SUiUV ^mt^ ot ^I'ivjjuua lli.citovii. Virginia Carolorum : THE COLONY UNDER THE RULE OF CHARLES THE FIRST AND SECOND A. D. 1625— A. D. 1685, BASED UPON Manuscripts and Documents of the Period. EDWARD D. NEILL. NEC FAl.S^ DICERE, NEC VERA RETlCERE. ALBANY, N. Y. : JOEL MUNSELL'S SONS, 82 STATE ST. 1886. y^^//i' PREFACE. The student of the EugUsh colonization of America has regretted that there has been so little published, upon the development of the Virginia Colony, durin^^ the Carolan period. With the hope, that it might lead to a more intelligent comprehension of the motives, and social surroundings, of the chief men of the era, this work has been prepared. The writer has had no political theory, nor religious party, nor provincial prejudice to sustain. As far as possible those who were prominent in shaping the destinies of the Colony, have been permitted to express their views, in their own words, as found in letters to their friends, or in communi- cations to the English Government. Their revelations conflict with some traditions, and ''old wives' fables," and may not be acceptable to those who dis- like ' ' Records, on a page. Whence many a pleasant tale is swept away." 6 PREFA CK The duty of the historian is to be careful not to distort facts, nor to conceal that which is true. In the preparation of the volume, use has been made of some unpubhshed papers, in the British Museum, and Her Majesty's Public Record Office in London; and of the records in possession of the Virginia Historical Society, and the counties of Accomac, and Northampton, Rare . printed documents of the period have been freely cited, and the quotations, from the early laws, have been taken from Hening's Statutes. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the courtesies extended to me, by Secretary Brock of the Virginia Historical Society, Mr. Gi] more Ken.dall, Clerk of Northampton County Court, and Mr. W. H. B. Custis of the Accomac Court, while searching the records in their keeping. Saint Paul, Minnesota, Septembzr, 1886. COjSTENTS. CHAPTER I. From the abrogation of the London Company's Char- ter TO THE DEATH OF GOVERNOR YeaRDLEY - - 8-48 CHAPTER II. Principal events from A.D. 1628 to A.D. 1630 - 49-76 CHAPTER III. Transactions from A.D. 1630 to A.D. 1634 - - 77-93 CHAPTER IV. Affairs from A.D, 1634 to A.D. 1638 - - - 98-137 CHAPTER V. Occurrences from A.D. 1638 TO A.D. 1642 - - 138-166 CHAPTER VI, From the arrival of Governor Berkeley to the APPOINTMENT OF PaRLIAMEVT CoMMTSSIONERS - 154-217 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. Affairs under the Commonwealth of England - 217-279 CHAPTER VIII. From the Accession of Charles the Second to A.D. 1671 280-338 CHAPTER IX. From A.D. 1671 to the death of Charles the Second 339-401 APPENDIX. Additional Notes 403-421 Index and Errata - 423 Ilirgittia tfiaiicrloninu CHAPTER I. FROM THE ABROGATION OF THE LONDON COMPANY'S CHARTER TO THE DEATH OF GOVERNOR YEARDLEY. Procla:\[ation of Charles the First. Governor and Council- lors A.D 1624-5. William Claiborne. Secretary Christo- pher Davison. John Martin suspended from the Council. Yeardlky visits England. Letters of Gov. Butler of Ber. MUDAS. Companion of Pocahontas Married. Mate and Cap- TA.IN of the May Flower. Introduction of Nicgroes. Fear of Spaniards. Death of Ex-Gov. Argall. Re-appointment of Gov. Yeardley. Doctor Pott. Capt. W. Tucker. Edward Blaney. William Ferrar. Claiborne ancestry. Ovid translated by Sandys. Arrival and Departure of Ships. Tobacco Monopoly. Death of Gov, Yeardley. MONG the earliest acts of Charles the First, after his coronation, was a proclamation concerning Virginia. Sir Thomas Smith, the enterprising East India merchant, and Alderman Robert John- son, the London grocer, with their associates, were entirely satisfied with the victory over the Earl of Southampton, Sir Edwin Sandys, and the large majority of the members 10 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. of the London Company, resulting from the declaration of Chief Justice Ley (Leigh), in June, 1624:, that the Company's charter was null and void. Toward the colonists in Virginia they had no harsh feelings, but their influence was used with the King so to order the tobacco trade, that their friends in London might derive some profit. The ship which brought the news of the death of James the First, also conveyed the views of his successor, as to the Plantation. In a communication of the thirteenth day of May, A.D. 1625, from Whitehall, Charles alludes to the " Collonie of Virginia, planted by the hands of our most deere Father of blessed memorie, for the propagation of Christian religion, the increase of trade, and the enlarging of his Royal empire." He thought that it "had not hitherto prospered soe happilly as was hoped and desired for, that the government of that CoUonie was comytted to the Companie of Virginia, incorporated of a multitude of persons of sev- erall dispositions, amongst whome the affa-ires of greatest moment were and must be ruled by the greater number of votes and voyces, and therefore his late Majestic, out of his great wisedome and depth of judgment, did desire to resume til at popular government, and accordingly the letters pat- entes of that Incorporation were, by his Highnes' direction, in a legal course questioned, and therefore judicially repealed and adjudged to be voyd, wherein his Majestye's ayme was onlie to reduce that Government into such a right course as might best agree with that forme which was held in the rest of his Royal Monarchie, and was not intended by him to take awaie or ympeach the particular interest of anie pri- VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. \\ vate planter or adventurer, nor to alter the same otherwise than should be of necessitie for the good of the publique." He also declared : " Our full resolution is, that there male be one uniforme course of government in and through our whole Monarchie ; that the government of the Collonie of Virginia shall ymediately depend upon ourselfe, and not be commytted to anie Companie or Corporation to whom it maie be proper to trust matters of trade or commerce, but cannott be fit or safe to communicate the ordering of State affaires, be they of never so mean consequence : And that therefore we have determyned that our Commissioners* for ' On the 15th of July, 1624, King James had appointed the following Commis- sioners for Virginia to receive the charters, seals, and letters of the Virginia Company, and attend to the affairs of the Colony: Henry, Viscount Mandeville, Ijord President of the Privy Council. /-^William, Lord Pagett. Arthur, Lord Chichester, Baron of Belfast. Sir Thomas Edwards, Knight. Treasurer. " John Suckling, " Comptroller. " George Calvert, " Secretary of State. " Edward Conway, " " " ^ " Richard Weston, " Chancellor ot Exchequer. " Julius Ceesar, " Master of Rolls. " Humphrey May, " Chancellor of Lancaster. " Baptist Hickes, " and Baronet. /"' Thomas Smith, " Sir Henry Mildmay, Knight, Master of Jewels. " Thomas Coventry, " Attorney General. '* Robert Heath, " Solicitor General. " Ferdinand Gorges, " " Robert Killigrew, " " Charles Montague, " " Philip Cary, " Francis Gaston, " " Thomas Wroth, r 12 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. those affaires shall iDroceede accordinge to the tenor of our commissions directed unto them, until we shall declare our further pleasure therein ; nevertheless we doe hereby declare that we are resolved with as much convenyent expedition as our affaires of greater importance will give leeve, to estab- lish a Counsell consistinge of a few persons of understand- ing and quallitie, to whom wee will give trust for the yme- diate care of the affaires of that Uollonie, and whoe shall be answerable to us for their proceedings, and in matters of great moment shall be subordinate and attendant unto our Privie Counsell here; and that wee will alsoe establish an- other Counsell to be resident in Virginia, who shall be sub- ordinate to our Counsell here for that CoUonie, and that att our owne charge we will maynteyne those publique offi- cers." " John Wolstenholme, " ' " Nathaniel Rich, " " Samupl Argall, " Humplirey Ilaudford, " Matthew Sutcliffe, D.D., Dean of Exeter. Francis White, D.D., Dean of Carlisle. Tlionias Fanshaw, Clerk of the Crown. Robert Johnson, Alderman of London. James Campbell, " " Ralph Freeman, " " Maurice Abbot, Esquire, Nathaniel Butler, " George Wilmore, " Philip Jermayne, " Edward Johnson, " Thomas Gibbs, " tSamuel Wrote, " John Porey, " Michael Hawes, " i VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. 13 In conclusion, he wrote that he wished to brin^ the tobacco trade into one hand, and exclude that raised in foreign lands, and to fix his own price upon that raised in Virginia/ After the charter of the Virginia Company had been dis- solved, James the First continued Sir Francis Wyatt^ as Edward Pallavacine, Esquire. Robert Bateman, Mercliant. Martin Bonde, " Thomas Styles, " Nicholas Leate, " Robert Bell, Abraham Cartwright, " Richard Edwards, " John Dyke, " Anthony Abdy, " William Palmer, " Edward Dicli field, Salter. George Mole, Merchant. Richard Morer, Grocer. Upon the recommendation of the Commissioners for Virginia, the following Tobacco Inspectors in London were appointed: Edward Dichfield, Salter; Richard Morer, Reuben Bourne, George Bromley, Grocers ; William Perkyns, Merchant Tailor; and Edward Bennet, Merchant. * The entire document is printed in Rymer's "Foedera," Vol. XVIII., pp. 72,73. ■•^ Thomas Wyatt, of AUington Castle, Boxley Abbey, married Jane, daughter of Sir William Hawte. His estate was confiscated. George, his son, had the estate restored in 1570 by Queen EHzabeth. He married Oct. 8, 1583, Jane, daughter of Sir Thomas Finch, Kt., and he was buried about September lG25,at Boxley Abbey, and left five sons and two daugh- ters. Francis, eldest son of George, in 1618 married Margaret, daughter of Sir Sam- uel Sandys, of Orabersley, Worcester. He w\is buried at Boxley Abbey August 24, 1644, and his wife March 27, 1644-5. Hawte, brother of Francis, was inducted Rector of Boxley October 3, 1633. He died July 31, 1638. He was twice married, and some of his descendants are 14 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Governor. While he had confidence in the motives of those who had directed the affairs of the Company, Wyatt found that their plans were at times impracticable. In a letter to his father he alluded to the " antipathy " caused by the great demands of the Corporation, and the ' ' grumbling obedience " of the colonists, and he wished ' ' that little Mr. Farrar was in Virginia, that he might add zeal to knowledge." His wife, a daughter of Sir Samuel Sandys, who passed some time in Virginia, was a cheerful person, willing to accept the hardships of a new settlement. His deportment was correct, and a captious fellow could only write •} ' ' The old smoker, so good, so carefully mild, religious, just, honest, that I protest, I think God hath sent him, in mercy, for good to us." said to have settled in Virginia. There was a Ralph Wyatt who married the widow of Capt William Button, of Virginia, and Anthony Wyatt a member of an early legislature. Eleanor, sister of Franci?, was the first wife of Sir Thomas Finch, Speaker of House of Commons, 1627. Hotten in Lists of Emigrants gives The Muster op Sr Thomas Wyatt, Kt., taken in January, 1625. " Sr Francis Wyatt, Kt., Governo' &c., came in the Oeorge, 1621. [Wife had gone to England on a visit.] Servants. Christopher Cooke, age 25, in the Oeorge, 1621. George Hull, age 13, in the Supply, 1620. Jonathan Giles, 21, in the Triall, 1619, John Matheman, 19, in the Jonathan, 1619. Jane Davis, 24, in the Abigaile, 1622" 1 Letter of William Capps, an old planter, in "Virginia Vetueta," p. 129; Muneell's Sons, Albany, N. Y., 1885. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 15 The Councillors, as their muster-rolls show, were chosen from among the more prosperous and influential. Francis West* preceded his brother, Lord Delaware, and in A.D. 1608 first arrived. In November, 1623, he was ap- pointed Admiral by the Council for New England, and sailed for Plymouth Harbor, but finding that the fishermen insisted that the fisheries should be opened to all, he returned to Virginia. ' Alexander Brown, in " Majr. of American History," 1883, p. 461, communi- cates the West Genealogy from the Bennet Roll. From this are gleaned the following facts : y Thomas 3rf Lord Delaware, second son of second Lord, " was born the 9th of July, between 2 and 3 o'clock in the afternoon, 1577." ^ Francis West, fourth son, was born the 28th of October, 1586, between twelve and one o'clock noou. _^ .John West, fifth son, was born the 14th of December, 1590, between five and six o'clock in the afternoon. Nathaniel West, sixth son, was born November 8, 1592, between two and three o'clock in the morning. Doyle, in "History of the American Colonies," speaks of Francis, a nephew of Francis, who was drowned. In January, 1625, Captain Francis West was living on the Company's land at Elizabeth City. Tlie census-roll then taken, printed in Hotten, had the fol- lowing : "Captain Fkancis West, his Mustek. ^ dipt. Francis Wes% Counseler, aged 36, in the Mary Ann Margaret, 1610. ^^Mrs. Francis West, Widdowe, in the Supply, 1620. ^Nathaniel West, born in Virginia. Servants. Joane Fairchild, aged 20, in the Oeorge, 1618. Benjamin Owin, aged 18, in ihe Sir an, 1623. William Parnell, atred 18, in the Stndham'pton, 1622. Walter Couper, aged 22, in the Neptune, 1618. Reinould Godwin, aged 30. in the Abigail, 1620. John Pedro, a Neger, aged 30, in the Swan, 1623." 16 VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. Sir George Yeardley' had always been recognized for his executive ability and business capacity. John Pory had written of him, in 1619, as "the Governor here, who at his 1 " Muster of Sir George Yeardley, Kt. Sr George Yeardley, Kt., &c.. came in the Deliverance, 1609. Temperance, Lady. Yeardley, came in the Faulcon, 1608. Mr. Argall Yeardley, ap:ed 4 yeares, ^ Mr. Francis Yeardley, aged 1 yeare, t Children borne heare. M's. Elizabeth Yeardley, aged 6 years, ' Servants at James City. Richard Gregory, aged 40, "| Anthony Jones, 26, . , ,r. ^ont\ „, v^ V, ' y came in the Temperance, 1620. Thomas Dunn, 14, Thomas Phildust, 15, J Thomas Hatch, 17, in the Duty, 1619. Robert Peake, 32, in the Marc/rett & John, 1623. William Strange, 18, in the George, 1619. Roger Thompson, 40, London Merchant, 1620. Ann, his wife. Richard Arundell, in the Abigail, 1620. Georg Deverill, 18, in the Temperance, 1620. Thomas Barnett, 16, in the Elsabeth, 1620. Theophilus Bereston, in the Treasuror, 1614. Negro Men, 3. Negro Women, 5. Susan Hall, in the William & Thomas, 1608. Ann Willis, in the Temperance, 1620. Elizabeth Arundell, in the Abigail, 1620. Servants at Hog Island. Maximilliau Stone, aged 36, came in the Temperance, 1620. Elizabeth, his wife, in the same shipp. Maximilliau, his son, aged 9 months. Robert Guy, 22, in the Swann, 1619. Edward Yates, 18, in the Duty, 1619. Cesar Pugget, 20, in the Diana, 1619. William Strachey, 17, in the Temperance. Alexander Sanders, 24, in the True love, 1623. George Whitehand, 24, in the Temperance, 1620. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 17 first coming, besides a great deal of worth in his person, brought only his sword with him, was at his late being in London, together with his lady, out of his mere gettings here, able to disburse very near three thousand pounds to furnish him with the voyage." In another paragraph he is called "a soldier truly bred in the University of War in the Low Countries." George Sandys' had been a Colonial Treasurer, and as the brother of the head of the Virginia Company in London, at one time exercised a great influence. Heury Kiufr, 22. in the Jonathan, 1620. John Day, 34, in the London Merchant, 1620. The wife of John Day in the same Shipp." "'Muster of M's George Sand's, Esquire. Servant 8. Martin Turner, 1 Georoe Bailife, John Sparks, John Dancy, I ^^^^ j^ ^j^^ George, 1621. John Edwards, Nicholas Tompson, Rosamus Carter, j John Stone, a boy, J Nichohis Comon, ) .^^ ^^^ g^^.^^^ jgg^^ Nicholas Eyres, a boy, ) David Mansfeild, ) • .i o at i • j [ in the Bona Nova, hired servants. John C'hixon, ) Thomas Swifte, j. j^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ freemen, 1623. John Bald wine, ' hired, Daniel Poole, a french man. hie wife, a youngr child of theires. Mustek op those that live in ye Trbasurors Plant. Robert Sheaperd, came in the George, 1621. James Chambers, in the Dutie, 1680. 3 18 VIRGINIA CAROLOBVM. Captain Roger Smith^ had served twelve years in the wars of the Netherlands, and is supposed to have been the \ in the Marygold, 1619. John Parsons, "| William Benge, John Evans, Robert Edmunds, John Comes, John Tyos. J William Pilkington, \ Elias Longo, V in the Bona Nova, 1620. Thomas Hall, ) Margaret Pilkington,) ^^ t weomen. Jane Long, ) M'Vinceucio, the Italian. M' Bernardo, his wife, A child." » '■ Muster of Capt. Roger Smith, Capt. Roger Smith, came in the AMgaile, 1620. M's Joane Smith, came in the Bleasinge, Elizabeth Salter, aged 7 yeai-es, came in the Seafloure. Elizabeth Rolfe, aged 4 yeares, i Sarah Macock, aged 2 yeares, \ ^^o™ '^ Virginia. Servants. Charles Waller, aged 23, came in the Abigails, 1620. Christopher Bankus, aged 19 yeares, in the Abigaiie, 1623. Henery Booth, aged 20, in tho Dutie. ,Henery Lactou, aged 18 yeares, in the Hopwell, 1623. [Plantation over the water.] Francis Fowler, aged 23 yeres, Christopher Lawson. Alee, his wife. Christopher Redhead, aged 24. Stephen Webb, aged 25 yeres. John Butterfield, aged 23 yeres. William Baker, aged 24 yeres. Richard Alford, aged 26 yeres. Thomas Molton, aged 25 yeres." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 19 second son of John Smith, ^ of Nibley, in Gloucestershire. In January, 1625, there resided with him Ehzabeth Kolfe, whose widowed mother, Jane, appears to have been absent, perhaps with her father, Capt. Wilham Peirce, in England. In "Virginia Vetusta," published by the Munsells, of Al- bany, this child, by a slip of the pen, is called Jane. Ralph Hamor' is supposed to have been the son of Ralph Hamor, of London. In 1615 he published a Description of ' Amongthe " Cholmondely Papers," are letters of Richard Berkeley and John Smith, of Nibley, on Virginia affairs. Yates' account of a voyage to Virginia in the Margarete, of Bristol, which left England on 16th of September, and on the 20th of November arrived at Point Comfort or Elizabeth City, is addressed to George Thorpe, of Wanswell, afterwards killed by the Indians, and John Smith, Esq., of Nibley. On December 19, 1620, George Smith, then in Virginia, writes to John Smith, at North Nibley, Gloucestershire, " is busy examining witnesses concerning Capt. Argall," and then recommends that he should send over his second son to the plantation. ^ "Muster of Capt. Raph Hamok. Capt. Eaph Hamor. M's Elizabeth Hamor. Jeremy Clement, ) , , .,, _,,.•', ' y her children. Elizabeth Clement, ) Servants. John Lightfoote, in the Seaventure. Francis Gibbe, a boy, in the Seaflower. Ann Addams, a maid servant. At Hog Island. Jeffrey Hull, came in the George. Mordecay Knight, in the William & John. Thomas Doleman, in the Returne. Elkinton Ratliffe, in the Seafloure. Thomas Powell, in the Seafloure Thomas Cooper, in the Returne. John Davies, in the Quifte. 20 VIRGINIA GAR0L0RU31. Virginia. Returned with Argall from England in May, 1617, and was described by Sandys as one whose extreme poverty forced him to "shifts," John Martin was one of the earHest settlers, supposed to have been the brother-in-law of Sir Julius Caesar,^ and was positive in his convictions, and generally in opposition to the majority. At the meeting of the first legislative assembly, in 1619, he insisted that by a special clause in his patent he was exempt from local authority, except in time of war. He returned from England in 1624 with an increased grant of land. Governor Wyatt and Council, on February 4, 1625, wrote to the Earl of Southampton, and the Company, of which he was the head, that while they could ' ' but praise the Company's charity in forgiving the many foul injuries of Captain Martin," they did not like his appointment as Councillor.^ Samuel Mathews had not come to the colony until a.d. 1622, in the ship " Southampton," but was destined to be- ' The following manuscripts in the collection of Sir Julius Caesar, Judge of High Court of Admiralty, and Master of the Rolls, in the British Museum, are attributed to his brother-in-law, Thomas Martin, and evidently John is meant. " Proposals of Thomas Martin, respecting the question between the Virginia Company and himself," Dec. 9, 1633. " The manner howe Virginia may be used as a royall plantation," by Thomas Jklartin. ■" Letter of Thomas Martin, in Virginia, to Sir Julius Caesar," March 8, 1636. 2 " Muster of Capt. John Martin. Capt. John Martin. ^ Sackford Wetherill, j John Smith, aged 31, j^ in the Stoan, 1624." John Howard, aged 34, j John Anthonie, aged 33, j VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 21 come a leader. He had influence in London. He married the daughter of Sir Thomas Hinton by his first wife. Hin- ton afterwards married the rich widow of Sir Sebastian Harvey, Lord Mayor of London. ' Her only daughter, Mary, the King wished to marry the brother of the Duke of Buck- ingham. A letter written on May 31, 1619, told a friend "The Lord Mayor is ill because the King wishes him to marry his only daughter, a child of fourteen, to Christopher Villiers, which he refuses." Harvey, in February, 1622, died, and Mary, his daughter, married John, son of Sir Fran- cis Popham.^ ' The following marriage is entered on the Register of Stratford le Bowe Chnrcli, London, under date of October 1, 1622 : " Sir Tliomas Hynton of Cliil- ton Foliot, Kt., and the Lady Mary wife of Sir Sebastian Harvey." * " Muster op Capt. Samuel Mathews, James City. Capt. Samnell Mathews, came in the Southampton, 1622. M' David Sand's, Minister, came in the Bonaventura, 1620. Servants. Robert Mathews, aged 24, ^ Roger Williams, 20, I Samuell Davies, 18, ! Henery Jones, 25, [ came in the Southampton, 1622. Aaron Conaway, 20, j John Thomas, 18, ( Michaell Lapworth, 16, J William Lusam, 27, ^ William Feild, 23, [■ in the Charles, 1621. Peter Montecue, 21, J Robert Fernall, 31, in the London Merchant, 1619. Walter Coop[er], 33, in the Jonathan, 1619. William Walters, 27, in the Bona Nova. Nicholas Chapman, 31, in the Jonathan, 1619. Gregory Spicer, 22, in the Tnall, 1618. 22 VIRGINIA GAROLOBUM. John Harvey, of Lyme Eegis, Dorsetshire, had been the Captain of a ship in the East Indies,^ and one of the Com- missioners of A.D. 1624, who reported upon the condition of the Colony to the King, and Admiral of New England after West and Argall. He was absent from Virginia, from the beginning of 1624, for several years. Abraham Persey, Merchant, also written Peirsey, was a merchant, and, in 1616, first arrived in the ship "Susan,"* and about 1628, died. His will is in the Appendix. Nicholas Peirse, 23, in the Falcon, 1619. Robert Penn, 22, in the Abigaile, 1620. William Dal by, 28, in the Furtherance, 1622. Thomas Hopson, 12, in the Bona Nova, 1618. Abraham Wood, 10, in the Margrett & John, 1620. William Kingsley, 24, in the Marmaduk, 1623. Thomas Bridges, 12, " " " " Arthur Goldsmith, 26, in the Diana, 1618." ^ The East India Company ordered, in November, 1617, that "Security for 2000i or 3000? be taken from Capt. Harvey, who is suspected to be about to sail to the East Indies with a ship well victualled and furnished with twenty pieces of ordnance," and on the 16th of January, 1617-18, they were informed that " Sir Thomas Bromley and Captain Harvye were making a voyage from Flush- ing to the East Indies in a great ship," and that they had been stayed. — Col- of State Papers, East Indies, 1617-1621. Upon giving security to the States General the vessel was released. John Chamberlain, in a letter to Dudley Carlton, describes Harvey as " somewhat choleric and impatient." = " Muster of M' Abraham Peirsey, Merchannt. M' Abraham Peirsey, came in the Susan, 1616. Elizabeth, his daughter, aged]15, ) ^^^^ j^ ^^^ Sonthampion, 1623. Marv. his daue^hter. aa-ed 11. ) Mary, his daughter, aged 11, Servants. Christopher Lee, aged 30 yeres, Richard Serieant, aged 86 yeres, Alice Chambers, ) . -, . ' \ maid servants, Annis Shaw, ) in the Soiithampton, 1623. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM, 23 I Soutliampton, 1633. Isaac Madison, of Charles City, died in 162-i, before notice of his appointment arrived. His widow, Mary,^ who arrived At Pbirsby's Hundred. Thomas Lea, aged 50, Anthony Paggit, 35, Soloraou Jackman, 30, John Davies, 45, Clement Roper, 25, John Bates, 24, Thomas Abbe, 20, Thomas Brooks, 23, Nathan Jones, 23, Peter Jones, 24, Pierce Williams, 23, Robert Graues, 30, Edward Hubberstead, 26, John Lathrop, 25, Thomas Chambers, 24, Walter Jackson, 24, Henry Sanders, 20, William Allen, 22, Georg Daws(m, 24, John Upton, aged 26, in the Bona Nova, 1622. John Bamford, aged 23, in the James, 1622. William Garrett, aged 22, in the Oeoi'ge, 1619. Thomas Sawell, 26, " " Henery Rowinge, 25, " " Temperance, \Q21. Nathaniel Thomas, 23, " " " Richard Broadshaw, 20, " " " •'" Robert Okley, 19, in William & Thomas, 1618. Negroes, 4." ' " Muster op M's Mary Maddison, Widdow. Went and Shirley Hundred. Mary Maddison, aged 30, in the Treasurer, 1618. Katherine Layden, aged 7. Servants. James Watson, aged 20 yeares, in the George, 1623. Roger Lewes, "19 " '* " Edwin, May, 1617." 24 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. in the " Treasurer" in a.d. 1618, and was about thirty years of age, was hving. Madison was a brave man, and a street ballad was printed and sung in the streets of London, in 1621, in which his attack upon the Indians was noted,— "And Captain Middisone likewise, with honor did proceed Who coming, toolce not all their corne, but likewise tooke their King And unto James his Citty, he did these rich trophies bring." William Claiborne,^ also written Clayborne, Oleyborne, Cleburne. The Virginia Company, in a letter dated July 25, 1621, sent by the ship ''George," write, "It is our ex- presse will that the Tenants belonging to every office be fixed to his certaine place uppon the lands sett out for itt, for which M^^ Cleyburne is chosen to be our Surveyor, who att the Companies very great charge is sett out, as by his condition of agreement you may perceive."^ Too little has been written of Christopher Davison,^ the last Secretary of the Colony before the death of King James. His father was William Davison, of Stepney, Middlesex, Secretary of State under Queen Ehzabeth, and in whose service, for a time, was William Brewster, the leader of the Leyden Puritans, who had landed at Plymouth Rock but a 1 So written in Rymer. = Neill's " Virginia Company," Joel Munsell, Albany, p. 225. 3 The mother of the Secretary was Catherine Spelman, a relative of Sir Henry Spelman. He was born about A. d. 1577, and is said to have been a student of Gray's Inn. His younger brother, Walter, was also a poet. — Life of Dam- son, by Nicholas. -"S VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 25 few months before Christopher Davison arrived at James- town. In the will of Wilham Davison, made in a.d. 1608, Christopher is called his second son, and Francis, the poet, his eldest. At a meeting of the Virginia Company, held June 11, 1621, as John Pory, Secretary under Yeardley, had not car- ried himself well, it was decided to choose a successor, and on the 13th, Mr. Parramore, Mr. Waterhouse, and Mr. Da- vison were balloted for the office, and *' choice was made of Mr. Davison, he having the major part of balls, who being called in to take notice that the Secretary's place was fallen upon him, did declare his thankful acknowledgment unto the Company." He arrived in October, 1621, at Jamestown, but did not have good health. In a letter of April 8, 1623, to Deputy Ferrar, of the Company, he alludes to his sick- ness and absence from business, and promises to send a list of inhabitants. He also mentions that his "brother," per- haps brother-in-law, Thomas Finch, had died soon after his arrival. When Pory and other Commissioners from England came, in 1624, Edward Sharpless was appointed clerk, in consequence of a vacancy in the Secretaryship, caused by Davison's death. Among the poems of Francis, the eldest brother, was published the following paraphrase of one of the Psalms by Christopher : "Lord, in thy house, who shall forever bide ? To whom sliall rest iu sacred mount betide ? Ev'n unto him tliat leads a life unstained, Doth good, and speaks the truth from heart unfeigned. Who with his tongue, deceit hath never used ; Nor neighbor hurt, nor slandered, nor accus'd ; 4 26 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Who loving good mcD, is from bad estranged, Who keeps his word, though to his loss, unchanged, To usury, who hath no money lent, Nor taken bribes against the innocent, Who in this course doth constantly persevere. In holy hill, unmoved, shall dwell for ever." The condition of the Colony was not prosperous, but it had been improved by the abrogation of the charter of the old Company. While there had been a disposition upon the part of its officers and stockholders to promote a Christian civilization, yet the people did not feel that they were a commonwealth, but, subject to the ordinances of those who were anxious to receive some pecuniary return from their investments. The first of January, a.d. 1(]25, found a pop- ulation of only about twelve hundred persons, one horse, one mare, five hundred hogs, and five hundred neat cattle in the valley of the James River, and on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay. There was not a public inn, nor was there a church edifice, nor a residence of brick or stone at Jamestown. On the 15th of June, 1625, Governor Wyatt and Council notified the Privy Council in England, that they had been forced to suspend Captain John Martin from their body, and that the reason they had taken the Secretaryship from, and cut off the ears of Edward Sharpless, was, because he had violated his oath^ and "delivered papers, committed to his charge, which greatly concerned" them. ' After Secretary Davison's death, in 1638-4, an oath was administered to Edward Sharpless, acting as Secretary, in these words : " You shall keep secret all matters committed unto you, with all things that shall be treated secretly at the Counsell table until such tyme as by the consent of his Maiestie's Gouernor and Captayn Generall and the full Councel of the VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. 27 The monopoly of the tobacco trade tended to produce stagnation in business and discontent, and Yeardley was appointed to visit England and secure, if possible, a modifi- cation of the pernicious contract. On the -ith of October, Yeardley was in England, and wrote to the King how utterly disheartened the Virginia planters were, by the enforced sale of their tobacco, and ask- ing that he might have a hearing before the Privy Council. When the opportunity offered, he asked for the liberty of holding a General Assembly for local legislation and the election of officers by the people, also that there should be no tax on staple commodities, and free trade in all things. Small vessels were constantly seen trading with the In- dians toward the Falls of tlie Potomac and the mouth of the Susquehanna River for corn and beaver-skins, and at Palmer's Island in chat stream, named after Edward Palmer, who had, in 1624, projected a University and School of Arts for Virginia.^ Intercourse had been established with the feeble settle- ments at Cape Cod and Bermudas. Fish was brought from the former and fruits from the latter.^ State llien resydent. or the niixior part of tbem, publication shall be made thereof. " And you shall most exactly and faithfully do your utmost, record all acts and matters to be recorded and kept from time to time vvhicli shall be resolued upon by the Gouernour and Connsell of State or the maiorpart of them and you shall not deliuer any thin^ concerninge the affayres of the Counsellto any other person to be copied out or engrossed without first making the Gouernour acquainted and pleasure obtained. So help you God and the contents of this Boke." — Virginia MS. Record!*, Library of Congress. 1 Neill's "Virginia Vetusta," papes 183, 184. » The beginning of the trade in fruits was in a.d. 1621. In a treatise on the 28 VIRGINIA GAR0L0EU3I Some of the leading men longed to see the parish and town organization of England introduced, and lamented Bermudas written in 1623, it is supposed by Capt. Butler, edited by Lefroy, and published iu a.d. 1882, by Hakluyt Society, are the following letters : " To MY WORTHY FRIEND SiR Fbancis Wiatt, Gouernor of Virginia. " Sir : If your name deceaue me not we knowe one another. Howsoeuer your neigbbourlioode and affinitie of command, inuite me to well come you, and to wish you all happiness in this your onerous Honnour. " Our plantation commenceth a commerce vnlo you, for by this shipp 1 haue sent vnto you suche of our prime fruicts as I heare you haue not, but assure myself you would haue, nor is ther ought els with vs but (during my tearme here) you shall as brethren command it. And (although your own climate giues a beliefe you can haue noe badd aire) I cannot chuse but wish you the temperature and salubrilie of ours, the which I dare pronounce to be equall with the best of the world, and with it also communicated our bothe natural and artificial strength. " I doubt not but that you haue your good wishes for vs, likewise as a par- ticipation with you of a spatious continent, goodly pasture, fayre riuers, neces- sary yron mines, and perhaps some other secret hopes : We are glad and thank you for it, and let vs still iointly goe on to wish one another's good, and to act it, and God second our honest endeauors. " And thus (noble Sir) you haue hastily and heartily recommended the true and faithful affection of •' Your nssnrcd friend, " Nath. Butler. " Saint Georges, in the '' Summer Islands, *' December 3, 1631." A second chest of cedar, well filled, was sent " To MY WORTHY FRIEND SiR George Yardley, in Virginia, giue these. " Worthy Sir, — This bearer (who loues you well) assureth me chat you meant so well the last yeare, and that you sent out a ship of purpose to let vs knowe it, of which however we were deprived by the ignorance of the pilote, yet your noble ententiou ought to be esteemed as an act done to encresse my thancks. I haue now sent you some of our countrey's fruicts, and I wish they may multiplie with you, they are of our choice ones, and such as giue vs much content here, wher and cverywher els I shall by all means expresse myself " Your affectionate friend, '■ Nath. Butler. " St. Georges, in Summer Ids., "Dec. 3, 1621." VIRGINIA GAROLORUM, 29 that their plantations were scattered, and, from the lack of bridges over the many inlets, only accessible by boats on The fruits and plants were so acceptable that, in March, 1622, a bark came from Virginia to obtain another supply. While this vessel was in port, the writer of the manuscript about a.d. 1623, refers to the jMarriage op a Companion op Pocahontas. Sir Edwin Sandys, at a meeting of the London Company, on June 11, 1621, (O. S.), remarked tliat experience had tavip;ht that the Indians brought over by Sir Thomas Dale, was "far from the Christian work intended." Dale arrived with Pocahontas and her companions in England, early in June, 1616, but Lon- don life did not improve their health or morals. On the 6th of August, the dead body of a Virginian mimed Abraham was borne from the fai r house J ii Sir Tho^jnaa SrnU i. in PhjlgoJ Lane, Lang^-Q^ii^ 3^^'^' ^^^ buried at St. Dionis Church at the north-west corner of Lime street in the same ward. On the 18tli of October another native of Virginia died, and was taken from the same house to the same church, and on the 15th of November there was a third burial of an Indian. In May, 1620, one of the Indian girls was dying of consumption, who had been a servant with a mercer in Cheapside. The remaining maid in England was sent back. The words of the Ilakluyt Society narrative, are : " Her ladeinge was aqua vitoe, sack, oyle, and bricks, in exchange whereof she desired plants and herbs of all sortes, potatoes, duck, turkeys, and lime-stone ... In the interim cf this shyjis abode here the marriage of the Virginia mayde recom- mended vnto the Qouernour by the Virginian Company resident in London, the shypeinge before was consumated : she being there married to as fitt and agree- able an hut^band as the place would afford, and the weddinge feste kept in the Gouernour's newe house, and at his charge, whereto not only the master of the new come sliypp and some other strangers were inuited, but not fewer than one hundred persons wer made guests, and dined with all sortes of prouisions that the Islands could afford, in a very plentifull manner. " And it was thought to be done in a more fashionable and full manner that the strangers returned to Virginia might find reason to carry a good testimony with them of the wellfare and plenty of the plantation: as also, that the kin- dred and friends of tlie Virginian bride who were proud coinmandours, and not less than Viceroyes might receive a knowledge of the well being of their kinds woman [kinswoman], and by the good renpoct and kind vsage shewed vnto her among the English be encouraged both to continue and augment their former friendshyp, and to become Christians themselves, to which ende also, the Gouer- nour wrote of aduice to the Gouernour in Virginia, and cau.sed the mayde her- selfe likewise to doe as much to her brother, who by her father's late death had succeeded in all his roialties and commande." Powhatan died in 1018, and the Indian maiden appears to have been one of the sisters of Pocahontas. 30 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. the James River, and that they were " bereft of friendly communion" as well as the "mutual Societie of one another in religious duties, the first fruit of civihty."^ During the year 1625, Giles Beaumont, a Frenchman, ar- rived with some colonists, authorized to claim the privileges of an English subject and establish a plantation. It is worthy of note that the Captain and Mate of the May Flower both died in the valley of the James River. John Clark, who piloted the Puritans of Ley den to the coast of Massachusetts, was a resident of Virginia as early as a.d. 1612. One day, when Sir Thomas Dale was Deputy G-over- noi', a Spanish ship appeared off Point Comfort and asked for a pilot. Captain James Davies, the commander there, acceded to the request, and the Spaniard sailed away with him, leaving three of their company on shore, one of whom was discovered to be an English traitor who, in a.d. 1588, had piloted the Spanish Armada to the coasts of England and Ireland, and was subsequently hung by Dale.^ Clark was taken to Spain and confined for some time in the galleys, and after a long time released. Cushman writes to Pastor Robinson on June 20, 1620: "We have hired another pilote here, one Mr. Clarke, who went last year to Virginia with a ship of Kine." This pilot, John Clark, was the first to land upon the island in Ply- mouth Harbor, where the Puritans from Leyden, on Decem- ber 20 (N. S.), kept their first Christian Sabbath. Clark re- turned in the May Flower to England, and on February 13, ' Commission to Yeardley to settle a colony, in " Virginia MS Records," Library of Congress. = Purcbas, IV. Part, p. 1713. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 31 1621-2 (0. S.), Deputy Ferrar acquainted the Virginia Com- pany^ "that one, Mr. Jo. Clarke, being taken from Virginia long since by a Spanish shippe that came to discouer that plantacon, that forasmuch as he hath since that time doun the Companie good service in many voidges to Virginia, and of late went into Ireland for the transportation of cattle to Virginia, he was an humble suitor to this Court that he might be admitted a free brother of the Companie, and have some shares of land bestowed upon him." In 1623 he was enii^loyed by Daniel Gookin to carry some cattle in the ship "Providence" to Virginia and there died. Captain Thomas Jones, in 1625, died, after an eventful if not honorable career. In 1617 he was sent out to the East Indies by Sir Robert Rich, afterwards Earl of Warwick, in command of a ship called the "Lion." Patrick Copland, Chaplain of the " Royal James," of which Martin Pring was the Captain, wrote to Sir Thomas Smith that " two English pirates had been taken in chasing a junk at Gogo." Sir Thomas Roe, Ambassador to the Great Mogul, sent a de- spatch ' ' that Sir Robert Rich and one Philip Bernardoe set out two ships to take pirates, which is generally a pretence for being pirates, and that near the end of the Red Sea they had chased the Queen Mother's junk." Early in 1619, Jones came home under arrest, and in the " Transactions of the East India Company," under date of January 31, 1619-20, is this entry : " Thomas Jones, a servant of Lord Warwick, arrested by the Company for hiring away their men, but now being employed to go to Virginia, with cattle, by his Lordship, who desires his release, order is given to set him ' Neill's " Virp:inia Company," p. 132. 32 VIRGINIA CAROLOBUM. at liberty, Lord Warwick engaging to answer for what shall be objected against him." On the 2d of February of the same year the Virginia Com- pany allowed a commission to Captain Jones, of the " Fal- con,", to go to Virginia with fifty-two kine, four mares, and thirty passengers. His voyage to the New England coast in the latter part of 1620. as captain of the " May Flower," is well known. On the 21st of November, 1621 (0. S.), he was commissioned by the Virginia Company as master of the " Discovery," a vessel of sixty tons, to trade for furs in the Delaware and Hudson Rivers. Upon the 18th of April, 1622, he arrived at Jamestown. On the 17th of July, in the Virginia Com- pany of London, "a motion was made in the behalf e of Captaine Thomas Jones, Captaine of the 'Discovery,' nowe imployed in Virginia fur trade and ffishinge, that he might be admitted a ffreeman of this Companie." The Council of New England, in London, on December 22, complained to the Virginia Company that during the summer Captain Jones had robbed some Indians of furs, and taken others captives, who, however, escaped by the ship running aground. In August, Jones visited the Puritans, at Vly- mouth. Bradford, in his " History of the Plymouth Plan- tation," writes: "Behold another providence of God; a ship comes into y" harbor, one Captain Jones being cheefe therin. They were set out by some marchants to disco vere all y' harbors betweene Virginia and y" shoulds of Cape Cod, and to trade along ye coast wher they could. This ship had store of English beads, which were then good trade, and some knives, but would sell none but at dear VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 33 rates, and also a good quantie togather. Yet they were glad of y' occasion, and faine to buy at any rate ; they were faine to give after y'' rate of cente per cente if not more, and yet pay away coat-beaver at 3s. per lb., which in a few yeares after yielded 20s. By this means they were fitted againe to trade for beaver & other things, and intended to buy what- ever they could. "But I will here take liberty to make a little digression. There was in this ship a gentleman by name Mr. John Poory ; he had been Secretarie in Virginia, and was now going home, passenger in this ship." Winslow wrote: Captain Jones "used us kindly, he made us pay largely for the things we had." The Governor and Council of Virginia, on the 2(»th of January, 1622-3 (0. S-), wrote^ to the London Company : " And as for the fur voiadge we cannott resolue you, Capt. Jhones being nott yett retorned." In 1625 he entered the Chesapeake Bay with a Spanish frigate, which he declared he had taken under a commission from the United Provinces, which had been given to Captain Powell. He brought with him a negro named Brass, and soon after died. The first question as to the legal status of the negro in North America arose in connection with Brass, and when there were not thirty persons of African descent in Virginia. Thomas Jefferson refers to the case in a small volume of reports published at Charlottesville, Va. The General Court in October, 1625, ordered that he should be- long to Sir Francis Wyatt, Governor, notwithstanding any Neill's " Virg-inia Company," p. 273. 5 34 VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. rule by Captain Jones, or any challenge by the ship's com- pany. Manuscripts recently printed give additional particulars as to the landing of negroes in Virginia. The "Treasurer," Captain Daniel Elfrith, arrived at Ber- mudas just as the "Blessing" was leaving the harbor for England with Governor Daniel Tucker. In a " History of the Bermudas," printed from manuscript written about a.d. 1623, by the Hakluyt Society in 1882, and edited by Lefroy, the following occurs concerning the "Treasurer:" "Sent out she was by Captaine Argoll from Virginia, where he was then Gouernor, under a pretence of tradeinge all alongst the coast for skinnes, and at the Virgin and Sauuage Hands for goates, but some of his people comeing abord the ' Blessinge, ' by some speeches unaduisedly let falne, begett a suspicion in Captaine Tucker of a farther project than was openly pretended." The captain was kindly entertained by Kendall, Gover- nor Tucker's successor, remained six weeks, and received a large supply of corn. About the last of July, 1619, a frigate appeared at Ber- mudas, ' ' knowen to be a good fellowe, manned for the most part with English, who haueing played some slie partes in the West Indies, and so gotten some purchase, part whereof consisted of negroes, a welcome for a most necessary com- moditie for thes Hands, she offered to leaue and giue them to the Gouernour, so he would be pleased to admit her VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 35 ingresse and egresse."^ Kendall received fourteen negroes for privileges granted.^ Fourteen days after another " handsome pinnace, manned for the most part with Dutch, and some two or three Eng- Hsh," entered the Bermudas harbor. Shortly after this, after the middle of August, 1619, the "Treasurer," for the second time, enters the harbor. The Hakluyt Society Publication also mentions "how the ' Treasorour,' hauevinge bin upon the coast at Captain Tucker goeinge awaye, was admitted by Kendall, and so went to the West Indies, from whence she returned to Vir- ginia, when, not likeinge her entertainment, she conveyeth herself e awaye secretly, and shapeth her course for the Hands a second time, and arriveth extremely poore, hauing all her upper works so rotten as she was utterly unable " to go to sea again. The Dutch or Flemish frigate was at Jamestown during the month of September, 1619, and was recognized as the consort of the " Treasurer," both holding commissions from the Duke of Savoy, The first negroes were said to have been all landed from this vessel, although in the census of 162-1—25, Angelo, a negro woman belonging to Captain Wil- liam Pierce or Peirce, the father-in-law of the late John Eolfe, is marked^ as having arrived in the " Treasurer." During the year 1625, before the Earl of Essex sailed for Cadiz, there was fear that sympathizers with Spain might be ' Hakluyt Society Publications. " See " Virginia Vetusta," p. 113. 3Hotten, p. 224. 36 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. among the sailors who arrived in the James River. Upon January 11, 1634-5 (O. S.), the Governor and Council of Virginia^ wrote to England that Simon Tuchin, the Master of the ship " Due Returne," who had been banished out of Ireland because he was strongly affected to Popery, had been examined, and that they thought he would be dangerous to the Colony should he become a pilot to the foreign country, and they suspected he would go to the Spaniards in the West Indies. In England, in June, 1625, he declared to the Privy Council that he had not taken soundings of the rivers and harbors of Virginia as had been charged, and asked for release.^ In the fleet that appeared before Cadiz in November, 1625, were two captains who had been identified with the settle- ment of Virginia. John Harvey was captain of the "Friend- ship," of three hundred and eleven tons, with fifty-seven sailors and one hundred and sixty-four landsmen. Sir Sam- uel Argall, knighted in 1622, was captain of the " Swift Sure, " a large vessel of about nine hundred tons, and carry- ing two hundred and fifty men, with also the Earl of Essex on board.' The large fleet to which they belonged was un- » Sainsbury, -p. 72. " There liad always been a few arrivals from Ireland. As early as August 1609, a proposition was made to the Earl of Salisbury by Sir Richard Moryson to send Irish pirates to Virgiuia. His words were : " Should his Lordship please to allow of them employed in the intended plantation of Virginia, which he has not yet motioned to them, he thinks good use might be made of them for the present there, both in defending them now in the beginning, and if they be dis- turbed in their first setling in relieving their wants from time to time." — Cal. State Papers. Ireland, 1608-1610. 3 Qlanville's Cadiz, Camden Soc. Pub., 1883. VIBGIJSriA CAROLORUM. 37 successful, and on December 11, 1625, had returned to Kin- sale harbor, A letter written on January 28, 1626, has the following:' "The Master of the 'Swift Sure,' very back- ward and very cross, as the report goes, to his captain, Sir Samuel Argoll,* which broke his heart, and a few days since he died," The father of Governor Wyatt died in September, 1625, and he asked permission to return to England, which was granted. The commission of his successor, dated March 4, 1625-6, uses this language:^ "Whereas our late royal Father upon information that George Wyatt, Esquire, the father of the said Sir Francis Wyatt, was then lately deceased in the realm of Ireland, whereof happily the said Sir Francis Wyatt might desire to return into England about his own private occasions, which our said Father, notwithstanding the great and weighty importance of his affairs in that country, was graciously inclined to yield unto, if himself should so desire, as occasions shall require." The commis- sion then continues, " Now know y* that We, Taking into our princely consideration the care and providence of om' late Eoyal Father having respect to the good of that Plan- tation so happily begun, which we conceive to be a business of that consequence which we ought to encourage, and by all good means to bring to perfection, we being forced by many other urgent occasions in respect of our late access ' Cal. State Papere, Domestic. ' His daughter Ann, married Samuel Perceval. On June 25, 1641, he and his wife complain to the House of Commons that they have been deprived by John Woodhall, of property in Virginia, left by the father, Sir Samuel Arfrall. 3 Rymer, vol. xviii. The spelling modernized. 