Qass. Book. Fii.1 Mi^ State of Alabama Department of Archives and History THOMAS M. OWEN, Director BULLETIN No. 1 THE ESTABLISHMENT, ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AND ASPIRATIONS OF THE Department of Archives and History STATE OF ALABAMA COMPILED BY THE DIRECTOR MONTGOMEKT, ALA.! THE BROWN PtllNTIXG CO., PKINTEIIB AND BINDERS. 1904. / State of Alabama Department of Archives and History THOMAS M. OWEN, Director BULLETIN No. 1 ^ ^ .y THE Establishment, Organization activities and aspirations OF THE Department of Archives and History STATE OF ALABAMA COMPILED BY THE DIRECTOR MONTGOMERY, Kl.K.'. THE BROWN PRINTING CO.. PRINTERS AND BINDBR9. 1904. Copyright, 1904 By Department of Archives and History m 20 ;ii06 D.ofa PREFATORY NOTE. ^ The Department of Archives and History, estabHshed by act — of the Legislature approved Feb. 27, 1901, and organized ?r^ March 2, 1901, has not only vindicated the hopes of patriotic f4 Alabamians, but it has also excited very general attention on the "^ part of students and others interested in the wise and proper solution of the problems of State supported historical work. The example set by Alabama has been followed in Mississippi by similar legislation, and by intelligent agitation in many other States. The successful administration of the Department and its almost phenomenal record in accumulating materials, has encouraged the belief that such an agency is the very best and most satisfactory way of meeting the obligation due by the State to its archives (public records) and history. Owing to the general interest thus manifested, and in order to meet the fnany inquiries received, this Bulletin has been pre- pared. It contains an account of the establishment, growth, activities and aspirations of the Department, presented with considerable fullness and detail. It also contains lists of some of the more important accessions, and some expressions of commendation and congratulation received from historians and students. Montgomery, August i, 1904. ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ESTABLISHING THE DEPARTMENT. (General Laws of Alabama, 1900-01, pp. 126- 131.) No. 476. AN ACT S. 526. To Establish a DkpartmExNT of Archives and History for THE State of Alabama, to prescribe its functions and duties, and to provide for its maintenance. department established, objects and purposes. Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Ala- bama, That there is established for the State of Alabama a "De- partment of Archives and History," to be located in the State capitol in apartments to be set aside for its use by the Governor ; and the objects and purposes of the said Department are the care and custody of official archives, the collection of materials bearing upon the history of the State, and of the territory in- cluded therein, from tlie earliest times, the completion and pub- lication of the State's official records and other historical materials, the diffusion of knowledge in reference to the history and resources of the State, the encouragement of historical work and research, and the performance of such other acts and requirements as may be enjoined by law. board of trustees, powers, authority and duties. Section 2. Be it further enacted, ( i ) That said Department shall be under the control of a board of nine trustees, one from each Congressional district, and the names of said trustees, with their particular terms of service, are as follows, viz : Peter J. Hamilton, for the First Congressional District, to serve two years; Jefferson M. Falkner, for the Second District, to serve two years ; W. D. Jelks, for the Third District, to serve two years; J- H. Johnson, for the Fourth District, to serve four years ; W. H. Blake, for the Fifth District, to serve four years ; Henrv B. Foster, for the Sixth District, to serve four years; Oliver D. Street, for the Seventh District, to serve six years; (2) Act Establishing the Department. 3 William Richardson, for the Eighth District, to serve six years ; and Samuel Will John, for the Ninth District, to serve six years, the beginning of the several terms of service for the pur- poses of this act to be January i, 1901. (2) The said board shall have the power and authority to fill all vacancies occur- ring therein, whether by expiration of term of service, or by death or resignation, but the names of all newly elected mem- bers shall be communicated to the next ensuing regular session of the State Senate for confirmation, and in case it shall reject any of the said newly elected trustees, it shall proceed forthwith to fill the vacancy, or vacancies, by an election. (3) All trustees appointed to succeed the present members or their successors whose respective terms shall have fully expired shall serve for a term of six years, and appointees to fill vacancies by death or resignation, shall only serve out the unexpired terms of their predecessors. (4) The said board shall, within ten days after the approval of this act, proceed to organize said Department. It shall hold at the State capitol at least one regular meeting during the year, and as many special meetings as may be neces- sary, and at said meetings five members shall constitute a quo- rum. (5) The Governor of the State shall be ex-officio a member of the said board, and he shall as far as possible, lend every encouragement to the success and upbuilding thereof. (6) The Director hereinafter provided shall be the secretary of the board. (7) The trustees shall receive no compensation for their services other than the amounts of their traveling expenses actually paid out while in attendance on the meetings of the board or on the business of the Department. (8) The said board is empowered to adopt rules for its own government, and also for the government of the Department ; to elect a Director, and to provide for the selection or appointment of other officials, or employes, as may be authorized ; to provide for the publica- tion of historical material pertaining to the State under the supervision of the Director ; to have the direction and control of the marking of historic sites, or houses, and the exploration of prehistoric and Indian mounds and other remains existing in the State ; to control and expend such appropriations as may be made for the maintenance of the Department; and to do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary to carry cut the true intent and purpose of this act. (3) 4 Department of Archives and History. THE DIRECTOR, POWERS AXD DUTIES, SALARY. * Section 3. Be if further enacied, ( i ) That the Department shall be under the immediate management and control of a Director, to be elected by the board of trustees, whose tertn of service shall be six years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. (2) He shall take an oath of office as other public officials, and shall be commissioned in like manner. (3) He shall devote his time to the work of the Department, using- his best endeavor to develop and- build it up, so as to carry out the design of its creation, and shall receive for his services the sum of eighteen hundred ($1,800.00) dollars per annum, payable monthly, as other State officials, and a continuing appropriation for the said annual salary is hereby made. (4) He shall have the control and direction of the work and operations of the De- partment, he shall preserve its collections, care for the official archives that may come into its custody, collect as far as possi- ble all materials bearing upon the history of the State and of the territory included therein, from the earliest times, prepare the biennial register hereinafter provided, diffuse knowledge in reference to the history and resources of the State ; and he is charged with the particular duty of gathering data concerning Alabama soldiers in the war between the States. (5) He shall make an annual report to the board of trustees, to be by them transmitted to the Governor, to be accompanied by such histori- cal papers and documents as may be deemed of importance by him, and the Director shall contract for the printing and bind- ing of the said Report, which shall be paid for as other public printing and binding. (6) He shall prepare for the press, con- tract for and supervise the publication of volume two of the Report of the Alabama History Commission, the said volume to be similar to volume one of said Report as to printing, paper and binding, and to be paid for out of the public printing fund to be available after October i, 1901. depository for official records. Section 4. Be it further enacted. That any State, County or other official is herebv authorized and empowered in his discre- tion to turn over to the Department for permanent preser\'ation (4) Act Establishing the Department. 5 therein any official books, records, documents, original papers, newspaper files, and printed books not in current use in their offices. When so surrendered copies therefrom shall be made and certified by the Director upon the application of any person interested, which certification shall have all the force and effect as if made by the officer originally in the custody of them and for which the same fees shall be charged, to be collected in advance. OFFICIAL AND STATISTICAL REGISTER. Section 5. Be it further enacted. That an official and sta- tistical register of the State of Alabama shall be compiled every two years by the Director, to contain : ( i ) brief sketches of the several State officials, the members of Congress from Alabama, the Supreme Court Judges, the members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Alabama; (2) rosters of all State and county officials; (3) lists of all State institu- tions, with officials; (4) State and county population and elec- tion statistics. (5) miscellaneous statistics; and said register shall be published in an edition of one thousand copies for free distribution, the printing and binding to be paid for as other printing and binding hereinbefore provided. ALABAMA WAR RECORDS. Section 6. Be it further enacted. That the Department is charged with the duty of making special effort to collect data in reference to soldiers from xA-labama in the war between the States, both from the War Department at Washington, and also from private individuals, and to cause the same to be prepared for publication as speedily as possible. maintenance fund. Section 7. Be it further enacted. That in addition to the salarv of the Director hereinabove appropriated, the sum of seven hundred ($700.00) dollars annually is hereby appropria- ted for the maintenance of the said Department, and the Audi- tor is hereby authorized to draw his warrant on the State Treas- (5) 6 Department of Archives and History. urer for the whole or any part of the said amount, in such sums and in such manner as may be authorized by the board of trus- tees. All printing, blanks, circulars, notices, or forms, which may be needed for the use of the said Department, that may be embraced in class four of the public printing act, shall be exe- cuted by the public printer, and shall be paid for as other official work done by him. Approved February 27, 1901. (6) CONTENTS. Prefatory Note i Act Establishing the Department 2 Contents 7 introduction g I. Organization and Administration ii II. Pubhcation I5_ III. State and Local Archives 18 IV. Library 20 V. Historical Art Gallery 27 VI. Museum 29 VII, Alabama War Records 31 VIII. Diftasion of Knowledge in Reference to the His- tory and Resources of the State 38 IX. Encouragement of Historical Work and Research 40 X. Special Activities 41 XL The Department Work as Viewed by Historians, Students and Others 45 (7) INTllODUCTION. The Department of Archives and History is a separate de- partment of the State government, correlating the remaining departments of State, charged with a specific body of duties, and having a clear, well-defined and hitherto undeveloped field of operation. Created by a separate act of the Legislature, approved Feb. 2"], 1901, its constitution is to be found fully set forth therein. It is maintained through appropriations made in the act. and also by an appropriation contained in the general appropriation bill of Feb. 13, 1903. "The objects and purposes of the said Department are the care and custody of official archives, the collection of materials bearing upon the histopv' of the State, and of the territor\- in- cluded therein, from the earliest times, the completion and publication of the State's official records aud other historical materials, the diffusion of knowledge in reference to the history and resources of the State, the encouragement of historical work and research, and the performance of such other acts and requirements as may be enjoined by law." In order to systematically and clearly meet the requirements of the "objects and purposes" set forth in the act of establish- ment the work and activities of the department have been re- solved and grouped for administrative purposes, into Divisions as follows: (i) Administration; (2) Publication: (3) State and local archives: (4) Library; (5) Historical art gallery; (6) Museum; (7) Alabama war records; (8) Diffusion oi knowledge in reference to the history and resources of the State: (9) The encouragement of historical work and re- search: and (10) Special activities. A full and detailed discussion of these groups follows here- inafter. WH.\T IT IS. AND WHAT IT IS XOT. The design of the Department, as must be kept in mind, is to care for all of the activities due by the State to its archives (public records) and histon-. It is not intended to infringe (9) 10 Department of Archives and History. upon the territory, or to perform the duties, directlv or indirect- ly, legitimately in the province of the State or Supreme Court library, or of the several State officers, or of the State Histor- ical Society. As hereinbefore stated it fills a hitherto unoccupied field. The duties devolved on it have never before been required by law. Indeed, no existing State office or institution, under its present constitution and equipment, could satisfactorily perform the several and multifarious acts required to carry out the ob- jects and purposes enjoined in the act of establishment. The State and Supreme Court library is charged with the duty of collecting and preserving books as such, principally for the use of the Supreme Court and its bar. The several State offices, departments and boards are concerned with duties relating to new and current subjects, and with the accumulations of the large body of records in their offices from year to year they do not have time to deal. The Alabama Historical Society has never been sufficiently strong or cohesive to accomplish the historical work normally expected of it, and besides it has never had permanent headquarters. ADMINISTR.<\TION. The administration of the Department is simple. Its head- quarters are in the State capitol. It is under the control of a board of nine trustees, whose powers and duties are supervis- ory. The board holds an annual meeting and is self-perpetuat- ing. The "immediate management and control" is vested in a Director, who is elected by the board for a term of six years. He is qualified and commissioned as other State officers. He is as completely and fully in control of the work of his office as any other official in the State employ. A maintenance fund is provided, out of which necessary clerical help is paid, and expenses of postage, express, freight and drayage, binding, the purchase of books and other articles are met. (10) I. ORGANIZATION AND ADxMIN- ISTKATION. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Realizing the importance of wisely and properly embarking the Department on its valuable work, the Legislature devised a scheme of administration through a self-perpetuating board of trustees. This method of administration is not new but its direct application to a State office has never before been known in Alabama. There are nine trustees, one for each Congres- sional district. The board is sub-divided into three groups. The trustees each serve for a term of six years. The Governor is ex-ofificio a member of the board, and he is particularly charged with the duty of lending every encouragement possible to its success and upbuilding. The Director is the secretary of the board. In accordance with the act the board met on March 2, 1901, in the private office of the Governor, and proceeded to the or- ganization of the Department by the adoption of regulations for its government, and by the election of a Director. Regular an- nual meetings of the board have since been held on Oct. I, 1901, Oct. 7, 1902, and Oct. i, 1903. For their sendees the trustees receive no compensation, but they are allowed their "traveling expenses actually paid out while in attendance on the meeting- of the board or on the business of the Department." In the practical operations of the Department the work of the board is of course supervisory. This is, however, of the most thorough and exacting character. The entire policy of develop- ment and growth has been the result of the most careful and sympathetic cooperation between the board and the Director. The general powers and duties of the board are set forth in the act as follows : "To adopt rules for its own government, and also for the government of the Department ; to elect a Director, and to pro- vide for the selection or appointment of other officials, or em- ployes, as may be authorized ; to provide for the publication of (11) 12 Department of Archives and History. historical material pertaining to the State under the supervision cf the Director ; to have the direction and control of the marking of historic sites, or houses, and the exploration of prehistoric and Indian mounds and other remains existing in the State ; to control and expend such appropriations as may be made for the maintenance of the Department ; and to do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary to carry out the true intent and purpose of this act." THE DIRECTOR. The Department is "under the immediate management and control of a Director," who must take an oath and be commis- sioned as other State officials. His term of office is si.x years, the same leneth as the term of the judges of the Stnte. The duties of the Director are comprehensively set forth in the act as follows : "He shall devote his time to the work of the Department, using his best endeavor to develop and build it up, so as to carry out the design of its creation, and shall receive for his services the sum of eighteen hundred ($1,800.00) dollars per annum, pavable monthly, as other State officials, and a continuing appro- priation for the said annual salary is hereby made. "He shall have the control and direction of the work and operations of the Department, he shall preserve its collections, care for the official archives that may come into its custody, collect as far as possible all materials bearing upon the history of the State and of the territory included therein, from the earliest times, prepare the biennial register hereinafter provid- ed, diffuse knowledge in reference to the history and resources of the State ; and he is charged with the particular duty of gathering data concerning Alabama soldiers in the war between the States. "He shall make an annual report to the board of trustees, to be bv them transmitted to the Governor, to be accompanied by such historical papers and documents as may be deemed of im- ]x^rtance bv him. and the Director shall contract for the print- ing and binding of the said Report, which shall be paid for as other public printing and binding." (12) Organization and Administration. 13 On the organization of the Department at its first meeting, March 2, 1901, Thomas McAdory Owen, then of Birmingham, Jefiferson county, Ala., was elected the first Director, and at once entered upon his duties. CLERICAL HELP. The clerical help of the Department consists of one editorial assistant and one stenographer, the former dating from June 15, 1901, and the latter from Oct. i, 1901. These are appointed by the Director, who fixes their compensation. Since Feb. i, 1904, under Department direction and for its use, an editorial assistant has been engaged in the preparation of a "History of the Choctaw Indians." OFFICE BOOKS. In the Department work the following administrative records are kept : Accession Register of Books ; Accession Register of Relics and all other items received ; Register of Donors ; Manu- script Minute Book of the Meetings of the Board of Trustees, and an Account of the Expenditure of the Department Main- tenance Fund. OFFICE AND ROOMS. From the beginning the Department has labored under the most serious disadvantages resulting from altogether inade- quate quarters. Under the act it is required "to be located in the State capitol in apartments to be set aside for its use by the Governor." All other available space being already occupied, after conference with the Governor, the small office, known familiarly as the Senate cloak room, was chosen as the business office of the Director. Provision for furniture, limited cabinets, and shelving followed. The historical art gallery and museum are placed on exhibition in the Senate chamber, while the rapid accumulation of valuable materials of every description has filled all neighboring space. The Senate gallery has recently been brought into requisition for the overflow of books and files. (13) 14 Department of Archives and History. MAINTENANCE FUND. Under Section 7 of the act of estabHshment seven hundred dollars annually was appropriated "for the maintenance" of the Department. At the session of the Legislature, two years later, the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars was voted for "main- tenance." Under resolution of the trustees the expenditure of this fund is controlled by the Director. Requisitions are drawn on the State Auditor, who in turn issues a warrant on the State Treasurer therefor. \^ouchers to cover all amounts are taken and carefully presers^ed by the Director. His accounts are carefully examined and reviewed by the auditing committee of the board of trustees each year. They are also examined bv the Examiner of Public Accounts. The following are the subjects of the several expenditures : Clerical help, books, binding, extra printing, stamps, express, freight, drayage, furniture and a few miscellaneous items. PRINTING. The expense for printing the "Official and Statistical Regis- ter" and the "Reports" of the Director are borne by the general printing fund. Miscellaneous printing is provided for as follows : "All printing, blanks, circulars, notices, or forms, which may be needed for the use of the said Department, that may be em- braced in class four of the public printing act, shall be executed by the public printer, and shall be paid for as other official work done bv him." (14) II. PUBLICATION, Specific direction is made for the publication of a Report of the Director, and an Official and Statistical Register, the latter to be issued prior to each session of the Legislature. Provision is further made for "the completion and publication of the State's official records and other historical materials," and also for the collection for publication, of data in reference to Ala- bama soldiers in the war between the States. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. The Report of the Director is intended to embrace a detailed account of the business and the administration of the Depart- ment far the period covered, including the formal report made by the Director to the trustees, minutes of the meetings of the board of trustees, and classified lists of donations. It is to be accompanied by such "historical papers and documents" as the Director may deem of importance. It is designed that these Reports shall be of the highest permanent value. OFFICIAL AND STATISTICAL REGISTER. The first issue of the Official and Statistical Register ap- peared in the spring of 1903 (8vo. pp. 326.) It met a favorable reception everywhere, and has proven a most valuable and use- ful statistical compilation. The importance of this publication is manifest, even on tlie slightest reflection. It has not only a present value, but with the passing of the years it will be looked to as a partial source at least for the history of the times. The absence of such compilations for our previous existence as a State only serves to emphasize the necessity for now undertak- ing what has been too sadly neglected. The book contains " ( i) brief sketches of the several State officials, the members of Congress from Alabama, the Supreme Court judges, the mem- bers of the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Alabama, (2) rosters of all State and County officials, (3) lists of all State institutions, with officials. (4) State and County population and election statistics, and (5) miscellaneous statis- (15) 16 Department of Archives and History. tics." In addition to the foregoing the issue for 1903 contains Hsts of the members of the several Constitutional Conventions of Alabama, 1819. 1861. 1865. 1867, 1875, 1901. and a bibliog- l)hy of all of their known publications. STATE PAPERS. Based on the provisional list contained in the Report of the Alabama History Commission (1901), pp. 38-40, a scheme has been projected for the preparation and publication of a collec- tion of the "State's official records." Satisfactory progress has been made in the compilation, and several volumes of the series are practically ready for the printer. Arrangements have been perfected for securing necessary transcripts from Foreign ar- chives, and also from Federal collections and the archives of adjacent States. The character of this collection is thus defined in the Report, supra : "These [volumes of State papers] should embrace in full all of the documentary material beairing on all parts of its [the State] history and development from the first discovery of its territory. Historical students want nothing less than full com- pilations of all original materials. Several States have already responded to this demand in respect to their records, and have made liberal expenditures. To do this is a debt due by the State of Alabama to its history and to its own and general students." The list of volumes in the series is as follows : Volume I. — Fundamental charters, proclamations, acts of Congress, and constitutions, which affect the territory now em- braced in Alabama, from the earliest times to the present. \'olunie n. — Documents and papers connected with Spanish explorations and occupation of what is now Alabama. 1507- 1813. X^olume HI. — Documents and papers connected with French occupation. 1699- 1763. \'olume IV. — ^Documents and papers connected with English occupation. 1763- 1783. Volume Y. — Mississippi and Alabama territorial documents. 1798-1819. Volume VI. — Governors' messages. 1818-1904. \'olume VII. — Miscellaneous State documents: Banks and Finance. University, Schools, Boundaries, Indians, Interna) Improvements, Slavery, etc., etc. 1818-1900. (16) Publication. 17 Volume VIII. — Census and population statistics. 1800-1900. Volume IX. — Official rcg-ister. iScxd-iqoo. [To include full rosters of all State and County officials.] Volume X. — Counties and county boundaries. 1800- 1900. [To include in full all acts creating, or changing names, estab- lishing or changing county sites, or altering boundaries.] Volume XI. — Abstracts of the records of the counties of Ala- bama. 1800 to 18 19. [To include early deeds, wills, marriage records, etc.] Volume XII. — War records. [To embrace (i) a reprint of the rolls of Revolutionary pensioners who lived in Alabama; (2) Rosters of commands from Mississippi, Georgia, Tennes- see, North Carolina, and South Carolina, who served in the Creek War, 1813-1814; (3) Rosters and documents of the In- dian Wars, 1832-1842; (4) Rosters and documents pertaining to Alabamians in the Texas Wars; (5) Rosters of Alabamians in the Mexican War; (6) Documentary records of Alabama in the War between the States ; and (7) Rosters and documents of Alabama commands in the Spanish-American War. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS. In addition to the foregoing, an elastic provision is made for the publication of "other historical materials." In accordance therewith much miscellaneous material of value will, from time to time, be published. For inclusion in this miscellaneous class an Alabama Local History collection is being brought together. It will embrace reminiscent and historical articles of value which have appeared in newspapers and periodicals, relat- ing to counties and towns or other local areas in the State. At present these articles are hid away and inaccessible to students. It has been with the very greatest difficulty that many of them have been located. When published they will form the basis for further local historical work. They will show too that our people are proud of their history, and that much more has been preserv^ed than is popularly believed. BULLETINS AND CIRCULARS. In connection with the administration of the Department occasional "Bulletins" and "Circulars" are issued. This publi- cation is the first of the former series. They are for use in dif- fusing information, and the development of Department activi- ties. (17) III. STATE AND LOCAL ARCHIVES. The official manuscript books, records, documents, letters and files of the State, as contained in its several offices, departments and boards, are technically the State archives. These are of the highest value to the historian. They also have a great practical value for business purposes, as oftentimes large property as well as delicate personal interests are dependent upon them. Since the formation of the territorial government in 1817, these records have normally accumulated in large numbers, and with the multiplication of offices they have still further increas- ed. With limited office room and with the necessity for all available space for current business purposes, the early official records have in many cases been neglected, and in some in- stances have been destroyed. No officer, or administration, is chargeable with this neglect, indiflFerence, and inattention. In order to remedy the evil and to avoid further losses, the legislature, in establishing this Department, not only charged it with "the care and custody of official archives," but embodied the word "Archives" in the Department designation or title itself, thus evidencing its profound interest in the subject. The Department is, therefore, for practical purposes, in part a hall of records. Its importance, dignity and practical value to the people of the State becomes more than ever manifest. The words "official archives" are properly construed to mean only the manuscript books, records, documents, letters and files not in current use. The offices, departments and boards includ- ed are the governor, the secretary of State, the auditor, the treas- urer, the attorney-general, the superintendent of education, the adjutant-general, the commissioner of agriculture and indus- tries, the convict bureau, the State board of health, the railroad commission, etc.. etc. In the Report of the Alabama History Commission (Miscel- laneous Collections of the Alabama Historical Society, vol. i), 1901, pp. 87-114, was given as full an account of the State archives as could then be compiled. This compilation was made in IQOO, and does not purport to be exhaustive. The lists and indications there given have been materially enlarged, and still (18) State and Local Archives. 19 further enlargements are anticipated when the collections have been thoroughly explored. The most interesting and valuable of the State official records are those originally preserved in the chief executive department, and the offices of the secretary of State, the auditor, the treas- urer and the adjutant-general. These consist of correspondence received, letter-press copy books, legislative records, constitu- tional convention records, elections, census returns, pardons, land records and maps, civil official registers, bonds, incorpora- tions, military registers, pension records, vouchers, records of Alabama troops in the Indian troubles, 1836, the Mexican War, 1847, ^^'^ the War between the States, etc., etc. In the "care" enjoined, the plan of the Department involves the assortment, arrangement, labeling, filing, indexing and cata- loguing of the entire body of the records committed to its "cus- tody." They are thus made easily available for use, consulta- tion and transcription by students, lawyers, business men and others who may have occasion to consult them. COUNTY RECORDS. The act of establishment provides (Section 4) that "any State, County or other oft'icial is hereby authorized and empow- ered in his discretion to turn over to the Department for perma- nent preservation therein any official books, records, documents, original papers, newspaper files, and printed books not in current use in their offices." Some rare and valuable books and files have been collected under this authorization, but owing to lack of space no special effort has as yet been made to systematically bring together the materials contemplated in this provision. (19) IV. LIBRARY. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. Within the scope of "materials bearing upon the history of the State, and of the territory included therein from the earliest times," printed sources have been regarded as of first impor- tance. From its inception, therefore, ever\- energy possible has been devoted to building up a representative collection of books. At the annual meeting of the board of trustees of the Depart- ment. Oct. I, 1903, the work of the Director in this behalf was commended and a resolution was adopted, looking to larger growth and expansion, in which he was authorized to "use all possible effort and means in enlarging the strength and scope of the library." Practically no limit has been put upon the materials held suitable for preservation. The history of Alabama and of her people and institutions cannot be understood and interpreted aright save through the annals of the older States of the Union, and through the histories of those nations who at varous times held swav over her territory. Her civilization, her institutions, and her people spring from the former and, through them, still further back, from the mother nations beyond the sea. Special collections are being made in the following fields : the American Indians, the War of the Revolution, the South. An- tiquities and Archaeology. Education, Travel, the Negro, American Biography and Genealogy, the War between the United States and the Confederate States, State and local his- tory, and Census documents. Of purely local materials, effort is directed to the preserva- tion of everything relating even remotely in any way to Ala- bama, its institutions, or its people. These materials may be roughly classed as (i) All books whatever, relating to the State, or any part of its history. (2) All writings of Alabama authors. (3) Official and legislative documents, reports, circulars, bulletins, etc., etc. (20) Library. 21 (4) Municipal or local documents, reports, etc. (5) Religious and church documents and literature. (6) Literature of all benevolent institutions — as the Masons. etc. (7) Educational reports, catalogues, announcements, circu- lars, and other documents. While the collection of Alabama local materials, included in the foregoing list, is far from complete, it already embraces several hundred documents and is far ahead of any general or special collection elsewhere in the State. Yet it is only a begin- ning. It will take years to retrieve what has been lost by the neglect and carelessness of the past. The number of books in the collection, written by Alabam- ians, is quite large. Usually all of our authors promptly res- pond to appeals for copies of their writings. Many interesting additions have come as gifts or by exchange, particularly pamphlets and rare local works. The more valuable general items, however, have been secured through sale cata- logues, and book auctions. NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. The current history of the State in all its aspects, is to be found more completely and fully, and in greater detail, in the newspapers of the times than anywhere else. It has therefore been deemed particularly important to preserve a complete file of every newspaper currently published in the State. In res- ponse to requests therefor, publishers have been very obliging, and almost all have responded. The Department is now re- ceiving about two hundred dailies, weeklies, and irregular issues of the State press. In order to increase the strength of the collection the Department subscribes for a number of important newspapers and periodicals published out of the State ; and others are received by exchange. All are carefully arranged, and are immediately available for use. Dailies are bound in two to four books to the year, and weeklies, three years in one book. The fourth section of the act of establishment expressly authorizes county officials to deposit wiith the Department any newspaper files preserved in their offices. Lender this authori- (21) 22 Department of Archives and History. zation the files of the counties of Escambia, Jefferson, Mobile and Montgomery have been received. As soon as adequate quarters are secured others will be deposited. The number of early files which have been brought together is gratifyingly large. In the collection are several files running consecutively through a long period, and some date prior to the admission of the State into the Union in 1819. There are four or five approximately full files for the years 1861 to 1865. De- partment Bulletin No. 3, now in preparation, is a "Check List of newspaper and periodical files in the Department." Over seven hundred and fifty bound books and several hundred rare single issues are listed. MANUSCRIPTS. Students have long recognized the very' great value of the manuscripts, papers and correspondence of public men and prominent actors in business and political affairs. The discovery of such material serves to add to the stock of historical data, as well as to correct errors and to add details. Manuscripts of this character are to be distinguished from the documentary material in State, county and municipal archives. The Department has made persistent appeals to families and others having old letters and manuscripts, to deposit them in its collections for historical purposes, and also for better preservation. The response has not been general, but it is sufficiently so to demonstrate the importance of the effort. Of several hundred manuscripts re- ceived, the following list contains some of the more important groups, in addition to the special collections hereinafter noted, viz : Copy of the commonly designated "Stiggins Manuscript," a history of the Creek Indians, compiled by George Stiggins, the original being in the Draper MSS. in the Wisconsin State His- torical Society, Madison. Diary for 1862, kept by Alpheus Baker, brigadier-general from Alabama, C. S. A. Original manuscript of Dr. J. Marion Sims's Story of My Life, (1886.) Military papers of James Jackson, colonel 47th Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. Papers of Gen. Ira Foster. (22) Library. 23 Papers of Gen. EHsha Y. Fair. ]\Ianuscript Journal of James A. Tait in the Creek War, 1813-1814. Military papers of James F. Waddell, major of artillery, C. S.A. Military papers of Moses Wright Hannon, brigadier-general from Alabama, C. S. A. Military papers of Zach C Deas, brigadier-general from Ala- bama, C. S. A. Original order of Gen. Rosecrans, U. S. A., May 24, 1863. Papers of Thomas B. Cooper, State senator and political leader. Manuscripts and papers of Hon. Boiling Hall, M. C. from Ga., 1811-1817, also of his son Boiling Hall, and of Boiling Hall, Jr., (col. 59th Alabama regiment, C. S. A.) Manuscript volume, containing orders, etc., of Gen. W. H. Jackson's Cavalry Division, C. S. A., 1863-1864. Papers of Thomas Malone, an early settler and official of Alabama. Manuscript minutes of the Lowndes circuit, Alabama confer- ence, Methodist Protestant Church, 1867-1879. Papers of Col. Gilbert Christian Russell, soldier in the Creek War, and early settler in Alabama. Military papers of James D. Webb, col. 51st Alabama regi- ment, C. S. A. Original manuscript of the farewell address of Col. John T. Morgan to the 51st Alabama regiment, C. S. A., on his promo- tion as brigadier-general, 1863. Collection of about one hundred autograph letters, received by Miss Louise Manly in the preparation of her work on Southern Literature (1895-1900). Letters of Thomas D. and Virginia (Powell) Clarke, 1837- 1849. Original commission of Sutton S. Scott, "Commissioner of Indian Affairs," C. S. A., dated Feb. 26, 1863. Old record book of the Jackson (Alabama) Town Company, 1815-1817. A bound volume of President's autographs, containing letters of all the presidents of the United States from George Wash- ington to Theodore Roosevelt. Papers of William Wirt Allen, major-general from Alabama, C. S. A., and late of Montgomery, consisting of more than two (23) 24 Department of Archives and History. hundred orig-inal manuscript orders, reports, letters, notes and other documents relating to his several commands, also thirty original manuscript and other maps of the War period, and six printed orders. MAPS AND CHARTS. The opportunity to secure many additions to this branch of the library has been limited. A good beginning, however, has been made, and several atlases, wall maps and original manuscript maps have been secured. Apart from the original unpublished maps noted below, the most valuable in the collection is a copy of La Tourrette's first Map of Alabama (1838), in almost per- fect condition. The Department proposes to secure copies of early French, Spanish and British maps, also all State maps, and maps of districts, counties, and towns. Some of its manu- script maps in addition to original maps among the land records, are the following : Drawing of Fort Morgan, by Julius H. Bayol, Feb. 12, 1861. Original manuscript map of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, March 27, 1814. Original manuscript map of the Battle of Talladega, Nov. 9, 1813. Manuscript map (blue print) of Old St. Stephens, Ala. Original map of Cahaba, first capital of Alabama, 18 18. Original map or drawing of Fort Mims. 1813. Original maj) of the old town of Autaugaville, Ala. About thirty original manuscript and other maps of the War period, 1861-1865. Large blue print copy of the Bernard Romans' Map of 1772. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. Yancey Manuscripts and Papers. Possibly the greatest evidence yet given of confidence in the growth of the Department has been shown by the familv of William L. Yancey in the presentation by them of all his manu- scripts and papers. In a general way these may be said to embrace several large scrap-books, filled with personal and polit- ical data for the w^hole period of his life, several bound files (24) Library. 25 of newspapers, bound volumes of his speeches and addresses, and a number of manuscript letters and documents. Included in the collection are a number of relics. A life-size oil portrait was contributed by his only daughter, Mrs. Mary (Yancey) Harrell, late of Birmingham. CxTRRY Collection. The most important gift of books and documents yet received is practically the whole of the large private library of the late Dr. J. L. M. Curry, consisting of about one hundred and fifty volumes of pamphlets, and special collections of books on South- ern history, education, and the negro. The pamphlets are the gift of his son, Capt. Walker Curry, while the remainder of the collection was presented by Mrs. Alice (Thornas) Connally, the representative of the estate of her sister, Mrs. Curry. Mrs. Connally also included in the donation a volume of the auto- graphs of the presidents of the United States, several personal relics of Dr. Curry, and a most excellent life-size oil portrait. The importance and value of the pamphlet collection, comprising substantially twenty-five hundred separate pieces cannot be too strongly emphasized. Remnant of Pickett Historical Library. Every one will agree in the high estimate which should be placed on Col. Albert J. Pickett as Alabama's principal historian. An unusual interest attaches to his life, the inception and prog- ress of his historical studies, and to everything" said or done by him. For a special Pickett collection, the Department has been able to secure about sixty volumes, all of which were used by him in the preparation of his History of Alabama, (1851.) Apart from the intrinsic value of these books, they have a sen- timental value to which lovers of history cannot be insensible. Col. M. L. Woods, a son-in-law of Col. Pickett, has added a number of old original letters and papers. Among the latter are several written from Charleston during the time Col. Pick- ett was there, superintending the publication of his work. In the latter gift are also original drawings of maps of Fort Mims and of the old town of Autaugaville, Ala. (25) 26 Department of Archives and History. Meek Collection. William C. Meek, Esq., of Columbus, Miss., has enriched the Department collections by the gift of several interesting articles relating to his uncle, the late Judge A. B. Meek. The principal item is an unpublished "History of Alabama," left unfinished by Judge Meek at the time of his death in 1865. He was the earliest student of Alabama history, contributing a series of historical sketches to the Southron, published in Tuscaloosa, as early as 1839. The manuscript referred to is in excellent con- dition, and the narrative is practically complete from the earliest times to about 1819. Included in the donation are also several manuscript poems, and other literary manuscripts and scrap- books of Judge Meek, an excellent life-size oil portrait, the sword carried by him in the Creek and Seminole Wars of 1836, and a lot of newspaper files preserved by him. Lewis Manuscripts. The manuscripts and papers of William Terrell Lewis, late of Louisville, Winston county, Miss., secured for the Depart- ment through the interposition and assistance of Prof. Henry S. Halbert, is a rich collection of genealogical material. Mr. Lewis began a correspondence, lasting fifty years, with various parties in the United States, especially in the South, on genealogical and historical subjects. During the course of a long life this correspondence had become quite voluminous and every letter was carefully preserved by him. He corresponded with Dr. Lyman C. Draper, with Col. J. F. H. Claiborne, Generals Wm. Barksdale and John A. Quitman, of Mis- sissippi and with many eminent citizens of Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee. Kentucky and Alabama. This cor- respondence, an historic mine, will be of incalculable service to students of the history of Southern families. The correspondence extends from about 1834 to 1891. (26) V. HISTORICAL ART GALLERY. The collection of a gallery of representative portraits, views and likenesses of persons and scenes in Alabama history has been one of the conspicuous forms of Department activity. The oil paintings, crayons, views, and photographs already brought together have far exceeded the most sanguine expecta- tions. These number several hundred, and, placed on exhibi- tion in the Senate chamber, form one of the most attractive features of interest in the historic old capitol. In the collection are some specimens from the masters. Collections of photo- graphs are being made of the members of the Alabama consti- tutional conventions of 1819, 1861, 1865, 1867, 1875 and 1901, also of all the principal officers of Alabama commands in the war between the States, also of Alabama historians, scientists, finan- ciers, novelists, poets, industrial leaders, educators, journalists, political leaders, etc., etc. Effort is directed to securing the following general classes for exhibition and permanent preservation, viz : (i) Likeness- es of all persons prominent in Alabama history as well as of all prominent persons; (2) Drawings or photographs of historic localities, historic houses, and beautiful or picturesque scenery in the State; (3) Collections of engravings and art volumes; (4) Statuary, bronzes, etc., of any subject; (5) Valuable paintings, or drawings, of any subject. OIL PORTRAITS. The list below embraces the collection of oil portraits only : William Wirt Allen, major-general, C. S. A. ; Dr. S. Ames, physician and surgeon ; James Osgood Andrew, bishop of AI. E. Church, South ; Mrs. Caroline (Bird) Beeman (2nd marriage), mother of William L. Yancey ; Dr. Nathan Bozeman, physician and surgeon ; Braxton Bragg, general, C. S. A. ; M. J. Bulger, brigadier-general, C. S. A. ; E. C. Bullock, journalist, and colonel i8th Ala. regiment, C. S.A.; (27) 28 Department of Archives and History. James Holt Clanton, brigadier-general, C. S. A. ; Henry DeLamar Clayton, major-general, C. S. A. ; William Cooper, lawyer ; William Crawford, second federal judge in Alabama; Mrs. William Crawford, his wife; Oliver Fitts, superior court judge, Miss. Territory; Benjamin Fitzpatrick, governor and U. S. senator; Isham Warren Garrott, brigadier-general, C. S. A. ; Dr. Lafayette Guild, medical director, Army of N. Va. ; Henry W. Hilliard, political leader, member of Congress ; George S. Houston, member of Congress, governor and U. S. senator ; Robert Jemison, Confederate States senator ; Ephraim Kirby, first superior court judge in what is now Ala- bama, 1804; Robert Fulwood Ligon, lieutenant-governor of Alabama ; Tennent Lomax, brigadier-general, C. S. A. ; Tennent Lomax, Jr., law^yer and political leader ; Col. John McKee, Indian agent and member of Congress. William D. Martin, member of Congress from S. C. ; Alexander B. Meek, poet, jurist and historian ; John T. Milner, "captain of industry ;" Edward H. Moren, lieutenant-governor of Alabama ; J. T. Morgan, brigadier-general. C. S. A., and U. S. senator; Charles T. Pollard, "captain of industr\- ;" James R. Powell, "Duke of Birmingham ;" E. W. Pettus. brigadier-general, C. S. A., and U. S. senator; Francis Leigh Pettus, law^yer and political leader; Howell Rose, political leader and business man ; Reuben Saffold. chief justice of Alabama ; Mrs. Reuben Saffold, his wife ; John Caldwell Calhoun Sanders, brigadier-general, C. S. A. ; Emma Sansom, Alabama girl heroine, 1863 ; Winthrop Sargent, first governor of the Mississippi Territory ; John Gill Shorter, w^ar governor of Alabama, 1861-1863; Dr. J. Marion Sims, physician and surgeon ; Henry M. Tarrant, early settler in Jeft'erson county, 1819; L. P. Walker, first Confederate States secretary of war ; Dr. John Allan Wyeth. physician and surgeon ; William L. Yancey, distinguished political leader, member of Congress, and Confederate States senator. (28) VI. MUSEUM. The installation of a museum is appropriately considered as embraced in the scope of the duties and activities of the Depart- ment. While attractive as a mere exhibition of rare and curious objects of an antiquarian character for the entertainment of visitors, the plan projected is designed and is being developed as a part of a comprehensive collection of historical materials. Apart from the obligation due the past to preserve its memorials, such things are in themselves of the greatest value as illustrat- ing the times of which they are the surviving evidences. So comprehensive is the Department plan that the collection to be built up is designed to embrace each and every object or article which properly comes within the scope of museum collection. These include among other things : (i) Relics of pioneers and pioneer life, as articles of dress, implements of labor, implements of the chase, and household furnishings. (2) Relics and personal belongings of eminent Alabamians, as library desks or tables, chairs, knives, dirks, dueling pistols or other fire arms, stock, knee or shoe-buckles, drinking cups, watches, chains, snuff-boxes and canes. (3) War relics, as uniforms, sw'ords, arms and equipment. This includes all w^ars of the United States, for there are known to be a number of Revolutionary relics in Alabama. (4) Indian relics, as pottery, weapons of all kinds, personal ornaments, specimens of modern Indian handicraft. (5) Modern work, when specially notable from being unique in design, or the first of a class of article manufactured or intro- duced. VALUABLE RELICS. Some of the articles in the Department Museum collection are the following: An old Spanish or French cannon, date unknown, but sup- posed to be about the i6th century. (29) 30 Department of Archives and History. Old French brick, taken from the powder magazine of old Fort Louis de la Mobile, erected in 1702. An old cannon, brought by Bienville to Fort Toulouse in 17 14. Old flint and steel gun, used in the War of the Revolution. Sword, used by members of the Evans family in the War of 181 2, the Mexican War, and the War between the States. Small sword carried by Judge Alexander B. Meek as an en- sign in the Creek Indian War, 1836. Small pistol of Col. John Crowell, first member of Congress from Ala., presented to him by Deringer, the inventor and maker. Pistol used in the Mexican War by James Cantey, later briga- dier-general, C. S. A. Walking cane of Gov. Benjamin Fitzpatrick. Walking cane of Col. Thomas J. Judge. Gold and silver heads of the walking canes of William L. "Vancey. Dueling pistol of William L. Yancey. Small writing case, carried by \\'illiam L. Yancey on his European mission in 1861. Sword cane, original owner unknown. Sword and sash of Samuel Adams, colonel of the 33rd Ala- bama regiment, C. S. A. Sword of Robert H. Abercrombie, colonel of the 45th Alabama regiment, C. S. A. Small leather trunk carried through the \^'ar between the States by Lieutenant-Colonel D. W. Baine, 14th Alabama reg- iment, C. S. A. Old cannon, made of hoop-iron prior to 1861. Old cannon, made from the axle of a steamboat wheel at Columbus, Ga., about 1865. (30) VII. ALABAMA WAR RECORDS. COMPILATION OF ROSTERS. The Department is charged by the act of establishment with "the duty of making special effort to collect data in reference to soldiers of Alabama in the war between the States," and "to cause the same to be prepared for publication as speedily as possible." It was felt that next to the current business of the Department, the compilation, for publication, of the records of Alabama troops was of the very first importance. In the per- formance of this duty, the Director has labored diligently. Fortunately for the more speedy and successful accomplish- ment of the ends desired, Congress, on Feb. 25, 1903, enacted : "That under the direction of the Secretary of War the Chief of the Record and Pension Office shall compile, from such offi- cial records as are in the possession of the United States and from such other authentic records as may be obtained by loan from the various States and other official sources, a complete roster of the officers and enlisted men of the Union and Confed- erate armies." This work when completed will correlate the "Official Rec- ords" of the War (documentary material), already issued in one hundred and twenty-eight large books. Publication having been undertaken by the War Department has relieved Alabama of this task, at least for the present. Acting with commendable promptness the Secretary of War addressed a communication to the governors of the several States in which he announced the readiness of his Department to proceed at once with the compilation, and inviting the co- operation of States, societies and individuals. He also reques- ted the designation of some official or Department to have charge of the work in each State. In response Hon. William D. Jelks, the Governor, promised the full and earnest co-opera- tion of Alabama. He appropriately committed to the Department of Archives and History the task of collecting the data desired in reference (31) 32 Department of Archives and History. to Alabama soldiers. The Director has been in communication with the Chief of the Record and the Pension Office, and all rosters, rolls, data and memoranda in the possession of the State will be loaned for the use of the work. The correspondence below will serve to further explain the proposed compilation : Secretary Root to the Governor. War Department, Washington, March i6, 1903. The Governor of the State of Alabama, Montgomery. Sir : There is a very general desire on the part of the surviv- ing participants of the great struggle in which the country was engaged from 1861 to 1865, and on the part of the descendants of those who have passed away, for a publication that shall be accessible to the general public and shall show the names of those who, either as officers or enlisted men, bore arms for the Union or for the Confederacy during the great war. In the opinion that this desire is one that should be gratified, and that can be gratified, in great measure at least, by compiling and pub- lishing, as a continuation of the publication known as the "Offi- cial Records of the Union and Confederate Armies," a complete list or roster of the officers and men who served in those armies during the civil war, this Department recommended at the last session of Congress the enactment of a law authorizing the compilation and preparation of such a roster for publication. That recommendation was followed by the enactment of a pro- vision of law, which is embodied in the Legislative, Executive and Judicial Appropriation Act approved February 25, 1903, and which is as follows : [Here is given the law as set forth above.] The Department is prepared to enter at once upon the work of making the compilation thus authorized, and to push it to com- pletion as rapidly as possible. There will be little or no difficul- ty in making the Union part of the roster complete, but there will be great difficulty with regard to the Confederate part because of the incompleteness of the collection of Confederate records in the possession of this Department. It is of the first importance, therefore, that no effort shall be spared to seaire the temporary loan to the War Department, for the purpose of (32) Alabama War Records. 