposes, and far superior to the poisonous foreign compounds, that 
 often find their way to the bedsides of the sick, under the names of 
 " Lisbon," " Madeira," &c, &c. 
 
 Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of for- 
 eign vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and 
 at this time only two, the Catawba and Schuylkill, are advised to be 
 planted to any considerable extent. 
 
 Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio River have thus far tak- 
 en the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards, there is 
 no good reason to suppose that the boundary where success may be 
 had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found throughout the 
 entire State of Ohio and West, where, by application of manures 
 suited to the wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal 
 success would be had as on the Ohio River — Seneca County and 
 Kelley Island ripening the Catawba equally as well, if not superior. 
 
 The whole extent of Western Prairies, rich in all the constituents 
 of the Grape vine, (if we except Potash, and, possibly, in sections, the 
 phosphates) are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards, 
 and at no greater outlay of expense, for constituents toward success- 
 ful- culture, than the vineyards of the " Rhine of America," which 
 have thus far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the 
 soil, and have already shown failure, i. e., decay by rot, where food, 
 in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied. 
 
 North of latitude 42,° however, it may be doubted whether saccha- 
 rine sufficient can be obtained from the most valuable wine grapes yet 
 known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther South ; 
 but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly written on, 
 would more than occupy the number of pages intended for this entire 
 book, we must forbear, and only devote our space to such instructions 
 
23i THE GRAPE. 
 
 as will enable the inexperienced to make the first start correctly, pre- 
 mising that once interested and engaged in the subject, disposition 
 will be found, freely to avail himself of all works yet issued devoted 
 to the subject. 
 
 Propagation, By Seed. —This course is only pursued where intend- 
 ed to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of premium 
 are circulated in the journals of the day for the production of a 
 hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertilizing 
 some variety of the vitis vinefera with pollen of vitis lahrusca, or vice 
 versa, will be the course to pursue with any expectation of success ; 
 the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich vegetable 
 mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the size with- 
 out ameliorating their character. 
 
 By Cuttings. — These are taken from the strongest vines of the 
 last year's growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds, ac- 
 cording as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where possi- 
 ble, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred. 
 These being made in the fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away 
 in bundles in a cool cellar until spring ; when, as soon as the ground 
 is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of water for four 
 or five days, or until the buds become fully swollen. They are 
 then planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the 
 form of a half circle, as represented by fig., which shows the cutting 
 
 as it appears in about one month from plant- 
 ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud is 
 covered nearly an inch: in clayey soils, or 
 those retentive of moisture, the upper bud 
 should be just even with the soil. The rows, 
 in nursery, should be three feet apart, -and the 
 plants one foot distant each in the row. This 
 is the best and most successful mode of, growing the grape vine. 
 The earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and 
 left light and loose at top. 
 
 By Grafting. — The best season to perform this operation is when 
 the leaves are about half grown. Earlier, the sap is very abundant, 
 and at same time watery, and grafts do not succeed well. Whip 
 grafting, as it is termed, is best ; or, if stock and graft are near of 
 size, saddle grafting. The graft should have been cut early in the 
 season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been 
 kept in a cool yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it 
 is best done, is at or near the ground, and, after insertion, earth up a 
 small mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun, 
 &c. If the operation be performed farther up on the stalk, wrapping 
 
TRANSPLANTING. 235 
 
 the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must 
 be taken that the inner bark of both graft and stock join each other 
 perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only 
 advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines 
 are almost alway better than the patching up of old, neglected 
 plants, which have never been " cared for " either in branch or root. 
 
 Transplanting and distances. — In taking up the vines at one year's 
 growth from the catting, (which is best,) care should be taken to 
 mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo- 
 sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the 
 past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep ; 
 the hole broad ; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they 
 grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken root with 
 a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only the two buds 
 are visible, then avoid treading on it. The distance apart, if making a 
 vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. That for the Catawba 
 or Isabella should be four by six feet ; the Schuylkill and Herbe- 
 mont, five by seven feet ; the Missouri and Clinton, three and a half 
 by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low, while the 
 former varieties may rise seven to eight feet. 
 
 ■ Cost per acre of Vineyard. — The estimated cost of trenching, fur- 
 nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far 
 from two hundred dollars; and at the expirationofthreeyears.it 
 may be estimated to yield annually about 200 gallons of wine, at a 
 cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, &c, of about 
 seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a 
 year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon) as the net 
 profit, per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be 
 thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity, 
 seasons do occur when even less is the result ; and we therefore 
 stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex- 
 pectation. 
 
 Position and Soil. — R Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital 
 treatise on the " Culture of the Grape," as well as practically trained 
 the vine, has the following on this point : 
 
 "A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east- 
 ern or a western exposure is nearly as good. Some have recom- 
 mended the north, on account of safety from late spring frosts, but 
 it will scarcely afford sun enough to ripen the grapes in cold, wet 
 seasons (if the declivity is steep), and may perhaps be more subject 
 to ' the rot.' Any undulating surface, if dry, is preferable to a 
 level one. 
 
 " The Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loam— 
 
236 THE GRAPE. 
 
 with a porous sub-soil — not retentive of moisture.; if mixed with 
 some gravel or small stones, so much the better. Some prefer a 
 sandy soil with a gravelly substratum ; as in this the grapes are less 
 subject to rot; the juice, however, is not so rich, — lacking in saccha- 
 rine matter, — and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the 
 drought, shedding their leaves prematurely,, and preventing the 
 grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on 
 the vines, if swelled prematurely in autumn, are sometimes killed 
 by the frosts of a severe winter. 
 
 "Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet clay, is to be avoided, as also 
 wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within 
 one hundred feet of the vineyard." 
 
 Preparing the Ground. — " In autumn, or early winter, dig or 
 trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with the 
 spade ; this is far better than plowing ; turn the top soil under. 
 
 " Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul- 
 verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose 
 stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up 
 with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave 
 sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100 
 or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size. 
 This will do for gentle declivities ; but steep ones must be terraced 
 or benched with sod or stone. These benches should be as broad as 
 they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the 
 hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running 
 into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away 
 the soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill. 
 
 Cultivation of the ground. — The first two years the grounds should 
 be kept clean of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two pronged 
 instrument. A light plow is sometimes used in the spring, but the 
 best vine dressers object to it. The third year, and afterwards, the 
 earth should be kept clean until July, after which time it should not 
 be stirred; this especially through the Western prairie country. 
 
 Pruning and Training. — Tact and judgment are necessary to 
 perform this portion of vineyard work, and none but general in- 
 structions can be given. Buchanan says : " In the spring, cut the 
 young vine down to a single eye, or bud, at first ; if two are left for 
 greater safety, take off one, afterward ; drive a stake six or seven 
 feet long firmly to each plant. Locust or cedar is preferred, but 
 oak or black walnut, charred at the end, driven into the earth, or 
 coated with coal tar, will, it is said, last nearly as long. Keep the 
 young vine tied neatly to the stake with rye or wheat straw ; pick 
 off all suckers, and let but one stalk or cane grow. 
 
 " The second spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes, 
 
PRUNING AND TRAINING. 
 
 237 
 
 or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pinching off laterals 
 tying up, and hoeing the vines as recommended above. Replant 
 where failures have occured. The third year the vines will produce 
 a few grapes. Train two canes to the stake this year, and take off 
 laterals." We advise the cutting down or pruning to be done as 
 soon as the fall of the leaf in autumn, but any time when the frost 
 is not in the wood will answer. " Pruning the fourth year requires 
 good judgment, as the standard stem or stalk has to be established." 
 " Select the best shoot or cane of last year, and cut it down to six 
 or eight joints, and fasten it to the adjoining stake in a horizontal 
 position, or bend it over in the form of a hook or bow, and tie it to 
 its own stake. The ties should be of willow. This is the bearing 
 wood. The other cane, cut down to a spur of two or three eyes, to 
 make bearing wood for the next season. 
 
 " ' Give the shoot the first tie on the stake nine inches from the 
 ground, and the second, nine inches above it ; then bow it over to 
 the neighboring stake in a horizontal position, and give it the third 
 tie to the stake, at that top of the vine.' 
 
 "In the succeeding, and all subsequent years, cut away the old bear- 
 ing wood, and form the new bow, or arch, from the best branch of 
 the new wood of the last year, leaving a spur as before, to produce 
 bearing wood for the coming year, thus keeping the old stalk of the 
 vine down to within eighteen to twenty-four inches from the ground. 
 The vine is then always within reach, and control." 
 
 .Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Fig. 1. 
 
 To show fall and summer pruning, the above figures are inserted. 
 
 Fig. 1. The vine second year before pruning. 
 Fig. 2. « " third « " li 
 
 Fig. 3. . " " fourth << pruned. 
 Fig. 4. " " fourth " summer training. 
 
238 THE GRAPE. 
 
 Summer pruning, or pinching in, should be cautiously and care- 
 fully done. Every leaf acts as a lung to the plant, and, unless one 
 has experience, the safest plan is to avoid any summer pruning ex- 
 cept just pinching the extreme ends of shoots after the fruit has 
 acquired the size of large shot, and taking away of all suckers. Dr. 
 S. Mosher writes as follows upon this part of pruning : 
 
 " Soon after the grapes are set and about the size of common shot, 
 my rule is to pinch off the ends of the bearing branches — leaving 
 four good leaves for the first bunch of grapes, and two additional 
 leaves for every other bunch on the same branch — so that if there 
 are three bunches there will be eight leaves to supply their wants. 
 I have tried leaving these bearing branches to grow their full length 
 without pinching them off, but I rind they encumber the ground too 
 much, without any perceptible improvement of the fruit. After 
 these bearing shoots have been pinched off, especially if done too 
 early, the buds in the axils of their leaves will push out. These I 
 pinch off also when quite young, sometimes permitting one or two 
 leaves to remain on them. The leaves on these laterals do not seem 
 to subserve the wants of the fruit, like the original leaves on the 
 bearing wood, which should be carefully preserved. At the fifth 
 spring pruning, the vines will have the two good canes, as in the pre- 
 vious spring, with the addition of the old hoop or circle that bore 
 fruit. This I cut off as close down as possible to the uppermost 
 cane, and the other two canes are managed exactly in the same 
 manner as in the preceding year. I never allow the old stock to 
 rise more than six to ten inches above the ground ; the lower they are 
 kept the more healthy they will remain and be much more easily 
 managed. Pruning the vine for wine requires a bold hand and 
 much firmness of purpose, otherwise the old stock will get too high 
 and become encumbered with too many shoots. It must be borne 
 constantly in mind that one single bearing shoot or cane, having 
 from six to ten eyes, will throw out as many bearing branches. 
 From these ten bearing branches it will be easy to select from ten 
 to fifteen bunches. These bunches, in any ordinary favorable season, 
 may be made to yield one quart of good grapes, which will make, 
 at least, a pint of wine. One acre of ground planted three feet by 
 five will contain 2904 vines. If each vine, then, yields one pint of 
 wine only, there will be 2904 pints, or 363 gallons, from each acre. 
 This is more than the average yield per acre — and for the reason 
 only that we are too greedy ; by overloading the vines, we fail 
 to obtain a reasonable quantity, as well as a good quality of 
 wine." 
 
 Dr. Lindley, good authority in England, has the following, rela- 
 
ITS CULTIVATION. 
 
 239 
 
 tive to autumn stopping or pruning, which is equally applicable here : 
 "When, however, the branches have grown for many weeks, and 
 are in the autumn begining to slacken in their power of lengthening, 
 theory says it is then right to stop the shoots by pinching off their 
 ends, because after that season newly formed leaves have little time 
 to do more than organize themselves, which must take place at the 
 expense of matter forming in the other leaves. Autumn-stopping 
 of the vine shoots is therefore advantageous ; for the leaves which 
 remain after that operation will then direct all their energy to the 
 perfection of the grapes." 
 
 Trellises made by setting posts well braced at either end of the 
 row, and running coarse wire through standards intermediate from 
 post to post, we have seen much practiced elsewhere than at Cincin- 
 nati, and with great success. The vines are trained horizontally as 
 represented in the accompanying figure. 
 
 And when heat and full exposure to the sun's rays are desired, 
 we think it preferable to the mode previously described. 
 
 For private gardens where ground is scarce, the vine should be 
 well supplied at its roots with liquids hereafter named, and permitted 
 to run or ramble upon lofty trellises. Spur pruning, which consists 
 in training the old or main stem, and yearly cutting back the late- 
 rals to two or three good buds, must here be pursued ; care should 
 be taken, however, not to cut back and preserve the same side 
 branches or spurs from year to year, lest by so doing they soon be- 
 come enfeebled, and the fruit ripens imperfectly ; but new side shoots 
 should be yearly selected of the strongest growth and cut back to 
 the two or three bearing buds, while that of last year's bearing is cut 
 away. 
 
 Manures. — The analysis made by Prof. Emmons, of the common 
 wild grape vine is as follows 
 
240 THE GRAPE. 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Bark. 
 
 Potash, 20.84 
 
 1.77 
 
 Soda, 2.06 
 
 9.27 
 
 Chlorine, _ 0.02 
 
 0.40 
 
 Sulphuric acid, . 0.23 
 
 trace 
 
 Phosphate of lime, .... 15.40 
 
 5.04 
 
 Phosphate of peroxide of iron, . . . 1.20 
 
 5.04 
 
 Carbonic acid, . . . . . 34.83 
 
 32.22 
 
 Lime, ....... 17.33 
 
 39.32 
 
 Magnesia, 4.40 
 
 0.80 
 
 Silex, 2.80 
 
 14.00 
 
 Soluable silica, 0.00 
 
 0.30 
 
 Coal and organic matter, . . . .2.20 
 
 1.70 
 
 100.21 
 
 100.86 
 
 From this any one moderately conversant with the components of 
 soils can readily see what is required for his vines. Burying the 
 refuse cuttings and leaves, sprinkling on gypsum, (plaster of Paris,) 
 and supplying freely the soap-suds, and wash-water of a family, 
 with animal (or barn-yard) manures, and wood ashes, are most 
 advisable, aside from the specific application of potash and bone dust. 
 
 Insects and diseases. — -The aphis and slug, described fully in " Har- 
 ris' Treatise," appear in the months of May" and June. They are 
 easily destroyed by syringing with tobacco-water. The grape vine 
 flea-beetle, (Haltica Chalybea) a small, glossy, greenish-blue beetle 
 about three-twentieths of an inch long, sometimes preys upon the 
 buds, causing them to appear as if bored. This insect was first (we 
 believe) described by David Thomas, in Silliman's Journal of Sci- 
 ence, and is also noticed in Harris' Treatise. The eggs are depos 
 ited early and soon change to a greenish, smooth worm, which pre} r s 
 upon the tender leaf and young bunches. It is destroyed in this 
 state by syringing with tobacco-water or sifting lime over the vines 
 when wet with dew. The rose -bug iinelolontha) occasionally attacks 
 the vines in great numbers, eating off the upper surface of the leaf 
 and causing the vinous fibres left to look like a sieve. They are 
 best destroyed by spreading a cloth underneath and shaking the 
 vines in the cool of evening or near sun-set. They will fall and may 
 then be burned. A few dollars expended in this way, we have 
 known to have saved the entire crop for the year, as well as prevent 
 their presence to any extent another season. The curculio some- 
 times attacks the grape, but thus far we have never heard of any 
 serious injury to the crop. 
 
 Mildew is rarely met with, when specific nutrition has been ap- 
 plied. It is easily checked by free sprinkling of powdered sulphur 
 over the vines and earth when wet with dew. It is a fungus attack- 
 
USES — WINE-HOUSE. 
 
 241 
 
 ing the plant when not in perfect health. The rot, so mueh depreca- 
 ted by Vignerons, at Cincinnati, we regard as attributable to same 
 cause as mildew, viz : a want of consistent food for the perfection of 
 the fruit Some, we notice, consider it attributable to too late and 
 clean cultivation ; and as late cultivation only tends to late growth, and 
 formation of new eaves to exhaustion of what is required for per- 
 fection of those already formed, the theory is good, so far as it 
 goes ; and possibly in soils greatly deficient in the constituents to 
 perfect the grape, it may in a measure be the cause ; but in soils 
 well supplied with the required food, late cultivation would only 
 cause the bursting of new buds and continuance of growth. 
 
 ^^.—Universally esteemed when well ripened, as a dessert fruit, 
 tTJZ P t ^ al ^ hl g% valued by many physicians, as in its free use 
 tending to health and the prevention of rheumatic affections of the 
 human system. For culinary use, and for making of preserves, they 
 aie sought for, both in a green and ripened state. Carefully gath- 
 ered when ripe, laid in heaps for a few days on the floor of a cool 
 
 fZ r,° m ' th Z T ead out for one OT two days, and packed in shal- 
 low boxes with layers of cotton batting at bottom and interme- 
 diate between layers of fruit, as well as between bunches, they may 
 
 winter d r m ?™° 1 ™ om and ke P* fr esh throughout most of the 
 winter Last, though not least, made into wine, a sketch of the de- 
 
 wess Jp'f ' "?f CU t ^ trative of P lan <> f * wine house and 
 p*ess, we extract from the "Western Horticultural Eeview :" 
 
 B. — Back door of wine house. 
 €, — Front door of wine house. 
 11 
 
242 
 
 THE GRAPE. 
 
 D. — Opening through which the stems are thrown from the ma- 
 chine. 
 
 E. — Tables for picking over and assorting the fruit previous to 
 being stemmed. 
 
 F. — Stemming and crushing apparatus. 
 
 G. — Large press, capacity of one hundred bushels. 
 
 H. — Small press, capacity of forty bushels. 
 
 L. — Door opening into the basement. 
 
 Signs of Mipcness of Grapes. — The stem of the grape should he 
 of a brown color. The cuticle of the berry must be clear and 
 transparent. The berries should separate easily from the stems. 
 The seed must be of brown color. The juice must be sweet and 
 sticky. 
 
 Do not cut the grapes early in the morning with the dew on, nor 
 during rainy weather, nor shortly after rain. 
 
 Gathering. — The grapes, when fully ripe, are gathered in baskets 
 containing about one bushel, as well as in a sort of " pannier " of 
 wood, made very light and strong, and which is supported by straps^ 
 or thongs of willow, on the back of the gatherer. 
 
 Picking. — This consists in removing by hand, all green, shriveled 
 or decayed grapes, which are thrown into tubs or barrels and 
 pressed separately, to make a common wine or vinegar. The finest 
 grapes are carried thence to the stemming apparatus where they un- 
 dergo another operation. 
 
 Stemming. — Consists in separating the berries from the stem ; it 
 is done in F. (of the ground plan) by means of the apparatus of 
 which a cut is appended. 
 
 The grapes are thrown on 
 the wire sieve M., which is 
 open enough to allow the 
 berries to pass, but retains 
 the stems ; a little plank P., 
 is held in an inclined position, 
 to which a backward and for- 
 ward movement is given, 
 so as to force the berries 
 through the sieve, and re- 
 move out of the way all the 
 stems as they are stript. 
 
 Mashing. — After passing 
 through the stemming pro- 
 cess, the grapes fall, into a 
 wooden mill, consisting of two rollers ridged obliquely, to one oi 
 
VARIETIES. 
 
 243 
 
 BURRIDGECUaj- 
 
 which is attached a set of screws, by which their distance from each 
 other may be graduated to the proper degree ; it being desirable 
 that every grape should be crushed, but that the seed should not be 
 broken. 
 
 The rollers are turned by hand ; the foregoing cut exhibits in E 
 K. a section of these rollers, and that which follows shows two men' 
 one stemming, the other mashing the grapes. From the rollers the 
 grape (being entirely separa- 
 ted from the stem, and thor- 
 oughly mashed) passes into 
 the press, when the first oper- 
 ation of separating the juice-is 
 performed. The wine passes 
 from the bed of the press by 
 means of a conductor, into the 
 basement, from whence it is 
 conveyed into casks containing 
 260 gallons each; these, though 
 by no means so large a size as 
 used by some wine manufactur- 
 ers, are of very convenient ca- 
 pacity for ordinary crops. The 
 first fermentation takes place 
 immediately, and at the end of six or eight weeks the wine becomes 
 perfectly clear, or, what is technically termed, " fine ;" a second fer- 
 mentation takes place in the spring, about the period of the bloom- 
 ing of the grape. The wine should not be bottled until it is at least 
 one year old, though it is frequently bottled for immediate use, just 
 previous to the second fermentation ; this may be done with safety, 
 if the bottles can be kept in a very cool place. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Over one hundred varieties of our native Grapes have been noticed 
 by Prince, in his " Treatise on Grapes ;" but as few are worthy cul- 
 tivation, therefore of no practical benefit, we have confined our de- 
 scriptions to those most known and meritorious. 
 
 Ada. 
 For the following account and description of this new grape, we are in- 
 debted to the originator, Dr. Valk, of Flushing, L. I., who produced it 
 in 1845, from a cross of the Isabella and B. Hamburgh : " First fruit- 
 ed in 1850. The vine is of strong and vigorous growth, frequently mak- 
 ing shoots of 12 and 18 feet in a season. The shoots become partially 
 brown as the wood ripens, and wholly so when it is quite ripe. The 
 joints are about six inches from eye to eye, and the leaf large and 
 
244 THE GEAPE. 
 
 handsome. The vine fruits freely. The bunches are usually large, 
 very compact, the berries crowding against each other. On some 
 bunches they will occasionally hang loose. In color, they are very 
 dark ; when ripe, almost black, and of large size ; the flavor, sweet 
 and vinous, very juicy ; the skin, thin and slightly acid and astringent. 
 The bunches will average a pound weight at maturity. The vine 
 requires and deserves careful cultivation in a rich and proper soil, to 
 do it justice ; it is perfectly hardy. A southern aspect suits it best, 
 and a net tacked over it in winter, not to protect it from the frost, but 
 from the sun." 
 
 Bland. 
 
 Bland's Virginia, | Powell, 
 
 Bland's Madeira, | Bland's Pale Red. 
 
 Found on the eastern shore of Virginia by Col. Bland. It is not of 
 value north of Philadelphia, on account of not often ripening, and is 
 by many discarded from its habit of only bearing moderately. In 
 1820, it was well grown and ripened in New Haven, Conn., on sandy 
 soil -; and in 1828, sent to Northern Ohio by Geo. Hoadley, Esq. 
 As a table grape, in latitude where it will ripen, it is of the best. 
 
 Foliage, a light shade of green, smooth ; propagated by layers ; 
 bunches, long, loose ; berries, round, on long stalks or pedicels ; skin, 
 pale red, thin ; flesh, slightly pulpy, slightly astringent, but of pleas- 
 ant, delicate flavor. Late in ripening, and valuable for packing 
 away for winter use. 
 
 Catawba. 
 
 Red Muncy, ! Catawba Tokay, 
 
 Lebanon Seedling, | Singleton, 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Through Dr. S. Mosher, of Cincinnati, Dr. Solomon Beach is said 
 to have found this variety, in the summer of 1821, growing wild in 
 Buncombe Co., North Carolina, on the border of the Catawba river. 
 We have found this to ripen equally as well, and as far north as the 
 Isabella, when correctly pruned and grown in dry or well drained 
 soil. It is esteemed both for dessert and wine use. In growth and 
 foliage, it resembles Isabella, except that the wood is darker color, 
 shorter jointed, and more round, and, at base of every leaf, there is 
 a white downy spot. n 
 
 Bunches, medium size, shouldered ; berries, nearly round, large, 
 pale red, becoming deeper when fully ripened in good soil, and cov- 
 ered with a lilac bloom ; flesh, slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a 
 rich aromatic, musky flavor. 
 
 Too often gathered when only just turned in color, and then sour 
 and unpalatable ; hence the impression of many that they are not 
 equal to Isabella. 
 
THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 245 
 
 Pond's Seedling, To-Kalon, Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane, 
 are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equalling it. The " Mam- 
 moth Catawba " is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses 
 the original only in size. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Worthington. 
 
 This variety is claimed to have its origin in Western New York, 
 but we have seen vines taken from the woods in Northern Ohio that 
 so closely resemble, in both leaf, wood, and fruit, that grown under 
 this name, as to make us doubt its coming from the origin stated. 
 
 It is not a strong grower, although perfectly hardy, and suited to 
 border planting three feet apart, and stake training not exceeding 
 four feet high, in gardens. Its greatest recommendation is that it 
 ripens some ten days or two weeks earlier than Isabella, and, there- 
 fore, suited to higher or more northern latitudes. 
 
 Foliage, small ; wood, short jointed ; bunches, medium or small, 
 not shouldered, compact ; berries, nearly round, small, black, thin 
 blue bloom, pulpy, juicy, with a harsh flavor ; productive. 
 
 Diana. 
 
 "This," says Mr. Downing, " is a seedling from the Catawba, 
 grown by Mrs. Diana Crehore, near Boston, Mass." It is smaller 
 size than its parent, but has the character of maturing its fruit two 
 weeks earlier. It is yet comparatively new, and, although stated to 
 have surpassed its parent, when grown at Mobile; at Cincinnati it 
 has not equaled the Catawba. 
 
 Bunches, below medium size, compact ; berries, round, delicate 
 pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet, little pulp, rich, and slightly resem- 
 bling Catawba in flavor. 
 
 Elsinburgh. 
 
 Elsinboro, | Elsinborough , 
 
 Smart's Elingburgh. 
 
 The spelling of this name is matter of some difference in opinion 
 among horticulturists, but the manner we adopt, being that of all 
 previous writers, we choose to continue it. The variety is said to 
 have come from a village in Salem Co., N. J. It is a nice little 
 grape, suited for the dessert, and for growing on trellises in gardens. 
 A moderate, regular bearer, ripening a little before or with Isabella. 
 
 Wood, slender, long jointed ; leaves, five lobed ; bunches, medium, 
 loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, thin skin, black, covered 
 with blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, melting, sweet ; " best." 
 
246 THE GRAPE. 
 
 Herbemont. 
 
 Herbemont's Madeira 
 
 The origin of this is yet in doubt; some claiming it same as Le- 
 noir, and a native ; others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy 
 character and resemblance in foliage to the River grapes, however, 
 seem rather to favor its being a seedling of our States. In fruit, it 
 does not differ from the Lenoir, but in wood, N. Longworth says, it 
 is quite distinct. 
 
 Only moderately vigorous ; wood, dark color ; terminal leaves, 
 red or brownish ; bunches, larg.e, compact, shouldered ; berries, small, 
 round ; skin, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp, 
 sweet, excellent, juicy, vinous, valued for dessert, and yields a wine 
 like Spanish Manzanella. 
 
 Isabella. 
 
 This variety has, thus far, been stated to have originated in South 
 Carolina, to have been taken thence to a garden in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 and there given to William Prince, who propagated, distributed, and 
 named it after Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, who then, 1816, owned the gar- 
 den. On the authority of Lewis F. Allen, it was grown several 
 years previous at Norwich, Connecticut, as the " Vernet Grape," and 
 claimed to have been brought from one of the French West India 
 Islands. Other authority places it as a common variety of Spain, 
 and imported by a Mr. Laspeyre, who cultivated and sold it as 
 " Laspeyre Grape " in 1810. Geo. Hoadley, Esq., states that in 1824 
 it was growing in Elizabethtown, N. J., where it was said to have 
 been brought 30 years previous, from South Carolina or Georgia. 
 
 We incline to belief of its being a native ; its hardihood, habit, 
 and character, all tending that way ; but, come froin whence it may, 
 its vigorous habit and productiveness will ever render it a favorite. 
 
 As a wine grape, it is not esteemed. Bunches, large, rather loose, 
 shouldered ; berries, oval, large, dark purple, when fully ripe nearly 
 black, covered with a blue bloom ; fiesh, tender, with some pulp, 
 which lessens as it ripens, juicy, sweet, rich, with slight musky aro- 
 ma. 
 
 Hyde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Marion, Sherman, Chil- 
 licothe Seedling, and Lee's, are all sub-varieties ; not equal to the 
 original. 
 
 Lenoir. 
 
 Sumpter ? | Clarence ? 
 
 Thffe differs from the Herbemont only in being of " more vigorous 
 growth, wood, light colored, with a light blue cast ; terminal leaves, 
 green." So says N, Longworth. All we have ever been able to 
 obtain have the character of Herbemont. 
 
THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 247 
 
 Imitation Hamburg. 
 
 A native variety we have not seen. Its fruit is said to be " large, 
 dark purple, or as large, skin, as thin, pulp, as soft and juicy, but 
 of inferior aroma and flavor to the Black Hamburg." Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Missouri Seedling. 
 
 Said to be a native of Missouri : it is of slow growth, short jointed, 
 and, like the Clinton, suited to border culture in gardens. From it 
 a wine is made resembling Madeira. 
 
 Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed ; bunches, below medium, loose ; ber- 
 ries, small, round ; skin, thin, almost black, very little bloom ; flesh, 
 tender, little pulp, sweet, and pleasant ; " very good." 
 
 Norton's Virginia. 
 
 Norton's Seedling. 
 
 A native, unworthy culture. Bunches, long, little shouldered, 
 compact ; berries, small round, dark purple, pulpy, harsh. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Longworth's Ohio, | Segar Box. 
 
 The original of the vines now known under this name were some 
 cuttings left in a segar box at the residence of N. Longworth, Esq, 
 Cincinnati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in 
 doubt. North of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wherever plant- 
 ed should have long range on a trellis. Only valued for table use. 
 
 Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly 
 black, blue bloom : flesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the 
 amateur. 
 
 Schuylkill. 
 
 Sehuyllrill Muscadel, ] Muscadine, 
 
 Alexander, Cape Grape, 
 
 Spring Mill Constantia. Clifton's Constantia, 
 
 Madeira, of York, Pa.', | Tas Iter's Grape, 
 Winne. 
 
 From the banks of the Schuylkill, Pa. Its value is only as wine 
 grape, and for that, not equal to Catawba. We have found it exten- 
 sively distributed North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves 
 are much more downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the 
 bunches being not shouldered, while the Isabella is always shouldered. 
 
 Berries, often large, roundish, oval, thick skin, quite black ; flesh, 
 firm pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh. 
 
248 THE GRAPE. 
 
 ScUPPERNONG. 
 
 Fox Grape, of the South, American Muscadine, of the South, 
 
 Bull or Bullet, " | Roanoke, " 
 
 A distinct southern species, vitis vulpina, too tender for the north, 
 highly esteemed throughout the entire southern States, where it is 
 much grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from 
 Virginia to Florida. 
 
 Species, dioecious ; leaves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glos- 
 sy on both sides ; young shoots slender, old wood smooth. The 
 White and Black varieties differ only in the color of fruit, the White 
 being light green, and the Black, dark red. with tendrils of vine cor- 
 responding with color of fruit. 
 
 Bunches, small, loose ; berries, round, large ; skin, thick ; flesh, 
 pulpy, juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent. 
 
 Minor's Seedling, Shurtleff's Seedling, and some others are culti- 
 vated in localities, but their good qualities seem destined to remain 
 in circumscribed limits, not having yet been seen, when cultivated 
 away from their first friends 
 
 From the ad-interim reports of the Pennsylvania Hort. Society we 
 copy the following accounts of two new seedlings : 
 
 From William Canby, Wilmington, Delaware : — A Seedling 
 Grape. Bunch, four and a half inches long, by two and three-quar- 
 ters broad, so compact as frequently to destroy the rotundity of the 
 berry; berry, from seven-sixteenths to nine-sixteenths of an inch in 
 diameter ; roundish, inclining to oval ; shin, of a violet color, thickly 
 covered with bloom, and semi-diaphanous ; seed, small, dark cinna- 
 mon ; flesh, tender, very juicy, not pulpy ; flavor, sweet and pleasant ; 
 quality " best " for a grape that will grow in open culture. Leaf, 
 trilobed, but not deeply, interruptedly serrulate, auriculate. 
 
 From Gerhard Schmitz : — A Seedling Grape. Large; oval ; pur- 
 ple ; bunches, loose, large ; resembles the Isabella in appearance and 
 flavor; quite equal to it in quality, and perhaps a little earlier. 
 
THE FOREIGN GEAPE, 
 
 . Vitis vinifera, L, Vitacea of Botanists. 
 
 From the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been 
 held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for the 
 making of wine, and itself held as symbolic of happiness and plenty. 
 " The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fertility of the 
 vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its introduction and en- 
 tire history up to this date would occupy more room than the limits of 
 our present work will admit : we shall therefore content ourself by 
 saying that the original type of the vitis vinifera came from Persia ; 
 that it was probably cultivated in Britain not many years after the 
 commencement of the Christian era; that the varieties native of 
 Britain and America, are quite distinct : that those native of Britain 
 are not edible, while those of our own land embrace a number of 
 edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties, so far as tried 
 north of 34° of latitude, has not been satisfactory, few or no varie- 
 ties withstanding the extremes of our clim^e, without protection. 
 Between 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported large numbers of 
 foreign grapes into New Jersej^, with a view to wine. The experi- 
 ment failed, as have those of Longworth, and others since. 
 
 Of the longevity of the vine, records are made giving it existence 
 from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and 
 stems six feet around, or sufficient to afford the cutting out of planks 
 fifteen inches broad. 
 
 Propagation. — The same practices as noted under head of American 
 Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in prop • 
 agating esteemed varieties of the foreign 
 grape is by eyes, as represented in adjoining 
 figure. This is done by selecting a strong 
 bud and cutting it off from the remainder of 
 the branch, at about two inches above and 
 below, and planting it in a pot covered 
 about half an inch deep with light loamy 
 soil, then plunging the pot in a hotbed. By 
 this means every bud on a shoot can be 
 formed into a plant. 
 
 Outdoor Culture. - 
 
 -In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities, 
 
 (249) 
 
250 THE GRAPE. 
 
 &c.j such varieties as the Black Prince, Trammer andRoyal Muscadine, 
 may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in the 
 month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other 
 mulch, and raising them again to their position in April. Free sup- 
 ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten 
 their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.* 
 
 Cold Houses. — By this term is meant an enclosed structure of 
 wood or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These struc- 
 tures as made at the east, and by a few wealthy men at the west, and 
 represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen- 
 sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the 
 west. But expensive structures are not necessary ; many a man at 
 the west has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve 
 as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four inch scant- 
 ling against the building, nailing boards to it and filling in between 
 with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back ; now, four 
 inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of say 
 fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in 
 same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces 
 six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging 
 shutters. Now the back wall being ten feet high, the ends are to be 
 made in same way as the front, giving, of course, the slope from 
 back to front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and 
 at the highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for 
 swinging shutters of say two feet square ; these opened will give ven- 
 tilation, in connection with those in the front wall. This done, a 
 joiner will be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around, 
 and fit in rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of 
 width of house ; styles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars 
 one inch wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper 
 style or head piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ; 
 the rafters should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty-two 
 inches wide, or sufficient for five lights wide of six inch glass. When 
 the location of such house is not in a very cold climate, or where the 
 thermometer rarely falls below zero, cotton cloth dipped in boiled 
 oil and varnished will answer a very good purpose • but, perhaps in 
 the end not be as cheap, as its durability will only be about two 
 years. Those who wish for more expensive houses, we advise to pur 
 
 * Geo .Hoadley, Esq., says, that in 1820 to 1830 there was growing in the garden 
 where he then resided, in New Haven, Conn., many white grapes, received from 
 David Deforest, as White Sweet-Water, which never mildewed. This garden 
 was sixty or seventy rods from the harbor, (or salt water.) The prevalent 
 winds were from the harbor, in summer, and in storms the shrubbery not unfre- 
 q'lently covered with spray. 
 
VINE BORDERS,— -PLANTING AND TRAINING. 251 
 
 chase "Allen's Treatise on the Grape," or if possible, visit the grape 
 house of Wra. Resor, Esq., of Cincinnati. 
 
 Vine Borders. — Upon the formation of vine borders for cold, as 
 well as forcing houses, more has been written and published than one 
 person could read at rate of ten hours a day, in one entire month. 
 Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while others 
 prefer inside. Our advice is, let the border embrace a width three 
 feet inside the front w r all and six feet outside, making a border nine 
 feet wide ; if sandy ground, no care will be required to form a 
 drainage. ; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth three 
 feet deep, form a drain in center at bottom, leading away from the 
 house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or woods, 
 and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quantities, or 
 perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one tenth in quantity 
 each of gypsum, (plaster of Paris, ) and ground bones, and one sixth 
 of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the border. 
 Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's shop, street 
 scrapings, leather paring, old rags, bones, etc., are all used and all 
 good, but the above named materials, with liberal watering with 
 soap-suds and occasional sprinkling of sulphur (which will be necessary 
 at times to check mildew) will for a time give good growth of vine 
 and fruit. 
 
 Planting and Training. — The vines, being obtained from a nur- 
 sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well 
 wet, and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or 
 bottom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ; 
 now plant just outside the front wall, and so that you can run the 
 stem immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each 
 plant stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow 
 train to a wire fastened at top each of front and back wall so as to 
 be six inches below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best .for 
 cold houses, and is plainly described as follows : " In pruning in the 
 fall, after the first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on 
 each side of the cane, leaving those wanted for breaking next season 
 about fifteen inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spurs, 
 the side shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as 
 the lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each 
 bud puts forth a shoot; the most promising one nearest the top, and 
 the one at the base, is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed 
 out. The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom 
 one is pinched out. The fruit bearing spur is stopped three or four 
 joints above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also 
 stopped, when it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now 
 trained as shown in the following figure. 
 
252 THE GRAPE. 
 
 11 A. is the bearing shoot, and B. the one not to be fruited 
 till next year ; at next pruning, (or what is still better, 
 two or three weeks previous,) A. is cut clean out to the 
 base of B., and, when the leaves fall, B. is cut back to 
 three eyes as A. was last season, and so on from year to 
 year." Every fall at approach of cold weather take down 
 the vines, lay them on the border inside and cover with 
 tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside same 
 depth with barn-yard manure. 
 
 Routine of Culture. — The following brief instructions, from A. J. 
 Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold house : " In a vinery 
 without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com- 
 mence swelling their buds in the spring, they should be carefully 
 washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the 
 wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four 
 times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when 
 the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning. And 
 every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water. 
 During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit 
 is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus- 
 pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm, 
 than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of 
 the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour 
 of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem- 
 perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes 
 a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing 
 them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of 
 temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist 
 and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent 
 with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great 
 object of culture in a vinery of this kind. 
 
 Insects. — The aphis or " vine-fretter," is destroyed by fumigating, 
 ?. e., burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely af- 
 terward. If red spiders are troublesome, syringe the vines at even- 
 ing, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Eeeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and 
 confuse the practical man, and our own experience with foreign grapes 
 not having been sufficient to enable us fully to decide on which to 
 recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted worthy 
 of general cultivation by the Americai Pomological Society. 
 
THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 253 
 
 Black Hamburgh. 
 
 Warner's Black Hamburgh, 
 Red Hamburgh, 
 Dutch Hamburgh, 
 Hampton Court Vine, 
 Valentine's, 
 
 Purple Hamburgh, 
 Brown Hamburgh, 
 Salisbury Violet, 
 Gibraltar, 
 Frankendale. 
 
 This variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In 
 sheltered locations, out of doors, in cities south as far as Cincinnati, 
 it does well with protection in winter. A good bearer.* Bunches, 
 large, shouldered on both sides ; berries, very large, roundish inclin- 
 ing to oval, brownish purple, becoming purplish black w 7 hen fully 
 ripe ; of sugary rich flavor. 
 
 Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar, fruit larger, bloom 
 very thick, flesh firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Ham- 
 burgh. 
 
 Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value, bunches not as 
 large, berries, black, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a syn- 
 onym of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly improv- 
 ed sub-variety. 
 
 Black Prince. 
 
 Alicant, 
 
 Black Valentia 
 
 Boston. 
 
 Pocock's Damascus, 
 
 Steward's Black Prince, 
 
 Black Spanish, 
 
 Black Portugal, 
 
 Sir A. Pytche's Black, 
 
 Cambridge Botanic Garden, 
 
 Black Lisbon. 
 
 This often succeeds well, with winter protection out doors, while 
 in the house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully 
 ripe. A profuse bearer. Bunches, long, often shouldered ; berries, 
 large, thinly set, oval ; skin, rather thick, black, covered with blue 
 bloom ; flavor sweet, excellent ; " very good." 
 
 Black St. Peter's differs from this in having a thin skin. 
 
 Black Frontignan. 
 
 Muscat Noir, 
 
 Muscat Noir Ordinaire, 
 
 Black Frontignac , 
 
 Bourdalos des Hautes Pyrenee's 
 
 Sir Wm. Rowley's Black, 
 Purple Frontignan, 
 Purple Constantia, 
 Muscat Moir de Jura. 
 
 This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A 
 good bearer. Bunches, long ; berries, medium size, round, black ; 
 skin, thin ; flavor, musky rich. 
 
 Black Cluster. 
 
 Black Morillon, 
 True Burgundy, 
 Small Black Cluster, 
 
 Early Black, 
 
 Pineau, 
 
 Black Burgundy. 
 
 Black Orleans. 
 
 This variety is hardy and succeeds outdoors. It is valued in 
 
 * A vine of this variety at Hampton Court Palace, planted in 1769, is 
 stated to produce annually over one ton weight of fruit. 
 
254 THE GRAPE. 
 
 France for wine, but will never take high rank in this country. It 
 has been pretty extensively disseminated throughout the west, which 
 is our main reason for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but 
 those given are all which we have ever heard applied to it in this 
 country. Bunches, small, compact ; berries, medium size, roundish 
 oval, black, juicy, sweet ; " good ;" distinguished from Miller's Bur- 
 gundy, by absence of down on the leaf. 
 
 Early Black July. 
 
 July Grape, Madeleine, 
 
 Madeleine Noir, | Raisin Preooce, 
 
 Morillon Hatif, De St. Jean, 
 
 Burgunder, August Traube, 
 
 Jacob's Straube. 
 
 The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier, 
 is its chief merit. Foliage, small, light green ; bunches, small, com- 
 pact ; berries, small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and 
 of indifferent flavor ; " good." 
 
 Grizzly Frontignan. 
 
 Grizzly Frontignac, Red Constantia, 
 
 Muscat Rouge, Muscat Gris, 
 
 &c, &c, in all thirteen Synonyms. 
 
 Adapted only to the house, where it ripens early, and being of 
 " best" quality is highly esteemed. Bunches, rather long, narrrow, 
 slight shoulders; berries, round, medium size, grayish red, thick 
 bloom, juicy, rich, musky, high flavor. 
 
 Royal Muscadine. 
 
 Chass°las de Fontainebleau , 
 Golden Chasselas, 
 Chasselas Dore, 
 DArbois, 
 Amiens, 
 
 Chasselas, 
 White Chasselas, 
 Chasselas Blanc, 
 Raisin d'Champagne, 
 Amber Muscadine, 
 
 Early White Teneriffe. 
 
 This is highly esteemed ; is distinguished from White Sweet Wa- 
 ter (often sold as this variety) by its larger berries and stronger 
 growth. Grown out of doors, it requires not only winter protec- 
 tion, but also to be well supplied with wood ashes, as otherwise it 
 cracks and mildews. 
 
 Allen says, the Royal Muscadine and Chasselas of Fontainebleau 
 are distinct, but only in size of bunch. The Early White Musca- 
 dine, he also says, only varies from this in ripening a few days ear- 
 lier. 
 
 Bunches large, long, shouldered ; berries above medium, round, 
 greenish-white, becoming amber color when fully ripe, tender, rich 
 delicious flavor. Ripens middle to last of September. 
 
THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 255 
 
 Muscat of Alexandria. 
 
 White Muscat of Alexandria, 
 
 Jerusalem Muscat, 
 
 Malaga, 
 
 White Muscat of Lunel, 
 
 Lun? 1 .., 
 
 Frontniac of Alexandria, 
 Muscat d 'Alexandria, 
 White Muscat, 
 Tottenham Park Muscat, 
 Passe-longue Musque, 
 
 Passe Musque 
 
 Adapted only to house culture and even then benefitted by arti- 
 ficial heat. 
 
 This is probably the " Malaga" grape brought to this country in 
 jars and sold by confectioners. 
 
 Bunches very large, loose, irregular ; berries large, oval, pale am- 
 ber, thick skin, firm flesh, crisp, musky, rich perfumed flavor, often 
 seedless. A strong grower. 
 
 The Cannon Hall Muscat, is esteemed a sub-variety not equaling 
 its parent. 
 
 Traminer. 
 
 Red Traminer, 
 Delaware, 
 Fromentin Rouge, 
 Rother Traminer, 
 Rolher Klevner, 
 Tokayer, 
 Kleinbranner, 
 Rothclauser, 
 Ranfolig-a, 
 
 Rothe Reifler. 
 
 Heath , 
 Gris Rouge, 
 Fromentean, 
 Decimanner, 
 Rothedel, 
 Rothfranken, 
 St. Clauser, 
 Marzimmer, 
 Ran Folak, 
 
 This variety was exhibited at the Ohio State Pomological Con- 
 vention in 1852, as the Heath or Delaware Grape, having been 
 grown in Delaware, O., under these names. It was stated to have 
 proved perfectly hardy in the open air, being free from mildew or 
 rot, a productive bearer, and never failing to perfectly ripen both 
 fruit and wood. Allen says of it " a much esteemed wine grape on 
 the river Maine." It is described in the London Horticultural So- 
 ciety's Catalogue. It deserves a place in every garden. 
 
 Bunches, medium size, compact; berries, roundish oval, middle 
 size, uniform, pale reddish, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, rich 
 and pleasant flavor. Ripens ten days before Isabella. 
 
 White Frontignan. 
 
 White Frontniac, [ White Constantia, 
 
 Nepeans Constantia, Muscat Blanc, 
 
 Raisin de Frontignan, Muscat Blanc de Jura, 
 
 Moschata Bianca, Moscado Bianco, 
 
 Moscatel Commun, | Muscateller. 
 
 An old productive variety suited only to the house. Bunches, 
 middle size, rather long, rarely shouldered ; berries, middle size, 
 round, rather closely set ; skin, thin dull white or greenish yellow, 
 thin white bloom ; flesh, delicate, sugary, rich musky flavor. 
 
NECTARINES. 
 
 The Nectarine is claimed to be only a sport in nature from the 
 Peach, to which occasionally plants grown from seed return ; record 
 is also made of the Nectarine tree producing both Peaches and Nec- 
 tarines on the same tree. Of this we confess some little unwilling- 
 ness of belief ; certain, however, it is that the trees so closely resem- 
 ble the Peach, as not to be detected except when in fruit. 
 
 Grown under glass, or South, where the heat is greater than at the 
 North, the Nectarine is a really fine fruit ; but here, it is inferior to 
 the Peach, possessing a flavor, partaking of the peculiar flavor and 
 taste of the pit. When we say the trees are undistinguishable from 
 the peach, we speak the general view ; closely examined, the wood 
 may be found, slightly more smooth, and possibly a trifle firmer or 
 closer grained. The trees are usually propagated by budding, in 
 same manner and time as the peach, and their after culture is the 
 same. 
 
 The fruit of the Nectarine being smooth skinned, is equally liable 
 to attack from Curculio as the Plum, and the same remedies are 
 adopted for prevention ; we, therefore, refer the reader to the article 
 under head of Insects injurious to the Plum. The same marks dis- 
 tinguishing varieties in the leaf are found in the Nectarine as in the 
 Peach, and used accordingly. 
 
 CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 
 Boston. 
 
 Lewis, | Perkins' Seedling. 
 
 American. Claimed to have originated from a peach stone. It 
 is probably one of the very best Nectarines and well adapted to all 
 sections of our country. 
 
 Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, sometimes eight 
 inches round, roundish oval ; skin, light yellow, with deep red cheek, 
 shaded off by a mottling of red ; flesh, yellow to the stone, sweet, 
 with a pleasant, peculiar flavor ; stone, small, pointed. Season, first 
 September. Freestone. 
 
 (256) 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 257 
 
 DoWNTON. 
 
 Foreign. Flowers, small; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish 
 oval ; skin, pale green, with violet red cheek ; flesh, pale green, melting, 
 rich, high flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 
 
 Early Violet. 
 
 Violet Hative, 
 Petite Violet Hative, 
 Early Brugnon, 
 Brugnon red at Stone, 
 Hampton Court, 
 Large Scarlet, 
 
 New Scarlet, 
 Aromatic, 
 Brugnon Hatif, 
 Violet Musk, 
 Violet red at Stone, 
 Lord Selsey's Elruge. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, very hardy, often confounded with Elruge, from 
 which it is distinguished by its deep red flesh and dark colored stone. 
 
 Flowers, small ; ^/awcfo, reniform; fruit, large, roundish, narrowed 
 at apex ; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish green in shade, dark pur- 
 plish red. mottled with pale brown dots, in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at 
 stone, melting, juicy, rich and high flavored ; stone, roundish, reddish 
 brown Season, last of August. Freestone. 
 
 Elruge. 
 
 Common Elruge, 
 
 Claremont, 
 
 Anderson's 
 
 Temple, 
 Oatland's 
 Spring Grove. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety that has always maintained a first char- 
 acter wherever correctly grown. 
 
 Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; 
 suture, distinct only at apex ; skin, pale greenish shade, violet or 
 blood red, dotted with brown specks in sun ; flesh, greenish, slightly 
 stained with pale red at stone, juicy, rich, high flavor ; stone, oval, 
 rough. Season, early Sep. Freestone. 
 
 CLASS II. — New and untested, suited to Amateur Pomologists or 
 
 certain locations. 
 
 Barker. 
 
 Foreign. "Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit large obovate, dark 
 red next sun, pale yellowish green where shaded ; flesh fine, yellowish 
 white, rayed with bright red at the stone ; stone large, kernel bitter. 
 August. Freestone." New. not yet fruited in this country. 
 
 Duke of Tellier's. 
 
 Due du Tellier's, I Du de Telia, 
 Du Tilliers, I Duke de Tilley, 
 
 Du Tilly's. 
 
 Foreign. Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit above medium, roundish 
 
258 NECTARINES. 
 
 oblong, pale green, purplish red check ; flesh greenish white, red at stone, 
 second rate flavor. Last August. Freestone. 
 
 Early Newington. 
 
 Early Back Newington, New Early Newington, 
 
 Lucombe's Black, Lucombe's Seedling, 
 
 Early Black. 
 
 Foreign. Flowers large, glandless. Fruit large, roundish ovate, point 
 at apex, pale green, with shades of red marbled in sun ; flesh greenish 
 white, red at stone. Early September. Clingstone. 
 
 French Yellow. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, greenish yellow, dull red in sun ; flesh yellow, 
 juicy, rich. September. Clingstone. (W. R. P.) 
 
 Hunt's Tawny. 
 
 Hunt's Large Tawny, | Hunt's Early Tawny 
 
 Foreign. Flowers small, glandless. Fruit below medium, roundish 
 ovate, point at apex, pale orange, red cheek, russety specks; flesh 
 orange, juicy. Middle August. Freestone. 
 
 Hardwicke. 
 
 Hardwicke Seedling, Hardwicke's Seedling. 
 
 Foreign. Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit large, roundish oval, 
 pale green, violet red cheek ; flesh pale green, little marked with red at 
 stone, juicy. Last August. Freestone. 
 
 Large Early Violet. 
 
 Violetle Grosse. - 
 
 Foreign. Similar to Early Violet, a trifle larger, and less high flavored. 
 
 Neate's White. 
 
 New White, j" Flanders, 
 
 Cowdray White, Emerton's New White, 
 
 Large White. 
 
 Foreign. Flowers large, glands reniform. Fruit above medium, round, 
 white reddish cheek in the sun ; flesh white, juicy. Early September. 
 Freestone. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Pitmaston's Orange, | William's Orange, 
 
 William o Seedling. 
 
 Foreign. Flowers large, glands globose. Fruit large roundish ovate, 
 acute point at apex, orange yellow with dark brownish red cheek; flesh 
 yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last August. Freestone. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION". 259 
 
 Red Roman. 
 
 Old Roman, Brugnon Violet Musquee, 
 
 Roman, | Brugnon Musquee. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety which proves best adapted to our northern 
 sections. Flowers large, glandsreniform. Fruit above medium, roundish, 
 greenish yellow, with dull red cheek, and russety specks; flesh firm, green- 
 ish yellow, deep red at stone, juicy, vinous. Early September. Cling- 
 stone. 
 
 Stanwicke. 
 
 As yet we do not know of this variety having fruited in this country, 
 but from its high praise in England, where it originated, and the fact of 
 our clear, sunny clime adding to the richness and sugary character of 
 both Peach and Nectarine, as compared with England, we are led to sup- 
 pose this will prove the very best Nectarh:e extant. 
 
 It was. grown from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the 
 journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, round- 
 ish oval, slightly heart shape at base ; pa ] e greenish white, shaded into 
 deep, rich violet in sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and with- 
 out the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor; stone, middle size, ovate, a 
 prominent sharp edge, rugged, and of chocolate color ; kernel, sweet. 
 
 CLASS III. — Univorthy farther Culture. 
 
 Broomfield. 
 
 American. Glands,reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; dull yellow, red cheek ; 
 flesh, yellow, pleasant ; second rate. Middle September. Clingstone. 
 
 Fairchild's. 
 
 Fairchild's Early. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, r en iform ; fruit, small, round; yellowish green, red cheek ; 
 flesh, yellow, dry, poor. Early August. Freestone. 
 
 Golden. 
 
 Orange, | Fine Gold Fleshed. 
 
 Foreign. Glands.reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; light yellow, 
 red in sun ; flesh, orange yellow, firm, sweet ; second rate. Early September. 
 Clingstone. 
 
 Murrey. 
 
 Murry, j Black Murry. 
 
 Foreign. Glands,reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; pale green, red 
 
260 NECTARINES. 
 
 cheek ; flesh, greenish white, sweet, good flavor ; poor bearer. Last Aug- 
 ust. Freestone. 
 
 Newington. 
 
 Scarlet Newington, 1 French Newington, 
 Scarlet, Sion Hill, 
 
 Old Newington, Rough Roman, 
 
 Smith's Newington, Anderson's Round. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; greenish yellow, red in sun ; 
 flesh, firm, juicy, deep red at stone. Middle September. Clingstone. 
 
 Princes Golden. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; about one-fourth larger and a week later ; 
 otherwise, of second quality, and resembling the " Golden." 
 
 Peterborough. 
 
 Late Green, | Vermash, 
 
 Gen'^a or Genoese. 
 
 Foreign. Under the last synonym it has, of late, been disseminated as new. 
 Glands,reniform ; fruit, small, roundish ; green, with dull red in sun ; flesh, 
 greenish white, juicy. Early October. Freestone. 
 
 Sweet Yellow. 
 
 Jaune Lisse, | Late Yellow. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small ; yellow, with dull red cheek in 
 gun ; flesh, yellow, dry. October. Freestone. 
 
THE PEACH. 
 
 Persica vulgaris, Dec. Rosacea of Botanists. 
 
 Found wild on the Himalayan mountains, and not mentioned by 
 Jewish history, it is doubtful whether the Peach is, as generally un- 
 derstood, a native of Persia and also of China. It was, however, in- 
 troduced into Italy by the Romans, and, as early as 1550, was culti- 
 vated in Britain. About the year 1680 it was introduced into this 
 country, and, with the exception of portions of the northern New 
 England States and northern New York, it is now cultivated in every 
 settled portion of our States. History clothes the peach with hav- 
 ing once possessed deleterious qualities, and Pliny mentions that it 
 was supposed the King of Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison 
 the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. This, however, 
 with traditions, making the fruit of a Peach tree, when eaten, to con- 
 fer immortality, knowledge, and the like, are now regarded as mys- 
 ticisms of a past age, of which, nought but the tradition is left. In 
 portions of China, Spain, Italy, and the South of France, as well as 
 our own country, the Peach is grown without aid of glass, or artifi- 
 cial, or condensed heat, by means of walls, etc, ; we have therefore 
 looked to receive some variety from thence that would surpass our 
 American Seedlings, but, as yet, none have been introduced. 
 
 The wood of the Peach, being of a more open,. coarse fibre than 
 that of most fruits, we find it more susceptible to sudden and severe 
 changes of temperature, and therefore less hardy, and of shorter du- 
 ration. That this character is materially affected by soil, seems not 
 to admit of a doubt ; writers generally conceding that while in 
 unfavorable soils the Peach decays in four to ten years, in favor- 
 able soils it continues healthy and vigorous for forty or fifty years, 
 and, with the addition of being annually, correctly and freely pruned, 
 may be made to produce regularly for near one hundred years. 
 Of this we speak more at length under the head of Soil. 
 
 Propagation. — By Seed. The seed of the Peach, if carefully 
 planted in the autumn, will often vegetate in the ensuing spring, 
 and, in good soil, make a growth the first year of three to four 
 feet ; but in order to succeed surely, it is best to gather the stones 
 from late fruiting varieties, of hardy, healthy trees ; spread them 
 about four inches thick on some light, sandy knoll and cover with 
 about four inches earth. In spring, when the frost is fully out of the 
 ground, leaving it fit for working, these stones will be found to have 
 
262 THE PEACH. 
 
 mostly cracked and the germ jjist started ; they should then be care- 
 fully planted in rows, four feet apart, and one seed every foot in the 
 row, covered about two inches deep. The stones that are not 
 cracked by the frost should be taken and carefully cracked, by plac- 
 ing on a wooden block and striking the side edge with a hammer ; this 
 will not injure the germ, as is often done when they are cracked by strik- 
 ing the ends. Separated from the stone, the kernels should be 
 planted same as above, but in rows by themselves, as all are not sure 
 to grow, and, even if they did, would not as soon as those already 
 started, and therefore the rows in culture would often have trees un- 
 fitted for budding at same time ; or frequently those coming from, 
 the last named kinds would be entirely too small for budding the 
 first year. 
 
 It is well to know that most of the yellow fleshed Peaches have a 
 tendency to produce varieties similar to the parent ; hence the in- 
 numerable new sorts that now swell the nursery-men's catalogues, 
 and that are yearly being introduced to the public as " highly superi- 
 or." If an orchard is desired to be produced of seedlings, by select- 
 ing seeds of the Yellow Rareripe, Crawford's Early, Bergen's Yel- 
 low, Lemon Cling, and Crawford's Late, it is very probable a col- 
 lection would be obtained preserving in great measure the charac- 
 ters, qualities, and times of ripening of these varieties. So, also, 
 may the periods of ripening of each kind be, to a certain extent, 
 hastened or retarded, by selecting pits of the first or last that ripen 
 on each particular tree. 
 
 The grower should, however, recollect that while there is a strong 
 tendency in these varieties to reproduce themselves, their capability 
 so to do is often destroyed by the intermixture, while in flower of 
 some other variety which is perhaps adjoining them only a few feet ; 
 hence, in order to feel any degree of certainty toward the raising of 
 kinds valuable, or resembling the parent, it is necessary that the 
 tree from which the pits are taken should stand perfectly isolated, 
 or certainly distant two hundred rods from any other Peach tree. 
 
 Those who have not the dry sandy knoll whereon to place the pits, 
 to prepare them for the ensuing spring, may place them in a moist 
 cellar until nearly the close of winter ; then take them out, soak 
 them in water two or three days, spread them on the ground and 
 cover two or three inches of saw-dnst or leaf mould over them ; thus 
 exposing them to action of frost miril the season for planting. 
 
 By Budding. — The seed sown as above will, early in the month 
 of September, be found to have grown, in good soil, from three to 
 four feet, when they should be budded as near the ground as possi- 
 ble ; and in October one-half of the entire top should be cut back — 
 not the limbs pruned off", leaving bare stems — but the growth of 
 every limb should be shortened or cut back one-half; this is to pre- 
 
BY GRAFTING — TRANSPLANTING. 263 
 
 vent injury from high winds or heavy snows, which frequently break 
 the tree, just at the insertion of the bud. 
 
 Some bud upon the plum stock, for the purpose of dwarfing the 
 tree ; and when so done the month of August is best. The exact 
 time cannot be stated, as seasons vary even in the same section of 
 country, but the watchful eye will soon learn to detect the period 
 when the young stock is about to form its terminal bud, and then is 
 generally the best time. If the bud is inserted too early in the sea- 
 son, on the Peach stock, it is liable to overgrow and " gum." 
 
 Budding the Peach may also be performed in the month of June, 
 on trees of two or more years old. It is done in same manner as 
 that in common budding, except in selecting the buds, you select a 
 young shoot, of about one to two inches grown, and, cutting it back 
 to one or two leaves, you insert and tie as in the common mode. 
 
 By Grafting. — This is rarely performed at the North, but may be 
 made tolerably successful if performed very early on trees standing in 
 warm, light soil. A strong, sharp knife or spade should first be used 
 around, cutting off all the roots of the tree, at about one foot from 
 the body of a tree four feet high — the tree headed back about one 
 half, and the lower limbs cut into about two buds each — the graft 
 inserted in the manner termed tongue or whip-grafting, tied with 
 soft bark, and covered with a ball of grafting-clay. When the graft 
 has made one foot growth, the ligature should be loosed, and the 
 lower limbs cut in smoothly to the body. Some cultivators in the 
 southern States graft into the crown of the root, and when the stocks 
 are small it is a good way ; but the cleft grafting mode is then best. 
 
 Trans-planting. — In transplanting from the nursery to the orchard, 
 the limbs, or branches, should be shortened back to the form of a 
 pyramidal, rounded head, having the lower limbs within two feet of 
 the ground, and not exceeding one foot long. The side roots should 
 only have their ends smoothed with a sharp knife, all broken or 
 bruised roots cut away, and the tap root cut off to within one foot 
 of the crown. 
 
 Distances apart. — On light, sandy soils, twelve feet apart each 
 way is sufficient for the peach ; but on good strong soil, the trees re- 
 quire from eighteen to twenty-five feet, in order, when full grown, to 
 enable them to mature '"heir fruit with full exposure to the sun. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — The soil whereon to make plantations of the 
 peach is a matter of great import, as thereby hang the main chances 
 of success or failure. The following analysis, made by B. Kirtland, 
 Esq., of Poland, Ohio, from three esteemed varieties, viz., Yellow 
 Rareripe, Morris Eed Rareripe, and Morrisania, will be found ex- 
 tremely useful to every planter, as it is easy to get an analysis made 
 of soils, and from the two the planter will know at once which par 
 
264: 
 
 THE PEACH. 
 
 ticular manure is required to perfect his fruit, and give vigor to his 
 trees. Equal quantities of limbs and twigs from the three kinds 
 above named, were taken, and after having been thoroughly dried 
 (whereby they lost about 44 per cent, of water), carefully "burned 
 with a moderate heat, yielding as follows : 
 
 Charcoal and Sand, . 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 3.180 
 
 Silica, .... 
 
 
 
 
 1.480 
 
 Perphosphate pf Iron, 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 2.174 
 
 Potash, . 
 
 
 t % 
 
 
 . 12.545 
 
 Soda, 
 
 
 t % 
 
 
 2.000 
 
 Sulphate of Lime, . 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 2.258 
 
 Lime, . . . 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 . 23.951 
 
 Phosphate of Lime, 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 21.699 
 
 Magnesia, 
 
 
 t . 
 
 
 7.052 
 
 Peroxide of Manganese, 
 
 
 B m 
 
 
 .800 
 
 Chloride of Sodium, 
 
 
 ( % 
 
 
 .699 
 
 Carbonic Acid, 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 . 33.350 
 
 
 111.188 
 
 Loss in Analysis, 
 
 
 
 
 3.812 
 
 115.000 
 
 These analyses show the wood of the Peach tree as next to the 
 Pear in amount of Phosphates, and also the erroneous impression so 
 generally current, that the Peach requires a light, sandy soil. The 
 most vigorous, healthy trees we have ever seen are growing on the 
 borders of the Ohio River, on what is termed limestone soil, and 
 where perfect drainage is naturally formed by the hills. On the 
 prairies the trees grow rapidly, but to us have the appearance of a 
 forced, green-house plant, and unable to endure aught but genial air, 
 while feeding thus upon one or two of the elements of growth, and 
 at the same time devoid of others requisite to the perfection of 
 healthy wood. Lime and bone dust, we judge, will be found espe- 
 cially beneficial in perfecting truly healthy trees, capable of endur- 
 ing the great changes of climate on our western prairies. If to this 
 application be added the practice of shortening in during the month 
 of September, and perfect drainage of water from the roots, we be- 
 lieve the tree will be found to endure more successfully the extreme 
 changes of climate. 
 
 The duration of the Peach tree we consider greatly dependent 
 upon the soil being properly drained, and containing the proper pro- 
 portions of food toward forming perfect wood. The doctrine of ex- 
 cretions of vegetables, is one which we are yet inclined to support, 
 having been unable to succeed, even with renewed preparation of the 
 
SEASON TO TRANSPLANT — CULTIVATION. 265 
 
 soil, in growing two successive crops of the same kind of tree upon 
 the same plot. 
 
 A rank, luxuriant tree, with shoots spongy, sappy, plethoric, un- 
 ripened, and incapable of being matured, with the roots in an un- 
 dramed, cold, or wet soil, is too often regarded as thrifty, when in 
 truth it is but the expression of a false stimulant, as in the human 
 frame, exciting only to destroy. 
 
 The situation of a peach-orchard should, if possible, be upon high 
 grounds, as less subject to extreme and severe changes of tempera- 
 ture, and as tending to more perfect maturity of wood in fall of year, 
 and later period of blooming in spring. If the trees are low-branched 
 and well shortened in, supplied with requisite inorganic elements in 
 the soil, the lay of the land to the east, south, or north will only 
 affect the time of ripening the fruit : that to the south maturing about 
 one week earlier than that toward the north. Elevated situations, 
 surrounded by, or bordering on, bodies of water, will often furnish 
 fruits when adjacent valleys fail ; and this is especially true where 
 the bodies of water do not entirely freeze over during winter: the 
 southern shores of several of our lakes rarely failing to produce 
 peaches when the entire crop is destroyed five or ten miles back in 
 the interior. Even slight knolls often protect the crop, an instance 
 of which we had in our own grounds, where trees were distant only 
 thirty feet ; in one night all of the buds upon the lower limbs, or 
 more than half v/ay up, being destroyed on the tree standing on what 
 would be termed the level, while on the tree on the knoll not one 
 was injured. 
 
 The destruction of buds by extreme cold in the winter is of rare 
 occurrence, except the tree has been excited by a season of warm 
 weather, or has been grown in the manner called " thrifty," pre- 
 viously noted. Where trees are steadily and healthily grown, they 
 are capable of wishstanding 20° to 25° below zero without injury, 
 unless immediately followed by clear, warm sun, or the tree being 
 in an immature, unhealthy state. 
 
 Season to Transplant. — Throughout the northern and western 
 States it is best to transplant the Peach in the spring. South or 
 Southwest, fall or midwinter may be best — but from remarks of 
 many writers, we incline to the belief, that early in March or the 
 last of February is best,, as they occasionally have some severe 
 changes in January, very trying to newly planted trees. The ground 
 should alway be prepared in the fall. 
 
 Cultivation. — The ground about peach trees should always be 
 kept clean ; if planted on light, sandy soil, running through an or- 
 chard with a cultivator so as not to break the roots ; if upon rich 
 prairie or limestone soils, the ground may be plowed and cropped 
 without injury ; but on the sandy, light soil no crop except the white 
 12 
 
266 
 
 THE PEACH. 
 
 turnip should ever be grown, and that pays best to be turned under 
 by a very shallow plowing of, say, two inches deep. On rich, deep 
 prairie soils, it is best not to stir the ground after midsummer. 
 
 Pruning. — The fruit being borne only on wood of 
 the preceding year, one of the great objects in pruning, 
 is to keep all parts of the tree furnished with a regular 
 and constant succession of annual bearing shoots. P. 
 Barry, in his " Fruit Garden," has the following, so cor- 
 rectly descriptive of the mode, that we adopt it, together 
 with a cut illustrative of buds, on which C. D. E. are 
 fruit buds, F. G. II. leaf buds, I. double buds, C. triple 
 buds ; the two side buds being fruit buds, and the centre 
 one a leaf bud. By referring to the branch, it will be 
 seen that it is furnished with a certain number of wood 
 buds and fruit buds. At the base, there are always one 
 or more wood buds. 
 
 Now, if that shoot were not pruned, all the fruit buds 
 on it would produce fruit, — one, two, or three of the 
 wood buds at the top would make new shoots ; these 
 would necessarily be very weak, in consequence of the 
 number of fruit below them. At the end of the season 
 there would be a long, vacant space, entirely destitute of a 
 young shoot or a living bud. This is the way that the inte- 
 rior and lower parts of treesbecome so soon degarnished. 
 
 But when that shoot is shortened, we will say one half, 
 the sap is retained in its lower parts, one half of the 
 fruit buds are removed, and the consequence is, that 
 large and fine fruits are obtained from those remaining: 
 young vigorous shoots are produced from the lower 
 buds to bear next year, and 
 take the place of those which 
 have already borne. In this 
 way regular uniform crops of 
 large and fine fruit are ob- 
 tained, and a constant succes- 
 sion of young shoots is kept up. 
 
