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RECENTI^Y PUBI^ISHKD 
 
 Mechanical Appliances 
 
 Mechanical Movements and 
 Novelties of Construction 
 
 BY GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E. 
 
 This is a complete work and a Continuation as a 
 SECOND VOLUME of the author's work ••Mechan= 
 ical Movements, Powers and Devices." 
 
 The encouraging manner in which the first volume 
 of "Mechanical Movements" was received has caused 
 the publication of a second volume which unlike the 
 first volume, which is more elementary in character, 
 contains illustrations and descriptions of many com- 
 binations of motions and of mechanical devices and ap- 
 pliances found in different lines of machinery. The il- 
 lustrations are of more complex machinery, are larger, 
 with more extended descriptions. Some of thechapters 
 included, are : Steam Power Appliances ; Hydraulic 
 Power Appliances ; Road and Vehicle Devices ; Horo- 
 logical Time Devices; Textile and Manufacturing De- 
 vices; Gearing and Gear Motion; Drafting Devices; 
 Explosive Motor Power and Ap|)liances ; Mill and Fac- 
 tory Appliances; Perpetual Motion, etc. Each device 
 being; shown by a line drawing with a description show- 
 ing its working parts and the method of operation. 396 
 pages, 1,000 specially made illustrations. Price, I3.00. 
 
 Z'-'^~ Copies of this book will be. sent prepaid on receipt of 
 price. 
 
 THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. 
 132 Nassau Street New York City 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 POWERS AND DEVICES 
 
 CONTAINS: 
 
 AN ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION OE MECHANICAL 
 MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES USED IN CONSTRUCT- 
 IVE AND OPERATIVE MACHINERY AND THE 
 MECHANICAL ARTS, BEING PRACTICALLY A 
 MECHANICAL DICTIONARY, COMMENCING WITH 
 A RUDIMENTARY DESCRIPTION OF THE EARLY 
 KNOWN MECHANICAL POWERS AND DETAILING 
 THE VARIOUS MOTIONS, APPLIANCES AND IN- 
 VENTIONS USED IN THE MECHANICAL ARTS TO 
 THE PRESENT TIME 
 
 BY 
 
 GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E. 
 
 Author of " Gas, Gasoline and Oil Engines,"' " Compressed Air," etc., etc. 
 
 Illustrated by Eigfhteen Hundred Engravings 
 
 ESPECIALLY MADE FOR THIS BOOK 
 
 Eleventh Edition 
 
 
 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 
 
 THE 
 
 NORMAN 
 
 W 
 
 . HENLEY 
 
 PUBLISHING 
 
 CO. 
 
 
 ] 
 
 32 
 
 Nassau Street 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
Copyright 1899 
 
 BY 
 
 NORMAN W. HENI^EY & CO. 
 
 Copyright 1903 
 
 BY 
 
 NORMAN W. HKNI,EY & CO, 
 
 By Transfer 
 
 Pept* of Commerce 
 
 i«AR 3 1935 
 
 Macgowan & Slipper 
 printers 
 
 ao BEEKMAN ST., NEW YORK, N. Y. 
 
 
 i%-^^l 
 
PREFACE 
 
 ft? 
 
 The need for an illustrated and condensed work of reference 
 for the inventor, the mechanical student, the artisan, and the work- 
 ingman with the ambition of an inquiring mind, has become not 
 only apparent to teachers of mechanics, but a real want among all 
 who are interested in mechanical thought and work. 
 
 It is an interest the growth of which has been greatly encour- 
 aged by the rapid development of the inventive and mechanical 
 arts during the past half century. 
 
 The increasing inquiries from inventors and mechanics, in 
 regard to the principles and facts in constructive and operative 
 mechanics have induced the author to gather such illustrations as 
 have been found available on the subject of mechanical motions, 
 devices, and appliances, and to place them in a form for ready 
 reference with only sufficient text to explain the general principles 
 of construction and operation, and as a partial exhibit of the 
 mechanical forms in general use, with a view to place the largest 
 amount of illustrated information within the limited means of 
 the humblest seeker after mechanical knowledge. 
 
 The field of illustrated mechanics seems almost unlimited, 
 and with the present effort the author has endeavored partially to 
 fill a void and thus to help the inquirer in ideal and practical 
 mechanics, in the true line of research. 
 
 Mechanical details can best be presented to the mind by dia- 
 grams or illustrated forms, and this has been generally acknowl- 
 edged to be the quickest and most satisfactory method of convey* 
 ing the exact conditions of mechanical action and construction. 
 
 Pictures convey to the inquiring mind by instantaneous com- 
 parison what detailed description by its successive presentation of 
 ideas and relational facts fail to do; hence a work that appeals 
 directly to the eye with illustrations and short attached descrip- 
 tions, it is hoped, will become the means of an acceptable form of 
 
mechanical education that appeals to modern wants for the en- 
 couragement of inventive thought, through the study of illustra- 
 tions and descriptions of the leading known principles and facts 
 in constructive art. 
 
 The designing of the details of mechanical motion, devices, and 
 appliances for specific purposes is an endless theme in the con- 
 structive mind, and if we may be allowed to judge from the vast 
 number of applications for patents, of which there have been over 
 a million in the United States alone, and of which over six hundred 
 thousand have been granted in consideration of their novelty and 
 utility, the run of mechanical thought seems to have become a vast 
 river in the progress of modern civilization. 
 
 To bring into illustrated detail all the known forms and ele- 
 ments of construction is not within the limit of a human life ; but 
 to explore the borders of inventive design through the works that 
 have passed into record has been the principal aim of the author of 
 this book. 
 
 GARDNER D. HISCOX. 
 
 PREFACE TO ELEVENTH EDITION. 
 
 The success of the previous editions of this work warrants 
 the issue of this edition in enlarged and improved form, in which 
 more than one hundred and fifty up-to-date mechanical move- 
 ments and devices have been added, making it a most useful 
 book of reference for those engaged in mechanical studies and 
 pursuits, notably inventors and designers of machinery, in fact, 
 for all who are interested in mechanics and its devices. 
 
 GARDNER D. HISCOX. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 Weight, Resolution of Forces, Pressures, Levers, Pulleys, Tackle. 
 The Resolution of Suspension — Lever Paradox — Tlie Lever and Its Power — 
 The Inclined Plane — The Wedge — The Screw — Worm Gear or Endless Screw 
 — Chinese Wheel — Tackle Blocks — Chinese Windlass — Chinese Shaft Derrick — 
 Compound Weight Motor — Rope Twist Lever — Spanish Windlass — Rope Grip 
 Hook — Guy Rope Clip and Thimble — Rope End — Hemp Rope End ... 1 5 to 26 
 
 SECTION 11. 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 K^PES, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear. 
 
 Alternating Circular Motion — Circular Motion — Eccentric Crank — Capstan, or 
 Vertical Windlass — Steering Gear — Jumping Motion — Rope Sprocket Wheel — 
 V-Grooved Rope Pulley— Rope Transmission— Vibratory Motion — Transmission 
 by Rope — Transmission by Rope to a Portable Drill or Swing Saw — Horizontal 
 Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission to a Movable 
 Shaft — Vertical Tension Carriage — Belt Lacing — Novel Belt Lacing — Over- 
 and-Over Lacing — Interlocking Belt Lacing — Cross Lacing — Sectional Belt Lac- 
 ing—Quarter Twist Belt— Full Twist Belt— Full Twist or Cross Belt— Belting 
 to a Shaft at any Angle — Quarter Twist Return Belt — Change Speed Step 
 Pulleys — Cone Pulleys — Curved Cone Pulleys — Shifting Device for Cone Pulleys 
 — Belt Transmission — Belt Transmission of Power — Variable Transmission of 
 Motion — Stop, Driving, and Reversing Motion — Two Speed Pulleys and Belts — 
 Pulleys, Combined with a Differential Gear — Transmission of Two Speeds — 
 Two-Speed Gear — Variable Speed or Cone Gearing — Transmission of Power 
 — Frictional Rectilinear Motion — Variable Rotary Motion — Variable Motion 
 — Friction Gear — Transmission of Variable Speed — Variable Speed Gear — 
 Transmission of Rotary Motion — Combination of Friction Gear — Grooved Fric- 
 tion Gearing — Variable Motion — Transmission of Circular Motion — Three Crank 
 Link — Sprocket Wheel and Chain — Link Belt and Pulley — Toothed Link Chain 
 and Pulley — Step Gear— V-Toothed Gearing — Oblique Tooth Gear — V-Toothed 
 Gear — Split Spur Gear — Star Wheel Gear — Elastic Spur Gear — Internal Spur 
 Gear and Pinion — Bevel Gears — Crown Wheel — Spiral Gearing — Oblique, Spur, 
 and Bevel Gear — Oblique Bevel Gear — Gear Train — Worm Gear — Skew Worm 
 and Wheel Gear — Uniform Intermittent Motion — Variable Speed Bevel Gear. 
 
 27 to 43 
 
2 CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 Speed, Pressure, Weight, Numbers, Quantities, and Appliances. 
 
 Prony Brake — The Prony Brake Rule — " Webber " Dynamometer — Measure* 
 ment of Power — " Tatham's " Dynamometer — Bell-Crank Dynamometer — 
 " Neer's " Rotary Transmitting Dynamometer — "Van Winkle's " Power Meter — 
 Traction Recording Dynamometer — Friction Machine — Torsion Dynamometer- 
 Tensile Testing Machine — Bourdon Pressure Gauge — Corrugated Tube-Pressure 
 Gauge — Recording Pressure Gauge — Parallel Motion of the Indicator — Parallel 
 Motion for the Indicator — "Amsler " Planimeter — "Lippincott" Planimeter — 
 Centrifugal Speed Indicator — Speed Indicator — Meter Dial — Automatic Tipping 
 Scale — Double Link Balanced Scale — Differential Weighing Beam — Engine 
 Counter — Operation of a Counter — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Tire Measure 
 Counter 44 to 54 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel 
 Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices, Rotary Enginfs, 
 Oscillating Engines. 
 "Stevens" Boiler — Plain Cylindrical Boilers — Hanging Water Drum Cylindrical 
 Boiler — Cylindrical Double Flue Boiler — Internally Fired Flue Boiler — Hori- 
 zontal Tubular Boiler — Locomotive Boiler — Marine Boiler — " Eclipse " Return 
 Tubular Marine Boiler — " Galloway" Boiler — Internal Fired Cylindrical Tubular 
 Boiler — " Dion " Vehicle Boiler — " Babcock and Wilcox " Water Tube Boiler — 
 " Harrison " Boiler — Submerged Head Vertical Boiler — " Herreshoff " Boiler — 
 " Thornycrof t " Boiler — " See " Water Tube Boiler—" Yarrow " Water Tube 
 Boiler — " Boyer's" Water Tube Boiler — " Hazelton" Boiler — " Climax " Boiler — 
 " Moyes" Water Tube Boiler—" Wheeler" Vertical Tube Boiler—" Cahall " Ver- 
 tical Water Tube Boiler — Vertical Water Tube Boiler — Boiler of the " Serpollet " 
 Tricycle — " Serpollet's" Steam Generator — " Serves " Boiler Tube — Shaking and 
 Tipping Furnace Grate — Shaking Grate for a Boiler Furnace — Furnace Grate 
 with Dumping Sections — " Columbia" Stoker — "Playford" Mechanical Stoker — 
 " American " Boiler Stoker — Mechanical Stoker — " Jones " Model of a Mechan- 
 ical Stoker — " Meissner " Model of a Mechanical Stoker for a Furnace — Feed 
 Worm and Air Blast — Petroleum Burner — Pop Safety Valve — Differential Seat 
 Safety Valve — Safety Valve — Original Form of the ^olipile or Hero's Steam 
 Engine — Steeple Engine-— Vertical Engine, with Bell-Crank Lever — Inclined 
 Paddle-Wheel Engine — Diagonal Twin-Screw Engine — Twin-Screw Vertical 
 CyUnder Engine — Trunk Engine — Oscillating Engine — Compound Oscillating 
 Engine — Oscillating Hoisting Engine — Three-Cylinder Engine — Tandem Com- 
 pound Vertical Engine — Compound Engines — Compound Yacht Engine — 
 High-Speed Tandem Compound Engine — Modern High-Speed Engine — 
 Single D Slide Valve — Balanced Slide Valve — Double-Ported Slide Valve — 
 
CONTENTS. 2 
 
 " Meyer " Cut-off Valve — Single D Slide Valve — Gridiron Slide Valve^Rotary 
 Valves — Steam Engine Valve Chest — Balanced Slide Valve — Balanced Slide 
 Valve (Buchanan & Richter's Patent) — " Richardson-Allen " Balanced Slide 
 Valve — Balanced Throttle Valve — Wing Throttle Valve — Multiple Port Piston 
 Throttle Valve — " Corliss " Valve Gear — Locomotive Link-Motion Valve Gear 
 — Walschaert's Valve Gear — Reversing Link Motion — Valve Gear — "Joy's" 
 Valve Gear — " Bremme " Valve Gear — Single Eccentric Valve Gear — Cam-Bar 
 Valve Movement — Valve Gear of a Cornish Engine — Variable Expansion Gear 
 — Single Eccentric Variable Valve Throw — " Allen " Valve Lift or Toe — Tappet 
 Lever Valve Motion — Starting Lever — Simple Unhooking Device — Simple Re- 
 versing Gear — " Joy's " Hydraulic Shifting Eccentric — Shifting Eccentric — • 
 Valve Motion Eccentric — " Peaucellier's " Parallel Motion — Parallel Motion 
 — " Cartwright's " Parallel Motion — Cross- Head Slide — Rack Gear Parallel 
 Motion — "Watt" Governor — Compensating Governor — Gravity Centrifugal 
 Governor — Engine Governor — Centrifugal Ball Governor — Inverted Governor 
 — Direct-Acting Centrifugal Governor — Spring Balanced Centrifugal Governor 
 — Parabolic Governor — "Anderson's" Gyroscope Governor — Horizontal Cen- 
 trifugal Governor — Vane or Wing Governor — Governor for a Steam Engine — 
 Differential Governor — " Huntoon " Governor — " Proell " Governor — " Porter" 
 Governor — " Richardson " Governor — Principle of the " Pickering " Governor 
 — " Pickering" Governor — Pulley or Fly-Wheel Governor — Crank-Shaft Gover- 
 nor — Fly-Wheel or Pulley Governor — Slotted Cross-Head — Trammel Crank — 
 Crank-Pin Lubricator — Centrifugal Crank-Pin Oiler — Centrifugal Lubricating 
 Device — "Cochrane" Rotary Engine — "Franchot" Rotary Engine — Double 
 Slide Piston Rotary Engine — " Lamb " Rotary Engine — " Cochrane " Rotary 
 Engine — Rotary Engine — " Napuer " Rotary Engine — Roller Piston Rotary 
 Engine — " Cochrane " Rotary Engine — " Boardman " Rotary Engine — " Smith" 
 Rotary Engine — " Berrenburg " Rotary Engine — "Fletcher's" Rotary Con- 
 densing Engine — " Bartrum and Powell " Rotary Engine — " Ritter " Rotary 
 Engine — "Holly" Rotary Engine — "Stocker" Rotary Engine — "Forrester" 
 Rotary Engine — " Kipp " Rotary Piston Engine — " Ruth's " Rotary Engine — 
 " Almond " Engine — Rotating Cylinder Engine — Rotary Multicylinder Engine 
 — " Bates " Compound Vibrating Engine — " Davies' " Disc Engine — " Reu- 
 leaux '* Engine or Pump — " Link" Vibratory Engine — Oscillating Piston Engine 
 — Vibrating Piston Engine — " Knickerbocker " Four Piston Rotary Engine— 
 '* Root's " Double Quadrant Engine — " Root's " Square Piston Engine — 
 " Dake " Square Piston Engine — "Wilkinson's" Steam Turbine — "Dow" 
 Steam Turbine — " De Laval " Steam Turbine — " Parsons' " Steam Turbine. 
 
 55 to loo 
 
 SECTION V. 
 STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 [njectors, Steam Pumps, Condensers, Separators, Traps, and Valves 
 "Peerless" Injector — " Shaeffer and Budenberg" Injector — "National" 
 Automatic Injector — "Metropolitan" Injector — " Lunkenheimer " Injector — 
 " Eberman " Injector — " Nathan " Injector — " Little Giant " Injector — " Pen- 
 berthy" Special Injector — "Park" Injector — "Sellers'" Restarting Injector 
 
4- ConTrETB'^ 
 
 — " Little Giant " Locomotive Injector — " Metropolitan " Doable-Tube Injector 
 — "Brownley" Injector — "Leader" Injector — "Excelsior" Injector — " Kort- 
 ing" Injector — " Hancock " Inspirator — Ball-Valve Injector — " Hancock " Loco- 
 motive Inspirator — " Standard " Injector — " Sellers' " Self-Adjusting Injector — 
 Steam Pump — "Misch's " Valve Tappet — Independent Jet Condenser Pump — 
 Ejector Condenser — Exhaust Jet Condenser — Balanced Reducing Valve — Pre- 
 sure Reducing Valve — " Foster " Pressure Reducing Valve — " Hotchkiss " Boiler 
 Cleaner — Feed-Water Heater — Steam Separator — Filter for Boiler — Return 
 Steam Trap — Spring Steam Trap — Steam Trap — " Bundy " Steam Trap — 
 Steam Trap with Valve — " Heintz " Steam Trap — " Moran's " Flexible Steam 
 Joint — Corrugated Expansion Coupling — Flanged Expansion Joint — Auto- 
 matic Relief Valve — Horizontal Swing Check Valve — Globe Valve — Exhaust 
 Steam Head — Centrifugal Exhaust Head loi to 1 14 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 Gas and Gasoline Engines, Valve Gear and Appliances, Connecting 
 Rods and Heads. 
 
 Gasoline Engine — Sectional Plan of a Gasoline Engine — Simple Gas or Gasoline 
 Engine — Gasoline Engine Valve Gear — "Union " Model Gas Engine — Gasoline 
 Carriage Motor — Vertical Gasoline Engine — Vertical Kerosene Oil Engine — 
 "Diesel" Motor — Vertical Gas Engine — Street Railway Gas Motor Passenger Car 
 — Gasoline Motor Car — Valve Gear — Double-Grooved Eccentric Valve Gear for 
 a Four-cycle Gas Engine — Plumb-Bob Governor — Inertia Governor — Pendulum 
 Governor — Differential Cam Throw — Governor and Variable Cam — Inlet 
 Valve — Gas Engine Valve Gear — Gasoline Vaporizer — Carburetter — Automatic 
 Oiler — Uniform Automatic Oiler — Crank-Rod Head Adjustment — Trunk Piston 
 Rod — Connecting Rod Head — Connecting Rod End— Solid Strap End — Steel 
 Ball Adjustment — Solid End Connecting Rod — Forked End Connecting Rod 
 — Adjustable Link — Link or Connecting Rod 115 to 1 27 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWDER AND DEVICES. 
 
 Water Wheels, Turbines, Governors, Impact Wheels, Pumps, Rotary 
 Pumps, Siphons, Water Lifts, Ejectors, Water Rams, Meters, Indi- 
 cators, Pressure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints, Filters 
 
 Overshot Water Wheel — Iron Overshot Wheel — Undershot Water Wheel — 
 Saw-Mill Water Wheel— Breast Water Wheel— Flutter Wheel— Barker Wheel 
 — Current Motor — Current Water Wheel — Fixed Bucket Water-Raising Cur- 
 rent Wheel — Bucketed Water-Raising Current Wheel — Current Wheel Water 
 Lift — Drainage Wheel — Persian Wheel — Ancient Water Lift — "Archimedian" 
 Screw Water Lift — Volute Turbine — High-Pressure Turbine — "Leffel" Dou- 
 ble-Runner Turbine — "Jonval " Turbine — Turbine and Gate — " Lancaster '' 
 Turbine—" Munson" Double Turbine— "Camden" Turbine— " Model" Turbine 
 
CONTENTS. 5 
 
 — "Swain" Turbine — "Warren" Central Discharge Turbine — "Foumeron" 
 Turbine — Belt Water- Wheel Governor — Water Wheel Governor — Impact 
 Water Wheel — Pelton Water Wheel — Buckets of a Pelton Water Wheel — 
 Power of Water — Compound Beam Pumping Engine — '* Dean " Steam Pump 
 — Worthington Duplex Pump — Half-Yoke Connection — Yoke Connection — 
 Reversing Movement — Double-Acting Lift and Force Pump — Double-Acting 
 Differential Pump — Lift and Force Pump — Tramp Pumping Device — Lift Pump 
 — Double Lantern Bellows Pump or Blower — Diaphragm Pump — " Fairburn ** 
 Bailing Scoop — Pendulum Water Lift — Chain Pump— Reciprocating Motion — 
 Well Pulley and Buckets — Swape, or New Engine Sweep — Parallel Motion — 
 " Golding" Centrifugal Pump — " Quimby" Screw Pump — Rotary Pump — " Pap- 
 penheim " Rotary Pump — " Repsold " Rotary Pump — Tri-Axial Rotary Pump 
 — Rotary Pump or Motor — " Cary " Rotary Pump — Vacuum Jet Condenser 
 and Rotary Pump — "Ramelli" Rotary Pump — " Heppel " Rotary Pump — - 
 *' Emeru " Rotary Pump — " Knott " Rotary Pump — " Pattison " Rotary Pump 
 — *' Cochrane " Rotary Pump — Hydraulic Transmission of Power — Siphon — • 
 Ejector or Jet Pump — Automatic Water Ejector — Automatic Sprinkler — 
 Hydraulic Ram — "Pearsall's" Hydraulic Ram and Air Compressor — bilent 
 Hydraulic Ram — Double-Piston Reaction Hydraulic Ram — Water Meter — Disc 
 Water Meter — Water Velocity Indicator and Register — Anchored Ferry Boat — 
 "Mueller" Water-Pressure Regulator — "Mason" Water-Pressure Regulator — 
 Pump Water-Pressure Regulating Valve — Hydraulic Press — Hydrostatic Press 
 — Hydraulic Intensifier — Portable Hydraulic Riveter — Hydraulic Rail Bender 
 — Hydraulic Rail Punch — Hydraulic Elevator Lift — Horizontal Hydraulic 
 Elevator Lift — Hydraulic Pulling Jack — Water Purifying Filter — Reversible 
 Filter — Filtering Cistern — Upward Flow Filter — Domestic Filter — Porous 
 Water Filter — Stoneware Filter — " Ward " Flexible Pipe Joint — Flexible Ball 
 Joint — Flexible Pipe Joints — Universal Pipe Joint — Toggle Clip Pipe Joint— 
 Bibb— Disc Valve and Guard — Double-Beat Disc Valve — Hydraulic Valve—. 
 Multiple Ball Valve — Multiple Ring Valve — Double-Beat Pump Valve — Vibra- 
 ting Motion — Variable Compensating Weights — Sand Auger — Driven Well — • 
 Automatic Flush Sewer Tank — Atomizer — Ball and Jet Nozzle — Spray Jet 
 Nozzle — Hero's Fountain — "Chapman" Aspirator or Vacuum Pump — Hy- 
 draulic Lift 1 28 to 1 62 
 
 SECTION VIIL 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools, 
 Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes. 
 
 Aneroid Barometer, Box Kite — Curved Vane Windmill or Motor — Feathering 
 Windmill — Hemispherical Cup Windmill — Windmill of our Grandfathers — 
 Windmill and Steel Tower — Modern Windmill — Ancient Windmill — Electric 
 Windmill Plant — Smith's Circular Bellows — Double Organ-Blowing Bellows 
 — Three-Throw Bellows — Foot Bellows — Fan Blower — " Hodges " Compound 
 Blower— " Wedding " Rotary Blower— " Fabry " Rotary Blower — "Root" 
 Rotary Blower — Hydraulic Air Compressor — Piston Hydraulic Air Compressor 
 — Tromp or Hydraulic Air Blast — Air Compressor — Hydraulic Air Compressor 
 
6 . CONTENTS. 
 
 — Automatic Air Compressor — Water-Jet Air Compressor — Trunk Air Com- 
 pressor — Duplex Steam-Actuated Air Compressor — Compound Air Com- 
 pressor — Duplex Air Compressor — Tog^\ Joint Duplex Air Compressor — 
 Air Compressor Cylinder — Piston and Valves — Air-Compressing Cylinder — 
 Air Compressor Governor — Air-Cooling Receiver — Single Valve Air Pump — 
 Crank Equalizing Angle — Crank Equalizing Angle in Air Compression — Direct 
 Air Pressure Pump — Compressed Air Water Elevator — Raising Sunken Ves- 
 sels — Compressed Air Lift System — Compressed Air Power — Compound 
 Pneumatic Locomotive — Pneumatic Paint Sprayer — Portable Fire Ex- 
 tinguisher — Fire Extinguisher — Compressed Air Lift — Duplex Pneumatic 
 Riveter — Pneumatic Hammer — "Hotchkiss" Atmospheric Hammer — "Grim- 
 shaw " Compressed Air Hammer — Compressed Air Sheepshearing Machine — 
 Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Breast Drill — 
 Pneumatic Motor Drill Stock— Air and Gasoline Torch — Torch Soldering Cop- 
 per — Air and Gasoline Vapor Brazer — Air and Gasoline Brazing Apparatus — 
 Double Cone Ventilator — Spiral Vane or Cowl — Wind Instruments. 163 to 186 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Generators, Motors, Wiring, Controlling and Measuring, Lighting, 
 Electric Furnaces, Fans, Searchlight, and Electric Appliances. 
 
 Series Wound Motor or Generator — Electric Generator Construction — Single- 
 Pole Shunt Generator — Four-Pole Ring Armature — Ring Armature — Two-Pole 
 or Shuttle Spool Armature — Shuttle Armature — Multiple Brush Commutator — 
 Bipolar Shunt Generator — Four-Pole Compound Generator — Electric Gener- 
 ator Construction — Consequent-Pole Compound Generator — Triple-Expansion 
 Engine and Multipolar Dynamo — Direct-Connected Vertical Compound Engine 
 — Flexible Coupling — Car Truck Motors — Electric Fusible Cut-Out — Rheostat 
 or Resistance Coils — Trolley Car — Sectional Feeder System — Street Railway 
 Single Motor — Electric Car Brake — Electric Street-Car Brake — Electric Igniter 
 — Sparking Dynamo — Magneto-Electric Machine — Electric Thermostat — Tele- 
 phone Transmitter — Telephone Receiver — Electric Gas Lighter — Pocket Elec- 
 tric Light — Arc Light and Regulating Gear — Luminous Fountain — Electric 
 Heater — Electric Soldering Copper — Electric Sad Iron — Electric Searchlight — 
 Electric Furnace — Open-top Electric Furnace — "Siemens" Electric Gas Fur- 
 nace — " Cowles " Electric Furnace — Electric Welding Plant — Portable Electric 
 Motor Drill Plant — Electric Perforating Pen — Electric Hoist — Electric Brake 
 — Electric Rock Drill — Electric Fan — Electric-Driven Fan 187 to 202 
 
 SECTION X. 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 Vessels, Sails, Rope Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers, Road Scrapers 
 AND Rollers, Vehicles, Motor Carriages, Tricycles, Bicycles, and 
 Motor Adjuncts. 
 T,eg-of -Mutton Sail — Skip Jack — Square or Lug Sail — Lateen Rig — Split Lug 
 or Square Sail — Two-Masted or Dipping Lug — Newport Cat-Boat — Sloop — ■ 
 
CONTENTS. 7 
 
 Lateen-Rigged Felucca — Pirogue — Three-Quarter Lug Rig — " Sliding Gunter ** 
 — Skiif Yawl Rig — Sloop Yawl — Jib Topsail Sloop — The Cutter — Schooner 
 Rig — Full Schooner Rig — Topsail Schooner — Club Topsail Rig — Hermaphro- 
 dite Brig — A Brigantine — A Barkentine — Full-Rigged Brig — A Bark — Full- 
 Rigged Ship — Ice Boat — Rope Knots and Hitches — Clove Hitch — Half Hitch 
 — Timber Hitch — Square or Reef Knot — Stevedore Knot — Slip Knot — Flem- 
 ing Loop — Bowline Knot — Carrick Bend — Sheet Bend and Toggle — Sheet 
 Bend — Overhand Knot — Figure Eight Knot — Double Knot — Blackwall Tackle 
 Hitch — Fisherman's Bend Hitch — Round Turn and Half Hitch — Chain Stop 
 — Disengaging Hook — Slip Hook — Releasing Hook — Boat-Detaching Hook — - 
 Svringing Oar-lock — Pivoted Steps — Screw Anchor — Floating Lighthouse — 
 Stone Dry-Dock — Floating Dry-Dock — Feathering Paddle Wheel or Water 
 Motor — Vertical Bucket Paddle Wheel — Feathering Paddle Wheel — Outward 
 Thrust Propeller Wheel — Screw Propeller — Reversing Propeller — Reversing 
 Screw Propeller — Screw Propulsion — Thrust Bearing — " Silver's " Marine Gov- 
 ernor — Deep-Sea Sounding Ball — Sounding Weight Release — Sampler Sounding 
 Weight — Submarine Lamp — Road Builders' Level — Road Machine — Reversible 
 Road Roller — Road Roller — Single Eccentric Reversing Gear — Elastic Wheel 
 — Spring Wheel — Application of Trace Springs — " Serpollet's " Steam Tricycle 
 — Steam Fire Engine — Jacketless Gasoline Carriage Motor — Gasoline Motor 
 Carriage — Light Electric Carriage — Electric Phaeton — Electric Brougham — 
 Differential Gear — Baby-Carrier Tricycle — Electric Tricycle — Ice Bicycle — 
 Bicycle Gear — Bicycle Crank — Swinging Ball-Bearing Bicycle Pedal — A. F. 
 Haven's Planetary Crank Gear — Detachable Link Chain — Bali-Bearing Problem 
 — Acetylene Bicycle Lamp — Bicycle Lamp 203 to 225 
 
 SECTION XL 
 GEARING. 
 
 Racks and Pinions; Spiral, Elliptical and Worm Gear; Differential 
 AND Stop-Motion Gear; Epicyclical and Planetary Trains; "Fer- 
 guson's" Paradox. 
 
 Ordinary Rack and Pinion — Doubling the Length of a Crank Stroke — Sawmill 
 Feed — Rack Motion — Air-Pump Movement — Circular Rack — Rectilinear 
 Vibrating Motion — Vertical Drop Hammer — Sector Pinioa and Double Rack 
 — Reciprocating Motions — Crank Substitute — Alternate Circular Motion — 
 Quick Back Motion — Alternate Rectilinear Motion — Reciprocating Rectilinear 
 Motion — Mangle Rack — Mangle Wheel — Mangle Wheel Gear — Continuous 
 Rotary Motion — Mangle Machine Gear — Worm Screw Rack — Rotary Motion 
 — Adjustable Feed Rolls — Saw-Tooth Worm Gear — Right- and Left-Hand 
 Worm Gear — Three-Part Worm Screw — Traversing Motion — Globoid Spiral 
 Gear Wheels — Internal Worm-Gear Wheel — Worm-Gear Pinion — Anti-Fric- 
 tion Worm Gear — Release Rotary Motion — Release Cam — Hunting Tooth 
 Worm Gear — Differential Screw and Gear Movement — Complex Alternating 
 Reciprocal Motion — Two-Toothed Pinion — Pin Wheel and Slotted Pinion- 
 Variable Rotary Motion — Scroll Gear — Spiral Hoop Gear — Accelerated Cir- 
 cular Motion — Roller-Bearing Gear Teeth — Ball Gear — Spiral Gearing — Ex- 
 
8 CONTENTS. 
 
 panding Pulley — Concentric Differential Speed — Differential Motions— Differen 
 tial Gear — Doubling the Number of Revolutions on One Shaft — -Multiple Gear 
 Speed — Variable Throw Traversing Bar — Revolution of a Pinion — Differential 
 Speed — Capstan Gear — Slow Forward and Quick Back Circular Motion — Geared 
 Grip Tongs — Variable Circular Motion — Elliptical Spur Gear — Elliptical Gear 
 Wheel — Irregular Circular Motion — Variable Reciprocating Motion — Alternat- 
 ing Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Motion of Spur Gear — Spiral Stop-Motion 
 Gear — Fast and Slow Motion Spur Gear — Intermittent Gears — Intermittent 
 Rotary Motion — Irregular Vibratory Motion — Variable Vibrating Motion — 
 Motion by Rolling Contact — Variable Sectional Motion — Uniform Speed of 
 Sectional Spur Gear — Scroll Gearing — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Stop Roller 
 Motion — Change Gear Motion — Differential Driving Gear — Equalizing Pulley 
 — Equalizing Gear — Doubling a Revolution on Same Shaft — Continuous Shaft 
 Motion— Alternating Motion — -Eccentric Wheel Train — Epicyclic Gear — Epi- 
 cyclic Train — Automatic Clutch Motion for Reversing — Eccentric Gear — Sun 
 and Planet Crank Motion — High-Speed Epicyclic Train — Sun and Planet 
 Winding Gear — Epicyclic Gear Train — Compound Epicyclic Train — Planetary 
 Motion — Planetary Gear Train — " Ferguson's " Mechanical Paradox. 227 to 250 
 
 SECTION XII. 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 Ratchets and Pawls, Cams, Cranks, Intermittent, and Stop Motions, 
 Wipers, Volute Cams, Variable Cranks, Universal Shaft Couplings, 
 Gyroscope. 
 
 Ratchet Bar Lift — Ratchet Lift — Ratchet Governor — Rotary Motion — Inter- 
 mittent Circular Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Double Pawl Ratchet 
 — Continuous Feed of a Ratchet — Double-Pawl Ratchet Wheel — Intermittent 
 Rotary Motion — Intermittent Circular Motion — Ratchet Intermittent Motion — 
 Pawl Lift — Oscillating Motion — Continuous Rotary Motion — Intermittent 
 Motion — Windlass Grip Pawl — Ratchet and I^evel Pawl — Internal Multiple 
 Cam — Ratchet Head — Reciprocal Circular Motion — Ball Socket Ratchet — 
 Continuous Motion Ratchet — Stops of Various Forms — Stops for a Spur Gear — 
 Stops for a Lantern Wheel — Safety Centrifugal Hooks — Crank Motion — 
 Centrifugal Safety Catch for Hoisting Drums — Stop Motion — Variable Recipro- 
 cating Motion — Irregular Rocking Motion — Rocking Arm — Yoke Strap — 
 Triangular Curved Eccentric — Triangular Eccentric — Reciprocating Motion — 
 Uniform Reciprocating Motion — Needle-Bar Slot Cam — Slotted Yoke — Crank 
 Motion — Trammel Gear — Slotted Lever Motion — Intermittent Reciprocating 
 Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Adjustment — Four-Bolt Cam — 
 Equalizing Tension Spring and Lever — Alternating Rectilinear Motion — Tra- 
 verse Bar — Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Vibrating 
 Toothed Wheel — "Lazy Tongs" Movement — Quadrangular Rectilinear Mo- 
 tion — Parallel Motion— Intermittent Motion — Rocking Escapement — Rotary 
 and Longitudinal Motion — Reciprocating Feed Ratchet — Friction Rod Feed 
 Ratchet — Friction Hauling Ratchet — Cam-Lever Grip — Lever Toggle Joint — 
 Single Toggle Arm Letter-Press — Toggle-joint Cam Movement — Double-Screw 
 
CONTENTS. g 
 
 Toggle Press — Screw Stamping Press — Multiple Return Grooved Cylinder — Re- 
 ciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Rectilinear Motion — Six Radial Grooved Tram- 
 mel — Rectilinear Reciprocating Motion — Rocking Motion — Pair of Toe Levers 
 — Wiper Cam for Stamp Mills — Angular Wipers — Equalizing Levers or Toes — 
 Variable Crank Motion — Spiral-Grooved Face Plate — Lever — Cam Sectors — 
 Gear-Disengaging Cam I^ever — Oblique Disc Motion — Grooved Cylinder Cam — 
 Traverse Motion — Four-Motion Feed, of Wheeler and Wilson and other Sewing- 
 machines — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Quick Reciprocating Rectilinear 
 Motion — Cylindrical Cam — Cam-Operated Shears — Irregular Cam Motion — 
 Vibrating Rectilinear Motion — Irregular Vibrating Circular Motion — Clover- 
 Leaf Cam — 'Power Escapement — Rotary Motion — Irregular Reciprocating 
 Motion — Bevelled Disc Cam — Grooved Heart Cam — Heart-Shaped Groove — 
 Laying out a Heart Cam — Cam Motion — Double Cam Motion — Pivoted Fol- 
 lower — Reciprocating Motion — Ovoid Curve — Variable Power Transmitted 
 from a Crank — Elliptical Crank — Curvilinear Motion — Spring Lathe-Wheel 
 Crank — " Brownell " Crank Motion — Ordinary Crank Motion — Eccentric and 
 Straps for Valve Motion — Reciprocating Motion — Variable Circular Motion — = 
 Irregular Motion — Variable Power Vibrating Movement — Variable Crank Pin 
 — Variable Rectilinear Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Radius 
 Lever — Combination Crank-Motion Curves — Flexible Angular Couphng— 
 Sliding Contact — Shaft Coupling — Rectilinear Motion — Angular Shaft Coupling 
 — Universal Joint — Double Link Universal Joint — Universal Angle Coupling 
 — "Almond" Angular Shaft Coupling — "Hooke's" Angular Shaft Coupling — 
 Rack and Pinion Movement — Gyroscope — Globe Gyroscope — Tension Helico- 
 Volute Spring — Double Helico-Volute Spring — Compression Helical Spring 
 — Single Volute Helix Spring — Compound Disc Spring 251 to 279 
 
 SECTION XIII. 
 HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 Clock and Watch Movements and Devices. 
 
 Cycloidal Pendulum Movement^ — Compensating Pendulum Bob — Compound 
 Compensating Pendulum — Centrifugal Pendulum — Antique Clock Escapement 
 — Crown Tooth Escapement — Double Ratchet-Wheel Escapement — Star- 
 Wheel Escapement — Anchor Escapement — Recoil Escapement — Pendulum 
 Escapement — Stud Escapement — Lantern-Wheel Escapement — Pin-Wheel Es- 
 capement — Hook-Tooth Escapement — Single-Pin Pendulum Escapement — 
 Three-Toothed Escapement — Detached Pendulum Escapement — Mudge 
 Gravity Escapement — Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — " Harrison " 
 Winding Device — Double Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — "Bloxam's" 
 Gravity Escapement — Dead-Beat Clock Escapement — Endless Cord- 
 Winding Device for Clocks — Clock Train — Compensation Watch Balance — 
 Watch Regulator — Antique Watch Escapement — Verge Escapement — Cylinder 
 Escapement — Duplex Escapement — Jewelled Detached Lever Escapement — 
 "Guernsey" Escapement — Anchor and Lever Escapement — Lever Escapement 
 — Lever Chronometer Escapement — "Arnold" ChronometerEscapement — Fusee 
 
lO CONTENTS. 
 
 Chain and Spring Drum — Chronometer Escapement — " Geneva" Stop — Geared 
 "Watch Stop^Watch Stop — Stem-Winding Movement — Pin-Geared Watch 
 Stop — Watch Train 281 to 293 
 
 SECTION XIV. 
 
 MINING. 
 
 Quarrying, Ventilation, Hoisting, Conveying, Pulverizing, Separating, 
 Roasting, Excavating, and Dredging. 
 
 Diamond Prospecting Drill — Rock Drill — Diamond Weil-Boring Machine — 
 Portable Diamond Drill — Arc Tappet Valve Motion — Tappet Valve, for a Rock 
 Drill — Rock Drill — Rock Drill with Balanced Piston Valve — Coal-Cutting 
 Machine — link Chain Cutter — Drill for Curved Holes — Box- Wing Blower — 
 Multiplex Butterfly Valve — Steam-Driven Ventilating Fan — -Miner's Safety 
 Lamp — Horse-Power Hoisting Drum — Steam Hoisting Engine — Strap Brake — 
 Elevator Tower — Horizontal Boom Tower — Mast and Gaff Hoist — Coal-Load- 
 ing Tipple — '*Otis Stop" for Elevator Cars — Elevator Dumping Head — Mining 
 Buckets and Skip — Belt Conveyer — Chain Scraper Conveyer — Cable Conveyer 
 — Driving Mechanism — Log Conveyer — Rope Tramway — Automatic Dumping 
 Car — Toggle Joint — Stone Crusher — " Buchanan " Rock Crusher — Roller Coal 
 Crusher — Eight-Stamp Ore Mill — Rolling Crusher — "Arastra" Ore Mill — 
 "Chili" Mill — Pulverizing Ball and Pan Mill — Revolving Pulverizing Mill — 
 Hydraulic Balanced Giant Nozzle — Coal Dust Press — Klondike Mining Machine 
 — Gold Separator — Centrifugal Separator — Magnetic Ore Separator — Iron Ore 
 Separator — Railway Steam Shovel — Magnetic Ore Separators ( Hoffman-Edison 
 Types) — Ore Roasting Furnace — Railway Excavator — Railway Steam Shovel — 
 Continuous Ditching Dredge — Clam-Shell Bucket — Revolving Hoisting Dredge 
 — Floating Dredge — Marine Dredge , 295 to 310 
 
 SECTION XV. 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 Hangers, Shaft Bearings, Ball Bearings, Steps, Couplings, Universal 
 AND Flexible Couplings, Clutches, Speed Gear, Shop Tools, Screw 
 Threads, Hoists, Machines, Textile Appliances. 
 
 Adjustable Bracket Hanger — Adjustable Floor Bearing — Adjustable Post 
 Hanger — Adjustable Floor Stand — Continuous Traversing Roller — Roller 
 Wheel Anti-Friction Bearing— Ball Bearings — Adjustable Hanger for Shafting — 
 Screw Traversing Ball Bearing— Hanging Shaft — Suspended Shaft — Curved 
 Step Bearing — Conical Pivot Bearing — Lubrication of a Hanging Bearing — 
 Vertical Shaft Step — Shaft Step Adjustment — Adjustable Step Bearing — Collar 
 Bearing and Step — Oil Circulating Step — Lenticular Bearing — Spherical Step 
 Bearing— Angle Coupling — "Oldham" Coupling — Flexible Link Coupling — 
 Flexible Shaft Coupling — Angle Shaft Coupling — Universal Joint — "Hooke's" 
 Universal Joint — "Goubet's "Universal Shaft Coupling — Ball Socket Universal 
 Joints — Right-Angle Shaft Coupling — Right-Angle Shaft Coupling (" Hobson " 
 
CONTENTS. 1 1 
 
 Patent) — Eccentric Line Coupling— Simple Friction Pulley — Friction Clutch — 
 V-Grooved Face Clutch — Clutch and Gear — Cone Clutch— Multiple Plate Fric- 
 tion Clutch — Pin Clutch — Friction Pin Clutch — Friction Clutch Bevel Gear — 
 Spring Friction Clutch— Double Toggle-joint Friction Clutch — Adjustable Fric- 
 tion Clutch— Double Conic Rope Drum — Variable Speed Device — Expanding 
 Pulley — Variable Speed Transmitting Device — Belt Holder — Jointed 
 Radial Arm — Drilling Machine Clamp — Screw Bench Clamp — Auto- 
 matic Bench Clamp — Wood-Bending Clamp and Formers — Boiler Tube 
 Expaiider — Roller Tube Expander — Revolving Tool Head — Collapsing Tap — 
 Wabble Saw — Automatic Screw-Cutting Die — Universal Chuck — Compound 
 Lever Shears — Disc Shears— Gig Saw — Band Saw — Toggle-joint Lever Press 
 or Punch — Power Stamping Press— Hand Drilling Machine — Portable Drill — 
 Multiple Drilling Machine — Stamp Mill Cam Motion — Blacksmith's Helper — 
 Revolving Rapid-Blow Hammer — Helve Trip Hammer — Friction Drop Ham- 
 mer — Beam Trip Hammer— Spring Hammer — Tire Shrinker — Combined Tire 
 Upsetting and Punching Machine — Plate Sawing Machine — Combined Punch 
 and Shears— Suspended Swing Treadle — Power Rumbling Mill — Centrifugal 
 Separator — Closure of Rollers — Vibrating Lift — Differential Pitch Movement — 
 Feed Wheel — Combined Ratchet and Hand-Feed Gear — Gear Train — Quick 
 Return Movement — Reversing Gear — Flexible Universal Steam Joint — Bye 
 Pass Cock or Valve — Sight-Feed Lubricator — Screw Movement — Centering 
 Tool — Vernier Caliper — Expansion Bit — Double- Acting Screwdriver— Pump 
 Drill Stock — Reciprocating Drill Stock — Compound Lever Cutting Pliers — 
 Ball Socket — Screw Threads —Continual Barrel Elevator — Telescopic Hydraulic 
 Elevator — Traveller Hoist — Travelling Crane — I-Bar Travelling Tramway — 
 Swing Bracket Crane — Adjustable Universal Sheave — " Harrington " Chain 
 Hoist — "Vale" Duplex Hoist — Safety Tackle — Differential Chain-Pulley Block 
 — Double Screw-Gear Hoist — Taper Tube Rolls — '• Vale-Weston " Differential 
 Gear Hoist — Tube-Rolling Machine — Seamless Tube Making — Wire-Bending 
 Machine — Hopper and Bell— " Bessemer " Steel Converter — Lense-Grinding 
 Machine — Grinding Mill — " Bogardus " Mill — Circulating Screw Propeller 
 and Mixing Tank — Double Cylinder Planer — Double Toggle-joint Screw 
 Press — Steam Cotton Press — Toggle-Bar Press — Sector Press — Bark or Cob 
 Mill — Drawing and Throstle Twisting, Rolls and Bobbin Winder — Cop Winder 
 — Bobbin Winder — Cloth Dresser — Knitting Machine 312 to 346 
 
 SECTION XVI. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 Mixing, Testing, Stump and Pile Pulling, Tackle Hooks, Pile Driving, 
 Dumping Cars, Stone Grips, Derricks, Conveyer, Timber Splicing, 
 Roof and Bridge Trusses, Suspension Bridges. 
 
 Post Augur — Pug Mill — Conical Pug Mill — Conical Mixing Barrel — Concrete 
 Mixer — Cement-Testing Machine — Hydraulic Sand Ejector — Toggle Stump 
 Puller — Right and Left Hand Turnbuckle — Swivel Shackle Slip Hook — Trip 
 Hook — Balanced Riveting Machine — Releasing Grip — Automatic Disengaging 
 Grip — Swivelling Dumping Car — Square Box Side-Duhiping Car — Lever Grip 
 
12 CONTENTS. 
 
 Tongs — Adjustable Grip Tongs — Pneumatic Dumping Car — Lewis Wedge for 
 Lifting Stone — Stone Grinding and Polishing Machine — Four-Guy Mast Der- 
 rick — Shears with Winch or Tackle Block — Swinging Derrick Crane — Portable 
 Steam Derrick — Swing-Boom Crane — Cable Hoist and Conveyer — Cantilever 
 Hoisting and Conveying Machine — Timber Splicing — Timber Cords and 
 Arches — Truss Roof — Queen Post Roof Truss — Wooden Road Bridge Truss 
 —Deck Bridge Trusses — Bridge Truss — Arched Deck Truss Bridge — Bridge 
 Trusses — Arch Truss Bridge — Swing Bridge — Cantilever Bridge — Suspension 
 Bridges 349 to 360 
 
 SECTION XVII. 
 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 Parallel Rules, Curve Delineators, Trammels, Ellipsographs, Pan- 
 tographs. 
 
 Proportional Compasses — Roller Parallel Ruler — Slotted Parallel Ruler — Three 
 Part Parallel Ruler — ^Spring Cyclograph — Flexible Curve Scriber — Helicograph 
 — Great Curve Delineator — Conchoid Delineator — Cyclograph — Trammel for 
 Drawing Ellipses — Ellipsograph — Parabola Scriber — Geared Ellipsograph — 
 Hyperbola Scriber — Pantograph — Lazy -Tongs Pantograph — Perspective Cen- 
 trolinead — Spherometer 361 to 367 
 
 SECTION XVIII. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 Animal Power. Sheep Shears, Movements and Devices, Elevators, 
 Cranes, Sewing, Typewriting, and Printing Machines, Railway 
 Devices, Trucks, Brakes, Turntables, Locomotives, Gas, Gas Fur- 
 naces, Acetylene Generators, Gasoline Mantle Lamp, Firearms. 
 
 Human Treadmill — Horse-Power Tread Wheel — Horse-Power Machine — Dog- 
 Power Machine — Geared Horse-Power — Multiple Bladed Sheep Shears — Horse 
 Clipper — Machine Sheep Shears — "Almond's" Flexible Metallic Tube — Evo- 
 lution of a Wood Screw — Artificial Leg and Foot — Mean Time Sun Dial — 
 Door Push Check — Folding Ladder Simple Combination Lock — Tripod — Dou- 
 ble Spherical Socket — Disc Sheer — Micrometer Screw Adjustment— Correct 
 Principle in Setting a Hot- Water House Boiler — Under-Feed Heating Fur- 
 nace — Harvester or Mowing Machine — Bell Clapper Movement — Piano Key and 
 Action — Lapidary or Lithologicai Lathe— Wire-Drawing Machine — Wire-Cov- 
 ering Machine — Stirring Machine for Grain Mash — Sector Wheel Baling Press 
 — Wood Compression Carving Machine — Belt-Driven Elevator — Safety Catch 
 for Elevators — Elevator Safety Gear — Swing Derrick — Package Elevator — 
 Post Crane — Wharf Crane — Automatic Balance Crane — Sewing-Machine Shut- 
 tle — Sewing-Machine Feed Bar — Sewing-Machine Hook and Bobbin — Hook of 
 the " Wheeler and Wilson " Sewing-Machine — Sewing-Machine — Spring Motor 
 for Sewing-Machine — Tinplate Lacquering Machine — Single Cylinder Printing 
 Press — Typewriting Machine — " Gordon " Printing Press — Rack and Pawl — 
 
CONTENTS. 13 
 
 Bail- Bearing Screw Jack — Hydraulic Transfer Jack — Rail-Cutting Saw — Prouty- 
 JJcoje Automatic or Self-Winding Brake — Street-Car Sand Box — Friction 
 BraKe for Street Railway Cars — Car Truck for Street Railways — Street-Car 
 Truck — Car Truck — Trolley-Car Truck — Freight-Car Truck — Cable Railway 
 Gnp — Cable Grip for Street Railways — Linked Hinges — Endless Cable Grip 
 Car — Street Railway Sweeping Car — Equalizing Lever — Novel Car Brake — 
 Wooden Frame Turn-Table — Iron Frame Turn-Table — Single-Cylinder Loco- 
 motive — Modern Locomotive and Tender — Passenger Locomotive, Eight- 
 Wheel Model — Ten- Wheel Freight Locomotive — Freieht Locomotive — Centre 
 Valve for a Gas House — Disc Valve for Large Gas Pipes — Centre Guide Gas 
 Holder — Counter-Weighted Gas Holder — Expanding Pipe Stopper — Lantern 
 Bellows Dry Gas Meter — Wet Gas Meter — Dry Gas Meter — Gas Pressure 
 Regulator — Fuel Gas Burner — Gas Furnace — Gas-Heated Incubator — Acety- 
 lene Gas Generator — Automatic Gasoline and Mantle Lamp — Acetylene Gen- 
 erator and Gas Holder — Acetylene Burner — Bayonet Joint — Gun Lock — Colt 
 Cylinder Revolving Device for Firearms — Magazine Rifle, *' Lee-Metford " 
 Model — "Martini-Henry" Rifle — Chassepot Gun— Remington Rifle — "Rem- 
 ington " Magazine Gun — " Hotchkiss " Magazine Gun — " Lebel " Rifle — 
 "Mauser "Rifle — "Winchester" Magazine Rifle — Disappearing Gun, " Mon- 
 crief Model " 369 to 396 
 
 ADDITIONS TO 
 THE TENTH EDITION. 
 
 Section I. — Lever Safety Trip — Lever Sector — Lever and Ratchet — Lever 
 Movement — Lever Action — Straight-line Linkage — Lever and its Office — 
 Inclined Plane. 
 
 Section II. — Parallel Plyers — Transmission Circular Motion — Reversing 
 Lever — Transmission, Reciprocating — Link Transmission — Gyrating Lever 
 Transmission — Transmission by Bell Crank — Gam.brel Joint Linkage — 
 —Two Revolutions for One Stroke — Equalizing Thrust — Speed Changing 
 Pulley — Helping Crank over Center — Reverse Motion Drive — Intermit- 
 tent Transmission — Registering Dynam.ometer. 
 
 Section III. — St. John's Steam. Meter — Belt Shipper — Three Horse Whif- 
 fletrees — Anemometer. 
 
 Section IV. — Crude Petroleum Burners — Petroleum Furnace — Automo- 
 bile Boiler — Feeding Pulverized Fuel — Roney Stoker — Sterling Boiler — 
 Worthington Boiler — Compound Locomotive Cylinders. 
 
 Section V. — Pulsometer Steam Pump — Edwards Air Pump — Steam Soot 
 Sucker — Air Cooling Tower — Flexible Metallic Hose and Tubing. 
 
 Section VI. — Stake Puller — Stalk Puller — Valve Gear — Gasoline Atom- 
 izers — Ignition Plug — Jump Spark Coil — Caloric Engine — Four Cylinder 
 ;Motor. 
 
14 CONTENTS. 
 
 Section VII. — Hydraulic Sprinkler Head — Milk Cooler — Hydraulic Irri- 
 gation Engine — Four Stage Centrifugal Pump — Current Aleter. 
 
 Section VIII. — Wind Instruments — Ventilator — Wind Gauge — Compound 
 Pohle Air Lift — Prairie Wind Mill — Gas Crucible Furnace — Oil Burn- 
 ing Melting Furnace — Mechanical Flyer. 
 
 Section IX. — Non-Arcing Lightning Arrester — Ampere Meter — Re- 
 cording Watt-hour Meter — Electric Escapement — Pneumatic Emergency 
 Brake — Solenoid Electric Fan — Alternating Current Transformer — 
 Electro Magnetic Ratchet Driver. 
 
 Section X. — Air Ship — Railroad Gates — Railway Pneumatic Signal — 
 Self-Registering Tide Gauge — Novel Steering Gear — Ship's Steering 
 Gear — Street Cleaning Machine — Spring Wheel — Automobile Horn. 
 
 Section XL — Link Chain Hoist — Bicycle Signal Bell — Multiple Speed 
 Gear — Changeable Motion Gear — Pneumatic Grain Elevator — Flying 
 Machine. 
 
 Section XII. — Hydro-Extractor — Reversible Pulley — Four Speed Change 
 Gear — Heddle Cam — Ferris Wheel — Wave Motions — Sewing Machine 
 Hook — Positive Shuttle Motion — A Curious Padlock. 
 
 Section XIII. — Equated Sun Dial — Universal Sun Dial — Electric Balance 
 Wheel Clock — Compensating Pendulum — Electro-Magnetic Clock Pendu- 
 lum — Electric Time Clock — Electric Winding Device. 
 
 Section XIV. — Disintegrator — Ore Crusher — Hand Power Rock Drill — 
 Free Running Axle — Garbage Furnace — Automatic Ore Dump — Air 
 Blast for Moving Coal — Rope Drive for Mine Haulage. 
 
 Section XV. — Traveling Derrick — Modern Cotton Gin — Spool Winding 
 Machine — Conical Roller Thrust Bearing — Steam Vulcanizers — Right 
 Angle Shaft Transmission — Take-up and Let-off Motion for Looms. 
 
 Section XVI. — Expansion or Anchor Bolts — Rolling Lift Bridge — Con- 
 crete Bridge — Melan Bridge — Steel Arched Concrete Bridge — Hydraulic 
 Pile Driver — Log Sawing Machine. 
 
 Section XVII. — Ellipsograph Turntable — Ellipsographs — Omni-Telemeter 
 Odontograph, Section Liner — Dotting Instrument — Eidograph — Tracing 
 Bar— Reflecting Drawing Board — Self-Registering Barometer — Spiro- 
 graph. 
 
 Section XVIII. — Railway Water Lift. 
 
Section I. 
 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 Forces and the Measure of their Work. 
 
 Force may be said to be the cause of motion and power in 
 mechanics. Its condition may be static or dynamic ; in the latter 
 condition it becomes the means for the practical application of motion 
 m the various forms of mechanical devices. Its statical condition is 
 illustrated in the strains sustained in the material of construction and 
 suspension. 
 
 The first and simple form of static force may be illustrated in 
 the column, in the various positions in which it may be used for 
 resistance of any kind ; although in machinery, it may in 
 itself become a moving body under stress. Static force 
 may be represented by a column supporting weight ; a 
 beam under compressive strain ; a body of water retained 
 in a mill dam, steam pressure in a boiler, compressed air 
 or liquefied gases, and a suspended weight; 
 a coiled spring or anythnig that is under pres- ^ 
 sure without motion. The principal expressions for static 
 force are compression, tension, and torsion, or their com- 
 binations. The resolution of forces is the geometrical rela- 
 tion and value of two or more forces acting upon a single 
 point from different directions, or of a single force acting 
 against several points of resistance. 
 
 The. terms of resolution may be directional, static, or dynamic. 
 
 3. THE RESOLUTION OF SUS- 
 PENSION — in which W represents a 
 force or the weight of gravitation, and 
 P, P' the resisting power or equivalent 
 weights. Solution : 
 
 P and P'i=: half the weight 
 
 Sine of angle of depression a or d 
 when the angles are equal. 
 
38 
 
 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 4. For unequal angles the forces 
 vary as the sines of the angles from the 
 vertical, respectively. 
 
 Solution : P = W X sine j 
 
 Sine (j+z') 
 
 P' = W X sine v 
 
 Sine (7+7^) 
 
 5. In a combination of forces 
 the resolution involves the sines of 
 the varying angles. 
 
 P = ze; X sine^ P'= W X sinez/' 
 Sine(j/4-z^)' Sine(2^-|-e/) 
 
 6. The forces in the direction of P and 
 P' in which the weight of a beam inclined 
 and resting upon a point at P' = W, at the 
 centre of gravity. 
 
 P' = WX a P = WX^ 
 
 ~T~ b 
 
 The longitudinal thrust of struts or braces is the same as for 
 tensional strains inversely, only that the weight of timbers or heavy 
 materials should be considered separately, as shown further on. 
 
 7. Where the members are of 
 the same length and at equal angles. 
 
 P and P'= half the weigh 
 
 Sine of the angle a or b. 
 
 8. For unequal angles. 
 Solution : P = W X sine y 
 
 Sine {^y-^-TJ) 
 
 P' = W X sine v 
 Sine (^y-\-v) 
 
THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 19 
 
 9. With truss beams carrying un- 
 equal weights the formulae for end 
 thrust are for equal angles. 
 
 P = ze/ X sine J 
 Sine (y-\-'v) 
 
 P' = W X sine^ 
 Sine {y-\-v) 
 
 \ For unequal angles, the formula is 
 ^ the same as in No. 8. 
 
 10. LEVER PARADOX. 
 Two levers or scale beams, one 
 above the other, 
 accurately b a 1- 
 anced and pivo- 
 ted at their ends 
 to two T arms as 
 
 shown in the cut, may have equal weights hung at various distances 
 on the arms, and they will be balanced on the centre line and at any 
 angle above or below the centre line. A nut for amateurs to crack. 
 
 THE LEVER AND ITS POWER. 
 The weight of lever is not considered. 
 
 1 1 . First order. 
 
 
 ^W PX_a^^^ Wx^^p 
 
 P' i? 
 12. Second order. 
 
 T~~ b ' b 
 
 Wxb 
 
 =w, 
 
 (b+a) 
 
 = P 
 
 i* — n — *i 
 
 13. Third order. 
 
 b + a _- P^ Px_^ 
 I, - W ' a -\-li^' 
 
 W X (bT^)_jy 
 
 W 
 
20 
 
 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 1 4. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, first 
 order. Same notation as No. 11. 
 
 '^ 15. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, 
 second order. Same Notation as No. 12. 
 
 16. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, 
 third order. 
 
 Wx 
 
 0+( 
 
 a X cosine of angle 
 
 ) 
 
 = P 
 
 te- — 5 — 4j (:i ^P 17. Compound Lever, first order. 
 
 q^l— - — A ( i aXa' W PX^X^' 
 
 dX ^' ~ P 
 
 "W X ^X l>' 
 ax a' 
 
 bxb' 
 
 = W, 
 
 ^V 
 
 18. Compound Lever, first and second orders. 
 
 a a'xb' _ W 
 
 = w 
 
 P X ^ X (^'+ ^') 
 bxb' 
 
 a X {a' + b' ) 
 
 The differential weight of lever arms must be adjusted to the 
 proper factor for accurate computation. 
 
THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 21 
 
 19. Revolving Lever, first order. 
 W = P X ^ 
 
 P = W X ^ 
 
 a 
 
 p 20. Revolving Lever, second order. 
 W= P X {a-{-b) 
 
 P ^ W X ^ 
 a-^b 
 
 21. Revolving Lever, third order. 
 W:rr PX b 
 
 P = W X (« + ^) 
 
 THE INCLINED PLANE. 
 
 22. Weight sliding on inclined surface 
 (W X sine of angle) -|- friction = P. 
 
 P 
 
 — -. friction =W. 
 
 Sine of angle 
 
 , vertical 
 
 Sine of angle = - — t-. r 
 
 inclined 
 
 distance. 
 
 23. Rolling weight by horizontal push. 
 ^~ b ' h 
 
22 
 
 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 W 
 Strain 
 
 24. THE WEDGK. 
 
 Strain = force of blow X / 
 
 w 
 
 I, length of wedge. 
 w, width of wedge. 
 
 25. THE SCREW. All measures in equal 
 units or inches. 
 
 W = PX (2 X ?"X 3.T416) 
 Pitch of screw 
 
 p = W X pitch of screw 
 2 X r X 3.1416 
 
 h- 
 
 hk>- 
 
 26. WORM GEAR or ENDLESS SCREW. 
 
 P = power. 
 r = length of crank. 
 R = radius of pitch line of gear. 
 p = pitch of screw. 
 r = radius of winding drum. 
 
 W = P X rX 6.28 X R 
 p xr' 
 
 T = W XpXr ^ 
 6.28 X rX r' 
 
 W 
 
 — if screw is double-thread. 
 2 
 
 27. CHINESE WHEEL, or differen- 
 tial axle, with crank or pulley. 
 
 a = radius large drum. 
 d = radius small drum. 
 
 W — P X r X 2 
 
 a — d 
 
 p = W X (^ — d) 
 rX 2 
 
THE MECHANICAL POWERS, 
 
 23 
 
 TACKLE BLOCKS. 
 
 w 
 
 ' 28. Two single sheaves, a, b^ c are of equal 
 ^ strain. ^ -f <^ = W. Sheave A only transfers 
 \r^ ^ the direction of P. 
 
 29. Simple sheave block. 
 
 P r= W. 
 
 30. Two single sheave blocks — upper one 
 fixed, lower movable. 
 
 P=_W 
 2 
 
 ^jT^^'^^ir'^'^'^^'' 3^* Three single sheave blocks — one block fixed, 
 
 two blocks movable. 
 
 P = W 
 
 — . W = P X 4. 
 
 4- 
 
 y////-/7:'^^^y'{,,A 
 
 32. Three single sheave blocks, consisting of two fixed 
 blocks and one movable block. 
 
 Power : P = W 
 
 W = P X 3. 
 
 33. One fixed sheave block, one movable sheave block. 
 
 P = W 
 
 — . W = PX 3. 
 3 
 
THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 34. One fixed sheave block, two movable fixe<5 
 blocks. 
 
 P= W 
 
 . W = PX7. 
 
 35. One fixed pulley block, three fixed rope ends. 
 
 P = W 
 
 36. Multiple sheave blocks, all single. 
 P = W 
 
 26 
 
 W = P X 26. 
 
 37. Four and three sheave blocks, with end of rope 
 fixed to top block. Four sheave block fixed, three 
 sheave block movable. 
 
 P = W 
 ~6' 
 
 W = P X 6. 
 
 F 38. Roving of a three and two sheave pair of 
 blocks, with a draw block fixed above. 
 
 P = W 
 
 — . W = P X 6. 
 o 
 
THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 25 
 
 39. Roving of a two and three sheave pair oi 
 blocks, with end of rope fixed to lower block. 
 
 P=:W . 
 
 — . W =1 P X 5. 
 5 
 
 40. CHINESE WINDLASS.— The sheave 
 
 and hook rises equal to one-half the difference 
 
 in the circumference of the barrels for each 
 
 i=> turn of the crank. See No. 27 for the power. 
 
 41. CHINESE SHAFT DERRICK.— The 
 
 sheaves suspended from the upper part of the 
 derrick legs allows the bucket to be raised 
 above the mouth of the shaft or pit by the 
 differential windlass. 
 
 42. COMPOUND WEIGHT MOTOR, for 
 a limited fall. The power is only equal to one- 
 half of one of the weights. The time of fall- 
 ing and distance equals three times the time 
 and distance of one weight. 
 
 43. ROPE TWIST LEVER, for 
 .y. a temporary pull, or as a clamping 
 device. 
 
e6 
 
 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 iwvwwwv::^ 
 
 44. SPANISH WINDLASS.— Much used on 
 over- truck frames for suspending the load. 
 
 45. ROPE GRIP HOOK— for taking 
 a temporary bite on a hawser. 
 
 46. GUY ROPE CLIP and Thimble— for 
 wire rope. 
 
 ^fe m^^ 
 
 ^i 
 
 47. ROPE END, with thimble, 
 clip, and yarn seizing. 
 
 48. HEMP ROPE END, 
 
 doubled in the eye, with two 
 clips. The doubling in eye 
 prevents excessive wear. 
 
 48a. LEVER SAFETY TRIP, for a 
 throttle valve. The lever L attached to 
 a lanyard extended along the lines of 
 machinery enables instant stoppage of an 
 engine in case of accident. 
 
 48^. LEVER SAFETY TRIP, for a 
 balanced disk throttle valve. The lever 
 O holds the valve open by catching the 
 shoulder of the spindle P. A pull on 
 the lanyard extending through a factory 
 quickly stops the engine in case of acci- 
 dent. 
 
THE MECHANICAL POWERS, 
 
 27 
 
 48c. A LEVER SECTOR operating 
 the bell and indicator in a cash register. 
 A sector on the lever moves the vertical 
 rack and with it the pinions and striking 
 pawl. 
 
 4Sd. LEVER AND RATCHET 
 mechanism for a cash register. The pawl 
 on a bell crank lever is operated directly 
 from an arm on the finger lever. 
 
 48^. LEVER AND RATCHET 
 mechanism for a cash register. A finger 
 push pin operates the main lever, which 
 makes three movements for the record 
 and indicator. 
 
 48/. LEVER MOVEMENT of a 
 cash register. Through a single move- 
 ment of the finger lever, three different 
 movements are made, including the rais- 
 ing of the index number. 
 
 48^-. LEVER ACTION in a typewrit- 
 ing machine. A main lever with finger 
 stud operates the type lever through a 
 bell crank and links. 
 
 48/z. LEADER ACTION in a typewrit- 
 ing machine. The long lever and finger 
 stud is Hnked to a ratchet lever concen- 
 tric with the type line barrel. One 
 touch of the finger stud for close lines 
 and two touches for open lines. 
 
28 
 
 the; mechanicai. powers. 
 
 lengths, as are the short links, S, L and P, D. 
 