33 copying, of any and all authentic Confederate records that can be found anywhere. Many of these records are in the posses- sion of the various States and it is hoped will be made readily accessible, but there are others that are widely scattered among historical memorial associations and private citizens. The prob- lem of how to find and procure the loan of these scattered rec- ords is a difficult one, but is one that must be solved in order that the Confederate soldier shall receive the full credit that is due him in the roster that is to be compiled. I earnestly invite your co-operation with the Department in an effort to make this compilation as nearly complete as it is possible to make it, and I shall be glad to have the benefit of any suggestions that you can make as to the manner in which that end can be best attained. The work will be in the immedi- ate charge of Brigadier General F. C. Ainsworth, Chief of the Record and Pension Office of this Department, and 1 beg leave to suggest that, if the plan herein outlined meets your approval, you designate some official of your State to communicate with him relative to the details of the work and the steps to be taken in the furtherance of it. Very respectfully, (Signed) Elihu Root, Secretary of War. General Ainsworth to the DntECXOR. Record and Pension Office, War Department, Washington City, March 30, 1903. Hon. Thomas M. Owen, Director of the Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Ala. Dear Sir : I am gratified to learn, through a letter from Governor Jelks to the Secretary of War, dated March 28, 1903, that you have been designated to co-operate with the Depart- ment in the effort to make the recently authorized roster of the ofificers and men of the Union and Confederate Armies as nearly complete as it is possible to make it, so far as Ala- bama troops are concerned. A considerable collection of the rolls of Alabama Confederate organizations is now in the possession of this Department. While (33) 34 Department of Archives and History. that collection does not by any means show all the names of the officers and men who were in the Confederate service from Ala- bama, and while it does not show the complete military histories of those whose names it does show, it is hoped that the list of names and the histories of individual officers and men can be m.ade much more nearly complete by record evidence obtainable from- other original rolls that may now be in the possession of the State of Alabama, or of historical societies, memorial asso- ciations and individuals of Alabama and other States. The legislation authorizing the compilation of the roster is construed by the Department to restrict it, in making the com- pilation, to the use of original records made during the war period, and to preclude the use of printed or manuscript copies or compilations made subsequently. For this reason, and in order that there shall be no ground for doubt as to the accura- cy of the proposed roster, the Department will be unable to use in the compilation any of the rosters that have heretofore been published, but must in all cases seek the original records upon which those rosters were based. You will readily see that, in order that the compilation now in progress shall be as nearly complete as it is possible to make it, it is essential that the War Department shall obtain the tempor- ary loan, for the purpose of copying, of any original official rolls, lists or other documents that show the names of Confed- erate officers and men and that are now in the custody of State officials, historical or memorial associations, public or private libraries, or that are in the possession of priv-ate citizens. It is impracticable for the War Department to communicate v.ith the various holders of these scattered records, and conse- qnently the Department must rely upon each State to collect, by loan or otherwise, such records of its own or other Confed- erate organizations as may be obtainable within the State, and to for.\-ai-d the collection when completed to this Department, by which the records will be copied and returned to the State with the least possible delay. Of course, the express charges incident to .shipping records to and from the State will be de- frayed b>' the Department. Permit me to suggest, if the plan herein outlined meets with your apT)rovcii. that you take such steps, through the public press and otherwise, as you may deem to be advisable and prop- er to give the plan wide publicity, and to enable you to gather together all original Confederate records that can be collected (34) Alabama War Records 35 in your State by loan or otherwise. If it occurs to you that a different plan from that indicated herein should be adopted, or if during the progress of the work you can make any suggestion tending to facilitate or improve it, you will confer a favor upon the Department and myself by advising me freely and fully with regard to your views. Very respectfully, (Signed) F. C. Ainsvvorth, Brigadier-General, U. S. A., Chief Record and Pension Office. NARRATIVE HISTORIES OR HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF ALABAMA COMMANDS. The proposed compilation of rosters, as will be noted, is limited to the personnel, or to the individual records of soldiers, compiled from official sources. Historical or descriptive sketches will form no part of the work. The wisdom of such exclusion is apparent, but the narrative histories of the several commands are nevertheless important and demand considera- tion. Therefore, the Department has in preparation a series of narrative histories or historical sketches of the several or- ganizations of troops from Alabama in the War, 1861 to 1865. The commands to be embraced in the series are regi- ments, battalions, batteries, and companies which were never parts of larger organizations. Alabama nobly responded to every call at all stages of the unequal struggle, and her soldiers from Manassas to Appomat- tox have left an honorable record of noble endeavor and heroic achievement. From 1861 to 1865 there were raised in the State and mustered into her own or into the Confederate ser- vice, over two hundred regiments, battalions, batteries, and separate companies of militia, reserves and home guards. Histories of about one-tenth of the commands have been secured, and arrangements are being made for the preparation of the remainder. It is the earnest wish of the Department that all sketches be prepared by surviving participants if possible. There are many reasons why this is the desirable course. A sketch pre- pared by a participant will be more vivid and realistic, the de- tails, the individual incidents, and the deeds of personal daring (35) 36 Department of Archives and History. will be more surely presented, and the nice adjustment and rela- tion of events will be more carefully preserved. The sketches are intended to present a full narrative of the entire operations of the particular command from organization to surrender, and where practicable, in accordance with the following outline: (i) Brief account of the movements lead- ing to organization ; (2) Brief accounts of the formation of the several companies, and of their officers, and the formation of the regiment, battalion, or battery; (3) First field and staff, with brief sketches; (4) Equipment; incidents of first service, and esprit de corps; (5) Brief accounts of the several battles in which engaged, sufficient to show generally the part played by the particular command therein, with special mention of deeds of daring, bravery, losses, etc.; (6) Prison life and inci- dents; (7) Recruiting; (8) Camp incidents ; (9) Subsistence; (10) Religious tone; (ii) Numbers enlisted and casualties; (12) Surrender and return home. No rolls are to be given in the narrative. Each sketch will be illustrated, as far as possible, by con- temporary camp scenes, groups of officers, and pictures of the members of field and staff, and some of the line officers. The Department has a full collection of all printed material, and also all existing manuscript materials in official reposi- tories, bearing upon the history of Alabama soldiers. These materials are available for the use of all who may wish to assist in completing the series, as well as all others who may desire to consult them. FLAGS. Special eft'ort has been put forth to locate and obtain all flags, banners, guidons, markers or emblems, carried or used by commands from Alabama in the Confederate States Army. Placed in the keeping of the Department these interesting relics will be sacredly and carefully guarded and preserved, alike to the generosity of the donors, and to the glory of the brave soldiers of whom they are everlasting memorials. Almost every company, battalion, regiment and brigade had its flag. As is well known many of these were captured, and are now in the War Department at Washington, or in the custody of northern States, or of museums, or of historical (36) Alabama War Records. 87 societies. Many, however, were saved, and by loving and jealous hands have been preserved through the passing years. Some have drifted into local collections, or into the keeping of camps of Confederate Veterans, or of chapters of the Daugh- ters of the Confederacy. The number secured so far is not large, but others are prom- ised. A catalogue is in preparation showing the location and custody of all known to be preserved. (37) VIII. DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE IN REFERENCE TO THE HISTORY AND RESOURCES OF THE STATE. The diffusion of knowledge in reference to the history and resources of the State has proceeded with as much thorough- ness as has heen possible with the limited means at command. The Department stands ready to respond to every proper call for assistance on any and all subjects connected with Alabama or its history. This assistance already given has taken a great variety of forms, some of which are ( i ) supplying war rec- ords. (2) transcribing documents, (3) verification of historical references, (4) response to inquiries in reference to books, ancestral data, archaeological data, and for pamphlets and official documents, (5) consultation by the Daughters of the American Revolution, the United Daughters of the Confeder- acy, and other patriotic societies, etc., etc. The history of Alabama is a long record of achievement and endeavor ; and its resources are wonderful in richness, variety and extent. The attempt has been made to widen the infor- mation of the people, not only of Alabama, but of those beyond our borders, in respect to these things. Hundreds of official and other documents have been distributed, and special assist- ance has been given several of the great libraries of the country in completing sets of Alabama material. In this way students who resort thither will have the opportunity of using Alabama experiences and examples in their researches and studies. In addition to this, whenever public men or others have been in need of Alabama documents, or official or other publications, an endeavor has been made to supply them. To render the usefulness of the Department greater for the future, all Alabama documents, papers, reports, bound books, bulletins, and other publications which can be located, are being collected and preserved. Too little attention has been paid these heretofore, and numbers have been destroyed. The col- lections thus made will be invaluable when the people of the (38) Diffusion of Knowledge. 39 State are aroused to the important character of such material, and attempt to make up complete sets. The newspapers of the State have been sympathetic and cordial, and several historical contributions, prepared under Department direction or suggestion, have appeared in their pages. Jn order to give greater publicity to the operations of the Department, and at the same time to thereby bring public atten- tion more directly to its needs and character, a column was conducted by the Director in the Sunday issue of the Montgom- ery Advertiser, beginning with the number for July 28, 1901. At the first of each month classified lists of the donations for the preceding month were published. These served as public acknowledgement to donors as well as to indicate to others, who had gifts, what were desired. The column contained notes on Department work and plans, as well as a variety of historical papers. It was discontinued with the issue for April 13, 1902, owing to the number of demands on the time of the Director. (39) IX. ENCOURAGEMEXT OF HISTOR- ICAL WORK AND RESEARCH. The interpretation of the duty of the Department in refer- ence to the encourag-ement of historical work and research has l;een broad and liberal. An attempt has been made to arouse greater interest in the subject of history itself, by means of lectures, press notes, informal conferences and by correspon- dence. The value of history in schools has been pointed out to teachers and students, and the importance of accurate and impartial text-books has been urged. The preparation of local, church and family histories, and historical studies in special subjects has been encouraged, and every assistance has been afforded, not only in suggestions and criticism as to form and methods of preparation, but also in supplying materials. The Colonial Dames, the Sons of the Revolution, the Daugh- ters of the American Revolution, the United Confederate Veterans, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the United Sons of Confederate Veterans, and all other patriotic organiza- tions have been materially aided. The Director is the chair- man of the historical committee of the Alabama Division, United Sons of Confederate Veterans, an associate member of the historical committee, United Daughters of the Confederacy, and an adjunct member of the historical committee, United Confederate Veterans. He is also the secretary of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution in the State of Alabama, and has been diligent in his efforts to locate Revolutionary relics, and the graves of all soldiers of the Revolution buried in the State. Interest in the Alabama Historical Society has been earnest- ly fostered, and the Director, who is its secretary, is also the editor of its Publications. Much substantial work in local his- tory has been accomplished by the Iberville Historical Society, Mobile, the Tennessee \'olley Historical Society. Huntsville, and the Old St. Stei^hen'^ Historical Society. St. Stephens, in all of which the Department has been a valuable coadjutor. Students everywhere are invited and urged to use the De- partment collections, and every facility is extended in their researches. Special invitation has been extended the great American Universities to make use of the Department material. (40) X. SPECIAL ACTIVITIES. In meeting; the full measure of its responsibility, the Depart- ment has projected plans for the development of sundry special activities, not embraced in those heretofore described. These may be summarized as the commemoration of historic events or anniversaries, the acquisition of historic places or localities, the erection of monuments, the marking of historic sites or houses, mound exploration, co-operation with societies and other institutions engaged in historical, literary, library or kin- dred work, and the encouragement of State support in behalf of historical enterprise. BICENTENARY OF THE FOUNDING AND SETTLEMENT OF MOIilLK, JANUARY, 1902. At the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees, Oct. i, 1901, a resolution was adopted instructing the Director to aid "in all practicable ways the bicentennial celebration of the foimd- ing of Mobile by the French in January, 1702." In obedience thereto, as soon as the movement was projected by the Iberville Historical Society looking to the celebration of this historic event, the Director visited Mobile, took part in the meetings, served on committees, and otherwise aided in the work as far as he could. The celebration took place in Mobile, January 22, and at the old site of Fort Louis de la Mobile, January 23, 1002. The exercises on each day were successful in every detail and reflected great credit on the officers and members of the Iberville Historical Society, and the citizens of Mobile. The leading spirit in the whole movement was the president of that Society, Pe:or J. Hamilton, Esq. After tlie celebration Mr. Hamilton secured a donation of the land, twenty-five fee* sq.iare, surrounding the monument at Twenty-seven Mile Bluff, from John M. Ladd. Jr., Ella H. Ladd. Kate H. Ladd, and Frank M. Ladd. Under date of May 10, 1902, Mr. Hamil- ton transmitted the deed, properly recorded, to his excellency, the Governor, who in turn filed it with the Department. (41) 42 Department of Archives and History. ACQUISITION OF HISTORIC PLACES OR LOCALITIES. It accords with an enhg-htcned and grateful sentiment to res- pect the evidences of the former aboriginal occupation of the State, and to venerate the scenes of the exploits of her people in arms, or the place of occurrence of some historic event, or the spot where the great ones of the State first came into ex- istence or where they sleep the last sleep. There are many places in Alabama which are famous by association with some such incident. Lists of these have been made, and if possible they are to be obtained, either by donation or purchase. When secured it is probable that some of them may be preserved and beautified as public parks, while others will be merely marked in some permanent manner. ERECTION OF MONUMENTS, AND THE MARKING OF HISTORIC SITES OR HOUSES. There are many points and places of great historic interest in the State, not included in the class just named, and which should be durably marked in some suitable way, either by a memorial stone, mural or other tablet, with appropriate in- scriptions. Such monuments or memorials will become "object lessons in local history." The actual marking of such points or places projierly belongs to local authorities, or societies, or public-spirited citizens. The part of the Department therein is limited to necessary investigation into the historv of the place, or the occasion, or the event to be commemorated or marked. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Archaeological investigation in Alabama has heretofore been substantially "limited to ignorant search for treasure or to the spasmodic digging of the seeker after relics." In order that further work might be conducted under intelligent direction and in order to bring into State custody the results of all future mound examination, to the Department was appropriatelv com- mitted "the direction and control" of "the exploration of pre- historic and Indian mounds and other remains existing in the State." A systematic plan of exploration has not yet been de- (42) Special Activities. 43 veloped. Additions are. however. bein_q' made to the Hsts of prehistoric works noted in the Report of the Alabama History Commission (1901). pp. 358-366, and preliminary inquiries are being- made looking to future field work. Only the most thorough and scientific investigations will be conducted. REPORT OF THE ALABAMA HISTORY COMMISSION. In 1901 Vol. I of the Report of the Alabama History Com- mission was presented to the Legislature and published in an octavo volume of 447 pages. All of the investigations of the Commission were not included in this volume, and a second was authorized, as follows, viz : "He shall prepare for the press, contract for and supervise the publication of volume two of the Report of the Alabama History Commission, the said volume to be similar to volume one of said Report as to printing, paper and binding, and to be paid for out of the public printing fund to be available after October i, 1901. This additional volume is to contain the results of the investigations of the Commission into the character and extent of the county records of the State. It has not yet been pub- lished, owing to the necessity of more extended investigations into the records of the counties. CO-OPERATION WITH SOCIETIES OR INSTITUTIONS ENGAGED IN HISTORICAL, LITERARY, LIBRARY, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND KINDRED W'ORK. The activities of the Department have not been limited to local effort. Through the membership of its Director in his- torical, literary, library, archaeological and other societies, co- operation has been extended in the accomplishment of their aims and objects. While attending their meetings and partic- ipating in their proceedings and discussions the Director has not only been able to give help to others, he has also received valuable hints and suggestions wdiich have been utilized in his Department work. It is felt that Alabama should be a real part in shaping the larger aft'airs of the day. Some of these soci- eties are the American Historical Association, the American Library Association, the National Geographic Society, the United Sons of Confederate Veterans, and the Sons of the Revolution. (43) 44 Department of Archives and History. STATE SUPPORT FOR HISTORICAL WORK. In the renaissance of interest in history and historical work and enterprise in the South, the Department has done what it could to increase that interest and to give it proper shape and direction. It is but natural that it should urge the establish- ment of similar departments in other States. Hundreds of copies of the act of establishment have been distributed, and sympathetic response has been made to numerous inquiries concerning its plan of administration. It is gratifying to reflect that Mississippi, just one year later, followed the lead of Alabama by the passage of an act, practically similar in all respects to the Alabama law. The plan has been endorsed by the United Sons of Confederate Veterans, and by various patriotic organizations, newspapers and educa- tors in Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. Several of these have taken steps which will ultimately result in the establishment of departments for their States. (44) XI. THE DEPARTMENT WORK AS VIEWED BY HISTORIANS, STU- DENTS AND OTHERS. Although of recent establishment, the Department has at- tracted very general notice from historians, students and others interested in the class of work which it has undertaken. Its plan of administration instantly commanded the attention of thoughtful observers. The collections which have been brought together have elicited admiration and commendation. Some of the complimentary views recently received will be read with interest, pride and encouragement by all Alabamians. commendatory notices. Dr. Charles H. Haskins, professor of history. Harvard University, and corresponding secretary of the Amj.ri- can Historical Association, Cambridge, Mass. : The showing of Alabama in such matters ought to stimu- late all other States, north as well as south. Dr. Wm. a. Dunning, professor of history and political SCIENCE, Columbia University, N. Y. : It has been the greatest possible pleasure to me to come per- sonally into contact with you and your associates in the way of Southern historical development. Dr. George B. Adams, professor, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. : Thank you for the papers about the Alabama Department of Archives and History. I want to add my written congratu- lations to the oral ones that I made you lately on the good work that you are doing for the future in your State. I wish these interests in every State were as well organized and in as good hands. Mr. William Beer, librarian, Howard Memorial Libra- ry, New Orleans, La., in the Montgomery Advertiser, July 27, 1904: The Archives of Alabama are in charge of Thomas M. Owen, who must have been specially created for the work, which he does so well. In the short time since the creation of his office, he has filled to overflowing not only those places allotted (45) 46 Department of Archives and History. for the purpose, but so much else that the Senate of Alabama will find some difiiculty in locating themselves at the next session. Commenting on the foregoing, the Montgomery Times, July 27, 1904, stated: It requires testimony like this, and from such a source to bring home to the people of Alabama the collected legacies gathered within the inadequate space set apart in the capitol for the preservation of our claims to history. The Montgomery (Ala.) Advertiser, 1903: Mr. Owen has been a revelation to the people of the State in his aptitude for historical work, and the preserving of records, and he has made himself almost unaided the wonderful and valuable Department over which he now presides. What is of the Department is of him and I offer no apology for saying a word of the Department of Archives and History. Clarke County Democrat, Grove Hill, Sept. i, 1904: Director Owen of the Department of Archives and History is eminently the right man for the place. We doubt if Alabama has a more suitable man, or one as suitable for the position. Hon. John T. Morgan, U. S. senator from Alabama; Your book on the Statistics of Alabama is greatly apprecia- ted as a most useful and creditable work. I thank you for the copy sent me. Your historical work will be worth more to Alabama than many more pretentious efforts of politicians. The State is just beginning to realize its strength and should move up to the front line of progress, where it so properlv belongs. Gen. George P. Harrison, commander Alaijam.v Divis- ion, United Confederate Veterans. Opelika. Ala. : I beg to acknowledge receipt of yours of the 3rd inst., to- gether with printed circulars therein contained, for which I beg to thank you and to express my appreciation of the care with which you are looking after the historical interests of Alabama, and especially your zealous effort to collect histori- cal material concerning Alabama soldiers. Dr. George F. Mellen, member House of Representa- tives OF Tenn.. Knoxville: I am exceedingly desirous of securing, for the better pres- ervation of our State history, a department of archives similar in organization and efficiency to that of Alabama. I should be grateful to you for a copy of your State law and such other information as will aid in securing such legislation. (46) The Department Work. 47 Col. Fred L. Robertson, adjutant-general, Florida Di- vision, United Confederate Veterans, Tallahassee: The Florida Division, U. C. V., at its annual encampment at Ocala adopted resohitions asking- the State to establish a Department of Archives and History similar to that of Ala- bama and I was directed to memorialize the Legislature to that effect. If you can give me any pointers that will help to forcibly impress the importance of this department on our solons I will greatly appreciate any suggestions that will help us to success. Worthington C. Ford, chief of Division of Manu- scripts, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. : I have watched with a good deal of interest the growth of your Department of Archives and History, and can bear testi- mony to the progress you have made and the increasing value and interest of your collections. We act as trustees for the future, of this material, and no one can appreciate more than myself the advantages that will be offered to the students who come after us, in having these manuscripts open to study and use. Let the good work go on and above all issue lists of what you have in order that we may measure the resources already accessible. Dr. Reuben G. Thwaites. secretary State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison : I have watched with great interest the establishment and growth of the Department of Archives and History in the State of Alabama. You certainly have done a great work there in a very short time, and the Department has already won a national reputation for the excellence and character of its ser- vice to the cause of history in the South. I hope that the peo- ple of Alabama appreciate the services which you have rendered to Alabama history as fully and as cordially as do historical students in other parts of the Union. It is a splendid work, and 1 tir.st may never lack the entire sympathy and the active encouragement of the people of your State. You have our most abundant congratulations and good wishes in the efforts which you are making towards the still further development of your admirably organized and splendidly conducted Depart- ment. Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, professor of history in the L^NiVERSiTY of Chicago : I am much obliged by your kindness in sending me the re- cent circulars of your Department. Its plans of organization (47) 48 Department of Archives and History. and operations are very interesting, and I should think would in your hands prove eminently successful. I cannot express too strongly my sense of the value to every State of such endeavors to collect, classify and arrange historical material and make it accessible and useful to the citizens. It has been demonstrated again and again that a high degree of public spirit, w^ith all the great benefits that may flow from it, is in no way so well created in any nation, state or community, as by earnest and intelligent devotion to the records of its past. The new Italian kingdom and the new German Empire owe an incalculable debt to those who, early in the nineteenth cen- tury, organized systematic documentary work upon German and Italian history in those countries respectively ; and I feel sure that the good work you are doing will increase in Alabama the most laudable kind of State pride and foster public spirit. Gen. Stephen D. Lee, commander-in-chief. United Confederate Veterans, Columbus, Miss. : As a surviving Confederate soldier, and loyal Southerner, interested in, and desiring that the States of the late Confed- eracy, should have a careful and detailed renaissance of their history (Colonial and State), to the date of the great War between the States; and a careful record of their life, acts, purity of motive and patriotism, and deeds of valor, sacrifice, fortitude and sufferings, in that great historic period of our country's history ; and feeling that this work so important for future generations has been neglected, and perverted more or less by unfriendly critics ; I congratulate you in so actively and earnestly leading off. under the wise legislation of your State, in the organization, development and comprehensive accom- plishment' of the aims, purposes, and successful development of the Department of Archives and History of the State of Alabama. The State of Mississippi has followed in your steps and other States are also acting in this important work. I have watched the progress of your work and feel greatly encouraged in the behef, that your State, and others who will follow her example, will soon rescue from oblivion, and put in well arranged order the important records heretofore neglect- ed, and arrange them in intelligent order for future reference and history. May you continue in your important work, and I trust Alabama will be wise in supporting your important duties. (48) State of Alabama Department of Archives and History THOMAS M. OWEN, Director BULLETIN NO, 2 HISTOEY OF THE First Kegimbnt Alabama Volunteer Infantry c. s. A. BY EDWARD YOUNG McMORRlES, Ph. D. A Private of the Perote Guards, Co. C, 1861, Co. G., 1862-1865; and an Original Member of both the Company and Regiment. .MUNTHOMEKY, ALA.: THE BROWN PfilNTINO CO.. PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1904. !» State of Alabama Department of Archives and History THOMAS M. OWEN, Director BULLETIN NO. 2 HISTOKT OF THE First Regiment Alabama Volunteer Infantry C. S. A. BY EDWARD YOUNG McMORRIES, Ph. D. A Private of the Perote Guards, Co. C, 1861, Co. G., 1862-1865; and an Original Member of both the Company and Regiment. MONTGOMERY, ALA.: THE BUOWN PRINTING CO.. PRINTERS AND DINDCRS. 1904. .^\3 COPYRIGHT. 1902, COPYRIGHT, 1904, By E. Y. McMORRIES. JUN 20 iyo6 D.otO, The Department assumes no responsibility for the author's statements or opinions. TO THE SOLDIERS, THE SAILORS AND THE WOMEN OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, AND TO THEIR DESCENDANTS FOREVER, THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED PREFATORY NOTE. The Histor>' of the First Regiment, Alabama Volunteer In- fantry, Confederate States Army, contained in this volume, was prepared by the author in response to the request of the Alabama Department of Archives and History, for a series of Narrative Histories or Historical Sketches of Alabama Commands in the War between the States, 1 861-1865. This series was early pro- jected as one of the activities of the Department, and every effort has been made to secure the compilation of accurate and authen- tic historical sketches of the several commands — regiments, bat- talions and batteries — which are entitled to representation. In order to stimulate the early completion of the series and to afford a suitable model for further work, this sketch is issued in the present form. It presents in a clear and sympathetic way the story of the regiment, its organization, sketches of its offi- cers, its engagements, prison life, and hardships, with numerous incidents of thrilling interest. Prof. E. Y. McMorries, the author, has performed a difficult task with delicacy and an earn- est desire for the truth. It has been to him a labor of love, the entire work being done without compensation. He has a reward, however, in that he will receive the grateful plaudits of all sur- vivors of this gallant command, and of the families of those who have passed away. He has coupled his name with the history of the regiment in an imperishable way as its annalist and histo- rian. Thomas McAdory Owen, Director. Department of Archives and History of the State of Alabama. Montgomery, August 2, 1904. (53) CONTENTS. Title I Dedication 3 Prefatory Note 5 Contents 7 Introduction 9 Chapter I. Plenssacola Campaign, 1861 13 Chapter II. Island Number Ten Campaign, and Prison Life, 1862 34 Chapter III. Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-1863 48 Chapter IV. Meridian, Mobile, and Georgia Campaigns, 1863-1864 71 C hapter V. The Tennessee Campaign, 1864 82 Chapter VI. Campaign in the Carolinas, 1864-1865 93 Chapter VII. Reminiscences and Incidents 95 Chapter VIII. Dead of the First Alabama Regiment at Madison, Wis. ; and Mrs. Alice Whiting Waterman 120 Chapter IX. Official Report of Col. (Surgeon) I. G. W. Steedman; and his Reminiscences of Prison Life 129 Index 137 (55) INTRODUCTION. It is well known that for twenty years I have resisted urgent appeals of surviving comrades to write a history of the First Alabama Regiment. Even now I yield my consent to undertake this sketch only after fully realizing that unless I write it, the regiment will be left without any record, and that it will be bet- ter for the regiment to have a poorly written record than none whatever. I am fully aware of my incompetence to do the sub- ject justice; and the insistence of Col. I. G. W. Steedman, the distinguished commander of the regiment during the war, and of Thomas M. Owen, the able and active Director of the Depart- ment of Archives and History, are to a large degree responsible for the final appearance of the work. The following personal allusions are necessary in order to gratify the natural desire of readers to know the opjx)rtunities I have had by experience and observation for ascertaining the facts and incidents here recorded. I was an original member of the "Perote Guards," organized at Perote, Bullock (then Pike) county, in 1859, and composed mostly oi students of the Perote Institute and of young business men of the town ; left Perote with the company Feb. 12, 1861, and the next day was mustered into the service of Alabama at Girard by a Captain Thom ; was organized with the company into the First Regiment Alabama Volunteers at Barrancas, Fla., about a month later, which regi- ment, by consent of men and officers, was transferred to the Con- federate service about April i, 1861 ; remained with the regiment until its surrender with the Army of Tennessee, April 27, 1865, at Greensboro, N. C. ; participated in every battle and campaign of the regimetit except the march from Lovejoy Station, Ga., to Tuscumbia, Ala., in the fall of 1864 ; and shared the fate of the regiment in military prison in 1862 at Camp Butler, near Spring- field. 111. With Vergil. I feel that I can justly say: "Quaeque ipse miserrima vidi Et quorum pars magna fui." (57) 10 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. AUTHORITIES AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION. The principal printed authorities and other sources of infor- mation for this Sketch are : ( i ) Accounts of battles and cam- paigns published during and subsequent to the war by the pres- ent writer in the Southern Advertiser, Troy, Ala., the Herald and Times, Union Springs, Ala., and the Adz'ocate, Greenville, Ala.; (2) Authentic clippings from newspaper and periodical press; (3) Unpublished manuscript notes by the present writer, made contemporary with the occurrences ; (4) Confederate Mili- tary History (1899) in 12 vols., edited by Gen. Clement A. Evans; (5) Southern Historical Society Papers, in several vol- umes; (6) Willis Brewer's Alabama: Her History, Resources, War Record, and Public Men (1872) ; and (7) Company K, First Alabama Regiment, or Three Years in the Confederate Service, by Lieut. Daniel P. Smith (1885 • ^^ ^no. pp. 146.) In the compilation I have had the use of data and material, printed and reminiscent, collected by Col. Steedman and other surviv- ors of the command. Over all a memory, perhaps unfortunate in never forgetting, has exercised a rigid yet conservative censorship. RECORDS OF THE REGIMENT. After a strenuous effort for several months it has been possi- ble to secure from other than official sources, muster-rolls of only four of the thirteen companies of the regiment, besides that preserved in Smith's History of Company K. The following are the companies whose muster-rolls have recently (1902) been compiled, with the names of the survivors performing this all- important work : Perote Guards, Company G, Private D. S. Bethune, Sergeants Hector McLean, Dan McLean, Thomas B. Miles; Talladega Rifles, Company D, Lieut. D. Z. Goodlet, and S. R. Wheeler; Tallapoosa Rifles. Company A. Lieuts. John H. Sanford, O. W. Lockett, Sergeant James H. Lowry ; Rough and Ready Pioneers, Company E, Lieut. F. P. Bledsoe. The rolls have been placed with the Alabama Department of Archives and Histor\' to supplemient the original records on file there. (5S) Introduction. 11 SCOPE OF THE WORK. Within the limits of this sketch neither individual records nor company history can have any place except in so far as they may form an essential part of regimental histor)'. The heroic deeds of every member of the regiment would be of inestimable value, if possible to obtain ; but it would require a volume many times greater than this to contain them. Therefore, the author, from a desire to be just to all, feels it his duty to omit special mention of any. REUNION OF THE REGIMENT IN 1898. Although not strictly pertinent, I deem it proper to present here a brief account of the reunion of the regiment in 1^98. About twent}^ survivors met with Col. I. G. W. Steedman in the dining hall of the hotel at Shelby Springs, Ala., July 9, 1898, and organized under the title of "First Regiment, Alabama Vol- unteers, C. S. A." Col. I. G. W. Steedman was chosen Presi- dent ; E. Y. McMorries, Vice-President ; J . M. Thornton, Sec- retary ; and Samuel R. Wheeler, Treasurer. To those who' attended, it was truly "a feast of reason and flow of soul," thus to mingle with our immediate comrades of the mighty past, recount the scenes of our sufferings, achieve- ments, and disappointments, and enjoy the presence of our hon- ored and distinguished commander. It was a memorable occas- ion in the history of the regiment. We all marked that in Col. Steedman the asperity of the military man had disappeared, and that, in its stead, a high and noble nature had been mellowed by age into one of decided sociability and strongest sympathy. A comrade remarked: "In the army I always greatly admired Col. Steedman as an officer, but now I love him." Those who did not attend this reunion can form no conception of Col. Steed- man's intense fondness for the members of his old regiment. The night we organized he read to us, while tears chased each other rapidly down his cheeks, accounts of our dead buried in the Con- federate cemetery at Madison, Wis., and other Northern prisons. He greatly appreciated the coming of comrades to meet him, and especially of the comrade who had come thirty miles from Tallapoosa county in a w^agon with his family. To him he gave an engraved portrait of himself on parting. (59) 12 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. On this occasion the preparation of a history of the regiment was discussed, and the writer was importuned to undertake the task. The assurances of help and assistance then given have done much to nerve him to the task. UNDORSEMKNT BY COL. STEEDMAN; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. After the labor and pains expended in the preparation, it is gratifying to quote the following commendatory words from Col. Steedman : "I have carefully reviewed the manuscript of this historical sketch of the First Regiment Alabama Volunteers, C. S. A., as writ- ten by Prof. E. Y. McMorries, of Plantersville, Ala. The history of the campaigns in which I was personally engaged is correct in the general facts as well as in details. Our survivors and friends owe a debt of gratitude and thanks to Pror. McMorries for thus recording the history of our regiment, nearly forty years after the actual oc- currences. The illustrations, except the photographs accompanying the text, are printed from original drawings in my possession. These drawings were made upon the spot by actual participants. They are not artistic and finished, but are valuable additions to the history 01 this heroic command." After I had completed the sketch, it was printed in the Mont- gomery Advertiser, Oct. 26, Nov. 2, 9, 2^, and 30, 1902. Its prblication called forth several commendatory expressions from many sources. My attention was also directed to some minor errors. For all these expressions I am profoundly grateful. The writer is under lasting obligations to Dr. Thomas M. Owen, for his hearty cooperation, for general editorial revision, proof-reading, and the supervision incident to publication ; to Prof. Henr}^ S. Halbert for a careful reading of the manuscript, and assistance in proof-reading; and to Col. I. G. W. Steedman of St. Louis, Mo., for numerous letters of sympathy and encour- agement, for the loan of several volumes of Confederate Military History, maps, plans of battle, etc., for furnishing at his own ex- pense all illustrative cuts, for the deep and unremitting interest he has taken in the sketch, and for his invaluable criticisms of the maimscript. E. Y. McMorries, Regimental Historian, Plantersville, Alabama. Co. G, Perete Guards. (60) CHAPTER I. PENSACOLA CAMPAIGN, 1861. THE REGIMENT ORGANIZED. This sketch begins with the organization of the First Regi- ment Alabama Vokmteers at Barrancas Barracks, near Fort Barrancas, Fla., February, 1861. The companies composing the regiment were : the Eufaula Pioneers, Capt. John Clark ; the Eufaula Rifles, Capt. Alpheus Baker; Perote Guards, Capt. George W. Daw- son,; Wilcox True Blues, Capt. I. G. W. Steedman; the Alabama Rifles, Talladega, Capt. J. H. Johnson ; Clayton Guards, Capt. Jere N. Williams ; Guards of the Sunny South, Capt. Y. D. Conyers; Tallapoosa Rifles, Capt. J. D. Meadows; Rough and Ready Pioneers, Capt. A. H. Owens ; Red Eagles, Capt. Ben Lane Posey. These companies had been previously mustered into the service of Alabama for twelve months, before leaving their State, but a few weeks later were transferred to the Confeder- ate service, becoming the first regiment, not only from Ala- bama, but from any other State of the Confederacy. The following officers were elected : Henry D. Clayton, Col- onel ; I. G. W. Steedman, Lieutenant-Colonel ; Jere N. Wil- liams, Major. The stafif were: S. H. Dent, Adjt. ; Henry R. Shorter, Com- missary; L. F. Johnson, Quartermaster; J. D. Caldwell, Sur- geon; Walter Curry, Assistant Surgeon. Lieut. Ramsey became captain of the Wilcox True Blues, and Lieut. Maybur>' captain of the Clayton Guards. Braxton Bragg was major-general commanding the troops; Gens. A. H. Gladden and R. H. Anderson commanded their re- spective brigades. (61) 14 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. THE PENSACOLA CAMPAIGN'. The scene of the regiment's service the first year of the war was the vicinity of the' lower portions of Pensacola bay, betAveen the navy yard and the mouth of the bay, about five miles dist- ant. Of the physical features, forts, etc., of the locality, I may speak briefly. Pensacola bay, receiving the waters of the beautiful Escam- bia river flowing almost due south, is formed by the interposi- tion of Santa Rosa island lying due east and west, and, there- fore, at right angles to the course of the river as it approaches the gulf; and deflected westward past the city of Pensacola and the navy yard, curves gracefully southward from this latter point into the gulf between the western extremity of the island and a projecting spur of the main land about thirty-five miles below the mouth of the river. Fort Pickens, by far the most formidable fortification in this vicinity both in structure and armament, stands upon this extremity of the island, and Fort McRee is due west just across the bay about one and one-half miles distant, the twoi forts forming the outpost defenses of the harbor. On the north side of the harbor or mainland from the navy yard to Fort McRee, are successively Warrenton, Marine Hos- pital, Barrancas Barracks, Fort Barrancas, Fort Redoubt, Old Light House and New Light House. These points occupy ele- vations from ten to thirty feet above tide water. Fort Barrancas and Old Light House being the highest, while Forts Pickens and McRee rise from the white sandy beach, down close to the water's edge. Fort Redoubt, designed as a place of retreat and continued resistance in case of Fort Barrancas falling into the hands of the enemy, is half a mile inland, and directly in rear of the latter with which it is connected by an underground passageway. It was used by the Confederates as an arsenal. Santa Rosa island, a few feet above sea-level, from a quarter to half a mile wide, interspersed with clumps of gall-berr}- slashes, great banks of white sand and sea-drift, with here and there an old scalv, gnarly sea-coast pine, with not even a fisher- man's hut or other sign of human habitation save the grim, gloomy old castle of Fort Pickens, stretches away to the east many miles beyond the horizon. (62) Pensacola Campaign, 1861. 15 Previous to the arrival of the companies of the regiment, Lieut. A. J. Slemmer, commanding United States forces, had surrendered all the forts and public buildings on the mainland to Alabama and Florida volunteers ; and, with a small squad of regulars, had retired to Fort Pickens. Thus the stars and stripes were flying from the battlemeuts of the latter, while the lone star of State sovereignty, soon to be supplanted by the stars and bars of the Confederate States, floated from all the forts and public buildings of the fonner. The personnel of the regiment was remarkable for the youthfulness of its members, and for notable men as privates in its ranks. Of the former, perhaps not more than 25 per cent, had reached their majority, while not 10 per cent, had passed twenty-five. The prevailing ages were from 18 to 21 in ranks, with quite a number from 15 to 18. The average age among officers could not have exceeded 30. Lieut.