38 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. ; b' unto the Crown to continue the same means that was for- merly thought fit for the maintenance of the Plantation, until we would find some more convenient means upon mature advice to give more ample directions for the same, and reposing assured trust and confidence in the under- standing, care, fidelity, experience, and circumspection of you, the said Sir Yardley [Yeardley], Francis West, John Harvey, George Sandys, John Pott, Roger Smith, Ralph Hamor, Samuel Matthews, Abraham Percy [Piersey], Wil- liam Clayborne, William Tucker, Jabez Whitacres, Edward Blaney, and William Ferrar, have nominated and assigned, and by these presents do nominate and assign you, the said Sir George Yardley, to be the present Governor, and you, the said John Harvey, and the rest before mentioned, to be the present Council of and for the said Colony and Planta- tion in Virginia, giving, and by these presents granting unto you, and the greater number of you respectively, full power and authority to perform and execute the places, powers, and authorities incident to a Governor and Council of Vir- gmia respectively, and to direct and govern, correct and punish our subjects now inhabiting, or which shall hereafter inhabit, or be in Virginia, . . . and to execute and perform all and ever3^thing concerning that Plantation as fully and amply as every Governor and Council resident there at any time within the space of five years now last past. And be- cause by the discovery of industrious and well-experienced men, the limits of the said Plantation may be augmented," they were authorized to grant commissions for discovery. Provision was also made in the document, that in the case of the death of Yeardley, John Harvey should be Governor, I VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 39 and if he should also die, that then Francis West and fel- low-councillors to choose one of their own number. Yeardley and Harvey, who had already taken the oaths before the Privy Council in England, were empowered to administer the same to Francis West, John Pott, William Tucker, Jabez Whitacre, Edward Blaney, and William Far- row, [Ferrar.] Pott, Tucker, Whitacre, Blaney, and Ferrar had never before been in the Council. Dr. John Pott was recommended to the London Com- pany by Theodore Gulston, the founder of the Gulstonian Lectureship of the London College of Physicians. In the minutes of the Virginia Company of July 16, lii21 (0. S.), is this entry : ' ' For so much as the Phisicons place to the Company was now become voyde by reason of the untimely death of Dr. Bohune, slaine in the fight with two Spanish Shipps of Warr the 19th of March last. Doctor Gulstone did now take occasion to recommend unto the Company for the said place one M' Potts, a M"" of Artes, well practised in Chirurgerie and Physique, and expert allso in distillinge of waters." Upon his arrival in Virginia, he soon showed a great fond- ness for company and distilled waters, if George Sandys is to be credited } ' "Muster op Doctor John Pott, James City. Doctor John Pott, ) ^^^.^^^^ -^^ ^^^ g^^g^ M'8 Elizabeth Pott, ) Servants. Bichard Townshend, aged 19, in the Abigaile, 1620. Thomas Wilson, " 27. " " Osmond Smith, " 17, " " Bona Xova, " Susan Blackwood, maide servant" " Abigaile, " 40 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. '■-''^ William Tucker had represented Kiccowtan, afterwards Elizabeth City, in the Legislature of 1619, and in the winter of 1623 led an expedition against the Rappahannock In dians.^ Edward Blaney came in 1621 as the factor of the London Company. He married the widow of Captain William Men in (he Maine. Thomas Leister, aged 33 yeares, ^ Roger Stanley, " 27, I Thomas Pritchard, " 28, j^ -^^ AUgaile, 1620. Henry Crocker, " 34, Thomas Crosse, " 22, John Trye, " 20, Randall Holt, " 18, in the George, 1620." ' " Muster of Capt. William Tucker, Elizabeth Citt. Capt. William Tucker, aged 36, in Mary & Jamet, 1610. Mrs. Mary Tucker, aged 26, in the George, 1623. Elizabeth, borne in Virginia in August. Servants. George Tomson, aged 17, Paule Tomson, " 14, William Thomson, " 11, Pascoe Champion, " 23. Strenght Sheere, " 23, Thomas Evanda, " 23, Stephen Collowe, " 23, Robert Munday, " 18, in the George, 1623. in the Ellonor, 1621. in the George, 1623. Matthew Robinson, aged 24, in Greate Eopewell, 1623. Richard Appleton, " 19, in the James, 1622. John Morris, " 24," " Bona Nova, \Q\^. Mary Morris. " 22, " " George, 1623. William Hutchinson, " 21, " " Diana, 1618. Peeter Porter, " 20. " " Tyger, 1621 William Crawshaw, an Indean, baptised. Antoney, Negro. Isabell, William, theire child, baptised." VIRGINIA CAROL OR UM. 41 Powell, who in 1619 represented James City in the Legis- lature.' William Ferrar, also written Farrar, was a brother of Nicholas, the Deputy Governor of Virginia Company, and resided near the plantation of Cecilia, the widow of Samuel Jordan, to whom he was attentive after the minister Greville Pooley had received, as he alleged, a promise of marriage. In the Company's "Trannactions," under the date of April 21, 1624 (0. S.), is the following : " Papers were read whereof one containing certain examinations touching a difference between Mr. Pooley and Mrs. Jordan, referred unto the Company for answer, and the Court en- treated Mr. Purchas^ to confer with some civilians and advise what answer was fit to be returned in such a case." ' In the list puMislied by Hotton is " Tiiic Muster op M' Edward Blaney. M' Edw ard Blaney came in the Francis Bonaventure. Servants. Robert Bew, aged 20, came in the Dutie. John Russell, " 19, " •' Bor. a Nova. Rice Watkins, " 30, " " Francis Bonaventure. Nathaniel Floid, " 24, " " Bona Nova. George Rogers, • < 23, " II 11 (< John Shelley, " 23, " " " " Thomas Ottowell, " 40, " •• <{ •! Thomas Crouch, << 40, " «< « i 11 Robert Chauntrie, n our earnest inquiry after the state of Virginia since that bloody slaughter committed by the Indians upon our friends and countrymen, the whole ship's company agreed that, upon all occasion they chased the Indians to and fro, insomuch as they sued daily into the English for peace, who for the present would not admit of ^ny, that Sir George Early [Yeardley] was at that present employed upon service against them." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 53 friendship of the savages, and while absent, the vessel with only five on board, was surrounded by Indians in canoes, some of whom clambered on to the deck, to the surprise of the sailors, one of whom, at random, fired a cannon, which frightened the assailants, who jumped overboard and went ashore. The sailors then heard the noise of conflict, and soon saw a man's head roll down the bank when they weighed anchor and returned to Jamestown/ Spelman was among the slain, and Fleet was taken prisoner. Edward Hill of Elizabeth City on the 14th of April, 1623, wroteHo his brother John, a mercer of Lombard street, London,' that " more than 400 persons had perished in the first massacre [March, 1621], more than 20 in the second ; and a pinance, shallop, and a small boat, with twenty-six men had beon cut off on March 23, by the Indians, and that a great famine was imminent, for the colonists had not been " suffered to plant as much corn as they would," and were afraid " to step out of doors either for wood or water." Mede, the great scholar at Cambridge University, on the eighth of June, 1627, received a letter from London, with these words: "Here is one, whose name is Fleet, newly come from Virginia, who being lately ransomed from the Indians, with whom he hath long lived, till he hath left his own language, reputeth he hath often times been within • Smith's General History. ' Eiglith Report Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. Appendix, p. 41. ^ Richard Boyle of London married his sister. He was probably the Edward Hill of Elizabeth City, buried on May 15, 1624. 54 VIRGINIA CAROLOEUM. sight of the South Sea; that he hath seen Indians besprin- kle their paintings with powder of gold; that he had like- wise seen rare precious stones among them, and plenty of black fox, which of all others is the richest fur." Quick witted, fond of trade, and adventure, Fleet's resi- dence among the savages for several years, made him use- ful to London merchants disposed to send goods to the Indian tribes, and valuable as an interpreter, to the colonists. William Cloberry and associates, were impressed by his description, and gave him in September, 1627, the command of the 'Paramour,' a vessel of one hundred tons. By his exertions, a trade was opened between the Massachusetts settlement and Potomac river. A ship containing some planters, and their servants, chiefly Irish, on their way to Virginia after a boisterous voyage in the beginning of winter, 1626-7, ran aground in Barnstable Bay. The principal persons were Fell and Sibsie or Silsby. The Governor of Plymouth Colony visited the wreck, pro- vided for the sufferers, and until they could make arrange- ments to go to Virginia, they were allowed land to cultivate for their benefit. Puritan sentiment was shocked when common rumour charged Fell with living with one of his ser- vants, and treating her as a concubine, and he to avoid arrest ran away with her, in a small boat to Cape Ann, and from thence to Massachusetts Bay. Toward the latter end of summer the whole party were carried in two barks to Vir- ginia, and, writes Bradford, "have acknowledged their thankfulness since." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 55 Private planters began to take their tobacco to England. The ship ' 'Temperance" probably built in Virginia and named in compliment to the wife of Governor Yeardley, com- manded by Marmaduke Rayner, who had piloted in 1619, to Jamestown, the Dutch vessel which brought the first negroes, in 1G28, arrived at Southampton, with the old planter Samuel Sharpe, who had come to Virginia in 1610, with Gates and Somers, and twelve other colonists. As they were unable to pay the duty on their tobacco, they begged, that it might be admitted free. King Charles made a kind response to the memorial of the Virginia authorities, in 1627, and by William Capps, an old settler, who had been on a visit to England, he sent over instructions allowing a General Assembly, and urging the cultivation of staple commodities, as heretofore they had depended too much "upon smoke." To Capps also was given the privilege of erecting salt works. He arrived in Vir- ginia on the 22d of February 1627-8 (O. S.), and on the 26th of the next month, the colonial legislature met^ the first during the reign of Charles, and four or five days after, Governor West left, on a visit to England. During Governor Wests' term of oflfice the principal topic ot discussion was the tobacco trade. The legislature of 1628, asked the king to take 500,000 pounds of tobacco, properly inspected, at 3s %d. per pound delivered in Virginia clear of freight and customs, or at four shillings delivered in England, the contract to continue for seven years, with the privilege of disposing of their surplus in New England, West Indies or Turkey, by paying the usual duty. ' Thirty-one representatives were present. 56 VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. The Colony was supposed at that time to contain a popu- lation of three thousand, and it was estimated that every family could raise 200 pounds of tobacco, and each servant 125 pounds, in the aggregate 412, 500 pounds. It is quite remarkable that the authorities should refer to the want of pitch and tar. While near one of the best pine forest dis- tricts in the world, they were without horses, had opened no roads, depending upon boats for intercourse with the plantations, and fearing to go far into the woods, lest they should be attacked by Indians. ^' Henry the Fourth, Lord Delaware, was written to, asking his influence, as his deceased father's had been given, and the Earl of Dorset was thanked for the aid he had rendered in annulHng the contract of tobacco, and their friends in England induced the House of Commons to write a letter to the King^ dated June 25, 1628, in which he was informed that "by the patent granted by the late King the colonists were free of customs except taxes upon their commodities 1£ per centum, but of late years these privileges had been disregarded and that now 3£ per centum was imposed." The demand for laborers in the tobacco fields continued to increase. Any person going to Virginia, at his own charges, and declared his intention to reside there, was entitled to fifty acres of land, and an additional fifty for each member of his family. If he brought other persons into the colony at his own cost, he was also entitled to fifty acres for each immigrant. He was liable to pay an annual quit rent of a shilling for every fifty acres, and required to plant thereon within three years from the date of the grant. Planters, « 4th Report Royal Historical Commission. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 57 under these conditions, brought over a large number of in- dentured white servajits, ' while some of these were treated ' The following is a servant's indenture which was printed in the Riehmoiid Standard by R. A. Brock, Secretary of Virginia Historical Society, from a tran- script of the original, owned by W. Bushell of Philadelphia, Pa. " This writoing indented made the ffirst day of July Anno dora 1628 And in the yare of the regne of our sovmigne Lord Ciiarles by the grace of god King of England Scotland flfrance and Ireland defender of tlie faith Etc. Betweene John Logward of Bling in the County of Surry huabanduian of th one party And Edward hurd Cittizein and Ironmonger of London of the other party. WITNESSETH that the said John Logward hath hired himselfe and is become and by theis prste doth Covenant and agree and bind himselfe to be remayne and Continue the Obedient Servant of him the said Edward hurd his heires and assignes and to be by him or them sente transported unto to the Countrey and land of Virginia in the parts beyond the seas to be by him or them employde upon his plantation there for and dareing tiie space of Ifour yeares to begin from the day (.f the date of theis prste dureing ye said terme the said John Log- ward sliall and will iniely employ and endeavor himselfe to the uttermost by his power knowledge and skill to doe and pforme true and faithful service unto ye said Edward hurd his heires or essignea in for and conceiiteing all such Laboures and businesses at he or they shall think good to use and ymjdov him ye said John Logward in And shall and wilbe tractable and obedient and a good and a faithful servant onyst to be in ail such thinge at shall be Comanded him by the sai 1 Edward hurd his heires or assignes in Virginia aforesaid or elsewhere dureing the said service In consideracon wher'.of the said Edward hurd for him- selfe his heires exocutours and administrators and assignes and for anv of them doth Covenant p-mise and graunt To and for ye said John Logward his heires executours administrators and assignes by theis prste that he the said Edward hurd his heires executours administrators or assignes shall and will (att his end their one charge) transporte and furnishe to the said John Logward to and for Virginia aforesaid aud tlit^se find p-vide and aliowe unto him sustenance meate drink apparaell and other necess.iryes for his livelyhood and sustenance during the said service In VVitniisse whereof t!ie said pties to this writeing have in dented interchangeably have sett their handes and scales unto this bond above ■written. " Ye marke of X John Logward [seal.] " Sealed and deliverede in ye prsnce of " Tbo. Thomnson servt and Jo Davies his servant " 58 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. with kindness, others received no more consideration than "dumb, driven cattle."^ During the summer of 1619, the consort of the ship "Treasurer" landed about twenty "negars" in the lan- guage of a document of the period. When the census was 'The sufferinffs of these white and occasionally intelligent servants were often intense. In the appendix to the Eighth Report of Royal Historical Com- mission is the following abstract of a letter from Martin's Hundred written in April, 1623, by Richard Frethorne to his parents, every word of which seems to weep. He wrote that since he landed he had eaten nothing "but pease and lobbolly" " and had to work both early and late for a mess of water gruel and a mouthful of bread and beef, a mouthful of bread, for a penny loaf must serve for four men." The people cried out day and night " Oh that they were in England without their limbs * * * * though they begged from door to door." "He had nothing at all, not a shirt to his back but two rugs, nor no clothes, but one poor suit, nor but one pair of shoes, but one pair of stockings, but one cap, but two bands." His rlo-ik liad been stolen by one of his fellows, he had not a penny to help him to " spice or sugar, or strong waters." He had '' eaten more in a day, at home" than was now allowed him for a week, and his parents had often given more than his present day's allowance, to a beggar at the door. Goodman Jackson had been very kind to him, and marvelled much that he had been sent "a servant to the Company." He begged his father to •' redeem " him, or at least send over provisions which might be sold at a profit especially cheese that might be bought for 2,^ or 2+ d If his father could not afford tills, he might " get a gathering, and entreat some good folks to lay out some little money " for the purpose. Unless the ship Sea Flower came shortly with provisions his masters' men would have but half a penny loaf each for a day's food and might be " Turned up to tlic land, and eat barks of the trees, or moulds of the ground. Oh I that you did see my daily and hourly sighs, groans, tears and thumps that I afford mine own breast, and rue and curse the time of my birth with holy Job. I thought no head had been able to hold so much water as hath, and doth daily flow from mine eyes" The Goodman Jackson was probably the John Jackson of Martin's Hundred who with his wife and infant arrived in 1621, in the ship "Warwick." A few months after this letter was written the unhappy writer died. In a list of persons who died at Martins Hundred between April, 1623, and February, 1624, 1 pears the name 'f Richard Fethram evidently a misprint for Frethorne, Loblolly referred to in Frethorne's letter was a word in use among sailors for gruel, chowder, or spoon meat VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. 59 taken in Januaiy, lfi25, there were only twenty persons of the African race in Virginia, but during the government of West, there was a large increase. Captain Arthur Guy, in the ship " Fortune " of London, met and captured a slaver» from the Angola coast, and brought many negroes to Vir- ginia, and exchanged them for tobacco.^ y During the year 1629, Governor West and several promi- nent Virginians visited England, one of whom was the old planter and prominent colonist, William Pierce or Peirce, ^ whose daughter Jane, was the widow of the well known John Rolfe. Among the manuscripts of the Public Record office, in London, is "A relation in generall of the present state of his M *'" Colony in Virginia, by Capt. William Perse, an antient planter of twenty yeares standing there. " The re- lation is brief and in these words : " First for quantity ye people, men, women & children, there are to the number of between fower and five thousand English, being generally well housed in every plantation, most plantations being well stored w*** head cattle, as likewise w"* goates and swine in abundance, and great store of poultry, the land abounding all the year long w*'' Deer and wilde Turkeyes, and the rivers ' Nicholas, Secretary of State, received a letter, dated May 13, lfi28, informing him, that there had arrived at Cowes, a frigate from the " West India," taken by Arthur Guy, of ■ Me Fortune " <>t London, with 900 or 1000 hides, 30 tons and upward of ebony, and some Indian wmx, and that tlie "Fortune" hath also taken an Angola man with many nejfroes, which tiie captain bartered in Vir- ginia for tobacco, which was sent home in a ship called the " Plantation." As Winthrop was leavin.ij England, on Easter Monday, March 29, 1630, over against Yarmouth, he " met with a ship, the "Plantation," newly come from Vir- ginia." — Savages Winthrop, Vol. 1., ]>. 8. 60 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. in winter w**" many sortes of wilde fowle, and in summer w*^ great variety of wholesome fishe. And the soile is so fertile as by the industry of our people they may raise great crops of corne both Indian and English. Besides, all fruits, rootes, and herbes, out of England soe wonderfully prosper there. The Colony under the favor of God, and of his Ma^y hath bine raised to this heighth of people, and provi- sions especially by the means of Tobacco, by which also they must subsist for awhile untill by degrees they may fall upon more stable comodiies, as upon salte, fishe, hempe for cordage^ flaxe for linnen and others. And as touching timber for building of ships of all sortes, and mastes I have heard many good Masters and Shipwrights affirm there can not be found better in all the worlde, the Countrey affourding also great quantity of pine trees for making of pitche & tarre, and so may in short time abound with all materials for building & rigging of ships. For our defense against the natives every plantation is armed with convenient num- ber of muskettiers to the number of two thousand shott, and upwards, but against a forrein enemy there is no man- ner of fortification (w"*" is our greatest wante) wee of our- selves not beeing able to under take the chardge thereof. As for the natives Sasapen is the chief, over all those people in- habiting upon the rivers next unto us, who hath been the prime mower of all them, that since the massacre have made war upon us. But nowe this last Somer, by his great importunity for himselfe, and the neighbouring Indians hee hath obtained a truce for the present, from the Gov' and Councell of Virginia being forced to seeke it by our con- ' Colonial papers. Vol. V, 634. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 61 tinuall incursions upon him, and them by yearley cutting downe, and spoihng their corne . ''This being the summe of the present state of thinges in Virginia. " A letter writer of the period alludes to his wife in these words " Mistress Pearce, a honest and industrious woman hath been there near twenty years, and now returned, saith she hath a garden at Jamestown containing three or four acres, where in one year she hath gathered near a hundred bushels of excellent figs and that she can keep a better house^ in Virginia for three or four hundred pounds than in Lon- don, yet went there with Httle or nothing." After West's departure for England, Doctor John Pott was chosen temporary Governor. During this period the Virginians were surprised by the arrival of George Calvert the first Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Avalon in New Foundland. Born in Yorkshire, of comparatively humble parentage, a graduate of Oxford, a good scholar, able writer, and of pleasant address, he entered upon a public career, as the private Secretary to Sir Robert Cecil, afterwards the Earl of Salisbury. His efficiency was recognized by his appointment as clerk of the Privy Council. In 161 ;i, he was associated with Sir Charles Cornwallis the grandfather of Thomas Cornwallis, one of the earliest Maryland coun- cillors, as a Commissioner to Ireland', to inquire into cer- ' George Sandys when Treasurer of the Colony lived in Pierce's house and on April 8, 1623, wrote to John Ferrar of " his own chamber at Lieut. Peirce's, the fairest in Virginia." — Sainshury 'August 34, 1613, Sir Humphrey Wynd, Kt., Sir RoKer Wilbraham, Kt, Sir C. Cornwallis, Kt, and George Calvert, Esq., were chosen Commissioners for Ireland to hear complaints. 62 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. tain grievances, four years later he was knighted by King James, and after two years was commissioned as principal Secretary of State. By education and temperament he was fitted to be a cour- tier, and none of the sycophants of King James were more successful than he, in pandering to the tastes and prejudices of the coarse, and pedantic monarcl.^ He was a firm de- fender of the King's position, in the speech at the opening of a Parliament, "it is the king that makes laws, and ye are to advise him to make such as will be best for the common- wealth," and the active opponent of the people's party, which was yearly increasing. Confident that it would promote his advancement, he was enthusiastic in the advocacy of the marriage of Prince Charles with the Infanta of Spain, and to the displeasure of the House of Commons kept up an intimacy with Gon- domar, the Spanish ambassador; and then, with the Duchess, the mother of Buckingham, entered the church of Rome. Feb. 22, 1613-14, John Latham and William Peasley, servants of George Calvert, Esq., Commissioaer to Ireland, were given £50 by way of reward for " their travail and paius in engrossing all the business, using twenty-six quires of paper, besides vellum." Peasley subsequently married Anna, the daughter of Secretary Calvert, who was at the above period a girl of about seven years of age. ' On Dec 4, 1621, he^writes to Buckingham " There are many pasquils abroad and seditious sermons are printed. An alarm has been given to Gondomar of an intended attack npon his family. A strong watch was appointed and his house has been guarded. It may be only a design to frighten him." His wife died in August 1622, and eight months later he was the life of the party at the king's festival at Windsor in honor of St. George. In a letter he is described as " very gay, and gallant, all in white, cap a pie even to his white hat and wlme feather VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 63 After the match failed, he lost standing with Buckingham,^ his fortune, began to decline,^ and he retired from the Sec- retaryship, but, just before the king's death, was ennobled as Baron of Baltimore in the county of Longford, Ireland. While Charles, upon ascending the throne, retained his friendship for him, and would have kept him in the Privy Council, yet as he refused to take the required oath of office it was impossible. Retiring to Ireland, Calvert soon de- termined to visit Avalon, in New Foundland, a colony which he had planted some years before he left the church of England, not from any religious motive, but in the hope that it would yield pecuniary profit. In May, 1627, just before he sailed, he wrote to his old friend Wentworth, soon made the Earl of Strafford that he had, " rather be esteemed a fool, by some, for the hazard of one month's journey, than to prove myself one certainly, for six years by-past, if the business be now lost, for the want of a little pain's and care." In the autumn he returned from America, but the next spring, went again to Avalon, and made an effort to remain, but the climate, sickness, and opposition made him faint- ' Buckingham, in 1624, wrote to King James : " I hope to liave the happiness to-moiTovv, to kiss your hands, therefore I will not send you the letter you wrote to the Pope, which I have got from Secretary Calvert. When he de- livered it to me, he made the request that your Majesty would as well trust him, in a letter, you were now to write, as you had heretofore in the former. I did, what I could, to dissemhle it. but when there was no means to do it, I though best to seem to trust him absolutely, thereby, the better to tie him to secrecy. If this be a lie, as I am sure it is, you may bear to think, that with little more stock he may cry quittance." — Hardvoick Papers. "Archbishop Abbott wrote about this time: "Secretary Calvert hath never looked merrily since the prince's coming out of Spain. It was thought he was much interested in the Spanish aflFair." 64 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. hearted, and on the 19th of August, 1629, he wrote from his residence at Ferry land to King Charles: "I have had strong temptations, to leave all proceedings in plan- tations, and being much decayed in my strength, to retire myself to my former quiet, but my inclination carrying me naturally to these kind of works, and not knowing how better to employ the poor remainder of my days, than with other good subjects, to further the best I may, the enlarging your Majesty's Empire in this part of the world. I am determined to commit this place to fisher- men that are able to encounter storms and hard weather, and to remove myself, with some forty persons to your Majesty's dominion in Virginia, where, if your Majesty will please to grant me a precinct of land, with such privileges, as the King your father, my gracious Majesty was pleased to grant me here, I shall endeavour to the utmost of my power to deserve it." Without awaiting a reply, or notifying the authorities of Virginia of his intended visit, early in October, he appeared at Jamestown, and while they were disposed to treat him with kindness, they could not break the law which required the administration of the oaths of allegiance and supremacy to every person arriving in the colony. As he refused to obey the laws, he was requested to depart by the first ship, which he did, leaving there, for a time, his wife and ser- vants. Capps left for England, without permission of the Gov- ernor and Council, about the last of October, and as he sailed probably in the first ship that departed after Balti- VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. ^5 more was requested to leave, the latter may have been his fellow passenger. The communication of the Council in Virginia, to the Privy Council, in England, relative to their action is a calm, reasonable, and courteous paper, worthy of being preserved. It is dated November 30, 1629, and is as follows : " May it please yo' Lord'pps to understand that about the begin - ninge of October last, there arrived in this Colony, the Lord Baltimore from his plantation in New Foundland, w* an intention as we are informed rather to plant himself to the Southward, than settle here, although since, he hath seemed well affected to this place, and willing to make his residence therein w'*' his whole family. " We were read'ly inclined to render unto his lordship all those respects wh'ch were due unto the honor of his person or w'" might testifie w"" how much gladness we desired to receive and entertain him, as being of that eminence and degree, whose presence and affection might give greater advancements to this plantation. Whereupon, according to the instruction from y ' Lord'hipps, and the which course* held in this place, were tendered the oaths of •Governor Wyatt on tlie 24th of July, 1G31, Governor Yeardley on the 19th of April, 1626, Governor Harvey, on the 6tb of August, 1628, were directed to see that every person who arrived in the Colony, took the oath of allegiance and Bupremftcy. The last history of Maryland by William Hand Browne published in 1884, by Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston, makes this erroneous state- ment : " Of course Baltimore believing the Pope to be the spiricual head of the church neither could or would take this oath. He might very well have challenged their rights to offer it, since while it is true that the President and Council of the Virginia Company had been empowered to administer this oath, no such power was given to Polt, or to any authority in the Province, after the Company's dis- solution, and in oflppringit, they incurred the penalties of a high court. " P. 16. 9 66 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. supremicie and aleidgiance to his lordship, and some of his followers, who making profession of the Roraishe religion, utterly refused to take the same, a thing W** we would not have doubted in him, whose former employm'ts under his late mat'y might have endeared to us a persuasion he could not have made denyall of that, in poynt, whereof consisteth the legaltie and fidelitie w"'' every true subject oweth unto his soveraigne. His lord'hip then offered to take this oath, a copy whereof is included, but in true dis- charge of the trust imposed on by his Ma'tie, wee could not imagine that soe much latitude was left for us to decline from the prescribed forms so strictly exacted and soe well justi- fied and defended, by the pen of our late Soveraigne Lord, King James, of happy memory, " And among the many blessings and favors for w'chwee are bound toblesse God, and w"'' the colony has received from his most gratious ma'tie, there is none whereby it hath been made more happy than in the freedome of our religion, w'ch we have enjoyed, and that no Pfioists have beene suf- fered to settle their aboade amongst us. The continuance whereof wee most humbly implore from his most sacred ma'tie, and earnestly beseech y"' lord'hps, that by your meditations and councells the same may be established, and confirmed unto us. And wee as our duety is with the whole colony, shall always pray for his ma'ties long life and eternall felicity, from whose royal hands the plantation must expect her establishment, and for whose honor God hath so reserved so glorious a worke by p'f ection thei-eof . " Before Lord Baltimore arrived in England, Charles the First on the 22d of November, 1629, in a reply to his letter of VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 67 the following August, wrote: "We out of our princely care of you and well weighing that men of y*' condition and breeding are fitted for other employment than the forming of new plantations, which commonly have rugged and laborious beginnings, and require much greater meanes in managing them than usually the power of one private subject can reach unto, have thought fit hereby to advise you to desist from fui'ther prosecuting y°' designs that way, and with your first conveniency to returne back to y"' native comi- trie." In a letter^ to Lord Dorchester, Secretary of State, written after his arrival in England, he asked that the Governor of Virginia might be instructed to assist his wife in coming home, in recovering debts due to him, and in disposing of her servants, and then he requested permission to choose a por- tion of land not already granted, with a charter like that of Avalon, and he with the assistance of gentlemen and others, though he did not go in person, would found a colony. John Pory late Secretary of Virginia wrote to Joseph Mede the distinguished scholar and theologian upon February 12, 1629-30, that Baltimore was " preparing a bark to send to fetch his Lady^ and servants from thence, because the king will not permit him to go back again." 'The letter in full was first printed in Founders of Maryland, Albany N. Y. , Joel Munsell, 1876. *Lord Baltimore's first wife was a most charming woman, a devoted wife and exemplary mother of many children. Her maiden name was Ann Mynne. Her death occurred on Augu.sl 18, 1G22, and Camden the Annalist in noting it, calls her " modesiissima mulier." But there is no record of his second marriage. It must have occurred alter he ceased to be Secretary of State, and retired to Ireland. This wife is never mentioned in books on the Baronetage. Lord Baltimore's most intimate friend Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, lost his 68 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Jamestown, during the administration of Governors West and Pott, was an insignificant hamlet. The houses of the colonists were small wooden buildings with not the faintest resemblance to the baronial halls of England, and the place for God's worship was of the same material as the dwell- ings and quite as plain. Sir George Yeardley's residence was in an enclosure of seven acres, which on the north abutted on the river, and his neighbor on the south was Captain Roger Smith. East- erly he was bounded by a fence which separated him from the land of the main island, and westerly by the Park. Captain Roger Smith had a lot of four acres, which upon the south touched the Governor's garden, and eastward it was bounrled by a bridge which led across the marsh to the island, and the yard of Capt. William Peirce. Ralph War- ner, a member of the council, in 162-1, built in the new town, upon one acre and a half of ground which on the south, was bounded by the James River, and on the east was a high- way which separated it from the grounds of George Manefie first wife, the daughter of the Earl of Cumberland, about the same time in the summer of 1622, as Baltimore lost his first wife The Earl of Straflord's second wife a daughter of the Earl of Clare, died in October, 1631. Lord Baltimore wrote from Lincoln's Inn Fields London, where he was then lodging, on the 11th of the month, in which he alludes to Strafford's loss and adds " There are few perhaps can judge of it better than L who have been a long time a man of sorrows." In less than a year Strafford was living with Elizabeth Rhodes whom he did not for some time publicly acknowledge as a wife. Fors' tern Statesmen of the British Gommomcealth. Baltimore in his letter seems to be alluding to the loss of his wife who died in the year 1622, and it is possible that his wife who left Virginia in 1630, and is said only in a sketch of Baltimore among the Ayscough Manuscripts to have been lost at sea, may have been one, to whom he was privately married. Philip Calvert, Secretary and Governor of Maryland, Governor Stuyvesant calls his illegitimate sou. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 69 merchant, and on the west was the grounds of Richard Stephens, merchant, au^ John Chew, merchant. East of the house built by Stephens, upon a lot which lay south upon the bay along the river, was the residence of Capt. Ralph Ham or. The brick church whose ruins are still seen, was not erected until about a half century after this period, although often represented as the church in which the first colonists worshipped. The minister at this time was the Rev. Francis Bolton who, in 1621, upon the recommendation of the Earl of Southampton, had come to Virginia. After preaching for a period at Elizabeth City, and on the Eastern Shore^ of the Chesapeake he became the minister at Jamestown, where Richard Buck, and Hawte Wyatt, had b'^'^" ^^''^ v.^--^-^ in the parish. The principal merchant was Thoma Southwark, London, son of John Wa: Sussex. He died in February, 1629-30, a few weeks, before ' lu a book of manuscript records in the Library of Congress is tiie following which shows the salaiy Bolton received as the first minister on the Eastern shore of Virginia. " Whereas, It is ordered by the Governor and Councii that Mr. Bolton shall receive for his salary, this year throughout all the plantations all the Eastern shore, t«n pound of tobacco, and one bushel of corn, for every planter and tradesman, above the age of sixteen years, alive at the crop. These are to re- quire Captain William Eps, commander of the said plantation, to raise the said ten pounds of tobacco, one bushel of corn, to bo levied accordingly throughout all the said plantations, charging all persons there residing, to yield ready obe- dience, and to be aiding and assisting unto the said Captain William Eps ia the execution of the warrant as they will answer the contrary at their peril. Given at James City, November 21, 1623." " Frakcis Wyatt." 70 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. the arrival of Governor Harvey. His wilP witnessed by Bolton the minister, and John Southerne indicates that he was a prominent man in social life and ^ives an idea of the style of dress, of the period. To Di-. John Pott, acting governor, he bequeathed five thousand pounds of nails, of great value to one commencing a plantation ; to Elizabeth Potts, his wife, he gave one corfe, and cross cloth of wrought gold, and to Francis Pott his brother, a debt of eighty pounds of tobacco. The minister Francis Bolton received very useful supplies; a firkin of butter, a bushel of salt, six pounds of candles, a pound of pepper, a pound of ginger, two bushels of meal, a rundlett of ink, six quires of letter paper, and a pair of silk stockings. The wife of John Johnson was given six pounds of soap, six pounds of blue, and a pound of white starch. To the wife of John Brown- ing was bequeathed a thousand pins, a pair of knives carved with iwu images upon them, twelve pounds of white, and two pounds of blue starch. The wife of Mr. John Upton's was remembered by the present of a sea green scarf, edged with gold lace, two pounds of blue, and twelve of white starch. To his friend Thomas Burges he gave his best felt hat, and his second best sword, and to the wife of John Grevett a pair of sheets, six table napkins, three towels, and a table cloth, six pounds of soap, a pound of blue, and six pounds of white starch. The wife of Sergeant John Wane received four bushels of meal, four gallons of vinegar, a half pound of different colored thread, twenty needles, six dozen silk and thread buttons, a pewter candlestick, and a pewter pot de chambre. The wife of Thomas Key was left a gilded 1 See Gleanings of H. F. Waters in N. E. Hist. Oen. Register, April, 1884. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 71 looking glass ; and of Eoger Thompson, a jar of oil, a pound of pepper, and a half bushel of salt. Benjamin Symes who became the first American benefactor to the cause of educa- tion, received a weeding hoe, the wife of Michael Batt two bushels of meal. His own wife Thomasine, daughter of William Hall, of Woodalling county Norfolk, England, re- ceived the rest of his estate, and John Southern, and James Stormes were overseers of the will. Southerne received a black beaver hat, and gold band, a doublet of black camlet, a pair of black hose, a Polander cap furred, and a pair of red slippers, and Stormes his best sword and a gold belt. War- net certainly loved his neighbors. John Browning whose wife is mentioned, in October, 1629, represented Elizabeth City in the legislature, and in that of 1630, sat John Southerne, Thomas Key, John Upton, Thomas Burges, The only legislature which assembled during the period Doctor John Pott, acted as governor, met in October, and was largely composed of the earlier colonists.^ The Assem- » Burgesses of the Assembly Convened at Jamestown, October 16, 1629. College Plantation or Henrico. Lt. Thomas Osborne. Arrived in 1619, in Bona Kova, and was now 35 years old Justice in 1632. Mathew Edlowe. Came in 1618 in Neptune, died iu 1668, his wife Tabitha in 1670. His son John was under the guardianship of Col. Robert Wynne. Neck of Land, Charles City Corporation. Ser!i;'t. Sharpe. Samuel Sharpe came in 1610, with Gates and Somers, and had been a member of the first legislature in 1619. He married a girl who came in 1621 . Chene Boise. Arrived in 1617, in the OeorgCy and was now 35 years old. 72 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Shirley Hundred Island, Mr. Thomas Palmer. He, and his wife, and daughter seven years old, came in 1621, in the Tiger. Justice in 1632. John Harris. Had been several years in Virginia. Henry Throgmorton's Plantation. William Allen. Came in 1623, in Southampton. Jordan's Journey Charles City. William Popleton. Came in 1622, in the James as a servant of John Davies. Chaplain^s Choice Charles City. Walter Price. Came in 1618, in William and Thomas. Westover, Charles City. Christopher Woodward. Aged 35 came in 1620 in Trial. Fleur Dieu Hundred. Anthony Pagett. Aged 40, came in 1623, a servant in SoutJiampton. James City. Mr. Menefie. Arrived in July 1623, in i\iQ. Samuel. A merchant. Mr. Kingsmell. Perhaps Kingswell came in the Delaware. His wife in the Susan. Paces Pains, James City. Lt. William Perry. John Smyth. Came in 1611, in Elizabeth. Over the River. Capt. John West. Brother of the late Lord Delaware . and Gov. Francis West. Capt. Rob't Fellgate. Pasbehay, James City. Thomas Bagwell. An old settler. Neck of Land, James City. Richard Brewster. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 73 bly authorized the beginning? of a plantation on the York, then called Pamunky River. As early as 1624, the King's Commissioners had recommended the planting of " Chis- Theodore Moyaes, Thomas Doe. Archer's Hope, James City. Came iu London Merchant. Between Archer's Hope, and Mo.rtin's Hundred. Mr. Joliu Utie. Richard Townsend. John Chew. Richard Tree. Thomas Kintifston. Thomas Fawcett. Thomas Harwood. Phettiplace Close. Christopher Stokes. Thomas Ceeley. Thomas Flint. Zachary Cripps. Capt. Natt Basse. Richard Bennett, liobert Savin. Thomas Jordan. 10 ■ Came in \hQ Francis Bona Ventura. A man of influence. Now about 24 years old. Came in the Abigail, 1620, had been a servant of Dr. John Pott. Hog Island. Came in the Charity. A merchant. Arrived in the George, with his sou twelve years old. Martin's Hundred. In the colony several years. In the colony several years. Mulberry Island. Came in 1623, in Margaret and John. An old settler, who came iu the Star. Warwick River. Had been five years in colony. A county justice in 1632. Came in 1618, in Diana, a county justice in 1632. . Came in 1621 in Marg't and John, a county justice iu 1632. ^\ arosquoyake. Was about 40 years old and came in 1622, in Furtherance. Afterwards Councillor. Justice in 1632. 74 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. kiake situated upon Pamunky " and to build a pale across from thence to Martin's Hundred, seven miles below James City. Joseph Mede in a letter^ to Sir Martin Stuteville in Janu- ary, 1629-30, after referring to Lord Baltimore's return to London, from Virginia, continues : "About the time of his being there, a certain Indian, dwelling some four or five days journey off, came and offered himself his wife, and four children," and " to ensure them of his fidelity he con- ducted them against the Indians, their enemies upon whose persons, by his guidance " they obtained ' ' more spoil and revenge than they had done since the great massacre there." And this action had so much the more of justice in it, by reason, that of late, those treacherous savages assailed the house of one Mr. Poole,' a minister and slew him, his wife, and all his family." Nutmeg Quarter. William Cole. Now about 31 years old, came in 1618 in Neptune. His wife came in 1616, in Susan. William Bentley. About 41 years of age, came as a bired man in 1624, in the Jacob. Elizabeth City. Lt. Thompson. Adam Thorowgood. Came in 1631, when 18 years old. Mr. liowlston Came in 1623 in Ood's Qift. John Browning, About 27 years old, came in 1621, in Abigail. John Downeman. When a boy, came in 1611, married a maid sent out in 1621, in Waricick, ' Court and Times of Charles tJie First. •Greville Pooley, minister, came, in 1622, in the ship James, and was a friend of Abraham Piersey. See p. 49. VIRGIiXIA CAROLORUM. 75 The action referred to was probably that of Captain Clai- boine who attacked and defeated the Indians at Candayak, now West Point, at the junction of the York and Pamunky Eivers. Sir Robert Heath, formerly Recorder of London, when Attorney General of England, on the 10th of February, 1629-30, a few weeks after Lord Baltimore's return, for himself and associates, asked that two degrees of land, upon which to settle a colony, with power ' ' to create, and esta- blish or confirm for ever, officers, ministers, and agents of all qualities and conditions, touching as well the church, as the military, and political part of the government, according to the genei-al orders and laws of the whole province: pay- ing and causing to be paid to these officers, ministers, and agents,. all their entertainment and Wages.'" Antoine Rideoute, the Baron de Sance, a French refugee, and his son George, w^ere made subjects of England, at this time, with the intention of planting a colony, of members of the Reformed Church in France, south of the James River. A charter was granted to Heath and the usual phraseology relative to zeal for Christianity, and desire to enlarge the bounds, and increase the trade of the kingdom, and the region ceded between the 31st and 36th degrees of north latitude in compliment to the king was called Carolana a few years later written Carolina. On the I5th of April, 1680, the proprietor was informed that those who settled in that country must acknowledge the church of England. The next month under this charter, an agreement was made with George, Lord Berkeley, Sir William Boswell, Samuel 76 VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. Vassall, Hugh L'Amy and Peter de Licques/ by which they could form a settlement in Carolana, with power to appoint a Governor, and other officers, and that no appeal should be taken from the General Assembly of the province. This plan was not carried out, and in 1631, the charter was modified, in which Heath is referred to in these words : " He beeing about to lead thither a Colonye of men large and plentifull, professing the true Religion, sedulously and industriously applying themselves to the culture of j^ sayd land, and to merchandising, to be performed by industrye at his own charges and others by his example." By this instrument he was made "sole Lord Proprietor in chiefley Knight's service, and by paying for it, to us, our heirs, and successors, one circle of Gold in the fashion of a crown of the weight of twenty ounces with the inscription ingraved upon it : ' Deus coronet opus suum.'' " Peter de Licques of Picardy had been naturalized. CHAPTER III. EVENTS PROM A.D. 1630 TO A.D., 1684. Governor Harvev's Arrival. Assembly of 1630. Doctor Pott's Trial. Claiborne Trades with Bostox. Daniel Gookin AT Newport News. Death of Capt. John Smith. Social ties of Massachusetts and Virginia. Henry Fleet, Potomac TRADER. Assembly of February, 16:31-2. Sunday Legisla- tion. ^Monthly Courts. Assembly of September, 1632, Wreck of the Warwick. W illiam Bolton Agent for Planters. Capt. De Vries at .Jamestown. John Stone a ROUGH Sea-captain. fOHN Harvey when commissioned as Governor of Virginia, was knighted, in accordance with the custom commenced, at the appointment of Gov- ernor Yeardley. He remained in England for some time, and applied for an increase of the emoluments and privileges of his office. He also requested that the city of London, as before, might be permitted to send over one hundred friendless boys, and girls, and that six ministers con formable to the church of England, miglit also be procured for the Colony. The Privy Council, in reply to the petitions presented, allowed the colonists to hold a legislative assembly, whose 78 VIRGINIA CAROLOMUM. ordinances would not be valid without the King's approval and agreed that Christian ministers could go to Virginia, provided, the settlements which invited them w^ould assume their support. Early in the year 1630, after a tedious voyage, by way of Cape Verd, Governor Harvey reached Jamestown, but on account of unusual sickness among the planters, he did not convene the General Assembly, until the week before Easter Sunday. At this time Francis West, late acting Governor, William Claiborne, and William Tucker, Coun- cillors, were in England. The Assembly met on March 24, 1629-30 (O. S.), and as had been the custom, the oath of allegiance and supremacy was taken by the delegates.^ Harvey did not manifest the conciliatory spirit of his im- mediate predecessors, Yeardley and Wyatt. He walked among the colonists, as he did the quarter-deck of a ship of war, and desired to impress the settlers with the idea that he was a vice-roy. His arrogancy and arbitrary course immediately engendered opposition, and a people's party was the result. His unpopularity was increased by the alacrity displayed, in assisting Lord Baltimore, in establish- ing a province, out of a large and fertile portion of Virginia. The day after the Assembly convened there appears to have been some discussion as to the propriety of Lord Balti- more's project, and Thomas Tindall for calling Lord Balti- ' The councillors present at this Assembly, were Dr. John Pott, William Ferrar and Samuel Mathews. A few weeks later Capt. John West, Hen. Finch, Christopher Cowling, Capt. Richard Stephens, Capt. John Utie, and Capt. Nath. Basse were members of his council. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 79 more a liar, and threatening to knock him down was placed in the pillory for two hours.* John Pott the acting Governor, at the time of Harvey's arrival, was an educated physician, careless in business, fond of good living, and a jovial companion.* He had pardoned Edward Wallis who had been convicted of murder and restored his privileges. He was also charged with keeping some cattle which did not belong to him. Harvey had not been at Jamestown but a few weeks, when he oi'dered Potts' arrest, who was at his plantation called Harrope, seven miles from Jamestown. He appeared before the General Court on the ninth of July, 1630, and before a jury of thirteen was tried for stealing cattle. The first day was occupied in pleading and KingswelP an old planter testified adversely. The next day Pott declared that the witness was unreliable and hypocritical, and told the story of Gusman of Alfrach, the rogue.* Heninjr, 1, 553. * George Sandys on Aj-.ril 9, 1623, in a letter to Saruuel \Yrote, of London, alluding to Pott, writes: "I have given from time to time the best counceli I am able, at the first, he kept companie too much with his inferiours, who hung upon him, while his good liijuor lasted. After, he consorted withCaptaine Wliitacres, a man of no good example, with whom he is gone into Kicotan, yet whereso- ' ever he bee, he shall not bee without reach of my care, nor want for any thing that I or my credit can procure him." — Virginia Vetusta, p. 127. 3 ,V Richard Kingswell, a planter on the neck of land, near Jamestown, came in 1610, in the ship " Delaware ;" his wife Jane, in 161G, arrived in the "Susan." ■* Reference may ha had to the hypocrite and Spanish spy, Don Juan of the house of Gusman, wlio witli Captain Henry Dutiield was employed, b}' the King of Spain, to go to England, and burn ships with wild lire. Don Juan Gusman in his narrative declared that he reached Ireland in a ship, and was seized by the servants of Mahona, and taken to his castle and from 80 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. The jury declared him pjuilty, but Governor Harvey de- chned to pronounce judgment, until he consulted the king, and he wrote to England that Pott " was the only physician in the colony, skilled in epidemical diseases, " and suggested that his estate should be restored in view of his long resi- dence, and the value of his services. Elizabeth, the doctor's wife, impelled by affection, after a dangerous voyage^ reached London, in September, after an absence of ten years, and with earnestness pleaded for her husband. The case was referred to commissioners who reported that the condemning of Doctor Pott " for felony "was very rigorous, if not erroneous, and recommended his pardon which the king granted. During the autumn of this year an expedi- tion of two hundred men under Captain Mathews was sent to search for mines beyond the Falls of James River, but overtaken by winter, returned without important results. William Claiborne continued during the whole of this year in England. John Winthrop, and associates, in 1630, entered Massachusetts Bay, and settled Boston, and the next spring his friends in London, contracted with Claiborne still there, to bring to Boston, from Virginia, forty tons of Indian wheat. A son of Winthrop writes from London, to his father; "This corne we understand they buy of the natives there, for trucke, there is great store all alongst thence was sent to the Earl of Desmond, where he was examined by a k-gate of the Pope and escaped suspicion by a forged passport, aod then went to liimerick, wliere he attended the church of England, and assisted to expel cattle stealers. This story was a tissue of falsehoods. In April, 1.594, his companion Henry Duffield, and a son of the Earl of Desmond, were confined in the Tower of London, char2;ed with burning her Majesty's ships at Chatham, at the instiga- tion of the K. of Spain. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. gl the coast, from a little to the southward of you, to Florida beyond, to be had for toyes, beadea, coper, tools, knives, glass, and such like,"^ On the 16th of May, 1631, the king issued a commission to his " trusty and well beloved William Cleyborne one of the council, and Secretary of State for our Colony of Virginia, and some other adventurers," to keep an interchange of trade with Nova Scotia and New England, and to trade for furs and corn in any region for which there is not already a patent granted toothers for sole trade." Under this permit Clai- borne returned to Virginia, and established trading posts at Kent Island in Chesapeake Bay, and at Palmers Island in Susquehanna River. Among those prominent at this periodin colonizing Virginia, was Daniel Gookin' of Cariggaline, a few miles south of Cork, on the shores of Cork Harbor, Ireland. In 1621, he determined to begin a plantation, in Virginia, near that of his friend Sir William Newce,^ and his brother Thomas Newce. In August of that year, the London Company wrote to the Governor of Virginia that he was about to transport cattle from Ireland and used these words, ''Let him have very good Tobacco for his cowes now at his first voiadge, for if he makes a good return it may be the occasion of a trade with ' Jolia Winthrop, Jr., in Mass. His. Soc. Coll., 5tli Series, Vol., VIII, p. 30. " He was the son of John Gookin of Ripple Court, Kent County, Enplnnd, and with his brother Sir Vincent, settled in Ireland ; Vincent settled at Bandon, Cork County. 3 Captain, afterwards Sir William Newce. laid out a suburb of Bandon called Newce's Town, and in 1613, was mayor of Bandon. He was appointed marshal of Virginia, and in October, 1623, arrived there at Newport News and soon died 11 82 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. you from those parts [Ireland] not only with cattle, but with most of those commodities you want att better, and easier rates, than we from hence, shall be able." Gookin in November,^ arrived at Newport News in the ship Flying Hart, Cornelius Johnson, a Dutchman, being master thereof, and established a plantation where he made a brave stand against the Indians the following March. Soon after the massacre C4overnor Wyatt and wife paid him a visit, and he returned to England in the ship, v/hich brought the news of the slaughter of more than three hundred of the settlers. In 1623, the ship "Providence" again brought more servants for his land, and he may have been a passenger, but after this time he does not appear to have been a resi- dent, for any long period. It is probable his son Daniel, attended to affairs in Virginia, while he looked after his interests in England and Ireland. In a petition dated March 11, 1631, he mentioned that he has been "for many years a great well wisher to new plantations, and a planter and adventurer in most of them " and asks for a grant of a cer- tain island which he "is credible informed lies between the ' The Governor and Council of Virginia under date of January, 1622, wrote to the London Company : " There arrived here about the 22 of November, a shipp from Mr. Gookin out of Ireland wholy uppon his owne Adventure, withoute any returne at all to his contract wth you in England, w'ch was soe well furnished with all sortes of p'visioues as well as with f 'attie as we could wyshe all men would follow theire example, hee hath also brought with him about 50 men upon that Adventure, besides some 30 other Passengers, we haue accordinge to their desire sented them at Newport's News, and we doe conceive great hope yff the Irish Plantation p'sper, yt from Ireland greate multitude of people will be like to come hither ******** Mr. Pountis hath had some, conference with ye Mr. of the Irish shipp, a Dutchman, whose name ys Corne- lius Johnson of Home in Hollaude, who is soe farr in loue with this Couutrey, as he intendeth to returne hither." VIRGINIA CAEOLORUM. 83 60th and 65th degree of north latitude, named St. Brandon or Isle de Verd, about three leagues, from the Blasques of Ireland." De Vries, the Dutch captain, writes that on the 20th of March, 1633, he "anchored at evening, before New- port Snuw, where lived a gentleman of the name of Goe- gen" [Gookin], On the 21st of June, 1631, died the great adventurer Cap- tain John Smith, whose stories were as wonderful as those of the traveler Coryat. During the brief period he lived in Virginia, he quarreled w ith Francis West, brother of Lord Delaware, and others, and was sent home in disgrace.' In a letter to Earl of Salisbury, Lord High Treasurer, dated Oc- tober 4, 1609, from Captain John Katcliff is the following : " We heard yt all the counsell, were dead, but Captain Smith the President who reigned sole governor without assistants and would at first admitt of no councill but himself. This man is sent home to answer some misdeamenors whereof I persuade me, he can scarcely clear himself from great im- putations of blame." Wingfield mentions that he had been a beggar in Ireland, and in a letter to Lord Bacon, in 1618, Smith writes relative to some scheme : ^ " Should I present it to the Biskayers, French, or Hollanders, they have made me large offers, but Nature doth binde me thus to begge at home, whom strangers have pleased to make a commander abroad." In a description of New England, which accompanied this letter, he also wrote : " Lett not the povertie of the author cause the action to be less re- ' Spelman's Relotion quoted p. 52. 2 The entire letter from the orird." = Lord Delaware iu 1010, completed a rude wooden church at Jamestown, 24X60 ft. iu dimensions which soon decayed. In 11619, there was a wooden church 20X50 ft. built at the expense of the people of Jamestown. The foundations of the brick church of 1689, were 28x56 ft. which were visi- ble a f<'\v 3'ears ago. The present dilajiidated church so often sketclied is a later and larger edifice, and should not be called the church of the first settlers. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 145 It was not until the autumn of 1639, that Sir Francis Wyatt arrived at Jamestown as the successor of Governor Harvey. By the influence of Lord Baltimore and Secretary of State Windebank. Kemp was retained as Secretary of the Colony. Of the hundreds of white people who now arrived in the ships, Secretary Kemp wrote that "scarce any, but are brought in as merchandise to make sale of." Under Wyatt's commission there was a concession, by which, when, there was a vacancy in the Council, it could be filled, by the majority of the votes of the remaining councillors. Among the earliest acts of the Governor was a strict inspection of tobacco, and the burning of all below a certain grade. He wrote : " Though the physic seems sharp, yet I hope it will bring the body of the colony to a sounder constitution of health than it ever yet enjoyed before." At an Assembly whicli convened on January 6th, 1639-40, there was legislation which showed an improving condition. Hitherto an inn-keeper was authorized to charge eighteen pence, or six pounds of tobacco for a meal, but it was then enacted, that " on account of plenty provisions " only twelve pence should be the price. Ministers of the Gospel were allowed ten pounds of tobacco per poll, each to pay the clerk, and sexton; the Muster blaster General three pounds per poll, the Captain of the Fort and Point Comfort was allowed ten guards, and three pounds of tobacco per poll. A levy of two pounds per poll was made for a new fort, and also two pounds per poll to build a state house. Cattle had so increased, that it was made lawful to ex- port to New England, the seventh head of neat cattle. Benjamin Harrison, who had been clerk of the Council for 19 - 146 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. some years, was allowed £7, 10s. for his services. The boundaries of the Isle of Wight, Upper, and Lower Norfolk counties were defined, and the parish of Lawne's Creek was created. The first minister in Norfolk County is said to have arrived about this time, named John Wilson. Eoger Wingate was appointed by the King, Treasurer in the place of Jerome Hawley, deceased. On the loth of August, 1639, the case of Panton was re- ferred to the new Governor Wyatt, about to sail for Virginia, and the Council there, and his sentence suspended, and Governor Harvey ordered to deliver up his estate. It was further ordered, that if upon examination he should be found innocent, he should be restored to the rectorship of York and Chiskiack. Secretary Kemp, and Sergeant Major Donne, were in England the early part of the year 1640, in the interest of Governor Harvey, and the latter addressed a labored trea- tise to Charles the First, entitled "Virginia Reviewed," which is still preserved among the Harleian Manuscripts of the British Museum. After mentioning that a settled government in Virginia was just beginning, and " that till of very late, every man's own particular profit hath been the most earnestly pursued " he continues " How this assercon findes warrant is evident by the late action of some pticulers, fiery and head strong in their disorders and conspiracy against yo' Maj''" commis- sioned Governo'', at this present, in that Country, of whose condition an officer neither I nor any und' y"' sacred autho- rity can, if justly, but speack honorablie, he being according VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 147 to his place ready to accompt, able to justifie, discreet to mannage every circumstance of his proceedings, in that de- putation, as in y°' roiall i^resence, at the Councell table y Maj"' with y"' Lords allowed.^ "But in this poynt I will content my satisfaction, with a calmness of silence, by reason that if any Tempest threaten the Delinciuents to y Maj''" High Court of Starre Chamber, is the power of qualification by y°' gracious mercy referred. " From the convenience (most likely) of some former Gov' their easinesse of nature, or uncertainty of appeals (the Plantation then wholly depending on the wills and counsails of Men and Trade,) hath this enormity drawn p'sump on. Out of suchp'sumpcon (we doubt long in plot- ting though lately practised) during the licence of this aris- tocracie, those of that councell have used to eye authority, and to dispute power with their Govern"' whom certainly they always find readie to assent with them, rather looking after their own thrift, than the dignity of their trust, or els the successe of their discrecons was more fortunate than their fortunes. "Cases in deseases of desperate quallitye are not all- waies lenative, for had this insolence bene passed over, the defects of this colonie, had still lyen asleep, untill a second sudden mischance, I might say, a mischief e, had for ever disheartened a third attempt of Peopling it, casting a dis- honor upon our jS'ation, lessning and diminishing yo' pos- session, cutting of a greater number of yo' subjects, had it not apparently bene proved that it is better to dye, noblie 'See page 126. 148 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. may.nteneiHg the justice of bono', the hono' of justice, than to comply with a multitude whose policy is gayne, whose gravitye is giddinesse, whose discretion is noyse and tu- mult " After several pages devoted to the condition of Virginia, he writes the following sharp criticism of New England. *' On the Northern part of the Virginian Continent lieth New England. In that Countrye it is a question undecided though yo' Maj''" hath a firm interest whether the In- habitants acknowledge you their King, or whether they by yo' Majesty are worthy to be acknowledged subjects. " New England it is styled, supposed in the same Latitude Av"* Nova Albion, whose discoverer was Sir Francis Drake * * * * Much available for comfort, for assistance (if occasion should bee) might such a complantation prove, were not the people themselves in their manners and lives both infectious and pestilent. They, in religion, their coun- try, in its Barronnesse and not unequallie fruitfull. So heartily they hate conformity that they detest order, ambi- tious of a new Creation of ridiculous novelty, most ridicu- lous schisme by Sepacon. They are in a manner desprate Enthusiasticks, for whereas all men are moved (as a heathen noted) by Eeligion, the p'swasion whereof is the chief in pollicy, a good historian granteth, these Fanaticks choose, rather without pollicy or religion, to be misled by their lay elders, than be guided by the true Pastors of their selves, or governed by their naturall Boveraigne. ''Allmost, it exceeds a wonder howe manye of faire quallitye alien and sell their whole estates in their Old age VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 14 9 to shuffle themselves, Wives, and Children, into their New England Blind zeale, and more blinde Seaducers doe so gull and cheat their consciences, that willingly they make exchange of their Reason, and knowledge for credulous sim- plicitye, willfull Ignorance. The antick prancks, the strange unheard of Vanityes which are constantly brought for Newes, that these men in New England doe, and studdy to doe, gives more a?3d more as much occasion of pitty as of laughter. ' * Dissembled Sanctity is a double Iniquity sayd the Pro- verbial speech, verefyed in these seperatists of New Eng- land, all pretend, none professe Religion as they ought. ***** What a Comonwealth amongst such Pre- cisians is likely to flourish where zeale is preposteroous, Cruelty in Justice, Confusion in Law, is not difficult to be resolved. A Colony there can be none; it were dishon' to the name so to entitle it, a Plantation not to be expected, the people themselves so slouthfull that had not Virginia lately supplyed and relieved them their Calamitye had beene remedilesse,"' While in England Donnepresented the following petition to the King. '• That y" Pef goeing over w"* Sir John Harvey Gov' for yo' Ma'"*' in the Province of Virginia was by him recommended to yo' Ma''' who was graciously pleased to appoint him for one of his Councells, when following yo' Ma''" orders and directions by yo' letters in speedy appointing a Muster Mas- ' A fuH abstract of Donne's essay, is given in^the Appendix. 150 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. fcer General & Marshall by choyce both of Sir John Harvey & the rest of the Councell then, yo' pet' was thought well fitt to execute the aforesaid places, and soe did, untill the Gov"" & Counsell employed him as Agent for the Collonye to prose- cute a suite against those persons y' were lately seditious and disturb'd the peaceable Government & were by yC Royall commands sent to answeare theyre contempt & misde- meanor which service to his power he has effected & is now returninge to his charge. ' ' May it therefore please yo' Royall Ma''^ to give order that yo' humble pef may have a confirmacon under ye Great Scale of ye foresaide places of Muster Master Gene- rall and Marshall whereof theis two yeares y"' Pet' hath been possest and executed without excepcon," The dispute begun in Virginia between Anthony Panton, clergyman, and Secretary Kemp, was continued in Eng- land, and on the 30th of October, 1641, the following was presented to the Privy Council and the House of Commons. " Anthony Panton, clerk, Minister of God's word in Vir- ginia, and agent for the Colony and clergy complaineth of the conduct of Sir John Harvie late Governor, of Mr. Richard Kerape the Secretary, of Captain Wormeley late commander of Charles County, and others, at whose hands the colonists have suffered many arbitary and illegal pro- ceedings in judgment, tyranny, extortion, and most cruel oppression which have extended to unjust whippings, cut- ting of ears, fining and confiscation of honest mens' goods, converting fines to their own profit and use, supporting Popery, and in many other ways." VIM G INI A CAROLORUM. 151 The petition further mentioned that Kemp privately ran out of Virginia* carrying the charter and records, and that he and his associates had slandered Governor Wyatt, and " obtained surreptitiously a new Governor, and a new charter without any just cause showji against the former Governor [Wyatt] who has only exercised his authority for a year and a half," he prayed for the stopping of the Go- vernor elect and his commission till matters and rectified, and that order may be taken for the forthcoming of Sir John Harvie, Richard Kemp, and Christopher Wormeley^ to answer the charges against them ." His request received attention, as the following counter petition of Kemp and Wormeley indicates, which on No- vember 3, 164:1, was presented ; " In August last, upon the unjust complaint of Anthony Panton a turbulent person petitioners were by order of the House of Commons stayed, when about to return to their families in Virginia. The House of Commons by an order of the 8th of September, allowed them to depart, but on the 1st of October, when on board of the ship, were again stayed. Berkeley the Gov- ernor elect presented a similiar petition. George Donne never returned to Virginia and soon died, John West taking ' Thomas Stegg, the influential merchant of Westover, was fined lifty pounds sterling and to be imprisoned durinjj; the Governor's pleasure, for furnishing money to Kemp and assistinif him to leave the colony with some of its impor- t:;nt records. ^Christopher Wormeley docs not appear to have returned to Virginia, while his son Ralph, was a prominent planter. In the Sixth Report of the Royal Historical Commission, p. 414, there is the following : " 4 May, 1G40, two copies ot an award made by Ricluird Wnshiirjton and Christopher Wormely, Esquires (acting as arbitrators at the request of certain dissentients) respecting a dispute about a right of way trom Carcrofte to Ousten Co., York." 152 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. his place as Marshall and Muster Master General. The power of Governor Harvey: was completely broken. In a letter to Secretary of State, Windebank, on May 8th, 1640, he wrote, "that he was so narrowly watched that he had scarce time of privacy to write, his estate had been torn from him, his return to England had been denied, notwith- standing his many bodily infirmities, which were beyond the skill of the Colony." During his last years he had married the widow of the Kichard Stephens, merchant and councillor, with whom he once had an altercation. Captain De Vries, the Dutch trader, in September, 1642, instituted a suit to recover £4, 14s. due from the estate of Richard Stephens, "for goods sold to Lady Harvey, who was at the time wife of said Stevens." ' George Evelyn, also written Evelhi, bis brother, ceased to be commander of Kent Island, Maryland, on April 23, 1638, and on May 30th of tliis year he ac- knowledges a debt to "his brother Lieut. Robert Evelin, fourteen hundred pounds of tobacco and fifty-two pounds of beaver, for so much received of him upon the account of William Clobery and Company ; " and for his security assigns lo him all the right, title, and interest, of the said Clobery and Company in the service of Andrew Baker, Thos. Baker, and .John Hatch, and all the profits and use of said servants until the debt shall be satisfied. He also in another entry acknowledges himself to owe " to his dear brother Robert Evelin " a hundred weight of beaver and as security assigns to him his Manor of Eveliutou or Piny Point on the Maryland shore of the Potomac. Captaiu George Evelyn, on August 3, 1649, purchased of Thomas Grendon, certain land in James City County, which on April 28, 1650, he gave to his second son, Mouatjoy. On June 20, 1651, Governor Berkeley granted to Mountjoy Evelyu 600 acres of land in the county of James City, on the south side of the river. Scull, in ''The Evelyns of America," mentions that Robert Evelyn's uncle, Captain Thomas Young, also purchased a farm in James City County, and that his son Thomas served in the Parliament Army, under General Monk. In later years this sou was an officer in Bacon's rebellion in Virginia and known as "Captain Young of Chickahominy." In January, 1675-6, he was hung iu York County under a sentence of a Court Martial. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 153 After a long visit to England, Robert Evelin' in 1637, in the ship " Plain Joane" returned to Virginia, and after the death of Cxabriel Hawley, was appointed by the Governor, and duly confirmed Surveyor General of Virginia. About the year 1640, he made another voyage to England, and printed a little book of directions for immigrants to America, which has become very rare, with the following title : Direction for Adventurers With small stock to jjet two for one and prood land freely: And for Gentlemen, and all Servants, Laborers, and Artificers to live plentifully. And the true Description of the heallliiest, pleasantest and richest plantation of new Albion in North Virginia, proved by tbirteen wituessep. Togi'tber with A Letter from Master Robert Evelin who lived there nianv yeares, showing the particularities, and excellency thereof. With a briefe of the charn^e of victuiill, and necessaries to transport and buy stocke for eacij I'lanter and Laborer there, to get his Master 50^ or more in twelve trades and at 10^ charges onely a man. Printed in they ear e 1641. • See note preceding page. 20 CHAPTER VI. AFFAIRS FROM A.D., 1642 TO A.D., 1651. Arrival of Gov. Berkeley. George Sandys Colonial Agent. Attempt to restore the London Company. Remonstrance op Assembly, Visit of New England Ministers. Support for Gov. Berkeley. Assembly of 1642-3. Lord Baltimore seeks Virginia revenue. Letters of Marque. Capt. Richard Ingle. De Vries visits Jamestown. Fight between Ships. Rising of the Indians. Captain Stegg captures a Bristol Ship in Boston harbor. Robert Kvelin. Sir Edmund Plow- don. Daniel Gookin. Assembly o¥ 1644. (Jruel strife in Maryland. Legislation of 1645 Henry Bishop Visits Eng- land. Opechancanough Defeated. Lt. Thomas Rolfe. Thomas Harrison and Patrick Copland nonconformist Ministers. Public Market. Colony in 1649. Arrival op Norwood, Stevens,, and Francis Moryson. The Custis Family. Governor Berkeley's Speech against the Naviga- tion Act. >IR William Berkeley,^ Knight, in February, 1642, arrived at Jamestown as the successor of Gov- ernor Francis Wyatt. In the priaie of life, a graduate of Merton College, Oxford, accustomed to travel, a 1 His father was Sir Maurice Beikeley Kt.,of Hamwortli Middlesex. Ho was born in July, 1608, and matriculated at Merton College, Oxford, in 1623, and in 1639, received the degree of A.M. VIHGI.VIA CAROLORUM. 155 favorite of the King, and once a Gentlemen of the Privy- Chamber, his administration, from the first, was energetic and progressive. Taught to beheve that no commonwealth could exist without a King, and that there could ba no church without a bishop, he could not separate disloyalty and non-confor- mity. By his commission, it was pi'ovided, that he and Secretary Kemp, then in England, should take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy before sailing, and after arrival in Virginia, administer the oath to the follow- ing Councillors, Sir Francis Wyatt, Kt,* John West, His brother, Charles Henry, born in December, IflOO ; Maurice born in April, 1603 ; and John in February, 1607, were men of distinction. The latter led the army of Kin;^ Chnrles, in 1638, against the Scotch and was created Baron Berkeley of Stratton. Charles was kniirhted in 1623, and after the restoration, Treasurer of the Household of Charles the Second. 'Gov. Wyatt seems to have remained in the colony several months after the arrival of Berkeley. In 1G13, his wife was a widow, liviajf at Baxley, Kent, Eni^land. He had several 8ons, one, named Georjfe, was in 1653, a Lieu- tenant in the Navy and when in that year he was ofidred tlie command of the " Samp.son" he declined for "he did not think himself fit for command, as ho had received many wounds in the late wars, especially in his head." G. P. Scull in his memoir of Dorothea Scott prints a letter from King James' daun;hter Elizibeth, Queen of Bohemia, dated from the Hague, March 4, 1655, and addressed to Lord Finch, whose first wife was the sister of Governor Wyatt, in which there is a reference to the Governor's son The words are : " As for the " Countess " I can tell you heavie news of her, for she is turned quaker, and preaches every day in a tubb. Your nephew Georjre [Wyatt] can tell you of her quakino, but her tubb preacliinsf is come since he went, I believe." Governor \Vy;itt's aunt, Jane Wyatt, married a Scott, whose grand-daughter Dorothea Scott, married Major Daniel Gotherson ot Cromwells' Army, and about 1655, became a Quaker preacher. Her husband died in 1055, when .she again married Joseph Horben, of Kent, and about 1630, she settled on Long Island, Mew York. 156 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Esq./ Samuel Mathews, Esq.,^ Nathaniel Littleton, Esq.,' Christopher Wormeley/ Esq., William Peirce, Esq.,* Roger Wingate, Esq.," John Hohson,^ Thomas Powlett,^ George Menefie,® Henry Brown, Esq., WiUiara Brocas, Esq., Argall Francis Wvatt, son of tlie Governor, in 1641, was enrolled aa a student of the Inner Temple. Brock gives the following from the Virginia Land Records : Henr}' Wyatt, Esq., eldest son of Sir Francis Wyatt, Dec. 26, 1641, lease for 21 years of 50 acres in Pasbyiiay, James City county for the raising of corn, for tlie better protection of the plantation. George Wyatt, April 21, 1642, in James City County 250 acres. Thomas Wyatt, Sept. 24, 1643, " twenty miles up " on the south side of Eappahanuock, 2000 acres. Richard Wyatt, Aug 20, 1645, in Mobyack Bay, 500 acres. Ralph Wyatt in 1636 lease to Abraham Wood and others of certain islands. William Wyatt April 27, 1658, in Gloucester Co., 400 acres. William Wyatt March 16, 1663, in Gloucester Co., 400 acres. Mayor William Wyatt May 20, 1064, in New Kent Co., 1940 acres. Anthony W^yatf, June 28, 1664, in New Kent Co., 282 acres. Anthony Wyatt July 24, 1669, in Charles City, 398 acres. 'See page 15. ■ See page 21. * His plantation was on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. * He does not appear to have remained in Virginia, but son Ralph was promi- nent. s Peirce as early as May, 1623, had been appointed by Governor Wyatt during his first term of office. Captain of his Guard, and commander of James City. For other notices see pages, 59, 128. * Appointed in August, 1639, Treasurer for life. ' See Chapter V. * Thomas Powlett or Pawlett, came in the " Neptune" in 1618, and was in 1643, about 57 years old. 9 See p. 112. VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. 157 Yeardley/ Thomas Pettus, Thomas Willoughby/ Richard Bennett,^ and Humphrey Higginson,* George Ludlow,' early in 1642, also appeared as one of the Council. Clai- borne was appointed by the King, colonial Treasurer. The first assembly after Berkeley's arrival convened on April 1, 1642, and among the Burgesses were a number of the more enterprising colonists. Benjamin Harrison® who had for several years been clerk of the Council, and Richard Townsend, who, in 1629, had represented the planters be- ' Argall Yeardley was the eldest son of the Governor and now about 21 years old. See page 16. 'Thomas Willoughby came in the ship "Prosperous" as early as 1610, and was now about 40 years old and was a merchant. His only son Thomas born Dec. 25, 1632, was sent to the Merchant Tailors, School, London. Elizabeth, the wife of Col. William Willoujjhby, one oftlie Commissioners of the Navy, about 16o2 died in England, and at tlu^ time her sister .Jane Ham- mond was living in Virginia, perhaps the wife of Col. Manwarinfj Hammond, one of Gov. Berkele3''8 councillors. She had a son Lawrence Hammond. Francis, the son of the widow Elizabeth, being the Deputy Governor of Massachusetts, died in 1672, and his widow Margaret married Lawrence, son of Jane Hammond of Virginia A Willoughby .\llerton was in 1711, Deputy Collector of Customs for Potomac River indicating some connection of Isaac Allerton's family with the VVilloughbys. A Henry Willoughby, born in 1026, at Stukely, Berkinghamshire, died in No- vember, 1685, at Hill's Creek, Virginia. His son Henry who went with his father to Virginia, married .July 28, 1695, Elizabeth daughter of William Pidgeon of Stepney. The relation between these families has not been ascertained. 3 Governor of Virginia under Cromwell. * Among the passengers for Virginia in the ship " George," Capt. Severn, in 1635, was Humphrey Higginson. 'See Chapter IV. * Benjamin Harrison on July 10, 1635, received a grant of 200 acres in War- rosquoyake afterwards Nansemond County. 158 VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. tween Archer's Hope and Martin's Hundred, John Upton, who had in 1632, been appointed a judge for Warrosquoy- oake, Obedience Robins,' an old justice in Accomack, Thomas Harwood who had been prominent in the dispute with Governor Harvey, Edward Hill, who was afterwards insurrectionary Governor in Maryland, and John Hill, a sympathizer with the New England Puritans.'' Berkeley was often choleric and arbitrary in his measures, yet his hospitality to strangers, outspoken manner, and hearty interest in the general welfare of the Colony, for several years, gave him influence with many. At the outset of his administration he sustained the people, in opposing a measure, which tended to cripple their energies. The legislative assembly of 1639, had appointed George Sandys^ who had been Treasurer of the Colony, before the ' Jolm Robins, in 1633, in a communication to the colonial antliorities, speaks of his father who died on the voyage. In 1633, John Kobins, the younger son and heir of John Kobins, deceased, received on September 7th, a grant of 300 aeres in Elizabeth City County. In 1640, December 3d, Obedience Robins entered 3000 acres in Accomack County. 2 In addition to the above, the following, were members of the Assembly, of April, 1643, andsifrnersof tlie Remonstrance. Thomas Dewe, Ferd. Franklin, John Weale, Nath. Gough, Jos. Jolinson, Walter Chiles, Wm. Dacker, W. Butler Thomas Fallows, George Worleigh, George Hardy, Francis Fowler, Tho's Bernard, Edward Windham. 3 It is probable that Sandys went to England, and was there when his transla- tion of Ovid's Metamorphosis was elegantly published in 1633, in folio, at Ox- ford. In 1636, he also published a duodecimo, with this title : " Paraphrase upon the Psalmes of David and upon the Hymnes dispersed throughout the Old and New Testament." Four years later he published an 18mo. " Christ's Passion, a Tragedy ; with annotations, London, printed by I. L., and are to be sold by William Leake at his shop in Chancery Lane, neere unto the Rowles, 1640." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 159 abrogation of the charter of the Virginia Company of London, to watch over their interest in England, but in disregard of their wishes, he revived the project, which had been pressed ten years before, and presented a petition to the House of Commons, in the name of the adventurers and planters of Virginia, asking a restoration to the old London Company of all the privileges of their old chai-ter, except, that the Crown should reserve the right to appoint a Governor. The Assembly of April, 1642, after fully debating the matter, ' ' maturely considering the reasons on both sides as well enquiring for, as against the company" with the Gov- ernor, and Council, sent a statement to the King in which they set forth sound principles of constitutional liberty. They declared that their agent had mistaken his in- structions, and that they would consider it a calamity to see the charter of the old company revived, and that if it were again to attempt to exercise power, there would come anarchy and unhappiness in the Colony, whose people had not forgotten the intolerable sufferings, illegal proceedings, and barbarous treatment during the period of the said com- pany's sway. Collins mentions that in the family Bible of Archblslmp Sandys, was this record: " George Sandes born the seventh day of March, at six of the Clock in tlie morning 1577. His godfalliers were George, Earl of Cumberland and Wil- liam, Lord Ewer. His godmother Catharine, Countess of Huntington." He died at the ajje of 66 years, in the house of his niece, the widow of Governor Wyatt. In the register of Besley Abbey is this entry : " Georgius Sandys, Poelarum Anglorum sui soeculi facile princeps, sepultus fuit Martii 7 Stilo Anglic, An. Dom., 1643." 160 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. , The whole trade of the Colony had been monopolized by the company, insomuch that when any person desired to go for England he had not liberty to carry with him the fruits of his own labor, for comfort and support, but was forced to bring it to the Magazine of the company, there to ex- change it for unprofitable and useless wares. That they were now happy by the freedom of annual As- semblies, warranted to them by his Majesty's gracious in structions, by legal trials, by juries in all criminal and civil causes, and by his Majesty's royal encouragement upon all occasions to address him, by humble petitions, which so much distinguisheth our happiness from that of former times wlien private letters to friends were rarely permitted to be sent to England, They further argued that the old corporation could not be introduced without proving the illegality of the King's proceedings against them, so that all grants since, upon such a foundation must be void; "and if as they pretend, the King had no right to grant, our lands held by immediate grant from his Majesty must be void, and our possessions must give place to their claim, which is an invincible argu- ment of ruin and desolation to the Colony, as we must be outed of our possessions if their pretence." "And though it is alleged by them that the charter of orders from the Treasurer and company (Anno 1618) gives us claim and right to be members of the corporation quatenus planters, yet it appears by the charter, that planters and adventurers who are members of the company are considered by themselves, and distinguished in privileges, from planters VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. 161 and adventurers not being members ; and as the King's grantees we find ourselves condemned in the said Charter one clause of it pronouncing m these words ; " we do or- dain that all persons as of their own voluntary will and authority shall remove into Virginia without any grant from us, in a great and general Quarter Court, in writing, under our seals shall be declared, as they are, occupiers of our land ; that is of the common lands of us the said Treasurer and Company." Now if persons who remove into this country without license from the Treasurer and company are to be deemed occupiers of the company's land, much more will such grantees be deemed occupiers of their land, who hold their rights under an erroneous judgment as they pretend. That if the company be revived, and they have leave by virtue of their charter of orders publickly to dispossess us, the wiser world we hope will excuse us if we refuse to de- part with what, next to our lives, nearest concerns us (which are our estates, the livelihood of ourselves, our wives and children) to the courtesy and will of such taskmasters, from whom we have already experienced so much oppres- sion. That we will not admit of so unnatural a distance as a company to interpose between his Sacred Majesty, and us his subjects, from whose immediate protection we have re- ceived so many royal favors and gracious blessings. That by such admission, we shall degenerate from our birthrights, being naturalized under a monarchical and not a popular, or tumultuary government, depending upon the 21 162 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. greatest number of votes of persons of several honors and dispositions as that of a company must be granted to be, from whose General Quarter Courts all laws binding the planters here did, and would again, issue. That we cannot without breach of natural duty and reli- gion, give up and resign the lands we hold by grants from the King upon certain annual rents (fitter as we humbly conceive, if his Majesty shall so please, for a branch of his own royal stem than for a company) to the claim of a cor- poration ; for besides our own births, our possessions enjoin us as a fealty without a salvafide aliis Dominis. That by the admission of a company the freedom of our trade (the blood and life of a commonwealth) will be mono- polized, for they who with most secret reservation, and most subtlety argue for a company though they pretend to submit the government to the King, yet reserve to the corporation property to the land, and power of managing the trade ; which word managing in every sense of it is convertible to monopolizing, and will subject the trade to the whole control and direction of their Quarter Courts held at so great a distance from us that it is not probable or possible for them to be acquainted with the accidental cir- cumstances of the Colony, so as to form proper rules and regulations for our trade, which our Grand Assembly, acquainted with the clime and accidents thereof, have and may upon better grounds, prescribe, and which in any other way will be destructive to us. That the pretence that the government shall be made good to the King, that is, that the King shall nominate and VIE O IN I A CAROLORUM. 163 appoint the Governor, we take at best, to be but a fallacy and a trap, not of capacity enough to catch men with eyes and forethought ; for upon a supposition that the Governour shall be named and appointed by the King, yet his depend- ence, so far as respects his continuance or removal, will by reason of their power, and interest with great men, rest in the company, which naturally brings with it conformity to their wills in whatever shall be commanded, and we leave it to the best judgments whether such dependence will not be pernicious to the Colony. After these reasons, with firmness they make the follow- ing positive declaration. "We the Governour, Council, and Burgesses of this pre- sent Grand Assembly having taken into serious considera- tion these and many other dangerous effects which must be concomitant in and from a company or corporation, have thought fit to declare, and hereby do declare, for ourselves and all the commonality of this Colony, that it was never desired, sought after, or. endeavored to be sought for, either directly or indirectly by the consent of any Grand Assembly or the common consent of the people ; and we do hereby fur- ther declare and testify to all the World, that we will never admit the restoring the said Company, or any, for, or in their behalf, saving to ourselves herein a most faithful and loyal obedience to his most Sacred Majesty, our dread Sovereign whose royal and gracious protection, allowance, and maintenance of this our just declaration and protesta- tion we doubt not (according to his accustomed clemency and benignity to his subjects) to find. " And we do further enact, and be it here])y enacted and manifested by the authority aforesaid, that what person or 164 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. persons soever either is, or shall be hereafter any planter or adventurer, and shall go about, by any way or gaeans, either directly or indirectly, to sue for, advise, assist, abet, coun- tenance, or contrive the reducing this Colony to a Company or Corporation ***** shall be held and deemed an enemy to the Colony and shall forfeit his or their whole estate or estates that shall be found within the limits of the Colony, the one half shall be and come to the publick use, the other moity or half to the informer." After the preparation of their objections, the Assembly postponed all business and adjourned to the second of June, When the protest was received by the King, the civil war had begun in England, and he was in Yorkshire directing troops against the friends of Parliament. Although his ap- proval of their propositions would have no weight with Parliament, yet it was most graciously given, while he was sojourning at York, in these w^ords : *' Charles Rex ** Trusty and well beloved, we greet you well. Whereas we have received a petition from you, our Governour, Coun- cil, and Burgesses of the Grand Assenibly in Virginia, together with a declaration and protestation of the first of April, against a petition presented in your names, to the House of Commons in this our Kingdom, for restoring of the letters patent for incorporating of the late treasurer, and Company, contrary to your intent and meaning, and against all such as shall go about to alienate you from our immediate protection ; and whereas you desire, by your petition, that we should co)ifirm this your declaration and protestation under our royal signet, and transmit it to that VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 165 our Colony. These are to signify, that your acknowledg- ment of our grace, bounty, and favour toward you, and your so earnest desire to continue under our immediate protection is veiy acceptable unto us ; and that as we had not before the least intention to consent to the introduction of any Company over that our Colony, so we are by it much confirmed in our resolution, as thinking it unfit to change a form of government, wherein (besides many other reasons given and to be given) our subjects there having had so long experience of it, received so much contentment and satisfaction. And this our approbation of your petition and protestation we have thought fit to transmit to you, under our royal signet. Given at our Court, at York, the 5th of July, 1642." During this sunmier, there was an efi'ort to secure New England ministers for some vacant parishes. Some of the settlers upon the banks of the Nansemond River were from the city of London, and had been under the influence of those Puritan preachers who had opposed the policy of Arch- bishop Laud. The parish of Upper Norfolk had grown so large that in 1641, the Assembly enacted : " For the better enabling the inhabitants of this colony to the religious worship and service of Almighty God, which is often neg- lected and slackened by the incojivenient and remote vast- ness of parishes, Resolved, That the county of Upper Norfolk be divided into three distinct parishes, viz : one, on the south side of Nansimon river, from the present glebe to head of said river, on the other side of the river, the bounds to be limited from Cooling's CKeek, including both sides of the creek, upward to the head of the western 166 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. branch, and to be nominated the South Parish. It is also thought, and confirmed that the east side of Nansimun river from present glebe downward to the north of said river, be a peculiar parish, to which the glebe and parson- age house that now is, shall be appropiated and called East Parish ; the third parish, to begin on the west side of Nan- simun river, to be limited from Cooling's creek, as afore- said, and to extend downward to the mouth of the river, including all Chuckatuck, on both sides, and the Ragged Islands, to be known by the West Parish." During the summer of 1642, Philip Bennett, of the Upper Norfolk district, came in small pinnace, to Boston, with a petition, signed by John Hill, Richard Bennett, an influen- tial merchant, afterwards Governor, and Daniel Gookin, junior, " a Kentish soldier, a very forward man to advance martial discipline," and others, in all, to the number of sev- enty-one, asking for three able ministers, to occupy parishes in their neighborhood. At a session of the General Court of Massachusetts Bay on the 8th of September, it was voted relative to ' ' the ministers proposed to be sent to Virginia, that if the churches will consent to have them go, the Magistrates should com- mend them to the Government there." The churches selected John Knowles,* a ripe scholar who ' Knowles after a few years left New England and became a preacher at Bris- tol Cathedral, and then was sixteen years at Pei-shore, Worcester. On April 9, 1665, his house was searched, and he imprisoned tor sedition because he had collected mone^' for safFeriug Polanders, which, in his petition for release he quaintly says,. '" he did not know was unlawful, but ttiought them an object of pity." After his release, he devoted liimself to the sufferers from the plajfue in London. He lived to the ripe age of 85 years, and in 1685 died. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 167 had been educated at old Cambridge University, William Tompson,' a graduate of Oxford, and Thomas James, who had been two years preacher at Charlestown, Massa- chusetts, but then at New Haven, Connecticut. Their voyage was long, and stormy, occupying several weeks. As they passed Hell Gate in Long Island Sound, their pinnace was " bilged upon the rocks," but Mr. Aller- ton, the son-in-law of William Brewster, the leader of the Plymouth Colony, who wa:^ then at Manhattan, obtained for them another vessel, in which in mid-winter they sailed for Virginia, Soon after they reached their destination, on March 1st, 1642-3 (O. S.), the Assembly' convened at Jamestown, when ' William Totnpson, as the name was written, was born in Lancashire, Eng., in 1598, and in 1619, left Oxford, and before coming to New England, preached at Winwick. In " Terra Marim" J. B. Lippiucott& Co., he i3 erroneously men- tioned a8 the cordial friend of Lord Baltimore. That William Tompson was a Maryland settler and the only Roman Catholic that sided with Ingle and the friends of Parliament, but afterward came back to I^ord Baltimore's party. " House of Burgesses March 1 , 1642-3. Henrico County Capt. Mathew Gough. Mr. Arthur Bayley. Mr. Dan. Luellin. Charles City Go. Walter Ashton. Thomas Stegg^ Speaker. Mr. Walter Chiles. Capt. Rob't Hutchinson. Mr. Rowland Sadler. James City Co. Mr. Uenry Filnier. Capt. John Fludd. Mr. Stephen Webb. Mr. Wm. Davie. Warwick River Co. Capt. Thomas Flint. Mr. Toby Smith. Elizabeth City Co. Mr. John Branch. Mr. John Hoddin. 168 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. under Governor Berkeley's influence, it was enacted " for the preservation of the puritie of doctrine, and vnitie of the church, that all men whatsoever, which shall reside in the collony are to be conformable to the orders and con- stitution, of the Church of England, and the laws therein established, and not otherwise to be admitted to teach pub- lickly or privately. And that the Grand Counsel do take care that all non-conformists upon notice of shall be com- pelled to depart the collony with all convenience." It was also re-enacted that no popish recusants should at any time hold office unless they had taken the oaths of alle- giance and supremacy, and that no popish priest could re- main in the Colony longer than five days, after receiving notice to leave from the Governor, or the authority of the place. The church polity determined upon for the parishes was quite peculiar. In New England civil affairs were subject to the vote of the church, but the reverse was the order in Virginia, and spiritual concerns were under the supervision of officers chosen by the body politic. Each parish was in- dependent. The law passed, declared : "That the vestrie of ItU of Wight Co. Mr. Arthur Jones. Mr. Richard Death. Upper Norfolk Co. Mr. John Carter. Mr. Randall Crew. Lower Norfolk Co. Mr. Cornelius Lloyd. Mr. Edward Windham. York County. Mr. John Chew. Capt. Chesman. Mr. Wm. Tayler. Northampton Co. Mr. Phil. Tayler. Mr. Edward Scarborough. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 169 evrie parish, with the allowance of the coinmancler, and comr's of the county living, and resideing witliin the said parish, or the vestrie alone, in case of their non-residence, shall from henceforward, have power to eliot, make choyce of their ministers, and he or they so elected by the com- mander and com'rs, or by the vestrie, in case of non-residence as aforesaid, to be recommended and presented to the said commander, and com'rs or vestrie alone, to the Governor, and so by him admitted. Provided, that it shall be lawfall for the Gov' for the time being to admit and elect such a minister as he shall allow of in James Citty parish. And in any parish where the Governour and his successors shall have a plantation, provided he or they enjoy not that privi- lege but in one parish, where he or they have such a planta- tion, And vpon the neglect, or misbecoming of the ministers or any of them compl't thereof being made by the vestrie, The Governour and Council are requested so to proceed against such minister or ministers, by suspension, or other punishment as they shall think fitt and tlio offence require,' Removall of such ministers, to be left to the Grand Assem- bly." With a vestry elected by a community of godless planters, the most orthodox minister was liable to be com- plained of, suspended or removed, by the secular power, while a wine bibbing and horse racing parson could be re- tained for years by a vestry of jolly and loose living parish- ioners. As yet the rancor of civil war had not separated neighbors, and while Stegg the speaker of the House, Ben- nett of the Council, and others, sympathized with Parlia- ment, they were disposed to support their royalist Governor as the following legislation shows. 22 170 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. " Whereas the vnkind differences now in England, It may be with great reason be assured to the most scrupolous that the severall pension & allowance from his Ma'tie to the Governour of this place is for the present withdrawn and suspended & that therefore for sustentation and support of the honour of this place of Governour in accomodation from the plantation in cleare and absolute terms of neces- sitie is required and inforced ; " Yet nevertheles this present Grand Assembly together and eye to the honour of the place, having alsoe entered into a deep sense and consideration of the duty and trust w^hich the publique votes and suffrages have cast vpon them vnder which is comprehended as the most speciall and binding obligation the preservation of the rights and pro- perties of the people, to which this course now intended may seem to threaten violence however, rather innovated in the manner and circumstance, then in value and substance ; Yet as well for the silencing of pretences as for answearing arguments of weight. "/^ is tliouglit fitt hereby to declare that as from the in- fancy of the colony there never was the like concurrence and pressure of affairs which they likewise hope and pray to Almighty God to [avert] from his Ma'tie and his ma'ties kingdom, soe they have recorded to the posteritie, with this ensueing president of accommodation for the Governour, that the aforesaid instance, and motives removed, they will never yield or consent to receive [renew ?] the same " and it was ordered that a levy of two shillings upon each tithable VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 171 person, payable in provisio|is', be made for the support of the Governor, and a house .witli a lot of two acres was also presented, as "a free and voluntary gift, in consideration of many worthy favours manifested toward the Colony." At this session, persons who fled from England on account of their debts, were exempted from prosecution by creditors, because in the language of the Act, "it might hazard the deserting of the great part of the country." Several changes were made in names and boundaries. The plantation of " Achomack " was ordered to be called Northampton, and C'harles River County was changed to York, and Warwick River to Warwick County. Upper Norfolk was divided into three parishes, and " Chescake " was changed to Hampton Parish. Two parishes were created in Northampton County, one south of Kings Creek, the other between Kings Creek and Naswattocks. The monthly courts were made bi-mensal, and designated as County Courts. Walter Austin, Rice Hoe, Joseph Johnson and Walter Chiles, were authorized to explore the country west and south of the " Appomattake " river, with the privilege of trading with the Indians for fourteen years. All old settlers who arrived at the last cuniing of Sir Thomas Gates, or before, were exempted fiom military ' Indian corn was rated at 10 sliillings a banel, two barrels in ear, ee a sedate and prominent merchant of Boston, havlnci: commercial transactions with the planters of Virginia and Maryland. Gov. Winthrop, under date of lOth month 1646, wrote: " But the Lord is still pleased to afflict us in our shipping, for Major Gibbons and Capt. Leverett having sent a new ship of about one hundred VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. I73 the officers of Maryland would welcome any English non- conformist. In February, 1630-7, Cecil, Lord Baltimore, presuming upon his poweriul court influence, and devoted friendship of Secretary Windebank,^ applied for the Governorship of tons to Virjjinia, and having there freighted her witli tobacco, g-oing out of the river, by a sudden storm was forced ashore, and lost her auclior and much of the goods, totlie loss (aw is estimated) of two tliousaud pounds." Lord Baltimore iu iGoO, " havin Printz's letter translated by Gregory B. Keen, first appeared in Vol. VII, Pennsylvania Magazine. •In N. Y. Colonial Documents Vol. XII, p. 57, is the followinpr : " I Peter Jansen aged about 22 years declare at the request of Mr. Moor that he when, in 1643, in the River Rapahanick heard one Middeler say that the bark now belonjring to Peter Lawerensen and Mr. Throckmorten, when Mr. Middeler was skipper, was the property of Sir Edmund Pleyden. Knijrht, viz. : one half of the biirk & 3 hogsheads of flour, freighted on account of said Knight. sHis father was also named Daniel Gookin also written Gookins There is an indenture on record dated Feb. 1, 1630, between Daniel Gookins, Gent, and 184 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM."^ On the first of October, an Assembly^ convened, Richard Kemp the Secretary, acting as Governor, in the absence of Berkeley. Thos. Addison his servant. In 1G87, there was a grant to Daniel Gookins of 2500 acres upon the north-west of Nanseniond Eiver. In 1642, Daniel Gookins was President of the Court of Upper Norfolk. From a verse by Cotton Mather he appears to liave been influenced by William Tomson's preaching. " A constellation of great converts there Shone round him, and his heavenly glory wear, Gookins was one of tliem, by Tompson's pains, Christ and New England, a dear Gookins gained." While he did not live there, he owned a plantation near South River, Mary- land, and, in 1655, two of his negroes there were killed by Indians. He was a friend of John Eliot, tiie Indian Missionary, and wrote a history of the Massa- chusetts tribes. Chief Justice Sewall called to see hira when dying, and that day wrote in his journal, "a right good man." His tombstone is at Cambridge, Mass., with this inscription. " Here Lyeth Interred Ye body of ^ Major-General Daniel Gookins aged 75 years Who departed this life Ye 19th March, 1686-7." ' Council, at Assembly convened October 1, 1644. Capt. Wm. Claiborne, Capt. Wm. Peirce, Capt. Henry Browne, Capt. W. Brocas, Mr. George Menifie, Mr. Richard Bennett, Capt. Humphrey Higginson, Capt. Thos. Bernard, Mr. George Ludlow, Capt. Richard Towusend. Burgesses, October. 1644. James City Couvty. Capt. Robert Hutchinson. Mr, George Jordan. Mr. Stephen Webb. Mr. John Shepherd. Mr. Edward Travis. Mr. Tho's Warren. Mr. Tho's Loveing. York County. Mr. John Chew. Capt. X'pher Caulthropp. Mr. Rowland Burnham. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 185 The increased consumption of liquor led to some prohibi- tory enactments. It was ordered that no one should keep an inn unless he had the approval of the county court, and a license from the Gov^ernor, and that he should not " sell or utter wine, or strong liquor," but might dispose of strong beer at the rate of eight pounds of tobacco a gallon, and that no "debts for wines or strong liquors" could be recovered by law. The price of a meal at a public house was fixed at ten pounds of tobacco. Mr. Peter Hull. Mr. George Hardy. Mr. Cornelias Lloyd. Lt. Wm. Wos. Capt. Tho's Bernard. Mr. John Walker. Mr Obedience Robins. Me of Wight Co. Mr. Ricbard Death. Lower Norfolk Co. Mr. .John Sydney. Elizabeth City Co. Mr. .John Hodin. » Warwick County. Mr. Joliu lleyrick. Northampton County. Mr. Edward Douglas. Upjyer Norfolk Co. Mr. Moore Fcntleroy. Mr. Randall Crew. Charles City Co. Capt. Edward Hill, Speaker. Mr. John Westrop. Jlr. Francis Poylhers. Mr. John Bishop. Mr. Richard Cocker. Mr, Abraham Wood. 24 Mr. Dan. Lewcllin, Henrico County. Mr. Wui. Hatcher. 186 VIE GINTA CA JlOLOE UM. Actinaj Govei-nor Kemp, on February, 17, 1644-45 con- vened another Assembly/ wliich authorized George Mene- ' Councillors Present at Assembly February 17, 1644-5. John West, William ' !l,iiIjorne, Willi im Pfjrco, Thomas WillouLrlibie, ThoDias Prtttys, ilichard Beunett, Hearj' Uro^vn, Ai-goll Yennll"y, Oapt. Hum- phrey Higginson, Capt. Bernard, Mr. George Ludlow, Capt. Rich. Townsend. Mr. Ambrose Harmor. Capt. Rob't Hutchiuson. Mr. Wm. Barrett. Mr. John Baugh. Capt. Ed. Hill, Speaker. Mr. Rice Hoe. Mr. Edward Lloyd. Mr. Tho'a Meares. Capt. Harwood. Mr. Tho's Bernard. ~Mr. Arthur Smith. Mr. Philip Bennett. Capt. Yeo. Capt X'plier Calthropp. Mr. Edm'd Scarborough. Burgesses. James City Co. Mr. John Corker. Mr. Geo. Stephens. Mr. John Rogers. Henrico County. Mr. Ab. Wood. Charles City Co. L't. Francis Poythers. Mr. Edward Prince. Lower Norfolk Co. Mr. X'pher Burroughs. ^\arwick Co. Mr. Henry Heyricke. Isle of Wight Co. Mr. George Hardy. Upper Norfolk Co. IMr. Moore Foutleroy Elieabeth City Co. Mr. Arthur Price. Northampton Co. Mr. Stephen Charlton. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 187 fie' and Richard Bennett, to purchase powder and sliot for the use of the Colony against the Indians, and enacted "for God's glory and the j)ubUck benefitt of the CoUony to tlie end that Godmigh^avei-t hisheavie judgments that are now vpon us. that the last Wednesday of everie month be sett apart for a day of fifast and hiimihation, and that it be wholly dedicated to prayers and preaching," and also " that the eighteenth day of April be yearly celebrated by thaaks- givingefor our deliverance from the hands of the Salvages." (?aptain Claiborne, Henry Fleet, and Argall Yeardley were invited to be at Jamestown, in October, Uj-ii, at a meeting of the General Court, to give their advice as to an expedition against the Rappahannock Indians, and in February, 1G45, the Assembly authorized the erection of a fort, at Pamunkey, to be called Fort Royal ; one at Falls of James River to be named Fort Charles ; and a third on the ridge of Chickahominy to be known as Fort James. Ar- rangements were made to send sixty men, and a piece of ordinance to each post, and supplies for three months, and in April, Captain Fleet was sent " to trade witlf the Rap- pahannocks, or any Indians not in amity with Opechanca- nough " to obtain the necessary corn. While these preparations were being made, in February, 1G45, Richard Ingle in the ship " Reformation " with a com- mission from Parliament appeared again before Saint Mary, Maryland, aided in an uprising in favor of Parliament, car- ried the zealous Jesuits And row White and Philip Fisher, prisoners to England, and compelled Governor Calvert to flee to Virginia. The action of the Virginia Assembly in 1 Menefie was now the leading merchant. On April 19. 1638, he entered 3000 acre.-? of land on account of GO transport, of whom 23 wore, as he adserts, " negroes, I 'brought out of England." 188 VIRGINIA CAROLOEUM. March, 1645-6, showed that some in that colony, were friendly to those opposed to Lord Baltimore. The following appears among the transactions of the session: "whereas Lieutenant Nicholas Stillwell and others of the colony, have secretly conveyed themselves to Maryland or Kent, and divers others engaged to follow, if timely prevention is not had therein. Be it therefore enacted that Cai^t. Thos, Willoughby, Esq., and Capt. Edward Hill be hereby autho- rized to go to Maryland, or Kent, to demand, the return of such persons, who are already departed from the colony." Hill had been speaker of the Assembly in 1644:, and after he arrived in Maryland was commissioned as Governor and in January, 1640, called an Assembly whose members, with two or three exceptions, were unfriendly to Lord Balti- more\ In December, Governor Calvert returned from Virginia with an armed force, and took Hill, and the Assem- bly then in session, prisoners. Claiborne who had occupied Kent Island then returned to Virginia. It was aiot until the 7th of June, 1645, that Governor Berkeley returned from his visit to England, and nine days after, at a meeting of the Council, at Jamestown, a letter was read from Margaret Worleigh, a prisoner in the hands of the great chief Opechancanough, in which, she men- tioned that he desired a redemption of captives and a treaty of peace. It was agreed that there should be an armistice and that Margaret Worleigh should be informed that the Governor would soon come to Eickahock, or Fort Eoyal, on the Pamunkey River, and would be pleased there •Lord Baltimore in a letter of 1649,. mentions that "with the exception of two or three, of the rebelled party " were the members of the Assembly. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 189 to confei- with twelve of the chief's principal men. Captain Henry Fleet was engaged as interpreter, to meet tlie Governor at his estate, the Middle Plantation, not far from James- town. The conference does not appear to have taken place, for the legislature of March, 16-i5-C>, authorized the erection of Fort Henry at the Falls of Appommatox, and Lieut. Francis Poythers was empowered to raise sixty men, and act under tiie advice of Captain Henry Fleet. Fleet had been instructed to gather, by the 20th of April, at Kiquotan, now Hampton, boats, provisions for six weeks, three hun- dred pounds of powder, twelve hundred of shot and bullets, and a company of sixty men . It was understood that if Fleet did not conquer, a peace with Opechancanough and his allies, that the Colony would not pay for the supplies. The first legislature,' after Berkeley's return, convened on November 20, 1645, and some changes were made in the method of raising revenue, for the support of the Colony. Hitherto, the expenses of government had been met by a • Bdkgesses of the Assembly, Convened Nov. 20, 1645. James City Co.- John Flood. Ambrose Harmer. Walter Chiles. ~ Tlio's Warne. Thomas Swan. Peter Ridley. Robert Wethrall. George Stevens. York County. Capt. Xpher Caulthrope. Arthur Price. Rowland Riirnham Isle of Wight Co. Capt. Jolin Upton. John Seward. George Hardin. Lotcer Norfolk Co. Cornelius Lloyd, X'pher Burrows. 190 Via GIN I A CA R OL Oil UM. general poll tax which proved ''insupportable for the poorer sorte," and it was now ordered tl^at each owner of one hundred acres of land should annually i)ay four pounds of tobacco; each three years old cow and breeding sheep was taxed three pounds of tobacco, each horse, mare or gelding, thirty-two pounds, each goat, two pounds, and every tithable person twenty pounds of tobacco. It was also enacted that not more than thirty pounds of tobacco should be cliarged for a gallon of "Canary, Malaga, Sherry, Muskadine and Allegant" wines, noi* more than twenty pounds for " Maderea, and Fyall," nor more than forty, for "Aqua Vitae or Brandy," nor more than eighty pounds for "English Strong Waters," and that "no merchant of Jamestown whatsoever shall retayle wine or strong Capt. Leonard Yeo. Capt. Tlio's Bernard. John Walker. Edmund Scarborough. Philip Bennett. Edward Major. Capt. Francis Eps. Capt. Edward Hill. Edward Prince. Rice Hoe. EUzaheth City County. . John Chandler. Waricick County. Randall Crew, v Northampton Co. Tlio's Johnson. Upper Norfolk Co. Richard Wells. Charles City Co. William Barker. Charles Sj)arrow. Anthony Wyatt. Henrico County, NortMtmberland Co. Abraham Wood. John Matrum. VIRGINIA CAROLORVM. 191 waters," and that tavern keepers, shall not charge above the estabhshed price. As many troublesome suits had been multiplied by the unskillfuhiess and covetousness of attorneys for their own profit, "and inordinate lucre " rather than " the good and benefit of their clients," it was ordered that " all mercenary attorneys, be wholly expelled from such office," except in those cases which had already been commenced. Excessive doctors' fees had led planters to allow their ser- vants to die, rather than to " fall into the hands, of griping and avaricious men," and it was also provided, that a phy sician, or chirurgeon, could be brought before the court and be made to testify as to the value of his drugs, and medi- cines, when complaint had been made of his exorbitant bill. The Assembly was prorogued by the Governor to the first of March, 164:5-6, and on the ITth, the House of Burgesses transmitted the following, which showed that they now acknowledged Parliament : " We desire to thank the House of Commons for all its favours, but especially for informing us by letter of the 18th of October, 1644:, that all sequestra- tions upon the goods of planters and others of Virginia was taken off ; in return the merchants of London have enjoyed trade with the Colony, and free admission to her courts of Justice. "The savage King, who contrived the massacre of our people, is so abandoned by his people, and they so routed and dispersed, that they are no longer a nation, and we now suffer only from robbery by a few starved outlaws 192 VIRGINIA CAROLOIiVM. whom by Grod's assistance, we doubt not to root out in another year. " We send this by Mr. Henry Bishop\ who formerly served the King, in these unhappy wars in England, but is now a member of our Colony, and actually engaged by plantation, and servants upon tlie place. His lands are in sequestra- tion and we humbly pray that the sequestration may be taken off, that he may be enabled to strengthen his planta- tion with people, and supply those already seated there." At this session measures were adopted for a vigorous pro- secution of the war against the Indians, and for the defence of the inhabitants south of James River, and to prevent the savages from ''fishing in the Bristoll or Appomattocke River," and from cutting down their corn, and other ser- vices against them, forty-five soldiers were ordered to be raised from Bass's Choice, and the countr}^ upward, and a ' Henry Bishop of Henfield, Sussex, entered on October 20, 1640, in Lower Chipoak, south side of James River, 1200 acres, but he did not return to Vir- ginia. Charles the Second on August 14, 1660, commissioned him for seven years as Postmaster General of England. His enemies complained tliat during the days of the Comnionwealtli he had been accustomed to meet Major John Wild- man, Praise God Barebones, and other Republicans, at the Commonwealth Club House in Bow Street, Covent Garden, and that he also employed dis- aiFected persons in the Post Office. In catt. Henry Flekt. John Carter. Rogicr Ludlow. The witch Mary Lee. Edward Digc^ks and Silk Culture. Governor DiGGES. Death of Councillor Gooch. Notice of the elder Nathaniel Bacon. Religious Condition. Indians Attacked BY Col. Hill. Gov. Digges visits London. Assembly's letter TO Cromwell. Compromise of boundary question. Arrival of Quakers. Richard Lee. Henry Coriu.v. Isaac Allerton. Thomas Gerard. John Washington. Governor Samuel Mathews. Debate on Constitutional Laav. Cott^tcillors Bridger and Mitchell. Expedition against Assateague In- dians. Election of Governor Berkeley. Theodoric Bland. Commissioners from New Amsterdam. Sir Henry Moody. jHE Council of State, of the Coiniiiouvvealth of England, after long deliberation,* in 1651, deter- mined to send commissioners, to reduce the planta- tions of Chesapeake Bay, to due obedience. Instructions ' As early aa December 2S, 1649, the Committee of Admiralty summoned to appear before them, Maurice Thompson, Benjamin Worsley, AVilliam Penoyer 28 218 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. were issued to Capt. Robert Dennis, Mr. Richard Bennett, Mr. Thomas Stegg and Capt. William Claiborne as commis- sioners. Under the direction of Capt. Dennis they were to proceed with two ships, the "John," and a Guinea frigate of Holland and upon the arrival of all, or any two, in Virginia, they were to assert the power of Parliament, and the Com- monwealth of England, and to offer indemnity and issue par- dons, with such limitations as they deemed best. Those taking the oath to be true and faithful to the Common- wealth of England, without a King, or House of Lords, were to choose their own Burgesses, who would make all necessary laws for local goverment, not contrary to those of Parliament. and William Allen, to testify what the interest of the Commonwealth required in Virginia, and on the 9th of January, 1649-50, this Committee reported to the Council of State, relative " to the government of Vir(?inia and present juncture of affairs in relation to that plantation" and advised that " Commissioners be nominated by Parliament in wlioiu the government may be immediately placed." It was more than eighteen months after this report, before definite action was taken. On September 23, IGoT, Captain Curtis was authorized to act aa Com- missioner in caseof^the death of Capt. Dennis. A fleet of armed merchant vessels accompanied the ships of war. On August 15, 1651, Mr. Stegg, to be appointed one of the Commissioners, had liberty to go with the fleet to Virginia, and liberty was given to all going in tlie fleet, to carry shoes and other goods usually sent thither for trade." The Virginia fleet arrived reduced by storms, and many men sicli, in Decem- ber, 1651, at Barbadoes. Six hundred men were able to do duty and Sir George Ayscue, taking advantage of their presence, summoned Lord Willoaghby to surrender the place, to Parliament. The fleet after remaining seven days, pro- ceeded on its way toward Virginia. Before the fleet left England, under date of October 3, 1651, the Council of State sent to Richard B>mnett in Virginia, some instructions which were not to be opened until after the country was reduced to the obedience of the Common- wealth. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 219 Capt. Dennis and Captain Stegg,^ were lost in the ship John " \\\ which they sailed, but C iptaiii Curtis arriving » Captain Stegg was a prominent Viroiuiiiu, see p. IS.l. As early as lG37,lie was known as a merchant. On October 5, 1651, juat before "John*' sailed, he made his will, an abstract of which, by H. F. Waters, is in the N. E. Hist. Oen. Ref/ister, for April, ISSr). In it, he bequeatbed to his son Thomas, his whole estate in Virginia, and an interest, in certain vessels ; to his daughter Grace, the wife of John Byrd, goldsmith, of London, houses in London ; and to his wife Elizabeth, daring widowhood, or natuml life, his estate after the payment of debts and legacies, but in case of her marriage eight hundred pounds. His son Thomas, also became an influential man. In 1663, he received a (rrant of 800 acres in Henrico County and in January, lOi'iS, in Henrico County, 1280 acres including the site of the city of Richmond, and the same year, another 18")0 acres in the same county. Upon Heerraan's Map drawn in 1670, and published in 1673, the isle at the foot of the Falls of James River, is marked " Stegg's Isle." The junior Thomas Stegg, made his will March iU, 1670, which was proved on May 15, 1671. His moth-^r had become the wife of Thomas Grendon of London. He left to the children of his sister Grace Byrd, wife of John of London, legacies. His nephew AVilliam Byrd, received also a large estate. At the time of uaaking the will William was only eighteen years of age, and he is cautioned " not to be led away by the evil instructions he shall receive from others, but to be governed by the prudent and provident advice of his aunt, the testator's " loving wife." In 1685, a Thomas Greudou died at sea, and Col. Wm. Byrd in a letter dated June 5th, 1685, wrote: " I am heartily sorry for the death of Coz. Gran- don and wish you may secure yourself in England, for the old woman will carry away all here." The latter end of January, 1684-5 his aunt Mrs. Grendon, had married a Mr. Edward Brain who came to Virginia in September, 1684, with thirty servants, and a large amount of goods. Byrd calls Mrs. Grendon. " the old gentlewoman." About the time that the elder Stegg died, two others connected with the Virginia trade also wrote their wills. Thomas Fawne about to sail for Virginia, on Dec. 25, 1651, made a will in which he gives to Robert Williams, surgeon of the Virginia trading ship, " Peter," a watch and cornelian ring ; to his servant William Martin, passage to Virginia, his freedom there, and a suit of clothes, and he makes John Younge and John Stone his executors. Robert Nickolson of London, merchant, son of Francis of Ipswich, made his will on November, 10, 1651. He appears to have been religiously disposed, as 220 VIRGINIA CAROL DRUM. with the Guinea fripjate, showed the duplicate instructions to Bennett, and Claiborne, who were in Virginia. At the time that Captain Curtis appeared in the waters of the Chesapeake, Major General Gibbons of New England, who had been commissioned by Lord Baltimore, Admiral of the Province of Marjdand, had his pinnace seized by two persons, Wilson and Read, connected with the fleet of Curtis, because the loadiiig men in Maryland were averse to a sur- render to the Parliament, as their povv^ers had been derived from the Proprietary of the Province. Gibbons went to England and complained of the treatment received, and asked for damages, but the Council of state reported ad- versely. They did not think that they could "give the peti- tioner any relief, because it did not appear, that one penny, of that he lost, came into the hands of the State." The Commissioners proceeded to execute their commis- lie bequeathes len pounds sterling toward the relief of the English captives in Turkey and forty shillinL^s to Mr. Pickett, minister of Pontibridge, Essex. He was also en the ship " Peter " as he gives to the master of the ship, John Tounge, twenty shillings to buy his wife a ring. To Thomas Fawne two pairs of Cordovant gloves and Leo Afer [Africanus] a book of History : to John Cor- bin his waisting coat, stuff coat, Turkey waistcoat, and two pairs of Cordovant gloves ; To John Richards two pairs of Cordovant, and I.ockcr's sermons ; to John Stone twenty shilling, two jiairs of Cordovants and the rest of tlie books in the cabin ; " to Capt. Sam. Atatthewea of Virginia Esq., one pair of Buckskin gloves, and to Mrs. Matthews his wife two pairs of kid skin gloves ;" to Samuel, his son a pair of buckskin gloves, and to another sou a pair of Cordovant. To Mrs. Mary Bernard of Warwick river Le gave six pairs of kid gloves, and to each of her daughters three pairs. To Mrs. Veheath Land Vernald, daughter of widow Mary Vernald of Warwick River, he gave a diamond ring, and also a gold ring with tlie motto " Idem qui pridem." Cordovan leather so called from Cordova in Spain. Spenser in " Faery Queen " alludes to the '* Buskins he wore of costliest cordwaine." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 221 sion, ' and although Governor Berkeley blustered and talked of resistance, the Commissioners who had the sympathies of some of the best planters, upon arriving at Jamestown, con- vinced the Burgesses, that resistance would be disastrous to the prosperity of the Colony, and on the 12th of March, 1651-2,^ it was agreed that they would submit to the Com- ' Whitelocke in Memorink of the English Affairs under date of oSIay 14, 1652, has this : " Letters, that the Inhabitants of Virginia willingly submitted to the Government of the Parliament." ^ The people of North am pton county, on the eastern shore of the bay, seem to have had the engagement left with them to sign on tlie 11th of March, and signatures were obtained during the month, as appears from the following on the County Records. ♦ "The Engaiim't tendered to ye Inhabitants of Northampton County, Eleaventh of March, 1651 (O. S). " Wee whose Names are subscribed ; doe hereby Engage and promise to bee true and faithful! to the Commonwealth of England as it is nowe Established without Kinge or House of Lords. Nathan'U Littleton Obedience Kobins Edm. Scarburgh Edvv. Douglas Peter Walker Wm. Andrews Seu'r Nich. Waddelone Allex. Addison James Barnabye Jno Pannell Sam'U Sone Jno. Denman James Berry Phillip Farrant 'Jno. Tilney Sampson Robins Jno. EUis Jeffery Minshatt Qeorgine Hacke 25 of March Argoll Yardley Wm. Waters Wm. Jones Tlios. Sprigge\ Jno. Dye X'ofer Maior Allex. Harryson-' Wm. Muuds Francis Flood Steph. Stringer X'ofer Jarvis Nich. Scott Anth. Hodg.skias Jno. Nuthall ^ Wm. Whiltingtou Wm. Coake Ben. Cowdrey Levyne Den wood Robert Andrews Rich. Vaughan* Thos. Johnson Dan'U Baker Thomas Hint Thos. Figby Robert Marryott Jno. Parkes Wm._ Stanley Jno. Ayers Robert Harryson "' Luke Billington Randolfe Hutchinson Nich. Granger Thos. Truman Allex. .Madoxe Henr. Armitradinge Steph. Charlton Jno. Parraraore Jno. Robearts 222 VIRGINIA CAROLOBUM. mon wealth, "and their subscription be acknowledged a voluntary act, not forced nor constrained by a conquest upon the country." The Commissioners accepted a clause declar- ing that: "Virginia shall have and enjoy the antient » Rich. Hainby Ben. Mathews X'ofer Dixon Edw. Harrington Jno. Stringer Tricesimo Die Marty 1G51 (0. S.) Edni. Mathews Jno. Custis Jno. Johnson Jan. Farmer Jones Jno. Dixon Jno. Taylor Mathew Stone Tobine Selve Rich. Nottingham Nehemiali Coventon Francis Morgan Wm. Ward Jno. Johnson, Senr Edw. Southren Jno. Merryfin Dan '11 Chad well Jno. Teeslocke Jno. Coulson Jno. Machaell Juo. Cornley Rich. Newell Jno. Lee Phill Merrydayr Edw. Moore Jno. Brillyant Jno. Rutter Andrew Hendrye Antho. Carpenter Jno. Wise Wm. Taylor Jno. Waleford Mick Richett Ambrose Dixon Wm. Horose liobt. Blake Rich. Hill Jno. Pott Edw. Marshall Jno. Dolling Charles Scarburgh Walter Williams Wm. Stephens Jno. Thatcher Rich. Smyth David Wheatley Robert Berry Wm. Preeninge Tho. Butterie Jno. James Tho. Price Rich. Baily Rich. Hudson Rich. Alleyn "Jno. Lewis Jno. .Johnson, Sen'r Wm. Gaskins Nicholas Jueyre James Adkinson Wm. Gower Wm. Boucher Jno. Johnson Jr. Wm. Jorden . X'ofer Kirke Thos. Savage Steph. Horsey Juo. Robinson Symon Bailey Jno. Hinman Jno. Coulson Aill. Mathews Edw. Leene James Johnson Elial Hartree Charles Ratliffe Juo. Graye Jno. Willyams Randall Revell Wm. Smyth Wm. Custis Tho. Miller Robert Baily Juo. Whitehead Armstrong Foster Wm. Andrews Jun'r Sam'l Calvert Francis Goodman Jno. Willyams Wm. Corner Rich. Smyth Sam'l Robins Jno. Garnell David Kiffyu Jno Browne Wm. Monitor Wm. Browne Rich. Kellam VIRGINIA CAHOLORUM. 223 bounds and lyniitts granted by the charters of the former Kings, and that we shall seek a new charter from the par- liament for that purpose, against any, that have intrencht vpon the rights thereof. " It was further promised that Virginia should have free trade, as the people of England, according to the laws of the Commonwealth, and " be free from all taxes, customes, and impositions whatsoever" and that no forts should be erected without their consent, nor garrisons maintained. That nothing should be done for a year, as to the exclusion of the Book of Common Prayer, and that all who refused the oath, could have a year before removing from the Colony. Governor Berkeley was permitted to send to the excited King, a messenger, at his own expense, to give an account of* the surrender, and that neither he, nor any of his Council for a whole year, should bo censured for prayers and kind words about the King in their homes, and quiet social gatherings. Heretofore, the colonists had been governed by commis- sioners and instructions from England, but hereafter they were promised freedom in the choice of officers. A Dutch ship had left some goods in the Colony, and cleared for Hol- land without paying customs due, and it was provided that IJicii. Bruducke Saui'l Sinotbergull Jno. Edwards Thos. Clarke Wm. Colebourne VVm. Melliu his virtuous couuti y-woman,, t'nc wortiiily to he 236 VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. At the Assembly^ which began its sessions on November 20, 1654:, Charles Norwood was clerk. The Governor re- honored Mrs. Virwiuia Farrar." Virginia Farrar had prepared in 1651 a map of Virginia. John her father was buried Sept. 28. 1657, next to his brother Nicholas. " Vir- ginia, daughter of John Farrar and Bathsheba his wife, Jan. 17, 1687 died." ' Assembly convened Nov. 20, 1654. Charles City Co. Major Abra. Wood. Col. Ed. Hill, Speaker. Capt. Henry Perry. William Worlich. Thomas Breman. Henrico County. Thomas Dipnal. Abra. Watson. Lt. Col. Pitt. Capt. John Moone. Barthol. Hoskins. John Carter. Peter Walker. William Waters. Stephen Hamlin . Elizabeth City County. John Sheppard. Gloucester Co. WingBeld Webb. Richard Cock. James City Co. Wm. Whitaker. H'y Soane. Isle of Wight Co. Francis Hobbs. Capt. John Bond. Lower Norfolk Co. Lyonell Mason . Lancaster Co. James Bagnall. Northampton Co. Tho's Johnson. Col. Tho's. Dew. Northumberland Co, Nansemond Co. Sam. Stoughton. John Trussell. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 237 commended Edward Digges,' as a member of the Council, the noniinatio!! was confirmed, and he took the oath of fidehty. Col. Edward Hill who was elected Speaker, had been charged before the General Court with being a blas- phemer and atheist, and Hatcher, a delegate from Henrico County, indignantly declared that "the mouth of this House was a Devil." For his free speech about the Right Wor- shipful Speaker he was compelled to kneel, and make an humble acknowledgment of his impropriety of speech, and his name appears to have been dropped from the roll. One of the members, from Surrey, was William Batt, a son of Surrey County. William Batt. James Mason. Warwick Go. Lt. Col. Sam. Mathews. William Whitbye. York County. Capt. W. Qooch. John Hayman. Robert Booth. Westmoreland County. John Holland. Alex. Baynham. ' Edward Di;;ge3 was the son of Sir Dudley, Knight, and his mother was a granddaughter of Sir Thomas Kemp. Sir Dudlt^y was an active public man, but quick tempered. His political opponent at one period was Sir Edwin Sandys. Oiamberlain under date of .January 17, 1GJ4-5, wrote : "Sir Edwyu Sandys obtained his election for Kent by crying down his rivals, Sir. Nicholos Tufton, and Sir Dudley Digges as papists and royalists." lie was active in the impeach- ment of Duke of Buckingham, with Sir Nathaniel Rich and others OflFending King Charles by his " plain country language," in 1627, Ik; was imprisoned at the Fl'^et, but after a few weeks, having expressed sorrow for his " unfitting words " was restored to liberty. The King stopped Ins mouth on November 17, lOJJO, by granting him the office of Master of the Rolls, in reversion after Sir Julius Caesar. Ho died in 1018. A brother of Edward named Dudley, the third son of Sir DuJl«>y, publiahed a treatise on the '• lUajality of subjerts taking up arms against their Sovereign," which in 1647, was brought to the notice of the Com- mittee of Complaints of Parliament. 238 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Robert Batt, vice Master of University College, Oxford. As early as thej5th of September, 1643, he had entered land on Mobjack Bay, Gloucester county. His sister Catharine, was the wife of Philip Mallory, and a niece Martha, was a wife of Thomas Mallory, the Dean of Chester Cathedral, who refused to pay the ship money tax, and perhaps the Thomas Mallory who in 1660, was a prominent non-conformist Lon- don^ divine. His brothers Thomas and Henry were also residents of the Colony. In view of some hostile feeling exhibited by the Indians in the region of Rappahannock river, a hundred naen from Lancaster county, forty from Northumberland, and thirty from Westmoreland, the frontier counties, were ordered to assemble at the house of Thomas Meade on the Rappa- hannock, to proceed under John Carter^ against the Indians, with Capt. Henry Fleet, and David Wheatliff as interpre- ters. After this Fleet does not appear in any official capacity. He probably settled near the mouth of the Potomac, known still as Fleet's Point, and accommodated persons, passing from Maryland to Virginia. A deposition has been preserved that shows that one Henry Carline, of Kent county, Mary- land, in 1655, stopped at his house with a woman, and that he provided lodgings also for another woman, and a man. 'Brock supposes that be is the immigrant who arrived May 12,1611, in the ship " Prosperous," and who had entered before 1635, 40 acres in Charles City, and 100 in Warosquoyake. He was in 1643, a member of the Assembly from Upper Norfolk county. In October, 1060, "Colonel Carter ordered upon his oath to declare the whole truth that passed between liim and Colonel Claiborne at the Assembly in 1658 or 1654, concerning; an act of aon-address to the Right Honor- able Sir William Berkeley." His third wife was Sarah, a daughter of Gabriel Ludlow, and on June 10, 1669, he died. VIRGINIA CAROLOliUM. 239 Fleet becoming indignant at Carline's loose behavior, turned him, and the woman who came with him, out of his house, and had them arraigned before the Eappahannock Court. He was fined for keeping the servant woman fi-om her employer, and disowning his wife, and the woman was ordered to receive tliirty lashes.' Eoger Ludlow* who had been ridiculed by Captain Stone,^ in 1632, as a "Just Ass" left New England, and became in 1654, a resident of Virginia. The western shore of the Potomac about this time began to be occupied by planters- The deplorable superstition known as witchcraft, mani- fested itself in Virginia, as in New England. The ship *' Charity," John Bos worth, Master, in 1654, left England, for Virginia. The voyage was stormy, and two or three weeks before the vessel entered Chesapeake Bay, the sailors whispered that a witch was on board. Mary Lee a little, and quite aged woman, was the suspected one, and it was demanded of the master that she should be examined, which the captain at first refused to consent to, but as the sailors continued clamorous, after consulting with Henry Corbin, a passenger twenty-five years old, and Robert Chip- son, a merchant, he yielded to the demand. Two seamen • Hansons " Old Kent," p. 212. - linger Ludlow was the brother-in-law of Deputy Gov. Eudicott to Massa- cliusette. In 1630, lie settled at Dorchester, aud for four years was one of the EBsistant Governors. In 1635, he went to Connecticut, aud for nineteen years was either a maf^istrate or deputy governor. The inhabitants of Fairfield appointed him, in 1654. to lead an expedition against the ludian.s, but this was not approved by the Connecticut authorities, and after this he moved to Vir. ginia. 3 See page 96. 240 VIRGINIA GAROLORVM. searched her body, and declared they had found witch marks. During the ni^ht she was left fastened to the cap- stan, and the next morning it was reported that the marks " for the most part were shrunk into the body." Corbin was pressed to examine her, and at last, the terrified woman said she was a witch. In opposition to the captain, the crew then hung her, and when life was extinct, tossed her body in the sea. The relations of trade with New Amsterdam remained un- satisfactory. Edmund Scarborough in the summer of 1655, went to Manhattan and bought some negro slaves for his plantation in Accomac, but he was not permitted to take them thither, until he gave a bond that his vessel would not enter the Delaware River, nor stop, and trade with any of the Dutch plantations. Edward Digges at Denbigh on the James River, near Mulberry Island, and at Bellfield eight miles from Williams- burg, paid great attention to silk culture, employing two native Armenians, skilled in the business. An interesting letter, written by him in 1654, to John Ferrar the brother of Nicholas, the last deputy of the Virginia Company, has been preserved. Virginia, the daughter of John, and niece of Councillor William of Virginia was also one of his cor- respondents, and her brother, named John, wove into poor rhyme, the substance of all the letters which she had re- ceived from the Colony, extracts from which are interest ing as giving the names of the principal persons then engaged in raising silk. " Sir Henry Chichly that heroick knight Affirms ther's not an ingenious wight VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 241 In Virginia but makes all sjieetl he can To be ere long a silken, noble man. And say, Colonel Ludlow certifies That thence from silk great profit will arise ; Yet, worthy Bernard that stout Colonel Informs the Lady, the M-orke most facile And of rich silken stuffs made wholly there lie hopes that he and others shall soon weare. So, Major John Westi'ope ripe smooth silk will be A gallant designe for that brave country. Mr. George Lobs that prudent old planter Tells her that worms ne'r'e spun silk Let's give those gentle women their full dress Mistress Garrett and Burbage for silk clues That Colonel's wife needs not far to rove Her court affords a pleasant mulberry grove, But noble Diggs carries the bell away Lass ! stint of eggs u)ade so small the essay His two Armenians from Tiiikey sent Are now most busy Lo here, what Mistress Mary Ward hath sent And to her Lady cousin she presents The rare bottoms took from her apple trees That all England may it believe and see ; Her honored kinsman. Esquire Ferrar To confirm and make the wonder greater Ten more hath he sent her, which he found On stately oakes and shrubs which kiss the ground And Doctour Russell, that learned Fhysition Hath witli his, made a full addition." An important principle was asserted by the Assembly in 1655. Every freeman had the privilege of a vote until two years before, when the elective franchise was limited to 31 242 VIRGINIA CAUOLORUM. housekeepers, freeholders, leaseholders, or other tenants, but it was now repealed because it was " hard and unagree- able to reason that any persons shall pay taxes, and have no votes in election." To ensure fair elections it was or- dered that the vote should not be by the voice, but by sub- scription. About the same time a plan was devised which if effect- ually carried out might have saved many lives, and civilized the Indians, a plan which is again being urged, in its main features, by philanthropists. It was enacted, that for every eight wolves' heads delivered, by any Indian, to the authorities, the head man of his band should receive a co w " as a step to civilizing them, and making them Christians," and it was also provided, that Indians might bring their children within the white settlements, choose guardians for them, and the Colony would pay for their education. To protect them from heartless speculators, it was ordered that the lands of Indians were inalienable, unless by special per- mission of the Assembly. Governor Bennett having gone to England on affairs of the Colony, Edward Digges now thirty-five years of age was chosen as his successor, Claiborne, remaining Secretary. His councillors ' were chiefly those who had held the posi- ' Councillors IMarch 31st, 1655. Capt. John "West, Col. Bridges Freeman. Col. Sam. Mathews. Col. Edward Hill. Col. Argall Yeardley. Col. William Taylor. Col. Tho's Pettus. Col. Thomas Dew. Col. Humphrjr Ilijjcgiuson. Lt. Col. Obedience Robins. Col. George Ludlow. Lt. Col. Sam. Mathews. Col. William Bernard. Capt. Henry Perry. Capt. William Qooch. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 243 tion for many years. A son of Col. Mathews, sits with his father. WiUiam Gooch, also a new councillor and a young man, died, much lamented, soon after his appointment.^ According to adjournment, upon December 1st, 1656, the Assembly convened and Lt. Col. Walker,^ and Nathaniel Bacon3 were nominated and confirmed as Councillors, and several new Burgesses admitted to fill vacancies. Henry ' Upon the Temple plantation, in the suburbs of Yorktown, uear the house, where Lord Cornwallia surrendered to Washington, is a tombstone, with this inscription. " Major William Gooch of this parish Died October 29, 1655. Within this tomb, there doth interred lie No shape,],but substance, true nobility. Itself, though young, in years just twenty-nine, Yet graced with virtues moral, and divine ; The Church from him did good participate In counsel rare, fit to adorne a State." 'John Walker supposed to be, by Brock, the brother of Joseph Walker, St. Margarets, Wostmittisler. January 39, 1651-2, he ea:erod lloO acres on W;irc River, Mobjack Bay. 3 Nathaniel Bacon sou of Rev. James Bacon, and grandson of Sir James of Friston Hall, Suffolk, knighted in 1604, and buried in February. 1618. The second husband of Councillor Bacon's mother, was Rev. Robert Peck a graduate of Cambridge, rector of Hingham, England, more than 30 years, and for con science sake came to Massachusetts Bay, in 1638, and was for several years pastor of the Congregational church at Hingham, New England, but, in 1641 went back to his church in old England and died its rector, in 1656, during the Cromwellian period. Hia daughter Anne Peck, married in New England, Major John Mason, the conqueror of the Pequot Indians, in Connecticut. Councillor Bacon was baptized jAugust '39, 16-30, in St. Mary's parish, Bury St, Edmonds, and in 1647, was residing in France. lie arrived in Vir"-lnia about 1050, accompanied by his wife Elizabeth, whose maiden name was Kings- well. Notices of his cousin_2Nathaniel, also, of the Virginia Council will be found in later chapters of this work. 244 VIRGINIA CAROLORVM. Eandolph was elected clerk in the place of Major Charles Norwood } The Assembly of 1656, enacted : " For encouragement of the mmisters in the country, and that they may be better enabled to attend both publick commands and their private cares ; It is ordered, that from henceforth each minister, in his owne person, with six other servants of his family shall be free from pubiique levies ; Allwaies provided they be examined by Mr. Philip Mallory and Mr. John [Roger ? ] Green and they to certify their abilities to the Governour and Councill, who are to proceed according to their judg- ment." It is probable that each congregation was at liberty to worship with, or without, the Prayer Book. Gatford in his treatise "Public Good without Private Interest" dedicated to Cromwell does not give a pleasing account of the religious condition of Virginia at this period. He refers to the majority of the colonists "as these wicked and ungodly wretches heretofore planted there," and while admitting that there aie some ministers "rehgious and laborious" yet there were ' ' not a few, whose wicked and profane lives cause the worship of God not only to be slighted, but to be little less than abhored." Of them he further writes : "The greatest part of them are such as went over thither not out of any desire or design to do God, and that Plantation, much less the poor heathen, thereto adjoining, any service, but out of some by aims and ends of their own. ' CbarltsNorivood may have returned to Euirlaiid aud be the same Charles who served at Tangiers under Col. Henry Norwood, Henry Randolph had a aon William who died before 1660. The fati er died in 1673. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 245 being indeed such as were ashamed or afraid to hve any longer liet^ in this native [England] or at least, such as sought only to get something for themselves." Reference is made to a minister who was accused of a shameless and unnatural net who '' was only caused to stand in some pub- lic place, for a small time, with a paper in his hat, with his crime written therein. Where on the other side, in the year 1055, other eminent able preachers indeed, were for no crime, unless, for being of a different judgment, in our late unha])py differences, * * * turned out of their employ- ment and livelihood." An alarm was created by the appearance m 1656, near the Falls of James River, of some strange Indians called Richa- hecrians, from the western mountains, and Col. Edward Hill, with one hundred men, was sent to confer with them, and avoid if possible blood-shedding. Tottopottomoy with one hundred Pamunkeys also accompanied Hill, and this chief was slain in a fight with the strangers. The conduct of Hill in this campaign was severely censured, the Assembly suspended him from all offices civil and military, and Col. Abraham Wood was appointed to take his place as com- mander of the regiment of Charles City and Henrico. Gat- ford writes of this affair: '' The Planters did lately, viz. Ano. 1656, (when a numerous people of the Indians more remote from the Colonie, came down to treat with the English about setling of Peace, and withall a lil^erty of trade with them) most ])ei*fidiously and barbarously (aftera declaration of their desires and intentions) murther five of their Kings that came in expectation of abetter reception, and brought much beaver with them to begin the intercourse of the commerce. This unparallel'd hellish treachery and anti-christian perfidy 246 VIRGINIA GAROLOBUM. more to be detested than any heathenish inhumanity, can- not but stink most abominably in the nosethils 9t as many Indians, as shall be infested with the least sent of it, even to their perpetual abhorring and abandoning of the very sight and name of an English man, till some new genera- tion of a better extract shall be transplante(3 among them." ' In reference to this, Gatford writes. ' ' The Planters have turned some of the Indians out of their places of abode and subsistence, after that the Indians have submitted to the Colony, and to their government, and have taken up their own lands, after the custom, used by the Colony. As they did otherwise also very unchristianly requite the service which one of the Indian kings did them in fighting against other Indians, that were presumed to be enemies to the English, and to draw towards them, to do them mischief. For that, when, the said King desirous to show his fidelity to the English, if not in obedience to some of their commander's orders, did adventure too far with his own Indians, in the pursuit of those other Indians, and thereby lost his life in that action, as some report, though others thought him to be taken alive by the enemies. His wife and children that were by him, at his expiring, recommended to the care of the English vv * * * * were so far from receiving the favour and kind usage, merited by their father, that they were wholly neglected, and exposed to shift for themselves. " And though it be alleged by some, as to the former part of this grievance, that the portion of land which was taken from the said King, before his death, by an English colonel •' Public Good without Private Interest p. 8. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 247 was acknowledged openly in court, yet 'tis generally be- lieved, and by some stoutly asserted, that the said King was affrighted, and threatened into that acknowledgment, by the said Colonel." Col. Thomas Dew^ of the Council was empowered, with others, to explore the rivers between Cape Hatteras and Cape Fear. The people of Virginia had grown weary of the attempt to restore their old boundaries. Lord Baltimore, by his adherence to CromwelP, had great power with Parlia- * Henry Woodhouse when Governor of Bermudas, wrote to London in 1627, that one-third of the settlers were disposed to go to Virginia. Among the prominent planters there were Thomas Dew and Ben. Harrison. They were pro bably the same persons with these names who a few years after are planters in Virginia. 'Cromwell's letters show the conflicting interest. On January 12, 1654-5, he wrote to Governor Bennett of Virginia. " Sir : Whereas the differences between the Lord Baltimore and the inhabi- tants of Virginia, concerning the bounds by them respectively claimed, ;ire de- pending before our council, and yet undetermined ; and whereas we are credibly informed, you have notwithstanding gone unto his plantation in iMaryland, and countenance some people there in opposing the Lord Baltimore's officers, wherebj^ and with other forces from Virginia, you have much disturbed that colony, and people, to the engendering of tumults, and much bloodshed there, if not prevented : "We, therefore, at the request of the Lord Baltimore, and divers other persons of quality here, who are engaged by great adventures in his interest, do, for pre- venting of disturbances or tumults there, will, and require you, and all others deriving any authority from you, to forbear disturbing the Lord Baltimore, or lii.- ofticers, or his people in Maryland, and to permit all things to remain as thej- were before anj' disturbance or alteration made by you, or by any other, upon pretence of authority from you, till the said differences above mentioned be de- termined by ua here and we give further order herein. We rest your loving friend, "Oliver P." The above letter was written upon, hearing from only one side, in tiic contro- versy, but upon further information the Protector wrote. 2i8 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. ment, therefore this Assembly directed that "letters be sent to Colonel Samuel Mathews, and Mr. Bennett, in respect of the differences with Lord Baltimore, concernnig our bounds is as far from determination, as at first, that they desist until further orders from this country." In view of a contemplated visit of Governor Digges, to London, Col. Samuel Mathews was elected as his suc- cessor,^ and it was ordered that Francis Morison, the speaker, should prepare a letter to be taken by Digges for the Protector Cromwell, and his Secretary of State, John Thurloe. " Wliilehall, 36tli September, 1655. " Sirs : It seems to us, by yours of the twenty-niuth of June, aud by the relation we received by Colonel Bennett, that some mistake, or scruple hath arisen con- cerning the sense of our Letters, of the twelftli of January last, as if by our Letters we had intimated that we should have a stop put to the proceedings of those Commissioners who were authorized to settle the Civil Government of Maryland. Which was not at all intended by us ; nor so mucli as proposed to us, by those, who made addresses to us, to obtain our said Letters. " But our intention (as our Letter dotii plainly import) was only to prevent, and forbid any force or violence to be offered by either of the plantations of Vir- ginia or Maryland, from one, to the other, upon the ditfeniiic!^ concerning their bonds, the said differences being then under the considcratiun of Ourself and Council here. Which, for your more full satisfaction we have thougiit fit to signify to you, and rest " Your loving friend, " Olivek p." The above was addressed " To the Commissioners of Maryland." ' Col. Samuel Mathews who was still in England. The Record of this Assem- bly, mentions; '' Edward Digges Esq., at present Governor, to continue and re- tain during his abode in the country, and in the interim Col Samuel Mathews Governor elect to take place next to him in Council." It was also arranged that after Digges ceased to be Governor, he should be of the Council, and take place after Capt. John West. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 249 The Assembly's letter to Cromwell was as follows : ^^ May it x>lease your Highness, " We could not find a fitter means to represent the condi- tion of this country to you, than this worthy person Mr. Digges, our late Governor, whose occasions calling him into England we have instructed him with the state of this place as he left it ; we shall beseech your Highness to give credit to his relations, which we assure ourselves will be fruitful, having had many experiences of his candor in the time of his government, which he hath managed under your Highness with so much moderation, prudence and justice, that we should be much longer in expressing this truth, but that we fear to have already too much trespassed by interrupting your Highness's most serious thoughts in greater affairs than what can concern your Highness's most humble, most devoted servant. Dated in the Assembly of Virginia, loth Dec. 1G56." The arrival of Digges in England with his conciliatory dis- position, and powerful social influences, did much to settle the long pending controversy, and on the 30th of Novem- ber, 1657, articles of agreement in the presence of Digges, and others, were signed by Lord Baltimore, and Commis- sioner Samuel Matthews of Virginia. The paper mentions " that Lord Baltimore, upon a treaty with the said Richard Bennett and Colonel Samuel Mathews, occasioned by the friendly endeavors of Edward Digges Esq'r, about the com- posure of the said differences." The agreement was to the effect that if those in Maryland would deliver up to Lord Baltimore's Governor and officers, the records of the Pro- vince, and the great seal if it could be found, that he would 32 250 VIRGINIA GAROLOnUM. leave all offences that may have arisen to be determined in the way the Protector of England and his Council should direct; that patents should be issued to those who had claimed lands during the difficulties ; that all who wished to remove from Maryland should have leave to do so any time within a year ; and "Lastly, the Lord Baltimore doth promise, that he will never give his assent to the repeal of a law established here- tofore in Maryland, by his lordship's consent,^ whereby all persons professing to believe in Jesus Christ, have freedom of conscience there." The opinions of Cromwell relative to toleration in reli- gion, were in advance of his age.^ In a letter to Cardinal 'The law was framed by tlie Marylanders in 1649, aud, in 1650, Lord Balti- more gave his consent thereto. Thomas Harrison, the Nansemond clergyman, in his letter to Winthrop, re- joiced in the Act, passed by Parliament, in 1647, by which persons were no more compelled to go to parish churches, this is what he called ' ' that golden apple the ordinance of toleration." He was not however, in favor, like Roger Williams, and Patrick Copland, of nuresiricted religious liberty. He thought that in each community those only should be tolerated who believed in the doctrines of the early creed, and the sacrament of baptism, and the Lord's Supper. He would not tolerate those who denied the divinity of Christ, or the importance of infant baptism. The " Act concerning- religion passed by the Maryland Assembly of 1649, with the approbation of the Virginia Puritans, carried out the views of Harrison, and to deny the doctrine of the Trinity made one liable to death and confiscation of goods. "But a few days before he wrote the letter to the Maryland Commissioners, in a speech delivered on September 17th, 1656, at the assembling: of Parliament he said : " Our practice since the last Parliament hath been to let all this Nation see, that whatever pretentions to Religion would continue quiet, peaceable, they should enjoy conscience and liberty to themselves, and not to n ake religion a pretence for arms and blood. Truly we have suffered them, and that cheerfully, 80 to enjoy their own liberties. Whatsoever is contrary and ' not peaceable' VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 251 Mazarin, whom he calls a "brother and confederate," he expresses his intention to make " further progress," in his living toward Roman Catholics, and shows that the Cardinal was in sympathy with him against the royal family, then in exile, in France. Alluding to the friend of Charles the Second, Sir John Berkeley, the brother of the Virginia Governor, and the tutor of the Duke of York, he wrote to his Eminency' : " I did fear that Berkeley would not have been able to go through and carry on that work ; and that either the Duke would have cooled in his suit, or condescended to his brother. * * * * j£ j ^^^ ^-^^^^ mistaken in his, the Duke's character, as I received it from your Eminency, that fire which is kindled between them will not ask bellows to blow it, and keep it burning. * * * * jf j^j^jg breach be widened a little more, and this difference fomented, with a little caution in respect of the persons to be added to it, I distrust not but that Party which is already forsaken of let the pretence be never so specious, if it tend to combination, to interest, aud factions, we shall not care by the grace of God whim we meet withal, though never so specious, if they be not quiet. " And truly I am against all liberty of conscience repugnant to this. If men •will profess, be they those under Baptism, be they those of the Independent judgment simply, or of the Presbyterian judgment, in the name of God, encour- age them, countenance them, so long as they do plainly continue to be thankful to God, and to make use of the liberty to enjoy their own consciences." ' Cromwell, and the Republicans considered it good policy to enlist the Roman Catholic element of England against the royalists. A daughter of Christopher Wandesforde, whose father had been a confidential adviser of the ICarl of Strafford, and succeeded him as Deputy of Ireland, mentions a meeting held in her uncle's house, in London, of the Close committee of Parliament to consult about the King's trial, and that Mr. Rushworth kept the key of the room, in which they met, aud to which the members i)rivately repaired. One morning he saw several disguised faces enter, " particularly, he knew the Lord Baltimore, * * * and others suspected to be Papists, or fanatics, which strange mixture did much surprize him." 252 VIRGINIA GAROLOEUM. God * * * and noisome to their countrymen, will grow lower in the opinion of all the world " When the articles of peace were signed by the Virginia and Maryland representatives, a ship was on its way to Chesapeake Bay, and toward the close of December, 1657, landed in Virginia two preachers of the Society of Friends, Josiah Coale, and Thomas Thurston, whose presence created an uproar, and they were treated as disturbers of the peace. It cannot be denied, that some of the people, called "Friends of Truth," during the Ci'omwellian era, had a " zeal without knowledge," and made themselves ridiculous. That once sturdy soldier, James Nayler, led captive by silly women, and addressed as the " fairest among ten thousand " as he rode through the streets of Bristol, preceded by ad- mirers, strewing the road, with their scarfs, shawls, and handkerchiefs, v/as of course, laughed at by thoughtless boys, insulted by foul-mouthed men, and pitied by charita- ble citizens. William Penn, always calm, and reasonable, in public discourse, mentions that under a wild enthusiasm, one of the gentler sex, in England divested herself of the garments of delicacy, to symbolize the nakedness of the world, where "all is show and counterfeit," but, no one even supposed, that she was not "clothed on with chastity," as much as the woman of the legend, who rode, naked, through the town, *' Qodiva, wife to that grim Earl, who ruled " In Coventry. " The first preachers who entered Virginia, calling upon men to repent, like John the Baptist did in the wilderness, excited serious thought in few minds, but the vigorous opposition of many. As they violated the Colonial Statutes, VIRGIJSriA CAROLORUM. 253 they were at length thrown in prison, and when released compelled to leave the country. With Thomas Chapman ' of Vii'ginia who appears to have been a convert, they entered Maryland where they were subject to scourgings, and ex- pelled the Province. Passing northward, they soon were beyond the cabin of any white settler. For food, they de- pended largely upon the berries, and chestnuts, of the forest, and often were fed by the Susquehannocks, a tribe whose wigwams they found. In a pubhcation printed in London, called '' The Deceiver of the Nations discovered, and his Cruelty made manifest more especially his Cruel Works of Darkness laid open, and reproved in Mariland and Vir- ginia," the writer* mentions that "the Indians whom they judge to be heathen exceeded in kindness, in courtesies, in love and mercy, unto them, who were strangers." During the Cromwelhan era, there was an increase of popu- lation, upon the Virginia side of the Potomac north of York river. From Governor Bennett on November 27, 1654, Giles Brent, who had been Deputy Governor of Maryland, ob- tained a large grant of land, and Brent's Point is still known. His strong minded sister whose relation to Govern or Leon ard Calvert had been so peculiar, and intimate, the next year, received a grant from Governor Digges. Among other settlers were Richard Lee,^ Henry Corbin, Isaac Aller- • A ThomaB Chapman ia 1610, came to Virginia in the ship "Trial " and his wife Ann came in 1G17, in the "George." In 1623, a son named Thomas was born, and it living would at this period have been tliirty-five years of age. =» Francis Howgill, published A.D., 1660. s Upon his father's tombstone, is the following long inscription. "Herelyeth interred the Body of Sr. Robert Lee Knt., Sonne and heire of Benedict Lee of Huccott, in the county of Bucks, who was second brother to 254 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. ton, William Ball, John and Lawrence Washington. Rich- ard Lee, said to have been one of the sons of a poor knight with a large family, was in the Colony, as early as 1642, and in 1647, was a Burgess from York County. He identified himself with the CromweUian party, and in 1655, was in Eng- land. In September, he secured passage to return upon the ship " Anthony," but at Gravesend, his trunk was seized by the searcher of customs, containing two hundred ounces of silver plate, which was afterwards released because of " Colonel Lee being faithful, and useful, to the interest of the commonwealth." Henry Corbin, born in Warwickshire about 1629, in July, 1645, married Alice, daughter of Richard Eltonhead^ of Eltonhead of Lancashire, England, Sir Robert Lee of Birdsthorn. He was born at Helstrop in the Pr'sh of Drayton Beaucbamp, Ao Di'ni, 1545, and married Dame Luce Piggott daughter to Tho's Piggott of Beachampton, in ye county of Bucks, Esq,, by whom he had issue viir sonnes viz : Sir Henry Lee K't a Baronett, Edward, Bennett, Thomas, George, Robert, Richard, and Anthonie, and vi daughters Frances, Elizab. , Mary, Maro-aret, Joyce, and Alice : when he had been married 55 years he dep'ted this life in tlie faith of Jesus Christ at Stafford Langton in ye County of Essex, and was buried at Hardwick Ao. D'ni 1616, Aug. 20, ^tatis 73." The first wife of Richard Lee, the immigrant, was Elizabeth daughter of Wil- liam Langdon, of the County of Cornwall, and widow of Nicholas Manyard. It is remarkable that on the tomb-stone of Richard Lee Councillor, son of the first Richard, it should be mentioned that he is of an old and honorable family in Shropshire, without any allusion to the Knight of Esses. 1 William Eltonhead, a son of Richard of Lancashire, came in 1654, to Mary- land as a special messenger from Lord Baltimore, and was shot in the skirmish at Severn river between the partisans of Parliament and Lord Baltimore. Henry Corbin by his wife Alice, had : Henry, who died in infancy. Thomas, who became a London merchant. Oawin, whose first wife was Catherine, daughter of Ralph Wormely of Middlesex Co., Va. Letitia, married Richard Lee of Westmoreland Co., Va. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 255 and in 1654, arrived in Virginia. Isaac Allerton* settled near Wicomico after 1654, was a graduate of Harvard A.D., 1650, and his mother was a Brewster, the daughter of the celebrated leader of the Puritans who landed, from the " May Flower," at Plymouth Rock, Massa- chusetts. The families of these men were intimate, and the children intermarried,' and in 1670, Allerton, John Lee^ Henry Corbin, and Thomas Gerard agreed to build a banqueting house, at a point convenient to their residences. Thomas Gerrard lived not far from Isaac Allerton, at Masthotick Creek, the southern border of Westmoreland county. Like the Brents he had been prominent in the pro- vince of Maryland. He was the brother-in-law of Justinian Snow, the first factor of the Maryland province, called by a Jesuit journalist of the period an "obstinate heretic," while Gerard professed to be an adherent of the Church of Rome. He was a physician, and privy councillor in Mary- Alice, married Philip Lightfoot of Middlesex Co., Va. Winifred, tuarried Le Roy Griffin. Ann, married William Tayloe of London wlio settled, and in 1694, died in Virginia. Frances, married Edmund Jennings of Rippon, .Yorkshire, died in London Nov. 22, 1713. 'John Davenport, minister of New Haven, on the 27th of 7th month, 1654, in a letter to John Wiuthrop Jr. Dep. Gov. of Connecticut, referring to Dr. Choyse? writes " He is now upon a voyage for Virginia with Mr. Allerton." ' Hancock, son of Richard Lee, married Elizabeth a daughter of Isaac Allerton. 3 Richard Lee the immigrant, died before September, 1G66. In Palmer's Calendar of Virginia State Papers is the following: " Writ issued by Ira Kirk- haiu (Cl'k Sept. 25, IGG'J), to sheriff of Westmoreland -county requiring the arrest of Mr. John Lee, one of the executors of the last will and testament of Col. Ric'd. Lee to appear before Governor and Council on 3d day of next Qen'l Court, in the forenoon, to answer the suit of Edward Lisbro as marrying Anne, relict of the said Col. Lee." 256 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. land but in 1058, had an unpleasant controversy with a Jesuit missionary, name Fitz Herbert, who threatened to excom- municate him, because he did not bring his wife and child- ren to church, and Fitz Herbert also reported that he had ' ' beaten an Irish servant because she had refused to be a Protestant or go to Prayer with those of his family, that were so." He was also accused of being intemperate, and opposed to the friends of Lord Baltimore. Upon these last charges, he was tried, deposed from the Council, and declared incapa- ble of holding any office. After this, he removed to Vir- ginia, and was the neighbor of Isaac AUerton, and in 1670, arranged with his neighbors to build a " banqueting house." On Feb. 5, 1672, he made his will, and therein expressed his wish, to buried by the side of his wife, Susanna Snow, in Maryland, and Major Isaac AUerton and John Lee were appointed to settle his estate. Not far from these, settled John and Lawrence Washing- ton, of whose ancestry nothing is definitely known. ^ In ' Josepli L. Cliester L.LD., D. C. L., the late eminent editor and aunotator of Westminister Ahhey Registers in a letter of Sept. 8, 1877, wrote to me : " In your Fmmders of Maryland is a letter off John Washington. Can you, by any means, obtain for me a fac-simile, or traciug, of his signature? I have lately come upon a Deed, which I have strong reasons to think is his, and if, on a comparison of the two signatures this sliould prove to be the case, I think my long protracted labors on the AVasliington history would come to an end." Dr. Chester did not aucceed, before his death, in finding in Virginia an autograph of John Washington and having completely destroyed the pedigree as given by Sparks and Irving, nothing positive is known. General Washington, in a letter to the Earl of Buchan, mentions that his ancestor was a relative of the Fairfaxes of the nortli of England, to whom Buchan was allied. Henry Fairfax sheiifE of Yorkshire and Henry Washington, married sisters Anna and Eleanora Harrison of South Cave, Yorkshire. Henry VIRGINIA CAROLOBUM. 257 1058, John, the ancestor of the illustrious and first president of the United States of America, reached the Chesapeake Bay in a ship owned by Edward Prescott, and the master of which was John Greene. During the voyage from Eng- land the crew became excited and declared that one of the passengers, Elizabeth Richardson, was a witch, and when near the Western Islands hung her, and threw her body into the sea. John Washington, as the Ship was consigned to Maryland, made complaint to the Provincial Court,' and Washington died in 1718, and bis widow Eltsanora lived in St. Andrew's, Holborn, London. Her eldest son Pilchard was born at South Cave in 1G90, and another child wa? born there, she had five other children at Doncaater or in London. Perhaps Richard Washington who died in Barbadoes in 1747, was a son of Richard, and grandson of Henry. General Washington corresponded with a Richard Washington of London who may have been the son of the Barbadoes Richard. In the autumn of 1751, George Washington took his sick brother Lawrence, to the Barbadoes. From a letter of Theodore Pargiter dated London, Aug. 2, 1654, it is learned that he had a cousin John Wa.shington at Barbadoes. Could this be the John who came to Virginia? See Waters' (Meanings in N. E. Eist. Qen. Register October, 1884. In a footnote on page 137 " Founders of Maryland" Munsell, Albany, 1876, Henry, the hu.sband of Eleanor Harrison, by C;irele3suess, is called Richard Washington. And, " it is probable that Jolm Washington " in the same note should read ; It is probable thdt Richard of Barhae was the wife of Major L. Burwell." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 261 Council.' This Assembly is memorable for its discussion of the principles of Republican government, and for the suc- cessful assertion that the Burgesses were the representatives of the people, and that in them was vested the power to elect the Governor and Council. On the first of April, 165S, the Governor announced that the House of Burgesses^ was dissolved, but the delegates * Council in March 1658-9. Richard BiMinett. Capt, Henry Perry. Col. W. Claiborne, Secretary. Col. George Reade ? Col. John West. Lt. Col. John Walker ? Col. Wm. Bernard. Col. Abra'ni Wood. Col. Thomas Dew. Col. John Carter. Col. Obedience Robins. Mr. W. Horsmanden. Lt. Col. Anthony Elliot. ' BURUESSES March 13, 1657-8. Henrico County. Major Wm. Harris. Charles City Co. Warham Horsmanden. Capt. Robert Wynne. James City Co. Hen. Soane. Thos. Loveinge. Maj. R'd Webster. Wm. Corker. Surrey County. Lt. Col. Thos. Swann. Major Wm. Butler. Wm. Edwards. Capt. Wm. Cawfield. Upper Norfolk Co. Lt. Col. Ed. Carter. Giles Webb. Thomas Francis. Zower Norfolk Co. Col. John Sidney. Major Leonard Mason, 262 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. declared that the step was improper, and asked that he would revoke the order. The Governor and his Council, after deliberation, expressed a willingness to recede, if the House would speedily adjourn, and refer the point in dis- pute, to the Lord Protector of England, but the House was not satisfied with this answer, and appointed a Committee, consisting of Col. John Carter, Warham Horsmanden, John Sidney, Thomas Swan, Richard Webster, Jeremy Hain, and William Mitchell to consider what were the rights of the House and report thereon. They were of the opinion, after Major William. Jolm Smith, Speaker. Jeremy Haine. Major John Bond. Thos. Tabernor. New Kent County. Lt. Col. Anth. Elliot. Rappaha7inock Co Lancaster Co. Peter Montague. Peter Knight. William Kendall. William Mellinga. William Mitchell. Elizabeth City Co. John Powell. Warwick County. Thomas Davis. York County. Eobert Borne. Isle of Wight Co. John Brewer. Joseph Bridger. William Blacky. Gloucester Co. Capt. Thos. Ramsey Thomas Luceur. Col. John Carter. Northumberland Co. John Hanie. Northampton Co. Randall Revell. John Willcox. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 263 examining the Constitutions, and present form of govern- ment, that the Burgesses were the representatives of the people, and that they could not he dissolved, except hy their own consent. After this, the Governor appeared, and ac- knowledged the supreme power of the House, to elect the Governor and Council. The House then proceeded to the election of Samuel Mathews as Governor, and twelve Coun- cillors. Joseph Bridger an ahle and useful man, superin- tended the erection of a brick church five miles south-east from Smithfield. The first brick house in Virginia was erected in 1638, at Jamestown, and this church was built some years afterwards. The son of Joseph Bridger born in 1628, also named Joseph, may have been the member of this Assembly^ He was paymaster of the troops during the Bacon Rebellion, and a tombstone'' marks his remains in Smithfield church-yard. William Michell, or Mitchell, a member from Northampton county was not an ornament • Councillors, April, 1658. John West. Henry Perry. Thomas Pettus. George Rcade. Thomas Hill. Abraham Wood. Thomas Dew. John Carter. William Bernard. Warham Ilorsmandcn. Obedience Robins. Anthony Ellyott. ="• Sacred To ye Memor}' of The Honble Joseph Bridger. Esqr. Councilr. of State in Virginia To King Charles ye 2d Dying April ye 15, A. D., 1680 Aged 58 years Mournfully h^ft His Wife. 3 sons and 4 daughters." 264 VIRGINIA CAROLOBUM. nor a blessing to the Colony, but an adventurer, of ill fame from Maryland. Lord Baltimore had, in 1650, made him a Councillor, but soon deposed him. Leaving his wife in England, he brought over in the ship which he commanded several lewd women, and upon his arrival in the province led a most scandalous life,^ and scoffed at Christianity. Eandall Revell a Burgess of the same county, followed the trade of a cooper, and had been in 1638, a member of the Maryland Assembly, and at a later period was quite promi- nent in the affairs of the Eastern Shore. The Assembly in March, 165Y-8, resolved that it was expedient to eject all lawyers who were Burgesses, and submitted their decision to the Governor and Council, who rephed " The Governor and Council will consent to this proposition so far as it shall be agreeable to Magna Charta. " Wm. Claiborne." "23Martii, 1657 [0. S.J This communication was referred to a Committee who reported : " We have considered Magna Charta, and do not discover any prohibition contained therein," and the posi- tion of the Assembly was maintained. 1 Ann, a daughter of Elizabeth Bolton of St. Martin's in the Fields, Middlesex, was hired as a servant, to act as governess, whom he harshly used, and then sold to Francis Brooke, for a wife. At a court held on June 22, 1G52, at St. Mary, Tliomas Cole, aged thirty-two years, deposes : " That before coming out of England, he was at Mr. Edmond Plowden's chamber. He asked me ' with whom I lived.' I replied ' Capt. Mit- chell.' He persuaded me not to go with him to Virginia, and asked me ' of what religion, he was, and whether I ever seen him go to Church ; ' I made answer ' I never saw him to Church.' He replied, " thut Captain Mitchell being among a company of gentlemen, wondered that the world had been deluded, bo many hundred years, with a man and a pigeon,' referring to Christ and the Holy Spirit." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 265 At this period few English ships arrived, and Dutch vessels were prohil)itod, so that trade was stagnant. Tiady Newport, in England, under date of July 1+, 1658 wrote : " My daughter Bromley has a son come from Virginia, he has heen there almost four years, and ther(^ is no profit to he had there, trading is poor."^ Among the last official acts of Governor Mathews was the sending a letter" dated August 24, 1359, to Governor Fen- dall of Maryland asking him to co-operate, with an expedi- tion, miderCol. Edmund Scarborough, against the Assatea- gue band of Indians, dwelling upon the Eastern Shore near the boundary line of \lrginia and Maryland. Scarborough, then at Occahannock, on the 28th forwarded the letter, which by some delay did not reach the Maryland Governor until the 23d of the next month, and mentioned that it was his intention in ten days to move with three hundred men, and sixty horses, and establish a garrison ' Sir Kichard Newport in October, 1G48, was cieated Baron Newport, liis wife was Rnchel, fiistcr of Sir Kichard Leveson, his dau^liter Beatrix married Sir Henr}' Bromley Kt., of Salop, and IiIh son was, i)robab]y, the person who had been in Virjjinia. *" The Conceariie of aaftie depending on those persons in trust hath directed the Intelli>?ence of our present deai{i;ne8 against the Assatage Indians imd Con- federals, which we haue accomodated with sufficient forces now presumeing the advantage of this opportunity, lying before you reasons politicall will press your Endeavours to assault the Coraon Enemy who soe long triumphed in the mines of Christian bloud, that warr on the Sea Side willbe on our parts prosecuted, and if the Nanticokc and confederals be the Suliject of your like Designe, it may, if not vtterly extinguish yet snlficiently Subject the iusolen- cicB of those Indians who now despise the English honnour. Vso and iuiproue this from " Your humble Servant "Samuel Mathews." "Aug. 24, 1659. 34 266 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. on the sea-side of the Eastern Shore, and then search for the Indians toward the head of Wicocomoko or Pocomoke river. Governor Fendall replied that he would consult with his Councillors, and on October 9th at Patuxent it was decided to be inexpedient to engage in a war with the Assa- teagues, the cause of which was not mentioned in the Vir- ginia Governor's letter. The expedition upon the part of the Virginians was not abandoned, as the Assembly at Jamestown in March, 1660, made an appropriation to defray the expenses of the " late war in Accomack." At an Assembly convened in March 1658-9,* was chosen the " Honourable Colonel Samuel Mathews Governour, and 'Burgesses March, 1658-9. n$nrico County. William Hatcher. Charles City Co. Col. Ed. Hill, Speaker. Warham Horsmanden. James City Co. Walter Cliiles. Capt.Tlio's Foulke. Capt. W. Whittacre. Capt. Matt. Edlowe. Surrey Co. Capt. George Jordan. Capt. Wm. Cawfield. Thomas Warren. Me of Wight Co. Col. Robert Pitt. Capt. English. Major John Bond. James Pyland. Upper Norfolk Co. Lt. Col. Ed. Carter. Giles Webb. Capt. Tho's Goodwyn. Lower Norfolk Co. Col. John Sidney. Lemuel Mason. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 2G7 Captain General for two years," and at the expiration of that ])eriod it was enacted that the next Governor should be elected from the Councillors, who henceforward should hold office for life unless impeached for misdemeanors. The Council refused to accept the life tenure, and the next ses- sion the law was repealed. A wise law was passed, that if, for any reason, the Governor, or Secretary, should fail to summon an Assembly, that then, the sheriff of James City could issue a call. During the summer of 1659, it was known in Virginia that Richard Cromwell had given up the office of Protector, and ships which which left England in the beginning of December after a quick voyage of six weeks, anchored in Warwick County Jolm Harlowe. Mizabeth Oity G: William Batte. Florentin Paine. York County. N.ith. Bacon Esq'r. Thos. BusLrod. Major Joseph Crosbaw. Wm. Hay. New Kent Co. William Black. Lancaster Co. Col. Jolm Carter. Henry Corbin. Rappahannock Co. Col. Moore Fantleroy. John Weyre. Olouceater Co. Capt. Francis Willis. Capt. Augustine Warner. Northampton Co. John Stringer. William Jones. Northumberland County. Geo. Coleclougb. 268 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. James Eiver, in January, 1660, with the news " that the Parliament was then sitting," and that General Lambert had gone forth to fight the forces of General Monk. Sir Henry Moody, who was then on a visit to Virginia, sent this intelligence in a letter to any English captain at Manhattan.' The Virginians were much excited by the report, as it was evident that anotlier change in the government of England was impending. At this critical period Governor Samuel Mathews suddenly died, and on March 13, 1659-60 [0. S.] an Assembly convened,' and the Burgesses declared that ' Letter of John Davenport, minister of New Haven, to John Winthrop, Jr "Assembly op Makch 1659-60. Councillors Present. Ex. Gov. Richard Bennett. Col. Obedience Robins. Col. W. Claiborne, Sec. Capt. Henry Perry. Col Wm. Bernard. Lt. Col. John Walker. Col. Thos. Petlus,.. Col. Abraham Wood. Col. Francis Morison. Lt. Col. Edward Carter. Col. Edward Hill. Capt. Augustine Warner. Col. Thomas Dewe. Burgesses. Henrico Go. Theodoric Bland, Speaker Capt. Wm. Farrer. Charles City Co. Theodrick Bland. Charles Sparrow. Capt. Robt. Wynne. James City Co. Henry Soane. Richard Ford. Capt. Robt. Ellison. William Morley. Surrey Co. Major Wm. Cawfield. William Browne. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 269 there being in England no lesident, absolute, and general confessed power," for the present, the "Supreame power of Me of Wight Co. Col. Robert Pitt. Mnj. John Bond. Maj Kicliaid Hill. Nicholas Smith. Upper Norfolk Co. Giles Webb. Geo. Calchmaie. Wm, DensoD. Lower If 01 folk Co. Capt. John Sidney. Lemuel Mason. Northampton Co. Col. Edm'd Scarborough. Lt. Col. John Stringer Major Wm. Waters. - Wartcick Co. Col. IMiles Cary. Major Ed. Griffitj. Elizabeth City Co. Lt. Col. W. Worlick. Capt. John Powell. York Co. X'phen Calthropp. Nathaniel Bacon. Major Joseph Croshaw. Robert Baldry. New Kent Co. Col. Manwaring Hammond. Lt. Col. Robert Abrahall. Rappahannock Co. Col. Moore Fantleroy. John Weyre. Oloucester Co. Capt. Francis Willis. Capt. Poter Knight. Capt. Peter Jennings. David Cant. Lancaster Co. Col. John Carter. John Curtis. Henry Corbin. Northumberland Co. Capt. Peter At^hton. • Westmoreland Go. Capt. Tho's Foulke. 270 VIRGINIA GAROLOEUM. the government," in Virginia was in them, and proceeded to elect one to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mathevi^s. It was therefore enacted "that the Honourable Sir William Berkeley bee Governour and Captain Gen'll of Virginia, and that he govern according to the ancient laws of England, and the established laws of this Country, and that all writs issue in the name of the Grand Assembly of Virginia." To him was given the power to select a Council and Sec- retary, every two years, but he could not dissolve an As- sembly except with the consent of a majority of the Bur- gesses. "According to the desire" of Governor Berkeley, the Assembly confirmed Col. William Claiborne, Secretary of State. Theodoric Bland, ^ the son-in-law of Bennett, the first Governor under the Commonwealth, was elected Speaker. The faithful minister, Philip Mallory, was voted two thousand pounds of tobacco for his services, and he and a minister named Lansdale were invited to preach at James- town, during the session of the next Assembly. Good feeling prevailed during the sessions of the Assem- bly, and republicans and royalists, seemed to be only ' Theodoric Bland on January 16, 1629-30 was baptized at St. Antbolm's Lon- don was a mcrcliant in Spain and in the Canary Islands, and in 1654, came to Virginia. His wife was Anne, daughter of Governor Richard Bennett. In 1676, John Bland of London, his brother, published a memorial with this title The Humble Bevionstrance of John Bland of London, Merchant, on the Behalf of the Inhabitants and Planters in Virginia and Maryland." The Lon- don merchant was prosperous, and did many friendly acts for Virginia. In 1660, a Richard Bland was a commissioner of Elizabeth City County, Theodoric Bland died in 1671, and was buried within the walls of Westover Church, between the bodies of William Perry and Walter Aston. He left three sons, Theodoric, Richard and John. * VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 271 interested in promoting the prosperity of Virginia. A resolution of good will was passed, acknowledging the services of the family of Lord Delaware in these words : " Whereas the many important favours and services ren- dered the country of Virginia by the noble family of the Wests, predecessors to Mr. John West,^ the now only sur- vivor, claim at least agratefuU remembrance of their former merrits be still continued to their survivors. It is ordered, that the levies of the said Master West and his family be remitted and he be exempted from payment thereof during life." In February, it was known at New Amsterdam that the Governor of Virginia was dead, and Governor Stuyvesant " ' Secretary Brock, of the Virpfinia Historical Society, contributeB the follow- ing document signed by John West, to the New England Eistcrical and Genea- logical Reguter, January, 1886. "' Oct. 29, 1655. This day Pindabake, the Protector of the young King of Chiskoyalv was at my house, intending to have spoken with the Governor, then expected to be heerd but he came not. & tlierefore hee desyned to leave his mind with mee, Major Will Wiat & divers others, as foUowith, viz: that Was- sahickon the had freely given unto Mr. Edward Wyatt and his heyres, executors, administrators or assigns, all the land from Mr. Hugh Guinn's old marksd trees Vttamarke Creeke, including all Pagan liigli Land being freely given, and with the consent of all the rest of the Indians, it was also agreed among them all, that neither the King, nor any other of his Indians should sell, alienate, or dispose of any land belonging unto them, without the consent of Mr. Ed. Wyatt, which was the only business that he had to acquaint the Gov'r therewith in the behalfe of Mr. Ed. Wyat as we heero do testify under our hands this present 29th of October, 1655. " John West." The witnesses were : Willm Benett, John W'est Junior, By mark Toby West, Pindabake Protector of Wm (Godfrey, ) Sign the young King John King, |- with Chiskoyake John Talbutt, ) mark 272 VIRGINIA CAROLORXJM. and the Council deputed Nicholas Varlett, and Brian New- ton to go and express their sorrow, for In's " sad and unex- pected decease," their wish to renew old friendship, and make a treaty for free commerce. If practicahle, they were also desired to enlist soldiers, for service in New Nether n lands. The instructions to the Commissioners were definite and judicious. They were to land at " Kycetan " now Hamp- ton, and "salute Colonel Claborn " who still resided there, and was Secretary of the Colony, "and request his advice, counsel and help, for the greate security of the yacht." After receiving information from Claiborne, the}^ were to present their credentials to the recognized representative of the Colony, and ask for a conference to arrange a prelimin- ary treaty. If consent could be obtained, they were to enlist " some good, resolute men, and among them, as many Scots as possible '' in all not more than " twent^'^-five or thirty." If they had time, the suggestion was made that they should " cross over to Maryland" and " inquire as secretly as possible whether any preparations against our people in the South river were being made there." They were also instructed in case a treaty was agreed ujion with the author- ities in Virginia, that it was not final, until revised, and approved by both sides. Should they find upon their arrival, that no Governor had been chosen to fill the va- cancy, after remaing eight or ten days, they were to leave, with the understanding, that negotiations would be resumed in the autumn. As Heerman was well acquainted with the English language, they were authorized to obtain his assist- VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 273 ance. The Assembly was in session when they arrived, and had elected Berkek^y to fill the office of Governor made vacant by the death of Mathews. While for good rea- sons, the commissioners were not allowed to enlist soldiers to serve under a foreign flag, they wci-e treated courteously and the outline of a treaty settled. In April, they returned to Manhattan, and in June, Sir Henry Moody arrived on the part of Virginia, with credentials signed by the Governor, and Theodore Bland, the Speaker of the Assembly. Four articles were agreed upon, and sent to Goveinor Berkeley for approval, which however he could not sign for reasons in the following letter, written on August 20, IGCO, to Go- vernor Stuy vesant : " Sir, I have received the letter, you were pleased to send me, by Mr. Mills his vessell, and shall be ever ready to comply with you in all acts of neighbourly friendship and amity. But, truly Sir, you desire nie to do that concern- ing your titles, and claims to land in this northern part of America, which I am in no capacity to do, for I am but a servant of the Assembly, neither do they arrogate any power to themselves, further than the miserable distractions of Englaiid force them to. For when God shall be pleased in his mercy to take away and dissipate the unnatural divi- sions of their native country, they will immediately return to their own professed obedience- What then they should do in matters of contract, donation, or confession of right would have little strength or significance; much more pre- sumptive and impertinent would it be in me to do it with- out their knowledge or assent. We shall very shoi-tly meet again, and then, if to them you signify your desires, I shall labor all I can, to get you a satisfactory answer." 85 274 VinGlNlA CAROLORtJM. Sir Henry Moody, Baronet, was the son of Lady Deborah Moody whose maiden name was Dunche. Her grandfather Wilham Dunche, who died May 11, 1579, had two sons, Edward and Walter, Edward was a member of parlia- ment during the reigns of James the First, and also his son Charles. Walter of Avesbury, Wiltshire, married Deborah daughter of James Pilkinton, first Bishop of Durham under Queen Elizabeth, who was kind to non-conformists. One of the four daughters of Walter, Deborah, married Sir Henry Moody, Baronet^ of Garsden, Wilts. About the year 1632, Lady Deborah Moody was left a widow with one son, Sir Henry. After residing some time in London, about A.D., 1639, she sailed for America, and in April, 1640, was a member of the church at Salem, Mass., and in 1641, purchased the farm near Lynn, of John Hump- ries, whose wife was a daughter of the Earl of Lincoln. Lechford, writes ; "Lady Moody lives at Lynn, but is of Salem church. She is a good lady, almost undone by buying Master Humphries farm." In December, 1642, she was presented for holding that the baptism of infants was no ordinance of God, and the next year she moved to New Amsterdam, for liberty of worship. In March, 1643, in the Massachusetts Records it is mentioned, that the Rev. Mr. Walton "is for Long Island 1 The last wife of Sir John Stafford, was the sister of Sir Henry Moody, Bt. Stafford had been haptized at Geneva January 4, 1555-6, John Calvin standing as sponsor. Stafford's fiUher died in Geneva, May 5, 1557. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 275 shortly there to set clown with my Lady Moodie, from under civill and church watch among ye Dutch." For a time she was molested by Indians, but on the 19th of December, 1645, a patent for the town of Gravesend, Long Island, was given unto "Ye honoured Lady Deborah Moody ; Sir Henry Moody, Baronet ; " and others and " to have and enjoye the free libertie of conscience according to the custome and manner of Holland, without molestation or disturbance from any madgistrate, or madgistrates, or any ecclesiastical minister." In 1655, her house was surrounded by Indians, who were at last driven away by soldiers from New Amsterdam, and about 1659, she died. Her son, Sir Henry Moody may have i-emained some time in England. After his mother's depart- ure, his father's place at Garsden was sold to a Sir Laurence Washington, chief register, who died in 1643, at the age of sixty-four years. He was as early as 1645, on Long Island. In September, 1659, a fort belonging to the Dutch, about eighty miles above Manhattan, was for some weeks sur- rounded by a large body of Indians who destroyed corn- fields, and killed settlers. Sir Henry Moody was requested to raise a company, and go to their relief. He marched to the fort, dispersed the Indians, and entering it unfurled the English flag. About this time he disposed of his plantation at Gravesend, Long Island, and this year, made a visit to Virginia. In October, 1660, the Virginia Assembly ordained: " That Sir Henry Moody bee implored in an embase by the right honourable the Governor, to the Manados, about the affaires of the country shall have elevaen thousand pounds of 276 VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. tobacco out of the levie, this year, as a gratuity for his paines therein." After this he took lodgings with Daniel Litschoe, an inn- keeper of New Amsterdam, whose house according to G-erard, was near the present junction of Wall and Pearl streets, New York City. He appears at this time to have been quite poor, as on the 20th of September, 1661, he left certain books' for the payment of his board and lodging. He returned to Virginia, and died at the house of Colonel Francis Moryson, acting Grovernor during Berkeley's absence in England. He was tlie first Baronet who died in Vir- ginia. While a few of the colonists were educated and able to educate their children in England, the great majority were ' la N. Y. Col. Doc's, Vol. 4, 8vo, 1851, p. GtO, is the followinir : •' Calholo(rui} contaiuinir tlie namos of such books as Sir. Heury Moidie left ill security in hands of Daniel Litscho when he went for Virginia. A latyn Bible in folio. A written book in folio contiuning privatt matters of State. Seventeen severall books of di'votional matter. A dictionaries Latin and English. Sixteen several latin and Kalian bookx of divers matters. A book in folio containing tlie voyage of Ferdinand Mendoz. A book in folio kalleth Sylva Sylvarum. A. book in quarto kalleth, bartas six days worke of the lord and translated in Enolish by Josiah Sylvester. A book in quarto kalleth the Sume and Substance of the Conference which it please iiis Excellent ^lajestie to have with the lords, bi.shops, &c., at Hampton Court contracteth by William Barlov/. A book in quarto kalleth Ecclesin-stica Interpretatio or the Exposition upon the diSicult and doubtful passages of the seven Epistles called Catholique, and the Revalation collected by John Mayer. Eleven several bookx moore of divers subjects. The verification of his father's knights order given by King James," VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 277 not above the grade of laborers, and enjoyed but few of the comforts of hfe. Lionel Gatford, B. I)., published in 1657, a small treatise entitled "Piiblick Good without Private Interest." He was friendly to Lord Baltimore, although a Puritan. In a dedicatory epistle to Cromwell, "his Highness, the Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland," he writes, that "poor, neglected, despised Virginia, and the English Colonie there, with the adjacent heathen inhabitants of the same continent, came often and often into his thoughts." In allusion to the peculiar form of church government in existence, he used this language : " It cannot be expected that either your petitioner, or any other, how zealously affected soever they are to the advancement of God's glory and the propagation of the Gospel of Christ, should leave their preaching, and other ministration here, iw their own native Country that so much needs them, though they should be allowed to pre;ich no where but in bonds and fetters, or in caves, and other hiding places (which they fear not, so long as your Highness shall retain the Sovereign power solely in your own hands) and go into Virginia to labour there, in utter impossibilities, or to be thrust out from labouring, wlioii any probabiliuies of doing good should be offered there, only upon that distast or suggestion of any turbulent or vicious persons that shall complain of them to a Governour as indifferent, and vicious as themselves." In the treatise among other hindrances to the prosperity of the Colony, are mentioned : "The people that are sent to inhabit in that Colonie, are the most of them the very 278 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. scum and off scouring of our Nation, vagrants or con- demned persons, or such others, as by the looseness and viciousness of their Hves have disabled themselves to sub- sist any longer in this Nation ; and when they come thither either know not how, or will not betake themselves to any sober, industrious course of living. And if they chance to get ought to maintain them in their licentiousness and wicked- ness fall to practising their old abominable practice there, as much or more than they ever did heer. So that if they come to be members or officers in the said Colonies, whereby they are rendered more conspicuous in their true colours, their idleness, and otherwise evil examples, do not only corrupt and taint others of the same Colonic, but cause the very Heathen to loath both them and the very profession of Christianity for their sakes." He also lamented "that very many Children and servants sent into that Plantation, that were violently taken away, or cheatingly duckoyed without the consent or knowledge of their Parents or Masters by some proestigious Plagiaries (commonly called Spirits) into some private places, or ships, and there sold to be transported; and then resold there to be servants or slaves to those that will give most for them. A practice proper for Spirits, namely the Spirits of Devils, but to be abhorred and abominated of all men that know either what men are, or whose originally they are, or what their relatives are, either natural, civil, or Christian." In every country, at its first settlement, will be found hardy adventurers, of obscure birth, and wholly dependent upon their energy, and industry, who rise to positions of prominence, and influence, and it was not remarkable, that VIRGINIA CAliOLonUM. 