 4Si, STRAIGHT LINE LINK- 
 AGE.— With the joints S and P 
 [^ fixed the joint B will have a ver- 
 trical motion while the link L, M 
 will have a horizontal motion paral- 
 lel with the fixed points S, P. Links 
 P, C, C, M, and B, C, are of equal 
 length. L, B and L, M of equal 
 
 48;. THE LEVER AND ITS 
 OFFICE in the pulley governor. 
 Type of the Shepherd governor, in 
 which centrifugal force and inertia 
 are combined for regulating speed. 
 
 48^. THE LEVER AND ITS 
 OFFICE in the pulley governor. 
 Type of the Fitchburgh Steam En- 
 gine Company. The lever weights 
 W, W are thrown out by centrifugal 
 force and restrained by helical 
 springs. The auxiliary weights 
 I, I are moved tangentially by in- 
 ertia. 
 
 48/. THE INCLINED PLANE 
 in a marine governor. The 
 sprocket wheel A and inclined hub 
 are fast on the shaft. The inertia 
 wheel and its inclined hub are free 
 on the shaft with its hub face 
 pressed against the driving wheel 
 hub by the coiled spring. Irregu- 
 larity in the speed of the engine 
 changes the angular position of the 
 hub planes and so operates the 
 throttle lever. See No. 1591. 
 
Section II. 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 Ropes, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear, Etc. 
 
 49. ALTERNATING CIRCULAR MOTION 
 from the curvilinear motion of a treadle. The 
 ancient lathe motion. 
 
 50. CIRCULAR MOTION from curvilin- 
 ear motion of a treadle through a cord and 
 pulley. 
 
 51. ECCENTRIC CRANK and Treadle.— A 
 belt over the eccentric and a roller in the treadle. 
 The equivalent of a crank. 
 
 52. CAPSTAN, OR VERTICAL WIND- 
 LASS.— The pawi falling in the circular rack 
 at the bottom locks the windlass. The rope 
 should always wind on the bottom and slip 
 upward. 
 
 53. STEERING GEAR.— A hand wheel and 
 drum on a shaft, carrying a rope rove through 
 guide pulleys and attached to the tiller. 
 
 54. JUMPING MOTION given to a weight, 
 or other body, by a pin wheel and bell-crank 
 lever. 
 
30 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER, 
 
 ^ 
 
 7^ 
 
 55. ROPE SPROCKET WHEEL, several modi- 
 ficatrons of which are in use in old-style hoists; 
 
 Z} 
 
 m 
 
 56. F-GROOVED ROPE PULLEY, having 
 corrugated groove faces to increase the adhesion of 
 the rope. 
 
 57. ROPE TRANSMISSION, with a tightening 
 pulley, B. 
 
 58. VIBRATORY MOTION to two shafts, 
 transmitted from the rocking of a lever arm 
 and sector. 
 
 59. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to a shaft at 
 right angles to the driving-shaft. The guide sheaves 
 give direction to the rope over the curve face of the 
 driven pulley, the rope slipping towards the centre 
 of the driven pulley. 
 
 60. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to 
 
 a portable drill or swing saw. 
 
 D, driving sheave. 
 
 A, double loose sheaves in a frame, 
 suspended by weight C attached by rope 
 over sheaves, B, B. C, counter weight. 
 
TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 31 
 
 61. HORIZONTAL ROPE TRANSMISSION, with tension 
 •slide and weight. 
 
 62. ROPE TRANS- 
 MISSION from vertical 
 to horizontal shaft, with 
 tension slide and weight 
 
 63. ROPE TRANS- 
 MISSION to a movable 
 shaft at right angles 
 from the driving-shaft, 
 
 MOVtBLC . 
 
 si^^^with tension slide and 
 weight. 
 
 64. VERTICAL TENSION 
 
 with slides and pulley guide. 
 
 CARRIAGE, 
 
32 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 ^— ^ 
 
 r " n r r 
 
 ■ ' 4« ■ ' 
 
 
 65-66. BELT LACING. —The 
 
 straight lacing 65 should run next 
 the pulley, while 66 represents the 
 outside of the belt. Lace- should 
 be drawn in at a^ a, to centre ; lace 
 each way out and return, ending 
 at e, e, 66, on outside of belt. 
 
 67-68. BELT LACING.— In 
 
 this style the straight side should 
 run next the pulley, drawing in the 
 lace on one side at a, a to its 
 centre, and lace across and back, 
 ending at e, e on the outside of 68. 
 
 69-70. NOVEL BELT LAC- 
 ING, for quarter-turn belts. Draw 
 lacing in to its centre at a, a on 
 inside of belt, crossing on outside 
 of 70, and ending at <?, ^, 70. 
 
 71-72. BELT LACING, for nar. 
 row belts. Draw in the lacing at 
 a^ a to its centre ; lace each way 
 and back to centre, ending on the 
 outside of belt 2X e^e^ 72. 
 
 73-74. BELT LACING, for 
 medium width belts. Commenc- 
 ing at a, a on the inside of belt 
 73, drawing the lacing to its cen- 
 tre ; rove each end once across, 
 ending at the outside of belt 7 4 
 at ^, e. 
 
TRANSMISSION Or PUWEK. 
 
 33 
 
 
 — '' 
 
 ~^- — 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 75-76. BELT LACING, for 
 narrow belt. Commencing at a, a 
 on the inside of belt 75, drawing 
 the lacing to its centre ; rove the 
 ends each way, ending at e, e, 76. 
 
 OA 
 
 77. BELT LACING.— Com- 
 mencing at A and ending at B. 
 Dotted lines on outside. 
 
 78. OVER-AND-OVER LAC 
 ING.^ — Commencing at A and 
 ending at B. Diagonal on outside. 
 
 79. INTERLOCKING BELT 
 LACING, from A to B, once 
 across. A good style for small 
 pulleys. 
 
 80. CROSS LACING, for a 
 light belt. 
 
 81. OVER-AND-OVER LAC- 
 ING, from A to B, diagonal out- 
 side. 
 
 82. SECTIONAL BELT LAC- 
 ING. — Each section disconnected, 
 as shown, using four lacings. 
 
 2,7^. QUARTER TWIST BELT.— The arrows show 
 the direction the belt should run. 
 
54 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 84. FULL TWIST BELT, or cross belt 
 
 85. FULL TWIST OR CROSS BELT, 
 for reverse motion on driven shaft. 
 
 86. BELTING TO A SHAFT AT ANY ANGLE.— 
 
 The two idler pulleys must be placed on a shaft at right 
 angles to the driving and driven shafts, with their 
 peripheries at the central line from centres from the 
 driving and driven pulleys. 
 
 4] 
 
 87. QUARTER TWIST RETURN BELT.— A method 
 used for belting pulleys on shafts too close for a direct 
 belt. 
 
 88. CHANGE SPEED STEP PULLEYS.— 
 
 Speeds are as the relative diameters of the driv- 
 ing and driven pulleys. 
 
 89. CONE PULLEYS.— The cone pulleys 
 allow of minute and continual change of speed 
 by traversing the belt. 
 
 90. CURVED CONE PULLEYS, for variably ii> 
 creasing or decreasing speed by traversing the belt. 
 
TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 35 
 
 91. SHIFTING DEVICE FOR CONE 
 PULLEYS. — Made efficient by a division of 
 the proper belt width into a number of nar- 
 row belts, kept in place by webs on the belt 
 tighteners, which are moved forward and back- 
 ward by a carrier nut and screw shaft. This 
 arrangement gives more power for a given width 
 than with a single belt, and with less wear. It 
 equalizes the stress on the belts by the set-up 
 of the guide pulleys as tighteners. 
 
 Patent of P. D. Harton, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 92. BELT TRANSMISSION, for short belt and 
 close connection. The belt is wrapped close to and 
 pressed against the driven pulley by a tightening 
 pulley. For electric motor power or the driving of 
 generators. 
 
 93. BELT TRANSMISSION OF 
 POWER, at close range. A combination 
 of friction gear increased by belt contact 
 of the driving or driven pulley with a light 
 intermediate pulley gives an additional 
 
 belt pressure, with small belt strain on the slack side. It eliminates 
 
 vibration of belt. 
 
 94. VARIABLE TRANS- 
 MISSION OF MOTION, 
 from an eccentric conical 
 pulley to a friction pulley. 
 The riding pulley C traverses 
 the cone, which moves forward or backward by the rotation of the 
 screw in the nut stud E, producing a progressive variable motion 
 in the pulley C, increasing or decreasing as the cone rotates forward 
 or backward. 
 
36 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 95. STOP, DRIVING, AND REVERSING 
 ^~^ MOTION with a single belt, which may be oper- 
 ated either way : from the drum on a driving shaft, 
 or from the bevel gear on shaft C. The middle 
 pulley being loose on shaft a, the right-hand 
 g pulley tight on shaft a, left-hand pulley tight on 
 the hollow shaft B, b. The operation of a single 
 shipper changes the motions or stops. 
 
 96. TWO SPEED PULLEYS AND BELTS. 
 
 — Two pair of tight and loose pulleys on lower 
 shaft, unequal broad tight pulleys on upper shaft. 
 By crossing the belt from one of the pair a quick 
 return speed may be obtained. Much used on 
 ^ tapping-machines and planers. 
 
 97. PULLEYS, COMBINED WITH A DIF- 
 FERENTIAL GEAR for two speeds, and stop-belt 
 shown on loose pulley. Middle pulley on lower 
 shaft is fast to shaft, and has a bevel gear fast to its 
 hub. Pulley on the right is loose on shaft and car- 
 ries, transversely, another bevel gear. A third bevel 
 gear runs loose upon the shaft and is held by a friction 
 band. On moving the belt to the middle pulley an ordinary motion 
 is obtained ; to the right-hand pulley a double speed is obtained. 
 
 98. TRANSMISSION OF TWO SPEEDS 
 from a driving shaft, one a variable speed. The 
 same arrangement as No. 97, with the addition of 
 a driving pulley of different size, and a driven 
 pulley attached to the friction gear on the lower 
 shaft. The right-hand belt shifts to the next 
 pulley and may be straight or cross, making a 
 variety of motions to the lower shaft. 
 
TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 37 
 
 99. TWO SPEED GEAR from belt pulleys and 
 one hollow shaft. A solid shaft with loose pulley (a) 
 and fast pulley (b), fast pulley (c) on hollow shaft 
 carrying large driving gear at the right. 
 
 100. VARIABLE 
 GEARING. 
 
 SPEED OR CONE 
 
 -w^^ 
 
 a, tight pulley on outside hollow shaft. 
 
 b, tight pulley on inside hollow shaft. 
 <:, tight pulley on inner or solid shaft. 
 d, loose pulley on solid shaft. 
 
 a' b' c\ differential spur gears for three speeds. 
 
 loi. TRANSMISSION OF POWER from 
 a horizontal shaft to two vertical spindles. A 
 single belt, with two idlers, for tightening and 
 directing the half twist of the belt. 
 
 102. FRICTIONAL RECTILINEAR 
 MOTION, from the angular position of a 
 sheave or pulley rolling on a revolving barrel 
 or long cylinder. A, forward motion; B, stop. 
 The principle of the " Judson " railway pro- 
 pulsion. Efficiency was increased by the use of a small truck with 
 several roller pulleys. 
 
 103. VARIABLE ROTARY MOTION from 
 a friction pulley traversing a concave conical 
 drum. The speed ratio of the traversing pulley 
 is a variable one. 
 
 104. VARIABLE MOTION to a right-angled 
 shaft, by curved cone friction pulleys with inter- 
 mediate swinging pulley. A sewing-machine or 
 other light power movement. 
 
38 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 105. FRICTION GEAR, traversing 
 motion. A, the driver. B and C are fast 
 on the clutch sleeve which is free to slide 
 on a feather on the driven shaft. The lever 
 brings B or C in contact with the driving 
 cone A for reversing. 
 
 106. FRICTION GEAR.— Variable 
 speed from a pair of cone pulleys, one of 
 which is the driver. A double-faced friction 
 pinion is moved on the line A, B in contact 
 with both cones. 
 
 A 
 
 
 t 
 
 to 
 
 107. FRICTION GEAR.— A pair of friction 
 discs A, B on parallel shafts out of line, with a 
 traverse friction pinion on a transverse spindle 
 c, d will give a great range of speed velocities. 
 
 108. FRICTION GEAR.— Variable speed from a 
 rocking shaft and convex discs. " Wright's '* driving 
 device for sewing-machines. A is the driving shaft 
 with convex disc. B is a band shaft that swivels by 
 the foot pedal and kept taut or released at its different 
 positions. 
 
 109. TRANSMISSION OF VARIABLE 
 SPEED, for sewing-machines. A, driving con- 
 cave cone. B, swivelling yoke carrying a friction 
 pulley, with a band running a pair of pulleys 
 at the swivel, one of which drives the sewing 
 machine. 
 
TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 39 
 
 ^ 
 
 no. FRICTION GEAR, with variable speed by 
 traversing a pulley to or from the centre of the face 
 of a disc wheel. Leather or rubber facing for wheel 
 and pulley makes best working condition. 
 
 III. VARIABLE SPEED GEAR 
 
 forse wing-machines, " Wright's" model. 
 The upper shaft is the driver, the lower 
 shaft carrying the band pulley, swivels 
 by the foot for variable speed. 
 
 112. TRANSMISSION OF ROTARY 
 MOTION to an oblique shaft by rolling con- 
 tact of drums with concave faces. 
 
 113 
 ^^^ lett's Patent." 
 
 washers. 
 
 COMBINATION FRICTION GEAR," How- 
 A rubber disc clamped between metal 
 
 114. GROOVED FRICTION GEARING— The 
 
 loss of power by friction increases with the size and 
 depth of the grooves. Friction increases inversely as the 
 angles of the grooves. 
 
 115. VARIABLE MOTION to a shaft in line 
 by curved-faced discs, with a swinging pulley 
 pivoted central to the curves on the face of the 
 
 § discs. 
 
40 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 ii6. TRANSMISSION OF CIRCULAR MOTION 
 by right-angled cranks on each shaft. The pair of crank 
 connections carry the right-angled cranks over the centre. 
 The principle of the locomotive wheel connections. 
 
 117. THREE CRANK LINK connec- 
 tion for transmission of motion to a crank 
 by direct link to avoid a dead centre. A, 
 driven crank ; B, driving crank ; D, a relief 
 crank with triangular link connections with 
 cranks A and B. 
 
 A C ■ 
 
 118. SPROCKET WHEEL AND CHAIN.-- 
 
 Pitch radius is at the centre of the rivets, with a 
 slight clearance for easy running. 
 
 119. LINK BELT AND PULLEY.— A variety 
 
 of hook link forms are in use for link belt trans- 
 mission. 
 
 120. TOOTHED LINK CHAIN AND 
 PULLEY, alternating double and single links. 
 
 121. STEP GEAR. — A spur gear in which the 
 I face is divided into two or more sections, with the 
 teeth of each section set forward a half or third of 
 the pitch, according to the number of sections. 
 
TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 41 
 
 122. V-TOOTHED GEARING.— The obli- 
 quity of the teeth from the centre of the face 
 neutrahzes the longitudinal thrust of plain oblique 
 teeth, as shown in the next pair. 
 
 123. OBLIQUE TOOTH GEAR.— A smooth 
 running gear, with slight longitudinal thrust due 
 to the inclined tooth surfaces. 
 
 124. V-TOOTHED GEAR.— The teeth of which 
 are usually inclined from the centre lines of the face 
 equal to the amount of the pitch at the outer ends» 
 
 125. SPLIT SPUR GEAR, showing method 
 of bolting on to the shaft of a trolley car. 
 
 126. STAR WHEEL GEAR, for wringing- 
 machines, mangles, etc. Allows a variable mesh to 
 the teeth. 
 
 127. ELASTIC SPUR GEAR, to prevent 
 back lash. The gear runs loose on the shaft ; 
 the ratchet-wheel is fast on the shaft. Com- 
 pression springs are inserted between the 
 shoulders of the gear and cam ratchet wheel. 
 
42 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 128. INTERNAL SPUR GEAR and Pinion- 
 In this style of gearing more tooth surface is in con- 
 tact than with outside teeth ; it has less wear and great 
 power. Much used in hoisting machines. 
 
 129. BEVEL GEARS, when of equal diameter. 
 MITER GEARS, when of unequal diameter. 
 
 ffinnQmn 
 
 130. CROWN WHEEL geared with a spur 
 wheel. Used for light work. A very old device. 
 
 ^3 
 
 131. SPIRAL GEARING.— The velocity ratio 
 of spiral gears cannot be determined by direct com- 
 parison of pitch diameters, as in spur gearing, but 
 must be found from the angles of the spiral in each 
 gear. Thus if the spiral angles of two gears are the 
 same the velocity ratio will be inversely as the pitch 
 diameters ; but if the spiral angles are not equal, the 
 number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter will vary. 
 In any case the velocity ratio will depend upon the 
 number of teeth and their spiral angle, as expressed in the following 
 proportion : v, the velocity of the small gear is to V, the velocity ot 
 the large gear, as D, the pitch diameter of the larger, X by the cosine 
 of its spiral angle, is to d^ the pitch diameter of the smaller, X by the 
 cosine of its spiral angle. 
 
TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 43 
 
 132. OBLIQUE SPUR AND BEVEL GEAR. 
 — An oblique tooth spur gear and an oblique 
 bevel gear, operating shafts running at an angular 
 position. 
 
 133. OBLIQUE BEVEL GEAR on shafts at 
 right angles and crossing out of axical plane. 
 
 134. GEAR TRAIN— Solution 
 for increased speed : Divide the 
 multiple of the number of teeth in 
 the driving gears by the multiple of 
 ^ the number of teeth in the driven 
 pinions, or the multiple of each pair separately may be multiplied by 
 the multiple of the next pair. For decreasing speed, divide the ratios. 
 
 135. WORM GEAR. — With single thread the revo- 
 lutions cf the screw equal the number of teeth in the 
 jj spur wheel for its revolution. 
 
 136. SKEW WORM AND WHEEL GEAR.— 
 The angle of the teeth on this spur wheel must be 
 equal to the angle of the screw shaft, less the angle 
 of the screw at the pitch lines of both. 
 
 137. UNIFORM INTERMITTENT MO- 
 ;^i, TION in opposite directions. The blank sector 
 in the bevel wheel driver C interrupts the motion 
 of A and B alternately. 
 
 138. VARIABLE SPEED BEVEL 
 GEAR. — A bicycle novelty. One revolution 
 of A gives two revolutions of B. A is an 
 elliptic bevel gear central on the shaft. B 
 is an elliptic bevel gear of one-half the num- 
 ber of teeth of A and revolves on one of its 
 elliptic centres. The cranks are set oppo- 
 site to the short diameter of the driving 
 gear A, giving greater power to the tread 
 and quicker motion at the neutral points of 
 the crank. 
 
44 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
 
 138a. PARALLEL MOTION of 
 pliers. The jaws are double pivoted at 
 equal distances from the center pivot of 
 the handles. 
 
 138^. TRANSMISSION OF CIR- 
 CULAR MOTION by link and sHding- 
 block. Block is fast on link at half dis- 
 tance for equal crank lengths. 
 
 138c. REVERSING LEVER with 
 rack sector and worm gear. The worm 
 wheel is lifted from the sector for large 
 movements by the small latch lift and 
 snaps back while a small movement is 
 m>ade by the handle at the top of the 
 lever. 
 
 1386?. TRANSMISSION of recipro- 
 cating motion into rotary motion by diag- 
 onal crank pins and yoke connecting rod. 
 A sliding swivel on the cross head accom- 
 modates the swing of the yoke connecting 
 rod. 
 
 138^. LINK TRANSMISSION of 
 shaft motion, or conic link work. The 
 principle consists in making all lines 
 of motion meet at a common center O. 
 Cranks of equal length and also dis- 
 tances of rotating bearings of equal 
 lengths and equal distances from O. 
 Fixed shaft bearings also at equ^l dis- 
 tances from O. 
 
 138/. GYRATING LEVER TRANS- 
 MISSION. — The lever swinging on its 
 socket at its center and journaled at the 
 edge of the disks will transmit power 
 from one shaft to another in the same 
 
 ime. 
 
TRAXSMISSIOX OF POWER. 
 
 45 
 
 1380. TRANSMISSION BY BELL 
 CRANK. — A bell crank lever socketed 
 at the intersecting line of two shafts at 
 right angles and journaled on the edge 
 of the disks, transmits power in the same 
 direction to shafts at right angles. It has 
 two dead centers. 
 
 138/1. GAMBREL JOINT LINK- 
 AGE for transmission at right angles, 
 in which the dead centers of the bell 
 crank linkage are avoided. The twisting 
 motion at the dead center will be taken 
 by the center bearing yoke. 
 
 138/. TWO REVOLUTIONS FOR 
 ONE STROKE.— The toggle links pass- 
 ing their center line to the position shown 
 by the dotted lines makes a second revo- 
 lution of the wheel. 
 
 138/. EQUALIZING THRUST by 
 cross links, not a true parallel motion. 
 Pump rod is strained by the cross con- 
 nection. 
 
 iSSk, SPEED CHANGING PUL- 
 LEY. — The principle of action as shown 
 in Fig. 115. The frame of the transfer 
 pulleys is fixed and the change of angle 
 made by the two sector gears and handle 
 is shown in the second cut. All parts 
 run on ball bearings. 
 
46 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF" POWER. 
 
 
 gether, 
 driven 
 
 138/. HELPING THE 
 CRriNK over the center. One 
 of the curious devices of inven- 
 tors. The compression of air in 
 one of the cyUnders during the 
 engine stroke is made the power 
 to push the crank over the center. 
 The cy Under frame is pivoted to 
 the cross head at A and to the 
 connecting rod at C. B is a sHd- 
 ing block pivoted to the engine 
 frame. 
 
 138m. REVERSE 
 MOTION 
 DRIVE.~A being 
 the driving pulley, 
 B a driven pulley, 
 will have a reverse 
 motion by the belt 
 running on the 
 near side guided 
 by the two idler 
 pulleys. 
 138W. INTERMIT- 
 TENT TRANSMISSION 
 J power by spur gear. A is the 
 driver. When B and C are to- 
 gear F is locked. When pin roll D engages with E the 
 gear F will revolve 14 turn, more or less, as designed. 
 
 1380. A CONTINU- 
 OUS REGISTERING 
 D Y N A M O M E T E R. 
 
 — Two flanged hubs on a 
 shaft with a loose pulley 
 
 power 
 
 between to receive or give 
 power. The springs abut on 
 the shaft flange and dis- 
 place the loose pulley. An 
 eccentric displaced by the 
 pull acts upon a recording dial by a lever. 
 
Section III. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 Speed, Pressure, WEiGiix, Number, Quantities, and Appliances. 
 
 
 mc ^ 139- PRONY BRAKE, for the measurement 
 
 cf power. A is power shaft and pulley, enclosed 
 in friction blocks and strap; D. the lever; C',C, 
 stops to control excessive movement of the lever ; 
 B, weights to balance the friction of the pulley, 
 which should be tightened by the strap nuts until its full power at the 
 required speed is balanced by the weight put upon the scale platform. 
 
 THE PRONY BRAKE. 
 
 Rule. — Diameter of piilley in feet" X 3-i4i6 X revomtions per minute = 
 speed of periphery of pulley per minute. The lever is of the third order. Its 
 length from centre of shaft to the eye holding the weight, divided by the radius 
 of the pulley, all in feet, or decimals of a foot = the leverage. Then the pounds 
 weight X by the leverage and by the speed = the foot-pounds, which divided by 
 33,000 = the horse-power. Weight of lever at E when loose on the pulley should 
 be deducted from the weights put o^ olatform. 
 
 140. "WEBBER" DYNAMOMETER. 
 
 — A lever with cross arm on which two 
 bevel gears are pinioned at right angles with 
 the bevel gear of the driving-shaft. The 
 pinions on the lever transmit the power 
 which is weighed by the resistance of the 
 lever at the spring balance. 
 
 The H. P. indicated is : 
 
 B X 6.2832 X R X W „ ^ 
 =^ rl. X . 
 
 33,000 
 
 B = radius of the lever in feet. R = revolutions per minute. 
 
 W = weight on the scale. 
 
48 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 141. MEASUREMENT OF POWER.— 
 The Rope Brake. Several ropes over a pulley 
 gathered in a knot, to which is hung a specific 
 weight less than the range of the spring scale 
 attached to the other end. The pounds of 
 relief from the stated weight by the motion of 
 the pulley, multiplied by the velocity of the periphery of the pulley 
 in feet per minute, gives the foot-pounds power per minute. 
 
 142. ''TATHAM'S" 
 DYNAMOMETER, for a 
 vertical belt. A balance 
 frame lever, pulleys, and 
 dash-pot. 
 
 The work of the belt is : 
 
 Wx^X s 
 A 
 
 33,000 
 
 = H.P. 
 
 W — weight on scale. 
 B = length of lever. 
 
 A = fulcrum to pulleys which should be equal. 
 S = speed of belt in feet per minute. 
 
 143. BELL-CRANK DY- 
 NAMOMETER. - Applied to 
 the power side of a high-speed 
 belt for driving electric gen. 
 erators. The angles of the 
 belt over the bell-crank pulley 
 should be equal, y = x. Then after deducting the weight to balance 
 the pulley and belt when not running from the weight when running, 
 the formula will be: 
 
 B 
 
 W X 
 
 A > X speed of belt in feet per 
 
 2 cosme X 
 
 minute = foot-pounds, which divided by 33,000 = H. P. B, long arm ; 
 A, short arm of lever. 
 
MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 49 
 
 144. " NEER'S " ROTARY 
 TRANSMITTING DYNAMO- 
 METER.— A shaft is disconnectec! 
 at a coupling and the discs A and 
 B are clamped one to each shaft. 
 Chains are attached to the disc 
 A and roll around pulleys on the 
 disc B, and are attached to the 
 spider C. The chain tension is 
 
 resisted by the helical springs and is recorded on the dial E. The 
 
 dial F indicates revolutions. 
 
 145. "VAN WINKLE'S" POWER METER. 
 — A set of helical springs attached to two discs, 
 one of which is made fast to the pulley, unkeyed 
 and loose on the shaft ; the other disc and hub 
 ? are clamped to the shaft. A set of levers on a rock 
 haft transmits the strain on the springs to an in- 
 dex and dial indicating the horse-power per 100 
 revolutions of the shaft. 
 
 146. TRACTION RECORD- 
 ING DYNAMOMETER.— The 
 
 draft-pull compresses 
 J I ' " the elliptic -shaped 
 springs, moving the 
 index hand D, which 
 carries a pencil at its opposite end K. A paper ribbon is drawn 
 under the pencil and wound on a drum, driven by clockwork, mak- 
 ing a continual record,, to be measured by a suitable scale for the 
 average work. 
 
 147. FRICTION MACHINE, for testing 
 ^ the friction of wheels at various speeds and 
 loads. The adjustable circular balance holds 
 the wheels or vehicle in place. The pounds 
 - tension on the scale multiplied by the periph- 
 eral velocity in feet per minute gives the foot- 
 pound draft or friction. 
 
so 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 148. TORSION DYNAMOME 
 TER. — To a driving shaft E is attached 
 at C a helical spring. To the other 
 end of the spring is attached a trans- 
 mission pulley A and a small pulley 
 Qi , moving freely on the shaft E. At 
 Q2 another small pulley is fixed to shaft E. The tension of trans- 
 mission displaces the relative position of the small pulleys and through 
 an endless belt draws the loops F and G farther apart, which by pul- 
 leys and index not shown indicates the power transmitted. 
 
 149. TENSILE TEST- 
 ING MACHINE. 
 — A hydrostatic ram 
 and system of com- 
 pound levers, used in 
 
 J testing the tensile 
 strength of metals. S, article to be tested ; w^ stops to control vibra- 
 
 tion of levers ; W, weight. 
 
 150. BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE— 
 A flattened spring metal tube is bent to 
 a circular form. One end is fixed to the 
 inlet stud ; the other end is connected to 
 a lever sector by a link. The sector is 
 meshed with a small pinion on the arbor 
 carrying the index hand. A hair spring 
 attached to the arbor keeps all the piv- 
 oted joints drawn in one direction for 
 accuracy of pressure indication. 
 
 151. CORRUGATED TUBE-PRESSURE GAUGE.— 
 The pressure within the tube expands it on the cor- 
 rugated side and through the link connections with 
 the index hand moves the hand. 
 
MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 51 
 
 152. RECORDING PRESSURE 
 GAUGE, " Edson" model. 
 
 D, corrugated diaphragm bearing the 
 pressure ; G, connecting rod from dia- 
 phragm to crank-pin, on the shaft on which 
 the index hand is fixed, as also the arm 
 and pencil bar, H^, H^, in front of the 
 record sheet ; K, K, winding barrels for 
 the record sheet driven by a clock move- 
 ment ; M, index dial. 
 
 153. PARALLEL 
 THE INDICATOR. 
 
 MOTION OF 
 
 Proportions: c\ d:: d: <^- nearly. 
 
 154. PARALLEL MOTION FOR AN INDI- 
 CATOR. — The curved slot is made proportional 
 to the length of the two arms of the pencil lever. 
 
 155. "AMSLER"PLAN- 
 IMETER.— E is the fixed 
 point; F the tracer. The 
 disc has a sharp edge and 
 a cylindrical section divided 
 and read from a vernier scale. 
 *A worm screw and index 
 wheel indicate the number of revolutions of the rolling disc. 
 
 156. "LIPPINCOTT" PLAN- 
 IMETER. — R is the fixed point; 
 T the tracer ; <: is a smooth round 
 arm on which a scale is laid off 
 from the axis ; D is a disc with a 
 free motion on the scaled arm. 
 
52 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 157. CENTRIFUGAL SPEED INDI- 
 CATOR. — An arm and ball pivoted to a 
 clamp on a revolving vertical shaft shows 
 on a curved index bar the number of revo- 
 lutions per minute, due to the position of 
 the ball and i^ointer, assumed by the cen- 
 trifugal force of revolution. 
 
 158. SPEED INDICATOR.— An 
 
 application of the screw gear. The 
 screw dial counts to 100, right or left. 
 The second dial indicates the number of 
 hundreds. 
 
 159. METER DIAL — how to read it. A 
 revolution of the upper hand is a measure of 
 one cubic foot. Each of the dials represents 
 a multiple of ten. The figures following the 
 motion of the index hands are to be noted, 
 and if reading to the right must be put in in- 
 verse order, and if re.ad to the left must be 
 put in serial order. Thus the dial here rep- 
 resented reads 47,805 cubic feet. 
 
 160. AUTOMATIC TIPPING SCALE, 
 
 for measuring grain or water. 
 
 161. DOUBLE LINK BALANCED SCALE.— 
 The upper link is fixed to the radial index plate. 
 
MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 5j 
 
 ^~1Q)~^ |iii|iii|ni|iii|iii|iii|iii|iii|i|||iii|i|||||||iii|ii 
 
 
 B 
 
 5. 
 
 162. DIFFERENTIAL WEIGHING 
 BEAM.— The link connection 
 to the lower hook allows ,ph.e 
 V-bearings to be brought m^ch 
 nearer together than on a sin- 
 gle bar. 
 
 163. ENGINE COUN- 
 TER. — A series of coun- 
 ter gears as in the fol- 
 lowing figures, may be 
 placed overlapping, as here shown ; each spindle mounted with a 
 number dial and all covered by a perforated plate, showing the top 
 figures of each dial. The spring pawl checks the first wheel in the 
 train, to hold the number in place while the lever pawl takes its back 
 motion. 
 
 164. OPERATION OF A COUNTER. 
 
 , — The wheel B, with its ten pin teeth, is 
 thrown one tooth at each vibration of the 
 arm of the sector rim A. The wheel B also 
 
 ' has a sector rim fixed to and revolving with 
 it that throws the next pin-tooth wheel one 
 tooth at each revolution, and so on. 
 
 165. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
 TION, for counters and meters. The tappet 
 A, revolving with the wheel C, carries the wheel 
 D one pin notch per revolution. The pawl d 
 is released by the notch in the wheel C while 
 the tappet is in contact with the pin. 
 
 166. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
 TION, for counters and meters. B, driving 
 wheel, the rim of which has an entering and 
 exit notch for pins in the driven wheel and 
 locks the wheel C at each revolution of wheel B« 
 
54 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 
 
 167. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
 TION, for counters and meters. A, the driv- 
 ing tooth in the wheel B ; C is stopped by the 
 concave sections that fit the periphery of the 
 wheel B. The tooth A projects beyond the peripheral radius of wheel 
 B, and the notches relieve the inverted curves of wheel C, allowing it 
 to turn one notch at each revolution of wheel B. 
 
 Br> 
 
 168. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, 
 
 for counters and meters. In this form the largest 
 number of revolutions of the single tooth pinion B, 
 for one revolution of wheel A, may be obtained. 
 
 169. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
 TION, for counters and meters. Wheel C 
 and its arm tooth B is the driver. A rim, 
 shown by the dotted circle on wheel C, 
 catches a pin tooth of the counter wheel A 
 
 at each revolution. The opening in the rim allows the pin to enter 
 
 and leave the inside of the rim. 
 
 170. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
 TION, for counters and meters. 
 
 ^, driving pin plate. 
 b^ star wheel counter. 
 <r, pawl. 
 d^ spring latch. 
 
 The latch d is on the back of the pin plate and holds the star 
 teeth, after rotation, by a light spring. ^ is a pawl that locks the 
 teeth ; pawl is lifted by pins in pin wheel. 
 
 171. TIRE MEASURE COUN- 
 TER.: — A wheel running freely in the 
 forks of a handle, is made of a size that 
 will roll exactly two feet to 'a revolution, 
 and graduated in feet and inches. The 
 supplementary index is set to allow for 
 lap in welding the tire. 
 
MEASUREMENT OE POWER. 
 
 55 
 
 171a. THE ST. JOHN'S STEAM 
 METER. — An automatic recording 
 meter of the amount of steam passing 
 through it for all purposes. The Hft- 
 ing of a conical valve by differential 
 pressure operates a marking index 
 through the lever on a small transfer 
 shaft through the projecting arm from 
 the cylinder. See detailed figure. 
 
 171&. DETAILS OF THE ST. 
 JOHN'S STEAM METER.— The 
 lifting of the conical valve by differ- 
 ential pressure allows the required 
 quantity of steam to pass through the 
 annular area, which is the measure un- 
 der the initial pressure. The valve 
 lift is recorded on a strip of paper 
 moved by a clock ; the mean of record 
 curves being the measure for the time. 
 The small chamber at the bottom is 
 the dash pot filled with water and keeps 
 the valve from chattering. 
 
 171C. BELT SHIPPER.— A taper pin 
 with a flange at the large end and attached 
 to a pole. This handy device enables the 
 throwing of a belt off or on with safety. 
 
56 
 
 MEASUREMENT OE POWER. 
 
 J 
 
 lyid. THREE HORSE 
 WHIFFLETREES. — The 
 second pair have their center 
 pins at two-thirds their length 
 from the inner end and the 
 center single tree attached with 
 loose links. « 
 
 171^. ANEMOMETER for 
 measuring air currents. A small 
 windmill but a few inches in di- 
 ameter geared to a series of dials 
 which by known air velocities are 
 graduated in cubic feet of air 
 passed per minute. 
 
 171/. ANEMOMETER for 
 measuring the velocity of the wind. 
 The dial indexes are geared by 
 tenths, as 1, 10, 100, 1,000 miles, 
 which by differentiating the time 
 gives the velocity of the wind in 
 miles per hour. The ratio of the 
 wind velocity to the center of the 
 cup velocity is usually about 3 to i. 
 
Section IV. 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel 
 
 Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices. Rotary 
 
 Engines, Oscillating Engines. 
 
 172. "STEVENS" BOILER.— 
 An early type of tubular boilers 
 (1806), The principle is still in use- 
 
 and setting. 
 
 equals boiler horse-power 
 
 173. PLAIN CYLIN» 
 DRICAL 
 BOILERS, 
 
 showing 
 
 ^ suspension 
 
 One-half the surface of the shells, divided by 10, 
 
 ff 
 
 TT 
 
 rr 
 
 re 
 
 31 
 
 174. HANG- 
 INGWATER 
 DRUM CY- 
 LINDRICAL 
 BOILER.— 
 
 The drum, hanging from the main boiler by necks, gives a large in- 
 crease of heating surface. One-half of shell and all of drum surface. 
 divided by 12, equals boiler horse-power. 
 
 K 
 
 175- 
 
 CYLINDRICAL DOUBLE FLUE 
 
 BOILER, Lan- 
 
 I cashire type. 
 
 One -half the 
 
 Mshell and all 
 
 the flue surface, divided by n, equals boiler horse-power. 
 
58 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 ^^S" 
 
 176. INTERNALLY 
 FIRED FLUE BOILER. 
 
 — The flue and half the 
 shell surface, if exposed 
 to heat, divided by 14, 
 equals horse-power. 
 
 177. HORIZONTAL 
 TUBULAR BOILER, 
 with steam and dry steam 
 pipe, a, Dry steam pipe. 
 One-half the shell and all 
 the tube surface, divided 
 by 14, equals the boiler 
 horse-power. 
 
 178. LOCOMOTIVE BOILER.— 
 All the fire-box surface 
 above the grate and 
 all the tube surface, 
 divided by 14, equals 
 the boiler horse-power. 
 
 
 
 l vssS» 
 
 1 1 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 — T-- 
 
 n 1 U, 
 
 179. MARINE BOILER, with 
 locomotive fire-box, three flues and 
 return tubes. The area of the fire- 
 box, flues, back chamber, and tubes, 
 divided by 12, equals boiler horse- 
 power. 
 
 180. "ECLIPSE" RETURN TUBULAR 
 MARINE BOILER— All the 
 
 fire-box, back chamber, direct 
 and return tube surface, divid- 
 ed by 12, equals boiler horse- 
 power. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 59 
 
 i8i. "GALLOWAY" 
 BOILER.— An in- 
 ternally fired oval 
 flue, with small con- 
 ical tubes set diago- 
 nally across the flue. 
 
 f 
 182. INTERNAL FIRED 
 
 CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR 
 BOILER.— Lower shell slight- 
 ly inclined to facilitate circula- 
 tion. Fire surface of tubes, 
 fire-box, and all of shell ex- 
 ^ posed to heat, divided by 12, 
 equals boiler horse-power. 
 
 183. "DION" VEHICLE BOILER.— A 
 
 central water and steam drum enclosed within 
 an annular drum, and connected by short in- 
 clined tubes. A light and quick-firing boiler 
 for a motor carriage. 
 
 184. "BABCOCK & WILCOX" 
 WATER TUBE BOILER.— Inclined 
 straight tubes expanded in vertical steel 
 headers, connected to a steam drum 
 above. Partitions repass the flame 
 i through the tube spaces. 
 
 185. "HARRISON" BOILER.— A 
 series of cast-iron globes with ground 
 joints, held together by through bolts. 
 
6o 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 i86. SUBMERGED HEAD VERTICAL 
 BOILER, with enlarged water surface,, and a cir- 
 culating diaphragm by which the fire head is swept 
 by the circulation of the water. The central space 
 is free from tubes to facilitate circulation. 
 
 ■^#5fN 
 
 187. "HERRESHOFF" BOILER.— 
 
 A horizontal volute coil at the 
 top acts as a heater. The inner 
 coil is the evaporator ; the outer 
 coil is the superheater. A separa- 
 tor entraps the water that may be 
 carried over from the evaporating 
 coil. 
 
 188. " THORNYCROFT " BOILER. 
 — A large steel drum above and a water 
 drum below, connected with a large num- 
 ber of bent tubes. The water return is 
 through a large tube at the rear end of 
 the boiler. 
 
 189. "SEE" WATER TUBE BOILER.— 
 
 A series of short straight tubes connecting a hori- 
 zontal steam drum with a rectangular water base 
 on each side of the furnace. Return tube at back 
 of boiler. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 61 
 
 190. " YARROW " WATER TUBE BOILER. 
 — Inclined sections of straight tubes from water- 
 headers each side of the fire grate to a large steam 
 drmn above. Iron casing lined with fire tile. 
 This design is for a marine boiler. 
 
 191. "BOYER'S" WATER 
 TUBE BOILER. — Furnace 
 walls are coils of pipe. Coils 
 over the fire are connected from 
 circulating pipes to steam drum. 
 
 192. " HAZELTON " BOILER.— A central 
 ^L^ ) vertical drum in which tubes, with closed ends, 
 Ox^ are screwed radially. The grate is beneath the 
 ~^ radial tubes and around the base of the drum. 
 
 193. "CLIMAX" BOILER. —A central 
 
 vertical water and steam drum, with bent 
 Y' ' v5^\ tubes expanded in it, and inclined to facili- 
 /' tate circulation. 
 
 194. Section showing bent tubes. 
 
62 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 195. "MO YES" WATER tUBE BOILER.— 
 
 The inclined tubes are in three 
 groups, set in three steam drums 
 above and three water-heads be- 
 low. Partitions divide the groups 
 of tubes to deflect the flame over 
 the whole surface. 
 
 4, 196. "WHEELER" VERTICAL TUBE BOILER.-^ 
 Two sections of straight vertical tubes, with drum-heads 
 top and bottom, and a steam drum connected by necks. 
 
 'CAHALL" VERTICAL WATER TUBE 
 BOILER. — A water drum at the bottom 
 forms the lower head for the tubes. An an- 
 nular drum at the top forms the upper head, 
 through which the smoke passes. The fur- 
 nace and combustion chamber are outside, as 
 is also the circulating pipe, as shown in the 
 cut. 
 
 198. VERTICAL WATER TUBE 
 BOILER (Philadelphia Engineering Works). 
 Straight tubes between steel drums and a 
 wall between the sections, so that the fire 
 sweeps the length of all the tubes. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 63 
 
 199-200. BOILER OF 
 THE " SERPOLLET " 
 TRICYCLE.— The steam 
 generating surface is made 
 of iron pipe, flattened and 
 corrugated, then coiled 
 into a volute form with the 
 inner end turned up, and 
 
 the outer end to project through the furnace shell. The cuts show 
 
 a vertical section and horizontal plan. 
 
 201. " SERPOLLET'S " STEAM GENER- 
 ATOR, showing the corrugated flattened tube 
 coiled into a volute. The width of the internal 
 space is less than one-eighth of an inch. 
 
 202. "SERVES" BOILER TUBE.— The pro- 
 jecting ribs enlarge the area of the fire surface of 
 the tube. 
 
 203. SHAKING AND TIP- 
 PING FURNACE GRATE, 
 " Tupper " model. Each section 
 rocks on trunnions by a hand 
 lever and connecting bar. 
 
 204. 
 
 SHAKING GRATE for 
 
 a boiler furnace. — The 
 flanges are strung upon 
 square bars to form each 
 grate section, which are 
 shaken or dumped by a 
 key wrench at the front. 
 
64 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 205. FURNACE GRATE, 
 
 with dumping sections. "Tup- 
 per " model grate. 
 
 206. SHAKING GRATE for a boiler 
 furnace. The sectors are astride cross 
 bars, and are rocked by a lever and con- 
 necting rod to each tier of sectors. 
 
 207. SHAKING AND TIPPING 
 FURNACE GRATE.— The front and 
 back sections can be shaken separately 
 by the double connections and levers. 
 
 208. "COLUMBIA" STOKER 
 
 for soft coal. The coal is filled into 
 the hopper on the outside of the 
 furnace, and from the bottom of the 
 hopper there is carried a chute 
 which inclines upward into the fur- 
 nace. A pusher pushes the coal 
 upward along this chute and dis- 
 charges underneath the burning 
 fuel, displacing the latter and causing it to bulge upward and then slide 
 down the inclined grates. Air is delivered under pressure from the 
 air pipe, and, passing through the openings in the blast grates in the 
 front portion of the furnace, mixes with the gases distilled from the 
 coal before they pass through the burning fuel above. 
 
 ''fe_-^ ' ,j4.-a-'^>^^.>u^ 
 
STEAIM POWER. 
 
 ^5 
 
 209. "PLAYFORD" MECHAN- 
 ICAL STOKER, for soft coal. A 
 link grate moved by a sprocket shaft 
 carries the coal, fed by a hopper, 
 forward under the boiler, returning 
 over a drum shaft at the bridge 
 wall. A screw conveyer brings the 
 ash and clinker forward to the pit. 
 
 "AMERICAN" BOILER STOKER. 
 
 — The coal is carried under 
 ^ the grate from the hopper 
 ^^ by a spiral screw and forced 
 ^SWl^^M "P over the grate. 
 
 Sid« View of Stober. 
 
 End View. 
 
 2 11. MECHANICAL 
 STOKER for a boiler fur- 
 nace, " Playford " model. 
 The coal is carried into the 
 furnace from a hopper by 
 a travelling grate. A gate 
 with rack and gear, oper- 
 ated by a lever, regulates 
 the depth of the coal-feed. 
 
 212. MECHANICAL STOKER 
 for a furnace, " Jones " model, under- 
 feed to the grate. A plunger, which 
 may be operated directly by a steam 
 piston, pushes a charge of coal, falling 
 from the hopper, on to the fore plate 
 
 of the grate, where it is coked, the smoke and gases being drawn into 
 
 the hot fire and burned. 
 
66 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 213. MECHANICAL STOKER for a 
 boiler furnace, "Meissner" model. A wide 
 plunger, operated from a rock shaft, pushes the 
 charge from under the hopper on to the step- 
 grate, where it is coked and worked down the 
 
 inclined rocking gate. 
 
 AIR BLAST "^>»»»— > 
 
 214. FEED WORM AND AIR BLAST, for 
 feeding fuel to furnaces or sand for an air sand 
 blast. 
 
 215. PETROLEUM BURNER, for 
 
 a furnace, for a boiler, or other require- 
 ments. A, Entrance of oil to -central 
 nozzle, which is regulated by a needle 
 valve with screw spindle and wheel, C ; 
 B, entrance of compressed air to the 
 annular nozzle, the force of which 
 draws the oil ^nd atomizes it for quick 
 combustion. 
 
 216. POP SAFETY VALVE.— The "Lun- 
 kenheimer," an enlarged lip disc above the valve 
 disc, equalizes the increased tension of the spring 
 when the valve opens. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 67 
 
 217. DIFFERENTIAL SEAT SAFETY VALVE— 
 The enlarged area of the upper valve compensates 
 for the differential tension of the spring upon open- 
 ing the valve, thus causing the valve to open wide 
 without increase of boiler pressure. 
 
 218. SAFETY VALVE,— Lever 
 is of the third order. A, Short lever ; 
 B, centre of* gravity of lever from ful- 
 crum ; C, distance of weight from ful- 
 crum ; S, diameter of valve ; P, pres- 
 sure per square inch ; G, weight of 
 
 the lever at its centre of gravity ; W, weight of ball ; V, weight of 
 
 valve and spindle. 
 
 W== 
 
 S2 X .7854 X P X A— (G X B) — (V X A) 
 
 C = 
 
 S2 X.7354XPX A— (Gx B) — (VX A ) 
 W 
 
 219. ORIGINAL FORM of the ^olipile or Hero's 
 Steam Engine, 130 b.c. A reaction power, suitable 
 for operation by the use of any gaseous or fluid pres- 
 sure. The original type of several modem motors. 
 
 220. STEEPLE ENGINE, with cross-head 
 and slides. 
 
6S 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 2 2 1. VERTICAL ENGINE, WITH 
 BELL-CRANK LEVER, for stern- 
 wheel boat. 
 
 22 2. INCLINED PADDLE-WHEEL 
 
 ENGINE, with upright crank-con- 
 nected beam for driving air pump. 
 
 223. DIAGONAL TWIN-SCREW EN- 
 GINE, arranged so that the connecting rods 
 cross each other, thus economizing space. 
 
 224. TWIN-SCREW VERTICAL CYLIN- 
 DER ENGINE. — The outer gears are on the 
 screw shafts ; the inner gears are idlers to keep the 
 beam even. 
 
 225. TRUNK ENGINE.— Does away with the 
 slides and cross-head. It is also used for compounding 
 by using the initial pressure at the trunk end and ex- 
 panding beneath the piston. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 69 
 
 ' 226. OSCILLATING ENGINE, with trunnions on 
 middle of cylinder. 
 
 227. COMPOUND OSCILLATING 
 ENGINE. — Cylinders at right angles. 
 
 228. TWIN-SCREW OSCILLAT- 
 ING ENGINE.— A through piston rod 
 connects directly to crank-pins on the 
 shaft face plates. Suitable for small 
 boats. 
 
 229. OSCILLATING HOIST- 
 ING ENGINE.— The piston rods 
 are attached to an eccentric strap; 
 one fixed, the other pivoted. A lever 
 operated by the same eccentric strap, 
 through a short connecting rod, oper- 
 ates the valve gear of each cylinder 
 alternately. 
 
 230. THREE-CYLINDER ENGINE, 
 " Brotherhood " type. Steam is admitted to 
 the central chamber with equal pressure on 
 all the pistons. The rotary-disc valve is oper- 
 ated by the crank-pin, giving steam to 
 the outside of the pistons alternately 
 through an outside port to each cylin- 
 der. Main shaft bearing has a stuffing 
 box. 
 
70 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 231. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL EN 
 GINE, with continuous piston rod. 
 
 232. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL 
 ENGINE, with cross-head and two piston rods 
 for low-pressure piston 
 
 ^^ fs^ 
 
 233. COMPOUND ENGINES for twin screws. 
 There may be one or two pair of compound cylin- 
 ders. The dotted lines represent cylinders of the 
 tandem model. 
 
 234. COMPOUND 
 
 YACHT ENGINE, "Her- 
 
 reshoff" model. Direct 
 
 ^^ receiver pipe. End and 
 
 longitudinal elevation. 
 
 i:( 1:.!-- i^-^i {^14 - r '. 
 
 i ^ i iX n' ^^t^ irf-fT-r! 1 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 71 
 
 235. HIGH-SPEED TAN- 
 DEM COMPOUND 
 ENGINE, "Harrisburg" 
 model. 
 
 236. TANDEM COMPOUND ENGINE, 
 
 ''Phoenix Iron 
 Works" model. 
 A direct pipe 
 connection be- 
 tween the high 
 and low pres- 
 sure cylinder. 
 
 234. MODERN HIGH- 
 SPEED ENGINE, 
 with pulley -gover- 
 nor, "Atlas" model. 
 
 238. SINGLE D SLIDE VALVE, 
 with lap. The length of the valve over 
 the length from outside to outside ot 
 steam ports is double the lap. 
 
 239. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE.— 
 A ring in a recess of the valve rides against 
 the steam chest cover, held by a spring. 
 
72 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 240. DOUBLE-PORTED SLIDE 
 VALVE and adjustment by double 
 nuts in the back of the valve. 
 
 241. *' MEYER" CUT-OFF VALVE— C, D, Slide valve with 
 perforated ports. The supplementary or cut-off valves are adjusted 
 to the required distances, to meet the required cut-off, by a right and 
 left screw, which has an index H, and wheel G, for turning the screw 
 for cut-off adjustment on the outside of the steam chest. 
 
 242. SINGLE D, SLIDE VALVE, 
 with double steam and exhaust 
 ports. Central steam ports open 
 into steam chest at the side of the 
 
 ^ valve. 
 
 "pyyyyy/yyyyyy^yyA 
 
 243. GRIDIRON SLIDE VALVE, 
 for large port area with small motion of the 
 valve. 
 
 44. ROTARY VALVES.-^ 
 The valves K and L are 
 three-winged cylinders, and 
 are nearly balanced by the 
 double inlet ports of the 
 valve chamber. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 73 
 
 245. STEAM ENGINE 
 VALVE CHEST.— Double 
 ported exhaust ; shortens 
 the steam passages. " Erie 
 City Iron Works " model. 
 
 246. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE.— A bell- 
 shaped piston, riding in a packed gland in the 
 steam chest cover, is connected to the top of the 
 valve by a link. 
 
 247. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE, " Buchanan & 
 Richter's " patent. The arm B carries a roller in 
 the curved slot of , the supporting piece D. The 
 pressure is relieved by the nut and screw in the 
 cover. 
 
 248. « RICHARDSON-ALLEN » 
 BALANCED SLIDE VALVE. 
 
 • — The valve slides under an 
 adjustable plate fixed to the 
 steam chest cover, and is bal- 
 anced by a recess in the back of the valve that is open to the ex- 
 haust port. 
 
 249. BALANCED THROTTLE VALVE, with 
 direct governor connection. 
 
74 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 250. WING THROTTLE VALVE, or Butterfly 
 Throttle, operated by direct connection with a gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 251. MULTIPLE PORT PISTON THROTTLE 
 VALVE. — A perfectly balanced valve with through 
 connecting rod. 
 
 252. "CORLISS" VALVE 
 GEAR. — Operated by a 
 single eccentric through 
 a lever and connecting 
 -- rods. Steam and exhaust 
 valves are worked by pins 
 on a rocking wrist plate. 
 The trips on the steam-valve gears are controlled by the governor. 
 
 253. LOCOMOTIVE LINK-MOTION 
 VALVE GEAR.— In this 
 arrangement the slotted 
 link is moved up and 
 down over the wrist pm 
 block by the lever and 
 connecting rod ; the le- 
 ver, locking in the toothed sector, allowing for a close connection to 
 the valve stem by a lever and short connecting rod. 
 
 WALSCHAERT'S VALVE GEAR. 
 
 — The slotted link is hung at its centre 
 on a fixed pin. The valve-rod block 
 is raised or lowered by the bell-crank 
 lever. Lead is made by the cross- 
 head link and lever. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 75 
 
 REVERSING LINK MOTION. 
 
 — The slotted link is pivoted to 
 the end of the eccentric rod and is 
 moved up and down by the bell- 
 crank lever. The block carrying the 
 valve rod is stationary in the slot. 
 
 256. VALVE GEAR of an oscillating marine 
 engine. The slotted link «, receives a rocking 
 motion from the eccentrics and rods, and is thrown 
 from its centre either way for forward or back 
 motion of the engine by the lever connecting rod 
 b. A block and pin attached to the valve rod 
 freely traverse the link slot. The circular slot- 
 ted frame c is concentric with the cylinder trun- 
 nions and the valve rod by a sliding block and 
 pin to accommodate the oscillation of the cyl- 
 inders. 
 
 257. "JOY'S " VALVE GEAR for a ver- 
 tical engine. Operated from a pin in the 
 connecting rod. Reversal is made by chang- 
 ing the position of the slotted link 
 
 258. "JOY'S" VALVE GEAR for a 
 
 horizontal engine. Adjust- 
 ment is made by the angu- 
 lar position of the slotted 
 link. Valve motion by crank 
 rod and links. 
 
76 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 259. " BREMME " VALVE GEAR with 
 single eccentric. The eccentric arm is rocked 
 by the double link connection and is reversed 
 by throwing the link joint over by the hand 
 screw and sector arm, not shown in cut. 
 
 260. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VALVE 
 GEAR, with variable travel, adjustable by 
 a hand-wheel. The eccentric drives a 
 block in a slotted link, which is rocked on a 
 central pivot by the screw for varying the 
 throw of the valve. 
 
 261. CAM-BAR VALVE MOVE- 
 MENT. — The horizontal movement 
 of the cam bar by the bell-crank lever 
 alternately moves the two valves. 
 
 262. VALVE GEAR of a Cor- 
 nish engine, with trip poppet 
 valves for steam. The governor 
 releases the valves by varying 
 the position of the vertical bars 
 connected to the rocking wrist 
 plate. Exhaust valves are oper- 
 ated from the eccentric through 
 the lever that operates the steam valves. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 77 
 
 263. VARIABLE EXPANSION GEAR, 
 with one eccentric. The movement of the 
 fulcrum of the eccentric bar lever by the 
 screw changes the throw of the valve. 
 
 264. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VARIABLE 
 VALVE THROW.—" Fink " link gear for a 
 D valve. The link block is moved in the 
 curved slot of the link for variation of valve 
 throw, adjustable by the hand-wheel. 
 
 3265. « ALLEN '• VALVE LIFT OR TOE.— 
 a^ The valve lifter and rod to which the valves are 
 attached; b, the toe on the rock shaft, operated 
 from a cam on the engine shaft. 
 
 266. TAPPET LEVER VALVE MOTION. 
 —Used on pumps, rock drills, and percussion 
 tools. 
 
 267. STARTING LEVER, with 
 
 ^ ^^"^ I spring to hold the bolt in the sec- 
 tor notches. 
 
78 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 ©=© 
 
 268. SIMPLE UNHOOKING DEVICE, 
 much in use on the engines of side-wheel steam- 
 ers. The turning down of the handle of the 
 short bell-crank lever lifts the hook in the ec- 
 centric rod off from the wrist pin of the rock- 
 shaft crank, — ^when the engine can be worked by 
 
 a hand lever on the rock shaft. 
 
 269. SIMPLE REVERSING GEAR for 
 
 steam engines. On raising the eccentric rod the 
 valve spindle is released from the hook, when 
 the engine can be reversed by the hand lever ; 
 the eccentric then runs back by friction a half 
 turn, it being loose on the shaft, and the key 
 shoulder cut away to allow the eccentric to turn half over. 
 
 270. "JOY'S" HYDRAULIC SHIFTING 
 ECCENTRIC— The centre block is keyed to 
 the shaft ; pistons on each side of the block 
 work in cylinders in the eccentric. Oil is pump- 
 ed to one or the other piston through holes in 
 the crank shaft and piston, for reversal of the 
 engine. 
 
 271. SHIFTING ECCENTRIC— The ec- 
 centric is movable on worm gear and its 
 
 TV sleeve, which is keyed to the shaft. The tan- 
 
 gent worm is pivoted in lugs on the eccentric. 
 
 :3 272. VALVE MOTION ECCENTRIC 
 
 — The rocker connecting link increases the 
 motion of the valve rod and travel of the 
 valve. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 79 
 
 273. « PEAUCELLIER'S " PARALLEL 
 MOTION. — A, B and B, C are of equal distances, 
 when the connecting rod will move in a straight 
 line. When B is connected with the outer joint 
 of the link quadrangle the inner joint C will 
 have a straight-line motion. 
 
 274. PARALLEL MOTION, used 
 side-lever marine engines. 
 E, cross-head. 
 
 C, F, radius bar. 
 
 D, E, parallel bar. 
 
 on 
 
 275. PARALLEL MOTION, for a 
 lever marine engine. 
 
 a and b are of equal length. 
 c and d are of equal length. 
 
 Radius of rocker-shaft crank F = — 
 
 e 
 
 side 
 
 276. PARALLEL MOTION and com- 
 pensation weight for steam engines, " For- 
 ney's " patent. The link from the cross- 
 head traverses the slot at right angles to 
 the engine centre, and is pivoted at its 
 centre to the swinging link and weight. 
 
 277. PARALLEL MOTION.— Length of radius 
 j_ bar equal to beam radius. Link radii are equal. Dis- 
 tance of radius bar pivot above beam centre is equal 
 to link radius. 
 
8o 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 278. PARALLEL MOTION for beam et^ 
 
 gmes, 
 
 in which 
 
 a and I? are of equal length. 
 
 ^ andy are of equal length. 
 
 ^ and e are of equal length. ♦ 
 
 279. PARALLEL MOTION, with two pairs 
 of connecting bars. 
 
 a and ^ are of equal length. 
 ^ and d are of equal length. 
 e, cross-head. 
 
 ^ 280. PARALLEL MOTION, with the radius 
 
 -^^^v^ - bar pivoted above the centre line of the beam. 
 ^ and ^ are of equal length. 
 e =^ ^ or d. 
 b = half a. 
 
 281. PARALLEL MOTION for a direct- 
 acting engine. The radius bar, A, F, is pivoted 
 to the frame on the centre line and at right 
 angles to the slot, B. 
 
 A, C and A, F are of equal length. 
 
 A, B and A, C are of equal length. 
 
 282. PARALLEL MOTION by a rocking 
 beam. A, E and A, C are equal when E is 
 pivoted in the centre line of motion of the 
 piston rod. 
 
 283. PARALLEL MOTION.— The "grass- 
 hopper " movement of one of the early locomo- 
 tives. B, the radius bar, pivoted in the centre 
 line of motion of the piston rod ; A, the rocker 
 rod. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 8i 
 
 284. PARALLEL MOTION for a ver- 
 tical engine. A, A, radius bars pivoted to 
 engine frame opposite to the middle of 
 stroke. 
 
 285. PARALLEL MOTION for an engine. 
 The radius bars are of equal lengths from the 
 centre line of the engine and sliding pivot of the 
 long bar. Both fixed and sliding pivots at right 
 angles with the centre line when at half stroke. 
 
 286. PARALLEL MOTION of a piston 
 rod by direct connection with a spur gear ro- 
 tating upon the wrist pin of the crank. The 
 crank-pin gear meshes in a fixed internal 
 toothed gear of double its diameter. One of 
 the curiosities of old-time engineering. 
 
 287. " CARTWRIGHT'S " PARALLEL 
 MOTION for steam engines by geared 
 wheels. A free cross-head on piston rod and 
 connected to two cranks on shafts with equal 
 spur gears from which power is transmitted 
 through a third spur wheel. Very old (lySy). 
 
 288. PARALLEL MOTION by a cross- 
 head and rollers running against guide-bars. 
 Old. 
 
82 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 289. CROSS-HEAD SLIDE athwart the 
 shaft. An obsolete design for a vert' -al engine 
 in a side-wheel steamer. 
 
 290. PARALLEL MOTION by guide bars in 
 the frame of a vertical engine, with connecting 
 piston rod and crank. Cross-head sliding in a 
 slot in the frame. Old. 
 
 291. PARALLEL MOTION to piston rod 
 and cross-head by prolonging the piston rod 
 through a fixed guide and connecting to the 
 crank with a forked rod. A very old device and 
 much in use now on pumps. 
 
 292. PARALLEL MOTION from a sec- 
 tor beam. Used on old, single-acting, atmos- 
 pheric pumping engines. Cylinder is open at 
 top. Piston is lifted by the weight of the 
 pump rods on the other end of beam. Low- 
 pressure steam follows the rising piston when 
 a jet of water condenses it, and the piston is 
 drawn down by atmospheric pressure. 
 
 293. RACK GEAR PARALLEL MOTION.— 
 
 An old pumping device used with a single- 
 acting beam engine. 
 
STEAM POM^ER. 
 
 83 
 
 294. "WATT" GOVERNOR.— The cen- 
 trifugal action of the balls lifts the sleeve and, 
 through the bell crank, operates the throttle 
 valve. 
 
 295. COMPENSATING GOVERNOR, *' Daw- 
 son " patent (English). Intended to be isochronous 
 in its movement. The central weight is connected 
 directly with the throttle-valve stem. 
 
 296. GRAVITY CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR.— 
 
 The weight on the central rod is lifted by the centrifugal 
 action of the light balls and moves the lever that controls 
 the valve gear. A high-speed governor. 
 
 297. ENGINE GOVERNOR, in which the arms 
 cross each other and are extended above in a link 
 movement. The arms are guided in *a slotted sector. 
 
84 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 298. CENTRIFUGAL BALL GOVERNOR.— 
 
 The balls, with arms pivoted to the revolving 
 spindle, through their connections raise or lower the 
 ,-. grooved sleeve on the lower part of the spindle. 
 \J The yoke of the valve lever rests in the groove and 
 thus controls the valve gear by the varying speed of 
 the governor. 
 
 299. INVERTED GOVERNOR.— The cen- 
 trifugal force of the balls is resisted by a spring 
 around the spindle. The extension of the balls 
 lifts the lever spool through the toggle-joint 
 movement. 
 
 300. DIRECT-ACTING CENTRIFUGAL 
 GOVERNOR.— The balls traverse the radial 
 arms a^ a, on friction rollers and are restrained 
 by steel ribbons that pass over a pair of pul- 
 leys at G, and are attached to the spring and 
 grooved collar that operates the lever and 
 throttle valve. 
 
 301. SPRING BALANCED CENTRIF- 
 UGAL GOVERNOR, "Proell" patent— The 
 /-^^-v balls are attached to the inverted arms b, b, and 
 ' ''' J raise the collar sleeve by their outward throw. 
 The movement is restrained by the vertical leaf 
 springs and links. The lift is controlled by the 
 '@\ curved links hung from the cross bar atyi 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 85 
 
 302. PARABOLIC GOVERNOR.— One of the 
 
 many curious devices for governing steam engines. 
 The parabolic form of the guide arms is intended to 
 equalize the motion of the grooved slide by modifying 
 the effect of centrifugal force in the position of the 
 balls. Also called an isochronous governor, produc- 
 ing equal valve movement for equal change in the 
 speed of the engine. 
 
 303. "ANDERSON'S" GYROSCOPE 
 GOVERNOR for steam engines. A, The gyro- 
 scope wheel ; B, its spindle connected to its driv- 
 ing shaft by the universal joint B', and revolved 
 at high velocity by the pinion I rolling around 
 the fixed bevel gear G. H, a frame holding the 
 gyroscope wheel and its flexible shaft and re- 
 volving it on the vertical axis by the bevel gear and band from the 
 engine shaft. The outer end of the spindle B is held in a jointed 
 arm of the frame H, to allow of the retaining action of the spring L, 
 through the bell crank N, connecting rod P, and rod and bow D, C, 
 pivoted with a free vertical movement in the fixed frame. A swivel 
 at D allows the rod and bow to turn freely with the wheel and frame 
 H. By the rapid rotation of the wheel on its own axis and its 
 counter rotation on the vertical axis of the carrying frame H, its own 
 axis has a strong tendency toward a vertical position, which is bal- 
 anced by the spring L, causing the rod D to take a vertical ■ motion, 
 corresponding to variation in speed, and transmitting it to the valve 
 gear. 
 
 304. HORIZONTAL 
 CENTRIFUGAL GOV- 
 ERNOR, " Bourdon " model. 
 The balls are balanced on a 
 rigid arm pivoted to the hori- 
 zontal spindle. A sector c 
 on the ball arm meshes with 
 a sector pivoted on the hollow spindle of the governor, which operates 
 a lever and push rod to the throttle. As the balls move only by cen- 
 trifugal force of revolution, they are wholly controlled by a helir <! 
 spring in the hollow spindle. 
 
86 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 305. VANE OR WING GOVERNOR.— 
 The resistance of the vanes P, P to the air by 
 their variable speed from the engine gear, lifts or 
 depresses the ball Q, connected with the wings, by 
 means of a quick-pitch thread and nut on the 
 revolving spindle, causing a movement of the 
 weighted bell-crank lever M, L, and by its action 
 controls the throttle valve. 
 
 306. GOVERNOR FOR A STEAM ENGINE (old). 
 
 — A revolving spindle, ^, carries with it a pair of 
 cylindrical inclined planes, d. The ball b^ frame 
 and wings c^ slide freely upon an extension of 
 the spindle. The varying air resistance given to 
 the wings ^, c by the revolution of the spindle 
 lifts the ball ; the friction rollers on the cross-arm 
 moving up and down the incline as the speed 
 varies, moving the valve lever or an internal valve spindle. 
 
 •t. 
 
 TO REGULATOR 
 
 307. DIFFERENTIAL GOVERNOR.— 
 
 The larger pulley, A, is driven by a belt from 
 the motive power, winding up the larger weight 
 ^^ which is offset by the revolution of the smaller 
 
 '*^^^\ pulley and the fan wheel, which is regulated by 
 the difference in the weights which balances 
 the frictional resistance of the fan. Any dif- 
 ference in the speed of the motive power 
 raises or lowers the large weight, moving the 
 bell crank. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 «7 
 
 i r 
 
 308. ''HUNTOON" GOVERNOR. 
 — A ribbed cylinder, A, is partly filled 
 with oil. A paddle wheel, B, is re- 
 volved by the pulley and shaft which 
 by fluid friction moves the ribbed cyl- 
 inder and pinion in the same direction. 
 The pinion meshes in the toothed sec- 
 tor, which is counterbalanced by an 
 adjustable weight. The sector rock 
 shaft operates the steam throttle valve 
 through its arm and con- 
 ^ necting rods. 
 