-Col. Steedman was only 26. Most of these young men were from homes of wealth and culture, of the best Southern families, and, in- flamed with resentment against the North for long-continued aggressions upon the rights of the South, as well as by the recent John Brown raid in Virginia, had quitted these sur- roundings of luxury, and, in many instances, classic halls of learning, and had seized their muskets and gone to battle. Nor less conspicuous and heroic were the conduct and spirit of the "wool hat boys" who, with no property interests involved, equalled the zeal and loyalty of tlieir wealthy comrades in de- votion, courage, sacrifice and duty. Neither space nor ability permit me to pursue further this tempting line of thought. Crown him historian laureate, the genius of whose pen shall adequately portray and reflect to future generations the war spirit of the South in 1861 ! All thinking classes in the South knew that the "irrepressible conflict" had come and must be met. Of notable men as privates in our ranks were Edward C. Bullock, a disthiguished barrister; Judge John Cochran, an eminent jurist; and James L. Pugh, whjo upon the secession of Alabama a few weeks before, had resigned his seat in the Fed- eral house of representatives. These inien, in blouse, army shirts, trudging along at drill through the deep sand beneath a burning sun, or pacing their beats, or pushing a wheelbarrow of sand to construct a battery, were familiar sights to us all (63) J 6 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. (luring our twelve months' service at Barrancas. They were dubbed "high privates." The following year private Bullock raised and led to the front the i8th Alabama regiment, but he shortly after died ; private Cochran resumed the practice of law ; private Pugh was elected to the Confederate States Con- gress, where he remained to the end of the war, and since the war he has served three tenns in the United States Senate. He now (1904) resides in Washington, D. C. By such illustrious examples as the above, of which no peo- ple ever furnished so many notable instances as the Southern States at the beginning of the war, the position and service of the Confederate soldier in ranks had been emphasized and dignified ; and this fact may be put down as the most powerful factor in the evolution of that sublime courage and irresistible prowess of the Southern soldier. There was no office-seeking, it being considered as high an honor to be a private as to be an officer. Men were elected to positions for their fitness to com- mand, and not on account of culture, wealth, or family pres- tige. Of course, men of superior advantages in all these re- spects were elected tO' office, but as a rule each was elected on his own individual merits. Nothing more plainly exemplifies the big-heart edness of the Southern aristocrat than this eleva- tion of so many of his inferiors socially, and his steadfast loy- alty to, and support of these officers from start to finish. Never before was an army organized on such broad basis of liberality, and never was there an army before commanded by such an able corps of officers. Mutual respect and confidence was the natural result. Until about the ist of April our regiment was quartered at Barrancas Barracks and Fort Barrancas. Many messes had negro cooks, and men hired to do all their laundry and other drudgery. All wore neat clothes, drew as daily rations a pound each of beef and baker's bread, occasionally supplemented with boxes of provisions from home. Most of the companies of the regiment had been organized several years before the war, and had been under the command of efficient officers and had, therefore, reached Barrancas quite proficient in company drill, but they had no experience in bat- talion drill. We now entered the full routine of soldier duty : company drill in the morning, battalion drill in the afternoon, guard and police duty, and all other duties. Military regula- (64) Pensacola Campaign. 1861. 17 tions began to he enforced and penalties to be inflicted for vio- lation. A cordon of guards was kept around the encampment and along the beach ; no ingress or egress was permitted without a pass ; no intoxicants were allowed within the lines. Whether rising or retiring or whatever else, everything must obey the taps of the drum. Guards were constantly bringing in one or more prisoners and dumping them in the guard house amid frantic execrations of the prisoner that he had come to war to fight for his rights, that he had lost all his rights bv the tyranny of his officers, and that he wouldn't stand it. Raw troops and their officers both have a hard time until the former learn that a soldier's first and highest duty is to obey orders, and the latter how to command. COL. HENRY D. CLAYTON. Col. Clayton drilled the regiment the first two months, but having been assigned to court-martial duty practically left the drilling of the regiment to Col. Steedman for the rest of the year. Col. Clayton was a fine officer, afterwards becoming one of the ablest major-generals in the Confederate service. But both by native endowments and education he was a lawyer, politician, and man of letters ; serving many years after the war as a distinguished circuit judge, losing in the Democratic State convention the nomination for Governor of Alabama by only a few votes. He was president of the Alabama State University when he died. In private as well as in public life, he was a man of most exemplary purity of character, and greatly loved by all the people of the State. His son, Henry D. Clayton, Jr., has ably represented (1904) the third congres- sional district of Alabama in Congress, and another son, Bert- ram Clayton, represented!, for several terms, a New York con- gressional district. COL. I. G. W. STEEDMAN. Col. I. G. W. Steedman combined all the inborn elements of a military man with a thorough military education, having graduated from the South Carolina Military Academy in 1856. Since it was he who, in 1861, made the First Alabama regiment one of the very best drilled in the Confederate army, thus lay- ing the foundation for its subsequent distingiiished career, I (65) 18 First Alabama Reg-iment, C. S. A. may be permitted to speak briefly at this point of his family, service, and characteristics. He was born in Lexington dis- trict, S. C, in 1S35, where three generations of his family had lived before him. His great-grandfather, John Steedman, from the north of Ireland, settled in Lexington many years be- fore the Revolutionary war. His grandfather, George Steed- man, was a soldier in the war of the Revolution, as were also his maternal ancestors. His father, Reuben Steedman, served the last six months of the Civil War in the militia of Soutih Caro- lina under the official call for the enlistinent of all men under fifty-five years of age. Four other sons of Reuben Steedman be- sides the colonel, were in the Confederate service. Immediately after graduating from the military academy, Col. Steedman began the study of medicine, attending the South Carolina Medical College one term ; then coming to Ala- bama he continued liis professional studies under the preceptor- ship of his uncle, Dr. D. J. Fox, in Wilcox county, and finally receiving his diploma from the Medical Department of the University of Louisiana in 1859. He was engaged in the prac- tice of medicine v/ith Dr. Fox when Alabama seceded. Prompt- ly volunteering, he was mustered into the service of Alabama as captain of the Wilcox True Blues in February, 1861, and ordered with his company to Fort Barrancas, near Pensacola, Fla. Within a month the company became Co. A, First Regi- ment Alabama Volunteers ; and, as stated, he was elected lieu- tenant-colonel of the regiment. At the reorganization of the regiment in February, 1862, he was unanimously elected col- onel, and held this rank and position to the close of the war, though during a large portion of the tim.e he was a prisoner-cf- war. His first experience undier fire was the bombardment of Fort Pickens, Nov. 22 and 23, 1861. In March, 1862, he was ordered with his regiment to Island No. 10. Mississippi river, and was put in command of the heavy batteries on the east bank of the river. There he exhibited in a high degree all the quali- ties of an able commander, and under most trying and disad- vajitageous circumstances until compelled to surrender after a siege of four weeks by Federal gunboats and infantry. Suf- fering at the time of the surrender with pneumonia, he was sent as a prisoner first to St. Louis, where he was held six weeks ; thence to Columbus, C)., where he was paroled for a month (66) Pensacola Campaign, 1861. 19 within the city limits ; thence to Johnson's Island, where he was detained until exchanged at \'icksburg the following Septem- ber. Rejoining his regiment at the latter place, they were sent a few days later to Port Hudson, La., where he was put in charge of a line of heavy batteries. He was in command of this line on the night of March 14, 1863. During the siege of Port Hudson, which began May 25 following, he was act- ing brigadier-general in command of the left wing of the land defenses, as well as the river defenses ; and it was during this terrible siege of seven weeks that his superb endurance and military genius and courage shone forth with great resplend- ence. After the surrender of Port Hudson July 8, four days later than that of Vicksburg on July 4, Col. Steedman and the rest of our officers were sent to New Orleans, thence to Governor's Island, N. Y., by sea, and thence to Johnson's Island, where he was held until the spring of 1865. While here he was, at the request of his fellow prisoners, put in charge of the prison hospital, selecting his own assistants, five in number, who were also fellow prisoners. After being sent east for exchange he sailed from Fort Mc- Henry, Baltimore, for City Point, and on the voyage rendered valuable service to the sick suffering from smallpox and gan- grtne. Before reaching its destination the vessel returned to the military prison at Point Lookout, and Col. Steedman was held here until sent to Fort Delaware, where he was paroled at the close of the war. Returning to Alabama he located in Montgomery for the practice of bis profession. On Oct. 31, 1865, he was married at St. Louis, Mo., to Dora Harrison, a native of that city, and locating in St. Louis he began the prac- tice of his profession there in 1866. In his profession he was eminently successful, until he retired in 1880. He still (1904) resides in that city, in excellent health. He has three sons: James Harrison, George Fox, and Edwin H. Steedman, all Uni- versity graduates, and successful manufacturers, being associ- ated with their father. The following were some of the prominent characteristics of Col. Steedman, as he was in 1861-1865, and will be readily recognized by every member of the regiment : Five feet eight or nine inches high, weight about one hundred and fortv pounds, dark grey eyes, dark brown hair, and heavy goatee and mus- (67) 20 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. tache of same color; perfectly symmetrical; graceful carriage, quick in movement, perception, decision, and expression ; a clear, ringing voice ; untiring energy ; a mind ever on the alert but never confused ; utterly fearless, but never reckless ; de- lighting in the profession of arms ; firm in discipline, but most courteous to and most considerate of the humblest private; never, under any circumstances, exhibiting the least irritation or temper; abstemious; modest; chaste in language, and of pure, irreproachable private character; and of a powerful per- sonal magnetism. Never was there an officer whose men would have followed him with more implicit faith and greater enthusi- asm, into any danger he might have proposed to lead them. Nowhere did Col. Steedman have a greater admirer than the big- hearted Gen. Clayton himself. Speaking of Col. Steedman in the Union Springs Herald, September, 1885, Gen. Clayton savs: "If Col. Steedman had been in the field instead of being confined to garrison duty during the war, be would have risen to the rank of major-general long before I did." Maj. Williams, being third in command, had no particular opportunity to show his ability as a military man. He was held in the highest esteem by every member of the regiment. Since the close of the war he has represented the third congressional district in the lower house of the Federal congress, and since his retirement from congress has for many years filled the honorable position of chancellor of his district. Under the immediate direction of Lieut. Joseph Wheeler, of the engineer corps, now the celebrated Gen. Wheeler of two wars, the regiment w^as soon put to erecting batteries along the heights west of Fort Barrancas : the Red Eagles for two motar guns in the rear of Fort Barrancas ; the Rough and Ready Pio- neers, for two thirty-two pounders in the depression between Fort Barrancas and the Old Light House ; the Perote Guards, for three ten-inch columbiads and one eight-inch columbiad at the Old Light House ; the Alabama Rifles for two ten-inch mortars between the Perote battery and the New Light House ; the Clayton Guards, for two ten-inch rifle guns at the New Light House. These companies were assisted by daily details from other companies of the regiment, cannon being brought by slow and laborious processes (rolled on skids) from Forts Barrancas and (68) Pensacola Campaign, 1861. 21 McRee. While getting a gun from the latter fort, the regiment heard fi^r the first time of their future friend and inseparable traveling companion, the army louse ; for it was on this occasion that an old regular soldier was stripped, shaved and carried publicly out to the beach, stretched uix)n the sand and scrubbed to rid him of the loathsome vermin. We would then have re- sented the slightest insinuation that these companions would form an accompaniment of our future wardrobe. This whole line was now astir with busy men. Work, drill, picket duty kept us moving; and after the cannon were mount- ed in their respective batteries, artillery drill was added. The scarcity of artillerists in the Confederate army at this stage of the war rendered it necessary that volunteers be trained at once for this important branch of the service, and this explains why our regiment came to be both an infantry and heavy artillery regiment. It continued: in this dual service until it left Fort Gaines, Ala., in May, 1864. Early in April the regiment cleared away the scrub bushes and seaweed between Fort Barrancas and Perote battery, and pitched their tents in front of the bay in full view of Fort Pickens, the Eufaula Pioneers remaining to garrison Fort Barrancas. The tents, with arbors of seaweed in front for shade, afforded a delightful retreat from the stale old barracks, but the warm spring brought clouds of mosquitos, and fleas of prodigious size and bloodthirsty intent became as numer- ous as the sands of the seashore. THE SONG OF THE BONNIE BLUE FLAG. The first time I ever heard the song of the Bonnie Blue Flag was under the following circumstances : Lieut. M. B. Locke of the Perote Guards, later lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, came to me about sundown one evening and asked me to at- tend the theatre with him that night in W'arrenton. I gladly accepted the invitation for several reasons. In the first place, it gave me an outing beyond our lines for a few hours. In the second, I was fond of theatres anyway. In the third, I always loved "]\Iike" and deem his personal friendship one of my most valuable earthly possessions. We went. The large building w^as densely packed with soldiers, and a few ladies. I have no recollection of any special points in the play, but at the close (69) 22 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. was an incident never during life to be effaced from memory. A gentleman soloist, and a fine singer he was, advanced to the front of the stage bearing a large, blue, silk flag with a golden star in the center. Slowly unfurling the banner he began the song of the "Bonnie Blue Flag." As he named each State in the order of its secession the soldiers from these respective States cheered with the greatest enthusiasm. But as he con- cluded the last stanza, "For the lone star of the Bonnie Blue Flag Has grown to be eleven," he at the same time reversed the banner, displaying on the opposite side a galaxy of eleven stars, representing the eleven States of our new-bom Confederacy. The sentiment, the oc- casion, the highly dramatic rendition of the whole recitation electrified the great assembly. Every man at once seemed to lose his reason. They sprang to their feet, rushed forward fran- tically waving their caps and wildly gesticulating, some out of joy beating comrades with fists, others embracing and kissing, still others shouting and yelling like mad men. This reign of Bedlam lasted ten minutes. Though forty-two years have elapsed since this incident, the whole scene rises from the dead past as vividly as on the night of its occurrence. THE REGIMENT PAID FOR FIRST TWO MONTHS^ SERVICE IN SPECIE. In April or May the regiment was paid for its first two months' service in gold' and silver by the State of Alabama, privates receiving each $20 in gold and $2 in silver, and offi- cers in proportion. That night the whole encampment looked like a gambling establishment. Tiiis writer did his first gamb- line then and there at "seven up," ten cents a game, and after playing until after midnight came off one dime winner. He is glad to add that this was his last gambling. But expert card players reaped a harvest that night from "suckers." Jack Gib- son next day had about $200, I believe, and my recollection is that he carried nearly all this sum through to the close of the war. Though fond of playing cards, Jack was a good fellow and a good soldier. This was the last and only gold and silver paid the regiment for its services during the war, and if anv other Southern command was as fortunate even as we in this respect we are not aware of the fact. (70) Pensacola Campaign, 1861. 28 UNIFORMS. On reaching Barrancas no two companies were uniformed alike. As a rule each company had two suits, full dress and fatigue. The former was made of high grade material, tl -;t of the Perote Guards costing $50 a suit. It was full dress style, heavy gray cassimere, trimmed with blue, three rows of buttons in front of coat, and red plumes tipped with white. This suit the company bought at its organization, each member paying for his own uniform. The fatigue suit of the same company pre- sented by the ladies of Perote on our leaving home was of very dark cassimere, heavy weight, trimmed with light gray, single rov,' of buttons and frock skirts. About the first of July we were furnished by the ladies of Alabama with a regim.ental uniform. This was made of blue jeans, frock skirt reaching down to oiur knees, and with a single row of buttons in front. FLAGS. Each company reached Barrancas with its own company flag, and these were as unlike as the uniforms, but bearing a striking resemblance to the Stars and Stripes of the Union. They generally agreed in one point only, that of having a sin- gle star. Some had been inscribed Vv'ith mottoes and curious devices, such, for instance, as a rattlesnake in coil ready to strike his victim, with the motto, "Don't tread on me." This great diversity of company flags was especially conspicuous on regimental drill and dress parade. On the adoption of a sov- ereign flag, during summer the ladies of Montgomery sent the regiment a Confederate flag made of bunting, after which the company flags were seldom used. These flags vx^ere captured at Island No. 10, April, 1862, and are presumably in possession of Northern States. That of the Perote Guards has been recently locattsd at Madison, Wis., by Hon. Thomas "^d. Owen, Director of the Department of Ar- chives and History of Alabama. It will probably be restored to our State when the next legislature of Wisconsin convenes. GENERAL REVIEW OF THE ARMY AT BARRANCAS. Gen. Bragg determined to hold a general review of the army during the month of July, and for this purpose had all under- (71) 24 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. bruhh removed from a space of half a mile square out in the piney woods about a mile in the rear of the new lijj^ht house, and cut of sight of Fort Pickens. It was a fearfully hot day and not a leaf of the forest stirred from its place. The hot sun burned our feet through our shoes. We stood in this posi- tion about an hour facing the sun with our long blue jeans coats buttoned tightly up to our chins while we enjoyed the luxury (?) of being reviewed by the general and his staft. After the general had passed along our front he took a position at one corner of the square where the army by companies marched past him as he sat on his highly caparisoned war-steed, cap in hand and head bared to the burning sun. This consumed another hour, by which time many of the men were prostrated with heat, and had to fall out of ranks. This was the only gen- eral review we had at Barrancas, and it was enough for us. For several weeks w^e had been looking forward to this event, anticipating a "big time," but as a pleasure affair the whole per- formance was a stupendous failure. SICKNESS AT BARRANCAS, FL.\., IN 1861. I shall speak briefly first of the Marine hospital, a distinct image of which as it was in 1861 still hangs in the picture gal- lery of memory, although I was never an inmate myself. The building was a magnificent structure of brick, three stories high, painted yellow, occupying a terraced elevation half a mile from the beach, enclosed by a heavy brick wall quadrangu- lar in form, with a large iron gate at the center of each side, almost obscured by that prince of all forest trees, the live oak, around whose dark massive trunks and long wandering branches ivy and ether vines had woven themselves into a solid coating, until leaping up and over-spreading the tops of tiecs and hospital they hung in graceful festoons along the walls of the latter. The spacious grounds were cari)eted with nature's perennial green, relieved here and there by clusters of brilliant and variegated flowers. The grove was enlivened by the cease- less singing of many birds, of which our own Southern meek- ing-bird is king, thus removing this one spot as far away as possible from ever\- other suggestion of war and turmoil and strife. A Confederate soldier, in full uniform and with fixed bayonet, is pacing his beat in front cf each gate and also of (72) Pensacola Campaign, 1861. 25 each entrance of the main buildings, while sisters of charity, dressed in black and wearing" white sun-bonnets were moving along the wide corridors and verandahs on their missions of mercy, or standing in groups of two or three in earnest consul- tation with the surgecn. If we enter and go through the apart- m.ents we shall find them large, well lighted and well ventilated ; the walls, furniture, and beddings scrupulously clean, and the patients receiving such food and attention as their respective conditions demand. During the spring, summer and fall measles, jaundice and malarial and typhoid fevers hadt successively invaded the camp of the 1st Alabama regiments; and, despite the rigid enforce- ment of sanitary regulations, the first two became epidemic and the last nearly so. Many believed that too much drilling in the hot sun, while closely laced up from hip to chin in heavy woolen uniforms, was responsible for so much sickness. As many of the regiment had never been accustomed to labor or active exercise O'f any kind ,this opinion m.ay have been, at least to some extent, well founded. Of course no blame can attach to any oflicer of the regiment on this account. Raw troops have to be drilled, disciplined and hardened for service, and officers alone have to do this. Besides, the "hardening pro- cess"' at Barrancas doubtless saved many lives to the regiment at Island No. 10, when the exposure and duties were so much greater, and where the new recruits suffered such terrible fatal- ity, wdiile the volunteers of '61 passed through the fiery ordeal of after campaigns with comparatively slight loss. Whatever the cause, the Marine hospital was full of sick from June to October. Every day several were carried down from the hospital to the "dead house" for interment, or ship- ment home, the latter almost invariably the rule in the South- ern army during 1861. To us, not yet accustomed to the hor-» rors of war, the situation was distressing. Said a nervous com- rade : "A man can die and be buried here with the least cere- mony and concern I ever saw." Our regiment lost about forty this year, mostly young men. Many a youth, who only a few months previous, had left a home of tenderness and luxury, and had gone forth at his country's call to drive back the invad- ers of the South, thus early and suddenly found the end of his brief career and earthlv ambition. (73) 26 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. I distinctly recall to mind one, a youth of seventeen, of at- tractive personality, of superior intellect, of wealthy and dis- tingushed family, of magnanimous soul and Christian] charac- ter, and of high social position, all giving assurance of a most honorable and useful life — thus untimely cut dovvu. From the first of the son's illness the anxious father (for his mother had died several years before) was at the bedside of his son who was slowly dying of typhoid fever. Though the hospital service was excellent, and the father provided for his son every comfort and delicacy that heart could wish, two com- pany comrades, by permission, spent the long, lonesome, sad hours of night in affectionate ministration to their loved friend. Towards the last of his illness, the patient's mind began to wander. In dreams and during periods of aberration he was conversing with comrades in camp, or in a gay party of friends at home, or wearied of a long march, or engaged in a fierce battle with the enemy. After a protracted struggle, the end came peacefully ; the spirit of a noble youth, with all its future ho|)es and promises, had departed ; only dust remained ; but the natural color of the face returned ; a gentle smile, so char- acteristic in health and now so heaven-like, again lit up the wasted cheek. A fond, Christian father, overwhelmed with grief, bore him away from sorrowing comrades to still more anguished hearts of relatives and friends at home, where he was laid to rest, highly honored and sincerely lamented, by a whole community ; and where a marble monument marks the place of his earthly remains. This youth was Langdon L. Rumph of the Perote Guards ; the father, Dr. James D. Rumph. These were our first experiences in the horrors of war. Our sensibilities were yet tender, and the death of a comrade, a sad bereavement then, for we had not yet become accustomed to suffering and death by long-continued conflict and carnage. You who read this, read of the death of a soldier in time of war under most favorable conditions and circumstances possible. Later, we shall attempt to portray the death of a Confederate soldier on the field of battle. Unnumbered thousands of Southern soldiers as noble and promising as comrade Rumph met death, and met it like men, far away from home and loved ones ; sometimes from sickness or wounds in over-crowded hospitals, where there were neither (74) Pensacola Campaign, 1861. 27 nurses, food, comfort nor medical attention; sometimes in an instant on the field of battle ; sometimes in prison hospitals among our enemies, where it was a matter of total indifference whether they lived or died, though with some preference for the latter ; and, after death, were dumped into a hole in the ground with as little concern as a dead horse. But on this score we must not judge our enemy harshly. We Confederates shed no tears around the graves of dead Yankees. This is war. Confederate troops had been constantly arriving at Barran- cas until by the ist of Jime we had eight or ten thousand. Fed- erals had also been busy recruiting. Col. Brown with re- enforcements had superseded Lieut. Slemmer in command of Fort Pickens ; Billy Wilson's regiment of New York Zouaves had gone into tents half a mile above Fort Pickens on the island; batteries in front of us were being constructed. Still, a fellow feeling apparently prevailed between friend and foe as each, under the guns of the other, were allowed to bask in the morning and evening breeze without molestation. Even as late as April the Federal gunboat, Wyandotte, was permitted to land at the navy yard and take aboard supplies. The Yankees first broke the peace. Selecting a dark night, they captured and burned our little patrol boat, the Judith, lying out in the harbor. Not content, they shortly afterwards surprised the guard at the navy yard, burned the dry dock, spiked the guns of our battery manned by old ex-Federal regulars, and made good their escape. There was suspicion of treason. This ugly behavior called for correction. Accordingly, Gen. Bragg fitted out a detachment of about fifteen hundred men made up by details from the various regiments, put Gen. Anderson and Col. Chalmers in command, and left the rest to them. The Talladega Rifles and Wilcox True Blues represented the First Alabama. Marching to Pensacola, the expedition embarked on the steamer Times and on barges about dark on the evening O'f October 7, 1861, steamed west near the coast of Santa Rosa island and landed the troops on the north side of the island about 2 a. m. on the morning of the 8th. The objective point was Billy Wilson's Zouaves camp, about five miles above which the troops were landed. The plan was to advance stealthily down the island, capture the pickets and surprise the camp. This was successfully done, andi the Confederates were open- ing by platoons upon the camp before the Zouaves were aware (75) 28 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. of their presence. This was about 4 a. m. The rebel yell was raised which was instantly responded to by the Confederates from the navy yard to Fort McRee, who, with eager expect- ancy, had remained awake all night to witness the battle. There was the wildest consternation among the Yankees. Many of the enemy were killed and wounded, a few were captured, more escaped through the darkness of the night. The sound of a horse's hoofs running at full speed down the plank road to Fort Pickens was distinctly heard at our batten,-. Torches were applied to the tents and arbors of seaweed, to the com- missary and other buildings near the camp. This so lighted up the island that we could plainly see the movements of our iroops from the mainland. The Yankees were gone. Da; light scon came and at the same time there advanced from the rear portals of Fort Pickens a long column of Federals. Our men, exhausted by the laborious march down the island through deep sand and dense thickets, and over rugged surface, slowly be- gan to retreat to the steamer Times and barges. The enemy followed, and our men were several times compelled to halt, form line and push back their assailants. At this juncture Gen. Bragg sent over the steamer Ewing with reinforcements, who took the place of our tired soldiers and drove the enemy down the island in confusion. The troops then re-embarked and landed at Pensacola. In the afternoon Gen. Bragg, under Hag of truce, brought away his killed and wounded from the island, the total loss being about thirty. Among the former were Capt. Bradford of a Florida regiment, and Lieut. Nelms of a Georgia regiment. Out of honor to these officers, by order of Gen. Bragg, the steamer Times was thenceforth called the Bradford, and the Ewing, the Nelms. Owing to this unpleasantness the regiment had to move its camp about half a mile in rear and out of sight of the enemy. We then began the erection of wooden barracks for winter quarters along the depression in the immediate rear of the Pe- rote battery. BOMBARDMENT OF FORT PICKKNS. On the morning of November 22. 1861, as the Bradford was steaming down to the navy yard from Pensacola, Fort Pickens opened fire upon it. This was the signal for a general attack (76) Pensacola Campaigri, 1861. 29 on our lines, and in a few minutes cannon were darting flame and iron from every porthole of Fort Pickens and from every battery along the island. The former had more guns than all the Confederate forts and batteries combined, but it had to di- vide its attack along a range of four miles, while it received the concentrated fire of all the Confederates. Fort McRee was the weakest of all our defenses, and yet the most exposed both to the fleet and Fort Pickens. Its gallant commander, Villipi- gue, with hiis Georgia battalion had strengthened it somewhat with sand bags. For this reason Fort McRee had, from the outset, been the object of deepest concern and anxiety ; but our apprehensions v/ere greatly intensified when two of the enemy's largest men-of-war were moved up a channel even the existence of which had hitherto been unknown to us, cast anchor in the rear of the right Vv-ing oif the fort on which side the garrison had neither strengthened the walls against attack, nor mounted guns for defense ; and from this new position about a mile nearer Fort McRee then the other Federal vessels, opened a terrific fire upon this helpless part of the fort. At the same time the rest of the squadron, now about two miles off, made a vigorous attack on the right front of McRee. The situation was alarm- ing. Fleet and fort were soon enveloped with the smoke of their own guns and that of exploding shells, except as an oc- casional breeze afiforded a temporary glimpse. On one occas- ion simultaneous volleys raked the outer walls and parapets of the fort, wrapped it with flames of bursting shells, sent huge timbers and massive pieces of concrete flying through the air, swept av/ay the flagstaff and demolished a section of wall on the right. As dimly seen from our position the whole structure seemed to^ bulge and sink to the earth in one general conflagra- tion and gigantic heap of ruins. There was a momentary sus- pense of firing along the Confederate lines, as men stood in breathless excitement and gazed with the eagerness of despair at what appeared the final doom of the fort. "McRee is gone up," murmured some. Nobody denied or doubted it. A mo- ment later a friendly breeze partially lifting the smoke, re- vealed only a part demolished, the rest standing firm. This gave some relief, but a moment later it was noticed that the flag had disappeared. "The fort has surrendered," they now said. But these words were hardly spoken when the large gar- rison banner with broken staff and torn with shot was seen (77) 30 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. slowly ascending the wall. Then a mighty shout of Confeder- ates, heard above the din of artillery and sounding like the distant murmur of many waters, rang along the bending shore from Fort ]McRee to the navy yard. While such was the struggle between the fleet and Fort Mc- Ree, a conflict of far greater proportion was on between Fort Pickens and Barrancas with its chain of batteries, all manned by the First Alabama regiment. Ten times more lead and iron were hurled against our positions than against Fort McRee, but shot and shell made little impression on our batteries of sand bags ; and Fort Barrancas, sunk in a great sand hill with very little brick wall above the surface, was almost as invul- nerable. The artillery on both sides aggregated about 300 pieces, varying in calibre from 32 to 128 pounders; and as each was fired every few minutes, the deafening roar was beyond de- scription — beyond even conception save to those engaged. Every window light in Warrenton was shivered to atoms by the first few volleys, while those in Pensacola, eight miles dis- tant, were badly shaken up and many broken. In some in- stances blood poured from the noses of men working the guns, while the thunder of the conflict was afterwards declared to have been heard at Greenville, Camden, Montgomery, Hayne- ville, Union Springs, and Troy, distances ranging from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five miles from the scene of action. No damage v/as done Barrancas or any of its batteries, but we inflicted material damage to Fort Pickens. The battle continued all day with unabated energ\'. About dark the firing ceased, except Capt. Posey's mortar battery that kept up a duel all night with a Yankee mortar battery, furnish- ing quite a spectacular entertainment to the two armies. Fort McRee had learned some things by the day's experience ; and under cover of darkness, and, assisted by heavy details, her men built a battery of three guns half a mile down the shore, between the fort and the two men-of-war. Worn out by the day's hard work, we ate a cold lunch and retired to the rough planks of our "old cabin home" for need- ed rest. But a seaward breeze setting up, whistled about the roofs and around the corners of our cottages in such exact imi- tation of a coming hostile shell, to which our ears had all day been accustomed that we were frequently startled from our (78) Pensacola Campaign, 1861. 31 dreams, and sprang from our bv.nks. Many a hearty laugh was indulged in during the night on this score. Rather an "airy" sort of battle was this, but later in the night we got up another sort ,almost as airy but on a much grander scale. About 1 1 p. m. our pickets began discharging their guns along the beach. At iirst the shots were scattering, but rapidly increased until it seemed like the whole picket force was hotly engaged, while in camp the "long roll" was beating to arms, and officers shout- ing to their rnen to "fall in," as if the whole Yankee army was landing about two hundred ^'ards in o'ur front. Men ran hither- thither in hurly-burley style, sometimes knocking each other down in their blird and mad rush for clothing, guns and equip- ment. As soon as formed, the companies were "double-quick- ed" to their respective batteries. On reaching his battery, a certain captain of the regiment made a speech that night to his company that was repeated many a time afterward around the camp-fires of the regiment. As he drew up his company in line, lie thus harangued the men at the top of his voice, and in a high key: "Stand firm, men! Stand firm! Think of your homes and firesides I You have done well today, and we expect you to do well tonight." It was, of course, a false alarm, a very common occurrence in any army in time of war, and after an hour's detention, we were dismissed to our quarters. I will state, however, for the benefit of the uninitiated, that these night alarms, far in the dead hour of nighit, are more trying to the nerves than a real battle in daytime. At dawn next morning, November 23, Fort McRee's men early began the day's battle by a vigorous attack on the two warships. After a hot contest for an hour, the latter retired out of range, taking their position along with the rest of the fleet, where they could do the fort less damage. By 8 o'clock the bombardment was again in full blast, every gun on both sides being brought into action. The Yankees, however, had a better range of our positions, and landed their shot and shell with greater precision. Frequently several shells would explode almost simultaneously in or above a single bat- tery, and the men would take refuge in their "rat-holes" for protection. But these "rat holes," covered with coarse, loose sand to a depth of about four feet, were places of fanciedi, rather than real security. They offered good protection against small fragments of shells, but we are confident that a shell from a mortar would have penetrated without any difficulty. (79) 32 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. The second day's battle was essentially a repetition of the first, with no abatement of spirit on either side. The firing ceased at dark, excetpt that Capt. Posey again kept up his mortar battery duel all night. The enemy did not resume the attack next morning, and thus ended the great bombardment — the greatest, perhaps, during the Civil War, when both num- ber and calibre of guns are taken into account. By order of Gen. Bragg, the words "November 22 and 23, 1861," were inscribed on the banner of the ist Alabama regiment. On January i, 1862, Gen. Bragg had occasion to be absent, leaving Gen. Anderson in command. The latter opened up a fight which lasted all day. Rumor had it that Gen. Bragg was much displeased at this attack. All the Confederate forts and batteries w^ere manned by the First Alabama, except Fort Mc- Ree and a battery at the navy yard. REGIMENT REORGANIZED. The period of our enlistment (twelve months) was now drawing to a close, and the question of reorganization was a lively theme with the regiment. When we volunteered, we thought we could whip the Yankees in three months. It was now evident that we were entering upon a long and bloody conflict. Accordingly, the Confederacy was enlisting soldiers only for three years, or the war. But as the First had already served one year. Gen. Bragg thought it just that we be received for two years, and we were mustered in for that period — the only regiment perhaps in the Confederate service so enlisted. Three companies — the Eufaula Pioneers, Eufaula Rifles, and Red Eagles — declined to reorganize, and their places were taken by Capt. Pruitt's company from Barbour county ; Capt. Knowles's company from Macon county ; and Capt. John F. Whitfield's company from Autauga and Montgomery counties. Of the seven companies reorganized, about half of the men and oflicers re-enlisted, the rest being discharged and enlisting in other commands. Upon reorganization, I. G. W. Steedman was unanimously elected Colonel; S. L. Knox, Major; S. D. Steedman was ap- pointed Adjutant; Dr. J. C. Hamilton, Surgeon; Dr. Madding, Assistant Surgeon; D. Camiichael, Quartermaster; Capt. B. Sullens, Commissar}'. The companies were commanded respect- (80) Pensacola Campaign, 1861. 33 ively by J. D. Meadows, Capt. Co. A (Tallapoosa Rifles) ; D. W. Ramsey, Capt. Co. B (Wilcox True Blues) ; J. T. Stubbs, Capt. Co. C (Guards of the Sunny South) ; R. H. Isbell, Capt. Co. D (Talladega Rifles) ; John H. Wood, Capt. Co. E (Rough and Ready Pioneers) ; Richard Williams, Capt. Co. F (Clay- ton Guards); M. B. Locke, Capt. Co. G (Perote Guards; Knowles, Capt. Co. H ; W. H. Pruitt, Capt. Co. I ; John F. Whitfield, Capt. Co. K (John Gill Shorter, Artillery). No election was held for lieutenant-colonel, because, as yet, regi- mental sentiment had not united on any single individual for the position ; and, besides, as the regiment was soon to be largely recruited, it seemed just that the recruits should have a voice in the selection of at least one field officer. At Island No. 10, owing to so much sickness and other causes the elec- tion was not considered, and accordingly an election for lieutenant-colonel was not held until we reached Port Hudson in October, 1862. We received our furloughs for thirty days, January 17, 1862, and left on the first train for our respective homes, where we were welcomed, banqueted and lionized by all, but especially by sweethearts, as conquering heroes. Social entertainments were given almost every night at which "soft eyes looked love to eyes that spake again." Very few then could lay claim to having seen twelve months' service, and to having participated in three battles. Besides, the hot sun at Barrancas had so tanned our skins that we in no wise resembled the tender-faced bo}'s of twelve months before, but had become veterans in ap- pearance. The war spirit was at red heat, and the military was everywhere conspicuous throughout the State. At the expira- tion of our furloughs we left our respective communities amid impassioned speeches and pathetic scenes of separation from loved ones. When the companies reached Barrancas late in February the regiment had over one thousand men on its rolls, nearly two- thirds of whom knew nothing of arms or service. Many of the boys, who were in school or college when they enlisted a year previous, had carried back with them school books in Latin, Greek, mathematics, and other branches, under the delusion that we woiild be at Barrancas to the end of the war; and, as we had several scholarly teachers in the regiment, we expected to fight Yankees and pursue our studies at the same time. 3 (81) CHAPTER II. ISLAND NUMBER TEN CAMPAIGN, AND PRISON LIFE, 1862. ISLAND NO. 10 CAMPAIGN. Within a few days we were put to dismounting the big guns in our batteries. We knew this portended early evacuation of Barrancas. The work was carried on at night through bUnd- ing clouds of dust that filled our eyes and throats, and which caused an epidemic of bad colds. Doubtless, this condition of our men was, in a large degree, responsible for so much fatal sickness in our regiment a week or two later at Island No. 10. On the morning of March 5, 1862, our regiment, having more the appearance of a brigade than regiment, led by our own Steedman, and headed by a brass band, marched from Barrancas to Pensacola. It was an ideal spring morning, and the live oak groves and wild flowers along the way were in full bloom and resonant with the melodies of singing birds. All trunks, books, and heavy clothing had been shipped home. We were under marching orders for Island No. 10, a military post in the ]\Iississippi river commanded by Brigadier-General J. P. !Mc- Cown. The next morning we boarded flat cars at Pensacola depot. A cold raiin was falling that beat upon us until we reached Tensas landing. From Tensas wc went by steamer to Mobile ; thence in two sections and in passenger coaches by the Mobile and Ohio Railroad to Corinth, Miss. ; thence by the Memphis and Charleston Railroad to Memphis, Tenn., which we reached early on March 12, 1862. We were at once transferred to a steamer and started to Island No. 10. The boat was a leaky old transport, unfit for service, and of insufficient capacity to carry our regimicnt comfortably, compelling us to leave tents and heavy baggage behind. We were packed almost to suffo- cation on both decks. The river was at its highest flood, and (82) Island No. Ten Campaign, and* Prison Life, 1862. 35 down its maddened and foaming billows uprooted trees and debris were being driven with resistless fury. We faced all day a cold north wind, and when night came the men spread down their blankets, covering every inch of available space, each trying to get as near the smokestack as possible. Learning during the day that the Federals had captured New Madrid, Mo., about twelve miles below Island No. 10, we landed about dark at Tipton ville, and at once marched to the former point, about six miles distant. We were halted for the night in an old cornfield, where, wrapped in blankets and stretclijed on the groundi, we were soon asleep. An hour later we were aroused from this blissful state by a downpour of rain that lasted until daylight. Our tents did not reach us until a week later, during which time we suffered much from cold and rain. Island No. 10 contained at this time about forty acres, was situated in the Mississippi river near the corner of Tennessee, Missouri and Kentucky. Its surface was about ten feet above the river at this stage. The eastern bank of the river for a mile or more was about twenty feet above the river level. Half a mile above the island the river, flowing south, abruptly turns northward to New^ Madrid, thence southeast to Tiptonville, a distance of 35 miles, thus forming a great peninsula, across whose neck from Tiptonville to Island No. 10 is only six miles. Nearly a mile above the island, where the river turns northwest, the east bank sinks to the general level of the valley ; and there the river, overleaping its banks in a sheet of water half a mile wide and from two to five feet deep, flows southeast to Reel Foot lake, eight miles distant, encircling at this time Tiptonville, our fortifications and army in a great island. On the river's bank in the upper edge of this sheet of water, and facing directly up the river, was Rucker's battery of six guns forming our outpost defence. It was a miserable affair, knee deep in water, and its weak parapets affording little protection to men, guns, or ammunition. The ordnance and details could reach it only at night and in small boats ; sometimes up the channel of the river, sometimes across the sheet of water through the swamp. Naturally, it was the main point of attack. Besides Rucker's, there were six batteries on the east bank of the river, each mounting from two to four guns var}'ing in cal- ibre from 32 to 64-pounders; and on the island proper there were two batteries of four guns each, and an old barge anchored (83) 36 First Alabama Regiment. C. S. A. in front of the island and having a battery of four guns. There were also quite a number of unmounted cannon. Our regi- ment, without sleep the previous night, mounted two guns on the 14th of March. The next day the enemy's fleet of mortar boats and iron-clad gunboats arrived and at once attacked us. concentiating their fire on Rucker. All the batteries replied with vigor, and occa- sionall}' with effect. The cannonading was heavy and lasted until night with only slight damage to Rucker's battery. Early on the morning of March 16, three of the enemy's strongest gunboats lashed together, advanced within close range and opened a vigorous fire upon Rucker's battery, and also upon our position below. They were now within fair range of all our batteries and every gim was brought intoi action. All day cannon thundered from the gunboats, the east bank, and the island. At Rucker's, one man was killed and several wounded by a shen. Beyond this there was no material damage to either side. This closed the biggest fight at Island No. 10, the fleet after this keeping well out of our reach. Major H. S. Foote, son of Mississippi's distinguished congressman, aid-de-camp to General McCown at Island No. 10, relates the follorvving inci- dent of Col. Steedman at this battle: "The ammunition was exhausted by 3 p. m. The Colonel of the First Alabama, who was at Rucker's with some of his men, came down to headquar- ters through water, waist deep in places, to get cannon car- tridges. The cartridges were carried by negroes who had vol- unteered for the work, the Colonel of the First leading the way, I bringing up the rear. The sight inside that place (Rucker's battery) was enough to dishearten and terrify the bravest. There were our men, fighting with the desperation of despair; some of the guns were dismounted, the platforms sunk in mud and water, and dead and wounded lying around, the bursting shells ; Rucker, like the hero he was. encouraging his men ; and the men, stripped to the waist, at their guns, and all other sad sights of a fort almost battered to pieces by cannon shot. Nev- ertheless, that colonel of the First Alabama coolly walked into this chamber of death and there remained until the last car- tridge was disposed of." This fort was not captured until after its evacuation, and the retreat of the army. (84) Island No. Ten Campaign, andi Prison Life, 1862. 37 Shortly after this the Federals fitted out at night a detach- ment of about fifty men and sent it down the river during a terrific storm to spike the guns in Rucker's battery. With muffled oars and under cover of darkness they reached the bat- tery undiscovered, surprised the sentinels, and before the guard that was bivouacking fifty yards away could be aroused from sleep and reach the battery, spiked the guns and escaped. In the meanwhile the enemy had successfully passed trans- ports across the point of land opposite our batteries, and reached the river below us. The water at this point was several feet deep from the overflow of the river, and the enemy, by cutting down trees a few feet below the surface of the water and re- moving logs and other obstructions from a small bayou effected a practicable canal through the swamps for transports. The water was not deep enough for gunboats. The enemy now attempted to run a gunboat past our batteries. Accordingly, on the night of April 4, 1862, which was stormy and dark, the pickets observed by the occasional flashes of light- ning, unusual activity among the gunboats. A few minutes later, the Carondelet, sunk nearly to the water's edge, and pro- tected by bales of hay, dashed out from the fleet on its perilous voyage. Smoke of stygian blackness rolled in immense volume from its smokestack as revealed here and there along its way by occasional lightning. It steamed directly in the face of Ruck- er's battery, approaching within two hundred yards oif it ; and then turning at right angles west pursued its course under a heavy fire from our lines without returning a shot. The guns of Rucker were out of order and could make no attack. The other batteries hurled tons of shot and shell at the bold craft. Reaching a point of safety below, the Carondelet fired a gun as a signal to the fleet that it had passed in safety. On the morning of April 6, heavy firing in the direction of Point Pleasant, opposite New Madrid, indicated that the enemy was landing troops there under cover of the guns of the Caron- delet. About 6 p. m., before we had eaten supper, the regiment w^as ordered to report at headquarters. There v^'ere hardly three hundred men in ranks. An hour later all the available troops of the command had assembled, leaving a few in charge of our fortifications, and we started in the direction of Point Pleasant, presumably to recapture our battery. About 2 a. m. we were drawn up in line half a mile from Point Pleasant, ex- (83) 38 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. pecting to advance. But we were soon ordered to rest, and in a few minutes were asleep. When we awoke a heavy rain was falling. We were hungry and had no rations. About 9 a. m. our commissary wagons arrived. We commenced to cook ra- tions, but were ordered, rather excitedly, to "fall in." We were soon in full retreat toward Tiptonville. The morning was warm, the road wet and muddy, we were tired and hungry, and all blankets and other surplus articles were promiscuously scat- tered along the way. The enemy's cavalry from Point Pleas- ant hung upon our rear, but kept at a safe distance. It was nearly sundown when we entered a large plantation in rear and in full view of Tiptonville, the smokestack of a gunboat being seen at the landing. We crossed the plantation about a mile east, and entered the swamp now dense with the foliage of spring. It was getting dark. The command was led by fresh troops who, becoming excited at some of our cavalry returning from a reconnoisance in front, produced some confu- sion in that quarter for a few seconds. Our gallant Major, S. L. Knox, commanding the regiment at that time, commanded the First Alabama "front face, right dress," and in a moment our regiment presented as straight a line as was ever seen on dress parade, standing alone and facing the supposed direction of the enemy. The whole thing was so sudden it was a severe test of the courage of the First Alabama, the presumption being that we had fallen into an ambuscade, as the enemy was known to be in force in that vicinity. The fresh troops were fonned about half a mile from this point ; and our regiment after stand- ing half an hour in this position, aligned with them. Here we stacked our arms, as we then thought only for the night, but in fact for surrender. During the night Gen. W. W. Mackall, whoa week before had superseded General McCown, capitulated April 8, and the next morning we were formed and marched without guns to the river bank in an open field, and were formally sur- rendered to General Payne. General Mackall was much criti- cised for this surrender. Incompetency, and even treason, were charged, but there was no ground for either. Generals Mc- Cown and Mackall did the best that could have been done by anv officers under all the circumstances. It was expected that our command would be sacrificed when sent to Island No. 10. General Bra,xton Bragg so informed Colonel Stecdman several times since the war. It was done to hold Pope in check with (86) Island No. Ten Campaign, andi Prison Life, 1862. 