279 the Assemblies in the days of Berkeley, and the Common- wealth, should have contained some of these. If Abraham Wood, a boy ten years of age, could come to Virginia, and after serving his term as a servant, advance in position, and in 1654, be a Burgess, it is creditable to him, and if in the Assembly of that year should also be John Trussell, who when he was nineteen years of age, in 1622, became a servant in Charles City County, and William Worlich, who came the same year when eighteen years old, and was a servant in Elizabeth City, it only shows what poor immigrant boys like those of the present century who have landed at New York City, may by perseverance, ac- complish. General Monk reached London, early in February, the news of which was received, in Virginia, before the first of May, with the report, that the monarchy would soon bo re- stored. On the 29th of May, Charles the Second entered London amid the acclamations of the people. CHAPTER VIII. FROM THE RESTORATION OF CHARLES THE SECOND, TO A.D. 1071. Colonists quietly accept restoration of the King. Instruc- tions TO Governor Berkeley. Philip Mallory, clergyman, visits England. Berkeley in England. Francis Morison, chosen temporary governor. quakers fined and impris- ONED. Office Seekers. Encroachments upon Indians. Grant of 1662, op lands, to favorites of the King. Pub- lication of " Vikginia's Cure." Governor Berkeley's re- turn. Legislation against Quakers and Baptists. Attempt to build up Jamestown. Birkenhead conspiracy. Fugitive SERVANTS. Burgesses A.D., 1668. Persecution of Quakers. Scarborough, Surveyor General, criticises Quakers. Con- ference AS TO cessation OF TOBACCO PLANTING. \\ ILLIAM DrUM- MOND AND Thomas Woodward. Letter of Morison in behalf OF Virginia. Annual elections postponed. Northern In- dians. Conference of 1666, as to tobacco. Burgesses in 1666. Ships in 1667 destroyed by thb Dutch. Colonists Dis- contented. Silk presented to the King. Explorations of Lederer, and Henry Batt. Jail Biri«. Suffrage restricted. Berkeley's Report of 1671, to Commissioners of Planta- tions. HE transition from the rule of the Commonwealth of England, to the government of Charles the Second, was as quiet, and bloodless, as, the sur- render in 1652, to the former power. The merchants of Vir- VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 281 ginia had little interest in the political disputes of England, and hoped that by the restoration of Charles the Second, they might obtain a repeal of the Navigation Act, which restricted the carrying of tobacco, to vessels owned by Englishmen and had depressed the commercial interests of tlie Colony. As the people, by their Burgesses, had freely elected Berkeley, Governor, who had acknowledged,' that he was, "but a servant of the Assembly's," and as his brother John was one of the friends and advisers of the King, they believed it to be good policy to cordially accept the changed condition * of affairs. The King on the 31st of July, recognized Gov. Berkeley and the Council. The Assembly which convened on the 11th of October, 1660, only transacted absolutely necessary business. The Council and Assembly had been obhged to meet in the houses of Mr. Woodhouse, and of Thomas Hunt, and the Governor was requested "to take into his care the building of a State House," and to make contracts at his pleasure. He was also empowered "to presse tenne men of the ordinarie sort of people, allowing each man two thousand pounds of tobacco, per annum, and to employ them tov,ard the building of a State house," but no work was done. A Committee ad interim was appointed, composed of Henry Soane, Speaker, Na- ' See Chapter VII, Berkeley's letter to New Amsterdam authorities. "Their lanffuagfe in acknowledi^ring the King was not as servile as that of the Massachusetts Colony. Governor Endicott by order of the General Court, of the latter, on Aug. 7, 1601, fulsomely wrote, "Royal Sir: Your just title to the Crown enthronizeth you in our consciences ; yourpraciousness, in our affections • that, inspireth unto duty, this, naturalizeth unto loyalty." 36 282 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. thaniel Bacon, Esq., Col. Miles Gary,' Major Nicholas Hill, Capt. Eobert Eilyson, Capt. George Jordon,^ and Mr. Wal- ter Chiles, and until the 23d of March, 1660-1, a recess was taken. The Council for Foreign Plantations in England directed a letter to Sir William Berkeley, Governor "for the time being" and the Virginia Council, in which, they enjoined that all rehgious exercises should be according to the pro- fession of the church of England, and that they should en- courage learned and orthodox ministers, as it was a shame for a rich and flourishing people to be without a ministry ^ Colonel Miles Cary was a descendant of William Caiy, merchant, the Mayor of Bristol in 1546 ; in 1665, he was one of the Council of Virginia. On March 29, 1668, he was superintending the erection of defences at Point Comfort against the Dutch, and here lost his life. Two of his sons. Miles, and Thomas, were prominent in public affairs and identified themselves with the Quakers. Story, a Quaker preacher, brother of the Dean of Lismore, and Keeper of the Great Seal of the Province of Pennsylvania, and one of the early Mayors of Phila- delphia, held in 1690, a Friends' Meeting at Yorktown. Two days after, he writes " Went to Thomas Carey's who had been lately convinced. His wife had been also. His brother Miles, and wife, coming hither to see us were made partakers of the same visitation." Several yeais later he made another visit and wrote : " Made a visit to Miles Carey, Secretary of the County, who being absent, his wife, a Friend, prevailed with us to stay to supper." Thomas Gary tliought to be the son of the Councillor, married a daughter of Archdale, the Quaker Governor of Carolina, and in 1697, was Receiver General of that Colony. " Jordon is a name found iu the earlier records. In the first Assembly of 1619 was Samuel Jordon. Mary Tue, daughter of Hugh Crouch, executrix of Lt. Richard Crouch, in 1623, " assigned 100 acres of land wch lies in Diggs, his Hundred to Samuel Jordon of Charles Hundred, gentleman." Neills' Virginia Company, p. 315. In March, 1623, Robert Jordan was slain by the Indians at Berkeley Hundred five miles from Charles City. Alice the daughter of John Miles, and wife of George Jordon, died January 7, 1650 (O.S.) VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 283 proportionate to the population, and such a ministry was necessary to the winning of the souls of those whom they had purchased as slaves." With this communication was sent the King's Proclama- tion from Breada, and an Act of Indemnity. The letter was entirely conciliatory, and they were urged to lay aside "ani- mosities hegotten by the late distracted and unsettled times, and affectionately unite, so that former differences be buried in oblivion." The old London Company was reported to be again making an effort for the restoration of their charter, and the Assembly fearing the loss of their liberties, from the Plantation Commissioners, determined to send Sir WiUiam Berkeley, at their own expense, to act as their agent, in England and present their wants to the King. Pliillip Mallory, who had "been eminently faithfull in the ministry, and very dilligent in endeavouring the ad- vancement of all those meanes that might conduce to the ad- vancement of religion," was also appointed by the Assembly of March, 1660-1, to undertake to solicit in England, in behalf of their " church affaires." Berkeley reached London in the summer of 1661, when the Cavaliers were in a frenzy of joy. A formal, political, and hence unlovely, type of Puritanism had succumbed to the noisy, jeering, and i)leasure-loving sycophants of the Court. Taverns, brothels, and theaters, had rapidly increased since the Coronation day, and the Virginia Governor was pleased to see the performance on the stage of his tragi-comedy.' 1 Pepys on January 19, 16fi0-l, went to the theatre and saw the "Lost Lady " played, but was not much pleased. 284 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. "The Lost Lady" which twenty years before had been entered at Stationers' Hall. His visit, with his brother, a favorite of the King, and high in power, tended to develop the worse, and restrain his better traits, so that Berkeley before, and Berkeley after the restoration, did not appear the same person. Francis Moryson,^ also written Morison, had been chosen Governor during the absence of Berkeley, and the Assembly of March, 1661-2, provided for a revision and modification of the laws of the Colony, and also "sett downe certaine rules to be observed in the government of the church, until God shall please to turne his majesties pious thoughts toward us, and provide a better supply of ministers. " The "whole liturgie " every Sunday was to be "thor- oughly read." The word Sunday or Lord's Day is used more frequently than Sabbath in the Acts. The " orna- ments" of the church were called "a greate bible, two com- ' His wife was Cecilia, the sieter of Giles Rawlins, who was Killed iu a duel with one of Lord Dillon's sons, in August, 1662, in St. James Field, Pall Mall. His brother, was Richard who had been in charge of the rude fort at Point Comfort. The latter obtained this appointment through his father's influence with Lord Falkland. On January 3d, 1648, there was granted to Richard 110 acres in Elizabeth City known as " Fort Field." The widow Winifred Moryson who obtained a grant in 1652, of 400 acres on the south side of Horn Harbor creekwas probably the mother. Major Francis Moryson on June 1, 1654, obtained possession of 24 acres near Jamestown, upon which stood the old " Glassc House." In 1621, Capt. William Norton with some Italians were sent by the London Company to establish glass works. Norton died, in 1(j23, acd Sandys, Colonial Treasurer, wrote that the Italians were disorderly, and "Vinceuzio had cracked the furnace with a Iron crow-bar." See Virginia Vetusta, page 121. The glass factory was not successful and the ground upon which it stood was sold by Governor Har- vey to Anthony Coleman, and by successive assignments became the property of Francis Morison. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 286 mon prayer books, a communion cloath and napkin, a pulpit, and cushion." For the support of the government, a duty of two shil- lings was imposed upon every hogshead of tobacco shipped to England, and ten, shillings upon each hogshead shipped to foreign ports, those ships excepted, belonging to persons residing in the Colony. Fines were ordered to be imposed upon Quakers, and other non-conformists, holding unlawful assemblies. Wil- liam Cole of Maryland, a Quaker, soon after visited Vir- ginia, with George Wilson, one of their preachers from England, who violating the law, was imprisoned.^ A letter written by Wilson, shows that members of the Society of Friends m their plainness of speech, seemed coarse and un- charitable. It was dated " From that dirty dungeon in Jamestown, the 17th of the Third Month, 16(32," (0. S.) and is as follows : " If they Avho visit not such in prison (as Christ speaks of) shall be punished with everlasting destruction, what will ye do i Or what will become of you who put us into such nasty, stinking prisons, as this dirty dungeon, where we have not had the benefit to do what nature requireth, nor so much as air, to blow in, at a window, but close made up with brick and lime, so that there is no air to take away the •William Kobinson, a nu-rchaut of London and Quaker preacher, as early as 1658, visited Virjjinia. In a letter written, at Boston, not long before he, and William Leddra. to thedis<^race of tlie Puritans, was liun Hugh Yeo cordwainer, was the fourth son of Justinian, of Hartland, Dovonshire. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 299 During the autumn of 1663, Mary Tomkins and Alice Ambrose were at the CUffs in Calvert County, Maryland, and wi-ote to George Fox, the eminent Quaker preacher : "We have been in Virginia, where we have had a good service for the Lord. Our sufferings have been large * * * we are now about to set sail for Virginia again." Bishop referring to these in " New England Judged " writes : " Mary Tomkins and Alice Ambrose^ these two servants of the Lord having been at Virginia ■■ - * who had there suf- fered thirty-two stripes apiece, with a nine corded whip, three knots in each cord, being drawn up to the pillory, in such an uncivil manner, as is not to be rehearsed, with a running knot about their hands, the very first lash of which drew blood, and made it run down in abundance from their breasts." Lord Baltimore, ever watchful to increase the rentals from his Province, managed to make disturbances in Vir- ginia profitable. Moryson, Governor of Virginia for a brief period, in a letter to the Earl of Clarendon' wrote : " I do not complain against so honorable a person as his Lordship, but, admire his prudent management, that never omits to improve the least occasion to his advantage." Virginia's extremity was always Maryland's opportunity. The law against the Puritans in the former colony in 1648, drove an industrious population to the banks of the Severn River in Maryland, so the law against Separatists, Quakers * Alice Ambrose afterwards became the wife of John Gary of West River, Maryland. ''Clarendon Papers in N. 7. Hmt. Soc. CoL, 1869. 300 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. and others from the cliurch of England, in 1664, increased the population of Lord Baltimore's province. In November, 1661, arrangements were made to give lands to certain inhabitants of " Northampton otherwise called Accomack" who wished to remove to the region above Watkin's Point, the north part of the Bay " into which the river Wighco, formerly called Wighcocomico, afterward Pocomoke, then again, at this time, Wighco - comoco." In February, 1662-3, John Elzey, Randall Re veil, and Stephen Horsey were appointed by Governor Charles Cal- vert, Commissioners for this district. In September, 1663, the Assembly in session at Jamestown ordered Col. Edmund Scarborough, his Majesty's Surveyor General of Virginia, to collect rents, and dues to the Colony of Virginia, of all persons residing below a line, from the "north side of Wicomicoe River, on the Eastern shore, and near unto, and on the south side of the straight limb opposite to Patuxent river. " Scarborough's report to the Governor and Council of Vir. ginia of his proceedings at Anamesseck and Manoakin is stamped all over with the characteristics of a violent and prejudiced partisan. In company with Col. John Stringer, who had been one the Burgesses of Northampton County, four of the Commis- sion, and forty horsemen, whom betook "for pomp and safety," on Sunday morning, October 11, 1663, he arrived at Anamessecks to repel, as he reports, the contempt threatened "by some Quakers, and a foole in office." He wrote that ; VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 30I "On Monday morning at y* house of Stephen Horssy an officer of y^ Lord Baltimore I began to pubHsh y' commands of y* Assembly, and for y' y' officer could not road, I often read y= act unto him who made noe reply, but brought a pattent instead of his commission and tould us there was his authority, and y' hee was put in trust by y' Lord leift. of Maryland, and that he would not be false to his trust." After some discussion, Scarborough arrested him, because he would not acknowledge the act of the Virginia Assembly and placed the "broad arrow" on his door. " So thus pro- ceeding," he continues, " wee went to y' house of Ambrose Dixon, a Quaker, where a boat and two men belonging to Groome's Shipp, and two running Quakers were, also George Johnson, and Thomas Price inhabitants, and Quakers." They also refusing, he arrested them, for con- tempt, and placed the "broad arrow " on their doors. He then "marched off to Henry Bostons," who asked a/ little tiuie for deliberation ' Going from thence, to Manoa- kin, all there acknowledged the Virginia authorities, but Mr. John Elzey, and Capt. William Thorne, officers under Lord Baltimore. In his report he mentions that "at that time one Hollins worth,' merchant of a Northern vessel, came and presented his request for liberty of trade w"*" I doubted was some plott of y' Quakers." His portraiture of the Quakers was vivid, but not flattering. " Stephen Horssy, y= ignorant yet insolent officer, a cooper by profes- ' William Hollinsworth of Salem, Mass., had been licensed by the Province of Maryland to trade with the Indians. 302 VIBGINIA GAROLOEUM. sion, who lived long in y' lower parts of Accomack/ once elected a burgess by y^ comon crowd, and thrown out by y" assembly for a fractious and tumultuous person, a man repugnant to all gov'mt, of all sects, yet professed by none, constant in nothing, but opposing church govm't, his children at great ages, yet uncristened. That left y" lower parts to head rebellion at Anamessecks." "George Johnson, y* proteus of heresy who hath been often wandering in this county, where, he is notorious for shiffting schismatical pranks, at length pitched at Anames- secks where hee hath bin this yeare and made a plantation,' etc. "Thomas Price,' a creeping Quaker, by trade a leather dresser, whose conscience would not serve to dwell amongst the wicked, and therefore retired to Anamessecks, where he hears much, and says nothing els but y* hee would not obey gov'm't for w'ch he also stands arrested." "Ambrose Dixon, a caulker by profession, that lived long in Y lower parts was often, in question, for his quaking profession, removed to Anamessecks there to act what hee could not be here permitted, is a prater of nonsence. * * * A receiver of many Quakers, his house y= place of their report." "Henry Boston, an unmanerly fellow y' stands con- demned on o' records for slighting and condemnmg y^ laws of y' county, a rebell to gover'nt and disobedient to author- ^ He signed the eugagemeat to the Coinmouwealth of England, iu March, 1651-2. " A signer in March, 1651-2. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 303 ity, for w'ch he received a late reward w'th a rattan, hath not subscribed, hid himself, and so escaped arrest. These are all, except two or three loose fellows, y' follow the Quakers for scrapps, whom a good whip is fittest to re- form." Governor Calvert, incensed at Scarborough's proceedings, visited Governor Berkeley at Jamestown, who disclaimed the acts of his Surveyor General, and in the spring of 1G64, did order Scarborough, and the surveyors Catlett and Law- rence, with Capt. Joseph Bridger, Capt. Robert Ellyson, and Mr. Bulmer Mitford to go to Manoakin, and on the 10th of May confer with commissioners upon the part of Maryland, and if possible adjust the boundary dispute.' \ ' In 1666, the region in dispute became a portion of Somerset Count}', Maryland , ^"^ named after Lord Baltimore's sister Lady Mary Somerset. The first County Judges were Stephen Horsey, William Stevens, William Thome, James .Jones, John Worden, Henry Boston, George Johnson, and John White. Horsey was the first sheriff of the County ; he and Johnson, and Boston, were the Quakers from Accomac. William Stevens was instrumental in bringincj a number of Presby- terians to Somerset County. George Fox, in 1673, preached at his house to the Quakers. He lived near Rehoboth in the valley of the Pocomoke Kivcr. Bowen in " Days ofMakemie " pives the following from the Somerset Records : " Rich- ard Stevens, brother William Stevens of Somerset county ye Province of ^lary- land was youngest son to John Stevens of Lebourn in ye Parish of Buckingham in England, died at the house of his brother William aforesaid, ye 22d day of April, 1667, and was buried at his plantation called Rehoboth, in ye county and province aforesaid, in America, ye 25th day of April, 1667." Over the remains of Judge Stevens is a slab with this inscription : " Here lyeth the body of William Stevens Esq, who departed this Life, the 23 of December 1G87. Aged 57 years, he was 22 years Judge of this County Court one of His Lordships Councill, and one of ye Deputy Lieutenants of this Province of Maryland ViviT Post Funera Virtus." 304 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. In April, 1663, Governor Berkeley wrote to the Governor of Maryland : " I and the Councell here haue considered of the means of Redresse [relative to the excessive planting of tobacco] and authorize the Gentlemen of the Councell Co" Richard Lee, Co" Robert Smith, Co" John Carter & Mr. Henry Corbin, our Commis" to communicate our Results to yo" & appoynted the eleuenth day of May next to be the time & the County Court house of Northumberland County the place of Conference."* ******* *' This worthy Gentleman Mr. Richard Bennett^ at the in- instance of mee & the Councell hath taken upon him, the trouble of deliuering this to yo" by whome if yo' returne yo' acceptance & that the urgency of yo^ affayres might per- mitt us the honour to see yourself at the Conference, both I and Mr. Secretary unless hindered by the interposall of some unexpected and pressing occasion, would come to wayte uppon yo" at the time & place appoynted." On the 8th of May upon the part of Maryland, Phihp Cal- vert, Secretary Henry Sewall, Mr. Henry Coursey and Mr. Edward Lloyd were appointed Commissioners to confer with those of Virginia. The meeting took place on the ' Richard Bennett, son of Governor Bennett of Virginia, after tlie Puritans settled on the banks of the Severn was identified with Maryland and the refer- ence I think is to him rather than his father. Richard Bennett, Gent, in 1663, was one of the Burgesses from Baltimore County, in the Maryland Assembly, and in 1665, a Commissioner of Kent County. His wife was Henrietta Maria Neale, the eldest daughter of Capt. James Neale. Bennett was drowned and left a son Richard. His widow aftei wards married Philemon, a sou of Edward Lloyd, one of the Puritans who came from Virginia to Maryland. Richard Bennett, the grandson of Governor Bennett, married Elizabeth Rouebey. VIRGINIA CAROLOliUM. 305 12th of May, at Major Isaac Allerton's at Wiccocomoco, a tributary of the Potomac. The conference was harmonious, and tlie Maryland Com- missionei"s agreed that it should be proposed to their re- spective Assemblies, that no tobacco should be planted in either colony, in 1664, after the 20th of June. The Maryland Assembly however, refused to ratify the agreement. The agents of Virginia in England, Sir Henry Cliicheley, John Jeffreys, Edward Digges, and Francis Moryson urged the Privy Council on November 16, 1664, to issue an order re- stricting the raising of tobacco. In their communications it was estimated that the population of Virginia was forty thousand and that English manufactures were imported to the value of £200.000 sterling, while they raised only about 50.000 hogshead of tobacco, winch sold at ^3 ster- ling per hogshead, would leave them ^jO.ooo in debt to English creditors. Three days after Lord Baltimore opposed the proposition. He was not in favor of restricting the planters in Maryland. If in Virginia " any Uve in a poor manner" he thought it was "not from the low price of tobacco, but from their own sloth, ill husbandry, and pur- posely spending tlieir cropps in Brandewine, and other liquors, it being evident and known that such as are indus- trious were not destitute." After the discussion it was not considered expedient to take any action upon the subject. After Francis Yeardley left Maryland, and explored the Roanoke region. Englishmen began to settle in North Caro- lina, and immigration was accelerated by the oppressive laws against Quakers existing in Virginia and Maryland. William Durand, Secretary of Maryland during the Crom- 39 306 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. welliaii era in 1657, began to attend Friends' meeting near Annapolis, and as his name does not appear after this in the records of the Province, it is supposed, that he went to Carolina and that the place marked Durands, on the Koanoke, Heerman's map of 1673, indicates his plantation.* John Porter of Virginia was "loving to the Quakers," and John Porter prominent in Carolina in the beginning of the eighteenth century, was the son of a Quaker. While Governor Berkeley was in England, a company was formed, of which he and his brother were members, who in 1603, obtained a grant of Carolina.^ To tiu-n the ' Georfe Duraud couspicuous in the early days of Carolina was probably his son. William Hawley, a brother ot Jerome, who in 1650, with William Durand and others signed the Declaration of Maryland Protestants, as early as 1839, had appeared in Virginia as " Governor of Carolina" and land was granted by the Virginia legislature that it might be colonized by one hundred persons from Virginia freemen, being single and disengaged of debt." — Bancroft's Hist. U- States, Edition of 1876, Vol. I, p. 485. = The charter sot forth, in the usual language, that the proprietor?, "excited by a laudable and pious zeal for the propagation of the Gospel have begged a certain country, in the parts of America, not yet cultivated and planted" etc., and saving the allegiance due the King, they were invested with as ample priv- ileges within their palatinate, as any Bishop of Durham enjoyed within his diocese. Of all the proprietary grants, the charter of Maryland was the only one which contained a clause, requiring all churches and chajjels to be erected in accordance with the church of England. A. D. 1621, Nova Scotia — Mentions "desire for the propagation of the Christian Religion," and gives Proprietor patronage of churches and chapels. A. D., 1628, AvALON — Mentions " desire to propagate Christianity," gives pri- vileges of a Bishop of Durham and patronage of churches. A. D. 1627, Barbadoes — Mentions " laudable and pious de.sign of propaga- ting the Christian religion," and gives privileges of Bishop of Durham etc. A. D. 1629, Carolana — Mentions " laudable zeal for the propagation of the Christian faith" with privileges of Bishop of Durham, etc. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 307 flow of immigration now toward Maryland, in another direction, the proprietors granted to the settlers complete liberty of conscience, and it was left to Governor Berkeley to visit the country, and also select the first Governor. Wil- liam Drummond, a Scotchman of ability who had been in Virginia for several years, was appointed Governor of Albemarle, and on January 7th, 1664-5, his instructions were forwarded by the proprietors. Another chapter will note his subsequent career. The first surveyor of the proprietors was Thomas Woodward of York river, formerly of London. After Moryson had been two years in England as the accredited agent of Virginia, Governor Berkeley on April 12, 1665, wrote to the Secretary of State, afterwards created Lord Arlington, that he was not begging for himself, " knowing that no seasonable showers or dews can recover a withered root," but he asked, that Col. Francis Moryson who, as well as his father, had fought for the King, might remain two years longer as agent, with a salary of £200 derived from the tax on tobacco. In July a great alarm was created by the rumor that the Dutch Admiral De Ruyter was approaching, with a hostile fleet, and the Governor commanded the colonels and cap- A. D. 1G33, Maryland — Mentions " laudable and pious zeal for extending the Cbristiau religion ' fjives privileges of Bisliop of Durham, but adds that all places of worship are " to be dedicated and consecrated according to the eccle- siastical laws of our kingdom of England." Thomas Thorougooil, in 1050, iu an essay published, j^fiving probabilities that the American Indians were Jews, remarks : "In the Charter of Maryland the pious zeal lor the piopagatioa of the Gospel iss first mentioned * * "" * and there is a special provision against ihe prejudice or diminution of God's holy and truly Christian religion, and llie allegiance due to the King's Majesty, his heirs and successors." 308 YIRGINIA GAROLORUM. tains of the several counties to be ready with their men to cover the ships in harbor witli small shot, if necessary. He v^^rote to England that he thought he could procure fifteen hundred horsemen, and two thousand foot soldiers, but was in need of great guns for the fort which was in process of erection. A letter of the Virginia agent was addressed to Clarendon, Lord High Chancellor of England at this time, which he called ' ' An Humble Addresse in the behalfe of Virginia. '' May it Please yo' Lor*^ : " The only Shipp that is likely to goe this yeare being w"* in a few days ready to Sayle, occasions this Speedy and most humble Addresse to 3^0' Lor'. " The narrative delivered to yo' Lor^ att Salisbury sett forth the Two maine parts of my instruccons from Virginia, To represent Mary lands dissent from them in the State for planting. To gett BristoU Patoi.t for Rapahanock revoakd, I shall not trouble y"' Lo^ w''' particulars in either. " ffor the first, The comon calamitie hatha little raysedthe price of our comoditie w"*" perhapps will supply his Lo*''' w^'' better Arguments than formerly to oppose vs, Soe that I shall lett that rest as it doth, wholy to decline it, I dare not vntill further Order from the Countrie. " If or the Bristoll Patent Since I vnderstood that it was y°' Lqpp' oppinion. That it would appeare hard to oppose a new Graunt to those bono"' x'ersons concern'd in the Old, there- VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 309 fore I shall only p'sent the same necessary restrictions of my former Narrative, and most humbly leave it to y°' Lo^p' de- termination. "ffirst, That there might bee noe alteration in point of Government altogether in consistant w"" the peace of the rest of the Countrie. Secondly, That the Rights of the p'sent Possessors may.be p'served, their Rents not raysed, nor new ffines imposed, or their Tenures altered. Thirdly, That there may bee timeperfixed for peopling of the Places see granted or in case of ffaylure, Liberty to others to take vpp the Lands. My Lord, this is a Law as old as the first planting the Countrie, and a most wholsome one, for other- wise perticuler men would keepe great tracts of Land in their hands, in hope of getting a great rate for it, and neither people the Places themselves, nor lett others that would doe it. If the time seemes too short that the Law injoynes, I shall most humbly leave it to y°' Lo^p to inlarge it, only desiring y' his M* pleasure may be consulted w"* before the grant passes. "But now Lord, the raaine busines of this Paper is to p'sent some generall Propositions to make the neighbourhood of Maryland less p'judiciall to vs. If they shall appeare (vpon yo' LoPP view) Reasonable, then most humbly to desire y°' Lo'^P to Signifie soe much by yo' Letter to the Countrie W" will both infinitely satisfie them, and cleere yo' Represent©' from neglect in their service. '* My Lord, this will appeare att first Sight a Proposition rather of envy ag* Maryland, than of Advantage to Virginia, But if yo' LoPP pleases to looke into the Reasons yo" will 310 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. finde yo' Represento' in this Labours to p'serve, from a ne- cessary Ruine the poor Countrie that hath intrusted him. "All taxes (my Lord) w"> vs are by Pole, not Acre, the losse of the poorest man as great to Virginia as the richest, all paying equall Soe tha^t if any comand comes from hence, that requires men or money to effect it, his Lopp' Countrie, lyes ready att the Doore, to invite them, w"" as good land free from all Incombrances. By this meanes, wee yearely Loose considerable numbers of People, and by it have fewer hands to Act any thing for our Advantage, or for the Ad- vance of his Ma''" Service, and fewer Purses to pay for it. " My Lord this is no Ayrie notion of mine w'^^ I should not have p^sumed to offer to soe great a minister of State as yor Lqpp Ynlesse I could demonstrate the truth, by the Sadd effects of it. "His Ma"" instructions by S' William Berkeley, though they did not positively enjoyne the building of a Towne, yet they soe recommended it to vs, that wee must have Showne a supine negligence if we had not att least indeavord it. Our poore Assay of building ffower or ffive houses lost vs hundreds of people w'" I hope will wipe off that odium that is throwne vpon the Governm't, That wee vse our people worse than Maryland, and therefore they Leave vs, and flye to them. But the true reason (my Lord) is. That wee are ready vpon all comands to expresse our zeale to his Ma*'" Service to the vttermost of our abilitie. " I shall trouble yo' Lqpp w"' an other Demonstration of the reasonableness of this Proposition. This Parliament made a VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 311 Law, That noe Sectary or Quaker shall bee iransported to Virginia or New England, Wee were extreamely joyfull of it, hopeing wee should have beene securd from those distur- bances. That those people make where they come. But, my Lord it was soe farr from working the good effect we hope for, and I am confident the Parliament intended, that it hath proved most infinitely ruinous to vs, ffor his Lo^p tak- ing his Maryland for part of neither, and soe not concerned in the Law, grants a Tolleration to all Sorts of Sects, w*^** by their neighbourhood (a River only severing vs) Infect our People, and by that drawes them from vs, or spreads their Yenome amongst vs, Thus (my Lord) by not bringing both Countries vnder One Standard, we cannot have bene- fitt of any Act of Grace, though made never soe much to our Advantage. '' My Lord, I aime not, by this, to bring Maryland Subor- dinate to Virginia. But I desire they may bee both Soe, to the King and Councell, nor doe I att all intend any thing, in this, a complaint ag* soe hono'''' a Person as his Lopp but rather Admire his prudent management, That never Omitts to improve the least occasion to his Advantage, I know (my Lord) it is his Lqpp interest to gett People to him, as it is ours, to fix them with vs, for it is an vndoubted truth, That the Riches of all Plantations chiefly consist in the wt'il Peopling of them, ffor had wee Mexico and Peru vnder ground, and wanted People to bring it above Ground wee should for all that, remaine as poore and indigent as though Planted on Bagshott Heath, the barrenest place I know. 312 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. " Peace and Warr is vndoubtedly (my Lord) his Ma''" Pre- rogative in all his Dominions, If Virginia and Maryland have not the Same ffriends and Enemies w'^'' allwayes they have not, it must of necessitie bee a Consequence, That att one time or other wee shall fight English and Indians, ag' Indians and English, Soe that the reasonableness of this Proposition appeares in every p'ticular can be imagined. *' But (my Lord) after all I shall humbly follow that part of my Instructions to Acquiesse in yo' Lopp' decision (for there the Countrie hath laid it) I would I had as well performed the other part of soe fully Stateing their miserable Condi- tion, That they might receave redresse for it. "Having expressed this zeale to his Ma*'" Servis and the Countries Good, I should bee loth to bee soe partiall to my selfe as not to remove the least Obstruction that any Interest of mine can bee to either, I therefore (my Lord) most humbly p'sent you w"" my Commission, desireing of yo"" Lqpp That when there is a ffort built, for it hath been a Castle only in the Ayre this 30 yeares, yo" Lo^p will be pleased that my nephew Charles Morrison may have the comand, a Youth every way (if my neereness to him doth not make me misstake) capeable of the Place, my Lord of ffawkland gott it for his ffather, the only compensation any of vs had, for the Lievtenantship of the Ordinance purchased by my ffather, and settled vpon my elder Brother, by the composition w"" S"' Edward Villers for Master, and disposed of by his Ma''" to S' William Heydon w"' a promise to conf erre vpon my Brother a place of equal Valleu, But (my Lord) I intend not to Capitulate but most freely render it vpp, leav- VIRGINIA CAROLORVM. 31 3 ing both my Selfe, and nephew to yo' Lo^p' Goodness and ever remaining '* y" Lqpp most humble and Dutyfull Servant ' ' and Creature " Francis Moryson." It was the pohcy of Berkeley not to encourage elections for Burgesses, so that, the Assembly of 1G64, was only an adjournment of that of the previous year, and this was prorogued to October loth, 1G65, when a stringent law relative to Indians, was passed. It enacted, that if any Englishman was murdered by any Indian, that the nearest Indian town should be answerable for it with their lives or liberties. The Indians were also deprived of the power of choosing their own chief or werowance, and ordered to receive as their chief commander an Indian appointed by the Governor. All wliite inhabitants going to courts or churches, were ordered to bear arms to prevent the Indians making " sume desperate attempt upon them.'* The incursion of the Seneca and other Northern Indians had created quite a panic, and Governor Berkeley did not feel very kindly toward tliem. He wrote in 1665 : " To my honored friend Major General Smythe." " Sir : I wrote my first letter to you in haste, the minute after I read yours, bat since I have collected myself, I think it necessary to destroy all these Northerne Indians, for they must needs be conscious of the coming of the other Indians. If you the Council were willing, and the Council of War be of this opinion, it may be done, and that without expense. For the women and children will defray all expense. Let me hear from you, and what you think of it, and if the 40 314 VIRGINIA CAEOLOIiUM. first impulse do not deceive me, and lead me too much, I think this resolution to be of absolute necessity. If your young men will not undertake it alone, there will be enough, from these parts, who will undertake it, for their share of the booty.'" About the same time John Catlett, Thomas Goodriche, Jno. Weire, and Humphrey Boothe, Justices of Rappahan- nock County Court, wrote to Berkeley : " Hon'ble Sir : Upon serious consideration of the honor- able Governor's letter, and your honorable desire of our opinion of them, we are, by many circumstances, and 'tis our joynt opinion that the execrable murders are and have been committed by a combination of Northern Indians above, as their complices. We doubt not, by the assistance of Almighty God, -and by the strength of our Northerne parts, we can • utterly destroye and eradicate them, without further pay, and encouragement, than the spoyles of our enemies." At the Assembly's session in October, 1666, it was de- cided that the law was too full of severity, which held the neighboring Indian town, responsible for a murder by any Indian, without any proof of their being involved therein, and it was modified, and enacted that all Indians coming within certain bounds, after being duly notified, might be killed by any Englishman. Until after the days of Cromwell, the acting of plays was considered injurious to the commonwealth, and in the 'This letter copied from Essex County Records appeared July 16, 1877, in Richmond Despatch. VIRGINIA GAROLORUM. 315 daily prayer, appointed for the plantation of Virginia, and published in A. D., 1612, is the following petition: "Let Sanballat & Tobias, Papists & Players and such other Amonits & Horonits the scum & dregs of the earth, let the mocke such as helpe to build vp the wals of Jerusalem , and they that be filthy let them filthy still." It is not therefore surprising that on November 16th, 1665, John Fawsett, the King's attorney for Accomack, should have presented Cornelius Wilkinson, Philip Howard and William Darby •■' for acting a play, by them, called "y"= Bare and ye Cubb, on y*" 27th of August last past." The court ordered that the accused " appeare y next Court in those habili- m'ts that they then acted in, and give a draught of such verses, or other speeches & passages w*^** were then acted by them." The evidence against them was not con- clusive, for in the records of the court held January, 1655-6, is the following " Whereas Edward Martin was this Day examined, concerning his informacon given to Mr. ffawsett his ma"" Attorney for Accomack County about a play called " ye bare and y* Cubb, whereby severall persons were brought to Court, and charges thereon arise, and y* Court finding the said p'sons not guilty of fault, suspended the payment of Court charges, and forasmuch as it appeareth upon y'= oath of y' said Mr. ffawsett that upon y'= s'd Edward Martin's informacon, the Charge and trouble of that suit did accrew. It's therefore ordered that y" said Edward Martin pay all ye Charges in y'= suit and ex's." The spring of the year 166C, found few vessels in the waters of Virginia or Maryland seeking tobacco, while every planter and merchant had more than they desired. To 316 VIRGINIA CABOLORUM. prevent utter ruin/ it was determined that there should be another conference of Commissioners at Jamestown, from Maryland, Virginia, and Albermarle or Carolina. They as- sembled on the 12th of July, and Virginia was represented by Thomas Ludwell, Jr., Colonial Secretary, Major General Eobert Smith, Major General Richard Bennett, Esq., of the Council, and by Capt. Daniel Parke% Capt. Joseph Bridger, » Berkeley, versed in the language of the courtier, wrote on May 1, 1666, to the Secretary of State, that the colonists are compelled to " live after the simplicity of the past age, indeed, unless the danger of our country gave our fears, tongues and language, we should shortly forget all sounds that did not concern the busi- ness of our farms. As we are further out from danger, so we appear nearer to Heaven with our prayers tlial His Sacred Majesty's enemies may either drink the sea or lick the dust." ''Col. Daniel Parke was from Surrey, England, and was one of the first vestry- men of the Williamsburg i)arish. His son Daniel, whose wife was the daughter of Philip Ludwell, was a violent and licentious man. Under Governor Andros, he was Collector and Naval officer for the Lower James River District. By invita- tion, the wife of the distinguished clergy nan Blair, Commissary of the Bishop of London, sat in the pew of Lady Berkeley, now the wife of Ludwell, and one day Parke an enemy of her husband, mad or drunk, went to church, and pulled her out of his mother-in-law's pew. As he was faithless to his marriage vows, he hated the minister Eburne because he had preached against the violators of the Seventh commandment. Leaving two daughters in Virginia, owing to his offences, he fled to England, purchased an estate in Hampshiie, managed to ob- tain a seat in Parliament, from which he was soon expelled for bribery. 'Again a fugitive, he joined the army in Holland, as a volunteer, and became an aide- de-camp of Marlborough, and through his interest in 1706, became Governor of Antegoa, where his corrupt public acts, and gross private life incurred the hatred of the inhabitants, and on the 7th of December, 1710, he was killed by a mob. While on the field, Marlborough wrote to his wife, under date of Angus t 13, 1704 : "The bearer, my aid-de-camp. Colonel Parke ,vvill give her [the Queen] an account of what has passed." Col. Parke's portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, represented him with the Queen's picture in miniature, suspended from his neck by a red ribbon, a despatch in his right hand, and the battle field in the back ground. His daughter Lucy became the wife of Col. Wm. Byrd, and Fanny married John Custis of Accomac, the descendant of the Rotterdam inn-keeper. His son Daniel Parke Custis married Martha Dandridge, who when the widow Custis, married the venerated George Washington. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 317 Capt. Peter Jennings, and Mr. Tho's Ballard, gent, of the Burgesses. Upon the part of Maryland were present Philip Calvert, Henry Coursey and Robert Slye, and the commissioners from Carolina were William Drummond Governor of Albemarle, and tlie Surveyor General Thomas Woodward, the devoted royalist who had been assayer of the London Mint. It was agreed that it would be benefi- cial to trade to suspend the planting of tobacco from the first of February, 1666-7, for one year. The next day the Governor and Councillors Robert Smith, Richard Bennett,^ Thos Stegg, Henry Corbynand Theodoric Bland, wrote to England as to the action of the Council, and mentioned that they had more tobacco in store than would be carried away in three years. On the 18th of July, Secretary Ludwell, in a letter to the Secretary of State, in England, bolstered up the waning reputation of the Governor, by describing him, " as pious and examplary, prudent and just in peace, diligent and valiant in war." Governor Berkeley on the 23d of October, again called the old Assembly' elected several years before, to meet. The ' Under the military organizatiou of the Colony, Smith, and Bennett, were two of the three Major Generals ; Stegg was the son of Capt. Thomas Stegg, lost at sea, see p. 219. and Bland was the son-in law of Bennett. 'Assembly Convened October, 1666. Capt Robert Wynne, Speaker. Henrico County. Capt. William Ferrar. Charles City Co. Mr. Speaker. Capt. Tho'e Southcoat. 318 VIRGINIA CAROLOMUM. next day he addressed the following to the Chancellor of Maryland, and also to the Governor of Carolina : Lt. Col. Wm. Barber. Col. \Vm. Clayborne. Capt. Edward Ramsey. James City. Capt. Laur. Baker. Adjt. Gen. Bridger. Major Nich. Hill. York Co. Capt. Dan'l Parke. New Kent Co. Capt. Wm. Berkeley. James Co. Mr. Thomas Ballard. Mr. Theo. Hone. Surrey Co. Mr. Tho's Warren. Isle of Wight Co. Rob't Williamson. Nansemo7id Co. Capt. John Leare. Lower Norfolk Co. Capt. Adam Thorougood Capt. Wm. Cowen Elizabeth City Co. Capt. John Powell. Gloucester Co. Major Thomas Walker Raleigh Traverse. Rappahannock Co. Mr. Thomas Lucas. Col. Henry Mees. Westmoreland Co. Col. John Washington. Mr. William Presley. Northampton Co. Capt. John Savage. Accommack Co. Mr. Hugh Yeo. Col. John Blake. Capt. Leonard Yeo. Adj't Gen. Jennings. Lancaster Co. Capt. John Weye. Stafford Co. ^ol. Nich. Spencer. Northumberland Co Lt. Col. Kendall. Col, Ed. Scarborough VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 319 " Most Honoured Sir : I must once more beg your pardon for importuning you to send us your declaration of the gover- nour, and councels assent, to a cessation, for indeed not only our assembly, and courts, but all our commerce have their dependence on the assurance of that our former results receive no interruption by the alteration of our opinion, and its the voice of all, that a cessation will make some few mer- chants venture their goods to us, in these dangerous times, which, otherwise, they will keep by them, and then in what a miserable condition will these poor colonies be; for however we are at a greater distance from danger, we shall be the first that for want of necessarys shall feel the pressure of a terrible waj-. The last ship, that came to us, informs us that the scales yet hung formidably ballauced, and that few will venture to us, but on hopes of great gaines. This with many other considerations make us desire you to hasten this messenger, with your answer, which we are confident will satisfie all our hopes and wishes. " Your most humble servant "Jamestown, the assembly " setting 8 ber. 24th, 1666. " William Berkeley." In this dearth of manufactured goods, the Assembly passed the following, intimating that want of industry was a partial cause of suffering. " Whereas the present ob- struction of trade, and the nakedness of the country doe sufficiently evidence the necessity of providing supply of our wants by improveing all means of raysing, and promote- ing manufactures amonge ourselves, and the governours honour haveing by apparent demonstrations manifested that our poverty and necessity proceeds more from want of industry, than defect of ability, since that five women or 320 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. children of 12 or 13 yeares of age, may with much ease provide suffitieDt cloathing, for thirty persons, if they would betake themselves to spinning which cannot be ob- jected against, if weavers and loomes, were once provided; for the better effecting whereof " it was enacted that within two years, each county should set up a loom, and provide a weaver at the charge of the county. Berkeley at this period, made a vigorous effort to raise flax upon hia plan- tation, but the crop failed. At the request of the colonists, the English guard ship " Elizabeth " of forty-six guns, Capt. Lightfoot, was sent to the mouth of the James River, to protect merchant vessels from Dutch war ships. Early in June, 1667, the "Prince William" with two or three other Hollanders, attacked the merchant shipping in Chesapeake Bay near Point Comfort, and Conway, captain of one of these ships fought them for six hours, but was obliged to surrender. The enemy then sailed up the James River, and found the captain of the " Elizabeth " absent, with his mistress, at a wedding. After firing one gun, the "Elizabeth" surrend- ered, and was burned. Having destroyed seven merchant ships, and captured thirteen more, the enemy sailed away* leaving the people in consternation. Berkeley now found his position most embarrassing. Sec- retary Ludwell wrote to Lord John, his brother, that his condition was very sad. The court party at home was ready ' On tlie24tli of August Capt. White, in the English frigate " Oxford" gave chase to three Holland war Tessela and defeated. The Dutch Admiral was killed, and said to have been the officer who burned the " Elizabeth." Col. State Papers, 1667. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 321 to reduce the colony, to a proprietary government ; the people of the Colony were restless, because, the Council composed of a few wealthy monopolists and their relatiyes\ had virtually abolished the election for burgesses and thus created discontent, and the Governor in his perplexity determined to solicit his recall. A letter signed by all the Council requested that he might be continued in ofifice. Letters however reached England with much censure of the Governor's passion, weakness, and infirmities of age, and complaint of the great sway of the Council. To the miseries caused by war with Holland, was added another affliction. Daring the month of August, there had been constant and violent rains, and on the 27th of the month, a dreadful hurricane in a few hours destroyed almost the entire crop of coin and tobacco, and blew down the frail houses of a largo portion of the inhabitants. The Assembly convened the next month, and "whereas by the violence of the late storme, many barnes have been blowne downe, and the corne therein endangered by the 'For years, Virc:inia was controlled by a few rich lohacco mercbauts and planters, whose families bad intermarried. Governor Spotswood in a letter to the Commissioners of trade dated March I), 1713 {See Spotsiooad Letters, Vol. I, p. 60), uses these words : " The greater part of the present Council are related to the family of the Burwells. And as there are sundry other geullemeu of the name family whose qualifications may entitle them to bo of the Council, if they also should be admitted upon the said private recpmmendation as Mr. Berkeley hath been, the whole Council in a short time would be of one kindred. As it is now, if Mr. Bassett and .Mr. Berkeley sliould take their places, there will be no less than seven, so near related that they will j^o off the bench whenever a cause of the Burwells comes to be tried." In the Records of Northumplon County, Va., it is mentioned that in 1640 William Burwell transported Lewis Burwell, George Burwell and Elizabeth Burwell. 