 309. Vertical Section. 
 
 310. Cross Vertical Sec- 
 tion. Showing ribs and 
 paddle wheel. 
 
 311. "PROELL" GOVERNOR.— In 
 addition to the weight lifted by the cen- 
 trifugal balls, an air dash pot is used in 
 the line of the central rod connected at 
 the top by a yoke pivoted to the bell- 
 crank arms. - The dash pot with bye-pass 
 is shown at the left. 
 
 312. "PORTER" GOVERNOR.— The cen- 
 trifugal balls lift a central weight. A, by the 
 toggle-arm connection. A high-speed governor. 
 
88 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 313. ''RICHARDSON" GOVERNOR.— 
 The arms in this governor are crossed and sus- 
 pended from two points, the balls lifting a 
 central weight by their pivoted connections. 
 The groove on the lower extension of the 
 weight operates the throttle. 
 
 314. PRINCIPLE OF THE ''PICKERING" 
 GOVERNOR.— The centrifugal force of the balls 
 revolving with the central spindle throws out the 
 springs to which they are attached, shortens their 
 length on the spindle, and lifts the grooved collar 
 that carries the lever for regulating the valve motion. 
 
 315. "PICKERING" GOVERNOR.— The 
 
 revolving balls are held by springs, the exten- 
 sion of which draws the cap, A, downw^ard and 
 with it the central valve rod, with direct con- 
 nection to the balanced throttle valve. 
 
 316. PULLEY OR FLYWHEEL GOVER- 
 NOR, "Sweet's." — The eccentric moves toward 
 the centre by the centrifugal action of the 
 weight restrained by the spring through the 
 connecting link. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 89 
 
 317. CRANK-SHAFT GOVERNOR.— 
 
 The centrifugal action of the weights, bal- 
 anced by the springs, shifts the position of 
 the inner eccentric to vary the throw of the 
 main eccentric. 
 
 318. CRANK-SHAFT GOVERNOR.— The cen- 
 trifugal action of two hinged weights, balanced by 
 springs, varies the eccentric by moving it toward 
 the centre by excess of speed. Eccentric is hinged 
 to an arm of the pulley or fly wheel. 
 
 319. FLY-WHEEL OR PULLEY GOV 
 ERNOR. — The centrifugal force of two pivoted 
 weights connected to a spiral-slotted face plate, 
 in which a wrist pin on the arm of the eccentric 
 sets it forward or back ; controlled by the adjust- 
 ment of the holding springs. 
 
 320. SLOTTED CROSS-HEAD, with "Clay- 
 ton's " adjustable wrist-pin box. Two taper 
 half-boxes and sliding taper gibs, with heads 
 carrying screws for adjusting the boxes to both 
 slide cross-head and wrist pin. 
 
 321. TRAMMEL CRANK.— The pins c, c on 
 the rod B traverse the two right-angled slots in the 
 revolving face plate, producing a reciprocating motion 
 of the rod B. 
 
90 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 322. CRANK-PIN LUBRICATOR.— 
 The oil cup is fixed. A wiper on the con- 
 necting rod end takes off the drop of oil 
 from the capillary feed oil cup. 
 
 «^ 
 
 T~^ 
 
 ji-fi==^ 
 
 323. CENTRIFUGAL CRANK-PIN OILER 
 made adjustable by the sliding support clamped 
 at S, so that the revolving feed pipe K shall be 
 aligned with the axis of the shaft. 
 
 324. CENTRIFUGAL LUBRI- 
 GATING DEVICE for the crank 
 pin of a high-speed engine. An 
 annular cup with an open front is 
 fastened to the crank and fed by a 
 drip spout at A. The oil is thrown to the outer rim of the cup by 
 the centrifugal force of revolution and to the oil holes through the 
 crank pin. 
 
 325. "COCHRANE" ROTARY ENGINE.— 
 A wing piston rotating around the central axis of an 
 outer shell or cylinder. A hollow cylinder of small- 
 S^^ er diameter is pivoted eccentric to the wing axis to 
 V keep one side m contact with the shell. The steam 
 ''^MW-^^^^'-nmm^M pressure revolves the wing and shaft with a force 
 due to the varying area of the wing outside of the inner cylinder. 
 
 326. "FRANCHOT" ROTARY ENGINE. 
 
 — A slotted concentric cylinder carries a con- 
 tinuous solid wing across and in contact with the 
 interior surface of an ovoid shell, shaped for ex- 
 act diameter in all directions on the eccentric 
 axis of revo ution. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 91 
 
 327. DOUBLE SLIDE PISTON ROTARY 
 ENGINE. — In this engine the shaft and piston 
 barrel are concentric, while the walls of the steam 
 chambers are ovoid. A difficult form of con- 
 struction. 
 
 328. "LAMB" ROTARY ENGINE.— 
 
 An annular cylinder with a fixed partition be- 
 tween the inlet and outlet. The piston is a 
 hollow cylinder with a longitudinal slot, 
 which slides up and down the partition, the 
 outside of the cylinder wiping the inner surface 
 of the shell. The centre of the traversing cylinder is pivoted to a 
 crank pin, which carries it around a common centre shaft. 
 
 f l^ M 
 
 . 
 
 \m -^f 
 
 ^ \Wi I 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 329. « COCHRAN " ROTARY ENGINK— 
 
 The wing pistons d^ d are packed in the eccen- 
 tric inner cylinder by a slotted rocking cylinder 
 and revolve concentric with the outer cylinder or 
 shell. The inner cylinder is pivoted eccentric to 
 the shell, making a tight joint at the bottom. 
 
 330. ROTARY ENGINE.— B, shaft; C, eccen- 
 trie rotating piston ; D, follower slide. The eccen- 
 tric cylindrical piston operates the slide by its 
 revolution. 
 
 331. "NAPIER" ROTARY ENGINE.— An 
 
 eccentric mounted cylinder on a shaft concentric 
 with the shell. There are two sliding wings in slots 
 in the shell, held to their bearings by springs or cam 
 wheels on the shaft outside with connecting bars. 
 There are two pair of ports. 
 
92 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 332. ROLLER PISTON ROTARY ENGINE. 
 
 A rubber lining loosely placed within the cylin- 
 der is rolled over by the three-armed roller spider. 
 E, E, rubber lining ; B, spider on shaft ; A, A, A. 
 rollers. 
 
 333. "COCHRANE" ROTARY ENGINE. 
 
 — An eccentric cylindrical piston rotating on an 
 axis central to the shell. The vibrating wings 
 pivoted in the outer shell form the steam abut- 
 ment by closing against the eccentric revolving 
 cylinder. 
 
 334. "BOARDMAN" ROTARY EN- 
 GINE. — A cylinder revolving concentric 
 with an outer segmental cylinder, with pock- 
 ets containing swing pistons that open by 
 centrifugal action at the steam inlet, mak- 
 ing a steam abutment across the segment. 
 The swing pistons are closed at the exhaust 
 port by contact with the small segment of the outer cylinder. 
 
 335. ROTARY ENGINE, with concentric shaft 
 and wing barrel. The two wing slides pass through 
 cylindrical rockers to give the slides a slight oscillat- 
 ing motion ; slides are kept extended by pins tra- 
 versing a circular slot concentric with the shell. 
 
 3S^. " SMITH " ROTARY ENGINE.— 
 Four arms with cylindrical sectors are rotated 
 around an axis central to a perforated cylindrical 
 shell. The driven shaft and head discs are ec- 
 centric to the shell. The pressure of steam be- 
 tween the wings tends to push them apart, by 
 which the differential leverage on the disc pins 
 
 revolves the disc and shaft. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 93 
 
 337. "BERRENBERG" ROTARY 
 ENGINE. — Two intersecting cylindrical 
 shells. The steam cylinder D has two 
 cylindrical pistons, D', D', on opposite 
 sides, that mesh in corresponding cavi- 
 ^^§= ties in the cylindrical steam valve, both 
 
 rotating in unison by equal external gearing. The steam port passes 
 through the rotary valve E at the proper moment for the impulse. 
 The supplementary sectors D^ are hinged to the pistons D^ to make 
 a more perfect contact with the outer cylindrical shell. 
 
 338. "FLETCHER'S" ROTARY CON- 
 DENSING ENGINE.— A hollow drum on a 
 shaft eccentric to a double shell. Three slots 
 carry slides and socketed arms as abutment 
 wings, which are kept in contact with the cylin- 
 drical shell by a ring not shown. Steam ports 
 on inner shell at the left side. Exhaust ports 
 on the inner shell at the right. 
 
 339. "BARTRUM & POWELL" RO- 
 TARY ENGINE.— A double shell divided 
 for steam and exhaust. The inner shell 
 cylindrical with a shaft and crank concen- 
 tric. The crank pin carries a smaller 
 winged cylinder, the wing sliding through 
 a rocking joint. The end packing is made adjustable by a plate set 
 up with screws. The crank pin has an eccentric sleeve which, by a 
 slight rotation, compensates the wear of the rubbing surfaces. 
 
 340. "RITTER" ROTARY EN- 
 GINE. — A revolving cylinder concen- 
 tric with the shell, carrying an abutting 
 lip or extension fitting the outer case. 
 A revolving lunette controlled by gear 
 on main shaft allows the lip to pass ; a 
 continuous gear train operates the 
 valve. 
 
 341. Exterior with valve gears 
 
94 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 342. "HOLLY" ROTARY ENGINE. 
 — The two geared pistons mesh their long 
 teeth into the recesses of the opposite piston, 
 thus making the sum of the radii between 
 the centres less than the sum of the radii 
 from each centre to its cylinder wall. Press- 
 ure rotates the gear in the direction of the longest leverage. 
 
 343. "STOCKER" ROTARY ENGINE.— 
 
 The sector pistons are each connected through 
 central concentric shafts to slotted cranks in 
 which a sliding box and link connect to a crank 
 on a shaft eccentric to the sector shaft. A differ- 
 ential motion of the sectors is produced while 
 rotating which rotates the driven shaft by the 
 outside slotted crank connections-. 
 
 344. "FORRESTER" ROTARY ENGINE.— 
 
 A cylindrical block and guard wing swing on an ec- 
 centric on the shaft. The guard wing slides in and 
 operates the ports of a two-port rotary valve, the 
 outer shell of which is operated by levers and con- 
 necting rods for reversing the engine. 
 
 345. " KIPP " ROTARY PISTON 
 ENGINE. — A broad pulley enclosing 
 four single-acting cylinders with op- 
 posite pistons connected by yoked rods. 
 A fixed crank pin and slide block 
 placed eccentric to the pulley axis gives 
 the propelling force by displacing the pistons successively. The 
 steam follows through ports in a disc valve with inlet and exhaust 
 through the hollow shaft. 
 346. Section. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 95 
 
 347. "RUTH'S" ROTARY ENGINE.— 
 A revolving cylinder engine. Three cylinders, 
 A, A, A, radiate from a shaft set eccentric to 
 an outer circle or ring on which the J^piston 
 connected sheaves revolve. The pistons take 
 steam through the ports M, M, M, just past 
 the shortest eccentric radius, and drives out the 
 piston during a half revolution, when the ex- 
 haust is opened and the piston is pushed back by the eccentric ring. 
 
 348. « ALMOND " ENGINE.— Four 
 single-acting cylinders set tangent to a 
 shaft which is central to an outer shell. 
 The pistons have jointed segmental 
 plates at their outer end that press 
 against the outer shell and cause the 
 cylinders and shaft to revolve by the ec- 
 centric direction of their pressure. Disc 
 ports for steam and exhaust. 
 
 349. ROTATING CYLINDER ENGINE.— 
 
 The cylinder rotates on trunnions with a 
 through piston rod terminating with rol- 
 lers running in an oval ring. Steam and 
 exhaust ports in the trunnion. Pressure of 
 the piston-rod rollers on the oval ring re- 
 volves the cylinder and fly-wheel on its 
 runnion. 
 
 350. ROTARY MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE— 
 
 Three or more cylinders are attached to and re- 
 volve with the fly-wheel. The crank is stationary 
 and eccentric to the fly-wheel. Each cylinder is 
 single-acting. Valves are on a central disc at A. 
 
96 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 351. "BATES" COMPOUND VIBRATING 
 ENGINE. — The upper section of the cyl- 
 inder has a shorter radius than the lower 
 section for the compound effect. The shaft 
 and wings are concentric and vibrate be- 
 tween two stationary abutments, 10, 10. 
 Opposite each abutment is a cylindrical, 
 valve, which by its motion admits the steam to the upper section, and 
 transfers its exhaust to the lower section, and also the final exhaust. 
 
 352. "DAVIE'S" DISC ENGINE.— A 
 
 disc, h^ is fixed to an oscillating shaft, a^ 
 which swings in a circuit pivoted in the disc 
 crank, c. The cylinder heads are cones in 
 the apex of which the ball bearing of the 
 shaft oscillates. The outer shell of the cyl- 
 inder, d, is spherical over which the disc moves. Steam enters alter- 
 nately on either side of piston. 
 
 353. "REULEAUX" ENGINE OR 
 PUMP.— A disc on a fixed shaft. The 
 cylinder swings on a central spherical 
 bearing, carrying an arm pivoted in a 
 crank. 
 
 354. " LINK " VIBRATORY ENGINE.— 
 A pair of curved cylinders with an annular 
 piston rod to which is attached the arms from 
 the central shaft. The reciprocal motion of 
 the piston rocks the central shaft, the motion 
 of which is made continuous by a link and 
 crank, not shown. 
 
 355. OSCILLATING PISTON ENGINE. — A 
 crank and connecting rod outside the engine convert 
 the oscillating motion of the piston into rotary motion. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 97 
 
 356. VIBRATING 
 PISTON ENGINE, "Par- 
 son's " model. Two sector 
 pistons vibrating in a cyl- 
 inder. One sector is fast 
 on a central solid shaft, 
 the other is fast on a con- 
 centric hollow shaft. At 
 the other end of each shaft 
 is a crank and link con- 
 nection to a wrist pin at 
 opposite positions on a 
 face plate which is fast on a revolving shaft eccentric to the piston 
 shafts. The exhaust port is in the circumference of the cylinder. 
 
 357. Shows the crank end 
 of the vibrating shafts with the 
 link connections. The steam 
 port is in the cylinder . head, 
 which is the steam chest. Dur- 
 ing one-half of a fly-wheel 
 revolution one of the sectors 
 makes a large angular move- 
 ment, while the other makes a 
 relatively small angular move- 
 ment, and during the second 
 half, the two sectors reverse their relative movements — i.e., the one 
 going slow during the first half making the quick movement during 
 the second half, and vice versa. 
 
 358. Shows the detail of one 
 ^, sector, piston, shaft, crank, and 
 °^ link connection with the eccen- 
 tric revolving disc and shaft. 
 
 359. Shows both sector pis- 
 tons, concentric shafts, cranks, 
 and link connections to the op- 
 posite wrist pins on the revolv- 
 ing face plate of the constant 
 velocity shaft. 
 
 
 f\ 
 
 T \w 
 
 — ^A 
 
 ^=v 
 
 k 
 
 ■ r Rv 
 IF Cl^ -f 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^TDM 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 {M0\ 
 
 
98 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 360. "KNICKERBOCKER" 
 FOUR-PISTON ROTARY 
 ENGINE.— A four-armed 
 ]yoke is socketed on a centre 
 common to the four pistons. 
 Its spindle is a crank pin, 
 and makes a conical circuit 
 with the crank and shaft. The ends of the yoke are socketed to the 
 pistons by connecting rods. The pistons take steam successively, 
 making a continuous pressure on the circuit of the crank. 
 
 361. "ROOT'S " DOUBLE QUADRANT 
 ENGINE. — In this design the two oscillating 
 pistons are connected directly with the crank 
 on the inside of the engine case, which is also 
 the exhaust receiver. From the positions of 
 the connecting rods at the end of the stroke of 
 each piston the dead centre is eliminated. 
 
 362. "ROOT'S" SQUARE PISTON EN- 
 GINE. — The oblong square box. A, is the 
 cylinder proper. B, is a frame sliding freely 
 in a horizontal direction by the force of the 
 steam from the side ports, d^ d. C is the in- 
 ner rectangular piston, connected directly to 
 the crank pin ^, the shaft, b^ being central to the range of the mov- 
 ing pistons. The piston, C, receives steam from the top and bottom 
 ports, d^ d, within the frame, B. 
 
 
 _ 
 
 - A 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 B 
 
 d c 
 
 1 
 
 
 d ^ 
 
 
 
 I'll ' ■■■! 
 
 
 r* 
 
 
 _il 
 
 363. "DAKE" SQUARE PISTON 
 ENGINE. — Two rectangular pistons, 
 one within the other, working at right 
 angles in the outer piston. The inner 
 piston is connected to the crank pin, 
 and moves vertically. The outer piston 
 moves horizontally in the case. The 
 principle is similar to the Root Square 
 Engine, No. 362. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 99 
 
 365. Section showing steam pockets. 
 
 364. ■- .VILKINSON'S " STEAM 
 TURBINE. — Two rim-pocketed 
 f discs running against the disc surfaces 
 of a shell with oblique steam ports. 
 The discs are feathered on the shaft, 
 and held against the faces of the 
 shell by springs. A groove around 
 the shell opposite the pockets allows 
 the steam to pass around to the ex- 
 haust pipes. 
 
 366. "DOW" STEAM TUR- 
 BINE. — Two discs fixed to a 
 shaft have on their face a 
 series of circular grooves and 
 tongues, meshed with a pair 
 of fixed discs with grooves and 
 tongues, as shown in small sec- 
 tion 367. The tongues on 
 the revolving discs are cut across at short distances in a slanting direc- 
 tion. The tongues on the stationary disc are cut in the opposite 
 direction. The steam passes to the centre hub, and is forced through 
 the openings across the tongues, giving motion to the discs and shaft 
 
 ^68. Vertical section of engine. 
 
 369. " DE LAVAL" STEAM TURBINE. 
 — A jet or jets of steam impinge at a small 
 angle upon the concave buckets at the per- 
 iphery of a disc wheel, pass through the 
 cavities between the buckets and exhaust at 
 the other side. The buckets are lunette. 
 The nozzle has an expanding orifice. 
 
 370. Plan showing nozzle at side of 
 wheel. 
 
lOO 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 371. "PARSONS'" STEAM 
 TURBINE. — A series of discs 
 fixed on a shaft with intersecting 
 discs on the shell. The face of the 
 shaft discs has several small blades 
 set at an angle with the radius. 
 The outside fixed disks have a sim- 
 ilar set of blades interlocking with 
 the revolving blades and set at a contrary angle. The steam passes 
 from the valve to the inner edge of the first fixed disc, then outward 
 through the blades, and returns through the vacant space of the next 
 pair and outward again. . • 
 
 ^77777777777< 
 
 371a. CRUDE PETROLEUM 
 BURNER with concentric fixed noz- 
 zles. One of many varieties in use. 
 I, oil feed; 2, steam feed; 3, air inlet. 
 Further air regulation is made outside 
 the nozzles. 
 
 371&. THE HAMMEL CRUDE 
 OIL BURNER. Gives a broad flame. 
 
 A, oil supply; B, steam supply; C, 
 mixing chamber. 
 
 E, steam chamber connecting with 
 steam ducts G, H, I. 
 
 K, K, steel plates which can be re- 
 newed when worked out. 
 
 J, set screw. 
 
 Gives a broad and powerful flame 
 for boiler furnaces. 
 
 37 1 c. PETROLEUM FUR- 
 NACE. — For the most perfect 
 combustion of crude petroleum 
 the furnace should have a per- 
 forated back wall and grate of 
 fire brick, which becomes highly 
 heated and thus completes the 
 combustion of the oil. 
 
STEAM POWER. 
 
 lOI 
 
 agitator 
 feed-wheel\ 
 
 AGITATOR SECTOR. 
 SHEATH-NUT- 
 
 SHEATH 
 LOCK-NUTS. 
 
 coking takes place and 
 the coal passed on to 
 the inclined rocking 
 grate. 
 
 37it/. AUTOMOBILE BOIL- 
 ER. — A baffle plate above the 
 water line at the riveted joint 
 prevents foaming or splashing of 
 the water into the steam pipe by 
 the vibration of the carriage. The 
 burner is a tube perforated flat 
 chamber with a vaporizer, air 
 mixing jet, regulator, and pilot 
 light. 
 
 371^. FEEDING PULVER- 
 IZED OR DUST fuel to fur- 
 naces. 
 
 The coal dust is charged into 
 the hopper, passes through a 
 screen B, and regulated in its 
 flow by the elastic plates C and 
 D and the link at E. The screw F 
 regulates the brush pad so that 
 the brush throws both air and 
 coal dust. J are the draft holes, 
 K a screen with a mirror to view 
 the fire. Brush makes qcmd revo- 
 lutions per minute. 
 
 371/. THE RONEY 
 MECHANICAL 
 coking-arcksxOKER. — A push 
 rack operated by a 
 sector from a cam 
 on a shaft makes a 
 constant feed from the 
 coal hopper to a dead 
 plate where partial 
 
 [boiler front 
 
 tile-clamp 
 
 BRIDGEVMLL 
 
I02 
 
 STEAM POWER. 
 
 3710-. THE STERLING 
 BOILER.— The hot gases of 
 combustion pass lengthwise 
 through the three stacks of 
 tubes guided by the fire brjck 
 partitions. All the fire sur- 
 face divided by 12 equals the 
 boiler horse power. Tubes 
 are cleaned by steam blow 
 pipes. Circulating pipes out- 
 side the setting. 
 
 ZJ\h. THE WORTHING- 
 TON WATER TUBE 
 BOILER.— The water tube 
 sections are between headers 
 and cross each other in series ; 
 the lower ends of the diagonal 
 sections are connected with a 
 cross pipe for circulation from 
 the steam drum. Has the 
 American stoker attached. 
 
 3712. VAUCLAIN'S COM- 
 POUND LOCOMOTIVE 
 CYLINDERS.— A single pis- 
 ton valve for both cylinders 
 with direct steam passages 
 through the valve chamber. 
 High pressure steam enters 
 at the central port A. Steam 
 inlet and exhaust indicated by 
 the arrows. 
 
Section V^. 
 
 STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 Injectors, Steam Pumps, Condensers, Separators, Traps, and Valves. 
 
 372. "PEERLESS" IN- 
 JECTOR.— An exhaust 
 steam injector. A hinged sec- 
 tion of the combining tube 
 allows a free flow of the ex- 
 haust until a water current is 
 
 started, when the hinge closes and the overflow valve closes, as in 
 
 other injectors. 
 
 Z72>. "SHAEFFER& BUDEN- 
 BERG" INJECTOR.— An exhaust in- 
 jector by which the exhaust steam 
 establishes a feed jet to the boiler. A 
 hinged section in the combining tube 
 allows a free flow of steam to draw the 
 water; the hinged section then closes and 
 the injector operates the same as others 
 for feeding a boiler. 
 
 ' NATIONAL " AUTOMATIC 
 INJECTOR, has four 
 fixed tubes. The two check 
 valves, C, D, open and close 
 successively as the lift is 
 started and the current es- 
 tablished. 
 
I04 
 
 STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 "METROPOLITAN" 
 INJECTOR.— The steam is 
 turned on by a screw spindle 
 valve. It has three fixed noz- 
 zle tubes, A, B, F. A disc 
 relief-check valve, C, and a 
 wing check, I. 
 
 376. " LUNKENHEIMER » IN- 
 JECTOR. — Four rfixed noz- 
 zle tubes with a lever-moved 
 valve, a ; W, water-regulating 
 valve; D, stop check to* over- 
 flow; C, automatic check; W, 
 water valve. 
 
 "EBERMAN" INJECTOR. 
 
 — The combining tube slides 
 for regulating thelift and over- 
 flow. A single gravity check 
 valve, D, closes the overflow 
 when the current to the boiler 
 is established. 
 
 378. "NATHAN" INJECTOR.— 
 A vertical model with four fixed nozzle 
 tubes, tandem. A disc valve, C, closes 
 at the moment the current is established, 
 and the flap valve, D, makes the final 
 closure of the overflow. 
 
STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 105 
 
 379. "LITTLE GIANT" 
 INJECTOR.— This model 
 has two fixed tubes. The 
 central or combining tube is 
 movable for adjustment. A 
 single automatic check valve 
 regulates the overflow. 
 
 CHECK VALVE- 
 
 Water 
 
 380. "PENBERTHY" 
 SPECIAL INJECTOR.— 
 Has three fixed nozzle tubes. 
 The opening of a detached 
 valve gives steam pressure in 
 the chamber E, and opens 
 both overflow check valves. 
 When the current is estab- 
 lished check valve C closes, 
 followed by check valve D. 
 
 381. "PARK" INJECTOR.— 
 A double tube in tandem, in 
 which the handle has two 
 movements to operate the 
 lift and force nozzles. A 
 self-lifting check valve gov- 
 erns the overflow. 
 
 382. SELLERS'" RESTARTING 
 INJECTOR.— In this model all the tubes 
 are fixed. Two concentric check valves, 
 C, D, guided by the combining tube, are 
 operated by the pressure in the combining 
 tube at the moment that the water reaches 
 it, closing the overflow. 
 
 ILER 
 
io6 
 
 STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 383. " LITTLE GIANT " LOCOMOTIVE 
 INJECTOR. — In this 
 model the lift is started when 
 the separate steam valve is 
 opened. The forcing or com- 
 bining tube is movable for reg- 
 ulation by a screw and yoke, 
 
 F. A movement of the handle opens the injection nozzle, and closes 
 
 the lift nozzle ports. 
 
 " METROPOLITAN " DOUBL&TUBE 
 INJECTOR.— The first move- 
 ment of the handle opens the 
 first section of a double-beat 
 valve at b^ and gives steam to 
 the lifting nozzle A ; the over- 
 flow passing freely through the 
 check valve C, and the open 
 __ valve at D. A further move- 
 
 ment of the handle opens the second section of the double-beat 
 steam valve B, and closes the overflow valve D. 
 
 BROWNLEY" INJECTOR.— 
 
 The steam flows to the double- 
 jet nozzles without any regulat- 
 ing device other than the over- 
 flow cock, which by this pecu- 
 liar construction relieves both 
 lift and force tubes. 
 
 "LEADER" INJECTOR.— 
 A double-tube injector. A 
 separate valve gives steam 
 to the lifting nozzle A, with 
 the overflow cock open. The 
 first movement of the handle 
 opens the force valve b ; a 
 further movement closes the 
 overflow to both lift and force 
 tubes. 
 
STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 107 
 
 TO BOILER 
 
 387. " EXCELSIOR " INJECTOR.— 
 A separate valve gives steam 
 to the lifting nozzle A, the 
 overflow cock D C being 
 open. The first movement 
 of the handle opens the coni- 
 cal valve b ; 2. further move- 
 ment closes the overflow cock 
 D C to both the lifting and 
 force overflow S. 
 
 ms!^^^^ 
 
 iZK "KORTING" INJECTOR.— 
 
 A double-tube automatic 
 movement by which the dif- 
 ference in area of the valve 
 discs at A and B allows the 
 balance lever to open the 
 lifting nozzle first and, by 
 a further movement of the 
 handle, opens the force noz- 
 zle B. The overflow is self- 
 adjusting for both nozzles. 
 
 389. "HANCOCK" INSPI- 
 RATOR.— A double-tube injector. 
 The tube A lifts the water and 
 starts the circulation through the 
 overflow, when the steam nozzle 
 B is opened and valves C and 
 D are closed. 
 
 390. BALL-VALVE INJECTOR, 
 in action. 
 
 J, J, ball valves. 
 P, steam inlet. 
 W, inverted nozzle. 
 Q, suction inlet. 
 
 B, overflow. 
 
 C, side outlet to boiler. 
 S, cap. 
 
 automatic 
 
io8 
 
 STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 391. " HANCOCK" LOCO- 
 MOTIVE INSPIRATOR, a 
 
 double-tube injector. 
 
 A, the lifting nozzle and tube. 
 B,the forcingnozzle andtube. 
 
 C, the lift overflow. 
 
 D, the force overflow. 
 
 Two movements of the handle are required for starting ; the first 
 opens the starting valve a and overflow D, with valve H open. A 
 further pull of the handle opens the force valve h^ and the pressure 
 closes the overflow valve D. 
 
 392. " STANDARD " INJECTOR.— 
 
 An exhaust injector with live-steam 
 starter and supplementary attachment 
 for a live-steam injector. 
 
 B, live-steam starter. 
 
 C, live steam for full work. 
 A, throttle valve. 
 G, regulator. 
 
 393- 
 
 "SELLERS'" SELF- 
 
 ADJUSTING INJECTOR.— 
 
 j^ The water nozzle G has a free 
 
 movement in the case and cage 
 
 at S. With too much Avater for 
 
 the steam, the nozzle is pushed back and partially closes the water 
 
 area. Self-adjusting. 
 
 394. STEAM PUMP, with ro- 
 tating piston valve and curved tap- 
 pet. An arm on the valve stem 
 is linked to the end of the curved 
 tappet. The tappet is thrown by 
 a roller clamp on the piston rod. 
 
STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 109 
 
 395. "MISCH'S" VALVE 
 
 TAPPET, for a steam pump. 
 
 A three-armed lever rocked 
 
 "2 by a roller travelling with the 
 
 piston rod. 
 
 396. INDEPENDENT JET 
 CONDENSER PUMP. 
 
 A, exhaust inlet from engine. 
 
 B, water inlet. 
 
 C, water nozzle. 
 
 D, spray valve regulated by 
 screw spindle and wheel E. 
 
 F, spray chamber. 
 
 J, water discharge from pump. 
 
 l^a^F 
 
 397. EJECTOR CONDENSER, with auto- 
 matic three-way valve. By the operation of two 
 valve discs on a single stem the exhaust steam is 
 passed to the atmosphere, or is condensed by the 
 multiple nozzle water jet. " Korting " model. 
 
no 
 
 STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 398. EXHAUST JET CONDENSER.— 
 The exhaust steam passes through a cylindri- 
 cal nozzle and meets a thin annular stream of 
 water at the mouth of a funnel-shaped nozzle. 
 The converging sheet of water condenses the 
 steam, and prevents back, pressure by its 
 velocity through the narrow end of the nozzle. 
 
 399. BALANCED REDUCING VALVE. 
 — The spindle of the balanced throttle discs 
 is attached to a large diaphragm by levers, and 
 counterbalanced by an outside lever, with 
 movable weight for adjustment of the reduced 
 pressure. 
 
 400. PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE.— The 
 back pressure on the enlarged area of the disc valve 
 regulates the flow of steam or air, and is regulated 
 by the weight at the bottom of the spindle and the 
 adjusting screw. 
 
 401. -FOSTER" PRESSURE 
 REDUCING VALVE.— The balanced 
 valve is opened by a diaphragm against 
 the pressure of springs. The high- 
 pressure connection, 3, starts the valve 
 into position. The passage from the 
 low-pressure side at G admits steam 
 from low-pressure side to the diaphragm, 
 
 which is connected to the valve spindle by toggle joints. 
 
STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 Iff 
 
 HOTCHKISS" BOILER CLEANER, 
 for removing the surface scum from 
 steam boilers. The circulation through 
 the settling globe is produced by the dif- 
 ference in temperature in the rising pipe, 
 d, and the return pipe, e. The large 
 area in the globe allows the dirt to 
 settle, to be blown off through the pipe,/ 
 
 403. FEED-WATER HEATER and surface condenser. Ex- 
 haust steam enters at the top, and is condensed on the outside of the 
 
 tubes. The feed 
 
 water is circulat- 
 ed through the 
 tubes. 
 
 403 a. 
 section. 
 
 Cross 
 
 404. STEAM SEPARATOR. — The entrained 
 water in the steam is lodged upon the rough walls, 
 and drips to the strainer and into the pocket, and is 
 drawn off through the valve. The glass gauge in- 
 dicates the height of water in the pocket. 
 
 405. STEAM SEPARATOR, in line for hori- 
 zontal pipes. The corrugated surface catches the 
 water of condensation, which falls through the 
 grating to the recess below. " Austin " model. 
 
 406. FILTER FOR BOILER, feed 
 water. An upward flow. Water enters 
 from the left and flows through felt 
 held between wire gauze and perforated 
 plates. The space may be filled with 
 sponge or coarse sawdust. 
 
112 
 
 STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 RETURN STEAM TRAP, 
 ' ' Blessing ' ' pattern. 
 The trap is placed 
 above the water line 
 of the boiler. The 
 globe is balanced 
 on a weighted lever 
 so that it rises when 
 empty and falls 
 when filled with 
 water. The movement of the globe up and down trips valves that 
 alternately charge the globe with the water from a heating system 
 and discharges it into the boiler. 
 
 408. SPRING STEAM TRAP.— The shell 
 ^ of iron expands by the heat of the steam at a 
 less rate than the brass spring valve, so that 
 the hot steam closes it and the cooler water opens it by contraction. 
 
 of two strips of metal, 
 steel, riveted together. 
 
 409. SPRING STEAM TRAP.— A differ- 
 ential expansion of the spring itself causes it 
 to open with the water temperature and close 
 with steam temperature. The spring is made 
 the upper one of brass and the lower one of 
 
 410. S T E.AM T R A P.— The water con- 
 densed in a heating system flows into the trap 
 case and closes the valve by lifting the float. 
 By the overflow into the float, it sinks, opening 
 the valve, and the water is discharged from the 
 float, allowing it to rise and to close the valve. 
 
 411. "BUNDY" STEAM TRAP.— 
 
 The pear-shaped bowl rises when empty, 
 and falls when full of water. It swings on 
 trunnions carrying an arm, which oper- 
 ates a valve for charging and discharg- 
 ing the water to and from the bowl. 
 
STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 113 
 
 412. STEAM TRAP WITH VALVE, 
 
 operated by a float. The ingress of 
 water lifts the float and opens the dis- 
 charge valve. " Curtis " model. 
 
 413. "HEINTZ" STEAM 
 TRAP. — The differential expan- 
 sion of two metals in the semi- 
 circular arc opens or closes the 
 inlet valve. Adjustment is made 
 by the set-screw. 
 
 414. "MORAN'S" FLEXIBLE STEAM JOINT 
 and automatic relief valve. A ground globular 
 pipe fitting held in a spherical union joint. 
 
 415. CORRUGATED EXPANSION 
 COUPLING, " Wainwright's " model. A 
 hard brass tube, corrugated, gives the tube 
 a longitudinal elasticity to take up the ex- 
 pansion of steam pipes. 
 
 416. FLANGED EXPANSION JOINT.— 
 Used in pipe lines to take up the change in 
 length due to difference in temperature. 
 
114 
 
 STEAM APPLIANCES. 
 
 417. AUTOMATIC RELIEF VALVE.— The 
 valve is kept closed by a crank attachment to the 
 spindle and weighted lever outside. Excess of press- 
 ure raises the stem and discs, throttling the passage 
 of steam and relieving the back pressure. 
 
 418. HORIZONTAL SWING CHECK 
 VALVE. — The disc is loose in the swing 
 frame and may be reground tight by a socket 
 wrench passed through the plug opening. 
 
 419. GLOBE. VALVK 
 
 
 a^ the body. 
 
 r, the spindle nut 
 
 d, the bonnet. 
 
 e^ gland. 
 
 g^ the spindle. 
 
 f^ gland nut. 
 
 b, the winged disc. 
 
 h, wheel. 
 
 420. EXHAUST STEAM HEAD. — The ex- 
 haust steam is deflected by perforated discs and cap 
 plates, which separate the water to drip between 
 the inner and outer shell. 
 
 421. CENTRIFUGAL EXHAUST HEAD. 
 
 — The exhaust steam head enters the drum 
 tangentially, throwing the particles of water 
 against the outer surface to drip to the bottom. 
 
STEAM APPLIAXCES, 
 
 115 
 
 421a. THE PULSOMETER STEAM 
 PUMP. — Water is forced from each cham- 
 ber alternately by the steam pressure, 
 while the opposite chamber is filled by the 
 vacuum caused by the condensation of the 
 steam in contact with the wet surface. The 
 ball valve is very lightly balanced and is 
 thrown over by the alternating vacuum and 
 steam pressure. 
 
 421b. THE EDWARDS AIR PU:MP. 
 • — Has no suction valves. The ports in the 
 cylinder are opened by passing the piston 
 to the bottom of the cylinder. The water 
 and air enter above the piston and is dis- 
 charged above. The discharge valves are 
 sealed by water held back by the dam. 
 The piston rod is sealed by a water filled 
 cup. 
 
 421c. STEAM SOOT SUCKER for 
 cleaning boiler tubes by drawing the soot 
 and ashes from the tubes by an annular 
 steam jet. 
 
ii6 
 
 STKAM APPLIANCE:S. 
 
 42id. AIR COOLING TOWER.— For 
 cooling the water of a surface condenser. 
 The hot water is forced to the top of the 
 tower and distributed over a large surface 
 of tile through which air is circulated by 
 the large fan at the bottom of the tower. 
 The water much cooled drips to the tank 
 below from which it is pumped for use 
 again. 
 
 421^. FLEXIBLE METALLIC 
 HOSE. — The joints are packed 
 with rubber, which lies between the 
 overlapping edges of the corru- 
 gated tape forming the screw. 
 
 42if. FLEXIBLE METALLIC TUB- 
 ING. — The corrugations are deep indented 
 rings spun or pressed from a plain tube. 
 It may be also made spiral. 
 
Section VI. 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 Gas and Gasoline Engines, Valve Gear and Appllances, Connecting 
 
 Rods and Heads. 
 
 422. GASOLINE ENGINE, "Olds" model. Plan showing 
 location of valve chest and valve gear, operated from an eccentric with 
 an alternating sector gear for an impulse at every other revolution. 
 
 423. SECTIONAL PLAN OF A GASOLINE ENGINE.— 
 Four-cycle type, with exhaust port opened by the piston at the end 
 of the stroke, and continued exhaust through an annular valve around 
 the inlet valve. The charge is heated and vaporized in the valve 
 chamber by the exhaust. " Olin " model. 
 
i8 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 424. SIMPLE GAS OR GASOLINE ENGINE.— A, inlet 
 valve ; E, exhaust valve ; gasoline enters by gravity at G, regulated 
 by a faucet. Air enters at B by the suction of the piston, atomizing 
 the gasoline as it drops into the air chamber. The tube igniter is 
 heated by a gasoline burner beneath the bell mouth. 
 
 425. GASOLINE ENGINE VALVE GEAR.— The centrifugal 
 action of the weights on the reducing gear operates a bell crank that 
 
 directs the 
 exhaust 
 push rod 
 on or off 
 the cam. 
 
 "Olin" 
 model. 
 
 426. GAS ENGINE, 
 "Union" model. A 
 four-cycle motor with 
 half-reducing gear; 
 push-rod lever and two 
 push rods for governing 
 charge and exhaust. 
 
MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 119 
 
 427. GASOLINE CARRIAGE MOTOR. — Four cycle or com- 
 pression type. Ribs on cylinder for air cooling. H is the carburetter 
 
 with wire- 
 gauge atomiz- 
 er ; O, gaso- 
 line feed-pipe. 
 Warm air is 
 drawn into 
 carburetter 
 from the pipe 
 over the Bun- 
 sen burner, G, 
 by the suction 
 of the piston ; it is then saturated with gasoline vapor, and returned 
 by a separate pipe to the inlet valve, C. 
 
 ^rirr-^r 
 
 428. VERTICAL GASOLINE ENGINE, 
 
 " Webster " pattern. The cylinder and water 
 jacket form part of the framework of the engine. 
 A four-cycle type. 
 
 429. VERTICAL GAS ENGINE, 
 
 "Root" model. Four-cycle compression, 
 with double explosion. <^ is a second- 
 ary chamber and port, closed about 
 half-stroke, shutting off part of the charge 
 during compression, which is exploded 
 during the impulse stroke of the piston. 
 
I20 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 430. VERTICAL KEROSENE OIL ENGINE, 
 " Daimler" model. The oil is vaporized by the 
 heat of the exhaust, and forced into the cylinder, 
 with the proper proportion of air for explosive 
 combustion, by the downward stroke of the piston 
 and compression in the crank chamber. The up- 
 ward stroke charges the crank chamber with air 
 and vapor. 
 
 431- "DIESEL" MOTOR.— A, cylinder; /, 
 air pump ; y, air-pump lever ; T, air re- 
 ceiver. Air is compressed by the pump to 
 450 lbs. per square inch, and stored in the 
 receiver. Oil is fed by a small pump to 
 the inlet-valve chamber, where it is ato- 
 mized by entering the cylinder with the 
 compressed air. Explosion every other 
 revolution. 
 
 432. VERTICAL GAS 
 ENGINE, two-cycle type, 
 " Day " model. The air and 
 gas are drawn into the crank 
 chamber by the upward 
 stroke of the piston.. The 
 return stroke compresses the 
 mixture in the crank cham- 
 ber, which charges the 
 cylinder through the side 
 passage at the opening of the 
 cylinder port at the end of 
 the down stroke of the piston. E, clearance space ; B, guard on pis- 
 ton ; A, crank chamber ; F, tube igniter ; D, O, inlet valves. 
 
MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 121 
 
 433. STREET RAILWAY GAS 
 MOTOR PASSENGER 
 CAR, German model. The 
 motor consists of two cylin- 
 ders on opposite sides of the 
 crank shaft, placed under 
 the seats. The fly-wheel is 
 behind the seats. The power 
 is transmitted to the axles 
 through gears, sprockets, and chains, with friction regulation. Motor 
 
 runs continually. 
 car floor. 
 
 Compressed gas is stored in cylinders under the 
 
 434. GASOLINE MOTOR 
 CAR. — The gasoline motor runs 
 constantly, operating an electric 
 generator which charges the stor- 
 age batteries, that in turn supply 
 the current as required for the 
 intermittent or variable work of 
 the electric motors geared to the 
 car axles. 
 
 435. VALVE GEAR for a 
 
 gas engine. — A simple device 
 for opening the exhaust valve 
 of a four-cycle motor. The 
 eccentric gives the push rod 
 a forward stroke at each revo- 
 lution of the shaft. The 
 ratchet wheel C has a friction 
 resistance, with every other 
 
 tooth a shallow notch, so as to hold up the lip of the push rod at every 
 
 second revolution of the shaft and make a miss-hit on the valve rod. 
 
 At the next revolution the lip falls into a deep notch and the push rod 
 
 opens the exhaust valve. 
 
122 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 436. VALVE GEAR, for a 
 four-cycle gas engine. The cam 
 is fixed to the engine shaft. The 
 inner ring gear is swept around 
 within the outer fixed gear, 
 skipping by one tooth at each 
 revolution of the engine shaft. 
 This makes a contact of a ring-gear tooth with the exhaust-valve rod 
 at every other revolution, necessary for the operation of a four-cycle 
 motor. 
 
 437. DOUBLE-GROOVED ECCENTRIC, for two 
 f 4 — J lengths of rod thrown alternately by traversing the push 
 
 \. \ 1 rod in the cross grooves, also for single-valve rod throw 
 
 for four-cycle gas engine. 
 
 JCCENTRIC 
 ROD 
 
 438. VALVE GEAR for a four-cycle gas 
 engine. The two-thread worm on the en- 
 gine shaft has the middle part of the thread 
 extended to form a cam. The four-part 
 gear, B, revolves by the action of the worm, 
 and at every other revolution the cam section of the worm runs into 
 the recess of the revolving gear, and the valve rod is not operated, 
 thus opening the exhaust valve at every second revolution as required. 
 
 439. PLUMB-BOB GOVERNOR for a 
 
 gas engine. The plumb-bob. A, is pivoted 
 in a box attached to the exhaust valve push 
 rod. The back motion of the push rod pro- 
 duces a forward motion of the bob, acting like 
 a pendulum, and a downward motion of the 
 pick blade, C, bringing it in contact with the valve spindle, D. The 
 spring-end screws, E and F, are for the adjustment of the motion of A. 
 
MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 123 
 
 440. 
 
 INERTIA GOVERNOR for a gas engine. 
 The ball, J, is the inertia pendu- 
 lum. It is pivoted to the frame, D, 
 at L. It swings on the pivot at 
 H, by the rotation of the cam, B, 
 against the roller, C. The spring, 
 K, is for adjusting the amount of 
 the motion of the ball and its at- 
 tached pick blade, G, for a push or 
 miss of the valve spindle, F. 
 
 441. PENDULUM GOVERNOR 
 
 for a gas engine. The pendulum 
 is adjusted by the distance of the 
 small compensating ball to vibrate 
 synchronously with the push rod at 
 the required speed of the engine. 
 Increased speed releases the clip, 
 and a miss charge is made.. 
 
 442. DIFFERENTIAL CAM THROW, by the 
 
 transverse motion of a rolling disc on a lever or by 
 direct thrust. Much used on the valve gear of gas 
 
 engines. The rolling disc is traversed by the governor from one cam 
 
 to another. 
 
 443. GOVERNOR AND VARIABLE CAM 
 for a gas engine. The 'centrifugal movement 
 of the governor balls slides the sleeve on the 
 governor shaft, and also the variable cam 
 sleeve, ^, on the driving shaft, by the bell-crank 
 lever, e. The disc roller, b^ on an arm of a rock 
 shaft, rolls upon one or the other cams at ^, thus 
 var}'ing the movement of the inlet valve, which 
 is connected to another arm of the rock shaft. 
 
124 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 444. INLET VALVE for gas engine. 
 A valve disc slightly held in contact with 
 the seat by the spring. Air holes should be 
 drilled close together around the valve seat, 
 so that combined air area shall be larger 
 than the area of the gas inlet. 
 
 445. GAS ENGINE VALVE GEAR.— 
 
 E, Inlet valve; F, exhaust valve. Valves 
 are operated by a bent lever, with sliding 
 roller H and double cam C, which by a 
 groove rides the roller alternately on to the 
 cams. 
 
 drawn by the 
 
 446. GASOLINE VAPORIZER. 
 
 — The inlet nozzle, V, is ribbed on 
 the outside and is enclosed in a 
 chamber through which the ex- 
 haust passes. Gasoline and air 
 are drawn into the nozzle regulated 
 by the small valve, and additional 
 air for the explosive mixture is 
 piston through the large valve. " Capitaine " motor. 
 
 447. CARBURETTER 
 for making air gas from 
 gasoline ; non-freezing. A, 
 plan — a zig-zag series of 
 chambers with spaces be- 
 2% tween for air circulation to 
 keep its vaporizing walls 
 warm ; B, a vertical section ; c, c, c, open spaces. Canton or other 
 flannel wrapped over wire gauze frames is pushed into the longi- 
 tudinal spaces before the ends are soldered ; may be made of tinplate. 
 
 A 
 
 & 
 
 1*— «r -- - 
 
 '--■7 — ^ 
 
 
 '■' c 
 
 
 . — ,-<l -~ 1 
 
 r c. 
 
 c. 
 
 
 |----.n--^-- -i 
 
 """ " '0 " ■ i 
 
 £- 
 
 
 1 ;;< 
 
 •' ^ -^a 
 
 C- 
 
 ..::::::.-.:::::::::::::::« 
 
 1 'L 
 
MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 125 
 
 448. AUTOMATIC OILER.— Much in 
 use on explosive motors. Shaft r, and 
 cranky, with the dip wire d, are revolved by 
 a belt dropping the oil on the wiper e, into 
 the small tank/, from which it flows to the 
 cylinder. 
 
 UNIFORM AUTOMATIC OILER.— Used 
 
 on gas engines. The shaft, driven by a 
 belt from the valve-gear shaft of the engine, 
 carries two hooks and dip wires, one of 
 which raises the oil from the variable level 
 below to a constant level oil reservoir, from 
 which the second hook and dip wire feed 
 the wiper that leads the oil to the cylinder. 
 
 450. CRANK-ROD HEAD ADJUST- 
 MENT for trunk pistons. A jointed brass 
 tightened by a long-armed screw. 
 
 g:;:;:^ >^?jj^::;^:j^j^jj:j:i:jj^^^ 
 
 451. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- 
 tion for a gas engine. 
 
 TTTT 
 
 !: %t:^?t:t?t^'ti:jy?:;i^?^?^:^^ 
 
 452. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- 
 tion for a gas engine. 
 
 453. TRUNK PISTON ROD connec- 
 tion for a gas engine. Most reliable form. 
 Head of screw pin should be keyed. 
 
126 
 
 MOTIVE PQWER. 
 
 454. CONNECTING ROD HEAD, with 
 full split brasses, held by cap and through 
 bolts. 
 
 455. CONNECTING ROD END 
 with set-in end block. 
 
 456. SOLID STRAP END, for connecting 
 rod. Brasses set up by a capstan screw. 
 
 457. CONNECTING ROD END, with half 
 brass and brass cap. Through bolts. 
 
 458. STEEL BALL ADJUSTMENT for con- 
 
 ^ necting rod brasses. A number of steel balls are 
 
 ^= enclosed in a chamber and compressed by a screw. 
 
 459. SOLID END CONNECTING ROD.— Brasses 
 slip in sidewise, and are locked in by the key. 
 
 , ig]-ij-r i> 460. FORKED END CONNECTING ROD, 
 
 '"^S-iiLu ' with keys and set screws. 
 
 
 
MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 127 
 
 461. CONNECTING KOD END with 
 locknut key. 
 
 462. ADJUSTABLE LINK with 
 right and left screw coupling. 
 
 463. LINK OR CONNECTING 
 ROD, with adjustable brasses. Keys 
 inside and outside of pins. 
 
 463a. STAKE PULLER. — An 
 easy way to pull stakes and posts. A 
 clevis to pinch the stake or post against 
 the end of the lever with the lever 
 pivoted to the foot post. 
 
 4635. STALK PUL- 
 LER. — The conical 
 spiked drums catch the 
 stalks and throw them 
 off at one side. The 
 cones are driven by 
 gearing and shaft from 
 the large wheel. Will 
 pull cotton, hemp and 
 other stalks that are 
 planted in rows. 
 
128 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 463^:. VALVE 
 GEAR FOR EX- 
 PLOSIVE MO- 
 TORS.— H, air inlet; 
 F, air valve; G, gas 
 or gasoline valve ; /, 
 air valve lever ; B, gas 
 valve lever operated 
 from the cam at C; 
 O, exhaust ; E, ex- 
 haust valve ; e, ex- 
 haust valve lever, op- 
 erated by cams at c. 
 
 463J. GASOLINE ATOMIZER. 
 — By injection through the valve 
 seat K which has a grooved pas- 
 sage around it to distribute the gas- 
 oline evenly to the indraft of the 
 piston A, the regulating needle 
 valve. 
 
 Section ON A-EL 
 
MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 129 
 
 463^. GASOLINE 
 ATOMIZER, of the 
 constant feed type. — 
 A, receiving tank ; B, 
 float ; C, counter 
 weight and valve ; E, 
 jet nozzle; H, air in- 
 let ; G, perforated 
 cone with air regulat- 
 ing cap L. 
 
 463/. ELECTRIC IGNI- 
 TION PLUG, for a gas or 
 ■^ gasoline motor. Electrodes of 
 Ja;^ platinum ; copper spindle with 
 • collar ; insulation porcelain or 
 lava with mica disk between. 
 
 4630^. JUMP SPARK 
 COIL for gas and gaso- 
 line, engines. — ^H, H, 
 iron wire core ; P, pri- 
 mary coil : S, secondary 
 coil : L, condenser ; D, 
 spark breaker ; A, bat- 
 tery ; J, switch; P, M, 
 binding posts. 
 
I30 
 
 MOTIVE POWER. 
 
 463/L CALORIC ENGINE, Erics- 
 son Model. — d, d, the cylinder in 
 which the transfer piston moves with 
 space between it and the cylinder to 
 allow the air to be quickly transferred 
 from the hot end to the cool end and 
 vice versa. 
 
 b. Impulse piston attached directly 
 to the walking beam. The transfer 
 piston is operated by a yoke connec- 
 tion with the bell crank lever k, and 
 rod p. X, water jacket, r, pump, ii, 
 Bunsen burner. 
 
 463/. FOUR CYLINDER GASO- 
 LINE MOTOR. — Four cycle, air cooled 
 type. The successive impulses in the four 
 cylinders require only a very light fly 
 wheel to regulate the motion. A French 
 design. 
 
Section Vli, 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 Water Wheels, Turbines, Governors, Impact Wheels, Pumps, Rotary 
 Pumps, Siphons, Water Lifts, Ejectors, Water Rams, Meters, Indi- 
 cators, Pressure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints, Filters, Etc. 
 
 OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL, with 
 steel buckets. With the gate chute im- 
 pinging upon the buckets an efficiency of 
 from seventy to seventy-five per cent, may 
 be obtained. 
 
 h X w 
 
 X .yo = horse-power. 
 
 33,ooQ 
 
 h, Total height of water-fall from race ; w, 
 weight of water falling per minute. 
 
 465. OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL.— 
 Power equals about sixty per cent, of the value 
 of the water-fall flowing over the wheel. 
 
 466. IRON OVERSHOT 
 WHEEL. — The frame and buck- 
 ets are made of iron or steel. 
 The lightest wheel of its kind. 
 " Leffel " model. 
 
 467. Front view. 
 
132 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 468. UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL.— 
 Power equals about forty per cent, of the value 
 of the water-fall flowing under the gate. 
 
 469. SAW-MtLL WATER WHEEL and 
 flume, h At h' represents the head of water. 
 The total head in feet multiplied by the weight 
 of water discharged per minute equals the foot- 
 pounds of power. Efficiency about sixty per 
 cent. 
 
 470. BREAST WATER WHEEL.— Power 
 
 equals about forty per cent, of the value of 
 the water-fall flowing through the gate. This 
 form should have housed buckets. 
 
 471. FLUTTER WHEEL.— Much in use to 
 back the^og carriage of saw-mills. Efficiency 
 very low. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 133 
 
 472. BARKER WHEEL. — A reaction water 
 wheel. The reaction of the water escaping from 
 the tangential orifices at the ends of the arms 
 under the pressure of the water head in the hol- 
 low shaft gives impulse to the wheel. Very low 
 efficiency. 
 
 474. Section of wheel and case. 
 
 473. CURRENT MO- 
 TOR. — A propeller revolv- 
 ing within a case with ex- 
 panding mouth to increase 
 the force of the current. 
 A sprocket-wheel on the 
 rear end of the propeller 
 shaft with chain transmis- 
 sion to shaft on suspen- 
 sion frame. 
 
 475. CURRENT WATER WHEEL.— 
 The most efficient velocity of the wheel 
 periphery is forty per cent, of the current 
 velocity. The horse-power is : 
 
 Area of immersion of blades ,,^ ^^„ 
 
 X (V— S)2 
 
 150 ^ 
 
 V = Velocity of the stream ; S = vel- 
 ocity of periphery of wheel, — both in feet 
 per second. 
 
 476. FIXED BUCKET WATER-RAISING 
 CURRENT WHEEL.— Long rectangular 
 buckets are attached across the rim of the 
 wheel with side openings, indicated by the 
 hatched spaces. At the top the water flows 
 over the side of the wheel into a trough. 
 
134 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 477. BUCKETED WATER-RAISING 
 CURRENT WHEEL.— The buckets are 
 pivoted to the outside rim of the wheel, and 
 tilted into the trough at the top by a tail- 
 piece on the bucket striking the trough. 
 
 478. CURRENT WHEEL WATER 
 LIFT. — The water buckets and arms are 
 troughs that carry the water to the central 
 hollow shaft, from the end of which it is 
 discharged into a trough. Used for irriga 
 tion and low-grade water supply. 
 
 479. DRAINAGE WHEEL, used for 
 draining fens and lowlands. Broad 
 buckets on a power-driven wheel with a 
 back or tangential slope, the wheel re- 
 volving in a current shield. Such wheels, 
 at proper speed, will lift a large 
 volume of water to a height of 
 nearly half their diameter. 
 
 480. PERSIANWHEE L.— A current- 
 driven water lift; used in Eastern countries. 
 A hollow shaft, with curved arms and floats, 
 with buckets suspended at their periphery. 
 The current carries the floats forward, filling 
 the buckets and at the same time dipping 
 ~~ ~" water into the curved arms. The water follows 
 
 the arms in their revolution and discharges through the hollow shaft, 
 while the buckets are tipped at the top of the wheel into a trough. 
 
 - »»)» - > — ^ 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 135 
 
 481. ANCIENT WATER LIFT.— A series 
 of earthen pots lashed to the periphery of a 
 wheel revolving in a stream. The long pots 
 are so inclined to the axial line of the shaft 
 that they dip and fill while in the stream, and 
 empty while passing the trough. 
 
 482. " ARCHIMEDIAN " SCREW WATER 
 LIFT. — A water wheel on an inclined hol- 
 low shaft is driven by the current. A spirally 
 wound pipe in or outside of the shaft con • 
 veys the water to an elevated trough. 
 
 483. VOLUTE TURBINE.— The water, 
 under pressure of its head, passes along the 
 volute, striking, the radial buckets a, a^ a, flows 
 inward and down through the central inclined 
 buckets <r, r. Efficiency about eighty per cent. 
 
 484. HIGH-PRESSURE TURBINE, " Leffel " 
 model, with double draught pipe and governor. 
 End thrust on shaft is balanced by central inlet 
 and double draught-pipes. 
 Efficiency from eighty to 
 eighty-five per cent, of the 
 pressure head at the turbine. 
 
 485. ''LEFFEL" DOUBLE-RUNNER TUR- 
 BINE. — The upper section of the running-wheel 
 ] discharges inward and down the centre. The 
 lower section has curved blades to discharge 
 downward. One register gate for both sections. 
 
136 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 1 
 
 wm^i 
 
 486. " JONVAL " TURBINK — The upper 
 ^ inclined blades are fixed. The lower inverse 
 blades form the wheel. 
 
 487. " JONVAL " TURBINE.—^, The case ; 
 a^ the chute or directrix, fixed ; c^ the wheel 
 buckets. The curved buckets are set slightly 
 tangent and curve downward in parabolic or 
 cycloidal form. Water discharges downward. 
 Efficiency from eighty to eighty-five per cent. 
 
 488. TURBINE AND GATE.— A downward 
 flow from angular fixed guides in the water 
 chamber. 
 
 489. "LANCASTER" TURBINE, downward 
 
 discharge. The upper parts of the blades are vertical, 
 and receive water tangentially from the gate plates. 
 
 490. '' MUNSON " DOUBLE TURBINE.— 
 The water discharges both upward and down- 
 ward through curved guide blades, to reverse 
 curves in the top and bottom wheel blades. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 m 
 
 491. "CAMDEN" TURBINE, has two inde- 
 pendent sets of buckets. The upper set is inward 
 and central discharge, the lower set is curved 
 backward, with tangential discharge. 
 
 492. "MODEL" TURBINE.— The run- 
 ning-wheel has a downward discharge. The 
 register gates are pivoted and operated by- 
 arms from a sector. 
 
 493. " SWAIN " TURBINE.— Inward and 
 downward flow, with continuous curved blades. 
 
 494. " WARREN " CENTRAL-DISCHARGE 
 TURBINE.— Plan : The wheel revolves on the 
 inside of a fixed directrix. Water enters from 
 outside, and discharges into and beneath the 
 wheel, a, Directrix ; b, wheel. 
 
 495. "FOURNERON" TURBINE. — The 
 
 rim of outer buckets revolves around the inner 
 directrix, the water moving outward; Efficiency, 
 about eighty per cent. 
 
 496. BELT WATER-WHEEL GOVERNOR.— 
 
 The middle pulley on the governor spindle is loose, 
 the outside pulleys are tight. The action of the 
 governor balls operates a belt shipper which throws 
 the belt upon the upper or lower tight pulley at ab- 
 normal speed. A corresponding set of tight and 
 ^^ loose pulleys operate a pair of bevel gear that open 
 or close the gate. 
 
'38 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 497. WATER WHEEL GOVERNOR.— The wheel 
 motion drives the bevel gear at a and the hollow spindle, 
 b^ revolving the balls and connecting arms. The small 
 central spindle has a vertical motion, due to the centrif- 
 ugal force of the balls. The central spindle carries a pin 
 which slides in a slot in the outer hollow spindle, which 
 at abnormal speed catches one or the other pins in the 
 
 loose bevel gears, <r, r, which, acting on the bevel wheel and shaft, d^ 
 
 opens or closes the gate. 
 
 498. IMPACT WATER WHEEL, " Leffel " pat- 
 tern. Step buckets. Efficiency, eighty-five per cent. 
 
 499. PELTON WATER WHEEL. -An 
 
 impact wheel driven by the force 
 of a high-pressure water jet. 
 Efficiency, eighty-five per cent, of 
 the product of the height and 
 weight of flowing water through 
 the jet, less the friction head. 
 
 500. BUCKETS OF A PELTON WATER 
 WHEEL. — Showing the method of 
 separating the jet and returning the 
 parts nearly in line with the impact 
 jet, thus gaining about eighty-five 
 per cent, of the total power of the jet. 
 
 501. Section of bucket. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 139 
 
 502. POWER OF WATER.— 
 Apparatus for measuring the force 
 of a water jet when discharged 
 through a semicircular tube or 
 trough. The total force is measured 
 by the weight w. 
 
 503. POWER OF WATER.— Appara- 
 tus for measuring the force of a water jet 
 when turned to a right angle by a bent 
 trough. «, A spring scale. The vertical 
 force is weighed on the platform scale, 
 ■ the horizontal force by the spring scale. 
 
 504. COMPOUND BEAM PUMP- 
 f^ ING ENGINE for water works. The 
 "^ high- and low-pressure cylinders are in- 
 clined, to make room for direct connec- 
 tion of the pump and crank rods. 
 
 505. "DEAN" STEAM 
 PUMP. — The valve gear 
 of the Duplex pump. A 
 lever and rock shaft, moved 
 by a spool on the connect- 
 ing rod, operates the valve 
 of the opposite cylinder, 
 
 for alternating the strokes of the pistons. 
 
I40 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 506. WORTHINGTON 
 DUPLEX PUMP. — Two 
 rock shafts with arms moved 
 by the opposite piston rod 
 alternate the valve motions 
 and strokes. The water pis- 
 ton is of the plunger form. 
 
 507. HALF-YOKE CONNECTION for 
 pump piston rods with central crank. 
 
 —3 508. The centre crank. 
 
 509. YOKE CONNECTION for a continuous 
 "^^ .J — ; piston rod and outside crank ; crank shaft beyond 
 
 ^m[] 
 
 the steam cylinder. 
 
 510. REVERSING MOVEMENT for a 
 pump valve. The piston-rod trip carries 
 the ball frame beyond the level, when the 
 ball rolls across and completes the valve 
 throw. 
 
 511. DOUBLE-ACTING LIFT AND FORCE 
 PUMP. — In this form the work is the same for each 
 stroke of the piston, and the pressure equal to the 
 total height of lift and force. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 141 
 
 l^Xs 
 
 DOUBLE-ACTING DIFFERENTIAL PUMP. 
 — The lower section is of the same construction 
 as the ordinary lifting pump. The upper 
 section has a solid piston connected by rod to 
 the lower bucket piston, and moving in an 
 open cylinder projecting down from the cover, 
 thus making the upper part of the pump an air 
 chamber. 
 
 513. LIFT AND FORCE PUMP.— The limit of 
 lift or suction is practically twenty-five feet. The force 
 may be to any desired height, according to the strength 
 of working parts and applied power. Total power is 
 on the up-stroke of the piston. 
 
 514. LIFT AND FORCE PUMP, with solid 
 piston. In this form the power is divided ; the 
 up-stroke is equal to the lift or suction, and the 
 down-stroke equal to the force required for any 
 height. 
 
 515. TRAMP PUMPING DEVICE, some- 
 times called the Teeter pump. A self-evident 
 illustration of an obsolete practice. 
 
 516. LIFT AND FORCE PUMP with air 
 chamber. The air chamber is required for long 
 lines of pipe to prevent reaction and water ham- 
 mer. Water under pressure absorbs more air 
 than at atmospheric pressure, often depriving the 
 air chamber of its air cushion when recharging 
 becomes necessary. 
 
142 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 517. LIFT PUMP.— The limit of water lift in 
 this pump is about thirty feet, but practically about 
 twenty-five feet is its available working height. 
 
 518. DOUBLE-LANTERN BELLOWS PUMP 
 OR BLOWER. — A very ancient device for water 
 and for a blower of air for forges. Will make a 
 constant blast by using one side as a receiver, dis- 
 pensing with the valves and connection on receiver 
 side. 
 
 519. DIAPHRAGM PUMP, in which a flexi- 
 ble diaphragm is used instead of a piston. 
 
 520. "FAIRBURN" BAILING SCOOP, 
 for low-lift drainage or irrigation. The tilting 
 scoop may be connected to a walking beam or 
 directly to a vertical engine. 
 
 J^ 521. 
 
 
 PENDULUM WATER LIFT.— A double series 
 of scoops with flap valves and connecting pipes. 
 The swinging of the pendulum frame alternately 
 immerses the lower scoops, and at the next stroke 
 raises the water by its transfer to the opposite 
 scoop, when the next oscillation transfers to the 
 next opposite scoop, and so on. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 143 
 
 522. CHAIN PUMP.— An old device for 
 raising water, now in use in many modifica- 
 tions. 
 
 523. RECIPROCATING MOTION by the auto- 
 matic action of a fall of water. A bucket with a valve 
 in the bottom, which lifts and discharges the water by 
 the contact of the valve spindle with a stop at the 
 bottom of the bucket run ; the weight lifting the 
 bucket again to the spout. Very old. 
 
 524. WELL PULLEY AND BUCKETS. 
 Buckets are balanced empty. 
 
 525. SWAPE, OR NEW ENGLAND SWEEP.— 
 A very ancient as well as modern method of 
 raising water from wells. The weighted end 
 of the pole overbalances the bucket, so as to 
 divide the labor of lifting the water. 
 
 526. PARALLEL MOTION for double 
 piston pump. A, The lever handle; links 
 equal lengths. 
 
144 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 527. "GOLDING ' CENTRIFUGAL 
 PUMP. — Four volute blades are attached 
 to the shaft by arms. To the outer case 
 are attached radial blades with their edges 
 nearly touching the revolving volute blades. 
 Suction at centre ; discharge at sides of 
 outside shells. 
 
 528. "QUIMBY" SCREW 
 PUMP. — The screws re- 
 volve, meshed in each other, 
 and are enclosed in a close- 
 fitted case. Suction at each 
 end from S, and discharge 
 from the middle at D. End 
 thrust is neutralized by the screws on each shaft being right- and left- 
 handed. 
 
 529. ROTARY PUMP, " Holley " sys- 
 tem. Similar in design to the steam engine 
 No. 342, only each piston has !hree long 
 teeth meshing into the recesses of the op- 
 posite gear piston. Used in combination 
 with No. 342 in the Silsby fire engine. 
 
 530. '' PAPPENHEIM " ROTARY 
 PUMP. — One of the earliest rotar)' 
 devices for raising water. Two deep 
 cog-wheels with their teeth meshed and 
 rotating in a close-fitted shell. 
 
 531. "REPSOLD" ROTARY PUMP. 
 — Two differential sector cylinders re- 
 volving in contiguous cylindrical shells. 
 The greater and smaller sector surfaces 
 match and alternately close the area be- 
 tween the centres of revolution. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 145 
 
 532-533- TRI-AXIAL 
 ROTARY PUMP.— A 
 
 late French invention. The 
 upper cylinder receives the 
 power and rotates the lower 
 chambered cylinder? 
 through three spur gears. 
 The wings of the upper or 
 power cylinder are set fast and are the only rubbing surfaces. The 
 cylindrical surfaces roll on each other with equal velocity. The ex- 
 tended surface of the lower cylinders furnishes a water packing that is 
 practically tight. 
 