 To form the head of a stand- 
 ard Peach Tree. — We will 
 suppose it the intention to 
 form a standard tree, with a 
 
 trunk tWO feet in height, and a Form of a low standard peach 
 ., , ° . . i tree, with astern two feet high, 
 
 round, Open, and Symmetrical and a round, open head. 
 
 head, like figure. We take 
 a yearling tree and cut it back to within two feet and a half of the 
 
DISEASES AND INSECTS INJURIOUS. 267 
 
 ground in the spring. Below this cut a certain number of shoots 
 will be produced, from which three will be selected to form the main 
 branches or frame- work of the head. All the others are rubbed off 
 when two or three inches long or sooner. At the end of the season 
 we have a tree with three branches. 
 
 The second year these three branches are cut back full one half 
 their length, and from each we take a shoot to continue the branch, 
 and one to form a secondary branch. The other shoots produced 
 below these are pinched or checked to prevent them from interfering 
 with the growth of the leading branches. In the fall of the year we 
 have a tree with six leading branches, and some bearing shoots be- 
 low on the older wood. 
 
 The third year each of these six branches is shortened one half, in 
 order to obtain more secondary branches, and some fruit branches 
 on the lower parts. All young shoots on the old wood, whether 
 fruit branches or not, should be cut back one half, or as far as may 
 be necessary, to cause the wood buds at their base to push, and 
 make shoots to bear next year. 
 
 The formation of the head goes on as described for two or three 
 years more, when it is complete ; for peach trees, properly pruned, 
 do not assume such wide spreading forms as they do naturally. The 
 main branches and secondary branches should be at equal distances 
 throughout, and far enough apart to give the bearing wood on their 
 sides the full benefit of the sun and air. 
 
 An equality of vigor should also be preserved amongst them by 
 summer pinching. It is not uncommon to see a very vigorous shoot 
 start up in a peach tree, and appropriate so much of the sap as to 
 injure a whole branch ; these should be checked the moment their 
 character is observed, unless they may be wanted to fill a vacancy. 
 Every part of the branches should be furnished with bearing shoots, 
 and these should, every spring, be shortened in one half or more, to 
 produce others at their base, whilst those that have borne are cut out." 
 
 With the advice above, as well as of most writers, to shorten 
 back or prune the Peach in the Spring, we do not fully agree; be- 
 lieving, rather, that if the operation be performed in September, it 
 will enable the tree to more fully perfect the remaining buds, and 
 fit it to endure changes of temperature during winter. 
 
 Diseases and Insects injurious. The Curl of the Leaf. The first 
 developed leaves, in the spring, often become diseased with a spongy 
 and malignant growth, exhibiting reddish blotches or swellings on the 
 upper side, that, after two or three weeks, causes them to fall off. " This 
 occurs at a period when the vigorous circulation of the sap requires a 
 corresponding action in those important organs. A second growth is 
 soon forced out, which ultimately restores the tree to its wonted force 
 and vigor. It is, however, evident, that though the recuperative 
 
268 THE PEACH. 
 
 powers of nature may, for once, twice, or even thrice, restore a 
 growth of leaves, the shock must at length impair the vitality, and 
 induce an unhealthy condition." This curl of the leaf is produced 
 by the punctures of a small plant-louse, the " Aphis per sica? fully 
 described by Dr. Harris in his work on Insects. 
 
 A mixture of tobacco water and strong soapsuds applied with a 
 syringe, early, or as soon as the leaves are one third grown, will be 
 found a good remedy. Barry regards the curl of the leaf induced 
 by sudden change of weather — a number of warm days that cause 
 the expansion of the young leaves, followed by a cold, rainy day ; 
 the more severe and protracted the cold, the more severe and fatal 
 the curl. 
 
 The Yelloivs. What is regarded as the Yellows is little known 
 throughout the West ; neither have we ever observed it, to any ex- 
 tent, in the New England States, except where trees were procured 
 from, or grown on poor, sandy soils, enfeebled and imperfect from 
 their first start. That it may be perpetuated by innoculation, or 
 sowing seeds from trees diseased, we have no doubt ; it therefore 
 behooves every tree grower to be careful from whence he procures 
 his pits for stocks. Prof. Kirtland says : " It is questionable whether 
 any distinct disease occurs, to which this name is applicable. Per- 
 haps it is only a collection of symptoms arising from causes acting 
 either individually or collectively. Facts seem to favor this view, 
 though the insight of popular opinion is in favor of its being a spe- 
 cific and contagious disease." Depredations of the JEgeria exitiosa, 
 Aphis persica, exhaustion of elements in the soil, and want of correct 
 pruning appear to be the primary causes, and, in reference thereto, 
 Prof. Kirtland further remarks : " In estimating the power and ex- 
 tent of these causes, it should be recollected that an injurious im- 
 pression, acting constantly upon successive generations of either 
 animal or vegetable species, may ultimately establish a hereditary 
 entailment that may be propagated in the form of predisposition 
 to disease, or disease itself. The converse is equally true in pro- 
 ducing health or physical development. 
 
 These several causes have been exerting their influence on the 
 Peach tree for a long term of years, impairing the stamina and 
 health of its fruit germs. These impressions have been propagated 
 and re-propagated, in conjunction with the action of the primary 
 causes of impairment, till at length we have only a sickly progeny." 
 
 The remedy is to cut down and destroy all diseased trees ; the 
 preventive is judicious cultivation. 
 
 Mildew. This is the name applied to a minute fungus which at- 
 tacks the ends of the young branches of some particular varieties, 
 termed serrated or glandless. It checks growth, and renders the 
 
THE PEACH WORM. 
 
 269 
 
 tree unsightly. Application, by means of a syringe, of one ounce of 
 nitre to one gallon of water, in proportion, will destroy it, and, at 
 the same time, add to vigor and health of the tree. Dusting of sul- 
 phur is by some advised. 
 
 The Peach worm or Borer, JEgeria exitiosa, was known as early 
 as before the commencement of the present century, and has been 
 repeatedly described. There are two sexes, and so remarkably 
 different that some natu- 
 ralists have almost hesita- 
 ted in arranging them. 
 "The insect, in its perfect 
 
 state, is a slender, dark y^^ffii^M ^ ^^^^^^^^^0 
 
 blue, four - winged moth. 
 somewhat like a wasp, it 
 commences depositing its 
 eggs in the soft and tender 
 bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of June, but at 
 different times, from June to October. The egg hatches, and be- 
 comes a small white borer 
 or grub, (Jig. a), which 
 eventually grows to three 
 fourths of an inch long, pen- 
 etrates and devours the bark 
 and sap - wood, and, after 
 passing the winter in the 
 tree, it enfolds itself in a cocoon, (fig. b . under or upon the bark, 
 and emerges again in a perfect or winged form in June, and com- 
 mences depositing its eggs for another generation." 
 
 Multiform have been the prescribed remedies for protection 
 against this insect, but none have been found infallible ; and the 
 careful cultivator will find the use of a sharp knife, once in June, 
 and again in September, applied to cutting out the worm, whose lo- 
 cation is easily discovered by exudation, near the crown of the roots, 
 of gummy matter — a far better preventive, and also really cheaper, 
 than heaping up of ashes, cinders, etc., etc. 
 
 Gathering. — If for immediate use the peach should not be gath- 
 ered until fully ripe, but if intended for market it is necessary often 
 to gather while yet firm. 
 
 Characters and Classification. — The general outward characters of 
 many kinds are so nearly similar that it is necessary to resort to 
 other means than exhibited in the fruit in order to identify varieties. 
 This, even with all the means at command, is often very difficult, 
 owing to the numerous seedlings constantly being produced. The 
 distinction of freestones and clinsgtones (melters and pavies of the 
 
270 
 
 THE PEACH. 
 
 English) is the most natural and well understood; next, the distinc- 
 tion by means of what are termed glands on the leaves, as also the 
 indentations or irregular edge of the leaf termed creneate, serrated, 
 and coarsely serrated ; and last the distinction by means of the flow- 
 ers, as large or small. This last is open only to examination a short 
 period, and therefore is not used except by the careful amateur po- 
 mologist, or correct nurseryman. 
 
 The accompanying figures are illustrative : 
 
 Figure 1, the ser 
 rated without glands; 
 figure 2,coarsely ser- 
 rated, and with glo- 
 bose glands ; figure 
 3, creneate and with 
 reniform or kidney 
 shaped glands. "The 
 form of the glands," 
 observes Lindley, 
 " as well as their po- 
 sition, is perfectly 
 distinct ; they are 
 fully developed in 
 the month of May, and continue to the last permanent in their char- 
 acter, and are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are 
 situated, one, two, or more, on the foot stalks, and one, two, or 
 more, on the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform 
 glands grow also on the footstalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves 
 are placed within the serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper 
 and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken 
 from a branch of vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves 
 of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen, that 
 glands are not discernable on some of the leaves, especially on those 
 produced from weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be 
 sought for which do produce them." Lindley, as well as most wri- 
 ters since, have rendered these classes, with sub-classes or divisions, 
 founded mainly on the structure of the leaves, but we have prefer- 
 red, in this fruit as well as others, to embody the distinction in the 
 text descriptive of a variety, and confine ourself to the practical 
 every day wanted division of " best," " very good," and " good." 
 The word "Melocoton" only meaning "peach," we have dropped, and 
 only use it in connection with the synonyms. 
 
 Uses. — The various uses made of the peach are so well known as 
 not to require a word, yet the profit to be obtained from drying or 
 preserving fresh, the fruit, when distant from market, induces us to 
 
PRESERVING THE FRESH FRUIT. 271 
 
 extract the following descriptions. Downing says, " in Western 
 New York, and indeed in most parts of the country where peaches 
 are largely cultivated, the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to mar- 
 ket in very large quantities. The drying is performed, on a small 
 scale, in spent ovens; on a large scale, in a small drying house 
 heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These 
 drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips 
 sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled 
 with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled, 
 the stone taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with 
 the skin downward. In a short time the heat of the drying house 
 will complete the drying, and the drawers are then ready for a sec- 
 ond filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards or frames, 
 and dried in the sun merely ; but usually, with the previous prepa- 
 ration, of dipping the peaches (in baskets,) for a few minutes in 
 boiling water before halving them." 
 
 Preserving the fresh fruit. — Thomas describes the process as fol- 
 lows : " Prepare the canisters in the best manner, of good tin — 
 about seven or eight inches in length, and four to four and a half in 
 diameter. Whatever be the size, they should be uniform, that they 
 may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just ripe and no 
 more, free from specks or bruises. When the canisters are filled, 
 the tops are to be carefully soldered on, leaving a hole in them 
 about the size of a small pin for the escape of the air. They are 
 then to be set in a vessel of water, to be kept boiling moderately, 
 until the temperature of the fruit is raised to that of the water. 
 The way in which this is ascertained, is to put a drop of water on 
 the pin hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air escapes 
 from the canister. When the internal temperature is equal to that 
 of the water, no more air will escape. The water is then to be 
 wiped off, and a drop of solder immediately put in its place. The 
 boiling water should be raised as near to the tops of the canisters as 
 possible, so as not to cover them. If the operation has been pro- 
 perly conducted, the ends of the canisters will, shortly after the cool- 
 ing has taken place, be depressed, in consequence of the external 
 pressure of the atmosphere. .The degree of heat to which the fruit 
 is subjected does not cook it in the least. It is proper that the can- 
 isters should be set in a cool place. The vessel in which the water 
 is to be kept boiling, must of coarse have a level bottom ; and every 
 one who is disposed to try the experiment can devise one for him- 
 
 "I ^ 5? 
 
 sel£ * 
 
272 THE PEACH. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 The varieties of the peach have within a few years been largely 
 increased, but as the fruit is, when matured, quickly perishable, we 
 have endeavored to select out only those that are really valuable, 
 and that will furnish a perfect succession from earliest to latest. 
 Many varieties are undoubtedly good in their immediate locality, 
 and often perhaps equal the best, yet there seems no necessity for 
 increasing the numbers unless some evident superiority is found 
 either in fruit or tree. 
 
 The periods of ripening, which we have attached to each variety, 
 mark its character on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in northern 
 Ohio. At Cincinnati it will often be found two weeks earlier, while 
 at Boston or Buffalo it will be eight or ten days later, 
 
 CLASS L — Worthy General Cultivation, 
 Bergen. 
 
 Bergen's Yellow. 
 
 American. It much resembles Yellow Rareripe, but ripens about 
 ten days later ; a moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, 
 reniform ; fruit, large, globular ; depressed, broad suture, distinct, 
 rather more than half round ; skin, deep orange, with a broad red 
 cheek ; flesh, yellow, melting, and of luscious flavor. Season, early 
 September. Freestone. 
 
 Brevoort. 
 
 Brevoort's Morris. Brevoort's Seedling Meller 
 
 American. A moderate but regular bearer. Flowers, small ; 
 glands, reniform ; fruity medium to large, round; rather broad dis- 
 tinct, suture, deep at apex; skin, dingy, white, with a bright red 
 cheek ; flesh, firm, slightly red at stone, sweet and high flavored. 
 Season, early September. Freestone. 
 
 Crawford's Early. 
 
 Crawford's Early Melocoton, | Early Crawford. 
 
 American. As a market fruit, one of the most deserving] y 
 popular of the yellow fleshed varieties; productive. Flowers, 
 
WOETHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 273 
 
 small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, oblong, oval, sometimes 
 roundish, point at apex prominent ; suture, shallow ; skin, yellow, 
 with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, and when ripened in warm 
 sunny weather, rich and sweet, at other times slightly sub-acid. 
 Season, last of August to 10th of September. Freestone. 
 
 Crawford's Late. 
 
 Crawford's Late Melocoton, Crawford's Superb Melocoton. 
 
 Crawford's Superb Malacatune. 
 
 American. One of the most valuable yellow fleshed late varie- 
 ties, deserving place in all collections ; productive. Flowers, small ; 
 glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow ; skin, yel- 
 low, with dark red cheek; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy, 
 vinous, and like the foregoing, depends on warm sunny weather to 
 make it sweet. Season, last of September and first of October. 
 Freestone. 
 
 Cooledge's Favorite. 
 
 Cooledg-e's Early Red Rareripe. 
 
 American. Tree very hardy and productive. Flowers, small ; 
 glands, globose ; fruit, medium to large, roundish, largest on one 
 side ; suture, at apex only ; skin, white, with a bright red cheek 
 often mottled; flesh, melting, juicy, rich, sweet delicious flavor. 
 
 Season, 20th to last of August. Freestone. 
 
 * 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 American. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, young wood a pur- 
 plish cast, moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reni- 
 form ; fruit, large, roundish, with a shallow suture half round ; skin, 
 singularly marked and striped with dark red ; flesh, yellow, often 
 exhibiting a red streak next the skin, rich, juicy, and excellent flavor. 
 Season, middle to last of September. Freestone. 
 
 Early York. 
 
 Serrate Early York, | True Early York. 
 
 Much confusion has arisen with growers respecting this peach, 
 owing to the same name having been applied to seedlings in New 
 Jersey. Tree, hardy, productive, and, from the period of ripening, 
 one of the very best. Flowers, large; leaves, serrated without 
 glands ; fruit, medium, roundish, oval ; suture, slight ; skin, with 
 pale red dotted on greenish-white in the shade, and becoming dark 
 red where exposed to the sun ; flesh, greenish-white, tender, melting, 
 full of rich sprightly juice. Season, middle of August. Freestone. 
 12* 
 
274 1HE PEACH. 
 
 Early Newington. 
 
 Early Newington Freestone, | Newington, 
 
 Smith's Newington. 
 
 Foreign. This variety ripens directly after the forenamed. Tree, 
 hardy, moderately productive ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; 
 fruit, large, roundish, one-half always largest ; suture, distinct ; skin, 
 yellowish white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ; 
 flesh, white, red at the stone, to which many particles adhere ; (if 
 not fully ripe, it has the habit of a cling;) juicy, rich, vinous flavor. 
 Season, 20th to last of August. 
 
 George the Fourth. 
 
 American. Tree, vigorous, hardy, regular, good bearer ; flow- 
 ers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium ; suture, broad 
 and deep, making one half larger than the other ; skin, yellowish 
 white dotted with bright red, on one side a rich dark red cheek ; 
 flesh, pale red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, luscious flavor. 
 Season, last of August. Freestone. 
 
 Grosse Mignonne. 
 
 Royal Kensington, 
 Grimwood's Royal George, 
 " New Royal George, 
 Large French Mignonne, 
 French Mignonne, 
 Swiss Mignonne, 
 Purple Avant, 
 Early Purple Avant, 
 Early May, 
 Early Vineyard, 
 Vineuse, 
 
 Neil's Early Furple, 
 
 Johnson's Early Purple, 
 
 Superb Royal, 
 
 Royal Sovereign, 
 
 Ronald's Seedling Galande, 
 
 Pourpree Halive, 
 
 Bell% Beaute, 
 
 Pourpree de Normandie, 
 
 Vineuse de Fromentin, 
 
 Mignonne, 
 
 Early Purple. 
 
 Foreign. The Grosse Mignonne or Large Favorite was a favorite 
 peach in France in time of Louis XIV., and is everywhere esteemed, 
 although in this country it is seldom that the true variety is cultiva- 
 ted. The true variety has large flowers, while that often grown has 
 small flowers. 
 
 Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, apex de- 
 pressed, with a deep, hollow suture ; skin, dull greenish yellow, 
 mottled with red, and with a purplish red cheek ; flesh, yellowish 
 white, marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, high, vin- 
 ous flavor ; stone, small, very rough. Season, about 20th August to 
 1st September. Freestone. 
 
 Heath. 
 
 Heath Clingstone, Fine Heath, v 
 
 White Heath, Red Heath . 
 
 American. This variety is extremely valuable in the middle, and 
 southern and western States. In the northern States it does not 
 
WOBTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 275 
 
 always ripen well, but the fruit may be gathered, wrapped in paper 
 same as oranges, and laid in a cool room and kept until Christmas. 
 It often reproduces itself from the stone, and Bay lie's New Heath 
 partakes of no new qualities over many other of its seedlings. The 
 trees are very hardy, often producing on our western soils when 
 all others fail. 
 
 Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, narrowing 
 to both ends, with a swollen point at apex ; suture, one side, distinct ; 
 skin, downy, cream colored white, a tinge of red in the sun ; flesh, 
 greenish white, adhering closely to the stone, juicy, rich, luscious 
 flavor. Season, October. Clingstone. 
 
 Hyslop. 
 
 Byslop's Clingstone. 
 
 American. This variety should take the place of Heath in all 
 northern localities, and, indeed, deserves a place in every garden, 
 however small. From not finding it noticed in any work since Ken- 
 rick's issue, we had supposed it probably a synonym, but have been 
 unable so to detect it. Trees are hardy, vigorous and productive ; 
 flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, roundish ; 
 skin, white, with a deep rich, red cheek ; flesh, very juicy, melting, 
 rich and luscious. Season, early in October. Clingstone. 
 
 Jaques. 
 
 Jaquish, | Jaques Rareripe, 
 
 Jaques Rareripe. 
 
 American. A very desirable market variety ; good flavor ; and 
 very certain bearer. 
 
 Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; distinct 
 suture ; skin, downy, dull yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red 
 at the stone, juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid. Season, middle of Sep- 
 tember. Freestone. 
 
 Morris Red. 
 
 Morris Red Rareripe, | Red Rareripe, 
 
 Large Red Rareripe. 
 
 American. Has been confounded with George the Fourth, and 
 alsowithGrosseMignon, from both of which it is distinct. The Large 
 Early York of N. "jersey most nearly resembles it, but is quite dif- 
 ferent. It is universally esteemed. * Trees, vigorous and productive ; 
 flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish; slightly 
 depressed at apex ; suture, well marked ; skin, greenish white, with 
 a lively red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, red at the stone, melting, 
 juicy, rich, sweet flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 
 
276 THE PEACH. 
 
 Morris White. 
 
 Morris White Rareripe, | White Malacaton, 
 
 White Rareripe, Cole's White Malacaton, 
 
 Luscious White Rareripe, Freestone Heath, 
 
 Lady Ann Steward, Morris White Freestone, 
 
 Philadelphia Freestone. 
 
 American. This Variety is most suited to the southern and south- 
 western States, where it is a most delicious fruit ; but grown at the 
 north, it is one of the most valuable for preserving in brandy, and 
 always commands a high price therefor. Tree, vigorous, moderate 
 bearer ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval ; suture, 
 moderate, swollen point small ; skin, % downy, greenish white, be- 
 coming a creamy w r hite when fully ripe, rarely a purplish tinged 
 cheek ; flesh, white to the stone, moderately firm, sweet and rich. 
 Season, middle of September. Freestone. 
 
 Malta. 
 
 Peche Malte, [ Italian, 
 
 Malte de Normandie, | Belle de Paris. 
 
 Foreign. The true Malta is less known than a spurious sort hav- 
 ing globose glands, which is most generally grown. The true Malta 
 is a delicious fruit for the private garden, but not desirable for mar- 
 keting ; flowers, large ; leaves, serrated, without glands ; fruit, above 
 medium, roundish, flattened, with a broad, shallow" suture on one 
 side ; skin, pale, dull green, marked on the sunny side with broken 
 spots and blotches of dull purple ; flesh, greenish, with a little dark 
 red at the stone, very juicy and melting, rich, vinous, delicious flavor, 
 Season, last of August. Freestone. 
 
 Late Admirable. 
 
 Royale, 
 
 
 Narbonne, 
 
 La Royale, 
 
 
 Teton de Venus, 
 
 Peche Royale, 
 
 
 French Bourdine, 
 
 Bourdine, 
 
 
 Judd's Melting, 
 
 Boudin, 
 
 
 Motteux's, 
 
 
 Pourpree 
 
 Tardive. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety, the trees of which have proved suc- 
 cessful wherever grown. Moderate, regular bearer. Flowers, small ; 
 (/lands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, 
 bold, apparently making two halves of the fruit — a swollen point at 
 apex ; skin, yellowish green, with a cheek of two shades of red, 
 mingled, or marbled ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, melting, delicate, 
 delicious flavor. Season, about 20th September. Freestone. We 
 have often seen the foregoing named fruit, the Malta, under this 
 name. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 277 
 
 Lemon Clingstone. 
 
 Kennedy's Carolina, 
 Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone, 
 Long Yellow Pine Apple, 
 
 Largest Lemon, 
 
 Fine Apple Clingstone, 
 
 Yellow Pine Apple. 
 
 American. The flavor of this variety, except grown in warm 
 climate and good soil, would not place it among the first class ; but 
 the uniform hardihood and productiveness of the tree, together with 
 the fine appearance of the fruit, making it very desirable for market- 
 ing purposes, has induced us to retain it. Flowers, small ; glands, 
 reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, with a projecting point at apex like 
 unto a lemon ; skin, fine yellow, with a dark brownish red cheek, 
 becoming sometimes, in certain locations South, almost a crimson 
 red ; flesh, firm, yellow, tinged with red at stone, juicy, sprightly, 
 vinous, sub-acid flavor. Season, middle to last of September. 
 Clingstone. The "Yellow Blanton Cling" is only a sub-variety, 
 ripening a few days later. 
 
 New York Rareripe. 
 
 Livingston's New York Rareripe, J Honest John, 
 Large Early York, | Haine's Early Red, _ 
 
 Early York of New Jersey. 
 
 American. The synonyms which we attach to this variety, we 
 are aware, are questioned by some good pomologists, but after 
 having grown and examined the trees under the several names, we 
 confess ourselves unable to distinguish any material difference, cer- 
 tainly not sufficient to make distinct descriptions requisite. Trees, 
 vigorous, healthy, moderate but good bearers ; flowers, small ; 
 glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, roundish ; skin, whitish, with 
 marblings and dots of red, with a clear, rich, red cheek, where ex- 
 posed to the sun ; flesh, almost white, fine-grained, very juicy, rich, 
 mild, excellent flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 
 
 NlVETTE. 
 
 White Rareripe, |j Veloute Tardive, 
 
 Nivette Veloute, | Dorsetshire. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety, which succeeds most admirably 
 throughout all Northern sections, and, where known, equally well 
 South. Trees, upright, healthy growth, regular bearers ; flowers, 
 small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; 
 suture, shallow, point or apex slightly depressed ; skin, yellowish 
 green, and, when exposed to sun, a bright, lively, red cheek ; flesh, 
 greenish white, tinged with reddish pink at the stone, juicy, melting, 
 with a rich, delicious flavor. Season, early in September. Free- 
 stone. 
 
278 THE PEACH. 
 
 Oldmixon. 
 
 Oldmixon Cling, | Oldmixon Clingstone. 
 
 American. Of the clingstone peaches we think this and Hyslop's 
 the best, and deserving place in every collection. Flowers, small ; 
 glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, well marked, 
 and one side of fruit slightly larger than the other, without mamelon, 
 or swollen point; skin, yellowish white, with red more or less 
 dotted, and becoming bright red cheek where exposed fully to sun ; 
 flesh, pale white, juicy, rich, high and excellent flavor. Season, early 
 in September. Clingstone. 
 
 Oldmixon Freestone. 
 
 Oldmixon Clearstone. 
 
 American. Said to have been produced from seed of the Old- 
 mixon, which we think somewhat doubtful. It is, however, a variety 
 meriting place every where, as it always produces a crop, appearing 
 to withstand late spring frosts better than many others, and for 
 market, its ripening just at a period when most other varieties are 
 out, makes it extremely desirable. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; 
 fruit, large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen ; suture, appa- 
 rent only at apex ; shin, a mingling of yellowish white and pale 
 green, more or less marbled with dull red, and having a deep red 
 cheek in the sun ; flesh, white, tinged with red at stone, rich, sweet, 
 vinous, excellent flavor. Season, 5th to 15th September. 
 
 President. 
 
 American. Trees, healthy, productive, similar to the Rareripes ; 
 a valuable market fruit ; 'flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, 
 large or above medium, roundish oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, downy, 
 pale yellowish green, with a red cheek ; flesh, white, red at the 
 stone," juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor ; stone, rough, and unless fully 
 ripe, the flesh adheres slightly to it. Season, middle of September. 
 Freestone. 
 
 Prince's Red Rareripe. 
 
 Late Red Rareripe. 
 
 American. Trees, vigorous, productive, and fruit of a grayish 
 appearance, distinguishing it from all other varieties ; flowers, small ; 
 glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval, with a depressed suture 
 and sunken point at apex ; skin, downy, pale grayish yellow, mottled 
 and marbled with red, and with a red cheek mottled with fawn-co- 
 lored specks ; flesh, white, deep red at stone, juicy, melting, rich, 
 luscious flavor. Season, early in September. Freestone. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 279 
 
 RoSEBANK. 
 
 American. Originated with James Dougall, Esq., C. W. Trees, 
 healthy, moderate, but regular bearers; Leaf, serrated without glands ; 
 fruit, above medium, round, compressed at the apex; suture, deep, 
 extending somewhat more than halfway round ; skin, whitish yellow 
 with a red cheek, where fully exposed to the sun, the red becomes 
 almost purple; flesh, thick, whitish yellow, very little red about the 
 stone, juicy, rich, excellent flavor. Season, middle of September. 
 Freestone. 
 
 Tillotson. 
 
 Early Tillotson. 
 
 American. This variety requires a strong soil, otherwise it is 
 liable to mildew. The trees are hardy, but not good bearers while 
 young, nor are they rapid growers. Its period of maturity must, 
 however, give it place for market purposes as being the earliest 
 good fruit yet known. For small gardens where only three or four 
 days are little consequence, it is not advisable to plant it. Flowers, 
 small ; leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, medium, roundish ; skin, 
 nearly white, dotted with red and becoming dark red in the sun ; 
 flesh, whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres, 
 juicy, rich, high flavor. Season, variable, we having fruited it as 
 early as 29th July and again not until 10th of August, but always, 
 however, a few days before Early York ; and we only note this here 
 in order to show that no certain dates will answer frpm year to 
 year in any fruit. 
 
 Van Zandt's Superb. 
 
 Waxen Rareripe. 
 
 American. A variety not suited to market purposes, but highly 
 desirable in small gardens for dessert use. Flowers, small ; glands, 
 globose, obscure ; fruit, medium, roundish, one side enlarged ; su- 
 ture, distinct but not deep ; skin, white, beautifully sprinkled and 
 marbled with clear red, cheek red, dotted with carmine ; flesh, whit- 
 ish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, very fine flavor. Sea- 
 son, early in September. 
 
 Walter's Early. 
 American. A popular orchard variety, adapted to light soils. 
 Trees, healthy and productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; 
 fruit, above medium, globular, flattened ; skin, white, with a rich 
 red cheek ; flesh, whitish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, 
 fine flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 
 
 White Imperial. 
 American. A valuable variety for the northern parts of our 
 
280 THE PEACH. 
 
 country, being hardy and vigorous, and a regular, moderate bearer. 
 South, the trees grow too rapid, while the fruit is insipid. It seems 
 to do equally well in sandy or loamy soil, but in the former will 
 probably sooner require some specific stimulant. Flowers, small ; 
 glands, globose ; fruit, large or above medium, roundish, broad, de- 
 pressed at apex ; suture, not deep, but well marked, and the fruit 
 often one side enlarged ; skin, yellowish white, tinged or marbled 
 with light purplish red towards the sun ; flesh, nearly white, melting, 
 juicy, sweet, delicate, delicious flavor. Season, last of August. Free- 
 stone. 
 
 Ward's Freestone. 
 
 Ward's Late Free, | Ward's Free 
 
 American. We have examined this variety for several years, 
 and were we to have but one late-ripening variety, should unhesi- 
 tatingly select this. The Weld's Freestone spoken of by Mr. Man- 
 ning, in the second volume of the Horticulturist, we strongly sus- 
 pect to be this variety. It is a variety highly successful among 
 orchardists in Delaware, and so far as we have seen, equally valua- 
 ble at the North. Trees, vigorous, healthy, not too rapid growth 
 
 flowers, small ; glands, ; fruit, above medium, roundish 
 
 skin, yellowish white, with a red cheek where exposed to the sun 
 flesh, nearly white, rarely tinged with red at the stone, juicy, vinous, 
 and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor ; for late preserving 
 it is invaluable. Season, early October. Freestone. 
 
 Yellow Rareripe. 
 
 Yellow Red Rareripe, Marie Antoinette, 
 
 Large Yellow Rareripe, French Rareripe. 
 
 American. As a market or garden variety, this has no equal 
 among yellow-fleshed fruits. Cultivators should, however, be care- 
 ful of the correctness of their trees, as an old sort, far inferior, and 
 often known under name of Yellow Malacatune, is frequently 
 grown for this variety. Flowers, small ; glands, globose; fruity 
 large, roundish ; suture, shallow, extending rather more than half 
 round, a small point at apex ; skin, deep orange yellow, dotted 
 somewhat with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in streaks; flesh, 
 deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, nearly first- 
 rate flavor. Season, 20th to last August. Freestone. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 281 
 
 CLASS II. — New and untested ; adapted to certain locations, or 
 gardens of Amateurs. 
 
 Alberge. 
 
 Yellow Alberge^ 
 Alberge Jaune, 
 Purple Alberge, 
 Red Alberge, 
 Golden Mignonne, 
 
 French Rareripe, 
 
 Peohe Jaune, 
 
 Gold-Fleshed, 
 
 Yellow Rareripe of some 
 
 Hardy Galande, 
 
 Golden Rareripe. 
 
 Foreign. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish yel- 
 low, purplish cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Middle Aug. Freestone. 
 
 Allen. 
 
 American. Small, roundish ; white, red cheek ; juicy. Freestone. Mid- 
 dle Sept. (Cole.) 
 
 Atwater. 
 American. Closely resembles President, and may prove identical. 
 
 Bellegarde. 
 
 Early Royal George, 
 Red Magdalen, 
 French Royal George, 
 Smooth-leaved Royal George, 
 Violette Hative, 
 
 Violette Hative Grosse, 
 Brentford Mignonne, 
 Ronald's Mignonne, 
 Large Violet, 
 arly Galande. 
 
 Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, with a 
 point ; suture shallow, yellowish green ; red cheek ; flesh, little red at 
 stone ; juicy. Freestone. Early September. 
 
 Barnard. 
 
 Early Barnard, Yellow Barnard. 
 
 American. Much resembles Alberge. 
 
 Bachelder. 
 
 American. Large ; round, white, with deep blush ; flesh, white, juicy. 
 Freestone. Middle September. (Cole.) 
 
 Briggs. 
 
 American. Large, roundish ; Avhitish, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at 
 stone ; sweet. Freestone. Early September. (Cole.) 
 
 Blood Clingstone. 
 
 Claret Clingstone, | Blood Cling. 
 
 American. Valuable only for pickling and preserving ; flowers, small ; 
 glands, reniform ; fruit, often measuring twelve inches round ; suture, dis- 
 
232 THE PEACH. 
 
 tinct, skin, downy, dark, clouded, purplish red ; flesh, deep red through- 
 out ; firm, juicy. Last September 
 
 The old French Blood Clingstone is a smaller fruit than the above, and 
 also has large flowers. The Blood Freestone is a variety of above, medi- 
 um size, glandless leaves, and less valuable. 
 
 Bullard's Clingstone. 
 
 American. Large, round ; white, with red cheek ; juicy, fine. Sep- 
 tember. (Kenrick.) 
 
 Bullard's Seedling 
 
 American. Large, round, pale yellow and red. Middle of September. 
 Freestone. (Kenrick.) 
 
 Cable's Late. 
 
 Cable's Late. Melocotoc, 
 
 American. A seedling of the old Red Cheek, and resembles Crawford's 
 Late, only ripening some six days earlier. Freestone. 
 
 Cole's Early Red. 
 
 American. Productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, 
 roundish, pale yellow, mostly covered with red, often dry. Last August. 
 Freestone. 
 
 Chinese Peach. 
 
 Flat Peach of China, | Java Peach. 
 Peen To 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; flowers, large ; fruit, small, flattened, long, 
 yellowish green, and pale red ; skin, thin ; flesh, pale yellow, red at stone, 
 to which it adheres, juicy, delicate, vinous flavor ; fitted only for the ama- 
 teur's garden. September ; July, at the South. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 American. Only suited for marketing ; flowers, large ; glands, globose; 
 fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek, juicy. Last of 
 August. Freestone. 
 
 Cambridge Belle. 
 
 Hovey's Cambridge Belle. 
 
 American. Large, roundish, white with a blush, red cheek, juicy, 
 good. Early September. Freestone. (Hovey.) 
 
 Clarke. 
 
 American. Large, roundish, yellow, red blush ; flesh, yellow, red at 
 stone, juicy, sugary, fine. Early September. (Cole.) 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 283 
 
 Down Easter. 
 
 Hall's Down Easter. 
 
 American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red cheek; 
 good, hardy, productive. 20th September. (Cole.) 
 
 Double Montagne 
 
 Double Mountain, | Montagne 
 Montauban. 
 
 Foreign. Almost worthy a place in first class ; flowers, large ; leaves, 
 glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale greenish white, with two shades 
 of red when exposed to the sun ; flesh, white, delicate, juicy, fine. Last 
 of August. Freestone. 
 
 Elmira. 
 
 American. This variety originated in Miss, by M. W. Phillips, Esq. 
 We have not seen it, nor a description, but it is spoken of as a Clingstone, 
 ripening a few days earlier than Early Tillotson, and being very desirable 
 in that section. 
 
 Eliza. 
 
 American. Originated at Philadelphia ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, 
 round, terminating in a nipple ; skin, yellow, with mottled red cheek ; 
 flesh, yellow, red at stone. Last of September. Freestone. (W. D. B., 
 in Pomologist.) 
 
 Eastburn. 
 
 Eastburn's Choice. 
 
 American. Large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunnyside ; 
 flesh, yellowish, red near the stem, juicy, sprightly. Last of September. 
 Freestone. 
 
 FuLKERSON. 
 
 Fulkerson's Early. 
 
 American. Leaves, glandless ; specimens of the Fulkerson Peach were 
 sent us 20th of August, 1851, by its originator, R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, 
 0., from which we made our description. Mr. Fulkerson states it hardy 
 and productive when Yellow Rareripe, Tillotson and other varieties fail ; 
 fruit, medium; obtuse, rounded, sides irregular, unequal; suture, half- 
 round ; skin, whitish, rich, red cheek ; flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with 
 red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet and high flavored; stone small, angular, 
 flattened. Freestone. 20th August. 
 
 Green Catherine. 
 
 Doctor Cooper. 
 
 Probably Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, 
 round, pale green, with red cheek ; flesh, bright red at stone, tender, 
 juicy; very fine South, inferior at the North. First to middle Septem- 
 ber. Freestone. 
 
284 THE PEACH. 
 
 Green Rareripe. 
 
 American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose. We have not seen it. 
 Manning says : medium size, productive, fine flavor. Middle September 
 Freestone. 
 
 Galande. 
 
 Hardy Galande. 
 
 Foreign. Received from France by Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing, L. I., 
 who describe it thus : Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, below medi- 
 um ; suture, deep ; skin, downy, dark blood color on one side, on opposite, 
 red and yellow marbled ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, apricot 
 flavor. Last August. Freestone. 
 
 Hastings. 
 
 « 
 
 American. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, above medium, 
 round, slightly flattened ; yellowish white, with a purplish red cheek ; 
 juicy, delicious. Early September. Freestone. (Manning.) 
 
 Hartshorn. 
 
 American. Large, roundish oval, yellow, deep blush ; flesh, coarse ; 
 keeps long. Middle September. Clingstone. (Cole.) 
 
 Hale. 
 
 Hale's Melocoton. 
 
 American. Above medium, oblong, flat at base ; suture, slight ; yel- 
 low ; flesh, yellow, rich, sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) 
 
 Hatch. 
 
 American. Very large, roundish pointed ; suture, shallow ; deep yel- 
 low, blush in sun ; flesh, yellow, melting, sweet. Early September. 
 Freestone. (Cole.) 
 
 Henry Clay. 
 
 American. Newly introduced by A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss., 
 by whom it is thus described : Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, deep 
 purple in sun, shading to bright pink and creamy white ; flesh, grayish 
 white, tender, peculiar flavor, partaking of strawberry and pineapple ; 
 small stone, parting freely from the flesh. First August. September at 
 the North. 
 
 Kenrick's Heath. 
 
 Heath Freestone, Heath Free. 
 
 American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, 
 swollen point at apex ; suture, slight; greenish white, purplish red cheek ; 
 flesh, greenish white, red at stone, coarse, juicy, sub-acid. September. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 285 
 
 Jose Sweet. 
 
 American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, 
 broad ; suture, deep ; greenish white, dull red cheek, juicy, delicious fla- 
 vor. Last September. Freestone. 
 
 Jones' Early. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, 
 with pale red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. Middle 
 August. Freestone. (Hovey.) 
 
 Jones' Large Early. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; suture, 
 deep ; greenish white with crimson cheek ; flesh, white, melting, pink at 
 stone. Middle August. Freestone. (Hovey.) 
 
 Incomparable. 
 
 Pavie Admirable, | Late Admirable Cling. 
 
 Foreign. Valuable only for market. Trees, healthy, productive ; 
 flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, swelling a little 
 on one side, yellowish white, with red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, red 
 at stone, juicy. Late September. Clingstone. 
 
 Monstrous Clingstone. 
 
 Pavie de Pompone, Pavie Monstrueux, 
 
 Monstrous Pompone, Pavie Rouge de Pompone, 
 
 Monstrous Pavie, Pavie Camu, 
 
 Pavie de Pomponne Crosse, | Gros Melocoton, 
 
 Gros Persique Rouge. 
 
 Foreign. A variety which succeeds finely in rich, deep soils, often of 
 very fine flavor, but apt to be deficient. Its very large size makes it sell 
 readily. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish 
 oval, swollen point at apex, obtuse ; suture, marked half round ; skin, 
 yellowish white, with red mostly overspreading it ; flesh, firm, yellowish 
 white, deep red at stone, juicy. Last October. Clingstone. 
 
 Madeira. 
 
 Hill's Madeira, Madeira Freestone. 
 
 American. A variety now litfAe known, and, we think, never much 
 out of southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, well marked, not 
 deep ; yellow, with rich red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, rich, 
 and, in warm seasons, sugary and delicious. Early September. Free- 
 stone. 
 
 Merriam. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; large, oval, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, 
 yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last September. Freestone. (Cole.) 
 
 Mrs. Poinsett. 
 American. Origin in South Carolina. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, 
 
286 THE PEACH. 
 
 globular; suture, distinct, regular; skin, brownish yellow, veined with 
 red ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, partially clingstone. First September. 
 
 Moore's Favorite. 
 
 American. G-lands, globose; fruit, large, roundish, white, bright. blush ; 
 flesh, white, juicy, vinous. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) 
 
 Malben. 
 
 Early Maiden. 
 
 American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless. A variety originated 
 by Jas. Dougall, Esq., of 0. W., and, as yet, not fully tested. Fruit, me- 
 dium, roundish compressed, one side enlarged; suture, distinct; skin, 
 white, with reddish blush cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sprightly. Last 
 
 August. Freestone. 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 American. G-lands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; broad suture ; 
 downy, yellow, with purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, 
 sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) 
 
 Noblesse. 
 
 Vanguard, | Mellishe's Favorite 
 
 Lord Montague's Noblesse. 
 
 Foreign. The " Double Montague" is said by some to be identical 
 with this old variety. We have fruited them two years, bat the Double 
 Montague under unfavorable circumstances, so that we are, as yet, un- 
 willing to place them as identical, although their identity is not improba- 
 ble. Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, above medium, roundish 
 oblong, pale greenish white, with two shades of red where exposed to 
 sun ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy. Last of August. Freestone. 
 
 Newman. 
 
 American. Large, round, greenish white, with a blush; flesh, white, 
 juicy, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.) 
 
 Orchard Queen. 
 
 Reine des Vergers. 
 
 Foreign. New — comes with high praise ; should be tested. Tree, 
 vigorous ; new shoots, reddish ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, de- 
 pressed at apex ; skin, yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 red at stone, melting, vinous. September. Freestone. 
 
 Orange Clingstone. 
 
 American. Flowers, small, serrated, glandless; fruit, large, round; 
 suture, well marked; deep orange, occasionally a dark red cheek; flesh, 
 yellow, firm, juicy, vinous. Middle September. Clingstone. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 287 
 
 Owen. 
 
 Owen's Lemon, | Owen's Lemon Rareripe. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, distinct ; 
 yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. 
 Middle September. Freestone. 
 
 Paragon. 
 
 Prince's Paragon. 
 
 American. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; 
 yellowish green, with red cheek ; suture, shallow, terminating in a point 
 at apex ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Middle September. 
 Freestone. 
 
 Poinsett. 
 
 American ; originated in South Carolina. G-landless ; fruit, large, 
 roundish oval ; ruddy yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy. September. Clingstone. 
 
 Poole's Yellow. 
 
 Poole's Large Yellow, j Poole's Late Yellow Freestone. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, half round ; 
 deep yellow, dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy. Last 
 of September. Freestone. 
 
 Snow. 
 
 American ; only suited to sunny exposures, and rich, deep, warm 
 soils. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, 
 slight ; skin, thin ; clear white ; flesh, white, juicy. Early September. 
 Freestone. The blossoms of this variety are white, and the wood is a 
 light green. 
 
 Shanghai. 
 
 From north of China. Flowers, large ; leaves, creneated ; glands, reni- 
 form ; fruit, large, roundish ; pale yellow in shade, crimson red in sun ; 
 flesh, pale yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it partially adheres. 
 (Jour. L. H. Society.) 
 
 Sites' Old Zack. 
 
 A variety esteemed at Columbus, Ohio, where it originated. Fruit, 
 above medium ; yellow, with dull red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, separat- 
 ing freely from the stone. 1st to 15th September. 
 
 Skinner's Superb. 
 
 A freestone yellow peach, originated at the South, where it ripens early 
 in August, and is regarded as " very good." 
 
238 THE PEACH. 
 
 Saint George. 
 
 Smock, | Smock Free. 
 
 American ; valuable market sort. G-lands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, 
 compressed sides; orange yellow, red in sun ; flesh, bright yellow, red at 
 stone, juicy, rich. Last September. Freestone. 
 
 Smith's Favorite. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; deep suture ; yel- 
 low, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet. Middle September. Free- 
 stone. 
 
 Red Cheek. 
 
 Red Cheek Melocoton, 
 Hogg's Melocoton, 
 Yellow Melocoton, 
 
 Malagatune, 
 Malacatune, 
 Lady Gallatin, 
 
 Yellow Malagatune. 
 
 American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. The parent of most of 
 the recently introduced yellow* peaches. Fruit, large, roundish oval; 
 swollen point at apex ; yellow, deep red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at 
 stone, juicy, a little sub-acid. Early September. Freestone. 
 
 Red Rareripe. 
 
 Large Red Rareripe, I Douglass, 
 
 Early Red Rareripe, Burgess' Beauty. 
 
 American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, round ; su- 
 ture broad ; skin, white, mottled with red, becoming quite red in sun ; 
 flesh, whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Last August. Free- 
 stone. Sometimes mildews. From this variety it is probable most of our 
 rareripes have been produced. 
 
 Rodman's Red. 
 
 American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong ; 
 mostly red in sun ; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy. Last of September. Cling- 
 stone. 
 
 Reeves' Favorite. 
 
 American. Distinct from " Favorite " of Coxe. Flowers, small ; glands, 
 globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellow, 
 juicy, sometimes a little acid. Early September. Freestone. 
 
 Tippecanoe. 
 
 American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish , 
 yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sprightly. Middle to last Sep- 
 tember. Clingstone. 
 
 There is also a Freestone variety under this name, which originated in 
 Ohio. It is, however, rarely grown, and we know of no description, nor 
 have we seen the fruit. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 289 
 
 Tuft's Early. 
 
 American. G-lands, globose ; large, roundish ; yellowish white, red 
 cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last of August. Free- 
 stone. 
 
 Tarbell. 
 
 American. Large, roundish, flattened at base ; suture, nearly round ; 
 yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. 
 Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.) 
 
 Tuft's Rareripe. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; medium, roundish ; red and yellow ; flesh, 
 yellow, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.) 
 
 Weld's Freestone. 
 
 American. Flowers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, roundish 
 oval ; greenish white, with some red. First to middle October. (Man- 
 ning.) We are inclined to regard this as probably identical with Ward's 
 Freestone. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Washington Rareripe, | Washington Red Freestone. 
 
 American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, broad, de- 
 pressed ; suture, broad, deep, nearly round ; skin, yellowish white, with 
 crimson cheek; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Mid- 
 dle September. Freestone, but often adheres slightly. 
 
 White Clingstone. 
 
 Large White Clingstone, I New York White Clingstone, 
 Williamson's New York, j Selby's Cling. 
 
 American. The quality of the variety would place it in the first class, but 
 in selecting of two, we think the Oldmixon preferable ; and as they ripen 
 at same time, we have placed this variety as only suited to large orchards. 
 
 Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round ; small swollen 
 point at apex; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish white, little covered or 
 dotted with red where exposed to sun ; flesh, whitish, tender, melting, 
 juicy, sweet, high flavor. Early September. 
 
 Washington Clingstone. 
 
 American. Requires a warm climate and good soil. Valuable South 
 not at the North. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, 
 roundish ; yellowish green, with gray specks and a tinge of red in sun • 
 juicy, tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September. 
 
 Walburton. 
 
 Walburton Admirable. 
 
 Foreign. Leaves, glandless, serrated; fruit, above medium, roundish 
 oblong; greenish white, with red cheek; flesh, greenish white, melting, 
 and separating freely from the stone. Late September. 
 13 
 
, 290 THE PEACH. 
 
 CLASS III. — Unworthy farther culture. 
 
 Acton Scott. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat, 
 pale white, often bitter. August. 
 
 ASTOR. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red 
 cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August. 
 i 
 
 Anne. 
 
 Early Anne, Green Nutmeg. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early 
 August. 
 
 Admirable. 
 
 Early Admirable, | L' Admirable, 
 Belle de Vitry. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; 
 flesh, red at stone. August. 
 
 Almond. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless ; fruit small, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, red at 
 stone. September. 
 
 Belle de Vitry. 
 
 Admirable Tardive, Bellis. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, 
 red at stone. Last September. 
 
 Belle de Beaucaire. 
 
 Beauty of Beaucaire. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, greenish yellow, red cheek, juicy. 
 August. Freestone. 
 
 Beauty of Salisbury. 
 
 Foreign. Trees mildew ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek, 
 juicy. September. Freestone. 
 
 Baltimore Beauty. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium., roundish, yellowish white, red 
 cheek. August. Freestone. 
 
 Barrington. 
 
 Buckingham Mignonne, Colonel Ausleys. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and red ; 
 flesh, tinged red at stone. September. Freestone. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 291 
 
 Bennett's Rareripe. 
 
 American. Glands, globose 5 fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deficient 
 in flavor. August. 
 
 Belle Chevreuse. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium oval, greenish white, with red 
 cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. September. Freestone. 
 
 Belzar's Early Rareripe. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium round, red instm ; flesh, streaked 
 with red. August. % 
 
 Chilian. 
 
 American. Glands ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, defi- 
 cient in flavor. September. Freestone. 
 
 Canary. 
 
 American. Fruit medium, canary color 5 flesh, yellow, not colored at stone, 
 to which it adheres closely. September. 
 
 Cable's Medium Melocoton. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesa, yellow ; 
 sub-acid. September. 
 
 Cablets Early. 
 
 Cable's Early Meloeotos. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub- 
 acid. September. 
 
 Congress. 
 
 Congress Cling-. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, whitish, with red, juiey ; poor 
 bearer. September. 
 
 Chancellor. 
 
 Chanceiiere. J Noisette, 
 
 Late Chancellor, j .Stewart's Late Galandc 
 
 Edgar's Late Melting. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, yellowish white, crimson 
 rheek ; flesh, red next stone. September. Freestone. 
 
 Carey's Mammoth Cling. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oval ; flesh, white. 
 September, 
 
 Charlotte. 
 
 Old Royal Charlotte. New Royal Charlotte, 
 
 Grimwood's Royal Charlotte, Kew's Early Purple. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek ; 
 Sesb f white, red at stone. September- 
 
292 THE PEACH. 
 
 Catharine. 
 
 Catherine Cling. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform j fruit, large, roundish, oval, one side enlarged, 
 yellowish, green, red in sun j flesh, firm, yellowish white, red at stone. Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Druid Hill. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red in 
 the sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, far inferior to "Ward's Freestone. Sep- 
 tember. Freestone. 
 
 Emperor of Russia. 
 
 Cat Leaved , New Cut Leaved, 
 
 Serrated, j Unique. 
 
 American. Mildews badly ; glandless 5 fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish 
 white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, yellowish while. August. Freestone. 
 
 Early Robinson Crusoe. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun. 
 September. 
 
 Eavorite. 
 
 Favorite Red, 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with much 
 red in sun ; flesh, firm, red at stone. September. 
 
 Eox's Seedling. 
 
 American. Glands, globose 'j fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Septem- 
 ber. Freestone. 
 
 Gest's Superb. 
 
 Gest's large Freestone. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and 
 red ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. September. 
 
 Golden Ball. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red 
 cheek ; flesh, yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen^s Yellow, 
 with which it ripens. Early September. 
 
 Pecher d'Ispahan. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless j fruit, small, round, whitish green - 7 flesh, greenish 
 white, a little sub-acid. September. 
 
 Hoffner. 
 
 HorTner's Seedling. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish., 
 with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white. August. Freestone. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 293 
 
 La Grange. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little red 
 in sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not equal to many others at same time 
 ripening. September. Freestone. 
 
 Late Yellow Alberge. 
 
 October Yellow, Algiers Yellow, 
 
 Algiers Winter. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval yellow when 
 ripe $ flesh, firm, yellow, dry. October. 
 
 La Fayette Clingstone, 
 American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, poor. September. 
 
 La Fayette. 
 
 American. Fruit, above medium; round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh, 
 stained with red. September. 
 
 Nonpareil. 
 
 Scott's Nonpareil. 
 
 American. Glands, globose. Fruit, large roundish, oblong, yellow, with red 
 cheek, too much like Crawford's Late, to be continued. Freestone. September. 
 
 Old Newington. > 
 
 Newington Cling, | Newington, 
 
 Large Newington. 
 
 Foreign ; glandless ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek 5 
 iesh, pale yellowish white, red at stone ; juicy. September, 
 
 Phfleiger. 
 
 American ; fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Freestone. 
 September. „ 
 
 Melting. 
 
 Large Melting. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish with red cheek, flesh, white, 
 red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone. 
 
 Magistrate. 
 
 Majestrate. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, greenish white, red cheek, flesh, 
 juicy, not high flavor. September. Freestone. 
 
 Morrisania. 
 
 Morrisania Pound , | Hoffman's Pound, 
 Morrison's Pound. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red 
 cheek 5 flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September. 
 
294 THE PEACH. 
 
 Madeleine of Courson. 
 
 Madeleine de Courson, 
 Red Magdalen, 
 True Red Magdalen, 
 
 French Magdalen, 
 Madeleine Rouge, 
 Rouge Paysanne. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless ; fruit medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek ; 
 flesh, white, red at stone. Last August. 
 
 Monstrous Freestone. 
 
 American, Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red ; flestr, 
 yellowish white 5 poor bearer. September. 
 
 Strawberry, 
 
 Rose. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, below medium, surface mostly red j flesls, 
 whitish j too small. August. Freestone. 
 
 Red Nutmeg. 
 
 Brown Nutmeg", f Avant Rouge, 
 
 Early Red Nutmeg, Red Avant. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek \ 
 flesh, yellowish, red at stone. Early August. 
 
 Royal George. 
 
 Early Royal George, 
 New Royal George, 
 Millet's Miernonne, 
 
 Lockyer's Mignonne, 
 Griffin's Mignonne. 
 3uperb, 
 
 Red Magd aline. 
 
 Foreign. Mildews badly j glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white, 
 red dots and marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish red at stone. Last of August. 
 
 ■ RoSANNA, 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow and purplish red ; flesh, 
 yellow, red at stone. September. Freestone. 
 
 Swalsh. 
 
 Double Swalsb, } Swalze. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, 
 white, red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone. 
 
 Sweet Water. 
 
 Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg. 
 
 There are two varieties under this name ; one with globose glands, and one 
 glandless ; neither as valuable as Tillotson. 
 
 Scott's Early Red. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red ; 
 flesh, whitish, juicy. August. Freestone. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 295 
 
 Smith's Newington. 
 
 Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newington. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with pur- 
 plish red in sun ; flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stone. August. Clingstone. 
 
 Smock Clingstone. 
 
 American. Large oblong, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid. 
 September. 
 
 Spring Grove. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red 
 cheek ; flesh, greenish yellow. September. Freestone. 
 
 SuLHAMSTEAD. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, sweet. September. 
 
 Slocum's Early. 
 
 American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh, yellow. 
 August. 
 
 SlEBOLT. 
 
 American. Glands ; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow with red cheek ; 
 flesh, yellowish white. Freestone. September. 
 
 Tice. 
 Tice's Red and Yellow. 
 
 American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer. 
 September. Freestone. 
 
 Vandermark. 
 American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. September. A clingstone. 
 
 White Nutmeg. 
 
 Early White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche, 
 
 White Avant. 
 
 Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oval, greenish white ; flesh white, to the 
 stone. Early August. 
 
 White Blossom. 
 
 White Blossomed Incomparable, J Willow Peach, 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, oval, white ; flesh, white to 
 etone. September. Freestone. 
 
296 THE PEACH. 
 
 Weeping. 
 
 Reid's Weeping. 
 
 American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not de- 
 serve to be classed in fruits. 
 
 Yates' Early. 
 
 American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior. 
 
 Yellow Admirable. 
 
 Orange, 
 Abricotee, 
 
 Apricot Peach, 
 Admirable Jaune. 
 
 Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red 
 in sun ; flesh, yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Freestone. September. 
 
 Zoar Beauty. 
 
 American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where ex- 
 posed to sun ; flesh, tinged with red. Freestone. September. 
 
THE PEAR. 
 
 Pyrus communis, L. Rosacea of botanists. 
 
 Native of Europe and Asia, the pear has long been cultivated, 
 but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con- 
 siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, ex- 
 cept they were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and 
 their exertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before 
 written ; and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best 
 imported varieties; while, in this country, we are not the less indebt- 
 ed to such men as H. A. S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder, 
 J. P. Kirtland, W. D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation, 
 origin, and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States. 
 
 Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the pear, as well as of 
 the apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the States 
 there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests, 
 few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one 
 remove from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impres- 
 sion that " he who plants pears, plants for his heirs," we attribute 
 the neglect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable 
 number of pear trees. Gradually, however, as facilities of traveling 
 have increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with 
 practice and results, and information become freely disseminated 
 through our agricultural and horticultural journals, have pear plan- 
 tations increased, until at this time there are, probably, yearly plant- 
 ed in the States not less than one million of trees. 
 
 In almost every State, there appear certain localities where the 
 pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor, 
 and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be 
 selected from many : Danvers in Mass., Hartford and East New 
 Haven County, in Conn., Vincennes in la., Detroit in Mich., and 
 north-western or central New York. And indeed we may find it 
 difficult to name a section where, with the appropriate care in cul- 
 ture here pointed out, the pear may not be grown healthy and pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 Propagation. By seed. The propagation of the pear by seed is 
 the same as that of the apj>le, if we except the fact that, as the roots 
 of the pear the first year are generally confined to the one " tap- 
 root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary that the soil 
 be at least two feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow trenched 
 with the spade is the best for the growing of pear seedlings. 
 
 13* (297) 
 
298 THE PEAR. 
 
 The propagating by grafting, budding, etc., is also the same in the 
 pear as in the apple, and usually performed at same season. The 
 remarks we make relative to root grafting on pieces of roots are 
 also equally applicable to the pear as the apple. Some practise the 
 grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of 
 the pear from the graft ; this is easily done, but we see no advantage ; 
 and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favora- 
 ble ; we have found the roots thrown from the pear small and in- 
 sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking 
 up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the cir- 
 culation of sap-vessels. 
 
 Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over for- 
 eign varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sus- 
 tained by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks 
 we think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within 
 a few years past, most of the pears worked on pear stocks in this 
 country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of 
 most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for- 
 eign varieties. 
 
 Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling 
 pear stocks, usually two years old and about f to | an inch diameter at 
 crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the same left to grow 
 until August, are usually suitable size for budding. The quince, 
 apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used for grow- 
 ing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is best, thorn 
 next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seedlings are 
 not desirable to use for this purpose, as they do not run even in 
 growth ; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the 
 Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain ash 
 are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where 
 the quince roots do not appear as well suited. 
 
 While a very large number of varieties will take and grow for a 
 year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a 
 series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, when grown 
 on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now 
 very extensive on the quince root, we cannot but fear that in eight- 
 tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower ; and in the remain- 
 ing two-tenths, require equally as much care in supplying nutrition 
 and pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots. 
 There are, however, some sorts that the fruit seems improved by 
 being worked on quince, asDuchessed'Angouleme, Easter Beurre, &c, 
 and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore, 
 while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that 
 without careful and high culture the grower w r ill meet disappointment. 
 
STOCKS AND ADAPTATION OF TREES THEREON. 299 
 
 About one hundred years may be taken, as the natural duration of 
 the pear on pear roots,when grown in soil supplied with the elements 
 necessary to sustain it; and about thirty or forty years the natural 
 duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and 
 cultivated. Instances are of course recorded and known, where 
 trees exist for longer periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in 
 one half the time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has 
 been so great for some years past, that too often little regard has 
 been paid to the stock ; and we have now in our grounds rows of 
 bearing trees on quince roots, all of one kind, received from France, 
 from which, although receiving the same care and attention, there 
 may be selected those that ,ere many years must of necessity decay , 
 the stock and tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as be- 
 fore remarked, there are varieties that, while they grow apparently 
 well for a few years, decay on fruiting the second year. The suc- 
 cess of the pear on quince roots trained en-pyramid in the old coun- 
 try has been confined to but few varieties, and these kept under a 
 steady yet high state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on 
 the quince, in the manner of most orcharding in this country, will 
 never repay the first cost of the trees ; but if trees are selected ot 
 varieties known to have been long successful, and a system of cul- 
 ture pursued which shall meet the requirements of the fibrous roots 
 of the quince, then may the grower look for profit and pleasure in 
 the result ; but equally gratifying and profitable would be the result, 
 if we except a few varieties of foreign origin, when grown on the 
 pear, and annually root-pruned; added to which, if one half the trees 
 w T ere taken out after twenty years, the balance would form a fine 
 permanent orchard to be managed as our apple orchards. In small 
 gardens, where the quince stock is advised by nearly all writers, (and 
 correctly so, if the right varieties are selected,) success will not be had 
 without an appreciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed 
 by the quince, and the system of culture required to supply the 
 food of the plant, as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also 
 some little knowledge of the amount of fruit the young tree is ca- 
 pable of ripening and continue in health ; the tendency being rather 
 to over-production and exhaustion. 
 
 Transplanting, Selection of Trees, and Distances apart. — The roots 
 of the pear have few laterals except grown on shallow rich soil, 
 and in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much 
 of the large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly de- 
 stroyed, the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On 
 the quince root, when well grown, there will need little attention, 
 except to head back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends 
 of each root, as often directed in this work ; and in setting, taking 
 
300 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 care that the earth is even with the junction of the pear on the 
 quince. 
 
 Trees on near roots for the orchard or garden are best at about 
 three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown and shaped 
 as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are 
 best at one year from the bud ; for, as a general thing, the nursery- 
 man has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com- 
 pared with that of labor in this country, warrant him in a system 
 of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree 
 be so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed 
 positions. 
 
 The distance apart of pear or pear roots for large orcharding, 
 should be from twenty-five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for 
 gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much plant- 
 ed intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the 
 practice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate 
 such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary 
 method of plowing, planting potatoes, &c. 
 
 Soil and Manures. — The pear roots thrive best in a soil where 
 the sub-soil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open and 
 porous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots, 
 extending deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of ex- 
 treme drought. Cold clay is a bad sub-soil, and where it exists in 
 the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and 
 thoroughly .sub-soiled and well drained. The pear on quince roots 
 succeed best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring con- 
 siderable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis 
 of the ash of the pear as made by Dr. Emmons : — 
 
 Potash, .... 
 
 Soda, . . . . - . 
 Chlorine, .... 
 Sulphuric Acid, 
 Phosphate of Lime, 
 Phosphate of Peroxide of Iron, 
 Carbonic Acid, 
 Lime, . 
 Magnesia, .... 
 
 Silex, 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Organic Matter, 
 
 Sap wood. 
 
 22.25 
 1.84 
 0.31 
 0.50 
 
 27.22 
 0.31 
 
 27.69 
 
 12.64 
 3.00 
 0.30 
 0.17 
 4.02 
 
 100.25 
 
 Bark. 
 6.20 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.80 
 6.50 
 
 37.29 
 30.36 
 9.40 
 0.40 
 0.65 
 4.20 
 
 98.30 
 
 From this it will be seen what most is wanted in the soil to pro- 
 duce healthy foliage and wood in the pear As a general thing, 
 
PRUNING. 
 
 301 
 
 soils usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and 
 the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone 
 dust ; or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig 
 in around the tree whole bones from the daily use of a family, or 
 procured from a . slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and 
 applied to vegetable mould from the woods, and this dug in around 
 the tree, is also a cheap and ready way of supplying food requisite. 
 Iron filings, etc., from smith-shops is also good, and hence the im- 
 pression of some, that through it the Might was cured or prevented. 
 The fact being only that a certain element requisite to health was 
 exhausted in the soil. 
 
 Pruning. — In connection with what we have recorded under this 
 head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable 
 to the pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Eivers, Esq., 
 England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in 
 
 the world : 
 
 " If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist 
 them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp- 
 pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open ; otherwise 
 these root-pruned trees on 
 the quince stock are so full 
 of them, that the tree re- 
 ceives a check if they are 
 all allowed to expand. About 
 ten or fifteen fruit may be 
 permitted to ripen the first 
 season ; the following season 
 two or three dozen will be 
 as many as the tree ought 
 to be allowed to bring to 
 perfection, increasing the 
 number as the tree increases 
 in vigor, always remember- 
 ing that a few full-sized and 
 well-ripened pears are to be 
 preferred to a greater num- 
 ber, inferior in size and 
 quality. 
 
 Summer pinching in the 
 youth of the tree is the only 
 remedy, if it is not well fur- 
 nished below ; and a severe 
 remedy it is, for all the 
 young shoots on the upper 
 tiers, including the leader, 
 must be pinched closely in 
 May and Jun© till the lower 
 
302 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 ones have made young shoots of a sufficient length to give uniform- 
 ity to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble ; it is 
 better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that is not 
 well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of this 
 description may soon be made to assume the shape of the foregoing 
 figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ought to be 
 in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leaders are 
 shortened, which is best done towards the end of August : this short- 
 ening^must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots short- 
 ened in the same manner ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked 
 pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with. 
 The spurs are the bases of the shoots that have been pinched 
 ji June. 
 
 Planting and after 
 management. — As before 
 mentioned, the autum- 
 nal and early winter 
 months are to be prefer- 
 red for planting ; care 
 should betaken in select- 
 ing trees that are fur- 
 nished with buds and 
 branches from bottom 
 to top; but if a young 
 gardener intends to 
 plant, and wishes to 
 train up his trees so 
 that they will become 
 quite perfect in shape, he 
 should select plants one 
 year old from the bud or 
 graft ; these will, of 
 course, have good buds 
 down to the junction of 
 the graft with the stock. 
 The first spring, a tree 
 of this description should 
 be headed down so as to 
 leave the shoot about 18 
 inches long ; if the soil is 
 rich, from five to six and 
 seven shoots will be pro- 
 duced ; one of these 
 
 must be made the leader, 
 and if not inclined to be 
 c/.ite perpendicular, this must be fastened to a stake. As soon in sum- 
 
PRUNING AND AFTER MANAGEMENT. 303 
 
 mer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched 
 off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch all off but one 
 to about two inches, leaving the topmost for a leader ; the side shoots 
 will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this 
 first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow in the proper 
 direction. This is the best done by bringing down and fastening 
 the end of each shoot, to a slight stake, so that an open pyramid 
 may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough air is 
 not admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till the end 
 of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds 
 of the stem ;* this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, and 
 no pruning in winter will be required. 
 
 The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side 
 shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four, 
 or more shoots ; as soon as these are four inches long they must be 
 pinched off to within three inches, all but the leading shoot of each side 
 bra/nch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant 
 sap, till the end of August. The perpendicular leader must be top- 
 ped once or twice ; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch 
 oft' its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all 
 but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years, most 
 symmetrical trees may be formed. 
 
 When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still 
 continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root- 
 pruning to bring them into a fruitful state. 
 
 I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear 
 their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required ; but 
 the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the 
 young cultivator. 
 
 I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees 
 adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa- 
 tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitful. A most valu- 
 able auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ; 
 pears grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of mod- 
 erate depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am 
 induced to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have 
 more care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should 
 recommend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered 
 during June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure, 
 and to give them once a week, in dry weather, a drenching with 
 guano water, (about two pounds to six gallons,) which must be well 
 stirred before it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured 
 gradually into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be pro- 
 
 * There are generally three or four abortive buds at the base of each shoot ; 
 these must not be reckoned, 
 
304 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 duced ; and as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we 
 shall have exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine 
 specimens to show for prizes. 
 
 Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning in the Garden of Plants, 
 (Jardin des Plantes,) France, where all are on their own or pear 
 roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul- 
 turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded 
 as the most perfect of specimens. 
 
 " M. Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In 
 the month of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with 
 the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, a, a, — that is, the terminal 
 shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not 
 only a new leading shoot at the end of the branch, but side shoots, 
 6, 6, at various places on the lower part of the 
 shoot. These side shoots are left to grow till the 
 end of May. They have then pushed out to about 
 four or five inches in length. The ends of all 
 these side shoots are then pinched off, leaving 
 only about an inch and a half at the bottom of 
 the shoot. 
 
 " Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the 
 side shoots, as they are at the end of June. The 
 dotted lines, 6, b, show the point to which these 
 shoots should be pinched off. 
 
 " The terminal or leading shoot, c, is left entire, 
 in order to draw up the sap, which would other- 
 wise force all the side shoots into new growth. Notwithstanding 
 this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots will frequently 
 
 push out new shoots again, just below 
 where they were pinched. This being 
 the case, about the last of August M. 
 Cappe shortens back these new side 
 shoots to about an inch and a half. But 
 this time he does not pinch them off. 
 He breaks them, and leaves the broken 
 end for several days attached and hang- 
 ing down, so that the flow of sap is not 
 so suddenly checked as when the branch 
 is pinched or cut off, and the danger of 
 new shoots being forced out a third time 
 is thereby effectually guarded against. 
 " The object of this stopping the side 
 branches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more properly, the organizable 
 matter in these shortened branches, by which means the remaining 
 buds become fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become 
 spurs, distributed over the whole tree, which bear regularly year 
 
 Ffc.i. 
 