39 an army of forty thousand men until Albert Sidney Johnston could attack Grant at Shiloh. The idea that Mackall could have hastily constructed barges and escaped with his command across the Reel Foot lake, which at this point was ten miles wide, is absurd. True, a few fugitives, even some too sick to fall in line when we left camp, did this. But though this was possible to a few scattered men, while the army engaged the attention of the enemy, it would have been altogether impossi- ble for the army itself. All honor to Generals McCown and Mackall and brave officers, who, with only five thotisand men, hardly half of them fit for duty, kept back Pope for nearly a month. The sacrifice of our command alone gave Albert Sid- ney Johnston hope of victorv^ at Shiloh ; and our sufferings and fate, terrible as they were, were not in vain. OFFICERS AND PRIVATES GO TO PRISON. It has been noted that only three hundred men of the First Alabama reported for duty at the camps when we set out on our march from Island No. 10, and that Major Knox, instead of Colonel Steedman, commanded the regiment at its surrender. This ratio of men on the rolls to number able for duty pre- vailed in all other commands, so out of five thousand Confeder- ates on the island, about fifteen hundred surrendered in line. The First had about one-third of its men in line. The terrible epidemics of measles, mumps and pneumonia had depleted our ranks, being especially severe on recruits. The First must have lost four hundred men in the twenty-seven days of ser^dce here, and from the effects of that service afterwards in prison. Many died and were buried at Island No. 10 before the surrender. After the surrender, the officers were transferred to Johnson's Island, the non-commissioned officers and privates to^ Camp But- ler, Springfield, 111. ; to Camp Douglas, Chicago, 111. ; to Mad- ison, Wis., and to other points of the north. For a month after reaching these prisons the mortality wa.s fearful. One hundred and five of our regiment died at Madison, Wis. Here the graves of our First Alabama dead, along with other Confederate graves there, were marked, and the cemetery cared for during many years by a noble Southern woman, Mrs. Alice Waterman, now (1904) dead. She deserves the lasting gratitude of every Alabamian. A monument should be erected in this "Confed- (87) 40 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. erate Rest," containing the names of each dead soldier ; also the name of Alice Waterman in bold relief. We have before us a list of the names, so there can be no doubt about this.* The Federal authorities, at least at Camp Butler, where the writer was in prison, did all that medical skill, hospital stores and comfortable quarters could do to arrest the appalling death rate of the Confederate prisoners, but in vain. While at Island No. lo this writer visited sick friends in two of our hospitals ; one on a steamer anchored opposite the island in the river ; the other in a church, one or two miles in rear of our line. In the former the men were lying on the floor across the cabin, head to wall and feet to feet, with a space of twelve or eighteen inches between each. They all had pneumonia, and the space be- tween each wais literally covered with phlegm expectorated by the patients. The same was the case in the aisle, which was about three feet wide. The coughing, wheezing and groans were distressing. The situation at the church was the same, except that the patients had bunks. Our entire stock of medical stores seems to have consisted of one single item — blue mass. We have seen our surgeon standing in the door of the hospital tent with a wad of the delicious delicacy in his hand, and issuing it out to the sick apparently without regard to the nature of the disease. The sickness and mortality at Island No. lo are not to be wondered at, when all the circumstances are considered. Our men were mostly from extreme South Alabama, two-thirds of whom, fresh from home and wholly unused to hardships, had been suddenly thrown into a cold and rigorous climate at a season of the year most inviting to pneumonia, had been terri- bly and continuously exposed day and night, were without suit- able food, and practically without medicine with which to com- bat the epidemic. The old soldiers of the regiment of 1861 lost very few of their number. Colonel Steedman, one of the ablest officers of the garrison, was stricken with pneumonia in both lungs a week before the surrender, and was in the hospital at the time of that event. When the surrender was known he was placed upon a litter by four of bis regiment, who intended ♦For list of dead buried at Madison, and the report of Col. Steed- man on treatment of Confederate prisoners at Johnston's Island, see Chapter VIII, infra. (88) Island No. Ten Campaign, and Prison Life, 1862. 41 to carry him beyond the enemy's line, sometimes wading- water knee-deep. He begged them to leave him and make their own escape which they emphatically refused to do, and all were cap- tured together. Colonel Steedman was sent first to Gratiot Street prison in St. Louis, Mo., in, which city were many Southern sympathizers ; and among these was James Harrison, whose daughters were also in sympathy with the South, one of whom (Dora) be- came the wife of the colonel in the fall of 1865. From St. Louis as soon as he was convalescent. Colonel Steedman was trans- ferred to Columbus, Ohio, paroled for two weeks during further convalescence, thence to Johnson's Island, Lake Erie. After the surrender to General Payne at Tiptonville on the morning of April 8, 1862, w.e spent the day in conversation with the Federals. Men and officers repelled as an insult the least insinuation that the war, professedly for the Union, in- volved the emancipation of slaves, declaring they would lay down their arms at once if they had the remotest apprehension that such was the case. Though doubtless sincere at the time, they did not make good this declaration upon the issuance of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation nine months later. That night, as usual at Island No. 10, the rain fell in torrents. The next day we went by steamer to New Madrid, built fires of logs on the river bank, while the Federals gavte us full rations and planks to sleep on. The next morning our officers left on steamer for Johnson's Island, and late in the evening the men boarded a large transport (used for carrying horses, cattle and supplies) for Cairo, which place we reached at daylight next morning. About 10 a. m. we were marched to the railroad depot, and late that evening left for Camp Butler. We reached Decatur early next morning, where a curious crowd had assem- bled to see "the rebels." As the train was detained here half an hour some of our men offered at auction Confederate money ; or as the Yankees called it, "Jeflf Davis script," and were sur- prised that it found ready buyers from 10 to 20 cents on the dollar. That evening we reached Camp Butler, were formed in line, searched for weapons, and assigned to tents situated between two rows of barracks. Camp Butler, an old camp of instruction, was about five miles east of Springfield, 111., on the Sangamon river; and, at (89) 42 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. the time of our arrival, had no walls. The soil was black and waxy, and during wet weather was very disagreeable. A line of soldiers called the "dead line" surrounded it. Colonel Mor- rison was in command — a big, rotund, rubicund, mellow-nosed Yankee, but withal a kind-hearted old gentleman. A regiment of Black Dutch constituted the guard. They were a set of sneaks and scoimdrels, several times firing into our quarters without provocation, and on one occasion killing, on another wounding a prisoner. There was such a determined protest by the prisoners against such barbarism, that it was not repeated. About a month later these Dutch were sent to Virginia, v.-here the regiment was annihilated (much to our delight) by Jack- son; and a regiment of citizens (the 69th Illinois) guarded us from then on. These men treated us with every kindness con- sistent with military usage. Colonel Fonda, their commander, succeeded Colonel Morri- son as commander of the post, and he also was a good man. But, as previously stated, the fearful effects of exposure at Island No. 10 followed us to Camp Butler, and every day the prison hospital was receiving large accessions from our num- bers, most of whom went thence to the cemeter\'. This fact, with our separation from loved ones, especially during the ex- citing times of war, required all our courage to withstand. Many died solely of melancholy, and it is doubtful if a single prisoner who could not keep up his spirit ever survived prison life. Hence we sought all kinds of diversions, of which making finger rings from bones, gutta-percha buttons and setting them with silver or gold, or with the bright inner shells of mussels, obtained abundantly from Sangamon river, was the chief. It was astonishing what skill some acquired in this art, and what beautiful rings they turned out v.'ith rudest tools. The winter broke suddenly into spring a little after May i. This was the third time that we had seen the trees bud for spring this year; at Pensacola in March, at Island No. 10 in April, and at Camp Butler in May. The prisoners now became healthy and everything more cheerful. We eagerly sought the morning papers for news from the front, but as nearly all the papers were in sympathy with the Union cause we had little faith in their statements, except the St. Louis Republican, which was thought to be in sympathy with the South. Whenever the news of victor\' reached us, the prisoners made the welkin ring with cheers and rebel yells, (90) Island No. Ten Campaign, andi Prison Life, 1862. 43 In the meanwhile prisoners had been escaping in considerable numbers by running the "dead line" at night, generally in squads of six or seven at a time. Though between four and five hun- dred thus escaped, it was remarkable that not one was ever killed or wounded. A few, after weeks of hunger, toil and per- petual fear, made good their way to Dixie, but most were recap- tured and brought back to prison, where they were put in close confinement for a few days. At this time there were many Southern sympathizers in this part of Illinois, and if the pris- oners had known who they were and where they lived, the trip would have been easy. Colonel Morrison, while commander, was much chagrined by the escape of so many prisoners, and believed that his sentinels were bribed. On one occasion, about half drunk, he addressed a body of prisoners thus : "I want you rebels tO' explain to me how so many of you have escaped from this prison without a rascal of you ever getting hit by a bullet. You can't fool me ; there is trading going on here. You can buy any man I have for 25 cents — any officer here for 50 cents — and me for a dollar," emphasizing the last assertion by a heavy stroke of his handi upon his breast. The prison was soon enclosed by a plank wall twelve feet high. After this two efforts to escape were made by tunneling and bribery, but with- out success. A few, however, made their escape by a bold dash at night to the wall, and by jerking oflf the planks. The pris- oners at Camp Butler were given the full ration of a United States soldier, which was more than they could eat. The sur- plus was traded at the commissary for stationery, gutta-percha buttons, or for any other article we wished E. J. M. Padgett was the regimental commissary, and he looked closely after our interests. When the hot days of June came Colonel Fonda every morn- ing formed in line as many prisoners as wished! to spend an hour or two bathing, and marched them down to the beautiful San- gamon ri\ier. Though there were sometimes more than a thousand prisoners, there were never more than fifteen guards, Colonel Fonda having previously told us that he was doing this for our pleasure, and that he depended upon our honor not to escape, which confidence no prisoner ever attempted to vio- late. (91) 44 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. OUR GOOD TREATMENT IN PRISON EXPLAINED. Owing to our kind treatment while in prison at Camp Butler, Springfield, 111., in the summer of 1862, it was believed at the time by the Confederate prisoners that the head of the Federal Commissary was a Southern sympathizer, but of course we kept very quiet on that subject while there. After the publi- cation of my sketch in The Advertiser, October 26 and Novem- ber 30, 1902, I received the following letter, which explains itself : "313 Catoma Street, "Montgomery, Ala., March 13, 1902. Mr. E. Y. McMorries, Plantersville, Ala.: "Dear Sir — I have been very much interested in your sketch of the 1st Alabama Regiment in The Advertiser, especially in that part relating to the prisoners at Camp Butler, 111. I was only a child at the time, but have a distinct recollection of many events of the period. My father, John S. Bradford, although a Southern sympathizer, was head of the Commissary Department for a period at Camp Butler, at what time and for how long I do not know. My mother was born in Kentucky, and was even much more of a I 'rebel,' as she was at that time called, than my father. She was very active in helping the prisoners, especially those in hospitals. I remember her saying that what the sick seemed to crave more than anything else was milk. This she always tried to supply. We kept several cows on our place, then just outside of Springfield, and she had a large can made to order, and went almost daily to the hospital with milk, fruits, delicacies, etc. She is still living on the old place, which is now inside the city limits, having been a resident of Springfield over sixty-five years. She is now 87, and in good health, and has never been 'reconstnicted.' "The cemetery at Camp Butler is kept by the government. It is enclosed by a brick wall. The graves of the Federals are marked by marble headstones, and while the Confederate graves are not so marked, the section containing them is well kept. "Yours truly, "John Bradford." (92) Island No. Ten Campaign, andl Prison Life, 1862. 45 There can be no doubt of the truth of every statement in the foregoing letter, and we owe a debt of gratitude to these noble people far beyond our ability to pay. They were friends in need. It must be remembered that it has cost her much greater sacrifice, and has demanded much higher courage to maintain her Southern sentiments than any native Southern woman re- siding in the South. While this fair treatment was accorded the prisoners at Camp Butler, especially as to rations, the following from Colonel Steedman (1902) shows the treatment of our officers in prison at the same time on Johnson's Island. The reader must not for- get that this was in 1862, and must not confound this with the cruel treatment in 1863-5, ^^ shown later by the official report of Colonel Steedman. As a rule, we think Southern prisoners were treated reasonably well until after the Federal authorities adopted so-called "Retaliatory Measures." OFFICERS IMPRISONED AT JOHNSOn's ISLAND. "All the officers of the First Alabama regiment, except the few who escaped or were absent on furlough, were imprisoned on Johnson's Island for about six months. This island is situ- ated in vSandusky Bay, Lake Erie, three miles from Sandusky city. It was a beautiful and healthy location^ for a prison. No one but officers were confined there. The buildings were new, wooden shells, but clean and comfortable, except in the extreme cold of the rigorous winter in that northern climate. The prisoners were well fed on good army rations, and there was little sickness among them. They were guarded by Home Guard militia, who treated them fairly well. To this generally good treatment there was a single excep- tion lamentable to the Confederates and disgraceful to the per- petrator. A guard, without provocation or notice, viciously shot Capt. J. D. Meadows through the thigh, which came near lesulting in his death. A brave soldier, or more perfect gen- tleman than the victim of this barbarity never breathed. Early in September, 1862, our officers were sent by rail to Cairo, and thence by steamboat to Vicksburg for exchange. These officers were crowded on the steamboat like so many cat- tle, just as our men were. Colonel Steedman informs me that he was glad to get ai place on the Texas deck by the side of the (93) 46 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. pilot house, large enough to spread his blanket. The pilots spit their tobacco juice across him, and some times by acci- dent on him. Their rations were raw pork and "hard tack," which they broiled on long splinters before the boiler furnaces, each man taking his turn. The crew treated them kindly. It was a joyful day when officers and privates met at Vicksburg and in camp at Jackson." It was difficult to get letters to or from the South bevond the Federal lines. Few ever reached us or our Southern homes. Governor Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, afterwards presi- dent of the United States, visited the prison during the sum- mer, and induced many Tennesseeans to take the oath of allegi- ance. As these were marched out of prison they were jeered by the prisoners. No one of the First Alabama took the oath. Exchange of prisoners. On the morning of September 7, 1862, the First Alabama, forming a part of the second detachment of prisoners for ex- change, and guarded by a company of the 69th Illinois, left on flat cars for Vicksburg by way of Alton, 111. The fertile lands along the route covered with luxuriant crops of waving corn and large orchards of apple trees bending with heavy clusters of luscious fruit delighted us, the happiest of the happy. At every station were large crow^ds of every age, sex and condition to see the "rebels." The girls chunked the boys with red apples, and on several occasions slyly exhibited a miniature Confederate flag. At Alton the citizens gave us a lunch at the landing just before we embarked on the steamer. There was a large con- course of citizens and all treated us courteously, especially the ladies. An aged gentleman, with long flowing locks as white as snow, and whose dress and mien pointed him out as evi- dently being a leading citizen of that community, in particular attracted cur attention as he walked back and forth along in front of us where we were standing and eating from the tables. He was not making a so-called speech, but he was talking. Pa- thetically he pleaded the cause of the Union while tears flowed freely down his wrinkled cheek. We were deeply touched by the tenderness of his appeal, by his venerable appearance and evident sincerity, but against all we were as obdurate as flint. About dark we proceeded down the river, now at its lowest water-mark. At Cairo we were met by several boat-loads of (94) Island No. Ten Campaign, and Prison Life, 1862. 47 prisoners, and under escort of the Essex and Conestoga set out for Vicksburg. (Our progress was slow owing to the sand- bars and large fleet, and being under flag of truce, we could not travel at night. We viewed with interest Rucker's battery, the east bank, and Island No. 10 as we passed, which now from low water appeared to be upon a bluff fifty feet high. We an- chored at Memphis two days. While here the ladies of the town secured a little steam tug, and, crowding intO' it as long as one could stand on its deck, came out to our boat, bringing to- bacco and eatables and showering us with kisses — thrown from the hand. As they approached our transport the prisoners nat- urally made a rush to the side nearest the tug, causing the boat to careen very much. The commander of the boat ordered the prisoners back to the other side. They refused to obey. He then threatened to order the Essex to fire into the tug, if we persisted in disobedience. Being plainly told what might happen to him in that case, the incident ended. While here we viewed the battle ground of our Arkansas Ram with the Federal fleet a few months previous, and the wreck of Federal gunboats by the Ram. On the morning of September 21, 1862, we anchored in sight of Vicksburg. How we realized the goodness of God to us ! How sad the reflection that so many of our comrades were left dead at Island No. 10, and at the various prisons of the North, and some even upon the banks of the river along our route from Alton. The next day we bade our respected guard adieu, shaking hands with each, and assuring them of our appreciation of our kind treatment. They replied : "Now if you Johnnies ever capture us, all w^e ask is that you treat us as well as we have you." And we certainly should have done so. Landing on the west side of the river about a mile above Vicksburg, we marched down the river and crossed over on a ferry boat. It has doubtless fallen to my happy lot to chronicle here the time and place Confederate prisoners were treated with more humanity than elsewhere, or at any other time during the war. At the Vicksburg landing the ladies were serving free lunch of com bread and barbecued beef from cnide tables erected on the banks of the river, and here we spent a happy hour greeting officers and comrades from other prisons who had been ex- changed at the same time at A'^icksburg. (95) CHAPTER III. PORT HUDSON CAMPAIGN, 1862-1863. ORDERED TO PORT HUDSON, AND CAMPAIGN THERE. We were ordered to^ Port Hudson, La., but halted a few days in camp near Jackson, Miss. Before leaving Jackson officers were sent to Alabama to recruit the companies to full ranks if possible. P'rom Jackson we went by rail to Tangipahoa, La., thence by march of thirty miles across the country to Clinton, La. ; thence over a narrow-gauge railroad to Port Hudson, reaching the latter place October 4, 1862. The next day the regiment pitched camp about 100 yards above the landing on a high bank, affording a fine view of the river above and below, and of sugar-cane plantations across the river in front. Port Hudson, thirty miles above Baton Rouge, was at this time a military position of importance for two reasons : 1st. As an outpost defense to Vicksburg, by keeping back from Vicksburg Banks' army of 40,000 men; 2nd. Because this po- sition commanded the mouth of Red river, by w^hich the Con- federacy obtained supplies from Western Louisiana, Texas, and Southern Arkansas. Those of our comrades not captured at Island No. 10, and who had been organized into a battalion of three companies, aggregating 162 men, commanded by Capt. R. H. Isbell, re- joined us a month later. During our imprisonment this battal- ion had rendered valuable service in Northern Mississippi, hav- ing participated in the battle of Corinth, Miss., Oct. 3 and 4, 1862. Maj.-Gen. Frank Gardner was commanding the post; Brig.- Gen. W. N. R. Beall, a brigade ; Col. W. R. Miles, his legion, the total being about 5,500 men. Our regiment was assigned to Boall's brigade. The river defenses, when completed, consisted of eleven bat- teries mounting a total of thirty guns, varying in calibre from (96) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 49 a four-inch Parrott to ten-inch Cokimbiad, and extending about one and one-half miles along the east bank of the river from the heights below Big Sandy creek to a bayou below. The batteries, numbered from the upper extremity, were manned by the First Alabama, and DeGournay's battalion of artillery. The batteries of our regiment were : Battery No. i, Co. K, had one 20-pounder and one 30- pounder. Battery No. 2, Co. A, had two 32-pounders. Battery No. 3, Co. G, had one 42-pounder, and one 32- pounder. Battery No. 5, Co. B, had one 128-pounder, and one 32- pounder. The land defenses, when completed, consisted of a line of breastworks and batteries four miles long, somewhat in the form of a semi-circle connecting the upper and lower extremity of the river line of defenses. The semi-circle thus enclosed was a plateau rising abruptly to a height of eighty feet above low water-mark of the river, gashed here and there by yawning chasms and fringed on the north and south with deep ravines. A space of half a mile on each side of the railroad was an old field comparatively level, and strongly fortified. Distributed along this line were thirty-three batteries and redans numbered from left to right. Very few of these batteries and fortifications had any exist- ence, except on paper, when we reached Port Hudson, and some were never completed. The regiment was armed with old flint-lock muskets. An election held for lieutenant-colonel in October resulted in the election of Capt. M. B. Locke of the Perote Guards, a position he ever honored by his superior ability as an officer, by his dignity, his refined Christian character and uniform courtesy to subordinates. To this time since its reorganization, the regiment had been without a lieutenant-colonel. As to the number of men and officers on the muster rolls of the regiment when it reached Port Hudson, and consequently its loss at Island No. 10, and in prison, I find different authori- ties widely at variance. But after careful examination and comparison we are bound to accept the official report of Gen. 4 (97) 50 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. Beall, Oct. 22, 1862, just eighteen days after our arrival, as the most trustworthy basis. He reports 312 effective men.* To this add 50 officers and we have 362 ; allowing 20 per cent, at hospital, and on furlough, we have 455 ; to which adding Is- bell's battalion of 162, we have 617. Col. I. G. W. Steedman, in a letter dated May, 1902, to the writer, says : "We left Bar- rancas, Fla., March 5, 1862, with not less than 1,000 men," If he includes Capt. Whitfield's company, which joined us a week later at Island No. 10, the total loss for this seven months is 1,000 less 617, or 383 men. If Whitfield's company (about 50 men) was not included, the loss was 1,050, less 617, or 423 men. The latter is more probably correct. Appalling as these figures are, they cannot be excessive. Brewerf puts the total loss at 150 — figures absurdly incorrect when it is a certain fact that 104 of our regiment's dead are buried at the single prison of Madison, Wis., saying nothing of our heavy losses at Island No. 10, Camp Butler, Camp Douglas, Camp Chase, and other prisons, and the loss of Isbell's battalion during the inter- im. Further, subsequent official reports corroborate our esti- mate. Between Oct. 4, 1862, and the investment of Port Hud- son, May 24, 1863, the regiment received over 200 recruits, Co. K receiving in one squad 45$. A letter to Capt. J. P. Jones, July 5, 1863, from Port Hudson (just three days before the surrender), says: "First Alabama 585 strong." After the losses at Port Hudson and recruiting fall of 1863, Lieut. -Gen. Polk reports the regiment 745 strong at Meridian, Miss. Companies A, B, G and K at once began the construction of their batteries on the river. The ground was hard, and progress slow and laborious, but by Feb. i. 1863, nearly al\ the gun., were in position. The men were daily practiced in the drill of the squad, company, battalion ; and, after completion of bat- teries, the artillery also. The three new companies of the regi- ment and the many recruits to the seven old companies had no experience in any kind of drill, and these together constituted at least two-thirds of the regiment ; but by the superior tact and industry of Col. Steedman, and. our . j.<..jatant, Capt. S. D Steedman, a recent graduate of the South Carolina Mil- *Confederate Military History, vol. vii, p. 53. ^History of Alabama, p. 589. ^Smith's Company K, p. 46. (98) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 51 itary Academy, assisted by our veteran officers just ex- changed, the regiment was soon thoroughly drilled and dis- ciplined. It was recognized as the crack regiment of the Port Hudson army. One of the proofs that our regiment was held in the highest esteem was that the commanding general always called upon the First Alabama for important details of men and officers to execute special orders. Louisiana rum was the pe- culiar bane of the Port Hudson Army. The sugar planters, being unable to sell their sugar, converted it into this accursed liquid. Details from our regiment were sent out to destroy these distilleries. We were also placed as police guards on all roads leading to distilleries, and ordered to seize and confiscate the rum being brought into our lines. Many gallons were cap- tured every night and brought to our guardhouse and poured out on the ground. Our old comrades will remember how the thirsty men would dip it up in cups, or drink it out of the ditches until driven off by the guards. Our daily rations were "blue beef" and "com bread," to which were occasionally added sweet potatoes and syrup. The ladies of Mobile presented each; member of the regiment with a full suit of clothes, including overcoats and blankets ; comfortable log cabins were erected for winter quarters ; and the regiment was ini fine health and spirits. Corn beer, of which every com- pany had one or more stands, was our luxury. Diversions were .sought in various ways by the men, but chiefly through "kan- garoo courts." Cases were worked up during the day, a jury impaneled that night, an indictment found, the case argued by our lawyers, and the penalty of treating the crowd to beer im- posed by the court on the unsuccessful party to the suit. The men also published (wrote) a daily newspaper called "The Mule." It dealt mainly in satire of men and officers on drill, and was replied to by a counter newspaper called "Woodchuck." In a different way, our officers, mostly single, and a hand- some set, too, had their pastimes. There were many large sugar planters in this section, and their beautiful and accom- plished daughters in fine carriages and attended by retinues of servants made frequent visits to our camps "to see the soldiers." Well, they saw the soldiers, and our officers saw them, the re- sult being that our officers made frequent visits to the palatial homes of these young ladies, attending balls, banquets, and other entertainments. But the company officers, having no horses (99) 52 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. and the distance to these homes being- too great to walk, had to leave the monopoly of all these pleasures to the staff. If there was anything on earth that a Southern woman, during these days, could not resist it was a Confederate soldier with brass bars and stars on his coat collar. There was some fasci- nation even in a corporal's stripes. In November, Col. Steedman hired a brass band of ten musi- cians, commanded by a Capt. O'Neal, the officers of the regi- ment by voluntary assessment paying the band. For profi- ciency it certainly had no superior if an equal in the Confeder- ate service. Their instruments, too, were first-class. They played for us on drill and at night after taps took their position at the Colonel's tent and played us to sleep. We also had many superior fiddlers, Jack Gibson, of the Perote Guards, being the most skillful. Once a week, or oftener, and just after sup- per, he would open up a free concert in his tent. The first stroke of his bow never failed to be cheered enthusiastically by the regiment. After playing an hour or two he invariably closed with "O Lord Gals one Friday," which he would play, sing and dance at the same time. He was afterwards wounded (July 28, '64, at Atlanta) in the right arm just above the wrist, resulting in a permanent deflection of the arm at that point ; and being asked whether he could still use the bow replied : "Why, yes ; my arm now has exactly the right crook for the business." Vast quantities of bacon, cattle, sugar and syrup were shipped through Port Hudson to the interior of the Confederacy. The cattle were made to swim across the river in full view of our batteries. No bacon and only a few of the poorest cattle were left for our garrison. On November 16, 1862, the Federal fleet under Commodore D. G. Farragut appeared below in sight of our batteries. It was composed of the following vessels : Wooden — Richmond, carrying 27 guns ; Hartford, 26 guns ; Mississippi, 23 guns; ]\Ionongahela, 16 guns. Iron-clad — Kineo, carr\-ing five guns ; Albatross, 5 guns ; Sachem, 5 guns; Genesee, 5 guns; Essex, 16 guns. Mortar Boats — Also five mortar boats each carrying one 13- inch mortar. Total, 138 guns and five 13-inch mortars. On the night of December 13, Capt. Boone's battery of light artillery, consisting of three pieces and supported by Companies (100) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 53 D and F of the First Alabama crossed the river, and gaining a position opposite the fleet and behind the levee without being discovered, opened fire at dawn. A spirited duel was kept up nearly all day, but without material results. In Januar}', 1863, the "Dr. Beatty," a large Red river trans- port, protected by cotton bales, carrying one 20-pound!er parrott gun and about 500 infantry, left our landing and steamed up the river, flying a large Confederate flag. The Parrott gun was in charge of Lieut. J. Watts Kearney, and the whole expedition, under command of Maj. J. L. Brand. The Dr. Beatty, the Rams Webb, Queen of the West, and another cotton-protected steamboat constituted the famous expedition. Fully three thousand Confederates had assembled on the banks of the river to witness the dteparture, and the deafening acclamations of these and those on board marked this as one of the most mem- orable incidents of Port Hudson. The avowed purpose was the capture of the Indianola which had passed the Vicksburg batteries, and one of the most powerful river gunboats in the Federal Navy. How this improvised fleet performed this dar- ing exploit in capturing the Indianola is one of the immortal achievements of the Confederate soldier and sailor. FARRAGUT's attack on port HUDSON. On the night of March 14, 1863, "taps" had sounded and we had retired for the night whien about 11 p. m. the discharge of several guns from below roused us from our bunks. Farra- gut's fleet was coming up. The long roll and the shrill shouts of officers, "fall in, men! fall in!" dinned our ears as we hur- riedly rushed into our clothes, then into ranks, and then to our batteries. By this time the firing of the batteries below was tremendous, the fleet making no reply. The flagship Hart- ford, with its consort Kineo, and with Commodore Farragut and son lashed to the mast were leading the way. Following these in succession were the Richmond, Monongahela, Gene- see and Mississippi, each, except the last, with an iron-clad con- sort. These were followed by the Essex and Sachem. The large heaps of lightwood knots on the opposite bank of the river prepared for exactly this kind of an emergency, were not lighted as ordered. Only starlight dimly revealed an outline of the advancing squadron. Battery after battery opened fire (101) 54 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. as the fleet came within range. The batteries of the First Alabama regiment being vippermost were the last to become engaged, and the Federal gunboats opened fire about the same time. The scene now became one of indescribable grandeur. The river and our line of fortifications looked like a solid sheet of electric glare and flame. The deafening roar drowned the command of officers. Gunners and squads no longer awaited command, but loaded and fired as rapidly as possible. The mortar boats below having previously gained the range of our position, poured upon us a shower of bursting shells. Within half an hour the Hartford and consort had passed up without material damage; the Richmond, quitting the channel opposite battery 5, steamed directly toward the landing which was be- tween batteries 5 and 3 under the gims of the First Alabama regiment. Our first impression was that she intended to dis- embark troops for a land attack, and all began to think of our muskets. She came within a few rods of the landing in full and close range of all four of the regiment's batteries and was several times struck. Her intention was to get close under the bluff of the river where, as she supposed, our guns could not bear upon her. But in this she was mistaken, for while her proximity did throw her out of range of most of our guns, the few that could bear upon her were all the more effective from being in such close quarters and in better view. Her sailors, thinking themselves safe, jeered the men of the First Alabama as the ship pulled up to the landing. At this juncture a large pile of lightwood knots down at the wharf was ignited by Con- federates, but being between us and our enemy and therefore blinding to us was quickly extinguished. This position soon proved too hot for the Richmond. Within five minutes her machinery had been disabled as indicated by the shrill distress- ing hiss of steam. She hobbled out from the bank bearing up the river, and then back toward the channel in a curved line, and then drifted in a disabled and almost helpless condition down the river. The Monongahela and Genesee following also diverged from the channel of the river toward our position, but were so quickly and seriously disabled that they retreated down the river as rapidly as their crippled condition would permit. The Essex escaped with slight damage, and the Sachem never reached the range of the guns of the First Alabama regiment. (102) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 55 The gunboat Mississippi was struck in the forward part by a hot shot from a Confederate battery as she entered the bat- tic, but her intrepid commander pushed vigorously into the fight with his ship afire in front, until reaching a position in front of our regiment she was grounded on the west side of the river perhaps one hundred yards from the bank. Seeing the impos- sibility of saving the vessel he fired her in the after part and abandoned her. The flames spread rapidly and she was soon enveloped. Fifteen minutes later she broke loose from the bank and went floating down the river a huge and roaring pyr- amid of flames, the towering- vertex now bending before an occa- sional breeze, and then when there was a lull darting vertically upward and hurling skyward a continuous stream of angry sparks and firebrands. Her hundreds of loaded shells were soon reached by the fire, and the rapid explosion of these, some- times singly in quick succession, at other times a dozen or more simultaneously sounded like a heavy cannonade and equaling if not surpassing in every element oif the sublime, the terrific battle through which we had just passed. The firing had all ceased, and we had nothing to do but sit upon our batteries and enjoy the thoughts of our triumph and the grand spectacle before us. We thought of and pitied the woumded, if any there were, on the burning ship. The fleet below fled ini consterna- tion from their late companion and disappeared from view. About 5 a. m. this floating volcano rounded a point of land on the opposite bank five miles below and the flames sank out of view, but we gazed with unabated interest on the crimsoned horizon beyond. This gradually grew paler and paler until about 5 a. m., when there was a fearful explosion resembling in report that of a heavy peal of thunder in the distance, the flames leaped high above intervening lands and forests, the shock being distinctly felt at our batteries ; and what remained of the old historic Mississippi sank to the bottom of the river. Tiad the lightwood knots on the opposite shore been promptly lighted it is believ/ed that no vessel could have passed our bat- teries. A singular coincidence is that the Confederate ram Arkansas, co-operating with Gen. John C. Breckinridge in a land attack on Baton Rouge about a year previous, had gone down at almost the same spot. Several of the Mississippi's crew were killed and probably burned with the vessel. Seme of the wounded leaped into the (103) 56 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. river and were drowned ; about forty men were captured, the rest escaped, among- them being the executive ofificer, Lieut. George Dewey, later the distinguished "hero of Manila." The captain's gig taken from the Mississippi fell to the lot of Col. Steedman, and furnished him and his officers much sport "when off duty. As to the origin of the fire on the steamship Mississippi, and as to which ship it was that came up so close under our batter- ies, .several theories were at the time advanced, and have since been contended for. Anxious to have the question definitely and correctly settled, I addressed a letter to Admiral George Dewey May 29, 1903, propounding the following questions : ( i ) Was it the Rich- mond or Mississippi that came up so close to the landing on the night of March 14, 1863, at Port Hudson? (2) Was the steamship Mississippi fired by a hot shot from a Confederate battery, or fired by its executive officer? The following reply from the distinguished Admiral settles the question that it was not the Mississippi that steamed up so close to the landing that night, and could he have spoken as definitely as to which one it was that did come so close his state- ment would have been final. It is seen that he inclines to the opinion that it was the Hartford instead of Richmond, but of this he is not certain. Not undervaluing the weight of even an indefinite impression of so distinguished a man who was a par- ticipant in the battle, I have, after mature consideration, and not without hesitation, felt it my duty to follow the almost unan- imoiis opinion of authors, that it was the Richmond, until fur- ther light shall establish it as an error. Admiral Dewey's letter is as follows : "Navy Department. "Office of the Admiral of the Navy, "Mills Building, Washington, June 1, 1903. "My Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of May 29, relative to the battle of Port Hudson, and will gladly give you such information as I can in response to your inquiries. "I was the executive officer of the 'Mississippi' in the battle named, and it was not that vessel of which you speak as steaming (104) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 57 up nearly to the landing, as we were on the other side of the river, and grounded; nor do I think it was the 'Richmond.' My impres- sion is that it was the 'Hartford,' which ran in so close to the land- ing, though I am not positive on the matter. "The 'Mississippi' was first fired, in the forward part, by a hot shot from one of the Confederate batteries; afterward, finding that she could not be floated and saved, we fired her in the after part and abandoned her. "I hope that you and I may sometime come into close range again, but under different circumstances from those of that me- morable 14th of March. Very truly yours, "George Dewey. "Professor E. Y. McMorries, "Plantersville, Ala." The object of getting these ships above us was to cut off supplies west of the river from the Confederacy, and to en- able Gen. N. P. Banks, then descendmg Red river valley with 20,000 men, to cross the river at Bayou Sara, six miles above Port Hudson. Affairs now relapsed into their former status, the fleet daily shelling our lines with slow guns in a desultory way. An Arm- strong rifle-gun on the fleet amused itself by throwing 250- poumcl) shells into our upper batteries, and sometimes even into Sandy creek swamp, half a mile above our lines — an extraor- dinary- range at that time, being about five miles. On the night of May 9, Col. Paul F. DeGournay with a de- tachment of artillery, and Co. K of our regiment, having in all four guns, intrenched under cover of darkness at Troth's land-* ing opposite the fleet, and early next morning opened fire upon the Essex. The whole fleet, mortar boats and all, joined the Essex in her reply. The battle was furious and against fearful odds until i p. m., when our men withdrew, Co. K's gun having been disabled. May 14, 1863, Gen. C. C. Augur, commanding a Federal force of 10,000 men at Baton Rouge, threw out an advance line of skirmishers toward Port Hudson, and encountered our cav- alry pickets in a light skirmish at Plains' store, about six miles below Port Hudson. The aggressive activity of Federal cav- alry on both sides of the river. Gen. Augur now advancing from Baton Rouge, Banks crossing the river at Bayou Sara, left (105) 68 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. no doubt that Port Hudson was to be invested. The effective force at Port Hudson never exceeded 3.300 men. The Confed- erates were in high spirits, having not the least doubt of their ability to hold the position against any odds. May 19 a detachment of our regiment crossed the river and without loss, severely chastised a body of marauding Federal cavalry, the latter leaving several dead and wounded on the field. The fighting down the Plains' Store road vvasS daily getting nearer and heavier, showing that Gen. Augur was gradually forcing back our line, artiller}- being brought into action on the iQtht and 20th. While we were at our batteries interested listeners to the battle several miles away, Gen. Frank Gardner, our Major- General commandling, unattended (as usual) by any member of his staff, his ruddy face animated and his eyes aglow, show- ing that the lion in him was aroused, rode up to our battery and asked: "Are you all ready here?" Being assured that we were, he pointed in the direction of the firing and said : "The enemy are coming, but mark you, many a one will get to h — 1 before he does to Port Hudson" — words that proved prophetic if he meant that many would be killed in battle. On May 22 Gen. Banks began his advance from Bayou Sara upon our position. Our pickets met his advance in the Aberger plantation beyond Big Sandy creek and drove them back. On May 23 the skirmishing was resumed and kept up all day in the same position. That night our cavalry, reinforced by a detachment of infantn^ intrenched in rifle pits in the skirt of woods between Big Sandy creek and the plantation. The next day the enemy advanced upon us in a heavy skirmish line that was promptly repulsed. This heavy picket fighting, occasion- ally approaching a heavy battle, was kept up all day, the Con- federates holding their position. That night our infantry fell back to our rifle pits south of Big Sandy creek. In the mean- while Col. Miles had been doing some hard fighting on the right with Augur, and on the 24th a portion of Beall's brigade was likewise engaged. The investment of Port Hudson was now complete, and the enemy's forces less than half a mile from us. The; position of the regiment on the morning of the 25th was in the swamp about one hundred yards south of Big Sandy. There was much large timber, but very little undergrowth. Where rifle pits were wanting breastworks of logs were hastily (106) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 59 constructed. A light skirmish line was thrown forward to the creek to impede the enemy in crossing, and soon a brisk fight was on. The enemy, with a strong force, drove in' our pickets, and charged our position. He was driven back with loss. The enemy fleeing, our skirmish lines pursued and drove them back across the creek. They rallied, reinforced and again drove in our pickets, charged andl were repulsed. Several times this was repeated during the day. In the evening, just after one of these charges and repulses, a Federal lieutenant was wounded and captured. As he was being carried back through our lines en a litter dripping blood, he raised himself up and abused us without stint, adding that the Federals would have Port Hudson in twenty-four hours. He was quite a handsome young man, and our men applauded him for his pluck, but assured him that he was mistaken in judgment. After the last charge and re- pulse of the enemy nearly sinidown that evening, our pursuing skirmishers, commanded by Capt. Knowles, not only drove them back across Big Sandy creek, but crossed themselves where Capt. Knowles captured and brought back a very fine horse as a trophy, of which he was very proud. Col. SteedHnan having been put in commarui of the left wing, composed of the First Alabama, 15th Arkansas and loth Ar- kansas, a detachment of Wingfield's battalion and 39th Mis- sissippi regiment, Lieut. -Col. M. B. Locke commanded the reg- iment from this time to the end of the siege. Col. Steedman, during the siege, won the highest encomiums from his men and superiors, and would have received a brigadier-general's com- mission soon afterwards had he not been captured and sent to prison ; while Col. Locke proved himself a brave and able reg- imental commander. About sundown the regiment fell back to the heights about a quarter of a mile from our line of fortifications, had stacked arms and were lying about promiscuously on the ground, when Col. Steedman rode up, having received an order from Gen. Gardner to advance and "feel" for the enemy, and in a loud tone commanded Col. Locke to take the First Alabama regi- ment and go forward until he struck the enemy. The evening twilight had just faded from the western horizon, and a full moon was mounting the eastern sky as the regiment descended the bluff into the deep swamp canopied high above with the luxuriant foliage of a giant forest. The enemy's pickets, per- ceiving our advance, had ceased firing, and ensconced behind (107) 60 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. trees were silently awaiting our approach. Our way led through a clearing of deadened timbers and over ground densely cov- ered with shrubbery, brush, briars and logs. Through this tangled copse we made our way the best we could in various squads. A slough of thick underbrush formed the farther mar- gin of this clearing, and when we were within a few yards of it, "the enemy lighted up his lurking places with a blaze of musketry. Exposed to a hidden foe we returned the fire until ordered to fall back, carrying with us our dead and wounded. We had "felt" the enemy. During the night battle a minie rifle ball cut out the letter "C" from the hilt of Col. Steedman's sword, leaving the letter "S" — destroying the Confederacy, but leav- ing the States. The sword is still in his possession (1904). Lieut.-Col. Locke wore the sword that night by mistake. The vital importance of the delay thus secured by these days of fighting in advance of our main line of defense, will be better understood by adding here an extract from Col. Steedman's ofificial report of the siege of Port Hudson. Had not these rifle pits been constructed, the enemy would have entered Port Hud- son May 27, 1863. Extract from col. steedman's official report of the siege. "The enemy's demonstrations on this day convinced me be- yond a doubt that he had determined to attack our lines in the vicinity of our commissary depot, arsenal, etc. Up to Monday night, the 25th of May, no works of any description had been thrown up to defend this position, extending from Col. John- son's advanced work, on the right of my command to a point within five hundred yards of the river on the left, including a space of three-fourths of a mile. There was not a rifle pit dug nor a gun mounted on Monday night. "I reported my convictions to the Major-General command- ing. The evidence was satisfactory^ to him, and he ordered all the available tools, negroes, etc., to be placed at the disposal of the Chief Engineer. The work was promptly laid out by Lieut. Dabney and' ere the dawm of Tuesday, considerable progress had been made. A batter>' of four pieces had been mounted during the night on the hill in the immediate vicinity of the commis- sary depot which, since that, has been called Commissary Hill. The emergency being great, this work was pressed with energy (108) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 61 all Tuesday and Tuesday night, so that by Wednesday morning an imperfect line of rifle pits had been thrown up to protect the most exposed points on the left wing." During the night of May 26 the entire Confederate army took position along our line of breastworks, where we remained dur- ing the period of forty-nine days of siege that followed. Port Hudson was not provisioned for a siege. Gen. Gardner had received orders to evacuate it, but the rapid approach of Gen. Banks prevented its execution. The position of the command and the assignment of com- manders for the seige were as follows: Maj.