 534. ROTARY PUMP OR MOTOR.— 
 
 Can be run in either direction. The shell and 
 wing drum are eccentric. The wings are guided 
 by projections running in a concentric groove 
 in each head. 
 
 535- 
 
 GARY " ROTARY PUMP.— A rotat- 
 
 ing drum concentric with the outer fixed cylinder 
 and a fixed heart-shaped^cam groove in which the 
 sliding wings are guided. A stop, E, closes the 
 suction and force side of the chamber. The form 
 of the outer cylinder wall is spiral. 
 
 536. VACUUM JET CONDENSER AND ROTARY 
 PUMP. — The jet in the vacuum chamber is regulated by 
 the valve. The rotary pump, being entirely immersed in 
 the water below, is water-packed. 
 
 «o 
 
146 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 537. " RAMELLI " ROTARY PUMP.— One of 
 
 the earliest (1588). A slotted cylinder with four 
 wings eccentric to a cylindrical shell. The wings 
 are pushed out by helical springs. 
 
 538. "HEPPEL" ROTARY PUMP. — Four 
 wings are jointed concentric with the cylindrical 
 ^ shell. A disc and shaft are set eccentric to the 
 cylindrical shell. The wings are linked to the 
 eccentric disc as shown, so that the wings on the 
 upward stroke move faster than the wings moving 
 downward on the opposite side. 
 
 <^ 
 
 539. "EMERY" ROTARY PUMP. — Four 
 wings driven by a hollow cylinder revolving eccen- 
 tric to the outer shell. The inner ends of the wings 
 are guided concentric with the outer shell by pins 
 moving in a slot or groove in the shell heads, and 
 kept in position by a toggle-joint connection. 
 
 540. "KNOTT" ROTARY PUMP.— A hol- 
 low winged cylinder within which an eccentric 
 revolves on an axis central with the shell, causing 
 the winged cylinder to wipe the inner surface of 
 the shell. The small slotted cylinder makes a 
 packing for the w ing. 
 
 541. "PATTISON" ROTARY PUMP.— A 
 
 hollow winged cylinder in which an eccentric is 
 rotated on an axis central with the outer shell. 
 The piston and socket serve as a guide for the 
 wing. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 147 
 
 542. "COCHRANE" ROTARY PUMP.— A 
 
 slide pocket in the outer shell receives the piston 
 wing of the inner eccentric cylinder, which swings 
 in contact with the shell on its centre, 2, carried 
 around by a cam crank. 
 
 543. One of the early forms of Rotary Pumps. 
 Only suitable for free flow to the pump. Will not 
 lift. Obsolete. 
 
 544. HYDRAULIC 
 TRANSMISSION OF 
 POWER. — A driving rotary 
 pump connected by a flow 
 
 and return pipe to a driven rotarv motor at any convenient distance. 
 
 Has been applied to bicvcles. 
 
 545. SIPHON and its operation. 
 A, The siphon ; H, G, cocks to be 
 
 closed when 
 first filling ; B, 
 air chamber 
 
 C, water seal; 
 
 D, funnel. The 
 air that accu- 
 mulates in the 
 
 chamber, B, by the operation of the siphon, may be discharged by 
 closing cock C, opening cock D, and filling the chamber with water. 
 Close D and open C, when any air below C will rise into the 
 chamber, and water will take its place without stopping the running 
 of the siphon. 
 
148 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 546. SIPHON and its operation. A, 
 An air catcli ; H, G, terminal cocks to be 
 
 closed when fill- 
 ing the siphon. 
 Open cock at D, 
 and pump the 
 siphon and fun- 
 ^ nel full. Close 
 cocks D and F 
 
 and open H and G, when the siphon will run until chamber at A and 
 apex of siphon are choked with aire Then close H, G, open D, and 
 pump up again. This is very convenient for long siphons, and saves 
 carrying of water. 
 
 547. EJECTOR OR JET PUMP, with forked sue- 
 tion pipes. 
 
 548. EJECTOR OR JET PUMP. 
 
 A, the steam nozzle. 
 
 B, suction pipe. 
 
 C, the force pipe. 
 
 A crude representation of the earlier forms of the 
 ejector. 
 
 549. AUTOMATIC WATER EJECTOR.— Cel- 
 lars and swamps may be drained, where there is a 
 water supply under pressure, by the use of an ejector 
 which may be made automatic by a float acting upon 
 the valve in the pressure pipe. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 149 
 
 550. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER.— The valve 
 is held tightly closed by the diamond-shaped post 
 resting on a bell-crank clip, which is held in position 
 by fusible solder, melting at about 200° Fah., at 
 which temperature the solder melts and the pressure 
 casts the clips loose. The star washer scatters the 
 stream. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 551. HYDRAULIC RAM, the « Montgol- 
 fier " idea for a fountain supplied by a water 
 ram. 
 
 552. HYDRAULIC RAM.— A, Driving 
 
 pipe ; V, impact valve ; C, valve-bonnet 
 
 cage and spindle ; W, force valve ; F, out- 
 
 -R-^^^g let to force pipe ; D, air chamber ; E, snift- 
 
 ■l-r--. ¥^^~^^ ii^g hole, sometimes furnished with a small 
 
 ,.^ii>' %T^-# ball valve which allows air to draw in at 
 
 I'M'-'' M.-S^J!/ 
 
 ^v( g^ ff^A m each rebound of the drive-water column, and 
 cvoti_=^^^-^^=^-ir=^g^ thus to keep the air chamber supplied with 
 
 air. 
 
 553. "PEARSALL'S" HYDRAULIC RAM AND 
 AIR COMPRESSER.— A hollow or open piston vi- 
 brates in a cylinder, perforated all around with escape 
 ports for egress of water. An air chamber receives the 
 water, and the air which is drawn in through the ports, 
 which becomes compressed. A small air motor 
 drives a crank shaft and fly-wheel, which oper- 
 ate the piston. By the sliding motion of the 
 piston in closing the ports, water hammer is 
 avoided, thus enabling the use of a ram of very 
 large dimensions. 
 
I50 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 554. SILENT HYDRATTLIC RAM.— 
 The curved reaction disc, F, serves to lift 
 the piston valve, C, quickly without shock. 
 The air cushion at G stops the lift at the mo- 
 ment of closure of piston valve, C. J, a stop 
 set-screw ; H, valve cage ; B, force valve ; K, 
 force pipe ; I, vent hole to air cushion. 
 
 555. DOUBLE-PISTON REACTION HYDRAULIC 
 RAM. — The two pistons, B and O, are on the 
 same spindle with curved reaction disc, A. G 
 is a leather washer to soften the contact with 
 guide yoke. The cage at D guides the lower 
 piston and serves to increase greatly the free- 
 dom of water-flow from the drive pipe, thereby 
 increasing the duty of the ram. 
 
 556. WATER METER.—" Union " water me- 
 ter model. The water passes through a rotary 
 motor with equalizing gear, from which the dial 
 pointers are driven by a clock train and counter. 
 
 557. DISC WATER METER, '* Hersey '• 
 model. The disc piston, A, oscillates by the 
 passage of water through the disc chamber. 
 The spindle of the disc, by its oscillating 
 movement, rotates the crank and gears of the 
 index-wheel train. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 151 
 
 558. WATER METER," Thompson " 
 
 model. A swinging disc movement on 
 
 ball socket, operated by a flow of water, 
 
 rotates a vertical crank spindle 
 
 and gear train with index hand 
 
 above the diaL 
 
 559. WATER -VELOCITY INDICA- 
 TOR AND REGISTER.— Variations in 
 velocity of a stream varies the position of 
 the float, which is registered on a traverse 
 card by a pencil. 
 
 560. ANCHORED FERRYBOAT.— One 
 of the few methods of crossing a stream by 
 the action of the current 
 
 561. "MUELLER" WATER PRESSURE 
 REGULATOR, for reducing a high-pressure works 
 to any required pressure in the service pipe. A 
 spindle with one disc valve, t^vo cupped leather 
 piston valves, and a regulating spring. The high 
 pressure in the house service pipe is relieved by the 
 closure of the inlet valve, due to the differential 
 area of the piston valves. When water is being 
 drawn, the valve opens wide by the relief from 
 pressure at the upper piston valve. 
 
152 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 562. "MASON" WATER PRESSURE REG- 
 ULATOR. — Over-pressure on the low-pressure 
 side depresses a diaphragm and draws the valve 
 to its seat. Adjustment for difference of pressure 
 is made by compressing or releasing the spring 
 pressure under the elastic diaphragm, by the screw 
 and nut at the bottom. 
 
 563. PUMP WATER PRESSURE 
 REGULATING VALVE.— A balanced 
 piston valve, with a differential balance by 
 spring or lever and weight, is placed on 
 the steam pipe to a pump. The opening 
 beneath the lower piston is connected to 
 the water discharge pipe of the pump. 
 Over-pressure raises the disc and shuts off 
 steam. 
 
 564. HYDRAULIC PRESS, with screw 
 adjustment of upper platen. The closing 
 down of the upper platen is quickly done by 
 the screw, when a small movement of the hv- 
 draulic piston is required for the pressure. 
 
 565. HYDROSTATIC PRESS.— There are 
 many modifications of this principle for presses 
 and elevator lifts. The gross pressure of the 
 ram is as the areas of the ram and pump pistons 
 multiplied by the pounds pressure on the pump 
 piston. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 153 
 
 566. HYDRAULIC INTENSIFIER. — High 
 
 pressure obtained from low pressure by differentia] 
 pistons. A, Low-pressure cylinder ; D, high-pressure 
 cylinder and plunger. 
 
 566 a. PORTABLE HYDRAULIC RIVETER. 
 
 — An inverted hydraulic ram is operated by 
 the small pump and lever attached to the top 
 of the ram. The return stroke is made by 
 the small reverse ram at the rear of the driv- 
 ing ram. 
 
 567. HYDRAULIC RAIL BENDER. 
 
 — The plunger is moved with great force 
 by the pressure from a small piston 
 plunger operated by a hand lever, on the 
 same principle as with the hydraulic 
 jack. It is suspended by the eyes, and 
 can be used for straightening or bending 
 rails on the track. 
 
 568. HYDRAULIC RAIL PUiSTCH, 
 constructed in the same line as the rail 
 bender and hydraulic press. The loops 
 are for suspending and to allow the 
 punch to be easily handled in any j>osi- 
 tion. 
 
154 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 569. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR LIFT with mul- 
 tiplying cable gear. The cable is carried under and 
 over cross-head sheaves on each side to equalize the 
 pressure on both sides of the plunger. 
 
 570. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR LIFT with pul- 
 ley sheaves central over plunger. 
 
 571. HORIZONTAL HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR 
 LIFT, with central-plunger pulley. Cable 
 winds on small pulley on drum shaft. For 
 light lift. 
 
 572. HYDRAULIC PULLING JACK. 
 
 ■ — The lever operates a 
 
 small pump which forces 
 
 ^:::^ water to the upper side of 
 
 the piston and draws the 
 
 piston rod and ring. The small screw and handle is the relief valve 
 
 to return the water below or to the opposite side of piston for return. 
 
 573. WATER PURIFYING FILTER, 
 
 " N. Y. Filter Mfg. Co. "pattern. A diaphragm 
 near the bottom holds the gravel and sand 
 filtering material. There is a shaft through the 
 middle of the tank, with arms for stirring the 
 sand while cleaning by a back-waterflow. The 
 water is fed at the top with a small portion of 
 alum at the rate of one pound to 7,000 gallons 
 of water. The small tank at the top is the 
 alum dissolver with the regulating valves. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 155 
 
 574. REVERSIBLE FILTER.— The position 
 of the filter in the cut is for filter- 
 ing downward. By turning it over 
 on the trunnions it can be cleaned 
 from above downward, which 
 clears it of all sediment. The in- 
 flow is from above and the waste 
 is through the trunnions to the 
 yn sewer while cleaning. 
 
 W" 
 
 575. FILTERING CIS- 
 TERN, plan. 
 
 576. Section. The pump pipe 
 extends to the bottom of the 
 cistern and across, with lateral 
 branches. The pipes on the bot- 
 tom to be perforated with one- 
 sixteenth inch holes, enough to give a free flow of water to the pumps. 
 Cover the pipes with sifted gravel larger than the holes in the pipes 
 to a depth of six inches, then a layer of sharp, clean sand six inches 
 thick, a layer of charcoal four inches thick, and a final layer of sand 
 six inches thick. 
 
 tion of 
 
 578. 
 
 577. FILTERING CIS- 
 TERN. — The rain-water is 
 caught in a flat filter basin with 
 gravel and sand spread on a 
 perforated floor and drained 
 into the cistern. The pump 
 pipe is fixed to the perforated 
 diaphragm of a two-chambered 
 metal cylinder, the upper sec- 
 wihch may be filled with a bed of sand and charcoal in layers. 
 
 Cross-section of basin. 
 
«S6 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 
 
 ^^ ^^^C^^<l^<^vC««l^^ 
 
 579. UPWARD. 
 
 FLOW FILTER.— 
 
 A perforated floor is 
 
 made of any desired 
 
 filtering capacity and 
 
 charged with layers of 
 
 gravel, coarse and fine sand, with an inflow and overflow, as in the 
 
 cut. A wash-out outlet should be made in the bottom of the lower 
 
 compartment. 
 
 580. DOMESTIC FILTER.— To make a filter 
 
 with a wine barrel, procure a. piece of fine brass 
 
 wire cloth of a size sufficient to make a partition 
 
 across the barrel. Support this wire cloth with a 
 
 coarser wire cloth under it and also a light frame 
 
 of oak, to keep the wire cloth from sagging. Fill 
 
 in upon the wire cloth about three inches in depth 
 
 of clear, sharp sand, then two inches of charcoal 
 
 broken finely, but no dust. Then on the charcoal a layer of three 
 
 inches of clear, sharp sand, rather finer than the first layer. All the 
 
 sand should be washed clean before charging the filter. 
 
 581. DOMESTIC FILTER.—Use two stone pots 
 or jars, the bottom one being a water jar with side 
 hole ; if no faucet can be used, the top jar can be 
 removed to enable the water to be dipped out. The top 
 jar must have a hole drilled or broken in the bottom, 
 and a small flower-pot saucer inverted over the hole. 
 Then fill in a layer of sharp, clean sand, rather coarse. 
 A layer of finer sand, a layer of pulverized charcoal 
 with dust blown out, then a layer of sand, the whole occupying one- 
 third of the jar. 
 
 582. POROUS WATER FILTER.— The invert- 
 ed cup on the inside of the case may be made of 
 potters' clay, baked ; or turned out of porous stone. 
 Fibre, enclosed within perforated sheet metal walls, 
 or wire gauze also makes good filtering material. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 157 
 
 583. STONEWARE FILTER for household use. 
 The lower jar for storage of filtered water. The 
 upper jar has a hole filled with sponge that filters 
 the dirt out ; beneath, a bed of charcoal on a porous 
 stone or earthen plate. 
 
 584. "WARD" FLEXIBLE PIPE 
 JOINT. — The internal surface of the hub 
 is made spherical. The corrugated pipe 
 end is inserted and the space filled with 
 lead and calked. 
 
 Flanges 
 
 585. FLEXIBLE BALL JOINT. 
 
 are cast upon the spherical ends of the pipes. 
 The joint is packed with a lead ring and dra^vn 
 together with bolts at any angle within its limit. 
 
 586. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINTS, for 
 submarine pipe lines. The head joint is 
 first made up in the gland. The flange 
 joint is bolted when the pipe is laid in line 
 ready for lowering. 
 
 587. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT, in which 
 the lead joint is made between a divided 
 socket, which does not require the pouring of 
 melted lead ; a lead ring is used. 
 
«S8 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 588. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT.— The ball end, 
 A, of a pipe is ground to a tight fit in the socket, B, 
 of another pipe and held in place by a bolted flange. 
 
 589. UNIVERSAL PIPE JOINT.— The flanges 
 are faced at 45° to the line of the pipe, with a 
 ^^^ through bolt at right angles to the faces of the flanges. 
 The joint may be made at any angle up to 90°. 
 
 I 
 
 s^^^^^^s^ 
 
 ^^^^^^^s 
 
 ^ 590. TOGGLE CLIP PIPE JOINT. 
 J quick connecting joint for hose. 
 
 ^ 591. BIBB, with crank-moved valve open- 
 ing against the pressure. 
 
 592. DISC VALVE AND 
 GUARD. — The spherical guard 
 is perforated to give quick relief 
 to the movement of the elastic 
 disc. 
 
 593. DOUBLE BEAT DISC VALVE.— The 
 
 central seat is borne by the cross bar in which 
 the guide pin of the valve is set. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 159 
 
 594. HYDRAULIC VALVE, used on 
 elevators. Cylindrical in form, the valves 
 move across the ports by a rock shaft and 
 arms. 
 
 A, pressure chamber. B, C, to elevator 
 cylinder. 
 
 595. MULTIPLE BALL VALVE.— The cone- 
 valve seat is in two parts ; the cover or cage is held 
 in place by the screw in the cap. 
 
 ^ 596. MULTIPLE RING VALVE, for 
 ^ enlarged valve area with small lift. 
 
 597. DOUBLE-BEAT PUMP VALVE, Cor- 
 I nish model. The upper seat is supported by a 
 I cross-bar, in which is fixed the guide-pin that 
 I carries the valve. 
 
 598. DOUBLE-BEAT PUMP VALVE or 
 
 relief valve. — The valve spindle ma}'' be 
 loaded by weight or spring. 
 
 v^Vnj^^V'SKvV-^-; 
 
i6o 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 599. VIBRATING MOTION of a trough 
 ' discharging water alternately in two direc- 
 tions. The trough is balanced below its 
 centre of gravity, and has a partition at the 
 middle. The water falls on one side of the 
 partition until the trough is overbalanced, 
 when it turns and discharges the water. The 
 partition is thrown over and the other end of the trough is then filled. 
 A crude form of water meter. 
 
 600. VARIABLE COMPENSATING WEIGHTS 
 
 for a hydraulic lift. The weights are picked up one 
 after the other. 
 
 601. SAND AUGER. — Used on the inside of deep well 
 
 pipes with open bottom. 
 
 602. DRIVEN WELL.— A clamp strongly 
 bolted to the well pipe on which the weight 
 strikes to drive the tube. A clamp and two 
 sheaves are bolted at the top of the tube with 
 ropes rove through the sheave blocks and made 
 fast to the weight for raising it. The weight is 
 hollow, and rides loosely over the tube. The 
 clamps are raised as additional pipes are screwed 
 to the well pipe. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 i6i 
 
 603. AUTOMATIC FLUSH SEWER 
 TANK, " Miller" model. In this form the 
 siphon is inverted, holding the water seal to 
 balance the water head in the tank in the 
 uptake of the siphon. The cap over the 
 long end of the siphon is to seal the air in 
 the siphon until the sewage pressure is 
 equal to the water-balanced leg. 
 
 604. AUTOMATIC FLUSH SEWER 
 TANK, " Van Vraken " model. The inverted 
 siphon opens into a tipple pan which seals 
 the outlet of the siphon until the sewage in 
 the tank reaches the level of the bend, when 
 a general discharge takes place. 
 
 605. ATOMIZER.— A small stream 
 running down an incline is atomized at 
 the nozzle by a blast of air. 
 
 606. BALL AND JET NOZZLE.— The ball is held 
 in contact with the jet by the adhesion or the water to 
 the rolling surface. The ball should be very light. The 
 principle is the same for an air jet, only that a very light 
 ball must be used. With the low ball in the conical 
 nozzle the ball can lift no higher than to give vent to the 
 water or air under the same area as 4,he neck of the 
 nozzle. 
 
 II 
 
l62 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 607. SPRAY JET NOZZLE.— The spi- 
 ral wings on the central cone set the 
 water into a whirl, and induce a spray by 
 
 s. centrifugal action. 
 
 608. HERO'S FOUNTAIN.— The water in 
 the upper basin exerts a pressure upon the air in 
 the lower receptacle, which is transferred to the 
 surface of the water in the middle basin and 
 forces it up in the jet. Many beautiful modifica- 
 tions of this principle are shown in modern de- 
 vices. 
 
 609. "CHAPMAN" ASPIRATOR or 
 vacuum pump. A water ejector in which the 
 propelling power may be derived from a faucet 
 I of any town water-works, or a tank having a 
 head of seventeen feet, equal to one-half the 
 static water-head of a vacuum. Water enters 
 at|the conical end. There is an elastic check 
 valve in the branch tube or vacuum connection. 
 It will produce a vacuum equal to the baromet- 
 ric height, less the height due to the tension of 
 the vapor of water. 
 
 610. HYDRAULIC LIFT for a crane 
 or elevator. Section showing cylinder 
 plunger and sheaves. 
 
 611. Plan, showing position of valve 
 chamber and valve lever in three directions 
 for stop, start, and reverse. The side rod 
 limits the extreme movement of the plunger 
 by automatically operating the valve lever. 
 
HYDRAULIC POWKR AXD DEVICES. 
 
 T63 
 
 61 la. HYDRAULIC SPRINKLER 
 
 HEAD. — The levers of the toggle joint are 
 held in place by a strip of fusible alloy that 
 melts at about 212 deg. and allows the levers 
 to fly open and release the water spray 
 valve. Pressure on the valve is adjusted by 
 the screw and nut at the top. 
 
 611b. MILK COOLING DE- 
 VICE. — Milk is fed from a tank over 
 the surface of a hollow copper pan, 
 corrugated to retard its flow, while 
 cold water is circulated through the 
 pan in the opposite direction, 
 
 611C. HYDRAULIC 
 IRRIGATION ENGINE. 
 — Capacities up to 750,000 
 gallons per day. They are 
 made adjustable for the 
 best conditions of opera- 
 tion by the sliding weight 
 on the valve lever. The 
 double acting type will 
 pump pure spring water by 
 the use of impure water of 
 streams. Will run on 2 feet 
 fall. Rife Engine Com- 
 Danv, Roanoke, Va. 
 
164 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 
 
 6iid. FOUR STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.— The four 
 volute wheels are fixed to the shaft. The water enters to the 
 
 wheel A, is 
 "^ thrown out 
 
 and returns 
 through the 
 opening in the 
 station- 
 ary partition 
 to the center 
 of the next 
 wheel, and so 
 on to the dis- 
 charge cham- 
 ber D at the 
 right. 
 
 In the cross 
 section d shows the volute sections 
 and h the cross passages in the parti- 
 tions. At 900 revolutions per minute 
 it sustains a forcing pressure of 240 
 pounds per square inch. 
 Made in Switzerland. 
 
 611^. CURRENT METER. — A 
 propeller on a spindle with worm op- 
 erating two geared register wheels, 
 graduated to 1,000 revolutions. 
 Stopped and started for time by a 
 string and spring pawl. 
 
Section VIII. 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools, 
 Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes, Etc. 
 
 612. ANEROID BAROMETER.— 
 
 A pair of corrugated 
 discs are put together 
 to form a sealed vac- 
 uum chamber. The 
 lower disc is fixed 
 to the barometer 
 frame, while the other 
 disc is movable by the 
 
 difference in air pressure, and, through a gear to increase the motion, 
 
 moves the index hand on the graduated dial. 
 
 612 a. Corrugated disc and gear. 
 
 613. BOX KITE.— A light frame of 
 pine, spruce, or bamboo is braced as shown 
 in the cut. Fine, light cambric is stretched 
 over each end, all in proportion to the 
 figures in the cut. The bridle is attached 
 one-quarter of the length of the box from 
 the front on the bottom frame. 
 
 r^^\ 
 
 
 Co) 
 
 1/ 
 
 V 
 
 614. CURVED VANE WINDMILL OR MOTOR. 
 
 — The wind pressure is greater against the hollow 
 side of the curved blades than against the other side. 
 Hence the motor motes. 
 
 615 FEATHERING WINDMILL.— The light 
 jointed blades are forced out when their edge catches 
 the wind, and the mill goes. 
 
i66 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 6i6. HEMISPHERICAL CUP WINDMILL.— 
 
 The pressure of the wind is greater against the hol- 
 low side of the cups than against the spherical side, 
 and the mill rotates. Also used for anemometers. 
 
 617. WINDMILL OF OUR GRAND- 
 FATHERS, with reefing sails. A few still in 
 use in the United States. 
 
 618. WINDMILL AND STEEL TOWER.— 
 
 Mill with a single series of blades. The tail-piece 
 is pivoted to the mill-head, and is swung around to 
 turn the face of the mill from the wind by a governor. 
 
 619. MODERN WINDMILL.— Two 
 
 series of concentric blades fastened to the 
 purlines of a braced radial frame. The 
 blades are fixed at an angle of about 35 ° to 
 the plane of the wheel. A peculiarly con- 
 structed mechanism turns the wheel edge- 
 wise to the wind to stop it, or to regulate 
 its position in a high wind. 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 167 
 
 620. ANCIENT WINDMILL and gear- 
 ing for a two-stone flour mill. The windmill 
 is turned toward the wind by a small wind- 
 mill at right angles on the tail frame, with 
 pinions and shaft connecting with a circular 
 rack around the revolving dome. These mills, 
 used for grinding grain, are the principal 
 source of power in Eastern coiintries. 
 
 621. ELECTRIC WIND. 
 MILL PLANT, "Corcoran" 
 model. The windmill-driven 
 dynamo charges a storage bat- 
 tery, which has an automatic 
 cut-out when the mill runs too 
 fast or too slow. The mill has 
 also a regulator throwing it out 
 of the direct course of the 
 wind when running too fast, or 
 for stopping the mill. 
 
i68 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 622. SMITH'S CIRCULAR BELLOWS, in 
 two parts for uniform blast. 
 
 623. DOUBLE ORGAN BLOWING 
 BELLOWS. — The upper section equalizes 
 the air pressure from the alternating blower 
 sections. 
 
 624. THREE-THROW BELLOWS.— Operated 
 by a crank, and gives constant blast without an 
 equalizer. 
 
 ' 625. FOOT BELLOWS, for a blowpipe. A 
 spring raises the top of the bellows. The rubber 
 bag is confined to the netting to prevent burst- 
 ing. The step at the left is for the foot. 
 
 626. FAN BLOWER.— An ordinary mode 
 as used for blowing forge fires 
 
 HODGES " COMPOUND BLOWER.— 
 
 The action is a triple effect. The air is 
 drawn in at each side of the blower and 
 thrown out at increasing pressure succes- 
 sively by the fans on each side, and returned 
 successively by the stationary partitions, 
 with a final discharge at the central annu- 
 lar chamber. 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 169 
 
 '-^■') ^> 
 
 628. " WEDDING " ROTARY BLOWER.— 
 A swinging winged cylinder moving in contact 
 with an outer shell. The wing rides in a slot 
 in the shell with a cavity to give it freedom of 
 motion. The central cylinder is driven by a 
 crank-pin or eccentric on a shaft central with the 
 shell 
 
 629. "FABRY" ROTARY BLOWER. 
 
 — Two wheels of three teeth each ro- 
 tate in a two-part cylindrical case. The 
 teeth on and near the line joining the axis 
 mesh alternately for a part of a revolu- 
 tion, so as to make a continuous clos- 
 ure to the passage of air between the 
 wheels. 
 
 630. "ROOT^' ROTARY BLOWER. 
 
 An early form. Has been also used 
 as a pump. 
 
 63 r. "ROOT" ROTARY BLOWER. 
 — Present design. The extended sur- 
 face of the periphery of the wheels al- 
 lows them to run loosely in the shell 
 without friction, and with very small 
 loss by air leakage. 
 
lyo 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 632. HYDRAULIC AIR COM- 
 PRESSOR. — A reciprocating piston in 
 the water cylinder, G, produces an oscil- 
 lating motion in the water of the two ver- 
 tical cylinders, drawing in air through 
 the flap valves at the side, 
 and discharging the com- 
 pressed air through the valves 
 at the top. The water pipes, 
 ^, t, t, are to supply the place of water ejected through the air valve 
 by delivering all the air compressed at each stroke of the piston. 
 
 633. PISTON HYDRAULIC 
 AIR COMPRESSOR, "Dubois & 
 Francois " model. Water was con- 
 stantly injected into the cylinder 
 to cool the air, the excess being 
 discharged through the air valves. 
 An early type. 
 
 634. TROMPE OR HYDRAULIC 
 AIR BLAST. — One of the early devices 
 for furnishing an air blast to a forge. 
 The falling column of water draws in air 
 through the small inclined orifices at //, 
 carrying it into the reservoir e^ where it 
 separates, and is discharged through the 
 tuyere pipe at b. The outlet at / dis- 
 charges the water through an inverted 
 siphon, carried high enough to balance 
 the air pressure. 
 
 635. AIR COMPRES- 
 SOR. — Elevation of duplex 
 type, showing connecting 
 rod and yoke frame. 
 
 "Clayton'' model. 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 171 
 
 
 (. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 A." 
 
 hJ 
 
 636. HYDRAULIC AIR COMPRESS- 
 OR, "Taylor" system. The principles of 
 the old Trompe blower extended for high 
 pressures. A number of air tubes, c, c, 
 terminate at the conical entrance 
 of the down-flow pipe, B, at a, a. 
 A supply of water to the cham- 
 ber A, A, and its flow down the 
 pipe, draws air through the 
 small pipes, carrying it down to 
 the separating tank, r, <r, where it 
 is liberated at the pressure due 
 to the hydrostatic head. The air 
 is delivered through a pipe, as 
 shown in the cut, and the water 
 rises through a pipe to the tail 
 race. 
 
 637. AIR COM- 
 PRESSOR.— Pat- 
 tern of the " Inger- 
 soll-Sergeant Drill 
 Co." Operated by a 
 Pelton wheel. Ver- 
 tical section. 
 
 638. Plan. 
 
 639. AUTOMATIC AIR COMPRES- 
 SOR, " Bennet " model. 
 Showing the valve gear of 
 a simple lever connected 
 by link to the eccentric. 
 
172 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 l^ macvm pips 
 
 640. WATER JET AIR COMPRESSOR. 
 
 — A jet of water from a nozzle falling through 
 the tube C draws in air through a side tube 
 and forces it into the air chamber, where the 
 water and air separate under pressure. The 
 water is siphoned off through the water seal at 
 a height due to the required pressure and the 
 force of the jet. 
 
 641. AIR COMPRESSOR.— Driven by a Corliss engine, direct 
 connected. 
 
 642. AIR COMPRESSOR, 
 
 " Norwalk " pattern. A steam 
 operated tandem compound 
 with an intercooler. 
 
 643. TRUNK AIR COMPRESSOR.— 
 
 Mounted on receiver. Single-acting, belt driven. 
 A very compact modeL 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 173 
 
 644. DUPLEX STEAM ACTUATED AIR COMPRESSOR, 
 
 " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. The air cylinders are tandem to each 
 steam cylinder with steam and air governors. 
 
 645. Elevation. 
 
 646. COMPOUND AIR COMPRESSOR.— Air is drawn in 
 through the ports A, passes through the annular valve in the large 
 
 piston, and is forced through the valve D and pipe to the high-pressure 
 inlet valve G; it is further compressed and delivered through the valve 
 A', and passage L. Both pistons are single, acting in opposite directions. 
 
174 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 647. DUPLEX 
 AIR COMPRES- 
 SOR, with parallel 
 motion beams to 
 two single-acting aii 
 cylinders from a. 
 double-acting steam 
 cylinder. " N. Y. 
 Air Brake " model. 
 
 648. TOGGLE-JOINT DUPLEX AIR 
 COMPRESSOR.— The crank moves the 
 common joint of the long arms in a hori- 
 zontal direction on a slide. The straighten- 
 ing of the toggle greatly increases the power 
 of the pistons during the terminal part of 
 'j~ their stroke, when the air pressure is greatest. 
 
 649. AIR COMPRES- 
 SOR CYLINDER, PIS- 
 TON AND VALVES.— 
 
 Pattern of the " Ingersoll, 
 Sergeant Drill Co." Takes 
 its air through a hollow pis- 
 ton rod at E to the interior 
 of the pistouo The annular valves, G, G, open and close by their 
 momentum. H, H, discharge valves closed by springs; J, J, water 
 jacket. 
 
 .650. AIR COMPRESSING CYLIN- 
 
 t,^-} DER, with vertical lift valves, 
 
 water-jacketed cylinder and 
 
 heads. "Ingersoll-Sergeant" 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 175 
 
 651. AIR COMPRESSOR GOVERNOR.— 
 
 Controlling the speed by the ordinary action of 
 the governor balls, and also reducing the com- 
 pressor to minimum speed when the air pressure 
 becomes excessive. The ball and lever at the 
 right are lifted by the air pressure in the small 
 piston, and force the valve rod and throttle down 
 to give the smallest motion to the compressor. 
 " Clayton " model. 
 
 652. AIR COOLING RECEIVER, for cooling the 
 air from a compressor. A series of tubes between headers 
 with water circulation cools the air and condenses the 
 excess of moisture. " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. 
 
 653. SINGLE VALVE AIR PUMP.— The 
 upper part of the cylinder is perforated, so that 
 the piston when drawn up produces a partial vac- 
 uum, and when past the perforation the air or 
 gas rushes in to fill the cylinder. The one valve 
 holds the pressure in the delivery pipe. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 # 
 
 654. CRANK EQUALIZING ANGLE in air com- 
 \5 pression. Cylinders are set at 90° . Single crank or 
 cranks set in one direction. "Frick" and many others. 
 
 
176 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 ^s?^?^ 
 
 
 ^w^^^" 
 
 655. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- 
 GLE in air compression. The cylin- 
 ders are set at an angle of 90° and t\vG 
 cranks are set at 30° . " Burleigh,'* 
 early " Ingersoll," and " De Lavergne ' 
 system. 
 
 
 656. CRANK EQUALIZ- 
 ING ANGLE in air com- 
 pression. The cylinders are 
 set at an angle of 135° . 
 " Davies " system in England. 
 
 657. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- 
 GLE in air compression. Used to 
 equalize the mean pressure of the 
 steam and air pistons. The cylinders 
 are set at an angle of 45° . " Waring" 
 and " Rand " system. 
 
 I-"-, 
 
 =rjf} 
 
 \l 
 
 k\ 
 
 : WMToe svppiLr 
 
 658. DIRECT AIR PRESSURE 
 PUMP. — Two chambers for alternating 
 the pumping action are placed near the 
 water surface in a well or other water 
 supply. The chambers have suction and 
 force valves. A four-way switch cock 
 near the air pump alternates the flow of 
 compressed air to and from the pump> 
 thus alternating the suction and force 
 from the tanks. 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 177 
 
 *An_.. 
 
 659. COMPRESSED AIR WATER 
 ELEVATOR.— A tank is submerged 
 in which there is a pivoted float that, 
 by its raising and falUng, operates a 
 double-ported air valve for filling the 
 tank, by discharging the air, and for dis- 
 charging the water by the admission of 
 compressed air. A single-flap valve 
 at the bottom of the tank admits the 
 water. The valve is thrown only at 
 the top and bottom of the float stroke. 
 
 660. RAISING SUNKEN VESSELS 
 7 by compressed air. Casks 
 or bags fastened to the 
 sides or placed inside of a 
 vessel, and inflated with 
 air under pressure, are 
 used for raising sunken 
 vessels. 
 
 ■^^fi^mi^ 
 
 ) (ma (mi <»] (M> tM) (B WM^ (B) (M) (B) 
 
 COMPRESSED AIR LIFT* 
 
 SYSTEM of pump- 
 ing water from 
 deep wells. The 
 pressure in the air 
 pipe must be great- 
 er than the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the 
 bottom of the pipe, and in quantities sufficient to 
 make the ascending column of air and water in 
 the flow pipe lighter in its total height than the 
 weight of an equal column of solid water of the 
 depth of the well from the surface of the water 
 to the bottom of the pipe. 
 
 12 
 
178 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 662. COMPRESSED AIR POWER for automobile trucks. 
 Compressed air at about 4,000 lbs. per square inch is stored in steel 
 bottles. Reheated in a coil over a burner under reduced pressure, 
 and made a power factor in a compound engine. Controlled by link 
 valve gear and a reducing pressure valve. 
 
 663. COMPOUND PNEUMATIC LOCOMOTIVE, « Baldwin " 
 
 type. Two high-pressure air receivers. An intermediate pressure 
 receiver fed automatically from which the high-pressure cylinders are 
 
 operated. The 
 low-pressure cyl- 
 inders receive the 
 exhaust from the 
 high-pressure cyl- 
 inders, and ex- 
 haust at almost 
 atmospheric pres- 
 sure. 
 
 664. LOCOMOTIVE AIR BRAKE.— i, 
 
 Air cylinder ; 3, reducing valve. The piston 
 j is directly connected by links to the cam sec*^ 
 tors, which press the brake shoes. 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 179 
 
 665. PNEUMATIC CAR SEAT CLEANER.— 
 
 Compressed air is ejected 
 against the point of the 
 inverted cone, which in- 
 duces a strong current of 
 air upward and from 
 [^5;^^=^ under the bottom of the 
 
 inverted funnel, drawing the dust from the fabric and projecting it 
 through a hose out of the windows. 
 
 4-fe^^ 
 
 666. AIR SPRAY NOZZLE for dusting 
 with compressed air. A broad, thin nozzle 
 from which a blast of compressed air pene- 
 trates fabrics, clearing them of dust. A good 
 cleaner of plain and carved woodwork. 
 
 667. PNEUMATIC PAINT SPRAYER.— An ejector nozzle 
 
 for compressed air, with a 
 side feed for the paint. An 
 inverted conical nose-piece is 
 flattened to a thin opening to 
 project the spray paint in a 
 thin sheet. 
 
 668. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER.— 
 
 The tank is nearly filled with a saturated solution of 
 carbonate of soda and water. The glass cup is filled 
 with acid and sealed by the cap. To use it, turn 
 the tank quickly, top down, when the ball falls and 
 breaks the acid cup, producing pressure by the libera- 
 tion of gas. 
 
i8o 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 669. FIRE EXTINGUISHER.— The tank 
 is filled with a saturated solution of bicarbo- 
 nate of soda in water to five-sixths of its capac- 
 ity. A small glass bottle filled with sulphuric 
 acid, with a loose lead stopper, is placed in a 
 cage at the top of the tank, and the cover of 
 the tank fastened. To use, turn the tank over, 
 which spills the acid, generating pressure by lib- 
 erating carbonic acid gas. 
 
 670. COMPRESSED AIR LIFT, " Clayton '' 
 model. Showing safety stop on the piston rod, 
 which automatically stops the lift at any set point 
 by closing the air valve. 
 
 cylinder, C, on the tool socket, H. 
 by the differential piston areas, 
 this operation. 
 
 671. DUPLEX PNEUMATIC RIVETER. 
 — The striking piston. A, is en- 
 cased in a striking cylinder, C, 
 so that the tool, T, receives a 
 blow alternately from the ham- 
 mer piston, A, and from the 
 The method of operation is shown 
 The hand is relieved from jar by 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 l8l 
 
 672. PNEUMATIC HAM- 
 MER. — Constructed on simi- 
 lar lines with No. 673, with 
 the addition of a counter- 
 balance piston, C, which, by- 
 its reaction and cushion, re- 
 
 lieves the body of the tool and the hand from excessive jar. 
 
 673- 
 nection. 
 
 _^_ 
 
 PNEUMATIC HAMMER.— F is the flexible hose con- 
 When T is pressed, compressed air enters through the 
 
 piston valve and ports 
 To, into the cylinder, as 
 indicated by the arrows in 
 the cut. The piston will 
 first move to the top. The 
 effective pressure is that 
 due to the area of the pis- 
 ton. When P has given 
 the blow, exhaust takes 
 place through S and E, and 
 
 the piston P is brought back by means of the pressure in the 
 
 annular space B, acting only on the collar at D. 
 
 /^^ 
 
 674. "HOTCHKISS" ATMOSPHERIC 
 HAMMER. — The hammer-head, A, is connected 
 directly with the piston within the vibrating cylin- 
 der, by a piston rod. The cylinder is connected to 
 the crank by an outside rod, vibrating vertically 
 by the motion of the crank, which also carries the 
 piston and hammer with a cushioned stroke, due 
 
 to compression of the air within the cylinder. 
 
 675. " GRIMSHAW " COMPRESSED AIR 
 HAMMER. — A belt-driven air compressor, D, 
 furnishes compressed air to drive the piston, A, 
 and hammer. A variable friction pulley on the 
 belt shaft, E, regulates the stroke of the hammer 
 by varying the admission of compressed air to 
 either side of the piston. The friction-valve 
 driving pulley slides on the feathered shaft by the action of the foot Javer. 
 
l82 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 COMPRESSED AIR SHEEP- 
 SHEARING MACHINE.— A 
 small piston vibrates and oper- 
 ates the cutters through a lever 
 with a diagonal slot in which a 
 pin in the piston-rod head slides. 
 An arm on the piston rod oper- 
 ates the ^ alves. 
 
 677. PORTABLE RIVETER, "Allen" 
 model. The toggle joint is pivoted to a cam 
 and also within, the trunk piston. By the 
 differential trunk form, the return stroke econ- 
 omizes the compressed air, the large piston 
 ^=^ area giving great power to the riveting stroke. 
 
 678. PNEUMATIC PORTABLE RIVETER.— 
 Direct piston and toggle-joint motion to the levers. 
 The machine is balanced on a forked suspender. The 
 
 piston draws the toggle joint in by air 
 
 pressure. 
 
 679. PNEUMATIC BREAST DRILL.— 
 A rotary air motor is fixed to the drill- 
 spindle, in a case to which the handles 
 and breast-plate are attached. Com- 
 pressed air enters through the handle 
 with the valve lever and is exhausted 
 through the opposite handle. 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 183 
 
 are shown 
 No. 681. 
 
 680-681. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL 
 STOCK. — Compressed air enters through 
 one of the handles with its flow controlled 
 by a lever and valve. The 
 exhaust enters the case from 
 the port in the oscillating cyl- 
 inder trunnions. The three 
 double-acting pistons are di- 
 rectly connected to cranks and 
 pinions which mesh with an 
 internal spur gear, which is fast 
 to the outer shell. The spider 
 which carries the cylinders and 
 pinions is fast on the central 
 spindle and revolves with it. 
 The inlet and exhaust ports 
 section of the top trunnion at A, 
 
 horizontal 
 
 682. Is the vertical section, 
 showing the compressed air 
 valve and port passages open- 
 ing into a cavity in the central 
 spindle and to the trunnion 
 ports. 
 
 683-684. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL STOCK. 
 — A horizontal rotary motor, over the centre of 
 the spindle, carries on one end of its shaft a 
 bevel pinion, which drives a bevel gear attached 
 
 by the lower section of the 
 case to the drill spindle. 
 The inlet and exhaust ports 
 and valve are shown in the 
 vertical section, No. 684. 
 
i84 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 685-686. 
 
 PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL 
 STOCK, operated by four pis- 
 tons in two cylinders, double- 
 acting. The piston rods have 
 a jointed connection to cam 
 cranks on the pinion shafts. 
 The piston valves are oper- 
 ated by levers pivoted to op- 
 posite piston rods, as shown in 
 the horizontal section, No. 686. 
 The pistons act alternately in 
 the cylinders so that there is 
 no dead centre. The large 
 spur wheel is attached to the 
 spindle and revolves with it. 
 
 62>'j. Vertical section. 
 
 ^^^. 688. AIR AND GASOLINE TORCH.— Air 
 
 is f)umped into the tank with the gasoline, and 
 forms a saturated air and vapor gas, which is carried to 
 the Bunsen burner through the vertical pipe. The addi- 
 tional air for combustion is regulated at the burner, and 
 the vapor at the valve in the pipe near the tank. A 
 gauge shows the pressure. 
 
 689. TORCH SOLDERING 
 COPPER.— The conical tip is 
 made of copper, and slips on 
 to the nozzle of a plumber's 
 gasoline torch. Used largely 
 for electric wire connections. 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 i8S 
 
 690. AIR AND GASOLINE VAPOR BRA 
 ZER, double flame. The pressure of vapor to 
 the Bunsen burners is regulated by a valve near 
 the top of the tank. The valve handles hanging 
 from the stems regulate each burner. 
 
 691. AIR AND GASOLINE BRAZING 
 APPARATUS.— A small attached pump 
 forces air into a tank holding a small quan- 
 tity of gasoline. A gauge shows the air 
 pressure. From the top of the tank a pipe 
 extends to two oppositely placed Bunsen burners 
 with valves for regulating the flame. Swivels in 
 the pipe allow the burners to be adjusted to the 
 proper distance from the piece to be brazed. Fire- 
 brick flame plate. 
 
 692. DOUBLE CONE VENTILATOR.— 
 
 The up-take enters between the cones. The 
 smoke has its exit around the edge of the lee- 
 ward cone. 
 
 693. SPIRAL VANE OR COWL, for a chimney top. 
 The wind catching in the wings causes it to revolve and 
 increase the draught. 
 
i86 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 a a 
 
 b c" 
 
 694. WIND INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 aj a\ bassoons. 
 ^, cors Anglais. 
 c, oboe, or hautbois. 
 dy clarionet. 
 e, flute. 
 
 y, octave, or piccolo. 
 g^ musette. 
 h, flageolet. 
 
 695. WIND INSTRUMENTS 
 a, Sarrusophone. 
 h. Saxophone, 
 r, Duplex pelitti. 
 
 d, d, Cornets d pistons. 
 
 e, Helicon a pistons. 
 
 f, f, f, Saxhorns. 
 
 g, Clavicor. 
 h. Trombone. 
 i, Trumpet, 
 y, Ophicleide. 
 
 k, Hunting horn. 
 /, Post horn. 
 
AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 187 
 
 696. VENTILATOR OR COWL 
 FOR A CHIMNEY TOP.— The cor- 
 rugated edges of the outside guard 
 ring intensify the draft by 
 the wind in a vertical direction. 
 
 directng 
 
 697. A WIND GAUGE for obtain- 
 ing the force of the wind in inches 
 height of water, from which the wind 
 pressure per square foot may be ob- 
 tained from the measured hydrostatic 
 pressure of the water. 
 
 698. COMPOUND POHLE AIR 
 LIFT. — In compounding an air lift 
 for mine drainage but one-half the 
 depth of sump is required as for a sin- 
 gle lift and by still further duplicating 
 the lifts, shallower sumps may be util- 
 ized with economy. Air pressure must 
 be greater than the total hydrostatic 
 pressure of the receiving tank. The 
 sump should be one-half the height of 
 the receiving tank in depth. 
 
i88 
 
 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 
 
 699. THE PRAIRIE WIND- 
 MILL, called in Kansas the "J^"^" 
 bo Mill," generally made with 6 
 arms on an axle placed in a north 
 and south position and lower half 
 covered with a box to shield the 
 lower paddles from the wind. A 
 simple crank connection to a pump 
 supplies sufficient water to irrigate 
 6 acres of garden land. 
 
 700. GAS CRU- 
 C I B L E F U R- 
 NACE. — A com- 
 pressed air or air 
 ^ §^$N$4k^ and steam blow 
 pipe will operate a 
 crucible furnace 
 for melting metals. 
 
 701. OIL BURN- 
 ING MELTING 
 FURNACE. — A 
 cylindrical casing 
 lined with fire 
 brick. An oii 
 burner. The feed 
 hopper is removed 
 to pour the metal as shown in the right-hand section. 
 
 702. MECHANICAL FLYER. — A 
 small windmill with two or four blades, 
 when quickly revolved by the string and 
 forked spindles makes a pretty illustration 
 of a flying machine. 
 
Section IX. 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Generators, Motors, Wiring, Controlling and Measuring, Lighting; 
 Electric Furnaces, Fans, Searchlights and 
 Electric Appliances. 
 
 703. SERIES WOUND MOTOR 
 OR GENERATOR.— A motor if the 
 current is supplied through the wires P 
 and N, and a generator if the armature 
 is rotated, when the current can be taken 
 from the wires P and N 
 
 704. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUC- 
 TION. — Series winding in which the armature, field 
 winding, and external circuit are in series or one contin- 
 uous line. Best for arc lighting. A, armature ; C, com- 
 mutator ; h and b' brushes ; the coil showing the field 
 winding. 
 
 705. SINGLE-POLE SHUNT GENERATOR, 
 showing the shunt-winding connec- 
 tion with the brushes and branch 
 wiring to a rheostat controller. The 
 heavy lines are the main current 
 with a switch. 
 
 706. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 — Shunt winding, in which the field winding is in parallel 
 with the armature winding and connected with the circuit 
 at the brush holders. A, Armature ; C, commutator ; /; 
 and b\ brushes ; a^ c, field connections ; S, field winding. 
 
190 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 707. FOUR-POLE RING ARMATURE, 
 showing intermediate connections with the 
 commutator bars from a continuous winding 
 or closed coil. 
 
 708. RING ARMATURE— 
 
 Method of continuous 
 winding and sectional 
 connections with the 
 commutator. The dot- 
 ted lincS are the circuit 
 connection with the 
 brushes. 
 
 709. TWO-POLE OR SHUTTLE-SPOOL 
 ARMATURE. — Section of spool with end over 
 winding ; usually made of cast iron. 
 
 710. SHUTTLE ARMATURE, made 
 
 with soft sheet-iron plates riveted to- 
 gether. The strongest current armature 
 for small two-pole generators. 
 
 711. MULTIPLE BRUSH COM 
 MUTATOR.— The brushes are adjust- 
 able on the pivots of the handle bar, and 
 are given an even pressure on the com^ 
 mutator by springs. 
 
 712. Front view. 
 
ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 191 
 
 713. BIPOLAR SHUNT GEN- 
 ERATOR, showing the shunt wind- 
 ing on both fields and its connection 
 to the brushes, with intervening 
 rheostat controller. 
 
 714. FOUR-POLE COM- 
 POUND GENERATOR, show- 
 ing shunt winding and rheostat 
 connection. Wiring is successive 
 on each pole in the opposite 
 direction for both shunt and 
 current. 
 
 715- 
 TION. 
 
 ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUC- 
 
 — Compound winding, in which a winding of 
 
 the field magnets is in shunt Avith the armature, and 
 a second winding of the field magnets is in series or 
 direct connection with the outer circuit. The shunt 
 winding should be small wire. S', Shunt connected 
 
 with armature brush holders ; S, large wire field winding in main 
 
 circuit. 
 
 716. CONSEQUENT-POLE 
 COMPOUND GENERATOR. 
 — The opposite field pieces are 
 wound in opposite directions 
 and have opposite polarity in 
 the same piece at the centre. 
 The shunt winding is in the same direction as the field winding and 
 connected to the brushes with an intervening rheostat. 
 
192 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 717. TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE and 
 multipolar dynamo. Direct-connected. 
 Vertical types of the General Electric 
 Company. 
 
 718. DIRECT-CONNECTED VERTICAL 
 COMPOUND ENGINE and multipolar dy- 
 namo. One of the latest styles of this class of 
 generators of electric power. 
 
 719. FLEXIBLE COUPLING 
 
 for engine and generator direct 
 connection. 
 
 720. Plan. The "Zodel" coup- 
 ling. A flange on each shaft 
 with overhanging crowns inter- 
 lapping. A continuous belt over 
 the outside and under the inside 
 crowns allows of considerable variation in alignment and longitudinal 
 vibration in the shafts. If a rubber belt is used, very perfect insula- 
 tion may be obtained. 
 
 721. CAR TRUCK MOTORS. 
 — Direct - connected electric 
 motors on street-car axles. 
 
ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 193 
 
 722. ELECTRIC FUSIBLE CUT-OUT.— The 
 fuse wires or strips are connected to the circuit on 
 insulated porcelain blocks. They are made of resist- 
 ing metal or alloy of tin and lead of sufficient capacity 
 for the required current without excessive heat. 
 Overcurrent melts the wire or strips and opens the 
 circuit. 
 
 723. RHEOSTAT OR RESISTANCE COILS, 
 with variable switch. Coils are made of iron, platinum, 
 or German silver wire. The switch connections are so 
 made that the coils may be made to connect the line 
 with one or any number in series. 
 
 724. TROLLEY CAR, 
 showing the circuit from the 
 generator g, through the line 
 wire to car and return by 
 rail circuit. 
 
 725. SECTIONAL FEEDER SYSTEM for electric railways. 
 The trolley wire line is divided into a convenient number of sections 
 
 F, for feeders from 
 a long main line, 
 or divided into 
 several feeder 
 lines, as shown 
 in the cut. 
 
 »3 
 
194 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 726. STREET RAILWAY SINGLE MOTOR geared to both 
 axles. " Rae " system. The motor is carried on a frame and is 
 journaled to both axles. 
 
 727. ELECTRIC CAR BRAKE.— An 
 electric solenoid, operated directly from the 
 trolley current, is used as 
 the power. Two iron cylin- 
 ders, connected by a cross- 
 head, form a U-shaped magnet, which is drawn into the solenoids 
 when the current is turned into the coils. Regulation is made by 
 switches and rheostat. 
 
 728. ELECTRIC STREET-CAR BRAKE.— A solenoid, oper- 
 ated by the trolley current, pulls up the brake levers. The springs 
 
 ^ around the piston 
 rods hold back the 
 connections, acting 
 as buffers. The pis- 
 tons are divided 
 into three parts 
 each, to soften the 
 jerk when turning 
 on the electric current. 
 
 729. Section of solenoid, with the take-up pistons. 
 
ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 195 
 
 730. ELECTRIC IGNITER, used on 
 explosive motors. The bat- 
 teries, B, B, B, in series ; a 
 sparking coil, T ; a braker, k^ 
 revolving on the shaft, the 
 insulating plug, P, and the 
 ^ platinum electrodes, c^ c, with 
 
 the wiring, are the principal parts in this device. 
 
 731. SPARKING DYNAMO, or generator 
 for a marine gasoline engine. Permanent horse- 
 shoe magnets, with an annature revolved by a 
 belt from the fly-wheel of the engine. With a 
 true rim on the fly-wheel, the pulley of the gen- 
 erator may be covered with leather or rubber and 
 pressed lightly against the rim of the fly-wheel. 
 
 732. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC 
 MACHINE.— The revolution in 
 the field of a permanent magnet 
 of an iron armature wound with 
 an insulated conductor, terminat- 
 ing in a commutator or pole- 
 t;r^ changing device, from which the 
 conducting wires extend through 
 the base of the instrument to the posts and handles, H. 
 
 733. ELECTRIC THERMOSTAT. 
 
 734. Two strips of thin sheet steel and 
 brass are fastened together by soldering or 
 riveting, and to a base with binding-post 
 in an insulated frame. A cap, with binding 
 post and adjusting screw and index plate, 
 allows for electric contact of the spring 
 and screw at any required temperature. 
 By making a double-wiring, a damper may 
 be made to open or close within a small 
 range of temperature. 
 
196 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 735. TELEPHONE TRANS- 
 MITTER. — A, A, thin iron 
 diaphragm ; B, India rubber in con- 
 tact with diaphragm and the ivory 
 disc, C ; D, platinum foil between 
 theivorydisc,C,and the carbon disc, 
 E ; G, disc and screw for adjust- 
 ment of carbon contact; H, ad- 
 justing screw for diaphragm con- 
 tact. 
 
 736. TELEPHONE RECEIVER.— A central 
 
 magnet, with a coil of fine insulated wire around the 
 end, next the vibrating plate or diaphragm. The 
 variations in the electrical current produce varia- 
 tions in the intensity of the magnet, which set up 
 vibrations of sound in the iron diaphragm. 
 
 737. ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER.— Turning on the 
 gas brings the electrodes in contact, and breaks the con- 
 tact, which produces a spark by closing and opening the 
 battery circuit. 
 
ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 197 
 
 738. ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER.— Non- 
 short-circuiting. The wiping spring is insu- 
 lated, and there is no electric current except at 
 the instant of lighting. 
 
 739. POCKET ELECTRIC LIGHT.- A dry battery, with a small 
 incandescent lamp connected with it by a break-piece operated by the 
 
 thumb. A small lens at the 
 
 front protects the lamp and con- 
 ^/" ■^ ^— P f^^ ^ ^^"1 centrates the light. Gives a 
 
 constant light for several hours. 
 
 Battery easily renewed. 
 
 740. ARC LIGHT AND REGULATING GEAR 
 
 " Faucault " model. The upper carbon runs down 
 by a rack and gear governed by a fly, which is 
 stopped or let go by variations in the current 
 
 741. LUMINOUS FOUNTAIN.— The lower end 
 
 of the jet nozzle is fitted with a strong disc of plate 
 glass. A concave mirror, placed in the focus of an arc 
 light just below the glass disc, brilliantly illuminates 
 the water jet. 
 
198 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 742. ELECTRIC HEATER.— Coils of German silver wire 
 wound around asbestos cords and rove over porcelain buttons for 
 insulation. The buttons may be fastened to a frame of any required 
 form. 
 
 743. ELECTRIC SOL- 
 DERING COPPER.— 
 
 The copper is wound with 
 
 ^Im r' ■^'^' 
 
 a coil of resisting material ; platinum wire insulated with asbestos, 
 and the coil covered with a protecting shell. Connections are insu- 
 lated and pass through the hollow handle. 
 
 744. ELECTRIC SAD IRON.— The iron 
 is a shell frame with a smooth face on the 
 bottom. A resistance coil made of iron, 
 German silver, or platinum, insulated with as- 
 bestos, is wound in spirals as near the bot- 
 tom plate as can be made available for the 
 greatest amount of heat. 
 
 745. ELECTRIC SEARCHLIGHT, 
 "Edison" model. An arc light in front of 
 and in the focus of a concave reflector. 
 It gives a beam of light nearly parallel. 
 The front of the case has a plane glass 
 for protection. It swivels in all direc- 
 tions. 
 
ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 199 
 
 746. ELECTRIC FURNACE, show- 
 ing the recess and flat crucible. Elec- 
 trodes of hard carbon and connections. 
 
 747. OPEN TOP ELECTRIC 
 FURNACE. — A cavity in a box of re- 
 fractory material with holes on each 
 side through which the insulated car- 
 bon electrodes are inserted. 
 
 748. « SIEMEN'S " ELECTRIC GAS 
 FURNACE.— Gas enters the 
 crucible through a hollow 
 carbon electrode. The op- 
 posite electrode is a copper 
 tube closed at the end with 
 an inner tube for circulation 
 
 of water to keep the end of the copper electrode from burning. The 
 
 electrodes are adjusted by the rollers. 
 
 p 749. " COWLES " ELECTRIC 
 FURNACE.— A cylinder, A, is 
 made of silica or other heat-resist- 
 ing material. A carbon plug, C, 
 is connected with the positive wire, 
 and a graphite crucible, D, answers 
 as the negative electrode and stop- 
 
 per, also as an exit for gases generated in the retort ; B, a bed of 
 insulating material. 
 
 750. ELECTRIC FURNACE, "Cowles" 
 hopper model. The upper electrode is a 
 vertical carbon tube fixed to the hopper. 
 The lower electrode is a larger carbon tube 
 fixed to the furnace floor. The tubes are 
 banked with carbon and lime. The charge 
 is fed down from the hopper by a barbed 
 rod, reciprocated by a crank. The gases gen- 
 erated are drawn oif through a condenser. 
 
200 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 751. ELECTRIC WELDING PLANT.— 
 
 The secondary coil is the heavy bar of 
 copper enclosing the primary coil to 
 which the clamps are attached. The 
 magnetic material is in the form of coils 
 ' of iron wire wound around the primary 
 coil and copper hoop. * 
 
 C, clamp arms. 
 
 D, pieces to be welded. 
 
 
 COW f>OT£NTlf^u 
 
 752. ELECTRIC WELDING PLANT.— A, Alternating dyna- 
 mo; F, resistance coils and switch; B, transformer ; C, clamping jaws; 
 D, rods or pieces to be welded ; E, switch in the primary circuit. 
 
 753. PORTABLE ELECTRIC MOTOR 
 DRILL PLANT, with a stow flexible shaft. 
 A spool on the motor winds up or lets out 
 the electric wires, so that the apparatus 
 may be quickly moved from place to place. 
 
ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 20I 
 
 754. ELECTRIC PERFORATING PEN, 
 " Edison " model. Consists of a small pointed 
 tube with a perforating needle on the inside 
 vibrated by a small electro-magnetic motor 
 fixed on top of the pen. A', B', Armature 
 coils on iron studs fixed to frame ; Q, R, re- 
 volving arm and fly-wheel ; Z, comnMitator ; 
 N, M, O, spring current breaker. The pen 
 produces a stencil of fine perforations on a 
 glazed sheet of paper from which many copies 
 may be made by a brush and ink. 
 
 755. ELECTRIC HOIST.— The foot 
 lever is the friction brake. The left- 
 hand lever is for release, the right-hand 
 lever is the starter. 
 
 756. ELECTRIC BRAKE. -The 
 brake shoes are fixed to two adjust- 
 able curved levers and an operating 
 lever — a solenoid magnet being the 
 operating power. 
 
 757. ELECTRIC ROCK DRILL, "General 
 Electric Co.'s " model. A series of electric coils are 
 fixed along the cylinder. The iron plunger traverses 
 the interior of the coils, which are charged succes- 
 sively by the electric current through traverse brushes 
 on a straight commutator. 
 
202 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 758. ELECTRIC FAN.— The motor is 
 concealed in the central chamber, the middle 
 section of which revolves with the arms. 
 
 759. ELECTRIC-DRIVEN FAN, " Edison '» 
 rnodel. Fan on same shaft with the arma- 
 ture. Ball bearings. Runs with four or- 
 dinary batteries. 
 
 759a. NON-ARCING LIGHT- 
 NING ARRESTER.— This arrester 
 is made up of a number of circular 
 discs of non-arcing composition, separ- 
 ated from each other by thin sheets of 
 mica. A discharge jumps readily 
 through these thin sheets of mica, 
 as their combined resistance is 
 much less than that of a single sheet 
 of aggregate thickness. The discharge 
 also divides itself into hundreds of lit- 
 tle fine sparks through the mica, which 
 do not have sufficient body to pull an 
 arc. 
 
 This device thus does away with the 
 necessity of fuses, magnets or moving 
 parts. 
 
EI^ECTRIC POWER AXD COXSTRLXTIOX 
 
 203 
 
 759^7. AMPEREMETER.— Simple form 
 showing the principle of operation. The at- 
 traction of the electric current in the sole- 
 noid coil, draws the iron core within the 
 coil against the gravity of the core and 
 frame which swings on a frictionless bear- 
 ing. 
 
 759c. RECORDING WATT- 
 HOUR METER.— The armature is 
 rotated under the influence of the 
 current in the field coils. The arma- 
 ture spindle drives the recording 
 gear and dial hands and is regulated 
 by the constant retarding influence 
 of a disk revolving on the same spin- 
 dle between the poles of permanent 
 magnets. 
 
 r?^. 
 
 i! M^A^'^ 
 
 ysgd. ELECTRIC ESCAPEMENT, in 
 which a positive motion is given to a clock 
 from a central station by a detent and im- 
 pulse action of the electric current. The 
 bell crank lever L, L' and its arms T, T' 
 are actuated by the electro magnet and al- 
 ternately strike the pallets P, P' moving the 
 escapement one tooth each at make and 
 break of the circuit. 
 
 759^. PNEUMATIC EMER- 
 GENCY BRAKE.— Instantaneous ac- 
 tion from air brake pressure on the 
 piston A, which is connected by a 
 jointed rod to the levers E, E, throws 
 the brake H in contact with the rail 
 with great force. 
 
204 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION, 
 
 759/. SOLENOID ELECTRIC FAN.— 
 A circular magnet attached to a pivoted arm 
 and fan blade, oscillates within two electric 
 coils by the alternate make and break of the 
 circuit from the battery by the contact fin- 
 gers and studs. Requires no switch ; sim- 
 ply, stopping or starting the fan blade puts 
 it out and in electric control. 
 
 7590-. ALTERNATING CUR- 
 RENT TRANSFORMER.— 
 L, L, main lines from dynamo A ; 
 P, primary coil of small wire and 
 many turns ; B, iron magnet core 
 which may be made of strips of 
 sheet iron or iron wire ; S, induc- 
 tion coil of large wire and few 
 turns ; D, lamp circuit. Practi- 
 cally both coils are wound on 
 the same core. 
 
 759/?. ELECTRO MAGNETIC 
 RATCHET DRIVER.— Used on electric 
 clocks. The flexible iron stirrup is fixed at 
 the bottom to the frame carrying the 
 ratchet wheel. The upper side carries a 
 pivoted pawl held to the ratchet teeth by a 
 light spring. An electric current passed 
 through the coils draws the ends of the stir- 
 rup together equal to the advance of a single ratchet tooth. 
 
Section X. 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 Vessels, Sails, Rope Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers, Road Scrapers 
 
 AND Rollers, Vehicles, Motor Carriages, Tricycles, 
 
 Bicycles and Motor Adjuncts. 
 
 760. LEG-OF-MUTTON SAIL.— A trian- 
 gular sail attached to mast and boom. 5, main- 
 sail. 
 
 761. SKIP JACK.— A baggy sail bent to 
 the mast and extended by a boom and gaff. 
 The cat-boat. 5, mainsail. 
 
 762. SQUARE OR LUG SAIL, attached 
 
 to a yard. 5, mainsail. 
 
 763. LATEEN RIG.— A triangular sail ex- 
 tended by a long yard, which is slung about one- 
 quarter its length from the lower end, which is 
 brought down to the tack. 5, mainsail. 
 
 764. SPLIT LUG OR SQUARE SAIL, 
 attached to a yard and divided at the mast, the 
 larger portion being bent to the mast. The 
 unequal division gives one sail the effect of a jib. 
 2, jib; 5, mainsail. 
 
2o6 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 765. TWO-MASTED OR DIPPING LUG. 
 
 — The sails are square, except at the top, where 
 they are bent to yards hanging obliquely to tb.« 
 masts. 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 
 
 766. NEWPORT CAT-BOAT.— Sail bent 
 to mast and extended by boom and gaff, with 
 a fore-stay to a short bowsprit. 5, mainsail. 
 
 767. SLOOP. — A mainsail and jib with 
 fore- and back-stays. 2, jib; 5, mainsail. 
 
 768. LATEEN-RIGGED FELUCCA.—A two- 
 masted boat with lateen sails and a jib. 
 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 
 
 769. PIROGUE. — A two-mast schooner rig, 
 without jib and furnished with a leeboard. 
 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 
 
 770. THREE-QUARTER LUG RIG.— Two 
 
 long or lug sails with jib stayed to bowsprit. 
 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 207 
 
 771. "SLIDING GUNTER," or sliding 
 topmast. A two-masted boat, with divided 
 masts. The triangular sails are bent to both 
 masts, and furled by lowering the upper mast. 
 Mainsail extended by a boom. 2, jib ; 4, fore- 
 sail; 5, mainsail. 
 
 772. SKIFF YAWL RIG.— A mainsail with 
 one or two jibs, and a small mast at the stern 
 with a leg-of-mutton sail, extended by a boom. 
 I, flying-jib; 2, jib; 5, mainsail; 8, lugsail. 
 
 SLOOP YAWL. — A foremast, schooner-rig, of 
 sheet and jib, with a lugsail and mast at the 
 stern. Lugsail extended by a boom. 2I jib ; 
 5, mainsail ; 8, jigger. 
 
 774. JIB-TOPSAIL SLOOP.— A mainsail, 
 
 two jibs and jib-topsail. The topsail is run 
 up the topmast and extended on the gaff. 
 Main jib-stay from masthead to bow. Fore 
 jib-stay from topmast to bowsprit. i , flying- 
 jib ; 2, jib ; 5, mainsail ; 13, gaff-topsail. 
 