41 322 VIRGINIA CAROLORTTM. raine, many fences orerthrowne, and the corne within de- voured by cattle and hogs," it was enacted, that no grain, for a year, should be exported. The late invasion of the Dutch convinced the Assembly that a Fort at Point Comfort, would not protect their ship- ping, and they resolved to erect forts on the James, Nanse- mond, and York Rivers, at Corotoman on the Rappahannock, and at Yeocomico on the Potomac. Captain Silas Taylor^ who had been in Virginia applied to the authorities in Eng- land to be appointed engineer in charge of the defences of the Colony. In 1668, the people of Virginia were much encouraged, by peace declared between England and Holland, and trade began to revive. To revive an interest in the colony, and prove that some thing beside tobacco could be produced a present of silk, that had been delayed by the Dutch war, was forwarded to the King, with the following letters. *' To the King's Most Sacred Majestie " The Governor, Councell and Burgesses of his " Majesties CoUony of Virginia. "In all humility doe pray that your Majestie will be pleased graciously to accept their present of three hundred pounds of silke, being the first fruites of their labours in ' Taylor was at this time in charge of the military stores at Harwich, he had served under a distinguished military engineer ou the continent. Oldenberg, Secretary of the Royal Society, who wrote to Governor WintLrop : '• How happy would it be if there were an union of all our English Colonies for free communication with martial assistance;" in a letter dated August 5 1663 writes about " Capt. Silas Taylor, also an ingenious and knowing person who is now going for Virginia, for his private occasions." Pepys, in his Diary, speaks of taking a drink with Taylor in the Sun Tavern, King street, London, and on July 1, 1668, goes to the chapel at White Hall to listen to an anthem composed by Taylor. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 323 that kind, which they humbly hope your Majestie will be the more inclined to doe, in regard it is a Royajl commodity and that your favorable recepcon of it will be a very great incouragement to us to make a greater progresse in that worke. And allthough it be a truth that our want of that skill which other countryes, longer conversant in and better acquainted with the makeing of that comodity have is a very great retardment to our making better and greater quanti- tyes of it, yet we hope that your Majestie upon this small experiment of our industry will be graciously pleased here- after to grant us your favourable assistance by commanding men better skilled in that and other staple comodityes, for which this country is very proper, to come and reside amongst us, that in some short tyme we may (to the honor of your^NIajestie and the advantage of our nation in generall and ourselves in perticular) introduce silke, flax, hempe, and potash amongst us, and noe longer depend wholly upon tobacco, to the mine of the colony, and decay of your Majesties customs. This we most humbly hope from your Princely goodnesse, and may God for ever and for ever blesse your Majestie with all happyness. " Your Majesties most humbly and faithful and obedient subjects and servants. " William Berkeley, " in the name of the Councell. "Virginia "Tho. Ludwell, Secretary. "22 July. 1668, Robert Wynne, Speaker. " May it please your Sacred Majestie " Now that the peace has given us some security that our first fruites of silke may come safe to your Majestie, we 324 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. have with al humble acknowledgments of your Majesties gracious protection of us sent it to your Majestie. The present is smal of itselfe, but the hopes and consequences of this exelent commodity may be hereafter of an inestimable benefit to your Majesties kingdomes. It is not ful three score yeares since France began to make silke, yet this amongst others is one cause of the immense wealth of France. This country, both for the clymate and fruitful- nesse of it, is more proportioned suddenly to produce this admirable commodity than France can be ; but for this flax and hempe we want some able skilful men to instruct us. " With your Majesties gracious permission I wil lay my selfe at your Majesties feet this yeare, and wil beg leave to goe into France to procure skilful men for al thes^, great workes. The great God of heaven protect your Majestie and keepe you safe from al your ennimies of what nature soever they are, this for ever shal pray. "Your Sacred Majestie most "humble, most obedient " Virginia " subject and servant "July 22, 1668. Will. Berkeley." The King returned this acknowledgment " To our Trusty and Welbeloved Sir William Berkeley Knt, Our Gover- nour of our Colony of Virginia, to bo communicated to y* Councill of that Our Colony." "Trusty and welbeloved, wee greet you well. Wee have received w"" much content y' dutifull respects of that Our Colony in y* present, lately made us by you, & ye Councell there of y'' first product of y'^ new Manu- facture of Silke, W**, as a mark of Our Princely accep- VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 325 tation of yo' dutyes & of y"" particular encouragement, Wee resolve to give to yo' industry in y' prosecution and im- provem't of that or any other useful! Manufacture, Wee have commanded to be wrought up for y* use of Our owne person, and herein Wee have thought good te give you this knowledge from Our owne Royall hand, and to assure of Our more especiall care & protection in all occasions that may concern that our ancient Colony and Plantation, whose laudable industry, raysed in good part & improved by y'' sobriety of y^ government we esteem much & are desirous by this & any other seasonable expression of Our favour, as farre as in us lies, to encourage. And soe Wee bid you Farewell. Given at Our Court at Whitehall, the 25 day of November, in y' 20th year of our Reigne 1668. To encourage the manufacture of silk, the Assembly of October, 1669, renewed the former premium of fifty pounds of tobacco for each pound of wound silk. As the expense of sending Burgesses to the Assembly which did nothing more than carry out the orders of the Governor and Council, a county frequently sent but one Burgess, it was enacted "that after this present session each county shall be enjoined to return two burgesses for the better service of the publique.'" While the Indians, when provoked, were dangerous, yet an estimate, made at this time, shows they were not nu- merous. County. Bands. Bowmen. Nanzemond Nanzemonds 45 Surrey Powchyicks 30 " Weyenoakes 15 326 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Charles City Comity Menheyricks 50 (( i< Nottoways 90 a u Appamattux 50 Henrico County Manachees 30 (( a Powhites 10 New Kent County Pamunckies 50 a (I Chickahominies 60 (t u Mattapanies 20 (c (( Rapahanocks 30 (( it, Totas-Chees 40 Gloucester County. Chiskoyackes 15 Rappahannock County Portobaccoes 60 (( u Nanzcattico ) Mattehatique J l( ud\vell aa Secretary. :* Secretary Claiborjie niairiid Jane Euller of Loudon and had three sons. The eldeni William Cli.iboine, Jr., of Ecmancock on the Pamunky. Thomas killed by the Indians, and Leonard who wept to the West Jpdies. 364 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Eobt Beverley Tho. Hawkins Ei : Lee W" Sherwood Tho: Ballard • Jo" Page, Gierke^ Wm. Cole Jo' Cliiffe, Gierke' Kich'* Whit acre John West : Hubert Farrell : Tho. Reade : Matt. Kempe. " And we doe further demand y' y" said S' W"". Berkeley, with all y*" p'sons in this list be forthwith delivered vp or surrender y" selves within fower days after the notice hereof. Or otherwise we declare as followeth, " That in whatsoever place, house, or ship, any of y" said p'sons shall reside, be hidd, or p'tected, we declaire y*" owners. Masters, or Inhabitants of y" said places to be con- federates & trayters to y people, & the estates of y"" is alsoe of all y aforesaid p'sons to be confiscated, & this we the Gomons of Virginia doe declare, desiering a firm vnion amongst our selues that we may joyntly & with one accord defend ourselves ag' the comon Enimy, & lett not y' faults of y' guilty be y' reproach of y' inocent, or ye faults or William Jr., liad a son William, and two daughters, Ursula and Mary. Ursula married William Gooch. Thomas Story, Recorder of Philadelphia, and a friend of William Penn, visited a member of the Society ot Friends, one Edward Thomas at Bangor House on the 21st day of 11th month (0. S.) 1698, accompanied, he writes in his iournal, by "Captain William Clnyborne grandsiju of Colonel Clayboru wXio subdued the emperor of the Indians of those parts, and his people between the Mattapony and Pamunkie." In March, 1699, he went to the house of William Clayborne at Pamunky Neck, and held a meeting' at Ramoncock, at which was present Captain Clay- borne, Major Palmer and Doctor Walker. ' John Paige, in 1680, had charge of the churches in Elizabeth County. '' In 1680, John Clough or ClufEe was rector of Southwark, Surry County. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 355 criiues of y*" oppress" deuide & sep'ate vs who have suf- fered by their oppressions. '* These therefore in his ma"" name to comand you forth with to seize y" p'sons above menconed as Trayters to y" King & Country, & them to bring to Middle plantacon, & there to secure y"" vntill further order, and in case of oppo- sition, if you want any further assistance you are forthwith to demand ittin y' name of y" people in all y* Counties of Virg^ "Nath. Bacon, " Gen" by Consent of y' people." On the first day of August a detachment of three hundred men under Giles Bland,' a nephew of Theodoric Bland was sent to James River, and captured a ship commanded by a Captain Larimore, and on the eighth of the month, Bacon took Sir Henry Chicheley prisoner, and sent him to JMehick- ' John Bland, the London merchant, in Juno, 1658, wrote to the Admiralty that he had ''a i)lantatiou in Virginia, bnt servants being very scarce there, ho ■went to Chelsea College to see if any prisoners there had lired slaves and ser- vants in tlie Indies, would go to Virginia ; two mulattoes offered to go rather than remain eternally in prison." He was the father of Giles who had been suspended from the Collectorship of Customs in Virginia, by Governor Berkeley. Tlie manuscript Records of the General Court in possession of the Virginia Historical Society show that there was great enmity between Secretary Thomas Ludwell, and Giles Bland. The latter before the 18th of November, 1674, had called the Secretary abusive names, and '« the said Bland taking one of his [Ludwell's] gloves, witliout his knowledge or consent, did iguominiously, presumptuously, and unworthily nayl the same up at the State House doore, with a most false and scandalous Libel, which contained these words, That, the owner of that glove was a son of H whore, mechanic fellow, puppy, and a coward." Thomas Ludwell went to England to counteract the influenc' of some letters which Bland had written. At a meeting of the General Court in Jamestown upon October 7, 1675, the Governor mentioned that Bland was suspended from office. 366 VIRGINIA CAROLOBUM. son Fort, on the Pamunky River, and seized the plantations of Thomas Ludwell, Col. Parks, Maj. Gen. Smith; and of the Governor, at Green Spring. The sympathy with Bacon must have been widely ex- tended, or the Governor v.^ould not have retired to Accomack on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay. Giles Bland and Captain Carver, were sent with La^'imore's ship of six- teen guns, a barge of four guns, and a sloop, with a force of two hundred and fifty men to watch Berkeley, and Bacon after issuing a call for an Assembly to convene on the 4th of September, began to march against the Indians. Larimore who was a prisoner, in his own ship, privately sent a note to Berkeley, that with a small force the insur- gents could be captured. Philip Ludwell volunteered to lead an expedition, and with twenty -six men went out in some small boats and, with- out difficulty the vessels were disarmed, Bland and Carver brought ashore, and the latter quickly hung. The Governor now returned to the western shore with five ships and ten sloops and a large force, and anchoring near Jamestown, on the 7th of September, demanded its surrender, offering pardon to all except Drummond, and Lawrence,^ the ad- visers, and friends of Bacon. Lawrence and others fled, and the next day Berkeley entered. Bacon informed of this, marched toward the place, and soon commanded its ap- proaches. Jamestown, was then described as a small peninsula with the main river on the south, encompassed ' Eichard Lawrence, son of George, of Stapleton, Dorsetshire, when eighteen years of age, in 1636, entered Magdalene Hall, Oxford, but did not graduate. He was probably, the same person as the insurgent, who was known as having been an Oxford student. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 367 on the north, from the east point, with a deep creek flow- ing in a semi-circle to the west within ten paces of the river, and by a neck, joined to the mainland. The penin- sula was about two miles from east to west, and about a mile from north to south. The town was about the middle close to the river, extending east and west three-fourths of a mile, and containing a church of brick, and some sixteen or eighteen houses, not all inhabited. Drummond and Law- rence lived in two of the best. In the settlement there were only about twelve famihes, and most of these, quaintly wrote a chronicler of the day, "getting their liveings, by keeping of ordnaries, at extraordnary rates." After Bacon planted his cannon, Berkeley became alarmed, evacuated, and by night with his ships descended the river, while the forces of Bacon^ entered and burned the 'John Verney, in London, on December 7, 1676, wrote to Sir Ricliard Verney " Yesterday came news that Mr. Bacon luid taken and burnt Jamestown, in Virginia, and made Sir Thomas [Henry] Chicheley, prisoner, clapping him in chains, but keeping him alive to exchau^je for Mr. Bland, and that Gov. Sir Wm. Berkeley had again fled." Seventh Royal Historical Commission Report. Clayton, the parson of Jamestown, in 1684, describes it as situated on a penin- sula, connected with the main land, by a neck twenty or thirty yards wide, which at certain tides was overflowed. A swamp ran diagonally tlirougli the peninsula, owned by one Sherwood. Clayton wrote of " Jamestown Island which is much of an oval figure. A swamp runs diagonal-wise over the island whereby is lost at least 150 acres of land, which could be meadow * * * I have talked several times thereof, to .Mr. Sherwood the owner of the swamp, yet nothing is es.sayed in order thereto." In the Jamestown churchyard, was a stone with this inscription, when the writer was there in May, 1886. " Here Lyeth William Sherwood that was Born in tlie jmrish of White Chap- pel near London. A Great Sinner Waiting lor a Joyfiill Resurrection." At the beginning of the ewanip was a half moon brick wall for defence. This was built after 1673, for on May 17th of this year, complaint was made to the General Court that Drummond and Howe who had agreed to build a fort, had 368 VIRGINIA GAROLOMUM. church^ and dwellings of the town. Lawrence set fire to his own house, and directed the other incendiaries. Bacon then marched to the Governor's plantation, at Green Spring, where he rested for two or three days, and then proceeded to Gloucester County, and made his headquarters, at the plantation of Colonel Warner. Here he became sick and on the first of Oc- tober, died at the house of Mr. Pate.^ After this In- brought tlie bricks and tlieu the work Isad ceased. There was also near it a de- aerted tetragon earth-work. ' The church now in ruins. Bishop Meade in his Old ParisJiea of Virginia thinks was not erected, until alter 167G, and his reasons for this opinion are good. It must not be forgotten that there were no brick buildings before A.D., 1840, in Jamestown. Governor Harvey in a letter, alludes to the brick house erected by his Secretary, Richard Kemp, "the fairest ever known in this country for sub- stance and uniformity." At this time Harvey mentions that contributions had been made for the first brick church. Near the present ruined church, there can be seen, the ruins of another brick church 28 X 56 feet in dimensions, with a tower 18 ft. square. This is the remnant of the church that the insurgents burned . After the burning, the parish was served by the John Qough who tiled January 15th, 1683-4, and his successor a parson of Jamestown, was John Clayton, a cor- respondent of Kober Boyle the philosopher and philanthropist. The building whose tower is still seen by the traveler, must have been erected between 1677, and 1684. "Richard Pate, Dec. 12, 1650, entered 1141 acres, on north side of York river, died in 1657, and letters of administration were issued to his nephew John Pate. Bacon probably died at John Pate's house. Oldmixon often inaccurate, men- tions that he died at the house of Ur Green, A pamphlet appears to have been published in London, in 1677, relative to the rebellion, with the title " Strange News from Virginia being a relation of all the occurrences in that Country since the death of Nathaniel Bacon, with an account of thirteen persons tried and executed for their rebellion there." A writer in London " Notes and Queries " 2 Scr., Vol. xi, p. 200, mentions that is chiefly ex- tracts from a letter of !Sir John Berry, the commander of the troops sent out. This however may be the pamphlet of eight pages, whose real title page is: " Strange News from Virginia ; Being a full and true Account of the Life and VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 369 gram' assumed command, Major Robert Beverley a friend of Berkeley, captured a Colonel Hansford born in Virginia, carried him to Accomack, where he was brought before a court martial and quickly suspended from the gallows. Beverley returning to the western shore, seized Major Cheeseman, and Ca])tain Wilford who was the second son of a poor knight, who had been killed while fighting for King Charles. The former died in prison, while his wife was insulted by the coarse words of the Governor. The latter was "a small man with a great heart" who had for some years been an Indian interpreter. Captain Farlow, whose niece was the wife of Cheeseman, a good scholar, and liked by his neighbors, was executed about the same time. Death of Nathaniel Bacon, Esq., who was the only cause and Original of all the late troubles in that Country. With a full relation of all the Accidents which have happened in the late \V:ir there l)etween the Cliristians, and Indiana. London, juiblishod for William Harris, 1077." The writer of the pamphlet, published by Harris, makes ihc followinjj re- marks on Bacon's death: " It is rei)orted, by some, that this Mr. Bacon was a very hard drinker, and that ho dyed by imbibing or taking in too much brandy. But 1 am informed by those who are Persons of undoubted reputation, and had the happiness to see tlie same letter whicii gave his Majesty an account of his death, that there was no such thiujr therein mentioned ; he was certainly a per- son indeed with great natural parts, which, notwithstanding his juvenile extrav- agances he had endued with many elaboi ate acquisitions, and by help of learning and study knew how to manage them, to a Miracle, it being the gene- ral vogue of all that knew him tliat he usually spoke as much sense, in a few words, and declared that sense as opportunely ****** where- fbre as I am myself a lover of Ingenuity, though an abhorrer of disturbance, or Rebellion, I think fit, since Providence was ytleased to let him dye a Natural death in his Bed, not to asperse him, with saying, that he killed himself, with drinking." Bacon's only daughter, Mary, married Hugh Chamberlain, physi- cian to Queen Aan«. 'Probably William Ingram of New Kent to whom on April 5, 1671, there was a grant of 2500 acres at the head of Pamuukey River. John Hansford who died in 1671, left two sons, John and William. 47 370 VIRGINIA CAR0L0BU3t. After Bacon's death, and these executions, Berkeley left Accomack, and came to the mouth of York river, when a ship commanded by Capt, Grantham, arrived from England . Capt. Christopher Evelin had arrived in England, with the startling intelligence, that there was an insurrection/ The King immediately ordered troops to be raised for the support of the Governor. As recruiting officers with men beating drums, for men, to enlist for the Virginia campaign, marched up and down the streets of London, there was much discussion among the merchants, whether this first sending of troops to the Colony, was a wise step. In Sep- tember, Sir. John Berry, Herbert Jeffreys, and Francis Moryson, once Governor, were appointed Commissioners, to proceed to Virginia, to examine, and report on the con- dition of the Colony, and at the same time, a royal pardon was sent out, for all except Bacon. Governor Berkeley having sent over his resignation on the ground of his age and bodily weakness, Jeffreys, on the 1 1th of November, was also commissioned as his successor. Sir John Werden, secretary of Duke of York, on the 30th of November, 1676, wrote from St. James, to Governor Andros of New York, enclosing an order " from his Ma^ to forbidd yo' admitting any of the accomplices of Bacon, the chiefe of the seditious in Virginia, into yo' governm'nt, a caution w'*" I presume you needed not, but y' order from the King will by shewing His Ma" displesure ag" y"", obviate all such plausible pretences as they may have scattered about to ' In the proceedings of the General Court at James City on April 5, 1671, there is notice of a suit of William Drummond and Capt. Christopher Eyelln against the estate of John Currer. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 371 debauch the fidehty or attract the pitty of the neipjhbour colonyes. *' Att the same time, I may tell you besides, that S' John Berry is ah-eady gone with the Bristoll frigate, and a ketch; that the forces desyned to reduce those people unto their due obedience are now well embarked and in the Downes way- teing for the first opportunity of fay re wind to sett sayle: I wish them good successe y' being a matter of noe small importance to His Ma'' service." Capt. Thomas Grantham, who had passed the winter of 1672-3, in Virginia, sailed from England, with the ship "Concord" carrying thirty-two guns, and by the first of January, 1677, was at the mouth of York River, with the news that soldiers were coming. The presence of a ship of war, under a kind, firm, and prudent commander, acted Hke oil upon troubled waters, and the authority of the King's Governor, began to be recognized. Grantham soon after his arrival, went to Portopatank, and near Mr. Pate's house held a conference with the insurgent leaders, and showed the folly of a small band holding out in oppo- sition to the strength of England and concluded his address in these words . ''Have you not heard what numerous forces are coming from England to suppress your tumoul- tuous proceedings ? * * * * Hearken therefore to the tenders of peace, before it is too late; consult, like men of sense, your own felicity; and quietly lay down your arms." Governor Berkeley could not resist the influence of such a peace-maker, and as the result of moderation many took an oath renouncing the rebellion.* ' The oath was in tliese words " I do willingly and heartily declare that I know, and in my conscience, believe Richard Lawrence, and many others 372 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. Before the disturbances were quieted Captain Hubert Far- rell, accompanied by Councillor Bacon, the relative of the deceased insurgent, and Colonel Ludwell, went with an armed party, to dislodge Major Thomas Whaly, in posses- sion of Councillor Bacon's house. In the attack upon the house, Farrell was killed, and his men fled. Grantham arriving at West Point, at the junction of the Pamunky with the York River, had a most satisfactory talk with the insurgents there, and they sailed down with him, to TindalFs Point, to give in their submission to Governor Berkeley who was still at this place Dummond and Lawrence, at this time, remained with a small force at a brick house, in New Kent County, on the south side of York River, two miles from West Point. The ships with the troops and commissioners, of which they had been informed, by Captain Grantham, on the 29th of January, 1676-7, entered the Chesapeake Bay. Berkeley came to Kiquotan now Hampton, and went on board the ship " Bristol " to confer with the Commissioners, and gave them a list of those then executed.^ An Assembly was with him, to be in open rebellion against the King's most Sacred Majesty, and against the Right Honourable the Governor of Virginia, and the good estab- lish'd laws and peace of this Colony of Virginia. Which rebellion I do from my heart abhor and detest and do therefore most willingly, freely, and from my heart, swear my full allegiance to the King's most Excellent Majesty ; and that I will with my life and whole estate, serve and obey the Right Honour- able the Governor and obey all such magistrates and officers as he shall from time to time appoint over me ; and with them, or any of them, use my utmost endeavour to my life's end , to take, seize, kill, and destroy all such persons whatsoever as either now are, or hereafter shall be in such rebellion as is recited. This oath I do most heartily, freely and willingly take, in the presence of Almighty God. So help me God." » The immoral andlmmodest Aphra Behn wrote a play which was published with the title : VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 373 called to meet on the 20th of February at Green Spring, the Governor's home. While the King had ordered a general amnesty to all, except Bacon, the Governor in opposition to the vdsh of the Commissioners, executed in all, twenty- three persons. At a court martial held on board Capt. John Martin's ship, in York River on January 11th, Thomas Hall was condemned to be hung, and the next day Thomas Young, Henry Page and James Wilson. William Drummond, in Chickahominy swamp, was cap- tured and when brought before Berkeley, he was stripped, the ring torn from his finger, and treated in a barbarous manner. Although he had not borne arms, nor held any office under Bacon, he was arraigned on the 20th of January, before a court martial which met at tlie house of Col. James Bray, condemned at one o'clock and hung at Middle Plan- tation, three hours after his sentence was passed. "The Widdow Ranter, or The History of Bacon in Virginia, A Tragi- comedy. Acted by their Majesties Servants " In it two friends at Jamestown thus converse " Haztvrd. This unexpected happiness o'erjoys ! Who could have imagined to have found thee in Virginia ! " Friend. My uncle's dying here, left me a considerable plantation. * * * * but pr'ythee what drew thee to this part of the new world ? "Hazard. Why, faith, ill company, and the common vice of the town, gaming. * * * * I had rather starve abroad, than live pitied, and despised at home. " Friend. Would he [the new Governor] were landed, we hear he is a noble gentleman. " Hazard. He has all the qualities of a gentleman, besides he is nobly born. " Friend. This country wants nothing but to be peopled with a well bom race, to make it one of the best colonies in the world * * * * but we are ruled by a Council, some of which have been, perhaps, transported criminals, who, having now acquired great estates, are now become Your Honour and Rt. Wor- shipful, and possess all places." 374 VIRGINIA CAEOLOBUM. On the 24th of the month, another court martial was held at Green Spring, and sentence of death passed upon James Crewes, William Cookson, John Digby, William Rookings, William West, and John Turner. The last two made their escape. After the legislative Assembly convened, civil courts were resumed and prisoners were tried by a jury of free- holders and house-keepers. A court was held on the 8th of March, when the King's Commissioners sat on the bench, and Giles Bland^ and Robert Jones were found guilty of treason, and condemned to death, the next day Anthony Arnold, Richard Turner and Robert Stoakes were sentenced to be hung and the third day John Isles and Richard Pomfroy. On the 16th of March, John Whitson, and William Scar- borough were found guilty, and sentenced to die. The Assembly, " because mercy is acceptable to God " enacted that Col. Thomas Goodrich^ and Thomas Gordon, a ' Giles Bland, nephew of Tbeodoric, had been opposed to the Berkeley clique for some time. He was arrai<^ned before the Qeueral Court, Nov. 21, 1674, at Jamestown, for callinjj Thomas Ludwell Secretary of the Colony, " a puppy, a pitiful fellow, and son of a whore," as has been mentioned in another foot note. The father of Giles Bland according to O'Hart was the John Bland of London of whom Pepys wrote in his Diary of June 13, 1680 " Mr. John Bland Merchant was buryed in ye chancil in St. Olave's Church, Hart Street." Giles married Frances Proby and left a son Giles whose wife was Mary Brown. Giles the grandson was born in 1703, and in 1756, died cliildloBS. VI = Among the manuscripts of Leed Castle, County Kent, England, there is a let- / ter from F. Berkeley dated Aug. 9, 1677, in which the writer says he sends a I narrative compiled from the memoirs of Robert Holden, Langston, Gutteridgt), [Goodrich] and others. He wrote perhaps to Governor Berkeley as the letter has no address, that as soon as the addressee's back was turned the " Lieut Go- ,.vernor said he would lay £100 that the addressee would not be permitted to Bee VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 375 church of England minister, on bended knees, with ropes about their necks, should appear before Rappahannock court and acknowledge their rebellious acts, the former also to pay a fine, and the latter never to perform ministerial func- tion in the Colony. Several others were ordered to endure similar disgrace. Joseph Ingram, Gregory Walklett, and George Milner, who were insurgent officers when West Point was surrendered were declared incapable of any office other than that of constable, and road surveyor, yet Milner had used his influence to quell the insurrection/ Richard Lawrence, and Major Thomas Whaly, expecting neither justice, nor mercy, from the implacable Governor, the King, but would be sent to the Tower. — Appendix, 6th Report Royal His- torical Commission. Reference is made to Col. Thomas Goodrich, John Langston, and Robert Hol- den. Tlie last became a prominent citizen in Carolina, and in 1G79, was com- missioned to explore to " or beyond tlie Apalatian mountains." ' " On January 7, 167(5-7, Milner sent this note to Capt, Grantham. '« Sir : You have undertakon a work tliat will speak j^our everlasting fame and glory ; the consolidating our sad difEerences, preventing the sword and famine, with other horrors, that gaping, were ready to swallow up tliis miserable country. The service you will do herein to the Almighty, to our dread Sove- reign, the Governor, and the Country, will make you honourably spoken of throughout the World I have only to add, that since now, as I hope it will appear by the whole aeries of my actions, my life, and fortune are both shipp'd off with the Governor and his friends ; if therefore I may bo thought worthy to advise, I shall leave to your serious consideration; tliat if you think good the Honourable Governor be persuaded to proceed by the same method his Majesty did, at his restoration, by a Declaration from Bredagh. Such a one here from his Honour, would abundantly settle the minds of hundreds, that are at present ammus'd [amazed] and at a full stand. All I add is that Mercj and Indemnity were ever yet a greater friend to Peace, than Severity, tho' Justice were on the same side. I beseech you to dispatch the bearer, bacit, lest I am forc'd to come single, and then render myself incapable of doing that service to the Honour- able Governor, which is designed by " Your faithful servant, " Geo. MriiNHR." 376 VIRGINIA CAROLOBUM. left the Colony, and many of the common people, panic stricken went to Carolina, Maryland, and other places* to find a home. Among the Harleian MSS., in the British Museum is the following hst of Berkeley, which has been published in the Force Historical Tracts. ''A List of those that have reen executed for y^ Latb Rebellion. 1. One Johnson a stirer of the people to sedition, but no fighter. [John Johnson.] 2. One Barlow, one of Cromwell's soldiers very active in this rebellion and taken with forty men coming to surprise me in Accomack. [George Farloe ?] 3. One Carver a valiant man, and stout seaman, taken miraculously, who came with Bland, with equal com'n, and 200 men, to take me, and some other gentlemen that assisted me, with the help of 200 soldiers, miraculously de- livered into my hand. [William Carver.] 4. One Wilford an Interpreter that frightened the Queen of Pamunkey from y' lands she had granted her by the As- sembly, a month after peace was concluded with her. [Thomas Wilford.] 6. One Hartford a valiant stout man and most resolved rebel. [Thomas Hansford ?] ' lu the Boston Town Records, under date of July 29, 1678, is this entry : " "William Mason, brick layer, Charles Cleato dancing-master, Clasen Wheeler his seru't fiddler, of Virginia, all at John Smith's butcher, and p. George Joy, said to be in the rebellion of Nathaniel Bakon there." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 377 At York whilst I lay there. 1. One Young, commissionated by General Moncke long before he declared for y' King. [Thomas Young.] 2. One Page, a carpenter, formerly ray servant, but for his violence used against the Royal Party, made a colonel. [Henry Page.] 3. One Harris, shot to death a valiant, loyalist prisoner. 4. One Hall, a Clerk of a County but more useful to the Rebels than 40 army men, that dyed very penitent, confes- sing his rebellion against his King and his ingratitude to me. [Thomas Hall of New Kent County.] Att Middle Plantation. One Drummond a Scotchman that we all suppose was the originall cause of the whole rebellion, with a common Frenchman [John Baptista] that had been very bloody. Condemned at my house. 1. One Col'l Crewe, Bacon's parasyte that continually went about y"= country extolling Mr. Bacon's actions (justi- fying his rebellion). [James Crewes.] 2. One Cookson taken in rebellion. [Wm. Cookson]. 3. One Danby from a servant made a captain. [John Digby ?] [Signed] " William Berkeley." James Wilson, formerly a servant, condemned the same day, as Page, does not appear on the list. Thomas Young, was the son of Capt. Thos. Young, who in 1634, explored the Delaware River. Scull in Tlie Evelyns in America, gives the following from the Public Record office, London. 48 378 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. " An Account of the Estate of Thomas Younge who was taken prisoner, he being an Officer in the Eebelhon was condemned by a Court Martiall, and hanged ni York County in January last. This being taken upon the oath of Mary, his reUct, who hatli given bond for the same : Imprimis, a Plantation with a good dwelling house, a ver}^ good tobacco house, and an Indifferent good Orchard, their seat being 400 acres of land in James City County." George Evelin was his cousin, who was formerly com- mander of Kent Island in Chesapeake Bay. Evelin in 16-19, bought of Thomas Grandon, land in James City County which the next year he gave to his son Mountjoy. Gov. Berkeley on June 20, 1651, granted 600 acres in James City County to Mountjoy. On the 29th of November, 1653, he married Dorothy, tlie daughter of Col. Obedience Eobins of the Eastern Shore of Chesapeake Bay, and after his death, she became the wife of William Andrews Jr., An- drews in the proceedings of the General Court, in April, 1670, appears as the guardian of George, the son of Mount- joy Evelin'. The Commissioners one of whom, Jeffreys, held the Com- mission as Governor, remonstrated with Berkeley upon his harsh and impolitic course, and had no intercourse with ' The following extracts from the Register of St. Peter's Church, Cornhill, London, published by the Ilarleian Society, show the relation of the Youngs and Evelius. " 1579, Augfust IG, Sonday : Christneug of Thomas Younge sonue of Gregory Younoj grocer, the child was born the lOtli daye, being Monday." " 1590, October 19, Monday : Wedding- of Robert Ending Sonne of George Eueling, And Susan Young daughter of Mi-. Gregory Young, grocer." " 1593, Christuinge of George Eueling sonneof Robert Eueling, Armerer, the child was borne the olth of January being Monday." VIRGINIA CAROL DRUM. 379 him except in their official capacity. On one occasion he sent them from his house/ in his own cama.Gje, but with the common hangman acting as postiUion. During the month of April, Berkeley sailed for England and Commis- sionei- Jeffreys became Governor. In his first proclama- tion he mentioned that his commission was dated Novem- ber 11th, 167*3, and then uses the following language relative to the King, who "hath upon y^ humble representation of the Rt. Hon. Sir WiUiam Berkeley, his great age and bodily weakness in respect whereof he held himselfe unable to perform and execute the duty of his place & office, and therefore did most humbly & earnestly beseech his gracious Ma"' for leaue to returne : His Majesty declared that s'd WiUiam Berkeley should speedily return into England, whither hee is now gone." A few weeks after his arriv^al in England, on the lath of July, Berkeley died.^ The remain- ing Commissioners, Sir John Berry and Francis Moryson, also during the summer, returned to England, and their reports created an unfavorable impression of the late Governor. The Governor's brother, Lord Berkeley, met Sir John Berry in the Council Chamber and "with an angry voice and a Berklean look, told him that he and Moryson' had ' Berkeley's mansion was a plain brick, building containinjjf a hull, six rooms and a garret. The bricks were were not brou^dit from England, as has been ,ber.n mentioned, but were made on the spot. Ureen Spring is^two miles north of James Hiver, and five from Jamestown. 'He was buried in Twickenham in England. 3 Quvernor Berkeley's wife was severe in her remarks upon Moryson, and was a woman ulio had a vigorous tongue. In a letter of Moryson in l(i77, to Philip Ludwell ; who, in 1680, bi'caine her husband, he writes " .Mr, Secretary Coven- try says he will vindicate me to all the world, that neither before ui}' goin^, nor after my return have I otFered any thing to the King and Lords but with a respect 380 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. murdered his brother." The Lord Chancellor after the report of the Commissioners said that "he knew not whether it was lawful to wish a person alive, otherwise he would wish Sir William Berkeley so, to see what could be answered to such barbarity." Upon October 22, 1677, in an order of the King for the relief of the widow, it was de- clared that Drummond "had been sentenced and put to death contrary to the laws of the Kingdom." Thomas Ludwell, who had been Secretary of the Colony, under Berkeley, for more than fifteen years, died soon after the Governor. In Bruton^ church yard, Williamsburg, he was buried, and the stone which marks his resting has this inscription : "Under this marble lyeth the body of Thomas Ludwell, Esquire, Secretary of Va., who was born at Bruton, in the county of Somerset, in the kingdom of England, and de- parted this life in the year 1678. And near this, lye the bodies of Richard Kemp, Esquire, his predecessor in the Secretary's office, and Sir Thomas Lunsford," Knight. f al tenderness to Sir Wm. Berkeley, nor have I ever spoken of his Lady but with a courtesy that beLjugs to her sex, though she was pleased to tell Madam Jeffries she wondered I would be so impertinent as to go to Virginia where I was so hated the people would tear me to pieces. Pray remember my service to her, and tell lier ladyship she waj very uncharitable [that] she would not for warn me of the danger I went to, but I did not mind it, for I had no gun shot ofi", nor bonfires made for joy of my j^'oiug away. ' 'Bruton parish named after Bruton, Somerset, England, where was the family seat of the Berkeley s. "Sir Thomas Pelham and Thomas Luusford Senior, were neighbors in Sussex and near kindred. On the 26th of June, 1632, while Pelham was hunting, his dog went into Lausford's grounds and was shot, which led to ill-feeling. In August, 1633, as Pelham was returning from church in his coach, with his wife and others, Thomas Lunsford Junior, with an associate stepped out from a copse with swords and pistols, to attack Pelham. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 351 In inemorj of whom this marble is placed, by order of Philip Ludwell, Esq., nephew of the saidThomas Ludwell in the year 172T." It was a surprise to the Virginians, in 16G0, to learn, that the lands between the Potomac and Rappahannock, had been given to a royal favorite, Lord Culpepper, but sur- Luueford was arrested, tried and imprisoned, and fined £5,000, but in October, 1634, escaped, by bribing his k'^eper. His father was in the Fleet four years, and in 16157 Dr. Alexander Leiijhton certified that he liad grown so weak, that he ought to be permitted to go to his own house in London. This Leighton was the physician and preaclier, father of Archbishop Leighton, and also pris- oner, having lost both his ears and been branded and imprisoned for writing a seditious pamphlet against the King. Lunsford died on the 4th of November, of that year. Three of his sons were Colonels on the Royalist side during the civil war. L Henry born A.D., 1611, was killed July 25, 1643, at the siege of Bristol. 2. Herbert was knighted July G, 1644, and survived the war. 3. Thomas was knighted Dec. 28, 1641, and made Lieutenant of the tower of London. The citizens were indignant at the appointment of one who had been outlawed and was notorious as a profligate. The House of Commons declared him unfit for the office, and tlie apprentices of London became so unruly in con- sequence of it, the King was forced to take from him the the keys of the Tower. On the 27th of December while walking through Westminister Hall with twenty or thirty of his friends and meeting a band of apprentices, he and his companions drew their swords, and wounded twenty or thirty of them and de- nounced them as " roundheads," because it was their fashion to cut the hair round. Secretary Windebank, writing from Oxford, May 22, 1644, tells Col. Ashburn- ham. " Att Loudon th.ey apprehend us very weeke, but I assure you Sir Tho. Lunsford this day came from army and saith there arc about 10,000 horses and foote, of as likely men as he ever sawe in his life." He was married, in 1640, to Katerina, daughter of Henry Nevill of Co Berks, and she was his second wife. By h(!r he had a daughter Elizabeth, born in 1642, who in 1667, married a Daniel Norton of Co. Berks ; Philip|)a who died young; and ]Maria born in the Tower of London, who in November, 1665, mar- ried Tho lias Collyer, a brewer of Shoe Lane, London. A pedigree of Lunsford in the British Museum, mentions that he " sould all, and went into Virginia, where he married his third wife." 382 VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. prise was turned to indignation when, in 1673, the profli- gate and improvident King gave to this covetous lord, and associates, '' all the dominion of land and water called Vir- ginia," for a period of thirty-one years. The Assembly which convened in September, 167J:, "deeply sencible of the many and griovous pressures dayly growing" ''thought ntt that a humble supplication be made to his sacred Majestie," " That he would be gratiously pleased to revoke the said grants, to the yaid Lord." On the 21st of September, Governor Berkeley wrote to Lord Arhngton infoi-ming him that Col. Francis Moryson, Secretary Thomas Ludwell, and Major General Robert Smith, had been appointed agents for Virginia, in England. The agents opened their negotiations by asking that Vir- ginia might be allowed to purchase the land between the Potomac and Rappahannock which bad already been given to Lord Culpepper and associates; that the people of the Colony should rely directly upon the Crown for protection, free from the intervention of any Proprietary ; that as before, the Governor and Council should reside in Virginia; that there be no departure from the custom, of the Assembly levying all taxes upon the people; that all laws made by the As- sembly be operative, unless withjn two years, the King expressed his disapproval. On the lyth of November, 1675, the Commissioners for Foreign Plantations, presented to the King and Privy Coun- cil a report recommending in substance what the repre- sentatives of Viiginia wished, and the King ordered a charter to be prepared in conforuiity therewith. Culpepper and his friends offered some objections, especially to the VIRGmiA CAROLORUM. 383 proviso that the colonists should not be taxed except by their own Assembly, to which the agents replied that it "contains that which we conceive to be the right of Vir- ginians, as well as all other Englishmen, which is not to be taxed but by their consent, expressed by their repr<'senta- tves." Before the charter was signed by the King the startling intelligence of the wide spread insurrection under Bacon was received, and negotiations were suspended. Before the insurrection, three of the solid, sober men, who for years had been acknowledged leaders, died, Gov- ernor Bennett,^ and Digges,'' and Secretary Claiboine. Ben- nett died a Puritan, apparently, in sympathy with the Society of Friends. Digges, cautious, and moderate in his views, was honored by his neighbors. Before the late civil war, upon a tombstone, at Bellville, on York River, eight miles from Williamsburg, could be seen the following. "To the memory of Edward Diggs, Esq,, sonne of Sir Dudley Diggs of Chilham in Kent, Knight and Baronett, ' The General Court at Jamestown on Nov. 3, 1G72, roquestcd Major General Richard Bennett, to see that the sheriff of Lower Norfolk take into custody Wil- liam Carver of Elizabeth River who had stabbed and killed a man. The last mention of him is on November 18, 1674, in the court proceedings. = A fragment of the Records of the Geneial Court oi Virginia under date of June 15, 1675, has the following : " A probate of ye last will and testament of Edw'd Diggs Esq., dcc'd is Granted jNIra. Eliz'h Digges ye Relict k Executrix, for that ye Court are of opinion yt was all of Edw'd Diggs Esq., his owne writ- ing and being proved by ye Oath of Capt. Wni. Diggs one of ye witnesses to ye eaid Will. William Digges married adaughterof Henry Sewell or Sewall of Patiixeut Mary- land Her mother after her father's deatii in IGGl, became the wife of Charles, the third Lord Baltimore. Col. Digges, was a i>romiuent citizen in Maryland, at the accession of William and Mury to the throne of England. 384 VIRGINIA CAROLOMUM. Master of the Rolls in the reigne of Charles the 1st, who departed this hfe the 15th of March, 1675, in the 55th year of his age, one of his Majesty's Councill for this his Colony of Virginia. A gentleman of most considerable parts and ingenuity, and the only introducer and promoter of the silk manufactures in this Colonie, and in every thing else a pattern worthy of all pious imitation. He had issue six sonnes, and seven daughters, by the body of Elizabeth his wife, who of her conjugal affection hath dedicated to him, this memorial." His father was a Knight but not a Baronet, as the inscription mentions. Col. Claiborne, in the Assembly of 1666, was a Burgess from New Kent County. How long he lived after this period has not been ascertained. John Clayton^ the parson of James City, who in 1682, came to Virginia, alludes to ' Clayton in a letter to the Royal Society wrote ; " I was told a pleasant story of an old gentleman, Col. Cleyhorn, as I remember, was his name, the same that sent the rattlesnakes to the Royal Society, some years since. He had 'he odd fancy of keeping some of these snakes always in barrels, iu the house, and one time an In- dian pretending to charm them, so as to take them, by the neck, in his hand, with- out biting of him, the old gentleman caused a rattlesnake to be brought forth ; the Indian began his charm with a little wand, whisking it round and round the rattlesnake's head, bringing it by degrees nigher and nigher, and at length flung the switch away, and whisked his hand about in like manner, bringing his hand still higher and higher, by taking less circles, when the old gentleman hit the snake with his crutch and the snake snapped the Indian by the hand, and bit him very sharply betwixt the fingers, which put the charm to an end, and he roared out, but stretched his arm out as high as he could, calling for a string wherewith he tied his arm as hard as possibly he could and clapped a hot burn- ing coal thereon, and singed it stoutly, whereby he was cured." Capt. William Claiborne a descendant, was living.'; in 1099. Story, the Quaker preacher, in his journal, mentions, that on the 10th of the second month [O. S,] he visited the Chickahominy village, reduced to eleven wigwams, on Paniunkey neck, and then, went one mile, to the house of the grandson of Secretary Claiborne. VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 385 him, as one who had given some rattlesnakes to the Royal Society, an aged man who had carried a crutch, and then dead. Jeffreys, during his brief terra of office proved a judicious and conciliatory Governor. The Assembly of Octol)er, 1G77, William Traverse, speaker, met at the house of Capt. Otho Thorpe, in Middle Plantation, and as some persons were disposed to call others, ' ' traitors, rebels, rogues, or such like," retarding " the former estate of love and friendship desired by all good people," it was enacted that all, using opprobrious epithets, should be fined. Arrangements were also made for the establishing of marts or fairs whither friendly Indians would come and trade. The King had issued instructions, wiiich arrived early in 1677, requiring the Assembly to meet once in two years, and except for good cause not to sit more than fourteen days, and that the mem- bers be elected "only by freeholders as being more agree- able to the custom of England. " Thomas Ludvvell, Secretary, and Daniel Parke were both in England as Council agents, at the time of the calling of the Assembly by Governor Jeffreys, and were directed not to disj)OSe of any more money of the Virginia Colonists, without the King's order in Council. In May, 1677, a conference was held with the representa- tives of the Indian tribes, and a peace concluded. The In- dians agreed to acknowledge the King, by an annual tribute of three arrows, and some beaver skins, and in return, no Indian was to be imprisoned, except by a legal warrant, their reservations of land were to be inalienable, and they were to be permitted to catch fish, and oysters, within the ceded territory. 49 386 VIRGINIA CAMOLORUM. Among the chiefs present were two women, one known as the Queen of Pamunkey, a relative of Powhatan and Ope- cancanough. She wore a turban, made by a three inch plait, of black and white wampum, and her robe was of deer- skins with the hair on the outside, ornamented with a twisted fringe six inches deep from the shoulder to the feet. From the earliest days of the Colony prominent white men had found temporary alliances with Indian women. Sir Thomas Dale sent Hamor,Ho Powhatan, "to procure a daughter of his, reputed to be his delight, and darling " " to be his nearest companion, wife, and bed-fellow."^ The Queen of Pamunkey at the time of the treaty, had by her side, a son, twenty years of age, whose father, was reputed to be an English colonel. Upon the 30tli of December, 1678, Jeffreys died, and Sir Henry Chicheley, Deputy Governor, a sober, kind, moderate man, w^ho when a widower had married Agatha, the widow of Ralph Wormeley, and had lived in Virginia, for more than a quarter of a century, became the acting Governor, which met the approval of the King. During his term of office, on the 25th of April, 1679, an Assembly convened, at James City, and elected Mathew Kemp, speaker. For the defence of the country from the incursion of savages, it was enacted that a garrison or store-house should • Virginia Comjpany of London, pp. 92, 93. 