-Gen. Franklin Gardner, commanding all the Confederate forces; Col. I. G. W. Steedman, acting brigadier-general, commanding the left wing; Brig.-Gen. W. N. R. Beall, commanding the center; Col. W. R. Miles, commanding the right wing. Beginning at the extreme left and giving in the order in which they occur, the left wing was composed of the following regiments, and in the order named : The 39th Mississippi, a detachment of Col. Wingfield's dismounted cavalry, loth Ar- kansas, 1st Alabama, and 15th Arkansas regiments; the center, of the 23d Arkansas, i6th Arkansas, ist Arkansas and 12th Arkansas ; the right wing, of DeGournay's battalion of artil- lery and Col. Miles' legion. The distribution of Confederate batteries numbered from left to right was as follows : On the left w"ing were batteries 3, 6, II (Fort Desperate), 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17; on the center, bat- teries 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25; on the right wing, bat- teries 26, 27, 28, 29, 33. Missing numbers indicate batteries planned, but never constructed. On the left wing were no de- fenses except that the timbers for two hundred yards in front had been felled, the surface being so rugged that the skill of the engineer was hardly deemed necessary. The position of the First Alabama, about three-quarters of a mile from the extreme left, was between the loth Arkansas on its left, and the 15th Arkansas on its right. A ravine pierced the right of our regi- ment, separating Co. A and its batter}^ from the rest of the reg- iment. The length of the left wing was one and one-half miles long and defended by 1,600 effective men. This put the men along the line in single file about five feet apart. Our regiment never at any time had its full strength at the breastworks ; de- tachments from Companies A, B, G and K being kept at their (109) 62 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. respective batteries, and two detachments from Co. K being assigned, one to a redan on the Jackson road, and the other to battery 1 1 on the river. During the siege several heavy gnns were transferred from the river batteries to the breastworks, wooden guns shaped and painted like cannon being substituted to deceive the enemy be- low. It is singular that the fleet made no serious effort to cap- ture any of our river batteries during the siege. Contrary to expectation, the enemy did not push his advance May 26, and this gave the regiment an opportunity to intrench. This delay of one day by Banks was a fatal mistake to him. Late in the evening of the 26th, Gen. Banks sent in to Gen. Gardner a formal demand for the surrender of Port Hudson. It was a lengthy document, written in that elegant style for which Gen. Banks was so noted. It set forth his ability to take Port Hudson at his will, but expressing earnest desire to save the unnecessary effusion of blood. To this Gen. Gardner re- plied briefly that his orders were to defend Port Hudson and that he should obey his orders. This formal demand of Gen. Banks and the laconic reply of Gen. Gardner were printed and distributed that night along the Confederate lines. So all knew that we were standing on the "perilous edge of battle." It was midnight when we were ordered to quit work and to sleep on our arms. The men, falling on the ground in the rear of the ditches, were soon in slumbers. The firing had ceased and the note of the whippoorwill in the ravine above us alone broke the stillness of the night. To the thoughtful it was an hour of se- rious reflection. To many it v/as the last sleep before that of their final rest. At early dawn of May 27 Banks opened a heavy cannonade upon our whole front, the fleet shelling the river batteries. Shot, grape, shrapnel were whizzing everywhere, tearing up our breastworks here, plowing up the ground there, crashing through the trees yonder amid terrific explosion of shells. About 120 pieces on land and nearly as many heavy pieces from the fleet had their fire concentrated upon us. This was main- tained an hour when there immediately issued from the woods in our front a long line of burnished steel and waving banners. This was followed by another line, and this by another. What a host advancing against a single line where the men stood five feet apart. Our arms were the old flint lock musket (but they (HO) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 63 were a sure fire) not effective ov-er forty yards ; the enemy were armed with the powerful Enfield rifle. Our cartridge was a ball and three buckshot, a destructive missile at short range. Owing to the ruggedness of the ground and felled timbers, the enemy could not preserve their lines intact and soon became a conglomerate mass. We awaited their approach in silence. When within forty vards we were commanded to fire. A blaze of musketry flashed from our ramparts. The enemy was dazed and stunned by the suddenness of the blow and the fearful effect of our first volley. Over ome-fifth of his number were upon the ground dead or wounded. There was a momentary pause, and then rallying and raising a shout they charged. The Con- federates now loaded and fired as rapidly as possible. The enemy was falling thick and fast at eyery step of his slow ad- vance over brush, but still he bravely pressed on, firing as he came, until within a few feet of our lines and then — fled in utter panic and rout. As usual, the retreat was more disastrous than the advance, and the ground within range of our muskets was literally covered with blue-coats. Shouts of Confederates right and left, assured us of a general repulse along our whole front. Before the enemy's advance he had covered a ridge about fifty yards in front of our regiment with sharp-shooters, and these lay in perfect security and shot our men as they raised their heads and bodies above the breastworks to fire. These Yankee sharp-shooters inflicted the principal damage on our regiment, killing and wounding many more men than the charging columns. The stampeded Federals rallied under protection of the woods in front and charged again, and were again repulsed. This second charge was made about 10 a. m. After these, re- peated assaults were made during the day upon our position, but tlie enemy never reached as near our works or fought with as much courage as on the first charge. Late in the evening the firing ceased and our next thoughts were of our dead and wounded. The latter had been promptly removed to our field hospital in a ravine 200 yards in the rear, but litters were lean- ing here and there along our ramparts saturated with blood, and blood was running and puddling in the trenches. Col. Locke received a painful wound in the neck from a spent ball ; but, bandaging it with his pocket handkerchief stood bravely to his (111) 64 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. post. The total loss of our regiment was 32 killed and 44 wounded. During the fierce assault of May 27 on our whole left wing, Commissary Hill was an especial object of attack. Here we had a four-gun battery, and behind it were our commissary stores, arsenal and old gin-house containing the little grist mills which did all the grinding for the army. Our battery did great execution by destroying a number of field guns, but sharp- shooters hidden in the fallen timbers soon made our battery vm- tenable by shooting our gunners, compelling them to lie behind the parapet and await assault. Col. Steedman took his position in this battery. A ditch near the battery was enfiladed by sharp-shooters; the Colonel ordered the Adjutant, Capt. S. D. Steedman (who is the brother of Col. Steedman) to remove the men from this ditch ; in attempting to do so he was shot down by a rifle ball striking him over the heart. He was taken to the rear, supposedly mortally wounded, but late at night the Colonel and regiment were delighted to hear that the ball was deflected by a rib and came out at the back, and our adjutant was still living. He soon recovered from the wound and re- sumed duty. Our experience on the night of May 27 was new to us, and distressing. The piteovis cries of "water," "water," from hun- dreds of the enemy's wounded, and the groans of the dying now touch with deepest sympathy those with whom they had but to- day been locked in deadly strife. Several of our men took the risk and carried canteens of water to those nearest our lines. When these returned they reported plenty of Enfield rifles near our ramparts. Our men quickly supplied themselves, and after this each man kept two loaded guns, his Enfield for 'long taw," and flint and steel for close quarters. Early next morning Gen. Banks obtained a flag of truce for the burial of his dead and removal of his wounded. Col. Locke, by direction of Col. Steedman. met the flag. Several immense openings in the earth were made in front of our regiment each with a capacity of about 100 men. Into these the dead were piled and covered. A brigade of negroes had charged the 39th Mississippi on our left ; about half were killed outright on the field, and for the burial of these Gen. Banks never asked a flag of truce. They lay there in the hot sun and putrified and swelled until the stench became so unbearable to Col. Shelby of (112) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 65 the 39th Mississippi, that he asked Gen. Banks to allow him (Shelby) to bury' them. Gen. Banks replied that he had' no dead there. This ended the greatest battle of Port Hudson during the siege. It taught us that a few men with a determination to stay could hold a fortified position against great odds. The enemy began a series oif zig-zag approaches tO' our lines and soon had their breastworks within 75 yards of us. Both sides placed notched logs longitudinally on their breastworks, the notches being turned down and used as port-holes through which sharp shooting was plied vigorously from daylight to dark. Both Federal and Confederate sharp-shooters got the exact range of the opposite openings and could shoot through them every fire. Many of our men lost their lives at these po- sitions, and a Federal officer told the writer after the surren- der that twenty-three Federals had been killed through a single one during the siege. Another source of loss was carelessness. During a long siege men become accustomed to bullets and to a degree lose sense of danger. As an instance out of hundreds I give the circumstances of the untimely and tragic death of Newton Soles, a youth of 16, and naturally inclined to be a little thoughtless. The heat of the sun was so intense that we were permitted to erect, in rear of the breastworks what we called "shebangs." These were made by first driving down into the ground two small stakes three feet high and about seven feet apart and connected at the top by a ridge pole, across which a blanket was stretched. Then, at right angles to these stakes, and about three feet from each, four other stakes each about one foot high, were driven down to which each corner of the blanket was fastened. Two men could very well occupy a "shebang." On the day of his death Newt proposed to me to build one. This point of the line was on a hillside; and, in getting from the ditch to the bank in rear one had to be very careful not to let his head, or the least part thereof, show itself above the breastworks, be- cause it was almost certain death. As we ascended the bank I said to Newt : "Look out for your head there." He was on the upper side of the hill. We had just put up the two high stakes, the ridge pole, and had stretched the blanket, when I heard the thug of a bullet. Newt rolled into the ditch, dead. 5 (113) 66 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. with the blood pouring from a woimd in his head. He never spoke afterwards. On the evening of June 13, Gen. Banks made another demand for surrender. But Gen. Gardner again courteously declined. Men and officers preferred to fight. The opening of the battle at dawn on the next moniing by Gen. Banks was very similar to that on May 27, but he had in position more artillery' and his infantry was nearer our lines. A furious cannonade was maintained about two hours. Their shot and shell frequently passed entirely over the Confederate semi- circle and fell among their own men on the opposite side. After this free-for-all entertainment, the enemy advanced to the assault in three double lines of battle. We used our Enfield rifles until within 30 or 40 yards, and then our old flint and steel muskets. Under a destructive fire from our men the enemy bravely ad- vanced until within twenty yards, and then fled in panic amid loud rebel yells along our whole lines. Again and again they reformed and charged, but never came as near as on the first charge. In fact, towards the last of the battle their officers could hardly get the Federals to leave their own breastworks. They were not cowards, but brave men. They saw no hope of storming our position successfully and were demoralized. Had it been simply a question of Bank's Army taking Port Hudson, the Confederate flag would have been floating over its ramparts today (T904), and forever after this. Again had their dead and v/o;mde(l covered our front. Sharp-shooters on that ridge again killed and wounded several of our regiment. Blood flowed freely along our trenches. This was the last general assault upon our position. The at- tacks made May 27 and June 14 are known' as the two great battles of Port Hudson. After this the two armies resumed sharp-shooting through portholes. Large green trees between us and the enemy were shot to death and into splinters with minie balls. The enemy, generally at night, made frequent sorties upon some points of our lines, but were promptly re- pulsed. They also occasionally annoyed us with hand grenades — diminutive bombs. For this the>' would select a dark night, and an hour when all except videttes were supposed to be asleep, creep stealthily as near as possible, then make a dash forward to our breastworks, toss the grenade into our trenches and run back to their ditches before we could be roused from (114) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 67 sleep and get into line. Several hundred of these little burst- ing bombs popping like so many big fire-crackers away in the night produced many laughable incidents among the boys. Though we never slept over ten steps froim our line, before we could be aroused and get into position the hand grenades were all burst, and the Yankees all gone. Col. Steedman, in a letter to the writer, dated July 2, 1902, relates the following incident of the siege of Port Hudson : "About the middle of the siege, the enemy attempted to make a sneak through our lines in the night. A picked command was formed, possibly a thousand men. They selected the slaughter pen route. This pen stood on a high bluff, deep ravines from the neigh- borhood running into Sandy creek. These ravines were filled with the offal of many hundred cattle. The attempt was made in a rain- storm. The men got separated and lost while bogging and flounder- ing in this awful putrid mess. They came straggling through our thin line, and were captured in detail. The greater number scram- bled back to their own lines. Those captured were hideous, stink- ing objects and glad to get a chance to wash up. "Had this picked command succeeded in getting through our lines in good order, and been followed up by reinforcement. Port Hudson might have been captured that night; but good luck and brave men saved it. This is written from memory, but is correct in essentials, my headquarters being within a few hundred yards of the spot." As the siege progressed sickness increased. We had no pro- tection from a burning sun, our food most unwholesome, and we were not permitted to take off accoutrements day or night. Since the middle of June we had nothing but corn bread and syrup and only a scanty supply of com. We hiad a few peas and these were ground wiUi corn for bread, but it produced so much sickness that the surgeon ordered its discontinuance. Green muscadines were cooked into preserves that tasted well, but also caused sickness. For some reason not a fish could be caught out of the river. There were several old mules in our lines in medium order, and Gen. Gardner had these slaughtered and issued to the men. Some of the boys also caught and cooked big rats. "How do mule and rat taste?" The writer did not get a chance at rats, though during the siege they were considered a delicacy. He tried mule meat, and' corn (115) 68 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. bread shortened with mule grease. Famished as he was, his stomach rebelled against the latter. The fomier had a flavor somewhat like turkey, but it tasted like nothing else he knows except a mule. Those who used tobacco (as most did), suffered much from lack of it. Many kinds of bark and roots were substituted. THE SURRENDER OF PORT HUDSON. AH through the siege we cherished hope of relief through Gens. Joe Johnston and T. M. Logan. The latter, with a bri- gade of cavalry did attack Banks's rear in hearing of Port Hudson. Though we had no fears of the enemy, who was thoroughly whipped and demoralized already, yet having noth- ing to eat and being nearly out of ammunition, all foresaw our inevitable doom. But negotiations for surrender came earlier than anticipated, and from a source not expected. On the night of July 6, a hand grenade, to which was attached a message from Gen. Grant to Gen. Banks stating that Vicksburg had surrendered on July 4, 1863, was thrown by a Federal picket into our lines. This dispatch was immediately carried to Col. Steedman. He carried it to Gen. Gardner at headquarters. The result was a council of war immediately, in which it was determined to send a flag of truce to Gen. Banks next moming and ask whether this telegram were genuine and true. Gen. Banks replied upon his honor that it was true, and that one of Grant's army corps was already 00 the way to Port Hudson, and that another would follow next day. Commissioners to treat for surrender from both sides met under a tent-fly between the lines on the morning of July 7. Col. I. G. \V. Steedman, Col. W. N. Miles, and Col. M. J. Smith were the Confederate commissioners. The Feiderals demanded an immediate sur- render ; the Confederates, by every possible artifice, strove to postpone the surrender until the moming of the 8th. their ob- ject being to gain time by which Confederates might make their escape from Port Hudson during the night. A heavy rain and thunder storm luckily came up from the west late in the afternoon and thus gained us a night's delay before formal sur- render. By 9 a. m. on the moming of the 8th, white flags were flying all along the ramparts of friend and foe. \'icksburg had gone, (116) Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-63. 69 Port Hudson must go! Our long struggle of seven weeks had been in vain ! So many of our comrades had died in vain ! No, not in vain, for our little band had held back forty thousand Federals from Vicksburg. Groups of Federals and Confeder- ates were soon together between the lines in conversation, and trading — a trade is always the first thought of a Yankee. We had syrup and sugar; they had bacon, crackers, coffee, and to- bacco, and trade ran briskly in these commodities. That even- ing we were ordered back to camps, followed by Banks's com- missary train that issued to us bountiful rations of beef, crack- ers, and other supplies. What a feast! But over it all hung the shadow of imprisonment. Next morning, July 9, we were ordered up in line of battle fronting Gens. Banks and Gardner, and grounded arms. The ceremony of surrender was over, and we were prisoners. Gen. Banks addressed us in a brief speech, commending most highly our heroic defense of Port Hudson, and closed by saying that brave men could always be trusted, and that every private and non-commissioned officer should be released on parole. This announcement was received with joy, but mixed with regret that a hard fate awaited our faithful officers. For this mag- nanimous act the Port Hudson prisoners were ever grateful ; and it was an act of magnanimity, pure and simple, and not of motives. Gen. Banks so assured the writer in a private letter written in 1878. THE MARCH TO SHUBUTA AND HOME TO ALABAMA. The work of paroling began July 11, and was completed July 14, 1863. During this time several of our sick died at our hos- pital, and several of our officers, among them Maj. S. L. Knox, obtained paroles given to these dead privates, donned a pri- vate's uniform, and passed out of the Yankee lines without being detected. A few of the officers, after perilous adventure and much suffering from hunger and thirst, effected their es- cape through the enemy's pickets. Receiving our paroles, we passed through the enemy's lines at our breastworks on the Clinton road, camping that night about ten miles from Clinton. Here several of our officers who liad made their escape, rejoined us. We gave them an ovation. The citizens along the way out to Tangipahoa on the (117) 70 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. line of Mississippi and Louisiana were exceedingly kind and generous. These Louisianians were a princely people, and in- tensely loyal to the South. At many points along the road free lunch stands had been erected where the soldiers were served by the white ladies and negroes. Many of these young Creole women were beautiful ; so that while we satisfied the cravings of hunger, we feasted our eyes. To the women of the Confed- eracy there were no strangers in the Southern army; all were brothers. Men, women and all would say : "Our roasting ears are ripe ; plenty of watermelons in the fields ; if we have any- thing you need, take it ; nothing we have is too good for you ; it all belongs to you while you are with us. We appreciate your services to our State at Port Hudson." The railroads being torn up, we had to walk from Port Hud- son to Shubuta, Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, a dis- tance of i8o miles. Of this, 120 miles lay across the entire State of Mississippi, which required a week's travel, and where we had much difficulty in getting food and shelter ; and never without pay. They would not even haul our sick a few miles without compensation. But perhaps our treaitment was what might have been expected, as we have since been informed, the poor piney woods Mississippi counties we marched through were filled with a very large element, notoriously disloyal to the Confederacy. Jones, one of these counties, was so intense- ly Union in sentiment, that it is said at some time during the war to have passed an ordinance, seceding from the Confeder- acy. We went by as direct a route as possible to Shubuta, where we took the cars, reaching home during the last days of July. Here we remained two and one-half months, enjoying a much- needed rest, bounteous rations, and social gatherings. Officers were sent to prison and held to the close of the war. (US) CHAPTER IV. MERIDIAN, MOBILE, AND GEORGIA CAMPAIGNS. REGIMENT REASSEMBLED. October 12, 1863, the regiment, Maj. S. L. Knox command- ing, was ordered to Cahaba, Ala., and went into parole camps on a high hill two or three miles west of the town. We had not been exchanged in accordance with the terms of our paroles, and an effort by our officers to put us on duty im violation of our paroles was bitterly resented by almost every member O'f the regiment. By the terms of our parole, wie were to perform no kind of military service or duty until regularly exchanged ac- cording to the provisions of the cartel of exchange. We had not been so exchanged, nor were we afterwards. The commis- ioners of exchange had annulled this cartel, simply "declar- ing all paroled prisoners exchanged." However, our officers having satisfactorily explained the situation in reference to exchange, we entered upon duty. We always doubted, and still, doubt, the legality of our exchange, and had we been recaptured might have been severely dealt with. On Nov. 9, the regiment left Cahaba for Meridian, Miss., spending the night in an old cotton warehouse in Selma. As the regiment marched from the warehouse next morning throiugh the streets to the depot, the eflfects of whiskey were much in evidence. Reaching Meridian Nov. 10, we at once set about erecting log cabins for winter quarters. A detachment of the regiment guarded railroad bridges below, the rest fur- nished daily guards for all outgoing and incoming trains. We were in fine health and spirits, had full rations and comfortable clothes, drew several months' pay, investing it all in "bone dried goobers" at $50 a bushel, and "potato pones" at $1 a pone. During the Christmas holidays, Gen. Reynolds's Arkansas brigade, which was stationed here, got too much whiskey, be- (110) 72 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A, came boisterous and mutinous, and our regiment with other commands was called out to restore order. For a while the situation was serious, but the Arkansans were finally pacified. The second term of enlistment (two years) of original mem- bers of the regiment having expired in January, 1864, each re- ceived a thirty days' furlough on reenlisting. Companies C. H. and K were ordered to Jackson, Miss., Jan. 21, 1864, reach- ing that point Jan. 23. The object was to capture and bring across Pearl river a number of railroad locomotives, but the advance of Gen. Sherman from Vicksburg thwarted this plan, and the detachment returned to Meridian. MOBILE BAY CAMPAIGN. As Gen. Sherman's advance seemed to threaten Mobile, the regiment left Meridian Feb. 14 and marched to the Tombigbee river, embarked on steamer, reaching Mobile Feb. 20. For two weeks we did garrison duty at the forts and batteries along the line of land defenses, but were then withdrawn and encamp- ed on a vacant square in the residence part of the city. March 13 we set out for Port Alabama, twenty-five miles down the bay, and after a two days' march through a flat, lonesome, piney woods country, reached our destination, pitching our tents on the bay front. While here, detachments of the regi- ment did garrison duty at Cedar Point and Fort Powell ; the rest, picket duty along the beach, on one occasion capturing and hanging a Yankee spy. Leaving the companies on garri- son duty, the regiment went by steamer to Fort Gaines April 5, 1864, and was assigned to guns. We remained here a month, enjoying plenty of fish and oysters. The garrison also had a vegetable garden of ten acres, cultivated by daily details, but we left too soon to be benefited by this. At Fort Gaines the regiment handled its last artillery, its his- tory henceforth being blended with that of the Army of Ten- nessee. REGIMENT JOINS GEN. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTOn's ARMY RETREAT- ING ON ATLANTA. About May i the regiment left Fort Gaines for the Army of Tennessee then retreating before Sherman in North Geor- gia. We stopped about a week or ten dav« a^ Pollard, Ala. (120) Meridian, Mobile, and Georgia Campaigns. 73 While here Co. T was detailed for duty on Dog- river. Co. K at Hall's Landing, and Co. C at Greenville, Ala. The rest of the regiment left Pollard May i6, and joined the Army of Ten- nessee at New Hope Church, Ga., May i8, and was assigned to Cantey's brigade (but a week later was transferred to Quarles's brigade) Walthall's division, Polk's corps. The regiment's position was north of and near the church, in a new ground and in front of a branch. Fifty yards beyond the narrow valley of this little stream, was a dense undergrowth of bushes and saplings, held by the enemy's pickets. Heavy skirmishing was going on as we took our places in line. On May 25 the Federals made a general attack on our position. Three times they charged us from the copse in front, but were repulsed with heavy loss before they could cross this narrow valley perhaps a hundred yards. Assaults were made also on May 26 and 27, but not in such force. Companies I and C arrived in time to take part in the battle. Co. K reached us later, on the 28th. About 9 p. m. June 2, the army began its retreat to Lost Mountain, a distance of six miles, a march the most memorable in the long service of the regiment. Our road led across a range of high and steep red hills intersected with frequent streams which, normally insignificant, had been swollen by the recent heavy rains into roaring torrents. The soft, slippery clay on the tops and sides of the hills, except occasional stretches of boulders, the interstices of which were cut up into deep holes of slush, had been worked into a solid pulp a foot or more deep by our heavy army wagons. A chilly rain was falling in intermittent showers, the night was so intensely dark that the hand could not be seen an inch before the eyes, while the angry peals of thunder leaping from cliflf to cliff along the mountain crests blended into one prolonged, continuous sullen roar. All nature seemed up in arms against us. Men as they struggled along the road, each for hfimself, and with no respect for mili- tary' order, sank to their knees in mud from which with diffi- culty they extricated themselves ; or confiding too much to the smooth, slippery, treacherous surface of a projecting boulder, were hurled headlong, baggage and all, into the deep mud. Wagons and teams all along were stuck fast. Streams, some- times reaching up to our shoulders, were waded as we came to them. It was nearly daylight when we reached our position (121) 74 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. on Lost Mountain, and the morning sun soon revealed an anny of men literally covered with red mud. The Federal's advance came up about noon, and a heavy skirmish ensued at the foot of the moimtain. That night our pickets intrenched in rifle-pits on the side of the mountain, the enemy a short distance below them. We occupied this po- sition about a week, the enemy not attempting to advance in our front. But heavy firing, generally on our left, was in progress every day. On the night of June ii we fell back to Pine Moun- tain, where the regiment again occupied a strong position, and was never attacked, in force. While on this line our Lieut. - Gen. Polk was killed by a fragment of shell. His death was deeply lamented by the whole army, but especially by his corps. June 1 6 the regiment retreated to Kenesaw Mountain, our position being on the highest ridge. Here, as at Lost and Pine Mountains, the enemy made several dashes up the sides of the mountain upon our rifle pits, but were repulsed. Sherman's main attacks were upon the flanks of the army, and as our corps occupied the center, we had little fighting. From our heights on Kenesaw we witnessed several hard battles on the flank. Also, there were heavy rains almost daily since we left New Hope Church. July 2 we fell back to a position two miles below Marietta, Ga. The rear of our position here was an old field ; the front, recently a forest whose timber had been felled for loo yards as an obstruction to the enemy. We found here a ditch ready for our occupancy. July 3 the Federals advanced in force to the edge of the timber in front, planted a battery on our right, and about 2 p. m. made a fierce attack from their positions, but did not charge. Heavy sharjD-shooting was kept up all night, and we slept on our arms. July 4th the enemy fired National salutes with loaded shot and shell at us, their brass bands along the lines struck up National airs with loud huzzahs. To us it looked like a big gala day among the Federals. The}' were drinking whiskey and in high glee. About 2 p. m. three double lines advanced about seventy yards over the felled tim- ber, halted about seventy-five yards from us, when the men stringing out under a big oak log and picking it up, limbs and all, would swing it around parallel to our breast works, form- ing a pretty good defense for themselves. They did this in 15 minutes, under a murderous fire from our lines. Nobody but (122) Meridian, Mobile, and Georgia Campaigns, 75 a set of drunken fools would have attempted such a thing. From this time till night, the firing was heavy. Dr. Madding, our assistant surgeon, and loved by every member of the regi- ment, was killed. That night it fell to the lot of our brigade to cover the re- treat of Johnston's army. The men began filing silently to the rear by 9 p. m., and by 11 p. m. the ditches were empty, and Ouarles's brigade alone fronted Sherman's army. It was two hours later before we left, and they were hours of anxiety. We knew that the enemy had but to advance to capture us, and all those indications of advance so well known to Confederates, were in strong evidence. About i a. m. the command "File right, march," was whispered along the line. We moved out noiselessly ; and, stooping to conceal our movements, had gone but a few yards when Lieut. Knight was wounded by a bullet piercing his thigh and crushing the bone. He fell, but such was his pluck and presence of mind that not a groan escaped him, and without a word being spoken, he was picked up by the litter-bearers and borne on with us. Next morning we reached our position on the north bank of the Chattahoochee river and intrenched. The enemy soon came up, and skirmishing resumed. We remained here until July 9, when we crossed the river and took position on Peach- tree Creek. We occupied this position until the i6th, engaged in daily skirmishing, when we fell back to the defenses of At- lanta, our last stronghold. GEN. HOOD SUPERSEDES GEN. JOHNSTON. On July 18, it was announced that Gen. J. B. Hood had su- perseded Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. The; news thunderstruck the army. Gloomy forebodings took the place of buoyant hope, and a keen sense of degradation was felt that the Army of Tennessee, heretofore commanded by a full general, was now to be commanded by a third rate general — a major-general, lately promoted to lieutenant-general. We should have had the same feeling if any other of like rank had been put in com- mand, except, possibly Gen. Longstreet. Further, it was be- lieved to be the result of intrigue at Richmond, and of the clamor of non-combatants at home. But for the patriotism of the army there would have been a vehement protest. As it was, (123) 76 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. there was sullen submission. The army entertained the high- est opinion of Gen. Hood as a major-general. They knew he was loyal, patriotic and brave, but doubted his ability to com- mand the army. Johnston, by daily object lessons of partial engagements in which he was always victorious during his masterful retreat from Dalton to Atlanta, had inspired his men with a faith and enthusiasm seldom attained by any general. Neither the veterans of Lee nor the imperial guard of Napol- eon trusted its general more implicitly, or followed him with more unbounded enthusiasm. Johnston they could fol- low with certainty of victory ; Hood, only with apprehension of defeat and disaster. And had Gen. Johnston, even against his judgment, led his little army against Sherman, a very dif- ferent account of the siege of Atlanta could be written. To even the casual observer, a change in commanders would have been apparent. The most perfect order and system in the move- ments of the army were suddenly changed into utter confus- ion. Cavalry were hurrying in one direction; artillery, flying in another; infantry, double-quicking in another; and ever>-- where confusion. On the morning of July 20, Hood attacked Sherman's left, but our regiment being in reserve, was not engaged. Neither side gained any advantage. July 22 Hood again attacked Sher- man's left near Decatur with a much greater force, his object being to destroy Sherman's flanking column. This was one of the two great battles of Atlanta. Hood drove back the enemy, captured three thousand prisoners, but it was done at a fearful sacrifice of men ; and, as the enemy recaptured this position, there was no distinct gain to the Confederates. Our regiment was not engaged. About II a. m., July 28th, while preparing dinner, we were ordered into line and moved at quick time towards our left, and soon came to the poor house road in the edge of the woods. The day was intensely hot, without a breeze. After an hour of rest, we marched up the road and soon came in hearing of musketry ahead. We began to meet ambulances bringing our wounded from the battle, and the rattle of musketry was becoming more distinct. The regiment was drawn up in the edge of the wood, fronting an old worn- out pasture. The enemy's position was a quarter of a mile in front, at the edge of the woods along the opposite sidfe of this (124) Meridian, Mobile, and Georgia Campaigns. 77 pasture. The forest was of oak with dense undergrowth. The form of the surface between our regiment and the enemy was thus : gradual ascent loo yards, level 150 yards, gradual descent 100 yards, steep hill 20 yards, a slough 20 yards wide, ascent of steep hill 20 yards, level to the enemy's position 25 yards. The position of the regiment where first formed, was excluded from the view of the enemy by the inclined plane in front. The Federals had no artillery until near the close of the battle, when they brought into action two Parrott gims nearly one-half mile from our right. These did us no harm. It was 2 p. m. when the regiment took its position as above described. The first thing that attracted our attention was Cantey's brigade to our right front, on top of the hill and under heavy fire. They were making no reply nor advancing, and seemed to be waiting for us. We were ordered forward. Reaching the top of the hill on Cantey's left, and now ourselves under heavy fire, we were ordered to double-quick. We charg- ed over the level space, down the descent and steep hill into the slough. A few in their zeal started up the hill beyond the slough, but were ordered back. All were ordered to lie down. Many of our comrades were left dead or wounded behind us. Cantey's brigade was not on our right as expected, nor did we again see anything of it during the battle. Two double lines of the enemy stood bdhind their breastworks in front. We waited half an hour for reinforcements and orders to advance. In the meanwhile the enemy were enfilading our position in the slough, and rapidly killing and wounding our men. While in this position lying on the ground John Reeves was on my left and between me and Lieut. A. Haley. The latter called my at- tention, and asked: "Isn't John killed?" I looked at Reeves, He had not changed his position on the ground or even uttered a groan. Still, he was lying motionless and made no reply. A moment later I noticed the blood gushing from a wound in his head. He was dead. Lieut. Haley is still ( 1904) living, I believe — perhaps at Troy, Ala. Reinforcements never came, and instead of orders to advance we were, after heavy loss, ordered to fall back. The retreat, as usual, was more disastrous than the advance, because the fire of the enemy was more delib- erate, and in consequence more accurate; and our men, now hav- ing to move up hill instead of down, and being hot and fa- tigued, required a longer time to recross the same space. The (125) 78 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. regiment was re-fcrmed on the same ground where it had been first formed for the battle, and again charged into the slough, being ordered as before to halt and lie down. The enemy was now sweeping the slough with a leaden tempest. Men were be- ing killed and wounded faster than on the charge. After an- other half hour we were ordered to fall back, and were again exposed to a fearful fire. Forming again at the same place we charged the third time into the same slough, and the third time were ordered to halt and lie down in this ravine of de^ struction. Again, after half an hour we were ordered back. Almost completely exhausted by heat and exertion, we could scarcely walk. Many did not attempt it; but, resigned to their fate, awaited death or capture. Others, mastering all their strength and courage, began the retrograde movement in a slow walk back across the open space. The ravine and field were thickly strewn with the dead and wounded of the regi- ment, among the latter being our commander, Maj. S. L. Knox. I relate one incident of the last retreat as illustrating a com- mon scene after battle. We had passed nearly out of danger when I saw Lieut. W. A. Andrews of the Perote Guards fall. No litter-bearer being in sight, with a passing comrade I went to his assistance. The lieutenant was wounded in the ankle. We picked him up and were carrying him from the field when he was again struck, the ball this time ranging diagonally through his thigh and breaking the bone. He turned pale and requested that we lay him down and let him die. W^e procured a litter, placed him on it, and had reached the edge of woods where the regiment first formed. Here, leaning calmly against a sapling on the bank of a stream, we came upon Sergt. BrA^ant Brooks of the same company. There was nothing in his ap- pearance to indicate anything serious. To my question whether he was hurt, he replied : "Yes, I suppose I have my death wound," at the same time placing his hand upon his right breast. Requesting a passing comrade to take my place under Andrews's litter, I stopped with Brooks. Having examined his wound, and seeing that the ball had probably passed through his right lung, I told him that his condition was indeed serious ; then, wishing to say something to cheer him, I added that such wounds were not always fatal, and that he must not give up hope of life. Looking me full in the face, he replied with earnestness and composure, in such a tone that I could not es- (126) Meridian, Mobile, and Georgia Campaigns. 79 cape some sense of reproach: "I have not the slightest hope of sur\'iving this wound, but you know me well, and ought to know that I am not afraid to die." I replied that 1 knew he was not afraid to die, but I wished to hope that he would get well. He was a young man of 21, the picture of vigorous man- hood, and had married but recently while at home on a fur- lough. Not a more heroic death than this was that of Sergt. Jasper, at Savannah, Ga., during our Revolution. Nor less he- roic than that of Brooks was the death of a hundred or more of the First .Alabama's bravest men just up the hill there, and along its crest, and in the slough beyond. In the meanwhile, evening twilight had come, the firing had ceased, when I secured a litter and litter-bearers on which Serg.t Brooks was gently placed and borne to the filed hospital three hundred yards distant, where I procured a cot and immediate medical attention. Here the scene was more distressing than the battle. A crude operating ta- ble had been erected under the trees around which for fifty yards the wounded were lying on the ground in ago- nizing groans. Blood-stained litters were leaning about against trees, and over all, a few tallow candles cast their dim and flickering light. Watching my opportunity, I brought the surgeon to Brooks. He examined the wound, beckoned the assistant surgeon, both made a hasty examination ; the two stepped back in consultation ; the surgeon merely shaking his head negatively at me as he returned hurriedly to the amputa- tion table. Bidding my friend good-bye, I sought the camp of the regiment half a mile away. Sergt. Brooks died the next day. Lieut. Andrews's father lived about twenty-five miles from Atlanta, and two or three days later carried home his son by private conveyance, but the latter died only a few minutes before reaching the scenes of his boyhood. At the camp hardly one hundred of the three hundred of the regiment that had entered the battle had assembled. About 9 p. m. our commissary wagons arrived. We had eaten nothing since breakfast. Here was another touching scene when the names of our dead and wounded were called to go up to the wagons and get their rations. After supper the companies of the regiment in groups were busy making out lists of their respective dead and wounded. A few left in the ravine, having escaped Yankee bullets and becomii g (127) 80 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. rested, made their way out under cover of darkness, and reached our camp. The amusing case was that of Private Wil- hngham, a tall, slender, dark-skinned comrade, six feet high. On our first charge, as we were descending the hill, he fell for- ward on his face, at the same time throwing his hand to his head. He thought he was killed and so did we. The next day he was found at the hospital not seriously hurt. A minie ball liad struck him in the forehead, and glancing had torn up the skin in an ugly, but not dangerous wound. To the question : "Why did the First Alabama halt in the slough instead of pressing on ?" we give the reason afterwards given by our officers ; namely, because Quarles's brigade, that went nearer the enemy's works than any other command, was wholly unsupported." Another version was that our assault was merely a demonstration to keep the enemy from reinforc- ing his extreme right, the main point of our attack. It is cer- tain that there were no reserves as should have been in an actual attack. The regiment's loss here, dead and wounded, was greater than during the whole siege of Port Huason, and greater than in any other battle in which the regiment was engaged, though, possibly the per cent of killed mav have been greater at Frank- lin. The next morning, July 29, the remnant of the regiment was marched back to our old position along the breastworks above Atlanta. There was daily skirmishing until August 25, when Sherman, abandoning our front, swung around our left and met our forces at Jonesborough, where a hard battle was fought. From this time to Sept. 18, the regiment was on picket duty, reaching out as far as McDonough and Lovejoy station, camping at the latter place about two weeks. Here Hood abandoned Sherman's front, giving up to the latter all South Georgia for depredation and robbery, while the former marched northwards to Sherman's rear. Hood's design was to cut off vSherman from his base of supplies at Chattanooga and invade Tennessee. (128) Meridian, Mobile, and Georgia Campaigns. 81 MOVF^MKNT IN REAR OK SHERMAN's ARMY, AND INVASION OF TENNESSEE. We left Lovejoy station Sept. i8, 1864, and tore up the Geor- gia State Railroad to Dalton. Thence we turned southwest to (jadsden, Ala., and thence northwest to the south bank of the Tennessee river, opposite Florence, Ala., reaching the latter point Nov. 14, after a march of about 400 miles by the route we had traveled. On this march we crossed the Chattahoochee river at Phillips ferrv% near Palmetto, Ga. ; the Coosa river at Coosaville, Ga., and the Black Warrior near Summit, Ala. President Davis reviewed the army at Palmetto, and Gen. Beau- regard at Tuscumbia, Ala. The army was eager for the latter to command us on our contemplated campaign in Tennessee. A few small garrisons left by Sherman were captured, ag- gregating about 1,700 prisoners, but Gen. French's division had been repulsed at Alatoona with heavy loss. At Decatur, Ala., there was a liJeavy skirmish in which our regiment lost one man killed. (129) CHAPTER V. THE TENNESSEE CAMPx\IGN, 1864. TENNESSEE CAMPAIGN. The reg^imcnt left Decatur October 29, 1864, and pass'n^ through Courtland and Jonesboro, reached Tuscumbia, where it remained about two weeks. On November 14, the army reached the south bank of the Tennessee river, opposite Flor- ence, as before stated, and went into camps. On Nov. 20 the army crossed the river on pontoons, and entered upon the con- templated invasion of Tennessee. The day was cold, cloudy and windy, and scattering snowflakes were falling as Hood's anr.y, thinly clad, poorly shod and half-fed, marched through the streets of Florence to the promised land of Tennessee. A few ladies appeared on galleries and at windows, giving the usual salutation by waving handkerchiefs, but their tears re- vealed that thev were without any hope of success. We camped that night a few miles beyond Florence. The next day we crossed the State line designated by a sign-board which we loudly cheered. The fourth day after leaving Florence, we came to a large creek with a narrow valley walled in on both sides by high precipitous hills. The regiment marched up this creek the whole day, crossing it fourteen times on rude bridges hastily constructed by our pioneer corps. Bushwhackers hid- den in the cliffs, would fire down upon us, and then escape through mountain passes unknown to our men. These bush- whackers in the mountains of Tennessee and other border States were Union men not from patriotism, but for plunder and robberv. They were an infamous set from the first to the last of the war, murdering their neighbors and burning their propertv to a degree that put to shame the Tories of the Revo- lution. While on this march quite a number of our stragglers captured by them were killed at once, while others reached us (130) The Tennessee Campaign, 1864. 83 with their ears and noses cut off, or other evidences of barbar- ous indignities. The better class of Tennesseeans sympathized with the South, but previous to Hood's invasion had been compelled to take the oath of allegiance to the United States and didn't dare show us any favors. So in either case, we found no friends in Tennessee. At Henrv^ville, we emerged from the wildernees into a bet- ter community and soon reached Mount Pleasant, the home of G€n. Pillow, on the Columbia pike. Nov. 27 we arrived in front of Columbia, where we found the Federal army under Gen. Schofield intrenched. The march from Florence wajs made dnriug very cold weather and over frozen ground. Our rations were corn and peas that we gathered along the way and bread made of unbolted flour. Though we were in the land of plenty and were half starved, Gen. Hood allowed noi depreda- tions. About 9 p. m., November 28, an immense fire in Columbia re\'ealed that the enemy was evacuating the town. By day- light next morning our corps marched rapidly to the northwest and crossed Duck river on pontoons four miles above Colum- bia. We then turned north and parallel to the Franklin pike, and about two or three miles east of it. As the firing all day along the Franklin pike indicated, the enemy's retreat was being hotly pressed by Forrest, and a body of infantry. Our corps was on a forced march to pass the enemy and throw itself across the Franklin pike in front, thus cutting off his re- treat. A short spell of warm weather bad thawed the ground, and whether on bottom or hills, we sank at every step in mud over our shoes. Our line of march was over a cultivated and open country, the high hills and dense cornstalks presenting a serious impediment to progress. About 9 p. m. we were halted one-quarter oif a mile: from the Franklin pike north of Spring Hill, and in rear of Schofield, who was then being hard pressed at Spring Hill, by Forrest. This day's march of twenty-eight miles by the route we had traveled was the greatest the regi- ment had evter performed Stacking our arms and eating, we spread down our blankets upon the ground and were soon asleep, feeling sure that we had the enemy bagged. We sup- posed our corps extended across the Franklin pike. The ex- treme right was in twO' hundred yards of it, as we saw next (131) 84 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. morning;. Why were we halted just there, leaving a way for the enemy to escape after all our hard marching? The reason (if there was a reason and it was not a blunder) is unknown to us. Had our corps been thrown, across the pike, the battle of Franklin would have been fought at Spring Hill instead, and doubtless with different result. As it was, Gen. Schofield, late in the night, retreated up the pike through the gap in our lines which looked like it had been left expressly for his accommodation. Early next morning the army moved rapidly up the pike in pursuit of Schofield. The pike was strewn along with dead and wounded horses ; quartermaster, commissary, ordinance stores, etc., scattered everywhere along the way made evident the enemy's precipitate flight. BATTLE OF FR.\XKLIN. When about four miles from Franklin, our corps was de- ployed to the right, formed in line, advanced towards Franklin, and soon struck a heavy skirmish line of the enemy. These were quickh' driven through a large cornfield and skirt of wood to their defenses at Franklin. Hardly an hour before sunset Hood's army was drawn up in full view of the enemy intrenched behind two parellel lines of breastworks about one hundred and fifty yards apart. The outer line was an ordinary ditch two or two and a half feet deep; the inner line, a ditch three and a half feet deep and four feet wide with a thick and strong embankment along which were portholes for muskets and embrasures for artillery. At one point of the line in front of an. old gin house there was a strong redoubt about fifty feet long, whose ditch was five feet wide and four feet deep and rampart four feet high, making eight feet from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the parapet. The space between the two armies was about six hundred yards from which all under- growth had been removed, leaving a park of a few large trees. The ground in our front towards the enemy was : a ravine, gradual ascent through the park to the outer line; and a level old pasture to the inner line. The army itself of about 18.000 ragged and half -starved men with tattered banners having accomplished a long and arduous march of five hundred miles across the mountains of Georgia and Tennessee, and facing double its numbers recalls (132) The Tennessee Campaign, 1864. 