 775. THE CUTTER.— A mainsail, 5 ; jib, 
 2 ; flying-jib, i, and topsail, 9, are the main 
 features of a cutter-rig. 
 
 776. SCHOONER RIG.— Fore- and main 
 sail bent to the mast, boom and gaff. Jib stayed 
 to bowsprit. 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail 
 
208 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 777. FULL SCHOONER RIG.^ 
 
 Main- and fore-sail, two or three jibs, 
 and two topsails, i, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 
 3, foretop staysail ; 4, foresail ; 5, main- 
 sail ; 12, fore gaff-topsail; 13, main 
 gaff-topsail. 
 
 778. TOPSAIL SCHOONER. — The 
 same rig as a schooner, except the foretop, 
 which is a square sail bent to a yard, i, 
 flying-jib ; 2, jib; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail; 
 9, fore-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail. 
 
 779. CLUB TOPSAIL RIG.— In addition 
 to the full schooner rig, a club topsail is bent 
 to a stay from the main-topmast head to the 
 cross-trees of the foremast, i, flying-jib; 2, 
 jib ; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail ; 12, fore gaff-top- 
 sail; 13, main gaff-topsail; 14, main topmast 
 staysail ; 3 1 , jib topsail. 
 
 780. HERMAPHRODITE BRIG.— Mainmast has a fore and 
 aft sail, triangular topsail, and a club sail on a stay to the foremast. 
 
 Foremast is square-rigged, with the ad- 
 dition of a fore and aft sail — hence • the 
 name half-brig^ half- schooner, i , flying- 
 jib ; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 9, 
 fore-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail; 14, 
 main topmast-staysail ; 22, fore-topgallant 
 
 sail ; 25, fore-royal. 
 
 781. A BRIGANTINE.— -Foremast 
 rigged with square sails ; mainmast with 
 fore and aft sail and square-topsail, i, 
 flying-gib; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, main- 
 sail; 9, fore-topsail; 10, main topsail; 
 22, fore-topgallant sail. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 209 
 
 782. A BARKENTINE. — Schooner-rigged main and mizzen 
 mast, full square-rigged foremast, with the addition of a fore and aft 
 sail on the foremast. • Club sails on stays from 
 main to foremast, i. flying-jib ; 2, jib ; 3, fore 
 topmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, 
 spanker; 9,foretopsail ; 13, main gaff -topsail ; 14, 
 main topmast-staysail; 22, fore-topgallant sail; 
 25, fore royal ; 32, fore-trysail ; t,^, staysail • 34, gaff-topsail. 
 
 783. FULL-RIGGED BRIG.— Square sails on 
 both main and fore mast with the addition of a fore 
 and aft sail on the main mast. Two or three jibs. 
 I, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 3, f oretopmast-staysail ; 4, 
 foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, spanker; 9, foretopsail; 10, 
 maintopsail ; 22, foretopgallant-sail ; 32, main-topgallant-sail; 20, up- 
 per maintopsail; 2 5, fore royal. 
 
 784. A BARK. — Full, square-rigged sails on fore 
 and main masts. Schooner rig, mizzen-mast. i, 
 flying-jib; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast staysail; 4, 
 foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, spanker; 16, lower fore- 
 topsail ; 17, lower maintopsail; 19, upper fore- 
 topsail; 20, upper maintopsail; 22, fore-topgallant-sail; 23, main-top- 
 gallant-sail; 25, fore royal; 26, main royal ; 34, gaff-topsail. 
 
 785. FULL-RIGGED SHIP, with double 
 topsails and staysails. i, flying-jib; 2, 
 jib; 3, foretopmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, 
 mainsail; 6, cross-jacksail ; 7, spanker; 14, 
 main-topmast staysail; 15, mizzen-topmast 
 staysail; 16, lower foretopsail; 17, lower maintopsail; 18, lower 
 mizzen-topsail ; 19, upper foretopsail; 20, upper maintopsail; 21, 
 upper mizzen-topsail; 2 2, fore-topgallant-sail; 23, main-topgallant-sail; 
 24, mizzen-topgallant-sail ; 25, fore royal ; 26, main royal; 27, mizzen 
 royal ; 28, main skysail ; 29, main-topgallant-staysail ; 30, mizzen-top- 
 gallant-staysail ; 35, main royal staysail. 
 
8IO 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 786. FULL-RIGGED SHIP.— Square saUs 
 on fore, main, and mizzen mast, with a fore and 
 aft sail on mizzen mast. Three jibs, i , flying- 
 
 7\ jib; 2, jib; 3, f ore topmast-stay sail ; 4, foresail; 
 
 "^^ 5, mainsail; 6, cross- jacksail ; 7, spanker; 9, 
 
 foretopsail; 10, main topsail; 11, mizzentopsail ; 22, foretopgallant 
 sail; 23, maintopgallant-sail ; 24, mizzen topgallant-sail; 25, fore 
 royal' 26, main roval* 21 mizzen royal. 
 
 787. ICE BOAT.— A 
 sloop-rigged frame on three 
 runners, the rear one be- 
 ing the tiller runner. 
 
 f, ROPE KNOTS AND HITCHES. 
 
 788. CLOVE HITCH. 
 
 789. HALF-HITCH. 
 
 - '<^h 
 
 —^ 
 
 790. TIMBER HITCH. 
 
 ttBB8SSS3SiSj 
 
 791. SQUARE OR REEF KNOT. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 21 I 
 
 792. STEVEDORE KNOT 
 
 793. SLIP KNOT 
 
 794. FLEMISH LOO 
 
 795. BOWLINE KNOT. 
 
 iSSSSSSSSi 
 
 796 CARRICK BEND. 
 
 797. SHEET BEND AND 
 TOGGLE. 
 
 798. SHEET BEND. Weaver's knot. 
 
 799. OVERHAND KNOT. 
 
 800. FIGURE EIGHT KNOT. 
 
 
 801. BOAT KNOT 
 
212 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 802. DOUBLE KNOT. 
 
 803. BLACKWALL TACKLE HITCH. 
 
 804. FISHERMAN'S BEND HITCH. 
 
 805. ROUND TURN AND HALF 
 HITCH. 
 
 806. CHAIN STOP for a cable. 
 
 807. DISENGAGING HOOK, held by a 
 mousing link. 
 
 808. SLIP HOOK.— The extension of the sus- 
 pension link holds the lower link in line, while a pull 
 on the arm by a lanyard releases the load. 
 
 809. RELEASING HOOK.— The lever throws the 
 link off by a pull of the lanyard. 
 
 8io. BOAT DETACHING HOOK.— The standard is 
 fastened to the boat. A tongue is pivoted to its upper end 
 and passes through the hook of the tackle -block. A lever 
 with an eye to catch the tongue is pivoted to the up- 
 right standard, with a lanyard attached at the bottom. 
 A simultaneous pulling of the two lanyards detaches 
 both ends o^ a boat at once. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 213 
 
 811. SWINGING OAR LOCK.— The hook C of the oar lock 
 
 is swivelled on a post, D. 
 which is fastened to the 
 gunwale by a flange sta- 
 ple and latch or by extend- 
 ing the swivel through the 
 gunwale. 
 
 812-813. PIVOTED STEPS for a boat- 
 landing. One edge of each step is pivoted to 
 the lower stringer, the other edge to the apper 
 stringer by a hanger. On a level the steps 
 form a floor, as the end of the ladder falls with 
 the tide the hangers lift the for\vard edge 
 of the step to keep it level. The shore posts 
 are fixed and vertical. Stringers are pivoted 
 to posts. 
 
 814. SCREW ANCHOR for buoys. Is screwed 
 to the required depth in the sand by a long box 
 wrench. 
 
 815. FLOATING LIGHTHOUSE.— A float- 
 ing buoy filled with compressed gas (Pintsch 
 system). Supplies a constant light of high power 
 in the lantern for several days. 
 
214 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 8 1 6. STONE DRY-DOCK, into 
 which vessels are floated and a water 
 gate closed, when, by pumping the water 
 out, the vessel settles upon bearing 
 blocks, and is shored from the side walls. 
 
 .i^^W^^pp^^^mm? 
 
 817. FLOATING DRY-DOCK, in 
 
 which the lifting power is derived from 
 the displacement of the water in the 
 interior of the dock. The displacement 
 area of the side extensions of the dock is 
 sufficient to balance it when it is sunk, by 
 filling the lower part with water in order to float a vessel into the dock. 
 
 818. FEATHERING PADDLE WHEEL 
 OR WATER MOTOR.— The paddles are 
 kept in' a vertical position by a planetary gear. 
 The central gear is fixed. The pinions and 
 gear on the arms keep the paddles in a ver- 
 tical position in the water. 
 
 a 819. VERTICAL BUCKET PADDLE WHEEL. 
 
 c ■ — The buckets, a, a, a, a, are pivoted to the shaft arms, 
 
 b, b. To the pivots are attached cranks, r, c, c, c 
 
 which are pivoted to the arms of an eccentric ring re- 
 
 c volving with the shaft on a fixed eccentric, e. By this 
 
 a arrangement the buckets are kept vertical. 
 
 820. FEATHERING PAD- 
 DLE WHEEL.— The buck- 
 ets are hinged with back le- 
 vers and turned to their proper 
 position by arms pivoted ec- 
 centric to the shaft. The 
 framework of the wheel is of 
 iron or steel. 
 
 821. Cross section. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 215 
 
 822. OUTWARD THRUST PROPELLER 
 WHEEL. — The blades pitch forward to throw the 
 water outward as well as backward, to increase 
 the thrust or power of the wheel. 
 
 823. SCREW PROPELLER. Four blades. Or- 
 dinary form for heavy draft tugs and tow-boats. 
 
 824. SCREW PROPELLER, "Griffith" 
 model. The inclination of the blades is 
 made adjustable, and they are attached to 
 a rim outside from the hub. 
 
 825, SCREW PROPELLER, "Hodgson's "model. 
 The blades are curved backward to prevent the cen. 
 trifugal direction of the water when passing the blades. 
 Claims on fore-and-aft direction of blades by inventors, 
 are not in harmony with the best practice in propeller 
 design. 
 
 826. SCREW PROPELLER, 
 ^5, . the " Ericsson " model. A rim con- 
 ^^ necting all the blades, supposed to 
 
 counteract the centrifugal tendenry 
 of the water. 
 
 827. Side view. 
 
2l6 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 828. SCREW PROPELLER, " Vergne's " 
 model. The projecting ribs from the face of the 
 blades are intended to neutralize the centrifugal 
 action of the water. 
 
 Section of blade. 
 
 830. REVERSING PROPELLER, 
 for launches and small yachts. The 
 blades are socketed on opposite sides of 
 the shaft and through a boss fixed to 
 the driving shaft. 
 
 831. Plan. A short crank extending 
 from the blade socket at B, with an elon- 
 gated hole at C, receives a pin fixed to 
 a yoke and hollow shaft to which is 
 
 given a fore-and-aft motion for changing the position of the blades. 
 
 i 
 
 832. REVERSING SCREW 
 PROPELLER.— The blades 
 are pivoted concentrically on 
 the hub, with pinions fixed to 
 /f the shanks on the inside. The 
 hub is fixed to the inner driv- 
 mg shaft. A sleeve, with 
 gear-cut end to fit the pinion 
 teeth, revolves with the shaft. An inclined slot-sleeve E, moved by a 
 yoke lever, gives a slight rotary motion to the geared sleeve by which 
 the four blades are reversed. 8^^. Section of shaft and reversing lever. 
 
 834. SCREW PROPUL- 
 SION. — Deep immersion 
 screw of the Brita7inic. The 
 screw propeller is lowered be- 
 low the line of the keel by 
 worm and rack gearing. The 
 shaft is swivelled by a double 
 spherical joint and connected 
 with the engine shaft by a universal joint. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 217 
 
 835. REVERSING SCREW PROPELLER. —The central 
 shaft is the driver, and has a small longitudinal motion by a clutch 
 
 and lever to shift the position of the blades. The 
 outer-end sleeve is fast on the driving shaft, and 
 carries the blades in sockets on each side of its 
 centre. A hollow short shaft, free on the driv- 
 ing shaft, but fixed longi- 
 tudinally, turns in a 
 socket on the stern post. 
 A rack on each side 
 ■ '- *•• meshes in a gear sector 
 
 attached to each blade socket, so that the blades are reversed by the 
 fore-and-aft movement of the driving shaft. 
 
 o 
 
 :zt:i?i 
 
 tl 
 
 -.:\i 
 
 836. THRUST BEARING for a pro- 
 peller shaft. The collar brasses are set in 
 mortices in the frame ; they are made in 
 halves and bolted together. 
 
 837. "SILVER'S" MARINE 
 GOVERNOR.— The two pair 
 of balls are pivoted to the re- 
 volving shaft at the centre of 
 their connecting arms. Their 
 centrifugal tension is held and 
 adjusted by the helical spring 
 I, and thumb-screw. The open- 
 ing of the bails moves the sleeve, D, for controlling the valve gear. 
 
 838. DEEP-SEA SOUNDING BALL— 
 The sounding line is held by the pivoted horns 
 If, b, which are thrown down when the rod passing 
 through the ball touches bottom ; this releases 
 the wire sling d, that holds the ball, when the rod 
 and line can be easily drawn up. Has been 
 used in four-mile depths of the ocean. 
 
 839. Release position. 
 
2l8 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 840. SOUNDING WEIGHT RELEASE for deep- 
 sea sounding. A hollow spindle attached to the sound- 
 ing-line encloses a hook lever, sprung out by a spring. 
 A spindle, with an impact head, slides behind the lever 
 and releases the ball at the moment the head strikes 
 the bottom. 
 
 841. SAMPLER SOUND- 
 ING WEIGHT.— The cups are 
 held open during the descent by 
 a clip, which is disengaged when 
 the bob strikes the bottom. The 
 cups spring together by the re- 
 lease of the catch. 
 
 842. Cups closed. 
 
 843. SUBMARINE LAMP.— A strong 
 iron case with convex lenses. An ordinary 
 bright light from a lamp, with two hose con- 
 nections, sling and guide lanyards. One 
 hose is to supply fresh air, while the other 
 carries off the gas of combustion. " Vander 
 Weyde " model. A powerful electric arc 
 light is a later model. 
 
 844. ROAD BUILD- 
 ERS' LEVEL. — A draw 
 telescope, on a screw and 
 swivel base, with arm and 
 screw for small adjustment. 
 The bubble is directly 
 under and in focus of the 
 eyeglass, and is seen by 
 reflection from a piece of 
 glass at 45 o in the eyepiece. 
 
 
 845, Section through reflector and level. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 2 19 
 
 846. ROAD MACHINE, 
 for scraping and levelling 
 common roads. 
 
 847. REVERSIBLE ROAD 
 ROLLER. — The tongue is at- 
 tached to the frame that carries 
 the driver's seat, and is bal- 
 anced by the weight on the 
 rear arm. By unlocking the 
 catch the horses wheel around 
 the roller with the tongue and 
 seat frame, and the tongue is 
 relocked on the other side of the 
 wheel frame. 
 
 848. ROAD ROLLER.— Steam. 
 driven. One of the heavy class 
 now improving our roads. 
 
 849. SINGLE ECCENTRIC RE- 
 VERSING GEAR.— Used on traction 
 engines. A is a wheel keyed on the 
 crank shaft; D is the eccentric; C, a 
 link; B, B, bell crank, connected to 
 sleeve and eccentric. The movement 
 of the sleeve E by the lever throws the 
 eccentric D to the centre and to the 
 opposite position for reversal. 
 
220 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 850. ELASTIC WHEEL, " Huxley." A steel 
 spring tire with jointed spokes. 
 
 851. SPRING WHEEL.— Two forms of curved 
 spring spokes and spring rim. 
 
 852. ELASTIC WHEEL, with steel tire and 
 spring spokes. 
 
 853. APPLICATION OF TRACE 
 SPRINGS for trucks and heavy wag- 
 ons. Saves the shoulders of horses 
 ^^ from fatigue and abrasion. 
 
 854. " SERPOLLET'S " STEAM 
 TRICYCLE. — A, coil boiler; B, 
 coal bunker; C, water tank. The 
 coal shute enters the 
 furnace and feeds the 
 fire automatically. 
 Water is fed to the 
 generator directly 
 from an adjustable 
 pump stroke. See 
 
 NOS. 199, 200, 20J- 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 221 
 
 855. STEAM FIRE 
 ENGINE. Vertical tubu- 
 lar boiler. Vertical steam 
 pump, with yoke connec- 
 tion to fly-wheel crank. 
 " Gould " pattern. 
 
 856. JACKETLESS GASOLINE CARRIAGE 
 MOTOR, with two cylinders in 
 line on two cranks at opposite 
 points. Four-cycle type. Explo- 
 sion in cylinders simultaneously, 
 reducing vibration. Cylinder 
 cooled by air circulation over the 
 radial ribs. 
 
 857. GASOLINE MOTOR 
 CARRIAGE.— Two full seats 
 and single seat for driver. The 
 middle seat turns over to get 
 at the motor and gear. 
 
 858. LIGHT ELECTRIC 
 CARRIAGE, with single 
 seat. The motor is attached 
 to the frame and geared 
 to a speed shaft, and by 
 sprocket and chain to the 
 wheel axle. 
 
222 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 859. ELECTRIC PHAETON.— 
 The motors are fixed to a 
 frame under the floor of the 
 phaeton, with their pinions 
 meshing with an inside spur 
 gear on each wheel. The 
 batteries are under the seat 
 and extension box over the 
 driving wheels. 
 
 860. 
 
 ELECTRIC BROUGHAM. 
 
 The same general arrange- 
 ment of the motor as in 
 No. 859, only that the bat- 
 teries are stored under the 
 floor. 
 
 861. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR for a tricycle. The bisected 
 shaft is connected to a pair of pinions by universal joints. The 
 pinions are pivoted at an angle of about 30° in a free-moving sleeve box. 
 
 862-. BABY-CARRIER TRICYCLE. 
 — An extension of the driving axle of an 
 ordinary bicycle, with a supplementary 
 wheel to balance and for safety, so that 
 a convenient vehicle is made for carrying 
 children or packages 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 223 
 
 TRICYCLE, -Car- 
 
 The single fonvard wheel is 
 
 863. ELECTRIC 
 row " pattern. 
 
 swivelled to the vehicle frame for steering 
 and is also the driving wheel. It has a spur 
 wheel on the inside of the rim in which the 
 electric-motor pinion meshes. The motor 
 swings with the steering-wheel frame, and is 
 connected to the battery under the seat by 
 flexible wiring. 
 
 864. ICE BICYCLE.— An attach- 
 ment of a runner and a toothed rim for 
 any bicycle ; making bicycling a winter 
 sport on the ice. 
 
 865. BICYCLE GEAR.— Transmission 
 by fore and aft shaft with pin- 
 tooth gearing. " Sagar " model. 
 
 866. Pin-tooth wheel and 
 pinion. 
 
 867. BICYCLE CRANK.— A device 
 for shortening the up-crank stroke. The 
 eccentrics are fixed to the frame. The 
 cranks and eccentric straps revolve on 
 ball bearings, carrying by link connection 
 the secondary crank shaft and sprocket 
 wheel. 
 
 868. Horizontal plan. 
 
 869. SWINGING BALL-BEARING 
 BICYCLE PEDAL.— ^Carries the feet close 
 to the ground. 
 
224 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 \-^ 
 
 h-W- 
 
 ' // 
 
 '' '/ 
 til 
 
 / / / 
 
 870. "A. F. HAVEN'S" PLANETARY 
 CRANK GEAR, adapted 
 ^V-~"-"---_-_-_- r for bicycles for varying pro- 
 ""^^NN^ portion of motion. The gear 
 
 B is fast on the sprocket- 
 B '^ \\ wheel shaft. Gear C is fast 
 2 to a block that slides in the 
 longitudinal slot of the cross 
 D. The curved arms of the 
 cross are slotted on the ra- 
 dial centre E, the slot rid- 
 ing over the sprocket shaft, allowing the radial arm D to pass the 
 shaft. The crank A is pivoted to the shaft and the sliding block. 
 With equal gears, the sprocket wheel makes two revolutions for one 
 of the crank. 
 
 871. DETACHABLE LINK CHAIN 
 for bicycles. Chain can be taken apart 
 by turning the links at right angles to 
 the run of the chain. 
 
 872. DETACHABLE LINK CHAIN 
 for bicycles. The pin can be slipped 
 out by drawing the links together. The 
 grooves in the pins lock in the narrow 
 slot ends of the links. 
 
 873. Centre link pin and slip link. 
 
 874. DETACHABLE LINK BICYCLE 
 CHAIN. — The pins are slotted on three 
 sides at G, G, are entered at the centre of 
 the outside links and turned so that the 
 straight back will rest against the end of 
 link slot. 
 875. Pin showing slots. 
 
 876. BALL-BEARING PROBLEM, show- 
 ing the direction of load, direction of support, 
 and axis of rotation with V bearings in which 
 the angular thrust is balanced in the same 
 journal. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 225 
 
 877. BALL-BEARING PROBLEM, show- 
 ing the direction of load, the direction of sup- 
 port, and the axis of rotation with angular 
 quarter-curve bearings and angular thrust. 
 
 878. ACETYLENE BICYCLE LAMP. 
 
 Gas is generated in the lower compartment 
 by admission of water in small quantities 
 from the compartment B, through a needle 
 valve operated by the handle K. L, gas 
 tube ; M, burner. The gas pressure is reg- 
 ulated by the hydrostatic head of water in 
 the reservoir B. If gas is generated too 
 fast, the water is held back by the gas 
 pressure. 
 
 879. ACETYLENE BICYCLE LAMP.— A 
 
 charge of pulverized calcium carbide is placed in 
 the lower chamber. A charge of water of one- 
 half the weight of the carbide is placed in the 
 tank, J. The wick G carries water to the car- 
 bide by capillary action and pressure from grav- 
 ity. The gas is aerated in the burner. The 
 valve at I regulates the flow of water, which is 
 also retarded by the gas pressure in the carbide 
 chamber. 
 
 880. BICYCLE LAMP.— W, bull's- 
 eye lens. Air enters at O, and passes 
 to the flame between the wick tube 
 and guard, and flickering is prevented 
 by air's exit through small passages in 
 the shell of the lamp. Z, reflector ; B, 
 oil chamber. 
 
 15 
 
226 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 88oa. AIR SHIP.— 
 General form of those in 
 use that have had any suc- 
 cess. Too many come to 
 grief and they should be a 
 warning to the ambitious 
 soarer, to learn what his 
 predecessors have done. 
 
 S8ob. RAILROAD GATE operated by com- 
 pressed air. — A hand pump in the gate house 
 compresses air which is transmitted to pistons at 
 the gate bar posts by double pipes so that the 
 bars are raised or closed by the air valves in the 
 gate house. The air pump is located in the gate 
 house. 
 
 SSoc. RAILROAD CROSSING GATE.— A lever in the gate 
 house operates the gate arms by a series of bell cranks linked to- 
 gether and to sectors in the gate arm boxes. A small lever and 
 sector at each arm to close the foot walk. 
 
NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 227 
 
 SSod. RAILWAY PNEU- 
 MATIC SIGNAL.— An air 
 cylinder near the rail is operat- 
 ed by the wheels passing over 
 the lever A, pressing it against 
 the cam S, on a rocking shaft 
 B, lifting the plate C, and the 
 connected piston. Elevation 
 and plan. 
 
 88o(?. A SELF REGIS- 
 TERING TIDE GAUGE.— 
 S is the float in the tide well ; 
 Z the rack meshed in the wheel 
 A ; B is a pinion meshed in the 
 horizontal rack H, which car- 
 ries the marking point K. The 
 barrel W carries a paper 
 marked by the hours of the day and driven by a clock. D and 
 C are tension weights to take up any looseness in the gear. 
 
 880/. NOVEL STEERING GEAR on Emperor William's 
 yacht "Meteor." — A right and left screw shaft with links between 
 
 the nuts and 
 
 rudder post 
 cap. Rudder 
 buffer rings 
 at each end of 
 the shaft to 
 
 take up the jar. 
 
 8800-. 
 
 SHIP'S STEER- 
 ING GEAR.— A slotted 
 cross head fixed to the rud- 
 der post, in the slot of 
 which two nut bearings 
 traverse ; the nuts being 
 carried in opposite direc- 
 tions by right and left-hand 
 screws operated by the 
 steering wheel and gears. 
 
228 
 
 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 
 
 88o/z. STREET CLEAN- 
 ING MACHINE. — A re- 
 volving brush A, driven by 
 link belt from the wagon 
 wheel, throws the dirt 
 upon the ele- 
 vator B, and 
 
 mXUJJ 1 1 I IJ I M lilUUiiXUI.1 1 1 1 I.LIE 
 
 in the box D. 
 
 E, the distributer ; F, water tank to supply the sprinkler G. 
 
 880/. A SPRING WHEEL.— The spokes 
 are of flat spring steel, curved and made 
 fast to the hub and to a secondary steel rim, 
 which is clipped to the outer rim, which may 
 be soHd or with a rubber tire. 
 
 880;. THE AUTOMOBILE HORN.— 
 The rubber ball has a valve at the bottom for 
 charging with air. A whistle or a vibrating 
 tongue at the small end of the horn gives 
 the desired blast. 
 
Section XL 
 GEARING. 
 
 Racks and Pinions; Spiral, Elliptical, and Worm Gear; Differential 
 
 AND Stop-Motion Gear ; Epicyclical and Planetary 
 
 Trains; "Ferguson's" Paradox. 
 
 '^H/vvuu'i, 
 
 _^ 88 1. ORDINARY RACK AND PINION. 
 .jT^JO — Reciprocating motion, from circular or recti- 
 linear motion as desired. 
 
 882. DOUBLING THE LENGTH OF A 
 CRANK STROKE by a fixed and a movable 
 rack. The crank rod connects with a pinion, 
 which rolls on a fixed rack, carrying a recipro- 
 cating rack to double the distance of the crank throw. 
 
 88^. SAWMILL FEED.— By the revolu- 
 tion or rocking of the crank <^, the adjustable 
 bell-crank lever a is vibrated, which gives the 
 hook pawl c the desired motion to turn the 
 ratchet wheel and pinion which, meshing in 
 the log bed-rack, feeds the log to the saw. The 
 rate of feed is adjusted by the screw and 
 traverse block d. 
 
 884. RACK MOTION used for air pumps. 
 The racks are directly connected with the pis- 
 tons of a single-acting air or other pump, and 
 operated by a brake lever. 
 
 885. AIR-PUMP MOVEMENT.— Two racks 
 connected directly with the pistons, with guides, 
 are operated by a pinion and lever. 
 
230 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 886. CIRCULAR RACK and pinion gear. A vari- 
 able thrust bearing. 
 
 887. RECTILINEAR VIBRATING MOTION 
 
 of a spindle having an endless worm gear, moved 
 by a spur-gear sector. 
 
 SSS, VERTICAL DROP HAMMER or impact 
 rod, in any position. Continual motion of sector pinion 
 lifts or draws back the rack-rod B, which quickly drops 
 or springs forward on the release of the teeth. 
 
 889. SECTOR PINION AND DOUBLE 
 RACK. — Rectilinear reciprocating motion from 
 the continual motion of a sector pinion. 
 
 890. RECIPROCATING MOTIONS of 
 two pinions, geared together and to opposite 
 racks, producing rectilinear reciprocating mo- 
 tion to the racks, or z^ke versa. 
 
 
 891. CRANK SUBSTITUTE, "Parson's" 
 patent. A reciprocating double rack alternately 
 meshing in a pinion. A cam face plate running 
 
 in smooth ways in the racks and fast to the pinion lifts the racks into 
 and out of gear alternately at the end of each stroke. The end teeth 
 keep the pinion in mesh. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 231 
 
 I nArvn_ki££lnAl 
 
 1 892. ALTERNATE CIRCULAR MOTION 
 
 ' — — / of a spur pinion from rectilinear motion of a 
 I U mutilated rack gear. 
 
 893. CRANK SUBSTITUTE. Two loose 
 pinions with reverse ratchets attached to shaft, 
 with pawls on pinion ratchets. Each rack 
 meshes with reverse pinion for continual motion of shaft. Many vari- 
 ations of this device are in use. 
 
 r: 
 
 
 894. QUICK BACK MOTION given to a 
 rack slide by a sector gear and slotted arm ; 
 operated by a pin in a revolving face plate. 
 
 895. ALTERNATE RECTILINEAR MO- 
 TION from a swinging lever with sector and 
 rack. The lever has a quick return motion, 
 operated by a wrist pin on a face plate, and 
 [j free from backlash by the weight and lanyard 
 attached to end of lever. 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 896. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR 
 MOTION of a double rack ; gives a continu- 
 ous rotary motion to the central crank. Each 
 stroke of the rack alternates upon one or the 
 other of the sectors. A curved stop on the 
 centre gear is caught on the pins in the rack, 
 to throw it into mesh with the opposite sector. 
 
 897. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR 
 MOTION of a bar carrying an endless rack. 
 A mangle device. The pinion shaft moves up 
 and down the slot, guiding the pinion around 
 the end of the rack. 
 
232 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 G) (^ 
 
 :ciD'- 
 
 (D & 
 
 898. MANGLE RACK, guided by rollers 
 and driven by a lantern half-pinion. The long 
 teeth in the rack act as 
 tooth mesh at the end of each motion. 
 
 guides to insure a 
 
 899. MANGLE RACK. — A reciprocating mo- 
 tion of a frame to which is attached a pin-tooth 
 rack, the pinion being guided by the shaft rid- 
 ing m a vertical slot, not shown. 
 
 900. MANGLE RACK with stationary pinion. 
 The rack and slot frame are jointed to the mangle 
 box, riding in mesh with the pinion by the slot 
 guide, leaving the mangle box free to ride and tip 
 on the rollers. 
 
 901. ALTERNATE CIRCULAR MOTION 
 from continuous motion of geared wheels. A 
 grooved cam revolving with a geared wheel pro- 
 duces a variable or alternate motion to a cranky 
 through a pin in the groove connected to the 
 crank and to a fixed point by a connecting rod. 
 
 902. MANGLE WHEEL with equal motion 
 forward and return. The pinion moves over the 
 same teeth in both motions. The pinion moves 
 vertical in a guide slot, not shown. The end of 
 the shaft is guided vertically by the groove keep- 
 ing the pinion teeth in mesh. 
 
 903. '' MANGLE WHEEL" GEAR in the oper- 
 ation of which the speed varies in every part of 
 its revolution. The pinion shaft is guided by the 
 groove in the face of the wheel to keep the teeth 
 in mesh, but rises and falls vertically by travers- 
 ing a slotted guide, not shown. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 233 
 
 904. CONTINUOUS ROTARY MOTION 
 of a pinion producing reciprocating motion of the 
 double-geared wheel carrydng drum of a mangle. 
 The slotted stand allows the pinion shaft to rise 
 and fall, its end guided b}' the slot in the return- 
 gear wheel to give the mangle drum a quick 
 return. 
 
 905. MANGLE WHEEL with grooved guides, 
 uniform motion through nearly a revolution, and 
 quick return. 
 
 906. MANGLE MACHINE GEAR.— Large 
 
 wheel is toothed on both faces. The pinion 
 traverses from one side to the other of the 
 geared wheel through the open? space. 
 
 907. WORM SCREW RACK.— Continued motion of a 
 worm screw meshed in a rack to produce motion in the rack 
 from a fixed position of the w^orm, or with a fixed rack ; the 
 worm, sliding over a feather-key shaft, will drive sliding nuts 
 holding a hoisting car or platform. 
 
 7 908. ROTARY MOTION of worm gear from 
 an ordinary screw, or when the screw has great 
 pitch, rotary motion of the screw maybe obtained 
 from the rotation of the worm-gear wheel. 
 
 909. ADJUSTABLE FEED ROLLS driven 
 
 by worm gear. The roll gears have elongated 
 
 teeth on their face meshing with the screw on 
 
 a each side, which allows of considerable variation 
 
 of the depth of feed. 
 
234 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 910. SAW-TOOTH WORM GEAR.— By the 
 saw-tooth form of the teeth of both wheel and 
 worm, and the concave pitch lines of the worm, a 
 large area of contact is given to the teeth. 
 
 911. RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND WORM 
 GEAR for feed rolls or drums. 
 
 912. THREE-PART WORM SCREW, for 
 
 operating three screw gears for a chuck, so that 
 the jaws close in the same direction. 
 
 913. TRAVERSING MOTION from cir- 
 cular motion of a worm gear. The worm 
 wheel and spur gear are relatively held by the 
 frame ^, and slide freely on shaft a and guide 
 bar D. The feathered key on shaft a allows the worm to turn with 
 the shaft, while the connecting rod ^, by having one end fixed to the 
 frame and the other end attached to a crank pin on the spur gear, 
 gives the sliding frame with spur gear and worm a reciprocating mo- 
 tion equal to the throw of the crank pin. 
 
 914. GLOBOID SPIRAL GEAR 
 WHEELS.— The revolution of the glo- 
 boid gear A gives a variety of differen- 
 tial motions to the spur gear B as it 
 swings between the limits practicable 
 with the globoid teeth. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 235 
 
 915. INTERNAL WORM-GEAR WHEEL for 
 driving a spur-gear pinion. 
 
 916. WORM-GEAR PINION to drive an inter- 
 nal spur-gear wheel. 
 
 917. ANTI-FRICTION WORM GEAR.— 
 The worm-wheel bearings are on friction 
 rollers running on pins. 
 
 918. RELEASE ROTARY MOTION.— A worm 
 wheel B, fast on a shaft to which is attached a loose arm 
 and weight D, that carries the arm quickly over a half- 
 turn, more or less, as required. The worm wheel lifts 
 the arm and weight to beyond the vertical position by a 
 pin in the shaft. See 919. 
 
 919. RELEASE ROTARY MOTION.— A sector 
 weight E, moving loose on a shaft to which is fixed a 
 worm wheel driven by a screw. The weighted sector 
 is lifted by a pin resting in the half-section of the 
 hub of the worm wheel until it reaches the point at 
 which gravity carries it over a half-turn, more or less, as required. 
 
 920. RELEASE CAM. — Uniform motion is 
 communicated to the gear wheel, B, fixed on its 
 shaft with a pin at C. The cam is loose on 
 the shaft, with a stop section to meet the pin at 
 C. The lever d has a spring and a roller on 
 the cam. The lever d is raised by the motion 
 
 of the cam until its straight face reaches the roller, when the lever 
 
 falls suddenly, throwing the cam forward. 
 
236 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 921. HUNTING TOOTH WORM GEAR, used 
 for planetary or clock motion. The double worm-gear 
 wheel may have one or more teeth in one section than 
 in the other. The motion of the worm advances one 
 wheel in proportion to the difference in the number of 
 teeth. If the difference is as 1 00 to i o i , the worm will 
 make 10,100 revolutions for one revolution of the 
 wheel having loi teeth, over the wheel having 100 teeth. 
 
 922. DIFFERENTIAL SCREW AND 
 GEAR MOVEMENT.— The spur gear E is 
 fixed to a screw hub or nut, revolving in the 
 head of the short standard. The pinions F 
 and G vary in size to match the spur gears D 
 and E. The revolution of the pinions and shaft 
 A, B produces a differential motion in the 
 spur gears E and D. D is fixed to the screw shaft, thus driving 
 the screw shaft forward at a very slow rate and great power. 
 
 923. COMPLEX ALTERNATING RECIP- 
 ROCAL MOTION from three unequal gears and 
 two walking-beams giving an endless variety of 
 motions to the terminal connecting rod. 
 
 924. ALTERNATING RECIPROCAL MO- 
 TION from two crank gears and connecting rods 
 to a walking-beam. When the gears are equal 
 the motion of the rod is uniform ; when the gears 
 are unequal the motion of the rod is proportionally 
 a varying differential one. 
 
 925. TWO-TOOTHED PINION.— Transmis- 
 sion of motion to a wheel having a series of teeth 
 alternating on each side. The form of the pinion 
 cam teeth locks the wheel teeth until the opposite 
 cam catches its wheel tooth. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 237 
 
 926. PIN WHEEL AND SLOTTED PINION, 
 
 by which a change of speed is obtained by shifting 
 ,the pinion along its shaft. 
 
 927, VARIABLE ROTARY MOTION from 
 cone gears. A tootlied cone is matched to an 
 inverted cone with pin teeth to gear with the vari- 
 able pitch of the cone teeth. 
 
 928. SCROLL GEAR. — Increasing velocity is ob- 
 tained by a geared scroll plate with a sliding pinion on 
 A a constant speed shaft. 
 
 929. SPIRAL HOOP GEAR for special 
 and slow transmission of power and motion to 
 a shaft at right angle. One revolution of 
 wheel A moves shaft B one tooth of its gear. 
 
 930. ACCELERATED CIRCULAR MO- 
 TION by a volute gear. The pinion P and 
 guide disc R move along the feathered shaft C, 
 following the rail guide, and returns by reversal 
 of the motion of the driving shaft C. 
 
 931. ROLLER-BEARING GEAR TEETH. 
 
 — A double-flanged wheel with roller-bearing 
 notches cut to the pitch of the wheel. The 
 rollers are held in place by straps bolted to an 
 inner circle of the flanges. The meshing 
 wheel has its teeth skeletoned to make room 
 for the roller teeth. 
 
238 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 932. BALL GEAR with traverse pinions, 
 a very limited traverse of the pinions. 
 
 Has 
 
 933. SPIRAL GEARING.— V gearing, in which 
 the teeth are at a small angle with the plane of rota- 
 tion, makes a perfectly silent transmission of power. 
 
 934. EXPANDING PULLEY.— The sec- 
 tional rim pieces with their arms have a radial 
 sliding joint on the hub arms, and are moved 
 out or in by pins projecting into the spiral 
 slots on the central spur-gear wheel. The 
 movement of the wheel c, by turning the ratchet 
 pinion d^ moves all the sections of the pulley 
 equally. 
 
 935. CONCENTRIC DIFFER- 
 ENTIAL SPEED.— B, high-speed 
 shaft and eccentric on which the slow- 
 speed gear A revolves with a differ- 
 ential motion by being carried around 
 in mesh with the larger internal fixed 
 gear C, giving a slow motion to the 
 belt pulley B. - 
 
 36. DIFFERENTIAL MOTIONS on concen- 
 tric shafts by bevel gear. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 =39 
 
 937. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR, section. 
 
 938. Plan. Used in differential pulley 
 blocks. The cam and large grooved pulley 
 are fixed on the shaft, the revolution of which 
 swings the small gear in mesh with the larger 
 internal gear, and rotating the large gear, shell, 
 
 and the chain lift pulley, with a SDeed due to the difference in the 
 number of teeth in the gears. 
 
 939. DOUBLING THE NUMBER OF 
 3 REVOLUTIONS on one shaft. B, driving 
 
 ^ shaft and bevel wheel ; G, bevel wheel fast on 
 
 ij-i shaft F; C, two bevel wheels on hollow shaft 
 
 F~|pj running on shaft F ; A, frame fast on shaft F, 
 and carrying bevel Avheel D; E, bevel wheel run- 
 
 ning loose on shaft F. Revolution of B gives contrary and equal motions 
 to shaft F and double-bevel wheel C. Frame A and its bevel wheel D, 
 revolving in contrary direction to C, doubles the speed of bevel wheel K 
 
 940. MULTIPLE GEAR SPEED in line of shaft. Pinion E 
 is fast oh small shaft. • B and C are fast together and pivoted on the 
 y sleeve which runs loose on an extension of the small shaft gear ; D 
 is fast on the large shaft, and gear A is fixed to the bearing. Speed 
 may thus be increased or decreased on a continuous line of shafting 
 
 by the relative 
 number of teeth 
 in the different 
 bevel gears. 
 When the multi- 
 ple of the teeth 
 in A and C is 
 less than the* 
 multiple of the 
 teeth in B and 
 D, the gear D 
 and the large 
 
 shaft will revolve forward or m the same direction as the pinion E. 
 When the multiple of A and C is greater than the multiple of the teeth 
 in B and D, the gear D and large shaft will revolve backward or in the 
 opposite direction from the pinion E. The " Humpage " reducing gear. 
 
2 40 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 941. VARIABLE THROW TRAVERSING 
 
 BAR, used in silk spooling. The spur gear a, to 
 which is affixed a crank and jointed guide rod, turns 
 freely on a pin fixed in the revolving disc b. The 
 pinion c is fixed on a central shaft or otherwise, 
 allowing the disc b and its attached spur gear a to 
 revolve around the pinion r, thereby producing a 
 varying throw of the guide rod for each revolution of the disc b. 
 
 942. REVOLUTION OF A PINION around 
 its own centre and also around the common centre 
 of two externally centred gears. ^, driving pulley 
 with cross band to gear pulley 3, and direct band 
 to gear pulley c. The differential motion revolves the 
 pinion D around its own axis and around its external 
 axis b. A planetary motion. 
 
 943. DIFFERENTIAL SPEED of two gears in 
 different directions on the same shaft. A, driving pin- 
 ion : B is geared to the shaft pinion A and to the inter- 
 <y nal spur gear C, and runs on a fixed journal. 
 
 944. CAPSTAN GEAR.— The central pinion is 
 fast to the shaft. The intermediate pinions are on 
 a frame free on their own axes, but the frame is fixed 
 to the winding drum. The gear ratchet ring runs 
 free on the shaft, but is stopped by a pawl on the 
 drum for quick speed and by the outside pawls for 
 a slow speed of the winding drum. 
 
 945. SLOW FORWARD AND QUICK BACK 
 
 circular motion from the continuous circular mo- 
 tion of a pinion, driving an internal sector pin- 
 ion and an external sector gear. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 241 
 
 946. GEARED GRIP TONGS.— The radial dis- 
 tances of the sectors are in- proportion to the diameters 
 of the two pinions, which gives the jaws an equal mo- 
 tion, closing them with a strong grip by the action of 
 the pinions. 
 
 947. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION 
 by a pinion driving an eccentric crown wheel. 
 
 '"'VtnnrJ"- 
 
 948. ELLIPTICAL SPUR GEAR for variable 
 '^- — ~i;J^ speed, the amount of which is governed by the 
 O )2 relative lengths of the greater and lesser axes of 
 S-^ the pitch lines of the elliptical gears. 
 
 949. ELLIPTICAL GEAR WHEEL and pinion 
 for variable motion of a pinion from uniform speed of 
 an elliptic gear. The pinion shaft is carried in a box in 
 a slotted arm and held in contact by a spring or other 
 means. 
 
 950. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION 
 from a circular gear train. A, the driver, with a 
 spur gear B, attached eccentrically ; C, a pinion, and 
 D, the driven wheel. The three pinions are connected 
 with pivoted arms ; then the swinging of the spur 
 wheel B around its eccentric axis will give a variable 
 motion to the wheel D. 
 
 951. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING 
 MOTION from a rotating spiral spur 
 sector meshed in racks inclined to the 
 line of motion. The pitch lines of the 
 racks are curved to match the pitch line 
 of the spiral sector. The pins F on the 
 
 sector mesh with the stop jaws J, K, on the rack frame, alternately at 
 
 each half revolution. 
 
 16 
 
242 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 952. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION 
 from an elliptically eccentric gear train. C is the 
 elliptic driving wheel turning with the shaft at D. 
 B is the intermediate gear with a pinion follower to 
 the eccentric gear C. A and B are attached by an 
 arm pivoted on their respective shafts, so that B 
 rises and falls to keep the gear in mesh ; h and g 
 is an elliptical slot in a plate attached to C, in which the end of the 
 shaft of B traverses to keep the pinion B in gear with the elliptic 
 wheel C. 
 
 ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR 
 MOTION by the revolution of a sec- 
 tor by which one revolution produces 
 both motions. The curved back of 
 the sector just touches the extended 
 tooth of the rack frame at ^/, while the teeth at e and b are partly in 
 mesh with the enlarged sector end teeth, thus preventing back-lash 
 or locking of the teeth. 
 
 954. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR 
 GEAR. — A is the driver. The pin J and the dog L 
 are on the front side of the gear ; the pin R and dog 
 P are on the back. This class of gears may be made 
 in varying proportion to suit the required stop motion 
 of the*gear B, A being the driver. 
 
 955. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR 
 GEAR, in which the dogs G and F form a part of the 
 driven gear B. This form allows of varying propor- 
 tions of stop and speed motion in the two gears. A is 
 the driving gear. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 243 
 
 956. SPIRAL STOP-MOTION GEAR. — In 
 this form a variable motion, in addition to the stop, 
 is given to the driven wheel B. The dotted section 
 at G shows the mesh of the spur, K, of the stop 
 wheel. A is the driving wheel. 
 
 957. FAST AND SLOW MOTION SPUR GEAR, or a quick 
 return when operating a slide motion by a crank. The driving gear 
 
 B is composed of gear sectors of differen- 
 tial radius to correspond with the sectors of 
 the driven gear A. The horns and studs 
 M, L are back of the face of the gears and 
 make contact with the studs N and O, on 
 the sector wheel A, guiding the wheels to mesh in the other pair of 
 sectors. 
 
 958. MITER INTERMITTENT 
 GEARS. — The driver makes one revolu- 
 tion to one-quarter of a revolution of the 
 driven gear. The blank part of the driv- 
 ing gear is milled down to the pitch line, 
 and runs in the corresponding concave 
 of the four-part driven gear. 
 
 959. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, 
 from continuous rotary motion of a sector-toothed 
 wheel. Part of the pinion is cut out of the same 
 curve as the smooth part of the wheel, and acts 
 as a stop until the pin on the wheel strikes the 
 arm on the pinion and guides the contact of the teeth. 
 
 960. IRREGULAR VIBRATORY MOTION 
 of an arm, A, from the rotary motion of a pinion, 
 B 
 
244 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 961. VARIABLE VIBRATING MOTION 
 
 given to a rod, A, by the rotation of a pinion on an 
 irregular-toothed wheel on a fixed axis ; the pinion 
 being carried by a bell-crank lever, with a variable 
 slot adjustment. 
 
 962. MOTION BY ROLLING CONTACT of 
 
 elliptical half-geared wheels. The fork serves as a 
 guide to enter the teeth into mesh. 
 
 963. VARIABLE SECTIONAL MOTION from 
 sector gears. The sectors are arranged on different 
 planes, so that each pair shall be matched and all 
 so adjusted that their teeth will mesh at their proper 
 periods. 
 
 964. UNIFORM SPEED OF SECTIONAL 
 SPUR GEAR during part of revolution. The 
 motions varying suddenly according with the dif- 
 ferential radii of the sectors. 
 
 965. SCROLL GEARING. — For increasing or de- 
 creasing the speed gradually during one revolution. 
 
 966. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION 
 from eccentric circular motion. C and D are pins 
 concentric with wheel B. The shoulder cam A 
 runs eccentric to the shaft of B, and catches the 
 pin C or D at every revolution, turning B a 
 half-revolution, and the reverse if B is the driver. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 245 
 
 967. STOP ROLLER MOTION, used in 
 wool-combing machines. The heart-shaped slot 
 B, in the driving disc D, carries a roller stud, 
 giving it a forward, backward, and stop motion. 
 A pin on the back of the disc at e lifts the pawl 
 G (Fig. 968), allowing it to pass over one of the 
 spaces between the notches, and at the next half- 
 revolution carrying the roller shaft forward one 
 notch. The roller is attached to the shaft F, and 
 by the action of the heart-shaped cam makes one- 
 third of a revolution backward, and two-thirds 
 of a revolution forward. 
 
 969. CHANGE GEAR MOTION. — The loose 
 sleeve revolving freely on the concentric ends of the 
 shafts A and B carries a diagonal shaft, with bevel 
 pinions fast on each end ; also a spur wheel, driven 
 by the governing shaft and pinion E. Any motion 
 given to the spur wheel F, by the pinion E, varies 
 the speed of shaft B — A being the driving shaft. 
 
 970. CHANGE GEAR MOTION, with spur 
 gearing only. The spur wheel C moves freely on 
 the disconnected shafts A and B. A short shaft 
 and two fast pinions have a free motion near the 
 periphery of the spur wheel C. The fast spur wheel 
 on the shaft A is the driver. Any motion of the 
 central spur wheel given by the shaft and pinion E varies the motion of 
 the shaft B greater or less than the driving shaft, according to the 
 
 direction of the governing motion. 
 
 971. CHANGE GEAR MOTION.— The shafts 
 A and B are disconnected, and carry a loose hub and 
 spur wheel in which is pivoted the bevel pinion T. 
 The bevel wheel C is fast on shaft A, and D is fast 
 on shaft B. Any motion given to the central spur 
 gear either way by the pinion shaft E varies the speed 
 of the driven shaft B either faster or slower than the 
 driving shaft A. 
 
246 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 972. DIFFERENTIAL DRIVING GEAR. 
 
 — Used on the driving shaft of motor carriages. 
 A, is the driven gear from the motor ; B, a bevel 
 pinion pivoted laterally ; C, C, bevel gears fast 
 on the divided shaft E, D. This arrangement 
 allows one wheel to advance in turning a curve, 
 and at the same time to receive an equal impulse 
 with the other wheel. 
 
 973. EQUALIZING PULLEY for 
 
 rope transmission. The arm carrying 
 the small bevel gears is fast on the 
 shaft. The divided pulley runs loose 
 on each side of the arm with its two 
 bevel gears meshed with the bevel pin- 
 ions. Any variation in the over-wound 
 rope by tension will be compensated 
 by the pinions. 
 
 974. EQUALIZING GEAR. — When 
 
 driven by the belts A, A', with equal speed 
 in opposite direction, the large spur wheel 
 and shaft B do not move. Any difference 
 in the speed of the belt pulleys will revolve 
 the large spur wheel and shaft B forward 
 or backward, according to which pulley 
 runs fastest. The velocity of the large spur wheel will be one-half 
 the difference of the pulley velocities. If B is the driving shaft, A 
 and A' may be the wheels of a vehicle. 
 
 975. DOUBLING A REVOLUTION on the 
 same shaft, "Entwistle's" patent. The pulley at 
 A is the driver on the shaft D. The bevel gear 
 at A is fixed. The stud E is fast on the shaft. 
 The bevel wheel B revolves freely on the stud E. 
 The bevel wheel C and its pulley C' runs loose 
 on the shaft. The revolution of the stud E with its bevel wheel 
 around the fixed bevel wheel A doubles the speed of the bevel wheel 
 C and pulley C'. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 247 
 
 976. CONTINUOUS SHAFT MO- 
 TION from an alternating driving shaft. 
 The ratchets fixed to the bevel gears on 
 the shaft a are operated by pawls fixed 
 to the shaft, the rocking of which re- 
 volves the bevel gear and shaft B in one 
 direction. 
 
 977. ALTERNATING MOTION of a shaft 
 at right angles to a driving shaft by three bevel 
 gears and double clutch. Bevel gears on clutch 
 shaft run loose. Clutch slides on a feather or 
 key, and is operated by a Y-lever and groove in 
 clutch. 
 
 978. ECCENTRIC WHEEL TRAIN. 
 
 — The elliptical bevel gear A is 
 fixed to the crank shaft bearing 
 at an angle to allow the elliptical 
 bevel wheel B to clear the bevel 
 wheel F. The arm C is fixed to 
 the crank shaft; B and D are 
 fixed to the shaft H, giving to the shaft E an irregular reversed mo- 
 tion from the motion of the crank shaft. 
 
 979. EPICYCLIC GEAR.— The arm F G 
 is fast on the shaft A A. The bevel wheel is 
 loose on the arm. The bevel wheels D and C 
 are loose on the shaft A A. Differential mo- 
 tions of the two wheels C D will produce a ro- 
 tation of the arm F G, around and with the 
 shaft A, or, by making the arm loose on the shaft, a differential mo- 
 tion may be made by shaft and arm. 
 
 980. EPICYCLIC TRAIN.— If gear wheel C 
 is fixed, and the arm D moved around its axis at 
 A, the gear wheel B will have a retrograde mo- 
 tion, and the gear wheel A a faster motion in the 
 direction of the motion of the arm. If wheel A 
 is fixed, B and C will have unequal forward 
 motions. 
 
248 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 AUTOMATIC CLUTCH MOTION 
 
 FOR REVERSING.-^ 
 The bevel wheels B, C are 
 the drivers in contrary di- 
 rection; D is a double 
 clutch on the shaft feather. 
 The revolution of the pin 
 
 on bevpl wheel E moves the weighted ball F through the action of 
 the bell-crank lever and connecting rod until the ball is past the ver- 
 tical centre, when it falls over, striking the clutch lever and moving 
 the clutch to the opposite or reverse wheel, and vice versa. 
 
 982. ECCENTRIC GEAR.— Irregular 
 inverse motion from elliptic speed gear. 
 The balanced arm T is fixed to the crank 
 shaft and turns with it. The gear A is el- 
 liptical, as is also the gear a. Gear A is 
 fixed to the frame with one of its centres 
 coincident with the crank shaft ; <^, is fixed 
 in the same manner to a shaft carrying 
 the gear F, multiplying the speed of the in- 
 dex pointer P with a differential velocity, due to the eccentricity of 
 the elliptical gears. 
 
 983. SUN AND PLANET CRANK MOTION, 
 used by James Watt on the steam engine. Gear 
 centres are held by connecting arm. B is fixed to 
 connecting rod, and does not revolve on its own 
 centre, but moves around the axis of the fly-wheel 
 A. wnth a slightly oscillating motion. The wheel A revolves twice on 
 its axis to one circuit of B, or two strokes of the piston. 
 
 984. HIGH-SPEED EPICYCLIC TRAIN. 
 — Bevel gear C is the driver ; in / is a fixed 
 shaft. Bevel pinion D and spur gear E are fixed 
 on a hollow shaft. Bevel pinion A and spur gear 
 H are fixed on a hollow shaft, revolving on the 
 hollow shaft I. The arm m n revolves freely on 
 the fixed shaft m p. The spur wheels F, G are 
 fixed on a hollow shaft turning freely on the stud n. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 49 
 
 985. SUN AND PLANET WINDING 
 
 GEAR. — A is fixed to the frame ; B is keyed 
 to the barrel shaft. The crank is loose on the 
 shaft and carries a stud on which the differen- 
 tial gear C, D revolves. 
 
 986. EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN.— C is the train 
 arm which may revolve around its centre at F. The 
 gear A is fixed. The pinion F is fast to a spindle. The 
 gear B turns on its own axis as it revolves around the 
 common centre. The two pinions at D are fastened 
 together and revolve around their own axis, and also 
 around the common centre at F. The centre spindle 
 at F revolves with increased speed by the double gear 
 
 at D. A great variety of motions may thus be made to represent 
 
 planetary movement. 
 
 987. COMPOUND EPICYCLIC TRAIN, 
 
 more curious than useful, but illustrating the 
 changed conditions of gear motion. Gears a and 
 h are fixed to the crank shaft. _ Gears g and J 
 are fixed to a hollow shaft turning on the shaft 
 n m. Gears e, b are fixed on a hollow shaft and 
 turn on shaft n 7?i. The arm >^ / is fast on and 
 supported by shaft 7z m. Gears e, d are fixed on a hollow shaft and 
 revolve on the arm k /, carrying the arm in a slow motion around the 
 shaft axis n m. A variety of differential motions may be made by 
 changing the relation of the fixed pairs. 
 
 988. PLANETARY MOTION applied to an 
 apple-paring machine. The gear F is fixed to the 
 crank shaft. The internal spur gear A is stationary. 
 On turning the crank the pinion B rolls forward, 
 carrying the arm T at half the velocity of 
 the crank. The bevel gear A revolves with 
 the crank, driving the spindle K with one- 
 half the proportional speed due to the rela* 
 tive diameters of gears A' and F'. 
 
250 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 989. PLANETARY GEAR 
 
 TRAIN. — The arm T revolves 
 
 around the fixed gear A, on the 
 
 nnnmiTfllM stand H. The gear B and bevel 
 
 •^gear E are fixed on a shaft and 
 
 turn in one direction, giving a 
 
 contrary motion to the bevel gear F and index hand P. 
 
 p/ 990. PLANETARY GEAR 
 TRAIN. The arm T revolves 
 around the fixed gear A. The 
 small gear S reverses the mo- 
 tion of the gear F, to shaft of 
 which the arm T' is fixed. The 
 arm T' moves backward, carry- 
 ing the pinion S' around the 
 bevel gear A', which is fixed to the arm T, giving the bevel wheel F' a 
 forward motion, or in the same direction as the arm T. 
 
 991. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL PARADOX.— The 
 
 arm C revolves around the fixed gear A, carrying the gear B and 
 train of wheels with it. The gear B revolves in the same direction as 
 
 the arm and carries with 
 it the gears I, G, E fixed 
 
 A. 
 
 Jl 
 
 rr^^^^h. 
 
 B 
 
 Jl 
 
 isms JC . t r r^ M it 
 
 H to its shaft. Small dif- 
 ferences in the number 
 of teeth of each pair of 
 gears gives a differential 
 reverse motion to the 
 gears K, H, F. 
 
 992. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL 
 PARADOX, a curious property of an epicy- 
 clic train. A is a central fixed axle and geai 
 wheel, around which the arm C D revolves', 
 M, a wide-gear wheel loose on a pivot set in 
 the arm CD; N, a pivot also set in the arm and carrying three 
 gears with a differential number of teeth, say, varying by one or two 
 teeth. On moving the arm C D to give motion to the train, the three 
 wheels E, F, and G will have a differential motion, which was a para- 
 dox to persons not understanding the secret. 
 
GEARING. 
 
 251 
 
 992a. LINK CHAIN HOIST.— A novel form 
 of light weight hoists over lathes and planers. 
 A screw gear working in a tooth chain. 
 
 gg2b. BICYCLE SIGNAL 
 BELL. — A gear sector lever oper- 
 ates a pallet vibrator, which is held 
 in a central position by a spring. 
 The sector is also held ready for a 
 signal stroke by a spring. 
 
 992c. MULTIPLE SPEED GEAR, or paradox box.— The 
 bevel gears A, A', A", are fixed to box and studs 5 and 6. C, C 
 
 are bevel gears or 
 shafts that carry the 
 arms and pinions 2, i. 
 Each set of gears 
 doubles the speed of 
 the one before it, giv- 
 ing a final speed of 8 
 times the speed of the 
 crank. 
 
 992^. CHANGEABLE MOTION 
 GEAR. — Two or more changes of motion 
 by bevel gear may be made by moving a 
 pinion along a feathered shaft at an angle 
 with the change gear shaft. 
 
252 
 
 GEARING. 
 
 992(7. PNEUMATIC GRAIN ELE- 
 VATOR. — V is a compound suction 
 fan ; T, pipe to receiver R ; R, a 
 receiver with a wire gauze screen 
 to allow dust to be separated from the 
 grain and carried off through the fan ; 
 S, lifting pipe of conical form ; N, 
 regulator with a rubber diaphragm to 
 allow the foot nozzle O to regulate 
 the proportion of air and grain. At 
 the bottom of the receiver R is a coni- 
 cal valve to discharge the grain when 
 it overbalances the weights. 
 
 992/. FLYING M A- 
 CHINE. — One of the many 
 forms of experiments in aerial 
 ■navigation. 
 
 • The most that has yet been 
 done in the line of human 
 flight is to glide from a hill 
 top or cliff and alight with 
 possible safety. 
 
 SIDE ELEVATION 
 
Section XII. 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING 
 
 MOTION. 
 
 RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT AND STOP MOTIONS, 
 
 WIPERS, VOLUTE CAMS, VARIABLE CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT 
 
 COUPLINGS, GYROSCOPE, ETC. 
 
 993. RATCHET BAR LIFT.— The vibra- 
 tion of a double-bell crank lever gives a ratchet 
 bar and attached rope great power for lifting 
 or tightening a binding device. 
 
 994. RATCHET LIFT.— Vibrating lever C, 
 operates two hooked pawls on the ratchet bar A. and 
 lifts tt e bar. The slot serves as guide. The other 
 member may be a suspension or standard attach- 
 ment. Much used in ratchet jacks and stump-pullers. 
 
 K 
 
 995. RATCHET GOVERNOR, for 
 
 water-wheels or other prime movers. 
 
 The pin cam is in constant revolution. 
 
 The double-ratchet rack B, held clear of 
 
 the revolving pin at normal speed, is 
 raised or lowered by the action of the governor on the suspender A. 
 The extension rods of the ratchet frame operate a gate or valve. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 996. ROTARY MOTION, from reciprocating 
 motion of two racks alternately meshing with a 
 gear wheel. Racks are pinioned at a, a. The 
 curved slots l>, b guide the racks out and into 
 gear. The bell-crank lever c and spring d serve 
 to disengage the rack at the end of the up-stroke. 
 
254 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 997. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR 
 MOTION, from a vibrating arm and pawl acting 
 upon a ratchet wheel. 
 
 998. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION 
 
 of a ratchet wheel by lever and hook pawls. 
 B, vibrating lever. 
 A, ratchet wheel. 
 
 999. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET.— The vibra- 
 tion of the lever a, with its pawls b, c, imparts a 
 nearly continuous motion to the ratchet wheel. 
 
 1000. CONTINUOUS FEED OF A RATCHET 
 
 by the reciprocating motion of a rod, two pawls 
 on arms, and pivoted by links to the recipro- 
 cating rod. 
 
 ^'WsrsT^ 
 
 looi. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET 
 WHEEL. — The lever lifts the pawls, one of 
 which moves the ratchet wheel at up-stroke by 
 one pawl, and again at the down-stroke by the 
 other pawl. 
 
 1002. INTERMITTENT ROTARY 
 MOTION, from a reciprocating rod and two 
 pawls, acting on a ratchet-faced wheel. Arms 
 C, C are loose on shaft of wheel A. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 255 
 
 1003. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR 
 MOTION. — Reversible by throwing over the double 
 pawl. Operated by a reciprocating rod attached to 
 the disc carrying the pawl. 
 
 1004. RATCHET INTERMITTENT 
 MOTION, by the operation of treadles. Pawl 
 levers and pawls are operated through con- 
 necting rods to levers or treadles, the motion 
 of which is made uniform by the strap and 
 pulley attachment C. 
 
 1005. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR 
 MOTION — Reversible by throwing over a 
 double pawl on the vibrating bell-crank lever. 
 A feed motion for planing machines. 
 
 1006. INTERMITTENT ROTARY 
 
 MOTION of a wheel by vibrating levers and 
 
 A 1 
 
 ■ pawls. 
 
 B, pin-tooth wheel. 
 
 A, vibrating lever. 
 
 1007. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION 
 
 from a reciprocating rod. Motion varied in the ratchet 
 wheel A by the number of teeth swept over bv the 
 pawl B. 
 
 1008. PAWL LIFT. — By moving the lever 
 bet\veen the pins in the bell-crank pawl arm, the 
 pawl is lifted and moved to new position with- 
 out dragging over the teeth of the ratchet wheel. 
 
256 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1009. OSCILLATING MOTION into rotary 
 motion by a straight and crossed band running 
 on two ratchet pulleys, the ratchets of which are 
 fast on the shaft. Each oscillation of the sector 
 lever gives a forward motion to the shaft. 
 
 loio. CONTINUOUS ROTARY MOTION 
 
 by stop ratchet and oscillating beam. The 
 ratchet wheel is fixed on the shaft. The pawl 
 wheel runs free and gives motion to the ratchet 
 and shaft at every other stroke of the sector 
 beam. 
 
 loii. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet 
 by the oscillation of a knuckled joint tappet arm. 
 The spring keeps the tappet extended on the for- 
 ward stroke, and allows it to run over the tooth of 
 the ratchet on its return. 
 
 1012. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- 
 
 A y TION of a ratchet wheel with a check pawl by 
 
 / the continuous circular motion of a pawl wheel. 
 
 1013. WINDLASS GRIP PAWL.— A fric- 
 tion pawl and rim grip piece are pivoted together 
 so that by the vibration of the lever with its con- 
 necting rod the grip pawl drops and takes firm 
 hold of the rim of the windlass wheel and turns 
 it with the power due to the distance of the rod 
 attachment from the wheel centre and the lever 
 proportions. The stop pawls act upon a separate ratchet wheel. 
 
 1014. RATCHET AND LEVER PAWL.— The pawl 
 drops into the ratchet by gravity of the lever. Pulling 
 the cord A unhooks the pawl by swinging the lever back. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 257 
 
 1015. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
 TION by ratchet and springs. D, driving wheel 
 with a bent spring at B. A spring at C acts as a 
 fixed pawl. In revolving the wheel D, the spring 
 B lifts the spring C from the ratchet, and is it- 
 self pressed into the teeth and carries the ratchet 
 
 around one tooth; when the shoulder on the spring B releases the 
 
 spring C and allows it again to lock the ratchet. 
 
 '^<i-yyM^ 
 
 1 01 6. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet 
 crown wheel from the reciprocating motion of a 
 lever and pawl 
 
 10 1 7. INTERNAL MULTIPLE CAM for operat- 
 ing several slides for internal grip, or for expanding 
 the cutters of a die slock. 
 
 1018. 
 pawls. 
 
 RATCHET HEAD with spring 
 
 1019. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- 
 TION from oscillating motion of a lever by friction 
 pawls. The crank E and its cord connecting with 
 the pawls throw one or the other pawl out of lock 
 for reversing the motion. 
 
 1020. RECIPROCAL CIRCULAR MOTION from rec- 
 tilinear motion of a nut on a quick thread. The reciprocat- 
 ing or Persian drill stock. The screw is swivelled in the 
 hfead of the stock, allowing a free movement of the drill by 
 the motion of the nut. 
 
 17 
 
258 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 i: 
 
 r 
 
 102 1. BALL SOCKET RATCHET.^The 
 ^ pawl is within the arm socket, and by the ball 
 
 ratchet form allows the drill stock to be used at 
 an angle. 
 
 1022. CONTINUOUS MOTION RATCHET 
 from an oscillating arm. Three bevel gears, two of 
 which have ratchets with pawls on opposite sides, so 
 that there is a forward motion to the spindle at each 
 stroke of the arm. 
 
 1022 a. Elevation. 
 
 1023. STOPS OF VARIOUS FORMS for 
 a ratchet wheel. Hook and straight gravity pawi 
 and a spring pawl. 
 
 ys 
 
 L 
 
 1024. STOPS for a spur gear. Slip pawls. 
 
 -gj 1025. STOPS for a lantern wheel. One a 
 latch stop, the other a roller stop. 
 
 1026. SAFETY CENTRIFUGAL HOOKS. 
 - — Hooks are retained by springs until the cen- 
 trifugal force of excessive speed throws them out 
 to catch the pins in the fixed plate. 
 
 1027. CRANK MOTION for quick return of 
 a lever. A, fulcrum of lever. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 259 
 
 1028. CENTRIFUGAL SAFETY CATCH 
 for hoisting drums. The studs D, D, D are fixed 
 to the hoisting drum frame. B is a flange fast 
 to the drum shaft and to which is pinioned the 
 safety hooks. At ordinary speed of the drum 
 the hooks hang back so as not to touch the studs. 
 An unusual acceleration of speed throws out the 
 hooks to catch on the studs. 
 
 1029. STOP MOTION from a wrist or crank 
 pin. The relative amount of stop and motion 
 depends upon the diameter of crank-pin circle 
 and length of the connecting-rod slot, plus the 
 diameter of crank pin. Used in brick machines. 
 
 1030. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING MOTION 
 from the circular motion of a wrist pin on a disc 
 crank. The pin sliding in the slot makes a quick 
 
 q\ return of the bell crank and connecting rod. 
 
 1031. IRREGULAR ROCKING MOTION 
 in an arm having an endless groove of any re- 
 quired shape, with the radius of the longitudinal 
 axis equal to the radius of the pin. Pin not 
 shown. 
 
 1032. ROCKING ARM by cam groove. 
 A groove in a face plate may be so designed 
 as to give a variety of movement to a rock 
 shaft, with an arm and pin follower. 
 