 Fig. 2 
 
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 305 
 
 after year, sending out new side shoots, which are pinched back in 
 the same manner every summer. 
 
 " In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the 
 pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate 
 the pruning of the terminal branches or leaders, which, as we 
 have just said, are shortened back in March — for then is the time 
 to adjust any extravagances of growth which the tree may have run 
 into, on either side : and in the summer pinching the balance of 
 growth is adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest 
 the ends of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while 
 those that start near the bottom of the branch, (or the centre of the 
 tree,) where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five 
 inches long. 
 
 " Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to 
 form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry, and beauty 
 of form. But in order to have the branches regularly produced 
 from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree vvhich is only 
 a couple of feet high, so that you can form the first tier of branches 
 quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset ; 
 for if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of 
 course it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and 
 fulness of branches at the bottom." 
 
 All this our readers will understand relates more especially to 
 the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard 
 trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that 
 pursued in the apple ; very few trees, in fact,' requiring aught but a 
 thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the 
 branches becoming too thick. 
 
 Insects and Diseases. — The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by 
 Harris. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight. 
 Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise 
 among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of 
 as much destruction, as reported. 
 
 The Bupestris divaracata, and perhaps some allied species, is 
 found in the larvae state under the bark, on the bodies of both the 
 pear and apple ; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect 
 of this insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree, 
 on the south or southwest side. Cutting it away carefully and de- 
 stroying the larvae in months of July to September, and washing 
 the body first with ley-water, or strong soap-suds, and covering .it 
 with a coating of gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy. 
 
 The slug Selandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both cherry 
 and pear in June, July and August. It is about half an inch long 
 of a dull, greenish brown, slimy, shining, offensive appearance. 
 It is easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even 
 
306 
 
 THE PEAK. 
 
 dirt over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, fol- 
 lowing up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap 
 blight, etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have re- 
 marked on in previous pages, and refer thereto. 
 
 Selection of varieties known to be permanently successful on the 
 quince. — As we have before remarked, while there are a great many 
 varieties that at first take and grow well on the quince stock, there 
 are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there- 
 fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view 
 to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error 
 of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in 
 planting the grounds of our present residence we looked to the test- 
 ing of varieties, and therefore ordered and planted one tree only of 
 a. sort. On a double border so planted, containing over 200 sorts, 
 we have already, in three years, discarded one half, and feel confi- 
 dent that not more than one half of the remainder will answer to 
 continue permanently. As yet few or none of our American native 
 pears can be depended on when grown on the quince, and as all in- 
 troduced are of the quality described when grown on pear roots, 
 we advise most planters so to procure them. 
 
 Of those known to succeed permanently when grown on quince, 
 the following may be selected : 
 
 Summer Dean, Doyenne duffle, 
 
 English Jargonelle, 
 
 Madelaine, 
 
 Long Green of Autumn, 
 
 Beurre Diel, 
 
 Glout Morceau, 
 
 White Dean, White Doyenne, 
 
 Gray Dean, Gris Doyenne, 
 
 Striped Long Green of Autumn, 
 
 Weary Soldier, Soldat Laboureur, 
 
 Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc, 
 
 Summer Franc Eeal, 
 
 Bartlett, 
 
 Beurre d'Amalis, 
 
 Louise Bonne of Jersey, 
 
 Vicar of Wakefield, 
 
 Angouleme, Duchess of ditto, 
 
 Easter Beurre, 
 
 Duchess of Orleans, 
 
 Beurre of Anjou, 
 
 Boussouck, Doyenne Boussouck, 
 
 Passe Colmar. 
 
 Gathering of the Fruit, and Uses. — " Gather pears of the summer 
 sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat 
 mealy if kept above a day or two ; even when gathered as they 
 ought to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They 
 should not, however, be gathered when they require much force to 
 pull them off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time 
 of gathering, though they will keep longer than the summer. 
 Winter pears, on the contrary, should hang as long on the trees as 
 they may, so as to escape frost, which would make them flat in 
 flavor, and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the middle 
 of October on full standards, a week longer on dwarfs, but yet not 
 
VARIETIES AND NOMENCLATURE. 307 
 
 after they are ripe. The art of gathering is, to give them a lift, so 
 as to press away the stalk, and if ripe, they readily part from the 
 tree. Let them be quite dry when pulled, and in nandling, avoid 
 pinching the fruit, or in any way bruising it ; as gathered, lay them 
 quietly in shallow baskets." 
 
 This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with 
 their after maturing, in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature, 
 has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many 
 varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened, 
 when, with this care, they are really the most delicious. 
 
 The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic 
 juice, soft sub-liquid pulp or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or 
 fine crisp and " breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet 
 austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as 
 when first written. 
 
 The common uses of the pear are for dessert, baking, stewing, 
 drying, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use, 
 large orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore 
 been planted, and the result found more profitable than the same 
 amount of ground appropriated to the apple for cider. 
 
 Varieties and Nomenclature. — The number of varieties now known 
 is something over 1200, but of these it is more than probable over 
 1000 may be discarded, and then leave more than have qualities to 
 sustain their continued culture when compared with the best. Through- 
 out the West, the pear culture is only in its infancy, and we there- 
 fore place far less in our first class than probably may seem worthy 
 that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but we would rather 
 our Western growers should plant varieties worthy their attention, 
 than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall not pretend in 
 this work to even note all varieties, but shall only speak of those 
 most known in our own language, while we could wish (and pro- 
 bably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to transfer 
 all names into the English language ; we have at this time thought 
 best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first class 
 giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same size 
 type. In other cases where the English rendering seemed appro- 
 priate, we have adopted it as the standard name, giving the heretofore 
 standard name as the first synonym. 
 
 Forms and Size comparative. — Our forms illustrative of the terms 
 used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts 
 Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental 
 figure of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and 
 where the circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by 
 dots. It should always be recollected, that in the pear, pyriform is 
 with the small end at the stem; while in the apple it is at the 
 calyx. 
 
308 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Globular. 
 
 Obovate. 
 
 Ovate, 
 
 Oblong. 
 
 Globular ; obtuse pyriform. 
 
 Globular ; acute pyriform 
 
FORMS AND SIZE COMPARATIVE. 
 
 309 
 
 Obovate ; acute pyriform. 
 
 Ovate pyriform. 
 
 Oblong pyriform. 
 
 Obovate obtuse pyriform. 
 
310 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Oblong obovate pyriform. 
 
 Oblong ovate pyriform. 
 
 Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small ; the White Do- 
 yenne or Virgalieu as medium ; the Bartlett as large. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 Sll 
 
 CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 
 Bartlett. 
 
 William's Bon Chretien, | William's, 
 Poire -Guilliaume, 
 
 An English variety originated about 1770. Now extensively- 
 grown, and too well known to really need description. The trees 
 are vigorous, and early productive of fair handsome fruit, either on 
 pear or quince root. 
 
 Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform ; surface somewhat uneven ; 
 color, clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet 
 around the stem, and minute russet dots over the whole ; stem, short, 
 thick ; calyx, medium, partly open ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; core, 
 medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, 
 vinous. Season, middle August to middle September. 
 
312 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Belle Lucrative — Beautiful and Profitable. 
 
 Fondante d'Automne, | Seigneur d'Esperin. 
 
 A Flemish variety ; tree of moderate growth ; productive bearer, 
 young shoots long, yellowish gray. 
 
 Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellowish green, 
 slightly russeted ; stem, stout, often fleshy ; calyx, short, open ; basin, 
 medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic, 
 sweet. Season, last September. 
 
 Beurre Langelier — Langelier's Butter. 
 
 A foreign pear, newly introduced : has fruited but few times in this 
 country, but may safely be placed as best. 
 
 Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, contracted toward, and terminating 
 obtusely at, stem ; color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale 
 yellow, with a dull red cheek in sun, and numerous gray russet dots ; 
 stem, one inch, or more, long, angularly inserted without depression ; 
 calyx, medium; basin, shallow, plaited ; core, medium; seeds, long 
 ovate pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, fine-grained, 
 sub-acid, slight perfume. Season, November to January. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 313 
 
 Beurre Diel — Diel's Butter. 
 
 Diel, 
 
 Diel's Butterbirne., 
 Dorothea. Royal, 
 Grosse Doroth.ee, 
 Beurre Royal, 
 
 Des Trois Tours, 
 De Melon, 
 Melon de Kops, 
 Beurre Magnifique, 
 Beurre Incomparable. 
 
 Foreign. Grows 
 and fruits well on 
 pear or quince, 
 but is best on 
 quince ; tree, vig- 
 orous, the foliage 
 large; wood, olive 
 brown with gray- 
 ish specks ; very- 
 productive. 
 
 Fruit large, (our 
 engraving is too 
 small for an av- 
 erage, ) obovate, 
 obtuse pyriform, 
 surface rather 
 uneven ; color, 
 dull green, bright 
 yellow when 
 mature, russet 
 specks, and scat- 
 tered russet and 
 greenish brown 
 patches; stem, 
 stout, and slightly 
 curved; cavity \ 
 narrow ; calyx, medium, open, long segments ; basin, abrupt ; core, 
 large ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, espe- 
 cially near the core ; juicy, melting, perfumed. Season, October to 
 last November. 
 
 Brandywine. 
 
 American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree, 
 thrifty, rapid grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant 
 bearer ; fruit, medium, varying in form, generally obovate pyri- 
 form, running into the stem, which is fleshy and rather obliquely set ; 
 color, dull yellowish green, marked with russet dots and streaks, 
 and much russeted about eye; calyx, open, segments few; basin 
 smooth, moderate depth ; core, small, compact ; seeds, few, dark 
 brown ; fjesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous. Season, last of August, 
 first of September. 
 14 
 
314 
 
 THE PEAK. 
 
 Beurre d'Aremberg. 
 
 Due d'Aremberg, 
 
 Colmar Deschamps, 
 
 L'Orphelines, 
 
 Soldat Laboureur of sowie, 
 
 Deschamps, 
 D'Aremberg Parfait, 
 Beurre des "Orphelines, 
 Orpheline d'Engheiii. 
 
 A foreign variety which has been often confounded with Gloufc 
 Morceau and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct. 
 The wood is strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale 
 gray specks ; leaves, narrow, deeply serrated ; trees, very hardy, 
 bear young on the pear root, annually and abundantly ; the fruit 
 hangs well, and may be gathered and ripened at will from Decem- 
 ber to February. A warm, rich soil suits it best. 
 
 Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward 
 the stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction ; color, dull 
 pale green, at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces 
 and patches of light cinnamon russet ; stem, short, stout, uneven, set 
 obliquely, without depression ; calyx, small, closed, segments short ; 
 basin, rather deep ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ; 
 flesh, white, juicy, melting, vinous. Season, December to February. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL. CULTIVATION. 
 BuERRE BOSC. 
 
 Calebasse Bosc, j Marianne Nouvelle, 
 Bosc's Flaschenbirne. 
 
 315 
 
 A foreign variety raised in 1807 by Van Mons. It is an early, 
 annual, and productive bearer on the pear roots, and should have a 
 place in the smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish 
 olive shoots straggling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size 
 and form, as see our checked outline in engraving, but it is always 
 fair and smooth. 
 
 Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform ; color, dark yellow, nearly 
 
316 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 covered, dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish 
 red in sun ; stem, usually long, slender ; calyx, medium, segments 
 partially erect; basin, round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven; 
 core, small ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, per- 
 fumed. Season, October, or last of September. 
 
 BlJERRE D'ANJOU. BUTTER OF AnJOU. 
 
 Ne Plus Meuris. 
 
 Foreign. An old pear in Loudon's select list of 1834, recently 
 introduced under a new name, and grown on quince. It is found of 
 the highest excellence. It succeeds equally well on pear or quince, 
 but largest on quince. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, ob- 
 tuse at stem ; color, pale yellow, dull blush, and numerous small 
 specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, segments thick, reflexed ; basin, 
 round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, and obliquely inserted 
 in a shallow cavity ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish 
 white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious to the core. Sea- 
 son, October and November. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 317 
 
 Beurre Easter. 
 
 Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nbuveau, 
 Doyenne d'Hiver, 
 Doyenne du Printemps, 
 Bergamotte de la Pentecote, 
 Beurre de la Pentecote, 
 Beurre d'Hiver de Bruzelles, 
 
 Beurre Roupe, Seigneur' d'Hiver, 
 
 Pater Noster. 
 
 Du Patre, 
 
 Beurre de Paques, 
 
 Philippe de Paques, 
 
 Bezi Chaumontelle tres groa, 
 
 Chaumontel tres gros, 
 
 Canning 
 
 foreign. Eequires rich, warm soil, and some care in ripening 
 when it is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on quince *' 
 
 Fruit, large, globular, obtuse pyriform; color, yellowish green 
 with russet spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a 
 brownish russet cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep • 
 calyx, generally small ; basin, narrow rather deep; core, medium' 
 
318 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 seeds, long, ovate, acute pyriform ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet. 
 Season, January to May. 
 
 BuFFUM. 
 
 American. Native of 
 Rhode Island. It is 
 very successful wherever 
 grown, admirably adapt- 
 ed to standard orchard- 
 ing, an upright, strong 
 grower, reddish brown 
 shoots, always product- 
 ive of fair, even-sized 
 fruit ; not, however, of 
 more than second-rate 
 quality. 
 
 Fruit, medium, ob- 
 long, ob ovate; color, 
 brownish green, becom- 
 ing yellow, bright red, 
 suffused in sun ; brown 
 dots and a little russet ; 
 stem,, half to inch long, 
 slight depression ; calyx, 
 with short recurved seg- 
 ments ; basin, round ; 
 core, rather small ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, buttery, sweet. 
 Season, September. 
 
 Black Worcester. 
 
 Black Pear of Worcester, Parkinson's Warden, 
 
 Iron Pear. 
 
 A valuable and profitable variety for" marketing and cooking pur- 
 poses ; shoots dark olive, diverging ; tree, hardy, vigorous. 
 
 Fruit, large, obovate, oblong ; color, dull green, with numerous 
 marblings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight de- 
 pression ; calyx, rather small ; flesh, firm, coarse, austere. Season, 
 November to February. 
 
 Boussouck. 
 
 Doyenne Boussouck, 
 Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle, 
 
 Providence, 
 Plymouth. 
 
 Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country 
 in 1841, by Wm. Kenrick ; tree, vigorous ; wood, reddish brown, 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 819 
 
 sprinkled with large round grayish specks; a good and regular bearer; 
 fine on quince. 
 
 Fruit, large, globular, obtuse, obovate pyriform ; color, yellow, 
 with tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout, 
 fleshy at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, open ; core, medium ; 
 seeds, small, almost black, abortive ; flesh, yellowish white, rather 
 coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet perfume. Season, October. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Columbian Virgalieu, 
 
 Columbian Virgalouse. 
 
 Native of Westches- 
 ter county, N. Y. With- 
 out being of more than 
 second quality, its har- 
 dihood of tree, product- 
 ive habit, and fruit uni- 
 formly smooth and fair, 
 make it a valuable as 
 well as profitable varie- 
 ty. Tree, thrifty; young 
 shoots, yellowish brown. 
 
 Fruit, large or above 
 medium, oblong, obo- 
 vate pyriform ; color, at 
 first pale green, becom- 
 ing, when ripe, fine gold- 
 en yellow, dotted with 
 small gray dots ; stem, 
 medium size, slightly 
 curved ; calyx, rather 
 small, partially open, or 
 half closed ; basin, shal- 
 1 o w ; core, m e d i u m ; 
 seeds, oblong pyriform; 
 flesh, white, moderately 
 juicy, sweet. Season, 
 December to January. 
 
 Coit. 
 
 Beurre Coit. 
 
 A new variety, raised by Col. Coit, of Euclid, O. We first ate 
 of it in 1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since that we 
 
320 
 
 THE PEAB, 
 
 have seen it several 
 times, and as we write 
 this, September 25,1853, 
 have the fruit before us. 
 It is worthy a place in 
 all collections. The tree 
 is hardy, vigorous, up- 
 right, spreading in form, 
 dark brown shoots, and 
 early good bearer on the 
 pear root. Our draw- 
 ing was made from a 
 specimen pulled in Au- 
 gust, and is below an 
 average size. 
 
 Fruit, above medium, 
 obtuse pyriform, slight- 
 ly angular; color, rich 
 brown russet, mostly 
 overspreading a yellow 
 ground, with a brownish 
 red cheek in sun ; stein, 
 rather short; cavity, shal- 
 low, with unequal pro- 
 jections ; calyx, with seg- 
 ments nearly erect, sur- 
 rounded by depressed 
 crescent-shaped furrows in a shallow basin ; core, small ; seeds, black- 
 ish ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, vinous. 
 Season, last September and October. 
 
 Dearborn's Seedling. 
 
 Wheeler's New St. Michael. 
 
 Raised by Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury, 
 Mass. Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading ; requires little pruning; 
 productive on the pear root. 
 
 Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a 
 little to the stem ; co lor, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem, 
 and surf ice dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick 
 segments; stem, long, slender, curved; core, medium; seeds, dark 
 brown, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, 
 juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed. Season, August. 
 
WOKTHY GENEBAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 821 
 
 Dean's Summer. 
 
 Doyenne d'Ete, | Summer Doyenne, 
 Summer Virgalieu. 
 
 Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownish red wood 
 early and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on quince. 
 
 Fruit, rather small, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish 
 green, nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a 
 bright marbled red cheek ; stem, rather long, fleshy at base, inserted 
 without depression ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; core me- 
 dium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse 
 buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly. Season, last of July. 
 
 Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau— New Winter Gray 
 
 Doyenne. 
 
 Doyenne d'Alencon. 
 
 Foreign. Re- 
 cently imported: 
 proves valuable 
 on the quince. 
 
 Fruit, medium 
 or above, obovate, 
 obtuse pyriform. 
 slightly angular, 
 or one side long. 
 est; color, pale 
 dull yellow, with 
 many small brown 
 russet specks; 
 stem, short, stout ; 
 calyx, medium ; 
 b a si n, irregular, 
 abrupt ; core, me- 
 dium ; seeds, dark 
 brown, long,point- 
 ed ; flesh, whitish, 
 rather coarse- 
 grained, melting, 
 juicy, vinous, a 
 little astringent 
 unless well ripen- 
 ed. Season, Jan- 
 uary to May. 
 
 14* 
 
322 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Doyenne Gray. 
 
 Gray Butter Pear, 
 Gray Doyenne, 
 Doyenne Rouge, 
 Doyenne Roux, 
 Doyenne d'Automne, 
 
 Gray Dean's, 
 Doyenne Gris, 
 Red Doyenne , 
 St. Michel Dore, 
 Doyenne Galeux. 
 
 This has been confounded with " Boussouck" and with " Surpasse 
 Virgalieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer on pear or quince, 
 a hardy tree, with upright grayish brown shoots. 
 
 Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; skin, cov- 
 ered with smooth cinnamon russet ; stein, curved ; cavity, rather 
 deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow; flesh, white, fine-grained, 
 buttery, melting. Season, October. 
 
 Doyenne White. 
 
 White Dean, 
 
 Virgalieu, 
 
 Butter Pear, 
 
 St. Michael, 
 
 Virgaloo, 
 
 Bergaloo, 
 
 Yellow Butter, 
 
 White Beurre, 
 
 White Autumn Beurre, 
 
 Dean's, 
 
 Warwick Bergamotte, 
 
 Snow Pear, 
 
 Pine Pear, 
 
 St. Michael, 
 
 Doyenne , 
 
 Doyenne Blanc, 
 
 Beurre Blanc, 
 
 And twelve others of French and Dutch 
 
 An old variety, every where esteemed when well grown ; trees, 
 hardy, productive either on pear or quince. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 323 
 
 Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale vellow regu- 
 larly sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium 
 brownish ; cavity, small, round ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow 
 slightly plaited ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery, 
 delicious. Season, September to November. 
 
 The Doyenne Panachee is a sub-variety, differing from this in its 
 more pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green, and red, 
 striped. It is juicy, not high flavor. Season, October. 
 
 Dix. 
 
 American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous young 
 shoots, pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young, 
 well suited to extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform - 
 skin, little rough, yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem ; 
 stem, set obliquely, raised one side, short, stout, thickest at each end ; 
 calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, marked with a dark gritty circle, 
 extending toward the stem ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, a little 
 harsh, juicy, sweet. Season, October and November. 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 American. Native of 
 Maine ; tree very hardy, 
 yearly and abundant 
 bearer, well suited for 
 standard orcharding at 
 the West ; young shoots 
 slender, reddish brown. 
 
 Fruit, small, obovate ; 
 color, at first gray rus- 
 set, becoming dark cin- 
 namon russet ; calyx,, 
 open, segments nearly 
 reg- 
 one to two 
 inches long ; cavity, nar- 
 row ; core, encircled by 
 a coarse line, but of it- 
 self small, compact ; 
 seeds, blackish ; flesh, 
 half buttery, moderately 
 juicy, sprightly. Season, 
 October, November. 
 
 erect ; basin, round 
 
 ular ; stem 
 
324 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Flemish Beauty. 
 
 Belle de Flanders, 
 Bouche Nouvelle, 
 Bosch, 
 
 Bosc Sire, 
 
 Imperatrice de France, 
 Beaurre Spence. 
 
 Foreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation 
 than it has yet received. It succeeds most admirably on the quince, 
 and on the rich soils of Illinois we have seen it far surpass even the 
 most highly nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree 
 is vigorous, with upright dark brown shoots. 
 
 Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse obovate ; color, pale yellow, mostly 
 covered with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun rich 
 reddish brown ; stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow, 
 deep ; calyx, short, open ; basin, round, small ; core, medium, with 
 oblong capsules ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, not 
 very fine-grained, juicy, melting, sugary. Season, last of September. 
 Does not keep long. 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 325 
 
 Glout Morceau. 
 
 Goulu Morceau, 
 Gloux Morceau, 
 Beurre d'Hardenpont, 
 Hardenpont d'Hiver, 
 Colmar d'Hiver, 
 
 Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle, 
 
 Linden d'Automne, 
 
 Roi de Wurtemberg-, 
 
 And five more of German. 
 
 Beurre d'Aremberg, of the French. 
 
 This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish 
 pears. The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only 
 expressive of its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this 
 cannot claim the title par excellence, we see not but it must retain 
 its original, and those who grow it must speak the name as best they 
 may. 
 
 It is an unproductive variety while young, either on pear or 
 quince ; trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring 
 
326 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 them well into bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer. 
 It is a beautiful grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little 
 pruning. It is also easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or 
 blue-green wood and its wavy leaves. 
 
 Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface 
 rough ; color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and 
 traces of russet and greenish gray russet specks over the whole sur- 
 face ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, often without cavity, 
 but flesh raised one side ; calyx, medium, segments half reflexed ; 
 basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, like the general surface 
 of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scolloped ; core, large ; 
 seeds, large, ovate, pointed ; fiesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, 
 sugary, perfumed. Season, December to February. 
 
 Golden Beitrre of Bilboa. 
 
 Hooper's Bilboa. 
 
 Foreign. From 
 Spam ; tree, hardy, 
 requires rich, strong, 
 heavy soil, when it is 
 an abundant bearer 
 of fair, regular, me- 
 dium-sized fruit of 
 second-rate quality. 
 
 Fruit, medium, ob- 
 ovate ; color, rich 
 yellow, with russet 
 around the stem, and 
 many russet dots 
 and patches over 
 the entire surface ; 
 stem, slender ; cavity, 
 slight ; calyx, small, 
 mostly open, short 
 stiff segments ; basin, 
 shallow; fiesh, fine- 
 grained, melting, jui- 
 cy, sometimes a little 
 acid and harsh. Season, September. 
 
 Heathcot. 
 
 Gore's Heathcot 
 
 Native of Waltham, Mass. This variety has not received as 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 327 
 
 much attention as it has deserved ; tree, hardy, a moderate grower, 
 branches slender, when grown makes a compact head unless well 
 thinned out, young shoots reddish brown. 
 
 Fruit, medium or above, obovate, rounded ; skin, rough ; color, 
 
 greenish yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around 
 stem and eye ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, partly closed ; 
 basin, narrow ; core, above medium ; seeds, dark brown, pointed ; 
 flesh, white, buttery, juicy, vinous and sprightly. 
 
 Season, October. 
 
 Honey. 
 
 This is a delicious little pear, received some years since by Prof. 
 Kirkland, and which we have been unable to recognize with any 
 description published, if we except a slight note in Prince's Pom. 
 Man. The tree is moderately vigorous ; wood, yellowish brown, 
 an early and productive bearer of fruit, uniform in size and regular 
 shape, Our drawing is too small. 
 
828 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Fmit, below medium, 
 roundish, tapering slightly 
 to the stem ; color, rich 
 golden russet yellow, with 
 faint blush, many small red 
 russet dots, and occasional 
 patches of brown russet 
 stem, rather stout, uneven 
 without depression ; calyx 
 with open half-reflexed seg 
 ments ; basin, shallow, little 
 russeted ; core , medium 
 seeds, ovate, blackish ; flesh 
 yellowish white, juicy, but 
 tery, a little coarse-grained 
 sweet, perfumed. Season 
 a few days before Bartlett 
 
 Jalousie db Fontenay Vendee. 
 
 Foreign. We have nev- 
 er fruited a pear that has 
 given us more satisfaction. 
 On the quince it is a fine 
 grower, and inclined to 
 over-bear. It must not be 
 confounded with the "Ja- 
 lousie," a third-rate varie- 
 ty. Young shoots upright, 
 brownish yellow. 
 
 Fruit, medium or above, 
 ovate pyriform ; color, dull 
 yellow, with brownish red 
 cheek, and patches and dots 
 of russet, often the russet co- 
 vering one half the surface ; 
 stem, varying, often ob- 
 liquely set on, with a fleshy 
 ridge at side ; calyx, with 
 segments long, half open ; 
 basin, shallow ; core, medi- 
 um or small ; seeds, long, 
 ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, 
 melting, juicy, sweet, aro- 
 matic. Season, last Sep- 
 tember, early October. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 329 
 
 Knight's Seedling. 
 
 Knight's R. I. Seedling. 
 
 KlRTLAND. 
 
 Seedling Seckel, 
 Kirtland's Seedling, 
 Kirtland's Beurre 
 
 Grown from 
 seed of the Seckel 
 pear by H. T. 
 Kirtland, of Ma- 
 honing Co., Ohio. 
 Tree, vigorous, 
 hardy, early and 
 productive bearer 
 o n pear roots ; 
 shoots, yellowish 
 brown, upright, 
 stout. 
 
 Fruit, medium, 
 often above, obo- 
 vate, obtuse pyri- 
 
 Native of Cranston, R. 
 I. Tree, vigorous, har- 
 dy, and early productive; 
 wood, smooth, yellowish. 
 
 Fruit, medium, obo- 
 vate, tapering a little to 
 the stem ; color, yellow- 
 ish green, with a brown 
 red cheek in sun, brown- 
 ish specks, and dull rus- 
 set around the calyx ; 
 stem, medium or rather 
 long, curved ; calyx, me- 
 dium, segments broad, 
 partially reflexed ; core 
 and seeds, medium ; flesh, 
 white, not fine-grained, 
 melting, juicy, sugary. 
 Season, September. 
 
330 
 
 THE PEAK. 
 
 form ; color, rich yellow, overspread with cinnamon russet ; stem, 
 usually stout, medium length, curved ; calyx, short, reflexed, per- 
 sistent ; basin, shallow ; cere, small ; seeds, short, ovate, blackish ; 
 fie&h, white, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September. 
 
 Louise Bonne of Jersey* 
 
 Louise Eonne de Jersey, 
 Louise Bonne d'Avranehes, 
 Eeurre or Bonne Louise d' Araudore, 
 William the Fourth. 
 
 The " Good Louise of Jer- 
 sey," from the Isle of Jer- 
 sey, proves one of the best 
 pears grown on the quince 
 stock in this country. Tree, 
 hardy, very productive, 
 shoots vigorous, upright. 
 Fruit, large, (our drawings 
 were made ere the fruit had 
 swollen its full size, and are 
 not more than half size,) 
 oblong pyriform ; skin, glos- 
 sy, smooth, green in shade, 
 brownish red in sun, dotted 
 with gray clots ; stem, about 
 one inch long, moderately 
 stout, a little curved, fleshy 
 enlargement at base ; calyx, 
 open, segments large, reflex- 
 ed ; basin, shallow ; core, 
 small ; seeds, long, ovate, 
 pointed ; flesh, white, juicy, 
 melting, delicious. Season, 
 October. 
 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Native of Flushing, L. I. An abundant bearer on pear roots, ex- 
 ceedingly desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate 
 growth, wood light yellowish brown, rather thorny. S. B. Parsons 
 says, " Succeeds very finely on quince." 
 
 Fruit, above medium, long obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dull 
 pale yellow, marbled with dull green, small dark specks, and russet 
 at each end ; calyx, large, closed ; basin, open, furrowed ; stem, 
 medium length, stout, swollen at junction with tree ; cavity, round, 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 331 
 
 deep ; core, medium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 juicy, gritty at core, slightly sugary. Season, November to Febru- 
 ary. 
 
 Long Green. 
 
 Verte Longue, 
 Mouth Water, 
 
 New Autumn^ 
 Muscat Fleure 
 
 Mouille Bouche. 
 
 This is an old foreign variety, always excellent, and an abundant 
 bearer. 
 
 Fruit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark 
 green specks; stem, medium length, slender; calyx, with long 
 reflexed segments ; basin, very shallow ; core, above medium ; seeds, 
 dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. Season, 
 October. 
 
 The Striped Long Green, Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the 
 above, but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily 
 striped appearance. 
 
 Madeleine. 
 
 Citron des Carmes, | 
 
 Foreign. Tree very vigorous, 
 strong grower, a little liable to 
 frozen sap blight on the rich West- 
 ern soils, until it has acquired the 
 age of ten or more years; very 
 productive on pear or quince root. 
 
 Fruit, below medium, (our 
 drawing one third too small,) obo- 
 vate, oblong pyriform ; stem, long, 
 slender, at base one side of fruit a 
 little enlarged ; color, pale yellow 
 ish green, a little brownish blush, 
 and russet specks on those exposed 
 most to sun ; calyx, with long per- 
 sistent, irregularly placed segments; 
 basin, obscure, slightly plaited ; 
 core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, 
 white, juicy, melting, sweet, slight- 
 ly perfumed. Season, 15th to last 
 July. 
 
 The Striped Madeleine Citron des 
 Carmes Panachee, differs from the 
 former in being striped with light 
 yellow, flesh more sweet and less 
 
 Magdalen. 
 
832 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 juicy. It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed, 
 striped red and yellow, and said to be less liable to blight. 
 
 MoYAMENSING. 
 
 Smith's Moyamensing. 
 
 juicy, "best." /Sfeawm, August. 
 
 Native of Penn- 
 sylvania. Tree vig- 
 orous, wood yellow- 
 ish brown, with light 
 dots, regular and 
 abundant bearer. 
 
 Fruit, medium, 
 roundish, ob ovate ; 
 color, lemon yellow 
 with occasional 
 blotches and lines of 
 yellowish russet; 
 stem, short, stout, 
 often fleshy; calyx, 
 large; basin, fur- 
 rowed, broad and 
 rather deep ; core, 
 medium; seeds, 
 ovate ; flesh, white, 
 buttery, melting, 
 
 NOUVEAU POITEAU". 
 
 New Pear. 
 
 Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far 
 successful on both pear and quince stock. 
 
 Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, contracted or one- 
 sided at neck ; color, pale green with many dark green dots, and a 
 few russet stripes or blotches ; stem, about one inch long, medium 
 size, set on, and not into, the fruit ; calyx, medium, with broad seg- 
 ments half reflexed ; basin, irregularly contracted ; core, medium, 
 capsules long, ovate ; seeds, obovate pyriform ; flesh, white, fine- 
 grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. Season. November. 
 
 Onondaga. 
 
 Swan's Orange, Onondaga Seedling. 
 
 Probably a native of Farmington, Ct. It takes its name from 
 having been first brought to notice by cultivators in Onondaga Co., 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 333 
 
 N. Y. Thus far it succeeds equally well on the quince or pear root, 
 and as a profitable market variety deserves extensive culture. Tree 
 vigorous, with strong, upright, olive-coiored shoots. 
 
 Fruit, large, ovate, obovate ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming 
 golden yellow at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally 
 
 a dull blush in sun ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, inserted 
 without depression, but with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it ; 
 calyx, rather small, closed ; basin, shallow, abrupt, and marked with 
 patches of cinnamon russet ; core, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, 
 juicy, buttery. Season, October and November. 
 
334 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Payency. 
 
 Paquency, I Poire de Perigord, 
 
 Poire de Payency, ( Payenchi, 
 Payenchi de Perigord. 
 
 Foreign. Tree of vig- 
 orous growth, early bear- 
 er, and especially profita- 
 ble on the quince. 
 
 Fruit, medium, pyri- 
 form, extending into the 
 stem, which is stout, un- 
 even, dark brown ; color, 
 at first dull pale green, 
 becoming brownish yel- 
 low at maturity, many 
 russet dots and patches 
 round stem and calyx, 
 few in centre, occasionally 
 a tinge of dull red in 
 sun ; calyx, open, seg- 
 ments half erect; basin, 
 very shallow ; core, small ; 
 seeds, oblong, pointed, 
 dark brown ; flesh, white, 
 rather coarse, melting, 
 juicy, sugary, vinous. 
 Season, October. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 Winter Bell, 
 Bretagne le Cour, 
 TJvedale's St. Germain, 
 TJvedale's Warden , 
 Germain Baker, 
 Lent St. Germain, 
 
 Pickering Pear, 
 Du Tonneau, 
 Belle de Jersey, 
 Piper, 
 Union, 
 Chambers' Large, 
 
 Belle Angevine. 
 
 Foreign. Tree strong vigorous grower, very productive, very 
 valuable for cooking, and a profitable orchard sort. 
 
 Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green with dull 
 brown and brown russet patches ; stem, long, stout, curved ; cavity, 
 deep, oblique, angular ; calyx, large ; flesh, white, firm, astringent. 
 Season, December to March. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 335 
 
 Prince's St. Germain. 
 
 New St. Germain, | Brown St. Germain. 
 
 Raised from the 
 seed of the old St. 
 Germain, nearly fifty 
 years since, at the 
 Prince Nurseries, 
 Flushing, L. I. Tree, 
 hardy, thrifty, very 
 productive ; the fruit 
 keeps well, and re- 
 quires no more care 
 to ripen than apples , 
 shoots, reddish brown. 
 
 Fruit, medium, ob- 
 long, obovate pyri- 
 form ; color, green and 
 pale yellow marbled, 
 and covered nearly 
 with brownish russet 
 specks ; stem, long, 
 slender, (our drawing- 
 shows only a portion 
 of it ; ) cavity, slight, 
 narrow ; calyx, with 
 broad segments with- 
 out divisions ; basin, 
 regular, even, not deep ; 
 
 core, small ; seeds, oblong, ovate ; flesh, 
 
 white, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Season, December to March. 
 
 ROSTIEZER. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, strong upright grower, large foliage, dark olive- 
 colored wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer. 
 
 Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color, dull green, reddish 
 brown cheek in sun, whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stem, 
 long, slender, without depression ; calyx, medium, open ; basin, very 
 shallow ; core, small; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, 
 perfumed. Season, last of August. 
 
 Sece^l. 
 
 Seckle, 
 Sickle, 
 
 Sycle, 
 
 New York Red Cheek, 
 Red-cheeked Seckel, 
 
 The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands 
 in Passyunk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a 
 
336 
 
 THE PEAK. 
 
 half miles from Philadelphia. No one variety has become so gen- 
 erally known in this country as the Seckel, and in our Southern and 
 Middle States, no one variety deserves so extended culture. North, 
 it should, when possible, be planted in warm, rich, sandy loam, and 
 
 sheltered situations. The tree is 
 of slow growth ; wood, short-joint- 
 ed, stout, forming a round head, 
 and of only medium size on the 
 pear stock, and well suited to gar- 
 den planting. 
 
 Fruit, small, (our drawing too 
 small for a fair average.) round ed 5 
 obtuse pyriform ; color, brownish 
 green at first, becoming yellowish 
 brown, with a lively red russet 
 cheek ; stem, short, slightly curved, 
 set in a very slight depression ; 
 calyx, small, open ; basin, shallow ; 
 core, small ; seeds, broad, ovate ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but- 
 tery, spicy, aromatic, sweet. Sea- 
 son, September and October. 
 
 St. Ghislain. 
 
 St. Galen. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, upright, 
 vigorous growth ; young 
 shoots, light brown ; re- 
 quires warm rich soil, 
 otherwise a little insipid. 
 
 Fruit, below medium ; 
 generally pyriform, but 
 varying ; color, pale yellow 
 or yellowish green, with 
 dots of green underneath, 
 and marblings of russet on / 
 surface ; s t e m, generally ; 
 curved ; calyx, open ; basin, \ 
 shallow ; core, small ; seeds, 
 obovate, pointed ; flesh, 
 white, buttery, juicy, and 
 sprightly. Season, Septem- 
 ber. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 337 
 
 SOLDAT d'EsPERIN EsPERIN SoLBIER. 
 
 Soldat Laboureur d'Esperin 
 
 This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Sol- 
 dat Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the " Soldat Laboureur " 
 of the Erench, which is regarded as our Beurre d'Aremberg. It was 
 grown by Major Esperin, of Marines; is of strong, vigorous, upright 
 growth, yellowish brown wood, succeeding finely on the quince, 
 producing abundantly, and its fruit well disseminated over the tree, 
 always 1-arge and fair, but of only second-rate quality. 
 
 Fruit, large, generally oblong obovate pyriform, sometimes obo- 
 vate pyriform ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many 
 patches, stripes and dots of russet ; stem, short, stout, ,curved, in a 
 slight round depression, or rather a raised lip one side ; calyx, open, 
 sometimes round, regular, and without divisions, others have stout 
 persistent segments in divisions ; core, compact, with outer concentric 
 15 
 
338 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 lines ; seeds, obovate ; flesh, rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed, 
 " very good." Season, December to February. 
 
 St. Andre. 
 
 Poire St Andre 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer. 
 Fruit, above medium, globular, acute pyriform, sometimes obo- 
 vate pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely 
 a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where 
 it joins the fruit; calyx, medium, open, segments varying; basin, 
 very shallow, sometimes slightly furrowed ; core, small, compact ; 
 seeds, oblong, pointed, light brown ; flesh, greenish white, fine-grained, 
 buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed. Season, September. 
 
 Stevens' Genesee. 
 
 Guernsey, 
 
 Stephens' Genesee. 
 
 Native of Rochester, N. Y. It is one of the most desirable of 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 339 
 
 pears for all collections, either on pear or quince ; a fine grower, 
 ■with diverging, dark gray shoots ; productive. 
 
 Fruit, large, roundish obovate ; color, greenish yellow, becoming 
 yellow ; stem, rather stout ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short, stiff, 
 
 connected segments, half reflexed ; basin, medium, regular ; core, 
 medium ; seeds, ovate pyriform, blackish ; flesh, white, half buttery, 
 juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September. Even windfalls of this 
 variety are extremely line. 
 
 Summer Pineapple 
 
 Ananas d'Ete, | Ananas of some, 
 
 Poire Ananas. 
 
 Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting. 
 Tree, vigorous, dark brown wood, early, regular bearer, fruit always 
 large and excellent. 
 
 Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, angular; color, dull yel- 
 lowish green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest 
 at base, or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; calyx, 
 open, short divisions ; basin, shallow, open ; core, compact, capsules 
 small ; seeds^ long ovate ; flesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, melt- 
 
340 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 ing, sweet, perfumed. Sect sen, last August and early September. 
 This variety varies much in form. Our figures are from specimens 
 from same tree. 
 
 SlTRPASSE VlRGALIEU. 
 Surpasse Virgalouse. 
 
 Origin uncertain, probably an American seedling, first dissemi- 
 nated by the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a regu- 
 lar abundant bearer on pear or quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with 
 yellowish brown wood, upright growth. 
 
 Fruit, medium, varying in form ; (see our drawings, the specimens 
 from which they were made all being pulled by ourself from the 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 841 
 
 same branch;) color, yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute 
 dots, and often sprinklings of russet ; calyx, generally small, erect, 
 
 open; basin, slight; stem, varying; core, medium; seeds, broad 
 ovate ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, aromatic. Season, 
 October. 
 
 Tyson. 
 
 This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jenkintown, Pa., 
 about 1792-4. The tree is of vigorous, upright growth, with reddish 
 brown wood, a moderate, regular bearer. 
 
 Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyriform, irregular ; color, 
 dull yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with nume- 
 rous black specks ; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and 
 obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on^one 
 side ; calyx, open, with short segments ; basin, round, shallow ; core 
 an.d seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, 
 aromatic. Season, August. 
 
342 
 
 THE PEAK. 
 
 Thompson's. 
 
 Foreign. Tree 
 of vigorous, d i - 
 verging habit; 
 young wood, yel- 
 lowish olive, with 
 grayish specks; 
 bears on the pear 
 about the sixth 
 year. 
 
 Fruit, large, ob- 
 ovate, obtuse py- 
 riform, surface un- 
 even; color, lemon 
 yellow, with 
 brownish red 
 cheek in sun, some 
 russet dots and 
 marblings, and rus- 
 set at the stem ; 
 stem, short, usually 
 planted or set on 
 angularly, with a 
 fleshy rim one side ; 
 calyx, with connec- 
 ted half-closed segments ; basin, round, narrow, abrupt ; core, medi- 
 um ; capsules and seeds, formed like the fruit ; flesh, white, buttery, 
 melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. Season, October and November. 
 
 Urbaniste. 
 
 St. Marc, | Louise of Orleans, 
 Beurre Picquery. 
 
 Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well -suited to rich 
 soils West ; young shoots, upright, short-jointed, grayish yellow, not 
 an early bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abun- 
 dant. 
 
 Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, with gray 
 dots, and a few russet streaks ; stem, about an inch long, rather 
 stout ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, small, generally closed ; basin, nar- 
 row, abrupt ; core, medium or small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh, 
 white, yellowish at core, buttery, melting, vinous. Season, October 
 and November. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 343 
 
 Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc. 
 
 Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonne de Boulogne, , 
 Gelestin- 
 
 Foreign. Distinct from "Leon Le Gere of .Van Mons." A 
 valuable variety on the quince, bearing early and abundantly, and 
 of the largest size fruit. In growth the tree is moderately vigorous, 
 nearly upright, yellowish olive wood, with round grayish spots. 
 
 Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, 
 golden at maturity, with brown in sun, russet specks and patches, 
 
344 
 
 THE FEAR. 
 
 some dark green dots, and russet at base of stem ; stem, medium 
 length and size, curved ; calyx, large, open, broad, reflexed seg- 
 ments ; basin, medium ; core, medium, long ovate capsules ; 
 seeds, long ovate, sometimes imperfect ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, 
 buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. Season, October and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Vicar of Winkfield. 
 
 Vicar of Wakefield, 
 Le Cure, 
 
 Monsieur Le Cure, 
 Dumas, 
 
 Belle Epine Dumas, 
 
 Clion, 
 
 Epine Dumas, 
 
 Due de Bordeaux 
 
 Foreign. First found growing wild in a wood by M. Clion, a 
 
 \ 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 345 
 
 Trench curate ; hence the names, Clion, Le Cure, &c. ; afterwards it 
 was grown in a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Rev. Dr. Rham, 
 and received the name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two 
 associations in the one name, and which, being of our own language, 
 is to be preferred. It is a most profitable variety, grown on the 
 quince stock, and although only second quality, it is always fair and 
 large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with large, roundish, glossy leaves ; 
 shoots, diverging, dark olive color. 
 
 Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, dull pale green at 
 first, becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek, 
 marked with brown dots over the whole surface ; calyx, with open 
 reflexed segments ; stem, an inch or more long, rather slender, ob- 
 liquely inserted without depression ; core, small ; seeds, oblong ovate ; 
 flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly, " very good." Season, No- 
 vember to January. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 American. Native of 
 Delaware. Tree of healthy, 
 moderate growth, with slen- 
 der, diverging, reddish 
 brown shoots ; an annual 
 bearer. 
 
 Fruit, medium, roundish 
 ovate, or ovate pyriform ; 
 color, lemon yellow, tinged 
 in sun with red and reddish 
 russet, and near the stem, 
 patches of clear russet ; 
 stem, an inch long, inserted 
 in a narrow cavity, some- 
 times almost obsolete, and 
 then there is a fleshy lip 
 one side of stem ; calyx, 
 small, long pointed seg- 
 ments; basin, round, regu- 
 lar ; core, rather small, ly- 
 ing near the apex ; seeds, 
 obovate pyriform, black- 
 ish ; flesh, white, juicy, 
 sweet. Season, September. 
 
 Robertson. 
 
 Van Assche. 
 
 Van Assene. | Vanasse, 
 Van Asshe. 
 
 This is a new pear, not yet fruited at th« West, but we have eaten 
 15* 
 
346 
 
 THE FEAR. 
 
 of it East, and have no hesitation in placing as among those worthy- 
 general culture. We copy our description from Mr. Barry, in the 
 Horticulturist of February, 1853 : " Tree a vigorous, erect grower, 
 dark shoots, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding well on the 
 quince. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye, flattened 
 at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; calyx, small ; basin, smooth, 
 wide, rather shallow ; stem, one and a half inch long, rather slen 
 der, slightly sunk ; skin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the shade, 
 sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with 
 carmine dots ; flesh, white, buttery, melting. Season, September 
 and early October. 
 
 Winter Nelis. 
 
 Nellis d'Hiver, 
 Bonne de Malines, 
 Beurre de Malines, 
 
 La Bonne Malinoise, 
 Milanaise Cuvelier, 
 Etouxneau. 
 
 Foreign. As a standard winter pear, if we were to select but the 
 one, it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with 
 slender diverging shoots ; very hardy ; an early proliiie bearer on 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 847 
 
 pear or quince. It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized 
 fruit, and is well suited to extensive planting on our Western lands. 
 Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ; 
 color, yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ; 
 stem, rather long, a little curved ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, with 
 short segments; basin, shallow; core, medium; capsules, ovate; 
 seeds, oblong pyriform, curved ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt- 
 ing, sugary, aromatic. Season, November to middle January. 
 
 Zoar Beauty. 
 
 Zoar Seedling. 
 
 American. Native of Ohio. 
 Tree, vigorous grower; dark 
 brown shoots ; early and 
 abundant bearer. 
 
 Fruit, a little below me- 
 dium, varying in form, usu- 
 ally as seen in our engrav- 
 ing ; color, light yellow, with 
 greenish spots; red in the 
 sun, with deep red spots ; 
 stem, generally long, slender, 
 curved, plaited, with slight 
 depression one side ; calyx, 
 large, for size of fruit ; basin, 
 shallow; core, medium ; seeds, 
 obovate, or broad ovate ; 
 fiesh, yellowish white, a little 
 coarse, juicy, sweet. Season, 
 early August. , 
 
348 
 
 THE PEAE. 
 
 CLASS II. — New and untested, suited to certain localities or gardens of 
 
 Amateurs. 
 
 Alpha. 
 
 Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yel- 
 lowish green, with reddish dots, brown blush ; flesh, white, fine-grained, 
 buttery, " very good." October. 
 
 Abbott. 
 
 From Providence, E. I. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dark green, 
 reddish brown cheek; calyx, small; flesh, melting, sugary, sprightly, 
 Middle to last September. 
 
 Andrew's. 
 
 American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise 
 highly desirable. Fruit, large, (our drawing too small for an average,) 
 roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 349 
 
 and russet patches ; calyx, open ; segments, long, half reflexed ; basin, 
 small ; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without de- 
 pression ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly " best." September. 
 
 Adele de St. Denis. 
 
 Foreign. New. Fruit, above medium, obovate, irregular, yellow, covered 
 with russet; calyx, open, broad segments ; flesh, melting, juicy. October. 
 
 Althorpe Crassane. 
 
 Foreign. Quality variable ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, rough, 
 pale green, with dark green suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of 
 brown; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rather coarse, "very good." Octo- 
 ber and November. 
 
 Autumn Paradise. 
 
 Paradise d'Automne. , 
 
 Foreign. This is esteemed by many eastern writers as superior even to 
 the Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous 
 growth, shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ; 
 wood, reddish brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive. 
 Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface ; color, 
 dull yellow, covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side ; 
 calyx, rather large, open ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; stem, 
 about one and a half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the 
 fruit by a fleshy, and oftentimes wrinkled base ; core, small ; seeds, long- 
 pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, 
 delicious. September and October. 
 
 Bankerbine. 
 
 Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs. 
 Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yelk)w, with 
 small russet dots ; stem, stout ; calyx, open, broad segments ; core, 
 large ; flesh, breaking, coarse. October. 
 
 Belle Excellent. 
 
 Foreign. Besembles Louise Bonne of Jersey ; oblong pyriform, yel- 
 low, red blush, with raised specks on surface. October. 
 
 Belle de Noel. 
 
 Belle apres Noel. 
 
 "Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale 
 greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ; 
 calyx, medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; 
 core, large ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, "very good." December. 
 
 Belle de Bruxelles. 
 
 Belle of Brussels, J Belle d'Aout. 
 
 Foreign. Variable. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, deep yellow, green- 
 ish dots, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, sweet. August. 
 
 x 
 
350 THE PEAR. 
 
 Belle Julie. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, upright grower; fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowish 
 green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, 
 medium, reflexed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, u very good." October 
 and November. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Belle Canaise. 
 
 Eliza d'Heyst. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular, obovate, pale greenish yel- 
 low, with -dirty green or brown specks ; stem, slender; calyx, open ; flesh, 
 white, coarse-grained, juicy, "good." February to March. 
 
 Belle de Thouars. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, angular, rich brown russet; short 
 stem ; cavity, little plaited ; calyx, half open ; shallow basin ; core, small ; 
 seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, " very good." October and 
 November. 
 
 Beurre Brown. 
 
 Beurre Gris, 
 Beurre Rouge, 
 Beurre, 
 
 Golden Beurre, 
 Gray Beurre, 
 Beurre Vert, 
 Badham's, 
 
 Beurre d'Or, 
 Beurre Doree, 
 Beurre d'Amboise, 
 Beurre d'Ambleuse, 
 Beurre du Roi, 
 Poire d'Amboise. 
 Isamberl, 
 
 Isambert Ie Bon. 
 
 An old variety ; does finely in warm rich soil, but a peculiar vinous 
 taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel- 
 lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun ; flesh, greenish 
 white, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September. 
 
 Beurre Suisse. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red, and yel- 
 low ; only desirable as a curiosity. October. 
 
 Beurre Beaulieu. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet 
 spots and blotches ; short stout stem ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, 
 white, juicy. October. 
 
 Beurre de Rhine. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular ; stem, stout ; calyx, open ; 
 basin, shallow, light yellow, rough spots; flesh, white, rather coarse, 
 " good." October and November. Grows well on quince. 
 
 Beurre Crapaud. 
 Foreign. Yigorous and productive on pear or quince, fine for extreme 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 851 
 
 northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep 
 yellow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, partially 
 closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish, melting, sugary, juicy, " very good." 
 October. 
 
 Beurre Charron. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, long; calyx, 
 small, closed ; basin, deep; flesh, juicy, melting, buttery, '' best." Octo- 
 ber. (T. S. H. & Co.) 
 
 Beurre de Beaumont. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowisn green, brownish 
 red in sun, covered with dark green or russety specks; stem, short; 
 calyx, closed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet, " very good." Last 
 September. 
 
 Beurre Preble. 
 
 American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet 
 and green spots ; flesh, white, buttery, li very good." October and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Beurre Mollett's Guernsey. 
 
 Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, with dark 
 brown, russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melt- 
 ing, vinous, "very good." December. 
 
 Beurre de Ranz. 
 
 Beurre Ranee, Beurre de Flanders, 
 
 Beurre Epine, Hardenpont duPrintemps, 
 
 Beurre Noirchain. 
 
 Foreign. Very variable, rarely " very good." Tree, a straggling, pen- 
 dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed 
 in sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; 
 core, small; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April. 
 
 Beurre Kossuth. 
 
 Foreign. New. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven ; 
 stem curved, inserted upon a little projection; calyx, in divisions, 
 dull yellowish green, traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at 
 crown, greenish at stem; flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated. 
 (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Beurre Gifford. 
 
 Beurre Gifford. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish, 
 good bearer on quince or pear. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish green 
 to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks ; stem, long, slender, curved ; 
 
352 THE PEAK. 
 
 calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, white, melting, jmVy, vinous, " very good." 
 Last of August. (Ho v. Mag.) 
 
 Beurre Moire. 
 
 Beurre Moire. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often 
 blossoms the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which of course does 
 not mature ; new, promises well. Fruit, large, obovate, oblong pyriform, 
 pale green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch ; 
 stem, one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression; calyx, small; 
 short stiff segments ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; skin, thick, harsh ; 
 flesh, white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly, " very good." Novem- 
 ber and December. 
 
 Beurre d'Amalis. 
 
 Beurre d'Amanlis, | Beurre d'Amaulis. 
 
 Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on pear or quince ; said to bear well ; 
 
FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 853 
 
 our experience has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull 
 yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches; 
 stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, a 
 little coarse, often austere, " very good." Early September. 
 
 There is also a striped Beurre d'Amalis, differing not materially, except 
 in being striped red, yellow, and green. 
 
 Beurre Nantais. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, russet dots ; flesh, 
 melting, juicy. September. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Beurre Superfine. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, pale green, traces and patches of russet, dull 
 brownish cheek ; flesh, juicy, melting, slight aro na, " very good." Mid- 
 dle to last October. (Wilder, in Hort.) * 
 
 Beurre Van Marum. 
 
 Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always 
 fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow; stem, long; 
 calyx, large; flesh, white, hardly "good;" its bearing its recommendation. 
 October. 
 
 Beurre Bachelier. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish } 7 ellow j 
 stem, stout ; cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Beurre Millet. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; pale yellow, with 
 large pale russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core, 
 small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. November to Jan- 
 uary. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Beurre Brettouneau. 
 
 Beurre Bretouneau. 
 
 Foreign. Does not succeed on the quince; very fine on pear; very 
 hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obpvate, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot- 
 ted with russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Riv- 
 ers, in Hort.) 
 
 Beurre de VYaterloo. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull green, rough skin, 
 covered with coarse russet traces and points ; calyx, open ; basin, fur- 
 rowed ; flesh, melting, juicy, sprightly, saccharine. Middle October. 
 (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 Beurre Audosson. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at 
 maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots ; stem, short, 
 
354 THE PEAR. 
 
 stout; calyx, large, open; flesh, melting, tender, juicy, ''very good." 
 October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 Beurre Sprin. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, 3'-ellow, with patches, tracings 
 and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight 
 lip ; calyx, small, with segments united ; core, medium ; seeds, large ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, " very good." Octo- 
 ber. We should not be surprised if this proved Marie Louise. 
 
 Beurre Sterkman. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on quince or 
 pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov- 
 ered with russet; stem, short, stout; calyx, open; flesh, white, melting, 
 juicy, sub-acid. Octob- r. 
 
 Beurre Clairg-eau. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong, obo- 
 vate pyriform ; color, mostly russet, reddish in sun ; stem, short, stout ; 
 calyx, small, open; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, "very 
 good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most 
 valuable, as a large-sized, first quality pear, and desirable as an orchard 
 variety, on the pear root. It is yet quite new. 
 
 Beau Present d'Artois. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, gray and green spot- 
 ted ; stem, large, short ; calyx, short, broad ; flesh, white, with green lines, 
 tender, juicy, sugary. September. . (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Bergamotte d'Esperin. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches of 
 russet; calyx, closed; basin, furrowed; flesh, butteiy, melting, juicy, 
 sweet, " very good," very productive in clusters. December to February. 
 
 Bergamotte Gaudry. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with" russet dots; 
 flesh, white, tender, juicy, " good." November. 
 
 Bergamotte Cadette. 
 
 Beurre Beauchamps, | Beauchamps, 
 
 Poire de Cadet. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely 
 little red in sun ; stem, long, stout ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, buttery, 
 juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December. 
 
 Bezi Sanspareil. 
 Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow, 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 355 
 
 much russet, and in sun, a little' crimson ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx, 
 open; segments, long; core, medium; seeds, purplish black; flesh, yel- 
 lowish white, melting, juicy, aromatic, " very good," if not " best." Feb- 
 ruary to March. 
 
 Bezi de Naples. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with 
 blotches and stripes of darker hue, occasional russet patches and dots ; 
 stem, stout ; calyx, small ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, fine, buttery, juicy, 
 sweet, " very good." Last September. 
 
 Bezi de Montigny. 
 
 Trouve de Montigny, | Doyenne Musque. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obo- 
 vate, yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved, 
 rather stout; calyx, small, open, reflexed ; core, large; flesh, white, fine, 
 melting, juicy, sugary. October. g 
 
 Bezi de la Motte. 
 
 Bern Armudi, | Beurre Blanc de Jersey. 
 
 Foreign. A vigorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit, 
 medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ; 
 stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx, small, open, reflexed 
 segments ; core, medium ; seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 rather. coarse, sugary, juicy, melting, "very good." October. 
 
 Bezi d'Esperin. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate, melting, " very good ;" good bearer. 
 December to January. (Kivers, in Hort.) 
 
 Baronne de Mello. 
 
 Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on quince. Fruit, medium, 
 obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish russet; stem, short, stout, fleshy at 
 base ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid, " very good." Mid- 
 dle October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 Benoist Nouveau. 
 
 Foreign. The specimen from which we describe was received from 
 Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish 
 yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks ; 
 stem, stout; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, open; core, small ; seeds, long, 
 ovate, pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful 
 ripening. February to April. 
 
 The "Benoist" of Rivers is large, and ripe in August ; and a "Beurre 
 Benoist " said to ripen in October ; we have not seen them. 
 
356 THE PEAR. 
 
 Bloodgood. 
 
 American. From Flushing, L. I. It has not, as grown West, merited 
 lia eastern reputation. The tree is a moderate grower, with reddish 
 brown, short-jointed wood; a regular bearer. We think it requires a 
 rich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit medium, or 
 below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots ; calyx, 
 open ; stem, fleshy at base ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, 
 " very good." Early August. 
 
 BORDENAVE. 
 
 Smith's Bordenave. 
 
 The original name lost, and this given to it by Alfred Smith, Esq., of 
 Hartford, Connecticut, who imported it from France. Fruit medium, 
 acute pyriform, dull greenish russet; flesh juicy, buttery, sprightly, " very 
 good." September. 
 
 Bonne des Zees. 
 
 Bon d'Ezee, | Bonne des Haies. 
 
 Foreign. Tree of short stocky habit; wood yellowish; fruit large, ob- 
 tuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem 
 rather short, uneven, calyx partly closed, short segments ; core large ; 
 flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary," very good." September. 
 
 Bon Chretien Fond ante. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive on quince or pear ; fruit 
 medium, roundish, oblong, oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and 
 much russet ; stem medium, curved ; calyx small, partly closed ; basin fur- 
 rowed ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty, " very 
 good." September, October. 
 
 Brandes St. Germain. 
 
 Foreign. Considering its season, R Manning, Esq., considers this & 
 very desirable variety ; tree moderate grower, succeeding finely on quince, 
 very productive ; fruit medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth 
 russet; stem short, stout, calyx small; flesh juicy, vinous, "very good." 
 November, December. 
 
 Brougham. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate, yellowish russet ; stem short, 
 calyx open ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary, " very 
 good." November. 
 
 ■ 
 Bringewood. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet ; stem 
 long and slender ; calyx open, prominent ; flesh yellowish white, gritty at 
 core, the rest buttery, " very good." November. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 357 
 
 Brielmont. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish 
 and russet specks ; calyx prominent ; basin open ; flesh white, melting, 
 " good." October. 
 
 Beadnell. 
 
 Beadnell's Seedling. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer ; shoots long, bright chestnut 
 color, white dots ; fruit middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short ; eye a little 
 open ; skin pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun, 
 much speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy. 
 Last September. 
 
 Caen du France. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and 
 reddish dots ; stem rather long ; calyx open ; flesh fine, juicy, sweet, 
 *' very good." December, January. 
 
 Capiaumont. 
 
 Beurre Capiaumont, | Beurre Coloma. 
 
 Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on pear or 
 quince. A free grower ; branches grayish yellow ; fruit medium, globular, 
 acute pyriform, yellow, with "cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots and 
 streaks ; stem curved ; calyx large ; flesh buttery, sweet, a little astrin- 
 gent, " very good." September, October. 
 
 Calhoun. 
 
 American. Native of New Haven, Conn. ; fruit medium, roundish, 
 yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem short; calyx small; 
 core medium ; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." October, 
 November. 
 
 Capsheaf. 
 
 American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree hardy, wood yellowish; 
 fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon 
 russet ; stem short ; calyx closed ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, fine, 
 melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." October. 
 
 Catinka. 
 
 Foreign. New. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish; flesh fine, 
 juicy, "very good," and will probably prove "best." We have only 
 seen it once. November. 
 
 Canandaigua. 
 
 Catharine. 
 
 American. From Central New York ; fruit large, resembling Bartlett j 
 
358 THE PEAR. 
 
 flesh white, fine, juicy, "very good." September. A new variety ; tree 
 vigorous, upright grower, thus far doing well on quince or pear, productive. 
 
 Calebasse d'Ete. 
 
 4 
 
 Summer Calebasse. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous ; foliage light green ; fruit above medium, ob- 
 long pyriform, irregular, dull green, little brown in sun, russet at stem 
 and eye ; stem long ; calyx small ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh white, 
 fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Last August. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Chaptal. 
 
 Beurre Chaptal. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish 
 yellow; stem curved; cavity slight; calyx large, open; basin shallow; 
 core medium; seeds o'blong; flesh white, breaking, juicy, " very good." 
 December, January. 
 
 Chancellor. 
 
 Green's Germantown, | Early St. Germain. 
 
 Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, abundant bearer? 
 young wood slender, yellowish brown ; fruit large, oblong obovate pyri- 
 form, green, with minute brown specks and* some russet blotches, rarely 
 a faint brown cheek ; stem one inch long, rather thick, cavity small, irregu- 
 lar ; calyx small, basin contracted ; core medium ; seeds long, yellowish 
 brown; flesh melting, "very good." Last September. (Brinckle, in Hort.) 
 
 Charles Van Mons. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish 
 green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem slender, curved, de- 
 pression one side ; calyx large, open ; segments broad, completely re- 
 flexed; basin shallow; core medium; seeds obovate pyriform; flesh 
 whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good," if not " best." January. 
 
 Charles Van Hoogten. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull pale 
 yellow; stem stout, enlarged at base; calyx open; segments short; 
 flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." Early October. 
 (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 Christmas. 
 
 IJpel. 
 
 American. New, from Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit medium, ovate rounded ; 
 skin rough, bronzed, russety ; stem stout, slight depression ; calyx small ; 
 basin shallow ; flesh a little gritty, juicy, sweet, " very good." Decem- 
 ber, January. (Warder's notes.) 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 359 
 
 Chaumontel. 
 
 Bezi de Chaumontelle, 
 Beurre d'Hiver, 
 
 Winter Beurre, 
 Oxford Chaumontel. 
 
 Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit large, oblong obovate ; " skin 
 rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots ; stem one inch, curved ; 
 calyx medium ; basin deep ; core small ; seeds flattened ; flesh buttery, 
 melting, " very good." November, January. 
 
 CoNSEILLER RamTJEZ. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded 
 and traced with russet; flesh melting, tender, "good." October. 
 (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 CoLMAR, NEILL. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit large, obovate, pale yellow; flesh white, buttary, 
 melting, " good." October. 
 
 Countess of Lunay. 
 
 Comtesse de Lunay. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vig- 
 orous ; very productive 
 on quince ; has been 
 much disseminated as 
 " Doyenne d ' Ete. " 
 Fruit medium, ( our 
 drawing too small, ) 
 roundish obovate; skin 
 smooth, pale yellow, 
 often thinly sprinkled 
 with red in sun, some 
 russet specks, and rus- 
 set at base of stem ; 
 stem long, largest where 
 it joins the tree; cavity 
 slight, often a little lip 
 one side of stem ; calyx 
 large, open, with long 
 reflexed segments ; core 
 medium ; seeds brown ; 
 flesh white, rather 
 coarse, melting, juicy, 
 " very good. " Oc- 
 tober. 
 
360 THE PEAK. 
 
 COMPTE DE LAMT. 
 
 Beurre Curte, ) Dingier, 
 
 Marie Louise the Second. 
 
 Foreign. Not equal to the foregoing ; tree upright ; fruit medium, 
 roundish obovate, yellow, brownish red cheek, small russet dots ; stem 
 long, calyx small; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, "good." Early 
 October. 
 
 Collins. 
 
 Watertown 
 
 American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of 
 white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit large or above medium, 
 roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottled with dull red in sun, some 
 russet ; stem short, curved ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white, 
 vinous, juicy, sweet, melting, " best." September. 
 
 CoLMAR EpiNE. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit large, roundish obtuse, oblong, dull green with cloud- 
 ings of darker hue ; flesh white, melting, vinous, juicy, " very good." 
 September. 
 
 Coter. 
 
 Foreign. Tree healthy, young wood, short-jointed, light yellow; 
 fruit medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh fine-grained, tender, 
 melting, juicy, " very good." November. 
 
 Citron. 
 
 American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish 
 obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots : flesh a little 
 coarse, greenish white, melting, juicy, " very good," Last August. 
 
 Cross. 
 
 Winter Cross. 
 
 American. From Massachusetts. Tree hardy, slender, grayish yellow 
 wood ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, with russet dots 
 and patches ; stem stout ; calyx small ; flesh white, melting, juicy, "very 
 good.'' November, January. 
 
 Gushing. 
 
 American. Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree hardy, of slender diverg- 
 ing growth ; fruit medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small 
 gray dots, dull red cheek ; calyx small ; stem one inch long ; flesh white, 
 fine-grained, melting, sweet, " very good." September. 
 
 Dallas. 
 
 American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish 
 obovate, dull yellow, mostly covered with red russet; stem medium, 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 361 
 
 calyx large, open ; core rather small ; flesh yellowish white, melting, 
 juicy, vinous, li very good." November. 
 
 De Louvain. 
 
 Poire de Louvain. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow, 
 rough russet dots and patches ; stem long, medium size, curved ; calyx 
 large; basin shallow ; core medium ; seeds blackish ; flesh greenish white, 
 crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable onlylfor baking. January, March. 
 
 Des Nonnes. 
 
 ' Des Nones. 
 
 Foreign. New : fruit medium, turbinate, clear light yellow, many 
 small brown dots ; stem long, slender ; calyx small, closed ; basin shallow ; 
 flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed, "very good," perhaps 
 " best," September. (Hort.) 
 
 Deuces d'Hardenpont. 
 
 Delices d'Ardenponl. | Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, har- 
 dy, moderate grower ; 
 shoots,' upright, yellow- 
 ish brown, good bearer, 
 deserves more attention. 
 Fruit, medium, roundish, 
 pale yellow, with many 
 gray dots and russet in 
 sun ; stem, varying ; ca- 
 lyx, small, closed ; basin, 
 round, slightly uneven; 
 core, medium ; seeds, 
 broad, ovate ; flesh, whit- 
 ish, buttery, melting, jui- 
 cy, almost u best" Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 Delices d'Hardenpont du Nord and Belgium. 
 
 Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule, | Beurre Cur tet of A. Leroy. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellow, gray spotted ; calyx, small ; 
 flesh, coarse, melting, sugary, " good." October. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 16 
 
362 THE PEAK. 
 
 Delices de Mons. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface ; stem, half inch 
 long ; calyx 7 small ; skin, yellowish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted 
 and spotted with gray; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed, " very 
 good." September, October. (Ho v. Mag.) 
 
 Delices Charles Van Mons. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, medium pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow, thinly 
 washed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also resembles 
 in size and shape ; stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted without 
 depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shallow basin ; 
 flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing. Tested by us for the first 
 time, 20th September, 1853. Description by Thorp, Smith & Co., of 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Diller. 
 
 Probably a native of Pennsylvania; new. Tree, moderately vigorous; 
 wood, short-jointed, reddish brown, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, 
 medium, ovate obovate, angular, golden yellow, sprinkled, and in sun, 
 mostly covered with light cinnamon russet; calyx, open ; basin, shallow; 
 core, small ; seeds, long, black, pointed : flesh, yellowish white, buttery, 
 sugary, "very good," or "best," September. We saw this fruit at the 
 Am. Pom. Society meeting, 1852, and have no doubt it will eventually 
 take first class position. It must not be confounded with the Dillen, a 
 foreign variety. 
 
 Dillen. 
 