85 vividly the shattered army of Hannibal when, after its terrible passage of the Alps, it was drawn up in line of battle before the well appointed legions of Scipio on the plains of the Ticinus. While in this position, momentarily expecting the order to advance. Gen. Forrest, mounted on his black charger, hat in hand down by his side, his face radiant and dark eyes flashing, rode down our front. The men, already eager for the fray, caught his enthusiasm, cheered him to the echo, and began ad- vancing before the order v/as given. Across the ravine, on through the park, officers in fromt, and men still cheering, moved the army in unbroken phalanx. When about one hundred yards from the outer line we received the first vo'lley from the enemy. The command "double quick" was given, cheers were changed to rebel yells, officers still in front, we charged the outer line. The rattle of musketry now drowned all commands of officers, and here, Capt. Dick Williams, acting Lieut.-Col. of the regi- ment, walking backwards to face the regiment as officers fre- quently do on drill, would wave his sword right and left, and then thrust it forward toward the enemy, indicating thus by acts instead of words, what he would have us do. The outer line was quickly carried, from which very few of the enemy es- caped. Here, perhaps, there was a pause of half a minute until the outer line could be swept of the enemy, and a rea- lignment made. By this time, owing to the stillness and rarity of the atmosphere, the smoke of musketry had settled in such a dense bank over the field in front, that friend could not be distinguished from foe at a distance of a few steps. The en- emy, four lines deep behind strong entrechments, were sweep- ing the old field between us with minie balls, and a battery of siege guns to our right and beyond Big Harpeth river was tear- ing up the groiund and knocking trees into fragments around it. Through a dense smoke and tempest of iron, our officers still leading, and the rebel yell still ringing, the army in per- fect order charged the inner line. Of the nature of the works of the enemy, we could have no conception until within a few feet. Dead and wounded had fallen at every step of our ad- vance, and our ranks were badly thinned. When the number and position of the enemy stood revealed, every old Confederate saw that it was to be a fight of one to two with an enemy strongly intrenched ; but despising numbers or advantage of po- sition they leaped down into the ditch, climbed up the embank- (133) 8b First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. ment enveloped in a sheet of fire, and from the ramparts dis- charged their pieces in the face of the enemy, and with butts of guns closed in a hand to hand grapple with the foe. Here the intrepid Cleburne, leading his division at the head of his old brigade (Govans') fell across the breastworks with the re- puted dying words : "I am killed, but my old Arkansas brigade is glory enough for one man," — dying words worthy of his he- roic life. Alaj. Samuel L. Knox, the brave commander of the First Alabama, was lying a few steps av/ay, having been mor- tally wounded at the head of his regiment. But of the field thickly strewn with' dead and wounded, and of the almost to- tal annihilation of officers, our men engaged in a life and death struggle had neither knowledge nor thought. The enemy was brave, and had every advantage, but men have nevfer been made so brave as to be wholly unmoved by such audacity as the Con- federates exhibited. The Federal line reeled and staggered under our heavy blows and were saved from utter route only by the most strenuous efforts of their officers. One hundred yards to our left their lines and batteries were carried. If at this crisis Johnson's division, held in reserve, had come to our assistance, the field would have been instantly won. As it was, the unequal contest on the breastworks was maintained hardly more than a minute, when our men took the ditch on the oppo- site side, and fought the enemy across the ramparts, muzzle to muzzle. The enemy soon began enfilading our lines, and after half an hour's fighting in this position, and hoping in vain for Johnson's reserve, it was plain that we must escape by flight back to our lines, or be captured or killed. Especially de- structive was the enemy's cross fire upon the Confederates in the outer ditch of the redoubt, where the embankment was too high for the men to climb. A few surrendered, but most took chances of escape, protected somewhat by the smoke and dark- ness. The position of the First Alabama was in front of the redoubt and to the left. Hood had used only two pieces of artiller\' in the battle, but about 8 p. m. and after the Confed- erates had fallen back, he opened a heavy cannonade on the enemy's lines, and followed it up with a charge of Johnson's division, but was repulsed with great loss. Until midnight, and long after all the attacks from the Confederates had ceased, the enemy kept up an incessant fire to the front as if Confederates were charging. It was nearly day when the en- ds I) The Tennessee Campaign, 1864. 87 emy's pickets fired their last gun, and hastened to join their comrades then retreating up the Nashville pike, beyond Big Harpeth river. It seldom happens in any battle that the ratio of killed to wounded is so great as was in this, and the reason is plain. It being night no flag of truce could be obtained for the re- moval of the wounded. As the enemy swept the field in front until a late hour at night every woimded soldier not able to carry himself from the field, nor reached by a litter-bearer, was shot to death where he fell. Never at any time did we see a litter-bearer on the battle field at Franklin. Either none were there, or else they shirked their duty in a cowardily manner, and are responsible for so many wounded soldiers losing their lives. Many of the First Alabama were mangled beyond recognition, and could be identified only by their clothing. Sam Chappell of Co. G, a youth of 18, was an example, whose body had been pierced by seventeen minie balls. Viewed next moirning by daylight, the space between the outer and inner lines to the right of the pike was heartrending. Gen. Hoodi is said to have wept when he beheld it. The bodies of our dead (for there were no wounded on the field the next morning) lay thicker and tliicker as you go from the outer to the inner line, and in the ditches they were literally banked up three or four men deep. The immense ditch in front of the redoubt was nearly full of our dead. There were also many lying along the top of the breastworks, and some even within the enemy's lines. While the loss of men was great, that of officers was much greater, owing to their reckless exposure. Among the killed were: Maj.-Gen. Cleburne and Brig.-v.Tens. Gist, Adams, Strahl and Granbury. Among the wounded were Maj.-Gen. Brown and Brig.-Gen. Custer, Manigault, Quarles, Cockrell and Scott. I shall not pause to refute the absurd stor^- that Gen. Hood next morning spoke disparagingly of the conduct of his army at the battle of Franklin. Gen. Hood was incapable either of falsehood or impropriety. BATTLE OF NASHVILLE. After burying our dead we took a last farewell of our loved commander, Maj. S. L. Knox, marched two miles up big Har- peth river and encamped for the night. Next morning ^ve (135) 88 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. crossed the river, swung around to our left, and struck the Nashville pike four miles above Franklin. About 9 a. m., Dec. 3, we came in view of the enemy, in- trenched on a range of hills extending across the Hillsborough and Franklin pikes, and three miles south of Nashville. The position of the Confederates on the left of the Franklin pike occupied by our (Stewart's) corps was a valley bounded on the north, west and south by a range of high hills, and on the east by the Franklin pike, forming a rectangle one and a half miles north and south, and three-fourths of a mile east and west. Driving back the enemy's skirmishers we intrenched at the foot of the hill two hundred yards before the position of the enemy, and facing north. At the western extremity of our line we con- structed a redoubt, which our regiment occupied a few days, and then turned over to the defense of barefooted men, moving back a quarter of a mile into the valley. We all knew from the activity of railroads and steamers in Nashville that the en- em\' was hourly receiving heavy reinforcements. Our men were daily occupied in strengthening our works, the weather was intensely cold, snow several inches deep covered the frozen ground, and one-third of our men without shoes, were going about with their feet wrapped with rags while the rest were poorly shod. Details were sent out every morning in the country to impress leather, and all the old shoe cobblers in the army were pegging away. Even in this extremity the citizens showed us no substantial sympathy, but looked at us askance when we made known our mission, and told them we would pav fancy prices in Confederate money. We got no leather except what we found concealed, and which the owners let us have out of sheer respect for our muskets. Every farm-house we visited had its hogs, goats, and sheep imprisoned under the house; while horses, mules and cows were penned up in the chimney corner. In Tennessee as in Maryland, ''We found the patriots very shy," and yet these people were truly loyal to the South. As previ- ously stated, most of our barefooted men were put in the re- doubt on the extreme left. About 2 p. m., Dec. 15, 1864, the enemy fiercely attacked our extreme right, at the same time charged the center, of which our regiment was a part. Though the enemy was much supe- (136) The Tennessee Campaign, 1864. b9 rior in position and number, every charge was promptly met and repulsed in front of our regiment. Hood seemed to think that the main attack would be made on the right and drew off several commands from center and left to support it. But the attack on the right proved a feint that deceived Hood. When Gen. Thomas saw this, he marched his heavy column, already masked opposite the redoubt, quickly drove out the barefooted men, and began descending the hill on the immediate flank and rear of our regiment. For fifteen minutes the perfomance would have been most laughable, had it not been so serious. It was laughable anyway, and we did laugh, notwithstanding Yankee bullets. The barefooted men were scattered and run- ning in every direction, except towards the enemy, not only with the agility of well shod men, but of men with springs in their shoes. Two divisions of Cheatham's corps from the right were thrown across the enemy's advance, and: held him at bay until night. The behavior O'f these two divisions, fighting great odds in open field on level ground, and in full view of a large part of the army, won the highest admiration of all. During the night the army fell back about a mile, and lines were reformed. Hillsborough pike had been occupied by the enemy, leaving the Franklin pike oiur only line of communica- tion. The position of Stewart's corps during the second day's battle extended half a mile west from the Franklin pike along a valley to the foot of the range of high hills on our left as we faced north. This range of. hills, rising abruptly to a height of two hundred feet, covered with scrub timber and ledges of rock, continued its course south one-fourth of a mile, when de- flecting east nearly at right angles, extends to the Franklin pike, this last range being in rear of and parallel to our lines. The east part oif this rectangle formed by the Franklin pike on the cast, our line on the north, and the range of high hills on the west and south, was a forest of large timber without undergrowth; the western part, an open old pasture. Bates' division occupied the side and top of the hill on our left, sup- porting a battery of two small guns. The position of the reg- iment was in trenches behind a stone fence, fronting a corn- field, and about two hundred yards east of the foot of the hill. A few days of warm sunshine had melted the snow and thawed the ground, so that this now old miry cornfield thickly covered (137) 90 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. with large cornstalks, was a formidale obstacle to approach in our front. About 9 a. m. the enemy opened a heavy cannonade along our whole front. Half an hour later they charged the posi- tion of our regiment with three lines of battle, and up against Bates' batter\- on our left. Their progress was slow and disor- derly, and for two hundred yards they were under the fire of our regiment, now armed with Enfield rifles, and their dead and wounded sprinkled w'ell our front. They came within tw-enty yards of our line, and then fled, falling thicker now and faster than before. About 2 p. m. another assault was made, but also repulsed. The main attack all day had been directed mainly against the position held by Bates' division and batter}' on top of the hill. Our line at Bates' battery turned at right angles due south along the top of this range of hills, and the enemy seemed to regard this as the key to the situation. There had been one continuous assault on it from the beginning of the battle, but was bravely defended by a single line of Confederates. The enemy, in the meanwhile had kept extending his line south from Bates' division on top of the hill, and by 12 o'clock had reached a point where the range turns due east to the Franklin pike, and in our rear. It was plain that the enemy's object was to extend this flanking column to the Franklin pike before night, and cut oflf our retreat. When not engaged we were interested specta- tors of this hard battle on top of the hill distinctly marked by two parallel lines of fire. About 4 p. m. and w^hen the flanking column of the enemy on the hill was about one-fourth of a mile from the pike, Bates' position and battery, after a most heroic defense, were carried by the enemy. This occurred in full view of the First Alabama. The enemy pouring through this open- ing in our line began moving upon the left flank and rear of our regiment. At the same time we were charged by a heavy force in front. W'e retreated down' our trenches to the right, loading and firing upon the charging force in front. We looked and hoped for reinforcements, but Hood, in fact, had none to send. The First Alabama went down the trenches one- fonrth of a mile, firing as rapidly as possible until the enemy in front was hardly ten steps away. Here it was clear that we must surrender, or at great peril to our lives attempt to escape. A few chose the fonner ; others, throwing down their guns, (138) The Tennessee Campaign, 1864. 91 cutting off cartridge boxes and belts, but keeping canteens, hav- ersacks and blankets, sprang up from the ditch and made a dash for liberty through the park for the hill in the rear, four hundred yards distant, over which led their only way of escape. Still under fire, we climbed its side so precipitous in some places that we had to pull ourselves up by switches projecting from fissures of rock. Some were killed and wounded in this as- cent of tlie hill. After crossing this hill, and twoi or three oth- ers intersecting it on the south, we reached the Franklin pike about dark, and just as a slow rain began falling. Nowhere else has such injustice been done the Confederate soldier as at the battle of Nashville. The facts and conditions considered, no battlefield of the South more fully illustrates his superior quality as a soldier, contending as he was with an en- emy so vastly superior in numbers, appointments and physical condition. If we analyze his conduct during these two days, we shall find nothing to censure. The flight of barefooted men made up of odds and ends of the army and under officers un- known to them, could not be considered any discredit to the army. The conduct of Cheatham's two divisions, holding in check a much larger force on the: first day's battle, was most heroic. Bates' defense of his poisitioni for seven hours against overwhelming odds, and never yielding until his little band were nearly all dead or wounded in the trenches, and dead and wounded Yankees were literally piled up in his front for fifty yards, is entitled to the highest admiration. Bates did that day the hardest fighting of all, though he was at last overcome by sheer physical force. Again, after our lines were broken, the Confederates retreated in a walk down the trenchtes, at the same time firing as rapidly as they could at the enemy charging our front. Surely there was no evidence of panic in that. The truth is, at no time was there anything like a panic among the men. When the alternativie of capture or escape had to be made, some chose the former, some the latter, but in either case the decision was made deliberately, and certainly it took some courage to attempt to escape under such circumstances. The popular impression is that a soldier never runs except when scared, but soldiers of experience know that it often requires greater bravery to run than to charge a fort. Again, we killed and wounded many times more Federals at Nashville than they did of Confederates. (139) 92 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. This was the last battle that the Army of Tennessee fought under Gen. Hood as commander, and it is seen that one un- broken series of disasters fully justifies the apprehension of the army when he took command. Gen. Hood was one of the bra- vest of the brave, and we do not think his proa^en incompetency to command the army detracts one jot from his distinguished services to his country. The same misfortune might have be- fallen any other subordinate general of the army. RETREAT FROM TENNESSEE. Resuming, the army, in a totally disorganized condition, t-amped on all night through rain and slush down the Frankl'n pike. The next day the commands were practically reorgan- ized at Franklin. Four days later we reached Columbia, where we remained nearly a week. Here Forrest's cavalry, and Vv'al- tl'sll's division, to which our regiment belonged, were formed ii:to a rear guard to cover the retreat of the army. These corn- bined aggregated only about 2,000 effective men, but success- fully resisted every advance of the enemy, several times driving them back in disorder, capturing men, guns, etc., and securing to the army a safe and orderly retreat. While at Columbia snow fell to a depth of several inches, and the pike all the way thence to Pulaski was flecked by blood of our barefooted men on the white snow. At Pulaski the army left the pike, and marched two days southwest across a hilly country. The third day we came to a creek the valley of which w"e descended a v»'hole day, crossing it many times on pole bridges constructed by our pioneer corps. I^eaving this, we again marched across a hilly country to Shoal creek which, swollen by the re^-.-nt heavy rains to a width of two hundred yards, presented a se- rious obstacle to our advance. However, being shallow, it was passed by deep fording. (140) CHAPTER VI. CAMPAIGN IN THE CAROLINAS. 1864-1865 FIRST ALABAMA REGIMENT SENT TO NORTH CAROLINA — BATTLES OE AVERYSBORO AND BENTONVILLE. The army recrossed the Tennessee river at Bainbridge, a few miles above Florence', Ala., Dec. 24, 1864. Reaching Corinth, the sick and barefooted were sent to hospitals, the rest of the army to join Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, who had superseded Gen. Hood and who was then opposing Sherman's march of lobbery and conflagration across the Carolinas. Our regiment had about 100 effective men and officers. Ev- erywhere along our route from Corinth to North Carolina were devastation, ruin, and crushed hopes. Still, with a sublime faith in our cause akin to inspiration, we were not at all affected by these facts, and could not entertain for a moment the thought that our banner would go down in defeat. This feeling in the army was not at this time fully shared by the people at home. Our regiment was detained two weeks at Augusta, Ga., until it could be recruited by the return of our sick and barefooted. We left Augusta March 2 and joined Johnston's Army March 14, 1865, and on the i6th took part in the battle of Averysboro, in which our regiment escaped loss. On the 19th it participated in the last battle of the Army of Tennessee at Bentonville, N. C, where it formed part of the charging force that stormed the Federal lines and drove them in confusion half a mile. In this last battle several of the regiment were killed and wounded, among the former being Lieut. Williamson of Co. C, (Guards of the Sunny South.) Thus the glorious "Old First," that had been the first to take up arms in defense of their rights and homes, left some of its best life's blood on its last battlefield, having nowhere at any time ever failed of its duty, and having received special men- (Ul) 94 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. tion fcr commendable conduct in the official report of every commander under whom it had served' — an imperishable honor to every one of its members, and to their descendants forever. \\ hile on one point I cannot speak authoritatively for other companies of the regiment, I may be permitted to speak of my own (Perote Guards), and from this the reader may judge the others. A muster roll of the company recently compiled ( 1902) by the survivors, shows 197 men. Not one of these ever de- serted, put a substitute in his place, or attempted to evade the Confederate service by exemption laws, or by any other means. All except the few that lived to return home, are on the battle- fields and in the Confederate cemeteries of the North. And this, too, when most members of the company were sons of per- sons of ample means, who could have easily secured their free- dom from service. FIXAL SURRENDER OF ARMY. On April 27, 1865, the regiment was surrendered by John- ston to vSherman at Greensboro, N. C, paroled, and the men immediately set out for their respective homes, which some did not reach until July. How this same Confederate soldier, returning with blasted hopes to homes of destitution and desolation, and despite car- petbag rule for ten years, lifted our Southland from the ashes of despair and placed it on the high road to prosperity and hap- piness, forms another and more heroic chapter in the history- of his achievements. (142) CHAPTER VII. REMINISCENCES AND INCIDENTS. The narrative history of the regiment having been completed, I now propose to indulge in a chapter of reminiscences and in- cidents. These, it is hoped, will prove interesting in themselves, and worthy of permanent preservation, although not forming a part of the regimental history proper. TWO ARKANSANS OUTGENERALED. While a Red river steamer was discharging its cargo of ba- con at the landing, private I. H. Johnson of the Perote Guards, was sitting upon the bluff overlooking the landing, an inter- ested spectator of the scene below. The mysterious move- ments of two Arkansas soldiers mixing with the boat hands at work especially excited his curiosity. He kept his eye on them. Sure enough the first opportunity that opened, when the backs of the boat hand's were turned, they grabbed each a side of ba- con and ran off. An idea struck Johnson. His camp was not a hundred yards away while that of the Arkansas men was half a mile distant with a skirt of forest intervening. Johnson rushed to his camp, quickly donned a sergeant's coat, picked up a file of men and dashed off around the skirt of woods in his "flank movement." He intercepted and arrested the Ar- kansans, started to camp with prisoners and spoils, but soon halted for a parley. Our pro tem sergeant expressed deep sympathy to and for his prisoners, saying that he knew rations were short ; that he thought it hard, under the circumstances, for soldiers to be court-martialed, and probably balled and chained for a month merely for trying to get something to eat ; and then intimated that if he could do so with safety to himself he would turn them loose, but that he would be obliged to carry the bacon to camp and make his report. The Arkansans (143) 9orted to the \\'isconsin State Historical Society by James R. Stuart, October, 1893. H. Falks, Company D, May 16. J. W. Gilmore, Company C, May 25. W. M. Ingraham, Company C. May 16. Samuel Coon, Company D, May i. Isham Crew, Company D, May 26. J. F. Smith, Company K, May 16. F. N. Hood, Company I, May i. Lee Calloway, Company E, May 16. T. H. Lochridge, Company D, May i. Henry Lloyd, Company I, June 12. Pierce Register, Company E, May 16. J. V. Stoyner, Company C, May 16. H. J. Stoner, Company D, May 7. W. Moore, Company H, May 27. John Wilkes, Company I, May i. David Benedict, Company E, June 12. W. H. Hadden, Company B, May 24. J. H. Strickland, Company C, May 10. (168) Dead at Madison, Wisconsin; Mrs. Waterman. 121 J. B. Ubry, Company I, June 12. J. H. Beasiey, Company G, ]\Iay 24. W. J. Bard, Company C, May 16. John Larron, Company E, April 28. J. A. Mauerief, Company K, June 7. W. T. Earned, Company E, May 23. S. T. Oliver, Company C, May 14. D. D. Bird, Company I, May 6. h. Kniebe, Company C, June 11. Charles Mettier, Company — , May 23. Robert Riley, Company D, May 16. Henry Albritton, Company B, May 7. Joshua Browder, Company C, May 6. Davis McKibbon, Company F, June ii. B. F. Harrow, Company H, June 12. Benager Peacock, Company D, May 24. B. F. Mansell, Company G, May 14. John Brandon, Company H, May 7. Ham Infinfer, Company D, April 2. Henry Glisson, Company D, May 3. Ed Bates, Company G, April 21. W. B. Bracken, Company I, May 2y. S. M. Barber, Company C, May 22. E. Branning, Company C, May 12. Harvey Meader, Company F, May 3. J. M. McCaul, Company G, May 11. G. W. Spears, Company B, May 19. T. D. Fulton, Company G, May 10. J. K. Jones, Company H, May 3. J. J. Farmer, Company — , July 3. R. W. Clifton, Company G, June 13. John R. Holt, Company I, May 24. T. T. Demmins, Company I, May 10. , Company D, April 30. W. L. Peacock, Company D, June 23. G. S. Marquis, Company C, May 10. J. W. Andrews, Company E, June 11. , May 6. J. M. Edwards, Company E, May 16. S. J. Sager, Company D, May 23. Thomas Essry, Company H, May 13. af.9) 122 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. J. G. Dawson, Company I, May 6. N. T. Rcardon, Company I, April 30. W. C. Watbews, Company E, April 28. Thomas Mims, Company D, May 6. N. J. Wicks, Company C, April 30. William Greene, Company H, June 4. P. L. Drinkard, Company B, May 23. A. L. Spears, Company B, May 13. N. Hollister, Company IT. April 30. F. L. Meucham, Company H, May 30. J. J. Gilmore, Company F, May 13. J. T. Morrison, Company C, May 5. T. C. Adams, Company K, April 30. J. E. Henr\-. Company K, jSlay 30. Wm. Smith, Company D, May 23. C. A. Hollingsworth, Company E, May 12. Thomas Cooper, Company F, June 3. J. H. Ross, Company I, May 30. J. R. White, Company I, May 3. Wm. Pipkcns, Company D, April 30. W. Christwood, Company L, May 29. D. M. Scott, Company F, May 30. F. Boykind, Company G, May 13. John Braden, Company D, May 5. Joshua Browder, Company G, May 30. Robert Taylor, Company D, May 22. J. M. Wylie, Company H, April 28. Joel Lodwick, Company D, April 28. R. S. Castlebury, Company I, May 29. , Company B, April 2. M. Grentham, Company D, May 5. C. Sissonly, Company C, April 2. J. P. Jamegan, Company F, May 29. J. H. Thuwers, Company G, May 19. Isaac Taylor, Company H. May 5. Thomas Kanmater, Company H, May 3. J. F. Codrick, Company H, April 20. William Brooks, Company G, April 27. Edward Smith, Company E, May 17. W. J. Russell. Company E, May 4. (170) Dead at Madiaon, Wisconsin ; Mrs. Waterman. 123 William Ham, Company F, April 20. Thomas Ostine, Company E, May 2^. N. Smart, Company C, May 19. Samuel DePuster, Company G, June 19. Samuel Willis, Company H, May 25. HISTORY OF the; CARE AND CUSTODY OF THE SACRED SPOT WHERE THE HEROES SLEEP. The story of the care and custody of the graves of the fore- going', by Mrs. Alice W. Waterman should be given here, as a tribute to her heroic conduct and devoted attention. Fortu- nately I am able to do this through a report made by a com- mittee of the Confederate Veterans' Association of Washing- ton, D. C, extracts from which are here given. There is no survivor of our regiment who does not have for Mrs. Water- man a feeling of the profoundest gratitude and love. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. Hall of the Confederate Veterans' Association of Washington, D. C, Camp 171, U. C. V., December 2, 1897. Comrades : The committee appointed to report as to what steps should be taken in res]5ect to the 139 dead Confederate soldiers who lie buried in Forest Hill Cemetery at Madison, Wisconsin, have to report that they have investigated the records, so far as they are accessible, in reference to this matter and find the facts to be as follows : The operations around New Madrid, Missouri, and Island No. Ten, were carried on by about 7,000 Confederates on the one side, and about 28,000 Federal troops on the other. Be- sides these land forces the Federal army was assisted by a large flotilla of gunboats upon the Mississippi. It is not intended here to detail even briefly the operations which resulted in the capture of Island No. Ten, after an unusually severe siege of about six weeks, and after the greater portion of its garrison (171) 124 P'irst Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. had evacuated it. Those who desire to read at length the mil- itary' history of that memorable occasion, will find the official reports of both sides in the 8th Volume of the War Records, Series i. It is sufficient to say here that the Confederate forces upon the Island and on the mainland numbered about 7,000, of which about 3,000 were on the island. In the volume of War Records just referred to, at page 94, the strength of the Union forces operating against the island, seven days before its capture, is officially stated at 18,547 officers and men present for duty. In the same volume, page 795, the official return of the Confederate force upon the island, present for duty, is 2,385 men on the 21st of March, which was seventeen days previous to its capture. When it was seen that the island must inevitably be taken, steps were begun to evacuate it, and accordingly on the night of the 6th of April, during a heavy rainstorm, about 6-7ths of the men succeeded after spiking most of the guns, in getting off in boats and rafts, and made their way to the Confederate lines. This was dbne, however, only after the disaster of New Mad- rid, where about 2,500 of our men were compelled to surrender to a force of about 15,000 of the enemy. The dispatch of Ad- miral Foote to the United States Secretary of War, dated April 8th, and annoimcing the capture on the previous day of Island Number Ten, states the number that surrendered to him to be "17 officers and 368 privates, besides 100 of them sick." Of these five hundred men, nearly all were of the First Ala- bama Regiment ; one hundred and fifty only of that regiment having succeeded in getting 011 the island, the others remain- ing until it was too late. The First Alabama was commanded by Col. Isaiah G. W. Steedman. That he was a gallant officer, and his men among the very flower of their native State, the official reports alluded to clearly show. The regiment was, as its number indicates, probably the first regiment formed in the State at the breaking out of the war. We all know that in ev- ery Southern State, at that time, the men of these first regi- ments — the men who shouldered their guns at the first sound of the tocsin of war, were always among the best soldiers of the Coniederacy. Consequently we are not surprised to find the First Alabama frequently mentioned in the official reports of the transaction on Island Number Ten. Gen. Leonidas Polk, in a letter announcing to Gen. McCown the Confederate (172) Dead al: Madison, Wisconsin ; Mrs. Waterman. 125 Commander of the islandl, that he had sent the First Alabama to reinforce him, speaks of the men as being among the best of Bragg's army. After the surrender of this Httle garrison to a force forty times its superior in numbers, they, with a large number of other Confederate prisoners, were sent North. A part were sent to Camp Douglass, near Chicago', and a smaller portion, which included these men of the First Ala- bama, were sent to Camp Randall near Madison, Wisconsin. They remained there, however, but about three months, when they were sent elsewhere, and it is believed were shortly after- wards exchanged. During this period of three months, 139 of these men died, no being of the First Alabama. Their deaths were undoubtedly the results of the suffering and con- stant exposure they had undergone in their heroic defense of Island Number Ten, which during the siege was constantly flooded in consequence of freshets of the Mississippi river, the men being often compelled, as the official reports state, while manning the guns of the batteries, to stand for hours knee deep in the chilly waters of the river, for the siege was during the month of March. (See the report of Gen. Trudeau com- manding Artillery at Island Number Ten, March 29, 1862, Vol. 8, Series i. War Records, page 150.) Elsewhere we have given the names of these dead heroes. As they died, sometimes at the rate of ten a day, thev were laid side by side in a plot of ground on the edge of Forest Hill Cemetery, and that spot soon became known to the people of Madison, Wis- consin, as "Confederate Rest." And rest it was indeed, to these poor fellovv^s, who, succumbing to the hardships of war, laid them down in their last sleep, martyrs to the cause they loved. For nearly five years after the war the site of those graves was almost forgotten. Among strangers who could not be expected to sympathize with the sentiments which had imbued these boys in gray and led them tO' offer their lives upon the altar of their country, it would perhaps, in time, have be- come completely obliterated but for the fact that there came to live at Madison, Wisconsin, a widowed, southern-born woman — Mrs. Alice W. Waterman of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She learned of this lonely little corner in Forest Hill Cemetery and expended of her means to beautify it. How she did it, let the people of Madison, whose sympathies she awoke for these, our dead comrades, tell us, as we find it in the Wisconsin State (173) 12G First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. Journal of May 29, 1885, published at Madison, and from which we now quote : "The knowledge of the fact that manj' of her countrymen lay neglected and almost forgotten among strangers at the North, far removed from the homes of their youth and the loving care of those to whom they were near and dear, touched a tender spot in the heart of the lady, and she resolved to do what lay in her pov/er to beautify the resting place of the strangers. She heaped up neat mounds over each grave, planted trees in the plat and an evergreen hedge along the east and south sides, cleared away the weeds, trim- med the grass, and had a rude board fence, which has since been removed, constructed around the plat. Then 'she secured head boards, had them appropriately inscribed with the names of the dead, their company and regiment, as v.ell as the date of death. "Her work was commenced during the time Gen. Lucius Fair- child was Governor, and that gentleman displayed the charity of a true soldier for a fallen enemy, by doing various little acts of kindness tending to aid Mrs. Waterman in the work which her sympathetic nature inspired. Gov. Washburn, who succeeded Gov. Fairchild, went a step further than his predecessor in office, for upon a Memorial Day, when he was the State's Chief Executive, he led a party of old Union soldiers into Confederate Rest, and with his own hands strewed floral offerings upon the graves of the boys in gray. This custom has been generally followed since it was established. Gov. Washburn was the first Chief Executive in any of the Northern States to exhibit such charity, but his conduct has since been very generally emulated where Union and Confedera'e soldiers lie buried together. Hon. B. J. Stevens, while acting as Mayor of Madison last year, showed great kindness to Mrs. Water- man, and offered to assist her in any manner he was able, while the Cemetery Commissioners — Gen. C. P. Chapman, Deming Fitch and Darwin Clark — have of late years been very thoughtful in their attentions. "Mrs. Waterman has an affectionate way of referring to the buried Confederates, whose graves she guards so tenderly, as 'My boys.' She says she planted the hedges around the plat to 'keep the cold wind off my boys,' and it affords her pleasure to know that when the sun rises in the morning, it shines warmly in the faces of 'my boys.' She planted white lilac amid the graves, be- cause they will blossom even if she is 'not there to watch them,' (174) Dead at Madison, Wisconsin ; Mrs. Waterman. 127 and her object in setting out two butternut trees was, as she puts it, so 'that the children will go there to gather the nuts, and thus make the place more pleasant by their presence.' " Closely adjoining this cemetery of our dead comrades lies a cemetery of Federal dead, and we are infonr^ed that for many years it has been the custom on Decoration day to hold mem- orial exercises in the open spaces between these two burial spots, and at their conclusion to decorate the graves of Federal and Confederate dead alike. For this beautiful and touching tribute accorded by Union soldiers to their one-time foemen we tender our full-hearteid acknowledgments, and say to them that they have, by their kindly remembrance of our comrades, given a fresh illustration to the saying of the ancient Tusculan that: "V/hoever is brave should be a man of great soul." But if those who- were once our enemies have through all these years not forgotten our dead, is it not time that we should remember them? Is it not time that we place above those lit- tle mounds, which the coming years must eventually waste away, a more enduring memorial than the perishable flowers placed there by the imipulsive hands of friendly strangers ? Mrs. Waterman died on the 13th of September last, (1897), at Madison. At her funeral was delivered the beautiful ser- mon, an extract from which is appended to this report. We have learned that it was the ambition of this good lady for over twenty-five years of her life to some day see a monument of granite erected in the midst of these graves whereon should be carved the names of these dead soldiers of the South, but hier efiforts were futile. She, herself, by the vicissitudes of for- tune, had lost her entire means, and the people of her native land were poor and struggling under adverse circumstances to recuperate their broken fortunes, soi the monument was never erected, but she continued toi see after and care for the graves. And now that she is dead, who shall see to it that this monu- ment be built? Who shall see to it that this spot where these men lie, the furthest north of any of our buried comrades, shall be marked with a token to all who shall see it that we have not forgotten our dead ? As Southern men we should hide our heads in shame if, after knowing the facts which we now know, we should fail to see to it that this monument be built with the names upon its face, not only of these men who' lie buried (175) 1'28 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. so far away from their own southland, and for love of which they fought and suffered and died, but the name also of this noble Southern w^oman, Alice Waterman, the patriotic care- taker of their graves for so many years, and who now sleeps with them, a heroine among heroes. Comrades, your committee have to report in conclusion that this Association having had the honor to be the first among the Associations of ex-Confederate soldiers and sailors, to have this matter brought to their attention, should be among the first to take immediate steps toward the work of procuring means to erect this monument, and thereby perpetuate the names of these men and of the noble woman who for so long a time had faithfullly kq^t green their graves. Your com- mittee, therefore, submit for adoption the following resolu- tion: Resolved, Thai the committee having in charge the matter of the Confederate dead who lie buried in Forest Hill Cemetery at Madison, Wis., be, and they are, hereby empowered with authority to proceed in such manner as they may deem proper and expedi- ent to procure the means for the erection of a monument over their graves, and that it report, from time to time, what progress they have made thereat. We have annexed to this report, besides a list of the dead with the names of the commands to which they belonged, a letter to the Chairman of the Committee by Mr. Hugh Lewis, a brave rederal soldier of the Second Wisconsin Regiment, who lost his arm at the second battle of Manassas. To him this Association is greatly indebted for the first information which came to it in regard to this matter. Mr. Lewis has for many years been a resident of Madison, Wisconsin, and was a warm friend of Mrs. Waterman. To him we are also indebted for the excellent photograph of that noble lady, and of the cem- etery where lie buried these 139 Confederate soldiers. In addition to his letter we have also annexed an extract from a copy of the funeral oration delivered over the body of Mrs. Waterman before burial among "her boys" and also copies of several articles from the Madison newspapers bearing upon the subject of this report. These articles show a more than excellent spirit on the part of the good people of Madison and encourage us to believe that in that city at least, the war with all its animosities, has long been at an end,* ♦The sevf.ral extracts referred to are too long for insertion, and are omitted. (176) CHAPTER IX. OFFICIAL REPORT OF COL. (SURGEON) I. G. W. STEEDMAN ; AND HIS REMINISCENCES OF PRISON LIFE. An "authentic" statement for the Tribune. While awaiting Mr. Greeley's acceptance or rejection of the proposition that was made to him in our issue of yesterday in reference to the treatm.ent of prisoners of war in federal prisons, we are anx- ious to give him further evidence of the truth of the statements we have published, in order to strengthen the appeal to his be- nevolence and sense of justice. We, therefore, give editorial prominence to the following letter, which we guarantee is a faithful copy O'f the original written by the subscribing parties and addressed and delivered to the Colonel commanding the post at Johnson's Island : Prison Hospital, Johnson's Island, November i6, 1864. Colonel : The undersigned, officers of the Confederate States Army (prisoners of war) are in times of peace practic- ing physicians. We are now acting as surgeons to cur prison hospital. We adopt this method of informing you, (if you are not already informed of it), that the prisoners confined here are suffering seriously from want of food. 1st. We make this painful announcement from our personal experience, and observation among our comrades. Food is the constant theme of conversation among them, and we are repeatedly told, "We are hungry ; we do not get enough to eat." Instances are not infrequent of repulsive articles be- ing greedily devoured; rats, spoiled meat, bones, bread from the slops, etc. 9 (177) 130 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. Secondly : We wish to demonstrate to you from physiolog- ical data, that the ration issued is insufficient to maintain health. Prof. Dalton says : "With coffee and water for drink, we have found that the entire quantity of food required during twenty-four hours, by a man in full health, and taking free ex- ercise in the open air, is as follows : Meat (Butchers) . . 16 ounces avoirdupois. Bread 19 ounces avoirdupois. Butter, or fat 3^ ounces avoirdupois 38^2 ounces avoirdupois. That is to say, rather less than two and a half pounds of solid food." (See Dalton's Physiology, page 115.) Col. Hoffman, Commissary General of Prisons, in his pub- lished order regulating the ration of prisoners of war, estab- lished the following: Porli or bacon 10 ounces in lieu of fresli beef Fresh beef 14 ounces Flour or soft bread 16 ounces Hard bread 14 ounces in lieu of flour or soft bread Corn meal 16 ounces in lieu of flour or soft bread Beans or peas 12 '^ pounds 1 Rice or hominy 3 pounds i Soap 4 pounds ' Vinegar 3 quarts y to 100 rations Salt 4 ^ pounds! Potatoes 15 ounces \ Water 52 ounces j Accompanying this communication, we enclose the abstracts of rations actually received, during the month of October for the first and second divisions of the prison. The abstracts have been carefully prepared for this purpose by the chiefs of those divisions from their memoranda, taken at the time of issue. By carefully estimating the average daily ration in ounces of solid food, from these abstracts for October, you will find that each prisoner received 28l/> ounces. Colonel Hoffman's order allows him about },AV-2 ounces. (178) Confederate Prisoners of War. 131 Prof. Dalton would give himi 38^ ounces. Your com- missary, therefore, lias given us ten ounces less thian the phys- iological requirements of health, and six ounces less than Col. Hoffman's order. This deficit of six ounces is the result — I St. of a short issue of bread of about 1.5 ounces 13/2 oz. 2d. of a short issue of bread or peas, rice or hominy and and potatoes (only one, instead oif three, having been issue daily) 3^ oz. 3rd. no issue of meat at all for three days i oz. o oz. As to the quality of the ration issued for October : The bfeef consisted almost entirely of fore-quarters, neck and shank, the large proportion of bone reducing the actual meat received nearly one-half, or to seven ounces (7 oz.) Salt beef and iish, now issued aboiit twice a week, are not included in Col. Ploffman's published order, as a part of the rations. Salt fish, with our want of facilities for properly preparing them, make a most unpalatable dish, and from the testimony of our com- rades, are only used from dire necessity, tO' satisfy the cravings of hunger. Moreover, salt fish and salt beef do not contain sufficient oil or fat, to answer the requirements of health dur- ing winter in this latitude. Though Col. Hoffman's order falls short o^f the physiolog- ical requirements of a man in health, by three and a half ounces, yet we believe if his order be faithfully executed, health can be maintained for a long while, considering the limited amount of exercise generally taken by prisoners. But, Colonel, it is our solemn conviction that if the inmates of this prison are compelled to subsist for the winter upon this reduced ration of ten ounces less than health demands, and six ounces less than Col. Hoffman's order allows, all must suffer the horrors of continual hunger, and many must die from the most loathsome diseases. As physicians, we ask you for hu- manity's sake, to compel your commissary to do his duty faith- fully and honestly, by issviing the ration we are entitled to. As officers and prisoners of war, demand it. Relying upon your early attention to this urgent and impor- tant subject, we are, (179) 132 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. Respectfully yours, etc., (Signed) I. G. W. Steedman, M. D., Ccl. 1st Regt. Ala. Vol. (Signed) L. E. Locke, M. D., Capt. 53d Ala. Cavalry. (Signed) G. Troup Maxwell, M. D., Col. 1st Florida Cavalry. Acting Surgeons, Prison Hospital. To Colonel Palmer, Commanding Post. This is a true copy of the original. St. Louis, May 31, 1891. L G. W. Steedman, M. D., Col. 1st Regt. Ala. Vols. As Mr. Greeley has kindly offered the use of the columns of the "Tribune" to prisoners of war for the publication of state- ments of grievances, we hope that he will publish the above letter. military prison history, and incidents — memoranda sup- plied BY COL. steedman. "After the surrender at Port Hudson, ail the commissioned officers of the garrison, about 160 in number, were sent by steamboat to New Orleans as prisoners of war. On our way down the river we schemed to overpower our guards and cap- ture the boat, but no proper opportunity offered. We were confined in New Orleans nearly two months, first in the cus- tom house and then in Mr. Conner's residence, a wealthy banker. Gen. Banks treated us with all possible consideration compatible with the rules of war. Upon request we could ob- tain paroles to attend social gatherings given by citizens. The people of New Orleans overwhelmed us with the kindest at- tentions. Many of us were suffering witu malaria, contracted during the siege. The surgeons and physicians of the city visited our prison and gave us gratis all needed medical atten- tion. "In September, 1863, we were sent by sea to Governor's Island, New York harbor, thence by rail to Johnson's Island, in Lake Erie. We had left this prison for exchange about one year previously. We found the situation materially changed. (180) Confederate Prisoners of War. iB3 Many more prisoners occupied the buildings. Officers cap- tured upon many battlefields were confined here. Public senti- ment throughout the North was more embittered towards the South, and prisoners were made to feel it upon all possible oc- casions. The Winters of 1863 and 1864 were very severe upon those of us from the extreme South. We were poorly clad for such a rigorous climate, and housed in such flimsy buildings. The prison soon became very much crowded as disaster met our armies. During 1864 and 1865 the average number of officers confined here was about 3,000, at one time reaching 3,200. "Soon after reaching Johnson's Island, at the reqest of the prisoners, and by consent of the prison authorities, ^ol. Steed- man was put in medical and surgical charge of our prison hos- pital, the Colonel being, as already stated, an M. D., having graduated in the class of 1859 from the University of Louis- iana at New Orleans. He, with his four assistants (one of whom was Capt. L. E. Locke of Alabama Cavalry) also line officers as well as M. D.'s, were thus enabled to perform valua- ble service to fellow prisoners. "The great subject of thought and private talk among pris- oners, was how to escape prison and get to 'Dixie,' to rejoin) our comjnands in the field. We were secretly organized into companies and regiments and ever ready to take advantage of any opportunities offered. All manner of schemes were dis- cussed, many of them foolhardy and impracticable. The only feasible one was planned by Lieut.N^eal^ of Virginia which involved an expedition from Canada to capture passenger boats on the lake, seize the United States gunboat Michigan, pris- oners to overpower the prison guards and take their arms. Escorted by the Michigan we were to land in the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio, and make a desperate dash for West Vir- ginia. The plan was partially executed, but not to- completion. Lieut. Beale was afterwards courtmartialed and htung. "The winter of 1864 and 1865 was especially severe and hard upon the Johnson's Island prisoners. It was extremely cold, the thermometer reaciimg 20 degrees below zero. "The furor raised in the North by the alleged cruel treat- 7^ ment of Libby and Andersonville Federal prisoners led the Washington government to retaliate in a manner on Johnson's Island prisoners who were all officers. Our rations were re- (181) 134 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. duced to a minimumi compatible with life. Disease became broadcast among us, especially chronic bowel diseases, scurvy and erysipelas. Scores of cases of scurvy occurred through- out the prison, thie result of insufficient quantity and quality of food. When the attention of the Federal surgeons was called to this deplorable condition of the prisoners, extra ra- tions were given us, consisting chiefly of the fresh vegetables of the season. In a few weeks all scurvy disappeared. This is a proof positive of the insufficiency of our food. "The above facts are contained in an official protest made by our hospital surgeons at the time. All exchanges of pris- oners had ceased since 1863, except the desperately sick, who were sent home to die. The policy had been openly adopted to imprison and feed us, rather than exchange and fight us again. This barbarous policy resulted in the inhuman impris- onment of tens of thousands of Confederates and Federals. Our efficient and most gentlemanly commissan-. Capt. Brad Sullins, died in the prison hospital during this winter. He is buried in the Confederate cerneter\' on Johnson's Island with our other dead. Smallpox also broke out in the prison, re- quiring the building of a i>est-house in one corner of the yard, and our Confederate surgeons also had charge of these cases. By judicious isolation and vaccination, the disease was kept in control, the nurses being officers who had previously had small- pox. CAPT. J. R. MACBETH CONTRIBUTES TwENTY-TWO THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR THE RELIEF OF FELLOW-PRISONERS. Col. Steed man pays the following tribute to his deceased col- lege-mate and prison comrade, Capt. J. R. Macbeth of the ist South Carolina Artillery. While an inmate of the prison he was dangerously ill, and was nursed to health in the prison hospital. He was so grateful for this service, that he became a nurse in the hospital for many months. Later lie was made hospital steward. Capt. Macbeth was lucky in having a wealthy father, then mayor of Charleston, S. C. In his own right the Captain had large funds in New York and Liverpool as a stockholder in a blockade nmning company. He donated twenty-twx) thousand dollars for the relief of his fellow-pris- oners, besides lending money to many others. He received a (1S2) Confederate Prisoners of War. 185 special exchange through Gen. Sherman, rejoined his com- mand and lost an arm at Bentonville, N. C, the last battle of the war. "In the spring of 1865 the Port Hudson prisoners were or- dered to City Point, near Richmond, for exchange. Joyfully we boarded box cars for Baltimore, thence by steamship to City Point. On the Chesapeake bay the ship was enveloped in fog and lay at anchor many hours. Smallpox broke out in the hold among 500 or more sick and wounded prisoners ; also gangrene attacked the wounds of the poor cripples. Col. Steedman was again called upon to take charge of this "pest hole," doing his duty to the best of his ability. He regards this as the most crucial test of his physical and moral courage during the war. "To our dismay we were landed at Point Lookout in Chesa- peake Bay, a great Federal hospital and prison. Here we learned that the military operations around Petersburg had stopped this proposed exchange. We were at Point Lookout when President Lincohi was assassinated. W^ilkes Booth, the assassin, retreated down the Potomac, and the negro guards over us conceived the idea that we prisoners had some connec- tion with the assassination. I was most reliably infonned that the white officers of this negro command had great difficulty in restraining them from butchering us. I felt the danger most acutely at the time. At night in my hearing a negro sentinel called out to us, 'hush up there, you d — d rebels, or I will send a bullet 'searching' among your guts ;' we were only talking in a low tone in our quarters. "From. Point Lookout we were sent to Fort Delaware in Delaware»bay, and kept in imprisonment until the close of the war. My brotbJer, Capt. S. D. Steedman, and myself, were re- leased on June 28, 1865. -^ book could be written on this sub- ject of imprisonment and the heroic fortitude with which our First Alabama officers endured their hard fate. We were' cut ofiF from' all hope of deserved promotion in rank, which hope is dear to all soldiers. "The only consolation our friends can take in this imprison- ment of nearly two and a half years is that many of us, if ex- changed, would have died on the battlefield, where so many of our beloved comrades now lie in unknown graves." (183) INDEX. The references are to the numbers at the top of the page. The numbers at the bottom of each page are the consecutive numbers for the entire Bulletin series. Adams, Gen., 87. Adams, T. C, 122. Advertiser, Montgomery, 12. Alabama Rifles, Talladega, 10, 13, 20, 27, 33. Albritton, Henry, 121. Amusements, 62. Anderson, Gen. R. H., 3, 27, 32. Andrews, J. W., 121. Andrews, Lt. W. A., 78, 79. Arkansans outgeneraled, 95. Ardis, Archie, 114, 119. Arms, 62. Artillery, Confederate, 21. At Island No. Ten, 35. Asleep at his post, 97. Augur, Gen. C. C, 57. Authorities. Names of works used, 10. Baker, Capt. Alpheus, 13. Banks, Gen., 58, 62, 64, 66. Barber, S. M., 121. Bard, W. J., 121. Barrancas Barracks, 14, 16, 24, 30, 33, 34. Bates, Ed., 121. Beale, Lt., 133. Beall, W. N. R., 48, 50, 58, 61. Beasley, J. H., 121. Beauregard, Gen. P. T., 81. Beef heads, 96. Benedict, David, 120. Bentonsville, N. C, 94. Bethune, D. S., 10. Bibliography. Authorities used, 10. Bird, D. D., 121. Bledsoe, F. P., 10. Blue, P. J., 98. Bonnie blue flag, 21-2. Boone's battery, 52. Boykind, F., 122. Bracken, W. B., 121. Braden, Jno., 122. Bradford, John. Letter of, 44. Bradford, steamer, 27. Bragg, Gen. Braxton, 13, 23, 27, 32, 38. Brand, Maj. J. L., 53. Brandon, Jno., 121. Branning, E., 121. Breckinridge, Gen. J. C, 55. Brewer's Alabama. Cited, 10, 50. Brogan, Mike, 98. 