 1033. YOKE STRAP and eccentric circular 
 cam. 
 
26o 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1034. TRIANGULAR CURVED ECCENTRIC, 
 which by its peculiar form makes a stop motion at 
 each half -revolution of the cam, for any portion of the 
 stroke, according to the length of the concentric portion 
 of the cam. 
 
 1035. TRIANGULAR ECCENTRIC for 
 
 producing a stop motion at each half-revolution 
 of the face plate <3;, by the proportional peripheral 
 length of the outer curve of the triangular cam. 
 Used on a French engine. 
 
 1036. RECIPROCATING MOTION with four 
 stops, two of which are of longer duration than the 
 others. A pin on the rotating disc, sliding in a grooved 
 yoke, may be made to give a variety of motions to the 
 rectilinear slide by the form of the groove. 
 
 1037. UNIFORM RECIPROCATING MO- 
 TION from the circular motion of a crank or disc 
 wrist pin. The endless groove in the cross head is 
 made to conform in shape to the varying rectilinear 
 motion of the wrist pin. 
 
 1038. NEEDLE-BAR SLOT CAM, for sew- 
 ing-machines. The depression in the pin slot 
 gives the needle a stop motion while the shuttle 
 passes. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 261 
 
 -^x 1039. SLOTTED YOKE CRANK MQTION, 
 producing rectilinear motion of piston rod from a 
 crank dispensing with a connecting rod. 
 
 1040. TRAMMEL GEAR.— The slotted cross moves 
 in a right line astride the shaft, while the crank pin in a 
 block moves in the cross slot. 
 
 1041. SLOTTED LEVER MOTION from a crank 
 pin. A variety of motions and stop motions may be 
 made with this class of lever. 
 
 aW- 
 
 1042. INTERMITTENT RECIPROCATING 
 MOTION from continuous circular motion..- The 
 curved slot in the lever should be radial with the 
 crank centre for a stop. Many forms of motion may 
 be had by variation of this device. A combination 
 
 ^^^^ much in use for sewing-machines and printing-presses. 
 
 1043. VARIABLE CRANK THROW.— A 
 screw and tappet wheel move a nut on the 
 screw to which is fixed a wrist pin sliding in the 
 7 cross slot of a carrier bar. Each revolution of 
 the face plate brings the tappet wheel in contact 
 with a finger, and by turning the wheel and screw moves the wrist 
 pin to or from the centre of the wheel. Used in silk-spooling ma- 
 chinery. 
 
262 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1044. VARIABLE ADJUSTMENT for the 
 tension of a spring on the motion of a connecting 
 rod, by varving the radii of a rocking lever. 
 
 1045. FOUR-BOLT CAM PLATE, used 
 for throwing safe bolts and for expanding dies. 
 
 1046. EQUALIZING TENSION SPRING AND 
 LEVER. — The bell-crank lever equalizes the tension of 
 the spring by its varying position. Its long arm is on a 
 fixed pivot. 
 
 1047. ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR 
 MOTION from studs on a rotating disc. The 
 bar is carried forward by the stud on the disc 
 striking the projection on the bar, and the bar 
 returns by the movement of the bell-crank lever 
 and opposite stud. 
 
 1048. TRAVERSE BAR, operated by a 
 slotted lever. The upper pin being fixed or 
 made adjustable for proportion to the move- 
 
 \ I n ment of the lower pin, any desired movement 
 of the traverse bar may be made. 
 
 1049. RECTILINEAR MOTION by the 
 movement of a slotted lever with one end pin- 
 ioned. A belt shipper movement. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 263 
 
 1050. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- 
 TION from a shaft at right angles. The fric- 
 tion rollers on the horizontal shaft disc move 
 in grooves or on projections from the wheel 
 on the vertical shaft, producing a variety of 
 intermittent motions, due to the form of grooves 
 or projections. 
 
 105 1. VIBRATING TOOTHED WHEEL. 
 
 — The rod is pressed against the teeth by the 
 spring. A type of some electrical devices for 
 interrupting the circuit. 
 
 1052. "LAZY TONGS" MOVEMENT. 
 — A system of crossed levers by which the 
 amount of a rectilinear motion is increased by 
 the proportional number of sections in the 
 
 tongs. As a hand device it is in use as a toy, but is more useful as 
 
 a reducing apparatus for a steam-engine indicator. 
 
 1053- QUADRANGULAR RECTILINEAR 
 MOTION. — Rectilinear motion given to any one 
 of the arms A, B, C, or D gives a contrary motion 
 to its opposite arm, and a contrary motion to 
 each of the side arms. 
 
 1054. PARALLEL MOTION, in a ver- 
 tical line, for a swinging bracket. 
 
 1055. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a pin- 
 tooth wheel by the half-revolution of a ring seg- 
 ment. 
 
264 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1056. INTERMITTENT MOVEMENT of a 
 pin-wheel by the vibration of a hooked arm. 
 
 1057. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a seg- 
 mental-toothed wheel by the revolution of a seg- 
 mental barrel or ring. 
 
 1058. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a 
 pin-tooth wheel by the revolution of an in- 
 dented tooth on a pinion. 
 
 1059. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a toothed 
 wheel by the revolution of a pinion with a single 
 recessed tooth. 
 
 1060. ROCKING ESCAPEMENT.— The 
 
 section teeth of the wheel pass the eye in the 
 rocking cylinder at each quarter, or at each 
 half-revolution when revolving. 
 
 1061. ROTARY AND LONGITUDINAL 
 MOTION of a rod between rollers, with their 
 axes at an angle. Rollers run in opposite 
 directions. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 265 
 
 1062. RECIPROCATING FEED RATCHET.— 
 
 For an intermittent feed, one pair of jaws may have a 
 
 /^JUj.L (^ reciprocating motion. For continual feed motion both 
 
 pairs of jaws should have opposite reciprocating motions 
 
 <H 
 
 L> 
 
 j^s?^^^s;?^^=?^$^^ 
 
 1063. FRICTION ROD FEED RATCHET.— 
 The jaws, being pivoted in a slot in a lever, 
 make a powerful and quick grip on a feed 
 bar by the motion of the lever bar. 
 
 1064. FRICTION HAULING RATCHET. 
 — -A hole bored slanting through a bar D. A slot 
 in the side of the bar, for convenience of putting 
 on or taking off the rod or rope to be hauled, 
 makes a handy clutching device. 
 
 1065. CAM-LEVER GRIP for a rope 
 or rod stop. This principle is used on safety 
 grips for elevators. 
 
 1066. LEVER TOGGLE JOINT, largely 
 used in stamping and punching presses. This 
 form shows great pressure when the three bear- 
 ings near a linear direction. 
 
 tD 
 
 .J. 1067. SINGLE TOGGLE ARM LETTER- 
 
 [I PRESS. — The arms are drawn together by a 
 
 right and left screw. 
 
266 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1068. TOGGLE-JOINT CAM MOVE- 
 MENT for throwing out a number of grips ai 
 once by the local movement of the jointed 
 ring. 
 
 1069. DOUBLE-SCREW TOGGLE PRESS.— 
 The screw has a right- and left-hand thread to draw 
 the toggle joints together. 
 
 ;j, 1070. SCREW STAMPING PRESS —Rec- 
 tilinear motion from the circular motion of the 
 lever handles. The momentum of the balls gives 
 the final power in this class of presses. 
 
 1071. MULTIPLE RETURN GROOVED 
 CYLINDER, producing extended rectilinear 
 motion and return by its revolution. The car- 
 rier arm has a pivoted tracer to enable a 
 smooth passage of the opposite grooves. A 
 spooling device: 
 
 1072. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR 
 MOTION by the alternate opening and closing 
 ■- -ri k r ii|- — pL of half nuts on a right and left screw. Nuts and 
 arms are attached to a shaft that is thrown over 
 by a dog on a spooling-frame shaft, locking the 
 right- or left-threaded nut alternately. 
 
 1073. RECTILINEAR MOTION by a 
 right- and left-hand screw shaft driven by a 
 worm gear. The nuts move on the right and 
 left screw. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 267 
 
 1074. SIX RADIAL GROOVED TRAMMEL 
 
 and triangular shaft arms, driving or being 
 driven by a shaft out of line. The friction 
 rollers give freedom of motion to either gear. 
 
 1075. RECTILINEAR RECIPROCAT- 
 ING MOTION of a bar, from continuous cir- 
 cular motion of a bent shaft. 
 
 1076. ROCKING MOTION, from a contin- 
 uous jrotary motion of the crank shaft A. 
 
 1076a. PAIR OF TOE LEVERS.— 
 
 Bell-crank order. A and B, fulcrums of the 
 levers ; E, handle ; C, curved toes. This 
 principle is used as a valve gear. 
 
 1077. WIPER CAM for stamp mills. A, the wiper; 
 D, flanged chock, allowing the hammer spindle to re- 
 volve. Also in use on sewing-machines for throwing the 
 needle bar 
 
268 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 :d 
 
 [:::]£ 
 
 1078. ANGULAR WIPERS, for operating the 
 valves of beam engines. A, the rock shaft ; C, the 
 curved wiper, hfting the angular toe and valve rod. 
 
 1079. EQUALIZING LEVERS OR 
 TOES, for variable rod movement. 
 
 1080. VARIABLE CRANK MOTION.— An 
 
 eccentric slot in a stationary face plate guides a 
 slide block and wrist pin in a slotted crank. Con- 
 necting rod drives the cutter bar of a shaping- 
 machine. 
 
 1081. SPIRAL-GROOVED FACE PLATE, 
 
 for feed motion. Obsolete ; but useful for irregu- 
 lar motion, in which the spiral grooves may be 
 wavy or zigzag. 
 
 1082. LEVER, guided by a volute face plate. 
 
 1083. CAM SECTORS, or sectors of log- 
 spiral wheels. When laid out as a log spiral, 
 the sum of each pair of coincident radii is 
 equal to the distance of the centres. A, B. 
 As a pair of pressure cams, the sum of the 
 
 radii varies to meet the required throw of the cams. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 269 
 
 •C^^ 
 
 1084. GEAR-DISENGAGING CAM 
 LEVER. — The eccentric slot in the lever 
 throws the slow driving gear out of lock by 
 throwing the lever back. 
 
 1085. OBLIQUE DISC MOTION.— A disc 
 
 fixed at an angle upon the end of a shaft gives a 
 variable rectilinear motion to a rod and roller by 
 varying its distance from the centre. 
 
 1086. GROOVED CYLINDER CAM.— Use^ 
 to convert reciprocating into rotary motion. 
 
 
 1087. TRAVERSE MOTION of a shaft 
 by a rolling cam. The disc, rolling in the 
 groove of the drimi, gives an ever-varying 
 traverse motion to the disc shaft, according tc 
 the proportions of the size of disc and can 
 drum. 
 
 1088. FOUR-MOTION FEED of the "Wheeler & Wilson," 
 and other sewing-machines. The traverse bar A is forked and en- 
 closes the push bar B, pivoted to it, and is held 
 back by the spring at D. The revolving cam C 
 D ^iiM^^ has its periphery cam-shaped, to lift the push bar, 
 
 and its face, also cam-shaped, to push the bar 
 for-vard, when the teeth are in contact with the goods. 
 
 1089. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR 
 MOTION, from the circular motion of grooved 
 cams ; may be made uniform or intermittent, by the 
 direction of the groove on the cam. 
 
27*'* 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1090. QUICK RECIPROCATING RECTILI- 
 NEAR MOTION, from a zigzag-grooved cam. 
 Form of cam groove is capable of greatly varying 
 ike rectilinear motions of a bar or lever. 
 
 1091. CYLINDRICAL CAM, giving any re- 
 quired special motions through a lever, roller, 
 and connecting rod, according to the curves given 
 to the cam. 
 
 1092. CAM-OPERATED SHEARS.- 
 Many modifications of this device are in use. 
 
 1093. IRREGULAR CAM MOTION to valve 
 rods. An irregular cam, acting between friction 
 rollers in a yoke frame. Positive irregular rectili- 
 near motion. An old steam-engine valve gear. 
 
 1094. VIBRATING RECTILINEAR MOTION, 
 from a revolving trefoil cam. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 271 
 
 1095. IRREGULAR VIBRATING CIR- 
 CULAR MOTION, from continuous circular 
 motion of a cam slot. Any form of cam slot 
 in a face plate may be made to produce a vibra- 
 tory motion on a crank pin, which may be transmitted to circular 
 or rectilinear motion. 
 
 1096. CLOVER-LEAF CAM, for rectili- 
 near motion by follower rollers on a bar. 
 The cam is so designed that the rollers have 
 a bearing in all its positions. 
 
 1097. POWER ESCAPE- 
 MENT for heavy machines. The 
 traverse bar may be vibrated by 
 the positive motion of the cam 
 arms. 
 
 1098. ROTARY MOTION of a three- 
 arm wiper produces a reciprocating rectili- 
 near motion of the toothed frame, and vice 
 versa. 
 
 1099. IRREGULAR RECIPROCATING 
 MOTION of connecting rods and levers, 
 moved by alternating oval cams. 
 
 1 100. BEVELED DISC CAM, tor vari- 
 able reciprocating motion of a bar at an angle 
 " [ — ji with the shaft. 
 
272 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 iioi. GROOVED HEART CAM.— The lay- 
 out of a grooved cam may be made on the same 
 principles as No. 1 103, only that the centre of the 
 roller or pin and the central line of groove are 
 the measurements for the amount of motion. 
 
 1 102. HEART-SHAPED GROOVE in a face 
 
 plate, vibrating a lever, produces an irregular swing- 
 ing motion of the lever. 
 
 1 103. LAYING OUT A HEART CAM. — A 
 
 circle is drawn on a radius equal to the required throw, 
 plus the diameter of the roller. A series of con- 
 centric circles and radii enables a measured layout 
 of the cam , which must be as much larger than the re- 
 quired motion as is equal to the radii of the roller on each radius of 
 the plan. 
 
 1 1 04. CAM MOTION.— Various appli- 
 cations of cam ■ followers, with direct and 
 oscillating motion. 
 
 1 105. DOUBLE-CAM MOTION, 
 
 from a sliding follower. The arm E 
 of the follower, slides freely in the 
 box, clamped to the vertical shaft, 
 giving two equal motions at right 
 angles. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 273 
 
 1 106. PIVOTED FOLLOWER.— 
 The square-armed follower, pivoted at 
 E and F, is kept in contact with the 
 cam by the spring H, and so produce 
 dissimilar motions in the connecting 
 rods B, J. 
 
 1 107. RECIPROCATING MOTION, from 
 
 two cranks on opposite ends of a shaft 
 
 1 108. OVOID CURVE is made by any 
 point between the pivots of a single-crank con- 
 necting rod, the other end of which is guided 
 by a rectilinear slide. 
 
 1 1 09. VARIABLE POWER TRANSMIT- 
 TED from a crank linked to a lever-beam, 
 driving a second crank. In this case there is no 
 pressure on the driven crank when both cranks 
 are vertical, but greatest pressure when the cranks are horizontal. 
 
 mo. ELLIPTICAL CRANK. — The arm 
 moves in a slot. The inner crank pin, making a 
 revolution, marks an ellipse by a pencil at the 
 outer end of the arm, while the outer crank pin, 
 
 linked to the arm, makes a circle. 
 
 nil. CURVILINEAR MOTION of a treadle 
 gives circular motion to a crank or disc. The foot- 
 lathe motion. 
 
 t8 
 
274 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1112. SPRING LATHE-WHEEL CRANK. 
 
 — The spring A is intended to keep the crank off 
 the dead centre. A counterbalance weight is 
 also used for the same purpose. 
 
 1 1 13. "BROWNELL" CRANK MOTION.— 
 
 The wrist pin is fixed on a tangent slide held in its 
 forward position by a volute spring attached to the 
 face plate. The slide is retained by pins in tra- 
 verse slots. Can be arranged for either kind of 
 treadle, to keep the crank pin off the center. 
 
 1 1 14. ORDINARY CRANK MOTION 
 
 for engines or other purposes, with 
 cross head, slides, and connecting 
 rod. 
 
 1 1 15. ECCENTRIC and straps for valve motion, 
 also used in place of a crank for many purposes. 
 
 1 1 16. RECIPROCATING MOTION of a 
 connecting rod through a bell crank connected 
 directly with a wrist on crank disc. In this 
 case the forward and back motions are nearly 
 alike depending upon the proportional length 
 of the driving arm of the bell crank and crank motion, as well also to 
 the length of the connecting rod bet^veen the wrist pin and bell crank. 
 
 II 17. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION from 
 two cranks on shafts parallel, but out of line, one 
 crank being slotted, the other carrying a wrist pin, 
 passing through the slot. Driving may be by either 
 crank. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 275 
 
 ni8. IRREGULAR MOTION of one crank 
 from the regular motion of another crank. A 
 quick-and-slow alternate motion of the slotted 
 crank is made by the regular motion of the 
 smaller crank. 
 
 1 1 19. VARIABLE POWER transmitted 
 from a slotted crank driver to H fixed driven 
 crank pin through a lever beam, the opposite 
 end of which is held by a swinging connecting 
 rod. The pressure on the driven crank is 
 continuous, but greatest on and near the central line of the two shafts. 
 
 1120. VIBRATING MOVEMENT from a 
 slotted curved arm, gives a variable vibrating 
 movement to straight arm. 
 
 1 121. VARIABLE CRANK PIN.— A slotted 
 face plate backed by a spiral slotted plate by which 
 the revolution of one plate upon the other moves a 
 crank pin to or from the centre. The same prin- 
 ciple is used in the universal lathe chuck in which 
 each slot carries a grip jaw. 
 
 1 122. VARIABLE RECTILINEAR MOTION of a 
 shaft from a vibrating, curved, slotted arm. 
 
 1 1 23. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a 
 slotted sector on a face plate. 
 
276 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1 124. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a 
 movable pin block in a slotted face plate and trans- 
 verse screw. 
 
 . 1 125. VARIABLE RADIUS LEVER 
 for reciprocating motion of a shaft from a 
 continuous motion of a crank pin. 
 
 1 126. VARIABLE CRANK THROW. 
 — The jointed crank and radial screw give 
 -^ a large variation to the throw of a crank. 
 
 1 127. COMBINATION 
 CRANK-MOTION 
 CURVES.— A revolving 
 ^ crank A, D and the vi- 
 brating link B, E carry- 
 ing an extended connect- 
 g . - 5 ing arm with a pencil at 
 
 the end, F. A great variety of figures and curves may be made by 
 different proportions of all the parts. The figures on the crank pin 
 circle D correspond with the figured diagram. 
 
 1 1 28. FLEXIBLE ANGULAR COUPLING, 
 for light work. May be a helical spring, round or 
 square, wire or a tube, sawed on a spiral. Used on 
 driving handles for telescopes and other instruments. 
 
 1 129. SLIDING CONTACT-SHAFT COUP- 
 LING. — A cross bar sliding in two yokes on 
 shafts in offset lines. Will also operate on shafts 
 somewhat out of line or at an angle. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 277 
 
 1130. RECTILINEAR MOTION from 
 the rotation of an angular crank pin. A, 
 rotating shaft carrying crank pin E ; D, 
 arm with sleeve jointed to yoke and sliding 
 rod B. 
 
 1 13 1. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING 
 for shafts out of line. The solid sleeve block 
 C is bored at the same angle of the shafts, 
 and centres of bores at a dis- 
 tance apart equal to the dif- 
 - , ference in the plane of shaft 
 alignment. 
 
 1 132. UNIVERSAL JOINT, with a single 
 cross link. Good for angles of 45° and under. 
 
 1 133. DOUBLE LINK UNIVERSAL 
 JOINT, good for larger angles than above. 
 The connecting link may be made short and 
 guarded, with a sleeve to prevent kinking. 
 
 1 134. UNIVERSAL ANGLE COUPLING, 
 
 " Hooke's " principle. Each shell carries a double 
 trunnion ring, the connecting link being pivoted 
 at each end to the rings. 
 
 1 135. "ALMOND" ANGULAR SHAFT 
 COUPLING.— The yoke links G, G are 
 pivoted to the sockets on the ends of the 
 shaft, and to the right-angled arms on the 
 sleeve which slides freely on the fixed shaft 
 p. The sockets at F, F are ball joints. 
 Angle of shafts may vary within limits. 
 
278 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1136. "HOOKE'S" ANGULAR SHAFT 
 COUPLING, the knuckle universal joint. Shaft 
 joints are double-pivoted at right angles. 
 
 1 137. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING. 
 
 —In this arrangement the shafts have cranks 
 and elongated crank pins, on which sleeves 
 slide that are pivoted to the arms E, E of the 
 sliding sleeve on the fixed shaft D. 
 
 1 138. RACK AND PINION MOVE- 
 
 MENT for tracing spiral grooves on a cylin- 
 der. 
 
 /^ 
 
 1.139. GYROSCOPE.— The heavy disc C, 
 rotating at great speed in the ring A, is suspend- 
 ed by the point F, resting on bearing. The ro- 
 tation of the disc keeps it from falling and slowly 
 revolves the holding ring A around the point F. 
 An illustration of the tendency of rotating bodies 
 to preserve their plane of rotation. 
 
 1 140. GLOBE GYROSCOPE.— The outer ring A 
 is fixed to a stand. The second ring A^ is pivoted ver- 
 tically to the outer ring ; the inner ring is pivoted at 
 right angles in the second ring, and the ball is pivoted 
 at right angles in the inner ring to its pivot in the sec- 
 and ring. This gives the ball, rotating on its own axis, 
 a direction free to move to every point in the sphere. When the 
 heavy ball is made to rotate rapidly in any direction of its axis, much 
 pressure must be made to change its direction. 
 
MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 279 
 
 a 
 
 1 141. TENSION HELICO- VOLUTE 
 SPRING. 
 
 1 1 42. DOUBLE HELICO-VOLUTE SPRING, for 
 compression. 
 
 1 143. COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING, square 
 rod. 
 
 1 144. SINGLE VOLUTE HELIX SPRING. 
 
 1 145. COMPOUND DISC SPRING.— The discs 
 are dished and perforated for a guide pin. 
 
 1145a. HYDRO - EXTRACTOR, 
 showing method of belting with ad- 
 justable idler and cone pulleys. 
 
 Type for laundry work. At a speed 
 of from 1,000 to 2,000 revolutions per 
 minute the water flies off by centrifu- 
 gal force and the material is left near- 
 ly dry. 
 
28o 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 
 
 1145^. REVERSING PULLEY.— A conical disk fixed to the 
 shaft ; a pulley loose on the shaft with a clutch ; a disk loose on 
 
 the shaft, fixed as to motion 
 by an arm, carries a set of 
 conical rollers, which are 
 pushed into a bearing by 
 the shipper as shown in the 
 right-hand figure for re- 
 versing at increased speed 
 as the ratio of the diameter 
 of the two conical surfaces. 
 The clutch is operated by the shipper bar. 
 
 1145c. FOUR SPEED 
 
 ^^^^^ CHANGE GEAR. — A 
 
 hollow spindle with change 
 gears running loose upon 
 it. A rack spindle B car- 
 ries a hinged pawl or key 
 A, held out by a spring. A 
 lever C carries a sector 
 meshing in the rack, which 
 by its movement draws the 
 key A to catch the keyway in any of the speed gears. 
 
 1145c?. HEDDLE GAM, used in weav- 
 ing. — The twilling cam K is attached to 
 the grooved hub L, which slides freely on 
 the feathered spindle and moves three tnnes 
 one way and returns by a sliding switch over 
 which the grooves traverse. 
 
 1145^. FERRIS .WHEEL.— A steel 
 wheel 250 feet diameter carrying a series 
 of balanced cars on its periphery and driven 
 by steam power. Total height above the 
 ground 265 feet. Remarkable as one of the 
 great modern structures of steel. 
 
MOTION AXD DEVICES CONTROIXIXG MOTION, 
 
 281 
 
 1 145/. POW- 
 ER FROM 
 WAVE MO- 
 TION. — Va- 
 rious devices by 
 the rise and fall 
 of a float which 
 have been pro- 
 posed for ob- 
 taining power 
 from the waves 
 of the ocean for 
 pumping or oth- 
 er work. 
 
 1145^. POWER 
 FROM WAVE 
 MOTION. — A 
 swinging blade an- 
 chored in various 
 ways. Anchored 
 floats and the mo- 
 tion of two boats 
 make a varietv of 
 applications o f 
 
 wave motion for 
 useful effect. 
 
 1 145/7. POVv^ER 
 FROM WAVE MO- 
 TION. — Swinging 
 motion from the wash 
 of waves near the 
 shore by means of 
 large blades swung 
 
 ^^}^y^//y^////////////j'//////////////////}/// ^''■"''^^^''f/"'^///'//yy////////////////7/777y7, from a pier. The two 
 cuts represent a single and double acting transmission. 
 
282 
 
 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROI.I.ING MOTION. 
 
 II45Z. ACTION 
 OF THE HOOK in 
 the Willcox & Gibbs 
 sewing machine. — 
 1st, the loop formed 
 by the up stroke of 
 the needle ; 2d, hook 
 catches the loop; 3d, 
 loop reversed and 
 spread ; 4th, next loop 
 caught by the hook and carried through the preceding one. 
 
 1145;. POSITIVE 
 SHUTTLE MOTION 
 for a narrow fabric 
 loom. The shuttle has 
 a narrow recessed rack 
 ^ geared through a set of 
 pinions to the recipro- 
 cating rack. 
 
 1145^. A CURIOUS PADLOCK.— The key is like a cork 
 screw. The circular recess in front contains a rotating cylinder 
 
 with a spiral keyway 
 and graduated face 
 plate, which must be 
 set to a number that 
 will allow the key to 
 enter the internal 
 spiral passage to push 
 back the bolt. 
 
Section XIII, 
 
 HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 Clock and Watch Movements and Devices. 
 
 1 1 46. CYCLOIDAL PENDULUM MOV& 
 MENT. — A curved frame, acting as a stop to 
 a flexible pendulum, gives the bob a cycloidal 
 path. 
 
 y— W: 
 
 l*^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 E^ 
 
 r^iz 
 
 =^-^1 
 
 ; ^ 
 
 1 147. COMPENSATING PENDULUM BOB or 
 
 weight. A glass jar of mercury is used for the weight, 
 and is adjusted for length of pendulum by turning on the 
 screw and locking in place by the cross-piece and catch. 
 The expansion of the pendulum downward is balanced by 
 the expansion of the mercury in the fixed bottle upward, 
 and vice versa. 
 
 1 1 48. COMPOUND COMPENSATION 
 PENDULUM. — The arms of the pendulum 
 carrying the weights W, W are composed of 
 two metals ; steel, which has the least change 
 of length by change in temperature, for the top 
 section, and brass, which has a longer range of 
 length, for the lower section. Heat, by differ- 
 ential expansion of the parts, raises the weights to compensate for 
 lengthening of the pendulum rod, and vice versa. 
 
 1 1 49. CENTRIFUGAL PENDULUM.— The weight 
 or ball is hung by a thread or very fine wire from an eye, 
 and is driven in a circle by an arm attached to a vertical 
 spindle, rotated by the clock movement. Adjustment is 
 made for time of beat by the vertical movement of the 
 suspension eye of the pendulum. 
 
284 
 
 HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 1 150. ANTIQUE CLOCK ESCAPE- 
 MENT. — The oscillation of the pendulum 
 arbor and attached pallet stops and releases 
 the teeth of the crown wheel. 
 
 1151. CROWN TOOTH ESCAPEMENT, with 
 ball balance. 
 
 B, the stop pallet. 
 A, the impulse pallet. 
 
 1 152. DOUBLE RATCHET-WHEEL ESCAPE- 
 MENT and pendulum. The teeth in the escapement 
 wheels alternate with the pallets of the pendulum. 
 
 1153. STAR-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT.— B, C, the 
 
 pallets of the escapement vibrating on its centre at A ; 
 D, star wheel. 
 
 1154. ANCHOR ESCAPEMENT forelocks. 
 The anchor pallet H, L, K oscillates on its axis 
 a^ by the swing of the pendulum. The teeth of 
 the escapement A are radial on their forward 
 face, and strike the curved faces of the pallet K or 
 H, which are concentric with their axis a. By 
 this form of teeth and pallets the escapement is 
 anchored or in repose during the extreme parts of the pendulum 
 stroke, and gives an impulse to the pendulum while the teeth are in 
 contact with the planes of the pallets <r, e and b, d. 
 
HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 285 
 
 1 155. RECOIL ESC APEMENT. — In this 
 form the forward face of the teeth of the escape- 
 ment A leans forward from the radial lines. The 
 front face of each pallet is in line with the front 
 face of the teeth, so that the extreme part of the 
 pendulum stroke gives a recoil movement to the 
 escapement wheel. The points of the escapement 
 teeth, acting upon the planes of the pallets c^ ^ and b^ d^ give the im- 
 pulse to the pendulum. 
 
 1 156. PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT.— In this form 
 the upper part of the pendulum terminates in a ring around 
 the escapement wheel, with pallets A, B projecting in- 
 ward and with a forward pitch to their face, to give the 
 proper impulse to the pendulum. 
 
 1 157. STUD ESCAPEMENT, used in 
 large clocks. Alternate studs are' set on front 
 and back of the escapement wheel. The pen- 
 dulum swings on the axis of the pallet at F. 
 The concentric curve of the stop-faces of the 
 pallet, with its axis at F, gives the escapement 
 a dead-beat action, the incline planes of the 
 pallets giving the alternate impulse. 
 
 1 158. LANTERN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT. 
 
 — The pallet arm A is attached directly to the pen- 
 dulum, swinging upon the axis A, and receives its 
 impulse from the inclined faces of the pallets C, B, 
 Used for large clocks. 
 
 1 159. PIN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT, with a 
 dead-beat stop motion. For short-beat pendulum 
 clocks. 
 
286 
 
 HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 1160-1161. HOOK-TOOTH ESCAPEMENT. 
 —The teeth are arranged alternately on two 
 escapement wheels. The oscillation of the semi- 
 circular pallet alternately releases and receives an 
 impulse from the hook teeth of the escapement 
 wheel. The curved outer face of the teeth acts 
 upon the edge of the straight edge of the disc. 
 
 1 162. SINGLE-PIN PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT. 
 
 — The pin is set in a small face plate close to the arbor, 
 which makes a half-rotation at each stroke of the pendu- 
 lum. The impulse is given on the vertical faces of the 
 quarter sections in the pendulum. 
 
 1 163. THREE-TOOTHED ESCAPEMENT 
 
 with long teeth and stops on the pendulum frame. 
 A, B, pallets ; E, D, stops. A nearly dead-beat 
 movement. 
 
 1 1 64. DETACHED PENDULUM ES- 
 CAPEMENT. — In this movement the pendu- 
 lum is detached from the escapement, except 
 at the moment of receiving the impulse from 
 , ,^ the single pallet I. The bell-crank lever un- 
 
 locks the escapement tooth by contact with the 
 balanced click C as the pendulum nears the middle of its stroke. 
 
HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 287 
 
 1 165. THREE-TOOTHED ESCAP& 
 MENT for a pendulum. The pallets are made 
 in a plate attached to a pendulum. The es- 
 capement makes one rotation to every three 
 beats of the pendulum. 
 
 1 166. MUDGE GRAVITY ESCAPEMENT. 
 
 — The pallets A, B are on separate arbors, with 
 arms extending down to the pendulum contact 
 pins R, P, between which the pendulum swings. 
 The pallets are loaded with weights. The pen- 
 dulum lifts the pallet over the tooth, and the 
 weight gives the impulse. 
 
 1 167. TRI-TOOTH PENDULUM ESCAPE- 
 MENT. — Impulse is given to the pendulum by con- 
 tact of the pins against the pallets A and B alternately. 
 The stops D and E hold the escapement during the 
 extreme part of the pendulum stroke. The escapement 
 makes one rotation every third stroke of the pendu- 
 lum. The fly softens the strike of the pins upon the 
 pallets. 
 
 1 168. "HARRISON" WINDING DE- 
 VICE for clocks, and which may also be 
 adapted to a spring barrel. G is the driving 
 spur gear. The larger ratchet has a fixed 
 check pawl, T ; is loose on the arbor, but at- 
 tached to the gear wheel by a curved spring, 
 S, S'. The smaller ratchet is fixed to the 
 winding barrel and arbor. The spring and 
 pawl R are pivoted to the larger ratchet, and stop the barrel against 
 the weight W. The curved spring S is compressed and drives the 
 gear wheel, and by its elasticity continues, while winding, by the check 
 pawl T falling into the teeth of the large ratchet. 
 
 u^~^~— »— »j 
 
288 
 
 HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 1 1 69. DOUBLE TRI-TOOTH PENDU- 
 LUM ESCAPEMENT with fly regulator. 
 The alternate teeth of the escapement lock on 
 opposite sides of the pallet frame. The im- 
 pulse is given by the small triangular arbor 
 striking the curved pallets. 
 
 1170. "BLOXAM'S" GRAVITY ESCAPE- 
 MENT. — The pallets receive an impulse from the 
 small toothed wheel, the long arms of which are 
 stopped by the studs A and B alternately. The 
 studs at F and E are the fork pins which embrace 
 the pendulum bar. 
 
 1171. DEAD-BEAT CLOCK ESCAPEMENT.— 
 
 The face of teeth is slightly pitched forward. The 
 stop-faces of the pallets A, B are concentric with the 
 axis, which gives the dead-beat stop. 
 
 1 1 72. ENDLESS CORD-WINDING DEVICE 
 for clocks. The cord runs over grooved pullies. P 
 is the driving wheel, and p the ratchet winding ar- 
 bor, the turning of which by crank, key, or by pulling 
 the cord b raises the driving weight W, and lowers 
 the balance weight w. By this device the movement 
 of the escapement is not suspended while winding 
 the clock. 
 
HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 289 
 
 1 1 73. CLOCK TRAIN, showing the method 
 of sustaining the movement of the train dur- 
 ing the time of winding. The bent spring 
 keeps a tension on the large gear by the lock- 
 ing of the large ratchet to which the bent spring 
 is attached, when the winding of the barrel can 
 be made without a back-set in the train. 
 
 See No. 11 68. 
 
 TiM 
 
 the weights. 
 
 1 1 74. COMPENSATION WATCH BAL- 
 ANCE. — At the ends of the balance bar are at- 
 tached compound sector bars, the inner section 
 of which is of steel, and the outer section of brass. 
 The weights If, b regulate the momentum of the 
 balance wheel, while the change in length of the 
 arms is compensated by a reverse distance of 
 Adjustment is made by moving the weights along the 
 
 compensating sector. 
 
 1 175. WATCH REGULATOR.— The outer 
 end of the balance spring is fixed to a stud at 
 R, and the inner end to the balance wheel 
 arbor. The index hand carries two curb pins 
 at P, between which the spring vibrates, form- 
 ing a neutral point in its length which limits 
 the arc of movement of the balance wheel,- and 
 
 by its change of position (by moving the index hand) adjusts the time 
 
 beat of the balance wheel. 
 
 1 1 76. ANTIQUE WATCH ESCAPE- 
 MENT. — A pinion on the balance-wheel arbor 
 meshes in a crown gear, on the shaft of which 
 a mutilated screw of large pitch releases the 
 teeth of the escapement and gives an impulse 
 by the incline of the screw. 
 
 19 
 
290 
 
 HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 1 177. VERGE ESCAPEMENT.— The arms of 
 the escapement are set at an angle with each other, 
 and its oscillation allows a tooth of the crown 
 wheel to pass with each oscillation. 
 
 1178. CYLINDER ESCAPEMENT, shows 
 
 the form of the cylinder, and 1179 shows the 
 method of action. The oscillation of the cyl- 
 inder allows the teeth of the escapement wheel 
 to pass under the open hollow side and stop 
 against its outside. The impulse from the 
 escapement teeth is given to the edge of the 
 cylindrical section. 
 
 1 180. DUPLEX ESCAPEMENT.— A, the 
 balance-wheel stop; B, the oscillating pallet 
 fixed to the balance-wheel shaft and adjusted to 
 receive a strong impulse from the studs a, a, a 
 at the moment the escapement tooth falls into 
 the notch in the stop A. 
 
 1 181. JEWELLED DETACHED LEVER 
 ESCAPEMENT.— D, E, jewel pallets; J, roll 
 jewel in the arbor disc ; L, M, lever stops ; H, 
 balance-wheel stop. 
 
 1182. "GUERNSEY" ESCAPEMENT, con- 
 sisting of two balance wheels driven in opposite 
 directions by an inside and outside sector gear 
 on the pallet lever, with the ring guard around 
 the escapement axle. To prevent stopping of a 
 watch by a jar. 
 
HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 291 
 
 1 183. ANCHOR AND LEVER ESCAPE- 
 MENT for watches. " Reed's " patent. 
 
 1 184. LEVER ESCAPEMENT.— The 
 anchor pallet B is attached to the lever C E, 
 at the end E of which is a notch to receive 
 the pin in the balance-wheel disc D. The im- 
 pulse is given to the balance wheel at the 
 middle of its oscillation by the escape of the 
 teeth from the stop surface to the impulse 
 planes of the pallets. 
 
 © 
 
 1 185. LEVER CHRONOMETER ESCAPE- 
 ^'^ — ^ K^ J MENT, single-pallet impulse. The lever pallets 
 / I >^r4'^| alternately lock the escapement by the throw of 
 
 a®,- — V pLJ ^^^ lever ; the oscillating pin on the pallet disc 
 [^^^//4 J^/ drops into the fork of the lever, throwing it 
 against the stop pins at its other end. 
 
 1 186. " ARNOLD " CHRONOMETER 
 ESCAPEMENT.— The spindle of the oscillat- 
 ing pallet a carries a small stud that vibrates 
 the light spring i, in the hook k, of the stop 
 spring A. The stop a catches and holds a tooth 
 of the escapement while a reverse oscillation of the pallet a is made, 
 when the stop d is lifted by the action of the stud at a, and an im- 
 pulse given to the balance wheel by the tooth n, striking the face of 
 the notch at k in the pallet. 
 
 1 187. FUSEE CHAIN AND SPRING 
 DRUM, used in watch and clock move- 
 ments. This device compensates for 
 the variation in the force of the spring. 
 
292 
 
 HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 1 188. CHRONOMETER ESCAPEMENT.— 
 
 P, the impulse pallet on the arbor disc of the 
 balance wheel ; V, a release tooth on the arbor 
 which strikes the end of the stop lever and releases 
 the escapement at the moment that the tooth 
 A falls in mesh with the pallet P. At the return 
 oscillation of the balance wheel the tooth V on 
 
 the arbor carries the spring forward, holding the lever and catch in 
 
 lock against the pin E. 
 
 1 189. "GENEVA STOP." — A winding-up stop 
 used on watches. Winds as many turns of the wheel 
 A as there are notches in wheel B, less one. The 
 curve a b is the stop. 
 
 1 190. GEARED WATCH STOP.— Contact of 
 the two arms makes the stop. 
 
 1 1 9 1 . WATCH STOP. — The number of turns of the 
 ratchet pinion is limited by the number of teeth in the 
 stop. The pin moves one tooth for each turn. 
 
 1192. STEM-WINDING 
 MOVEMENT of a watch. The 
 movement of the lever with an 
 arm outside of the rim locks a 
 clutch on the hand gear. The 
 third arm of the lever is thrown 
 beyond the rim to prevent clos- 
 ing the case until the clutch is 
 unlocked. 
 
HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 293 
 
 1193. PIN-GEARED WATCH STOP. — The 
 winding 3tops at the convex tooth of the stop. 
 
 1 194. WATCH TRAIN. 
 
 a, key stem. 
 
 b, barrel and spring. 
 
 c, e, h, i, pinions. 
 
 d, hf spur wheels. 
 
 /, /, pallets and escapement. 
 kf lever and balance wheel. 
 
 1194a. EQUATED SUN 
 DIAL. — The curved bulbs on 
 the shadow stile are made to 
 conform to the equation of solar 
 time. The end of the upper bulb 
 represents the sun's declination 
 at the summer solstice, the lower 
 end of the large bulb the winter 
 solstice of the shadow on the 
 gnomon. The following edge of 
 the shadow is the correct time 
 when the sun is fast, the middle 
 of April to the middle of June, 
 and from September i to December 24. The forward edge of the 
 shadow is the correct time from the middle of June to September 
 I, and from December 24 to the middle of April. 
 
294 
 
 HOROLOGICAL. 
 
 j '-W*M_>-' — 
 
 1194&. ELECTRIC BAL- 
 ANCE WHEEL CLOCK.— 
 G represents the magnet, H 
 the balance wheel, D armature, 
 m a pin on the balance wheel, 
 C ratchet wheel, h and t are 
 pawls, P adjusting screw. 
 When the circuit is closed the 
 magnet draws the armature D 
 forward, whereby the ratchet 
 wheel C is turned the distance of one of its teeth. At the same 
 time the cr^tched end of the lever, by means of the pin, gives an 
 impulse to the balance wheel in one direction. The pin is sud- 
 denly released from the spring S, which in its recoil, aided by 
 the weight of the arm J, breaks the circuit. The return movement 
 of the balance wheel, caused by the recoil of the hair spring, 
 moves, by means of the pin, the lever D away from the magnet, so 
 as to set the pawl h on the next tooth of the wheel C, and the 
 pin will again pass by the upper end of the spring S, 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ■ — nx_. 
 
 1 194(7. COMPENSATING PENDULUM.— 
 The heavy black lines represent steel rods ; the open 
 lines the brass rods. The relative expansion of steel 
 is 2, brass 3. The center rod is fixed to the lower 
 cross head at the top and slides freely through the 
 cross heads at the bottom. In the combination 
 shown the length of the compensating frame should 
 be one-third the length of the pendulum. 
 
HOROIyOGlCAIv. 
 
 295 
 
 1194J. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC 
 CLOCK PENDULUM.— P is an 
 ordinary pendulum with a notched 
 piece a and an iron piece e attached, 
 m is an electro-magnet. E is a bat- 
 tery ; / /' are the springs which act 
 as contact pieces attached to the 
 battery, p is 3. steel piece called the 
 pallet. As long as the pendulum 
 is at its full swing the pallet will 
 pass over the notched piece a, but 
 should the arc of oscillation be less- 
 ened the pallet will catch in the 
 notch, raise the spring /, complete 
 the circuit, and the pendulum will 
 receive an impulse from the mag- 
 net. 
 
 1194^. ELECTRIC TIME 
 CLOCK TRANSMISSION. 
 — Simultaneous beat of two 
 clocks. B is the primary 
 clock. M b g e, the secondary. 
 ZK is the battery. The cop- 
 per contact D is fastened to 
 a pendulum of the primary 
 clock. Every second this cop- 
 per piece makes contact with 
 the plate C, completing the 
 circuit and energizing the magnet M of a secondary clock. This 
 attracts its armature h, operates the pawl which moves forward 
 and catches one of the teeth of the wheel e. As soon as the 
 contact is broken at c a. spring acting upon the armature b draws 
 it away from the magnet, and at the same time the pawl moves the 
 wheel one tooth forward. The wheel e may be connected direct 
 to the second hand of the electric dial. If so, this hand will move 
 in unison with the pendulum of the primary clock ; that is, once 
 in everv second. 
 
296 
 
 HOROI^OGICAI.. 
 
 1 194/. ELECTRIC WINDING 
 DEVICE for clocks. — A weighted L- 
 shaped lever A, working on a pin at 
 the corner of the L, operates by means 
 of a pawl the wheel B, and, if raised, 
 falls of its own weight, and keeps the 
 pendulum D swinging. The motive 
 force required to effect this is provided 
 by means of the electro-magnet G, the 
 battery F, and the armature switch 
 E. ' When the weighted lever A has 
 fallen to its lowest position, it makes 
 contact with the screwed point at the 
 end of the armature E which rocks about a center at its lower 
 end. This completes the circuit of the electro-magnet G and the 
 battery F. The magnet then attracts the armature E, and the 
 screw pressing the short arm of the cranked lever A lifts up the 
 weighted end, so that the pawl rests on the next tooth of the 
 ratchet B. 
 
 11940-. TNIVERSAL SUN 
 DIAL.— The face of the dial 
 to be placed parallel with the 
 equator, as shown by the index 
 of the latitude. The range of 
 the stile and the 12-hour mark 
 to be on the meridian. 
 
 The inner hour circle figur- 
 ing is reversed so that by in- 
 verting the dial the summer 
 morning and evening time 
 mav be observed. 
 
Section XIV. 
 
 MINING. 
 
 Quarrying, Ventilation, Hoisting, Conveying, Pulverizing, Separating, 
 Roasting, Excavating, and Dredging. 
 
 1195. DIAMOND PROSPECTING 
 DRILL, operated by hand. The drill rod is 
 hollow, with a hose connection at the top, 
 through which water is forced to the bottom 
 and up outside of the drill to wash out the bor- 
 ings. The drill point is set with bort or black 
 diamonds, and is revolved quickly by the cranks 
 and bevel gear. 
 
 1196. ROCK DRILL, " Ingersoll " model. The 
 loaded tripod gives stability to the reciprocating 
 action of the drill. 
 
 1197. DIAMOND WELL-BORING 
 MACHINE. — A small oscillating engine 
 and gear train drives the hollow boring 
 auger at great speed, and also serves to 
 hoist the drill rods by the drum and a 
 rope over the block in the top of the 
 derrick frame. Water is fed through the 
 hollow drill rod by a pump. 
 
298 
 
 MINING, 
 
 1 198. PORTABLE DIAMOND DRILL, for 
 tunnel work or mine drifting. A swivelled hose 
 connection for feeding water to the drill. Screw- 
 jacks in the frame for clamping. Hand-driven by- 
 crank and speed gear. 
 
 1 199. ARC TAPPET VALVE MO- 
 TION, for a rock drill. The valve is 
 moved on a circle radial with the tappet 
 centre, and is thrown by the tappet-arm 
 contact with the shoulders on the piston. 
 Sergeant " model. 
 
 1200. TAPPET VALVE, for a 
 rock drill. The ports are radial, 
 and are opened and closed by the 
 swing of the valve on its centre. 
 The valve is thrown by the shoul- 
 ders on the piston, striking the valve arms. " Sergeant " model. 
 
 1 201. ROCK DRILL, with balanced piston valve, which is 
 thrown by compressed air inlet through ports opened by the recipro- 
 cal motion of 
 
 ^' ■=' A the piston. B, 
 
 piston ; M, ro- 
 tation device. 
 "Ingersoll " 
 model. 
 
 1202. ROCK DRILL, with balanced piston valve, which is 
 
 thrown by a 
 
 ^f^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ I I ported sector, 
 
 moved by im- 
 pact with the 
 recessed shoul- 
 ders on the piston. " Sergeant " model 
 
MINING, 
 
 299 
 
 1203. COAL-CUTTING MACHINE, " IngersoU-Sergeant " 
 model. The piston and drill rod are automatically operated by the 
 alternating motion of two piston valves. Operated by compressed 
 air, and only has to be held against the coal wall to under-cut, when 
 the face can be broken down. 
 
 1204. LINK CHAIN CUTTER, used in 
 coal-cutting machines. 
 
 1205. DRILL FOR CURVED 
 HOLES, used in coal mining. The 
 drill is on the end of a curved tube, and 
 is driven by a flexible shaft. The tube 
 is fed forward by a pivoted arm and 
 worm gear. 
 
 1206. BOX-WING BLOWER.— The dis- 
 charge openings of the disc are rectangular, 
 with the sides enclosed. Made of sheet metal. 
 
 1207. MULTIPLEX BUTTERFLY 
 VALVE, for ventilating shafts. 
 
300 
 
 MINING. 
 
 1208. STEAM-DRIVEN VENTI- 
 LATING FAN.— Type of those used in 
 the coal-mining districts. The fan wheel 
 maybe encased in an iron or wooden shell. 
 
 1209. MINER'S SAFETY LAMP.— The flame 
 is surrounded with wire gauze and a double wire 
 gauze cap. In explosive mine gases, the firing of 
 the incoming air and gas takes place on the inside 
 of the wire gauze. The flame does not pass 
 through fine wire gauze. The course of air for 
 the lamp burner is shown by the arrows. 
 
 12 10. HORSE-POWER HOIST- 
 ING DRUM, double speed. The 
 speed is changed by dropping one 
 or the other driving gear by the le- 
 vers. A release for running back is 
 made by turning the crank which 
 disengages the gear clutch. 
 
 1211. STEAM HOISTING ENGINE, 
 with flat chain drum and reversing link. 
 The flat chain winds upon itself on a 
 narrow drum. 
 
MINING. 
 
 301 
 
 12 1 2. STRAP BRAKE, used on hoisting 
 drums and wheels. The strap is usually made of 
 a steel band with its ends jointed to a lever. 
 
 1213. ELEVATOR TOWER with inclined 
 boom. The bucket is lifted to the trolley by 
 the double tackle, drawn up the incline, and 
 the load dumped automatically into a car. 
 
 12 1 4. HORIZONTAL BOOM TOWER, 
 
 with traversing trolley and automatic shovel 
 bucket. 
 
 12 15. MAST AND GAFF HOIST, 
 for unloading coal barges to an elevated 
 track. A portable boiler and steam hoist 
 or an electric motor hoist, with occasionally 
 a horse pull, are the motive powers. 
 
 12 16. COAL-LOAD- 
 ING TIPPLE and sort- 
 ing screens for loading 
 cars. The screens are 
 inclined at the sliding 
 angle and drop the slack, 
 pea, nut, and lump into 
 separate cars. 
 
302 
 
 MINING. 
 
 1217. "OTIS STOP" for elevator cars. B, 
 car frame sliding on the ratchet posts A, A; 
 d, d are the stop-dogs operated by bell-crank 
 levers to thrust the dogs into the ratchets on the 
 release of the eye bar b^ by a break in the rope 
 or hoisting machine. The spring c quickens the 
 operation of throwing out the dogs. 
 
 12 18. ELEVATOR DUMPING HEAD, 
 
 showing method of inverting the buckets 
 over a hopper spout. 
 
 1 2 19. ELEVATOR DUMPING HEAD.— An 
 I — ^ inverted sector frame guides the bucket chain under 
 the head wheel, which allows the buckets a clean 
 discharge. 
 
 MINING BUCKETS 
 AND SKIP. 
 
 1220. d^ Cornish kibble. 
 
 122 1. ^, Hooped straight 
 bucket. 
 
 1222. b^ Water bucket. 
 
 1223. <2, Tram skip. 
 
 1224. BELT CONVEYOR.— A series 
 of horizontal and inclined rollers serve to 
 turn up the edges of a belt, enabling the 
 material carried to be retained on the belt ; 
 the belt returning on the horizontal rollers 
 below. 
 
MINING. 
 
 303 
 
 1225. CHAIN SCRAPER CON- 
 VEYOR. — A chain supported on rollers 
 and axles to which scrapers are fixed 
 that fit the conveyor trough. 
 
 1226. CABLE CONVEYOR.— Discs 
 fixed to a cable running in a trough and 
 returning overhead. 
 
 again into position for their next push. 
 
 1227. DRIVING MECHANISM for a 
 coal or grain conveyor. " Hunt " model. 
 The heart cam is fixed. The face plate car- 
 rying the pawls revolves with the driving 
 gear. The cam guides the pawls to lock 
 with the pins in the chain and lifts them 
 
 1228. LOG CONVEYOR.— A link chain 
 with hooks running in a trough. 
 
 1229. ROPE TRAMWAY, over- 
 head system. Elevation, showing 
 the switch rails for transferring the 
 carrier bucket around the terminal to 
 the return rope. Loading or unload- 
 ing of the bucket is done at the 
 transfer switch. 
 
 1230. Plan showing the crossing 
 of the switch rail over the carrier 
 rope. 
 
3^4 
 
 MINING. 
 
 1 23 1. AUTOMATIC DUMP- 
 ING CAR. — The floor of the 
 car slopes upward to the centre 
 at an angle that will allow the 
 material to slide out. A chock 
 at any point desired for dump- 
 ing trips the holding-lever and 
 releases both side doors at once. 
 
 1232. TOGGLE JOINT, for a stone breaker. 
 
 1233. STONE CRUSHER. — The 
 power is transmitted from tne driving 
 shaft by a cam operating a vertical con- 
 necting link and toggle joint, " Blake " 
 pattern. 
 
 1234. "BUCHANAN" ROCK 
 CRUSHER. — An eccentric on the driving 
 shaft and toggle arm gives a powerful 
 pressure to the crusher jaws. The adjust- 
 ment is made by the back screws and side 
 rods to set up the outside jaw. 
 
 1235. ROLLER COAL CRUSHER. 
 
 — Driven by a direct-connected steam 
 engine with screw gear. 
 
MINING. 
 
 305 
 
 1236. EIGHT-STAMP ORE MILL, 
 
 for pulverizing gold quartz or other ores. 
 Cams on a power-driven shaft lift the 
 bars successively to equalize the belt 
 tensiono 
 
 1237. ROLLING CRUSHER.— The ^'Aras- 
 tra," Rolling wheels on a cross arm of a verti- 
 cal shaft. 
 
 1238. '^ARASTRA" ORE MILL— 
 
 Two heavy rolls revolving in a circular 
 trough, driven through a central shaft 
 and overhead gear. 
 
 1239. "CHILI" MILL.— A three-roller 
 ore mill. Rollers carried around by a shaft 
 and three-armed crab. Ore is fed inside 
 the rollers. The crushed ore washes into the 
 annular trough and is carried to the amalga- 
 mators. 
 
 1240. PULVERIZING BALL AND PAN MILL, 
 — The pan is continually tilted by being swung around 
 the vertical centre, rolling the ball down the slope side 
 of the pan. 
 
3o6 
 
 MINING. 
 
 1241. REVOLVING PULVER- 
 IZING MILL,— The material is 
 reduced to a fine powder by the 
 high-speed impact of the revolving 
 arms, within an iron casing. 
 
 " Frisbe-Loucop " model. 
 
 1242. HYDRAULIC 
 BALANCED GIANT 
 NOZZLE.— Used in hy- 
 draulic mining for washing 
 away gravel banks. The 
 
 nozzle turns on a movable joint at B B, and also in the vertical by the 
 
 socket at E. 
 
 ::^?>M 
 
 1243. COAL DUST PRESS for 
 bituminous coal. The fine dust is fed 
 down from a hopper. The nozzle has a 
 slight taper, which gives the ram suffi- 
 cient resistance to produce a solid cake at each stroke. 
 
 \ 
 
 r. 
 
 x\^^§5^^^^^^^^$^5iSJ^;s^^^^i^ 
 
 1244. KLONDIKE MIN- 
 ING MACHINE.— The gold- 
 bearing gravel is shovelled 
 into the hopper and is fed to 
 the riffle pan, which is vibrated 
 by the pump handle. The 
 pump supplies water to the 
 -, riffle pan, from which it falls 
 
 into the settling pan beneath, and is kept from freezing by a fire 
 
 underneath. " Lancaster " model. 
 
 1245. GOLD SEPARATOR; dry process. 
 \ bellows furnishes an air blast, which separates 
 the fine sand and dust from the gold on the riffle 
 screen and blows the dust away. 
 
MINING. 
 
 307 
 
 1246. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR.— 
 
 A central revolving shaft carries a set of conical 
 perforated plates, between which perforated 
 plates are fixed to the shell of the machine. 
 Grain or other material is fed at the top, and 
 an air blast at the bottom. Centrifugal action 
 discharges the material at the periphery of the 
 revolving plates, returning by gravity on the 
 fixed plates. 
 
 ^^isti€ Ortf 
 
 1247. MAGNETIC ORE SEP- 
 ARATOR, "Buchanan" type. Two 
 cylinders, magnetized by powerful 
 horseshoe electro-magnets, are re- 
 volved at considerable speed. The 
 pulverized ore is fed from hoppers 
 on top of the rolls ; the iron is held 
 to the rolls and thrown off after 
 passing the chutes. The tailings drop directly into a box. 
 1247 <3!. Front end view. 
 
 1248. IRON ORE SEPARA- 
 TOR, " Buchanan " model. The 
 pulverized ore is fed from a hop- 
 per to a revolving drum^ a section 
 on each side of which is magne- 
 tized by a fixed electro-magnet. 
 The magnetic particles are carried 
 around by the drum to a part of 
 the neutral section and discharged. 
 An apron below, travelling over 
 magnetic rollers, further separates 
 the ore. 
 
 
 1249. RAILWAY STEAM 
 SHOVEL, the " Bucyrus " model. 
 For railway or other excavating on 
 movable trucks. 
 
^o8 
 
 MINING. 
 
 1250. MAGNETIC ORE 
 SEPARATOR, '' Hoffman " 
 type. The pulverized iron 
 ore is fed to a travelling ap- 
 ron, which passes over a series 
 of magnets beneath the apron 
 and over a drum where the 
 magnetized iron particles are 
 held to the belt until they 
 
 pass the bottom side of the drum. The unmagnetized particles are 
 
 thrown off, and drop into a separate compartment. 
 
 1251. MAGNETIC ORE SEPARATOR, "Edison" type. A 
 series of electro-magnets are set behind a vertically moving apron 
 
 against which the 
 pulverized ore is 
 discharged from a 
 hopper spout. The 
 concentrates move 
 along the line of 
 magnets by the ac- 
 tion of the apron, 
 and fall into buck- 
 ets attached to the apron, and are carried over the top, while the 
 tailings are drawn away from, the front by an exhaust blower. 
 
 1252. ORE ROASTING 
 FURNACE, revolving type. 
 The large cylinder takes 
 charge by the manholes, and 
 revolves on power-driven rol- 
 lers. The furnace is on a 
 truck to be removed when 
 required. The heated gases 
 
 pass through the revolving cylinder and to a chimney. 
 
MINING. 
 
 309 
 
 1253. RAILWAY EXCAVATOR, 
 
 the " Otis " pattern. 
 
 1254. RAILWAY STEAM 
 SHOVEL, the "Victor" model. 
 For excavating raihvay cuts, or gen- 
 eral work on temporary rails. 
 
 1255. CONTINUOUS DITCHING 
 DREDGE. — Discharging overhead 
 on the banks by a carrier from under 
 the bucket discharge. 
 
 1256. CLAM-SHELL BUCKET, for 
 dredging. Operated by a double chain. 
 One chain is attached to the joint of the 
 long arms, the other chain passes around 
 a sheave in the joint of the lazy tongs 
 that opens the bucket, and is made fast to 
 the first chain. The bucket is suspended 
 by the first-named chain to keep it open, 
 the second chain is then pulled to close the bucket on its load. 
 
 1257. REVOLVING HOISTING 
 DREDGE, balanced on railway 
 truck. " Lancaster " pattern, with 
 clam-shell bucket. 
 
3^' 
 
 MINING. 
 
 1258. FLOATING DREDGE, 
 " Osgood " pattern. For har- 
 bor and channel dredging. 
 
 1259. MARINE DREDGE, 
 
 discharging on the shore 
 through a long floating pipe. 
 Pipe buoyed by pontoons. 
 For harbor work. 
 
 1259a. DISINTEGRA- 
 
 TOR, for pulverizing ore. 
 Two concentric shafts with 
 disks and beating bars run- 
 ning at high velocity in oppo- 
 site directions. 
 
 12596. ORE CRUSHER, 
 GATES MODEL.— The cone 
 on the central shaft is made to 
 vibrate in a circular direction 
 b}^ the revolution of an eccen- 
 tric bearing at the bottom of 
 the shaft, driven by bevel 
 gearing. The crushing cone 
 has a slow rotation due to dif- 
 ferential areas of cone and sta- 
 tionary plates at the bottom or 
 nearest contact surfaces. 
 
MIXING. 
 
 3ii 
 
 1259c. HAND POWER ROCK 
 DRILL, Jackson model. — A power- 
 ful helical spring drives the drill 
 forward. The crank operates a cam 
 wiper for drawing back the drill ; 
 the motion is regulated by the fly 
 wheel. 
 
 1259^ FREE RUN- 
 NING AXLES for mining 
 cars. The divided axle held 
 together by grooved bear- 
 ings, makes a light running 
 car on the small curves in 
 mines. 
 
 1259^. GARBAGE FURNACE. 
 — Plan and elevation. The garbage 
 falls through openings at the top 
 and is divided on a curved parting 
 hearth and dried by the heat of the 
 fire on the grate and then slides or 
 to the grate to be burned. Coal 
 may also be used to facilitate the 
 burning. Plan and vertical section. 
 
■^12 
 
 MINIXG. 
 
 1259/. ROPE DRIVE FOR MINE 
 
 HAULAGE.— Two 
 grooved drums 
 with gears and an 
 intermediate b a 1 - 
 ance gear and fly- 
 wheel. The driv- 
 ing shaft geared to 
 the hauling drum ; 
 brake wheel and 
 band on the same 
 drum shaft. Shafts 
 are horizontal. Plan 
 and side view. 
 
 1259^. AIR BLAST FOR MOVING COAL, slack and 
 
 dust. An engine and direct 
 connected Root blower. A 
 feed screw from the hopper 
 to the air pipe adjusted in 
 speed to the proper quantity 
 for the air blast. Can be used 
 for refuse from ore concen- 
 tration works or other refuse 
 that can be conveyed by compressed air. 
 
 1259/t. AUTOMATIC AIR DUMP.— The cable from the 
 drum runs over a sheave on a movable truck on inclined rails. A 
 stop at each end of the run limits the run of the truck. A bar 
 across the frame at the middle post holds a Y-slot into which the 
 
 chain and ball un- 
 der the bucket 
 catches, when by 
 lowering the 
 bucket tips over 
 and its contents 
 dumped. Again 
 
 hoisting the bucket 
 is released, and be- 
 ing light runs back 
 over the pit. 
 
Section XV. 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 Hangers, Shaft Bearings, Ball Bearings, Steps, Couplings, Universal 
 
 AND Flexible Couplings, Clutches, Speed Gears, Shop 
 
 Tools, Screw Threads, Hoists, Machines, 
 
 Textile Appliances, Etc. 
 
 1260. ADJUSTABLE BRACKET 
 HANGER. 
 
 1261. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR BEARING 
 
 for vertical shaft. 
 
 1262. Elevation. 
 
 1263. Section. 
 
 1264. Plan. 
 
3^4 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1265. ADJUSTABLE POST HANGER. 
 
 1266. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR STAND, 
 shaft bearing. 
 
 1267. CONTINUOUS TRAVERSING 
 ROLLER or ball bearing for an axle. 
 
 1:268. ROLLER WHEEL ANTI-FRICTION 
 BEARING. 
 
 1269. BALL BEARINGS in an adjustable journal box. Aloosesleeve 
 
 is inserted between 
 ^^^^ the balls and the shaft 
 
 to prevent wear of 
 shaft, and to prevent 
 clogging if a ball 
 should break. The 
 shaft will then turn 
 in the sleeve. 
 
 1270. Longitudinal section. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 315 
 
 127 1. ADJUSTABLE HANGER for shafting. 
 A, drop of the hanger. Jointed cap to allow of 
 ! removal of shaft. 
 
 1272. SCREW TRAVERSING 
 BALL BEARING, with balls returning 
 through outside passage. Grooves re- 
 cessed in shaft. 
 
 ^^,.,,,,,^^^^m^^^/m^97r^ 
 
 1273. SCREW TRAVERSING 
 BALL BEARING. The balls returning 
 by a side passage. Ball grooves enlarged 
 for full strength of shaft. 
 
 ^L 1274. HANGING SHAFT on ball bearings. 
 
 TO y 
 
 ^ -* 
 
 I"' 
 i. 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 |.' ! 
 
 
 \JL 
 
 ^^x. 
 
 p^ 
 
 1275. SUSPENDED SHAFT on ball bearings. 
 
 WK 
 
 1276. CURVED STEP BEARING, with oU 
 reservoir. 
 
 ■'/-'/, 
 
3i6 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1277. CONICAL PIVOT BEARING and adjust- 
 ing screw. 
 
 1278. LUBRICATION OF A HANGING 
 BEARING by hydraulic pressure. Oil is 
 forced into the grooves of the bearing through 
 the small holes and discharges into the cup 
 around the outside. 
 
 1279. VERTICAL SHAFT STEP.— Made 
 
 adjustable by a movable bearing held by set 
 screws in the foot block. 
 
 1280. SHAFT STEP ADJUSTMENT for 
 spindles of millstones. 
 
 1281. ADJUSTABLE STEP BEARING, 
 
 with hard bronze bush and step. A mor- 
 tise through the iron base and a key drawn 
 with a screw extension and nut are for verti- 
 cal adjustment. 
 
 1282. COLLAR BEARING AND STEP 
 for a vertical shaft. The thrust sleeve of 
 bronze is split and should have a key to pre- 
 vent rotation. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 317 
 
 1283. OIL CIRCULATING STEP for a 
 
 vertical shaft. The foot of the shaft has a 
 groove cut across its centre. The cast-iron 
 bearing has a hole down the centre to meet a 
 cross hole from the oil well. The joint of the 
 sleeve and step is packed oil tight, oil being 
 fed at the upper end of the sleeve. 
 
 1284. LENTICULAR BEARING for a 
 vertical shaft. Each section is lubricated 
 by the pressure oil feed from beneath, 
 through the central hole. The concave discs 
 are of hard bronze, and the convex discs of 
 steel. The shaft terminates in a steel toe, c. 
 The cast-iron step is chambered for water 
 circulation. 
 
 1285. SPHERICAL STEP BEARING.— Two 
 
 semi-spheres, rolling on a horizontal shaft, support 
 a vertical shaft having a concave spherical end. 
 The semi-spheres roll in opposite directions in oil, 
 and by the cross direction of the bearing surfaces 
 preserve a perfect contact. 
 
 1286. ANGLE COUPLING for shafts. The 
 jointed rod on one shaft slides in the bent crank 
 eye of the other shaft. For small angles and light 
 work. 
 
 1287 
 
 OLDHAM" COUPLING 
 
 for shafts slightly eccentric 
 in alignment. The double- 
 splined disc B runs free 
 against the grooved face 
 plates A, C. 
 
 1288. Disc showing grooves 
 at right angles, front and back. 
 
3i8 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 LEATHER LINK 
 
 1289. FLEXIBLE LINK 
 COUPLING.— The end of each 
 shaft is fitted with a four-armed 
 hub. A series of leather links is 
 inserted between the arms of one 
 hub and those of the other hub, 
 and secured with stud bolts. 
 
 1290. Side view. 
 
 1 29 1. FLEXIBLE SHAFT COUPLING.— A ball and socket 
 shaft ends with a slot in the ball and a mortise in the socket at right 
 
 angles, in which the right- 
 angled cross piece has a free 
 sliding motion. 
 
 1292. The cross key in 
 perspective at the right. 
 
 1293. 
 
 ANGLE SHAFT COUPLING, 
 " Robes " patent. The shaft heads 
 are slotted, in which cross bars 
 are pivoted ; the ends of the cross 
 bars are also pivoted to the arms 
 of the double yoke, giving a free 
 motion to the driven shaft at any 
 angle greater than a right angle. 
 
 1294. UNIVERSAL 
 shafting. Ring gimbaL 
 
 JOINT, for 
 
 95. "HOOKE'S" UNIVERSAL JOINT.— 
 One shaft end is keyed into a ball with trun- 
 nions, which turn in a ring with trunnions at 
 right angles with the ball trunnions. The ring 
 trunnions turn in the outer shell to which the 
 other shaft is keyed. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 319 
 
 1296. "GOUBET'S" UNIVERSAL 
 SHAFT COUPLING.~-A, A, shafts; 
 
 C, a trunnion ring recessed in a ball, 
 
 D. Each shell is alike, and in itself 
 a universal joint for 45° . Both to- 
 gether equal to 90°. 
 
 1297. BALL SOCKET UNIVER- 
 SAL JOINT.— A ball with grooves 
 around it at right angles and bearing 
 in the spherically recessed ends of the 
 shafts. Straps fitted in the grooves, 
 and screwed in slots in the shaft, hold 
 the ball in position. 
 