 Dillon, Doyenne Dillen. 
 
 Foreign. This has been heretofore considered a synonym of Beurre 
 Diel; it, however, proves distinct. Tree, not vigorous, branches erect, 
 diverging, grayish rough wood. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, 
 greenish yellow, russet at stem ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; flesh, fine, 
 melting, tender, juicy, vinous. October, November. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 De Sorlus. 
 
 Foreign. New. Tree, vigorous; branches, straight, erect, compact; 
 wood, yellowish, grayish, white dots, free bearer. Fruit large, turbinate ; 
 stem, one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green, 
 gray russet, marbled most at stem ; flesh, white, melting, juicy. Octo- 
 ber, December. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Doyenne Rose. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellow, blush 
 red cheek, patches and dots of russet ; stem, stout, set without depres- 
 sion ; calyx, with short, stiff segments ; core, small ; flesh, white, coarse, 
 juicy, "good." October. 
 
FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 363 
 
 Doyenne Kobin. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, rather large, bergamot-shaped, greenish, covered with 
 russet dots and splashes ; stem, usually very long and thick, deep, narrow 
 cavity ; calyx, small, narrow, moderately deep basin ; seed, large, black ; 
 flesh, melting, somewhat granular ; flavor, pleasant ; quality, u very 
 good." September. 
 
 » Doyenne Sieulle. 
 
 Beurre Sieulle, Sieulle 
 
 Foreign. A variety requiring high culture ; does best on quince, under 
 garden culture. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish 
 green, with fine red cheek in sun, scattered russet specks ; stem, stout ; 
 calyx, open; core, large; flesh, white, melting, sugary, vinous, juicy, 
 u very good," sometimes "best." October, November. 
 
 Doyenne Santellete. 
 
 • Sentilet. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety, little known. Tree, vigorous ; wood, stout, 
 yellowish. Fruit, above medium, roundish pyriform, dull yellowish 
 green, traces, streaks and dots of russet, red in sun ; stem, long, slender ; 
 calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, vinous, melting, juicy, " very 
 good." October. 
 
 Doyenne Goubalt. 
 
 Chapen. 
 
 Foreign. Promises a valuable variety for orcharding, on pear roots. 
 Fruit, medium to large, obovate, acute pyriform ; surface, uneven, dull 
 pale yellow, with a few .traces of russet ; stem, short, thick flesh next the 
 fruit; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet, 
 "very good." November to December. 
 
 Doyenne du Comice. 
 
 Doyenne du Comice of Angers. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, 
 greenish yellow, russet specks, red around stem; stem, short; calyx, 
 open ; basin, deep ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, 
 sugary, " very good." October, November. 
 
 Doyenne de Fais. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin^smooth, yellow, often with a fine 
 red cheek ; stalk, stout, about one inch long, inserted in a deep cavity ; 
 calyx, spreading, placed in a deep, narrow basin ; flesh, white, fine-grained, 
 very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored and delicious. Tree, ro- 
 bust, and a great bearer. October. For the above description, we are 
 indebted to Messrs. Thorp, Smith & Co., of Syracuse. 
 
364 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Duchess of Angouleme. 
 
 Duchesse d'Angouleme. 
 
 Foreign. A valuable variety for market, on the quince, and on the 
 quince only. High culture of this variety produces very large and ft very 
 good" fruit, otherwise it is indifferent in size or character. Our drawing 
 is from a small specimen. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, dull 
 greenish yellow, traced and dotted with russet; stem, rather long, stout ; 
 calyx, medium, partly open ; basin, deep, uneven ; core, below medium ; 
 seeds, oblong pyriform; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, ' ; very good." 
 "October. 
 
 The Striped Duchess d' Angouleme differs only in the fruit being striped, 
 yellow and green. 
 
 Duchesse of Orleans. 
 
 St. Nicholas. 
 
 Beurre St. Nicholas. 
 
 Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, olive-colored wood, leaves 
 dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on quince; 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 365 
 
 one little tree, two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beauti- 
 ful specimens. Fruit, large, oblong, ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming 
 greenish yellow, with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes 
 red cheek in sun ; stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, ©pen ; short 
 segments; flesh, melting, juicy, "very good." October. 
 
 DUNMORE. 
 
 Foreign. A good grower and early bearer on pear roots, requires rich, 
 high culture ; shoots slender, erect, brownish slate color. Fruit, large 
 to very large, (our drawing made from an unripe specimen,) oblong obo- 
 vate, greenish, dotted and speckled with brownish red russet, patches of 
 rough russet near calyx ; when not fully ripe, dark green specks under- 
 
366 THE PEAE. 
 
 neath the skin ; stem, rather long ; fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, 
 much reflexed ; core,- rather large ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt- 
 ing, *'- very good." September and October. 
 
 Duchesse of Mars. 
 
 Duchesse de Mars, Captif de St. Helena. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, below medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly covered 
 with russet, ruddy in sun ; stem, set without depression ; calyx, small, 
 closed; core and seeds small,- flesh, melting, juicy, perfumed, "very 
 good," if not " best." October and November. This succeeds well, and 
 this fruit is best grown on quince. 
 
 Duchesse of Berri. 
 
 Duchesse de Berri, Duchess of Berry. 
 
 Foreign. This name has sometimes been applied to the Duchess of 
 Angouleme, which is entirely distinct. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread- 
 ing, shoots reddish brown. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, clear pale 
 yellow, dotted with small russet specks; stem, short; calyx, small; seeds, 
 large ; flesh, yellowish white", rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary. Sep- 
 tember and October. 
 
 DuNDAS. 
 Parmentier. 
 
 Foreign. Rather liable to drop before mature. Fruit, medium, obovate 
 ovate, yellow, greenish black dots, deep red cheek in sun ; stem, stout ; 
 calyx, small; flesh, yellowish, melting, perfumed, "very good." October 
 and November. 
 
 Early Sugar. 
 
 Amire Joannet, 
 
 Joannette, 
 
 St. John's Pear, 
 
 it. Jean. 
 
 Archduc d'Ete, 
 Sugar Pear, 
 Harvest Pear, 
 
 Foreign. Only valued for ripening very early. Fruit, small, pyriform, 
 light green to yellowish, faint blush; flesh, white, sugary, "good" if 
 eaten just in perfection, otherwise mealy. July. 
 
 Elizabeth. (Edwards'.) 
 
 American. From New-Haven, Ct. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse 
 pyriform, angular, lemon yellow, russet specks and patches ; stem, short ; 
 calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, 
 vinous, Ci very good," often " best." October. 
 
 Elizabeth. (Manning's.) 
 
 Elizabeth Van Mons, | Van Mons No. 154. 
 
 Foreign. Received under number, and named by the late Mr. Man- 
 ning ; young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 367 
 
 yellow, red in sun, slight traces of russet ; calyx, small, open ; core, large ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy, "very good." Last August. 
 
 Early Butter of Cincinnati. 
 
 This is a variety which our Cincin- 
 nati pomologists seem unable to recog- 
 nize with any known description. We 
 have been unable to examine the fruit 
 in perfection, but some small specimens 
 received, from which our drawing was 
 made, induced a guess at Dearborn Seed- 
 ling. The original tree at Cincinnati is 
 said to have been probably brought from 
 New -Jersey. It is of upright growth, 
 short-jointed, yellowish brown wood, 
 forming a handsome symmetrical head. 
 Fruit small, oblong ovate, narrowing 
 most to the stem, light greenish yellow, 
 with dark green specks, rarely a bronzed 
 red in sun; calyx, prominent; seg- 
 ments, bold, reflexed ; core, compact ; 
 seeds, few, defective ; flesh, white, juicy, 
 buttery, "very good." Last July. 
 
 EcHASSERY. 
 
 Echasserie, 
 Bezi d' Echassie, 
 
 Bezi de Chasserie, 
 Jagdbirae. 
 
 Foreign. Poor grower. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pale green, yel- 
 lowish, dotted with gray when ripe ; calyx, open ; flesh, melting, buttery, 
 sweet, "good." November and December. 
 
 Eyewood. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches very strong, stout, yellowish brown 
 with large white specks. Fruit, below medium, obovate, pale greenish 
 yellow, russet traces and specks ; stem, long, slender; calyx, small, open ; 
 core, large; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, subacid, "very 
 
 good 
 
 Octobei 
 
 Figue of Naples. 
 
 Figue de Naples, 
 Fig Pear of Naples, 
 
 Comtesse de Frenoi, 
 De Vigne Pelane. 
 
 Foreign. Grown by some under name of Beurre Bronze. Tree vig- 
 orous, productive, shoots upright, brown. Fruit, medium, oblong obo- 
 vate, pale greenish yellow, dull red in sun, russety ; calyx, small; stem, 
 stout, fleshy knob at base ; flesh, juicy, pleasant, breaking, "good." Oct 
 
Q 
 
 68 THE PEAR. 
 
 FlGUE. 
 
 Figue Vert. 
 
 Foreign. This is distinct from the preceding, and by some counted su- 
 perior ; tree vigorous, hardy, productive on either pear or quince ; fruit 
 medium, oblong pyriform, green, much overspread with yellow and red 
 russet; stem stout, fleshily set upon the neck ; calyx open, without divi- 
 sions ; core rather large ; flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly perfumed, 
 " very good." November. 
 
 FoNBANTE DE ChaRNETJSE. 
 
 Foreign. New. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, irregular, dull yellowish 
 green, dotted and clouded with russet ; stem stout ; calyx open ; flesh 
 melting, juicy, saccharine, sometimes astringent, " very goo*: 1 " Early 
 October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 FONDANTE DE MaLINES. 
 
 Fcndante de ilalines (Esperin) . 
 
 Foreign. New. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, roundish 
 obovate, pale yellow, traced and much covered with red russet and brown- 
 ish red, occasional spot of vermillion in sun ; stem long ; calyx small ; 
 core large; flesh white, buttery, melting, sweet, "very good." October. 
 
 Fonbante Van Moists. 
 
 Foreign. Tree good grower and productive ; fruit medium, roundish 
 obovate, greenish yellow, marbled with red and some russet specks ; stem 
 stout, curved ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, coarse, 
 melting, buttery, sweet, ''very good." October. 
 
 Forelle. 
 
 Trout Pear, | Poire Truite, 
 
 Forellenbirne. 
 
 Foreign. Deserves more attention than it has yet received ; tree vig- 
 orous, productive on quince or pear ; wood violet red, young shoots< 
 downy ; fruit medium, oblong obovate, dull yellow in shade, vermillion in 
 sun, grayish dots margined with crimson ; stern slender ; calyx partly open ; 
 core medium ; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, 
 "very good" or "best." October, November. 
 
 Frederick of Wurtemberg. 
 
 Frederick de Wurtemburg. 
 
 Foreign. "Well known and extensively grown in this country ; tree 
 very early and productive bearer, young wood strong, yellowish brown ; 
 fruit decays rapidly at core, often worthless ere the grower thinks it ripe; 
 fruit large, angular .pyriform, uneven surface, dull yellow, crimson cheek; 
 stem stout, usually set on or thickening into the fruit ; calyx open ; basin 
 shallow ; flesh white, juicy, melting, " good." September. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 369 
 
 Fredrika Bremer. 
 
 Virgalieu, errmeouly, of some. 
 
 American. From Oneida county, New York, recently introduced by 
 J C Hastings, Esq. It is said to be an early and productive bearer, 
 which we are disposed to believe, as a graft, two years set this year, 
 produced fine specimens. Fruit above medium, roundish obovate, obtuse 
 pyriform greenish, becoming pale yellow, with slight russet dots ; stem 
 one to one and a half inch long, rarely a cavity; calyx open, short erect 
 segments; basin rather deep, slight furrows; core medium; seeds black- 
 ish; flesh white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, nearly "best."' October, 
 November. 
 
 Gansel's Bergamot. 
 
 Broca's Bergamot, 
 Ives' Bergamot, 
 Staunton, 
 
 Bonne Rouge, 
 Gurle's Beurre , 
 Pi am ant. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety, with few superiors when well grown It re- 
 quires a & warm, rich soil ; on cold clay it is almost tasteless ; tree vigorous, 
 spreading, succeeds well on quince, productive ; fruit large, roundish obo- 
 vate, yellowish brown russet, red in sun, russet dots and patches ; stem 
 short ; cavity deep ; calyx open ; basin deep ; core large ; flesh yellowish 
 white, coarse, melting, juicy, " very good," or " best." October. 
 
 Gansel's late Bergamot. 
 
 Foreign. A new variety recently introduced, very much resembling 
 the preceding, except its period of maturity being extended into De- 
 cember. It is also said to have less color in sun, and the flesh entirely 
 free from granulations. Tree vigorous and productive on the pear root. 
 
 Gideon Paridante. 
 
 Foreign. Fruited with us this year for first time. Fruit medium, 
 obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with brown red cheek in sun, and 
 marbled red russet over surface ; stem one and a half inch long, angularly 
 planted with a lip one side; calyx open, narrow segments ; basin shallow^; 
 core medium; flesh white, melting, sugary, "very good," nearly " best." 
 Last September and October. 
 
 Grand Soleil. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, erect, well-formed, productive ; fruit medium, 
 roundish, orange yellow, with a russety red blush, few russet specks ; 
 stem medium, swollen at base ; calyx small, closed ; core large ; seeds 
 obovate; flesh yellowish white, little coarse, buttery, melting, sugary, 
 aromatic, " very good," nearly " best." November. 
 
 Green Mountain Boy. 
 
 American. Fruit medium or above, roundish obovate, sometimes an- 
 gular pyriform ; stem varying ; calyx open, reflexed segments ; golden 
 yellow or russety yellow, with numerous russety brown specks ; core 
 
 16* 
 
370 THE PEAR. 
 
 rather large ; seeds long, flattened ; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet, 
 " very good." October. 
 
 Hacon's Incomparable. 
 
 Downham Seedling. 
 
 Foreign. A hardy, productive variety; spreading, rather drooping 
 branches ; deserves more attention than yet received ; young shoots 
 slender, olive color, diverging ; fruit rather large, roundish, obtuse 
 pyriform, dull yellowish green and pale brown, with many russet streaks 
 and dots ; stem rather long, straight ; calyx with small divisions ; basin 
 shallow ; flesh white, buttery, melting, sugary, juicy, nearly if not quite 
 " best." October, November. 
 
 Hagerman. 
 
 American. From Flushing, L. I. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, over- 
 spread with thin golden russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short, stout ; 
 calyx open, segments reflexed ; basin shallow ; core small ; seeds broad 
 ovate; flesh juicy, sprightly, pleasant, " very good." September. 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 From Hanover Furnace, New Jersey. In size it is usually rather 
 small, round obovate, green, with dull green russet markings, and a 
 brown cheek; stem one inch, shallow cavity, usually angular ; calyx open, 
 plaited, sometimes furrowed, irregular basin ; seeds large, plump, acumi- 
 nate ; flesh greenish yellow, melting, juicy, pleasant, " good." (W. D. B.) 
 
 Hanners. 
 
 Hamus. 
 
 Origin uncertain : has generally been considered a synonym of Cushing, 
 but proves distinct ; Mr. 0. M. Hovey first pointed out the error. Shoots 
 upright, brownish yellow ; fruit medium, oblong, rounded at crown, 
 obtuse at stem, yellowish green to pale yellow, with large pale russet 
 patches and dots ; stem stout, swollen at base ; calyx small, open ; core 
 large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." September. 
 
 Harvard. 
 
 Boston Epargne, | Cambridge Sugar Pear. 
 
 American. Native of Cambridge, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, 
 productive. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, reddish 
 cheek ; stem rather stout, not sunk ; calyx small ; basin narrow ; seeds 
 long, obovate; flesh white, juicy, "very good," liable to decay at core. 
 September. 
 
 Henrietta. 
 
 Edwards' Henrietta 
 
 American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous, hardy, pro- 
 ductive. Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull yellow crimson 
 
FOB AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 371 
 
 spots in sun, russet at base of stem ; calyx closed ; basin furrowed ; core 
 large; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, " good." Last August. 
 
 Haddington. 
 
 Smith's Haddington- 
 
 American. From seed of Pound pear, grown by J. B. Smith, Esq., at 
 Haddington, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive ; fruit above medium, oblong, 
 obovate° pyriform, greenish yellow, brownish cheek, and russet dots and 
 patches; stem medium, cavity shallow.; calyx medium ; segments short, 
 erect ; core medium ; seeds long, ovate ; flesh yellowish, juicy, aromatic, 
 "very good." January to April. 
 
 Henkel. 
 
 Foreign. Tree fine grower, young shoots grayish brown ; an early, 
 very productive bearer on pear roots, valuable for orcharding. Fruit 
 large, obovate, somewhat obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, patches of russet 
 and green specks ; stem long, curved ; calyx open ; segments short ; ba- 
 sin uneven ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, jui'cy 
 vinous, " very good." Early September. 
 
372 THE PEAR. 
 
 Henry the Fourth. 
 
 Henri Quatre, | Jacquin. 
 
 Foreign. Tree hardy, good bearer, young shoots diverging, yellowish 
 brown. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, greenish 3 7 ellow, with small gray 
 dots ; stem long, slender, swollen at base ; calyx small ; flesh whitish, 
 rather coarse, juicy, " good. Early September. 
 
 Hericart. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, light pale greenish yellow, 
 russet dots and patches; stem long, slender; calyx small; segments re- 
 flexed ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh rather coarse, breaking, juicy, very 
 sweet, ' : very good." Early September. Some specimens we have had 
 of this proved almost best ; we think it improves with age of trees. 
 
 Hosen-Schenck. 
 
 Schenck's Pear, i Schenck's August Watermelon, 
 
 Smokehouse. 
 
 American. From Pennsylvania. New. Fruit large, obovate, yellow, 
 melting, not high flavor. Last of August. 
 
 Howell. 
 
 American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to no- 
 tice. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, small russet dots, faint 
 red blush in sun ; stem, often curved, without depression ; calyx, open ; 
 basin, irregular ; flesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, delicate aroma. 
 October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 Hull. 
 
 American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, vigorous, upright ; wood, 
 reddish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, dull red, and 
 russet ; stem, long ; calyx, half open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather 
 coarse, gritty at core, juicy, " good." October. 
 
 Inconnue Van Mons. 
 
 Foreign. Best on quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, dull, pale 
 green, traces and dots of russet; stem, long, slender; calyx, open ; basin, 
 deep; flesh, melting, buttery, "very good." December to February. 
 (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 Jamlnette. 
 
 Josephine, Sabine, 
 
 Colmar Jaminette, | D'Austrasie, 
 Beurre d'Austrasie. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit, above medium, 
 obovate, obtuse pyriform, green, with russety brown dots and patches ; 
 stem, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet, 
 " good." November, December. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 373 
 
 Jargonelle. 
 
 Epargne, 
 
 Grosse Cuisse Madame, 
 
 Beau Present, 
 
 Poire de Tables des Princes, 
 
 Saint Sampson, 
 Saint Lambert, 
 Sweet Summer, 
 Peal Jargonelle, 
 
 Jargonelle of the English. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety, abundant bearer, now surpassed, for all ex- 
 cept large collections, by more recently originated sorts. Fruit, large, 
 long, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, little brown in sun ; stem, long ; 
 calyx, open, prominent; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, '-good," often 
 " very good." August. 
 
 Jean de Witte. 
 
 Nos. 1482, 1082, and 1602 of Van Mons. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, moderate growth, short-jointed wood, upright. Fruit, 
 medium or above, obovate, narrowing to the stem, pale yellow, little rus- 
 set ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, slightly sub-acid, " very good." No- 
 vember to January. 
 
 Jersey Gratioli. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, abundant bearer, succeeds on 
 quince ; wood, stout, short-jointed. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong obo- 
 vate, slightly angular, greenish yellow, blush in sun, russet specks, and 
 also at base of stem and crown ; stem, stout, obliquely inserted ; calyx, 
 open, saort segments; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, 
 melti jg, juicy, vinous. September, October. (Ho v. Mag.) 
 
 JOHONNOT. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 American. Native of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate, healthy grower, 
 upright, spreading ; wood dark reddish brown, suited to orcharding in our 
 western, rich soils, productive. Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, 
 angular, greenish yellow, dull russet ; stem stout, fleshy at base ; calyx 
 Jarge, open; core large; seeds small; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, 
 juicy, vinous, almost "best." September. 
 
 Josephine de Malines. 
 
 Foreign. Not an early bearer or a good grower, best on pear. Fruit 
 medium, roundish obovate, yellow blush in sun, traces and specks of rus- 
 set ; calyx open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, melting, fine, juicy, 
 vinous, " very good." December, January. 
 
 Julienne. 
 
 Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, upright, light yellowish brown shoots, 
 productive, and in warm, rich, sandy soils, often very fine ; in cold clay it 
 is inferior, best on quince. Fruit below medium, roundish, oblong obo- 
 vate, clear bright yellow, with a little of fine russet marblings and patches ; 
 stem rather stout ; calyx small, closed ; core compact ; seeds blackish ; 
 flesh white, rather coarse, half buttery, sweet, " very good." August. 
 
374 THE PEAK 
 
 KlNGSESSING, 
 Leech's Kingsessing. 
 
 American. Native of Kingsessing township, near Philadelphia. Tree 
 upright, vigorous, somewhat thorny, young shoots yellowish green or 
 brownish olive, gray dots. This, when better known, will, we think, take 
 position in first class. It is, however, not a very early bearer, and on quince, 
 requires double working. Fruit large, or above medium, obovate, some- 
 times obtuse pyriform, sea-green, with patches of dark green ; stem stout, 
 fleshy at base ; calyx small; basin shallow; flesh buttery, delicate, "best." 
 Last August. 
 
 Knight's Monarch. 
 
 Foreign. A variety requiring very high culture; wood light olive 
 color. Fruit large, obovate oblong, yellowish brown, tinged with red, 
 dotted with gray; stem short; calyx open; flesh yellowish white, meltr 
 ing^ juicy. January. 
 
 King Edward's. 
 
 Jackman's Melting. 
 
 Foreign. Tree thrifty, shoots upright, dark brown. Fruit large, pyri- 
 form, yellow, with patches of dull russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short ; 
 calyx small ; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, variable, " good." October. 
 
 Las Canas. 
 
 Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, early, good bearer. Fruit medium, 
 or below, pyriform, pale yellow, partly covered with thin russet ; seeds 
 black ; flesh juicy, sweet, nearly " best." October. 
 
 La Juive. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches upright. Fruit above medium, pyr- 
 iform, yellow, with gray specks; stem short; flesh yellowish, buttery, 
 juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Lamorictere. 
 
 General Lamoriciere. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, gray, with green dots ; stem stout ; 
 calyx large, closed; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, juicy. Last 
 September. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Laherard. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, lemon yellow, 
 brownish red cheek in sun ; calyx closed ; stem stout ; flesh white, melt- 
 ing, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid, "very good." October. Succeeds on quince. 
 (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 Lewis. 
 
 87.~ 
 
 Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading, 
 rather drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular 
 •and even in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, delicious fruit, otherwise 
 not more than second quality. It is profitable as a standard orchard va- 
 riety, but requires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rap- 
 idly, causing the fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium, 
 roundish obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with 
 many russet specks; stem, long, slender, shallow depression; calyx, 
 large ; segments, broad in divisions ; basin, almost obscure ; core, above 
 medium for size of fruit; seeds, large, ovate; flesh, yellowish white, 
 rather coarse, melting, juicy. Season, November to February. 
 
 Lee's Seedling. 
 
 American. Native of Salem, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, 
 greenish russet, brown in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; core, large ; 
 flesh, white, coarse, juicy, " good." September. 
 
376 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 Locke's New Beurre. 
 
 American. From West Cambridge, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish 
 obovate, yellowish green, spotted with shades of darker green and russet ; 
 stem, medium ; calyx, small, half closed .; flesh, greenish white, juicy, 
 vinous, " good.'' November and December. 
 
 Lodge. 
 
 American. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Eequires rich, warm, 
 sandy soil, when it is one of the best; on cold clay it is hardly "very 
 good." Fruit, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see 
 our engraving ;) when fully mature, yellowish, with rich golden russet, 
 and patches of dull russet; calyx, with short, half refiexed segments; 
 core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy, 
 melting, "very good." September and October. 
 
FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 377 
 
 LlMON. 
 
 Foreign. This promises to take a first-class rank. Tree, moderately 
 vigorous, shoots long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit, above medium, ob- 
 ovate roundish, yellow, with faint red cheek; stem, rather short; basin, 
 shallow ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, nearly " best." August. 
 
 Marie Louise. 
 
 Forme de Marie Louise, I Princess de Parme, 
 
 Marie Chretienne, | Braddiok's Field Marshal, 
 
 Maria. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, rather straggling, or diverging and drooping, 
 with olive gray colored shoots ; requires rich, warm, sandy soil, otherwise 
 it is only a " good" pear. It is hardy and productive. Fruit, large, ob- 
 long pyriform, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with marblings, dots, 
 and° patches of russet, and russet at crown and base of stem ; stem, me- 
 dium, obliquely set in a slight cavity, or with a raised lip on one side ; 
 calyx, open, irregularly formed ; segments, connected ; core, small ; seeds, 
 broad, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." 
 Last of September and October. 
 
 March Bergamotte. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow; flesh, buttery, 
 gritty at core, " good." March. 
 
 Martin Sec. 
 
 Roussellet d'Hiver. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, or below, obovate, angular, yellow, with 
 small specks, dull brownish red one side; stem, long, slender; calyx, in 
 an abrupt furrowed basin ; flesh, yellowish, half melting, juicy, " good. 
 December. 
 
 Merriam. 
 
 American. From Roxbury, Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive, supposed 
 a seedling from Gray Doyenne. Fruit, large, roundish, dull yellow much 
 covered with smooth pale russet; stem, short; calyx, small, closed ; 
 flesh, yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sugary ; core, large ; seeds, dark 
 brown. Last of September. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Marechal de la Cour. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches long, thorny at ends, early bearer. 
 Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, or ovate, yellowish green, vermillion in sun; 
 stem,' crooked, inserted with a lip one side; calyx, large, open; flesh, 
 white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. October. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 McLaughlin. 
 
 Origin unknown ; probably an American seedling. Tree, moderate, 
 healthy grower, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong, obtuse pyri- 
 
378 THE PEAR. 
 
 form, pale yellow, with brownish red in sun; stem, short, swollen at 
 junction with tree ; calyx, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, 
 a little coarse, juicy, " very good." November and December.,. 
 
 Millot de Nancy. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with patches 
 and traces of russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, "good." January. 
 * (Wilder, in Hort) 
 
 Moccas. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, rapid growth, and productive. 
 Fruit, medium, obovate roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek in sun, 
 and a few russet dots ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, partly open ; flesh, 
 yellowish, melting, juicy, "very good." December. 
 
 Muscadine. 
 
 American. From near Newburgh, N. Y. We have had trees six 
 years, but they have not fruited. We condense from Mr. Downing's de- 
 scription : Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, pale yellowish green, with 
 brown dots ; stem, an inch long ; calyx, with reflexed segments ; basin, 
 shallow ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, musky. Last August, first Sep- 
 tember. Shoots, stout, dark gray brown. 
 
 Napoleon. 
 
 Medaille, | Roi de Rome. 
 
 Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, olive-colored shoots, fruit, 
 largest and finest on quince, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse to ob- 
 ovate, and rounded pyriform, greenish yellow, smooth ; stem, varying, 
 usually stout; calyx, medium, open; flesh, white, tender, juicy, "good." 
 October. Valuable as a market sort on quince. Rivers says the Napo- 
 leon d'Hiver is not sufficiently distinct to be retained. 
 
 Orange Bergamotte. 
 
 Orange Pear. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety, great bearer, valuable only for cooking. 
 Fruit, above medium, pyriform, yellow, russet in sun; flesh, yellowish, 
 sprightly, astringent. September and October. 
 
 Oakley Park. 
 
 Oakley Park Bergamot. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with rus- 
 set : calyx, partly open; stem, slender; flesh, buttery, melting, "good." 
 October. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 
 
 379 
 
 OlJDINOT. 
 
 Beurre Oudinot. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit large, pyriform, yellowish green, with brownish cheek ; 
 stem curved; calyx medium; basin shallow; flesh fine, juicy, "very 
 good." September. 
 
 Osborn. 
 
 American. From Economy, la., introduced first to notice by A. H., 
 Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit small, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow ; 
 stem about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base ; 
 flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent, "good." Early 
 August. 
 
 Osband's Summer. 
 
 Osband's Favorite, | Summer Virgalieu of some. 
 
 American. Native of Wayne Co., K Y. Fruit below medium, ovate, 
 obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red 
 cheek in sun ; skin rather thick ; stem medium, inserted in a shallow, un- 
 even cavity ; calyx with open, long straggling segments ; flesh yellowish 
 white, rather coarse-grained, juicy, " good." Early September. 
 
 Ott. 
 
 American. Native or 
 Montgomery Co., Pa. 
 This is by many Eastern 
 pomologists classed as 
 "best:" specimens we 
 have had from Prof. 
 Kirtland have not mer- 
 ited more than to be 
 classed " very good." 
 Fruit small, roundish, 
 greenish yellow, with 
 little russet, and rarely 
 faint red cheek in sun ; 
 stem medium, a little 
 curved ; calyx rather 
 large, open, reflexed ; 
 core below medium ; 
 seeds blackish ; flesh 
 yellowish, melting, 
 juicy, slightly aromatic. 
 August. 
 
380 THE PEAK, 
 
 Oswego. 
 
 Oswego Beurre, | Keed's Seedling. 
 
 American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, succeeds 
 well thus far, and an early bearer on quince or pear roots ; fruit medium, 
 ovate obovate or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marblings 
 and patches of russet ; stem short, stout, cavity rather deep ; calyx 
 medium, closed ; core small ; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, '' very 
 ^ood." October. 
 
 Paul Thielen. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek ; 
 stem long, obliquely set; calyx open, segments short, upright; flesh 
 rather coarse, juicy, " good." October. 
 
 Passe Colmar Epineaux, 
 
 Colmar Gris, 
 
 Passe Colmar Gris, 
 
 Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Precel, 
 
 Pre.cel, 
 
 Fondante de Panisel, 
 
 Fondante de Mons, 
 
 Beurre d'Argenson, 
 
 Regintin, 
 
 Chapman's, 
 
 Passe Colmar. 
 
 Colmar Hardenpont, 
 Present de Malines, 
 Marotte Sucree Jaune, 
 Souverain, 
 Colmar Souverain, 
 Gambier, 
 Cellite, 
 
 Colmar Preule, 
 Colmar Doree, 
 Colmar Van Mons, 
 Colmar d'Hiver. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, with long, straggling, half-drooping shoots of a 
 lively brownish yellow ; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care, 
 it is a first-class sort ; with common ordinary care, it is worthless. Fruit 
 medium to large, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, dull 
 yellow when fully mature, with some russet ; stem a little more than 
 medium length, set with slight depression ; calyx partly open, basin 
 shallow ; flesh yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November, 
 January. 
 
 Petre. 
 
 American. Originated in the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. Tree moderate grower, with slender yellowish brown shoots, 
 abundant bearer; fruit medium to large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale 
 yellow, with russet patches ; stem rather stout, largest at base, cavity 
 abrupt ; calyx medium ; basin narrow ; flesh whitish, fine, melting, 
 buttery, perfumed, juicy, nearly "best." October. The "Bezi de la 
 Motte" has been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, through the 
 West. 
 
 Pengethley. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous ; fruit medium, obovate, yellowish brown, 
 russeted ; 'stem medium ; calyx small, partly open ; flesh yellowish, 
 juicy, " good." February, March. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 American. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, hardy, and moderately 
 productive ; fruit large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 381 
 
 green, brownish russet, marbled ; stem stout, calyx small, half closed ; 
 core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, "good." 
 October. 
 
 Pendleton. 
 
 Pendleton's Early York Pear. 
 
 American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive ; fruit rather 
 large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, russet specks ; stem 
 curved; calyx open; flesh white, tender, sweet, "good." Last July. 
 (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Plombgastel. 
 
 Dusnas, Plougastel, 
 
 Plumbgartel, | Jergils ? 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, upright, succeeds on quince; fruit above 
 medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet 
 specks ; stem stout ; calyx large, open, segments reflexed ; core large ; 
 flesh white, half melting, juicy, " good," or perhaps " very good." Sep- 
 tember, October. 
 
 Poire d'Albret. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, dark wood, good bearer; fruit medium, 
 pyramidal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem stout, curved, swollen 
 at base; calyx partly open; core small; flesh greenish white, coarse, 
 melting, juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Pratt. 
 
 American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, upright growth, 
 productive on pear ; fruit above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish 
 yellow, with gray and russet dots and specks ; stem slender ; calyx open ; 
 flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, " best." September. 
 
 Poire d'Abondance. 
 
 D'Abondance. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with rjis- 
 set dots, red in sun ; flesh melting, juicy, " very good." October. 
 
 PrjLSIFER. 
 
 American. Native of Illinois. Tree upright, vigorous; shoots dark 
 olive, early and productive bearer. Fruit below medium, pyriform ob- 
 tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet ; stem short ; calyx small, open : 
 flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." Early August. 
 
 Princess Royal. 
 
 Groom's Princess Royal. 
 
 Foreign. Tree hardy, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit medium, 
 obovate, dull pale green, dotted with russet ; stem set in shallow cavity ; 
 
382 THE PEAE. 
 
 calyx open ; segments short ; core large ; flesh yellowish, rather coarse ; 
 melting, juicy, " good." January, February. 
 
 Queen of the Low Countries. 
 
 Reine des Pays Bas. 
 
 Foreign. We have often examined this sort, but have been unable as 
 yet to fruit it in six years that we have had the variety. We condense 
 our description from Downing : Fruit large, obovate, acute pyriform, dull 
 yellow, dotted and russeted, dark red in sun ; stem one and a half inch 
 long, curved ; calyx small ; basin deep ; flesh white, buttery, melting, 
 juicy, vinous, sub-acid. Early October. 
 
 Rallay. 
 
 We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this 
 pear from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. It is we believe, an old variety, 
 but we had never before seen it. Fruit small to medium, globular, acute 
 pyriform, skin rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over the whole spots 
 of russet ; stem slender, obliquely set without depression ; calyx with' 
 crumpled segments ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, 
 gritty at core, " good." November, December. 
 
 Rapalje. 
 
 Rapalje Seedling. 
 
 American. Described by Dr. A. H. Stevens of New York, in the Hor- 
 ticulturist, from which we extract, having never seen the fruit. Fruit 
 medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform ; stem long ; calyx 
 in a slight hollow ; flesh buttery, like White Doyenne. Early September. 
 
 Ropes. 
 
 American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it 
 originated, at Salem, Mass. Fruit small, oblong obovate, brownish rus- 
 set, tinged with red in sun ; stem short, rather stout ; calyx small, open ; 
 core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, "good." October." 
 
 Ross. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, obovate, yellowish green and 
 russet ; stem short ; calyx open ; flesh yellowish, rather gritty, sweet, 
 juicy, ''good." January. 
 
 RoNDELET. 
 
 Foreign. Tree upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding. 
 Fruit small, obovate, yellow, dotted with russet, red in sun ; stem slender j 
 calyx erect, long segments ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, buttery, 
 juicy, sugary, aromatic, nearly " best." October. 
 
FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 383 
 
 Kousselet Double Esperin. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish 
 yellow, covered with cinnamon russet; stem long, stout, fleshy at base; 
 calyx open ; basin deep, furrowed ; flesh white, melting, sprightly, " very 
 good." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 Rosabirne. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate, acute pyriform, angular, surface un- 
 even, russet on dull greenish yellow ; stem fleshy at base ; flesh white, 
 melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid, " very good," may be "best." October. 
 (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 Sheldon. 
 
 Penfield. 
 
 American. Native of Western Central New York. Tree vigorous, erect ; 
 hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellowish. 
 Fruit medium or above, roundish, a little angular, sometimes obovate, 
 pale greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with dark 
 russet ; stem short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx medium, open, 
 broad short segments ; core rather large ; seeds dark brown ; flesh a little 
 coarse, and gritty at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly, 
 aromatic, nearly " best." October. 
 
 Skinless. 
 
 Sanspeau, | Poire Sans Peau, 
 Fleur de Guignes. 
 
 Foreign. An old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is 
 productive and "very good." Fruit small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish 
 yellow, light red specks in sun ; stem long, slender ; calyx closed ; flesh 
 white, juicy. Early August. 
 
 Signoret. 
 
 Sagaret. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, 
 russet specks; calyx open; flesh coarse, breaking, hardly " good." No- 
 vember. 
 
 Serrurier. 
 
 Serrurier d'Automne. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specka 
 and blotches ; stem in a deep cavity ; basin shallow ; flesh melting, juicy, 
 " good." October. 
 
 St. Mesmin. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit large, oblong ovate, yellowish green ; stem without 
 depression ; calyx half open; flesh juicy, " good," perhaps may be "very 
 good." October. 
 
384 THE PEAR. 
 
 Shurtleff. 
 
 Shurtleff's Seedling. 
 
 American. Native of Boston. Tree vigorous, good bearer. Fruit 
 medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with 
 russet specks, dark red cheek in snn ; stem rather long, swollen at base *, 
 calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty 
 at core. September. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 SoUVERAINE D'EtE. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, traced and 
 dotted with russet, bright red cheek in sun ; calyx open ; stem short 
 flesh melting, tender, juicy, "very good." August. 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 American. Native of Western New- York. Tree thrifty, upright 
 growth, early bearer. Fruit large, roundish obovate, pale yellow, shaded 
 with red in sun, russet at base of stem ; stem long ; calyx open ; core 
 large; flesh white, coarse, half melting, juicy, "very good." Early Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 St. Michael Archange. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellowish gray and 
 green spotted; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, "very good." 
 Last September. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 St. Jean Baptiste. 
 
 Foreign. Tree moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruit 
 large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks ; 
 stem short, curved, swollen at base ; flesh white, melting, buttery, vinous. 
 October. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Styer. 
 
 Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow, 
 with russet dots and tracings; stem varying; cavity shallow; calyx 
 imperfect, basin narrow, abrupt, deep ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, 
 a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed, " best," September. 
 
 Summer Franc Real. 
 
 Franc Real d'Ete, i Gros Micet d'Ete, 
 
 Fondante. 
 
 • Foreign. Tree thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than " good" on 
 pear roots, sometimes nearly " best" on quince. Fruit medium, obovate, 
 obtuse pyriform, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with brownish 
 green dots; stem short, thick; calyx medium, long segments, furrowed 
 basin, large core ; flesh white, not fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet. 
 September. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 385 
 
 SUZETTE DE BAVAY. 
 Suzette de Bavay (Esperen) . 
 
 foreign. Tree vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit medium, 
 obovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet; flesh melting, juicy, "very 
 good." February and March. 
 
 Summer Portugal. 
 
 Passans du Portugal. 
 
 Foreign. Tree upright growth, shoots reddish brown. Fruit below 
 medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun ; stem one 
 inch ; calyx erect ; flesh white, juicy, breaking, " very good." Last of 
 August. 
 
 Tea. 
 
 American. Native of New-Haven Co., Ct. Fruit below medium, 
 roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun ; calyx with short open seg- 
 ments, even, with surface ; core small ; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, " very 
 good," nearly " best." Last September. 
 
 Theodore. 
 
 Theodore Van Mons. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots ; 
 stem long, little or no depression ; calyx large, open ; broad segments ; 
 flesh whitish, melting, " very good" on quince. November. 
 
 Triomphe de Jodoigne. 
 
 Foreign. Tree very strong, vigorous grower, not an early bearer. 
 Fruit large to very large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, with traces 
 and faint spots of russet; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, "good." No- 
 vember. 
 
 Upper Crust. 
 
 American. Native of South Carolina. Tree healthy, moderate grower, 
 branches slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit size and shape of Dear- 
 born Seedling, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches ; flesh buttery, 
 melting, " very good," if not " best." July. (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) 
 
 Vtcompte de Spoelberch. 
 
 Despoilberg, i Bezi de Spoelberch, 
 
 Vicompte de Spoelberg. 
 
 Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown, 
 with whitish gray specks. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale 
 yellow, when mature, little red in sun, and russet patches and specks; 
 stem long, stout, fleshy at base ; calyx medium ; segments short, erect ; 
 core medium ; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, 
 *'besL" December. New, comparatively ; deserves trial. 
 
 17 
 
386 THE PEAR. 
 
 Vesouziere. 
 
 Foreign. Tree vigorous, succeeds on quince. Fruit medium, roundisb 
 obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun ; stem long ; cavity open ; 
 calyx medium, open; basin shallow, core large; flesh yellowish white, 
 rather coarse, juicy, sweet, "good." November. 
 
 Walker. 
 
 Fruit large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea- 
 green ; stem curved, fleshy at base ; calyx open ; long segments ; basin 
 shallow ; flesh coarse, crisp, juicy, " good." September. 
 
 Westcott. 
 
 American. Native of Cranston, E. I. Fruit medium, roundish obo- 
 vate, pale green to light orange yellow, dots and, blotches of russet ; stem 
 slender, fleshy at base ; calyx large, open ; basin plaited ; flesh white, 
 juicy, melting, sugary, " good." September. 
 
 Wilbur. 
 
 American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree a moderate grower, with 
 reddish brown shoots, productive and hardy. Fruit medium, oval obo- 
 vate, dull yellowish green, much russet ; stem medium ; calyx open ; 
 core large; flesh whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy, "good." 
 September. 
 
 Wlnship. 
 
 Winship's Seedling, 
 
 American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree vigorous, wood yellowish, 
 early and productive bearer. Fruit medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow, 
 traces of russet, blush in sun ; stem long, slender, curved ; calyx closed ; 
 core large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, " good." August. 
 
 Williams Early. 
 
 American. Native of Eoxbury, Mass. Tree moderate grower, reddish 
 brown wood. Fruit below medium, ovate obovate, light yellow, red 
 cheek, little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks ; stem me- 
 dium, a little fleshy at base ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh yellow- 
 ish white, coarse, juicy, sweet, " very good." September. 
 
 Williamson. 
 
 American. From the south side of Long Island. Fruit medium, obo- 
 vate rounded, obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and 
 russet at stem and crown ; stem short, stout, narrow, irregular cavity ; 
 calyx none; basin deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds small, flattened ; flesh 
 
FOE AMATEUE CULTUEE. 
 
 387 
 
 yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, sugary, vinous, rt very good," if not 
 best. October. ' 
 
 WlLHELMINE. 
 
 Wilhelmina. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, gray 
 specks, feint red m sun; stem rather long ; calyx large, open: flesh yel- 
 lowish white, buttery, sugary, juicy, " good." February. J 
 
 Wharton's Early. 
 
 Origin unknown. This variety we found growing in the grounds of Prof. 
 
 wf l?fiUT^° rT^fi fr T the S0Uth Centre of 0hio > ™ der ** name. 
 We at first thought it Catmka, but it ripens too soon. Tree a vigorous 
 
 strong grower, wood yellowish brown, large foliage, Fruit above me- 
 
888 THE PEAR. 
 
 dium, oblong, obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots, 
 suffused at base with sea-green, occasionally a russet trace ; stem long, 
 slender ; cavity slight ; calyx open ; segments short, rounded ; core me- 
 dium ; seeds ovate; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, nearly " best." 
 Middle to last August. 
 
 WlEDOW. 
 Wredow. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yel- 
 low ; stem medium, obliquely planted with lip one side ; calyx small ; 
 flesh white, juicy, vinous, perfumed, " very good." October. 
 
 Wilkinson. 
 
 American. From Cumberland, R. f. Tree thrifty, hardy, productive, 
 " good" in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit medium, oval obovate, 
 yellow, with brown dots and specks; stem rather long and stout ; calyx 
 small, open ; flesh white, juicy, sweet. October to December. 
 
 Zepherine Gregoire. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit globular, acute pyriform ; stem fleshy ; color dull green, 
 thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek ; flesh very melting, tender, 
 juicy, " very good." November. (Wilder, in Hort.) 
 
 CLASS III. Unworthy farther cultivation. 
 Admiral. 
 
 Amiral, Colmar Charnay. 
 
 Foreign. Large, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow ; flesh coarse, juicy. 
 October. 
 
 Adams. 
 
 American. Small, roundish obovate, yellow russet ; flesh coarse. October. 
 
 Ang-leterre. 
 
 English Beurre, | Beurre d'Angleterre. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet ; flesh white. September. 
 
 Ambrosia. 
 
 Early Beurre. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted. August. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 389 
 
 Angleterre Noisette. 
 Foreign. Large, roundish, dark green. September. 
 
 Ambrette. 
 
 Tiiton, I' Ambrette d'Hiver, 
 
 AmbreGris, | Belle Gabriel, 
 Trompe Valet. 
 
 Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russeted. November, January. 
 This is classed by some as identical with Echassery : we think them different. 
 
 Amande Double. 
 
 Amanda's Double. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellow and red. September. 
 
 Aston Town. 
 Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October. 
 
 Autumn Colmar. 
 Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October. 
 
 Autumn Bergamot. 
 
 English Bergamot, | York Bergamot, 
 
 English Autumn Bergamot. 
 
 Foreign. Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The French 
 Autumn Bergamotte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueless 
 
 Belmont. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October. 
 
 Belle et Bonne. 
 
 Gracieuse. 
 Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September. 
 
 Bergamot, Easter. 
 
 Bergamot de Paques, Winter Bergamot, 
 
 Bergamot d'Hiver, Paddington, 
 
 Bergamot de Bugi, Royal Tairling, 
 
 Bergamot de Toulouse, Terling, 
 
 Robert's Keeping. 
 
 Foreign. Medium or above, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. February, 
 May. 
 
 Bergamot d'Hollanbe. 
 
 Holland Bergamot, 
 Beurre d'Alencon, 
 Bergamot d'Alencon, 
 
 Bergamotte de Fougere, 
 
 Amoselle, 
 
 Lord Cheeney's. 
 
 Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet. For ever. 
 
390 THE PEAE. 
 
 Bergamot Parthenay. 
 Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. December, January. 
 
 Bergamot Boussiere. 
 
 Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, January. 
 
 Beurre Bronzee. 
 Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November, December. 
 
 Beurre Duval. 
 Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November. 
 
 Beurre Seutin. 
 Foreign. Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. 
 
 Beurre Knox. 
 Foreign. Large, oblong obovate, pale green, little russet. September. 
 
 Beurre Colmar. 
 
 Beurre Colmar d'Automne. 
 Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October. 
 
 Beurre Van Mons. 
 Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, with russet. October. 
 
 Beurre Romain. 
 
 Gros Romain. 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green. October. 
 
 Beurre de Bollwiller. 
 Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellowish red in sun. Winter. 
 
 Beurre Kenrick. 
 
 No. 1599 of Van Mons. 
 Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 
 
 Beurre Haggerston. 
 
 No. 8 of Van Mons. 
 Foreign. Medium, oblong obtuse, yellow. Middle August. 
 
 Bezi Vaet. 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek. November. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. ^1 
 
 Bezi dTIeri. 
 
 Bezi Royal. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow. October. 
 
 Bezi Blanc. 
 
 Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish. August. 
 
 Bom Chretien, Spanish. 
 
 Bern Chretien d'Espagne, jj Spina. 
 
 Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. 
 Bon Chretien, Flemish. 
 
 Bon Chretien Tare 
 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate,, pale green, brown cheek. November, March. 
 
 Blshop's Thumb, 
 
 Beurre Adam. 
 
 Foreign. Large, oMong, irregular pyriform, yellowish green and russet 
 October. 
 
 Burgomaster. 
 
 Burgermeister. 
 Foreign. Medium, long pyriform, yellowish green. December* 
 
 BOUCQUIA. 
 Beurre Bouequia. 
 Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. October. 
 
 BuRLINGHAMIL 
 Burlingame- 
 Americano Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. September. 
 
 Burnett, 
 American Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, russet, October. 
 
 Bleecker's Meadow. 
 
 Large Seckel, Feaster. 
 
 American, Medium, roundish, yellowish. October, November. 
 
 Broome Park. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, brown, December* 
 
892 THE PEAE. 
 
 Cabot. 
 American. Medium, oval, roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September. 
 
 Calebasse. 
 
 Calebasse Double Extra, [ Calebasse d'Hollande. 
 Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet. September. 
 
 Calebasse Grosse. 
 
 Monstrous Calabash. 
 
 Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish., dull green. October. 
 
 Calebasse Delvinge. 
 Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. October, November. 
 
 Capucin. 
 Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October. 
 
 Catillac. 
 
 Cadillac, | Grand Monarque, 
 
 Groote Mogul, 
 
 Foreign. Large, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March. 
 
 Chapman. 
 American. Above medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October. 
 
 Charles oe Austria. 
 
 . Charles d'Autriche. 
 Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russeted. October. 
 
 Citron of Bohemia. 
 
 Great Citron of Bohemia. 
 Foreign. Large, oblong, yellow, red cheek. October. 
 
 . Clinton. 
 
 No. 1238, Van Mons. 
 Foreign. Large, obovate, light yellow. November. 
 
 Clara. 
 
 Claire. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, oval pyriform, yellow, with red. October. 
 
UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 393 
 
 Chelmsford. 
 
 Stone. 
 American. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. September, 
 
 COMPRETTE. 
 
 Foreign.- Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November. 
 
 Copea. 
 American. Large, obovate, acute pyriform, yellow. September, October. 
 
 Commodore. 
 
 Van Mons, No. 1218. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, with red. October, November. 
 
 Comstock. 
 
 Comstock Wilding. 
 
 American. Medium, obovate, yellow, crimson cheek* November, January. 
 
 Colmar. ' 
 
 Colmar Dore, D'Auch, 
 
 Incomparable, De Maune. 
 
 Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, yellowish. December. 
 
 Colmar d'Aremberg. 
 Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet. October, November. 
 
 Crasanne. 
 
 Bergamot Crasanne, | Cresane, 
 Beurre Plat. 
 
 Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, thin russet. October. 
 
 Crawford. 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, tinged with brown. August. 
 
 Croft Castle. 
 Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, greenish yellow. October. 
 
 Cuvelier. 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. October, November. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 American. Large, obovate, orange yellow, red cheek. September, October. 
 
 17* 
 
394 THE PEAR. 
 
 D'Amour. 
 
 Ah ! Mon Dieu, | Mon Dieu. 
 Foreign. Small, obovate, pale yellow and red. October, November. 
 
 Dearborn. 
 Foreign. Large, piriform, russeted. November, December. 
 
 De deux foix Lane. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. Last August. 
 
 Doyenne d'Hiver. 
 
 Coffin's Virgalieu. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, faint blush. November. 
 
 Downton. 
 Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish brown. December, January. 
 
 Dorr. 
 American. Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. August 
 
 Dumortier. 
 Foreign. Small, obovate, yellow russet. October. 
 
 Duquesne d'Ete. 
 Foreign. Medium, obtuie pyriform, greenish. September. 
 
 Early Bergamot. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. August 
 
 Excellentissima. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish pyriform, yellow and dull red. Winter. 
 
 Early Denzelonia. 
 American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow russet. August. 
 
 Early Catherine. 
 
 Roussellet Hatif, 
 Early Roussellet, 
 Cyprus Pear, 
 
 Poire de Chypre, 
 
 Perdrue, 
 
 Kattern, 
 
 Green Catherine. 
 
 Foreign. Small, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. July. 
 
 Emerald. 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, green and brown. Decembei 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. x 3'9o 
 
 Enfant Prodige* 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, acute pyriforni, dull yellow. October. 
 
 Fine Gold of Summer. 
 
 Fin Or d'Ete. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, red cheek. August 
 
 Famenga. 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September, 
 
 Fortunee. 
 
 Episcopal, La Fortunee de Paris, 
 
 La Fortunee de Parmentier, Beurre Fortunee. 
 
 Foreign. Small, roundish, grayish yellow. December, February. 
 
 Foster's St. Michael. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. September, October 
 
 FONDANTE DU BoiS. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. December, February, 
 
 Forme de Delices. 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish, with russet. October. 
 
 French Jargonelle. 
 
 Bellissime d'Ete 
 Supreme, 
 
 Bellissime Supreme, 
 Bellissime Jargonelle, 
 Vermillion d'Ete, 
 
 Red Muscadel, 
 Sabine d'Ete, 
 Summer Beauty, 
 English Red Cheek, 
 Red Cheek. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with red cheek. July, August. 
 Franc Real D'Hiver. 
 
 Franc Real, | Fin Or d'Hiver. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, brownish cheek. December, February. 
 
 Gendesheim. 
 Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October, November. 
 
 Gilogil. 
 
 Gile-o-gile, I Garde d'Ecosse, 
 
 Poire a Gobert, | Jilogil. 
 
 Foreign. Large, roundish, reddish russet. November, February. 
 
396 THE PEAK. 
 
 Green Pear of Yair. 
 
 Green Yair. 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, green. September. 
 
 Green Chisel. 
 
 Sugar . 
 
 Foreign. Small, roundish, green, with brown cheek. August. 
 
 Grise Bonne. 
 Small, pyriform, green. Middle August. 
 
 Green Sugar. 
 
 Prince's Green Sugar. 
 
 American. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. August, Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 Hampden's Bergamot. 
 
 Bergamot d'Angleterre, | Ellanrioch, 
 Fingal's, Summer Bergamot, 
 
 Bergamot d'Ete. 
 
 Foreign. Large, roundish obovate, yellow. September. There is also a 
 Summer Bergamot, small, round, yellowish green ; and a large Summer Ber- 
 gamot, all equally worthless. 
 
 Harrison's Fall. 
 
 Rushmore Bon Chretien. 
 Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October. 
 
 Hessel. 
 
 Hazel. 
 Foreign. Small, obovate, yellowish green. September. 
 
 Huguenot. 
 American. Medium, roundish, pale yellow, spots of red. October. 
 
 Jalousie. • 
 Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, russet, reddish in sun. September. 
 
 Leon Le Clerc. 
 
 Leon Le Clerc de Laval. 
 
 Foreign. Large, obovate, yellow, few russet spots. December, February. 
 
UNWOKTHY OF -CULTIVATION. 397 
 
 Little Muscat. 
 
 Little Musk, Petit Muscat, 
 
 Primitive, | Muscat Petit. 
 
 Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellow, dull red cheek. July. 
 
 Louise Bonne. 
 
 Louise Bonne Real, St. Germain Blano. 
 
 Foreign. Large, pyriform, pale green. December. 
 
 Marulis. 
 
 Marcellis . 
 
 Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. September. 
 
 Madotte. 
 Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow. October. 
 
 Messire Jean. 
 
 Monsieur Jean , 
 Messire Jean Gris, 
 Messire Jean Blanc, 
 
 Messire Jean Dore, 
 Mr. John, 
 John. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellow, brown russet. November, December. 
 
 Marie Louise Nova. 
 Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, with red cheek. September. 
 
 Michaux. 
 
 Compte de Michaux. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. September, October. 
 
 Moor Fowl Egg. 
 
 Little Swan's Egg, | Knevett's New Swan's Egg. 
 Foreign. Below medium, roundish, dull green. October. 
 
 Muscat "Robert. 
 
 Poire a la Reine, 
 
 D'Ambre, 
 
 St. Jean Musquee Gros, 
 
 Musk Robine, 
 Early Queen, 
 Queen's Pear. 
 
 Foreign. Small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow. July. 
 
 Muskingum. 
 American. Large, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. August, September. 
 
 Naumkeag. 
 American. Medium, roundish, yellow russet. October. 
 
S98 THE PEAR. 
 
 Neil. 
 
 Colmar Neil, j Poire Neil, 
 
 Beurre Neil, | Colmar Bosc. 
 
 Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. September. 
 
 Oliver's Russet. 
 American. Small, obovate, roundish, yellow, red russet. October. 
 
 Owen. 
 American, Medium, roundish oval, dark green. November. (Cole.) 
 
 Pailleau. 
 Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 
 
 Pitt's Prolific. 
 
 Pitt's Marie Louise, Pitt's Surpasse Marie. 
 
 Foreign Medium, oblong pyriform, yellow and brownish red. September. 
 
 Pope's Quaker. 
 American Medium, oblong pyriform, yellowish russet. October. 
 
 Pope's Scarlet Major. 
 American. Large, obovate, yellow, red cheek. August. 
 
 Princess of Orange. 
 
 Princesse d'Orange, \ Princesse Couquete. 
 Foreign. Medium roundish, reddish russet. October, November. 
 
 Queen Caroline. 
 
 Reine Caroline. 
 Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. November. 
 
 Queen of Pears. 
 
 Reine des Poires. 
 
 Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. September, October. 
 
 Quilletette. 
 Foreign. Below medium, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November. 
 
 RoUSSELET DE MeESTER. 
 
 Ferdinand de Meester. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, pale red in sun. October. There is 
 another of this name, large, pyriform, greenish yellow, but ripening at same 
 time, and unworthy. 
 
UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 399 
 
 RoUSSELET OF RhEIMS. 
 
 Rousselet, I Spice or Musk Pear, 
 
 Petit Rousselet, j Late Catherine. 
 
 Foreign. Small, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, brown red. September. 
 
 Rousselet. 
 
 Large Rousselet | Gros Rousselet. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish, russety. August. 
 
 Raymond. 
 American. Medium, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October. 
 
 Styrian. 
 Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. October. 
 
 Sugar Top. 
 
 July Pear, | Prince's Sugar Top, 
 
 Harvest. 
 
 Small, roundish ovate, yellow. July. 
 
 Summer Bon Chretien. 
 
 Bon Chretien d'Ete, Richard's Beurre, 
 
 Summer Good Christian, | Musk Summer Bon Chretien. 
 
 Foreign. Large, uneven pyriform, yellow, faint blush. August, September. 
 
 Summer Rose. 
 
 Epine Rose, 
 Poire de Rose, 
 Caillot Rosat, 
 
 Caillot Rosat d'Ete, 
 Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose, 
 Thorny Rose. 
 
 Foreign. Below medium, round obovate, yellow, red russet. August. 
 
 SUCREE DE HOYERSWERDA. 
 Sugar of Hoyersworda. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, oblong obovate, yellowish green. August. 
 
 Summer Thorn. 
 
 Epine d'Ete, [ Fondante Musquee, 
 Satin Vest. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. 
 
 Summer St. Germain. 
 
 :. Germain, | St. Germai 
 St. Germain d'Ete. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green. August, September. 
 
 Short's St. Germain, St. Germain de Martin, 
 
 St. Germain d'Ete. 
 
400 THE PEAK. 
 
 Sullivan. 
 Foreign. Medium, olblong piriform, greenish yellow. September. 
 
 Swan's Egg. 
 
 New Swan's Egg. 
 
 Fruit below medium, oval obovate, pale green, dull brown. October. 
 
 Swiss Bergamot. 
 
 Bergamot Suisse. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, striped pale green, yellow, and red. October. 
 
 Sylvange. 
 
 Bergamot Sylvange. | Green Sylvange. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull pale green. October. 
 
 Tarqtjin. 
 Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, dull yellow. December, February. 
 
 Van Buren. 
 American. Large, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October. 
 
 Vallee Eranche. 
 
 De Vallee, | De Keingheim. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellowish green. August. 
 
 Virgouleuse. 
 
 Poire Glace, | Chambrette, 
 Bujaleuf. 
 
 Foreign. Large, oval obovate, yellowish green, gray dots. November, 
 January. 
 
 William. (Edward's.) 
 
 American. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted with red. September. 
 
 Windsor. 
 
 Summer Bell, | Konge. 
 Foreign. Large, pyriform, dull yellowish green. August, September. 
 
 Whitfield. 
 Medium, obovate, yellowish brown. October. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 401 
 
 WuRZUR. 
 
 Wurzur d'Autumn. 
 
 Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, russeted. November. 
 
 Winter Orange. 
 
 Orange cPHiver. 
 Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. November, January. 
 
 Yat. 
 Yutte. 
 Foreign. Small, pyriform, brownish russet. September. 
 
 Zoar Flat. 
 American. Small, obovate, green. September, October. 
 
THE PLUM. 
 
 Prunus domestica, L. Bosacece of Botanists. 
 
 The Plum is found in a wild state throughout the middle sections 
 of this country, but the original parent of the cultivated varieties is 
 supposed to have come from Asia Minor. The fact of production 
 in our States of many varieties esteemed among the best, attests 
 the adaptedness of both soil and climate. 
 
 Propagation — By seed. — The gathering, preserving, and planting 
 of the plum is the same as we have described under head of peaches, 
 to which, therefore, we refer the reader. Of the best varieties for 
 producing stocks on which to bud, any free-growing sorts may be 
 taken ; avoiding, except wanted for forming dwarf trees, those of 
 slow habit, and in all cases avoiding the damsons. The wild red or 
 yellow (P. Americana) is much used by many nurserymen, but 
 it should always be worked just at or rather below the collar. 
 Seedlings from it often answer to work the same season, and we 
 have seen them used with advantage as stocks for the peach. The 
 Chickasaw (P. chicasa) is used at the South, where it is a native. 
 New varieties have thus far been produced from chance seedlings ; 
 no person, to our knowledge, in this country, having exerted them- 
 selves to the production of varieties with any special view to the 
 preserving of separate or combined characters. 
 
 By Budding. — The plum is generally and best propagated in its 
 varieties by budding. This should be performed in the month of 
 July. Strong stocks of free-growing sorts should be especially select- 
 ed for inserting buds of such varieties as Green Gage, Purple Favor- 
 ite, &c, &c. 
 
 By Grafting. — Where budding can be done, we should prefer 
 never to graft. But it not unfrequently happens among nursery- 
 men, that owing to some causes buds fail, and this, too, when the 
 stocks if left until another budding season would become too large. 
 They may therefore be grafted with success and profit, by cutting 
 them off just at the collar, and grafting early in the month of March, 
 drawing the earth up around the graft, and leaving only one bud 
 out. Tan, bark, saw-dust, or other mulch should be placed on the 
 ground, and free-growing sorts, as Imperial Gage, Lombard, &c, 
 should only be used. Grafting on pieces of roots is sometimes 
 
 (402) 
 
CULTUKE. 403 
 
 practised, and as successfully, if free-growing kinds only are used, as 
 in the apple ; it is also done in same way : we cannot recommend it. 
 
 Transplanting and Distance Apart. — The plum tree is per- 
 fectly hardy, and we prefer in all cases to transplant in the fall, say 
 October. The shoots of the year should be cut back to form a 
 round regular head, and all small or slender-grown shoots cut out ; 
 The roots, with exception of tap-root, should only have the ends 
 trimmed smooth, the tap-root should be cut out. The distance apart 
 of the plum depends very much on the variety ; such sorts as 
 Green Gage, Cloth of Gold, &c, requiring only to be about fifteen 
 feet apart, while the Imperial Gage, Washington, &c, would be 
 better at twenty feet. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — The soil generally recommended for suc- 
 cessful growth and fruiting of the plum is denominated heavy clay ; 
 this, by some, is construed to mean a soil so devoid of sand as to 
 bake and crack open after periods of heavy rain ; we have been un- 
 able to perceive any special difference in the success of growers in 
 varied soils, relative to the growth, hardihood, or bearing habit of 
 trees. That certain elements are requisite in the soil, wherever a 
 tree is planted, to supply suitable food for the growth and perfecting 
 of both fruit and wood, we do not doubt ; but as yet, we are to learn 
 that a cultivator who plants on clay soil will be any more success- 
 ful either in health of trees or procuring a crop of perfect fruit, than 
 he who plants on what is termed usually a light or sandy soil, and 
 supplies that soil, if deficient, with the elements requisite for the plant 
 to support health. Analysis of the plum tree and fruit has not, to 
 our knowledge, as yet been made. The trees appear to grow, both 
 in nursery and orchard, equally well on sandy as on clay soil : the 
 insect curculio, and the leaf-blight or defoliation of the trees in July 
 and August, black warts, &c, &c, are equally injurious in one as the 
 other location. Native wild trees are found growing in all soils, 
 and in our rambles we have met with trees equally healthy and pro- 
 ductive, equally attacked in fruit by curculio, and rot or decay, in 
 leaf-blight and black knots, in all soils, from strong clay, through all 
 intermediates, to sandy soils. We therefore say, plant the plum in 
 any good soil which is well drained. The situation suited to the 
 plum is that where the soil is well drained, and where the most 
 convenient. 
 
 Pruning. — The plum grown as a standard tree, with head formed 
 four to six feet high, requires little pruning, except to shorten back 
 each summer or spring such shoots as are becoming too vigorous 
 and likely to destroy the regular form of the tree, or to cut out 
 weakly-growing and unripened shoots. A round-headed tree, with 
 
404 THE PLUM. 
 
 branches formed at two feet from the ground, we consider best. In 
 order to have this, trees one year old from the bud are best to begin 
 with ; the stem cut off so as to let two buds start at about two feet 
 from ground, then shortened back one half the next year. After 
 which, if the tree is of the slow or slender-growing varieties, it will 
 need no farther pruning than the above-named standard. If it is of 
 the strong, rampant-growing kind, it will require both root-pruning, 
 (i. e., passing round the root of the tree in a circle distant from the 
 body two feet for a tree of ten feet high, and with a long, sharp 
 spade, cut off all the roots,) and at same time shorten back the 
 year's growth one half. This is best done in August. This mode is 
 especially calculated for the Western prairies and the warm South- 
 ern States. 
 
 Cultivation. — Like all other fruit trees, the plum does best when 
 the ground is often dug or hoed around. Many growers are also of 
 impression that frequent stirring the soil prevents attacks of cur- 
 culio. Trees planted where swine have run among them are gene- 
 rally healthy and fruitful ; but whether it is owing to the stirring 
 of ground by their rooting, or food supplied the plants in their excre- 
 ment, is yet a question undecided. 
 
 Manures. — The plum requires abundant food in the soil, and this 
 is generally best supplied by animal manure ; and where abundant 
 supply of animal manure has been given, salt will be found highly 
 beneficial : the proportion should be controlled somewhat by the 
 quantity of animal matter contained in the soil ; but a dressing of 
 half an inch deep over the whole ground, if applied in the spring, 
 may be regarded as a medium. The benefit to the tree of this 
 application will be in its tendency to an equable state of moisture in 
 the soil. Ashes, in soils devoid of lime and the phosphates, will be 
 found beneficial : two bushels to a tree twelve feet high, and in 
 ■ bearing state, will be a guide ; larger trees requiring more, and 
 smaller ones less. Brewers' grains are also valuable as a manure, 
 when they can be obtained at prices corresponding with the value of 
 animal manures. 
 
 Diseases. — The Black Warts, Knots, or Black Gum, is a disease 
 affecting many plum trees at the North. In the Southern States it 
 is not yet much known. Its cause is variously attributed — by some 
 to insects, (membracis bubalis. See Harris's Treatise on Insects ;) 
 by some to inherent cause from its parent; by some to tem- 
 perature and atmospheric change on the health and vigor of the 
 tree; and by others to a diseased state of sap. After noting 
 that it first -appears in a neighborhood on trees grown from 
 suckers, or propagated on sucker or unhealthy stocks, we are inclined 
 to a support of the last-named cause. Trees in a judicious, rather 
 
CULTURE. 405 
 
 high state of cultivation, and grown or worked on good, healthy 
 seedlings, are rarely subject to it. And a tree diseased by inocu- 
 lation may be recovered by appliance of abundant food at the roots, 
 cutting away the apparent knots, and washing the wounds either 
 with salt or copperas-water. The latter is best. And if, also, the 
 whole tree be watered with a solution of one ounce of copperas to 
 two gallons of water, the knots will disappear. 
 
 Defoliation of both seedling stocks and bearing trees, in the 
 months of July and August, we believe is caused by want of some 
 specific ingredient in the soil. We have cured it by dressing with 
 ashes, and by watering with copperas-water as above named. When 
 animal manures and salt have been used, we have never seen the 
 foliage drop. 
 
 Rot or Decay of Fruit is often a very serious drawback to the 
 sanguine expectations of the fruit-grower. We have supposed it to 
 arise from atmospheric influence, and to pervade the fruit in like 
 manner as fever and ague does the human frame, but have been 
 compelled to relinquish this theory. Latterly we are inclined to 
 the belief that it has its origin in too great exhaustion of the sup- 
 plies of the tree, by reason of excess of quantity ; as trees that have 
 come under our notice on which only a moderate quantity of fruit 
 was permitted to mature have apparently been free, while those 
 overloaded, and only moderately, or not additionally, supplied with 
 food, have decayed. 
 
 Our friend, Professor Kirtland, with some friends of science, 
 have, however, lately pronounced it a species of fungus. 
 