111. Brooks, Bryant, 78, 79. Brooks, William, 122. Browder, Joshua, (Co. C), 121, Browder, Joshua (Co. G.), 122. Brown, Col., 27. Brown, Gen., 87. Bullock, B. C, 15, 16. Bushwhackers, infamous char- acter of, 82-3. Caldwell, Dr. J. D., 13. Calloway, Lee, 120. Camp Butler, prison, 39-41, 43, 45, Camp Douglas, prison, 39, 125. Camp Randall, 125. Carmichael, D., 32. Carolina campaign, 93-4. Surrender of army, 94. Carondelet, gunboat, 37. Castlebury, R. S., 122. Cedar Point, 72. Chalmers, Col., 27. Chappell, Sam, 87. Chase, Prof. F. T., 103. Sketch of, 115. Christwood, W., 122. Clayton Guards, 13, 20, 102. Clayton, Bertram, 17. Clayton, Henry D., jr., 17. Clayton, Gen. Henry D., 13. Sketch of, 17, Clark, Dr., 112. Clark, Capt. John, 13. Cleburne, Gen. Pat., 87. Clements, Wm. F., 102-3. Clifton, R. W., 121. Cochran, Judge John, 15, 16. (185) 138 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. Cockrell, Gen., 87. Codrick, J. F., 122. Companies of 1st Ala. regiment, 13, 32-3. See also particular names. Confederate Military History. Cited, 12, 50. Confederate Veterans' Associa- tion, Washington, D. C, 123. "Confederate Rest," 39. Conyers, Capt. Y. D., 13. Coon, Samuel, 120. Cooper, Thomas, 122. Crew, Isham, 120. Curry, Dr. Walter, 13. Custer, Gen.. 87. Dabney, Lt., 60. David, President Jefferson, 81. Dawson, Capt. Geo. W., 13. Dawson, J. G., 122. Dead, Confederate, at Madison, Wis., 120-3. DeGournay's battalion of artil- lery, 49, 57, 61. Decatur, skirmish at, 81. Demmins, T. T.. 121. Dent. Capt. S. H., 13. Department of Archives and History of Ala., 5, 9, 10, 12. DePuster, Samuel, 123. Dewey, Admiral George. Letter from, 56-7. Dr. Beatty. transport, 53. Drinkard, P. L.. 122. Dykes, Owen, 101. Earned, W. T., 121. Edwards. J. M., 121. Essry, Thomas, 121. Eufaula Pioneers. 13, 21, 32. Eufaula Rifles, 13, 32. Evans, Gen. Clement A. Conf. Mil. History, 10, 50. Ewing, steamer, 27. Fairchild, Gov. Lucius, 126. Falks, H.. 120. Farmer, J. J., 121. Farragut. Commodore D. G., 52, 53. First Regiment, Ala. Vol. Inf'ty. Amusements, 52. Arms, 62. Bentonsville fight, 94. Companies of. 13, 32-3. Decatur skirmish, 81. Dead of, 120-3. Drill, 16. Enlistment, 13, 72. Flags, 23. Food, 51, 67, 96. History of, 9-12. Island No. Ten, 34. Meridian, Mobile and Geor- paign, 71. Numbers at Port Hudson, 49. Officers, 13, 33. Organization, 13. Paroled, 69. Pensacola campaign, 13. Personnel, 15. Port Hudson campaign, 48, 71. Prison life, 39-46, 129. Reminiscences of, 95. Reorganization. 32. Retreat from Tenn., 92. Reunion. 11. Sickness, 24, 40, 67. Surrender, final, 94. Tennessee campaign, 82. Uniformed, 23. Flags, 23. Fleet, Federal. Pensacola attacked by, 29-30. Port Hudson attacked by, 52-7. Foote. Maj. H. S., 36. Ford, Dr., 110. Forest Hill cemetery, Madison, Wis., 123-5. Forrest. Gen. N. B., 85. Fort Barrancas, 14, 16, 20, 21, 30, 34. Fort Delaware, 135. Fort Gaines, 72. Fort McRee, 14, 21, 28, 29, 30. Fort Pickens, 14, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27-8. Fort Powell, 72. Fort Redoubt, 14. Fox, D. J., 18. Franklin, battle of, 84. Fulton, T. D., 121. Gardner, Gen. Franklin, 48, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66. 68. Georgia campaign, 1864. Atlanta reached, 75. Charge of 1st Ala., 80. Evacuation of Atlanta, 81. Fourth of July celebration, 74. Hood supersedes Johnston, 75. Hood attacks Sherman, 76. March across North Ala., 81. Regiment joins Tennessee army, 72. (186) Index. 139 Retreat, 73-5. Tragic incidents, 77-9. Gibson, Jack, 22, 52. Gilmore, J. J., 122, Gilmore, J. W., 120. Gist, Gen., 87. Gladden, Gen. A. H., 13. Glisson, Henry, 121. Goodlet, D. Z., 10. Granbury, Gen., 87. Gratiot Street prison, St. Louis, 41. Grantham, M., 122. Guards of the Sunny South, 13, 33, 93. Greene, Wm., 122. Halbert, Henry S. Thanked for assistance, 12. Haley, Lt. A., 77. Ham, William, 123. Hamilton, Dr. J. C, 32. Harrison, Dora, 19, 41. Harrison, James, 41. Harrow, B. F., 121. Henry, J. E., 122. History of 1st Regt., Ala. Vol. Inf'ty. Authorities, 10. Part of a series, 5. Preparation, 9. Records of, 10. Reunion, 11. Scope of work, 11. Col. Steedman endorses, 12. Hoffman, Col., 130. Holt, Jno. R., 121. Hood, F. N., 120.- Hood, Gen. J. B., 75, 80, 83, 86, 87, 92. Hospital at Montgomery, 112. Hollingsworth, C. A., 122. Hollister, N., 122. Indianola, gunboat, 53. Infinfer, Ham, 121. Incidents, 95. Ingraham, W. M., 120. Iron-clads at Port Hudson, 52. Isbell, Capt. R. H., 33, 48, 50. Island No. Ten campaign, 1862. Attacked, 36. Fall of, 38. Fortification, 35-6. Location of, 35. Pensacola evacuated, 34. Sickness at, 40. Trip to Island No. Ten, 34. Jarnegan, J. P., 122. "Jeff. Davis script," 41. Johnson, I. H., 95. Johnson, Capt. J. H., 13. Johnson, L. F., 13. Johnson's Island. Prison, 39-45. Col. Steedman's report on, 129. Johnston, Gen. J. B., 75, 93. Jones, J. K., 121. Judith, patrol boat, 27. Kaumater, Thomas, 122. Kearney, Lt. J. Watts, 53. Kniebe, L., 121. Knox, Maj. S. L., 32, 38, 71, 78, 86-7. Knowles, 32, 33. Larron, John, 121. Letters, difficulty in receiving and sending, 46. Lewis, Hugh, 128. Lloyd, Henry, 120. Lochridge, T. H., 120. Locke, Capt. L. E., 132, 133. Locke, M. B., 21, 33, 49, 59, 64, 97, 98. Lockett, 0. W., 10. Lodwick, Joel, 122. Louisiana. Sentiment of the people toward the Confederacy, 70. Louisiana rum, 51. Lowry, James H., 10. McBeth, Capt. J. R., 134-5. McCaul, J. M., 121. McCown, Gen. J. P., 34, 36, 38, 124. McKibbon, Davis, 121. McLean, Dan, 10. McLean, Hector, 10. McMorries, Prof. E. Y. Fortune telling, 118. In Milledgeville, 116. Member Perote Guards, 9. On furlough, 113. Personal reminiscences, 95-119. Regimental historian, 12. Sketch of, 9. Trip home, 109. Vice-President Reunion Asso- ciation, 11. Mackall, Gen. W. W., 38. Madding, Dr., 32. Madison, Wis. Confederate dead at, 120-3. (187) 140 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. Prison at, 125. Mails, 46. Mannigault, Gen., 87. Mansell, B. F., 121. Marine hospital, 14, 24-28. Marquis, G. S., 121. Maryland. Loyalty of people to the South, 88. Mathews, W. C, 122, Manerief, J. A., 121. Meader, Harvey, 121. Meadows, Capt. J. D., 13, 33, 45, 99. Meredith, Zeke, 100. Meridian campaign, 71. Mettier, Charles, 121. Meucham, F. L., 122. Miles, Thomas B., 10. Miles, Col. W. R., 48, 58, 61, 68. Milledgeville, Ga., 116. Minis, Thomas, 122. Mississippi. Sentiment towards Confed- eracy, 70. Mississippi, gunboat, 55. Mobile Bay campaign, 72. Montgomery Advertiser. Sketch first published in, 12. Moore, W., 120. Morrison, Col., 43. Morrison, J. T., 122. Nashville, battle of, 87, 91. Negro prison guards, 135. Nelms, steamer, 27. New light house, 14, 20. New York Zouaves, 27. Officers. in prison at Johnson's Island. 39. Old light house, 14, 20. Oliver, S. T., 121. O'Neal, Capt. 52. Organization of regiment, 13. Ostine, Thomas, i23. Owen, Thomas M. Locates flag of Perote Guards, 23. Prefatory note, 5. Preparation of history urged, 9. Thanked for aid, 12. Owens, Capt. A. H., 13. Padgett, Lt. E. J. M., 43, 102, 103 Patterson, James T., 115. Payne, Gen., 38, 41. Peacock, Benager, 121. Peacock, W. L., 121. Pensacola, bay and town, 14-15. Pensacola campaign, 1861. Bombardment of Fort Pick- ens, 28. Defenses, 14 . Evacuated, 34. Incidents, 21-3. Sickness at, 24. Perote Guards, 9, 20-1, 26, 33, 49, 52, 78, 94, 95, 113. Flag of, 23. McMorries in, 9. Organization, 13. Rolls of, 10. Uniforms, 23. Pipkons, Wm., 122. Polk, Gen., 74, 124. Port Hudson campaign, 1862-63. Amusements, 52. Description of, 48. Farragut attacks, 53. Federal fleet, 52. Fortifications, 49. Land attack, 57-61. Seige, 64-7. Sickness, 67. Col. Steedman's report, GO. Surrender, 62, 68. Tragic incidents, 65. Posey, Capt. Ben Lane, 13, 30. Prisons and prison life. Camp Butler, 39, 40-3. Camp Douglas, 39, 125. Dead at Madison, Wis., 120-8. Disease, 131. Escapes, 43. Exchanges, 46, 71, 132. Food, 43-5, 129-31, 134. Johnson's Island, 39, 45, 129. Col. Steedman's reminiscen- ces, 132. Col. Steedman's report, 129. Treatment of prisoners, 42-3, 44-5, 120. Pruitt, Capt. W. H., 32, 33. Pugh, James L., 15, 16. Pulaski, 92. Quarles, Gen., 87. Ram, the Arkansas, 47, 55. Ramsey, Capt. D. W., 33. Reardon, N. T., 122. Red Eagles, 13, 20, 30, 32. Reel Foot Lake, 35. (188) Index. 141 Reeves, John, 77. Register, Pierce, 120. ueminiscences. McMorries, 94. Col. Steedman, 132. Reorganization of regt., 32-3. Reunion of regt., 11. Retaliatory measures, 45, 133. Revolutionary soldier. George Steedman, 18. Riley, Robert, 121, Ross, J. H., 122. Rough and Ready Pioneers, 10, 13, 20, 33. Rucker's battery, 35, 36, 37, 47. Rumph, Dr. James D., 26. Rumph, Langdon L., 26. Russell, W. J., 122. Sager, S. J., 121. Sanford, John H., 10. Santa Rosa Island, 14. St. Louis Republican, 42. Scott, Gen., 87. Scott, D. M., 122. Shell fragments, 101. Shorter, Capt. H. R., 13. Sickness, 24, 40. Sissonly, C, 122. Slemmer, Lt. A. J., 15, 27. Small-pox, 134. Smart, N,. 123. Smith, Daniel P. History of Co. K cited, 10, 50. Smith, Edward, 122. Smith, J. F., 120. Smith, Col. M. J., 68. Smith, Wm., 122. Prest. Reunion Ass'n., 11. Prison life, 39-45. Prison reports, 129. Reminiscences, 132. Sketch, 17-20. War service summarized, 18-19. Steedman, Edwin H., 19. Si-eedman, George, 18. Steedman, ueorge Fox, 19. Steedman, John, 18. Steedman, James H., 19. Steedman, Reuben, 18. Steedman, Capt. S. D., 32, 50, 64, 135. Stoner, H. J., 120. Stoyner, J. V., 120. Strahl, Gen., 87. Strickland, J. H., 120. Stubbs, Capt. J. T., 33. Surgeons of 1st regt., 13, 32. Sullens, Capt. Brad, 32, 134. Talladega Rifles. See Alabama Rifles. Tallapoosa Rifles, 10, 13, 33. Taylor, Isaac, 122. Taylor, Robert, 122. Tennessee. Southern sympathies, 83, 88, Tennessee campaign, 1864. Beginning of, 82. Columbia evacuated by the Federals, 83. Franklin, battle of, 84. Hardships, 92. Losses, 91. Nashville, battle of, 87, 91. Soldiers' Home at Demopolis, 111. Retreat from Tenn., 92. Soles, Newton, 65. Southern, sentiment, 15-16. Southern, sympathizers, 41, 44 Spears, A. L., 122. Spears, G. W., 121, Specie paid regt., 22. Spirit of the South in 1861, 15, 16.Transportation, 34, 41, 45 Steedman, Col. I. G. W., 41, 45, 50, 64, 97, 124, 135. Birth and education, 17. Capt. Wilcox True Blues, 13. Clayton's estimate of, 20. Thom, Capt., 9. Thornton, J. M., 11. Thuwers, J. H., 122. Times, steamer, 27. Tiptonville, 35, 38, 41. Tobacco, use of in army, 68, Ubry, J. B., 121. Uniforms, 23, Col. of regt., 13, 18, 32, Data collected by, 10, Endorses history, 12, Family, 19. Marriage, 19, 45, Physician, 19, Port Hudson, 59-68. Vallandigham, 114, Warrenton, Fla., 14. Washburn, Gov., 126, Washington, D. C. Veterans' Association, 123. Waterman, Mrs. Alice W., 39, 40. Sketch of, 123-128. (189) ]^42 First Alabama Regiment, C. S. A. Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, 20. Williams, Capt. Richard, 33, 85, Wheeler, S. R., 10, 11. 102. White, J. R., 122. Williamson, Lt., 93. Whitfield, Capt. Jno. F., 32, 33, 50. Willis, Samuel, 123. Wicks, N. .T., 122. Women of the South, 70, 113, Wilcox True Blues, 13, 18, 27, 33. 116, 118. Wingfield, Col., 61. Wood. Capt. .John H., 33. Wilkes, John, 120. Wyandotte, gunboat, 27. Williams, Maj. Jere N., 13, 20. Wylie, J. M., 122. (190) State of Alabama Department of Archives and History THOMAS M. OWEN, Director BULLETIN NO. 3 CHECK LIST Newspaper and Periodical Files Department of Archives and History OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA COMPILED BY THE DIRECTOR MONTaOMBRT, ALA.: THE BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1904. State of Alabama Department of Archives and History THOMAS M. OWEN, Director BULLETIN NO. 3 CHECK LIST Newspaper and Periodical Files Department of Archives and History OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA COMPILED BY THE DIRECTOR MONTGOMERY, ALA.: THE BROWN PRINTING CO.. PRINTERB AND BINDERS, 1904. JUN 20 (1906 D.«fO. PREFATORY NOTE. The extent and variety of its newspaper and periodical collec- tions is one of the most striking and satisfactory evidences ot the general activity of the Department of Archives and History. Their value to students of Southern and Alabama history has been demonstrated in many ways, and the files are constantly in demand by local students and visitors for consultation, compari- son and reference. They are being constantly drawn upon in the special work, researches and investigations of the Depart- ment. In order to make the collection more generally useful, and to indicate its strength this check list has been prepared. An ex- amination will reveal many interesting items. Particular atten- tion is directed to the very full files for the following Alabama towns : Birmingham, Brewton, Calera, Carrollton, Eufaula, Florence, Gainesville, Greensboro, Huntsville, Jacksonville, Mo- bile, Montgomery, Selma, Talladega, Tuscaloosa, and Tuskegee ; and also to the lists of Georgia, New York, and South Carolina files. The collection contains the following sets of important periodicals : The Southern Review, The Southern Quarterly Re- viezv, and the Southern Agriculturist, Charleston ; American Antiquarian, Chicago; Virginia Magazine of History and Bio- graphy, Richmond; American Historical Magazine, Nashville, Tenn. ; Educational Review, New York ; Publications of the Southern History Association, Washington, D. C. ; Bulletin of the New York Public Library ; and the American Historical Re- view, New York. Through the courtesy of publishers, for which public ac- knowledgment is here made, the Department is receiving prac- tically all current issues of the Alabama newspaper and periodi- cal press. They have accumulated rapidly, and are carefully preserved. Except in a few cases, however, these have not as yet been bound, and are therefore not listed herein. The arrangement is alphabetical, first, by States, and second- ly, by towns or places of publication. In the case of the Ala- bama files, the name of the county follows the name of the town. The arrangement is also chronological under each town as near (193) 4 Department of Archives and History. as practicable. No effort has been made to observe biblio- graphical niceties, or to give a history of any of the papers rep- resented. In a general way the form for such work adopted by the Library of Congress in its Check List of Anierican N(rci's- papers (1901) has been followed. Elsewhere will be found a list of abbreviations. Montgomery, September 30, 1904. (194) CONTENTS. Title I IVefatory Note 3 Contents 5 Abbreviations 6 Alabama 7 District of Columbia 35 Florida 37 Georgia 37 Illinois 40 Indiana 40 Iowa 41 Kansas 41 Kentucky 42 L-^uisiana 42 Maryland 43 Massachusetts 44 Mississippi 46 Missouri L 47 New Hampshire 47 New York 48 North Carolina 52 Ohio 52 Pennsylvania 53 South Carolina 5+ Tennessee 60 Texas 63 V irginia 6 ^ West Virginia '-5 Wisconsin 65 Foreign 63 (195) ABBREVIATIONS. •d daily. w weekly. s. w semi-weekly. t. w tri-weekly. m monthly. b. m bi-monthly. 8. m semi-monthly. o. s old series. n. s new series. n. d not dated. et seq et sequitur. vol volume. no number. book means a bound volume. (196) ALABAMA. Anniston, Calhoun County. The Evening News. d. May 4, 23, 1892. The Daily Hot Blast, d. May 4, June 11, 1892. Ashville, St. Clair County. Democrat Farmer, w. Aug. 31, 1848. The Southern Aegis, w. Sept. 9, 16, Oct. 7, 14, 21, 28, Nov. 4, 1897. Auburn, Lee County. The Auburn Graphic, w. Oct. 10, 1891. vol. ii. No. 3. The C5ermonizer. m July, 1893-Sept. 1902. vol. i. No. 1-vol. viii. No. 9. 1 book Orange and Blue. Nov. 7, 1894-June 11, 1902. vol. i, No. 1-vol. viii. Students' publication, Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Birmingham, Jefferson County. The Alabama True Issue, v^. Oct. 16, 1880. vol. i. No. 18. The Sunday Morning Chronicle, w. July 8, Aug. 12, 1883. (197) Department of Archives and History. Birmingham Chronicle, d. Jan. 1-July 1, 1885. l book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1885. 1 book. Jan. 1-May 30, 1886. 1 book. May 1-Dec. 28, 1886. 1 book. Sept. 1-Dec. 30, 1886. 1 book. Birmingham Age-Herald, d. Nov. 1887-Dec. 1890. 1 book. Sundry numbers. Sept.-Dec. 1890. 1 book. Sundry numbers. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1891. 1 book. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1892. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1893. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1894. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1895. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1896. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1897. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1898. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1899. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1900. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1901. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1902. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1903. 3 books. Jan. 1-Aug. 31, 1904. 2 books. The Daily News. d. March 4, 1891-March 14, 1892. 1 book. March 14-July 14, 1892. 1 book. July 15-Nov. 14, 1892. 1 book. Nov. 15, 1892-March 30, 1893. 1 book. The Birmingham Ledger, w. Aug. 20, 1892-Dec. 23, 1893. 1 book. Alabama Presbyterian, m. August, 1896. Vol. iv. No. 8. Weekly Tribune, w. March 11, 1899-June 23, 1900. 1 book. (198) Newspaper and Periodical Files. The Spectator, m. April-September, 1901. Vol. i, Nos. 1-6. Oct. 1901-March, 1902. Vol. 11, Nos. 1-6. April-August, 1902. Vol. Ill, Nos. 1-5. No more issued. The Bookworm, m. December, 1900-November, 1901. Vol. i, Nos. 1-9. December, 1901-1902. Vol. ii, Nos. 1-8. No more issued. Y. M. C. A. Monthly Magazine, m. November, 1886-October, 1887. Vol. 1, Nos. 1-12. Educational Exchange, m. 1890-91. Vol. ill, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 9. 1892. Vol. vii, Nos. 10-12. 1893. Vol. viii. 1894. Vol. ix. 1895. Vol. X. 1896. Vol. xi. 1897. Vol. xii. 1898. Vol. xiii. 1899. Vol. xiv, Nos. 1-12. 1900. Vol. XV. 1901. Vol. xvi. 1902. Vol. xvii. 1903. Vol. xviii. Sunday School Herald, m. June, 1899-March, 1900. Vol. iv, Nos. 1-9. June, 1901. Vol. vi. No. 8. April, 1902. Vol. — Vol. vi et seq published at Montgomery. The Southern Farmer, m. 1904. Vol. xviii. Brewton, Escambia County. Escambia Banner, w. June 2, 1883-Dec. 31, 1885. Vol. i. No. 1 et seq. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1886-Nov. 3, 1887. On July 1, 1886, became The Breioton Banner. (199) 10 Department of Archives and History. Ihe Standard Gauge, w. Jan. 21, 1888-June 27, 1889. Vol. i, No. 30 et seq. 1 book. July 4, 1889-June 26, 1890. 1 book. July 3, 1890-Juue 25, 1891. 1 book. July 2, 1891-June 30, 1892. 1 book. July 7, 1892-July 6, 1893. 1 book. July 13, 1893-June 28, 1894. 1 book. July 5, 1894-June 27, 1895. 1 book. July 4, 1895- June 25, 1896. 1 book. July 2, 1896-June 24, 1897. 1 book. July 1, 1897-June 23, 1898. 1 book. July 7, 1898-June 29, 1899. 1 book. July 6, 1899-June 28, 1900. 1 book. July 5, 1900-June 27, 1901. 1 book. July 18, 1901-June 26, 1902. 1 book. The Brewton Leader, w. May 23, 1893-Jan. 23, 1894. Vol. ii, No. 1 et seq. The Pine Belt News. w. Feb. 27. 1894-Feb. 19, 1895. Vol. i. No. 1 et seq. 1 book. Feb. 26, 1895-Feb. 18, 1896. 1 book. Feb. 25, 1896-Feb. 18, 1897. 1 book. Feb. 25, 1897-Feb. 17, 1898. 1 book. Feb. 24, 1898-Feb. 16, 1899. 1 book. Feb. 23, 1899-Feb. 15, 1900. 1 book. Feb. 22, 1900-Feb. 14, 1901. 1 book. Feb. 21, 1901-Feb. 13, 1902. 1 book. The Laborers' Banner, w. March 3, 1900-Feb. 23, 1901. Vol. i. No. 1 et seq. 1 book. March 2, 1901-March 1. 1902. March 15-May 17, 1902. Discontinued after last date. Cahaba, Dallas County. The Dallas Gazette, w. Jan. 5-Dec. 26, 1854. 1 book. Jan. 12-Dec. 21, 1855. 1 book. Jan. 4-Dec. 23, 1856. 1 book. Jan. 2-Dec. 22, 1857. 1 book. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1858. 1 book. Jan. 7-Dec. 30, 1859. 1 book. (200) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 11 The American Citizen, w. Aug. 11, 1855. Vol. i. No. 47. Calera, Shelby County. The Shelby Sentinel, w. Sept. 9, 1875-Sept. 6, 1877. Vol. i, No. 1 et seq. 1 book. Sept. IS, 1877-Aug. 21, 1879. 1 book. Aug. 28, 1879-June 8, 1882. 1 book. Aug. 3, 1893-Dec. 31, 1896. 1 book. Jan. 7, 1897-Nov. 2, 1899. 1 book. Carrollton, Pickens County. The West Alabamian. w. Jan. 6, 1869-Dec. 27, 1871. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1872-Dec. 29, 1875. 1 book. Jan. 5, 1876-Dec. 31, 1879. 1 book. Nov. 11, 1885. Claiborne, Monroe County. Alabama Courier, w. March 29, 1822. Vol. iil. No. 33. Clayton, Barbour County. The Clayton Courier, w. July 26, 1879; March 2, 1899; Dec. 1, 1894. Collinsville, DeKalb County. The Wills' Valley Post. w. August 9, 1879. Columbiana, Shelby County. The Shelby Chronicle, w. March 30. 1892. Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County. Our Country and its Future, w. April 8-Nov 24, 1899. Vol. i. Nos. 1-34. No more Issued. (201) 12 Department of Archives and History. Cullman, Cullman County. Alabama Tribune, w. Aug. 29, 1889. The Alabama Republican, w. Jan. 17-May 23, 1901. Vol. i, Nos. 1-19, n. s. Dadeville, Tallapoosa County. Dadeville Banner, w. March 2, 1853. Decatur, Morgan County. North Alabama Times, w. Aug. 6, 1859. Vol. i, No. 51. Demopolis, Marengo County. The Demopolis Express, w. Feb. 21, 28, March 7, 14, 21, 28, April 4, 1895. Dothan, Houston County. Cackles and Scratches, m. June, 1902. Vol. i. No. 1. Bast Lake, Jefferson County. The Boys' Banner, m. May, 1901-March, 1902. Vol. i, Nos. 1-12. April, 1902-Dec. 1903. Vol. ii. Jan. 1903-Oct. 1903. Vol. iii. Nov. 1903-1904. Vol. iv. Bdivardsville, Cleburne County. Edwardsville Standard, w. Oct. 9, 1894. The Standard News. w. March 17, May 5, 1892. (202) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 13 Eufaula, Barbour County. The Eufaula Democrat, w. July 8, 1846-June 27, 1848. Vol. ii, No. 1 et seq. 1 book. July 4, 1848- June 22, 1850. 1 book. July 2, 1850-June 24, 1851. 1 book. Spirit of the South, w. July 1, 1851-June 22, 1852. 1 book. May 8, 1855-July 24, 1860. Aug. 27, Sept. 10, 1861. The Bluff City Times, w. April 15, 1868-April 18, 1872. Vol. 1, No. 1 et seq. 1 book. Name changed to Eufaula Weekly Times, w. May 2, 1872-April 24, 1873. 1 book. Eufaula Weekly News. w. March 26, 1874. Eufaula Times and News. w. Sept. 9, 1880-Dec. 30, 1884. Vol. xxvi, No. 37. 1 book. Jan. 6-Dec. 31, 1885. 1 book. Jan. 7-Dec. 30, 1S86. 1 book. Jan. 6-Dec. 22, 1887. 1 book. Jan. 4-Dec. 20, 1888. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1889-Dec. 25, 1890. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1891-Dec. 29, 1892. 1 book. Jan. 5. 1893-Dec. 27, 1894. 1 book. Jan. 3-Dec. 26, 1895. 1 book. Jan. 2-Dec. 31, 1896. 1 book. Jan. 7-Dec. 30, 1897. 1 book. Jan. 6-Dec. 29, 1898. 1 book. The Eufaula Weekly Bulletin, w. March 5, 1881-March 8, 1882. Vol, i, No. 1 et seq. 1 book. The Eufaula Daily Times, d. April 27-Oct. 27, 1872. Vol i, No. 16 et seq. 1 book. Oct. 29, 1872-April 27, 1873. 1 book. (203) 14 Department of Archives and History. The Daily Times, d. Nov. 25, 1882-Dec. 30, 1883. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1885. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 29, 1886. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1887. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 25, 1887. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1888. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 30, 1888. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1889. 1 book. Aug. 7-Oct. 31, 1889 and May 1-31, i890. Jan. 1-June 29, 1890. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1890. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1891. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1891. 1 book. Jan.l-June 30, 1892. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1892. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1893. 1 book. July 1-Dcc. 31, 1893. 1 book. Jan. 2-June 29, 1894. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1895. 1 book. July 2-Dec. 31, 1895. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1896. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1897. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1897. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 30, 1898. 1 book. 1 book. Alabama Poultry and Pet Stock Journal, m. Aug. 1899-1900. Vol. 1. 1900-1904. Vol. 11. 1904. Vol. ill. Butazv, Greene County. The Independent Observer, vv. May 17, 1861. The Alabama Whig. w. Jan. 19, 1854. Vol. xiv. No. 48. Whole No. 724. The Eutaw Whig and Observer, w. July 24. 31, 1879. (204) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 15 The Eutaw Mirror, w. May 27, Aug. 5, 19, Sept. 2, 9, 16, 30, Oct. 14, 28, Nov. 4, 11, 18, 25, Dec. 2, 9, 1884. Florence, Lauderdale County. Florence Register and Public Advertiser, w. Sept. 9, 1826. Vol. ii. No. 23, Whole No. 75. Florence Enquirer, w. Aug. 22, 1840. Vol. i, No. 24. Florence Gazette, w. Oct. 1, 1858-Jan. 11, 1860. 1 book. Vol. xxxvi, No. 4. Jan. 18, 1860-July 10. 1861. 1 book. July 17, 1861-Jan. 31, 1863. 1 book. Daily Florence Gazette, d. Aug. 5, 1861. Vol. i. No. 1. Florence Journal, w. March 29, 1871. Vol. v, No. 16. Lauderdale Times, w. April 11, 1871-Nov. 19, 1872. Vol. i. No. 1 et seq. The Times and Journal, w. Nov. 27, 1872-Feb. 19, 1873. Vol. ii, No. 34. And became (Feb. 26, 1873) Florence Times-Journal, w. Feb. 26, 1873-Sept. 9, 1874. Florence Republican, w. Jan. 20, 1874-Oct. 20, 1874. Vol. i. No. 2 et seq. North Alabama Farm and Home, w. April 6, 1875. Vol. i. No. 5. The Normal Gem. m. Jan. l-June 1, 1889. Vol. i, Nos. 1-6. December, 1889, Vol. ii, No. 3. (205) 16 Department of Archives and History. Forkland, Greene County. The Forkland Progress, w. May 31, 1890-Aug. 1, 1891. Vol. i, No. 1-Vol. ii, No. 10. 1 No more issued. Port Payne, DeKalb County. Fort Payne Journal, w. June 25, 1886. Gadsden, Etowah County. Gadsden Herald, w. Jan. 24, 1851. Gadsden Times, w. Jan. 4, 25, Feb. 8, 22, July 3, 1867. The Gadsden News. w. Sept. 6, 27, 1883. Gainesville, Sumter County. The Independent, w. Nov. 18, 1854-July 31, 1858. Vol. 1, No. 16-Vol. Iv, No. 52. 1 book. Oct. 2, 1858-Sept. 23, 1865. Vol. v. No. 8-Vol. xii, No. 6. 1 book. Greensboro, Hale County. Alabama Sentinel, w. April 9-Sept. 24, 1836. Vol. ill, Nos. 22-46. Alabama Beacon, w. May 13, 1843-Nov. 5, 1889. Vol. iv, No. 1. et seq. 13 books. July 26, 1879; April 17, May 1, 8, 15, 22, July 24, Oct. 2, 1880; March 31, April 14, 1882. Sundry numbers. The Southern Watchman, w. July 30, 1879. (206) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 17 Greenville, Butler County. Southern Messenger, w. March 16, 1859-Dec. 19, 1860. Vol. ii, No. 11-Vol. iii No. 51. Aug. 15, 1860- July 3, 1861. Sundry numbers. The South Alabamian. w. April 7, 1860-Dec. 22, 1860. Vol. xiii. No. 14 et seq. Bound with the first lot of the preceding, 1859-eO, in 1 book. The Greenville Advocate, w. April 9, 1884. Grove Hill, Clarke County. The Macon Banner, w. April 18, Aug. 1. Oct. 1, 1846. Grove Hill was originally called Macon. Southern Recorder, w. April 7, July 14, 1847; Feb. 23, April 12, Aug. 18. Nov. 8. 1848; and Feb. 7, Sept. 19, 1849. The Grove Hill Herald, w. Aug. 7, Oct. 23, Nov. 13, 1850; Aug. 18, Nov. 3, 1852; and Oct. 11, 1854. Clarke County Democrat, w. Jan. 31, 1856-Feb. 4, 1858. Vol. i. No. 1 et seq. 1 book. Feb. 11, 1858-March 1, 1860. 1 book. May 8, 1860-Sept. 11, 1862. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1863-Aug. 31, 1865. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1866-Dec. 24, 1868. 1 book. Jan. 7, 1869-April 8, 1873. 1 book. May 6, 1873-Dec. 28, 1876. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1877-Dec. 28, 1881. 1 book. Jan. 5, 1882-Dec. 30, 1886. 1 book. Jan. 6, 1887-Dec. 25, 1890. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1891-Dec. 27, 1894. 1 book. Jan. 10, 1895-Dec. 30, 1897. 1 book. Established in 1856, as the Democrat, name changed to the Journal, Jan. 1, 1863, and on Nov. 22, 1866. the old name resumed. 2 (207) 18 Department of Archives and History. Guntersville , Marshall County. The Marshall Eagle, w. Jan. 5, 1852; Nov. 4, 11, 1853; June 9, 1854; Jan. 5, March 2, June 22, 1855. The Tennessee Valley, w. July 1. Oct. 14, 1856. The Marshall County News. w. April 23, 1858. Hayneville, Lowndes County. The Watchman, w . Oct. 12, 1855. Vol. V, No. 32. The Hayneville Examiner, w. Dec. 18, 1879. Highland Home, Crenshaw County. Two Mites, w. May 4, 1900-Jan. 3, 1902. Vol. i, No. 25-Vol ill, No. 4. With the issue of Sept. 6, 1901, the name became Apos- tles' Teachings. Huntsville, Madison County. Huntsville Republican, w. Aug. 5. 1817. Vol. i, No. 49. Name changed to the Alabama Republican, w. Sept. 15, 1820-Sept. 13, 1822. Vol. v, No. 1-Vol. vii. No. i. book. Succeeded by the Southern Advocate and Huntsville Advertiser, w. May 6, 1825-April 27. 1827. Vol. i. No. 1 et seq. 1 book May 11, 1827-April 23, 1830. 1 book. April 30, 1830-April 21, 1832. 1 book. May 12, 1832-Feb. 4, 1834. 1 book. Feb. 18, 1834-Jan. 17, 1837. 1 book. April 26, 1844-Aprll 23, 1847. 1 book. May 21, 1847-March 26, 1851. 1 book. (208) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 19 Sonthern Advocate and Hunts ville Advertiser, w.— Con. April 2, 1851-Dec. 27, 1854. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1855-Aug. 6, 1857. 1 book. Aug. 13, 1857-June 26, 1861. 1 book. Feb. 28, March 28, April 4, July 25, 1839; June 4. 1840; Oct. 4, 1844; June 17, 1848; July 9, 1851; and Aug. 29, 1860. The Democrat, w. Aug. 8, 1840; Oct. 2, 1841; Feb. 5, 1842; June 12, Oct. 30. 1844; and Dec. 12, 1850. March 24, 1880-Dec. 17, 1884. Broken file. Nov. 8, 1867. Weekly Independent, w. Jan. 11. 1868. Alabama Teachers' Journal, m. Sept. 1885-March, 1886. Vol. i, Nos, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Feb., April, May, 1886. Vol. ii, Nos. 8, 10, 11. March and June, 1888. Vol. iii, Nos. 6 and 9. Vol. iii published in Montgomery. The Tribune. (Monument Edition.) Nov. 29, 1900, Jacksonville, Calhoun County. Jacksonville Republican, w. Jan. 28, 1837-Dec. 27, 1838. 1 book. May 22, 1840-Dec. 16, 1851. 1 book. March 9, 1852-Dec. 17, 1857. 1 book. Jan. 14, 1858-Dec. 21, 1867. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1868-Dec. 27, 1873. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1874-Dec. 23, 1878. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1879-Dec. 29, 1883. 1 book. Jan. 5, 1884-Sept. 15, 1888. 1 book. Jan. 5, 1889-Dec. 30, 1893. 1 book. July 1, Aug. 12, Sept. 9, Oct. 7, 1840; Sept. 1, Oct. 27, Dec. 1, 8, 1841; June 15, July 13, Sept. 28, 1842; Nov. 1, 1843; Feb. 21, Sept. 11, 1844; June 20, 1848; Jan. 27. Feb. 17, July 20, 1852. Sundry numbers. (209) 20 Department of Archives and History. Sunny South, w. May 27, Sept. 16, 1851; May 4, Aug. 31, Nov. 16, 1852; June 21, Dec. 20, 1853; March 14. 1854; and June 28, 1856. The People's Journal, w. Jan. 12, 1899. Lafayette, Chambers County. The East Alabamian. w. Oct. 21, 1842; July 8, 29, Aug. 11, 19, Sept. 9, 23, Nov. 4, Dec. 2, 16, 1843. Linden, Marengo County. The Linden Jeffersonian. w. July 4, 1860. Vol. viii, No. 33. The Marengo Recorder, w. Sept. 5, 1866. Vol. i, No. 50. Livingston, Sumter County. Sumter County Whig. w. April 22, 1851-April 19, 1854. Vol. xi. No. 1. whole No. 521-Vol. xiii, No. 52. 1 book. April 20, 1852-April 19, 1854. 1 book. April 26, 1854-April 16, 1856. 1 book. Ceased publication with the issue of April 16, 1856. Vol. XV, No. 52, and succeeded by the Weekly Messenger. Marion, Perry County. The Marion Herald, w. Jan. 16, 1845. Alabama Baptist Advocate, w. Feb. 23, 1849-July 24, 1850. Old series. Vol. vii. No. 1, new series Vol. i. No. 1. With the issue of July 31, 1850. became the South Western Baptist, and Dec. 8, 1852, began publication at Montgomery, where it continued until Jan. 1, 1854. See Tuskegee. (210) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 21 The Marion Commonwealth, w. Dec. 10, 1858; July 32, 1866. The Baptist Correspondent, w. Dec. 5, 1860. Vol. i, No. 48. Judson Echoes, m. Feb. 1, 1887. Vol. vi, No. 3. Moulton, Lawrence County. The Christian Herald, w. July 28, 1865-Dec. 7, 1866. Vol. i, No. 2-Vol. ii, No. 22. 1 book. The Moulton Advertiser, w. March 17, 1880-Dec. 27, 1883. Broken files. Mobile, Mobile County. Mobile Commercial Register, w. Oct. 9, 1830-May 30, 1831. 1 book. June 6, 1831-May 26, 1832. 1 book. June 2, 1832-May 31, 1833. 1 book. Dec. 21, 1833-Dec. 31, 1834. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1835-Dec. 30, 1835. 1 book. Jan. 6, 1836-Dec. 31, 1836. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1837-Dec. 30, 1837. 1 book. Commercial Reporter and Shipping List, of the Mobile Morning Chronicle. Dec. 13, 1837. Vol. ii. No. 5. The Herald and Tribune, d. May 1, 1845-Oct. 31, 1845. Vol. ii. No. 52-Vol. iv No. *> (sic). No. 216. 1 book. May 1, 1845-Oct. 31, 1846. Vol. v, Nos. 53-249. 1 book. Dec. 1, 1847-May 31, 1848. Vol. vi. No. 1829-Vol. vii. No. 1979. 1 book. Nov. 1, 1849-April 30, 1850. Vol. viii, No. 2315-Vol. ix, No. 2466. 1 book. Oct. 5, 1850-March 30, 1851. Vol. x. No. 2610-No. 3056. 1 book. (211) S2 Department of Archives and History. Mobile Daily Advertiser, d. Dec. 11, 1847. Mobile Register and Journal, d. Jan. 1-Oct. 31, 1849. 1 book. Mobile Advertiser, s-w, Dec. 15, 1851. Mobile Weekly Advertiser, w. July 31, 1852. Vol. i. No. 31. The Mobile Weekly Register and Advertiser, w. Feb. 10, 1862. Mobile Advertiser and Register, w. Jan. 6, 11, Feb. 15, March 4, Oct. 22, 1863. Advertiser and Register, d. Jan. 1-June 30, 1863. 1 book. July 16-Dec. 30, 1865. 1 book. Weekly Advertiser, w. Sept. 2, 1865-Dec. 29, 1866. 1 book. Mobile Daily Advertiser and Register, d. Jan. 1, 1867-Dec. 31, 1867. 2 books. Mobile Daily Tribune, d. Sept. 29. 1862. Mobile Daily Tribune, d. Feb. 6, 1875. Vol. 1, No. 90. Mobile Evening News. d. April 10, 1862, July 18, 1863. The Army Argus and Crisis, w. July 9, 1864. The Mobile Daily Tribune, d. Oct. 21, 1874-June 30, 1875. Vol. i, Nos. 1-213. 1 book. July 1, 1875-Dec. 31, 1875. Vol. i, No. 214-Vol. ii. No. 59. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1876-June 30, 1876. Vol. ii, Nos. 60-219. 1 book. July 1, 1876-Dec. 31, 1876. Vol. il, No. 220-Vol. iii. No. 59. 1 book. (212) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 23 The Daily Register, d. July 23, 1879; March 28, 1884. Jan. 1, 1889-Dec. 31, 1900. 23 books. The Daily News. d. July 1, 1893-June 30, 1900. 14 books. The Daily Register, d. Dec. 7, 1889. (Contains full account of death of Jefferson Davis.) The Catholic Truth, w. Sept. 8, 1900-March 16, 1901. Vol. i, Nos. 18-37. Chat. w. Jan. 19, 1901-March 5, 1904. Vols. i-iv. Jewish Chronicle. See Montgomery. Monroeville, Monroe County. Southern Champion, w. April 6, 1860-April 26, 1861. 1 book. Montgomery, Montgomery County. Alabama Journal, w. Nov. 22, 1837. Vol. xii. No. 25. The American Cotton Planter, m. 1853. Vol. i, Nos. 1-12. 1855-1861. Sundry numbers. Advertiser and State Gazette, t. w. June 20, 1850. Advertiser and Gazette, w. July 9, 1851. Montgomery Advertiser and State Gazette, w. May 31, 1854-April 9, 1856. 1 book. Sept. 14, 1859. (213) ^ Department of Archives and History. Montgomery Daily Advertiser, d. April 15, 17, 20, May 10, 1862; March 6-29, 1866; May 31, 1871. Nov. 25, Dec. 25, 1874; Dec. 9, 1876; Aug. 1, 1879; May 29 1885; April 29, May 5-15, 1886; May 20-June 22, 1887. Sundry numbers. April 25-Dec. 31, 1873. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1874. 1 book. July 1-Nov. 13, 1874. 1 book. Jan. 3-June 30, 1877. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 30, 1877. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1878. 1 book. July 2-Dec. 31, 1878. 1 book, Jan. 1-June 29, 1879. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1879. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 29, 1880. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1880. 1 book. Jan. 1-July 20 ,1881. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 30, 1882. 1 book. Jan. 3-June 30, 1883. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 30, 1883. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 29, 1884. 1 book. July 1-Dec. 31, 1884. 1 book. Jan. 1-May 30, 1885. 1 book. Nov. 1885-June, 1886. 1 book. July-Dec, 1886. 1 book. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1891. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1892. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1893. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1894. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1895. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1896. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1897. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1898. 3 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1899. 4 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1900. 4 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1901. 4 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1902. 4 books. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1903. 4 books. Jan. 1-June 30, 1904. 2 books. (214) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 25 The Montgomery Weekly Advertiser, w. Feb. 18, 1863. Jan. 6-Dec. 29, 1875. 1 book. April 7, 1875-July 12, 1876. 1 book. Jan. 6-June 2, 1885. 1 book. Montgomery Daily Post. d. April 4, 1860-Oct. 4, 1861. Vol. i, No. 2 et seq. 1 book. Weekly Montgomery Confederation, w. June 8, 1860-Jan. 11, 1861. Vol. iii, Nos. 21-52. Sundry numbers. Montgomery Daily Mail. d. Feb. 12, June 24, and July 23, 1861; Sept. 6, Oct. 2, 1864. Montgomery Weekly Mail. w. Aug. 1, 1862-April 22, 1863. Vol. ix, Nos. 1-52. 1 book. March 21, 1867-April 29, 1868. 1 book. May 6, 1868-Nov. 10, 1869. 1 book. Nov. 24, 1869-Nov. 16, 1870. 1 book. Daily State Sentinel, d. Nov. 5, 8, 23, 29, Dec. 5, 1867. Daily Picayune, d. Oct. 5, Nov. 19, Nov. 20, 1868. Vol. i, Nos. 99, 137 and 138 Alabama State Journal, w. (Republican.) Jan. 9, 1869-Feb. 24, 1871. Vol. i, No 1 et seq. 1 book. Jan. 13, 1871-Dec. 27, 1872. 1 book. Alabama State Journal, d. (Republican.) Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1871. 1 book. Jan. 3-Dec. 31, 1872. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 29, 1873. 1 book. Jan. 1-June 30, 1874. 1 book. July 1-Nov. 14, 1874. 1 book. State Fair Bulletin. Nov. 19, 1872. Vol. ii, No. 8. (215) 26 Department of Archives and History. The Southern Plantation, w. Jan. 14-Oct. 28, 1875. Vol. i, Nos. 11-52, pp. 1-744. 1 bool: Nov. 2, 1876-April 26, 1877. Vol. iii, Nos. 1-25. Southern Law Journal and Reporter, m. Dec, 1879-Nov.. 1881. Vol. i. No. 1-Vol. ii, No. 12. 2 vols. Alabama Baptist, w. Jan. 6, 1881-Dec. 27, 1883. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1884-Dec. 23, 1886. 1 book. Jan. 6, 1887-Dec. 19, 1889. 1 book. Jan. 2, 1890-Dec. 24, 1891. 1 book. Jan. 7, 1892-Dec. 21, 1893. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1894-Dec. 19, 1895. 1 book. Jan. 2, 1896-April 6, 1899. 1 book. The Daily Dispatch, d. April 29, 1886. The Alliance Herald, w. July 16, Nov. 19, 1891; May 4, July 7, 1893; April 26, May 3, 10, 17, 1894. Woman's Work. m. Dec. 1898-Aug., 1899. Vol. i. Sept., 1899-June, 1900. Vol. ii. The University School Boy. m, Aug. 16, 1899-April 25, 1903. Vols, i-iii. The Church Record, m. 1899-1904. Vols, viii-xiii. Prior to 1902 published in Tuscaloosa. The Jewish Chronicle, w. Nov. 3, 1899-1904. 4 vols. Until Oct. 25, 1901, published in Mobile. The Josephite. m. June, 1901-1904. Vols, iii-v. Sundry numbers. In His Steps, w. 1900-1902. Sundry numbers. (216) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 27 The Alabama Knight, m. Oct., 1897-July, 1900. Vols, i-iii. The Alabama Odd Fellow, m. June, 1898-June, 1902. Vols. i-v. South Western Baptist. See Marion; see also Tuskegee. Alabama Teachers' Journal, See Huntsville. Sunday School Herald. See Birmingham. Southern Agriculturist. See Nashville, Tenn. Prattville, Autauga County, Southern Statesman, w. Dec. 20, 1854. The Autauga Citizen, w. July 2, 1874. The Southern Signal, w. Aug. 12, 1881. Roanoke, Randolph County. The Randolph County News. w. July 24, 1879. Scottsboro, Jackson County. Jackson County Herald, w. Oct. 22, 1868. The Scottsboro Citizen, w. July 25, 1879. Selma, Dallas County. Tri-Weekly Reporter, t. w. Aug. 13, 1856. (217) 28 Department of Archives and History. Selma Morning Reporter, d. June 1, Aug. 12, 1860. April 4, 1861-Dec. 30, 1862. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1863-Dec. 8, 1864. 1 book. Daily State Journal, d. Feb. 16, 23, March 20, 1862. Selma Morning Dispatch, d. Aug. 23, Nov. 6, 12, 18, Dec. 21, 1863. July 27, 1864. Selma Evening Dispatch, d. Jan. 13, 1864. Vol. i. No. 2. The Sunday Mississippian. w. Jan. 24, Oct. 30, Nov. 20, 27, Dec. 4, 11, 1864. The Daily Mississippian. d. July 7, Nov. 1, 1864. The Morning Times, d. Dec. 2, 1865-July 3, 1866. Vol. i, Nos. 131-297. 1 book. Feb. 10-July 3, 1866. Vol. i, Nos. 178-297. 1 book. Sept. 6, 1868-March 4, 1869. 1 book. The Selma Weekly Messenger, w. Nov. 10, 1866-Nov. 23, 1867. Vol. i, Nos. 1-49. 1 book. The Selma Daily Messenger, d. Feb. 21, 1866-Jan. 23, 1867. Vol. i. No. 243 et seq. 1 book. Nov. 1, 1866-June 5, 1867. Vol. ii, Nos. 132-311. 1 book. June 6, 1867-Jan. 29, 1868. Vol. iii, Nos. 2-205. 1 book. The Selma Times and Messenger, d. Jan. 30-May 9, 1868. Vol. iii, Nos. 206-291. 1 book. May 10-Sept. 5, 1868. Vol. iii, No. 292-Vol. iv. No. 78. 1 book. The Selma Times and Messenger, w. April 4, 1868. (218) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 29 The Southern Argus, w. June 16, 1869-Dec. 29, 1871. Vol. i, No. 1-Vol. iii, No. 52. 1 book. Jan. 5-Dec. 27, 1872. 1 book. Jan. 3-Dec. 26, 1873. 1 book. Jan. 2-Dec. 25, 1874. 1 book. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1875. 1 book. Jan. 7-Dec. 29, 1876. 1 book. Jan. 5-Dec. 28, 1877. 1 book. Jan. 4-Dec. 27, 1878. 1 book. Jan. 3-Dec. 26, 1879. 1 book. State Index, w. Nov. 22, Dec. 9, 1880; Jan. 1, Sept. 24, Oct. 8. 22, 29, Dec. 3, 10, 1881; Jan. 21, March 4, April 1, May 20, 27, Nov. 17, 24, Dec. 8, 1882; Jan. 12, 1883. The Morning Times, d. April 2, 1882. Progressive Democrat, w. Feb. 3, 10, 16, 1883. Six Mile, Bibb County. The Bibb Blade, w. June 3, 1880, Sept. 17, 1884. Suggsville, Clarke County. The Clarke County Post. w. May 9, 1836-Aug. 18, 1837. Vol. i, Nos. 3-42. 1 book. Talladega, Talladega County. The Patriot, w. May 6, July 1, Sept. 23, 1840. Dec. 1, 8, 1841. Vol. iii, Nos. 13 and 14. Southern Register, w. Aug. 11, 25, Sept. 1, 8, 1838. Vol. iv. No. 2 et seq. (219) 30 Department of Archives and History. Alabama Reporter, w. Nov. 7, 1844; Aug. 12, 1847; July 20, 1848; July 20, 1852; March 26, 1857. Democratic Watchtower. w. April 3, July 29, 1840; May 12, 1841; Aug. 16, 1843; July 12, 1848; Oct. 2, 1850; May 12, 1852; April 29, 1857. Sundry numbers. Jan. 5-Nov. 15, 1848. Jan. 30, 1861-Jan. 25, 1865. April 19, 1871-Nov. 27, 1872. Our Church Home. m. Nov. 1898-Aug. 1904. Vol. iii. No. 5-Vol. ix. No. 8. Troy, Pike County. Independent American, w. Aug. 8, 1855. Vol. i. No. 8. The Southern Advertiser, w. March 25, 1863. The Daily Messenger, d. 1892-1896. 2 vols. Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County. Alabama State Intelligencer, w. April 10, 1829-June 4, 1830. Vol. i. No. 1 et seq. 1 book. State Rights Expositor and Spirit of the Press, w. Dec. 22, 1832. Flag of the Union, w. Dec. 18, 1833, Feb. 12, 19, 1834. July 11, 1835-July 23, 1836. 1 book. Independent Monitor, w. Aug. 11, Dec. 15, 29, 1841; April 27, 1842: Feb. 1, June 21, 1843; Feb. 14, 1844; Dec. 24, 1845; April 8. 1846: April 20, 1847; July 7, 20, 1848; Feb. 22, 1849; Sept. 2, 1852; July 15, 1853; Dec. 14, 1854; Nov. 22, 1855; May 15, 1867. Sundry numbers. (220) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 31 Independent Monitor, w. May 29, 1841-Jan. 18, 1.843. Vol. v. No. 1-Vol. vi, No. 39. 1 book. April 13, 1847-April 6, 1848. Vol. xi, Nos. 1-52. 1 book. April 13, 1848-March 22, 1849. 1 book. April 9, 1857-April 1, 1858. Vol. xxi, Nos. 1-52. 1 book. April 8, 1858-April 9, 1859. 1 book. April 16, 1859-April 14, 1860. 1 book. Oct. 9, 1867-Nov. 3, 1868. Vol. xxviii, Nos. 1-52. 1 book. Nov. 10, 1868-Nov. 2, 1869. 1 book. Nov. 9, 1869-Nov. 1, 1870. 1 book. Nov. 8, 1870-Dec. 20, 1871. 1 book. Succeeded by the Tuscaloosa Blade, w. Sept. 5, 1872-Aug. 28, 1873. Vol. i, Nos. 1-52. ' 1 book. Sept. 4, 1873-Oct. 28, 1875. Vol. ii, No. 1-Vol. iv. No. 8. 1 book. The Old Zach. March 13, 1848. No. 1. Campaign weekly; published in support of Gen. Taylor for the presidency. The Crystal Fount. June 6, 1851-May 28, 1852. Vol. iii. No. 3-Vol. iv, No. 2. 1 book. Young America. Jan. 1, 1855. Vol. i. No. 1. The Tuscaloosa Times, w. Nov. 5, 1873-Sept. 14, 1887. Broken file. 1 book. The Southern Law Journal, m. Jan., 1878-Nov., 1879. Vol. i, No. 1-Vol. ii, No. 11. 2 vols. The Old Church Path. m. Dec, 1878-Nov., 1879. Vol. i, Nos. 1-12. Dec, 1879-Nov. 1880. Vol. ii, Nos. 1-12. (221) 32 Department of Archives and History. Alabama Historical Reporter, m. Oct., 1879-July, 1880. Vol. i, Nos. 1-10. Dec, 1883-Nov., 1884. Vol. ii, Nos. 1-12. Jan.- July, 1885. Vol. iii, Nos. 1-7. No more issued. The Clarion, w. March 2, 1880-Dec. 5, 1882. Vol. i, No. 21-Vol. iv, No. / Broken file. 1 book. The Tuscaloosa Gazette, w. July 4, 1878-Nov. 24, 1887. Broken file. 1 book. The Daily Gazette, d. April 15, 1887-Oct. 25, 1891. Broken file. The University Daily, d. June 20. 1887. The Citizen Soldier, m. Sept. 1893-March, 1894. Vol. i. No more issued. The Tuscaloosa Journal, w. Oct. 10, 24, 1894, July 24, 1895, July 29, 1896. Good News. m. Feb. 15, 1902-July, 1903. Vols. i-ii. Sundry numbers. The Crimson-White. University, Ala. Oct. 5, 1900-May 18, 1901. Vol. viii, Nos. 1-20. 1901-1902. Vol. ix. 1902-1903. Vol. X. 1903-1904. Vol. xi. Cap and Gown. m. 1900-1903. Vols. ii-v. Sundry numbers. The Church Record. See Montgomery. Tuscumhia, Franklin County. Franklin Enquirer, w. March 13-June 9, 1824. Vol. i, Nos. 1-13. (222) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 38 The Tuscumbian. w. Sept. 1, 1824-Jaii. 17, 1827. Vol. i, No. 2-Vol. iii, No. 13. Bound with the preceding as one book. North Alabamian. w. Aug. 30, 1834; Sept. 4, 1873. Tuscumbia Enquirer, w. May 17, 1854. Vol. xiv, No. 20. The Valley Farmer, m. October, 1873. Vol. i. No. 1. Tuskegee, Macon County. Macon Republican, w. Nov. 8, 1849-Dec. 9, 1852. 1 book. Dee. 30, 1852-Oct. 9, 1856. 1 book. Dec. 4, 1856-Dec. 8, 1859. 1 book. Nov. 16, 1854. South Western Baptist, w. July 31, 1850-Feb. 26, 1851. March 5, 1851-Nov. 10, 1852. 1 book. Dec. 8, 1852-May 1, 1856. 1 book. May 8, 1856-April 28, 1859. 1 book. May 5, 1859-May 15, 1862. 1 book. May 22, 1862-April 13, 1865. 1 book. See Marion, and also Montgomery. Tuskegee News. w. March 27, 1873- June 24, 1875. 1 book. July 1, 1875-April 24, 1879. 1 book. May 1, 1879-April 13, 1882. 1 book. Union Springs, Bullock County. Union Springs Herald, w. Feb. 27, March 26, May 14. 1884. (223) 34 Department of Archives and History. Wedowee, Randolph County. American Eagle, w. Nov. 2, 8, 22, 29, Dec. 6, 13, 1855. Jan. 10-July 10, 1856. The Randolph County Democrat, w. Nov. 14, 1860. Wetumpka, Elmore County. Wetumpka Argus and Comrnercial Advertiser, w. May 15, 1839-March 18, 1840. Vol. iv, Nos. 8-52. March 25, 1840-March 24, 1841. March 31, 1841-March 23, 1842. March 30, 1842-March 22 1843. March 29, 1843-March 20, 1844. Vol. viii, Nos. 1-52. Nov. 20, 1839-May 26, 1841; June 10, 1845. Name changed to The Wetumpka Argus, Feb. 12, 1840. Wetumpka Courier, w. Feb. 28, 1840. The Alabama Times, w. Aug. 14, 1840- Jan. 1, 1841. Vol. i. No. 11 et seq. Feb. 19-July 30, 1841. The Southern Crisis, vv. May 16-Nov. 7, 1840. Vol. 1, Nos. 1-26. pp. 208. The Wetumpka Whig. w. Nov. 13, 1846, Jan. 15, 1847. Vol. iii, Nos. 20 and 29. Daily State Guard, d. Jan. 2-Dec. 31, 1849. 1 book. Semi- Weekly State Guard, s. w. Feb. 3, Feb. 6, April 24, 1851. Vol. ii, Nos. 10, 11, and 33. State Guard, w. Sept. 10, 1852. Vol. vi. No. 37. Dorsey's Dispatch, w. Sept. 22, Oct. 13, 1854. Vol. 1, Nos. 38 and 41. Sept. 5, 1856-July 10, 1857. (224) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 35 Wetumpka Dispatch, w. July 17-Nov. 13, 1857. 1 book. Bound with the preceding. Wetumpka Spectator, w. Nov. 14, 1856-Oct. 6 1857. 1 book. Feb. 12, July 2, 1857; June 2, 1861. Vol. ii. No. 32, vol. iii, No. 1, Vol. vi. No. 30. The Central Alabamian. w. Jan. 6-Sept. 7, 1880. The Wetumpka Times, w. Jan. 5-Dec. 21, 1881. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington. National Journal. Nov. 10, 1829-Nov. 18 1831. Sundry numbers. National Intelligencer. Jan. 12 1830-Dec. 15, 1846. Sundry numbers. June 3, 1851-Sept. 15, 1853. Banner of the Constitution. April 10, 1830. Vol. i. No. 33. The Globe. Jan. 23, 1832-Feb. 11, 1833. May 4, 1840-Sept. 26, 1840. Dec. 10, 1835-Nov. 30, 1836. 1 book. Dec. 1, 1836-Nov. 30, 1837. 1 book. Feb. 4, 1852. The Dollar Globe. Oct. 16, 1844. United States Telegraph. Feb. 9, 1836. (225) 3,6 Department of Archives and History. The Union, s. w. t. w. Jan. 14, 1846-Dec. 29, 1848. 1 vol. 1851-1853. Sundry numbers. April 24, 1856. The Campaign, w. May 31-Nov. 1, 1848. Vol. i, Nos. 1-25. pp. 400. The Daily Republic, d. Aug. 3, 1853. The Republic, t. w. Jan. 1851-Aug. 1852. Sundry numbers. The Republic, w. Sept. 30, 1852. The Southern Press, s. w. t. w. Aug. 9, 1851-July 24, 1852. Sundry numbers. National Watchman, w. Sept. 29, 1893; April 13, 20, 27, May 4, 11, 18, 1894. The National Geographic Magazine, m. 1896-1904. Vols, vii-xv. The Forester, m. 1898-1903. Vols, iv-ix. Catalogue of United States Public Documents, m, Jan. 1895-May, 1904. Nos. 1-113. The Conservative Review, qr. March, 1899-Sept., 1901. Vols. i-v. (226) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 37 FLORIDA. Jacksonville. Florida Magazine, m. Jan. 1901-Sept. 1903. Vols, ii-vii. Discontinued after Sept., 1903. Tallahassee. The Southern School and Home. m. April, 1902-May, 1903. Vol. i. April and May, 1903. Vol. ii, Nos. 1 and 2. GEORGIA. Atlanta. Masonic Signet and Journal, m. Feb., April and May, 1860. Vol. v, No. 5, and vol. vi, Nos. 1 and 2. The Weekly Atlanta Intelligencer, w. Dec. 3, 1862. The Atlanta Journal, d. Sept. 13-Dec. 19, 1895. 