 1298. BALL SOCKET UNIVERSAL JOINT.— 
 
 A ball with grooves cut entirely 
 around it at right angles. The 
 tongued shaft ends have straps 
 extending entirely around the 
 ball to hold the joints together. 
 
 1299. RIGHT-ANGLE SHAFT COUPLING, 
 
 " Hobson " and other patents. Right-angle 
 crank pins revolve and slide in holes in the shaft 
 couplings. 
 
 1300. RIGHT-ANGLE SHAFT COUP- 
 LING, " Hobson " patent. — A number of 
 right-angle steel rods move freely in per- 
 forated guide flanges on the ends of shafts that run at 
 right angles. The rods draw out and in through the 
 flanges to suit the conditions of revolution of the shafts. 
 A larger angle rod serves as a centre bearing over which 
 the shafts revolve. 
 
320 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 ^' W, I 
 
 1 30 1. ECCENTRIC LINE COUP- 
 LING. — Face plates, fixed to ends of 
 shafting considerably out of line but 
 parallel, may be connected by four or 
 five bars with offsets to clear each other 
 in their revolution on the face plates. 
 
 1302. Side view of offset links. 
 
 1303. SIMPLE FRICTION PULLEY.— The 
 
 self-acting clutch arms act upon the pulley rim in 
 one direction only. When shaft motion is reversed, 
 the pulley is free. 
 
 1304. FRICTION CLUTCH.— A conical- 
 grooved pulley and clutch rim. The clutch 
 slides on the shaft and feather, and is controlled 
 by a lever and carrier in the grooved hub. 
 
 1305. V-GROOVED FACE CLUTCH.— 
 A very effective clutch with teeth of small 
 angle. 
 
 1306. CLUTCH AND GEAR.— The 
 
 clutch slides on the feathered shaft, and 
 throws the gear into motion by the operation 
 of the bell-crank lever and runner. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 321 
 
 1307. CONE CLUTCH.— Can be made at 
 any angle greater than will cause the clutch to 
 stick. 
 
 1308. MULTIPLE PLATE FRICTION CLUTCH.— Several 
 plates of iron or steel are fitted loosely on a three-feather shaft, be- 
 tween which plates of wood or other hard material, sometimes steel, 
 
 are placed and 
 keyed in an iron 
 housing or coup- 
 ling to move 
 loosely on the 
 keys. The coup- 
 ling is keyed to 
 the next shaft in 
 
 line, A follower sleeve and springs compress the plates, giving a very 
 large frictional surface, which is relieved by drawing the sleeve back 
 by a yoke lever. 
 
 1309. Section showing stops in outer case and keys on shaft. 
 
 1310. FRICTION CLUTCH, 
 
 outside view, with toggle-joint 
 thrust, sleeve, and yoke lever. 
 
 13 1 1. Section of outside 
 bearing, clutch, toggle joint, 
 and sleeve. 
 
322 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1312. PIN CLUTCH.— The pin plate is 
 fast on the shaft. The hole plate slides on a 
 feather, and is operated by a bell-crank Y-lever 
 in a hub slot. 
 
 13 13. FRICTION PIN CLUTCH.— 
 
 A or B may be the driving shaft ; a is a. 
 friction band that slips to prevent shock 
 when the pins are thrown into contact 
 with it. 
 
 13 1 4. FRICTION CLUTCH. 
 
 ■ — The two sections of the friction 
 ring are pressed out by right and 
 left screws, operated by a sliding 
 spool on the shaft and the toggle- 
 joint connections, /, /'. 
 
 13 1 5. Longitudinal section. 
 
 1316. FRICTION CLUTCH BEVEL 
 GEAR. — A A is a driving shaft extended 
 through the gear hubs ; gear a is fast on 
 the shaft ; gear ^ is loose on the shaft, with 
 a friction clutch fixed in position by a lever 
 extension not shown. Clutch is tightened 
 by the screw handle y, when the gear e c ro- 
 tates to drive gear h. The pinions are 
 pivoted in the plane of gear e c. 
 
 13 1 7. SPRING FRICTION 
 CLUTCH.— The lever handle, 
 eccentric, and link are held in 
 position by the arm A. The 
 springs keep the cones closed 
 for driving. The throw of the 
 handle forward in the direction 
 of the arrow pushes the inner 
 cone back and releases the 
 grip. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 323 
 
 1318. DOUBLE TOGGLE-JOINT 
 FRICTION CLUTCH. — The move- 
 ment of the grooved sleeve J opens or 
 closes the grip A, upon the rim wheel C. 
 The lever H throws the toggle links E, F 
 into line for the grip. 
 
 13 19. ADJUSTABLE FRICTION 
 CLUTCH, with double-grip bearings. Ad- 
 justment tightness is made by locked set 
 screws in the arm of the bell-crank levers. 
 The jaws are held open by a ring spring 
 running around the clutch. 
 
 1320. DOUBLE-CONIC ROPE 
 DRUM. — Used on some forms of 
 winding engines, and as a fusee in 
 a spinning mule. 
 
 1321. VARIABLE SPEED DE- 
 VICE. — Transmission is made by a 
 stiff belt running over two coned spools, 
 which have their inside cone bearings 
 simulta;neously changed to meet require- 
 ment for equal belt tension, by two 
 levers pivoted to nuts on a right- and 
 left-hand screw, with a fulcrum central between the shafts. Both ex- 
 panding spools slide on feathered shaft keys. 
 
324 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1322. EXPANDING PULLEY or wheel. 
 The rim sections screw into a central hub. 
 
 1323. VARIABLE SPEED DE- 
 VICE. — An internal driving-cone pul- 
 ley, with a smaller cone pulley rolling 
 on its internal surface on a shaft 
 parallel with the driving shaft, but 
 drawn eccentric to it for higher speed 
 by an inclined slide operated by a lever, rock shaft, and crank con- 
 nection. 
 
 1324. VARIABLE SPEED TRANSMITTING DEVICE— 
 
 A thin disc is fast on the counter shaft. 
 
 Two discs drive the speed 
 shaft, between which and 
 the driving disc are two 
 rollers pivoted to trans- 
 verse spindles. The rol- 
 lers are kept to their slow- 
 speed position between the 
 discs by springs. A con- 
 necting rod draws the rol- 
 lers toward the high-speed 
 position. Friction press- 
 ure on the rollers is made 
 by a spring pressing the 
 discs together. 
 
 1325. BELT HOLDER, "Wellington" 
 model. Does away with a loose pulley. The 
 belt is guided on to a set of rollers in a fixed 
 frame at the side of the driving pulley. Saves 
 time and avoids danger in putting on belts. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 325 
 
 "J^ y^K ) i^ 1326. JOINTED RADIAL ARM, for 
 
 ^ ■ ''•'•' drilling machines, marble polishing, and 
 
 other similar machines. Elevation. 
 
 1327. Plan, showing joints and action. 
 
 1328. DRILLING MACHINE CLAMP.— 
 A handy tool about a drill press. The shank is 
 pushed loosely through a hole in the drill-press 
 table until the lever bears on the work, when a 
 turn on the set- screw makes a tight grip. 
 
 1329. SCREW BENCH CLAMP, for cabinet- 
 ~ makers. 
 
 1330. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP, 
 for carpenters and cabinet-makers. Used for 
 holding work on the fiat. 
 
 1331. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP 
 used by carpenters and cabinet-makers for 
 holding work on edges for planing. 
 
 1332. WOOD- BENDING 
 CLAMPS AND FORMERS.— 
 Strips of wood are thoroughly 
 steamed and bent while hot over 
 the formers and clamped. 
 
 1332A. Offset clamp. 
 
 1333. Thill clamp. 
 
 1334. Bend clamp 
 
326 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1335. BOILER TUBE EXPANDER.— A 
 series of sets surrounding a conical driving pin. 
 " Prosser " percussion type. A guard ring fixes 
 the proper position of the expanding grooves of 
 the sectional sets to match the tube head. 
 
 1336. Longitudinal section. 
 
 1337. ROLLER TUBE 
 EXPANDER.— The rollers 
 are loosely fitted in a case 
 to hold them in position. 
 The slightly tapered mandril is pushed or driven within and bearing on 
 the rollers and revolved by a bar in the mandril head, which revolves 
 the rollers, rolling them over the interior surface of the boiler tube. 
 " Dudgeon " model. 
 
 1338. REVOLVING TOOL HEAD, 
 for a Monitor lathe. 
 
 1339. COLLAPSING TAP.— The 
 hook cutters C, C, slide in the taper 
 shank B, and are drawn up to their full 
 
 j£) diameter for cutting by turning the shank 
 handle in the inclined slot in the shell, 
 and the reverse motion of the handle 
 for collapsing the tap. 
 
 1340. Longitudinal section. 
 
 ri-j-\ 
 
 134 1. WABBLE SAW, for cutting dovetai' and 
 rabbet grooves. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 327 
 
 1342. AUTOMATIC SCREW- 
 CUTTING DIE. — The outside 
 shell is movable on the 
 inner shell, which holds 
 the cutters in slots. By 
 throwing the handle 
 over, the cutters are re- 
 leased from the screw. 
 The centre pin, nut, and 
 slot pin is the automatic 
 release by contact with 
 the screw, which pushes 
 back the slot pin and 
 revolves the outer shell. Adjustment is made by the set rings at the 
 back of the die. A circular spring throws out the cutters. Cross sec- 
 tion. 
 
 1343. Front view. 
 
 1344. Longitudinal section. 
 
 1345. Outside view. 
 
 1346. UNIVERSAL CHUCK, 
 
 for eccentric turning. The divided 
 gear plate and chuck- 
 ing screw are re- 
 volved and held at 
 any division by the 
 spring pawl. The 
 slide is given its ec- 
 ifil-lill centric position by a 
 screw with an mdex. 
 
 A great variety of designs may be made with this simple chuck. 
 
 Front view. 
 
 1347. Side view. 
 
 1348. End view. 
 
 1349. Nut and screw. 
 
 1350. COMPOUND LEVER SHEARS. 
 
328 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 i||rT__ 1351- DISC SHEARS.— Two bevelled edge 
 ™i discs just lapping, and revolving. Largely used 
 in tin and cardboard cutting. 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 -irnr 
 
 1352. GIG SAW. — The spring a gives tension to 
 the saw running between guide frames, and operates 
 r////////w^ , by crank and connecting rod. 
 
 1353. BAND SAW, for sawing metals. 
 The frame and third wheel are set back to give 
 room for large plates. 
 
 1354. jBAND saw. — Rectilinear motion of 
 saw blade from rotary motion of band pulleys, 
 with a tilting saw-table for bevel work. 
 
 mMmm///M:JJ^^aW; 
 
 1355. TOGGLE-JOINT LEVER PRESS or 
 
 punch. A type of toggle-joint used in the old 
 form of printing and stamping presses. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 329 
 
 1356. POWER STAMPING PRESS. — Driven 
 ^ from a pulley with crank or cam shaft. A miss im- 
 pression is made by a stop-clutch operated by a foot 
 treadle. 
 
 1357. HAND DRILLING MACHINE, with 
 
 lever feed. 
 
 1358. PORTABLE DRILL, rope trans- 
 mission and flexible shaft. One continuous 
 rope over driving pulley, two double sheaves 
 anchored, and flexible shaft pulley ; allow- 
 ing the driving sheave of the flexible shaft 
 to be lanchored in any position, and for 
 tightening the driving rope. 
 
 1359. MULTIPLE DRILLING MA- 
 CHINE, for close drilling or perforating 
 plates. Drills are operated close together 
 by converging spindles. 
 
 &*£Lus\eos 
 
330 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1360. MULTIPLE DRIL- 
 LING MACHINE.— For drill- 
 ing a number of holes in flanges 
 at one time. The drill chucks 
 are adjusted in a spider for any 
 size circle and connected to the 
 driving head with jointed rods. 
 
 1361. STAMP MILL CAM MOTION. — The 
 revolution of two or more cam wipers lifts the stamp 
 hammers to drop by gravity. 
 
 1362. BLACKSMITH'S HELPER, or 
 foot helve hammer. Operated by the foot 
 on the treadle. Hammer held up by the 
 spring. 
 
 1363. REVOLVING RAPID-BLOW HAM- 
 MER, — The centrifugal aciion of the revolving 
 arms throws the hammers outward. 
 
 1364. HELVE TRIP HAM- 
 MER. — An ancient device yet in 
 use. The treadle stops the action 
 of the hammer by disengaging the 
 bell-crank catch b. Used for small 
 work. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 33^ 
 
 1365. FRICTION DROP HAMMER.— The ham- 
 mer head is attached to a hardwood board running be- 
 tween friction rolls. One of the rolls has an eccentric 
 sleeve shaft with a lever and lanyard to throw the roll 
 out of contact with the board at the proper time for 
 long or short drop. The other roll and shaft carry the 
 driving pulley and are in constant motion. 
 
 1366. BEAM TRIP HAMMER. 
 
 — The beam is vibrated by an ec- 
 centric on the driving shaft. The 
 cushions intensify and regulate the 
 blow of the hammer. The treadle 
 operates the brake and controls the 
 blow of the hammer. *' Bradley " 
 pattern. 
 
 1367. SPRING HAMMER.— The 
 height of the hammer, to suit the size 
 of the forging, is adjusted by chang- 
 ing the length of the connecting rod. 
 The treadle controls the stroke by 
 operating a friction gear on the driv- 
 ing pulley. 
 
 1368. TIRE SHRINKER.— A link 
 chain around the tire terminates in a fixed 
 hook, and the hook on a powerful lever. 
 
33^ 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1369. COMBINED TIRE UPSETTING AND PUNCHING 
 MACHINE. — The tire is made fast by the cam jaws, and the mov- 
 able cam is set forward 
 by the sector cam lever 
 and pinion. A punch is 
 attached to the movable 
 jaw with a punch die in 
 the horn of the machine, 
 so that the same opera- 
 tion of upsetting a tire 
 may be used for punch- 
 ing iron. 
 
 1370. Vertical section. 
 
 137 1. PLATE SAWING MACHINE.— A slow-running steel 
 
 saw blade lubri- 
 cated by dipping 
 in an oil box. The 
 saw is automatical- 
 ly fed to the plate 
 by a worm gear, 
 but has a quick 
 return by the hand 
 wheel. 
 
 1372. COMBINED PUNCH 
 AND SHEARS in one frame and 
 driven from one shaft. Each con- 
 trolled by a treadle. 
 
 1373. SUSPENDED SWING TREADLE. 
 — The foot takes a circular motion ; no dead 
 centre. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 333 
 
 1374. POWER RUMBLING MILL, 
 
 for cleaning sand from castings, pol- 
 ishing metal articles by tumbling with 
 sand, charcoal, leather scrap, or any 
 polishing powder. 
 
 1375. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR, for removing oil from 
 iron chips and turnings. The iron pan A is fixed to the spindle and 
 
 pulley. The unequal load- 
 ing of the pan is balanced 
 by the elastic swivelled box 
 B, held in a central position 
 by springs. A cover with 
 felted edge closes the top of 
 the pan. The friction stop 
 C acts as a brake to stop 
 the motion of the pan. 
 
 1376. CLOSURE OF ROLLERS by tra- 
 versing the angular slots guiding the roller 
 bearings. The slot guide C is fixed. The 
 piston-rod head D carries the angular slots 
 that move the rollers forward and backward. 
 
 1377. VIBRATING LIFT.— The revolving drum 
 B lifts the weight W, while the crank-pin connecting 
 rod C gives the arm A and sheave E a vibrating ver- 
 tical movement. With certain proportions between 
 the size of the drum B, the distance of the crank pin 
 and connecting arm at A, a variety of motions to the 
 cord D may be made. 
 
 1378. DIFFERENTIAL PITCH MOVE- 
 MENT. — The motion of a traversing stud by 
 -' the revolution of a differential screw allows of 
 measurement of minute motions and distances. A micrometer device^ 
 
334 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1379. FEED WHEEL for a planing machine. 
 The corrugated upper wheel pushes the lumber 
 to the cutter. 
 
 1380. COMBINED RATCHET AND HAND 
 FEED GEAR. — The hand screw turns in the worm- 
 gear nut, and may be used for quick adjustment. 
 
 1381. GEAR TRAIN, 
 
 1/ 1 with quick return, for a gear- 
 s cutting machine. 
 
 1382. QUICK RETURN MOVEMENT for 
 
 a cutter head. A constant rotation of the cam 
 operates the bell-crank sector, which is quickly 
 drawn back by the weight W and pinion C. 
 
 1383. REVERSING GEAR, from a 
 single belt and cone pulley. The gear 
 wheel a has an outside and inside set of 
 teeth with the pinions b^ c meshing and 
 
 j _=\ .'^ ix running in opposite directions. 
 
 dr\ -^^hTiiK' The friction clutches operated by a 
 lever reverse the motion of the large 
 gear by alternately putting in motion the 
 inside or outside pinion. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 335 
 
 1384. FLEXIBLE UNIVERSAL STEAM 
 JOINT. — " Hampson " model. The steam flows 
 through the thick arms of the Y's, which have 
 ground joints. 
 
 1385. BYE PASS COCK OR VALVE. 
 
 —To allow of a small delivery vvhen the 
 large valve is closed, or for relief of press- 
 ure against a large valve. 
 
 1386. SIGHT-FEED LUBRICATOR.— The 
 
 amount of feed is seen by the frequency of drops at 
 the sight hole. Adjusted by a needle-point valve with 
 milled head and screw. 
 
 -^ 
 
 rSi 
 
 -^=^ 
 
 T387. SCREW MOVEMENT, for the tail 
 stock of a lathe. The spindle moves m a key 
 slot to prevent turning. The screw has a 
 collar and is shouldered on the outside by the 
 wheel hub. The back end of spindle has a 
 thread acting as a nut on the driving screw. 
 
 verses around the shaft to be centered. 
 1389. End view. 
 
 1388. CENTERING 
 TOOL. Used for scratch- 
 ing the centre on round 
 shafting, or rods. The 
 slotted arm E swings on 
 the spindle A, as it tra- 
 
336 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1390. VERNIER CALI- 
 PER, with slow-motion stop 
 screw. 
 
 1 39 1. EXPAN- 
 SION BIT.— The 
 spring clip held by 
 a screw clamps the 
 cutter in position 
 
 to bore any size hole within its limits of expansion. 
 
 1392. DOUBLE-ACTING 
 SCREWDRIVER. — The in- 
 side spindle has a left-hand 
 screw, the outside hollow spindle a right-hand screw ; and both with 
 nuts that can lock either spindle by screwing to the thread on the 
 lower end of each or either spindle. 
 
 1393. PUMP DRILL STOCK.— A very 
 ancient device, yet largely in use at this date in 
 the jewelry and other light manufacturing estab- 
 lishments. The heavy revolving disc keeps up 
 the momentum to rewind the band upon the 
 spindle in contrary direction for each downstroke 
 of the bar. 
 
 1394. RECIPRO- 
 
 _,CATING DRILL 
 
 STOCK.— By the 
 
 double groove and 
 follower, the drill turns the same way at each movement of the ring 
 and follower. 
 
 1395. COMPOUND LEVER CUTTING 
 PLIERS, in which the toggle-joint principle is 
 used to give the greatest power at the closure 
 of the jaws. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 337 
 
 1396. BALL SOCKET, used on surveyor's 
 7| compasses. The gland is tightened with 
 countersunk screws. 
 
 1397. BALL SOCKET, with a screw 
 gland. 
 
 V THREAD 
 
 A^A 139^- SCREW THREADS.— Standard 
 
 V thread, sharp at top and bottom. Depth 
 equals 0.85 of the pitch. Angle 60°. 
 
 U.S.S. THREAD 
 
 WHITWORTH THREAD !/' 
 
 1399. SCREW THREADS.— United 
 
 States Standard Thread. Flat top and 
 bottom. Depth equals 0.65 of the pitch. 
 Angle 60°. 
 
 -1400. SCREW THREADS, "Whit- 
 worth ' thread. Rounded top and bot- 
 tom. Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. 
 Angle 55°. 
 
 TRAPEZOIDAL i-p* 
 THREAD ! 1 
 
 1401. SCREW THREADS, Trape- 
 zoidal thread. Angle 90° face, 45 « back. 
 Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. 
 
338 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 POWELL'S i<— pH 
 THREAD 
 
 1402. SCREW THREADS, square 
 thread. Angle square. Depth equals -|- 
 half pitch. Width between threads equal 
 4- half pitch, for clearance. 
 
 1403. SCREW THREADS, ''Powell's" 
 thread. Depth of thread equals -f- half 
 pitch. Width of top of thread, 0.37 -of 
 pitch. Width of bottom, 0.37 -f of pitch. 
 Angle of side, 11^ °. 
 
 1404. CONTINUAL BARREL ELEVATOR. 
 
 — Sprocket wheels and link chains with 
 
 curved arms to hold the barrels. 
 
 1405. TELESCOPIC HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR. 
 
 — The several piston cylinders take a proportional lift by 
 their differential areas and balanced pressure areas in each 
 compartment. 
 
 JiL§)L 
 
 0------- 
 
 ial-- 
 
 7 1406. TRAVELLER HOIST, show- 
 ^ ing the principles of the balanced coun- 
 ter pull and the traverse tackle. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 339 
 
 1407. TRAVELLING CRANE 
 for shop and foundry 
 work. May be oper- 
 ated by rope transmis- 
 sion, a long shaft, or 
 electric motor. 
 
 1408. I-BAR TRAVELLING TRAMWAY, an 
 easily made shop device. The I bar lies sidewise, bolted 
 to brackets from the ceiling. The double trolley can- 
 not run off. 
 
 1409. SWING BRACKET CRANE, with 
 
 trolley. 
 
 —cr 
 
 1410. ADJUSTABLE UNIVERSAL SHEAVE. 
 
 It can be set in any desired direction and canted 
 by the double-swivel foot. 
 
 1411. "HARRINGTON" CHAIN HOIST.— A 
 worm gear operates a double -chain sprocket, with 
 chains yoked at hook. 
 
 141 2. " YALE" DUPLEX HOIST.— A worm 
 F meshed in a gear on the same shaft with the 
 hoisting-chain sprocket. A, Hand-chain sprocket 
 on worm shaft B; C is a friction plug which 
 holds the worm from running back. For self- 
 running down, the plug may be reversed, present- 
 ing ^ smaller friction surface to the worm shaft. 
 A pin holds the plug from turning. 
 
340 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1413. SAFETY TACKLE.— The horizontal frame 
 is pivoted in the hook block having a friction shoulder. 
 A lanyard from the eye of the horizontal frame releases 
 the grip. 
 
 1414. DIFFERENTIAL CHAIN-PULLEY 
 BLOCK. — The chain sprockets, one on each side of 
 the gear drum, run in different directions, allowing the 
 surplus chain to hang between the draft chains. An 
 eccentric on the hand-wheel shaft rolls a loose pinion 
 around the discs, causing them to move in opposite 
 directions by the differential number of teeth on each 
 side of the pinion. 
 
 1415. DOUBLE SCREW-GEAR HOIST. — A 
 
 right-and-left screw turns the chain sprockets in mesh 
 with the lifting chain. "Box & Co." model. 
 
 1416. TAPER TUBE ROLLS.— The grooves 
 are "-urned as a taper screw. One rolls right-hand, 
 the other left-hand to match. Much care and 
 management are lequired in taper tube-rolling. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 341 
 
 1417. " YALE-WESTON " DIFFERENTIAL GEAR HOIST. 
 
 — The hand-chain 
 sprocket shaft runs loose 
 in a sleeve which carries 
 the hoist-chain sprocket. 
 A small pinion on the 
 right-hand end o f t h e 
 central shaft drives three 
 spur gears pinioned on a 
 circular movable frame 
 attached to the chain sprockets. To each of the three spur gears are 
 fixed a pinion, which meshes in an internal tooth gear fixed in the case. 
 
 1418. Section, showing gear. 
 
 1419. TUBE-ROLLING MA- 
 CHINE.— The first roller turns the 
 5 1 strip of metal to a half-circle. The 
 pair of vertical rolls close up the 
 tube. 
 
 1420. SEAMLESS TUBE MAK- 
 ING. — Rolling a solid bar between a 
 pair of angular-axled disc rollers opens 
 a cavity within the bar which is further 
 expanded by a second pair of disc rollers. 
 The rolling of the tube between the discs 
 pushes the tubular bar over a revolving 
 conical mandrill. 
 
 142T. WIRE-BENDING MACHINE. — A marvel of complex 
 
 motions. Hooks and 
 eyes, and any special 
 shapes of wire-work 
 can be made on 
 these machines. 
 
 1422. Samples of 
 wire bending. 
 
342 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1423. SEAMLESS TUBE MAKING.— The " Mannesmann " 
 process. A, «, conical corrugated rolls: B, guide tube; B", hot bar 
 
 of iron or steel being pushed through 
 the rolls ; D, mandrill for widening 
 the inside of the tube, the hollow be- 
 ing started by the action of the out- 
 side rolls. 
 
 1424. HOPPER AND BELL, for a 
 
 blast or other furnace, for feeding coal and 
 ore. The hopper is filled with a charge, 
 when the bell is quickly lowered and the 
 charge drops into the furnace. 
 
 1425. "BESSEMER" STEEL CONVERTER.— 
 ^ A large crucible on trunnions, through which air is 
 blown to passages in the bottom of the shell and 
 through the cast iron, burning out the excess of carbon, 
 when the crucible is turned over and the cast iron, 
 converted into steel, is poured into moulds. 
 
 1426. LENS-GRINDING MACHINE. — The 
 bell-crank arm a is made adjustable in the vertical 
 shaft, and is pivoted for a free motion in the grind- 
 ing cup d, to give a variety of motions to the cup 
 over the lens ; or the operation may be reversed 
 and the lens given a circular motion in the cup. 
 
 1427. GRINDING 
 MILL in section, show- 
 ing the balancing of the 
 upper stone and adjust- 
 ment of step, and the cen- 
 tering of the hopper and 
 feed gauge. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 343 
 
 ^ 
 
 1428. "BOGARDUS" MILL.^ 
 Grooved steel discs running eccen- 
 tric to each other. Largely used 
 for grinding paints and drugs. 
 
 1429. Plan showing grooves. 
 
 1430. CIRCULATING SCREW PRO- 
 PELLER AND MIXING TANK.— Is 
 
 used in various forms in laundries, soap 
 crutching, and oil refining. 
 
 1431. DOUBLE 
 CYLINDER PLANER, 
 for lumber. Takes a 
 rough and finishing cui* 
 by once passing the lum- 
 ber through the mill. 
 
 a 
 
 P 
 
 1432. DOUBLE TOGGLE-J O I N T 
 SCREW PRESS with steam-heated plat- 
 ens for vulcanizing^ rubber or embossing by 
 heat and pressure 
 
 1433. STEAM COTTON PRESS, for 
 repressing and condensing baled cotton. 
 The geared sectors, driven by the double- 
 rack piston rod and piston, increase the 
 pressure immensely at the latter part of 
 the stroke by the toggle-joint action of 
 the connecting rods as they approach the 
 radial bearing of the sectors. 
 
344 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1434. TOGGLE-BAR PRESS.— The rota- 
 tion of the disc a by the lever handle brings 
 the toggle bars to a vertical position, with in- 
 creasing pressure upon the platen. The tog- 
 gle bars have spherical ends fitted to spherical 
 cups in the top and bottom discs. 
 
 1435. SECTOR PRESS.— The sector is rolled 
 up by the crank and pinion, driving the platen 
 up with increased force until the connecting rod 
 reaches its vertical position. Much used on cot- 
 ton presses. 
 
 1436. BARK OR COB MILL.— A barbed 
 and corrugated cone revolving within a 
 spider and counter cone, with barbed cones 
 and corrugations. 
 
 A B 
 
 1437. DRAWING AND THROSTLE TWISTING 
 ROLLS AND BOBBIN WINDER.— The front rolls run 
 faster than the feed rolls, and draw the fibre. The 
 throstle twists the thread which is drawn tightly upon the 
 spool that runs loose on the spindle, and is held by a 
 friction spring to give it the winding tension. 
 
 1438. COP WINDER.— The cop tube on the 
 spindle revolves. The arm with an eye, carries 
 the thread forward and backward on the cop. 
 
MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 345 
 
 1439. BOBBIN WINDER.— The flyer revolves, while 
 the bobbin is moved up and down the spindle for even 
 winding. Thread passes through the hollow spindle 
 down the arm and through the eye of the flyer arm. 
 
 1440. CLOTH DRESSER. — The central 
 wheel is the teazel drum. The cloth is guided by 
 the rollers above and below. 
 
 1441. KNITTING MACHINE, auto- 
 matic rib knitter, " Heginbotham " model. 
 Vertical needles and two bobbins. 
 
 1442. KNITTING MACHINE, 
 
 seamless knitter, " Bellis & 
 Weinanmayer " model. Verti- 
 cal needles. 
 
346 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1443. KNITTING MACHINE. 
 
 — Multiple thread knitter, " Hep- 
 worth " model, for web goods. 
 
 1443a. TRAVELING 
 DERRICK.— Double trol- 
 leys and -lever beam putting 
 a 75-ton gun on an armor- 
 clad war vessel. 
 
 1443^. MODERN COT- 
 TON GIN.— 
 
 D, nest of saws. 
 
 E, saw grate between 
 each saw to hold 
 back the seed. 
 
 A, feeder trough and 
 hopper. 
 
 J, cylinder brush strip- 
 ping the cotton fibre 
 from the saw. 
 
 F, adjusting lever. 
 
 K, sliding mote board. 
 
MlZh AND FACTORY xlTPLIAXCCS. 
 
 347 
 
 1443c. SPOOL WIXD- 
 ING MACHINE.— A 
 
 worm screw B and gear 
 drives a set of cams R on 
 a cross shaft and oscillates 
 a lever and thread guide to 
 and fro. The spool spindle 
 driven by friction gear from 
 the shaft B. 
 
 1443 J. CONICAL ROLLER 
 THRUST BEARING.— The conical 
 rollers are held in ring travellers, in- 
 side and outside, which are connected 
 together between the rollers. 
 
 The conical lines meet at the center 
 of the shaft. 
 
 I443(?. STEAM VULCANIZER 
 for repairing bicycle tires. — Two steam 
 slabs and tightening screw set en a 
 small boiler heated by a lamp or torch ; 
 steam pressure should be 75 lbs. per 
 square inch. Small clamps and screws 
 are attached to the top steam box for 
 vulcanizing other articles. The lower 
 section is the boiler ; the lamp or burn- 
 er is set beneath it and not shown in 
 cut. 
 
348 
 
 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 
 
 1443/. STEAM VUL- 
 CANIZER for repairing- 
 bicycle tires and bands. — 
 The cast iron bed piece is 
 hollow to hold sufficient 
 water for making steam, 
 which should be at 75 
 pounds pressure. Com- 
 pression is made by the 
 lever and weight for both 
 tires and bands. A gas or 
 gasoline torch for heating. 
 
 14430-. RIGHT ANGLE SHAFT 
 TRANSMISSION.— A bell crank 
 sliding on a cross bar is pivoted at its 
 ends to the crank pins of shafts at 
 right angles. The crank pins have 
 sliding sleeves pivoted to the bell 
 crank arms. The movement is en- 
 closed in an oil-tight case to which 
 the sliding bar is fixed. Horizontal section and plan. 
 
 1443/?. TAKE-UP AND LET-OFF MOTION FOR LOOMS. 
 
 — The detailed parts are: 
 Take-up roller I, let-ofT rol- 
 ler K, a pawl U pivoted to 
 the vibrating lever V operated 
 by the shuttleboard frame 
 G, H, and moving the ratchet 
 T, bevel gear S, S', shaft P, 
 worm gear R, R, and gear 
 connection to move the rollers 
 I, K. E, warp with constant 
 feed from spools C on the 
 creel B. The inclined worm 
 gear is made adjustable by 
 the sliding boxes O, O', shov;n 
 in detail in the upper left-hand 
 corner. 
 
Section XVI. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 Mixing, Testing, Stump and Pile Pulling, Tackle Hooks, Pile Driving, 
 Dumping Cars, Stone Grips, Derricks, Conveyer, Timber Splic- 
 ing, Roof and Bridge Trusses, Suspension Bridges. 
 
 1444, POST AUGER.— Often mads with a 
 single turn to the blade. Used also for prospect- 
 ng for foundations. 
 
 1445. PUG MILL, with spiral worm in a conical 
 shell, for mixing mortar, concrete, or other material. 
 
 1446. CONICAL PUG MILL for mixing clays, 
 mortar, concrete, and other material. 
 
 1447. CONICAL MIXING BARREL for 
 mortar, concrete, or other material. 
 
 1448. CONCRETE MIXER.— A rectan- 
 gular box of iron revolves on trunnions at 
 opposite corners. A hopper for charging 
 and a dumping car to receive the mixed 
 charge. 
 
35° 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 eRiquerrt 
 
 CEMENT-TESTING MACHINE, 
 
 — The cement sample is placed 
 in the jaws at H. The sector 
 B is turned by the worm screw 
 until the weight on the arm C 
 is raised to the limit of the 
 breaking strain, where the in- 
 dex hand on the graduated arc 
 is caught by the pawl, when 
 the weight falls. 
 
 1450. HYDRAULIC SAND EJECTOR,— 
 A thin annular jet of water, under high pressure, 
 will eject sand and water from a sump and dis- 
 charge at an elevation. The principle of the 
 " Eads" ejector dischargings and from the caissons 
 of the St. Louis Bridge. 
 
 145 1. TOGGLE STUMP PULLER. 
 
 — By pulling up the two toggle levers, the 
 chain and links slip down a notch in the 
 draw bar when the double tackle draws 
 the levers down. Also for drawing piles 
 and sheet piling. 
 
CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 351 
 
 1452. RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND 
 TURNBUCKLE, sleeve and yoke pat- 
 tern. 
 
 1453. SWIVEL SHACKLE. 
 
 1454. SLIP HOOK, for drop weights and 
 temporary pile hammer. 
 
 1455. TRIP HOOK— A split shank with 
 tongue and catch pivoted between the sides of 
 the shank as shown. 
 
 1456. BALANCED RIVETING 
 MACHINE on a truck. For yard 
 service, and iron and steel structural 
 work. 
 
 1457. RELEASING GRIP of a pile-driving ma- 
 chine. The bow ends of the grip are compressed when 
 they reach the slot B in the frame and cast off the ram 
 W. The springs between the bowed handles of the 
 grip close the jaws to pick up the ram. 
 
352 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 ^^^=^ ^^^^' 
 
 ..1458. AUTOMATIC DISENGAGING GRIP for a 
 
 pile driver. The arms of the grip jaws are collapsed by 
 contact with the inclined chocks above. 
 
 1459. SWIVELLING DUMPING 
 CAR. — By turning the box and its 
 frame, which is pivoted on the truck, 
 the load can be dumped in any direc- 
 tion. 
 
 1460. SQUARE BOX 
 SIDE-DUMPING CAR. 
 — The side boards are hing- 
 ed and locked by a snap 
 lever. 
 
 1461. LEVER GRIP-TONGS.— The pull on the 
 shackle connecting the links and upper arms of the tongs 
 causes a strong grip on any object to be lifted. 
 
 I 0(0) n o 
 
 1462. ADJUSTABLE GRIP TONGS, for stones 
 and heavy boxes. The link bars have a series of 
 \ holes to vary the opening of the jaws. A toggle 
 ■ grip. 
 
 ^-^^1 
 
CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 353 
 
 1463. PNEUMATIC DUMPING CAR.— A 
 small compressor, operated from the axle, pumps 
 air into a receiver under the platform. An oscil- 
 lating cylinder, with direct connection 
 with the bottom of the car, lifts it to the 
 proper angle for dumping and returns it 
 to the horizontal position by the mere 
 movement of a valve. 
 
 1464. LEWIS WEDGE, for lifting stone. A 
 central taper wedge, with eye and ring at the 
 small end. A taper wedge is inserted in a re- 
 verse position on each side of the double-taper 
 wedge, so that the outside of the combination is 
 parallel in the hole in the stone. A pull on the 
 centre wedge pushes the outer wedges against the 
 
 side of the hole with force sufficient to lift the stone by the friction of 
 
 their contact surfaces. 
 
 
 ./V 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1465. STONEGRINDING AND POLISH- 
 ING MACHINE. The lap for grinding is 
 of cast iron in a concentric series of rings, 
 through which sand and water is fed. The 
 rod connecting the lap with the driving shaft 
 has a universal joint at each end and a swivel 
 handle for guiding the lap. The upper shaft 
 is balanced, feathered, and moves freely 
 through the gear hub. 
 
 1466. FOUR-GUY MAST DERRICK 
 pole or gin. 
 
354 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 1467. SHEARS WITH WINCH or tackle 
 blocks. 
 
 1468. SWING-DERRICK CRANE, 
 with fixed guys and hand gear. 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 [kjj ^^j 
 
 1469. PORTABLE STEAM DERRICK, 
 
 on swivelled platform, balanced by boiler. 
 
 1470. SWING-BOOM CRANE, with a 
 travelling truck and trolley lift. Boom re- 
 volving on radial rollers. 
 
 1 47 1. CABLE HOIST AND CON- 
 VEYER, for excavating canals and 
 trenches. The upper line is the cable, 
 middle line the traveller, and lower lines 
 operate the dumping device. 
 
CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 355 
 
 1472. CANTILEVER HOISTING AND CONVEYING MA- 
 CHINE, "Lancaster" system. The trussed booms and standing 
 
 frame revolve on rollers 
 on the truck. The truck 
 moves on rails. The 
 buckets swing with the 
 truss booms for loading 
 
 f'fj 'i.'^iy.'.ii'i', - > - 
 
 d|®^ and discharging, 
 
 ^ — ^- ^ 1473. TIMBER SPLICING.— The straight 
 S- splice bolted. 
 
 "^5"'"' "V^ 
 
 .^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 --a- 
 
 -^^ 
 
 14740 TIMBER SPLICING. 
 — The lap splice with iron 
 keys and bolts. 
 
 -Qh 
 
 -^ 
 
 1475. TIMBER SPLICING.— 
 The lap splice with oak keys 
 and yoke straps. 
 
 -A -g*- A 
 
 1476. TIMBER SPLICING.~A 
 scarf and butt joint with one fish plate, 
 bolted. 
 
 if7\ F^ /=^ ."> 
 
 '1 ^ m Itf ~^' 
 
 1477. TIMBER SPLICING.— The scarf 
 and butt splice with iron fish plates, bolted. 
 
 1478. TIMBER SPLICING.— A lap 
 
 and scarf butt joint, keyed with oak and 
 ■ '' ^ ' '^^ — ^ locked with anchor fish plate and bolts. 
 
356 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 O 
 
 1^1 I'Pi 
 
 'S' •5' -S^ 
 
 F 
 
 % 1479. TIMBER SPLICING. 
 ? — Butt joint with timber fish plate, 
 keyed and bolted. 
 
 ,m> im. 1^ .Qi /a, 
 
 o 
 
 1480. TIMBER SPLICING. 
 
 ] — Butt joint with double 
 
 ^ timber fish plates, bolted. 
 
 <&. -w- gT 
 
 -^ ■'^ 
 
 :^i i*^! 
 
 -U— — CJ GT 
 
 =^ 
 
 1481. TIMBER SPLICING.— 
 
 Compression beams butted and held 
 by a fish plate and bolts. 
 
 1 — fl^ — , 
 
 JL 
 
 A 
 
 -*. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 '^S~ — -a.- 
 
 r^l ■ " :: ■ •; " 4 
 
 i :::•■■:, :: -A .. -i 11 ? 
 
 ^ : 
 
 :• 
 
 
 
 
 .; 
 
 ;: 
 
 — ^ 
 
 • -■ ;■ 1 —J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w- 
 
 
 
 482. TIMBER CHORDS AND ARCHES. 
 — Splicing by breaking joints 
 and bolting. 
 
 1483. TRUSS ROOF. 
 
 a, tie beam. 
 
 <^, principal rafter. 
 
 r, common rafter. 
 
 d, king post. 
 
 e, strut. 
 
 1484. QUEEN POST ROOF TRUSS. 
 
 a, tie beam ; r, c, queen posts ; 
 
 d, d, braces ; e, truss beam ; 
 
 /, straining piece ; g, g, prin- 
 cipal rafters ; h, cambered beam ; b, iron string bolt to support tie 
 beam. 
 
 1485. WOODEN ROAD BRIDGE 
 TRUSS. 
 
CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 357 
 
 DECK BRIDGE TRUSSES. 
 i486. Single strut deck truss for short 
 spans, 30 to 40 feet 
 
 1 48 7 . Double strut deck truss 
 for 50 to 70 feet span. /' ■ 
 
 1488. Multi- 
 ple strut deck 
 truss for 100 
 feet span. 
 
 1489. BRIDGE TRUSS.-^ 
 Inclined strut and tie rod for each 
 panel,with stiff compression upper 
 chord. Vertical members are tie 
 rods. 
 
 1490- BRIDGE TRUSS.— 
 Vertical struts except in end 
 panels, which have vertical tie 
 rods. Inclined end struts and 
 diagonal tie rods. 
 
 .<<^ /M/MA l7rvT^ ^"^91- ARCHED DECK TRUSS 
 
 x/^mi(M^/^ BRIDGE.-The arch takes the press- 
 
 ure and gives tension to the chord. 
 
 g| Struts and tie rods give stability to 
 the structure. 
 
 492. BRIDGE TRUSSES.— 
 The ''Whipple" truss. Ver- 
 tical and end posts are 
 struts; vertical tie rods from 
 end posts ; diagonal tie rods 
 in panels. 
 
 1493. Inclined posts and 
 vertical tie rods. Baltimore 
 model. 
 
 1494. "Whipple" truss, 
 with interpanel tie rods. 
 
358 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 1495. ARCH TRUSS BRIDGE.— The entire load is not sup- 
 
 o ported by the wood or iron arch 
 I alone. The truss bracing is made 
 
 I to equalize the load by stiffen- 
 ing the arch and so to throw 
 a compression strain upon the 
 chord, which is thickened in the middle. 
 
 1496. BRIDGE TRUSSES.— 
 The "McCallum" inflexible 
 arched truss. A wooden 
 bridge. 
 
 1497. "Howe" truss, with 
 inclined end posts, vertical 
 struts and bi-panel tie rods. 
 
 1498. '' Post " truss, verti- 
 cal end posts with inclined 
 struts from each end meet- 
 ing at the centre. 
 
 1499. Modification of 
 the "Whipple" and "War- 
 ren " systems. 
 
 1500. Modification of 
 the "Whipple" and "Post" 
 systems. The " Warren " 
 bridge. 
 
 1 50 1. The "Fink" system. 
 A railway deck bridge. 
 No lower chord. 
 
 1502. The "Bollman" 
 system, A girder suspen- 
 sion. The top girder car- 
 ries the compression load 
 due to suspension. 
 
CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 359 
 
 1503. SWING BRIDGE, 
 " Whipple " system. 
 
 1504. SWING BRIDGE. 
 " Post " system. 
 
 1505. CANTILEVER BRIDGE.— The ends, being anchored, 
 balance all other parts on the piers. This cut shows the principle of 
 Cantilever construction. 
 
 1506. SUSPENSION BRIDGES— 
 The old railway bridge at. 
 Niagara. Eight hundred and 
 twenty-one feet span. 
 
 1507. A four-span suspen- 
 sion bridge. Allegheny River, 
 at Pittsburgh. 
 
 1508. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.— The Cincinnati bridge, 
 « Roebling " system. Ten hundred and fifty-seven feet between piers. 
 
 1509. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.— Niagara upper bridge, "Roeb- 
 ling " system. Twelve hundred and fifty feet between piers. 
 
360 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 15 10. SUSPENSION BRIDGE.~The New York 
 and Brooklyn bridge, " Roebling " system. Centre span, 
 1,600 feet ; land spans, each 920 feet ; Brooklyn approach, 
 998 feet; New York approach, 1,562 feet; total length 
 curb to curb, 6,016 feet; width, 85 feet; clearance above 
 high water, 135 feet; height of towers above high water, 
 272 feet; number of cables, 4; diameter of cables, 15^ 
 inches; length of single wires, 3,579 feet; total length of 
 wires in four cables, 14,361 miles; number of wires in 
 each cable, 5,296; strength of each cable, 12,200 net 
 tons; cost of bridge, exclusive of land, $9,000,000; total 
 cost, $15,552,878. Commenced 1870; thirteen years in 
 building. 
 
 iSioe, MELAN, BRIDGE.— A series of arched steel 
 I beams, filled in with Portland cement concrete. Ends 
 of beams resting against thrust plates. 
 
 iSiof. STEEL ARCHED CONCRETE BRIDGE, Thatcher 
 type.— The concrete rib of the arch is reinforced by steel bars 
 on the inner and outer edge of the concrete rib. 
 
CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 361 
 
 1510a. EXPANSION OR AN- 
 CHOR BOLT.— A wedge nut and 
 split sleeve pattern. 
 
 1510&. EXPANSION OR AN- 
 CHOR BOLT.— A conical nut and 
 split sleeve. 
 
 1 5 IOC. ROLLING LIFT BRIDGE.— Are nearly balanced in 
 operation with many advantages in utilizing the entire width of 
 channel and dock space. 
 
 Chicago Type. 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 g;0B^ 
 
 1510J. CONCRETE 
 BRIDGE. — For small 
 bridges, a concrete arch 
 of Portland cement, sand 
 and broken stone are re- 
 liable and lasting struc- 
 tures. 
 
362 
 
 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 
 
 1 5100. LOG SAWING MACHINE.— The lever being prop- 
 erly adjusted, and the screw and dogs being placed in position, 
 
 the saw is rapidly 
 
 // 
 
 reciprocated b y 
 turning the driving 
 shaft. A spring at- 
 tached to the butt 
 of the saw and cen- 
 ter of the pitman 
 presses the teeth 
 down upon the bot- 
 tom of the kerf; 
 this process can be 
 easily adjusted. The blade is raised after having cut through 
 the log, and is held in the guiding slot by a screw, so as not to 
 interfere with shifting the machine. 
 
 f Sm 
 
 1510k HYDRAULIC PILE 
 DRIVER. — A pile with a groove 
 on its side in which a pipe is laid 
 to the bottom of the pile, loosely 
 clipped in place to enable its with- 
 drawal after the pile is set. A 
 strong stream of water from a 
 pump excavates a passage for the 
 pile to the required depth. No 
 hammer is needed; only a steady 
 pressure. 
 
Section XVII. 
 
 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 Parallel Rules, Curve Delineators, Trammels, Ellipsographs, 
 
 Pantographs, etc. 
 
 15 II. PROPORTIONAL COMPASSES for re- 
 ducing the scale of drawings. 
 
 JSn 
 
 15 1 2. ROLLER PARALLEL RULER, 
 
 — The two fluted rollers of exactly equal size, 
 on an arbor, project slightly below the under 
 surface of the ruler. 
 
 15 13. PARALLEL RULER, formed of 
 two bars pivoted to two pieces of metal of 
 exactly equal lengths between pivot centres 
 and at equal distances on the bars. 
 
 15 14. SLOTTED PARALLEL RULER 
 that traverses in line. A, cross bars movable 
 on a central pivot ; each bar being pivoted at 
 one end to the ruler bars, the other ends 
 sliding in slots in the bars. 
 
 15 15. THREE PART PARALLEL 
 RULER. — All connecting arms of equal 
 length. Pivots are at equal distances on each 
 of the blades. 
 
3^4 
 
 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 1516. SPRING CYCLOGRAPH. — A 
 
 spring of elastic material is made thicker in 
 its- central part so that in bending its outer 
 edge will take the form of a circular arc. By 
 
 clamping the ends of the spring to the bar, the screw will bend the 
 
 spring to the desired curve. 
 
 1517. FLEXIBLE CURVE SCRIBER.— 
 
 A spring of any suitable material may be fixed 
 in a ruler and drawn by a string to the desired 
 curve. There are many forms of this device, 
 such as the string fastened to both ends of the 
 spring and flexible rubber strips with heavy 
 weights to hold it to any form of curve desired. 
 
 YM/mmuMMm, b^ 
 
 1 5 18. HELICOGRAPH.— The traversing 
 of the disc by moving the screw arm around 
 a fixed centre describes a helical curve. 
 
 c 
 
 t^^^^^^^^l 
 
 1519. GREAT CURVE DELINEA- 
 
 B |_ TOR. — Thin-edged 
 
 ^^^ =q, discs of different di- 
 
 rameters are attached 
 to a bar or tube at a 
 ' distance apart, so that 
 
 their relative diam- 
 ters and distance will correspond to the required radius, which may 
 be computed by the difference in diameter multiplied by the distance 
 of the wheels apart. C is a loose sleeve to roll the rod freely ; D is 
 an offset from the inside rod to allow the pencil to press on the paper. 
 
 
 
 1520. CONCHOID DELINEATOR, 
 of Nicomedes. A slotted head T-piece, 
 A, B ; a slotted arm, G H, with traverse 
 pin at F. Distance between F, H, and 
 pin at E may be variable to suit the 
 required condition of curve. Pencil at 
 H delineates a conchoidal curve, used 
 in architectural drawings for the lines 
 of columns. 
 
DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 3^5 
 
 i52i« CYCLOGRAPH, for drawing circu- 
 lar arcs with an inaccessible centre. Three 
 ^ straight rules clampted together so that when 
 \ the outer edge of the rules' are against the pins 
 B, C, representing the chord of the arc, the pencil at A will be at the 
 vertex of the versed sine of the arc, when by moving the rules against 
 the pins the pencil will describe a circular arc. 
 
 1522. TRAMMEL FOR DRAWING ELLIPSES. 
 
 — Grooves at right angles direct two studs on a 
 pencil bar for the elliptical motion of the pencil. 
 Also called an ellipsograph. 
 
 1523. ELLIPSOGRAPH. — A is a fixed 
 
 centre ; B, traversed in a straight line, will 
 make the pencil at C trace an elliptical curve. 
 
 1524. PARABOLA SCRIBER.— The longi- 
 tudinal focal distance from the apex being fixed 
 with a pin. A straight-edge may be fixed just 
 beyond the apex and traversed by a square^ A 
 looped string on the pin with the other end fast- 
 ened to the longer leg of the square with sufficient 
 sag to allow a pencil point to rest in the bight 
 of the string at the apex of the parabola, when the square is on 
 the axial line, will describe an arc of a parabola by moving the pencil 
 against the square. 
 
 1525. GEARED ELLIPSOGRAPH.— A spur 
 gear A is fixed to the pedestal. An arm carrying 
 an idle gear, B, and a gear C, one-half the diam- 
 
 .,_^ eter of the fixed gear. The pencil arm makes 
 
 two revolutions to one revolution of the arm. 
 The distance A' equals the difference between the major and minor 
 axes of the ellipse. 
 
366 
 
 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 1526. HYPERBOLA SCRIBER. — The 
 foci of the opposite hyperbolas may be drawn 
 on their longitudinal axis and pins set therein. 
 A straight edge moving on focal point of the 
 opposite hyperbola, and a looped string on the 
 pin of the required arc, with the other end 
 attached at the end of the straight edge, with 
 enough sag to allow the pencil to touch the 
 apex of the curve, will, on moving the pencil in the bight of the string 
 and close to the rule, describe an arc of a hyperbola. 
 
 1527. GEARED ELLIPSOGRAPH.— The arm and horizontal 
 shaft slide through the. frame and second bevel gear. The bevel gear 
 
 A is fixed to the standard. 
 The proportion of the gears 
 should be such that the pen- 
 cil spindle should make two 
 revolutions to one revolution 
 of the arm. Then the dis- 
 
 
 L. 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ■^ fr 
 
 .K" 
 
 
 tt 
 
 ^^=f^ 
 
 y 
 
 ^A V^ 
 
 1: 
 
 i^--A-^-^ 
 
 tance A^ equals the difference between the major and minor axes of 
 the ellipse. 
 
 1528. PANTOGRAPH.— For perfect pro- 
 portions the points A, B, C must always be in 
 line. With the point B fixed, the pencil at A 
 will produce an exact copy of tracing from 
 point C. By changing places for the fixed 
 point a double or half-size tracing may be made. 
 
 1529. LAZY-TONGS PANTOGRAPH, 
 
 for reducing or enlarging copies of draw- 
 ings, cox d may be the fixed points . Either 
 one being fixed, the other should be the 
 tracer. The pencil at a should be exactly 
 in line with c, d, for accurate delineation. 
 
DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 367 
 
 1530. PERSPECTIVE CENTRO. 
 
 LINEAD. — The edges of legs on the sides a, 
 
 by and c must be in line with their common 
 
 Lzn axis, with clamp screws to hold the movable 
 
 legs in their set position. The directing pins b and c should 
 
 be set on the radial lines of the back point of the perspective, 
 
 when the long leg will be radial from that point in all directions. 
 
 1531. SPHEROMETER.— For meas- 
 uring the curves of spherical surfaces or 
 of templates of lenses by means of a 
 graduated follower at the centre between 
 i J two bearings. The scale and nonius are 
 computed for the versed sine of a fixed 
 chord length. 
 
 1531a. ELLIPSO- 
 GRAPHIC T U R N - 
 TABLE. — The table 
 sits upon a trammel 
 frame, which moves a 
 bar with gimbal yoke 
 and sliding rod to carry 
 the pen or pencil. 
 
 Makes an ellipse from 
 a circle to a 
 line. 
 
 straight 
 
 1531&. ELLIPSOGRAPH.— A pair 
 of dividers with points perforated like 
 the eye of a needle allows of adjust- 
 ing the length of the thread to any size 
 curve and holding the end under the 
 thumb on the head of the dividers. The 
 points with their eyes are shown at the 
 right-hand side. 
 
368 
 
 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 1531a. OMNI-TELEMETER.— 
 For obtaining the distance of an ob- 
 ject by two observations on a line at 
 right angles. A, direct line of 
 sight through the half silvered mir- 
 ror D ; X, reflected line of sight at 
 90° or variable by the mirrors D, F. 
 The lever L varies the angle of the 
 mirror, F, by means of the micro- 
 meter screw C, and graduated disk 
 G. E, adjusting screw for the 
 mirror D. 
 
 T531&. ODONTOGRAPH. — A 
 scribe template for laying out the 
 curves of the teeth of gear wheels. 
 
 1531C. SECTION LINERS.— An 
 open triangle with a stop slide pivoted 
 to links with the spacing adjusted by 
 a stop pin and cam sector. 
 
 1531J. EIDOGRAPH.— 
 An instrument of precision 
 in reproducing drawings, 
 reduced or enlarged. Sim- 
 ultaneous motions are trans- 
 mitted from the tracer to 
 the pencil through the mo- 
 tion of pulleys on the cen- 
 tral beam operated by a 
 steel band. 
 
DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 369 
 
 extended for any proportion. 
 
 1531^. TRACING BAR. 
 
 — The yoke-shaped needle 
 bar has tracing points in 
 line with the gimbal ring 
 bearing. The points may be 
 
 1531/. REFLECTING DRAW- 
 ING BOARD.— A vertical plate of 
 glass in a frame on a drawing board. 
 The picture on one side and a plain 
 sheet of paper on the other side of 
 the glass. On looking into the 
 glass on one side the picture is 
 plainly projected on the other, and 
 can be readily traced with a pencil. 
 
 1531^. SELF REGIS- 
 TERING BAROMETER.— 
 Four aneroid disks are con- 
 nected in series and in contact 
 with the lever R and linked to 
 the index lever L, its end 
 holding a pencil that marks 
 the variation of pressure on 
 
 tHe graduated paper on a drum driven by a clock. 
 
370 
 
 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 
 
 1531/L DOTTING INSTRU- 
 MENT.— One of the toothed 
 wheels for the kind of dotting re- 
 quired is placed on the pin and held 
 by the spring clip. The wheel 
 should roll on the edge of the T 
 square and the frame against its 
 side. The motion of the bell crank 
 lever and pin follows the spacing of the teeth on the wheels. 
 
 15312. ELLIPSOGRAPH with a pen 
 and dividers. A small friction drum is 
 mounted inside of the pen blades, or may 
 be mounted on the handle upon which a 
 thread is wound for adjusting the size 
 of the ellipse, and is passed through an 
 eye or hole near the end of the pen blade 
 and around the legs of a dividers, set on 
 the foci of the ellipse. 
 
 1531/. SPIROGRAPH. — An instrument -for drawing spiral 
 curves. A pair of compasses with a lengthening leg to allow of 
 
 a vertical position of the stationary leg c, b 
 is a sleeve and knurled button loose on the 
 vertical leg by which the pencil or pen is 
 moved along the curve, controlled by the 
 thread winding around the vertical leg, 
 which may have points of varying sizes to 
 suit the spaces in the curves. The vertical 
 leg is held by the milled head g. 
 
Section XVIII. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 Animal Power, Sheep Shears, Movements and Devices, Elevators, 
 Cranes, Sewing, Type-Writing, and Printing Machines, Rail- 
 way Devices, Trucks, Brakes, Turntables, Locomo- 
 tives, Gas, Gas Furnaces, Acetylene Gen- 
 erators, Gasoline Mantle Lamp, 
 Firearms, Etc. 
 
 1532. HUMAN TREADMILL.— Still used 
 in Eastern countries for raising water. 
 
 1533. HORSE-POWER TREAD WHEEL. 
 
 • — One of the many designs for stationary ani- 
 mal power. 
 
 1534. HORSE-POWER MACHINE. 
 
 An endless chain and- 
 rollers, with a slat- 
 ted platform, roll 
 over a sprocket- 
 wheel drivingshaft. 
 The walking plat- 
 form is elevated to 
 an angle of about 
 
372 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1535. DOG-POWER MACHINE. 
 — The plane of the track wheel is set 
 at an angle of about 200, with its 
 under edge bearing i).pon a friction 
 pulley. Shaft and fly-wheel, with 
 crank for operating churn. 
 
 1536. GEARED HORSE-POWER. 
 
 — The sweep carries the pinion and spur 
 gear on the second shaft around the 
 stationary spur gear, rotating the central 
 shaft and pulley at high speed. 
 
 1537- 
 
 MULTIPLE BEADED 
 SHEEP SHEARS.— 
 Opened by a spring handle, 
 and closed by hand grip. 
 
 1538. HORSE CLIPPER. — A 
 
 sharp comb-tooth cutter is made to 
 vibrate across a fixed cutter by vibrat- 
 ing the handles. 
 
 ible shaft from another source of power, 
 blade with guard finger plates., 
 
 1539. MACHINE 
 SHEEP SHEARS. 
 
 — The large gear is 
 driven by the hand 
 on a crank, not 
 shown, or by a flex- 
 A revolving serrated 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 373 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1540. "ALMOND'S" 
 FLEXIBLE METALLIC 
 TUBE. — A coil of round wire, 
 open wound, with a coil of 
 triangular wire wound tightly- 
 over it. Bending of the coil 
 tube allows the triangular sec- 
 tions to draw in on the outside of the bend and to push out on the 
 inside, keeping the points of contact tight. 
 
 1541. EVO- 
 LUTION OF 
 A WOOD 
 SCREW.— 
 Stages of 
 manufacture of 
 
 the modem wood screw. " American Screw Company's" process. 
 
 The thread is made by the roller process. 
 
 1542. ARTIFICIAL LEG AND FOOT.— Most 
 
 ingenious combinations of movements are made in 
 producing artificial limbs, not easily explained with- 
 out a model. 
 
 1543. MEAN TIME SUNDIAL,— The 
 
 length of the stile is made to just cover the 
 entire range of the sun's altitude at the dis- 
 tance of the scale on the hour circle. Its 
 shape and size to be proportionate to the sun's 
 equation of time as marked on the scale. 
 When the sun is fast the reading should be on 
 the left-hand side of the shadow, and when 
 slow on the right side. 
 
374 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1544. DOOR PUSH CHECK.— The spring closes the 
 
 door. The piston in the cylinder has a valve to allow quick 
 
 inlet of air when opening a door, and a 
 
 small hole adjustable at the bottom of the 
 
 cylinder for slowly discharging the air. 
 
 f-'i 'Z^r 
 
 -. vt 
 
 I 
 
 1545. FOLDING LADDER.— The rounds are 
 pivoted to the side pieces, which are recessed to 
 enclose the rounds when the ladder is shut. 
 
 1546. SIMPLE COMBINATION LOCK, 
 — A number of discs arranged on a spindle 
 having a feather key. The discs are notched 
 to match the notches in the key , so that they 
 readily turn to be set to the register number to 
 release the spindle. 
 
 r^ 
 
 1547. TRIPOD.^-The legs are pivoted on a 
 triangular prism, which allows the legs to be folded 
 into a cylindrical staff. 
 
 1548. DOUBLE SPHERICAL SOCKET, 
 used mostly on surveying instruments. The 
 socket is clamped by drawing the plates to- 
 gether with thumb-screw. 
 
 1549. DISC SLICER, with hopper, for cutting 
 roots, etc. Each slot in the disc has a knife slightly 
 projecting. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 375 
 
 £^S\ 1550. MICROMETER SCREW ADJUSTMENT.— 
 >-cr The tangent arm is made fast or loose on the shaft by 
 the spring chp and screw. Used mostly on theodo- 
 lites and transit instruments. 
 
 155 1. CORRECT PRINCIPLE in 
 setting a hot-water house boiler. 
 
 H, E, circulating pipes. 
 
 B, water-back or coil. 
 
 K, draw-off. 
 
 D, cold-water supply, extending down 
 on inside of boiler. 
 
 G, hot-water supply taken from top of 
 boiler. 
 
 1552. UNDER-FEED HEAT- 
 ING FURNACE/' Colton-Smead" 
 model. A smokeless furnace for 
 house heating with bituminous coal, 
 A plunger is operated by a lever 
 sector and rack to push the coal 
 beneath the fire. 
 
 HARVESTER OR MOW- 
 ^ ING MACHINE.— 
 
 Application of a corru- 
 gated or cam disc for 
 attaining the motion 
 J of the cutters. 
 
376 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1554. BELL CLAPPER MOVEMENT.— 
 
 The outside stroke is the best to prevent crack- 
 ing in large bells. 
 
 1555. PIANO KEY AND ACTION.- 
 
 A study of complex movements 
 
 1556. LAPIDARY OR LITHOLOGICAL 
 LATHE for amateur work. A vertical spindle 
 with disc lap of lead, driven by a bevel gear and 
 cranks, through a vertical shaft pulley and belt 
 A splitting disc and spindle are also driven from 
 the main pulley. 
 
 1557 
 
 . WIRE-DRAWING MACHINE. 
 
 <T, the reel. 
 
 ^, draw plate. 
 
 r, power drum, operated by gear 
 beneath the bench. When the wire 
 is all wound on the drum it is 
 changed to the reel and drawn in 
 a reverse direction. 
 
 1558. WIRE-COVERING MACHINE. 
 
 — The wire is passed through a hollow re- 
 volving spindle <2, having a small longitu- 
 dinal motion from a vibrating cam to lap 
 the threads. The face plate revolving with 
 the spindle carries two or more spools, <:, c, 
 with guide eyes, d, //, vibrating with the 
 spindle. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 377 
 
 1559. STIRRING MACHINE, for 
 grain mash or other material in water. 
 One arm carries a vertical set of arms 
 M^ith bottom scrapers. The other arm, 
 a revolving shaft and arms for vertical 
 stirring. 
 
 1560. SECTOR WHEEL BALING PRESS.— The large sectors 
 are operated by the long shaft and worm gears. The double toggle 
 joints and small sector gears extend the toggle bars with increasing 
 power. 
 
 1561. WOOD COMPRESSION 
 CARVING MACHINE. -The carved 
 patterns are iron rings placed on a hol- 
 low iron cylinder which is heated by 
 steam through the trunnion. The wood 
 is steamed and passes under the roller 
 with great pressure. 
 
 1562. BELT-DRIVEN ELEVATOR.— Worm gear and friction 
 
 stop. The belt is shifted 
 by a cam driven by the link 
 chain from the drum shaft. 
 The end of the drum shaft 
 has a screw with two clamp 
 nuts, one on each side of 
 the chain wheel, the hub 
 of which acts as a nut to 
 carry the wheel against the 
 clamp nut when it revolves 
 and throws over the cam 
 shipper. 
 
378 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1563, SAFETY CATCH FOR ELEVATORS.— The eccentric 
 sector levers are connected at their pivots to friction sHdes behind 
 
 the guide rails by Hnks. The 
 front slides are ratchet bars on 
 the face of the guide rails, 
 The balance weight intensifies 
 the action of the grips when 
 the rope breaks. Springs are 
 also used instead of the balance 
 weights. 
 
 1564. Shows the grip closed. 
 
 A 
 
 w 
 
 \\ 
 
 1565. ELEVATOR SAFETY GEAR. 
 ^When the cage is lifted the pivoted arm 
 pulls the pawl clear of the rack. A break- 
 age of the rope lets go the pawl arm, and 
 the spring throws the pawl into the rack. 
 
 W 
 
 1566. SAFETY CATCH FOR ELEVATORS— A lever pawl 
 pivoted to each side of the elevator cage is kept clear from the rack 
 
 guides by the upward pull of 
 the cable. When the cable 
 breaks or gives way, the bal- 
 ance weight or a spring inten- 
 sifies the action of the pawls 
 in closing with the rack guide 
 rails. 
 
 1567. Normal position of 
 the pawls. 
 
 1568. SWING DERRICK, with fixed boom 
 Steam hoist. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 379 
 
 1569. PACKAGE ELEVATOR, for con- 
 tinuous service up or down without reversing. 
 May be arranged for self-dumping both ways, 
 
 1570. POST CRANE.— Driven by hy- 
 draulic lift under the platform. The boom 
 swings on the post. The rope is carried up 
 the hollow post. 
 
 1571. WHARF CRANE, with 
 trussed arch jib. Pivoted to turn in 
 any direction. Power shaft turns in 
 crane pivot. 
 
38o 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1572. AUTOMATIC BALANCE CRANK 
 
 — The rocking base shifts the centre of gravity 
 ^ of load and balance weight. The crane and 
 platform revolve on radial rollers. 
 
 1573. SEWING-MACHINE 
 SHUTTLE.— The thread is rove 
 in the holes in the tension spring, 
 which is made adjustable by the 
 notch cam d. 
 
 1574. SEWING-MACHINE 
 FEED BAR, " Wheeler & Wil- 
 son " model. The toothed feed- 
 rack 26 is fixed to the frame 7, 
 which is lifted, moved forward, 
 
 and dropped by the cam 39, and is drawn back by the spring 2)'^. 
 
 The cam stop 2 7 regulates the length of the stitch. 
 
 1575. SEWING-MACHINE 
 HOOKAND BOBBIN, 
 
 " Wheeler & Wilson " model. 
 A, the hook ; C, bobbin ; D, 
 case ; B, spindle and carrier 
 hook. 
 
 1576. HOOK OF THE "WHEELER 
 & WILSON " SEWING-MACHINE.— The 
 hook is rotated by the shaft, catches the 
 needle loop, and carries the thread around a 
 disc bobbin. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 38 1 
 
 enoLPN 
 
 WIOFF >)^ snoiPNHDUIR 
 
 1577. SEWING-MACHINE, 
 " Wilcox & Gibbs " model, show- 
 ing the designation of parts. 
 
 'zzaazmzz2za?i 
 
 1578. SPRING MOTOR, for sewing-machine. A strong coiled 
 
 spring and a gear 
 crain, like a clock 
 train on a larger scale, 
 geared to the driving 
 shaft. The pedal is 
 changed and arrang- 
 ed as a friction stop 
 and speed regulator. 
 