 Insects injurious. — The Egeria. which is noted under head of 
 peaches, sometimes, but rarely, attacks the plum. We refer to that 
 head for its remedy. The Curculio, or Plum Weevil, {Rhynchcenus 
 Nenuphar^) is an insect so destructive as in some sections to have 
 caused orchardists to cut down their plum trees and replant with 
 different fruit. Again, there are sections where the insect, although 
 known, appears not to increase, or injure fruit, materially to affect 
 the crop. It was unknown in the Western States until within a few 
 years past, but now pervades all sections, even to destruction often- 
 times of the wild plum. It has been thoroughly described in " Har- 
 ris's Treatise on Insects ;" and so much is written yearly relative 
 thereto, that one entire book of four hundred pages would not con- 
 tain it. Our accompanying figure represents the insect in its natural 
 size, i. e., about one quarter of an inch long, of a grayish ^v«w^ 
 brown color, the wing-covers forming two little humps, ^S^s 
 giving a rounded appearance to it, resembling a ripe hemp- 
 seed. The head has a long rostrum, beak, or snout, projecting, 
 with which it punctures the fruit, as represented by the crescent- 
 shaped mark on the fruit in our engraving. Early in the month of 
 
406 THE PLUM. 
 
 June the curculio commences his task of propagation, and his mark 
 will then be found near the apex of the fruit, at this time not much 
 larger than a pea ; as the fruit increases in size, the marks newly made 
 will be found gradually approaching the stem, until in 
 July, near the close of his labors, they will be found 
 very near the stem. These last marks in July are 
 not often found, as they are produced only from a few 
 insects which have escaped late from the larva state, 
 or, as some say, have, owing to shallow imbedding, in 
 the earth and great heat, been transformed from eggs 
 deposited the same season. 
 The eggs, one of which is deposited in each crescent mark, soon 
 hatches into a small white larva, which enters the body of the fruit 
 and feeds upon it, causing, usually, its premature fall to the ground. 
 The period at which the young fruit falls, after being punctured, 
 varies with its age at the time of the injury. The earlier portions 
 drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone is hard when the egg is 
 laid, the fruit remains till near the usual period of ripening, some- 
 times presenting a fair and smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm 
 within. 
 
 The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way into the 
 earth, where it is supposed to remain till the following spring, when 
 it is transformed into the perfect insect or beetle, to lay its eggs and 
 perpetuate its race. 
 
 The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm wea- 
 ther, or at the heat of the day, at which time a person lying flat 
 upon his back under a tree, and perfectly still, can observe their 
 movements. If the least motion or noise is made, they remain 
 inactive. The insects mostly confine themselves to certain trees, or 
 to the same orchard. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated 
 orchards are soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances 
 they must travel considerable distances. Indeed, they have been 
 known to be wafted on the wind for a half mile or more, the wind- 
 ward side of orchards being most infested, immediately after strong 
 winds from a thickly planted plum neighborhood. In the cool of 
 the morning they are nearly torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl 
 but slowly ; hence, at this time of the day they are most easily de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 The plum alone is, however, not the only fruit subject to attack 
 from this insect, but the peach, apricot, nectarine, and cherry, all 
 suffer ; and, when a scarcity of fruit, then the tender branches of the 
 oak, wild plum, and other trees, receive the egg, and dropping the 
 same, after a period, to the ground, its regular transformations are 
 continued, and the succeeding season the natural instinct of the 
 insect leads it to the fruit again. 
 
 The preventives to injury from the natural instinct and course of 
 
CULTUKE. 407 
 
 the curculio are recorded in number more than we care to recount. 
 Suffice it that, as yet, no certain agent or preventive has been found ; 
 trees, to our knowledge, this year producing abundant crops, when 
 no specific disinfecting agent has been applied, while trees forty rods 
 distant have all their fruit destroyed. Salt, sulphur, lime-water, etc., 
 etc., as variously recommended, is not a certain specific ; and he who 
 uses is just as liable to lose his crop of fruit as he who uses not. 
 Hanging iron hoops in the trees, etc., etc., is a little like the old 
 Salem practice of nailing horse-shoes over the door ; and the one as 
 valuable as the other. The natural instinct of the insect teaching 
 it to seek such place of deposit for its egg as will insure successful 
 production, avoids all trees where the soil is daily stirred under- 
 neath, or where causes are that the fruit shall drop ere required by 
 the larvee of the insect ; hence the value of plantations made where 
 swine are to run, or the planting of single trees where daily passing 
 subjects them to chance loss of fruit. So also that of paving, and of 
 trees standing on sites where water becomes the recipient of falling 
 fruit. Heavy soils are just as much subject to destruction of plum 
 from curculio as light soils. Soils termed wet are less subject ; but 
 here the tree does not nourish as well. In large orchards, where there 
 is much fruit to save, a man constantly employed with a pole of about 
 ten feet long, having a small cup or basin fastened at one end, pass- 
 ing from tree to tree and scattering dirt freely, will well repay the 
 cost, in the amount of fruit saved ; while, for small gardens, the 
 plan first introduced, more than twenty years since, by one of the 
 most estimable horticulturists of the States, David Thomas, of New- 
 York, is the best. It is, in first preparing a short pole, having at one 
 end a cushion made of several thicknesses of cloth or India-rubber ; 
 place this cushion against the body of the tree early in the morning, 
 (having first spread a sheet or large cloth on the ground, the dia- 
 meter of the branches ;) then strike the end with a heavy mallet : 
 the jar causes the insect to drop on the cloth, when it may easily be 
 gathered and destroyed. 
 
 XJsss. — The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the 
 dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts, 
 conserves and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the 
 plum in- the lowest scale of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the 
 fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a 
 raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked, 
 they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com- 
 merce as imported to this country under name of French prunes or 
 dried plums. By a selection of the richest varieties, there is no 
 doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be 
 easily obtained. The following description of an oven purposely 
 built for primes, and doubtless, with some modifications, well adapted 
 
408 
 
 THE PLUM. 
 
 to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise, (German,) 
 as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtained by a 
 small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of 
 those engaged in drying fruit : 
 
 " Prunes," says Liegel, " have become an important article of com- 
 merce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud- 
 denly cooled , when withdrawn from the oven. 
 
 "The country-people in this part of Germany prepare their 
 prunes by putting them into their bread-ovens. I have put up, for 
 my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which, 
 after the experience of many years, I am induced to recommend ; 
 
 and for the construction of 
 which I give the annexed draw- 
 ing and explanatory description: 
 " The vault or exterior of the 
 oven, four and a half feet long, 
 is surrounded by a brick wall 
 one foot thick, so that the whole 
 stove, abed, (see figs. 1 and 
 2,) is exactly six feet every 
 way ; the front wall, », being 
 only half a foot in thickness. 
 At the top, the vault is arched 
 over with six inches of brick- 
 work at the crown of the arch. 
 The flues, i i, are about four- 
 teen inches square. The hur- 
 dles or trays, m m, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed 
 upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon rollers, 
 
 so as to admit of their being 
 pushed in and drawn out with 
 greater ease. These lines of 
 trays are place at a distance of 
 six inches from the furnace, so 
 as to keep the fruit from too 
 great a heat ; they may be made 
 entirely of wood, but it will be 
 better if the bottoms are of 
 open-work, like shelves. Their 
 weight is such that they may 
 be easily managed by a woman ; 
 but in preparing prunes on a 
 large scale, let them be made 
 of greater length and breadth, 
 so as to just come within the 
 strength of a more robust person. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 409 
 
 " The wooden frame, h h, is that on which the two doors are hung. 
 The door, g, which covers the arch, (and which is represented in the 
 cut as open and fastened up,) shuts up the front of the upper part 
 of the oven. In the middle of this upper door or flap is a round 
 vent-hole, for the escape of the moist vapor, k is an iron clamper 
 or slide, to be placed in the flue at I I, in order to regulate the heat. 
 
 "A thousand fully ripe quetsches (prune plums) make about 
 ten pounds of dried prunes. 
 
 "Plums of different kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived of 
 their skins and stones. In the latter case, they are styled prunelles." 
 
 Characters and Classfication. — The characters of the plums 
 are represented by the texture of the flesh as combined with its 
 juiciness and flavor ; and what are termed gages (a word really of 
 no meaning as applied to the fruit) represent fruits of round form, 
 very delicate, and of a rich, sugary, jnicy, high flavor. The prunes 
 are known as those fruits that are dry in the texture of their flesh. 
 The character of size is one of which Washington may be taken as 
 large, Green Gage as medium, and Mirabelle as small; while the wood 
 being smooth or downy, needs no explanation, and the depressed line 
 on one side, called a suture, is the same as in cherries or peaches, 
 and often serves as a guide in detecting varieties. The classification 
 by most writers of divisions of green, white, or yellow, and of blue, 
 or red, or purple, we adopt only in our text descriptive of each 
 distinct variety ; preferring as a practical matter, here as elsewhere 
 in our work, to follow that of, in short, best, very good, and good. 
 
 Varieties. — These are far too numerous for any practical use ; 
 and while we may have possibly reduced too much, we yet feel that 
 the uses and wants of community will be best supplied in this fruit 
 by a few really valuable, and for the particular purposes pointed out 
 in our text descriptive. 
 
 CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 
 
 Bleecker's Gage. , 
 
 German Gage. 
 
 Raised at Albany, N. Y., about forty years since, by Mrs. Bleecker. 
 The tree is of healthy, hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer. 
 Branches, downy ; leaves, dark green ; fruit, medium size, roundish 
 oval, very regular ; suture, slight ; skin, yellow, with numerous im- 
 bedded white specks, and a thin white bloom ; flesh, yellow, rich, 
 18 
 
410 THE PLUM. 
 
 sweet and luscious flavor, separating freely from the stone, which is 
 pointed ; stalk, an inch or more long, downy, inserted in a slight 
 cavity. Season, last of August here ; in Georgia, first of July. Dis- 
 tinguished from Prince's Yellow Gage by its larger stalk and later 
 maturity. 
 
 Coe's Golden Drop. 
 
 Bury Seedling, New Golden Drop, 
 
 Coe's Imperial, Fair's Golden Drop, 
 
 Golden Gage. 
 
 This is an English variety. Tree only moderately productive; 
 and although we should always plant, yet it does not always mature 
 perfectly north of 40° latitude. Branches, smooth ; fruit, large, 
 oval ; suture, well marked, one side enlarged ; skin, light yellow, 
 much dotted or mottled with red on side exposed to sun ; flesh, ad- 
 hering to the stone, yellowish, firm, rather coarse-grained, but rich and 
 sweet; stalk, three-fourths to an inch long, rather stiff. Season, 
 last of September. The Yellow Egg is often grown under this 
 name at the West. 
 
 Denniston's Superb. 
 
 A variety originated in the famous garden of Mr. Denniston, 
 Albany, N. Y. Its great productiveness, together with its period of 
 ripening, more than its quality, makes it desirable. Branches, downy ; 
 fruit, medium, cr rather above, roundish, slightly flattened ; suture, 
 distinct ; skin, pale yellowish, overspread with a thin bloom, and 
 mottled or clouded with purple ; flesh, thick, not juicy, but with rich 
 vinous flavor; stone, small, roundish, from which the flesh parts 
 freely ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, set in a cavity of moderate 
 depth. Season, 15th to 20th August. 
 
 Early Orleans. 
 
 Wilmot's Early Orleans, 
 New Early Orleans, 
 , New Orleans, 
 
 Grimwood's Early Orleans, 
 Hampton Court, 
 Monsieur Hatif. 
 
 An English variety, which on account of its quality and early 
 maturity must always make it popular as an orchard fruit. Branches, 
 downy ; fruit, medium, round oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, dark red- 
 dish purple ; flesh, yellowish green, of rich, brisk flavor, and separat- 
 ing freely from the stone ; stem, usually about half inch long, but 
 varying. Season, first August. 
 
 Green Gage. 
 
 Ida Green Gage. 
 
 Waterloo, 
 
 King of Plums, 
 
 Wilmot's late Green Gage, 
 
 Schuyler Gage, 
 
 Rensselaer Gage, 
 
 Isleworth Green Gage, 
 
 "Wilmot's Green Gage, 
 
 New Green Gage, 
 
 Brugnon Gage r 
 Bruyn Gage, 
 Bradford Gage, 
 Reine Claude, 
 Grosse Reine Claude 
 Grosse Reine. 
 
 " During the last century, an English family by the name of Gage 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 411 
 
 obtained a number of fruit trees from the monks of Charteuse, near 
 Paris. Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its 
 name, was called by the gardener the Green Gage." There are very 
 few trees in bearing of the true variety at the West, the Imperial 
 Gage having been often sold as Green Gage. The true variety is 
 readily known by its short-jointed, slow-growing, spreading, and 
 dwarfish habit. It also requires a rich, warm soil to insure fruit in 
 perfection in locations north of 42 deg. Branches, smooth ; buds, 
 with large shoulders ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, slight ; skin, 
 yellowish green, marbled and dotted on the sunny side with red ; 
 flesh separates freely from the stone, pale green, exceedingly melt- 
 ing, rich, sprightly, high flavor ; stalk, slender, slightly inserted. 
 Season, midddle to last August. 
 
 Imperial Gage. 
 
 Prince's Imperial Gage, White Gage, 
 
 Flushing Gage, | Jenkinson's Imperial, 
 
 Superior Green Gage. 
 
 This is an American variety, originating at the old nursery of Wm. 
 Prince, Flushing, N. Y. In heavy, strong soils it is sometimes 
 deficient in flavor, probably from a deficiency of some particular 
 element in the soil, as it produces abundantly, grows vigorously, and 
 trees apparently healthy. In light, loamy, or even dry, poor soils, 
 it is a hardy, productive variety, and the flavor often almost equal- 
 ling a true Green Gage. As a market variety, it is far superior to 
 Green Gage, and hardly surpassed by any other plum. Branches, 
 slightly downy, dark-colored, upright, vigorous ; fruit, above medi- 
 um, oval ; suture, distinct ; skin, at first pale green, with a white 
 bloom, becoming yellowish green, marbled with dark green stripes ; 
 flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, sprightly flavor ; stone, oval, with flesh 
 occasionally adhering. In good seasons and soils it separates freely 
 from the stone ; stalk, long, hairy, stout, inserted in an even cavity. 
 Season, first September ; at the South,. July first. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 An American variety, originated by Judge Buel, at Albany, 
 N. Y., probably from a seed of Coe's Golden Drop, which in growth, 
 wood, etc., it closely resembles. It has been pretty extensively 
 tested, both in this country and in Europe, and fully sustains the 
 high character given it by the late A. J. Downing. The Bingham or 
 Clingstone plum has occasionally been disseminated for this variety. 
 In rich, high flavor, it does not equal the Green Gage, but its large 
 size, great beauty, productiveness, freedom from decay, and habit of 
 hanging long on the tree after ripe, render it valuable for all collec- 
 tions. Branches, nearly smooth; fruit, large, oval, slightly nar- 
 
412 THE PLUM. 
 
 rowed one side toward the stalk ; skin, at first greenish yellow, 
 becoming golden yellow when fully ripe, and with a rich reddened 
 cheek in the sun, bloom ,thin, white ; suture, slight ; flesh, separating 
 nearly free from the long pointed stone ; yellow, almost orange yel- 
 low ; juicy, with rich flavor ; stalk, an inch long, inserted without 
 depression. Season, last of August ; at the South, last of July. 
 
 Lombard. 
 
 Bleecker's Scarlet. [ Beekman's Scarlet. 
 
 An American variety, which, as a tree, is thrifty, healthy, hardy, 
 and productive ; while the fruit appears less attractive than most 
 others to the curculio. It is therefore very desirable. Branches, 
 smooth, bright purple, very thrifty, leaves much crumpled ; fruit, 
 medium, roundish oval, slightly flattened at ends; suture, slight; 
 shin, violet red, dusted thinly with bloom ; flesh, yellow, juicy, not 
 rich, but pleasant flavor ; stalk, slender, three-fourths inch long, set 
 in a broad, open cavity"; adheres to the stone. Season, middle to 
 last of August. 
 
 Lawrence's Favorite. 
 
 Lawrence Gage. 
 
 An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage by Mr. L. 
 U. Lawrence, Hudson, N. Y. It forms a tree of upright, thrifty 
 growth, and bears young and abundantly of fruit much resembling 
 outwardly the Green Gage, except being larger. Branches, downy, 
 short-jointed; fruit, large, roundish; skin, dull yellowish green, 
 clouded with streaks of a darker shade beneath, and in sun, around 
 the stem a mottling or dotting of brownish red, bloom light blu- 
 ish green ; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, excellent, only surpassed by 
 Green Gage. When fully ripe, separates freely from the stone ; 
 stalk, half inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Season, 
 middle August. 
 
 McLaughlin. 
 
 An American variety, raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, 
 Maine. The tree is very thrifty, making stout, vigorous shoots of 
 four to six feet in a season ; but forming a round, regular head. 
 Originating so far north, it will unquestionably prove a most valua- 
 ble variety for northern culture. The fruit, in character of quality, 
 resembles the variety just previously described. Branches, smooth ; 
 leaves, broad, glossy ; fruit, above medium, roundish, flattened at 
 ends ; suture, obscure ; skin, thin, tender, russet yellow, sprinkled 
 with a red Isinge, which deepens to a purplish hue around the stalk ; 
 flesh, adhering to the stone, dull yellow, firm, juicy, excellent j stone, 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 413 
 
 roundish; stalk, three fourths inch long, inserted without depression 
 season, middle to last of August. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 An accidental seedling in the Denniston Garden, Albany N Y • 
 and, according to Dr. Herman Wendell, a hybrid from Blocker's 
 Gage and Blue Gage. Its flavor, late period of maturity, and hardi- 
 hood, commend it to a first place. Branches, slender smooth- 
 leaves, light green, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, roundish oval • 
 suture, slight ; shin, light orange, with a cast of greenish yellow, in 
 sun mottled and spotted with lake carmine, bloom thin, delicate ; 
 flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, rich and sweet, agreeable flavor' separates 
 freely from the stone, which is small, oval, pointed ; stalk, three- 
 fourths inch long, inserted in a regular, not deep basin. Season, 
 first to fifteenth October. 
 
 Ottoman. 
 
 Imperial Ottoman 
 
 A foreign variety, but from whence is uncertain. We have fruited 
 it several years, and as an early variety have not met its superior. 
 The trees are hardy, regular, not rampant growers, and regular,' 
 abundant bearers. Branches, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, round- 
 ish oval, regularly formed; skin, greenish yellow, marbled with 
 darker shades in stripes underneath ; if permitted to hang it becomes 
 mostly pale yellow, bloom thin ; suture, only half way clown on 
 one side ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious, and when 
 fully ripe parts freely from the stone ; stem, downy, three-fourths 
 inch long, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. Season, last July. 
 
 Purple Favorite. 
 This variety the late A. J. Downing states to have been planted 
 and grown by his father. Although of dwarfish, slender habit, the 
 trees are very hardy, and bear when young. For large market or- 
 chards it is not as valuabie as some other varieties, but in private 
 gardens it should always have a place. Branches, smooth, short- 
 jointed ; fruit, medium, or rather above, roundish obovate; skin, 
 brownish purple, dotted with golden specks, bloom light blue ; flesh, 
 pale greenish, juicy, sweet and excellent, and separating freely from 
 the stone, which is small ; stalk, three-fourths inch loner, depression 
 slight. Season, last of August. 
 
 Purple Gage. 
 
 Reine Claude Violette, | . Violet Queen Claude, 
 
 Die Violette Koning Ciaudie. 
 
 A foreign variety, moderate bearer, but high flavor. Branches. 
 
414 THE PLUM. 
 
 smooth, short-jointed ; fruit, medium, roundish, a little flattened ; 
 suture, shallow ; skin, violet, dotted with pale yellow, bloom light 
 blue ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, sugary, high flavor ; stone, oval, 
 compressed, from which the flesh separates freely ; stalk, an inch 
 long, set in a narrow basin. Season, about 10th September, but 
 will hang a fortnight, shrivelling slightly. 
 
 Prince's Yellow Gage. 
 
 American Yellow Gage, J White Gage, 
 
 Harvest Gage. 
 
 A variety produced in 1783 by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flush- 
 ing, N. Y. The trees are abundant bearers, and the fruit carries 
 well to market and always sells readily, wherefore one reason for 
 placing it in this class. As a table fruit it is often too dry, and does 
 not deserve to be planted in small gardens where market sales are 
 not contemplated. Branches, smooth, short-jointed ; leaves, glossy ; 
 fruit, slightly above medium size, oval, broadest near the stalk ; 
 suture, a mere line ; skin, golden yellow, little clouded, bloom white, 
 abundant ; flesh, yellow, sugary, rich, sometimes rather dry, parts 
 freely from the stone; stalk, an inch long, set in a round cavity. 
 Season, early in August ; at the South, middle of June. It is stated, 
 also, at the South to ripen gradually, to be juicy, and of the best. 
 
 Red Gage. 
 
 An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by the 
 elder Wm. Prince, in 1790. The tree is of hardy, yet vigorous 
 habit, wood dark reddish color, and producing abundantly a fruit 
 rather small, yet of the best flavor. Branches, smooth ; leaves, crim- 
 pled ; fruit, hardly medium size, oval, rounded ; skin, brownish red, 
 bloom slight ; flesh, parting freely from the stone, greenish amber, 
 juicy, sweet, delicious ; stalk, slender ; cavity, narrow. Season, 
 middle August. 
 
 Saint Martin's. 
 
 St. Martin's Quetsche. 
 
 A German fruit : the word quetsche, or prune, not applying to this 
 fruit, we prefer to drop it. It is a juicy, not a dry prune plum. The 
 trees are good bearers, and the time of ripening makes it profitable 
 for market or preserving. Branches, smooth ; fruit, medium, or 
 rather above, ovate, broadest at base ; skin, bright yellow, dotted a 
 little with brownish red in the sun, bloom white ; flesh, yellowish, 
 juicy, rich, excellent. Season, 1st October, but will hang two weeks. 
 
 Schenectady. 
 
 Schenectady Catherine 
 
 An American plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y., and first in- 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 415 
 
 troduced to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree, 
 thrifty, hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender ; fruit, 
 above medium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at 
 stem end ; suture, shallow ; skin, rich, deep purple, slightly netted 
 on the sunny side ; flesh, greenish yellow, fine-grained, melting, 
 juicy, rich, sweet, delicious flavor ; stone, small, thick, ovate, parts 
 readily from the flesh ; static, three-fourths inch long, rather slender, 
 inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Season, last August. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Bolmar, Franklin, 
 
 Bolmar's Washington, Parker's Mammoth, 
 
 New Washington, | Irving's Bolmar. 
 
 The original tree of this variety grew on what, in 1818, was known 
 as Delancey's Farm, and now constitutes' a portion of New- York city, 
 known as the Bowery. It was introduced to notice, grown and dis- 
 tributed by Michael Floy, Esq., American Editor of Lindley's Guide 
 to the Orchard. Without possessing high flavor, the uniform hardi- 
 hood of the tree, with its productive habit, large size of fruit, and 
 often freedom from attack of curculio, renders it a most popular 
 variety, and for market deservedly so at the North. In Georgia, 
 and other sections South, it is said to be entirely flavorless and dry, 
 so that while we cannot avoid placing it in the first list, it is requi- 
 site to give this qualification. Branches, downy ; fruit, large, round- 
 ish oval ; suture, obscure, except near the stalk ;" skin, dull yellow, 
 with faint marblings of green, and on the sunny side some little red. 
 often dotted ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, and separating freely from 
 a pointed stone; stalk, nearly three-fourths inch long, downy, 
 planted in a wide, shallow basin. Season, last of August. 
 
 Class II. — New and untested ; suited to certain localities, or grounds 
 of extensive Amateur Pomologists. 
 
 Autumn Gage. 
 
 Roe's Autumn Gage. 
 
 American. Productive, branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, broad- 
 est at base, pale yellow, whitish bloom, flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, 
 separates freely from a stone long, compressed, and pointed at both ends ; 
 stalk three-fourths inch long. September 15. 
 
 Albany Beauty. 
 
 Deniston's Albany Beauty. 
 
 American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium, roundish 
 
416 THE PLUM. 
 
 oval ; skin whitish green, with purple dots, bloom thin ; flesh yellow, 
 rich, sweet, hot juicy, separates freely from a small pointed stone ; stalk 
 slender, one inch long. Last August. 
 
 Blue Imperatrice. 
 
 Imperatrice, Imperatrice Violette, 
 
 Veritable Imperatrice, Violette. 
 
 Foreign. A fine variety, almost worthy the first class. The true Blue 
 Imperatrice must not be confounded with Semiana or Blue Imperatrice 
 of some eastern growers. (See Semiana.) Branches smooth, long, slender. 
 Fruit medium, obovate, tapering to the stalk, deep purple, bloom blue, 
 thick ; flesh greenish yellow, rich, sugary, hangs long on the tree, adheres 
 to the stone. Last September. 
 
 Bingham. 
 
 American. Productive, branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval, 
 deep rich yellow, dotted with red in the sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, 
 delicious, adheres to the stone; stalk three-fourths inch long, slightly sunk. 
 Last August. 
 
 Blue Plum. 
 
 Branches smooth ; leaves rather small ; tree productive. Fruit me- 
 dium, roundish, scarcely oval ; suture obscure, dark blue, light blue bloom ; 
 flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three- 
 eighths inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Season middle July, in 
 Georgia ; middle August, here. Propagated by suckers. Description by 
 W. N. White, Athens, G-a. 
 
 Buel's Favorite. 
 
 American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, ovate ; suture half round, 
 pale green, little red next the stalk ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy, 
 adhering to a long pointed stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last 
 August. 
 
 Cherry. 
 
 Early Scarlet, D'Amerique Rouge, 
 
 Myrobolan, • I Prunus Myrobolana, 
 
 Virginian Cherry, Prunus Cerasifera, 
 
 Der Virginia, i Miser Plum, 
 
 Golden Cherry. 
 
 A variety of which many sub-varieties have been and are constantly 
 being produced from seed. Its chief merit is in the tree being ornamental, 
 and the fruit maturing early. Being very pretty for the dessert, commands 
 ready sale. It requires root-pruning every two years, in order to make 
 it productive. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellow and red, 
 shaded and mottled ; flesh greenish, juicy, pleasant, adhering closely to an 
 oval stone; stalk short, cavity narrow. Middle of July. The Chickasaw 
 Plum {Prunus chicasi) is very similar to this. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 417 
 
 Cloth of Gold. 
 
 Drap d'Or, Mirabelle Grosse, 
 
 Mirabelle Double, Yellow Perdrigon. 
 
 Foreign. Productive, branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium, 
 round; suture indistinct; skin bright yellow, crimson specks in sun; 
 flesh yellow, sugary, rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Early August. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Columbian Gage. 
 
 American. Valuable market sort, productive, succeeds well South ; 
 branches downy. Fruit large, globular, one side enlarged ; skin brown- 
 ish purple, with fawn-colored specks, blue bloom ; flesh orange, rather 
 coarse, dry but sugary, separates freely from stone, which is small, com- 
 pressed ; stalk an inch long ; cavity small, narrow. Last August. 
 
 Cooper. 
 
 Cooper's Red, | Cooper's Large Red, 
 
 Cooper's Large American. 
 
 American. Described by Coxe, in 1817, as grown from a stone of 
 Orleans. Some writers state it to be identical with " Smith's Orleans ;" 
 but we do not so consider it. Fruit large, deep purple, with a bloom ; 
 suture shallow and broad ; stem three-quarters inch long ; flesh coarse, 
 yellow, "good.'' Last August. 
 
 Cruger's Scarlet, 
 
 Cruger's, | Cruger's Seedling, 
 
 Cruger's Scarlet Gage. 
 
 American. Productive, and comparatively free from attacks of cur- 
 culio. Branches downy. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval ; 
 skin lilac red, with thin bluish bloom and yellow dots, in dark shade one 
 side, pale fawn color ; flesh orange, rather dry, rich, separates free from 
 stone ; stalk half inch long ; basin shallow. Last August. 
 
 De Monteort. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, roundish, light pur- 
 ple, spotted with brownish yellow, and with blue bloom ; flesh light yel- 
 low, rich ; when fully ripe, parts freely from stone ; stalk half inch long. 
 Middle August. 
 
 Deniston's Red. 
 
 American. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval; suture 
 half round; skin light red, with fawn-colored dots, bloom thin ; flesh am- 
 ber color, separates freely from a small, oval, compressed stone ; stalk long, 
 slender. Last August. 
 
 Downton Imperatrice. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth, valued for preserving. Fruit medium, 
 18* 
 
418 THE PLUM. 
 
 oval, narrowing to the stalk, pale yellow ; flesh yellow, melting ; unless 
 fnlly ripe, acid, then sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch 
 long. Last of September. Sometimes grown as Yellow Egg. 
 
 Domine Dull. 
 
 German Prune, | Dutch Prune, 
 
 Dutch Quetzen. 
 
 American. From seed of the Dutch Prune ; productive and valuable 
 for drying ; branches smooth. Fruit medium size, long oval ; skin dark 
 purple, nearly black, with blue bloom ; flesh yellow, juicy at first, if 
 allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich and sweet, adheres to 
 stone ; stalk an inch long. September. 
 
 Duane's Purple. 
 
 Duane's Purple French, | English Pond's Seedling. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oblong oval, one side enlarged, 
 reddish purple in sun. pale red in shade, dotted with yellow specks, lilac 
 bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, slightly acid, adhering to the stone ; 
 stalk three-fourths inch long, slender, narrow cavity. Early August. 
 
 Early Royal. 
 
 Royal Hative, | Mirian. 
 
 Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North ; branches downy. 
 Fruit medium, roundish, light purple, dotted little with dull yellow ; flesh 
 amber color, rich, parts from stone; stalk half inch long, stout; stone 
 small. Last July. 
 
 Emerald Drop. 
 
 American. Productive ; branches smooth. Fruit medium, long oval, 
 one side enlarged, yellowish green ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, adheres 
 to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August. 
 
 Early Purple. 
 
 Sea. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit small, roundish, brownish purple, with a scanty light- 
 colored bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, highly perfumed, sweet, juicy, parts 
 freely from stone. Early June at South, July here. (W. N. White, in 
 Horticulturist.) 
 
 Elfrey. 
 
 Elfrey's Prune. 
 
 American. Very productive, always valuable for drying, often very 
 fine for the dessert, succeeds admirably at the South ; branches smooth. 
 Fruit rather below medium size, oval, blue ; flesh greenish, sweet, parts 
 freely from stone. Middle August ; South, first July. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 419 
 
 Early. Favorite. 
 
 Rivers' Early No. 1. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, purple ; 
 flesh melting, rich, sweet. Early August 
 
 Early Prolific. 
 
 Rivers' Early No. 2. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval, 
 purple • flesh yellowish, rich, sweet, excellent flavor. Early August. 
 
 * Frost Gage. 
 
 American. Does not answer well in soils of only moderate richness, 
 requires rich, moist, clayey soil. On the borders of the Hudson river, 
 where it originated, it is one of the most valuable late-ripening market 
 varieties. Branches smooth, slender, upright habit. Fruit below medium, 
 roundish oval ; suture half round, deep purple, bloom thin ; flesh greenish 
 yellow, juicy, sweet, adhering to stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. 
 First October. 
 
 Galbraith. 
 
 An early plum, said to have originated with the late Mr. Galbraith, near 
 Boalsburg, Pa. ; and is represented as being a straggling grower, but the 
 best early plum cultivated in that vicinity. An inch and a half long by 
 one and five-sixteenths broad, oval, purple ; stem five-eighths of an inch 
 by one- fourteenth ; flesh tender, juicy, adherent to the stone, flavor lus- 
 cious, quality " very good" if not " best." (W. D. B.) 
 
 Huling's Superb. 
 
 This variety we have little doubt will eventually command a place in 
 the first class : at present it has been little grown; Duane's Purple being 
 almost invariably the variety distributed under this name. Leaves broad, 
 large ; branches stout, downy, with a swollen knob behind each bud. 
 Fruit very large, roundish oval, shallow suture ; skin dull greenish yellow, 
 covered with pale bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, little coarse grain, rich, 
 brisk, sprightly flavor, adheres partially to the stone; stalk an inch long, 
 swollen at its junction with the tree, and set in a round, small cavity. 
 Middle August. 
 
 Howell's Early. 
 
 American. Branches slender, gray, downy. Fruit below medium, 
 oval angular; suture indistinct, light brown, greenish yellow in the 
 shade, thin blue bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, sweet, separates freely 
 from a small oval stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long, slender. Last 
 July. 
 
 How's Amber. 
 American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish ; skin 
 
420 THE PLUM. 
 
 amber color, dotted and mottled with rose ; flesh yellow, a little coarse, 
 adhering to the stone, rich, fine flavor. Season last August. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Howard's Favorite. 
 
 American. Fruit large, roundish obovate, slight neck ; stem one inch ; 
 color orange yellow, shaded with red, and reddish spots ; flesh yellow, 
 juicy, sub-acid, "good." September. New. s 
 
 Hudson Gage. 
 
 American. Somewhat like Imperial G-age, but earlier. Branches 
 downy. Fruit medium, oval, enlarged one side ; suture obscure ; skin 
 yellow, clouded as if underneath with stripes of green; bloom white; 
 flesh greenish, juicy, sprightly, and mostly parts from the stone, which is 
 small ; stalk half inch long. Early August. 
 
 Imperial of Milan. 
 
 Imperial e de Milan. 
 
 Foreign. Fruit large, oval, deep purple, juicy, sugary. October. (T. 
 Eivers, in Hort.) 
 
 Isabella. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval, dull red, mot- 
 tled ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, parting freely from the stone when fully 
 ripe ; stalk three- fourths inch long. Last August. 
 
 ICKWORTH ImPERATRICE. 
 Knight's No. 6. 
 
 Foreign. North this does not ripen well ; in the Middle and Southern 
 States it promises yet to become a first-class plum, on account mainly of its 
 period of ripening. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, obovate, 
 purple, with irregular tracings of fawn yellow ; flesh greenish yellow, 
 sweet, juicy, and mostly adhering to a small stone; stalk half inch long, 
 thick. Early October. If gathered by hand, wrapped in paper, and laid 
 in a dry place, will keep a month. 
 
 Italian Damask. 
 
 Damas d'ltalie. 
 
 Foreign. Productive, succeeds finely South. Branches smooth. Fruit 
 medium, roundish, flattened at base ; suture half round ; skin violet, be- 
 coming Drown ; flesh yellowish green, firm, sweet, separating from a thick 
 oval stone ; stalk half inch long, slender ; cavity small. Last August. 
 Bears well in all soils. 
 
 Kirke's. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, round, dark purple, thick 
 blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, separating freely from a 
 broad flat stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 421 
 
 Long Scarlet. 
 
 Scarlet Gage. 
 
 American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, one side 
 enlarged, tapers toward the stalk, bright red in sun, pale yellowish red in 
 shade ; bloom lilac ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, acid, adheres to the stone ■ stalk 
 three-fourths inch long in a narrow cavity. Last of August. A Pood 
 market sort, valued for making jelly. 
 
 MiRABELLE. 
 Mirabelle Petite, | Mirabelle Jaune. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, obovate ; suture distinct • 
 skin yellow, spotted with red ; bloom white ; flesh orange, sweet, sprightly' 
 separates from stone ; stalk half inch long. Early August. 
 
 Mamelonne. 
 
 _ Foreign. Fruit medium, round, with a knob-like protuberance where 
 joined to the stalk, occasional specimens with unequal surface ; skin green- 
 ish, spotted with red ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, and parts freely from the 
 stone. Early August. 
 
 Marten's Seedling. 
 
 A variety said by C. Eeagles, of Schenectady, K Y., to have originated 
 there, and to be a yellow plum of the finest quality. We have not seen it. 
 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 This is also said by Mr. Reagles to be a seedling of Central New York 
 very large, early and superior. 
 
 Morocco. 
 
 Early Morocco, I Early Black Morocco, 
 
 Black Morocco, Early Damask, 
 
 Black Damask. 
 
 Foreign. Moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round- 
 ish, shallow suture ; skin dark purple ; bloom thin ; flesh greenish yel- 
 low, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich and sweet ; stalk half inch 
 long. Early August. 
 
 Manning's Prune. 
 
 Manning's Long Blue Prune, | Large Long Blue, 
 
 Manning's Long Blue. 
 
 American. A sub- variety of the German prune, and superior thereto. 
 Branches smooth. Fruit large, long oval, a little one-sided ; skin dark 
 purple, thick blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather juicy, sweet, 
 pleasant, separates readily from a long pointed stone ; stalk long, slender! 
 September. 
 
 Mulberry. 
 American. Branches stout, smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing to 
 
422 THE PLUM. 
 
 the stalk, pale yellow, with dots of red in sun ; flesh greenish yellow, 
 coarse-grained, adheres to an oblong pointed stone ; stalk an inch long, 
 slender. First September. 
 
 Nota Bene. 
 
 Corse's Nota Bene, | Dictator ? 
 
 Canadian. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, pale lilac or brownish, 
 dull green on the shaded side, bloom light blue ; flesh greenish, rather 
 firm, juicy, sweet, separating freely from the stone ; stalk half an inch 
 long, in a round basin. First September. 
 
 October Green Gage. 
 
 Reine Claude Tardive, Reine Claude d'Octobre. 
 
 Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit small, round, yellowish 
 green, marbled and dotted slightly with red in the sun ; flesh yellowish, 
 juicy, melting, rich, separating freely from the stone ; stalk slender. First 
 to 15th October. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Orange Gage. 
 
 American. Branches smooth. Fruit very large, oval, flattened at both 
 ends, bronze yellow, clouded with purplish red near the stalk ; flesh yel- 
 low, coarse-grained, adhering slightly to the stone ; stalk three fourths 
 inch long, in a narrow round cavity. Last of August. 
 
 Peach Plum. 
 
 Prune Peche. 
 
 Foreign. Long cultivated at Schenectady, N. Y., as the French plum, it 
 having been received from France, and lost its name on the voyage : was 
 only recognized of late as the old Prune Peche of French authors. It is 
 tender at the North, and an indifferent bearer. Branches smooth. Fruit 
 very large, shaped much like a peach, one side enlarged, wider than deep, 
 light brownish red, with small yellow dots ; flesh pale yellow, coarse- 
 grained, slightly sub- acid, separates freely from the stone, which is round 
 and much furrowed ; stalk short. Last July, first August. 
 
 Prince of Wales. 
 
 Chapman's Prince of Wales. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bright purplish^pink, 
 bloom abundant ; flesh pale yellow, sweet, separates from stone. Last 
 August. 
 
 Prune op Agen. 
 
 Agen Date, I D'Agen, 
 
 Prune d'Agen, | Prune d'Ast, 
 
 St. Maurin. 
 
 Foreign. Valuable only for drying. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 423 
 
 obovate ilattened, purple, with a blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, sweet ; 
 stalk short. October. 
 
 Peter's Yellow Gage. 
 
 American. Resembles Cloth of Gold. Tree rather longer jointed, and 
 fruit separates freely from the stone. . August. 
 
 Queen Claude of Bavay. 
 
 Heine Claude de Bavay. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish 
 yellow, spotted with red ; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich, adhering slightly 
 to the stone ; stem short. Last September. This variety has been, as 
 we think, over-praised. 
 
 Red Saint Martin. 
 
 Saint Martin Rouge, Prunier de St. Martin, 
 
 Saint Martin, Coe's Fine Late Red, 
 
 Coe's Late Red. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium size, roundish ; suture half 
 round, well marked ; skin light purplish red, thin blue bloom ; flesh yel- 
 lowish, juicy, vinous, separating freely from the stone ; stalk three-fourths 
 inch long, stout. October. In Northern locations it does not always 
 mature its fruit. 
 
 Red Diaper. 
 
 Diapree Rouge, Roche Corbon, 
 
 Mimms, ] Imperial Diadem. 
 
 Foreign. Slow grower, branches nearly smooth. Fruit above medium, 
 obovate, brownish red and purple, light blue bloom ; flesh pale green, 
 juicy, melting, very good ; stalk slender, slightly hairy, parts free from 
 stone. Last August. 
 
 ROYALE. 
 
 La Royale. 
 
 Foreign. Branches very downy. Fruit medium or slightly above, 
 roundish, reddish purple, with light brown specks, thick pale bloom ; flesh 
 dull yellow, rather firm, juicy, vinous, parts freely from a small roundish 
 stone ; stalk three-fourths inch, cavity narrow. Last August, and hangs 
 to middle September. 
 
 Royal of Tours. 
 
 Royale de Tours, | Royal Tours. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish ; suture deep, giving 
 appearance of one side enlarged, lively red in shade, violet in sun, minute 
 golden dots, blue bloom ; stalk stout, cavity narrow ; flesh greenish, firm, 
 with abundant juice, adheres closely to large, oval, flattened stone. Early 
 August. 
 
424 THE PLUM. 
 
 Sharp's Emperor. 
 
 Denyer's Victoria, Queen Victoria. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oval, lively red in 
 sun, paler in shade ; flesh yellow, separates from stone, pleasant flavor. 
 Middle September. 
 
 Thomas. 
 
 American. Hovey, in Mag. of Hort., says this is a seedling of Mr. 
 Thomas, Boston, Mass. We take from his description. Branches stout, 
 slightly downy. Fruit large, oblong, flattened at apex, shallow suture, 
 dark amber color, mottled and shaded with red, sprinkled with white dots 
 and whitish bloom ; flesh deep yellow, sweet, separating from a large 
 roundish ovate stone ; stalk half inch, stout, deeply inserted. September. 
 
 Smith's Orleans. 
 
 La Delicieuse. 
 
 American. Originated by a Mr. Smith, on Long Island, and first de- 
 scribed by Prince. As a market plum this is a fine variety, but for des- 
 sert it is deficient in richness and flavor on moist strong soils. Branches 
 stout, nearly smooth. Fruit large, oval oblong, largest at base ; suture 
 half round ; skin deep purplish red, with small golden specks and deep 
 blue bloom ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, adhering closely to a large ovate 
 stone ; stalk short, inserted in a deep round cavity. Last August. 
 
 Yellow Egg. 
 
 Yellow Magnum Bonum, 
 White Magnum Bonum , 
 White Egg, 
 Egg Plum, 
 White Mogul, 
 Askew's Golden Egg, 
 Col. Young's Seedling, 
 
 White Imperial, 
 
 White Holland, 
 
 Wentworth, 
 
 Dame Ambert, 
 
 " ' ' Jaune, 
 
 " " Blanche, 
 
 Grosse Luisante. 
 
 Foreign. Numerous seedlings are produced from this variety, differing 
 little from the parent. " Long's Yellow " is one considerably distributed 
 West. It is a variety only esteemed for cooking purposes. Branches 
 smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing at ends , suture distinct ; skin 
 yellow, white dots, and thin white bloom ; flesh yellow, adhering mostly 
 to the stone ; stalk long, surrounded at insertion by fleshy ring. Middle 
 to last August. 
 
 CLASS III. — Unworthy Farther Culture. 
 Apricot. 
 
 Apricot Plum of Tours, I Abricotee, 
 
 Abricotee de Tours, Yellnw Apricot, 
 
 Red Apricot . 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with red ; 
 flesh yellow, bitter. Freestone. August. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 425 
 
 American Wheat. 
 
 American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish. 
 Clingstone. August. 
 
 Admiral, 
 
 Corse's Admiral. 
 
 Canadian. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, light purple ; flesh green- 
 ish yellow. Clingstone. September. 
 
 Brevoort's Purple. 
 
 New York Purple, | Brevoort's Purple Bolmar, 
 
 Brevoort's Purple Washington. 
 
 American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, reddish purple ; flesh yel- 
 lowish. Clingstone. September. 
 
 Blue Gage. 
 
 Azure Hative, | Black Perdrigon, 
 
 Little Blue Gage. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish. Free- 
 stone. August. 
 
 Byfield. 
 
 American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, light yellow ; flesh yel- 
 low. Clingstone. August. 
 
 Blue Perdrigon. 
 
 Violet Perdrigon, Brignole Violette, 
 
 Perdrigon Violelte, | Battle Monument. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple 5 flesh 
 greenish yellow. Clingstone. August. 
 
 Beach Plum. 
 Native of the sea-coast. Fruit small, reddish, astringent. 
 
 Croft's Early. 
 
 A small reddish blue fruit, with yellow flesh, dry and devoid of flavor. 
 August. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 French Copper. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bluish copper; flesh 
 greenish. Freestone. September. 
 
 Cheston. 
 
 Cheston Matchless, j Matchless, 
 
 Violet Diaper. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purple ; flesh yellow. Free- 
 stone. August. 
 
426 THE PLUM. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oval, purplish black ; flesh yellow, 
 dry. Freestone. September. 
 
 Dana's Yellow Gage. 
 
 American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, pale yellow ; flesh yel- 
 lowish. Clingstone, September. 
 
 Damson. 
 
 Common Damson, | Purple Damson, 
 
 Early Damson. 
 
 A variety common in all gardens, increased by seeds and suckers ; many 
 sub-varieties, under names of Winter Damson, Prune Damson, Sweet Damson, 
 &c. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purplish blue ; flesh greenish, par- 
 tially free. September to November. 
 
 Early Yellow. 
 
 Jaune Hative, Jaune de Catalogue, 
 
 Catalonian, Prune de St. Barnabee, 
 
 White Primordian, D'Avoine, 
 
 Amber Primordian, Picket's July, 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow ; flesh yellow. 
 Freestone. July. 
 
 Early Tours. 
 
 Preeoce de Tours, Violet Hative, 
 
 Early Violet, Noire Hative, 
 
 Violet de Tours. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, deep purple ; flesh green- 
 ish yellow, fibrous. Clingstone. Early August ; poor bearer. 
 
 Field Marshal. 
 
 Corse's Field Marshal. 
 
 Canadian. Fruit medium, oval ; flesh greenish yellow. Clingstone. August. 
 
 FOTHERINOHAM. 
 
 Sheen, Grove House Purple. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, reddish purple ; flesh 
 greenish yellow. Freestone. August. 
 
 Guthrie's Apricot. 
 
 Guthrie's Apricot Plum. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, yellow, with crimson dots ; 
 flesh yellow. Clingstone. August. 
 
 General Hand. 
 
 American. Branches nearly smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval, yellow 
 marbled ; flesh pale yellow. Freestone. September. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 427 
 
 German Prune. 
 
 Quetsche, 
 Common Quetsche, 
 True German Prune, 
 Turkish Quetsche, 
 
 Leipzic, 
 Sweet Prune, 
 Damask, 
 Quetsche Grosse, 
 
 Prune d'Allemagne. 
 
 A variety with numerous sub-varieties, the best of which is " Manning's 
 Prune," previously described. Branches smooth. Fruit long oval, purple ; 
 flesh greenish. Freestone. September. 
 
 Ghiston's Early. 
 
 American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, yellow ; flesh yellow. Free- 
 stone. August. 
 
 Goliath. 
 
 Caledonian, SteeT's Emperor, 
 
 Saint Cloud, Wilmot's Late Orleans. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oblong, purplish red ; 
 flesh yellow. Clingstone. August. 
 
 Gwalsh; 
 
 American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, obovate, dark purple ; flesh yel- 
 low, acid. Clingstone. August. 
 
 Gifford's La Fayette. 
 
 American. Fruit medium, long oval, purplish blue ; flesh yellowish. Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Horse Plum. 
 
 Large Early Damson, | Sweet Damson. 
 
 American. Seedlings make good stocks for budding. Branches downy. 
 Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh greenish yellow. Freestone. August. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Blue Holland , | Holland Prune. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh 
 yellowish. Freestone. September. 
 
 Judson. 
 
 American. Fruit small, roundish oval, reddish pink, mottled ; flesh yel- 
 lowish ; stone large, free. August. 
 
 Large Green Drying. 
 
 Knight's Large Green Drying. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, greenish yellow ; flesh 
 yellowish. Clingstone, insipid. September. 
 
428 THE PLUM. 
 
 Lucombe's Nonsuch. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green ; 
 flesh greenish. Clingstone. August. 
 
 Little Queen Claude. 
 
 Yellow Gage (of the English, ) 
 Petite Reine Claude, 
 Reine Claude Blanche, 
 
 Small Green Gage, 
 Gonne's Green Gage, 
 White Gage. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellowish green, with red 
 spots ; flesh pale yellow. Freestone. August. 
 
 Muscle. 
 Foreign. Only grown for stocks. Fruit oblong, dark red, large stone. 
 
 Nectarine. 
 
 Caledonian? | Howell's Large. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish, purple ; flesh greenish 
 yellow, partially clingstone. August. 
 
 Orleans. 
 
 Monsieur, I Old Orleans, 
 
 Monsieur Ordinaire, | Red Damask, 
 Italian Damask of some. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh 
 yellowish. Freestone. August. 
 
 Penobscot. 
 
 American. Fruit large, oval, greenish yellow, little red in sun ; flesh yellow. 
 Clingstone. September. 
 
 Pond's Seedling. 
 
 Pond's Purple. 
 
 American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yel- 
 lowish. Freestone. August. 
 
 Peoly's Early Blue. 
 
 American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong, dark blue ; flesh yel- 
 low, partly free. August. 
 
 Queen Mother. 
 
 Red Queen Mother, | - Pigeon's Heart, 
 
 Damas Violet. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, purplish red in sun, amber 
 in shade ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September. 
 
 Red Egg. 
 
 Red Magnum Bonum, 
 Askew's Purple Egg, 
 Purple Egg, 
 
 Red Imperial of some, 
 Purple Magnum Bonum, 
 Florence. 
 
 Branches smooth. Long and extensively grown. It is far surpassed by many 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 429 
 
 others ripening at same time. Fruit large, oval, deep red, with gray dots : 
 flesh greenish, coarse. Freestone. September. 
 
 Red Imperial. 
 
 Imperial Rouge, | Early Forcing. 
 
 Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit large, oval, reddish violet : flesh 
 greenish yellow. Freestone. September. 
 
 Red Perdrigon. 
 
 Perdrigon Rouge. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep red, lilac 
 bloom ; flesh yellow. Freestone. August. 
 
 St. John's. 
 
 Prune de St. Jean. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, purplish blue ; flesh greenish 
 yellow. August. 
 
 Semiana of Boston. 
 
 This has been thought to be the Imperatrice Violette of old Duhamel. We 
 are not prepared to say, and as it is condemned by all growers, do not think it 
 worth looking after. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, dark blue ; flesh 
 harsh, acid. Clingstone. September. 
 
 Suisse. 
 
 Simiana, I Swiss Plum, 
 
 Prune Suisse, Monsieur Tardif, 
 
 Prune cTAltesse. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, round, violet red ; flesh 
 greenish yellow, acid. Clingstone. September. 
 
 Siamese. 
 
 American. Branches smooth, Fruit grows in pairs, which is its only merit, 
 pale yellow ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. 
 
 Stabeler's Seedling. 
 
 American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, with 
 white specks ; flesh yellowish. Clingstone. August. 
 
 St. Catherine. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth, valued in France for drying, surpassed here by 
 varieties of later origin. Fruit medium, obovate, pale yellow, little red in 
 sun ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. 
 
 Virgin. 
 
 Virginale. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yellow. 
 Freestone. September. 
 
430 THE PLUM. 
 
 Wilde's. 
 
 American. Fruit large, oval oblong, greenish yellow ; flesh yellowish green. 
 Clingstone. July. 
 
 White Damson. 
 
 Late Yellow Damson, Shailer's White Damson, 
 
 White Prune Damson, | White Damascene. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow, few red spots ; 
 flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. 
 
 White Imperatrice. 
 
 White Empress, | Imperatrice Blanche. 
 
 Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, bright yellow, few red 
 spots ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September. 
 
 White Perdrigon. 
 
 Perdrigon Blanc, | Maitre Claude, 
 
 Brignole. 
 
 Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, red 
 spots in sun ; flesh pale yellow. Clingstone. August. 
 
THE QUINCE. 
 
 Cydonia vulgaris, Dec. Rosacece of Botanists. 
 
 The Quince is a tree of crooked, tortuous, rambling branches, and 
 in the usual neglected state in which it is cultivated, seldom reaches 
 a height of over fifteen feet. In rich, deep soils, however, it will 
 acquire a height of twenty -five to thirty feet. While young and 
 in the nursery, it is of rather rapid growth; but after the trees 
 commence fruiting, the growth is less rapid, and is more spreading 
 than upright. The botanical name, Cydonia, is said to be from its 
 first attracting notice in the city of Cydon, Candia. The largest 
 tree on record is growing in the neighborhood of Geneva, New- 
 York, and is, according to the "Horticulturist," thirty feet high, 
 with a trunk girthing six feet, and branches extending over a circle 
 seventy -five feet in circumference. In the Journal of the London 
 Horticultural Society, a variety is spoken of as existing in Persia, 
 of which the fruit acquires the weight of fifty to sixty ounces, and 
 ripened, loses all its austerity, so that it is eaten at the dessert like 
 a soft, ripe pear. No such variety has, however, yet found its way 
 to our shores, and it is somewhat doubtful if it exists. The large, 
 pale pink blossoms of the quince make it rather ornamental ; and 
 appearing, as they do, after other fruit trees have done blooming, it 
 is almost certain to escape late frosts, and annually produce fruit. 
 We have often wondered at the taste that cultivates carefully a bush 
 of privet or snowberry, while the quince is neglected in some se- 
 cluded, shaded corner. 
 
 Propagation. — By Seed. — The seed should be saved by cutting 
 out the cores and seeds, and laying them in a heap for a few days, 
 or until they become soft, when rubbing in water and passing the 
 pulpy part through a sieve leaves the seeds clear. They should 
 then be mixed with damp sand in shallow boxes, and placed in a 
 cool cellar or outhouse until spring— care being taken that they do 
 not get dry, nor yet wet enough to decay. In spring, sow thinly, in 
 drills, good, rich, deep soil, and cover about two inches deep. 
 
 By Cuttings. — These are usually taken off in spring early, from 
 wood of last year's growth, and are about one foot long each. The 
 buds should all be cut out, except the two upper ones, and the 
 cutting set erect ten inches deep, in rich, moist, sandy soil. If 
 ground is available where moisture can be insured in summer, 
 without overplus in winter, the month of September is best for 
 
 (431) 
 
432 THE QUINCE. 
 
 making and putting in the cuttings. Small beds may be made, 
 well shaded from noonday sun, and watered during the summer 
 
 season. 
 
 By Layers. — These are usually made in spring, by bending down 
 and pegging, as described in a previous part of this work. They 
 usually form roots the first season, and will answer the following 
 spring to be cut from the parent plant and transplanted into nursery- 
 rows. 
 
 By Roots. — Small pieces of the roots, from four to six inches 
 long each, taken off in spring, and planted with the upper end 
 about two inches under ground, will throw up fine shoots during the 
 season. For propagating the Cydonia Japonica^ or Japan Quince, 
 this is decidedly the best way. 
 
 By Budding and Grafting. — The Portugal and Orange Quince, 
 being the most valuable, are often propagated by budding and 
 grafting ; and when quince stocks for the purpose are not on hand, 
 the common white thorn answers a very good purpose — often doing- 
 even better than the quince, in poor soils, or in the hands of those 
 who neglect cultivation. 
 
 Soil. — The soil, for successful growth, should be rich, deep — say 
 two feet — and regularly cultivated, or, in other words, free of grass 
 or weeds. Barn-yard manure, with salt in abundance, mixed, and 
 allowed to lie six months before being applied and spaded-in around 
 the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor 
 quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be 
 made in old worn-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing of 
 virgin-earth or leaf-mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures, 
 applied during winter and spring, have to our knowledge kept a 
 plantation of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of 
 thirty years. Bog-earth, or salt marsh-mud, is frequently used in 
 the States bordering on the ocean or salt water. 
 
 Situation. — A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni- 
 versally advised; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on 
 the contrary, is objectionable ; while, in soils well supplied with 
 manures and salt, moisture sufficient will always be found. 
 
 Transplanting, Pruning, and Distance apart. — The Quince is 
 hardy, and the fall is best for transplanting ; but, when not conve- 
 nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even 
 if left until late in spring. Newly-planted trees should be pruned 
 back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut 
 
INSECTS — USES. 433 
 
 away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inches from the 
 crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of 
 eighteen inches — just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate 
 around it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees 
 destined for an orchard should be about twelve feet each way. 
 The object of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head 
 open and regular — cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers. 
 "The bearing branches, or spurs of the quince, are small twiggy 
 shoots, produced on wood at least two years old. These bear two, 
 three, or more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three 
 inches long, on the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These 
 spurs have always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore 
 should be shortened back the spring after they have borne, in order 
 to produce new spurs at the same point." 
 
 Insects, etc. — "The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. 
 It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk, near 
 the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but 
 sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood, 
 during the summer season. 
 
 "As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre- 
 vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the 
 apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has once obtained 
 possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape 
 the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife lengthwise, and not 
 across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Eepeat the 
 operation once a week for several times, as a part escape the first 
 examination. Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of 
 warm tar and ochre or brickdust. It is a great saving of labor to 
 arrest early their progress; hence, trees should be examined fre- 
 quently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed 
 wire, when cutting out would too much mutilate the tree." 
 
 In spring or early summer months the ends of the branches often 
 turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an 
 insect, (scolytus,) and the remedy said to lie in the cutting off and 
 burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather 
 caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme- 
 diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will 
 often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in a 
 very few hours. 
 
 Uses. — The quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from 
 the days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marma- 
 lade, preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple 
 and of pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly 
 taken in small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and 
 IS) 
 
434 
 
 THE QUINCE. 
 
 stomachic. Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered care- 
 fully by hand, the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in 
 a cool room, kept until near midwinter. 
 
 Varieties. — Of these there are but three really worthy of descrip- 
 tion, and, of these, two only worthy cultivation to any extent. The 
 Chinese Quince {Cydonia Sinensis) is cultivated only as ornamental. 
 Its fruit is egg-shaped, dull green, with hard, dry flesh ; its flowers 
 rosy red, very pretty. The Japan Quince {Cydonia Japonica) is 
 also only cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three vari- 
 eties, bearing flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the 
 latter, with flowers nearly double. The fruit is dark green, hard, 
 with a pleasant odor ; not eatable. 
 
 Orange Quince. 
 
 Apple Quince, 
 Apple-shaped Quince, 
 
 Angers Quince, 
 Cydonia v. Malformis. 
 
 This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed. 
 When fully ripe, its rich golden yellow resembles more the color of 
 
THE QUINCE. 
 
 435 
 
 an orange than its shape corresponds to the general form of apples; 
 therefore we prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare 
 to find it grown from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange 
 Quince, when, in truth, as many of the seedlings are likely to pro- 
 duce the^ pear-shaped or even far inferior fruit, as seedlings from a 
 good pear or good apple, when the parent was grown by itself. It 
 is often gathered before ripe, which is not until from the middle to 
 last of October. If gathered too early, they do not cook tender. 
 Leaf, ovate pointed ; fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, varying to 
 obovate conical ; stem, usually in a slight depression. When well- 
 grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow. 
 Without care, it becomes small, knotty, and woolly. Core, large, 
 and placed nearest the blossom or calyx end ; seeds, reddish brown. 
 
 Portugal Quince. 
 
 Cydonia Lusitanica.. 
 
 This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being 
 round, or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true 
 
436 THE QUINCE. 
 
 variety is yet scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a 
 shy bearer, but trees in our grounds have produced equally as abun- 
 dant as the Orange Quince. Fruit, medium to large, regular oblong 
 pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow than the Orange variety ; core, 
 medium, and placed near the centre ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, mild, 
 less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender, and turns a fine 
 purple or deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens about 
 ten days earlier than the Orange Quince ; requires very rich, deep 
 soil. 
 
 Pear Quince. 
 
 Pear-shaped Quince, I Pyriform Quince, 
 Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform. 
 
 This takes its name from the fruit being shaped much like many 
 varieties of the pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyr- 
 iform, tapering to the stalk. Skin, dull yellow ; flesh, firm, tough, 
 dry, but of high flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender, 
 and the flesh less lively in color than the Orange Quince. Leaves, 
 oblong ovate. Season, last of October. 
 
 New Upright. 
 
 Paris de Fontenay. 
 
 A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. Ellwanger and 
 Barry, of Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from 
 cuttings, but after the first year's growth seems to lose vigor and 
 afterwards grows very tardily. It has not yet fruited. 
 
THE RASPBEREY. 
 Rubus Idceus. Rosacece of Botanists. 
 
 A low deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this 
 country and Europe. The roots being permanent and the stems 
 biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the 
 second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been pro- 
 duced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better than 
 is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly farmers. 
 
 Propagation and Transplanting. — New varieties are produced 
 from seed ; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially 
 from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange," 
 produced from seed of a crimson berry. 
 
 Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe, 
 about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded. 
 They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in- 
 creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro- 
 pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing 
 cuttings of the rose ; the care and attention requisite, making it 
 only desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the 
 American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their 
 branches bending over until the ends touch and become covered in 
 the ground. 
 
 In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds 
 or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous 
 season's growth. 
 
 The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart, 
 according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every 
 two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We 
 think they become matted too soon in this way. 
 
 Soil. — All cultivators agree, that w T hile the raspberry may be 
 made to grow on gravelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can 
 be relied on for a crop only when planted in a rich deep loam, where 
 there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For 
 those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep 
 trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the 
 trench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf-mould from the 
 woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet seasons. 
 
 Situation. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light 
 and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south. 
 
 Culture and Training. — In large plantations the weeds are kept 
 down mostly with the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti- 
 
438 
 
 THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 vator does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single prun- 
 ing in the spring is all that is necessary. This should "be done early 
 in March or April, according to the season or section of the country 
 where located ; and consists in cutting away the canes of last year's 
 bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for 
 the coming crop ; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all 
 shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers unless wanted for 
 future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have 
 the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of 
 plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in 
 spring. 
 
 An English gardener in our immediate neighborhood has prac- 
 tised the following modes of training ever since our residence in the 
 north of Ohio : 
 
 Figure 9 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April. 
 
 The uprights are posts 
 4_4_y^j^iL made of cedar or locust, 
 four inches square at the 
 bottom, and two inches 
 at top. The horizontal 
 lines may be of tarred 
 rope or annealed iron 
 wire, coated with coal 
 tar. To the horizontal wires the canes are tied by strips of bass 
 bark, such as is used in budding. 
 
 In figure 10, the 
 arched portion tied to 
 the stake in the centre, 
 represents the canes of 
 last year's growth pre- 
 pared for fruiting the 
 coming season. 
 
 Figure 11 represents 
 
 the upright canes being those of the season's 
 
 growth, while the arched 
 
 »/ % ones are those which 
 
 m(/m have produced fruit and 
 
 w must be cut away. 
 
 4k« 
 
 Insects. — The rasp- 
 
 % berry is generally free 
 
 t'vj from destructive insects. 
 
 H Dr. Munson, of New 
 
 ft Haven, Conn., in a paper 
 
 to the American Pomo- 
 
 logical Society, speaks 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 the plants in the fall 
 
 Fipr. 11. 
 
PROFITS — AUTUMN FRUITING, 439 
 
 as follows of one. We have not seen it West. " It is a fungus of a 
 bright orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the 
 common red raspberry, Rubus Idceus, in Connecticut ; and the ex- 
 haustion occasioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a 
 multitude of spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive. 
 This affection disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy." 
 
 Protection. — Many of the best varieties, like Red Antwerp, re- 
 quire protection in winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure 
 a full crop. This is best and easiest done by two men passing along 
 the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other 
 with a shovel throws two inches of earth upon them. 
 
 Gathering Fruit. — This should be done in the cool of the morn- 
 ing, when they are higher flavored than at midday. 
 
 Uses. — " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as 
 one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the 
 dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making pre- 
 serves, "jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by 
 confectioners, for making syrups; by distillers, for making rasp- 
 berry brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the same 
 way as that of currant, is considered the most fragrant and delicious 
 of all home-made wines." {Downing.) Its fruit, immediately suc- 
 ceeding the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermenta- 
 tion in the stomach, is regarded and prescribed by many physicians 
 as a promoter of health. 
 
 Profits. — Seldom failing to produce a crop when grown on suit- 
 able soil — requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep 
 the plant in order; always meeting ready sale at fair prices — it is 
 surprising that more attention has not been given the culture of the 
 raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which 
 is mostly grown for the New- York market by cultivators on the 
 Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets of one pint 
 each, from three-fourths of an acre; and $1,500 has been realized in 
 a single season from sale of product of three acres. A plantation 
 of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro- 
 fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a 
 fresh piece of ground. 
 
 Autumn Fruiting. — Any variety may be caused to mature its 
 fruit in the autumn, by cutting away all shoots in spring, and stop- 
 ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an 
 unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's 
 fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one-half! 
 
440 
 
 THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 Classification and Varieties. — We have made but two classes 
 of the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for 
 a first class which would bear the mark of worthy general culture. 
 Heretofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re- 
 garded as finest for the dessert ; but since the introduction of the 
 Fastolf and the Orange, they have by very many been regarded as 
 surpassed in delicacy. 
 
 CLASS I. — Worthy General Culture, or farther Trial by Amateurs. 
 
 American Black. 
 
 Thimbleberry, | Common Black Cup, 
 
 Black Raspberry. 
 
 This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence- 
 corners in the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, in the 
 garden, it increases in size nearly one-fourth ; and ripening very late, 
 will always be profitable for market. For making jam, flavoring 
 puddings, etc., it is preferred to the more delicate kinds. Shoots, 
 long, rambling, recurved ; berries, dark purple, nearly black, round, 
 flattened. 
 
 Cope. 
 
 A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's, yet little disseminated, 
 light green ; fruit, large, conical, crimson, spines red. 
 
 Colonel Wilder. 
 
 Foliage, 
 
 Another seedling of Dr. Brinc- 
 kle's, which proves perfectly hardy 
 even to the ends of the shoots. It 
 is firm, and promises to be one of 
 the most valuable light-colored 
 berries for market culture. Shoots, 
 strong, light-colored, very hardy ; 
 fruit, above medium, roundish 
 conical, light cream color, firm, 
 with a sprightly, fine flavor. Pro- 
 ductive, and ripening its fruit in 
 succession, from early until quite 
 late in the season. Raised from 
 seed of the Fastolf, and named in 
 honor of one of the best pomolo- 
 gists in America. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 441 
 
 CuSHING. 
 
 This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing, 
 by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It has not as yet been 
 sufficiently tested to judge of its value for extensive culture, but 
 should receive attention of amateurs. Shoots, strong, vigorous ; 
 prickles, brown ; leaf, plaited, regular form ; fruit, large, roundish 
 conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures early. Said to occa- 
 sionally produce a second crop in autumn ; and as this is from shoots 
 grown the same year, it will probably become twice-bearing in all 
 sections south of Philadelphia. 
 
 Emily. 
 
 A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated ; # vigor- 
 ous growth, with white spines. Fruit, large, round, occasionally 
 shouldered, light yellow. 
 
 Eastolf. 
 
 in, , 
 
 
 An English variety, 
 introduced with high 
 praise, which it has 
 fully sustained in this 
 country. It is proba- 
 bly a chance seedling 
 of the Red Antwerp, 
 which it much resem- 
 bles. Its name is from 
 an old pile called Fast- 
 olf Castle, near Yar- 
 mouth, Eng. Through- 
 out most of North and 
 Western States it will 
 need protection in win- 
 ter, as its canes are 
 not quite hardy. For 
 small gardens, we pre- 
 fer it to Red Antwerp ; 
 but for market culture, 
 the latter is best, on 
 account of being more 
 firm. Shoot's, strong, 
 
 are much inclined to 
 branch, light yellowish 
 brown ; fruit, large, 
 
 roundish, obtuse conical, bright purplish red, soft, rich, high-flavored. 
 
 productive; ripening its fruit in long continued succession. 
 
442 
 
 THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 French. 
 
 Vice-President French. 
 
 This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow Antwerp, origin- 
 ated with Dr. Brinckle, and is yet little known. Fruit, large, round, 
 crimson, matures late ; spines, red. 
 
 x 1 RANCONIA. 
 
 Introduced to this country from France, under this name; but not 
 to be found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access. 
 Its canes are nearly hardy ; maturing good crops, without protec- 
 tion, four years out of five. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish 
 brown, with scattered, rather stout bristles ; leaves, rather narrow ; 
 fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark, rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ; 
 more firm than Fastolf, and not as much so as Red Antwerp. A 
 few days later than the latter in ripening. 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 From seed of French. Fruit, large, round, crimson; productive, 
 and a vigorous grower ; spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin. 
 
 General Patterson. 
 
 Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower. 
 fruit, large, round, crimson. 
 
 Spines, red ; 
 
 Knevett's Giant. 
 
 Imported from England 
 by Col. Wilder, in 1843. 
 This raspberry has proved 
 more hardy than any other 
 foreign variety, requiring 
 no protection, and produc- 
 ing uniformly large crops 
 of fruit. Its texture being 
 firm, it will be found pro- 
 fitable to grow for market. 
 Canes, strong, upright, dis- 
 posed to branch ; fruit, 
 large, obtuse, conical or 
 roundish, deep red, and of 
 excellent flavor. 
 
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 
 
 443 
 
 Monthly. 
 
 Large-fruited Monthly, | Rivers' Large-fruited Monthly. 
 