1 book. The Atlanta Constitution, d. Sept. 13-Dec. 19, 1895. 1 vol. The Alkahest, m. 1899-1902. Carnegie Library Bulletin, m. August, 1902-July, 1903. Vol. i. (227) 38 Department of Archives and History. Athens. Southern Banner, w. Aug. 14, 1851. Augusta. Georgia Courier, w. April 21, 1831. Vol. v. No. 100. Augusta Chronicle and Georgia Advertiser, w. Sept. 3, 1831. The Georgia Constitutionalist, w. Feb. 5, 1833. Vol. x, No. 67. The Southern Cultivator, m. Jan.-Dec, 1849. Vol. vii. Jan.-Dec, 1850. Vol. viii. Constitutionalist and Republic, w. Sept. 28, Nov. 5, 1851. Daily Chronicle and Sentinel, d. Dec. 25, 1851. July 8, Sept. 15, 1864. Tri-Weekly Chronicle and Sentinel, t. w. Aug. 31, 1851. The Southern Eclectic, m. February, 1854. Vol. il, No. 12. Southern Field and Fireside, w. May 28, 1859-May 19, 1860. Vol. i, Nos. 1-52. Aug. 1, 8, 1863. Daily Constitutionalist, d. July 11, Sept. 17, 1864. Columbus. The Whig Rifle, w. August, 1844. (228) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 39 The Columbus Enquirer, w. Aug. 3, 1852. Columbus Daily Times, d. Jan. 19 and June 23, 1863. The Daily Sun. d. Feb. 23, and Nov. 1, 1864. Macon. Georgia Journal and Messenger, w. Oct. 15, 1851, June 9, 1852. The Macon Daily Confederate, d. Sept. 14, 1864. Southern Confederacy. Sept. 20, 1864. Marietta. The Helicon, w. March 6, 1844. Milled geville. The Standard of Union, w. June 16, 1840. Federal Union, w. Aug. 4, 1840. Rome. The Rome Courier, w. Aug. 28, Oct. 9, Dec. 25, 1855. Rome Tri-Weekly Courier, t. w. Sept. 29, 1860. Commercial Advertiser. Feb. 15, May 1, 1856. (229) 40 Department of Archives and History. The Georgian and New Era. March 3, 1901. Savannah. The Daily Georgian. May 25-Nov. 25, 1820. 1 book. May 26-Nov. 24, 1821. 1 book. The Georgian. March 19, 20, 1832, Aug. 20, 1840. The Savannah Daily Georgian, d. July 1-Dec. 31, 1854. 1 book. The Magnolia. See Charleston, S. C. ILLINOIS. Chicago. The Chicago Times. July 21, 1862, April 1, 1863, April 6, 1865. Young Folk's Rural, m. Sept., 1872. Our Fireside Friend, s. m. March 30, 1872-Oct. 19, 1872. The American Antiquarian, b. m. 1878-1904. Vols, i-xxvi. First published at Cleveland, O. INDIANA. Waterloo. The Archaeologist. £f00 Columbus. 0. (230) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 41 IOWA. Iowa City. Iowa Historical Record, qr. 1885-1902. Vols, i-xviii. Annals of Iowa. New series, qr. 1882-1884. Vols. Mil. The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, qr. 1903-1904. Vols. i-ii. Des Moines. Annals of Iowa. 3d Series, qr. 1893-1904. Vols. i-vi. Bulletin of the Iowa Library Commission, qr. 1902-1904. Vols, ii-iv. KAINSAS. Atchison, Kansas. Atchison Daily Champion, d. Jan. 1, 1874. Doniphan, Kansas. Kansas Constitutionalist, w. May 14, 1856-Oct. 21, 1857. Vol. i. No. 1-Vol. ii. No. 19. Topeka. The Daily Commonwealth, d. Jan. 16, 1884. Wyandott City. The Western Argus, w. June 17, 1858. (231) 42 Department of Archives and History. KENTUCKY. Frankfort. Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, qr. May, 1903-May, 1904. 5 Nos. Lexington. Farmers' Home Journal, w. July 3, 1873. Louisville. The Louisville Weekly Journal, w. Nov. 15, 1854. The Southern Agriculturist, m. May, 1872; August, 1873. The Southern Bivouac, m. June, 1885-May, 1886. Vol. i. LOUISIANA. Neiv Orleans. The Daily Crescent, d. June 9, 30, Aug. 6, Sept. 1, Nov. 1, 1851; Jan. 21, 1852. The Daily Picayune, d. Aug. 7, Sept. 5, 25, 28, 1851. The Daily Delta, d. Sept. 13, 30, Dec. 24, 1851; Jan. 8, 15, 1852. New Orleans Weekly Delta, w, Aug. 18, 1851. (232) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 43 The Daily True Delta, d. Nov. 10, 1854. The New Orleans Bee. Jan. 21, 1852. DeBow's Review, m. Jan.-Dec. 1857. Vols, iii and iv, in numbers. The Times-Democrat, d. June 19, Oct. 25, 1884. Publications of the Louisiana Historical Society. 1895-1904. Yol. i, part 1-Vol. iii, part 2. The Gulf States, m. Jan. and Feb. 1870. Vol. i, Nos. 1 and 2. No more issued. The Southern Quarterly Review. See Charleston, S. C. MARYLAND. Baltimore. American Farmer, w. March 21, 1828-March 13, 1829. Vol. x. Mutual Rights and Methodist Protestant, w. Jan. 27, 1832-Nov. 23, 1832. Vol. ii. No. 4-47, whole No. 99. 1 book. Weekly Clipper. Sept. 20, 1851; Jan. 12, 1852. The Presbyterial Critic and Monthly Review, m. 1855. Vol. i. The Daily Baltimore Republican, d. June 21, 1860. (233) 44 Department of Archives and History. The Southern Magazine, m. 1871-1874. Vols, i-viii. Sundry numbers. The Day. d. Nov. 14, 1883. The Southern States, m. 1893-1897. Vols. i-iv. Sundry numbers. Johns Hopkins University Studies, m. 1899-1903. Series xvii-xxi. Manufacturers' Record, w. July, 1900-July, 1904. Vols, xxxviii-xlv. MASSACHUSETTS Andov£T. Journal of Humanity and Herald of the American Tem- perance Society. Feb. 10, 1831. Vol. ii. No. 38, whole No. 90. 'Boston. Independent Chronicle and Boston Patriot. June 17, 1829; May 21, 1831; March. 1832. Hilliard, Gary & Go's. Literary Advertiser. Jan. 1834. Brownson's Quarterly Review. 1844. Vol. i, pp. 548. Boston Daily Advertiser. July 9, 1844. The Boston Daily Bee. d. Jan. 12. Sept. 22, 1851. (234) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 45 Boston Semi-Weekly Journal, s. w. Sept. 19, Dec. 27, 1851. Boston Evening Transcript, d. Feb. 9, 1883. The New-England Historical and Genealogical Register. 1880-1885; 1900-1903. Vols, xxxiv-xxxix, and liv-lvii. Monthly Bulletin of Books Added to thie Public Library of the City of Boston, m. 1896-1903. Vols, i-viii. American Statistical Association, qr. 1898-1903. Vols, vl-viii. Literary World, m. 1899-1903. Vols, xxx-xxxiv. The Club Woman, m. Sept., 1900-Julj% 1903. Vol. vi. No. 6-Vol. x. No. 10. Our Dumb Animals, m. 1900-1903. Vols, xxx-xxxv. The Advocate of Peace, m. 1900-1902. Vols. Ixi-lxii. Current History, m. 1900-1903. Vols, x-xii. Education, m. 1881-1885; 1898-1901. Vols, ii-v, and xix-xxii. Norwood. American Journal of Archaeology. New series, qr. 1903. Vol. vii. Sdem. The Essex Institute Historical Collections, qr. 1899-1903. Vols, xxx-xxxix. (235) 46 Department of Archives and History. Williams College. The Adelphi. (College magazine.) Aug. 18, 1831-1832. Vol. i, Nos. 1-24. pp. 192. Worcester. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 1899-1903. Vols, xlli-xv. New series. MISSISSIPPI. Aberdeen. The Weekly Independent, w. Sept. 20, 1851. Columbus. Southern Standard, w. Oct. 4, 1851. Vol. i. No. 36. Corinth. The Corinth Harbinger, w. Aug. 14, 1869. Vol. i. No. 12. Corinth News. w. July 20, Aug. 3, Sept. 7, Oct. 21, 1871. The Dodger. March 9, 1873. Vol. i, No. 1. The Sub-Soiler. m. and vv. April, 1873-Dec. 12, 1874. Vol. i. No. 1-Vol. ii. No. 32. Jackson. Flag of the Union, w. Oct. 10, 24, 1851; Jan. 9, 30, Feb. 6. 13, 1852; Aug. 19. 26, 1853. (236) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 47 The Daily Mississippian. d. Sept. 25, 27, 1862. Vol. i, Nos. 125, 127. Natchez. The Natchez Weekly Courier, w. Jan. 14, 1852. Raymond. The Hinds County Gazette, w. Sept. 25, 1851. Vol. vii. No. 15. Vickshurg. The Daily Citizen. July 2, 1863. On wall paper; evidently a fac-simile. MISSOURI. St. Louis. Illustrated Journal of Agriculture, m. June 1, 1872. World's Fair Bulletin, m. April, 1902-Dec., 1903. Vol. iii-iv. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Concord. Democratic Standard, w. May 12, 1860. (237) 48 Department of Archives and History. Hinsdale. The Star Spangled Banner, m. Nov.. 1871; Jan., Feb., July, 1872; April, 1874. NEW YORK. Albion. The Museum, m. June 15, 1895. Vol. 1, No. 8. Buffalo. The Cultivator, m. Jan., 1841-Dec. 1847. 6 vols. The Buffalo Daily Courier, d. January 9, 1884. Kingston. Ulster County Gazette. January 4, 1800. New York City. The Albion, w. Jan. 23, 1830-Dec. 22, 1832. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1833-Sept. 22, 1838. 1 book. Jan. 19, 1839-Dec. 25, 1841. 1 book. The U. S. Magazine and Democratic Review, m. July, 1841-June, 1852. Vols, ix-xxx. The Weekly Herald, w. March 14, 1840-March 18, 1843. 1 book. May 17, 21, 31, June 7, July 5, 1851; Sept. 23, Oct. 30, 1852; July 16, 23, 1853. (238) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 49 The New York Herald, d. Aug. 30, 1861; Nov. 16, 1873; and Nov. 28, 1889. The New York Standard. Sept. 21, 1840. The Evening Mirror. Oct. 25, 1845. Monthly Journal of Agriculture. July, 1845-June, 1847. Vols. i-ii. New York Evening Times. Sept. 20, 1851. New York Tribune, w. and s. w, March 29, 1856-Feb. 17, 1857. 1 book. April 4, 1857-March 27, 1858. 1 book. April 3, 1858-March 4, 1859. 1 book. April 2, 1859-Dec. 29, 1861. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1862-Dec. 31, 1864. 1 book. May 2, 1865-April 10, 1866. 1 book, April 13, 1866-Dec. 28, 1866. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1867-Dec. 31, 1867. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1868-Dec. 29, 1868. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1870-Dec. 30, 1870. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1871-Dec. 15, 1871. 1 book. Jan. 2, 1872-Dec. 31, 1872. 1 book. Jan. 3, 1873-Dec. 30, 1873. 1 book. Jan. 2, 1874-Dec. 29, 1874. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1875-Dec. 31, 1875. 1 book. Jan. 4, 1876-Dec. 29, 1876. 1 book. Jan. 2, 1877-Dec. 7, 1877. 1 book. Dec. 11, 1877-June 11, 1878. 1 book. Contains also weekly Dec. 26, 1877-1881, irregular. June 14, 1878-May 30, 1879. 1 book. June 3, 1879-May 28, 1880. 1 book. June 1, 1880-May 31, 1881. 1 book. The first five books weekly, the remainder semi- weekly. (239) 4 60 Department of Archives and History. The Trade Journal. Dec. 24, 1853. North British Review. American edition. Nov., 1852-Feb.. 1854. Vols, xiii-xv. New York Tribune. July 18, 1861. The World. July 30, 1861; Oct. 28, 1868. Lloyd's American Railroad Weekly. July 27, 1861. The Aldine. m. 1872. Vol. V. Sundry numbers. 1873. Vol. vi. Total pp. 240. New York Day-Book. w. Sept. 30, 1876-Dec. 8, 1877. The New York Ledger, w. Aug. 27, 1870-Nov. 15, 1873. Pomeroy's Democrat, w. June 17, July 1, Aug. 12, 1871. Saturday Night, w. Jan. 20, 1872-Jan. 16, 1875. The Scientific Man. w. July 10, 1880. The Curio, m. Sept. 1887-Feb 1888. Vol. i. No more issued. Harper's New Monthly Magazine, m. Dec. 1856-May, 1857. Vol. xiv. Popular Science Monthly, m. May, 1873-October, 1874. Vols, iii-v. (240) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 51 North American Review, m. 1874-1879. Vols. 118-129. The International Review, m. 1874-1880. Vols, i-viil. Educational Review, m. 1891-1904. Vols, i-xxvi. The American Historical Review, qr. October, 1895-Oct., 1904. Vols. i-ix. Bulletin of the New York Public Library, m. 1897-1903. Vols, i-vii. Political Science Quarterly, qr. 1899-1903. Vols, xiv-xvili. The Library Journal, m. Jan., 1899-Dec., 1903. Vols, xxiv-xxviii. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. 1899-1901. Vols, xxxi-xxxiii. The Nation, w. Dec. 27, 1877-May 2, 1878. Jan., 1884-June, 1904. Vols, xxxix-lxxviii. The Bee-Keeper's Magazine, m. Jan.-December, 1874. Vol. il. Jan.-December, 1876. Vol. iv. The Literary Digest, w. Jan., 1900-June, 1904. Vols, xxi-xxviii. The Criterion. New series, m. 1900-1904. Vols. i-v. The New York Times Saturday Review. May 12, 1900. The Wodd's Work. m. 1901-1903. Vols, li-vi. The Literary News. New series, m. 1903, Vol, xxiy. (241) 52 Department of Archives and History, NORTH CAROLINA. Ashville. Ashville Spectator, w. June 22. 1853. Vol. i, No. 23. The Southland, qr. 1901-1902. Vols. i-ii. Edenton. The North Carolina Historical and Genealogical Register. Jan., 1900-April, 1903. Vols, i-iii. Greensborough. Greensborough Patriot, w. April 7, 1830. Vol. i, No. 46. Henderson. North Carolina Baptist Historical Papers, qr. Oct., 1896-Jan., 1900. Vols, i-iii. Raleigh. Star, and North Carolina State Gazette. May 26, 1831. Vol. xxii, No. 22. The North Carolina Booklet, m. May. 1903-April, 1904. Vol. iii, Nos. l-'2. OHIO. Cincinnati. The Cincinnati Times-Star. July 31, 1833. (242> Newspaper and Periodical Files. 53 The Christian Baptist. 1848. 7 vols, in 1. Established in Augusta Co., Va., 1823. American Monthly Ledger. Oct. 1, 1852. Cincinnati Daily Commercial. Jan., 24, 1865. Cleveland. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers' Journal, m. 1902-1904. Vols, xxxvii-xxxviii. The American Antiquarian. See Chicago, 111. Columbus. The Archaeologist, m. January, 1893-Sept., 1895. Vols, i-iii. See also Waterloo, Ind. The Antiquarian, m. January-December, 1897. Vol. i. Name changed to The American Archaeologist, m. January, 1898-January, 1899. Vols, ii-iii. Quarterly of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical So- ciety, qr. Vol. ii, 1888-89. (1899.) PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia. The Franklin Journal, m. 1826. Vols. i-ii. (243) 54 Department of Archives and History. The Journal of Health, s. m. 1830-1831. Vol. ii. Philadelphia Mail. Jan., 1832. The Saturday Courier. May 26, 1832. The Examiner, s. m. August, 1833-July, 1835. Vols. i-ii. The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil, m. July. 1848-March, 1849. Vol. i. The Presbyterian. June 11, 1859-April 27, 1861. Sundry numbers. Dollar Weekly Pennsylvanian. w. March 24, 1860. The American, w. and m. Nov. 18, 1882; December, 1882. The Saturday Evening Post. w. Dec. 29, 1900-June 22, 1901. The American Historical Register, m. Nov., 1894; and June, 1895. S^OUTH CAROLINA. Anderson. The Anderson Gazette, w. Dec. 27, 1844; Feb. 27, 1845. Vol. ii, Nos. 3 and 9. Camden. The Camden and Lancaster Beacon, w. June 7, 1831. New series. Vol. i, No. 13. (244) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 65 Cheraw. Farmers' Gazette, w. Sept. 24, 1844. Charleston. The Southern Agriculturist, and Register of Rural Af- fairs, m. January, 1828-Dec., 1832. Vols. i-v. The Southern Review, qr. Feb., 1828-Feb., 1832. Vols, i-viii. Carolina Gazette, w. Sept. 6, Nov. 23, 1831; May 30, 1832. Union and States Rights Gazette. Oct. 18, 1831. Vol. 1, No. 2. The Irishman Extra, n. d. Contains only a "Letter" from Rt. Rev. Doctor England to the Catholic citizens of Charleston, S. C, dated Au- gust 24, 1831. The Courier, d. March 7, 8, June 1, 2, July 25, 26, Aug. 15, 16, 22, Sept. 20, 1831. Nov. 14, 1838-Dec. 31, 1840. Irregular. Bound with the Mercury, 1840. Jan. 1, 1841-Dec. 31, 1842. 1 book. Jan. 2, 1843-Dec. 31, 1844. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1845-Dec. 31, 1846. 1 book. Jan. 1, 1847-Dec. 29, 1848. 1 book. Sept. 17, 1851-Sept. 17, 1853. Sundry numbers. The Charleston Mercury, d. July 13, 14, Aug. 3, 9. 1831. Oct. 3, 1840-Aug. 12, 1847. Irregular. Bound vrith the Courier, 1838. July 2, 1851-Nov. 1, 1852. Sundry numberg. Aug. 6. 1861. (245) 56 Department of Archives and History. The Southern Literary Journal, m. May, 1838. Vol. iii, No.5. New series. The Southern Cabinet of Agriculture, Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, m. Jan.-Dec, 1840. Vol. 1, Nos. 1-12. The Southern Quarterly Review, qr. Jan., 1842-August, 1856. Vols. 1-xxvlii. Founded and first issued at New Orleans, La. The Magnolia; or Southern Apalachian. m. January-June. 1842. Vol. iv. July, 1842-June, 1843. Vols, i-ii; new series. See Savannah, Ga. The Southern and Western Masonic Miscellany, m. February-April, 1850. Vol. i, Nos. 3-5. The Palmetto Flag. Oct. 22, 25, 1851. Vol. i, Nos. 16 and 17. The Southern Standard. July 28, Aug. 1, Sept. 29, Oct. 4, 21, 1851; Jan. 12, 28, July 15, 1852. The Evening News. d. July 31, Dec. 15, 1851; Jan. 24, March 1, 1852. Southern Christian Advocate, w. Aug. 12, 1853. The Keystone, m. June, 1899-May, 1904. Vols. i-v. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Maga- zine, qr. January, 1900-Oct., 1903. Vols. i-iv. The Exposition, m. Dec, 1900-May, 1902. Vols. 1-ii. No more issued after Vol. ii, No. 5. (246) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 57 Columbia. Columbia Telescope. May 20, 1831. Vol. xvii. No. 19. Jan. 3, 1833; extra. Southern Times and State Gazette, w. Jan. 11, 1833. Vol. iv, No. 2. South Carolina Temperance Advocate. Sept. 12, 1839, and Nov. 28, 1844. Vol. 1, No. 10. Sept. 11, Oct. 2, 1851. The Southern Chronicle, w. July 16-Aug. 20, 1840. Vol. 1, Nos. 3-8. Dec. 18, 1844-Sept. 24, 1845. Jan. 1, 1844. Bound with the Courier, 1838. South Carolinian, w. Aug. 7, 1840-Aug. 11, 1848. Vol. ii. No. 49-Vol. x, No. 60. The Palmetto State Banner. Sept. 8, 1846. Vol. i, No. 1. Daily States-Rights Republican, d. May 26, July 5, Dec. 29, 1851; Jan. 3, 5, 27, 1852. The Southern Presbyterian Review, qr. July, 1851-April, 1852. Vol. v. July, 1866. Vol. xvii, No. 1. The Daily South Carolinian, d. Dec. 8, 1852. Army Letters of "Personne." 1861-1865. 1896. Vol. i, Nos. 1-2. Bdgefield. The Carolinian, w. March 13, 1830. Vol. ii, No. 53. (217) 68 Department of Archives and History. Edgefield Advertiser, w. July 24, Sept. 18, Oct. 2, 1851. Greenville. The Greenville Republican, w. July 26, 1826-Aug. 11, 1827. Vol. 1, No. 3 et seq. 1 book. The Mountaineer, w. Jan. 10, 1829-Nov. 14, 1835. Vol. 1, No. 1 et seq. 1 book. June 21, 1834-Dec. 19, 1835. 1 book. Jan. 9, 1836-April 19, 1844. 1 book. Jan. 19, 1844-Oct. 29, 1847. 1 book. Dec. 13, 1844-Oct. 18, 1850. 1 book. Aug. 5, 19, 1852. Southern Sentinel, w. Aug. 4, 1832. Vol. 1, No. 7. The Evening Star. I2xi6 in. Feb. 14, 1848. Published by the Ladies' Fair, for the benefit of the Greenville Baptist Church. The Weekly Southern Patriot, w. Feb. 28, 1851-Feb. 19, 1852. Vol. i, Nos. 1-52. 1 book. Feb. 26, 1852-Feb. 17, 1853. 1 book. Feb. 24, 1853-Feb. 16, 1854. 1 book. Feb. 23, 1854-Feb. 15, 1855. 1 book. Feb. 22, 1855-Feb. 14, 1856. 1 book. Feb. 21, 1856-Feb. 12, 1857. 1 book. The Tri-Weekly Southern Patriot, t. w. April 22, 1851-Feb. 16, 1852. Vol. i, No. 1 et seq. 1 book. Hamburg. The Hamburg Journal, w. Aug. 13, 1845. Vol. vi. No. 11. The Republican, w. June 19, 1851. (248) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 59 Lancaster. The Lancaster Ledger, w. June 23, 30, 1852. Vol. i. No. 21. Laurensville. Laurensville Herald, w. Feb. 1, 1850; Aug. 20, 1852. Pendleton. Pendleton Messenger, w. March 30, April 6, June 22, 29, Aug. 31, l^dl. Vol. xxiii. No. 8 et seq. Dec. 5, 1850. Farmer and Planter, m. March-December, 1850. Vol. i. Spartanburg. The Spartan, w. Dec. 25, 1844. Vol. ii. No. 1. Winnsboro. The Fairfield Herald, w. Dec. 25, 1851; Jan. 1, 15, 1852. Yorkville. Yorkville Miscellany, w. July 5, 1851. The True Remedy, w. Jan. 15, 1852. Vol. i, No. 16. (249) 60 Department of Archives and History, TENNESSEE. Chattanooga. Chattanooga Gazette, w. Nov. 9, 1852. Chattanooga Daily Rebel, d. March 26, 1863. Vol. i. No. 198. The Chattanooga Daily Times, d. Sept. 25, 1883. Franklin. The Williamson Journal, w. Sept. 7, 1871. Knoxznlle. Knoxville Register and Weekly Times, w. Sept. 2 ,1840. Tennessee Farmer, m. Jan.-Dec, 1840. Vol. v, Nos. 1-12, pp.' 96. Bound with Railroad Advocate, infra. University of Tennessee Record, b. m. June, 1898-Oct., 1900. Nos. 4-17. 6 vols. Jan., 1901-March, 1904. Vols, iv-vii. Southern Education. (Southern Educational Board.) March 12-Dec. 21, 1903. Vol. i, Nos. 1-20. Circulars of the Southern Education Board. April-Oct., 1902. Series i, Nos. 1-4. Southern Education Notes, b. m. (Southern Education Board). March 10. 1902-Feb, 10, 1903. Series I, Nos. 1-26. (250) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 61 Bulletins of the Southern Education Board, qr. May-Dec, 1902. Vol. i, Nos. 1-3. The University Scientific Magazine. October 1897. No. 3. Memphis. The Memphis Daily Appeal, d. Dec. 3, 1861-March 2, 1866. Sundry numbers. July 22, 1864. Southern Monthly, m. February-April, 1862. Vol. 1, Nos. 6-8. The Memphis Scimitar, d. May 9, 1901. The Commercial- Appeal, d. Dec. 7, 1902. Nashville. The National Union, w. June 10, 1850. The Home Circle, m. August, 1856. Vol. 11, No. 8. Southern Agriculturist, s. m. May, 1872. Vol. ill, No. 1. August, 1873. Vol. iv, No. 4. 1896-1903. Broken file. The Weekly American, w. Jan. 24, 1884. The Nashville American, d. June 25, 1895. Confederate Veteran, m. 1893-1904. Vols, i-xil. (251^ 62 Department of Archives and History. The American Historical Magazine, qr. 1896-1904. Vols. i-ix. Magazine of Tennessee History and Biography, m. Jan. and Feb., 1895. Vol. 1, Nos.1-2. No more published. The Cumberland Presbyterian Quarterly, qr. March-December, 1902. Vol. 1, Nos. 1-4. No more published. Christian Advocate, w. Jan.-Dec, 1902. 1 book. Jan.-Dec, 1903. 1 book. The Methodist Quarterly Review, qr. Jan., 1903-April, 1904. 6 numbers. The Olympian, m. Jan.-Dec, 1903. Vols. i-ii. No more published. Pulaski. The Pulaski Citizen, w. May 13, 1897-Dec. 29, 1898. 1 book. Purdy. Purdy Weekly Gazette, w. May 24, May 31, June 14, 1873. Vol. i, No. 1. Rogersville. Railroad Advocate, s.-m. Aug. 20, 1831-June 14. 1832. Vol. i, Nos. 4-26. pp. 208. Sewanee. The Sewanee Review, qr. Nov., 1892-Oct., 1902. Vols. 1-x. (252) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 63 TEXAS Austin. The SoLith-Westem American, t. w. Jan. 8, 1852, The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Associa- tion, qr. July, 1897-April, 1904. Vols, i-vii. Fort Worth. The Bohemian, qr. Nov., 1899-1904. Vols. i-iv. Houston. The Gulf Messenger. November, 1897. Vol. x, No. 10. VIRGINIA, Fredericksburg. The Christian Banner, w. June 14, 1862. The Virginia Herald, w. Feb. 19, 1842. Hampton. The Southern Workman, m. 1900-1902. Vols, xxix-xxxi. Partial file. (253) 64 Department of Archives and History. Lynchburg. Lynchburg Daily News. d. May 18, 1886. Richmond. Richmond Enquirer, Oct. 51, 1829-Sept. 11, 1840. Sundry numbers. July 1, Aug. 1, 8, Sept. 26, 1851; Jan. 13, 30, June 11, Aug. 10, Sept. 7, 21, 1852. The Southern and Western Literary Messenger and Re- view, m. 1846-1858. Vols, xii-xxvi. Partial files. The Independent Odd Fellow, m. March, 1846. Vol. v, No. 3. The Daily Richmond Enquirer, d. April 7, 1863. Daily Dispatch, d. July 26, 1861. Semi- Weekly Dispatch, s. w. July 23, 1861-June 13, 1862. Southern Illustrated News. July 4, 1863, March 5, 1864. The Age. m. January, 1864. Vol. i, No. 1. Southern Historical Society Papers, m. Jan.-Dec, 1876. Vols. i-ii. Staunton. The Virginias, m. Jan.-Dec, 1880. Vol. i, Nos. 1-12. pp. 196. 1 book. Winchester. Things and Thoughts, b. m. March, 1901-April, 1903. Vols, i-iii. 13 Nos. (254) Newspaper and Periodical Files. 65 WEST YIKGINIA. Charleston. The West Virginia Historical ]^.Laga:-ine. qr, January, 1901-October, 1903. Vols, i-iii. Morgantown. The Transallegheny Historical Magazine, qi. Vol. ii, No. 1. October, 1902. WISCONSIN. Madison. Wisconsin State Journal, w. May 29, 1885. FOREIGN. Liverpool, England. Wilnier & Smith's European Times, s. m. .Jan. 4, 1846 et seq. London, England. The Morning Chronicle. Dec. 25, 1851. (855) o State of Alabama Department of Archives and History THOMAS M. Owen. Director Bulletin No. 4 Laws Governing The Department of Archives and History MONTGOMKBT, AI^A. THB BROWN PRINTING CO. PB1NTEIR9, BINCXBS AND SIATIONBKl* ie07 State of Alabama Department of Archives and History Thomas M. Owen, Director Bulletin No. 4 Laws Governing The Department of Archives and History MONXGOMKRY, AI^A. XHEl BKOWN PRINTING CO. PRXNTSRS, BITfDEJKS AND SXATIONBIKS 1007 r PREFATORY NOTE. This compilation is made in order to bring together in con- venient form all laws and parts of laws governing, or in any way bearing upon the Department of Archives and History, or which enlarge or otherwise fix the duties and activities of the Director of the Department. Through these laws, tlie legisla- tive history of the Department is made clear, and its value as an institutional effort will be the more readily apparent. Montgomery, Alabama, August 26, 1907. (259) CONTENTS. Title 1 Prefatory Note 3 Contents 4 I. An Act to establish a Department of Archives and History 5 II. Director of the Department the Secretary of the Alabama Capitol Building Commission 9 III. Increased Appropriation for Maintenance 9 IV. An Act to fix the Compensation of the several State Executive Officers 10 V. An Act to enlarge the duties of the Department — Library extension and Legislative reference work. 11 VI. An Act to make an Appropriation for furnishing and equipping certain of the Offices and Depart- ments in the State Capitol 11 VII. An Act to provide for the Publication of State Papers, Official Records and of Historical Ma- terials 12 VIII. An Act to provide for the Celebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Battle of Tohopeka or Horseshoe Bend in 191-1 13 IX. Libraries and Municipalities 14 X. An Act to make an Enumeration or Census of Confederate Soldiers residing in Alabama 14 XL An Act to create a Commission to erect a Statue of Jefferson Davis in front of the Capitol of Ala- bama 16 XII. An Act to create "The Alabama Monument Com- mission" 17 XIII. An Act to make an Appropriation for the erection of Monuments commemorating the heroic deeds of Alabama's Sons 19 (260) LA\A/S. No. 476.) AN ACT (S. 526. To Establish a Department of Archives and History for the State of Alabama, to prescribe its functions and duties, and to provide for its maintenance. DEPARTMENT CREATED; OBJECTS AND PURPOSES. Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Ala- bama, That there is established for the State of Alabama a "Department of Archives and History," to be located in the State capitol in apartments to be set aside for its use by Ihe Governor; and the objects and purposes of the said Depart- ment are the care and custody of official archives, the collec- tion of materials bearing upon the history of the State, and of the territory included therein, from the earliest times, '.he completion and publication of the State's official records and other historical materials, the diffusion of knowledge in refer- ence to the history and resources of the State, the encourage- ment of historical work and research, and the perform- ance of such other acts and requirements as may be enjoined by law. BOARD OF trustees; POWERS, AUTHORITY AND DUTIES. Section 2. Be it further enacted, (i) That said Department shall be under the control of a board of nine trustees, one from each Congressional district, and the names of the said trustees, with their particular terms of service, are as follows, viz : Peter J. Hamilton, for the First Congressional District, to serve two years ; Jefferson M. Falkner, for the Second District, to serve two years; W. D. Jelks, for the Third District, to serve two years ; J. H. Johnson, for the Fourth District, to serve four years ; W. H. Blake, for the Fifth District, to serve four years ; Henry B. Foster, for the Sixth District, to serve four years; (261) 6 Department of Archives and History. Oliver D. Street, for the Seventh District, to serve six years ; WilHam Richardson, for the Eighth District, to serve six vears ; and Samuel Will John, for the Ninth District, to serve s'x years, the beginning of the several terms of service for the pur- poses of this act to be January i, 1901. (2) The said board shall have the power and authority to flH all vacancies occur- ring therein, whether by expiration of term of service, or by death or resignation, but the names of all newly elected mem- bers shall be communicated to the next ensuing regular sessi<5n of the State Senate for confirmation, and in case it shall reject any of the said newly elected trustees, it shall proceed forth- with to fill the vacancy, or vacancies, by an election. (3) All trustees appointed to succeed the present members or their suc- cessors whose respective terms shall have fully expired -hall serve for a term of six years, and appointees to fill vacancies by death or resignation, shall only serve out the unexpired terms of their predecessors. (4) The said board .shall within ten days after the approval of this act, proceed to organize said Department. It shall hold at the State capitol at least one regular meeting during the year, and as many special meet- ings as may be necessary, and at said meetings five members shall constitute a quorum. (5) The Governor of the State shall be ex-ofiicio a member of the said board, and he shall as far as possible, lend every encouragement to the success and upbuilding thereof. (6) The Director hereinafter provided shall be the secretary of the board. (7) The trustees shall re- ceive no compensation for their services other than the ami^unts of their traveling expenses actually paid out while in attend- ance on the meetings of the board or on the business of the De- partment. (8) The said board is empowered to adopt rules for its own government, and also for the government of the De- partment; to elect a Director, and to provide for the selection or appointment of other officials, or employes, as may b»^ au- thorized ; to provide for the publication of historical material pertaining to the State under the supervision of the Director; to have the direction and control of the marking of historic si'-es, or houses, and the exploration of prehistoric and Indian mounds and other remains existing in the State ; to control and expend such appropriations as may be made for the maintenance of the Department; and to do and perform such other acts and (262) Laws Governing- the Department. 7 things as may be necessary to carry out the true intent and pur- pose of this act. THE director; POWERS AND DUTIES; SALARY. Section 3. Be it further enacted, (i) That the Department shall be under the immediate management and control of a Director, to be elected by the board of trustees, whose term of service shall be six years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. (2) He shall take an oath of office as other public officials, and shall be commissioned in like manner. (3) He shall devote his time to the work of the Department, us- ing his best endeavor to develop and build it up, so as to carry out the design of its creation, and shall receive for his services the sum of eighteen hundred ($1,800.00) dollars per annum, payable monthly, as other State officials, and a continuing ap- propriation for the said annual salary is hereby made. (4) He shall have the control and direction of the work and operations of the Department, he shall preserve its collections, care for the official archives that may come into its custody, collect as far as possible all materials bearing upon the history of the State and of the territory included therein, from the earliest times, prepare the biennial register hereinafter provided, dif- fuse knowledge in reference to the history and resources of the State ; and he is charged with the particular duty of gath- ering data concerning Alabama soldiers in the War between the States. (5) He shall make an annual report to the board of trustees, to be by them transmitted to the Governor, to be ac- companied by such historical papers and documents as may be deemed of importance by him, and the Director shall contract for the printing and binding of the said report, which shall be paid for as other public printing and binding. (6) He shall prepare for the press, contract for and supervise the publi- cation of volume two of the report of the Alabama History Commission, the said volume to be similar to volume one of said report as to printing, paper and binding, and to be paid for out of the public printing fund to be available after October i, 1 901. DEPOSITORY FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS. Section 4. Be it further enacted, That any State, county (263) 8 Department of Archives and History. or other official is hereby authorized and empowered in his discretion to turn over to the Department for permanent pre- servation therein any official books, records, documents, orig- inal papers, newspaper files, and printed books not in current use in their offices. When so surrendered copies theretrom shall be made and certified by the Director upon the appli- cation of any person interested, which certification shall has^e all the force and eflFect as if made by the officer originally in the custody of them and for which the same fees shall be charged, to be collected in advance. OFFICIAL AND STATISTICAL REGISTER. Section 5. Be it further enacted, That an official and sta- tistical register of the State of Alabama shall be compiled every two years by the Director, to contain : ( i ) brief sketches of the several State officials, the members of Congress from Alabama, the supreme court judges, the members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Alabama; (2) rosters of all State and county officials; (3) lists of all State institu- tions, with officials ; (4) State and county population and elec- tion statistics, and (5) miscellaneous statistics; and said teg- ister shall be published in an edition of one thousand copies for free distribution, the printing and binding to be paid for as other printing and binding hereinbefore provided. ALABAMA WAR RECORDS. Section 6. Be it further enacted, That the Department is charged with the duty of making special effort to collect data in reference to soldiers frorri Alabama in the War between the States, both from the War Department at Washington, and also from private individuals, and to cause the same to be pre- pared for publication as speedily as possible. MAINTENANCE FUND. Section 7. Be it further enacted. That in addition to the sal- ary of the Director hereinabove appropriated, the sum of seven hundred ($700.00) dollars annually is hereby appropriated for (264) Laws Governing the Department. 9 the maintenance of the said Department, and the auditor is hereby authorized to draw his warrant on the State treasurer for the whole or any part of the said amount, in such sums and in such manner as may be authorized by the board of trustees. All printing, blanks, circulars, notices, or forms, which may be needed for the use of the said Department, that inay be embrnc- ed in class four of the public printing act, shall be executed by the public printer, and shall be paid for as other official work done by him. Approved, Feb. 27, 1901. THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT THE SEC- RETARY OF THE ALABAMA CAPITOL BUILDING COMMISSION. By an act approved Feb. 17, 1903, the Alabama Capitol Building Commission was created, to consist of the Governor, the Attorney-general, the State treasurer. State auditor, Secre- tary of State, and of the Director of the Department of Ar- chives and History as secretary, which commission was "clothed with full authority and power for and in behalf of the State of Alabama to contract for the extension, enlarge- ment, or improvement of the present State capitol building, for the acquisition of additional grounds, for the erection or acquisition of any necessary additional building or buildings for the use of the State, and the furnishing of the same." The sum of one hundred and fifty thousand ($150,000.00) dollars was appropriated to carry out the provisions of the act. The position of secretary has been filled by the Director since the organization of the Commission. INCREASED APPROPRIATION FOR MAINTENANCE. The general appropriation bill, approved Feb. 13, 1903, in- creased the annual appropriation for maintenance from seven (265) 10 Department of Archives and History. hundred dollars to twenty-five hundred dollars, by the follow- ing item : Section' i. Subdivision 36. "For the maintenance of the Department of Archives and History, twenty-five hundred dol- lars for each year, to be used and expended as prov'ded by the law governing said Department." The general appropriation bill, approved Feb. 7, 1907, still further increased the annual appropriation for maintenance, raising it from twenty-five hundred dollars to three thousand dollars, by the following item : Section i. Sub-division 32. "For the maintenance of the Department of Archives and History, three thousand dollars for each year to be used and expended as provided by the law governing said Department." No. 68.) AN ACT (S. 294. To fix the compensation of the several State executive officers, officers of departments and boards, subordinate officers, clerks, watchmen, and capitol servants, and to make ap- propriations therefor. Section i. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama, That the compensation of the several State executive offi- cers, officers of departments and boards, subordinate officers, clerks, watchmen and capitol servants, and the number in each department shall be as follows : 10. The salary of the Director of the Department of Ar- chives and History shall be two thousand five hundred dollars per annum, and the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars per annum is hereby appropriated for the payment thereof. Sec. 10. There shall be employed in the Department of Ar- chives and History clerical assistance as follows : A stenogra- pher whose salary shall be seven hundred and fifty dollars per annum, and the sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars per an- num is hereby appropriated for the payment thereof. Approved, Feb. 22, 1907. (266) Laws Governing the Department. 11 No. 255.) AN ACT (H. 240. To enlarge the duties of the Department of Archives and History. Be it enacted hy the Legislature of Alabama, That in addi- tion to the duties now required by law, the Department of Archives and History shall do and perform the following: LIBRARY EXTENSION. T. It shall encourage and assist in the establishment of pub- lic and school libraries, and in the improvement and strength- ening of those already in existence ; it shall give advice and provide assistance to libraries and library workers in library administration, methods and economy; and it shall conduct a system of traveling libraries. LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE WORK. 2. It shall bring together and arrange for ready consultation a reference collection of materials for the use of the members of the Legislature, State officers and others on all subjects which may, from time to time, be deemed of public interest and importance to the people of the State. Approved, March 5, 1907. No. 679.) AN ACT (H. 10S3. To make an appropriation for furnishing and equipping cer- tain of the offices and departments in the State Capitol. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama: Secton 1. That the sum of is hereby appropri- ated out of any monies in the State Treasury not otherwise ap- propriated, for the purpose of properly furnishing and equip- ping certain of the offices and departments in the State Capitol, the said sum to be apportioned and distributed to said officers and department as follows : (267) 12 Department of Archives and History. (8) To the Department of Archives and History, located in the south wing of the Capitol, the sum of two thousand ($2,000.00) dollars, to be expended for filing and other cases, shelving, tables, fixtures, wire glass windows, steel window shutters and grating for the public archive room ; for cabinets in which to display its battle flags, banners and other muPcum articles ; and for desks, filing and other cases, fixtures and other furniture, to be used in preserving and making readily accessi- ble the records and collections of the said Department. Approved, Aug. 6, 1907. No. 611.) AN ACT. (H. 1186. To provide for the publication of State papers, official records and of historical materials of the State of Alabama. Whereas, the Director of the Department of Archives and History under the requirements of the law establishing said Department, has compiled or caused to be compiled several volumes of important data and materials for the history of the State, including a full collection of the messages of the governors of Alabama, a collection of all laws creating counties, altering county boundaries, or fixing or changing county seats, an Alabama local history collection, a series of narrative his- tories or historical sketches of Alabama commands in the War of Secession, besides other important and valuable collections, as well as many valuable manuscripts, and Whereas, it is desirable that they be published and thereby made available for the use of the people of Alabama and else- where who may be interested in the history or life of vh.e State, its institutions or its public characters, therefore, Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama, That the Direc- tor of the Department of Archives and History be and he is hereby authorized to contract for the printing and binding of the said volumes, or of any others of like character which he may cause to be compiled, and the State Auditor is authorized and directed to pay for the said printing and binding out of the public printing fund, on the certificate and order of the Direc- tor of the said Department of Archives and History. Approved, Aug. 6, 1907. (2G8) Laws Governing the Department. 13 No. 600.) AN ACT (H. 1179. To provide for the celebration of the one hundredth anniversar>' of the battle of Tohopeka or Horseshoe Bend in 1914. COMMISSION OF SEVEN CREATED. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama: Section i. That a commission of seven members is created for the purpose of making a study of the battle of Tohopeka or Horseshoe Bend, fought in the limits of the present countv of Tallapoosa in the State of Alabama, between the Americans and the Creek or Muscogee Indians, on March 27, 18 14, and for the purpose of preparing plans and details for the appro- priate celebration on or about March 27, 1914, of the one hun- dredth anniversarv of that historic event. M EMBERS OE COMMISSION — DUTIES AND POWERS. Section 2. That the said commission shall be composed of the Governor, the Director of the Department of Archives and History, and of five members to be appointed by the Governor, in whom is also vested the authority to fill any vacancies wliich may be caused by death, resignation or otherwise. The terms of service of the appointive members of the commission shall continue during the existence thereof, or until the celebration of the said anniversary. The commission shall have power to adopt rules for its government and work; and its members shall serve without compensation. REPORT TO THE LEGISLATURE; TO BE PRINTED UNDER THE SUPER- VISION OE THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY. Section 3. That the commission shall make a full and de- tailed report to the next ensuing regular session of the Legisla- ture, in which shall be set forth the results of its investigations, accompanied by copies of documents and maps, with such rec- ommendations as may be deemed desirable for carrying out the plans arranged for the said celebration; and under the super- (269) 14 Department of Archives and History. vision of the Director of the Department of Archives and His- tory the said report shall be printed and bound, the cost thereof to be paid by the State auditor out of the public printing fund. Approved, Aug. 6, 1907. LIBRARIES AND MUNICIPALITIES. The municipal code bill, approved August 7, 1907, contains the following paragraph, inserted at the suggestion of the Director, etc. : Sec. 178. Cities and towns shall have the right to establish and maintain, or aid in establishing and maintaining public li- braries, either separately or in connection with the public schools. This power gives an excellent opportunity for practically unlimited library extension, a work now imposed upon the Department of Archives and History. (See supra.) No. 697.) AN ACT (H. 1206. To make an enumeration, or census, of the Confederate Sol- diers residing in the State of Alabama, and to provide for the payment therefor. CENSUS TO BE TAKEN BY COUNTY TAX ASSESSORS. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama: Section i. It is hereby made the duty of the tax assessors of the State to make a full enumeration, or census, of all per- sons residents of their respective counties, who Served in the Army or Navy of the Confederate States of America, or in :my of the organizations of the State of their residence from 1861 to 1865, whether as officers, enlisted men, militia, or home guards for local defense, or in any other military or naval ca- pacity in the War of Secession. (270) Laws Governing the Department. 15 FACTS SHOWN BY CENSUS; BLANKS SUPPLIED BY DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY/ LISTS TO BE FILED. Section 2. The said enumeration, or census, shall show the full name, the present post office address, the date and place of birth, the date, the State and county of enlistment, the name and number of the several companies and regiments in which ser- vice was performed, and how such service terminated, as by pa- role, discharge, or imprisonment. It shall be made out on blanks to be prepared and supplied by the Director of the Department of Archives and History. After the enumeration has been completed, the original list shall be filed in the office of the pro- bate judge of the county where made, for permanent preser- vation, and a carefully compared copy duly certified under oath by the tax assessor, shall be forwarded to the Department of Archives and History for preservation therein. The original and the copy shall each be arranged alphabetically and made out in ink, in a legible hand, or prepared in typewriting. COMPENSATION HOW PAID/ APPROPRIATION FOR. Section 3. That the compensation for making said enumera- tion or census, shall be ten cents for each name enrolled under the provisions of this act, said sum to be paid on sworn state- ments of the amount due, to be checked and compared by the Director, and approved by the Governor ; and an appropriation is hereby made to cover all of said several sums ; and the State auditor is authorized and directed to draw his warrant in favor of the several tax assessors in accordance with the terms of this act. APPROPRIATION FOR BLANKS AND OTHER EXPENSES. Section 4. The sum of five hundred dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary is hereby appropriated to cover ^he expense of printing the necessary blanks, circulars and forms to make said enumeration, or census, and for postage and trans- portation charges thereon. The State auditor shall draw his warrant to cover such expense or expenses, on bills duly re- ceipted therefor, certified by the Director, and approved by the Governor. (271) 16 Department of Archives and History. CENSUS To BE COMPLETED IN 12 MONTHS FROM APPROVAL OF ACT. Section 5. The said enumeration, or census, shall be com- pleted and filed within twelve months after the passage and approval of this act. Approved, Aug. 9, 1907. No. 796.) AN ACT (S. 574- To create a commission whose duty it shall be to erect a statue of the late Mr. Jefferson Davis in front of the capitol in the city of Montgomery, Alabama, and to appropriate the sum of fifteen thousand dollars for the purpose of erect- ing such statue. COMMISSION OF FIVE CREATED. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama as follows, to- wit: Section i. A commission to be composed of the Governor of Alabama, the Auditor of the State, the Director of the De- partment of Archives and History and two others to be appoint- ed by the Governor is hereby created for the purpose of erect- ing in front of the capito! in the city of Montgomery, Alabama, a statue of Mr. Jefferson Davis, the first president of the Con- federate States of America. The Governor shall be ex-officio president of the commission, and said commission shall elect a secretary. If any vacancy in said commission shall occur, such vacancy or vacancies shall be filled by the remaining memb'^rs of said commission. In the proceedings of the commission each member thereof shall have one vote, but in case of a tie the president shall have another vote. Fifteen thousand dollars appropriated for statue Section 2. The sum of fifteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for the pur- pose of erecting said statue. (272) Laws Governing the Department. 17 EXPENSES TO BE PAID; MEMBERS RECEIVE NO COMPENSATION. Section 3. The actual expense of said commission shall be paid out of said sum. But the members of said commission shall receive no compensation for their services. RECORD To BE KEPT; REPORT TO LEGISLATURE. Section 4. Said commission shall keep an accurate record of their proceedings and file the same in the office of the Gov- ernor. Said commis'sion shall also make a report to the Legisla- ture of Alabama of their doings in the premises. Provided, That the appropriation herein made shall not be available until the Governor shall certify to the commission that the condi- tion of the State Treasury will warrant the said expenditure. Approved, Aug. 16, 1907. No. 603.) AN ACT (H. 390. To Create "The Alabama Monument Commission." commission created; duties and POWERS. Section i. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama, (i) That there is hereby created a commission, to be known as "The Alabama Monument Commission," to consist of eight Confed- erate Veterans, representing as nearly as possible the several branches of the service, to be appointed by the Governor, and also of the incumbents for the time being of the offices of the commander of the Alabama Division, United Confed- erate Veterans, the Commander of the Alabama Di- vision, United Sons of Confederate Veterans, and the Director of the State Department of Archives and History. (2) The Governor of the State shall be the president, and the Director above named shall be secre- tary and historian of the commission. (3) The commission is empowered to adopt rules for its guidance and for the execution of the powers and duties herein imposed, and five members shall (273) 18 Department of Archives and History, constitute a quorum. (4) It shall keep a careful record of its proceedings and shall make an annual report to the Governor, to be printed as other official reports. (5) In the ordinary con- duct of its business and in attendance upon meetings, the mem- bers shall serve without charge or compensation, but if it is found necessar}' by the commission for a member or members to personally inspect or visit a military park, or other point in connection with the marking, monumenting, locating or identi- fying the same or any point or place therein, then and in such event the actual expenses of such member or members may be paid while so engaged. AUTHORITY OF COMMISSION TO MARK HISTORIC SPOTS. Section 2. That the commission shall have the authority and it shall be its duty to act for and to officially represent Alabama on all subjects, inquiries and matters connected with or grow- ing out of the part performed by troops from this State in the War between the Confederate States and the United States, which may arise in connection with the location and identifica- tion of their position or part in any battle or engagement, or upon any battlefield, or in connection with the appropriate de- termination, location, indentification or marking or such part or position, or in connection with the appropriate marking or mon- umenting of spots or occurrences made historic by their services or sacrifices, whether in the several militar}- parks or on some other battlefield, or in prison or other cemeteries, or other his- toric spots or places. commission to control expenditures of funds appropriated FOR monuments. Section 4. That the commission, unless otherwise provided, shall have charge of the erection and shall direct the expendi- ture of all appropriations for the placing of monuments, memori- als or markers to Alabama troops in the War as above set forth. appropriation for expenses. Section 4. That the sum of one thousand dollars is hereby (274) Laws Governing the Department. 19 appropriated for the expense of the commission in the execution of its duties, the said sum to be drawn only on the approval of the Governor. Approved, Aug. 6, 1907. No. 768.) AN ACT (S. 600. To make an appropriation for the erection of monuments com- memorating the heroic deeds of Alabama's Sons, to be ex- pended by the Alabama Monurrient Commission, with the approval of the Governor. APPROPRIATION MADE). Section i. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Alabama, That to enable the Alabama Monument Commission to erect suitable and dignified monuments, in the national military parks at Shiloh, Gettysburg, Vicksburg and Chicamauga and at such other places as the monument commission may in its judgment, see fit to erect a monument to commemorate the heroic deeds of Alabamians, and suitable monuments and headstones over the graves of Alabamians who died in prison, there is hereby appropriated a sum sufficient to pay not more than twenty-five thousand dollars for each one of the monuments to be erected in the national military parks, and a sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars for any other monument erected by the mon- ument commission. intent Ot ACT. Section 2. It is the intent of this act to make the appro- priation available till all monuments have been erected which the monument commission determine should be erected, and no part of it shall be drawn till actually needed and with the ap- proval of the Governor, who may direct the expenditure for monuments as not to embarrass the financial condition of the Treasury. (275) ^ ■r^. 20 Department of Archives and History. COMMISSION MAY AID COMMITTEES, OR PATRIOTIC ORGANIZA- TIONS IN ERECTING MONUMENTS. No MORE THAN $25,- 000 MAY BE EXPENDED IN ANY ONE FISCAL YEAR. Section 3. That with the approval of the Governor the mon- ument commission may join with any committee of citizens in erecting any monument, or may supplement the amount raised by any camp of the United Confederate Veterans, or camp of the United Sons of Confederate Veterans, or Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, or any Ladies ]\Iemo- rial Association, to erect a monument. Provided, that not more than $25,000 be expended in any one fiscal year. Approved, Aug. 16, 1907. (276) LEIVIr'09 1