 1579. End view. 
 
 1580. TINPLATE LAC- 
 QUERING MACHINE.— 
 
 The roller is elastic. The 
 lacquer is fed to the roller by- 
 small rollers and equalized 
 by scrapers. 
 
 1581. SINGLE- CYLINDER 
 PRINTING PRESS.— A t}^pe of 
 the use of cams, levers, shafts, 
 gearing, etc., in combination witfc 
 rotary and rectilinear motion. 
 
382 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1582. TYPEWRITING 
 MACHINE, "Smith'^ Premiei 
 model. Eighty-four characters. 
 
 1583. TYPEWRITING 
 MACHINE, " Remington " 
 model. Eighty-four charac 
 ters. 
 
 1584. -GORDON" PRINTING 
 PRESS . — Single cylinder, for bill and 
 letter press-work. 
 
 1585. RACK AND PAWL wheel lifting-jack 
 Lower pawl is operated by a lever or crank. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 383 
 
 15S6. BALL-BEARING SCREW JACK.— 
 The balls run in grooves between the bearing 
 plates. 
 
 1587. HYDRAULIC TRANSFER 
 JACK. — For lifting cars or transferring 
 over temporary rails. The extension of 
 the truck axles allows for adjustment to 
 any gauge railroad. 
 
 1588. RAIL-CUTTING SAW.— The saw is 
 driven by a trundle pinnion meshing in the teeth 
 of the saw and geared up to the crank. The 
 saw is fed by a screw moving the gear frame 
 dowTi on the rail. 
 
 1589. PROUTY-NOBLE AUTO- 
 MATIC, OR SELF-WINDING 
 BRAKE. — The central chain spool 3 
 runs loose on the car axle and betvveen 
 two friction flanges, one of which is 
 fast to the axle and the other slides 
 on a feather. The contact of the 
 inside cones of the brake spool 4 with the outside cones of the 
 friction flanges i and 2 causes the chain spool to wind up the brake 
 chain and hold it by friction. 
 
dSd. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1590. STREET-CAR SAND BOX. 
 
 — The operation of the lever, pawl, and 
 rachet wheel turns the twisted carrier and 
 at the same time revolves the toothed feed 
 wheel. 
 
 1 59 1. FRICTION BRAKE for 
 
 street-railway cars. A leather washer 
 between the flange of the brake spool 
 and axle flange is the friction sur- 
 face. The spool is held by a short 
 wind of the chain either way. The 
 diagonally cut sleeve is elongated by 
 a pull on the connecting rods, which 
 compresses the friction surfaces. 
 
 1592. CAR TRUCK 
 for street railways. Sub- 
 frame and compound 
 system of springs. 
 
 1593. STREET-CAR TRUCK 
 with spring frame and brake 
 connections. 
 
 1594. CAR TRUCK 
 for street railway. " Peck- 
 bam " model. Compound 
 system of springs. 
 
 1595. TROLLEY CAR TRUCK.— 
 
 The larger wheel is geared to the 
 _ motor. The small wheel is the 
 
 /W/j^. trailer. 
 
 'kit*. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 3^5 
 
 596. FREIGHT-CAR TRUCK, 
 forward half, with brake, beam, 
 and safety chain ; spring and 
 bearing bar. 
 
 1597. CABLE RAILWAY GRIP.— 
 
 Friction sheaves are drawn tightly on the 
 cable by a vertical bar in the frame plate. 
 Friction is increased by further tightening 
 the grip wheel. 
 
 1598. Showing wheel connection with 
 grip. 
 
 1599. CABLE GRIP FOR 
 STREET RAILWAYS.—^, 
 
 h^ grip jaws and blocks ; r, 
 pull-up to throw the cable out 
 of the jaws ; </, </, frame 
 plates ; <?, grip plate connected 
 to b^ and operated by the bell 
 crank levers g, g\f,f, pull-up 
 attached to frame and dis- 
 engaging pieces <r, c. 
 
 1600. End view of grip. 
 
 __^r;-j 1601. LINKED HINGES for reversmj^ car 
 
 ^v' I Vi seat backs. 
 
 25 
 
'^86 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES, 
 
 1602. ENDLESS CABLE 
 GRIP CAR. — A stationary jaw 
 under the cable. A movable jaw 
 on top operated by a grip levet 
 above. Used for towing min- 
 ing cars." 
 
 1603. STREET RAIL^ 
 WAY SWEEPING 
 CAR. — The cyUn- 
 drical sweeper Is 
 driven from the axle 
 by bevel gear. 
 
 1604. EQUALIZ" 
 ING LEVER for dis- 
 tributing the load on 
 car springs. 
 
 1605. NOVEL CAR BRAKE. — The connecting bar between 
 the brakes is adjustable for a small movement of the brake lever to 
 
 bring the brakes into opera- 
 tion. When the brake is 
 put on from the front plat- 
 form, with the car running 
 either way, the r.otion of 
 the front wheel tightens the 
 brake by its friction on the brake shoe, lessening the labor of han- 
 dling the brake. 
 
 1606. WOODEN FRAME TURN-TABLE, showing method 
 of framing. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 387 
 
 1607. IRON FRAME TURN-TABLE, showing design of cast 
 iron panels. Wrought-iron top chord. 
 
 1608. SINGLE-CYLIN- 
 DER LOCOMOTIVE.— 
 
 Centre crank, for narrow- 
 gauge roads. 
 
 i6o8<2. End view. 
 
 1609. MODERN LOCOMOTIVE and tender. 
 
 1610. PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE.— Eight-wheel model. 
 
388 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 i6ii. TEN-WHEEL FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE.— Recent type. 
 
 1612. FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE.— Consolidation type. 
 
 i:,,}i(/i///>iirn77Tr, 
 
 ps 
 
 ^ 
 
 h 
 
 y^ 
 
 1613. CENTRE VALVE, for a gas house. A 
 four-part valve for a purifier. Arranged to cut out 
 any one of four purifier pans. 
 
 1 61 4. Plan showing position of valve. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 389 
 
 161 5. DISC VALVE, for large gas pipes. The 
 disc is revolved by a pinion meshed m a sector gear 
 on the disc. 
 
 1616. CENTRE GUIDE GAS HOLDER. 
 
 A, the holder. 
 b^ centre guide. 
 
 t7, tube sliding on centre guide. 
 
 B, tank. 
 
 1617. COUNTER-WEIGHTED GAS 
 HOLDER. 
 
 A, the holder. 
 
 B, the water seal. 
 
 C, the counter weights. 
 
 yyyyyyyyy^^^y^y-^^yyy^yA 
 
 1618. EXPANDING PIPE STOPPER. - A 
 rubber ring compressed between two flanges by a 
 bolt and thumb screw. 
 
 1619. LANTERN. BELLOWS DRY GAS 
 METER. — The two pair of bellow chambers, A, 
 A, are alternately filled with gas under the service 
 pressure, by which the movement of the central 
 diaphragm (to which are attached pivots that move 
 the arms of a rock shaft for each pair of bellows) 
 is made. From the top of the rock shaft an arm 
 revolves a spindle that operates the valve by sliding it over the dif- 
 ferent ports to the two pairs of bellows, and also revolves the gear 
 train of the dials. 
 
39° 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 on a set of dials 
 
 adapted to separate dial readings. 
 
 1620. WET GAS METER. — Gas enters 
 through the hollow axis of the four compartments 
 of the drum in a pipe, which turns up just above 
 the water level and fills each compartment suc= 
 cessively, and by its pressure causes the drum to 
 revolve in the direction of the arrow and registers 
 The motion is transmitted through a counter train 
 
 162 1. DRY GAS METER and regis- 
 tering train. Two vertical rock shafts, C, 
 D, are vibrated alternately by the bellows 
 B, through the connecting arm W. By 
 this movement the toggle arm pivoted to 
 the rock-shaft cranks is made to swing 
 the arm of the vertical screw-gear shaft, 
 and to set the dial train in motion. 
 
 1622. GAS PRESSURE REGULATOR, 
 " Powers " patent. The small annular recepticle 
 around the end of the inlet pipe E is partly filled 
 with mercury, over which the inverted cup valve 
 is suspended to a lever, the other end of which is 
 attached to a larger inverted cup sealed in an 
 annular trough of mercury. F is the outlet to the 
 lighting pipes. Any excess of pressure in the lighting system raises 
 the large float and, through the lever, closes the cup valve to regulate 
 the flow of gas from the service pipe. 
 
 1623. GAS PRESSURE REGULATOR. 
 
 — An elastic diaphragm is fastened between 
 dished discs and connected to a conical 
 valve disc by a light adjustable spindle. 
 The pressure for the burners is regulated by 
 ring weights at H, and the proper position 
 of the valve by the nuts on the long screw 
 at the top of the spindle. The screw cap 
 K may be placed on either inlet as con- 
 venient. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 391 
 
 1624. GAS PRESSURE REGU- 
 LATOR. — The gas flows in at the bot- 
 tom and out at the side. The inverted 
 float or basin is sealed in an annular 
 cavity by mercur}' and free to rise under 
 excessive pressure and partially to close 
 the valve in the inlet. 
 
 1625. FUEL GAS BURNER, for stoves. Made to push into 
 
 jyf^m^ a cook stove through 
 
 ^^''' '"'' the side door. The fuel 
 
 or natural gas enters 
 the Bunsen tube at the 
 right and is further 
 mixed with air under 
 the caps, which are also revolvmg dampers for shuting off the gas 
 from one or two of the three burners. 
 
 1626. GAS FURNACE.— The air 
 injector draws the gas into an annular 
 nozzle and mixes with it, forcing the 
 mixed gas and air through the tube to 
 the furnace. 
 
 1627. GAS-HEATED INCUBATOR. 
 -. A hot-water tank heated by a small 
 Bunsen burner or lamp. /^, <r, d, Circulat- 
 ing pipes ; /, regulating cock ; e, ex- 
 pansion cup. 
 
 1628. Thermostat regulator, g, Ther- 
 mostat, consisting of a corrugated metal 
 diaphragm between two cupped plates 
 
 and connected to the lever of the wick gear or gas cock with a spring 
 to balance the pressure of a volatile fluid on the opposite side of the 
 diaphragm, which may be ether, which boils at 1000 F. 
 
392 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1629. ACETYLENE GAS GENERATOR, " Troubetzkoy » 
 model. Has a water flow governed by the rise in the holder. J, Bal- 
 anced gas holder; G, 
 water seal tank ; B, B, 
 generators, two or four ; 
 A, small water tank ; a, 
 pipe to convey water to 
 generators ; b, govern- 
 ing valve, operated by 
 the rise and fall of the 
 gas holder. 
 
 1630. Section of gen- 
 erator. The water en- 
 ters the generators successively through the inverted siphon ; g, g, g^ 
 pans of carbide sealed by the cap A in the annular water tank. 
 
 1631. ACETYLENE GAS GEN- 
 ERATOR.— A gas holder and four 
 carbide holders. The holders are con- 
 nected to a vertical pipe at varying 
 heights, so that only one at a time is 
 fed with water. The water-flow is reg- 
 ulated by the rise and fall of the gas 
 holder. 
 
 1632. AUTOMATIC GASOLINE AND 
 MANTLE LAMP.— The gasoline flows 
 from the reservoir to the D-shaped vapor- 
 izer, regulated by a needle valve. The 
 vaporizer over the lamp chimney generates 
 a vapor pressure. The gas vapor is jetted 
 into the opposite tube, mixing with air and 
 producing an air vapor gas, which flows to 
 the mantle burner below. 
 
 1633. Mantle and chimney. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 393 
 
 1634. ACETYLENE GENER- 
 ATOR AND GAS HOLDER. 
 
 — The carbide is charged into the 
 small vessel suspended from the 
 cross pipe, with a stopcock above. 
 A connection for a second carbide 
 vessel is also seen. Water from 
 the holder runs through a jointed 
 pipe and drips into the sealed fun- 
 nel. The water nozzle is lifted by 
 the rise of the holder and stops the 
 flow of water. The small vessel 
 
 at the bottom is a sealed washer and drip catch. 
 
 1635. ACETYLENE BURNER, made of 
 lava. The burner holes are at an angle of 
 90° on inner face of the arms. The air-mix- 
 ing holes are on each side of the arms. Ger- 
 man. Gleason Manufacturing Company. 
 
 1636. ACETYLENE BURNER.— A double 
 flame burner at right angles. The small holes 
 in the sides of the tips allow air to enter and 
 mingle with the acetylene gas before it is 
 ignited, thus making a mixture of gas and air 
 that makes a clear flame and a safe burner. 
 
 [T-sn 
 
 Bf 
 
 1637. BAYONET JOINT.— The pin fixed in the part A 
 slips into the L-shaped slot of the piece B, and by turning is 
 locked. 
 
394 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1638. GUN LOCK.— I, lock plate; 
 2, hammer; 3, mainspring; 4, tum- 
 bler; 5, sear or trigger lever ; 6, seai 
 spring. 
 
 1639. COLT CYLINDER REVOLVING 
 DEVICE for firearms. a^ the pawl that 
 catches the circular ratchet b\ c^ 2. spring that 
 pushes the pav/1 into the teeth of the ratchet ; 
 D, the hammer butt to which is pinioned the 
 pawl and the spring K. 
 
 1640. MAGAZINE RIFLE, 
 " Lee - Metford " model. 
 Magazine in the barrel stock. 
 
 1641, 
 
 MARTINI-HENRY"' RIFLE.— 
 
 The breech block is pivoted 
 at the rear end and is thrown 
 up or down by the lever at 
 the rear of the trigger guard. 
 A spring plunger in the 
 breech block, let go by the 
 trigger, explodes the charge. 
 
 1642. CHASSEPOT GUN.— A needle gun. The cartridge 
 is inserted by hand ; the plunger runs forward and is locked by turn- 
 ing into a notch. Centre fire. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 395 
 
 1643. REMINGTON RIFLE.— A breech block, operated by a 
 
 handle, is pulled back to 
 allow the cartridge to be 
 {'\^ charged by hand, when the 
 
 ^ - breech and the block are 
 
 locked. The hammer strikes 
 a firing pin within the breech 
 block. 
 
 MAGAZINE 
 
 magazine is 
 
 REMINGTON " 
 GUN. — The 
 
 placed in the stock under the 
 barrel. The cartridge is lifted 
 by a pivoted carrier and 
 pushed forward by the breech 
 
 block. Central spring plunger hammer. 
 
 into the barrel. 
 
 HOTCHKISS" MAGAZINE 
 
 GUN. — The reserve cartridges 
 ^^ are carried in the gun stock 
 ^^^^ and f onvarded by a light spring. 
 The breech bolt draws back by 
 the handle, when the cartridge 
 is raised and pushed forward 
 Centre pin spring hammer. 
 
 LEBEL " RIFLE.— 
 
 Magazine under the 
 barrel in the extension 
 of the stock. A sliding 
 breech block and pis- 
 ton hammer. 
 
 1647 "MAUSER" RIFLE.— 
 Magazine in the 
 forestock. The slid- 
 ing breech block 
 encloses the firing 
 spring plunger and 
 raises the cartridge 
 lever A. 
 
396 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 
 
 1648. "WINCHESTER" MAGAZINE RIFLE.— 
 
 The breech lock slides 
 in line with the barrel 
 by a toggle link, oper- 
 ated by the breech le- 
 ver, which also operates 
 the cartridge lever, rais- 
 ing the cartridge to its 
 
 position for charging. Drawing back of the breech block carries the 
 
 hammer back to its firing position. 
 
 1649. DISAPPEARING GUN, 
 " Moncrief " model. The cycloidal 
 curved rack arm E is counter- 
 weighted, which balances the re- 
 coil of the gun by its increased 
 leverage. The small connecting 
 rod, rack, and pinion adjust the 
 gun's alignment. 
 
 1649a. RAILWAY 
 WATER LIFT. — A 
 long water trough be- 
 tween the tracks. A 
 movable spout in the ten- 
 der is dropped into the 
 ^ water trough at an angle 
 to scoop up the water 
 and propel it into the 
 tank by the speed of the 
 train. 
 
I NDEX. 
 
 Accumulator, hydraulic 153 
 
 Acetylene burners 393 
 
 Acetylene generators 892, 393 
 
 Air blast for moving coal 312 
 
 Air brake 178 
 
 Air compressing cylinders 174 
 
 Air compressor governor 175 
 
 Air compressors 170-174 
 
 Air cooling tower 116 
 
 Air dump, automatic 312 
 
 Air lift, compound Pohle. . 187 
 
 Air power appliances 165-185 
 
 Air pump 115, 175, 176 
 
 Airship * 226 
 
 Alternating current transformer. . . . 204 
 
 Amperemeter 203 
 
 Anchor bolt 361 
 
 Anchor ferry 151 
 
 Anchor screw 213 
 
 Anemometer 56 
 
 Aneroid barometer 165 
 
 Angular couplings 276-278, 317-319 
 
 Arastras, ore mill 305 
 
 Aspirator, vacuum 162 
 
 Atomizer, gasoline 128, 129, 161 
 
 Auger, sand 160 
 
 Automatic air dump 312 
 
 Automatic flush tank 161 
 
 Automobile boiler 101 
 
 Automobile hoi'n 228 
 
 Axles, free-running 311 
 
 Ball bearings 314, 315, 383 
 
 Ball .ioints .157, 158, 337 
 
 Ball nozzle 161 
 
 Barometer, aneroid 165 
 
 Barometer, self-registering 369 
 
 Bearing, step 315-317 
 
 Bearing thrust 217 
 
 Bell,' bicycle signal 251 
 
 Bellows 168 
 
 Belt holder 324 
 
 Belt lacing 32, 33 
 
 Belt shipper 55 
 
 Belt transmission 34-37 
 
 Belt twist 33, 34 
 
 Belting 32-37 
 
 Belts, cone 34, 35 
 
 Bicycle gear 223-225 
 
 Bicycle lamps 225 
 
 Bicycle signal bell 251 
 
 Bicycles, ice 223 
 
 Blacksmith's helper 330 
 
 Blowers, fan 168, 299, 300 
 
 Blowers, rotary 169 
 
 Blowpipes, gasoline and air... 184, 185 
 
 Boat-landing steps 213 
 
 Bobbin winders 344, 345 
 
 Boiler, automobile 101 
 
 Boiler cleaner •. Ill 
 
 Boiler feed water heater Ill 
 
 Boiler, the Sterling ^ 102 
 
 Boiler, the Worthington water-tube. 102 
 
 Boiler tube expanders 326 
 
 Boilers 57-63 
 
 Bolt, expansion or anchor 361 
 
 Box kite 165 
 
 Brake, Prony 47 
 
 Brake straps 301 
 
 Brakes, railway 383, 384, 386 
 
 Breakers, coal and rock 304 
 
 Bridge, concrete 361 
 
 Bridge, Melan 300 
 
 Bridge, rolling lift 361 
 
 Bridge, steel concrete 360 
 
 Bridge, suspension 359, 300 
 
 Bridge trusses 356-359 
 
 Buckets and skip 302 
 
 Bucket dredge 309 
 
 Buoy, floating light 213 
 
 Burner, petroleum 66-100 
 
 By-pass, cock or valve 335 
 
 C 
 
 Cable grips 385, 386 
 
 Cable hoists 354 
 
 Calipers 336 
 
 Caloric engine 130 
 
 Cam motion 259, 260, 267-271 
 
 Cantilever 355, 359 
 
 Capstan windlass 29 
 
 Car, sweeping 386 
 
 Car trucks 384, 385 
 
 Carburetter 124 
 
 Carriages, horseless 220-223 
 
 Cars, dumping 304, 352, 353 
 
 Carving machine 377 
 
 Centrifugal pump, four-stage 164 
 
 Centrifugal separator 333 
 
 Chain stop 212 
 
 Changeable motion gear. 251 
 
398 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cbinese start derrick 25 
 
 Chinese wheel 22 
 
 Chinese windlass 25 
 
 Chuck, universal 327 
 
 Clamp, wood-bending 325 
 
 Clamps 325 
 
 Clock escapements 283-288 
 
 Clock pendulum, electro-magnetic. . 295 
 
 Cloth dresser 345 
 
 Clutches, friction 320-323 
 
 Coal crushers 304 
 
 Coal cutters 299 
 
 Coal-cutting machines 299 
 
 Coal-loading towers 301 
 
 Coil, jump spark 129 
 
 Collapsing taps and dies 326, 327 
 
 Compensating pendulums 283-294 
 
 Compound Pohle air lift 187 
 
 Compressed air 170-185 
 
 Compressed air hammers 181 
 
 Compressed air tools 182-184 
 
 Compressors 170-176 
 
 Concrete bridge 360-361 
 
 Concrete mixer 349 
 
 Condenser ejector 109, 110 
 
 Condenser vacuum jet 145 
 
 Cone pulleys 34, 35 
 
 Conical roller thrust bearing 347 
 
 Connecting rods and ends 125-127 
 
 Construction 349-360 
 
 Conveyers 302, 303, 354 
 
 Cooling device 163 
 
 Cotton gin 346 
 
 Cotton press 343 
 
 Counters 53, 54 
 
 Couplings, angle 317-319 
 
 Cranes 378-380 
 
 Cranes, traveling 338, 339, 354 
 
 Crank equalizing angle 175, 176 
 
 Crank motions 267, 268 
 
 Crank pin lubrication 90 
 
 Crank trammel 89 
 
 Crank transmission 40 
 
 Cross-head, slotted 89 
 
 Crossing gate, railroad 226 
 
 Crude petroleum burner 100 
 
 Curious padlock 282 
 
 Current meter 164 
 
 Curve delineators 364-368 
 
 D 
 
 Derrick, traveling 346 
 
 Derricks 353, 354 
 
 Details of the St. John's steam me- 
 ter 55 
 
 Diamond drills 297, 298 
 
 Differential gear 222 
 
 Disintegrator 310 
 
 Dotting instrument 370 
 
 Draughting devices 363-367 
 
 Drawing board, reflecting 369 
 
 Dredge buckets 309 
 
 Dredges 309, 310 
 
 Drills, multiple 329, 330 
 
 Drills, portable 329, 336 
 
 Drills, rock 297, 298 
 
 Drop hammer 331 
 
 Dry-docks 214 
 
 Dumping cars 304, 352, 353 
 
 Dynamometers 47-49 
 
 Dynamos 189-192 
 
 B 
 
 Eccentrics 78, 219 
 
 Edwards air pump 115 
 
 Eidograph 368 
 
 Ejectors 148, 350 
 
 Electric balance wheel clock 294 
 
 Electric brake 194, 201 
 
 Electric carriages 221, 222 
 
 Electric cut-out 193 
 
 Electric drill 200 
 
 Electric-driven fan 202 
 
 Electric escapement 203 
 
 Electric fans 202 
 
 Electric fan, solenoid 204 
 
 Electric furnaces 199 
 
 Electric gas lighter 196, 197 
 
 Electric generators 189-192 
 
 Electric heater .- 198 
 
 Electric igniters 195 
 
 Electric ignition plug 129 
 
 Electric light 197, 198 
 
 Electric machine 195 
 
 Electric pen 201 
 
 Electric power and construction. 189-202 
 
 Electric rheostat 193 
 
 Electric I'ock drill 201 
 
 Electric telephone 196 
 
 Electric thermostat 195 
 
 Electric time clock transmission . . . 295 
 
 Electric tricycle 223 
 
 Electric troJley cars 193, 194 
 
 p]lectric winding device 296 
 
 Electric welding 200 
 
 Electro-magnetic clock pendulum . . . 295 
 Electro-magnetic ratchet driver. . . . 204 
 
 Elevators 301, 302, 338, 377-379 
 
 Elevator, pneumatic grain 252 
 
 Ellipsographic turntable 367 
 
 Ellipsographs 365, 366, 367-370 
 
 Elliptical crank motion 273, 275 
 
 Emergency brake, pneumatic 203 
 
 Engines, gas 117, 120 
 
 Engine, hydraulic irrigation 163 
 
 Engine piston rotary 94, 95 
 
INDEX. 
 
 399 
 
 Engine, rotary 90-100 
 
 Engine, steaiii 67-100 
 
 Engine, turbine 99, 100 
 
 Engine, vibrating 96-98 
 
 Equalizing thrust 45 
 
 Equated sun dial 293 
 
 Escapement, electric. . 203 
 
 Escapement, power 271 
 
 Escapements 284, 291 
 
 Exhaust condenser 108, 109 
 
 Exhaust heads 114 
 
 Expansion or anchor holt 361 
 
 Explosive motors, valve gear for.. 128 
 
 F 
 
 Fans 300 
 
 Fan, electric-driven 202 
 
 Feed gear 334 
 
 Feeding pulverized or dust fuel to 
 
 furnaces 101 
 
 Ferguson's paradox 250 
 
 Ferris wheel 280 
 
 Filtering cisterns 155 
 
 Filters Ill, 154-157 
 
 Firearms 394-396 
 
 Fire extinguishers 179, 180 
 
 Flexible coupling 192 
 
 Flexible metallic hose 116 
 
 Flexible metallic tubing 116 
 
 Flexible pipe joints 157, 158 
 
 Flexible tube 373 
 
 Flying machine 252 
 
 Fountain, Hero 1 62 
 
 Four-cylinder gasoline motor 130 
 
 Four-speed change gear 280 
 
 Four-stage centrifugal pump 164 
 
 Free-running axles 311 
 
 Friction brake 383, 384 
 
 Friction clutches 320-323 
 
 Friction gear 37-39 
 
 Friction machine 49 
 
 Furnaces, electric 199 
 
 Furnace, gas crucible 188 
 
 Furnace, underfed 65, 375 
 
 G 
 
 Gambrel joint linkage 45 
 
 Garbage furnace 311 
 
 Gas engine carburetter 124 
 
 Gas engine lubricators 125 
 
 Gas engine motor car 121 
 
 Gas engine piston rods 125 
 
 Gas engine valve gear 121-124 
 
 Gas engines r 117-120, 221 
 
 Gas furnace and burner 391 
 
 Gas holders 389 
 
 Gas meters 389, 390 
 
 Gas regulators 390, 391 
 
 Gas valves 388, 389 
 
 Gasoline atomizer 128, 129 
 
 Gasoline mantle lamp 392 
 
 Gasoline motor 130-221 
 
 Gasoline motor carriage 221 
 
 Gate, railroad crossing 220 
 
 Gates ore crusher 310 
 
 Gauge, pressure 50, 51 
 
 Gauge, wind 187 
 
 Gear, changeable motion 251 
 
 Gearing, 40-43, 229-250 
 
 Gearing, ball . 238 
 
 Gearing, bevel 42 
 
 Gearing, change motion 245 
 
 Gearing, crown 42 
 
 Gearing, differential 238-241, 246 
 
 Gearing, eccentric 248, 249 
 
 Gearing, elastic 41 
 
 Gearing, elliptic 43 
 
 Gearing, epicyclic 247, 249 
 
 Gearing, equalizing 246 
 
 Gearing, feed 334 
 
 Gearing, Ferguson's paradox 250 
 
 Gearing, friction 37, 39 
 
 Gearing, Humpage 239 
 
 Gearing, intermittent 243, 244 
 
 Gearing, internal spur 42 
 
 Gearing, mangle 232, 233 
 
 Gearing, mutilated 43 
 
 Gearing, oblique 43 
 
 Gearing, oblique tooth 41 
 
 Gearing, planetary motion 248-250 
 
 Gearing, rack 229-232, 278 
 
 Gearing, release 235 
 
 Gearing, reversing 334 
 
 Gearing, skew 43 
 
 Gearing, spiral 42, 238 
 
 Gearing, split 41 
 
 Gearing, star wheel 41 
 
 Gearing, step 40 
 
 Gearing, stop 242, 243 
 
 Gearing, trains 43, 334 
 
 Gearing, variable motion.. 236, 237, 242 
 
 Gearing, V-tooth 41 
 
 Gearing, worm 233, 235 
 
 Giant, hydraulic 306 
 
 Gold-mining machines 306 
 
 Governors 83-88 
 
 Governor, air compressor 175 
 
 Governor, fly-wheel 88, 89 
 
 Governor, marine 217 
 
 Grates, shaking 63, 64 
 
 Grinding machines 342, 343, 353 
 
 Guns 394, 396 
 
 Gyroscope 278 
 
400 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 H 
 
 Hammel crude oil burner 100 
 
 Hammers 181, 330, 331 
 
 Hammers, helve 330, 331 
 
 Hand power rock drill 311 
 
 Hangers, shaft 313, 314 
 
 Hay press 377 
 
 Heaters, electric 198 
 
 Heaters, feed- water Ill 
 
 Head, hydraulic sprinkler 163 
 
 Heddle cam 280 
 
 Helping crank over center 46 
 
 Hitches and knots .210-212 
 
 Hoist, link chain 251 
 
 Hoists 300, 301, 339 
 
 Hook, releasing 212 
 
 Horn, automobile 228 
 
 Horological .282-293 
 
 Horseless carriages 220-223 
 
 Horse-powers 371, 372 
 
 Hose, flexible metallic 116 
 
 Hydraulic air compressors 170-172 
 
 Hydraulic intensifler 153 
 
 Hydraulic jack 383 
 
 Hydraulic lifts and elevators. . .154, 162 
 Hydraulic power and devices. . . .131-162 
 
 Hydraulic presses 152, 153 
 
 Hydraulic ram 149, 150 
 
 Hydraulic tools 153 
 
 Hydraulic transmission 147 
 
 Hydraulic irrigation engine . 163 
 
 Hydraulic pile driver 362 
 
 Hydraulic sprinkler head 163 
 
 Hydro-extractor 279 
 
 Iceboat 210 
 
 Idler pulleys 35, 37 
 
 Ignition plug, electric 129 
 
 Inclined plane 21, 28 
 
 Indicators, speed 52 
 
 Incubator » 391 
 
 Injectors 103-108 
 
 Intermittent rotary motion, 
 
 254-257, 263, 264 
 
 Intermittent transmission 46 
 
 Irrigation engine, hy'draulic 163 
 
 Jacks 383 
 
 Jet nozzle 161, 162 
 
 Joints, expansion 113 
 
 Joints, flexible 113 
 
 Jump spark coil 129 
 
 K 
 
 Kite, box 165 
 
 Knitting machines 345, 346 
 
 Knots and hitches 210-212 
 
 Lamp, safety 300 
 
 Level, road builder's 218 
 
 Lever action 27 
 
 Lever and its oflSce 28 
 
 Lever and its power 19, 20 
 
 Lever and ratchet . . .* 27 
 
 Lever, compound 20 
 
 Lever movement 27 
 
 Lever, paradox 19 
 
 Lever, revolving 21 
 
 Lever, rope twist 25 
 
 Lever safety trip 26 
 
 Lever sector 27 
 
 Lewis wedge 353 
 
 Lift bridge 361 
 
 Lighthouse, floating 213 
 
 Lightning arrester, non-arcing 202 
 
 Link chain hoist 251 
 
 Links, connecting 127 
 
 Link transmission 44 
 
 Locomotive cylinders 102 
 
 Locomotive types 387, 388 
 
 Log-sawing machine 362 
 
 Looms, take-up and let-off motion . . 348 
 Lubricators 125, 335 
 
 M 
 
 Magnetic ore separators 307, 308 
 
 Machine, log-sawing 362 
 
 Machine, spool-winding 347 
 
 Machine, street-cleaning. 228 
 
 Measurement of powers 47-54 
 
 Measurer, tire 54 
 
 Mechanical flyer 188 
 
 Mechanical powers 17-26 
 
 Mechanical stokers 64-66, 101 
 
 Melan bridge . 360 
 
 Meters, water 50, 151, 160 
 
 Milk-cooling device 163 
 
 Mill and factory appliances 346 
 
 Mills, grinding 342-344 
 
 Mills, mixing 349, 377 
 
 Mills, pug 349 
 
 Mining appliances .297-310 
 
 Miscellaneous devices 370-396 
 
 Modern cotton gin 346 
 
 Motion and its devices 279 
 
 Motion cam 259, 260, 268-274 
 
 Motion elliptical crank 273, 275 
 
INDEX. 
 
 401 
 
 Motion ratchet circular 234-258 
 
 Motion reciprocating 259-261 
 
 Motion retilinear 277 
 
 Motion stops 258, 259 
 
 Motive power 117-127 
 
 Motors cars 121 
 
 Motor, four-cylinder gasoline 130 
 
 Motor, weight 25 
 
 Multiple drilling machines 329, 330 
 
 Multiple-speed gear 251 
 
 N 
 
 Navigation and roads 205-225 
 
 Non-arcing lightning arrester 202 
 
 Novel steering gear 227 
 
 O 
 
 Oarlock, swinging 213 
 
 Odontograph 368 
 
 Oil burner, the Hammel crude 100 
 
 Oil-burning melting furnace 188 
 
 Omni-telemeter 368 
 
 Ore crusher, gates model 310 
 
 Ore mills 305 
 
 Ore roaster 308 
 
 Ore separators 307, 308 
 
 Paddle wheels, feathering 214 
 
 Padlock, curious 282 
 
 Pantographs 366 
 
 Parallel plyers 44 
 
 Paradox, Ferguson's 250 
 
 Paradox, lever 19 
 
 Parallel motion 51, 79-82, 143 
 
 Pendulum, compensating 294 
 
 Pendulum, electro-magnetic clock.. 295 
 
 Pendulums 283 
 
 Petroleum burner 66 
 
 Petroleum furnace 100 
 
 Pile driving 351, 352 
 
 Pile driver, hydraulic oo2 
 
 Pipe joints 157, 1 58 
 
 Planimeter 51 
 
 Planer 343 
 
 Pneumatic cleaning 179 
 
 Pneumatic emergency brake 203 
 
 Pneumatic grain elevator 252 
 
 Pneumatic locomotive 178 
 
 Pneumatic paint sprayer 179 
 
 Pneumatic railway signal 227 
 
 Pneumatic tools 180-184 
 
 Positive shuttle motion 282 
 
 Power from wave motion 281 
 
 Power measurement 47-54 
 
 Prairie windmill 188 
 
 Press, coal dust 0U6 
 
 Pi'esses 325, 328, 343, 344, 377 
 
 Pressure gauges 50, 51 
 
 Pressure reducing valves.. 110, 151, 152 
 
 Printing machine 381, 382 
 
 Prony brake 47 
 
 Propellers 215, 216 
 
 Pulley, reversing 280 
 
 Pulleys as levers 21 
 
 Pulleys, friction 37-39 
 
 Pulleys, grooved . . . ." 30 
 
 Pulleys, speed 36, 37 
 
 Pulsometer steam pump il5 
 
 Pump, centrifugal 144 
 
 Pump, condenser T 1 09 
 
 Pump, connections 140 
 
 Pump, four-stage centrifugal 104 
 
 Pump, rotary 144-147 
 
 Pump, screw 144 
 
 Pump, steam 108, 139, 140 
 
 Pump valve gear 108, 109 
 
 Pump, valves 158, 159 
 
 Pumping engine 139 
 
 Pumps, lift and force 140-143 
 
 Punching presses 332 
 
 R 
 
 Railroad crossing gate 226 
 
 Railroad gate 226 
 
 Railway pneumatic signal 227 
 
 Railway water lift 396 
 
 Ram, hydraulic 149, 150 
 
 Ratchet and lever 27 
 
 Ratchet bars 258 
 
 Ratchet, circular motions 254-258 
 
 Ratchet driver, electro-magnetic. . . . 204 
 
 Ratchets 253-258, 382 
 
 Reciprocating motion .259-263, 265, 266 
 
 Recording watt-hour meter 203 
 
 Reducing valves 110, 151 
 
 Reflecting drawing board 369 
 
 Registering dynamometer 46 
 
 Resolution of forces 17-19 
 
 Resolution of suspension 17, 18 
 
 Resolution of thrust 18, 19 
 
 Reverse motion, drive 46 
 
 Reversing pulley 280 
 
 Reversing lever 44 
 
 Rifles 394-390 
 
 Right-angle shaft transmission .... 348 
 
 Rivetting machines 332 
 
 Road-builders' level 218 
 
 Road machine 219 
 
 Road roller, eccentric 219 
 
 Road rollers 21 9 
 
 Rock drill, hand power 311 
 
402 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Rock drill valve motion 298, 299 
 
 Rolling lift bridge 361 
 
 Rolls, tube 340-342 
 
 Roof trusses 356 
 
 Rope drive for mine haulage 312 
 
 Rope ends, hook and clip . 26 
 
 Rope transmission 29-31 
 
 Rumbling mill 333 
 
 S 
 
 Safety catch 258, 259 
 
 Safety lamp ' 300 
 
 Safety valves 66, 67 
 
 Sails and vessels 205-210 
 
 Sand box 384 
 
 Sand ejector 350 
 
 Saws, band 328 
 
 Saws, rail 383 
 
 Saws, wabble ■ 327 
 
 Scales, weighing and measuring. . .52-53 
 
 Screw power 22 
 
 Screw movement 335 
 
 Screw propellers 215, 216 
 
 Screw threads 337, 338, 373 
 
 Section liners 368 
 
 Self-registerin? barometers 369 
 
 Self-registering tide gauge 227 
 
 Separator 333 
 
 Sewing machines 380, 381 
 
 Sewing machine hook 282 
 
 Shaft ball bearings 314, 315 
 
 Shaft couplings 277, 278, 317-319 
 
 Shaft hangers 313, 314 
 
 Shaft transmission, right-angle 348 
 
 Shears 327, 328 
 
 Sheep shears 372 
 
 Ship's steering gear 227 
 
 Shuttle motion, positive 282 
 
 Signal, railway pneumatic 227 
 
 Siphons 147, 148 
 
 Slip hooks 351 
 
 Solenoid electric fan 204 
 
 Sounding balls 217, 218 
 
 Spanish windlass 26 
 
 Speed-changing pulley 45 
 
 Speed indicator 52 
 
 Speed pulleys 36, 37 
 
 Spiral motion 268 
 
 Spirograph 370 
 
 Spool-winding machine 347 
 
 Spring motor 381 
 
 Springs 279 
 
 Spring trace 220 
 
 Spring wheel 228 
 
 Sprinkler, automatic 149 
 
 Sprinkler head, hydraulic 163 
 
 Sprocket and chain 40 
 
 Stake puller 127 
 
 Stamp mills 305, 330 
 
 Static force 17 
 
 Steam air compressors 171, 174 
 
 Steam appliances 103-114 
 
 Steam fire engine 221 
 
 Steam pumps 108, 139, 140 
 
 Steam pump, the pulsometer 115 
 
 Steam power 57-100 
 
 Steam separators Ill 
 
 Steam soot sucker 115 
 
 Steam traps 112, 113 
 
 Steam tricycle 220 
 
 Steam universal joint 335 
 
 Steam vulcanizer 347, 348 
 
 Steam engines 67-100 
 
 Steam link motion 74-78 
 
 Steam engines, piston rotary. . . .94, 95 
 
 Steam rotary 90-100 
 
 Steam turbine 99, 100 
 
 Steam valve gear 71-78 
 
 Steam vibrating 96-98 
 
 Steel-arched concrete bridge 360 
 
 Steering gear 29 
 
 Steering gear for ship 227 
 
 Steering gear, novel 227 
 
 Step bearings 315 
 
 Step gear . . . 40 
 
 Sterling boiler 102 
 
 St. John's steam meter 55 
 
 Stirring machines 349, 377 
 
 Stokers, mechanical 64-66 
 
 Stop motion 258, 259 
 
 Street-cleaning machine 228 
 
 Straight line linkage 28 
 
 Stump puller 350 
 
 Submarine lamp 218 
 
 Sun and planet motion 248 
 
 Sun dial 373 
 
 Sun dial equated 283 
 
 Sun dial, universal . 296 
 
 Swing treadle 332 
 
 T 
 
 Tackle blocks 22-25, 340, 341 
 
 Take-up and let-off motion for looms 348 
 
 Tension carriage 31 
 
 Tension machine 50 
 
 Testing cement 350 
 
 Three-horse whiflaetrees 56 
 
 The Roney mechanical stoker 101 
 
 Thrust bearing 217 
 
 Tide gauge, self-registering 227 
 
 Timber splicing 335, 356 
 
 Tire shrinker 331, 332 
 
 Tongs, grip 351, 352 
 
 Tool, centering 335 
 
 Towers, unloading 301 
 
 Tracing bar 369 
 
INDEX. 
 
 403 
 
 Trace springs 220 
 
 Tramways 803, 339 
 
 Transformer, alternating current. . 204 
 
 Transmission by bell crank 45 
 
 Transmission, circular motion 44 
 
 Transmission, reciprocating 44 
 
 Trap, return 112 
 
 Trap, steam 112, 113 
 
 Traveling derrick 346 
 
 Treadles • 332 
 
 Tread mills 371 
 
 Tricycles 222, 223 
 
 Trip hammers 330, 331 
 
 Trip hooks 351 
 
 Trucks, car 384, 385 
 
 Trusses 356-359 
 
 Tube rolling 341, 342 
 
 Tubing, flexible metallic 116 
 
 Turbines 135-137 
 
 Turntables 386, 387 
 
 Two-revolutions for one stroke.... 45 
 Typewriting 302 
 
 U 
 
 Universal couplings 318, 319 
 
 Universal joints 277-335 
 
 Universal sun dial 296 
 
 Upsetting tires 331, 332 
 
 Vacuum pump 162 
 
 ' Valves, check 114 
 
 ' Valves, double beat 158, 159 
 
 Valves, gas 388, 389 
 
 Valve gear for explosive motors. . . . 128 
 
 Valves, globe 114 
 
 Valves, reducing 310 
 
 Valves, relief 114 
 
 Valve gear, gas engine 121-124 
 
 Valve gear, steam engine 71-78 
 
 Variable crank throw 275, 276 
 
 Variable speed devices 323, 324 
 
 Vauclain's compound locomotive 
 
 cylinders 102 
 
 Velocity registers 151 
 
 Ventilators 185, 299, 300 
 
 Ventilator or cowl for a chimney 
 
 top 187 
 
 Vernier calipers 336 
 
 Vessels, raising, by compressed air. . 177 
 
 W 
 
 Watch escapements 289-292 
 
 Watch stops 292 
 
 Water lift, compressed air 177 
 
 Water lift, railway 396 
 
 Water ejectors 148 
 
 Water meters 150, 151 
 
 Water power 138, 139 
 
 Water pressure reducers 151, 152 
 
 Water-tube boiler, the Worthington 102 
 
 Water-wheels 131-135 
 
 Water-wheel governors 137, 138 
 
 Water-wheel impact 138 
 
 Wave motion, power from 281 
 
 Wedge 22 
 
 Weight motor 25 
 
 Well boring 297 
 
 Well, driven 160 
 
 Well pump, compressed air . . . .176, 177 
 
 Wheels, elastic 221 
 
 Wind gauge 187 
 
 Wind instruments 186 
 
 Windmills 165-167 
 
 Windmill, the prairie 188 
 
 Windlass, Spanish 26 
 
 Wire drawing and covering 376 
 
 Wood-bending clamps 325 
 
 Worm gear 22-43 
 
 Worthington water-tube boiler 102 
 
THE PEERLESS 
 
 Piston and Valve 
 Rod Packing 
 
 It will hold 400 pounds of steam. 
 
 Will run twelve months in high-speed 
 engines. 
 
 In boxes 3 to 8 pounds. 
 
 1-4 to 2 inches diameter. 
 
 Made in three different shapes: Straight, 
 Spiral and Square Spiral. 
 
 SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
 
 Celebrated "Rainbow Packing," " Eclipse Sectional 
 
 Rainbow Gasket," '* Hercules Combination," 
 
 *' Honest John," " Success," '* Arctic " 
 
 and " Germane " Packings 
 
 Manufacturers of a full and complete line of supe- 
 rior Rubber Goods, including Gas Bags, Belting, Fire 
 Buckets, Diaphragms, Disks for Valves, Rubber Gaskets, 
 Air, Steam, Hydrant, Garden and Suction Hose, 
 Landing Pads, Mats and Matting, Nipple Caps, Pack- 
 ing, Pails, Pump Valves, Gauge Glass Rings, Springs, 
 Tubing, etc. 
 
 Copyrighted axd Manufactured Exxlusivelv bv 
 
 PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. 
 
 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK 
 
 FOR SALE BY ALL FIRST-CLASS DEALERS 
 
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 follows a section devoted to examples of wood patterns of different types, and one upon 
 metal patterns. There is then a section uoon pattern-shop mathematics and one upon 
 cost, care, and invention. It is indispensable to every patternmaker. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 BAUER. Marine Engines and Boilers : Their Design and Construction 
 
 A large practical work of 722 pages, 550 illustrations, and 17 folding plates for the 
 use of students, engineers, and naval constri-'ctors. 
 
 Clearly written, thoroughly systematic, theoretically sound; while the character of 
 its plans, drawings, tables, and statistics is without reproach. The illustrations are care- 
 ful reproductions from actual working drawings, with some well-executed photographic 
 views of completed engines and boilers. $9.00 net. 
 
 BENJAMIN. Modern Mechanism 
 
 A large octavo volume of 959 pages and containing over 1,000 illustrations dealing 
 solely with the principal and most useful advances of the past few years. Issued under a 
 title which exactly describes its contents — "Modern Mechanism." The most eminent 
 experts have contributed to this volume, and the benefits to be derived from the result of 
 their researches and scientific accomplishments are of incalculable value to the man seek- 
 ing the highest and most advanced practice in AppHed Mechanics. Bound m hall moroc- 
 co. $5-oo. 
 
 BLACKALL. Air-Brake Catechism 
 
 This book is a complete study of the air-brake equipment, including the latest devices 
 and inventions used. All parts of the air brake, their troubles and peculiarities, and a 
 practical way to find and remedy them, are explained. This book contains over 1,500 
 questions with their answers, and is completely illustrated by engravings and two large 
 Westinghouse air-brake educational charts, printed in colors. 312 pages. Handsomely- 
 bound in cloth. 20th edition, revised and enlarged. $2.00. 
 
Publications of The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. 
 
 BLACKALL. New York Air-Brake Catechism 
 
 This is a complete treatise on the New York Air-Brake and Air-Signalhng Apparatus 
 giving a detailed description of all the parts, their operation, troubles, and the methods of 
 locating and remedying the same. It includes and fully describes and illustrates the plain 
 triple valve, quick-action triple valve, duplex pumps, pump governor, brake valves, re- 
 taining valves, freight equipment, signal valve, signal reducing valve, and car discharge 
 valve. 200 pages, fully illustrated. $1.00. 
 
 BOOTH AND KERSHAW. Smoke Prevention and Fuel Economy 
 
 As the title indicates, this book of 197 pages and 75 illustrations deals with the problem 
 of complete combustion, which it treats from the chemical and mechanical standpoints, 
 besides pointing out the economical and humanitarian aspects of the question. $2.50. 
 
 BOOTH. Steam Pipes : Their Design and Construction 
 
 A treatise on the principles of steam conveyance and means and materials employed in 
 practice, to secure economy, efficiency, and safety. A book of 187 pages which should be 
 in the possession of every engineer and contractor. $2.00. 
 
 BUCHETTI. Engine Tests and Boiler Efficiencies 
 
 This work fully describes and illustrates the method of testing the power of steam 
 engines, turbine and explosive motors. The properties of steam and the evaporative 
 power of fuels. Combustion of fuel and chimney draft; with formulas explained or practi- 
 cally computed. 255 pages; 179 illustrations. $3.00. 
 
 BYRON. Physics and Chemistry of Mining 
 
 For the use of all preparing for examinations in Mining or qualifying for Colliery 
 Managers' Certificates. $2.00. 
 
 COCKIN. Practical Coal Mining 
 
 An important work, containing 428 pages and 213 illustrations, complete with practi- 
 cal details, which will intuitively impart to the reader, not only a general knowledge of 
 the principles of coal mining, but also considerable insight into allied subjects, including 
 chemistry, mechanics, steam and steam engines, and electricity. In elucidating the vari- 
 ous divisions incorporated in this excellent work, the author has started at the task from 
 the very inception, and has ignored all obsolete methods, excepting where they illustrate 
 fixed principles or are in touch with the march of modern improvements. The treatise 
 is positively up to date in every instance, and should be in the hands of every colliery 
 engineer, geologist, mine operator, superintendent, foreman, and all others who are inter- 
 ested in or connected with the industry. $2.50. 
 
 FOWLER. Locomotive Breakdowns and Their Remedies 
 
 This work treats in full all kinds of accidents that are likely to happen to locomotive 
 engines while on the road. The various parts of the locomotives are discussed, and eyery 
 accident that can possibly happen, with the remedy to be applied, is given. The various 
 types of compound locomotives are included, so that every engineer may post himself m 
 regard to emergency work in connection with this class of engine. 
 
 For the railroad man, who is anxious to know what to do and how to do it under all 
 the various circumstances that may arise in the performance of his duties, this book will 
 be an invaluable assistant and guide. 250 pages, fully illustrated. $1.50. 
 
 FOWLER. Boiler Room Chart 
 
 An educational chart showing in isometric perspective the mechanisms belonging in 
 a modern boiler-room. The equipment consists of water-tube boilers, ordinary grates 
 and mechanical stokers, feed-water heaters and pumps. The various parts of the appli- 
 ances are shown broken or removed, so that the internal construction is fully illustrated. 
 Each part is given a reference number, and these, with the corresponding name, are given 
 in a glossary printed at the sides. The chart, therefore, serves as a dictionary ot the boiler- 
 room, the names of more than two hundred parts being given on the list. 25 cents. 
 
 GRIMSHAW. Saw Filing and Management of Saws 
 
 A practical handbook on filing, gumming, swaging, hammering, and the brazing of 
 band saws, the speed, work, and power to run circular saws, etc., etc. ■ Fully illustrated. 
 Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 GRIMSHAW. "Shop Kinks" 
 
 This book is entirely different from any other on machine-shop practice. It is not 
 descriptive of universal or common shop usage, but shows special ways of doing work better, 
 more cheaply, and more rapidly than usual, as done in fifty or more leading shops i" J^H* 
 rope and America. Some of its over soo items and 222 illustrations are contributed di- 
 rectly for its pages by eminent constructors ; the rest has been gathered by the author in 
 his thirty years' travel and experience. Fourth edition. Nearly 400 pages. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
 GRIMSHAW. Engine Runner's Catechism 
 
 Tells how to erect, adjust, and run the principal steam engines in the United States 
 Describes the principal features of various soecial and well-known makes ot engines, bixtn 
 edition. 336 pages. Fully illustrated. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
Publications of The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. 
 
 GRIMSHAW. Steam Engine Catechism 
 
 A series of direct practical answers to direct practical questions, mainly intended for 
 young engineers and for examination questions. Nearly i,ooo questions with their an- 
 swers. Fourteenth edition. 413 pages. Fully illustrated. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 GRIMSHAW. Locomotive Catechism 
 
 This is a veritable encyclopaedia of the locomotive, is entirely free from mathematics, 
 and thoroughly up to date. It contains 1,600 questions with their answers. Twenty- 
 fourth edition, greatly enlarged. Nearly 450 pages, over 200 illustrations, and 12 large 
 folding plates. Cloth, $2.00. 
 
 HARRISON. Electric Wiring, Diagrams and Switchboards 
 
 A thorough treatise covering the subject in all its branches. Practical every-day 
 problems in wiring are presented and the method of obtaining intelligent results clearly 
 shown. 270 pages, 105 illustrations. $1.50. 
 
 Henley's Twentieth Century Book of Receipts, Formulas and Processes 
 
 Edited by G. D. Hiscox. A complete work giving ten thousand formulas which will 
 be of value to the housewife, the painter, the carpenter, the metal worker, the farmer, the 
 soap and candle maker, the photographer, the jeweller, the watchmaker, the electroplater, 
 the electrotyper, the tanner, the mechanic, the engineer, and the manufacturer. 900 
 pages. $3.00. 
 
 Henley's Encyclopedia of Practical Engineering and Allied Trades 
 
 Edited by Joseph G. Horner. The scope of this work is indicated by its title, as 
 being both practical and encyclopaedic in character. All the great sections of engineering 
 practice and enterprise receive sound and concise treatment. 
 
 Complete in five volumes. Each volume contains 500 pages and 500 illustrations. 
 Bound in half morocco. Price, $6.00 per volume, or $25.00 for the complete set of five 
 volumes. 
 
 HISCOX. Gas, Gasoline, and Oil Engines 
 
 Every user of a gas engine needs this book. Simple, instructive, and right up to date. 
 The only complete work on this important subject. Tells all about the running and man- 
 agement of gas engines. Full of general information about the new and popular motive 
 power, its economy and ease of manageinent. Also chapters on horseless vehicles, electric 
 lighting, marine propulsion, etc. 450 pages Illustrated with 351 engravings. Fifteenth 
 edition, revised, enlarged, and reset. $2.50 
 
 HISCOX. Compressed Air in All Its Applications 
 
 This is the most complete book on the subject of Air that has ever been issued, and its 
 thirty-five chapters include about every phase of the subject one can think of. Beginning 
 with a history of the progress that has been made in this 1 ne, it takes up the properties of 
 air, gives tables of its volume and weight, both dry and saturated, as well as numerous 
 other conditions. Step by step the reader finds how it is used, the various methods of 
 compression and apparatus employed, its use in transmitting power, air motors and their 
 efficiency, and a host of other information in this connection. Pneumatic tools and their 
 uses receive ample attention, as do the sand-blast, pneumatic tube transmission, and other 
 applications, such as raising water, ice machines and liquid air, while the air brake and air 
 signal also come in for their share. Taken as a whole it may be called an encyclopaedia of 
 compressed air. It is written by an expert, who, in its 825 pages, has dealt with the sub- 
 ject in a comprehensive manner, no phase of it being omitted. 545 illustrations, 820 
 pages. Price, $5.00. 
 
 HISCOX. Horseless Vehicles, Automobiles and Motor Cycles, Operated 
 by Steam, Hydro-Carbon, Electric, and Pneumatic Motors 
 
 A practical treatise of 459 pages and 3 16 illustrations for Automobilists, Manufacturers, 
 Capitalists, Investors, Promoters, and every one interested in the development, cr.re, and 
 use of the Automobile. 
 
 Nineteen chapters. Large 8vo. 316 illustrations. 460 pages. Cloth, $1.50. 
 
 HISCOX. Mechanical Movements, Powers, and Devices 
 
 This work of 400 pages contains 1,800 specially made illustrations with descriptive 
 text. It is a Dictionary of Mechanical Movements, Powers, Devices, and Appliances, 
 embracing an illustrated description of the greatest variety of Mechanical Movements and 
 Devices in any language. A new work on illustrated Mechanics, Mechanical Movements 
 and Devices, covering nearly the whole range of the practical and inventive field for the 
 use of Machinists, Mechanics, Inventors, Engineers, Draughtsmen. Students, and all others 
 interested in any way in the devising and operation of mechanical works of any kind. $3.00. 
 
Publications of The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. 
 
 HISCOX. Mechanical Appliances, Mechanical Movements and Novelties 
 
 of Construction 
 
 The many editions through which the first volume of "Mechanical Movements" has 
 passed are more than a sufficient encouragement to warrant the publication of a second 
 volume of 400 pages, containing 1,000 larger and specially-made illustrations, which are 
 more special in scope than those in the first volume, inasmuch as they deal with the pecul- 
 iar requirements of the various arts and manufactures, and more detailed in their ex- 
 planations, because of the greater complexity of the machinery illustrated and described. 
 $3.00. 
 
 HISCOX. Modern Steam Engineering in Theory and Practice 
 
 This book has been specially prepared for the use of the modern steam engineer, the 
 technical students, and all who desire the latest and most reliable information on steam 
 and steam boilers, the machinery of power, the steam turbine, electric power and lighting 
 plants, etc. 450 octavo pages, 400 detailed engravings. $3.00. 
 
 HORNER. Modern Milling Machines : Their Design, Construction and 
 
 Operation 
 
 This work of 304 pages is fully illustrated and describes and illustrates the Milling 
 Machine from its early conception to the present time. $4.00. 
 
 HORNER. Practical Metal Turning 
 
 A work covering the modern practice of machining metal parts in the lathe. Fully 
 illustrated. $3.50. 
 
 HORNER. Tools for Machinists and Wood Workers, Including Instru- 
 ments of Measurment 
 
 A practical work of 340 pages fully illustrated, giving a general description and classi- 
 fication 01 tools for machinists and woodworkers. $3.50. 
 
 Inventor's Manual ; How to Make a Patent Pay 
 
 This is a book designed as a guide to inventors in perfecting their inventions, taking 
 out their patents and disposing of them. 119. pages. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 KRAUSS. Linear Perspective Self-Taught 
 
 The underlying principle by which objects may be correctly represented in perspec- 
 tive is clearly set forth in this book ; everything relating to the subject is shown in suitable 
 diagrams, accompanied by full explanations in the text. Price $2.50. 
 
 LE VAN. Safety Valves; Their History, Invention, and Calculation 
 
 Illustrated by 69 engravings. 151 pages. $1.50. 
 
 LEWES AND BRAME. Laboratory Note Book 
 
 A practical treatise prepared for the Chemical Student. 170 pages. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 MATHOT. Modern Gas Engines and Producer Gas Plants 
 
 A practical treatise of 320 pages, fully illustrated by 175 detailed illustrations, setting 
 forth the principles of gas engines and producer design, the selection and installation of 
 an engine, conditions of perfect operation, producer-gas engines and their possibilities, 
 the care of gas engines and producer-gas plants, with a chapter on volatile hydrocarbon 
 
 and oil engines. $2.50. 
 
 MEINHARDT. Practical Lettering and Spacing 
 
 Shows a rapid and accurate method of becoming a good letterer with a little practice. 
 Oblong. Paper cover. 60 cents. 
 
 PARSELL & WEED. Gas Engine Construction 
 
 A practical treatise describing the theory and principles of the action of gas engines 
 of various types, and the design and construction of a half -horse-power gas engine, with 
 illustrations of the work in actual progress, together with dimensioned working drawings 
 giving clearly the sizes of the various details. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Twen- 
 ty-five chapters. Large 8vo. Handsomely illustrated and bound. 300 pages. $2.50. 
 
 PERRIGO. Modern Machine Shop Construction, Equipment and Man- 
 agement 
 
 The only work pubUshed that describes the Modern Machine Shop or Manufacturing 
 Plant from the time tne grass is growing on the site intended tor it until the finished prod- 
 uct is shipped. By a caret ul study ol its chapters the practical man may economically 
 build, efficiently equip, and successfully manage the modern machine shop or manufact- 
 uring establishment. Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of 
 modem shop buildmgs, the rebuilding and reorganization of old ones, or the introduction 
 of Modem Shop Methods, Time and Cost Systems. It is a book written and illustrated 
 by a practical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theories and want 
 facts. It is the most complete all-around book of its kind ever published. 400 large 
 quarto pages, 225 original and specially-made illustrations. S5.00. 
 
Publications of The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. 
 
 PERRIGO. Modern American Lathe Practice 
 
 A new book describing and illustrating the very latest practice in lathe and boring 
 mill operations, as well as the constrt;ction of and latest developments in the manufact- 
 ure oi these important classes of machine tools. 300 pages, fully illustrated. $2.50. 
 
 REAGAN, JR. Electrical Engineers' and Students' Chart and Hand- 
 Book of the Brush Arc Light System 
 
 Illustrated. Bound in cloth, with celluloid chart in pocket. 50 cents. 
 
 SAUNIER. Watchmaker's Hand-Book 
 
 Just issued, 7th edition. Contains 498 pages and is a workshop companion for those 
 engaged in watchmaking and allied mechanical arts. 250 engravings and 14 plates. $3.00. 
 
 SLOANE. Electricity Simplified 
 
 The object of "Electricity Simplified" is to make the subject as plain as possible and 
 to show what the modern conception of electricity is. 158 pages. Illustrated. Twelfth 
 edition. $1.00. 
 
 SLOANE. How to Become a Successful Electrician 
 
 It is the arabition of thousands of young and old to become electrical engineers. Not 
 everv one is prepared to spend several thousand dollars upon a college course, even if the 
 three of four years requisite are at their disposal. It is possible to become an electrical 
 engineer without this sacrifice, and this work is designed to tell "How to Become a Suc- 
 cessful Electrician" without the outlay usually spent in acquiring the profession. Twelfth 
 edition. 189 pages. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 SLOANE. Arithmetic of Electricity 
 
 A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds, reduced to a series of rules, 
 all of the simplest forms, and involving only ordinary arithmetic; each rule illustrated by 
 one or more practical problems, with detailed solution of each one. Nineteenth edition. 
 Illustrated. 138 pages. Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 SLOANE. Electrician's Handy Book 
 
 An up-to-date work covering the subject of practical electricity in all its branches, 
 being intended for the every-day working electrician. The latest and best authority on. 
 all branches of applied electricity. Pocketbook size. Handsomely bound in leather, 
 with title and edges in gold. 800 pages. 500 illustrations. Price, $3.50. 
 
 SLOANE. Electric Toy Making, Dynamo Building, and Electric Motor 
 
 Construction 
 
 This work treats of the making at home of electrical toys, electrical apparatus, motors, 
 dynamos, and instruments in general, and is designed to bring within the reach of young 
 and old the manufacture of genuine and useful electrical appliances. Eighteenth edition. 
 Fully illustrated. 140 pages. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 SLOANE. Rubber Hand Stamps and the Manipulation of India Rubber 
 
 A practical treatise on the manufacture of all kinds of rubber articles. 146 pages. 
 Second edition. Cloth. $1.00. 
 
 SLOANE. Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases 
 
 Containing the full theory of the subject and giving the entire history of liquefaction 
 of gases from the earliest times to the present. It shows how liquid air, like water, is 
 carried hundreds of miles and is handled in open buckets. It tells what may be expected 
 from it in the near future. 365 pages, with many illustrations. Handsomely bound in 
 buckram. Second edition. $2.00. 
 
 SLOANE. Standard Electrical Dictionary 
 
 A practical handbook of reference, containing definitions of about 5,000 distinct words, 
 terms, and phrases. Ah entirely new edition, brought up to date and greatly enlarged. 
 Complete, concise, convenient. 682 pages. 393 illustrations. Handsomely bound in 
 cloth. 8vo. $3.00. 
 
 STARBUCK. Modern Plumbing Illustrated 
 
 A comprehensive and up-to-date work illustrating and describing the Drainage and 
 Ventilation of dwellings, apartments, and public buildings, etc. The very latest and most 
 approved methods in all branches of sanitary installation are given. Adopted by the 
 United States Government in its sanitary work in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, 
 and by the principal boards of health of the United States and Canada. The standard 
 book for master plumbers, architects, builders, plumbing inspectors, boards of health, 
 boards of plumbing examiners, and for the property' owner, as well as for the workman 
 and his apprentice. 300 pages. 50 full-page illustrations. $4.00. 
 
 USHER. The Modern Machinist 
 
 A practical treatise embracing the most approved methods of modern machine-shop 
 practice, and the applications of recent improved appliances, tools, and devices for facili- 
 tating, duplicating, and expediting the construction of machines and their parts. A new 
 book from cover to cover. Fifth edition. 257 engravings. 322 pages. Cloth, $2.50. 
 
Publications of The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. 
 
 VAN DERVOORT. Modern Machine Shop Tools; Their Construction, 
 
 Operation, and Manipulation, Including Both Hand and Machine Tools 
 
 An entirely new and fully illustrated work of 555 pages and 673 illustrations, describ- 
 ing in every detail the construction, operation, and manipulation of both Hand and Machine 
 Tools; being a work of practical instruction in all classes of machine-shop practice. In- 
 cluding chapters on filing, fitting, and scraping surfaces; on drills, reamers, taps, and dies; 
 the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers, and their tools; milling machines and cutters; 
 gear cutters and gear cutting; drilling machines and drill work; grinding machines and 
 their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting, and transmission machinery ; useful 
 data and tables. Fourth edition. $4.00. 
 
 WALLIS - TAYLOR. Pocket Book of Refrigeration and Ice Making 
 
 This is one of the latest and most comprehensive reference books published on the sub- 
 ject of refrigeration and cold storage. It explains the properties and refrigerating effect 
 of the different fluids in use, the management of refrigerating machinery and the construc- 
 tion and insulation of cold rooms, with their required pipe surface for different degrees of 
 cold; freezing mixtures and non-freezing brines, temperatures of cold rooms for all kinds 
 of provisions; cold-storage charges for all classes of goods, ice-making and storage of ice, 
 data and memoranda for constant reference by refrigerating engineers, with nearly one 
 hundred tables containing valuable references to every fact and condition required in the 
 instalment and operation of a refrigerating plant. $1.50. 
 
 WOOD. Walschaert Locomotive Valve Gear 
 
 The only work issued treating of this subject of valve motion. 150 pages, illustrated. 
 Cloth $1.50. 
 
 WOODWORTH. American Tool Making and Interchangeable Manu- 
 facturing 
 
 A practical treatise of 560 pages, containing 600 illustrations on the designing, con- 
 structing, use, and installation of tools, jigs, fixtures, devices, special appliances, sheet-metal 
 working processes, automatic mechanisms, and labor-saving contrivances; together with 
 their use in the lathe, milling machine, turret lathe, screw machine, boring mill, power 
 press, drill, subpress, drop hammer, etc., for the working of metals, the production of in- 
 terchangeable machine parts, and the manufacture of repetition articles of metal. $4.00 
 
 WOODWORTH. Dies, Their Construction and Use for the Modern 
 
 Working of Sheet Metals 
 
 A complete treatise of 384 pages and 505 illustrations upon the designing, constructing, 
 and use of tools, fixtures, and devices, together with the manner in which they should be 
 used in the power press, for the cheap and rapid production of the great variety of sheet- 
 metal articles now in use. It is designed as a guide to the production of sheet-metal parts 
 at the minimum of cost with the maximum of output. The hardening and tempering of 
 Press tools and the classes of work which may be produced to the best advantage by the 
 use of dies in the Power press are fully treated. 
 
 The engravings show dies, press fixtures, and sheet-metal working devices, from the 
 simplest to the most intricate, and the descriptions are so clear and practical that all metal- 
 working mechanics will be able to understand how to design, construct and use them. $3.00. 
 
 WOODWORTH. Hardening, Tempering, Annealing, and Forging of 
 Steel 
 
 A new book containing special directions for the successful hardening and tempering 
 of all steel tools. Milling cutters, taps, thread dies, reamers, both solid and shell, hollow 
 mills, punches and dies, and all kinds of sheet-metal working tools, shear blades, saws, 
 fine cutlery and metal-cutting tools of all descriptions, as well as for all implements of steel, 
 both large and small, the simplest and most satisfactory hardening and tempering processes 
 are presented. The uses to which the leading brands of steel may be adapted are con- 
 cisely presented, and their treatment for working under different conditions explained, 
 as are also the special methods for the hardening and tempering of special brands. 320 
 pages. 250 illustrations. $2.50. 
 
 WOODWORTH. Punches, Dies and Tools for Manufacturing in Presses 
 
 A work of 500 pages, and illustrntod by nearly 700 engravings, being an encyclopaedia 
 of die-making, punch-making, die-sinking, sheet-metal working, and making of special tools, 
 subpresses, devices and mechanical combinations for punching, cutting, bending, forming, 
 piercing, drawing, compressing, and assembling sheet-metal parts and also articles of other 
 materials in machine tools. $4.00. 
 
 WRIGHT. Electric Furnaces and Their Industrial Application 
 
 This is a book which will prove of interest to many classes of people ; the manufacturer 
 who desires to know what product can be manufactured successfully in the electric furnace, 
 the chemist who wishes to post himself on electro-chemistry, and the student of science 
 who merely looks into the subject from curiosity. The book is not so scientific as to be of 
 use only to the technologist, nor so unscientific as to suit only the tyro in electro-chemistry ; 
 it is a practical treatise of what has been done, and of what is being done, both experi- 
 msntally and commercially, with the electric furnace. 288 pages. $3.00. 
 
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