 This variety has been lately introduced, with claims to excellence 
 and productive habit. We have fruited it but one year, and cannot, 
 therefore, speak knowingly, but incline to the impression that, like 
 others of its character, it depends more on the system of culture to 
 produce the fruit in succession, than the actual habit of the plant. 
 Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with 
 dark purple spines ; fruit, hardly above medium, red, fine flavor. 
 Barry says, " to insure a good autumn crop, the canes should be 
 pruned in spring to within a foot of the ground." 
 
 Mrs. Wilder. 
 
 Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to 
 require distinct description. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On 
 account of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow 
 Antwerp, while its late period of ripening, being some ten days after 
 that variety, will render it highly valuable for marketing. Shoots, 
 vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular ; fruit, large, ovate, beau- 
 tiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor, productive. By 
 many this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by 
 
 Dr. Brinckle. 
 
 Red Antwerp. 
 
 New Bed Antwerp, 
 True Red Antwerp, 
 Knevelt's Antwerp, 
 
 Framboisier a Gros Fruit 
 
 Burley, 
 
 Late-bearing Antwerp, 
 
 Rowland's Red Antwerp, 
 
 Although universally desired, it 
 is rare that the true Red Antwerp 
 raspberry is found west of the State 
 of New York. It is a Dutch sort, 
 originally from Antwerp city. An 
 examination of the Red Antwerp 
 as imported from several sources, 
 all of which prove incorrect, leads 
 us to doubt whether it is better 
 known in the old country than here. 
 The common Red Antwerp is easily 
 detected in its fruit being smaller 
 and round, while that of the true is 
 large, regularly long conical, dull 
 red, with a rich sweet flavor. 
 
444 THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 Canes, moderately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown 
 early in autumn, covered below with dark brown spines, but the 
 upper portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Ripens 
 from 1st to 10th July. The canes need protection in winter through- 
 out northern sections, in order to secure a full crop. 
 
 Yellow Antwerp. 
 
 White Antwerp, | Double-bearing Yellow. 
 
 This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there we 
 presume will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange. It 
 sometimes throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long 
 time, whence its synonym of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light 
 yellow, with greenish spines ; fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet, 
 and excellent. Requires protection in winter. In our Southern 
 States the Antwerp varieties are said to fail. 
 
 Walker. 
 
 Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as 
 a market variety. It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruit, 
 large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps 
 long in perfection on the plant, and bears carriage well ; spines, red, 
 
 CLASS III. — Unworthy farther Culture. 
 American Red. 
 
 Common Red. J English Red of some. 
 
 Well known. Shoots upright, light brown. Fruit medium, roundish; light 
 red, sub-acid. Early. 
 
 American White. 
 
 White Thimbleberry. 
 Varying from above only in color. 
 
 Barnet. 
 
 Cornwall's Prolific, | Cornwall's Red, 
 Cornwall's Seedling, Large Red, 
 
 Lord Exmouth's. 
 
 English. Shoots long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit large, soft, round- 
 ish conical, purplish red, agreeable. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 445 
 
 Brentford Cane. 
 
 English. Shoots strong, branching. Fruit medium, oval conical, dull red. 
 Inferior. 
 
 Cretan Red, 
 
 From the Mediterranean. Shoots upright, hardy. Fruit medium, round, 
 deep red, acid. Late. 
 
 Cox's Honey. 
 English. Fruit medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems. 
 
 Double-bearing. 
 
 Perpetual Bearing, j Late Cane, 
 Siberian, Red Double-Bearing. 
 
 Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Ripens late. 
 
 Nottingham Scarlet. 
 English. Fruit medium, obtuse conical, red. 
 
 Ohio Ever-bearing. 
 
 Ohio Raspberry . 
 
 Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing 
 two inferior crops in a year. 
 
 Victoria. 
 English. Medium, roundish conical, red. 
 
 Woodward's Red Globe. 
 English. Large red, roundish conical. 
 
 Wilmot's Early Red. 
 English. Small, roundish, red. Early. 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Fragaria, (of species,) L. Rosacea of Botanists. 
 
 During the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed- 
 ling to the varieties of the strawberry, there has arisen a furor for 
 the production^flf new varieties, until nearly every village in the 
 United States has its " rare and unsurpased seedling," cultivated and 
 extolled with praise and poetry equalling that of olden bard ; while 
 savans wise on strawberry culture, and the structure of plants 
 botanically, have occupied page after page of our Horticultural 
 Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical 
 men. 
 
 A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the 
 varieties of the strawberry are universally esteemed among the 
 most delicious as well as most wholesome of the smaller fruits. 
 And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates, 
 it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this 
 country. 
 
 As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full 
 and satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every 
 garden, farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square 
 to the field of five times that many acres ; yet withal, there is not 
 sufficient quantity grown to meet* the demand. Olden records ha^e 
 been made of cures effected in the human frame from use of straw- 
 berries. We consider the fact, that during strawberry season there 
 is less of sickness in cities well supplied with that fruit, a most 
 agreeable testimonial to its healthful and invaluable qualities at 
 the present day. The distinctive name Fragaria is highly expressive 
 of the fragrant scent emitted by the fruit* 
 
 Raising from Seed. — When the fruit is perfectly ripe, it should 
 be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed 
 separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, where only the morn- 
 ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold frame with 
 the lights sloping to the north. Sow the seed at distances of about 
 one inch, and cover lightly by sifting fine sand, or, what is preferable, 
 vegetable mould from the woods. This done in June, the plants 
 will need care until about October, at which time, if not grown in a 
 
CULTURE. 
 
 447 
 
 frame, they should have tan-bark or decayed leaves strewed among 
 them to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans- 
 plant into deeply trenched ground, well manured with vegetable 
 compost. 
 
 Propagation from Runners and Divisions. — All varieties of the 
 strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by" 
 means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should 
 be carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be 
 pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them 
 to induce them more readily to make roots. In this way from fifty 
 to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single one in a 
 season. 
 
 To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while 
 in fruit, and set. stakes by side of those from which you wish to 
 renew ; after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light 
 and room to form abundance of new plants. The Wood and 
 Alpine varieties are propagated easily from seed with but little 
 variation. They are also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster 
 of roots early in the spring. 
 
 Fertile and Barren Plants. — It is an old saying that " every 
 person enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth, 
 of Cincinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in 
 common phrase) male and "female strawberry blossoms; and so 
 vigorously has the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power 
 and speed, it has found its way into every journal in the country, 
 whether horticultural or otherwise ; and so generally is the dis- 
 tinction of staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers under- 
 stood, that we do not deem it necessary here to re-describe. 
 
 " The European Wood and Alpine strawberries always maintain 
 a natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and 
 therefore every blossom gives a perfect fruit." 
 
 Fig. i. 
 Natural State. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 Sterile Staminate Blossom. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 Sterile Pistillate Blossom. 
 
 The " Scarlets " and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown 
 from seed in highly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become 
 imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case may be, and hence 
 
448 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms male 
 and female. 
 
 In the production of new varieties, even in our wildlings, the seed- 
 ling plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in 
 exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the 
 other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly 
 barren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which when once 
 formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr. 
 Downing, that " the organs are always present, though imperfectly 
 developed," and that when "deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 3,) they are 
 called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (see Fig. 2,) female plants, 
 the terms are incorrect ;" yet these terms have become so commonly 
 accepted that we have for the better understanding continued their 
 use. 
 
 This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original 
 state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif- 
 ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will, 
 when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and 
 ninety-five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the 
 habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con- 
 struction in the flower of the strawberry cannot be depended on from 
 a plant whose habit is once established, by means simply of varied 
 cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich- 
 ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage, 
 with corresponding decrease of fruit stems ; hence the necessity of 
 forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants, 
 and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants 
 from occupying too much ground, their supply of food derived from 
 the root being given to creation of new plants by means of runners 
 instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety. 
 
 With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continu- 
 ally being produced, in which one organ is most prominently devel- 
 oped, and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit- 
 bearing flower, it has become a requisite in planting to secure such 
 proportion of fruit-bearing or pistillate plants with the fructifying or 
 staminate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pis- 
 tillates, being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in newly 
 formed beds as of ten to one of staminates or males. 
 
 Varieties however exist, like the Large Early Scarlet, Burr's Old 
 Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been classed 
 as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit. 
 These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about 
 three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her- 
 maphrodite. 
 
 Varieties and their Classification. — The varieties of this fruit 
 
, CULTURE. 449 
 
 have within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensome 
 to the author who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman 
 who grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few 
 are retained as desirable to cultivate where quantity of produce and 
 character, or rather flavor in fruit is expected. 
 
 The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage, 
 yet, as it is known that a plant can be fertilized by two or more 
 varieties, it is sometimes difficult to select the distinct class, and 
 writers are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place them. 
 
 Authors have classed the strawberry as Scarlets, the original 
 type being our wild strawberry ; Pines, originating from Pine or 
 Surinam strawberry ; Woods and Alpines, from the common wood 
 strawberry of Europe ; Hautbois, or High wood, from Bohemia ; 
 Chili, from South America. 
 
 The Scarlets are designated in their character by small flowers ; 
 long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit, 
 of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded. 
 
 The Pines are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green 
 leaves ; fruit of pineapple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds 
 slightly imbedded. 
 
 The Alpines and Woods have small flowers, perfect in their 
 organs ; small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit small, sweet, and sepa- 
 rating freely from the calyx. 
 
 The Hautbois have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks, 
 the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color. 
 
 The Chili, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit 
 pale red and insipid. 
 
 The Green strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit, solid 
 flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this country. 
 
 We have dropped the arrangement into classes in order, simply 
 designating each in our descriptive text. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — Kich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils 
 are generally found to produce the largest berries as well as most 
 in quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, well manured with compost of 
 animal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or 
 rubbish, has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any 
 recorded in the public journals. Deep the soil must be, say twenty 
 inches, to insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a mode- 
 rately deep soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and 
 perfect, while the heat and drought so usual throughout the West and 
 South-west in strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion, 
 and prevent the filling and perfecting of the remainder. 
 
 Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of 
 straw or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well 
 repays the labor in the extra crop produced. 
 
450 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Where beds have been long established and rendered rich by dig- 
 ging in liberally of barn-yard manure, it frequently happens that too 
 much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit 
 stems. Where such is the case, application of one quart of gypsum 
 (plaster of Paris) to every four feet square of ground, with two 
 inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the woods 
 or old pastures, will again bring in fruit. It also often occurs, that 
 the staminates have become too numerous. These are easiJy de- 
 tected, as they flower some four or five days earlier than the pistil- 
 lates, and may then be drawn out. 
 
 The situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or 
 later maturity of a variety. A side hill sloping south-east, with 
 springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has 
 enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the " Early 
 Scarlet " strawberry some ten clays or two weeks in advance of 
 others who have the same variety on warm soils and open level 
 exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied 
 liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product 
 nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or 
 springy, cold soils, should never be selected. 
 
 Season for Transplanting and Preparation op Plants. — 
 South of Philadelphia, the best season for forming new plantations 
 is either the last of September, first of October, or in March. In 
 latitudes north of this range it will generally be found best to trans- 
 plant in April or early in May. July or August planting in either 
 section will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of 
 our sun ; while September or later planting in the northern range 
 will require additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust 
 or the like ; and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by 
 frosts of winter. 
 
 The plants when set should be trimmed of all but two leaves, the 
 roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy 
 time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable, 
 one hermaphrodite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants. 
 
 Time of Ripening. — This varies according to latitude. In the 
 latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the 
 25th May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree 
 of latitude a difference of ten days may be counted on, either earlier 
 or later, as you go north or south. 
 
 The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means 
 of cutting foliage and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering. 
 If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken of eight feet 
 
CULTURE. 451 
 
 square, the first two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and 
 fruit at its usual time ; the next two feet shall have only its first 
 fruit-stems plucked when just about to bloom ; the third shall have 
 its entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when 
 the second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the 
 second plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no 
 moisture after the first cutting for a space of ten days or two weeks. 
 The result will be a succession of fruit in order. 
 
 Modes of Culture. — Different varieties require measurably dif- 
 ferent modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit. 
 That of cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a 
 hill, the runners regularly destroyed, is most successful with the 
 Wood and Alpine varieties, and also returns the largest and most 
 perfect berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the 
 price of labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to com- 
 pare favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which 
 have been successfully and largely practised in this country, and are 
 thus described by A. J. Downing : 
 
 " Culture in Rows. — The rows should be two feet apart, and the 
 plants of the large growing kinds two feet from each other in the 
 rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to eighteen inches 
 is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cutting them off 
 at least three times a year, and the ground maintained in good order 
 by constant dressing. During the first year, a row of any small 
 vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every 
 autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should 
 be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be 
 omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf. 
 
 "A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late 
 in the fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the 
 more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold winter. 
 Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be 
 covered with straw or new-mown grass, to keep it clean. A plan- 
 tation in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must 
 always be renewed after the fourth year." 
 
 Culture in Alternate Strips. — " Strike out the rows three feet 
 apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the 
 row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners 
 should be allowed to take possession of every alte rnatestrip of three 
 feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all 
 runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The 
 
452 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of 
 strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from 
 which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this 
 alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next sea- 
 son's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover 
 the new space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a partial 
 thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the 
 case, say about the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old 
 plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown 
 with turnips or spinach, which will come off before the next season 
 of fruits. 
 
 " In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed 
 every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued in 
 a productive state for many years." 
 
 Specific Nutrition. — E. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y., says : " I 
 fertilize the plants, on opening of spring, with a liberal sprinkling of 
 a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium, 
 Glauber salts, and sal soda, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to 
 eight gallons of water ; continue this once a week or ten days, until 
 they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen." 
 
 An old recipe published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia, 
 says that "A bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a 
 week, for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin 
 to start, and making the last application just before the plants are in 
 full bloom, the following preparation : Of nitre, of potash, of Glauber's 
 salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia, one-quar- 
 ter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river water. 
 One-third applied at a time, and the application made at evening." 
 If dry weather, free application of clear soft water should be made 
 between the times of using the preparation. Throughout most of 
 the Western soils there is as yet no necessity for specific application 
 of food to the strawberry, except it may be in old gardens. - For 
 field or market culture, new clover-ley will be found better than 
 specific manures on old grounds. The applying specific nutrition in 
 solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly increases their sus- 
 ceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage, and size of fruit ; 
 yet we doubt the success of such increased action in the soils of the 
 Western States, as combined with the great changes of climate. On 
 the other hand, we advise such course as will rather check than en- 
 hance vigor. We append analysis of the strawberry plant made by 
 Mr. Bilius Kirtland for guidance of those whose grounds have become 
 exhausted, and who prefer this method : 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 453 
 
 Garden Strawberry. 
 In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes 
 
 Silica, 
 
 Charcoal and Sand, 
 
 Perphosphate of Iron, 
 
 Lime, ...» 
 
 Magnesia, 
 
 Sulphuric Acid, 
 
 Phosphoric Acid, 
 
 Chlorine , . ... 
 
 Potash, 
 
 Soda, .... 
 
 Carbonic Acid, . 
 
 Organic matter and loss, 
 
 Grains. 
 
 6.117 
 
 3.103 
 
 1.515 
 
 . 26.539 
 
 8.908 
 
 . 1.469 
 
 6.970 
 
 708 
 
 33.154 
 
 . 2.790 
 
 23.008 
 
 114.281 
 . 1.739 
 
 116.020 
 
 CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. 
 
 Burr's New Pine. 
 
 Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a 
 clayey soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex ; 
 vines, hardy, vigorous, very productive ; fruit, 
 large, obovate or rounded, light pale red ; seeds, 
 slightly imbedded ; flesh, whitish pink, delicate 
 aromatic flavor, sweet and delicious ; core, firm, 
 long, rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly 
 desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very 
 earliest. • 
 
 Western Queen. 
 
 Originated at Cleveland, by Prof. J. P. Kirt- 
 land, in 1849, on gravelly loam. Flowers, pistil- 
 late ; vines, very hardy ; foot-stalks, long ; foliage, 
 dark, acuminate; truss, well spread, very pro- 
 ductive ; fruit, medium to large, regular, rounded, 
 conical, very little inclination to form a neck ; 
 color, rich dark glossy red ; seeds, dark ; flesh, yel- 
 lowish stained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly and 
 agreeable flavor ; core, long, conical. This variety 
 bears carriage well, and being less acid as well as 
 larger than Hudson or Willey, should supersede 
 them. 
 
454 
 
 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Longworth's Prolific. 
 
 Schneieke's Seedling. 
 
 Originated at Cincinnati at same time 
 as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar 
 ground ; both on the land of Mr. Long- 
 worth known as the "Garden of Eden." 
 For market culture we regard it of more 
 value than McAvoy's Superior. Flowers, 
 hermaphrodite ; vines, hardy ; foot-stalks, 
 long, stout ; leaf, broad, round, bold, up- 
 right, with a curve; trusses, large, full, stand 
 up well from the ground; productive, regu- 
 lar, and sure bearer. Fruit, above me- 
 dium to large, generally regular, roundish, 
 or obovate, sometimes slightly conical or 
 coxcomb ; color, rich, dark crimson ; seeds, small, deeply imbedded ; 
 flesh, firm, bright red, with veins of white, and a white rim sur- 
 rounding the core, which is obovate rounded, sub-acid, rich, high, 
 not delicate flavor; calyx, around stem, is large, long acuminate, 
 and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season, or 
 with " Hudson. " 
 
 McAvoy's Superior. 
 
 McAvoy's No. 12. 
 
 Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid 
 with limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati 
 Horticultural Society, 1851. Flowers, pistillate : vines, hardy ; foli- 
 age, broad, dark, wavy, and sharply serrated; foot-stalks, long; 
 trusses, full and well formed ; fruit, very large, exceeding by one- 
 
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 
 
 455 
 
 eighth that of any other variety ; form, varied, as shown in our draw- 
 ings, generally roundish, irregular, conical, and occasionally slightly 
 necked ; color, rich, dark, glossy crimson ; seeds, large, slightlv im- 
 bedded ; flesh, red crimson, lighted and veined with white, the white 
 most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich, with an exquisitely 
 fine, high flavor ; core, round, oblong, rather open and coarse in tex- 
 ture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances, desirable for 
 market gardens near town, as well as for private gardens. Ripens 
 at medium season. 
 
 Jenney's Seedling. 
 
 For ripening late — say one week after " Long- 
 worth's Prolific," or about same time as " Dun- 
 dee" — and for its firm texture, and desirable 
 qualities as a variety for preserving, we place 
 the Jenney's Seedling in our list for general cul- 
 tivation. Flowers, pistillate; vines, very hardy; 
 leaf and fruit-stems both long, stiff, and up- 
 right ; calyx, very large, distinctive ; fruit, 
 large, very regular, roundish conical ; color, rich, 
 glossy dark red ; seeds, deeply imbedded ; flesh, 
 white, tinged with pink at the core, while the 
 red of surface is shaded in one-sixteenth of dis- 
 tance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious ; core, long 
 conical, open texture, sometimes hollow. Sea- 
 son, late. Very productive, 3,200 quarts having been gathered from 
 less than three-quarters of an acre. 
 
 Prolific Hautbois. 
 
 Conical Hautbois, 
 Musk Hautbois, 
 Double Bearing, 
 
 Caperon Royal, 
 Lafayette (of some,) 
 La Grange (of some.) 
 
 Of all the Hautbois or high-wood class of straw- 
 berries, this we regard as the only one worth culti- 
 vating ; and even this is only adapted to private 
 gardens of those who relish its peculiar musky fla- 
 vor. One pint of these berries, mixed with a dish 
 of two quarts of any of the Scarlet or Pine varie- 
 ties, imparts a richness and character that few can 
 avoid liking, after once tasting. Plants of both 
 sexes require to be carefully selected, in order to 
 give product. Footstalks, long, bearing the fruit 
 above the foliage ; vines, hardy, and very product- 
 ive ; fruit, medium, sometimes large, rounded con- 
 ical, dark purplish red ; seeds, light crimson, prominent ; flesh, firm, 
 musky, very rich, sweet, and delicious ; core, ovate conical, partially 
 
456 THE STKAWBEREY. 
 
 hollow. Ripens with " Western Queen ;" and sometimes, when the 
 season is rainy, gives a partial second crop. 
 
 John Saul, Washington, D. C, says the Fertilized Hautbois of 
 Myatt is a larger fruit and better bearer than above. 
 
 CLASS II. — Worthy further Attention by Amateurs, and adapted to 
 
 certain Localities. 
 
 Alice Maude. 
 
 Princess Alice Maude. 
 
 n English, Hermaphrodite ; large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy, 
 flavor sprightly, abundant bearer, grown largely in some sections of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Ajax. 
 
 English. Staminate ; globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, 
 fine flavor. New. 
 
 Black Prince. 
 
 Black Imperial. 
 
 English. Pistillate ; large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy; seeds 
 slightly imbedded, very showy ; flesh rich, red, sweet ; in some localities, 
 as at Newburgh, N. Y., and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit, proves 
 of the very highest flavor ; wants a rich loamy clay ; core full, firm, 
 surrounded by a light pink line. There is another variety of Black Prince 
 which is long, conical, somewhat acid. 
 
 Bishop's Orange. 
 
 Orange Hudson Bay, | Bishop's New. 
 
 Pistillate ; medium, light orange scarlet, conical ; fruits in clusters, mod- 
 erately prolific ; desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils. . 
 
 Burr's Seedling. 
 
 Burr's Staminate Seedling, | Burr's Old Seedling. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite ; foliage light green, vines strong, vigorous 
 and hardy. Fruit above medium, roundish oval, often conical ; seed light- 
 colored ; color light pale red ; flesh tender, mild and pleasant flavor, does 
 not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in market ; 
 productive, and as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable. 
 
 Boston Pine. 
 
 American. Staminate ; requires high cultivation in hills ; vines vigor- 
 ous. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical ; seeds yellow, slightly imbed- 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 457 
 
 ded; color deep, rich shining red; flesh pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet, 
 with a sprightly agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey, the originator of this 
 variety, claims for it earliness and great productiveness. 
 
 Brewer's Emperor. 
 
 English. Staminate ; large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro- 
 ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has 
 not as yet been much disseminated. 
 
 Brilliant. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite ; flowers large. Fruit large, conical, deep 
 crimson, flavor excellent, productive, plants vigorous. W. R. P. in Hort. 
 
 Caleb Cope. 
 
 American. Pistillate ; large, pointed, scarlet ; flesh white, flavor good, 
 prolific. 
 
 Crimson Cone. 
 
 Dutch Berry. 
 
 Pistillate; flowers medium. Fruit large, conical, good flavor, slightly 
 acid ; vines vigorous, requiring space, productive. 
 
 Gushing. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, color light scarlet, form ob- 
 tuse conical; flesh fine, flavor sprightly, agreeable, productive. Originated 
 by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Cleveland. 
 
 American. ■ Hermaphrodite ; leaf large, ovate rounded, dark green. 
 Fruit large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular; color 
 dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion ; seeds 
 ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh firm, of pineapple flavor, rich and deli- 
 cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve- 
 land, Ohio. 
 
 Crescent Seedling. 
 
 A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We 
 have been unable to examine it. It requires further testing. 
 
 Charlotte. 
 
 American. Pistillate; flowers medium, foliage broad. Fruit large, 
 obovate ; color dark scarlet ; flesh sweet, sprightly flavor, productive. 
 W. R. P. in Hort. 
 
 20 
 
458 • THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Climax. 
 
 Climax Scarlet. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, slightly necked, light 
 scarlet, rather acid, very productive. E. & B. 
 
 Cornucopia. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Fruit large, conical, scarlet, productive. W. 
 R. P. in Hort. 
 
 Dundee. 
 
 Scotch. Pistillate ; leaves light green, foot and fruit-stalks long, sup- 
 porting the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit medium to large, 
 roundish oval, very uniform, light pale clear scarlet ; flesh firm, rich, acid, 
 high flavor ; very productive, extremely valuable as market berry, its pe- 
 riod of ripening being from five to ten days after Willey or Hudson. 
 Yines very hardy. 
 
 DuCHESSE DE TrEVISE. 
 
 A variety which as yet we do not know of having been fruited in this 
 country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus 
 describes it: Presented to the Society by M. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, near 
 Paris, September 6, 1851. Fruit middle-sized, ovate, deep red ; seeds 
 small, rather deeply embedded ; flesh pale red, juicy, with a brisk rich 
 flavor ; leaves large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated ; leaf- 
 stalks moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon- 
 tally, but those on the scapes and runners are adpressed. Appears to be 
 a good bearer. 
 
 Duke of Kent. 
 
 Duke of Kent's Scarlet, | Austrian Scarlet, 
 
 Early Prolific Scarlet. 
 
 English. Staminate. Fruit small, roundish, conical, bright scarlet, 
 sharp, rather acid flavor, valuable only on account of its early period of 
 ripening ; vines hardy. 
 
 Duncan's Seedling. 
 
 English. New. Fruit large, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive. 
 Lately introduced. 
 
 Eberlein's Seedling. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite ; vines vigorous ; flowers medium. Fruit 
 medium, conical compressed; seeds light-colored, prominent; color dark 
 scarlet, good, slightly acid flavor. Early, moderately productive. 
 
 Genesee. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite; vines luxuriant; fruit-stalks stout, sup- 
 porting the fruit well. Fruit large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc- 
 tive. Ripens late. 
 
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 459 
 
 Green Strawberry. 
 
 Green Pine, | Green Wood, 
 
 Green Alpine. 
 
 Cultivated only by the curious. Small, roundish, whitish green; 
 
 Hovey's Seedling. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Flowers small ; vines vigorous ; leaves broad, 
 roundish, distinct from all other varieties ; leaf and fruit-stalks short and 
 stout. Fruit very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical, with a short 
 neck ; color, when fully exposed to the sun, dark rich shining red ; seeds 
 dark ; flesh scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of 
 flavor. In rich, deep, loamy soils, and supplied with a good impregnator, 
 this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common 
 or sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. We think " McAvoy's 
 Superior" will entirely supersede it. The " Methven Scarlet" has been 
 largely disseminated in Illinois and farther west States as Hovey's Seed- 
 ling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in winter. 
 
 Hudson. 
 
 Hudson's Bay, I Late Scarlet, 
 
 Old Hudson, American Scarlet. 
 
 Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than any other variety : its 
 hardihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine rich acid 
 flavor, so valuable for preserving, will continr .? for years to bring it abun- 
 dant in the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around 
 Cincinnati it grows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for 
 Hovey's. It must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as 
 Longworth's Prolific, Western Queen, &c. Fruit above medium, ovate, 
 often with a neck ; seeds deeply imbedded ; color rich dark glossy red ; 
 flesh firm, of a high, brisk, acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until 
 fully matured. Season rather late. 
 
 Hooper's Seedling. 
 
 English. Staminate. Fruit medium, conical, dark rich red, good flavor, 
 productive. Late. 
 
 Iowa Male. 
 
 American. Staminate. Fruit medium, round conical ; seeds deeply 
 imbedded ■ color pale red ; core ovate conical, marked with a greenish 
 line ; flesh yellow ; flavor delicate ; moderate bearer. 
 
 Jenny Lind. 
 
 Staminate. Size rather large ; form conical, perfect, generally with 
 short neck ; seeds moderately sunk in oval cavities ; color bright light 
 scarlet ; flesh white, nearly solid, heavy, tender and juicy flavor, pleasant 
 sub-acid, and under favorable circumstances highly perfumed. Early, 
 ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific. Quality "very- 
 good." (Wilder, MS.) 
 
460 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Large Early Scarlet. 
 
 Early Virginia. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite. In the Eastern States this is regarded as 
 the best early berry. West, it has never sustained such character. Its 
 chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate kinds. Fruit 
 medium, roundish ovate, bright scarlet ; seeds deeply imbedded ; flesh ten- 
 der, rich, slightly acid flavor. Season, very early. 
 
 Methven Scarlet. 
 
 Methven Castle, 
 Methven, 
 Southampton Scarlet, 
 
 Keen's Seedling (of some West,) 
 Hovey's do. " " 
 
 Stoddart's do. " " 
 
 Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit large, roundish or cock's- 
 comb-shaped ; seed slightly imbedded ; color dull scarlet ; flesh coarse, 
 open texture ; core large and hollow ; flavor very indifferent. It some- 
 times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the 
 height of strawberry season. 
 
 Montevideo Pine. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage large and vigorous ; flowers very 
 large ; fruit large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. 
 in Hort.) 
 
 Monroe Scarlet. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good, very pro- 
 lific. (E. and B.) 
 
 McAvoy's No. 1. 
 
 McAVOY'S EXTRA RED. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place 
 as " McAvoy's Superior." They are yet comparatively untested, but with 
 exception of quality, the same description will answer for both; large, 
 roundish, scarlet; seed deeply imbedded ; flesh stained with red; flavor 
 agreeable, the extra red, sub-a,cid. 
 
 MOYAMENSING. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Foliage large, crenate serratures. Fruit large, 
 roundish conical, deep crimson ; seed crimson, set in rather deep depres- 
 sions, with rounded intervals ; flesh red, flavor very fine. (Trans. Penn. 
 Hort. So.) 
 
 Magnifique. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant 
 flavor, productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 
 
 Necked Pine. 
 
 Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, always necked, light 
 scarlet; flesh white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant when fully ripe; 
 little grown except in private gardens at Cincinnati. 
 
FOR AMATEUE CULTURE. 461 
 
 Primordian. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Flowers small. Fruit large, conical, deep 
 scarlet; productive. (W. E. P. in Hort.) 
 
 Prolific Hudson. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor, 
 ripens gradually. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Leaf large, deep green. Fruit large, broadly 
 conical, dark crimson ; seed crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im- 
 bedded ; flesh red ; flavor fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.) 
 
 Prolific Swainstone. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, ovate, scarlet ; flavor fine ; 
 productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 
 
 Primate. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet; pro- 
 ductive, fine for market. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 
 
 Refulgent. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor'; 
 productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) 
 
 Ruby. 
 
 English. Fruit medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov. Mag.) 
 
 Rival Hudson. 
 
 Burr's Rival Hudson. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Fruit large, bright scarlet ; flesh red, firm, sub- 
 acid, very productive. Originated same time as " Burr's New Pine," and 
 is much like " Hudson," its parent. 
 
 Red Alpine. 
 
 Stafford's Washington Alpine, | Newland's Mammoth. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Fruit small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar 
 flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long 
 time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos- 
 soms. The "White Alpine" varies only in the color of its fruit. 
 
 Richardson's Late. 
 American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish, short neck, light 
 
462 THE STKAWBEftRY. 
 
 scarlet, rich, sub-acid, sprightly flavor, moderately productive, ripens in 
 succession until about middle of July. (" M. P. W., in Hort.") 
 
 Ross Phcenix. 
 
 American. Staminate. Fruit large, roundish compressed, dark red ; 
 flesh firm, good flavor ; generally a poor bearer. 
 
 SoiTTHBOROUGH. 
 Southborough Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling. 
 
 English. Pistillate. Fruit medium, ovate, conical, sometimes pointed, 
 rich deep scarlet; seeds small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor, firm 
 flesh, bearing carriage well. We have fruited this several years in con- 
 nection with ''Large Early Scarlet," (to which it is a good mate,) and 
 found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Yines 
 hardy ; fruit and foot-stalks short. 
 
 Swainstone Seedling. 
 
 English. Staminate. Fruit large ovate, light crimson, firm fleshed, 
 rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer. 
 
 Salter's Versaillaise. 
 
 English. New. Not yet, we think, here introduced. We copy de- 
 scription of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. Society : 
 
 Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter, Nurseryman, Hammer- 
 smith, Oct. 24, 1851. Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or cock's- 
 comb-shaped, dark red ; seeds rather deeply embedded ; flesh pale, juicy, 
 and rich ; leaves middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks, 
 scapes and runners hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A 
 good bearer. 
 
 Orange Prolific. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, orange scarlet, acid, pro- 
 ductive, late. (E. & B.) 
 
 White Alpine. 
 Varies from Red Alpine only in the color of its fruit, 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit medium to large, round, 
 conical, rich scarlet ; flesh firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. Season 
 with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this variety, 
 but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as any 
 variety under different name. The vines are hardy and usually prolific. 
 
 Willey. 
 
 Wiley. 
 
 American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants 
 taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its 
 
UNWOETHY OF CULTIVATION. 463 
 
 name,) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha- 
 racter allied to, but yet varied. Fruit medium to large, ovate, conical, 
 rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red ; flesh firm, juicy, 
 high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do; vines 
 very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially 
 lessened in size. 
 
 Unique Scarlet. 
 
 American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious 
 flavor, moderate bearer. 
 
 White Bush Alpine. 
 
 This and Red Bush Alpine differ from the Alpine previously described, 
 only in' not forming runners ; but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are 
 used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing 
 throughout the entire season renders it desirable. They are propagated 
 by dividing the roots early in spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., first introduced the Bush Alpines to this country. 
 
 Walker's Seedling. 
 
 American. Staminate. Fruit medium size, roundish conical, very dark 
 crimson ; seed moderately sunk ; flesh not quite solid, deeply stained with 
 red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality " best," prolific for a staminate. Wil- 
 der, MS. 
 
 CLASS IIL — Unworthy further Cultivation. 
 
 Aberdeen Bee Hive. 
 English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet. 
 
 Bain's Extra Early. 
 Medium to small, round conical ; flesh tinged with red. sweet and pleasant. 
 
 Buist's Prize.. 
 American. Hermaphrodite 5 large, firm, moderately productive. 
 
 British Queen. 
 
 Myatt's British Queen. 
 
 English. Staminate ; large, roundish, scarlet, rich, poor bearer. 
 
 Bostock. 
 
 Rostock. 
 
 English. Roundish, poor bearer. 
 
 Cole's Prolific 
 English. Large, conical, good flavor. 
 
464 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Cole's Late Scarlet. 
 English. Medium, deep color, moderate bearer. 
 
 Cox's Seedling. 
 English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid. 
 
 Columbus. 
 American. , Pistillate, large, dark red, sweet, too tender. 
 
 Crimson Pine. 
 Hermaphrodite. Resembles Hudson. 
 
 DOWNTON. 
 Knight's Seedling. 
 
 English. Staminate 5 large, irregular form, purplish scarlet, unproductive, 
 
 Deptford Pine. 
 
 Myatt's Deptford Pine. 
 
 English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet, poor hearer, par- 
 tially hardy. 
 
 Elton. 
 
 Elton Pine. 
 
 English. Staminate ; large, light red, ovate,- acid, tender, unproductive. 
 
 Giant Alpine. 
 
 Medium, globular, tasteless. 
 
 Goliath. 
 
 German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous. There is also 
 an English variety, no better. 
 
 Grove End Scarlet. 
 
 Atkinson's Scarlet. 
 
 English. Hermaphrodite ; medium to small, globular, light vermilion, 
 acid, early, productive. 
 
 Globe Hautbois. 
 English. Small, globular, unproductive. 
 
 Huntsman's. 
 
 American. Pistillate ; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Stamin- 
 ate, medium, dark scarlet, good flavor, poor bearer. 
 
 Keene's Seedling-. 
 English. Staminate ; large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm, rich, 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 465 
 
 high flavor, tender, unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling, 
 received by N. Longworth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive. 
 
 La Liegoise. 
 French. Staminate ; medium, bright scarlet, unproductive. 
 
 Late Prolific. 
 American. Pistillate ; medium, light pale scarlet. 
 
 Lizz.E Randolph. 
 American. Pistillate ; medium, scarlet, indifferent grower. 
 
 Myatt's Eliza. 
 
 English. Staminate 5 large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow core, 
 high flavor, poor bearer. 
 
 Mottier's Seedling. 
 American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudson." 
 
 Melon. 
 Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color, dwarf. 
 
 Myatt's Eleanor. 
 English. Staminate ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid. 
 
 Myatt's Globe. 
 English. Large, roundish, fine flavor, tender. 
 
 Myatt's Mammoth. 
 
 English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorless, 
 poor bearer. 
 
 Myatt's Prince Albert. 
 English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson. 
 
 Myatt's Pine. 
 English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor, poor bearer. 
 
 Myatt's Prolific. 
 
 English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor, not prolific. 
 
 » 
 
 Ohio Mammoth. 
 
 American. Staminate ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow core, deficient 
 in flavor, poor bearer. 
 20* 
 
4:66 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Old Pine, or Carolina. 
 
 Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine, 
 
 Pineapple . 
 
 American. Staminate ; medium, conical with a neck, bright scarlet, rich 
 flavor, ripens when there are many better varieties. 
 
 >. 
 
 Profuse Scarlet. 
 
 American. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it resembles. 
 
 Profusion. 
 American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive. 
 
 Prince of Orleans. 
 Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor. 
 
 RoSEBERRY. 
 
 English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor, poor bearer. 
 
 Red Wood. 
 
 English Red Wood 
 
 The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of long 
 continuance ; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The "White 
 Wood varies only in color. 
 
 Richardson's Early. 
 American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid. 
 
 Scioto. 
 American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet. 
 
 Scarlet Melting. 
 
 American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh tender, 
 juicy, good. 
 
 Taylor's Seedling. 
 
 American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet 
 and agreeable, hollow core, unproductive. 
 
 True Chili. 
 
 Patagonian, Greenwell's New Giant, 
 
 Greenwell's French. 
 
 " This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit 
 large, conical, dull red, firm, hollow core. 
 
 Wilmot's Superb. 
 English. Large, round, cock's comb, scarlet, poor bearer. 
 
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 467 
 
 Wilmot's New Scarlet. 
 English. Large, oval, bright scarlet, poor bearer. 
 
 William Henry Harrison. 
 American. Staminate ; large, cock's comb pointed, dark red ; flesh reddish. 
 
 • Yellow Chili. 
 
 Fruit large, irregular, yellow, firm. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 Since the manuscript of the foregoing pages was placed in hands 
 of the printer, there have been several new fruits introduced and 
 described, in the Horticultural Journals and Societies' Transactions ; 
 these we have thought best to add in an appendix. There have also 
 been some few omissions, consequent on the author not being at hand 
 to correct the proofs until they were stereotyped ; these also we 
 have thought best to insert here. 
 
 APPLES. 
 
 CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. 
 Cogswell. 
 
 Cogswell's Pearmain 
 
 American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass. 
 and Ohio, and succeeds equally as well as in its native locality. 
 Trees, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a 
 dark, reddish brown color. 
 
 Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, deep yellow, nearly 
 covered with stripes, splashes, and dots of rich red, and a few large 
 russet specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, medium, 
 nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, sprightly 
 sub-acid ; core, small ; seeds, medium size, dark brown. Season, 
 January to March. 
 
 Maiden's Blush. 
 
 American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ; 
 succeeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils ; 
 much the best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued 
 for cooking, for drying, and salable in market on account of its 
 handsome appearance. 
 
 Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, clear 
 lemon yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blush to rich 
 crimson ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt ; core, 
 medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp 
 sub-acid unless fully ripened. Season, September and October. 
 
470 APPENDIX. 
 
 CLASS II. New and untested, adapted to Amateur Culture, or cer- 
 tain Localities. 
 
 Berry. 
 
 American. Fruit large, roundish oblate, striped and mottled with 
 crimson on greenish yellow ; green russet spots. October, November. 
 
 Buel's Favorite. 
 
 Spotted Pippin, J Gray Pippin. 
 
 Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, stem slender, cavity deep, 
 russeted, calyx medium, flesh a little tough. November. 
 
 Callasaga. 
 
 American. Fruit above medium, roundish, dull brown on greenish 
 yellow russet ; calyx large, wide furrowed basin. October, November. 
 
 Camac's Sweet. 
 
 American. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, whitish green, 
 clouded with green russet ; calyx large, closed. 
 
 Cranberry. 
 
 American. Fruit medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine, 
 gray russet dots ; stem in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx small, closed. 
 
 Dapper. 
 
 American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and 
 specked with crimson in sun ; calyx small, closed. 
 
 Mountain Sprout. 
 
 American. Fruit medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white 
 dots. 
 
 Nickejack. 
 
 American. From North Carolina. Fruit large, oblate, red striped and 
 mottled on greenish yellow ; cavity deep, russeted ; calyx large, par- 
 tially open ; core small; seed light brown; flesh tender, juicy, delicate, 
 " best." Well adapted to the Southern States, not yet tested at the North. 
 
 Ritter. 
 
 American. From Berks county, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, 
 shades of red striped, white dots ; stem short ; cavity deep, narrow ; 
 seed short, plump ; flesh tender " very good." October, November. 
 
APPENDIX. 471 
 
 SuMMEROUR. 
 
 American. Fruit large, roundish, red mottled and striped, large gray- 
 dots ; cavity deep ; calyx large. October, November. 
 
 The ten foregoing descriptions of apples we take from the Ad Interim 
 Reports of Pa. Hort. Society. 
 
 Sturmer Pippin. 
 
 Foreign. Tree healthy, good bearer ; fruit rather small, roundish conical, 
 yellowish green with brown, dull red in sun ; flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid j 
 keeps well. January to June. 
 
 GKAPES. 
 
 New and untested, suited to Amateur Culture. 
 
 Brinckle. 
 
 Raabe's No. 1. 
 
 First fruited in 1850. Bunch large, rather compact, sometimes 
 shouldered ; berry five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ; 
 flesh, solid, not pulpy ; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine ; quality, 
 " best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) 
 
 Cassady. 
 
 An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf, and dark 
 purplish wood. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact, and 
 sometimes shouldered ; berry, below medium, five-eighths of an 
 inch in diameter ; form, round ; color, greenish white with occasion- 
 ally a faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh, 
 juicy, with but little pulp ; flavor, pleasant ; quality, " very good." 
 (Ad. Int. Rept.) 
 
 Clara. 
 
 Raabe's No. 1. 
 
 Bunch, medium ; not compact ; berry, medium ; round, green, 
 faintly tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender, 
 juicy ; flavor, rich, sweet, and delicious ; quality, " best." Fruited 
 the present season for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.) 
 
 Concord. 
 
 Native of Concord, Mass., and stated in Hov. Mag. to be very 
 early in its season of ripening, and possessing the aroma of the 
 Catawba. 
 
472 APPENDIX. 
 
 Emily. 
 
 Raabe's No. 2. 
 
 Bunch, large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry, 
 below medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diame- 
 ter, round, pale red ; flesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp ; flavor, 
 saccharine and delicious ; quality, " best," for an out-door grape. 
 Fruited in 1850 for the first time. 
 
 Graham. 
 
 An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in 
 1845, and fruited in 1850 for the first time. Bunch, of medium 
 size, shouldered, not compact ; berry, half an inch in diameter, 
 round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains little or 
 no pulp, and abounds in a saccharine juice of agreeable flavor; 
 quality, " best." The leaf indicates ita native parentage. It is 
 probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsinborough, both 
 of which were in bearing in the garden where it orginated. (Ad. 
 Int. Rept.) 
 
 Raabe. 
 
 Raabe's No. 3. 
 
 Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium, 
 round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with 
 scarcely any pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Cataw- 
 ba aroma ; quality, " best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) 
 
 PEACHES. 
 
 CLASS II. New and untested; suited to Amateur Culture, or cer- 
 tain Localities. 
 
 Gorgas. 
 
 American. Native of Philadelphia ; originated with Benjamin G-ulliss 
 from a stone of Morris White. Leaves serrate. Fruit large, roundish, 
 with a slight prominence at the apex ; dull greenish white, clouded and 
 blotched with red on the exposed side ; cavity wide, rather deep ; stone 
 free ; flesh whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy ; flavor saccharine 
 and exceedingly luscious; quality "best." Middle to end of September. 
 
 Jane. 
 
 Baxter's Seedling No. 1. 
 
 Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit large, ten and one-half inches in cir- 
 cumference, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish white, with a red cheek ; 
 free; flavor delicious; quality "very good" to "best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) 
 
APPENDIX. 473 
 
 PEARS. 
 
 CLASS II. New and untested. Suited to Amateur Culture, or certain 
 
 Localities. 
 
 Downing. 
 
 Doyenne Downing. 
 
 Foreign. New, recently described and dedicated by M. Leroy (France) 
 to the memory of the unfortunate Downing. 
 
 Fruit medium, roundish, irregular ; green yellowish, speckled with 
 russet dots ; stem short, obliquely inserted ; flesh white, crisp, juicy, 
 sugary, lightly acidulated. Season, September. 
 
 Barry. 
 
 Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, sometimes large, pyriform, irregu- 
 larly shaped ; skin rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish 
 on the opposite ; calyx small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk obliquely in- 
 serted ; flesh white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and 
 perfumed. Season, October. 
 
 Hovey. 
 
 Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, pyriform, regular, resembles the 
 Beurre Capiaumont, skin fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around 
 the eye ; calyx set outside ; stem obliquely inserted ; flesh yellow, melting, 
 juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. Season, September. 
 
 General Taylor. 
 
 Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows 
 near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old. 
 
 Size, under medium ; form turbinate, obscurely pyriform, broad at the 
 crown; color cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on the exposed side ; stem 
 inserted into a very small cavity ; calyx partially closed, set in a broad, 
 not very deep, furrowed basin ; core medium ; seed dark brown, ovate, 
 no angle at the obtuse end ; flesh yellowish white, granular, becoming 
 buttery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core ; flavor as high as 
 the Seckel, aroma delicious ; quality " best ;" maturity, November. (Ad. 
 Int. Rept.) 
 
 Regnier. 
 
 This is a variety claimed through the Pennsylvania Hort. Society to 
 have been grown from seed of the White Doyenne ; under that name it 
 has repeatedly received premiums there : hence, not having seen the fruit, 
 we conclude our description will answer for both. The growth of tree 
 is stated as its distinctive character ; being " more erect, full and rounded 
 in its ton." 
 
474 APPENDIX. 
 
 GLOSSAEY 
 
 Of the more Common Terms used in Fruit Culture. 
 
 Acute, sharp or angular. 
 
 Acuminate, drawn out to a point. 
 
 Alburnum, the sap-wood, as distinguished from the heart-wood. 
 
 Apex, point ; the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk. 
 
 Base, lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, or part of a plant, 
 
 nearest the supporting part or root. 
 Basin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, surround- 
 ing the calyx. 
 Bezi, a wilding, or natural seedling. 
 Beurre, a buttery pear. 
 Border, artificial bed of enriched earth. 
 Callus, ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting, by the 
 
 descending cambium. 
 Calville- shaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples. 
 Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on the 
 
 apex of a pear or apple, are often denominated the eye. 
 Cambium, the soft, newly formed wood beneath the bark. 
 Canes, long bearing shoots ; applied to grapes and raspberries. 
 Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape. 
 Colmar-shaped, pyriform or pear-shaped, with a rather slender neck and 
 
 large body. 
 Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex. 
 Cordate, heart-shaped. 
 Coxcomb, applied to the form of strawberries when much compressed at 
 
 the sides. 
 Crenate, notched or cut like rounded or blunt saw-teeth. 
 Crown, the part of a iruit farthest from the foot-stalk or base. 
 Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon stocks of 
 
 small growth. 
 Espalier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis. 
 En quenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the branches 
 
 downwards. 
 Fibrous roots, the smaller, branching, or thread-like roots. 
 Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial heat under glass. 
 Head back, to cut off the limbs of a tree, part way down. 
 Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to cut 
 
 down to an inserted bud. 
 Inflorescence, the manner in which the flowers are borne. 
 Lay-in, applied to selecting and fastening to a trellis or wall, new branches 
 
 or shoots. 
 Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a trench. 
 Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a limb or tree. 
 Lopping, cutting the branch down to the stem. 
 Maiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from the bud or graft. 
 Mulching, covering the ground about a tree with straw or litter to prevent 
 
 drying. 
 
APPENDIX. 475 
 
 Oblate, flattened, so that the shortest diameter is between the base and 
 apex, like a flat turnip. 
 
 Obovate, reversed ovate, being largest from the foot-stalk or towards the 
 apex. 
 
 Obtuse, rounded or blunt. 
 
 Ovate, egg-shaped, being the largest towards the foot-stalk. 
 
 Pedicel, the subdivision of a flower or fruit-stalk. 
 
 Peduncle, the flower or fruit-stalk. 
 
 Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored. 
 
 Petiole, leaf- stalk. 
 
 Pomology, the science of fruits. 
 
 Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar to conical, but longer. 
 
 Pyriform, pear-shaped, having more or less a drawn-out neck. 
 
 Pinging, the removal of a ring of bark round a branch, to impede the 
 
 descending sap. 
 Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth. 
 
 Shanking, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes. 
 Shorten-in, to cut off more or less of the outer parts of shoots. 
 Spongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root. 
 Sport, an unusual departure or variation in a new seedling. 
 Spur, a short stubby shoot bearing fruit or fruit-buds. 
 Standard, a fruit tree in open ground, or not trained to a wall or trellis. 
 Stock, seedling tree, which supports the inserted bud or graft. 
 Stop, to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to prevent its further ex- 
 tension in growth. 
 Strike, to emit roots. 
 
 Tap-rool, the main or central descending root. 
 Trellis, an upright, flat frame, for training fruit trees and grapes upon its 
 
 face. 
 Wilding, a natural seedling. 
 
INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS. 
 
 [The standard names are in Italic letters. The synonymous names in Roman.] 
 
 ALMONDS. 
 
 Amande Commune . 
 Amandier a petit fruit . 
 Amandier a gvos fruit . 
 Amandier a gros fruit doux 
 Amandier a coque tendre 
 Amandier des Dames . 
 Amande Princesse . 
 Amande Sul'tane . 
 Amande Pistache . 
 Amandier Pecher . 
 Bitter Almond 
 Common Almond . 
 Common Sweet . 
 Doux a coque tendre . 
 Great Soft-Shell 
 Great-fruited Sweet 
 Long Hard-Shell . 
 Long Hard-Shell Almond 
 Ladies' Thin-Shell . 
 Large Persian 
 Languedoc 
 Bistachia Sweet . 
 Peach Almond . 
 Pecher .... 
 Soft-Shell Sweet 
 Soft-Shell Sweet Almond 
 Sultan a coque tendre 
 Sultana Sweet Almond 
 Sultan .... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . * 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 46 
 . 46 
 
 APBICOT8. 
 
 Abricot Eoyal . 
 
 Abricot Peche 
 
 Abricot Commun 
 
 Abricot Precoce . 
 
 Abricot Hatif . 
 
 Abricotier . 
 
 Abricotier blanc 
 
 Albergier 
 
 Alberge ■ 
 
 Amande Aveline . 
 
 Ananas 
 
 Angoumois . 
 
 Anson's Imperial . 
 
 Blotched Leaved Turkey 
 
 Black .... 
 
 Blenheim 
 
 Blanc .... 
 
 Breda, .... 
 
 (476) 
 
 Brussels 
 
 Brown Masculine 
 
 Briancon 
 
 Brown's Early 
 
 Burlington . 
 
 D'Alexandrie . 
 
 De Hollande 
 
 De St. Jean 
 
 De St. Jean Eouge 
 
 De Nancy 
 
 De Nancy 
 
 Dubois' Early Golden 
 
 Dubois' Early Golden Apricot 
 
 Dunmore ... 
 
 Du Pape 
 
 Dunmore's Breda . 
 
 Early Golden 
 
 Early Orange . • - 
 
 Early Masculine . 
 
 Early "White Masculine 
 
 Germine 
 
 Gros Musch 
 
 Gros Precoce 
 
 Gros d'Alexandrie . 
 
 Gros Fruhe - 
 
 Grosse Germine 
 
 Hasselnussmandel 
 
 Hemskirke. . 
 
 Hunt's Moorpark . . 
 
 Kaisha . 
 
 Large Early 
 
 Large Bed 
 
 Large Turkey 
 
 Moorpark 
 
 Musch .... 
 
 Musch-musch . 
 
 Noir 
 
 NewhalVs Early 
 
 Oldaker's Moorpark . 
 
 Orange 
 
 Persique 
 
 Persian . 
 
 Beach .... 
 
 Peche 
 
 Peche Grosse 
 
 Purple 
 
 Bed Masculine . 
 
 Boyal . . . ' 
 
 Boman .... 
 
 Eoyal Peach . 
 
 Eoyal Persian 
 
 Eoyal Orange . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 52 
 52 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 48 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 51 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 52 
 49 
 49 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 51 
 50 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 51 
 48 
 50 
 49 
 50 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 49 
 50 
 50 
 52 
 51 
 49 
 52 
 48 
 52 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 52 
 52 
 51 
 56 
 49 
 52 
 52 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 477 
 
 Boyal George 
 ^Shaker Para . 
 Shipley's 
 Shipley's Large 
 Sudlow's Moorpark 
 Temple's . 
 Transparent . 
 Turkey . 
 Violet . 
 Walton Moorpark 
 White Masculine 
 White Apricot . 
 White Algiers 
 Wurtemburg . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 52 
 . 51 
 
 51 
 . 51 
 
 49 
 . 49 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 . 49 
 
 52 
 . 52 
 
 52 
 . 49 
 
 APPLES. 
 
 Attgustine ....... 166 
 
 Aurora 166 
 
 Autumn Bomanite 166 
 
 Api noir 167 
 
 American White Winter Calville . ' . 179 
 
 Abbott Seedling 119 
 
 American Pearmain . . . .64 
 
 Api 87 
 
 August Apple 131 
 
 Avery Sweeting 131 
 
 Aromatic Carolina 121 
 
 Autumnal Swaar .... 121 
 
 Autumnal Sweet Swaar .... 121 
 
 Autumn Strawberry .... 65 
 
 Autumn Bough 66 
 
 Autumn Sweet Bough .... 66 
 Autumn Seek-no-farther . . .121 
 
 Adams 12o 
 
 Adams Pearmain 12o 
 
 Ashmore , . 120 
 
 Ashland ' 120 
 
 Aunt Hannah 121 
 
 Alexander 12o 
 
 Alfriston 166 
 
 American Mammoth .... 174 
 
 American Newtown Pippin ... 93 
 
 American Summer Pearmain ... 64 
 
 American Bed Juneating ... 76 
 
 American Pippin 166 
 
 American Golden Eusset ... 71 
 
 Albemarle Pippin 120 
 
 Aunts Apple 120 
 
 Arbroath Pippin 175 
 
 Aurore 170 
 
 Autumn Pearmain . . . .121 
 
 Parr 167 
 
 Bars 167 
 
 Bamhilt 167 
 
 Black Gilliflower 167 
 
 Bartlett 168 
 
 Bardin 170 
 
 Baltimore Pippin 174 
 
 Beauty of America 167 
 
 Black Annette 167 
 
 Black Lady Apple 167 
 
 Buff 168 
 
 Bullet 168 
 
 Black Tom 170 
 
 Big Bomanite 176 
 
 Big Sweet 
 Big Hill . 
 Belpre Busset 
 Brown's Golden Sweet 
 Bailey Sweet . 
 Belzer 
 
 179 
 99 
 106 
 100 
 121 
 122 
 
 Bevan . 
 Bevan Favorite . 
 BenUey's Sweet 
 Better than Good 
 Bean Sweet . 
 Blue Pearmain 
 Bledsoe . 
 Blood . 
 Bohanon 
 Bourassa . 
 Boston . * 
 Brooke's Pippin 
 Barlow . 
 Bailey Spice . 
 Baltimore Pippin 
 Bethlehemite 
 Belmont. 
 Bellflower . 
 Broadwell 
 Broadwell Sweet 
 Bullock's Pippin 
 Bonne du Mai . 
 Bullripe . 
 Bard Apple 
 Beard Burden 
 Belle et Bonne . 
 Burlington Spitzenberg 
 Black Coal 
 Boalsburg 
 
 Brabant Bellflower , 
 Bucks County Pippin 
 Bucks County . 
 Bracy's Seek-no-farther 
 Baltimore . 
 Bay Apple 
 Baldwin . 
 Belle-Fleur . 
 Belle-Fleur Bouge 
 Bedfordshire Foundling 
 Benoni . 
 Beauty of Kent . 
 Beauty of the West . 
 Bell's Scarlet Pearmain 
 Black Detroit . 
 Blenheim Pippin 
 Blenheim Orange 
 Black Apple 
 Black American 
 Borovitsky 
 Bough 
 
 Borsdorffer . 
 Borsdorff . 
 Brabant Belle Fleur 
 Brandy Apple . 
 Bread and Cheese Apple 
 Burlington Greening 
 Butter . 
 Butter Apple . 
 Buffinglon's Early 
 Burr's Winter Sweet 
 Betsey's Fancy 
 Brown's Late Queen . 
 Bush. 
 Beauty Bed 
 Ben. 
 
 Catshead . 
 Cathead Greening . 
 Calville Blanche d'Hiver 
 Calville Bouge d'Hiver , 
 Calville Bouge . 
 Capendu .- _. 
 Cayuga Bed Streak 
 
478 
 
 INDEX OF FKUITS. 
 
 Cann 
 
 Campfleld 
 
 Connecticut Summer Sweet 
 
 Caroline .... 
 
 Carolina Winter Queen 
 
 Canada Pippin 
 
 Challenge 
 
 Cloth of Gold . 
 
 Connecticut Apple. 
 
 Connecticut Seek-no-farther 
 
 Coates' Greening . 
 
 Cooper's Early White . 
 
 Chief Good . 
 
 Cracking .... 
 
 Cat Pippin ... 
 
 Champ Sweeting 
 
 Cole's Quince . 
 
 Catshead Beaufin 
 
 Cash Sweet . 
 
 Cogswell .... 
 
 Caroline 
 
 Carolina .... 
 
 Carnahan . 
 
 Cannahan's Favorite 
 
 Cannon Pearmain 
 
 Cat Face .... 
 
 Clyde Beauty 
 
 Cooper .... 
 
 Cane .... 
 
 Cocklin's Favorite . 
 
 Cain .... 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Cumberland Seedling . 
 
 Claremont Pippin 
 
 Crane's Pippin 
 
 Caraway Eusset 
 
 Concombre Ancien 
 
 Cheeseborough Russet 
 
 Crooked Limb Pippin . 
 
 Canadian Eeinette . 
 
 Canada Eeinette . 
 
 Carthouse .... 
 
 Cailine .... 
 
 Chandler .... 
 
 Charles' Apple 
 
 Chalmers' Large 
 
 Cornish Gilliflower 
 
 Cornish July-flower . 
 
 Court Pendu Extra 
 
 Court Pendu Plat . 
 
 Court Pendu . 
 
 Court Pendu Plat Eougeatre 
 
 Cable's Gilliflower . 
 
 Court Pendu Eond Gros 
 
 Court Pendu Eose 
 
 Court Pendu Musque 
 
 Coriander Eose 
 
 Court of Wick . 
 
 Court of Wick Pippin . 
 
 Court de Wick . 
 
 Cos or Caas . . , 
 
 Cole .... 
 
 Cornish AromaUo . 
 
 Cranberry Pippin 
 
 Crimson Pippin . 
 
 Cumberland Spice . 
 
 Cooper's Russeting 
 
 Darlington 
 
 Darlington Eusset 
 
 Delight 
 
 De Eatteau . 
 
 Dodge's Black . 
 
 PAGB 
 
 126 
 . 126 
 
 169 
 . 168 
 
 126 
 
 . T2 
 
 73 
 
 . 73 
 
 82 
 
 . 115 
 
 116 
 . 127 
 
 127 
 . 129 
 
 129 
 . 137 
 
 153 
 . 175 
 
 168 
 . 468 
 
 162 
 . 162 
 
 126 
 . 126 
 
 126 
 . 126 
 
 127 
 . 127 
 
 172 
 . 127 
 
 172 
 
 128 
 
 128 
 
 169 
 ' 95 
 . 170 
 
 162 
 
 168 
 
 169 
 72 
 72 
 
 135 
 ' 168 
 
 168 
 ' 146 
 
 169 
 
 169 
 
 169 
 
 128 
 
 128 
 
 128 
 
 . 128 
 
 67 
 
 . 128 
 
 128 
 . 128 
 
 128 
 . 128 
 
 128 
 . 128 
 
 168 
 
 . 127 
 
 74 
 
 . 169 
 
 130 
 . 128 
 
 127 
 . 129 
 
 129 
 . 129 
 
 162 
 . 128 
 
 Dutchess . 
 Dillingham . 
 Dunlap's Aurora 
 Dormelari's Seedling . 
 Dumelow's Seedling 
 Dumelow's Crab . 
 Dumpling 
 Dainty Apple 
 Danvers Winter Sweet . 
 Detroit -> 
 Detroit .... 
 De Bretagne . 
 D'Espagne 
 
 Devonshire Quarrenden 
 DeWitt .... 
 Doctor .... 
 Domine .... 
 Downton Pippin 
 Downton Golden Pippin . 
 Downy .... 
 Drap d'Or 
 Dickson's Emperor 
 Douse .... 
 Dow's . 
 Dutch Pearmain 
 Duchess of Oldenburgh 
 Dutch Codlin . 
 Dutch Mignonne . 
 
 Dyer 
 
 Eve .... 
 Egg Top .... 
 Egg Top ... 
 English Winter Eed Streak 
 Early Joe 
 Early June 
 
 English Summer Pearmain 
 Edgerly Sweet . 
 English Nonsuch . 
 Emperor .... 
 Early May 
 Early Pennock 
 English Sweeting . 
 
 Eaten 
 
 Eustis .... 
 Early Summer Pearmain . 
 Early Summer Pippin . 
 Early Harvest . 
 Early French Eeinette . 
 Early Eed Margaret 
 Early Eed Juneating . 
 Early Strawberry . 
 Early Crofton 
 Early Sweet Bough . 
 Easter Pippin 
 Edmonton's Aromatic Pippi 
 Eighteen Ounce Apple . 
 Elton Pippin 
 Emperor Alexander 
 English Codlin 
 English Golden Pippin . 
 English Russet . 
 English Golden Russet 
 Epse's Sweet 
 Esopus Spitsenburgh 
 Eve Apple .... 
 Forever Pippin 
 Fall CJieese 
 
 Flushing Seek-no-farther 
 Fall Orange 
 Fink's Seedling 
 Frith Pitcher . 
 FrencKs Sweet 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 479 
 
 Father Abraham 
 
 Fall Queen . 
 
 Fall Winesap . 
 
 Fall Wine . 
 
 Fallenwalder . 
 
 Fort Miami . 
 
 Favorite . 
 
 Fulton . 
 
 Fronclise . 
 
 Fenton Sweeting , 
 
 Ferdinand 
 
 Fama Ousta . 
 
 Fall Beauty 
 
 Ferris . 
 
 Fall Vandervere 
 
 Fall Jennetting 
 
 Fall Gennetting . 
 
 Foundling 
 
 Funtling . 
 
 Fleiner . 
 
 Fall Harvey 
 
 Fall Pippin . 
 
 Fameuse . 
 
 Fallawater 
 
 Fenouillet Gris 
 
 Fenouillet Rouge 
 
 Flower of Kent . 
 
 Flint Eusset . 
 
 Flushing Spitzenbwrgh 
 
 Formosa Pippin 
 
 Fry's Pippin 
 
 French Pippin 
 
 French Crab 
 
 Franklin's Golden Pippin 
 
 Gate 
 
 Golden Pippin 
 
 Garden Royal 
 
 Gray Vandervere 
 
 Golden 
 
 Green Seek-no-farther 
 
 Gaidfs Bellflower . 
 
 Gloucester White . 
 Gillet's Seedling . 
 
 Gibbon's Smathhouse 
 
 Gibbon's Smokehouse 
 
 Gabriel . $ 
 
 George 
 
 Gloucester Cheese . 
 
 Gdble Russet . 
 
 Garnon's Apple 
 
 Gilpin 
 
 Gloria Mundi 
 
 Glace de Zelande 
 
 Glory of York 
 
 Golden Drop 
 
 German Green 
 
 Golden Spice 
 
 Green Mountain Pippin 
 
 Green Sweet 
 
 Greasy Pippin 
 
 Green Bellflower 
 
 Garretson's Early 
 
 Giles . 
 
 Gully 
 
 Giant 
 
 Golden Pearmain 
 
 Goodyear 
 
 Goodyear's Seedling 
 
 Governor 
 
 Granny Buff 
 
 Granny Earle . 
 
 Granniwinkle 
 
 PAGE 
 
 133 
 
 132 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 79 
 80 
 132 
 134 
 133 
 160 
 
 , 133 
 170 
 132 
 170 
 113 
 132 
 
 , 132 
 132 
 
 , 132 
 133 
 
 , 132 
 78 
 
 . 77 
 79 
 
 . 170 
 170 
 
 , 170 
 152 
 
 . 133 
 155 
 
 . 128 
 138, 149 
 
 . 109 
 
 133 
 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 81 
 
 136 
 
 170 
 
 137 
 
 . 170 
 170 
 
 . 106 
 113 
 
 . 113 
 
 134 
 
 135 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 128 
 
 184 
 
 174 
 
 179 
 
 155 
 
 128 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 88,95 
 95 
 135 
 185 
 136 
 171 
 171 
 171 
 171 
 171 
 168 
 136 
 136 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Great Vandevere . . . . 136 
 
 Gov. Seward 126 
 
 Golden Eusset 71 
 
 Golden Ball 82 
 
 Golden Harvey ..... 170 
 
 Golden Pippin ..... 171 
 
 Golden Reinette 170 
 
 Golden Eusset . . . . . . 131 
 
 Golden Sioeet 81 
 
 Gray Apple 99 
 
 Green Newtown Pippin ... 93 
 
 Green Winter Pippin .... 93 
 
 Grise 99 
 
 Gross Eeinette d'Angleterre ... 72 
 
 Gregson Apple 168 
 
 Gravenstein 83 
 
 Grave Slije •. 83 
 
 Grand Sachem 171 
 
 Grindstone . . . . . . 166 
 
 Green Everlasting 166 
 
 Gros Api Eouge .... 87 
 
 Harkness' New Favorite .... 176 
 
 Hollandburg 172 
 
 Hollandbury 172 
 
 Hepper 171 
 
 Heterich 172 
 
 Harrigan 174 
 
 Hampshire Greening .... 104 
 
 Harvest 84 
 
 Hay's "Winter 116 
 
 Hollow Crown Pearmain . . . 116 
 
 Honey Greening . . . 83 
 
 Heicke's Winter Sweet ... 89 
 
 Housom's Red 139 
 
 High Top Sweet 189 
 
 Hunter 139 
 
 Hardingham's Eusset . 152 
 
 Hannah . 171 
 
 HowardPtusset 168 
 
 Hogan 161 
 
 Honey Sweet 150 
 
 Herman 188 
 
 Helen's Favorite .... 138 
 
 Hector 138 
 
 Hawley 137 
 
 Horse Apple 182 
 
 Horse Block 145 
 
 Honemaker Pippin 129 
 
 Haskell's Sweet 137 
 
 Hommacher Apfel 129 
 
 Hay's Winter Wine .... Ill 
 
 Haymaker 122 
 
 Hartford Stoeei/ing .... 137 
 
 Harrison 137 
 
 Hagloe 137 
 
 Hawthorden . . . . . . 171 
 
 Hampshire Yellow .... 17? 
 
 Herefordshire Pearmain ... 89 
 
 Herefordshire Eed Streak . . . 177 
 
 Hinckman 175 
 
 Hoary Morning 172 
 
 Hollow-cored Pippin .... 95 
 
 Holland Pippin 138 
 
 Hubbardston Nonsuch .... 85 
 
 Imperial Vandervere .... 113 
 
 Irish Pitcher 174 
 
 Indian Queen ..... 131 
 
 Indian Apple . . ... 136 
 
 Iron Apple 124 
 
 Inman 95 
 
 Indiana Jannetting .... 100 
 Irish Peach Apple . . . .172 
 
480 
 
 INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 Ironstone 
 
 Joe Berry 
 
 Juicy Bite 
 
 Kelly White . 
 
 John Garretson's Early 
 
 Jersey Pippin 
 
 JeweWs Bed 
 
 Jewett's Fine Bed . 
 
 James 1 Biver 
 
 Jennette . 
 
 Jersey Black 
 
 Jaber Sweet 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Jeffries 
 
 Jenkins 
 
 Johnson's Fine "Winter 
 
 Jack Murphy 
 
 Jonathan 
 
 Januarea 
 
 Jersey Greening 
 
 Jersey Sweeting . 
 
 July Pippin . , 
 
 Jun eating 
 
 Kentish Fill-basket . 
 
 Keswick Codlin . 
 
 Kenriek' 's Autwmn . 
 
 Kerry Pippin 
 
 King Philip 
 
 Kite's Lord Nelson 
 
 Kirke's Lemon Pippin 
 
 Kirk's Golden Eeinette 
 
 Kilham Hill 
 
 King 'of the Pippins 
 
 King George the Third 
 
 Knightwick Pippin 
 
 Knight's Golden Pippin 
 
 KaighrCs Spitzenberg 
 
 Kingsley 
 
 King Apple 
 
 Kingsbury Eusset . 
 
 Kane . . . ^ 
 
 Keim . . . 
 
 Kelley White . 
 
 Kountz 
 
 Knight's Codlin 
 
 Large Golden Pippin 
 
 Lady de Grey's 
 
 Ladies' 1 Blush . 
 
 Lady Finger 
 
 Long Island Busset 
 
 Loan's English Pearmain 
 
 Large Eed Sweeting . 
 
 Lane Sweet . 
 
 Long John 
 
 Lucombe's Seedling 
 
 Luce's Early Joe 
 
 Leather Coat Eusset 
 
 Loring Sweeting 
 
 Loudon Pippin 
 
 Loiore Queen . 
 
 Leland Spice . 
 
 Laquier 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Ledge Sweet 
 
 Limber Twig 
 
 Long Stem 
 
 Loure Queen . 
 
 Leland Pippin . 
 
 Lacker . 
 
 Lake . 
 
 Lancaster Greening 
 
 Late Strawberry 
 
 PAGE 
 
 169 
 . 94 
 
 122 
 . 69 
 
 135 
 . 139 
 
 140 
 . 140 
 
 143 
 . 100 
 
 123 
 . 139 
 
 139 
 , 139 
 
 149 
 . 166 
 
 175 
 
 . 86 
 
 72 
 
 95, 104 
 
 86 
 
 . 84 
 
 162 
 . 172 
 
 141 
 . 172 
 
 172 
 
 173 
 173 
 170 
 172 
 173 
 167 
 128 
 169 
 141 
 142 
 142 
 168 
 172 
 172 
 169 
 
 94 
 179 
 161 
 172 
 173 
 173 
 173 
 173 
 176 
 178 
 173 
 173 
 173 
 175 
 145 
 144 
 144 
 143 
 142 
 142 
 143 
 143 
 144 
 144 
 143 
 142 
 143 
 142 
 
 65 
 
 Late Baldwin 
 
 Lady Washington 
 
 Little Pearmain 
 
 London Sweet . 
 
 London Winter Sweet 
 
 Loring Sweet 
 
 Large Striped Pearmain 
 
 Lancaster Queen 
 
 Late Queen . 
 
 Lecher . . . 
 
 Ladies' Blush . 
 
 Long Pearmain . 
 
 Long John 
 
 Lady Finger 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Lippincott . 
 
 Ladies' 1 Sweeting . 
 
 Lady Apple 
 
 Large White Juneatin^ 
 
 Large Yellow Bough 
 
 Lemon Pippin 
 
 Longville's Kernel . 
 
 Lyscom . 
 
 Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet 
 
 Mar stones Bed Winter 
 
 Melvin Sweet . 
 
 Marks . 
 
 Monarch . 
 
 Ifonks' Favorite . 
 
 McLellan . 
 
 Mifflin King . 
 
 Montreal 
 
 Monks' Codlin 
 
 Mclntire's Sweeting . 
 
 May Seek-no-farther. 
 
 Menagerie . 
 
 Molasses 
 
 Murphy's Eed . 
 
 Martin . 
 
 Mother 
 
 Mu,sk Spice . 
 
 Mu-nson Sweeting . 
 
 Myers'' Nonpjareil . 
 
 Moore's Sweeting 
 
 Marble Sweeting . 
 
 May Apple 
 
 Mauck . 
 
 Mother Davies . 
 
 Milam . 
 
 Mamma Beam . 
 
 Mygatt's Bergamot 
 
 Mountain Pippin 
 
 Melon 
 
 Melting 
 
 Melt-in-the-mouth 
 
 Melting Mouth . 
 
 Melting Pippin 
 
 Matkie's Clyde Beauty 
 
 Major 
 
 Matchless . 
 
 Marietta Eusset 
 
 Manomet . 
 
 Manomet Sweet 
 
 Monmouth Pippin . 
 
 Millcreek Yandervere 
 
 MiUcreek . 
 
 Male Carle . 
 
 Margil 
 
 Margaret 
 
 Margaretha Apfel 
 
 Maiden's Blush . 
 
 Mela di Carlo . 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 481 
 
 Mela Oarla , 
 
 Meangere . 
 
 Minister 
 
 Michael Henry Pippin 
 
 Monstrous Pippin. 
 
 Mouse Apple . 
 
 Moose Apple . 
 
 Murphy 
 
 New York Spice . 
 
 Norton's Melon . 
 
 Noll's No. 1 . 
 
 Neversink . 
 
 Neisley's "Winter . 
 
 Newtown Pippin of Sanders 
 
 Neverfail 
 
 Niack Pippin . 
 
 New Jersey Bed Streak 
 
 Nodhead . 
 
 Northern Sweet . 
 
 Northern Golden Sweet 
 
 Nonpareille . 
 
 Niger .... 
 
 New York Gloria Mundi 
 
 Newtown Spitzenberg 
 
 New Scarlet Nonpareil 
 
 Never-Fail 
 
 Newtown Pippin . 
 
 Newark King . 
 
 Newark Pippin . 
 
 Newark Sweeting 
 
 Northern Spy 
 
 Norfolk Beaufin 
 
 Nonsuch 
 
 Ohio Favorite . 
 
 Old Golden Pippin 
 
 Old English CodUn 
 
 Old Pearmain 
 
 Old Nonsnch 
 
 Oldfleld 
 
 Ohio Wine 
 
 Orange . 
 
 Orndorf . 
 
 Orne's Early . 
 
 Osborn's Sweet . 
 
 Osborn's Fall Sweet 
 
 Overman's Sweet 
 
 Old Royal Russet 
 
 Osceola 
 
 Old Town Crab . 
 
 Ortley 
 
 Ohio Nonpareil 
 
 Old Nonpareil . 
 
 Orange Sweet 
 
 Ortley Apple 
 
 Ortley Pippin 
 
 Oslin .... 
 
 Osgood's Favorite . 
 
 Owen's Golden Beauty 
 
 Ox Apple 
 
 Oxford Peach . 
 
 Ox Eye . 
 
 Paradise Winter Sweet 
 
 Patterson Sweet 
 
 Pennsylvania Vandervere 
 
 Petit Api 
 
 Pomme d'Api . 
 
 Pomme Boyal 
 
 Philadelphia Pippin 
 
 Pomme Water 
 
 Pirn's Beauty . 
 
 Poughkeepsie Busset 
 
 Pickman Pippin 
 
 PAGE 
 
 146 
 . 174 
 
 147 
 . 91 
 
 174 
 . 147 
 
 147 
 , 175 
 
 143 
 . 89 
 
 120 
 . 149 
 
 176 
 , 119 
 
 100 
 . 109 
 
 131 
 , 140 
 
 149 
 , 149 
 
 175 
 , 179 
 
 174 
 94 
 
 177 
 
 93 
 
 , 175 
 
 149 
 
 , 126 
 
 94 
 
 , 175 
 
 175 
 
 , 95 
 
 171 
 
 , 175 
 
 85 
 
 . 102 
 
 132 
 
 , 141 
 
 149 
 
 . 149 
 
 149 
 
 . 150 
 
 150 
 
 , 150 
 
 175 
 
 , 150 
 
 149 
 
 , 95 
 
 83 
 
 , 175 
 
 81 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 
 175 
 
 145 
 
 162 
 
 174 
 
 157 
 
 94 
 
 150 
 
 121 
 
 113 
 
 87 
 
 87 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 98 
 
 152 
 
 Primate 
 
 21 
 
 Potter's Large Gray Seedling 
 
 Prince's Bed and Green Sweet . 
 
 Paragon % 
 
 People's Choice . 
 
 Pfsiffer . . . 
 
 Parsons' 1 Early . 
 
 Phillips' Sweeting . 
 
 Prolific Beauty . 
 
 Pomme Eoye 
 
 Polly Bright 
 
 Pomme de Rose 
 
 Pryor's Red 
 
 Prior's Bed . 
 
 Pitzer Hill . 
 
 Pickman 
 
 Priestly 
 
 Pole Cat . 
 
 Parmin Boyal . 
 
 Parmain d' Ete 
 
 Petersburgh Pippin . 
 
 Penmock's Red Winter 
 
 Pennock . 
 
 Pearson's Plate . 
 
 Peck's Pleasant 
 
 Pennington's Seedling 
 
 Peach Pond Sioeet . 
 
 Pecker . 
 
 Petit Api Eouge 
 
 Philip Wick . 
 
 Phillips' Beinette « 
 
 Pie Apple 
 
 Pine Apple Russet 
 
 Pomme d'Api Bouge 
 
 Pompey . 
 
 Pomme Orise 
 
 Pomme Eoyale 
 
 Pomme Bose 
 
 Pound Boyal 
 
 Pomme Begelans . 
 
 Pomme de Berlin . 
 
 Pomme dAnis 
 
 Pomme de Charles . 
 
 Pomme Finale 
 
 Pound 
 
 Pomme de Caen . 
 
 Portugal . 
 
 Pomme de Neige 
 
 Porter 
 
 Princesse Noble Zoete 
 
 Priestley . 
 
 Priestley's American 
 
 Prince's Harvest, or Early French 
 
 Pumpkin Russet . 
 
 Pumpkin Sweet 
 
 Putnam Busset 
 
 Queen Ann 
 
 Quince . 
 
 Quaker Pippin 
 
 Queen's 
 
 Randal's Best . 
 
 Eandal Best . 
 
 Ragan 
 
 Raritan Sweet 
 
 Rambo 
 
 Eambour Franc . 
 
 Eambonr d'Ete 
 
 Banndell's Sweet . 
 
 Bed Spitzenberg 
 
 Bed Pearmain 
 
 Bed Winter Pearmain 
 
 123 
 138 
 152 
 
 87 
 179 
 
 99 
 162 
 
 87 
 162 
 150 
 128 
 170 
 146 
 146 
 176 
 
 72 
 226 
 
 76 
 
 98 
 128 
 176 
 176 
 Beinette 84 
 152 
 152 
 106 
 
INDEX OF FKUITS. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Red Pippin ... 
 
 141 
 
 Eed Phoenix . ... 
 
 . 141 
 
 Bussam 
 
 141 
 
 
 . 159 
 
 Bed Bell/lower - . . . - . 
 
 177 
 
 Bed Seek-no-farthei" .... 
 
 . 176 
 
 Bed and Green Sweet . 
 
 176 
 
 
 . 102 
 
 Eed Cheek Pippin .... 
 
 92 
 
 Eeinette du Canada .... 
 
 . 72 
 
 Eichfleld Nonsuch 
 
 102 
 
 
 . 105 
 
 Eough and Eeady 
 
 153 
 
 
 . 166 
 
 Euckman's Pearmain . . ' . 
 
 171 
 
 
 . 177 
 
 Bute's Summer Sweeting . 
 
 177 
 
 
 . 100 
 
 Eock Eenaain .... 
 
 100 
 
 Eock Simmon .... 
 
 . 100 
 
 Eed Vandervere . 
 
 113 
 
 
 . 155 
 
 Bepubliaan Pippin . 
 
 155 
 
 
 . 176 
 
 Eed Ashmore . . . gp 
 
 120 
 
 
 . 176 
 
 Eed Bough 
 
 176 
 
 
 . 171 
 
 Eed Gloria Mundi ? 
 
 132 
 
 
 . 106 
 
 Eoman Beauty .... 
 
 106 
 
 Bi/mer 
 
 . 177 
 
 Boseau 
 
 177 
 
 
 . 177 
 
 Baule-s Janet . 
 
 100 
 
 
 . 100 
 
 Baule's Jannette 
 
 100 
 
 
 . 100 
 
 Eamsdeirs Eed Pumpkin Sweot . 
 
 131 
 
 Eamsdeil's Sweeting 
 
 . 131 
 
 Bead's Baker .... 
 
 175 
 
 Eed Belle-Fleur ..... 
 
 . 177 
 
 Eed Winter Calville . 
 
 176 
 
 
 . 176 
 
 Eed Detroit 
 
 130 
 
 
 . 130 
 
 Bed Gilliflower . . . . 
 
 176 
 
 Eed Pumpkin Sweet 
 
 . 131 
 
 Bed Streak 
 
 177 
 
 Eed Qiiarrenden .... 
 
 . 155 
 
 Eed Juneating .... 
 
 76, 145 
 
 
 . 103 
 
 Bed Ingestrie .... 
 
 176 
 
 Eeinette blanche d'Espagne . 
 
 . 162 
 
 Eeinette Triomphante . 
 
 179 
 
 Eeinette d'Angleterre 
 
 . 112 
 
 Eeinette du Canada Blanche 
 
 72 
 
 Eeinette Grosse du Canada 
 
 . 72 
 
 Eeinette du Canada a Cortes 
 
 72 
 
 Eeinette d"Hollande 
 
 . 138 
 
 Bhode Island Greening . ^ . 
 
 104 
 
 Bibston Pippin .... 
 
 . 155 
 
 Eival Golden Pippin . 
 
 . 128 
 
 Bound Catshead . . » . 
 
 . 168 
 
 Boyale d'Angleterre 
 
 85 
 
 Baxbury Eusset .... 
 
 . 106 
 
 Eoyal Pearmain .... 
 
 85 
 
 
 . 155 
 
 Eomanite ..... 
 
 102, 134 
 
 Boss Nonpareil 
 
 . 155 
 
 Eussian 
 
 128 
 
 Sweet Baldwin 
 
 . 178 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Summer Eambo . 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 Scandiana Mala 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 Seever's Eed Streak 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 Stanard's Seedling 
 
 158 
 
 St. Lawrence . 
 
 . 158 
 
 Striped Bellfleur . 
 
 177 
 
 Shipperi's Busset 
 
 . 17T 
 
 Shipley Green 
 
 . 17T 
 
 Spring Grove Codlin 
 
 . 178 
 
 Spice Apple .... 
 
 149 
 
 
 . 178 
 
 Sweet and Sour . 
 
 178 
 
 Sugar Loaf Greening 
 
 . 178 
 
 Spice Stoeeting 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 SchoonmaJcer 
 
 156 
 
 
 . 156 
 
 Scollop Gilliflower 
 
 156 
 
 
 . . 15T 
 
 Spring Pippin . 
 
 158 
 
 Springport Pippin 
 
 . 158 
 
 Spice Busset 
 
 160 
 
 
 . 177 
 
 Sam Eawlings 
 
 172 
 
 
 . 134 
 
 Sack Apple .... 
 
 155 
 
 
 . 157 
 
 Sam's Crab .... 
 
 173 
 
 Sanguineus . 
 
 . 76 
 
 Scudamore's Crab . 
 
 177 
 
 Scarlet Perfume 
 
 . 127 
 
 Scarlet Pearmain 
 
 157 
 
 
 . 177 
 
 Seek-no-further 
 
 102, 115 
 
 Seek-no-further of Coxe . 
 
 . 107 
 
 Sheep Nose • 
 
 . 71, 173 
 
 Siberian Bitter Sweet 
 
 . 146 
 
 Siberian Crab 
 
 157 
 
 
 . 121 
 
 Shakers' Yellow 
 
 131 
 
 Summer Hagloe 
 
 . 137 
 
 Sassafras Sweet 
 
 137 
 
 
 . 139 
 
 Sponge 
 
 . . 157 
 
 Striped Pearmain . 
 
 . 158 
 
 Snorter , . 
 
 158 
 
 Sweet Bellflower 
 
 ' 159 
 
 Sweet Pippin 
 
 159 
 
 
 . 159 
 
 Summer Belle Flear 
 
 159 
 
 
 . 127 
 
 Summer Cheese 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 Steele's Eed "Winter 
 
 66 
 
 
 . 76 
 
 Sutton 
 
 85 
 
 
 . 85 
 
 Sweet Swaar .... 
 
 121 
 
 Sweet Winesap 
 
 . 160 
 
 Sparhawk .... 
 
 161 
 
 Striped E. I. Greening 
 
 . 161 
 
 Sweet Seek-no-farther . 
 
 170 
 
 
 . 159 
 
 Spiced Oxeye .... 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 Striped June .... 
 
 122 
 
 Sweet Golden Pippin 
 
 . 121 
 
 Sweet Nonsuch 
 
 112 
 
 Sweet June 
 
 . 139 
 
INDEX OF FKUITS. 
 
 483 
 
 Sweet Bough . 
 
 Sweet Bomanite . . 
 
 Springer's Seedling 
 
 Striped Vandervere • 
 
 Striped Ashmore . 
 
 Smokehouse 
 
 Sine-qua-non 
 
 Sops of Wine . 
 
 Sops in Wine 
 
 Spencer Sweeting 
 
 Sturmer Pippin . 
 
 Styre 
 
 Striped Juneating . 
 Stroat .... 
 Straat .... 
 Stal Clubs .... 
 Surprise .... 
 Sugar Loaf Pippin 
 Sum/mer Bose 
 Summer Queen 
 Summer Golden Pippin 
 Summer Pearmain . 
 Summer Pippin 
 Summer Bambour . 
 Summer Sweet Paradise 
 Swaar .... 
 Sweet Eusset . 
 Sweet Pearmain 
 Sweet Harvest 
 
 Transparent de Zurich . 
 
 Them's Bed Streak . 
 
 Townsend .... 
 
 Tallow Pippin 
 
 Tallow Apple . 
 
 Tompkins 
 
 Tulpahocken 
 
 Trenton Early 
 
 Texoksbury Blush . 
 Tom Woodward's Pippin 
 Terry's Eed Streak . ■ . 
 
 Talman's Sweeting 
 
 Tallman's Sweeting . 
 
 Trumbull Sweeting 
 
 Tart Bough 
 
 Tewksbury Winter Blush 
 
 Tolman Sweeting 
 
 Travers .... 
 
 Twenty-ounce Pippin 
 
 Tetofsky 
 
 Transparent Pippin . 
 
 Transparent de Moscovie 
 
 Twenty Ounce . 
 
 Twenty-ounce Apple . 
 
 Vandervere of Cincinnati 
 
 Vandervere Pippin 
 
 Virginia Greening 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia Sweet . 
 
 Vandyne 
 
 Victuals and Drink 
 
 Vandevere . 
 
 Victorious Beinette 
 
 Vrai drap d'Or 
 
 Watkins' Early . 
 
 Watermelon . 
 
 Watson's Vandervere 
 
 Warren Pennock . 
 
 WaddeVs Rail . 
 
 Walworth 
 
 Walpole . 
 
 Western Spy ■ 
 
 Whitewater Sweet . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 109 
 . 112 
 
 178 
 . 113 
 
 113 
 . 113 
 
 157 
 . 157 
 
 157 
 . 137 
 
 468 
 
 145 
 
 . 158 
 
 158 
 . 113 
 
 178 
 . 178 
 
 107 
 . 158 
 
 178 
 . 121 
 
 138 
 . 178 
 
 158 
 . 108 
 
 152 
 . 109 
 
 109 
 . 179 
 
 179 
 . 160 
 
 75 
 79 
 81 
 160 
 95 
 102 
 110 
 110 
 160 
 178 
 160 
 110 
 155 
 179 
 111 
 128 
 179 
 126 
 126 
 113 
 113 
 160 
 161 
 174 
 95 
 179 
 113 
 170 
 73 
 
 113 
 131 
 161 
 161 
 161 
 162 
 162 
 
 White Seek-no-farther 
 Wellington Apple 
 Winter Cheese , 
 Willis'' Sweet . 
 Wagener 
 
 Wells 
 
 Well Apple . 
 
 Wan-en Pippin . 
 
 Waltz Apple . 
 
 Washington 
 
 Welcome 
 
 West's Spitzenberg . 
 
 Windower 
 
 White Vandervere . 
 
 White Sweeting . 
 
 Wetherell's White Sweeting 
 
 Winter Harvey . 
 
 Winter Grixon . 
 
 White Margil 
 
 White Doctor . 
 
 Watson's Dumpling 
 
 Whare Eeinette 
 
 Waxen Apple 
 
 White Apple 
 
 Week's Pippin 
 
 Wells's Sweeting 
 
 Westfteld Seek-no-further 
 
 White Bell-Fleur . 
 
 White Bellflower . 
 
 White Detroit . 
 
 White Winter Calville . 
 
 White Calville . 
 
 White Spanish Beinett* 
 
 White Juneating 
 
 White Astrachan . 
 
 White Pippin . 
 
 White Spice . 
 
 Wine of Cole . 
 
 Winter Sweet 
 
 White Pearmain 
 
 White Winter Pearmain 
 
 White Bambo . 
 
 Williams 
 
 William's Eavorite Eed . 
 
 William's Eed 
 
 William's Early 
 
 William's Early Eed . 
 
 Willow .... 
 
 Willow Twig 
 
 Willow Leaf . 
 
 Wood's Greening . 
 
 William Penn . 
 
 Winslow 
 
 Wing Sweeting 
 
 Winter Pearmain . 
 
 Winter Wine . 
 
 Winter Chandler . 
 
 Woodward's Pippin . 
 
 Wolman's Harvest 
 
 Winter Gennetting . 
 
 Willow Leaf Pippin . 
 
 White Hawthornden 
 
 Winter Pearmain . 
 
 Winter Queen . 
 
 Winter Queening . 
 
 Wine Apple 
 
 Wine Sap 
 
 Wine Sop .... 
 
 White Apple . . . 
 
 Williams's Favorite . 
 
 Wollaton Pippin . 
 
 Woolman's Long . 
 
484 
 
 INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 Winter Sweet Paradise 
 Wood's Huntingdon 
 Woolman's Harvest 
 Woodstock Pippin . 
 Woodstock 
 
 Wormsley Pippin 
 Woodpecker . 
 Wyker Pippin . 
 Yankee Apple 
 Yellow Juneating 
 Yellow Janette 
 Yellow Vandervere . 
 York Busset . 
 Yost .... 
 Yacht 
 
 York Imperial . 
 Yellow Ingestric . 
 Yorkshire Greening 
 Yellow Newtown Pippin 
 Yellow Pippin . 
 Yellow German Eeinette 
 Yellow Siberian Crab 
 Yellow Harvest 
 Yellow Belle-Fleur . 
 Yellow Bellflower . 
 Young's Long Keeping 
 Zane .... 
 Zane Greening . 
 Zieber .... 
 
 Allen's Sweet Montmorency 
 American Amber 
 Amber Gean . 
 Ambrer Heart 
 Amber a petit fruit . 
 American Heart . 
 Amber or Imperial . 
 Ambree de Choisy 
 Ambree a Gros Fruit 
 Ansell's Fine Black 
 Apple Cherry . 
 Arden's Early White Heart 
 Armstrong's Bigarreau . 
 Arch Duke . 
 Adams'' Grown 
 Arme .... 
 Arden's Heart . 
 Belle de Sceaux 
 Belle Audigeoise 
 Belle de Bavay 
 Belle de Petit Brie . 
 Belle of Orleans . 
 Belle de Orleans 
 Bigarreau Gaubalis 
 Bigarreau de Lyon . 
 Bigarreau d'Esperin 
 Bigarreau Noir Tardive . 
 Baumann's May . 
 Bigarreau Belle de Eocmont 
 Belle de Choisy 
 Benham*s Fine Early Duke 
 Belle Magnifique 
 Belle et Magnifique 
 Bigarreau de Mai 
 Bigarreau 
 Bigarreau Eoyal 
 Bigarreau Gros 
 Bigarreau Tardif 
 Bigarreau d' Hollande . 
 Bigarreau Couleur de Chair 
 
 128 
 107 
 167 
 
 179 
 66 
 170 
 152 
 84 
 100 
 113 
 152 
 165 
 166 
 166 
 180 
 180 
 118 
 95, 149 
 170 
 
 84 
 70 
 70 
 169 
 180 
 180 
 180 
 
 219 
 
 214 
 214 
 216 
 220 
 203 
 208 
 189 
 189 
 215 
 217 
 216 
 208 
 203 
 203 
 204 
 216 
 214 
 194 
 196 
 196 
 204 
 204 
 199 
 199 
 204 
 213 
 214 
 194 
 184 
 211 
 191 
 191 
 214 
 208 
 208 
 208 
 208 
 208 
 134 
 
 Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blanc 
 
 PAGE 
 194 
 
 Bigarreau de Eocmont 
 
 . 194 
 
 Bigarreau Lauermann . 
 
 212 
 
 Bigarreau Gros Caaurat . 
 
 . 199 
 
 Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux 
 
 199 
 
 Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Eouge 
 
 . 219 
 
 Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim . 
 
 196 
 
 Bigarreau Marbree de Hildesheim . 
 
 . 196 
 
 Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim 
 
 196 
 
 - Bigarreau Noir Tardif 
 
 . 196 
 
 Bigarreau Gros Noir 
 
 213 
 
 Bigarreau Common ... * 
 
 . 194 
 
 Bigarreau Noir .... 
 
 215 
 
 Bloodgood's Amber .... 
 
 . 214 
 
 Bloodgood's Honey 
 
 214 
 
 Bloodgood's New Honey . . . 
 
 . 214 
 
 
 215 
 
 
 . 215 
 
 
 204 
 
 Black Circassian .... 
 
 . 189 
 
 Black Tartarian .... 
 
 189 
 
 
 
 Black Mazzard .... 
 
 215 
 
 Black Honey 
 
 . 21F 
 
 Black Orleans .... 
 
 215 
 
 Bleeding Heart .... 
 
 . 215 
 
 Black Bigarreau 
 
 215 
 
 Black Bigarreau of Savoy 
 
 . 199 
 
 Bowyers Early Heart . 
 
 216 
 
 Bouquet Amarelle .... 
 
 . 216 
 
 Bristol Cherry .... 
 
 215 
 
 
 . 218 
 
 Buttner's Yellow .... 
 
 204 
 
 Buttner's Wachs-Knorpel Kirsche . 
 
 . 204 
 
 Buttner's Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche 
 
 204 
 
 Buchanan's Early Duke . 
 
 . 211 
 
 Buttner's October Morello . 
 
 215 
 
 Buttner's October Zucker Weichsel 
 
 . 215 
 
 
 189 
 
 
 
 
 . 191 
 
 Burr's Seedling .... 
 
 . 204 
 
 Buttner's Black Heart 
 
 204 
 
 Buttner's Herr Kirsche . 
 
 . 204 
 
 Brenneman's May .... 
 
 205 
 
 Black Spanish . m . 
 
 . 208 
 
 Brown's Seedling 
 
 214 
 
 Buttner's October .... 
 
 . 215 
 
 
 215 
 
 Carmine Stripe .... 
 
 . 206 
 
 
 206 
 
 
 
 Cerise Ambree .... 
 
 208 
 
 Cerise Doucette .... 
 
 . 189 
 
 Cerise de la Palembre . 
 
 189 
 
 Cerise a Noyeau Tendre . 
 
 . 189 
 
 Cerise Guigne 
 
 211 
 
 Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre . 
 
 . 205 
 
 Cerise de Portugal 
 
 205 
 
 Cerise a Bouquet .... 
 
 . 216 
 
 Cerise a Courte Queue . 
 
 217 
 
 Cerisier a fleurs Doubles . 
 
 . 216 
 
 Cerise Tardive 
 
 220 
 
 Cerisier Pleurant .... 
 
 . 220 
 
 Cerise de St Martin . . . . 
 
 220 
 
 China Bigarreau .... 
 
 . 205 
 
 Chinese Heart 
 
 205 
 
 Chevereuse 
 
 . 216 
 
 Chinese Double Flowering 
 
 216 
 
 Champagne . 
 
 . 205 
 
 
 206 
 
 Cluster ... 
 
 . 216 
 
 ■<* 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 485 
 
 Cluster 
 
 Common English . 
 
 Corone 
 
 Couronne 
 
 Coroun 
 
 Cceur de Pigeon 
 
 Coularde . 
 
 Common Eed 
 
 Commune . 
 
 Common Eed . • . 
 
 Common Sour Cherry 
 
 Crown .... 
 
 Circassian 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Cleveland Bigarreau 
 
 Civs Transparent 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Cumberland Seedling . 
 
 Con--stoga 
 
 Clarke's Bigarreau 
 
 Cnatenay . 
 
 Girise de Xavier . 
 
 (Joe's Late Carnation 
 
 Gorwin .... 
 
 Clarke's Superb 
 
 Clarke's Bigarreau ? 
 
 Cerise Indulle . 
 
 Cream .... 
 
 Davenport's Early . 
 
 Davenport 
 
 Davenport's Early Black 
 
 De Hollande . 
 
 D'Espagne . 
 
 Djwnton 
 
 Downer's Late . 
 
 Downer .... 
 
 Downer's Late Eed . 
 
 Downing's Bed Cheek . 
 
 Double Flowering Kentish 
 
 Dredge's Early White Heart 
 
 Dutch Morello 
 
 Dwarf Double-Floweriny 
 
 Double Heart . 
 
 Doctor .... 
 
 Delicate . 
 
 De 16 a-la-livre 
 
 D'Experin 
 
 Donna Maria 
 
 Duchess of Pallua . 
 
 DuNord 
 
 Du Nord KTouvelle . 
 
 De Prusse 
 
 DsSpa ... 
 
 Early Black . 
 
 Early White Heart . 
 
 Early Purple G-uigne 
 
 Early Purple G-riotte 
 
 Early Duke . 
 
 Early May 
 
 Early Richmond . 
 
 Elton. 
 
 Elkhom .... 
 
 English Morello . 
 
 Eyer Flowering Cherry 
 
 Early Prolific ■ 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 Elliott's Favorite 
 
 English Amber . 
 
 Favorite . 
 
 Flesh-Colored Bigarreau 
 
 Florence . 
 
 Famish. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 216 
 
 215 
 . 215 
 
 215 
 . 215 
 
 194 
 . 211 
 
 194 
 . 194 
 
 21T 
 . 217 
 
 205 
 . 189 
 
 191 
 . 191 
 
 192 
 . 205 
 
 205 
 . 206 
 
 212 
 . 214 
 
 215 
 . 216 
 
 216 
 . 216 
 
 216 
 . 217 
 
 217 
 . 216 
 
 216 
 . 216 
 
 211 
 . 211 
 
 207 
 . 192 
 
 192 
 . 192 
 
 205 
 . 216 
 
 21£ 
 . 218 
 
 216 
 . 189 
 
 192 
 . 193 
 
 196 
 . 204 
 
 206 
 . 207 
 
 215 
 . 215 
 
 215 
 . 218 
 
 215 
 . 216 
 
 195 
 . 195 
 
 211 
 . 217 
 
 194 
 . 194 
 
 213 
 . 218 
 
 225 
 . 193 
 
 207 
 . 207 
 
 207 
 . 207 
 
 194 
 . 208 
 
 217 
 
 Four to the Pound . 
 
 Fraser's Black Tartarian 
 
 Fraser's Black Heart 
 
 Fraser's Black 
 I Fraser's White Tartarian 
 j Erasers White Transparent 
 j Fellow's Seedling 
 I G-ascoigne"s Heart . 
 
 Cean Amber 
 
 Graffion 
 j Groote Princesse 
 j Grosse Bigarreau Couleur de Chair 
 | Gros Bigarreau Blanc 
 
 G-ros Coenret . 
 
 Gros Bigarreau Eouge 
 j Gridley .... 
 
 Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel 
 ! Griotte de Portugal 
 ! Grosse Cerise Eouge Pale 
 ; Griottier Eouge Pale 
 
 Griotte de Villennes 
 \ Gros Gobet 
 | Guinier a Fruit Noir 
 | Guigne Grosse Noir 
 | Guigne Eouge Hative 
 
 Guigne Noir Tardive 
 
 Guigne Gros Blanc . 
 
 German May Duke 
 
 Governor Wood 
 
 Grosse Guign'e Noir Lnisante 
 
 Great Bigarreau ? 
 
 Guigne. Noir Luisante 
 
 Harrison Heart . 
 
 Herefordshire Black 
 
 Herefordshire Heart . 
 
 Hildesheim Bigarreau . 
 
 Honey 
 
 Hollandische Grosse 
 
 Holland Bigarreau 
 
 Holman's Duke 
 
 Hyde's Bed Heart . 
 
 Hildesheim . 
 
 Ho /-tense . 
 
 Holland .... 
 
 Hoadley 
 
 Hovey .... 
 
 Herefordshire White 
 
 Hyde's Seedling 
 
 Hyde's Late Black . 
 
 Imperial 
 
 Imperial Morello 
 
 Italian Heart . 
 
 Jeffrey's Duke . 
 
 Joc-o-Sot 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Kennicott 
 
 Kentish 
 
 Kentish .... 
 
 Kentish 
 
 Kentish Eed . 
 
 Kentish Eed 
 
 Knevett's Late Bigarreau 
 
 Knight's Early Black 
 
 Kit-Hand's Mary . 
 
 Kirtland's Mammoth 
 
 Kirtland's Large Morello 
 
 Knight's Late Black 
 
 Large Wild Black . 
 
 Large Honey 
 
 Large White Bigarreau 
 
 Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau 
 
 Lauermann's Kirsche . 
 
486 
 
 INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau 
 
 Large Eed Bigarreau 
 
 Lady Southampton's Yelloto 
 
 Lady Southampton's Duke, 
 
 Lady Southampton's Golden 
 
 Large Black Bigarreau . 
 
 Late Arch Duke 
 
 Late Duke 
 
 Late Duke 
 
 Large Mayduke 
 
 Late Kentish 
 
 Large Morello 
 
 Late Morello 
 
 Large Double-Flowering 
 
 Lions Heart 
 
 Lemercier of E. and B. . 
 
 Late Bigarreau 
 
 Large Heart-Shaped . 
 
 Logan .... 
 
 Large Morello 
 
 Lemercier 
 
 Lindley .... 
 
 Leather Stocking 
 
 Late Honey . 
 
 Lundie Gean . 
 
 Lords Phillip 
 
 Madison .... 
 
 Mary .... 
 
 Manning's Early Black . 
 
 Mazzard .... 
 
 Manning's Mottled . 
 
 Maccarty 
 
 Madison Bigarreau . 
 
 Manning's Late Black 
 
 Mannings Late Black Heart 
 
 May Duke 
 
 May Cherry 
 
 Merisier a fruit blanc . 
 
 Millett's Late Heart Duke 
 
 Mottled Bigarreau . 
 
 Morris 1 Early Duke . 
 
 Montmorency 
 
 Montmorency a gros fruit 
 
 Montmorency a longue queue 
 
 Morello .... 
 
 Muscat de Prague . 
 
 Monstreuse de Bavay 
 
 Monstrous May 
 
 Merveille de September . 
 
 Morris Duke . 
 
 Monstreuse de Mezel 
 
 Napoleon . . 
 
 Napoleon Bigarreau . 
 
 New Large Black Bigarreau 
 
 Ox Heart . 
 
 Osceola . 
 
 Ohio Beauty 
 
 Ostheim . 
 
 Ostheimer Weichsel 
 
 Ox Heart 
 
 Pie Cherry 
 
 Pie Cherry 
 
 Plum-stone Morello 
 
 Portugal Duke 
 
 Portugal Duke . 
 
 Prinzessin Kirsche 
 
 Prince's Duke . 
 
 Precoce . 
 
 Purple Guigne 
 
 Pontiaa . 
 
 Powhattan 
 
 Proudfoot 
 
 Drop 
 
 PAGE 
 
 , 199 
 
 219 
 
 218 
 
 218 
 
 218 
 
 213 
 , 203 
 
 203 
 , 211 
 
 211 
 
 217 
 
 218 
 , 218 
 
 218 
 , 218 
 
 196 
 , 199 
 
 199 
 , 200 
 
 210 
 , 211 
 
 211 
 , 211 
 
 21T 
 
 218 
 
 218 
 . 211 
 
 211 
 . 218 
 
 215 
 . 211 
 
 21T 
 . 211 
 
 218 
 . 218 
 
 211 
 . 21T 
 
 217 
 . 211 
 
 211 
 . 211 
 
 217 
 . 217 
 
 194 
 . 218 
 
 194 
 . 196 
 
 205 
 . 210 
 
 211 
 . 199 
 
 212 
 . 212 
 
 199 
 . 218 
 
 200 
 . 212 
 
 219 
 . 219 
 
 220 
 . 194 
 
 217 
 . 219 
 
 203 
 . 211 
 
 208 
 . 219 
 
 217 
 . 195 
 
 201 
 . 201 
 
 212 
 
 Proudfoot's Seedling 
 
 President 
 
 Pink Heart 
 
 Eed Heart 
 
 Remington 
 
 Eemington White Heart 
 
 Eemington Heart 
 
 Rivers' Early Heart . 
 
 Livers' Early Amber 
 
 Eonald's Large Black Heart 
 
 Eonald's Heart . 
 
 Robert's Red Heart 
 
 Eoyal Hative 
 
 Royal Duke . 
 
 Eonald's Large Morello 
 
 Rumsey's Late Morello 
 
 Eonald's Black Heart ' . 
 
 Eeine Hortense 
 
 Rockport .... 
 
 Eockport Bigarreau 
 
 Red Jacket . _. 
 
 Richardson . 
 
 Red Bigarreau 
 
 Schone von Choisy 
 
 Serrulated leaved Cherry . 
 
 Small May 
 
 Spanish Black Heart . 
 
 Sparkhawk's Honey 
 
 Sparrowhawk's Honey 
 
 Spotted Bigarreau 
 
 Spanish Yellow 
 
 Superb Circassian . 
 
 Sussex .... 
 
 Sweet Montmorency . 
 
 Shannon .... 
 
 Schwarze Neue Herr Kirsche 
 
 Sterets May 
 
 Sweedish 
 
 Sweedish Eed Heart 
 
 Sparhawk 
 
 Tartarian .... 
 
 Thompson's Duke . 
 
 Tobacco Leaved 
 
 Transparent Guigne . 
 
 Transparent Gean . 
 
 Transparent . 
 
 Tradescant 
 
 Tradescant's Black Heart 
 
 Turkey Bigarreau 
 
 Turkey Bigarreau . 
 
 The Doctor 
 
 Tardif-de-Hildesheim . 
 
 Tecumseh . ■ . 
 
 Triomphe of Cumberland 
 
 Tardive de Mons 
 
 Vail's August Duke 
 
 Very Large Heart 
 
 Virginian May 
 
 Virginian Wild Cherry . 
 
 Virginia May Duke . 
 
 Wendell's Mottled . 
 
 "Ward's Bigarreau . 
 
 WendellVMottled Bigarreau 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 "Wax Cherry 
 
 Werder's Early Black . 
 
 "Werder's Early Black Heart 
 
 Werdersche Frue Schwarze Herz 
 
 West's White Heart . 
 
 Weichsel mit gauzkurzen stiel 
 
 Weeping or All Saint's . 
 
 White Heart .... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 212 
 
 212 
 219 
 215 
 219 
 219 
 219 
 
 216 
 189 
 189 
 212 
 211 
 211 
 "218 
 219 
 189 
 196 
 201 
 201 
 202 
 212 
 219 
 189 
 216 
 217 
 215 
 217 
 217 
 208 
 207 
 189 
 194 
 219 
 202 
 204 
 205 
 216 
 216 
 207 
 189 
 211 
 217 
 219 
 219 
 219 
 
 208, 
 
 213 
 ,220 
 208 
 192 
 196 
 203 
 205 
 210 
 213 
 218 
 194 
 219 
 219 
 213 
 199 
 213 
 213 
 205 
 213 
 213 
 Kirsche 213 
 208 
 
 220 
 216 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 487 
 
 "White Transparent . 
 White Tartarian . 
 White Bigarreau 
 White Bigarreau, . 
 White Ox Heart 
 Wilder' s Bigarreau de Mai 
 Wild English Cherry 
 Warren's Transparent 
 Wilkinson 
 Wellington . 
 Yellow Honey . 
 Yellow Spanish 
 Yellow or Golden . 
 Yung To 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 216 
 
 220 
 . 208 
 
 220 
 . 220 
 
 214 
 . 215 
 
 220 
 . 220 
 
 220 
 . 217 
 
 208 
 . 217 
 
 216 
 
 GJ0"RRANT6. 
 
 American Blade 
 Black Grape . 
 Black English . 
 Black Naples 
 Common Bed . 
 Common White 
 (Jherry . 
 
 Champagne . . . 
 Common Black ■ 
 Fertile Currant of Palnau 
 Qon&oitin .... 
 Gondouin Eed 
 Goliath . • . 
 Houghton Castle . 
 Jefferson .... 
 Knight's Large Bed . 
 Knight's Early Bed 
 KnigMs Sweet Bed 
 Large Eed Dutch 
 Large Bunehed Bed 
 Long Bunched Bed . 
 Large White . 
 Missouri Large-fruited . 
 
 Missouri Eatable . 
 May's Victoria . 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Morgan's Red . 
 
 Morgan's White . 
 
 Missouri Fragrant 
 
 New Bed Dutch . 
 
 New White Dutch . 
 
 Palnau .... 
 
 Baby Castle 
 
 Pavers' White Grape . 
 
 Bed Butch 
 
 Eed Grape 
 
 Eeeve's White . 
 
 Bed Flowering Currant 
 
 Striped Fruited 
 Victoria 
 
 White Dutch . 
 
 White Crystal 
 
 White Leghorn . 
 White Pearl . 
 White Grape . 
 
 GOOSEBERRIES. 
 
 Buerdsill's Duckwing 
 Capper's Bunker's Hill . 
 Champagne .... 
 Collier's Jolly Angler . 
 Crompton Shed a Queen 
 Early Sulphur . . „ ■ 
 Greek Walnut * 
 
 Houghton' 1 8 Seedling 
 Ironmonger . 
 Keen's Seedling 
 Massey's Heart of Oak 
 Melting's Crown Bob 
 Pale Bed 
 
 Parkinson's Laurel 
 Pitmaston Green Gage 
 Boaring Lion . 
 Bed Warrington . 
 
 Taylor's Bright Venus . 
 
 White Honey 
 
 Woodward's Whitesmith 
 
 GEAPES. 
 
 Ada . 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Allen's Seedling Hamburg 
 
 Alicant .... 
 
 Alexander's 
 
 Amber Muscadine 
 
 Amiens 
 
 American Muscadine . 
 
 August Traube . 
 
 Black Cluster 
 
 Black Morillon . 
 
 Black Burgundy . 
 
 Black Frontignan 
 
 Black Erontignae . 
 
 Black Hamburgh . 
 
 Black Prince 
 
 Black Spanish . 
 
 Black Valentia 
 
 Black Portugal . 
 
 Black Lisbon . 
 
 Brinckle 
 
 Black Orleans * . 
 Black St. Peter's . 
 
 Bland 
 
 Bland's Virginia 
 Bland's Madeira . 
 Bland's Pale Eed . 
 Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees 
 Boston ..... 
 Brown Hamburgh 
 Bur guilder . 
 
 Bull or Bullett 
 Cambridge Botanie Garden 
 
 Canon Hall Muscat 
 
 Cape Grape .... 
 
 Catawba .... 
 
 Catawba Tokay 
 
 Chasselas Dore 
 
 Chasselas Blanc 
 
 Chasselas de Eontainebleau . 
 
 Clinton . - 
 
 C'assady .... 
 
 Clara 
 
 Concord . 
 
 Clermont 
 
 Clifton's Constantia 
 
 Clarence 
 
 Delaware • 
 
 Decimanner . 
 226 D'Arbois ... * 
 228 De St. dean ....'■■ 
 
 228 Diana 
 
 229 Dutch Hamburg 
 
 230 Early Black .... 
 229 Early Black July . 
 229 Early White Teneriffe , 
 
 225 
 
 225 
 
 225 
 
 223 
 
 225 
 
 225 
 
 225 
 
 225 
 
 225 
 
 224 
 
 223 
 
 223 
 
 224 
 
 224 
 225 
 225 
 
 225 
 223 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 225 
 225 
 224 
 225 
 2.24 
 224 
 225 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 223 
 225 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 , 224 
 224 
 . 224 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 229 
 
 229 
 . 229 
 
 229 
 . 229 
 
 230 
 . 229 
 
 229 
 . 230 
 
 ;30 
 . 228 
 
 230 
 . 230 
 
 . 243 
 244 
 . 253 
 253 
 . 247 
 254 
 . 254 
 248 
 . 254 
 253 
 . 253 
 253 
 . 253 
 253 
 . 253 
 253 
 . 253 
 253 
 . 253 
 253 
 . 471 
 253 
 . 253 
 244 
 . 244 
 244 
 . 244 
 253 
 . 253 
 253 
 . 254 
 248 
 . 253 
 255 
 . 247 
 244 
 . 244 
 254 
 . 254 
 254 
 . 245 
 471 
 . 471 
 471 
 . 245 
 247 
 . 246 
 255 
 . 255 
 254 
 . 254 
 245 
 . 253 
 253 
 . 254 
 254 
 
4:88 
 
 INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 Early White Muscadine 
 
 Elsinburgh 
 
 Elsenborough 
 
 Emily 
 
 Fromentin Eouge . 
 
 Fox Grape 
 
 Frankendale . 
 
 Fromentean 
 
 Frontiac of Alexandria 
 
 Gris Eouge 
 
 Graham, 
 
 Gibraltar . 
 
 Golden Chasselas . 
 
 Grizzly Frontignan 
 
 Grizzly Frontignac 
 
 Herbemont 
 
 Herbemont's Madeira 
 
 Heath 
 
 Hampton Court Vine 
 
 Imitation Hamburg 
 
 Isabella 
 
 Jacob's Traube . 
 
 Jerusalem Muscat . 
 
 July Grapo 
 
 Kleinbranner . 
 
 Lebanon Seedling . 
 
 Lenoir . 
 
 Longworth's Ohio . 
 
 Lunel 
 
 Marzimmer 
 
 Mammoth Catawba 
 
 Minor's /Seedling . 
 
 Madeleine 
 
 Madeleine Noir . 
 
 Madeira . 
 
 Malaga 
 
 Miller's Burgundy 
 
 Missouri . 
 
 Missouri Seedling . 
 
 Morillon Hatif . 
 
 Muscat of Alexandria 
 
 Moschata Bianca 
 
 Moscado Bianco . 
 
 Moscatel Common . 
 
 Muscat Noir Ordinaire 
 
 Muscat Noir de Jura 
 
 Muscat d'Alexandrie 
 
 Muscat Blanc . 
 
 Muscat Blanc de Jura 
 
 Muscateller 
 
 Muscat Eouge 
 
 Muscat Gris 
 
 Muscat Noir . 
 
 Nepean's Constantia 
 
 Norton's Virginia 
 
 Norton's Seedling 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Passe longue Musque 
 
 Passe Musque 
 
 Pineau 
 
 Pocock's Damascus 
 
 Powell 
 
 Pon'Vs Seedling . 
 
 Purple Frontignan . 
 
 Purple Constantia . 
 
 Purple Hamburg 
 
 Banfolak 
 
 Eanfoliga . 
 
 Eaabe 
 
 Eaabe's No. 1 . 
 
 Eaabe*s No. 4 
 
 Eaabe's No. 2 . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 254 
 245 
 245 
 
 472 
 
 255 
 
 24T 
 
 258 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 472 
 
 253 
 
 254 
 
 254 
 
 254 
 
 248 
 
 246 
 
 255 
 
 253 
 
 247 
 
 246 
 
 254 
 
 255 
 
 254 
 
 255 
 
 244 
 
 246 
 
 247 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 245 
 
 248 
 
 254 
 
 254 
 
 247 
 
 255 
 
 254 
 
 247 
 
 247 
 
 254 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 253 
 
 253 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 254 
 
 254 
 
 253 
 
 255 
 
 247 
 
 247 
 
 247 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 253 
 
 253 
 
 244 
 
 245 
 
 253 
 
 353 
 
 253 
 
 255 
 
 255 j 
 
 472 ! 
 
 471 
 
 471 I 
 
 472 '■ 
 
 Eaabe's No. 3 . 
 
 Eoanoke . 
 
 Eed Traminer . 
 
 Eother Traminer . 
 
 Bother Klevner 
 
 Eothclauser . 
 
 Eothe Beifler . 
 
 Eothedel 
 
 Eothfranken 
 
 Eaisin Precoce 
 
 Baisin de Champagne 
 
 Eaisin de Frontignan 
 
 Eed Muncy 
 
 Eed Hamburgh . 
 
 Eed Constantia . 
 
 Royal Muscadine 
 
 St. Clauser . 
 
 Salisbury Violet . 
 
 Schuylkill Muscadell 
 
 Schuylkill Muscadine 
 
 Sj upper •nong . 
 
 Segar-Box Grape . 
 
 S vu-rtleft's Seedling . 
 
 Sir William Bowley's Black 
 
 Sir A. Pytche's Black 
 
 Small Black Cluster 
 
 Smart's Elsingburg . 
 
 Spring Mill ,4Jonstantia . 
 
 Steward's Black Prince . 
 
 Sumpter 
 
 Singleton .... 
 
 Schuylkill 
 
 Traminer .... 
 
 Tokayer ... 
 
 Tasker's Grape . 
 
 Tottenham Park Muscat 
 
 To Kalon .... 
 
 True Burgundy 
 
 Valentine s . . 
 
 Victoria .... 
 
 Warner's Black Hamburgh 
 
 Writs Catawba . 
 
 White Muscat of Alexandria 
 
 White Muscat 
 
 White Muscat of Lunel 
 
 White Frontignan 
 
 White Constantia 
 
 White Frontniac . 
 
 White Sweet Wader . 
 
 Winne 
 
 Wilmofs New Black BTambm 
 
 Worthington . 
 
 Zane 
 
 HECTABISTES. 
 
 Anderson's .... 
 Anderson's (of some) 
 Anderson's Bound . 
 Aromatic . . . 
 Barker .... 
 Black .... 
 Black Murry 
 Bosto-n .... 
 B''oomfieldj 
 Brngnon Hatif 
 Brugnon, Eed at the Stone 
 Brugnon de Newington 
 Brugnon Musque 
 Brugnon Violette Musquee 
 Claremont . 
 Common EIruge . 
 
 ffh 
 
 PAGE 
 
 472 
 
 24S 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 254 
 254 
 255 
 244 
 253 
 254 
 254 
 255 
 258 
 24T 
 247 
 248 
 247 
 248 
 253 
 253 
 253 
 245 
 24T 
 253 
 243 
 244 
 24T 
 255 
 255 
 247 
 255 
 245 
 253 
 253 
 253 
 253 
 245 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 247 
 253 
 245 
 245 
 
 25T 
 
 260 
 257 
 257 
 
 259 
 256 
 259 
 257 
 257 
 
 259 
 259 
 
 257 
 251 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 489 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cowdray White .... 
 
 . 25S 
 
 Duke of Telliers 
 
 25T 
 
 
 
 Doionton 
 
 25T 
 
 Due du Telliers .... 
 
 . 25T 
 
 Due de Tilly 
 
 257 
 
 
 . 25T 
 
 DuTilleys 
 
 257 
 
 Early Violet . . . . - . 
 
 . 257 
 
 Early Brugnon . . . 
 
 257 
 
 Early Newington . 
 
 . 258 
 
 Early Black Newington 
 
 258 
 
 
 . 258 
 
 dlruge 
 
 257 
 
 Emerton's New White 
 
 . 258 
 
 French Yellow 
 
 258 
 
 Fairchild 
 
 . 259 
 
 Fairchild's Early 
 
 259 
 
 Fine Gold-Fleshed .... 
 
 . 259 
 
 Flanders 
 
 258 
 
 French Newington .... 
 
 . 260 
 
 Genoa 
 
 260 
 
 
 
 Hardwicke's Seedling . 
 
 258 
 
 Hardwicke 
 
 . 258 
 
 Hampton Court 
 
 257 
 
 Hunt's Tawny 
 
 . 258 
 
 Hunt's Large Tawny . , 
 
 258 
 
 Hunt's Early Tawny 
 
 . 258 
 
 Jaune Lisse 
 
 260 
 
 Large Early Violet 
 
 . 258 
 
 Late Yellow 
 
 260 
 
 Large White 
 
 . 258 
 
 Late Green 
 
 260 
 
 
 . 257 
 
 Lewis ' 
 
 256 
 
 Lord Selsey's Elruge 
 
 . 257 
 
 Lucombe's Black .... 
 
 258 
 
 Lucorube's Seedling .... 
 
 . 258 
 
 Murrey . 
 
 259 
 
 Murry . ... 
 
 . 259 
 
 New White 
 
 258 
 
 Neat White 
 
 . 258 
 
 New Scarlet . 
 
 257 
 
 Newington 
 
 . 260 
 
 New Dark Newington . 
 
 
 New Early Newington . 
 
 . 258 
 
 Oatlands 
 
 257 
 
 Orange . . . . 
 
 . 259 
 
 Old White 
 
 
 
 . 260 
 
 Old Koman . . - . 
 
 259 
 
 
 . 258 
 
 Princess Golden .... 
 
 260 
 
 Perkins' Seedlinsr .... 
 
 . 256 
 
 Peterborough (of some) 
 
 
 
 . 260 
 
 Petite Violette Hative . . . 
 
 257 
 
 Pitmaston Orange . . . 
 
 . 248 
 
 Bed Roman 
 
 259 
 
 
 . 259 
 
 Eough Eoman .... 
 
 260 
 
 Scarlet Newington .... 
 
 . 260 
 
 Scarlet 
 
 260 
 
 
 . 259 
 
 Sweet Yellozo .... 
 
 260 
 
 SionHill 
 
 . 260 
 
 Smith's Newington 
 
 260 
 
 
 . 257 
 
 Temple's 
 
 257 
 
 Vermash (of some) .... 
 
 . 260 
 
 Violette Hative .... 
 
 257 
 
 Violet .... 
 Violette Angervillieres 
 Violette Musquee 
 Violet, red at the scone 
 Violet Musk 
 William's Orange . 
 Williams' Seedling . 
 Violet Grosse 
 
 PEACHES. 
 
 Alberge . 
 Allen . 
 Atwater . 
 Anne 
 Admirable 
 Almond . 
 Abricotee . 
 Acton Scoit . 
 Admirable Tardive 
 Admirable Jaune 
 Algiers Yellow . 
 Algiers Winter . 
 Apricot Peach . 
 Astor 
 
 Avant Eouge . 
 Avant Blanche 
 Bachelder ■ 
 Baxter's Seedling, No. 
 Barnard . 
 Belle de Beaucaire 
 Beauty of Beaucaire 
 Bergen's Yellow . 
 Brentford Mignonne . 
 Briggs . 
 
 Belzar's Early Rareripe 
 Belle CJie'Oreuse . 
 Bennett's Rareripe . 
 Beauty of Salisbury 
 Barring'ton 
 Baltimore Beauty 
 Bellegarde 
 Belle de Vitry 
 Bellis .... 
 Belle Beaute . 
 Belle de Vitry . 
 Belle de Paris 
 Bergen 
 
 Blood Clingstone . 
 Blood Cling 
 Bourdine " . 
 Boudin 
 Brevoort 
 Brevoort's Morris 
 Brevoort's Seedling Melter 
 Brown Nutmeg 
 Buckingham Mignonne 
 Biillard's Clingstone 
 Bullard's Se-edling 
 Burgess Beauty 
 Carry's Mammoth Cling 
 Cable's Late 
 Cable's Late Melocoton 
 Cambridge Belle 
 Clarke . 
 -Canary 
 C/iillian 
 Cable's Medium Melocoton 
 Cable's Early 
 Cable's Early Melocoton . 
 Crawford's Late .- 
 Crawford's Superb Melocoton 
 
 257 
 257 
 
 258 
 258 
 258 
 
 281 
 281 
 2S1 
 290 
 290 
 290 
 296 
 290 
 
 . 290 
 281, 296 
 
 . 293 
 293 
 296 
 290 
 294 
 295 
 281 
 472 
 281 
 290 
 290 
 272 
 281 
 281 
 291 
 291 
 291 
 290 
 290 
 290 
 281 
 290 
 290 
 274 
 290 
 276 
 272 
 281 
 281 
 276 
 276 
 272 
 272 
 272 
 294 
 290 
 282 
 282 
 288 
 291 
 282 
 281 
 282 
 282 
 291 
 291 
 291 
 291 
 291 
 273 
 273 
 
400 
 
 INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 Chinese Peach 
 
 Charlotte . 
 
 Catherine Cling . 
 
 Cardinale . 
 
 Catherine 
 
 Chancellor 
 
 Chancelliere • 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Claret Clingstone . 
 
 Cole's Early Red . 
 
 Cooledge's Favorite 
 
 Cooledge's Early Bed Eareripe 
 
 Colonel Ansley's . 
 
 Congress .... 
 
 Congress Cling 
 
 Cole's White Malocoton . 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Crawford's Late Melocoton 
 
 Crawford's Early 
 
 Crawford's Early Melocoton . 
 
 Crawford's Superb Malacatune 
 
 Cut-Leaved .... 
 
 Dozvn-Easter 
 
 Doctor Cooper . 
 
 Douglass 
 
 Double Mordagne . 
 
 Double Mountain . 
 
 Dorsetshire 
 
 Druid Rill . 
 
 Eliza .... 
 
 Ehnira .... 
 
 Early York, of New Jersey 
 
 Early Crawford 
 
 Early Galande . 
 
 Early Barnard . 
 
 Early Maiden . 
 
 Early Robinson Crusoe 
 
 Eastburn's Choice . 
 
 Eastburn 
 
 Early Anne 
 
 Early Tillotson . 
 
 Early York 
 
 Early Newington Freestone 
 
 Early Newington . 
 
 Early Sweet- Water 
 
 Early Admirable 
 
 Early Purple Avant 
 
 Early May 
 
 Early Vineyard . 
 
 Early Eed Nutmeg . 
 
 Early White Nutmeg . 
 
 Early Purple . 
 
 Early Eoyal George 
 
 Early Eed Eareripe . 
 
 Edgar's Late Melting . 
 
 Emperor of Russia 
 
 French Eareripe . 
 
 FulJcerson 
 
 Fulkerson's Early 
 
 Favorite . 
 
 Favorite Eed 
 
 Flat Peach of China 
 
 Fox's Seedling 
 
 French Mignonne 
 
 French Eoyal George . 
 
 French Magdalen 
 
 Freestone Heath . 
 
 French Bourdine 
 
 Fine Heath . 
 
 Gorgas 
 
 Golden Eareripe . 
 
 Green Rareripe 
 
 PAGE 
 
 282 
 
 . 291 
 
 292 
 
 292 
 291 
 291 
 282 
 281 
 282 
 273 
 278 
 290 
 291 
 291 
 276 
 278 
 278 
 272 
 272 
 273 
 292 
 283 
 283 
 283 
 288 
 283 
 277 
 272 
 283 
 283 
 277 
 272 
 281 
 281 
 2S6 
 292 
 283 
 283 
 290 
 279 
 273 
 274 
 
 274, 295 
 294 
 290 
 274 
 274 
 274 
 294 
 295 
 . 274 
 
 281, 294 
 . 288 
 291 
 292 
 
 280, 281 
 . 283 
 283 
 292 
 292 
 282 
 292 
 274 
 281 
 294 
 276 
 276 
 274 
 472 
 281 
 284 
 
 Gest's Superb . 
 
 Grosse Persique Bouge 
 
 Gest's Large Freestone . 
 
 Galand .... 
 
 George the Fourth . 
 
 Gold Fleshed . . . •„ 
 
 Golden Mignonne 
 
 Green Nutmeg 
 
 Grouse Mignonne . 
 
 Grimwood's Eoyal George 
 
 Grimwood's New Eoyal George 
 
 Griffin's Mignonne 
 
 Grimwood's Eoyal Charlotte 
 
 Green Catherine . 
 
 Gros Malecaton 
 
 Golden Ball . 
 
 Hatch 
 
 Hale's Melocoton . 
 
 Hale .... 
 
 Hartshorn . 
 Hastings .... 
 Hall's Down-Easter 
 Honest John 
 Hardy Galande 
 Hcvey's Cambridge Belle 
 Heath's Freestone 
 Hof'ner .... 
 Hoffner's Seedling 
 Henry Clay . ■ . 
 Haine's Early Eed 
 Heath Clingstone 
 Heath .... 
 Hoffman's Pound 
 Hogg's Melocoton . 
 Hyslop . 
 Hyslop's Clingstone 
 Hill's Madeira . 
 Ispahan 
 Incomparable . 
 Italian . . . 
 
 Jane 
 
 Jagues .... 
 Jaquish .... 
 Jaques 1 Eareripe . 
 Jose Sweet 
 Jones' Early . 
 Jones' Large Early 
 Java .... 
 Johnson's Early Purple . 
 Judd's Melting 
 Kenrick's Heath 
 Kew Early Purple 
 Eennedy's Carolina . . . 
 Kennedy's Lemon Cling 
 Lafayette Clingstone 
 Lafayette 
 Large Melting . 
 Late Chancellor 
 Large Early York . 
 Large American Nutmeg 
 LAdmirable 
 Large French Mignonne 
 La Eoyale .... 
 Late Admirable . 
 La Grange 
 Large Bed Eareripe 
 Large Eed Eareripe . 
 Lady Ann Steward 
 Late Bed Eareripe . 
 Lady Gallatin 
 Large Yellow Eareripe 
 Late Admirable. Cling 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 292 
 285 
 
 . 292 
 284 
 
 . 274 
 281 
 
 . 281 
 290 
 
 . 274 
 274 
 
 . 274 
 294 
 
 . 291 
 283 
 
 . 285 
 292 
 
 . 284 
 284 
 
 . 284 
 2S4 
 
 . 284 
 283 
 
 . 277 
 281, 2S4 
 282 
 284 
 292 
 292 
 284 
 277 
 274 
 274 
 293 
 288 
 275 
 275 
 285 
 292 
 285 
 276 
 272 
 275 
 275 
 275 
 285 
 285 
 285 
 282 
 274 
 276 
 284 
 291 
 277 
 277 
 293 
 293 
 293 
 291 
 277 
 294 
 290 
 274 
 276 
 276 
 293 
 275 
 288 
 276 
 277 
 288 
 280 
 285 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 7 arge White Clingstone . 
 
 Lat>, Yellow Alberge 
 
 Largest Lemon . 
 
 Large Newington „ 
 
 Lemon Clingstone . 
 
 Lord Montague's Noblesse 
 
 Lockyer's Mignonne". 
 
 Lord Fauconberg s Mignonne 
 
 Long Yellow Pine Apple . 
 
 Luscious "White Eareripe 
 
 Livingstone's N. Y Eareripe 
 
 Lincoln „ . 
 
 Magistrate 
 
 Majestrate 
 
 Madeira .... 
 
 Madeira Freestone . 
 
 Merriam .... 
 
 Mrs. Poinsett 
 
 Moore's Favorite 
 
 Melting .... 
 
 Morrisania 
 
 Monstrous Freestone . 
 
 Madeline of Courson 
 
 Maiden .... 
 
 Madeleine de Courson 
 
 Madeline Eouge 
 
 Malta ..... 
 
 Malte de Normandie 
 
 Malagatune 
 
 Malacatune . 
 
 Marie Antoinette 
 
 Mellish's Favorite .. 
 
 Mignonne .... 
 
 Millet's Mignonne . 
 
 Montague .... 
 
 Montauban 
 
 Motteux's 
 
 Morris's Eed Eareripe . 
 
 Morris Bed 
 
 Morris White Eareripe . 
 
 Morris White . 
 
 Morris White Freestone 
 
 Morrisania Pound . \ 
 
 Morrison's Pound . 
 
 Monstrous Pavie 
 
 Monstrous Pompone 
 
 Monstrous Clingstone . 
 
 Newington Cling . 
 
 New Eoyal George . 
 
 Narbonne 
 
 New Cut-leaved 
 
 Neill's Early Purple 
 
 New Eoyal Charlotte 
 
 New York White Clingstone 
 
 Newington 
 
 Nivette 
 
 Nivette Veloutee 
 
 Noisette .... 
 
 Noblesse . 
 
 Noir de Montreuil . 
 
 New York Rareripe 
 
 Newman . . „ 
 
 Nonpareil 
 
 Oioen . . , , 
 
 Owen's Lemon . 
 
 Owen's Lemon Eareripe 
 
 Oldmixon . 
 
 October Yellow . 
 
 Oldmixon Freestone 
 
 Oldmixon Olearstone . 
 
 Oldmixon Clingstone 
 
 Qld Newington , 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 289 
 293 
 
 . 2T7 
 298 
 
 . 277 
 286 
 
 . 294 
 
 277 
 276 
 277 
 286 
 293 
 293 
 285 
 285 
 285 
 285 
 286 
 293 
 293 
 294 
 294 
 286 
 294 
 294 
 276 
 276 
 288 
 2S8 
 280 
 286 
 274 
 294 
 283 
 288 
 276 
 275 
 275 
 276 
 276 
 276 
 '293 
 293 
 285 
 285 
 2S5 
 293 
 294 
 276 
 292 
 274 
 291 
 289 
 274, 293 
 277 
 277 
 291 
 286 
 
 277 
 286 
 293 
 287 
 287 
 287 
 278 
 293 
 278 
 278 
 278 
 293 
 
 Orange Clingstone 
 Orange .... 
 
 Orchard Queen . 
 Old Eoyal Charlotte 
 Philadelphia Freestone 
 Paragon .... 
 
 Pecher d 1 Ispahan 
 Poinsett .... 
 
 Poole's Yellow 
 Phfleiger .... 
 
 Pavie Admirable . 
 
 Pavie de Pomponhe 
 
 Pavie de Pomponne Crosse 
 
 Pavie Eouge de Pompone 
 
 Pavie Caum . 
 
 Pavie Monstreux 
 
 Peehe Eoyale 
 
 Peehe Malte 
 
 Peehe Jaune . 
 
 Peen-To ...... 
 
 Pine-Apple Clingstone . 
 Pourpree de Normandie . 
 Pourpree Hative . 
 Pourpree Tardive 
 Poole's Large Yellow . 
 Poole's Late Yellow Freestone 
 President .... 
 
 Prince's Red RareHpe . 
 
 Purple Avant 
 
 Purple Alberge . 
 
 Prince's Paragon . 
 
 Reeve's Favorite 
 
 Eonald's Mignonne 
 
 Eed Eareripe 
 
 Red Rareripe 
 
 Eed Magdalen . 
 
 Eeine des Vergers . 
 
 Red Nutmeg 
 
 Eed Avant . 
 
 Red Cheek 
 
 Eed Magdalen 
 
 Eed Cheek Malocoton 
 
 Eed Alberge . 
 
 Eed Heath 
 
 Eeid's Weeping 
 
 Eoyal Kensington 
 
 Eonald's Seedling Galande 
 
 Eoyal Sovereign 
 
 Eoyale .... 
 
 Eouge Paysanne 
 Royal George 
 
 Eose 
 
 Rosanna 
 
 Rosebank .... 
 
 Rodman's Red 
 
 Shanghai .... 
 
 Site's OldZack 
 
 Skinner's Superb . 
 
 Saint George 
 
 Smock .... 
 
 Smith's Favorite . 
 
 Swalsh .... 
 
 Swaize .... 
 
 Smock Clingstone . 
 
 Spring Grove 
 
 Slocum's Early 
 
 Smith's Newington 
 
 Sanguinole a Chair Adherente 
 
 Scott's' Early Red . 
 
 Serrated 
 
 Selby's Cling .... 
 Smock Freestone . . ' . 
 
 294 
 
 292 
 289 
 288 
 
4.Q9 
 
 INDEX- OF FJRUITS. 
 
 Smith's Newington 
 
 Smithes Early~Newington 
 
 Smooth-leaved Eoyal George 
 
 Snow .... 
 
 Stewart's Late Galande 
 
 Strawberry 
 
 Superb Eoyal 
 
 Superb 
 
 Sweet Water . 
 
 Swiss Mignonne 
 
 Serrate Early York 
 
 Scott's Nonpareil 
 
 Sulhamstead . 
 
 Siel/ott 
 
 True Early York . 
 
 Tillotson 
 
 Tuffs Early . 
 
 Tufts Rareripe 
 
 Tarbell . 
 
 Teton de Venus 
 
 Tippecanoe . 
 
 True Eed Magdalen 
 
 Tice 
 
 Tice's Bed and Yellow 
 
 Unique . 
 
 Vandermark . 
 
 Yiolet Hative Grosse 
 
 Vanguard . 
 
 Van Zandts Superb 
 
 Veloutee Tardive 
 
 Violette Hative 
 
 Vineuse 
 
 Vineuse de Fromentin 
 
 Ward's Freestone . 
 
 Ward's Late Free . 
 
 "Ward's Free 
 
 Weld's Freestone. . 
 
 Washington Eareripe 
 
 Walburton . 
 
 Walburton Admirable 
 
 Waxen Eareripe . 
 
 Washington 
 
 Washington Eed Freestone 
 
 Walter's Early 
 
 Washington Clingstone 
 
 Weeping . 
 
 White Eareripe 
 
 White Malacaton 
 
 White Nutmeg 
 
 White Avant . 
 
 White Imperial . 
 
 White Blossomed Incomparable 
 
 White Blossom 
 
 Willow Peach . 
 
 Williamson's New York 
 
 White Heath . 
 
 White Clingstone . 
 
 Yates" 1 Early . 
 
 Yellow Admirable 
 
 Yellow Malocoton 
 
 Yellow Malagatune 
 
 Yellow Alberge 
 
 Yellow Eareripe . 
 
 Yellow Rareripe 
 
 Yellow Pine Apple 
 
 Yellow Eed Eareripe 
 
 Yellow Barnard 
 
 Zoar Beauty . 
 
 PEARS, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 274 
 274, 295 
 2S1 
 2S7 
 291 
 294 
 274 
 294 
 294 
 274 
 273 
 293 
 295 
 295 
 273 
 279 
 289 
 2S9 
 2S9 
 276 
 2SS 
 294 
 295 
 295 
 292 
 295 
 281 
 286 
 279 
 287 
 2S1 
 274 
 274 
 280 
 230 
 280 
 289 
 289 
 289 
 289 
 279 
 2S9 
 289 
 279 
 289 
 
 . 296 
 276. 277 
 
 . 276 
 295 
 295 
 279 
 295 
 295 
 295 
 289 
 274 
 289 
 296 
 296 
 288 
 288 
 281 
 281 
 2S0 
 277 
 280 
 281 
 296 
 
 Aolott . 
 
 348 
 
 Adele d' St. Denis 
 Admiral 
 Amiral 
 Adam's . 
 
 Angleterre Noisette 
 Ambrette 
 Ambre Gris 
 Ambrette d'Hiver . 
 Ah ! Mon Dieu . 
 Alpha . 
 
 Althorpe Crassaiine 
 Amire Joannet 
 Ambrosia . 
 Am-ande Double . 
 Amanda's Double 
 Amoselle 
 Andren.cs . 
 Ananas . 
 Ananas d'Ete . 
 Ananas . 
 Angleterre 
 Angora . 
 Archiduc d'Ete . 
 Aston Town . 
 Autumn Colmar 
 Autumn Bergamot 
 Autumn Paradise 
 Baronne de Mello 
 Bankerbine 
 Beurre Suisse 
 Beurre Beauli&u 
 Beurre d -1 Rhine . 
 Beurre Charron 
 Beurre Noirchain . 
 Beurre Kossuth 
 Beurre Giffo-rd 
 Beurre Gifrord . 
 Beurre Moire 
 Beurre Nantais 
 Bsurre Superfine 
 Beurre Bacheli&r 
 Biurre Millet 
 Beurre Brettouneau 
 Beurre de Waterloo 
 Beurre Audosson 
 Beurre Sprin 
 Beurre Steikman 
 Beiorre Clairgeau 
 Beurre Coloma . 
 Beurre Chaptal 
 Beurre Curtetof A. Leroy 
 Beurre St. Nicholas 
 Beurre Oudinot 
 Beurre Scutin 
 Beurre de Bollwiller 
 Beurre Adam . 
 Burlinghame . 
 Burlingame . 
 Bringewood 
 Brielmont 
 Borden<vte 
 Boussock . , 
 Brandywine . 
 Belie Angevine 
 Brown St. Germain 
 Bonne des Zees 
 Bonne d'Esee . 
 Belle Epine Dumas 
 Beurre Tanglier 
 Beurre Easier 
 Beurre Coit 
 Belle Excellent 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 349 
 
 288 
 
 SS9 
 389 
 3S9 
 393 
 34S 
 349 
 366 
 3S8 
 889 
 3S9 
 389 
 348 
 
 339 
 
 866 
 
 889 
 
 389 
 
 389 
 
 349 
 
 855 
 
 849 
 
 350 
 
 850 
 
 850 
 
 351 
 
 351 
 
 351 
 
 351 
 
 351 
 
 852 
 
 353 
 
 353 
 
 358 
 
 853 
 
 853 
 
 358 
 
 353 
 
 354 
 
 354 
 
 354 
 
 357 
 
 35S 
 
 361 
 
 364 
 
 379 
 
 390 
 
 390 
 
 891 
 
 391 
 
 391 
 
 856 
 
 357 
 
 356 
 
 338 
 
 818 
 
 834 
 
 335 
 
 356 
 
 856 
 
 344 
 
 812 
 
 317 
 
 829 
 
 849 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 4DS 
 
 Belle de Noel . 
 Belle Apres Noel . 
 Belle Julie 
 Belle Canaise 
 Belle de Thouars 
 Belle Gabriel 
 Beau Present d'Ariois 
 Bergamot dlEsperin m , 
 Bergamot Gaudry . 
 Benouist Nouveau 
 Bea-dnell . 
 Beadnell's Seedling 
 Bergamot Boussiere 
 Bergamot Parthenay . 
 Bergamot d'Alencon 
 Bezi de Spoelbereh 
 Bezi' Sanspareil 
 Bezi d' Naples 
 Bezi d'Fsperw, 
 Bezi Blanc- * . 
 Bon Chretien Spa/wish 
 Bon Chretien Flemish 
 Burgomaster . 
 Bujaleuf . 
 Bonne des Haies 
 Barry . 
 Bartlett . 
 Badham's 
 
 Belle de Bruxelles . 
 Belle d'Aout . 
 Beau Present . 
 Bellissirne d'Ete . 
 Bellissime Supreme . 
 Bellissirne Jargonelle 
 Belmont . 
 Belle et Bonne 
 Beurre Haggerston 
 Beurre d'Angleterre 
 Beurre Boucquia 
 Beurre de Capiumont 
 Beurre Gris 
 Beurre Eouge . 
 Beurre d'Or" 
 Beurre Doree 
 Beurre d'Ambois 
 Beurre du Eoi 
 Beurre 
 
 Beurre WAnjou . 
 Beurre Vert 
 Beurre Bose . 
 Beurre d?Amalis 
 Beurre d'Amaulis . 
 Beurre d'Amanlis 
 Beurre Diet . 
 Beurre Eoyale . 
 Beurre Magnifique 
 Beurre Incomparable 
 Beurre Knox 
 Beurre Kenrick 
 Beurre Duval 
 Beurre Preble 
 Beurre Colmar 
 Beurre Colmar d'Automne 
 Beurre de Beaumont 
 Beurre Van Mons . 
 Beurre Romain . 
 Beurre deRanz 
 Beurre Eance 
 Beurre Epine . 
 Beurre de Flandre 
 Beurre Bronzee , 
 Beurre d'Alencon . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 349 
 
 349 
 . 350 
 
 350 
 . 350 
 
 3S9 
 . 354 
 
 354 
 . 354 
 
 355 
 . 35T 
 
 357 
 . 390 
 
 390 
 . 3S9 
 
 385 
 . 354 
 
 355 
 . 355 
 
 391 
 . 391 
 
 391 
 . 391 
 
 400 
 . 356 
 
 4T3 
 . 811 
 
 350 
 . 349 
 
 349 
 . 8T3 
 
 395 
 . 895 
 
 395 
 . 389 
 
 889 
 . 390 
 
 3S8 
 . 391 
 
 857 
 . 350 
 
 350 
 . 350 
 
 350 
 . 350 
 
 350 
 . 350 
 
 316 
 . 350 
 
 315 
 . 352 
 
 352 
 . 352 
 
 313 
 . 313 
 
 313 
 . 313 
 
 390 
 . 390 
 
 390 
 . 851 
 
 390 
 . 390 
 
 351 
 . 390 
 
 390 
 
 351 
 
 851 
 . 851 
 
 351 
 . 890 
 
 389 
 
 Beurre d'Hiver . 
 Beurre Fortunee . 
 Beurre d'Hardenpont 
 Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle 
 Beurre dAremberg . 
 Beurre d'Austrasie 
 Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Preeel 
 Beurre d'Argenson 
 Beurre de Malines 
 Beurre Van Marum . 
 Beurre Spence . 
 Beurre Crapaud . 
 Eeurre Picquery 
 Beurre Beauchamps 
 Beurre Blanc de Jersey . 
 Beurre Curte . 
 Beurre Plat 
 Bergaloo . 
 
 Beurre Blanc 
 Beurre or Bonne -Louise-d'Araudore 
 Beurre Mell 
 Beurre Sieulle 
 Beurre d'Aremberg 
 Beurre des Orpbelins . 
 Beurre de la Pentecote . 
 Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles 
 Beurre Eoupe . 
 •Beurre de Paques 
 Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau 
 Belle de Brussels . 
 Bezi Vatt .... 
 Bezi dVIeri ... 
 Bezi Eoyale 
 
 Bergamotte de Paques . 
 Bergamotte d'Hiver . 
 Bergamotte de Bugi 
 Bergamotte de Toulouse . 
 Bergamotte d'Hollande 
 Bergamotte de Fouegre . 
 Bergamot d'Ete 
 Bergamotte d'Angleterre . 
 Bergamotte Suisse 
 Bergamotte Cadette 
 Bergamotte Crassane 
 Bergamotte Sylvange 
 Bergamotte de la Pentecote 
 Bezi de Chaumontelle 
 Bezi d'Echassey 
 Bezi de Chasserie 
 Belle de Jersey . 
 Beaucbamps 
 Bezi de Montigny 
 Bezi de la Moite 
 Bein Armudi 
 Belle de Flanders . 
 Belh. Lucrative . . , 
 Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros 
 Bishop's Thumb . 
 Bloodgood 
 BleeJcer's Meadow 
 Black Worcester 
 Black Pear of Worcester 
 Bon Chretien d'Ete . 
 Boxicquia .... 
 Bosc's Flaschenbirne 
 Bonne Eouge 
 Bon CJiretien Fondants 
 Boucbe Kbuvelle . 
 Bosch .... 
 
 Bosch Sire .... 
 Boston Epargne 
 Bon Chretien d'Espagne 
 
494 
 
 Bujaleuf 
 Bourgermester . 
 Bonne de Malines . 
 Broujham 
 Brown Beurre 
 Brocas Bergamot 
 Braddock's Field Standard 
 Broom, Parle . 
 Bretagne le Cour . 
 Brown St. Germain . 
 Bra-ride's St. Germain 
 Buffam .... 
 Biiffum .... 
 Burnett . . . . 
 Butter Pear . 
 Captif d 1 St. Helena . 
 Calebasse Delvinge 
 Chapin .... 
 Chapman 
 Citron of Bohemia 
 Cailliot Eosat 
 Calebasse d'Me 
 Caen du France . 
 Catinha 
 Canandaigua 
 Catherine .... 
 Oelestln .... 
 Chaptal .... 
 Chancellor . 
 Charles Van Mons . 
 Charles Van Roogten . 
 Christmas 
 Cater .... 
 
 Coit 
 
 Conseiller Bamusz 
 
 Countess of Lunay 
 
 Oomtesse de Lunay 
 
 Collins .... 
 
 Coffin's Virgalieu 
 
 Oaillot Eosat d'Ete . 
 
 Capiumont . 
 
 Calabasse Bose . 
 
 Cabot .... 
 
 Capsheaf .... 
 
 Calebasse 
 
 Calebasse Double Extra . 
 
 Calebasse d'Hollande ' . 
 
 Calebasse Grpsse . 
 
 Capucin 
 
 Claire .... 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 Canning .... 
 
 Catillac 
 
 Cadilloc .... 
 
 Cellite .... 
 
 Chelmsford 
 
 Charles of Austria 
 
 Charles d'Autriche . 
 
 Chaumontel tres gros . 
 
 Chawmontel 
 
 Chapman's 
 
 Chambers 1 Large 
 
 Chambrette . 
 
 Citron 
 
 Citron des Carmes . 
 
 Clara .... 
 
 Clinton .... 
 
 Clion 
 
 Compte de Lamy 
 Cpmprette .... 
 Commodore . 
 Copea . 
 
 INDEX OF FEUITS. 
 
 391 
 846 
 356 
 350 
 369 
 377 
 391 
 334 
 
 818 
 
 318 
 
 391 
 
 322 
 
 366 
 
 392 
 
 363 
 
 392 
 
 392 
 
 899 
 
 358 
 
 357 
 
 357 
 
 357 
 
 357 
 
 343 
 
 858 
 
 3581 
 
 358 
 
 358 
 
 358 
 
 360 
 
 319 
 
 359 
 
 359 
 
 359 
 
 360 
 
 394 
 
 899 
 
 357 
 
 815 
 
 892 
 
 357 
 
 392 
 
 392 
 
 392 
 
 392 
 
 392 
 
 392 
 
 357 
 
 317 
 
 392 
 
 392 
 
 380 
 
 393 
 
 392 
 
 892 
 
 317 
 
 359 
 
 380 
 
 834 
 
 400 
 
 360 
 
 331 
 
 392 
 
 392 
 
 344 
 
 360 
 
 393 
 
 89? 
 
 39i 
 
 Colmar JS-pine 
 Colmar Neill . 
 Comtesse de Fresnol 
 Compte de Michaux . 
 Colmar Bosc . 
 Colmar des Champs 
 Columbia .... 
 Columbian Virgalieu a . 
 Columbian Virgalouse . 
 
 Comstock 
 
 Comstock Wilding 
 
 Colmar 
 
 Colmar Dore .... 
 Colmar d'Hiver 
 Colmar Jaminette 
 Colmar G-ris .... 
 Colmar Souveraine 
 Colmar Van Mons . 
 Colmar Charnay . 
 Colmar d'Aremberg 
 Colmar Neil .... 
 Colmar Preule .... 
 Colmar Doree , . . 
 Craivford ..... 
 Croft Castle 
 
 Cross 
 
 Crassane .... 
 
 Cresane 
 
 Cuisse Madame . 
 Cuissc Madame .... 
 Gushing .... 
 Cumberland . . . 
 
 Cyprus Pear .... 
 Cuvelier ..... 
 
 Dallas 
 
 De Sorlus 
 
 Des Nonnes .... 
 Des Nones .... 
 Despoelberg .... 
 Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers 
 
 360 
 393 
 394 
 398 
 860 
 862 
 361 
 361 
 885 
 361 
 Delices d) Rard'enpont du 2ford and Bel- 
 gium 361 
 
 Delices de Mons 362 
 
 Delices Charles Van Mons . . 362 
 
 Dillon 362 
 
 Dearborn 394 
 
 De deux foix Lane ..... 394 
 
 Downing 473 
 
 Doyenne Downing 473 
 
 Doyenne Boussock Nouvelle . . 318 
 Doyenne Gris d'Ri'ver Nouveau . . 821 
 Doyenne dAlencon .... 321 
 
 Doyenne Gray 322 
 
 Doyenne White 322 
 
 Doyenne Musque 355 
 
 Doyenne Dillen 362 
 
 Doyenne Bose 362 
 
 Doyenne Robin 363 
 
 Doyenne Sieulle ..... 363 
 Doyenne Santelletie 
 
 Doyenne Goubalt I 
 
 Doyenne du Cornice . 
 
 Doyenne de Fais 363 
 
 Doyenne W River 394 
 
 Downton 894 
 
 Dorr 394 
 
 DAmbre 897 
 
 D Amour 894 
 
 DAbondance 381 
 
 DAremberg Parfait .... 814 
 
 DAuch 393 
 
 DAustrasie 872 
 
 388 
 389 
 397 
 3S0 
 393 
 393 
 393 
 860 
 393 
 393 
 
I^DEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 495 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dillen 362 
 
 Dearborrts Seedling .... 320 
 
 De Vallee 400 
 
 De Keinzheim 400 
 
 Des Trois Tours 313 
 
 De Melon 313 
 
 Dean's Summer 321 
 
 Be Louvain 361 
 
 Delices d 'LTardenpont . . . 361 
 
 Delices d'Ardenpont .... 361 
 
 De Vigne Pelone 367 
 
 Deschamps 314 
 
 De Maune 393 
 
 De Tonneau 334 
 
 Diel's Butterbirne 313 
 
 Diel 313 
 
 Diamant 369 
 
 Dingier 360 
 
 Dix 323 
 
 Dorothee Boyale 313 
 
 Doyenne d'Ete 321 
 
 Doyenne 322 
 
 Doyenne Blanc 322 
 
 Doyenne Panache 323 
 
 Doyenne Galeux 322 
 
 Doyenne Boussouck .... 318 
 
 Doyenne Gris 322 
 
 Doyenne Eouge 322 
 
 Doyenne Eoux 322 
 
 Downham Seedling 370 
 
 Doyenne d'Hiver 317 
 
 Doyenne du Printemps .... 317 
 
 Doyenne d'Automne .... 322 
 
 Dumoriier 394 
 
 Dunmore 365 
 
 Duchesse of Angouleme .... 364 
 
 Duchess of Mars 366 
 
 Duchesse de Mars 366 
 
 Duohesse of Orleans .... 364 
 
 Dundas 366 
 
 Due d'Aremberg 314 
 
 DuPatre 317 
 
 Dumas 344 
 
 Due de Bordeaux 344 
 
 Dicchess of Berri 366 
 
 Duchess of Berry 366 
 
 Dusnas 381 
 
 Duquesne d'Ete 394 
 
 Early Druzelona .... 394 
 
 Early Butter of Cin .... 367 
 
 Early St. Germain .... 358 
 Elizabeth Van Mons . . . .866 
 
 Excelleniissima 394 
 
 Early Sugar 366 
 
 Early Beurre 388 
 
 Early Bergamot 394 
 
 Early Queen 397 
 
 Early Catherine 394 
 
 Early Bousselet 394 
 
 Easter Beurre 317 
 
 Easter Bergamot 889 
 
 Echassery 367 
 
 Echasserie 367 
 
 Edward's Elizabeth . . . .366 
 
 Edward's Henrietta .... 870 
 
 Edward's William 400 
 
 Ellanrioch 896 
 
 Emerald 894 
 
 English Bed Cheek .... 895 
 
 English Beurre 386 
 
 English Bergamot 389 
 
 English Autumn Bergamot . . . " 389 
 
 Enfant Prodige . 
 
 Epargne .... 
 
 Epine Bose . 
 
 Epine d'Ete Gouleur Eose 
 
 Epine d'Ete . 
 
 Etourneau .... 
 
 Eyewood 
 
 Epine Dumas . 
 
 Eliza d'Heyst 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Hortic 
 
 Figue 
 
 FigueVert 
 Feaster 
 
 Fondante de Ghameuse 
 Fondante de Malines 
 Frederika Bremer 
 Famenga . 
 Foster's St. Michael 
 French Jargonelle 
 Ferdinand de Meester . 
 Fingal*s .... 
 Figue of Naples . 
 Fig Pear of Naples . 
 Fin Or d'Hiver 
 Fleur de Guignes 
 Flemish Beauty . 
 Flemish Bon Chretien 
 Fondante 
 
 Fondante Musquee . 
 Fondante Van Mons . 
 Fondante d'Automne 
 Fondante du Bois 
 Fondante de Panisel 
 Fondante de Mons 
 Forme de Delices . 
 Forelle .... 
 Forellen-birne . 
 Forme de Marie Louise 
 Fortunee .... 
 Frederic de Wurtemburg 
 Frederick of Wurtemburg 
 Franc Real d River . 
 Franc Eeal d'Ete 
 Franc Eeal . ... 
 Franklin .... 
 Fine Gold, of Summer 
 Fin Or d'Ete . . . 
 Fulton .... 
 Gansell's Late Bergamot 
 Gideon Paridante 
 General Taylor 
 General Lamoriciere 
 Green Catherine 
 Green's Germantown . 
 Grand Soliel . 
 Green Mountain Boy . 
 Gros Eomain 
 Grise Bonne 
 Gros Eoussellet 
 Gansel's Bergamot 
 Garde d Ecosse . 
 Gendesheim . 
 Germain Baker 
 Gil-o-gile 
 
 Gil-o-gil .... 
 Glout Morceau , 
 Gloux Morceaux 
 Golden Beurre 
 Golden Beurre of Bilbo-3 
 Gore's Heathcot . 
 Goulu Morceau 
 
496 
 
 INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 Green Cliisel .... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 898 
 
 Green Sugar .... 
 
 . 896 
 
 Grosse Cuisse Madame . 
 
 
 Gros Mieet d'Ete 
 
 . ' . 884 
 
 Gracieuse 
 
 889 
 
 Gray Beurre .... 
 
 . 850 
 
 Grosse Dorothee . 
 
 813 
 
 Gray Doyenne .... 
 
 . 822 
 
 Gray Butter Pear . 
 
 822 
 
 
 . 822 
 
 Green Pear of Yair . 
 
 396 
 
 
 
 Great Citron of Bohemia 
 
 392 
 
 Green Sylvange 
 
 . 400 
 
 Grand Monarque .... 
 
 392 
 
 
 
 Groom's Princess Eoyal 
 
 381 
 
 
 . 369 
 
 Guernsey 
 
 338 
 
 
 
 Henkel 
 
 371 
 
 
 
 Hag er man 
 
 370 
 
 
 
 Manners . . . . 
 
 370 
 
 
 
 Hovey . . . . 
 
 473 
 
 
 
 Harrison Fall .... 
 
 396 
 
 Harvest Pear .... 
 
 . 866, 899 
 
 Hampden's Bergamot . 
 
 396 
 
 
 
 Harvard 
 
 370 
 
 Hacons Incomparable . 
 
 . 370 
 
 Hardenpont d'Hiver 
 
 825 
 
 Hardenpont du Printemps 
 
 . 351 
 
 Hessel 
 
 396 
 
 Henry the Fourth . 
 
 . 372 
 
 Henri Quatre .... 
 
 372 
 
 
 
 Heathcot 
 
 320 
 
 Hooper's Bilboa 
 
 . 326 
 
 Holland Bergamot 
 
 389 
 
 
 
 Huguenot 
 
 396 
 
 
 , 372 
 
 Howell 
 
 872 
 
 Inconnue Van Mons 
 
 . 372 
 
 Iron Pear 
 
 318 
 
 Imperatrice de France 
 
 . 324 
 
 Incomparable .... 
 
 893 
 
 
 
 Isambert le Bon .... 
 
 350 
 
 Ives' Bergamot 
 
 . 369 
 
 Jargonelle 
 
 373 
 
 Jargonelle, French 
 
 . 395 
 
 iTacquin 
 
 872 
 
 
 
 Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee . 
 
 328 
 
 Jack man's Melting . 
 
 . 874 
 
 Jagdbirne 
 
 367 
 
 Jaminette 
 
 . 872 
 
 Jilogil 
 
 395 
 
 
 
 Johonnot 
 
 373 
 
 
 
 John 
 
 397 
 
 
 
 Julienne 
 
 373 
 
 Jean de Witte .... 
 
 . 373 
 
 Jersey Gratiole . 
 
 373 
 
 Josephine de Malin^es 
 
 . 373 
 
 Jergil's .... 
 
 Kingsessing 
 
 Kirtland 
 
 Kirtland's Seedling . 
 
 Kirtland's Beurre . 
 
 Knight's Seedling . 
 
 Knight's K. I. Seedling 
 
 Kattern .... 
 
 King Edward's . 
 
 Knevett's New Swan's Egg 
 
 Knight's Monarch 
 
 Konge .... 
 
 Laherard 
 
 Large Eoussellet 
 
 Late Catherine 
 
 Leech's Kingsessing 
 
 Lee's Seedling 
 
 Lamoriciere 
 
 La Juive 
 
 Las Canas 
 
 Large Seckel . 
 
 La Fortunee de Parmentier 
 
 La Fortunee de Paris . 
 
 Lawrence .... 
 
 La Bonne Malinoise 
 
 Leon le Clerc . 
 
 Leon le Clerc de Laval 
 
 Lewis .... 
 
 Lent St. Germain . 
 
 Le Cure .... 
 
 Limon . . . 
 
 Little Muscat . 
 
 Little Musk . . 
 
 Little Swan's Egg 
 
 Linden d'Automne 
 
 Lodge .... 
 
 Long Green 
 
 L'Orpheline 
 
 Lord Cheney's 
 
 Louise Bonne de Jersey . 
 
 Louise Bonne of Jersey 
 
 Louise Bonne d'Avranches 
 
 Louise Bonne 
 
 Louise Bonne Eeal . 
 
 Locke .... 
 
 Locke's New Beurre 
 
 Louise of Orleans . 
 
 Louise Bonne de Boulogne 
 
 Marechal de la Cour . 
 
 March Bergamot 
 
 Martin Sec . 
 
 Merriam . 
 
 M'Latoghlin . 
 
 Monstrous Calabash 
 
 Mouille Bouche 
 
 Moyamensing . 
 
 Millot de Nancy 
 
 Madotte . 
 
 Marulis 
 
 Marcellis . 
 
 Madeleine, or Citron des Carrnes 
 
 Madeleine . 
 
 Magdalen 
 
 Manning's Elizabeth 
 
 Marianne Nouvelle 
 
 Marie Louise Nova . 
 
 Marie Louise the Second 
 
 Marie Louise . 
 
 Marie Chretienne . 
 
 Marie Louise Nova 
 
 Marotte Sucre Jaune 
 
 Melon de Kops . 
 
INDEX OF FllUITS. 
 
 497 
 
 Medaille .... 
 
 Messire Jean, . 
 
 Messire Jean Gris . 
 
 Messire Jean Blanc . 
 
 Messire Jean Doree 
 
 Michaux .... 
 
 Milanaise Cuvelier 
 
 Mon Dieu 
 
 Moor-Fowl Egg . 
 
 Moor-Fowl Egg 
 
 Mouth "Water 
 
 MolleWs Guernsey Beurre 
 
 Moilett's Guernsey Chaumonteile 
 
 Moccas . ,9. 
 
 Monsieur Jean 
 
 Monsieur le Cure 
 
 Mr. John 
 
 Muscat Petit 
 
 Muscat Robert 
 
 Muscat Fleure . 
 
 Mask Bobine . 
 
 Muscadine 
 
 Musk Summer Good Christian 
 
 Muskingum 
 
 New Swan's Egg . 
 
 Napoleon .... 
 
 Jfaumkeag . 
 
 New York Bed Cheek 
 
 New Autumn 
 
 Ne Plus Meuris 
 
 New St. Germain . 
 
 Nelis d'Hiver . 
 
 Mell . . 
 
 No. 8 of Van Mons . 
 
 JVouveau Poiteau 
 
 New Pear 
 
 Noel .... 
 
 No. 1599 of Van Mons . 
 
 No. 1288 of Van Mons . 
 
 Oakley Park . 
 
 Oakley Park Bergamot . 
 
 Oxford Chaumontel . 
 
 Orpheline d'Enghein 
 
 Onondaga 
 
 Onondaga Seedling 
 
 Orange Bergamot . 
 
 Orange Pear . 
 
 Oudinot .... 
 
 Osbom .... 
 
 Osband's Summer . 
 
 Osband's Favorite 
 
 Ott 
 
 Oswego .... 
 
 Oswego Beurre 
 
 Oliver's Russet 
 
 Owen .... 
 
 Orange d'Hiver 
 
 Pendleton .... 
 
 Pendleton's Early York 
 
 Pen r ■likely 
 
 Parmentier 
 
 Penneld .... 
 
 Payeuchi de Perigord . 
 
 Poire de Payency 
 
 Poire de Perigord 
 
 Poire St. Andre 
 
 j oire de Boulogne 
 
 Poire cVAlbret . 
 
 Poire d'Abondance 
 
 Pratt . 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 Providence 
 
 PAGE 
 
 377 
 897 
 397 
 397 
 397 
 397 
 346 
 394 
 397 
 
 831 
 851 
 851 
 377 
 897 
 344 
 397 
 397 
 397 
 331 
 397 
 377 
 399 
 397 
 400 
 378 
 397 
 335 
 331 
 316 
 335 
 344 
 397 
 899 
 832 
 332 
 858 
 890 
 392 
 378 
 378 
 359 
 314 
 382 
 332 
 378 
 378 
 379 
 379 
 379 
 379 
 379 
 8S0 
 880 
 398 
 398 
 401 
 381 
 381 
 330 
 366 
 383 
 384 
 384 
 334 
 335 
 343 
 381 
 381 
 831 
 318 
 318 
 
 Plombgastel . 
 
 Plumbgartel 
 
 Plougastel 
 
 Paxil Thielen . 
 
 Payency 
 
 Pater Noster 
 
 Passans du Portugal 
 
 Paquency . . . 
 
 Pailleau . . 
 
 Paradise d'Automne 
 
 Parkinson's Warden 
 
 Paddington . i . 
 
 Passe Volmar 
 
 Passe Colmar Epineaux . 
 
 Passe Colmar Gris 
 
 Perdreau .... 
 
 Petit Muscat . 
 
 Petit Eousselet . 
 
 Petre .... 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 
 Philippe de Paques 
 
 Pitt's Prolific . 
 
 Pitt's Surpa'sse Marie . 
 
 Pickering Pear . 
 
 Piper .... 
 
 Poire Guillaume 
 
 Poire des Tables des Princes 
 
 Poire a la Beine 
 
 Poire de Chypre . 
 
 Poire Sans Peau 
 
 Poire de Eose 
 
 Poire Ananas 
 
 Poire d'Amboise . 
 
 Poire de Cadet . 
 
 Poire de Louvain . 
 
 Poire Truite 
 
 Poire- Glace . 
 
 Poire Niell 
 
 Poire a Gobert 
 
 Pope's Scarlet Major 
 
 Pope's Quaker 
 
 Pound .... 
 
 Primitive 
 
 Prince's Sugar . 
 
 Prince's Sugar-Top 
 
 Princesse de Parme 
 
 Princess of Orange 
 
 Princesse d'Orange . 
 
 Princesse Conquete 
 
 Precel 
 
 Present de Malines 
 
 Pitt's Marie Louise . 
 
 Prince's St. Germain . 
 
 Pulsifer .... 
 
 Princess Royal . 
 
 Queen Caroline 
 
 Queen of Pears 
 
 Queen's Pear 
 
 Queen of the Low Countries 
 
 Quilletette 
 
 Raymond 
 
 Beed's Seedling 
 
 Regnier 
 
 Eoussellet d'Hiver . 
 
 Roussellet Double Esperin 
 
 Rosabirne 
 
 Eichard's Beurre . 
 
 Rapalje .... 
 
 Eapalje's Seedling . 
 
 Rallay .... 
 
 Bed Mascadel 
 
 Eeal Jargonelle 
 
498 
 
 INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 Eed Cheek 
 
 Eed Beurre . 
 
 Eed Doyenne . 
 
 Keine des Pays Bas 
 
 Eeine Caroline 
 
 Beine des Poires . 
 
 Bed-cheeked Seckel . 
 
 Eegintin 
 
 Bousselet Hatif . 
 
 Rousselet de liheims . 
 
 Bousselet . 
 
 Boi de Borne 
 
 Boi de Wurtemberg . 
 
 Housselet de Meester . 
 
 JBostieier . 
 
 Eobertson 
 
 Boyal Tairling . 
 
 Boberf s Keeping . 
 
 Ropes 
 
 Boss .... 
 
 Rondolet . 
 
 Bushmore Bon Chretien 
 
 Roussellet . 
 
 Souveraine d'Ete . 
 
 Styer .... 
 
 St. Jean Baptise . 
 
 St. MesrnAn ' 
 
 Sterling 
 
 St. Michael Ar change 
 
 S.'iurtleff 
 
 ShurtletFs Seedling . 
 
 Sagaret . . . . 
 
 Schenck's August Watermelon 
 
 Schenck's Pear 
 
 Sentilet 
 
 Serrurier 
 
 Seigneur d'Esperin . 
 
 Seedling Seckel 
 
 Soldat d'Esperin 
 
 Soldat Labourer d'Esperin 
 
 Soldat Labourer, of some 
 
 Smith's Moyamensing . 
 
 Smith's BordenSve . 
 
 Smith's Haddington 
 
 Smokehouse 
 
 St. Galen 
 
 St Mara . 
 
 St. Nicolas 
 
 Sheldon 
 
 Signoret 
 
 Serrurier d'Autonine 
 
 Summer Virgalien 
 
 Summer Pine Apple 
 
 Summer Calebasse . 
 
 Su-.ette de Bavay . 
 
 Suzette de Bavay Esperin 
 
 Stone 
 
 Swan's Orange 
 
 Saint Sampson . 
 
 Saint Lambert 
 
 Sabine d'Ete 
 
 Sanspeau or Skinless 
 
 Satin Vert . 
 
 Saint Germain de Martin 
 
 Sabine 
 
 Seckel 
 
 Seckle 
 
 Seigneur d'Hiver . 
 
 Short's St. Germain . 
 
 Sieulle . 
 
 Skinless , 
 
 Sickel . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 395 
 
 , 322 
 
 882 
 . 398 
 
 398 
 , 385 
 
 380 
 . 394 
 
 399 
 , 399 
 
 378 
 , 325 
 
 398 
 . 335 
 
 845 
 . 389 
 
 389 
 , 382 
 
 382 
 , 882 
 
 896 
 , 899 
 
 884 
 , 884 
 
 383 
 384 
 384 
 3S4 
 834 
 383 
 372 
 872 
 863 
 883 
 312 
 329 
 837 
 337 
 314 
 332 
 356 
 871 
 872 
 336 
 342 
 864 
 383 
 383 
 
 QQO 
 . GOO 
 
 321, 379 
 . 339 
 
 358 
 385 
 885 
 393 
 332 
 373 
 373 
 895 
 383 
 399 
 899 
 372 
 335 
 335 
 817 
 399 
 363 
 883 
 885 
 
 Smith's Pennsylvania 
 
 Snow Pear 
 
 Spanisli Bon Chretien 
 
 Spice or Musk Pear 
 
 Spina .... 
 
 St. Jean .... 
 
 St. John's Pear 
 
 St. Jean Musquee Gros 
 
 St. Germain d'Ete 
 
 St. Michael 
 
 St. Michel Dore 
 
 St. Ghislain . 
 
 St. Andre 
 
 St. Germain Blanc 
 
 St. Germain 
 
 St. Germain Gris . 
 
 St. Germain Panachee 
 
 Slyrian .... 
 
 Stevens' 1 Genesee 
 
 Stephen's Genesee 
 
 Striped Germain . 
 
 Striped Long Green 
 
 Stannton . 
 
 Sugar Pear 
 
 Sugar Top 
 
 Summer Bergamot 
 
 Summer Doyenne 
 
 Supreme 
 
 Summer Beauty 
 
 Summer Portugal 
 
 Summer Franc Real 
 
 Swmmer Rose 
 
 Sucree de Royerswerda 
 
 Sugar of Hoyersworda 
 
 Summer Thorn 
 
 Summer Bon Chretien 
 
 Summer Good Christian 
 
 Summer St. Germain 
 
 Summer Bell 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Surpasse Marie Louise 
 
 Surpasse Virgalieu 
 
 Surpasse Virgouleuse 
 
 Swiss Bergamot . 
 
 Sweet Summer 
 
 Swans Egg . 
 
 Sylvange . 
 
 Syckle 
 
 Theodore . 
 
 Theodore Yan Mons 
 
 Tarqmn . 
 
 Tilton . 
 
 Tea . 
 
 Terling . 
 
 Thorny Eose 
 
 Thompsons . 
 
 Trouve de Montigny . 
 
 Trout Pear 
 
 Tyson 
 
 TriompJi de Jodoigne 
 
 Trompe Valet . 
 
 Upper Crust . 
 
 Union .... 
 
 Urbaniste 
 
 Uvedale's St. Germain 
 
 ITvedale's "Warden . 
 
 Van Assehe 
 
 Van Assene . 
 
 Vanasse 
 
 Van Ashe 
 
 Ve^ouziere . . ■ 
 
 Vallee Era-nchs , 
 
 322 
 391 
 399 
 391 
 366 
 366 
 397 
 399 
 322 
 322 
 336 
 838 
 397 
 
 399 
 338 
 338 
 
 369 
 366, 396 
 . 399 
 396 
 321 
 395 
 395 
 885 
 8S4 
 
 399 
 399 
 399 
 399 
 399 
 899 
 400 
 400 
 
 340 
 340 
 400 
 373 
 40 
 40J 
 335 
 385 
 385 
 400 
 389 
 385 
 389 
 399 
 342 
 355 
 86S 
 341 
 385 
 3S9 
 385 
 834 
 342 
 834 
 384 
 345 
 345 
 345 
 345 
 886 
 400 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 499 
 
 PAGE I 
 
 Van Mons, No. 1218 893 , 
 
 Van Mons, No. 154 .... »bb | 
 
 Van Bur en *M ! 
 
 Van Moris Leon le Clero . . . 343 | 
 
 Van Mons, No. 1238 392 | 
 
 Vermillion d'Ete 395 ; 
 
 Verte Longue 331 
 
 Verte Longue Panachee . . . 331 , 
 
 Virgalieu 369, 322 ; 
 
 Virgaloo . . . . . . . 322 | 
 
 Vicar of Winkfield 844 j 
 
 Virgouleuse 322,400 
 
 Vioompte de Spoelberch ..... 385 I 
 Vicompte de Spoelberg . . . . . 885 
 
 Weslcott 8S6 ' 
 
 "Wheeler's New St. Michael ... 320 
 
 White Dean 322 
 
 Winship - 386 
 
 Winship's Seedling 386 
 
 Williamson 386 
 
 Wharton's Early 387 
 
 Wredow 3S8 
 
 Walker 386 
 
 Watertown 360 
 
 Warwick Bergamot 322 
 
 Washington jb • 345 
 
 White Doyenne 322 
 
 White Beurre .... 322 
 
 White Autumn Beurre . . . .322 
 William's Bon Chretien ... 311 
 
 Windsor 400 
 
 William's Early 386 
 
 William the Fourth 333 
 
 Wilbur v 386 
 
 Wilkinson . 388 
 
 Winter Bergamot 3S9 
 
 Winter Cross 360 
 
 Winter Beurre 359 
 
 Winter Bell 834 
 
 Winter Nelis 344 
 
 Yfilhelmine 387 
 
 Wilhelmina 387 
 
 Williams 311 
 
 Wiedow 3SS 
 
 William 400 
 
 Whitfield 400 
 
 Wurzur 401 
 
 Wurzur d 1 Automne .... 401 
 Winter Orange .... 401 
 
 Yat 101 
 
 York Bergamot 389 
 
 Yutte 401 
 
 Zepherine Gregoire 388 
 
 Zoar Beauty 347 
 
 Zoar Seedling . . . . . . .347 
 
 Zoar Flat 401 
 
 PLUMS. 
 
 Askew's Purple Egg 
 Askew's Golden Egg 
 Admiral 
 
 Abricotee de Tours . 
 Abricotee 
 Agen Datte 
 Amber Primordian 
 American Yellow Gage . 
 American Wheat . 
 Apricot . . . 
 Apricot Plum of Tours . 
 Atifoomn Gage . 
 Azure Hative . 
 
 Albany Beauty \ 
 Blue Plum 
 Battle Monument 
 Beekman's Scarlet . 
 Beach Plum 
 Bingham 
 Bleeclcer's Gage 
 Blue Gage . 
 Black Perdrigon 
 Blue Perdrigon . 
 Blue Imperatrice . 
 Blue Holland . 
 Bleecker's Scarlet 
 Black Morocco 
 Black Damask . 
 Bolmar .... 
 Bolmor's Washington 
 Bruyn Gage . 
 Bradford Gage . 
 Brugnon Gage 
 Brighole .... 
 BrevoorPs Purple 
 Brevoort's Purple Bolmar 
 Brevoort's Purple Washington 
 Brignole Violette 
 BweVs Favorite . 
 Bury Seedling . 
 By field 
 
 Chapman's Prince of Wales 
 Cheston Matchless . 
 Cooper's Bed 
 Coe's Fine Late Eed 
 Col. Young's Seedling 
 Crofts Early 
 r 
 
 428 
 424 
 425 
 424 
 424 
 422 
 426 
 414 
 424 
 424 
 424 
 415 
 425 
 
 Catalonian 
 
 Caledonian 
 
 Caledonian 
 
 Cherry 
 
 Cheston . . • • 
 
 Chickasaw Phom . 
 
 Coe's Golden Crop 
 
 Coe's Imperial . 
 
 Cooper's 
 
 Cooper's Large Eed . 
 
 Cooper's Large American 
 
 Columbia . 
 
 Columbian Gage . 
 
 Corse's Admiral 
 
 Corse's Field Marshal 
 
 Corse's Nota Bene . 
 
 Coe's Late Eed 
 
 Common Damson 
 
 Common Quetsche 
 
 Cruger's Sc.rlet 
 
 Crager's . 
 
 Cruger's Seedling 
 
 Cruger's Scarlet Gage 
 
 Cloth of Gold . 
 
 De Montfort . 
 
 Dictator 
 
 Duane's Purple . 
 
 Dana's Yellow Gage 
 
 D'Avoine 
 
 Dame Aubert 
 
 Dame Aubert Blanche 
 
 Dame Aubert Jaune . 
 
 D'Amerique Eouge 
 
 Damson . 
 
 Damas d'ltalie 
 
 D'Agen 
 
 Damas Violet . 
 
;oo 
 
 INDEX OF FHUITS. 
 
 Damask 
 
 De Virginia . 
 
 Denniston Bed 
 
 Denniston's Albany Beauty 
 
 Denniston's Superb 
 
 Denyer's Victoria . 
 
 Diamond - 
 
 Diapree Eouge 
 
 Die Violette Koniginn Olaudie 
 
 Downton Imperatrice 
 
 Domine Dull . 
 
 Drap d'Or 
 
 Dutch Prune 
 
 Dutch Quetzen 
 
 Duane's Purple French 
 
 Early Favorite . 
 
 Early Prolific , 
 
 Early Forcing 
 
 Early Purple . 
 
 Early Yellow 
 
 Early Scarlet 
 
 Early Damson 
 
 Early Orleans . 
 
 Early Morocco 
 
 Early Black Morocco 
 
 Early Damask 
 
 Early Tours 
 
 Early Violet . 
 
 Early Royal . 
 
 Egg Plum 
 
 E/frey 
 
 Eifry's Prune . 
 
 Emerald Drop 
 
 English Pond's Seedling 
 
 Fair's Golden Drop . 
 
 Flushing Gage 
 
 Florence 
 
 Fotheringham 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Frost Gage . 
 
 French Copper . 
 
 Field Marshal 
 
 Galbraith . 
 
 Guthrie's Apricot 
 
 Guthrie's Apricot Plum 
 
 General Hand 
 
 Gilford- s Lafayette , 
 
 German Gage 
 
 German Prune . 
 
 German Prune . 
 
 Ghiston's Early 
 
 Golden Gage . 
 
 Gonne's Green Gage 
 
 Golden Cherry Plum 
 
 Goliath 
 
 Green Gcoge . 
 
 Grosse Peine Claude 
 
 Grosse Peine . 
 
 Grosse Luisante 
 
 Grove House Purple 
 
 Grimwood's Early Orleans 
 
 Gwalsh . 
 
 Harvest Gage . 
 
 Hampton Court 
 
 Holland 
 
 Holland Prune 
 
 Horse Plum 
 
 Hoiceirs Early . 
 
 Howell's Large . 
 
 Hudson Gage 
 
 Hiding's Superb 
 
 How's Amber 
 
 Howard's Favorite 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 427 j 
 
 416 ! 
 
 417 I 
 415 ! 
 410 j 
 424 
 
 426 j 
 423 ! 
 413 
 417 
 418 
 417 
 418 
 418 
 418 
 419 
 419 
 429 
 41S 
 426 
 416 
 426 
 410 
 421 
 421 
 421 
 426 
 426 
 418 
 424 
 41S 
 418 
 41S 
 418 
 410 
 411 
 428 
 426 
 415 
 419 
 425 
 426 
 419 
 426 
 426 
 426 
 427 
 409 
 418 
 427 
 427 
 410 
 428 
 416 
 
 427 i 
 410 ! 
 410 
 410 
 424 
 426 
 410 
 427 
 414 
 410 
 427 
 427 
 427 
 419 
 423 
 420 
 419 
 419 
 420 
 
 lola Green Gage . 
 
 Imperial of Milan . 
 
 Imperial de Milan . 
 
 Imperial Diadem 
 
 Imperial Eouge 
 
 Isleworth Green Gage 
 
 Isabella . 
 
 Italian Damask . 
 
 Italian Damask . 
 
 Ickworth Imperatrice 
 
 Imperial Ottoman . 
 
 Imperial Gage 
 
 Imperatrice Blanche 
 
 Imperatrice 
 
 Imperatrice Violette 
 
 Irving's Bolmar 
 
 Judson . 
 
 Jaune Hative . 
 
 Jaune de Catalogue 
 
 Jefferson . 
 
 Jenkin's Imperial . 
 
 Kirke's 
 
 Knight's Large Drying 
 
 Knight's No. 6 . 
 
 King of Plums 
 
 Lawrence's Favorite 
 
 Lawrence's Gage . 
 
 Large Green Drying 
 
 Large Early Damson 
 
 Large Long Blue 
 
 Late" Yellow Damson 
 
 La Delicieuse 
 
 La Eoyale 
 
 Leipzic 
 
 Little Queen Claude 
 
 Little Blue Gage 
 
 Lombard 
 
 Long Scarlet 
 
 Lucombe's Nonsuch 
 
 Manning's Prune . 
 
 McLaughlin . 
 
 Madison . 
 
 Mmnelonne . 
 
 Marten's Seedling . 
 
 Mediterranean 
 
 Maitre Claude . 
 
 Matchless 
 
 Manning's Long Blue Prune 
 
 Manning's Long Blue 
 
 Mirabelle Double 
 
 Mirabelle Grosse . 
 
 Mirabelle . 
 
 Mirabelle Petite 
 
 Mirabelle Jaune 
 
 Miser Plum . 
 
 Mimms 
 
 Miriam . 
 
 Monsieur . 
 
 Monsieur Ordinaire 
 
 Monsieur Hatif . 
 
 Monsieur Tardif 
 
 Morocco 
 
 MuV>erry 
 
 Myrobolan . 
 
 Muscle . 
 
 New Washington 
 
 New York Purple 
 
 New Early Orleans 
 
 New Orleans . 
 
 Nectarine . 
 
 Noire Hative . 
 
 Nota Bene 
 
 Old Orleans . 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 501 
 
 0/ leans 
 
 Orange . 
 
 Orange Gage 
 
 Ottoman 
 
 October Green Gage 
 
 Parker's Mammoth 
 
 Peter's Yellow Gags 
 
 Picket's July . 
 
 Prince of Wales 
 
 Penobscot 
 
 PnorieofAgen . 
 
 Prune de St. Jean . 
 
 Petite Peine Claude . 
 
 Peach Plum . 
 
 Peoly's Early Blue . 
 
 Perdrigon Eouge . 
 
 Perdrigon Blanc 
 
 Perdrigon Violette 
 
 Pigeon's Heart . 
 
 Pond's Seedling . 
 
 Pond's Purple . 
 
 Prince's Imperial . 
 
 Prune de St. Barnabe 
 
 Prince's Yellow Gage 
 
 Prune Peche 
 
 Precoce de Tours . 
 
 Prune de la St. Martin 
 
 Prune d'Agen 
 
 Prune d'Ast 
 
 Prune d'Altesse 
 
 Prune Suisse 
 
 Purple Favorite . 
 
 Purple Gage . 
 
 Purple Egg 
 
 Purple Magnum Bonum 
 
 Quetsche . 
 
 Quetsche Grosse . 
 
 Queen Victoria . 
 
 Queen Mother 
 
 Queen Claude of Savory 
 
 Bed Apricot . 
 
 Pensselter Gage 
 
 Peine Claude Tardive . 
 
 Peine Claude d'Octobre 
 
 Peine Claude d'Bavay . 
 
 lied Saint Martin . 
 
 Eed Diaper . 
 
 Royal of Tours 
 
 Red Egg 
 
 Red Imperial . 
 
 Peine Claude 
 
 Peine Claude Violette 
 
 Peine Claude Blanche . 
 
 Ped Gage . 
 
 Red Damask . 
 
 Eed Magnum Bonum 
 
 Eed Queen Mother 
 
 Red Perdrigon 
 
 Eed Magnum Bonum . 
 
 Eed Imperial 
 
 Eoe's Autumn Gage 
 
 Eoche Corbon , % 
 
 Roy ale .... 
 
 Eoyale de Tours 
 
 Eoyale Tours . 
 
 Eoyal Hative 
 
 Pavers' Early, No. 1 
 
 Pivers 1 Early, No. 2 . 
 
 Saint Martin? s 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 Schenectady Catherine . 
 
 Sea .... 
 
 St. John's 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 428 
 
 422 
 . 422 ! 
 
 413 
 . 422 
 
 415 
 . 423 
 
 426 
 . 422 
 
 428- 
 . 422 
 
 429 
 . 428 
 
 422 
 . 428 
 
 429 
 . 430 
 
 425 
 . 428 
 
 428 
 . 428 
 
 410 
 . 426 
 
 414 
 . 422 
 
 426 
 . 423 
 
 422 
 . 422 
 
 429 
 . 429 
 
 413 
 . 413 
 . 428 
 
 423 
 . 427 
 
 427 
 . 424 
 
 428 
 . 423 
 
 424 
 . 410 
 
 422 
 . 422 
 
 423 
 . 423 
 
 423 
 . 423 
 
 428 
 . 429 
 
 410 
 . 413 
 
 428 
 . 414 
 
 428 
 . 428 
 
 428 
 . 429 
 
 428 
 . 428 
 
 415 
 . 423 
 
 423 
 
 . 423 
 
 423 
 
 . 418 
 
 419 
 
 . 419 
 
 414 
 
 . 414 
 
 414 
 
 . 418 
 
 429 
 
 Stabeler's Seedling 
 Saint Martin's Quetsche 
 Saint Catherine . 
 Saint Martin 
 Saint Martin Pouge 
 St. Maurin . 
 Saint Cloud 
 Schuyler's Gage . 
 Scarlet Gage . 
 S'emiana 
 
 Shailer's White Damson 
 Sheen .... 
 Sharp's Emperor . 
 Siamese 
 
 Simiana .... 
 Small Green Gage 
 Smith's Orleans . 
 Steer's Emperor . * 
 Superior Green Gage . 
 Suisse 
 
 Sweet Damson 
 Sweet Prune 
 Swiss Plum . 
 Thomas 
 
 True Large German Prune 
 Turkish Quetsche 
 Veritable Imperatrice . 
 Violet Perdrigon 
 Violette .... 
 Violet Diaper . 
 Violette Hative 
 Violet de Tours 
 Violet Queen Claude 
 Virginian Cherry 
 Virgin .... 
 Virginale . 
 
 Waterloo .... 
 Washington 
 Wentworth 
 White Gage 
 White Primordian . 
 White Imperatrice . 
 White Empress 
 White Magnum Bonum 
 White Mogul . 
 White Imperial . 
 White Holland 
 White Egg 
 White Damson 
 White Prune Damson 
 White Damascene . 
 White Perdrigon 
 White Gage . 
 Wilmot's Green Gage 
 Wilmot's New Green Gage 
 Wilmot's Late Green Gage 
 Wilmot's Late Orleans . 
 Wild .... 
 Wilmot's Early Orleans . 
 Yellow Apricot . 
 Yellow Perdrigon . 
 Yellow Magnum Bonum 
 Yelloto Egg . 
 
 QUINCES, 
 
 Angers . 
 
 Apple-shaped 
 
 Chinese . 
 
 Japan 
 
 Oblong . 
 
 Orange 
 
 Pear 
 
 PAGE 
 429 
 
 . 414 
 429 
 
 . 423 
 423 
 
 . 422 
 427 
 
 . 410 
 420 
 
 , 429 
 430 
 
 . 426 
 423 
 
 . 429 
 429 
 
 . 428 
 424 
 
 . 427 
 411 
 
 . 429 
 427 
 
 . 427 
 429 
 
 . 424 
 427 
 
 . 427 
 416 
 
 . 425 
 416 
 
 . 425 
 426 
 
 . 426 
 413 
 
 . 416 
 429 
 
 . 429 
 410 
 
 . 415 
 424 
 411, 414 
 426 
 430 
 430 
 424 
 424 
 424 
 424 
 424 
 430 
 430 
 430 
 430 
 428 
 410 
 410 
 410 
 427 
 430 
 410 
 424 
 417 
 424 
 424 
 
 434 
 434 
 434 
 434 
 435 
 434 
 435 
 
502 
 
 INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 Portugal . 
 Pyriform 
 Paris de Fontenay 
 New Upright 
 
 BAS3 
 
 American Bed . 
 American Black . 
 American Wliite 
 Barnel . 
 Black Easpberry 
 Brentford Cane 
 
 Cope 
 
 CusMng . 
 Cornwall's Eed . 
 Corf's Honey . 
 
 Common Black-Cap 
 Cornwall's Prolific 
 Cornwall's Seedling 
 
 Double-Bearing . 
 
 Double-Bearing Tell 
 
 Emily 
 
 English Eed, of som< 
 
 Ever-Bearing Ohio 
 
 Fulton . 
 Fastolff . 
 Franconia 
 Framboisier a Gros ] 
 General Patterson 
 Howland's Eed Antw 
 Knevet's Antwerp . 
 
 Large-Fruited Month 
 Late-Bearing Antwei 
 Large Eed 
 
 Lord Exmouth's . 
 
 Mrs. Wilder . 
 New Eed Antwerp 
 Nottingham Scarlet 
 Orange 
 Ohio Easpberry 
 Perpetual Bearing 
 Eivers' New Monthlj 
 Eed Double-Bearing 
 Bed Antwerp 
 
 Thimble Berry 
 True Eed Antwerp 
 Yice-President Frenc 
 
 Walker . 
 
 White Thimbleberry 
 White Antwerp 
 Woodward's Bed Gl 
 Wilmofs Early Bed 
 Yellow Antwerp 
 
 STEALS 
 
 Aberdeen Bee-Hive 
 
 Atkinson Scarlet 
 Austrian Scarlet 
 
 3W 
 
 "Vu 
 erp 
 
 Jy 
 
 p 
 
 r ( 
 
 h 
 
 rBi 
 
 EEIES. 
 t. 
 
 EEIES 
 
 
 . 435 
 435 
 
 435 
 
 . 444 
 440 
 
 . 444 
 444 
 
 . 440 
 445 
 
 440 
 . 440 
 
 441 
 . 444 
 
 445 
 . 444 
 
 440 
 . 444 
 
 444 
 . 445 
 
 445 
 . 444 
 
 441 
 . 444 
 
 445 
 . 442 
 
 442 
 . 441 
 
 442 
 . 443 
 
 432 
 . 443 
 
 443 
 . 442 
 
 443 
 
 443 
 
 444 
 . 445 
 
 444 
 . 443 
 
 443 
 . 443 
 
 445 
 . 443 
 
 445 
 . 445 
 
 443 
 . 445 
 
 443 
 . 445 
 
 440 
 . 443 
 
 442 
 . 445 
 
 444 
 . 444 
 
 444 
 . 445 
 
 445 
 . . 444 
 
 . 463 
 
 459 
 . 464 
 ^458 
 . 456 
 
 Ajax 
 
 Bath Scarlet 
 
 Boston Pine . 
 
 Burr's Eival Hudson 
 
 Bain's Extra Early 
 
 Buisfs Prize . 
 
 Bostock . 
 
 Bishop's Orange 
 
 Bishop's New 
 
 Black Prince . 
 
 Black Imperial 
 
 Brewer's Emperor . 
 
 Burr's New Pine . 
 
 Burr's Seedling 
 
 Burr's Staminate Seedling 
 
 Burr's Old Seedling . 
 
 Brilliant 
 
 British Queen . 
 
 Caleb Cope . 
 
 Crimson Cone . 
 
 Charlotte 
 
 Climax 
 
 Climax Scarlet 
 
 Cole's Prolific . 
 
 Cole's Late Scarlet 
 
 Cox's Seedling . 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Caperon Eoyal . 
 
 Cus7iing 
 
 Cleveland . 
 
 Crescent Seedling 
 
 Cornucopia 
 
 Crimson Pine 
 
 Duke of Kent's Scarlet 
 
 Him can's Seedling 
 
 Deptford- Pine . 
 
 Bownton 
 
 Double Bearing . 
 
 Dundee . 
 
 Puke of Kent . 
 
 Dutch Berry . 
 
 Duchesse de Trevisse 
 
 Elton Pine 
 
 Early Prolific Scarlet 
 
 Elton 
 
 Elton Seedling . 
 
 English Eed Wood 
 
 Eb erl( in 's Seedling . 
 
 Genesee ■ 
 
 Globe Scarlet . 
 
 Green Strawberry 
 
 Green Alpine 
 
 Green Pine 
 
 Giant Alpine . 
 
 Goliath . 
 
 Grove End Scarlet . 
 
 Globe Haufbcis . 
 
 Green Wood 
 
 Greenwell's New Giant 
 
 Hovey's Seedling 
 
 Hudson . 
 
 Hudson's Bay . 
 
 Hooper's Seedling 
 
 Huntsman's 
 
 Iowa Male 
 
 Jenny Lind 
 
 Jenney's Seedling . 
 
 Keen's Seedling 
 
 Knight's Seedling . 
 
 Late Prolific 
 
 Li~.zie Bandolvh . 
 
 Large Early Scarlet 
 
INDEX OF FRUITS. 
 
 503 
 
 Late Scarlet . 
 LongworWs Prolific 
 Lafayette of some . 
 La Grange of some 
 La Liegoise . 
 Marshall's Seedling 
 Magnifique . 
 McAvoy's Superior 
 McAvoy's No. 12 . 
 McAvoy's 2To. 1 
 MjAvoy's Extra Bed 
 Jfontevideo Pine 
 Monroe Scarlet 
 Moyamensing . 
 Mottier's Seedling 
 Myatfs Prince Alber 
 Myatfs Prolific 
 'Melon . * . 
 Methven Scarlet 
 Methven Castle . 
 Mask Hautbois 
 Myatfs British Queen 
 Myatfs Pine . 
 Myatfs Deptford Pine 
 MyaWs Eliza 
 Myatfs Eleanor 
 Myatfs Globe 
 Myatfs Mammoth 
 Newland's Mammoth 
 2Tecked Pine 
 Old Scarlet . 
 Old Pine . 
 Orange Hudson's Bay 
 Old Hudson 
 Orange Prolific 
 Ohio Mammoth 
 Pennsylvania 
 Profuse Scarlet 
 Profusion 
 Patagonian 
 Pine Apple 
 
 PAGE 
 
 459 
 . 454 
 
 455 
 . 455 
 
 465 
 . 462 
 
 460 
 . 454 
 
 464 
 . 460 
 
 460 
 . 460 
 
 480 
 . 460 
 
 465 
 . 465 
 
 465 
 . 465 
 
 460 
 . 460 
 
 455 
 . 463 
 
 465 
 . 464 
 
 465 
 . 465 
 
 465 
 . 465 
 
 461 
 . 460 
 
 465 
 . 465 
 
 456 
 . 459 
 
 462 
 
 . 465 
 
 461 
 
 . 463 
 
 466 i 
 
 . 466 | 
 
 460,465 ' 
 
 Prolific, or Conical Hautbois 
 
 Princess Alice Maude 
 
 Primordian 
 
 Prolific Hudson . 
 
 Prolific Swainstone 
 
 Primate 
 
 Prince of Orleans . 
 
 Rostock 
 
 Refulgent 
 Med Alpine . 
 Red Wood 
 Roseberry 
 Ross Phoenix . 
 Ruby 
 
 Rival Hudson . 
 Richardson's Late 
 Richardson 's Early 
 Salter's Versaillaise 
 Stafford's Alpine 
 Southborough 
 Southborough Seedling 
 Scioto ... 
 Scarlet Melting 
 Schneicke Seedling 
 Southampton Scarlet 
 Swainstone Seedling 
 True Chili 
 Taylor's Seedling 
 Unique Prairie 
 Unique Scarlet . 
 Victoria .... 
 Wilmofs 2Tew Scarlet 
 Willey .... 
 Wiley .... 
 William Henry Harrison 
 Walker's Seedling 
 Western Queen 
 Wilmofs Superb . 
 White Alpine . 
 White Bush Alpine 
 Yellow Chili . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 455 
 456 
 
 . 461 
 461 
 
 . 461 
 461 
 
 . 466 
 463 
 
 . 461 
 461 
 
 . 466 
 466 
 
 . 462 
 461 
 
 . 461 
 461 
 
 , 466 
 462 
 
 , 461 
 462 
 
 , 462 
 466 
 
 , 466 
 454 
 460 
 462 
 
 , 466 
 466 
 460 
 463 
 462 
 466 
 462 
 462 
 466 
 463 
 453 
 426 
 463 
 468 
 466 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 APPLES. 
 
 Berry 
 
 BueVs Favorite 
 
 Cogswell 
 
 Cogswell Pearmain 
 
 Cranberry 
 
 Camac's Sweet . 
 
 Callasaga 
 
 Dapper 
 
 Gray Pippin 
 
 Maiden's Blush . 
 
 Mountain Sprout 
 
 Mckejack 
 
 Eitter 
 
 Spotted Pippin 
 
 Summerour . 
 
 Stunner Pippin 
 
 GRAPES. 
 
 Brinckle 
 Cassady 
 Clara 
 
 470 
 470 
 460 
 469 
 470 
 470 
 470 
 470 
 470 
 469 
 470 
 470 
 470 
 470 
 471 
 471 
 
 471 
 471 
 471 
 
 Concord 471 
 
 Emily 472 
 
 Graham . k 472 
 
 Eaabe 472 
 
 Raabe's 2To. 1 . . . . . . 471 
 
 Raabe's 2To. 2 472 
 
 Raabe's 2To. 3 472 
 
 Raabe's 2ToA 471 
 
 PEACHES. 
 
 Baxter's Seedling, 2To. 1 . ... 472 
 
 Gorgas 472 
 
 Jane 472 
 
 PEAKS. 
 
 Barry 473 
 
 Downing 473 
 
 Doyewie Downing .... 473 
 
 General Taylor 473 
 
 ITovey . . . . - . . 473 
 
 Eegnior .... . 473 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 fi°?J i ?^i stor3r ' P r ^ at *°? 1 ' soil > hardihood, cultivation and uses, page 45: varieties 46 
 
 Trawber?yS' 58; ° f ^ ^^ ^ ° f tbe peadl ' ***'> of tie pekrl 800 ; oflno 
 Appendix, 469. 
 
 Apricot, its history, propagation, 47; soil and diseases, stocks, uses, varieties, 48. 
 Apple-borer, 60; moth, 61. 
 
 Apple its history profits of growing, annual planting west, 53; duration of, fruit, bearing age 
 of, propagation by seed, 54; modes of grafting, budding, 55; by layers, cuttings, cuttiK 
 JnltT' B A eCtl f\° { * rees . from ™™*7, influence of climate, location, 56; influence of 
 57^ soiS 1 m flif^ ng in £ ea ?? d by budding or grafting, transplanting'and distance, 
 57, son and manures, 58; cultivation, pruning, insects and diseases, 59; remedies for, 61 - 
 terms used m description, 62 ; forms, 63 ; meaning of terms, uses, varieties, 64. 
 
 Aphis, woolly, 62. 
 
 Barry, P., 30, 63. 
 
 Bark Louse, 61. 
 
 Blackberry, its culture and varieties, 181. 
 
 Sudding, shield, 22 ; annular, 23. 
 
 Canker-worm, its habits, 60; to destroy, 61. 
 
 Caterpillar, to destroy, 60. 
 
 Cappe on pruning, 304. 
 
 Cherry, its history, 182; for street planting, propagation by seed, 183; budding, time when. 
 gratting, time when, modes, to grow from roots, transplanting, 184; distance apart, Stan' 
 dard trees, dwarf trees, soil and situation, 185; cultivation in nursery, in orchard, prun- 
 ing and training, 186; to protect, insects and diseases, uses, 187; gathering fruit, classifi- 
 cation, engravings, 185 ; varieties, 189. . 
 
 Curculio, its habits, description of, 405; preventive remedies for, 407. 
 Curl, of leaf in peach trees, 267. 
 Cross-breeding, to obtain new varieties, 21. 
 
 Currant, its history, propagation, transplanting, soil and situation, 221; culture, pruning, in»ect». 
 
 uses, 222; varieties, 223. 6 ^^" 
 
 Cuttings, how to make, to plant, 26. 
 
 Dwarf trees, of the cherry, 185; of the pear, 306. 
 
 Duration of varieties, 88. 
 
 Dubreil on pruning, 33. 
 
 Fruitfulness promoted by root-pruning, 32* 
 
 Fruit, history of, 15; west, 16; value as food, 19; varieties, origin of, 20; propagation of, bud- 
 ding, 22; grafting, 24; degeneracy of, limited age of, influence of soils on, 88; influence 
 of stocks, climate, 39 ; gathering, time when, how, 40* ; room for keeping, 41 ; cellars 
 for, 44. 
 
 Grafting, whip or tongue, splice, crown, saddle, side, 24; cleft, wax, 25. 
 
 Grafts, to restore, to preserve, to send by mail, wrapping or tying, 25. 
 
 Gooseberry, its history, book of, numbers of, where successful propagation by seed, 224; cut- 
 tings, grafting, transplanting, soil and situation, culture, pruning, 227; mildew and reme- 
 dies, uses, varieties, 228. 
 
 Grape, American. Classes, history, immense vines of, vineyards, 231 ; movable frame for 
 method of suspending, 43 ; among the ancients, 232 ; propagation of, 234; transplanting^ 
 ? o^of "vineyard per acre, position and soil for, 285; preparing ground, pruning and train- 
 ing, 236; analyses of, insects, &c, 240; uses, 241; ripening, gathering, &c, 242; varie- 
 
 tics, 2Ao * 
 
 Grape, Foreign. History, success of, propagation, 249; cold-houses for, 250; vine hordere, 
 planting and training, 251 ; routine of culture, insects, varieties, 252. 
 
'■' &> 
 
 GENERAL INDEX, 
 
 Hoadley, George, 17, 250. 
 
 Hybridizing, 20. 
 
 Introductory remarks, 15. 
 
 Insects injurious to the apple, 60 ; to the cherry, 187 ; to the currant, 222 ; to the grape, 240 ; 
 to the peach, 267; to the pear, 805; to the plum, 104; to the quince, 435. 
 
 Kennicott on Fruits in Illinois, 18 ; on their uses, 19. 
 
 Knots or warts on the plum, 404. 
 
 Kirtland, J. P., 17, 20. * 
 
 Layers of shrubs, of the grape, 26. 
 
 Labels of wood, of zinc, 36; of tin, 37. 
 
 Manures, for the apple, 58; for transplanting, 28; for the grape, 240; for the peach, 264; for 
 the pear, 300 ; for the plum, 404 ; for the quince, 432 ; for the strawberry, 452. 
 
 Mice, to deter from girdling trees, 23. 
 
 Mildew, on the gooseberry, 22S ; on the grape, 240 ; on the peach, 268. 
 
 Mulching newly-planted trees, 29. 
 
 Nectarine, history of, varieties, 256. 
 
 Packing trees, 29. 
 
 Peach, history of, propagation, 261 ; transplanting, soil and situation, 263 ; analyses of, 264 ; prun- 
 ing, 266; characters, 269; uses, 2T0; preserving fresh, 271 ; varieties, 272. 
 
 Pear, history of, propagation, 297 ; hardihood, stocks for, 298 ; transplanting, selection of trees, 
 299 ; soil and manures, analyses, 300 ; pruning, 301 ; insects and diseases, 806 ; selection 
 of varieties on quince, gathering and uses, 806; varieties and forms, 807. 
 
 Preface, iv. 
 
 Planting, how to be done, 28. 
 
 Plum, history of, propagation, 402; transplanting, soil and situation, pruning, 403; cultivation, 
 manures^ diseases, 404; insects, 405; uses, 407; characters, varieties, 409. 
 
 Prunes, how to dry, 408. 
 
 Pruning, 30 ; to remove large branches at time of transplanting, 31 ; the roots, to induce fruit- 
 ing, 32; its theory and principles, to form particular shapes, 33; the apple, 59; the cherry, 
 186; the currant, 222; the gooseberry, 227; the grape, 236; the peach, 266. 
 
 Quince, history of, propagation, 431; soil, situation, transplanting, pruning, 432; insects, uses, 
 433 ; varieties, 434. 
 
 Babbits, to prevent from girdling trees, 23. 
 
 Easpberry, history of, propagation, soil for, 437 ; pruning and training, insects, 488 ; protection 
 for, uses, profits of, autumn fruiting, 439 ; classification and varieties, 440. 
 
 Elvers on pruning, 801. 
 
 Eunners, when to remove, 26. 
 
 Eust on the apple leaf, 62. 
 
 Soil for trees, how to prepare, 27 ; influence of, 88. 
 
 Stocks, influence of, 89 ; for grafting or budding on, 55. 
 
 Step-ladders, 40. 
 
 Strawberry, history of, propagation, 446 ; fertile and barren, 447 ; varieties, 448 ; soil and situation, 
 449 ; season to transplant, 450 ; culture of, 451 ; manures for, 452 ; analysis of, 458. 
 
 Suckers, 27. 
 
 Seedlings, their tendency, 20. 
 
 Sea spray, its effects on mildew in grape, 250. 
 
 Thomas, J. J., 21. 
 
 Training, varied forms of, 36. 
 
 Trees girdled, 23 ; transplanting, soil for, 27 ; super-phosphate of lime for, 28 ; how to plant, 28 ; 
 time when, 29; packing, care of when received, 29; pruning, 30; training, 35; labels for, 
 36 ; protection of, against mice, rabbits, form most desirable, 37. 
 
 Varieties, introduced to Ohio, 17; Illinois and "Wisconsin, 18; origin of, propagation, 20; to 
 produce new, 21. 
 
 Vinery, cheap mode of building, 250. 
 
 Vineyards, cost of, per acre, 286. 
 
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