2 This custom is not entirely discontinued. In Forty years among the Siovx by Eev. S. R. Riggs, LL.D., his wife writes July 31, 1837, from the vicinity of Fort Snellinof, Minnesota : " Until my location here I was not aware that it was so exceedingly common, for officers in the army to have two wives, or more, but one, of course, legally so. For instance, at the Fort, before the removal of the last troops, tiiere were but two officers who were not known to have an Indian woman, if not half Indian children," VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 387 be erected at the heads of the four principal rivers, and Major Isaac Allerton, grandson of Brewster of Plymouth Rock, Col. St. Leger Codd/ and Col. George Mason were designated to superintend the building of a house sixty feet in length, and twenty-two in breadth, and a magazine ten feet square at Neapsico, near Occoquan, on the Potomac river. Upon condition that Capt. William Byrd would settle two hundred and fifty persons on both sides of the James river within the space of a mile, there was granted to him, " beginning on the south side of James river, one mile and a half below the Falls, and so continuing five miles up the river, in a straight line, and backwards, one mile in the woods; and on the north side of the said river beginning a half mile befor.e the Falls, and thence continuing five miles up the river; and two miles backward into the woods." On the 31st of July, Col. WiUiam Kendall, and Col. Southey Littleton of the Eastern Shore arrived in New Yorkj^" with credentials from Governor Chicheley, to confer ' Codd afterwards I'esided ia Maryland. " Col. Kendall was in the Assemblies of 1659, 1663 and 1666, one of the Bur- gesses from Northampton. Col. Southey Littleton, was the son of Nathaniel Littleton, and Ann his wife, who was a dauiii,aiice of every sinner should reach his blessed throno, even to the expi- ation of their sins, and re- establishment in grace. " Your lordship hath been gratiously pleased to assign councell for this your sorrowful petitioner to make his de- fence in law; but he is resolved not to make use of any meanes, either to vindicate himself, oi- to exterminate his crimes, but most humbly to tln-ow himselfe upon the mercy of your lordshi]) and tlie court, which if your lordship shall be pleased to extend towards him all the days of his life, shall 400 VIRGINIA GAROLORTJM. be spent in the study to expiate his guilt, and truly and faithfully to serve his most gratious sovereign in a ready and most willing obedience to your lordships and the councell's commands with the last drop of his blood, and shall most heartily pray for a long and happy reigne to his most excellent majestie, and health, honoi", and prosperity for your lordshipp, and the councell. " May 3, 1684. " Robert Beverley." While the Assembly was in session Lord Howard re- ceived a visit from Charles, Lord Baltimore, on his return from Maryland to England, and Col. Philip LudwelP now the husband of Lady Berkeley, came back from his visit to London. During the month of June a letter writer men- tioned that Governor Howard was going to New York in the "Quaker ketch" to pass the warm season, and that the merchants Kennon and Pleasants had received ' ' thirty-four negroes, seven or eight tuns of rum, and sugar, and dry goods for sale." During the summer Lady Berkeley was very ill, and after this little mention of her is found in the chronicles of the period.^ Among the older families, there was much talk, in Janu- ary, 168i-5, concerning the unexpected marriage of the widow Grendon, the sister of the second Thomas Stegge, ' R. R. in Va. Hist. Register, Vol 1, p. GO. mentious that Ludwell was a widower, with two daughters aud a son, when he married tlie widow of Gov- ernor Berkeley. The usual statement is that he had a son and daugliter by the widow Berkeley. » Nicholas Bacon the elder, and for a time acting governor, in his will made in March, 1691-2 (O. S.) left her his riding horse, and ten pounds sterling. In May 1880, the writer found at Jamestown, a portion of the stone, which was placed over her grave, and all of the inscription left was " Lady Frances Berkeley." VIRGINIA CAROLORUM. 401 and aunt of Capt. William Byrd, founder of Rich- mond, " to one Mr. Edward Brain," writes her nephew, *' a stranger to all, here, but pretends to be worth money, if not, the old woman may thank herself." During this year a party of fifty roaming Seneca Indians from New York were met within a few miles of Westover. Trade in negroes was rapidly increasing, while Governor Berkeley reported in 1671, not more than two thousand black slaves, the number now was doubled.' Howard of Effingham had not been long in office, when Charles the Second, was taken sick. The King after re- ceiving the Sacrament, from a priest of the Church of Rome, with one of his mistresses weeping, by his bed-side, and with thoughts of another, whispering " Do not let poor Nelly, starve," in February, 1085, died."" ' Governor Spotswood in 1713, estimated nej^roes and other servants, above six- teen years of age aa more than 13,000 and (loveruor Dinwiddle in 1756, estimated the entire negro population at 120,150 nearly as many as the whites, which was supposed to be 173,316. ' Green's History of Eufjland. 51 APPENDIX ADDITIONAL NOTES. Page 13. The tobacco trade, as early as 1621, was a source of revenue to James the First, King of England, as will be seen from the following correspondence of Lionel Cranfield, the Lord Treasurer, with Marquis of Buckingham. " Chelsey July 31, 1021- The King's rent of £15,500 for tobacco, is in danger to be lost, or at beat, to decliua much, and all the money spent about the planta- tions of Virginia and Burmothes will be lost, if there be not some present course taken to restrain the planting of tobacco, liero in England." " December 4, 1621. " I have agreed with the farmers of tobacco for this year, for £8000, and have told theiu to bring in bat three score thousand weight, and have left the Vir- ginia,and 15 )ur ;io.)the3, free to bringin ^thout restraint, and his Majesty to have the benetii ot the impost. * * * * This is £2000 more than could be gotten by the Lords at Hampton Court ***** The Virginia and Burmoothea Company have no reason to complain, there being no restraint, but they left to free trade." Page 20. Capt. John Martin, councillor. At a meeting of the Virginia Company of London, held on February 3, 1622-3 ; "Sr John Brooke moued the Court in the behalfe of Capt. John Martin, that they would please accordinge to my Lord of South'tons promise, to graunt him a Patent with as ample priuileges as hath bin graunted to his L'p, or any other ancient Aduenturer, and that his shares of laud menconed in his former Patent, or shall become due for traus[)orlacon of p'sons at his charge may be laide out in Martin Braudon, well request the Court agreed imto hauinge alwaies otfered as much unto him. '' But whereas Captaine Martin moued that he might haue therewith those Swamps and bogga as lay neare thereabout, wch for keepinge of his Swyne 404 APPENDIX. The Court made liiin Auusweare that he must be contented to take his due pro- porcon of land together, as it shall fall out in that place of Martin Brandon of well as he saith, he was formerly possessed." Page 23. " The Coppie op Abraham Peirsey his Will. P. R. O. ~) In the name of God Amen, I Abraham Peirsey of Peirsey's hundred Colonial I Egquire^ being sicke in bodie but in perfect memory thankes be to Vol "VIII ' *^® Everlasting God I doe by these presents ordeyne constitute and no. 5. 1. J make this my last will and testament. First, I bequeath my soule unto my heavenly Father my Creator hopinge and surelie trustiuge that by the meritts of his sonne Jesus Christ that all my sinns are wholelie and cleerlie washed away by the deer blood of my Saviour Christ Jesus, and that after this life I shall sett in glory with his Angells and for my corporall bodie I bequeath that to the earth from whence it came to be decentlie buryed with out any pompe or vayne glorie in the garden plott where my new frame doth stand. Secondlie, I ordayne and appointe my deare and well beloved wife Francis Peirsey to be my absolute and sole executrix and also I doe earnestlie entreate my welbeloved frends Mr. Grevill Pooly Mynisler and Mr. Richard Kingsmill of James Citty Island gentelmen to be my overseers in Virginia and to bee as helpetuU and aydinge unto my executrix in all things to the uttermost of theire power which she shall stand in need of your helpes. Thirdlie, I would have all my debtes both in Virginia and England to be paid as shall appeare by bond bill or by other good proofe in the lawe which I will sett downe in a sceduU what debts in tobaccoes I owe & what is oweinge me. And further I ordeyne and appoynT my deare and welbeloved friend Mr. Delionell Russell of London Merchant to be another of my overseers for all busi- nesses whatsoever doth coucerne my executrix in England for the debts in Eng- land you shall receave from me a scedull thereof. Fourthlie, I ordeyne and appoyut my executrix to make sayle of all my land housinge and other buildings whatsoever now doth or hereafter shall belonge to the aforesaid Abraham Peirsey either by purchase or by patent for men which I the said Abraham Peirsey have transported upon my owue charge and also so much land as is due to me for divers servaunts which hath beene transported by me Abraham Peirsey sence my goeinge for England which was in the begin- ninge of March 1630, of which servants I have not taken upp one footc of land for the men theire will appere how many there be for the women about eight. Also I will and ordeyne my executrix to make sayle of all the estate I the said Abraham hath in Virginia as namelie Servaunts cattle Hoggs corne tobacco and all other kinde of goods moveables or housell stuffe or chattels whatsoever which did nowe or at any tyme belonge to me Abraham Peirsey and that my APPENDIX. 405 executrix shall witliin two monthes after my decease d(;livcr up to the Governor and counsi-ll a true Inventoiie in upon her oath of all my estate soe left as afore said and then my executrix sliall imeadiatelie goi^ about with the helpe of the overseers aforesaid nmke saile of all the estate as aforesaid to llie profitt it can be sould for. And heinge soe don I beijueathe as a legacye uiy debt l)eiuf Iron works, which is among the Egerton MSS. of the British Museum. Page 290. Among the Egerton MSS. is also preserved the Remonstrance of Virginia, dated March 28, 1003, and signed by Berkeley, Francis Moryson, Thomas Lud. well, Sec. Richard Lee, Nathaniel Bacon, Ab : Wood, John Carter, Edward Carter, Theodore Bland, Thomas Steggo, and Henry Corbyn, protesting against the grant of lauds to certain Lords. Page 293. The letters of Governor Berkeley to the Virginia Assembly in 1659-60, and to Charles the Second after the Restoration are in footnote of Chapter Nine, on pages 352, 353. INDEX. A. Al)be, Thomas. 23. Abbot, Archbishop, describes George Calvert, 63. Maurice, Va. Coiuiriissioner, 12. Abdy, Anthony, Va. Commissioner, 12. Abraliain, an Indian dies in London, 29. Abrahall, Lt. Col. Robert, burgess. 2(39, 349. Accomac County, 177, 181. called Northampton. 169. first parsonage in, 406, 416. /Nearly ministers of 406, 407. ' church censures, 400. play actors, 315. Addams, Ann, servajit, 19. Addison Alexander, 221. Thomas, 184, 409. Adkiuson, James, 221. Africa, Claiborne's ship at Susquiiianna, 408. Albemarle, Commissioners, 317. Alciat, the poet, 46. Aleman, Matthew, Spanish novelist, 408. Alford, Richard, servant, 18. Alfracli, the Kogue, a Sj'auish romance, 79, 408 Allen, William, of London, 217. burgess, 72. servant, 23. AUerton. Isaac, son-in-law of Puritan Brewster, 167, 255. Junior, 157; settles in Virginia, 255 ; pursues Indians, 347, 387 ; daughter marries Hancock Lee, 421. Alleyn, Richard, 221. Ambrose, Alice, Quakeress, 299. Anacostan Indians, 92. Anderson. Major William, admisistrator of Ednuiud Scarborough's estate, 419. Andrews, William of Accomac, 221, 298, 416. Junior. 221. Angelo, negro slave, 35. Anamessex, settlement. 300. Anthonie, a servant, 20. Antony, a neirro, 40. A])pleton, Richard, 40. Appou.attox, region, 171, 192. Fort, 194. Ai)sley, London merchant, 103. Argall, Governor Samuel, 12, 19, 22, 34; at Cadiz, 36, death of, 37. Ann, daugiiter of, 37. Arlington, Lord Henry, 192, 307, 382, 390. in Accomac, 208, 209. Armenian silk workers in Va., 240. Arniested, Capt. Antliouy,'349. Armitadringe, Henry. 221." Armourier. Jolin, clergyman, 407. Arnohi, Anthony, sentenced to die, 374. Arundel Marbles, 135. Ann, servant, 16. John, a Justice, 90. Richard, servant, 16. Thomas, Karl of Surrey, 102, 134. Assateague, Bay, 208. Indians, expedition against, 265. 424 INDEX. Assembly of Virginia, claims supreme power, pro tern, 269. A. D., 1629,71. 1629-30, 77. 1631-32, 88. 1635. 116. 1637-8, 138. 1639-40, 145, 158. 1642, 157. 1644, 184. 1645, 189. 1645-6, 191. 1646, 193. 1647, 198. 1649, 205. 1650-51, 212. 1652, April, 224. 1652, November, 229. 1653, 232. 1654, 236. 1655, 241. 1656, 243. 1657-58, 260. 1658-59, 266. 1659-60, 268. 1660, October, 281. 1662, 293. 1663, 295. 1664, 313. 1665,313. 1666, 317. 1667, 321. 1668, 322 1669, 329. 1670, 329. 1676, 348, 360. 1676-77, 373. 1677, 385. 1679, 386. 1680, 390. 1682, 398. 1683, 397. Asbmore, William, killed. 121. Ashton, Capt. Peter, burgess, 269. (Aston) Walter, burfjess, 90, 167, 171,270. Atkins, Kicbard, 348. Ayers, Jobn, 221. Aylmer, Justinian, clergyman st James- town, 363. B. Babbliuof woman ducked, 406. Bacon, Ann, daugbter of the rebel, 369. Elizabetb, wife of tbe rebel, 243, 346, 351 ; ber second marriage, 391 ; law-suit of, 392. Francis, Lord VeruUnn, letter from Capt. Jobn Smith, 83. James, clergyman, 243. Natbaniel, son of James, Ms bap- tism 243 ; early life, 243 ; step- father aPuritan minister in New England, 243 ; mention of, 260 ; 267, 269, 282, 288, 348, 360, 372, 397, 400. Natbaniel, son of Thomas, early life, 346 ; attacks Indians, 350, 351 ; sui)presses Gov. Berkeley's declaration, 357 ; sails to James- town, 357 ; asks for pardon, 358 ; elected general, SCO ; proclaimed a rebel, 361 ; bis appeal to tbe people, 361-363; cai>tures Sir Henry Chicheley, 365 ; bis death, 368 ; mention of 389 ; bis widow, 391. Bagwell, James, burgess, 193, 236. Thomas, burgess, 72. Bailife, George, servant, 17. Baily, Richard, 221, Sobert, 221. Symon, 221. Baker, Alexander, metallurgist, 105. Daniel, 221. « Lawrence, burgess, 318. W^illiam. servant, 18. Baldrj', liobert, burgess, 269. Baldwin, Jobn, servant, 17. Baley, Temperance, 42. Ball, William, burgess, 193, 349; family of, 259. Ballard, Thomas burges,?, 317, 318, 360, 363/^Cr.'* 3 7 f- Baltimoie, Tbe Lords, see Cahert. Bam ford, Jobn, servant, 23. Banks, Sir Jobn, Kt., 85. Bankus, Christopher, servant, 18. Banqneting House, 255 Baptists, legislation against, 293. Baptista, John, insurgent, 377. Barber, Gabriel, London merchant, 85. Lt. Col., burgess, 297, 318. Barebcmes, Praise God, 192. INDEX. 425 Bargrave, Doctor, Dean Canterbury, 408. Ipuac, 408. Barker, C'ajit. John, 128. Williniii, bHrii^fsa, 100. Barimbye, .Iiunt-s, 221. Barnctt, Tlii'()])hiliis. servant, 10. Barrett, William, burgess, 180, 193,205, 225. Basse, f^apt. Nathaniel, burgeps, 73, councillor, 78, 88 ; deputed to invite New Euirlanders to Delaware Biiy, 91 ; founder o I Isle of Wight plantation, 133. Bateman, Kobert, 13. Bates, John, servant, 23. Bait, Catherine, 238, 327. Jolui, 238, 327. Ilonrv, 327, 328. .Martha. 327. Michael, 71. Kobert, ot Oxford, 238, 327. Thomas, 327, 328. William, burgess, 232, 237. Baugh, John, UMr^''*^**. 186. Bayley, Arthur, burgess, 107. Baynlmm, Alexander, bui-gess, 237 Beah.', 'I'lionias, couuciilor, 3G0. Beard, Richard, Quaker. 410. Beaumont, (iile.s, 30. Behn, A]>hra, play writer, 373. Bell, Robert, Loiuhui lamchiuit, 13 Bellingham, Herbert, 80. Richard, 86. Bellson, John, 121. Benge, William, 18. Bennett, Edward, London merchant, 113, 224. Philip, burgess, IGO, 180, 190. Richard, Governor, 73, 157, 166. 184, 186, 187, 193,201, 218, 224, 225, 242, 249, 208, 310, 340, 353, 383. Richard, Jr., 304, 394. Robert, 224, 225. William, minister, 225. Bentley, William, burge.-^s, 94. Beristou, Tlieo])hilu3, servant, 16 Berkeley, Sir Charles. Kt., 155. Lady Frances, 379, 392 ; her tomb stone, 400. Lord Ceorge, 75. John of Stratton, 155, 207, 251, 281,320,340, 379. Maurice, 155. 54 Berkeley, Richard, 19. William, burgess, 318. Govt;rnor, ancestry of, 154, 155 ; arrival in Virginia, l.-)4; first councillors, 155-167; entertains Captain De Vries, 178; visits England, 179, 188 ; captures Ope- chankano, Vo'.'j ; opi)oses Nanse- mond Puritans, 202 ; grief at the exeeulion of Charles the First, 205; speech against Navigation Act, 212; surrenders to parlia- ment, 221 ; elected (iovernor, 270, 273 ; speeches to burgesses and council of Virginia, 352 ; letter to Gov. Stuyve6ant,273 ; recognized as Governor, by Charles the Second, 281 ; his apology tO the King, 353 ; his stage play en- acted. 283 ; visit from Governor Calvert, 303 ; letters of, 307, 308, 313. 316, 319; despondent, 331; on silk culture, 324 ; his replies to Ccminiissioner of Plantations, 330-338 ; bis covetousness, 339 ; described by Quaker preacher, 340; marriage of, 341; visit to upi)er James River, 350 ; calls an Assembly, 351 ; address to the colonists, 351-357 ; referred to in Clarendon's History, 354 ; his course during Bacon's rebellion, 300, 301, 300, 368 ; resigns his office, 370 ; rudeness of, 379 ; hia house described, 379; wife of, 379 ; death of, 379. Herkenhead, a servant, discloses a con- epiracy, 296. Bermudas, trade with, 28 ; toleration at, 197. Bernard, Mary, bequest to, 220. George, bequest to. 220. Thomas, burgess, 168, 184, 185, 186, 190. William, councillor, 180. 193, 198, 241, 242, 261, 268, 353-4. Bernardo, the Italian, 18. Bernardoe, Philip, 31. Berry, James. 221. Robert, 221. Sir Jolm, brings troops, 309, 370; censured bv Berkeley of Stratton, 379. Betts, Capt. Leonard, 127. 426 INDEX. Bevercott, Samuel, of Sciooby, 99. Beverley, Major Robert, 304, 309, 390, 397, 398. Bew, Robert, 41. Billinjrton, Luke, 221. Bishop, John, burgess, 185, 382. Henry, visits England, 192; Post- master General, 192 ; notice of, 192. Black, William, burgess, 202, 207. Blackman, Capt. Jeremy, i28. Blackwood, Susan, servant, 39. Blake, Col. John, burgess, 318. Robert, 221. Bland, Giles, 305, 374 ; abusive of Sec- retary Ludwell, 374; executed, 374 ; family of, 374. John of London, 270, 305, 374. Richard, 270. Theodoric, 208, 270, 273. Blaney, Edward, councillor, 38; widow of, 40. Bohune, Doctor, slain, 39. Boise (Boys), Ann, 204. Cheney, burgess, 71,408. John, Dean of Canterbury, 408. John, burgess, 408. Boiling, Robert, his tomb-stone, 416. Bolton, Francis, clergyman, 69, 406. Bond, John, burgess, 230, 202, 260, 209. Bonde, Martin, 113. Bones, fossil discovered, 131. Booth, Henrv, servant, 18. Humphrey, 259, 314. Robert, burgess, 233, 237. Borne, Robert, burj^ess, 202. Boston, privateer at, 179 ; ministers of, denounce Capt. Stegg, 180. Henry, Quaker, 301, 303. Boswell, Sir William, 75. Bosvvorth, Capt. John, 239. Boucher, Daniel, burgess, 232. Jonathan, clergyman, 329. William, 221. Boundary, dispute, 247, 248, 249. Boyle, Richard of London, 253. Bracewell, Robert, clergyman, 233. Brain, Edward, 219, 401. Branch, John, burgess, 236. Bray, Col. James, 300, 373. Brennan, Thomas, burgess, 230. Brent, Giles, 177, 236, 253, 288, 340. Margaret, 183. Breieton, Major Thomas, 343. Brewce, James, 221. Brewster, Jonathan, 97. ^vatliauiel, minister, 413. Richard, burgess, 72. William, of Plymouth, 24, 86, 167. Brick house, first at Jamestown, 263. houses ordered, 294,295, 300. made in Virginia, 204, 294. Bridger, Col. Joseph, 262, 283, 297, 303, 318, 349, 360. Bridges, Thomas, servant, 22. Briggs, Henry, mathematician, 104. Brillyant, John, 221. Broadhurst, Walter, burgesu, 238. Broadshaw, Ricliard, servant, 23. Hrocas, William, councillor, 117, 134, 156,184, 193, 198,204. Brock, R. A. Sec, Va., Hist. Society, 57. Bromley, George, 13. Sir Henry, 265. Sir Thomas, 22. Francis, 264, Virginia merchant, 264. Brooke, Sir John, Kt., 85, 403. Sir Robert, Kt., 346. Brooks, Thomas, servant, 23. Browne, Devereux, 297. John, 221. Henry, councillor, 118, 133, 156, 184, 86, 193, 198. Susan Upshur, 388. Thomas, 388. William, burgess, 208. Browne's Maryland, error in, 65. Brownell, Capt. Isaac, 127. Browning, John, burgess, 70, 74. Brudricke, Richard, 223. Brutou Parish, 380. Buckam, Capt. Riehard, 127. Bucke, Richard, clergyman, 09 ; child- ren of, 137. Buckingham, Duke of, 21, 62, 63 ; let- ters to, 403. Buckner, John, printer, fined, 397. Burbagei Thomas, merchant, 130, 241. Burgess, William, 410. Burnham, Major John, 349. Rowland, burgess, 184, 189. 206. 1 Burroughs, Charles, burgess, 220, 230. Christopher, burgess, 180, 189. Burwell, Abigail, 260. Elizabeth, 321. George, 321. Lewis, 200, 321. INDEX. 427 Bushell, Willijim, 57. Buslirod, TliDiiia*', burj^a'HS, 207. BuiltT, Joiuu-, ducked lor t^lunder, 291. Natlianiel, letters of. 28-80. William, bur^'ess, MS, 2G1. BiUterfield, Jolin, SHwaut, IS. Butterie, Tliouias. 221. Button. Capt. William, 93,91. 113. Byrd, Grace, wife of John, vlO. John, London ^oldsMiitli, !85, 219. William, l:io, 219, ;J87, :398, 401. C. Cc-esar, Sir Julius, 11,20. Caltliorp (Caulthrop) Cliristopher. bur- jress, 184, ISO. 1H9, 2:10.233, 2G9. Calvert, Ann, dau^diter of (Tenrgi', 62. (ieorjre, 1st Lord Baltimoie. 11 ; early life of 01 ; Secretary of State, 02 r brilliant courtier, 62 ; friend of Spanish ambassador, 62 ; loses favor with Bucking- ham, 63 ; created Baron of Bal- timore, 63 ; visits New Found- land, 63; letter to W^entworth, 63 ; goes to Virginia, 64 ; refuses the required oath, 65 ; his first wife, 67- Cecil, 2d Lord Baltimore, arrival of his colony, 98 ; aided by Governor Harvey, 100 ; requests aid of Windebank, 128 ; desires settlers from New England, 173; wishes to be Governor of Virginia, 173 ; reference to. 188 ; invites Edward Gibbous of Boston to be Admiral. 198; complains of Gov. Berkelej'^, 212; adheres to Parliament, 227 ; pledge to sustain Act on Reli- gion, 250; an adroit politi- cian. 299. 311; opposes the re- striction of tobacco planting, 305. Charles, 3d Lord Baltimore, his wife, 383 ; calls Virginians ras- cals, 893 ; censures Gov. Fen- dall, 393. Leonard, Gov. of M'd, 98; autho- rized to collect taxes in Va., 175 ; visits England, 179 ; writes to Gov. Berkeley, 183 ; flees to Va., 187. Philip, 68,' 317. Calvin, .John, sponsor at Geneva, 274. Campbell, James, 12. Campion, ('apt. (^'lemcnt, 128. Canlayack, Indian village, 75.' Cant, i>avid, burucs.s, 209. Canterbury, Arclibishop, of, 102. Cupps, William, planter, 14, 47, 55, 04. Carli'ton, Henry, placed in the stocks, 406. Carline, Meiuy of Maryland, 238. Carolana, lleath'.s charter of, 75. Carpenter, Anthony, 221. Carter, Col. Edward, 201, 206, 268, 353. Col. John, 108, 200, 236, 238, 261, 203,207,209,304,349. Ro.sanna, servant, 17. Carteret, Capt. James taken by Dutch, 342. Sir George, 842. Carver, Captain William, hunsr, 300, 376. Cart Wright, Abraham, 12. Cary, Francis, shipwrecked, 208. Miles, councillor, 209, 282. Miles. Junior, Quaker, 282. Thomas, Quaker, 282 William, 282. Catchmaie, George, burgess, 209. Catlett, John, 259, 303, 314. Cattle from Ireland, 81. in A.D.. 1649. 203. Cawfield, Capt. William, burgess, 201, 200, 208. Ceelev, Thomas, burgess, 73. Census of A I)., 1034-5,114. Chadwell, Daniel, 221. Chamberlain, Hugh, son-in-law of rebel Bacon, 309. Chambers, Alice, servant, 22. James, servant, 17. Thomas, servant, 23. Champion, Pascoc, 40. Chandler, Job, 410. John, burgess, 190, 198. Samuel, London merchant, 416. Charles the Fir.st, proclamation of, 10. Second, bis reply to Va. Assembly, 104 ; conciliatory, 282, 292 ; given away lands, 289 ; acknowledges receipt of silk, .321 ; censures the Assembly, 396 ; death of, 401. Chapman. Nicholas, 21. Thomas, Quaker, 253. 428 INBJbX. Chappell, Capt. John, 127. Cbarlton, Stephen, burgess, 186, 199 308, 231, 230. Charter of Avalon, as to Christianity, 306. Barbadoes, aa to Christianity, 306. Carolana, as to Christianity, 30i5. Maryhind restrictive, 307. Nova Scotia, 306. Cheskiake plantation, 73, 142, 171. Cheesman, Captain, burgess, 168, 225. Major, dies in ])rison, 3S7. Chester, Dr. J. L. Chester, on Washing- ton ancestry, 256. Chesterfield, Countess of, 192. Chew, John, merchant, 69, 73, 130 ; burgess, 168, 184. 325. Chicheley, Agatha, 386, 395. Sir Henry, arrival of, 210 ; marries widow "NVormeley, 210; mention of, 240, 392, 305, 360; captured by Bacon, 365 ; Deputy Governor, 386, 391, 394; infirm with age, 394 ; death of, 395. Chichester, Lord Arthur, 11. Children for Virginia, 47, 77 ; kidnapped, 378. Chiles, Waller, burgess, 158, 167, 171, 189, 193, 305. 333, 366, 382, 397. Chipson, Robert, 239. Chiskoyake, Indian chief, 371. Christison, Quaker preacher, 121. Church of England, rites ordered, 283. Claiborne, Leonard. 43, 363. Thomas, 43, 363. , \ William, Secretary, 24 ; notice (if, 43, 363 ; councillor, 37, 78, 8^, 184, 186; witness tea will, 48 1 defeats Indians, 75 ; takes grain to Boston, 80; trades with Poto- mac Indians, 91 ; with the Sus- quehauuas, 408 ; asks advice of Va. council, 100 ; at P't Comfort, 106; his trading vessel ciptured, 120; letter to Sir John Coke. 121 ; arrives from Kent Island, 125; treasurer of Va., 157, 187, 188 ; Parliament commissioner, 217; Secretary of State, 225, 231, 233; Secretary unJer Gov. Digges, 242; under Gov. Mathews, 261, 264; under Gov. Berkeley, 268, 370, 372; visits Dublin, 416 ; bur- gess from New Kent, 268, 270, Claiborne, contintied 373 ; old age, 384 ; wife men- tioned, 416. William, Junior, 290, 348, 363; children of, 364. William, grandson of Secretary, 364 ; attends Quaker meeting, 364, 384, Claiborne's Island, 121. Clarendon's notice of Gov. Berkeley, 354. Clarke, John, mate of May Flower, 30, 31. Thomas, 221. Clayton, John, clergyman, describes Jamestown, 367 ; alludes to Clai- borne, 384. Claxton, John, servant, 17. Cleate, Charles, dancing master, 376. Clement, Elizabeth, 19. Jeremy, 19. John, 123. Cloberrjr, William, London merchant, 56. Close, Phettiplace, burgess, 73. Clough, John, clergyman, 364. Coake, William, 321. Cock, Richard, burgess, 236. William, burgess, 193. Cocker, Richard, burgess, 185. Cockeran, William, burgess, 873. Codd, Col. St. Lcger, 348, 397. ^ Coke, Sir John, K't, 85, 103, 121. Cole, Josiah, Quaker, 352. \ Thomas of Maryland, 264. William, councillor, 74, 349, 360, ' 364, 398. William, Quaker preacher, 285. Colebourne, William, 22K5 Coleclough, George, burgess, 367. Coles, Ann, servant, 301. Collowe, Stephen, 40. Comes, John, 18. Comon, Nicholas, 17. Common Pi-ayer Book prohibited, 306. Conaway, Aaron, servant, 3L Concubinage with Indian woman, 386. Convicts sent to Virginia, 338, 329. Couv/ay, Captain, fights the Dutch, 320 Maurice, describes old tomtbone. Sir Edward, 11. Cooke, Christopher, servant, Cuokaon, William, 374, 377. Cooper, Thomas, 2L INDEX. 429 Cooper, Walter, 21. Copland. Piitrick, clergyman, 31, 195, iulerest in Vu., 11)5, lJ)(j ; at Ber- mudas, 11)6 ; erects a free scliool, l'J7; becomes a non-conformist, 197; goes to Isle of Eleuthera, 197 ; let- ter to Gov. Winthrop, 197. Corbin, John, bequest to, iJ31. Henry, notice of. 239, 254 ; bur- jress, 2G7, 2G!), 304. Cordovant gloves, 221. Corker, John, burgess, 186. William, burgess, 261. Coruley. John, 222. Coruwallis, Caroline, 99. Lord at Yorktovvn, 99. Sir Charles, 99, Sir Jo!m, 99. • Sir Thomas, 99. Sir William, 99. Thomas of Maryland, 99, 100, 121, 141, 177. Thomas, clerj^jmiau, 99. William, clergyman, 99. Corotoman river, 2(.i0 Coryat, the traveler, 83. Cottinjjftou, James, 392, Pliilip, 392. Cotton, Ann, wife of William, 417. Joane, mother of Wm., 406, 414. Verliuda, 417. William, minister, 406, 410, 414. Coulsou, John, 221. Couper, Walter, servant, 15. Coursey, Henry, 304, 317. Coveuton, Nehemiah, 222. Coventry, Thomas, Lord, 102. Cowdrey, Ben., 221. Cowen. Capt. William, burgess, 318 Coxe, Dr. Uaniei, claim to Norfolk Co 411 Cradack, Matthew, 136. Craufield, Lord Treasurer, on tobacco revenue, 403. Crecro, Thomas, 221. 'Crew, Randall, burgess, 168, 185, 190, 194, 199. Crewes, James, sentenced to die, 374 397 Cripps, Zachary, justice, 94. Crocker, Henry, 40. Cromwell, Oliver on boundary dispute, 247, 248, 249 ; views as to toleration, 250 ; letlfer to Cardinal Mazuriu,251. Cromwell, Richard, 207. Crosse, Thomas, 40. Croshaw, Joseph, burgess, 267, 269. Crouch, Hugh, 282. Richard, 282. Curtis, Captain, Parliament commis- si(mer, 218, 220, 221. John, burgess, 269. Custis, Daniel Parke, 209, 316. Edward, 208. John, 208,221. John, Junior, 209. Joseph, 208. Martha, 209. Thomas, 208. William, 208, 221, 417. Culpepper, Lord John, his speech in Parliament, 389; letter to, from Henrietta ^Maria, widow of Charles the First, 389; created Baron Thorse- way, 389. Lord Thomas, Second Baron of Thorseway, 381 ; grant of land to, 382 ; arrival in Virginia, 389; notice of, 389 ; visits Boston) 391 ; letter to his sister, 392 ; re- turns to Virginia, 395 ; his in- structions, 396 ; unpopular, 396, Catherine, daughter of Thomas, marries Thomas, 5tL Lord Fair- fax, 392. D. Dacker, William, burgess, 158. Dalby, William, servant, 22. Dale, Sir Thomas, 29, 30, 386. Dauby, Earl of, 85. Dancy, John, servant, 17. Dandrid-e. .Martha, 209,316. Davenant, Sii- William, Kt. and poet, appointed Gov. of Maryland, 211 417,418. Davenport, John, Puritan minister, 201, 255. Davies, Capt. James, 30. . John, servant, 19. Davis, Jane, servant, 14. Sir John, Kt.,85 Thomas, burgess, 202. William, burgess, 167, 198. 430 INDEX. Davison, Christopher, Secretary of Va., 24, 25, 87. Frances, 25. Walter, 24. William, Kt. and Ambassador, 87. Dawson, Georoce, servant, 23. William, 21. Dav,John, servant, 17. Death, Richard, burgess, 168, 185. Delaware, Henry, FourUi Lord, 56. Thomas, Third Lord, 56, 85, 102, 118, 144. River, Falls of, 103. Denman, John, 231. Dennis, John of Somerset, M'd., 388 Robert, Parliament commissioner, 218. lost at sea, 219. Denson, William, burgess, 269. Denwood, Levin, 221. De Ruyter, Dutch Admiral, 307. Desmond, Earl of, 80. Deverill, Geo., servant, 16. De Vries, Dutch captain, 83, 93, 94, 127, 177, 178. Dew, Thomas, burgess, 158, 226, 230. 232, 236, 242, 247, 261, 263, 268, 353. Dichfield. Edward, 13. Digby, Sir Kenelon, Kt., 85. John, sentenced to death, 374, 377. Digges, Sir Dudley, Kt., 85, 237, 383. Edward, 237 ; attention to silk cul- ture, 240; Gov. of Vu., 242, 248, 249, 292, 305 ; death of, 303. Elizabeth, 303. William, 303. Dipnall, Thomas, burgess, 236. ■Dixon, Ambrose, Quaker, 221, 301. Christopher, 221. John, 222. Doctors' fees excessive, 191. Dodmon, Colonel, 344. Doe, Theodore, burgess, 73. Doeg, Indians attacked by John Wash- ington and others, 346, 347. Dolemnn, Thomas, servant, 19. Dolling, John, 221. Donne, (Jeorge, councillor and muster mar^ter, 132,133, 146, 148, 149; his essay on Virginia, 414. John, D D., father of George, 132. Dorset, Earl of, 56, 85, 103. Doughty, Francis, non-conformist minis- ter, 259, 387 ; proposes marriage 407. Douglas, Edward, , burgess, 185, 194, 221. Douglass, Captain, 127. Downe, Nicholas, of the King's kitchen, 387. Downes, George, justice, 90. Richard, 196. Downeman, John, burgess, 74. Downing, Lucy, sister of Gov. Win- throp, 203. Drayton's ode to George Sandys, 45. Drisius, Samuel of Manhattan, 235 ; preaclies in Virginia, 420. Drummond, complains of Boston Court, 296 ; Gov. of Albemarle, 307, 343 ; tobacco commissioner, 317; at Jamestown, 358; mention of, 371, 372 ; executed, 373, 377, 880. Duffill, Thomas, 121. Duke, Elizabeth, wife of rebel Bacon, 346, 391, 392. Sir Edward. Kt., 346, 392. Sir John, Kt., 346. Dunche, Deborah, wife of Sir H'y .Moody, 274. Edward, M. P., 274. Walter, 274. William 274. Dunn, Thomas, servant, 16. Dunston, John, burgess, 205. Dunton, Captain John, 87. Durand, George, of Carolina, 306. AVilliam, Secretary of M'd., 201, 306. Dutch attack at P't Comfort, 320, 343. New York, 242. Dye, John, 231. E. Eaton, Ann, Widow; 407. Nathaniel, disgraced principal of Harvard College, 143, 144, 406, 413.414. Edlowe, Matthew, burgess, 71, 266. Edmonds, Sir Thomas, Knight, 103. Edmunds, Robert, servant, 18. Edmuudson, Quaker preacher, visits Gov. Berkeley, 339. Edwards, John, 17, 231. Richard, 13. Sir Thomas, 11. William, burgess, 230, 232, 261. INDEX. 431 Elective francliise, 242 ; restriction of, j Farlow, Captain, executed, 869, :37f, 330. "' Elfrith, Capt. Daniel, 34. Elliott, Authouy, burgess, 198, 262. Ellis, John, 221. Ellyson, (Ellison) Robert, burgess, 208, 282, 297, 303. Ellonhead, Alice, 254. Jane, 410. Kichard, 254. Willinm, 254, 421. Elzey, John, Maryland commissioner 300, 301. Endicott, Dep. Gov. of Mass., 239. English, William, burgess, 90, 110, 200. Epes (Eppa) Francis, burjfess, 90, 190, 225, 349. Errors typographical, noted, 194, 257. Essex, Earl of, 35, 36. Evans, John, 18. Thomas, 40. ^ Evelin, (Evelyn) Capt. ClmBtopher,369. Georjje, commander at Kent Island, 152 ; his christening, 378. Mountjoy, son of George, 158, 378, 410. Robert, Senior, 378. Robert, Junior, 101, 105; at Falls of Delaware River, 106 ; council- lor, 132 ; Surveyor General, 132, 153 ; his book, 153, 180 ; in Mary- land, 180,181. Evelinton Manor, 152. Eyres, Nicholas, servant, 17. Robert, burgess, 194. F. Fairc lihl, James, servant, 15. Fairfax, Bryan, 8ih Lord, 392. Catherine, wife of 5th Lord, 392. Frances, wife of Col. William, 392. John, Uih Lord, 392. Robert, 7th Lord, 392. Thomas. 6th L. Margaret, 157. Hancock, Kichard, 121. Haudford, Sir Humphrey, 12. Hauie, John, l>argess, 262. Hanolaskie Indians, 828. llaiissford, Colonel, executed, 809, 87G. John, 809. John, .Junior, 809. William, 809. Hardy (Hardie), (,Te')r;LJre, burgess, 158, 185, 180, 189, 205,220. Harlowe, Jolm, burgess, 207. Ilarinar (llarnian), Charles of Accouiac, 90, 91, 92 ; Imrges.s 98, 120, -409. Eliza, danghlcr of Charles, 409, John, Wardi-n ol Winchester, jt'JO. John, O.xfonl pr(^t'e.-.sor, 409. Thomas, 409. Harmor, Ambro.se, burgess, 187, 180, 187, 198. Harris, Capt. Thomas, burgess, 207. William, burgess, 229, 288, 201. an insurgent, 877. Harrison, Bt-njamin, Clerk of Council, 140, 157, 202, 400. Edward, wife died in Bo.ston, 202. Elizabeth, 202. John, 203. Thomas, clergyman, 195, 197, 200; marries in Massachusetts, 200; his views of toleration in Mary- land's Act of Heligion, 25U ; minister in London, 418 ; in pos- session of commission to the i)oet Davenaut, 418. Harrysou, Alexander, 231. Robert, 221. Hartree, Elial, 22. Harvard, John, 112, 148. 55 Harvey, Elizabeth, widow of Richard Stephens, 152, 341 (Jov. John,/G, 38, 51, 77; arrival of, 92 ; M'riend to Lord Balti- more, 100; dispute with Va. Council, 115-118; mention of, 120, 128, 128, 133. 143, 153 ; mar- riage of, 152, 341. Marv, 112. Sir Sebastian, 21, 112. Haiwood, (ieorge, 389. Thomas, burgess, 73, 138, 158, 186, 205, 225. Hatch, Thomas, servant, 10. HalchfV, William, burgess, 185, 205, 22ham, James, 134. Loveing, Thomas, burgess, 184, 193 261,287. r.ovelace. Col. Francis, 231, 352, 421. Lucar (Lucas), Thomas, burgess, 202, 297,318. Luddington, William, burgess, 194, Ludlow, Anne, diuxghter of Roger, 413. Gabriel, brother of Roger, 413. George, brother of Roger, 413 ; councillor, 136, 137, 157, 184, 186, 198, 198, 209, 225, 241, 242 ; his will, 418. > Mary, daughter of Roger, 413. Jonathan, son of Roger, 413. Joseph, son of Roger, 413. Roger, brother ot George, 96, 239, 413. Roger, son of Roger, 413. Sarah, supposed sister of George. ^ 413. Sarah, daughter of Roger, 413. Thomas, nephew of George, 413. Ludwell, Philip, Senior, 349 ; council- lor, 300, 363 ; captures insurgents 366 ; notice of, 892 ; marries Lady Frances Berkeley, 892. Philip, Junior, 381, 392. Thomas, Secretary, 282, 296, 317 ; Hatters Gov. Berkeley, 817; at- tacked by Bland, 365 ; visits Eng- land, 305, 880, 385 ; monument to, 380. Lunsford, Catherine, '381, 417. Elizabeth, 381. Herbert, 381. Henry, 881. Katerina, 381. Thomas, Senior, 380 ; in the Fleet prison, 881 ; death of, 381. Thomas, Kt., j)ass for Va., 210; waylays Pelliam, 380 ; impris oned, 881 ; knighted, 381, L't of Tower of London, 381 ; his family, 881, 417 ; monument to, 380. Lusan, William, 21. Lyddall, Major George, 348. INDEX. 437 M. Mabbe, Jamos, Iranslator of Gusmau of Alfiirachc, 4()b. Mivchaell, John, 222. Macock, tSarali, 18. Madison, ("apt. Isaac, councillor, 21,38. Mary, 213. ''Madox, Alexander. 221, 22:J. Maffjre, Mariv, .Master of the boat Hobby Horse, 419. Major, Christopher, 221. ' Edward, 190,194, 226,232. Mallorv, Catherine, 238. • Philip, cleriryman, 23S, 244, 270, 283. Thomas, Dean of Cheater, 238, 827, 420. Londr)n non-conformist, 420. William, K't, 420. Maltravers, alius Nauzemimd Hiver, 135. Lord Henry, 135 ; grant of Norfolk County. 411. Manchester, Henry, Earl of, 102. Manhattan, commissioner from, 234. Manoakiu in Maryland, 303. Mansell, Capt. Dan., burgess, 22G. Robert, aervant, 42. Mansfield, David, servant, 17. Marryott, Robert, 221. Marsh, Margaret, 201. Thomas, 201. Marshall. Capt. Roger, 195; son chris- tened, 419. Edward, 221. Martian, Nicholas, burj;ess, 93. Martin, B:andoD,403. Captain, 11(5 Edward of .\eromac, 315. John, cuuneillor, 20, 26, 50; Lon- don Conjpany concerning, 403. Martyne, John, Mayor of Plymouth, 123. Maryland, charter restricted, 307. colonists arrive, 98 first settlers chiefly Protestants, 99. dissents as to restriction of tobacco culture, 308. Marv's Mount, Massachusetts, 113. "Virginia. 113. 409. Mason, George, censured, 288, sheriff 344, 346, 349, 387. Mason, James, burgess, 237. Leonard, burgess, 261. Lyonoll, burgess, 236. Lenuu'l, burgess, 266, 269, 297, 349. William, bricklayer, 376. Massachusetts, adulation of Charles the Second, 287. Matheman, John, servant, 14. Mather, Cotton, 184. Matthews, Edward, 221, 223. John, 348. Philip, 221. Robert, 21. Samuel, coancill<)r,20, 21, 38, 78,88, 90, 225, 242; expedition against Indians, 80; builds a fort, 94; described by Gov. Harvey, 101 ; his plantation, 112, 205 ; dis- pute with the Governor, 116, 128, 131; colony agent, 227; chosen Governor, 248, 260, 266 ; concerning Assateague Indians, 265 ; death of, 268. Sauiuel, .Junior, bequest to, 220 ; burgess, 226, 230, 232, 237, 242. Matrum, John, burgess, 190. May, Sir Humphrey, 11. May Flower, the ship, 30. Meade, Thomas, 238. Mearefl, Thomas, burgess, 186, 194 199. Mede, Joseph, the clergyman, refers to Capt. Henry Fleet, 53; his notice of liord Baltimore, 67 ; refers to In- dians, 74. Mees, Col. Henry, burgess, 318. iMellinge, William, burgess, 223, 233. 262. ^lenefic, George, councillor, 68, 72; his house, 112; dispute with Gov. Harvey, 116, 117, 119, 131. 134; obtains a minister for Cheskiak, 142; councillor under Berkeley, 156, 184, 187 ; brings negroes from England, 187. Merryday, Philip, 221. .Meriyfin, John, 221. Mildmay, Sir Henry, 11. Miles, Alice, 282. George, 282. .Miller, Thomas, 221. Mills, in A.D. 1649, 204. Milner, George, 375. Thomas, 349. 438 INDEX. Ministers, supported by colonists, 77; criticism of, 244. Minsliall, JeflFrey. 223. Mitcliell, William, burgess, 262 ; no- tice of, 263, 264. Mitford, Buhner, 803. Mole, GTeorge, 13. Molton, Thomas, servant, 18. Monakin, Indian village, 3i6. Monk, General, in London, 279. Montague, Peter, servant, 21. burgess, 230, 232, 262. Sir Charles, 11. Moody, Lady Deborah, 127 ; sketch of, 276. Sir Henry, Kt., 127; pass for, 421 ; visits Virginia, 268 ; his father's place in England, sold to Sir Lawrence Wasliington, 275 ; no- tice of, 275, 276. Moone, Capt. John, burgess, 236. Moore, Edward, 221. John, burgess, 226. Morer, Richard, 13. Morgan, Francis, burgess, 198,221, 226, 233. Capt. Richard, 127. Morison (Moryson), Charles, 312, 349. Cecilia, 284. Francis, 138 ; shipwrecked, 207 in charge of Fort P't Comfort, 210; si)eaker of Assembly, 248; acting Governor, 284; mention of, 289, 290, 307 ; letters to Lord (Clarendon, 308; censures God- wyn, the clergyman, 344 ; his report on Bacon's rebellion,, 370, 379. Sir Richard, 416. Robert, 416. Morley, William, burgess, 268. Morris, John, servant, 40. Mary, servant, 40. Mosely. Priscilla, Quakeress, 390. Mottram, John, burgess, 226. Moulton, William, 221. Moyse,'^, Theodore, burgess, 73. Mund, William, 221. Munday, Robert, 40. Mynne, Ann, wife of George, Lord Balti- more. 67. N. Nansemond non-conformists, 202, 206. Nasawattocks Creek, 171. Navigation Act, Berkeley's speech against, 212-216; eflFect of, 231; effort to appeal, 281 ; enforced, 292. Neale, Ann, 286. Anthony, 286. Dorothy, 286. James, '286, 287. John of Accomac, 414. Henrietta Maria, 286, 304. Walter, 87, 132; applies for office in V^a., 133. Neale's (Nele's), bark, 143, 286. Xegroe slaves, 15, 33,- 34, 35, 58, 59, 187, 401. Neile, Aixhbishop of Yorke, 122. Nesan, Jack, explorer, 328. Newce, Thomas, 81. Sir AVilliam, Marshall of Va., 81. Newce's Town, Ireland, 81. Newell, Richard, 221. New England ministers visit Va., 165, 172. sharply criticized by Donne, 149. Newport, Lady, 265. Sir Richard, 265. Nickolson, Francis, 219. Robert, will of, 219. Non-conformists, law relating to, 199. Norfolk County, why named, 105, 411. Upper ])arishes of, 169. Northampton County parishes, 169 ; submits to parliament, 231 ; upper parish formed, 231. Norton, Capt. William, 284. Norwood, Col. Henry, wrecked on Maryland coast, 307; at Littleton's plantation, 208; visits Argall Yeard- ley 308 ; relation of Gov. Berkeley, 209; visits Wormeley, 210; re- turns to England and visits Charles the Second, 310; impris- oned, 417 ; at Tangiers, 210 ; at the surrender of Manhattan, 417 ; treasurer of Virginia, 337. Major Charles, clerk of Assembly, 244. Nottingham, Richard, 221. Nuthall, John, 331. INDEX. 439 o. Oath of allej;iauce and supremacy, iisai^e a.s to, G4, 05, 78. Okley, Robert, servant, 2^. Onondaga Indian.^ reply to Va. com- missioners, 388. O'Neal, Daniel, Post Master General, 193. Hugh, of Patnxent, Md., 259. O'Neil, Grace, 410. Opecliankauo, Indian Chief, 187, 189, 19;^ Orchard, Capt. Richard, 127. Osborne, Thomas, burgess, 71, 90. Ottowell, Thomas, servant, 41. Overbury, Sir Thomas, 114. Ovvin, Benjamin, servant, 15. P. Pacific Ocean, route sought to, 104. P;ige, Capt. John, 282, 349. 397. clergyman, 304. Henrv, caxiifiiitfiJV-^exiicuJied, 373, 377'. Robert, 111. Pagett (Paggit), Anthony .servant, 23; burgess, 72. Lord William, 11. Paine, Florentine, burgess, 207. Pale built from James to York Kiver, 74. Pallavaciuo, Edward, 13. Palmer, Edward, projector of Univer- sity and School of Art, for Va., 27, 114. Thomas, 72, 90. Thomas, clergyman in Accomac, 407. William, 13. Palmer's Island, 27, 81, 114. 212. Pamunkey, Queen of, 380 : her son, 380. Panton, Antliony, Hector of Chespiak, 142, 143, 144, 150. Pargiter. Theodore, of London, 257. Parke, Daniel, councillor, 209, 310, 318, 385. Junior, 209; unprincipled, 316; aid- to Marlborough, 310; killed by a mob, 316. Parke, Fanny, wife of John Custis, 316. Lucy, wife of Col. William I3yrd, 316. Parnell, William, servant, 16. Parramoro, John, 221. Mr., 25. Pate, John, 308. Kicliard, burgess, 232, 368. Pawlett, Thomas, burgess, 90, 150. Peach orcliard, first in Va.. 112. Peakc, Robert, servant, 10. Peasley, William, brother-in-law of 2d Lord Baltimore, 02. Peck, Ann, 243. Robert, clergyman, 243. Pedro, John, a uegroe servant, 15. Peirce (Piers, Pearce, Pierce), Capt. William, 19, 35 ; his house, .''.0. OS ; councillor, 88, 128, 131, 157," 184, 180. Jane, daughter of William, relict of Capt. John Rolfe, 19, 59. Peirsey (Piersoj', Persey), Abraham, 22; councillor, 38, 43, 48; marries widow of Niithiiniel West, 49 ; will of, 49, 403, 404. Elizabeth, 405. Frances, 405. Mary, 405. Pelliam, Herbert, brother-in-law of Gov. West, 86. Junior, 80. Pembroke, Earl of, 114, 134. Penn, Robert, servant, 22. William, philanthropist, 252. Penoyer, Willituu, 217. Pepys Samuel, notices Gov. Berkeley's stage play, 283. Pequod Indians, 96, 97. Percevall, Samuel, 37. Percy, George, Dep. Governor, alludes to false statments, 84. Perecute, Indian Chief, 328. Perky ns, William, London merchant, 13. Perry, Capt. Ilenrv, burgess, 230, 236, 242,201.203,268. Lt. William, 72, 270. Pettus, (Pettvs), Tlnmiaa, councillor, 157, 180, '193, 198, 225, 242, 203, 268, 353 Pidgeon, Elizabeth, 157. William, 157. Pigot, James, 407. 440 INDEX. Pilkington, Margaret, servant, 18. William, servant, 18. Pilkinton, James, Bishop of Durham, 275. Piudabake, an Indian, 271. Pirates, Irish proposal to transport, 36. Pitt, Robert, burgess, 205, 226, 232. 236, 26'), 269. Play-actors in Accomac, 315. Pleasants, John, Quaker, 396, 400. Plo\vd«n, Sir Edmund, Kt., notice of, 180, 183; in Fleet Prison, 181; "* deserted by servants, 182; visits Boston, 206; death and will, 207; his chambers in London. 264 ; bill for preparation of New Albion, a book, 415. Pocahontas, in London, 29 ; marriage of her companion, 29. Poconoke River, conflict in, 120. Point Comfort, fort at, 137, 312; Lou- don ships at, 178; Dutch attack, 320. Pollinglon, John, burgess, 46. Pomfroy, Richard, insurgent, 374. Poole, Daniel, Frenchman, 17. Henry, burgess, 198. Pooley, Greville, preacher, 41, 49, 74, 404, 405. Popham, Francis, 21. John, 21. Popleton William, burgess, 172. Population, increase of, 89, 93, 114, 130, 203. Poquoson River, 113. Porv, John, Secretary of Colony, 16, 17, '25, 33, 67. Porter, Joliu, friendly to Quakers, 298, 306. Peter, 40. Pott, Doctor John, councillor, 38, 78 ; physician to Colony, 39 ; Governor, 69, 71 ; bequest to, 71 ; described by Sandys, 79 ; trial and pardon of, 79, 80. John, Junior, 221, 410. Elizabeth, 39, 70,80. Francis, 114, 116, 123, 128, 410. Porter, Capt. Roger, 348. Pountis, John, his pinnace atvacked by Indians, 52. Powell, Captain, 33, 131. James, 349. Powell, John, burgess, 262, 269, 297, 318. Samuel, 12, 23. Thomas, 19. William, burgess, 40, 41. Powhatan, Indian Chief, 29, 52. Poythers, Francis, burgess, 185, 186, 189, 198, 206. Preen, Capt. John, 46. Preeninge, William, 221. Prescott, Capt. Edward, complaint against, 257. Presley, William, burgess, 199, 297, 318, Preston, Roger, servant, 42. Price, Arthur, burgess, 186, 189. Jenkyn of Pangoteague, assists shipwrecked persons, 208; gratuity to, 208. Thomas, a Quaker, 302. Walter, burgess, 72. Prince, Edward, burgess, 186, 190. Governor at Delaware River, 181. Pritchard, Thomas, 40. Privy council uphold Gov. Harvey, 126. Protestant Religion enjoined, 293. Puddington, George, 410. Jane, 410. Purify, (Purifrie, Purfury), Thomas, councillor, 88, 90, 117, 133. Puritans, 24, 30 ; criticism of, 148, 149 ; removed from Va., 201. Q. Quakers, punished, 285, 289 ; laws against, 293, 297 ; censured by Scar- borough, 301. Queen of Pamunkey Indians, 386. R. Rabnet, Maryland colonist, 126. Ramsey, Capt. Edward, burgess, 297, 318, 348, 360. Capt. Thomas, burgess, 262. Randolph, Henry, clerk of Assembly, death of, 244. William, death of, 244. Ransome, Peter, burgess, 230. Rappahannock Indians, 187. Ratliffe, Elkinton, 19. INDEX. 441 Ratliffe. Charles, 231. Ravis, Bishop of Loadon, 137. Rawlins, Cecilia, 281. Giles, 284. Reade, George, 142 ; liurgess, 20o, 201 26:5, 353. Robert, 143. Thomas, 364. Reddinur, John, 348. Redhead, Christopher, servant, 18. Reli<^ious liberty, views of Roger Wil liaina and others, 250. Revell. Randall, burgess, 221, 263, 264 406 Reynolds, (Jharles, burgess, 230. Rich, .Sir Nathaniel, 12, Robert, 31. Richett, Mick, 231. Richahecrian Indians, alarm settlers 245 ; village, 337. Rickahock, see Fort Royal. Ricroft, Capt. James. 127. Rideoute, Antoine. 75. Ridley. Peter, burgess, 189, 198. Roanoke Hi/er, explored, 337. Roberts, John, 221. Robins, Dorothy, 410. Edward, 410. Elizab(^th, 410. Grace, 409. John, lost at sea, 158. --' Junior, 193, 200. son of Obedience, 407. Obedience, 9 :, 158, 185, 221. 230 burgess, 230 ; councillor, 226 263, 388 ; protests against seiz ure of New England vessel, 418 family of, 409. Rachel, 410. Richar.l, 409. Sami)Son, 221. Samuel, 231. Robinson, John, Puritan pastor at Ley den, 30. searcher at Gravesend, 105 of Northampton Co., 321. Matthew, 40. William, Quaker, 285. Roe, Sir Tliomas, Kt., 85. Rogers, George, 41. John, burgess, 186. Rolfe, Capt. John, his widow, 19, 59 194 ; his daughter Elizabeth, 194 his son Thomas, 194 ; his grand daughter, 194. 56 Rolfe, Lt. Thomas, notice of, 416. Rookings, William, sentenced to death, 374. Roper, Clement, servant, 23. Rossiugham, Edmund, nephew of Gov. Yeardley,50, 51. Rotterdam, ship at Jamestown, 177. Rowinge, Henry, servant, 23. Rowlstou, a burgess, 74. Rozier, John, preaches in Accomac, 406, 413. Russell, Dellli>nell, London luercha ut 404, 405. John, 41. idiysiciun, 241. Rutter, John, 221. S. Sabbath, a Sunday Legislation, 89. Sadler, Rowland, burge.ss, 167. Salisbury, Earl of. letter to, y3. Salter, Elizabeth, 18. Saltonstall, Meiiiall, 86. Ri(-hard, yO. Sir Richard, Kt. , 84. Sir Samuel, Kt.,84. Wye, 84. Sance, Baron de, 75. Sanders, Alexander, servant, 16. Henry, servant, 20. Sands (Sandys), David, minister, 21. Sandys, Archbishop, 159. George, colonial treasurer, 17, 18, 45,61,65; writings of, 44, 45, 158 ; agent for Va., 159 ; ancestor of, 159. Margaret, 13, 14. Samuel, 13, 14. Saracen's Head Inn, London, 85. Sassacus, Indian chief, 97. Savage, Thomas, 331. John, burgess, 318. Savin, Robert, burgess, 73. Sawell, Thomas, servant, 23. Sawier, William, servant, 41. Sawyer, Maj(jr Francis, 349 Sayle, Gov. William', visits Va. Puri- tans, 197, 203. Seneca Indians near We.stover, 401. Scarborough (Scarburg), Charles, 221. 419. Edmund, merchant, burgess, 168, 186, 190, 199, 221, 236, 269, 318 ; buys slaves at Manhattan, 340; ( 442 INDEX. Scarborough. Edmund, continued : Surveyor General, 287, visits An- amessex, 300, report of oOl ; ex- pedition against Assatcagues, 265 ; sends vessel to Delaware River, 418 ; his men seize a New England vessel, 418; death of, 419 ; executors of, 419. Matilda, 418. Tabitha, 418. Mary, widow of Edmund, 419. Charles, son of Edmund, 419. School, bequest for a, 71, 113, 113. building begun at Charles City, 196. Scott, Dorothea, memoir of, 155. Nicholas, 231. a physician and surgeon, 105. Scull, G. D., memoir of Dorothea Scott, 155. Seaverne, John, surgeon, 417. Seawell, Henry, 134. Seeley (Ceelev), Thomas, justice, 90. Selve, Tobine, 331. Sergeant, Richard, servant, 23. Servants, agencies for wliite, 108. of Edward Blaney, 41. Ralph Hamor, 19. Isaac Madison, 33. John Martin, 30. Samuel Mathevs^s, 31. John Pott, 39. Roger Smith, 18. William Tucker, 40. Francis West, 15. Francis Wyalt, 14. Gov. Yeardley, 16, 17. Indenture, 57. Sufferings, 58. Insurrection, 395. . elevation of, 379, 290. Severence, Capt. John, 128. Sewall, Henry of Maryland, 304, 383. Seward, John, burgess, 189. Sharpe, Peter, Quaker physician, 131. Samuel, burgess, 46, 55, 71. Sharpless, Edward, ears cut off, 25, 26. Shaw, Ann is, servant, 23. Sheaperd, Robert, servant, 17, 41 ; bur- gess, 193, 198. Sheliey, John, servant, 41. Shepherd, John, burgess, 184, 236, 338, 336. Sherwood, William, 364 ; tnmb of, 637. Ship-building encouraged, 288. Sibsie (Sibsey, Sypsey), John, wrecked in Barnstable Bay, 54 ; councillor, 133. Sidney (Sydney), John, burgess, 185, 199, 261,366,369. Silk presented to Charles the Second, 399_3og Slaves,"negro, 33, 34, 35, 58, 59. Smith, Arthur, burgess, 186. Capt. John, quariels with Francis West, 53, 83 ; notice of, 84, 85. John, burgess, 363. John of Nibley, 18. Nicholas, burgess, 369. Osmond, servant, Robert, 304 ; letter from Berkeley , 313. Roger, councillor, 18, 38, 43, 68. Toby, burgess, 167, 306. Sir Thomas of London, 9, 11 ; Va. Indians die at his house, 39. Smith's Island, why so named, 334. Smithson, Judith, 405. Smothergall, Samuel, 233. Smyth, John, burgess, 73. Richard, 33. William, 331. Snow, Justinian, 355. Somerset, Lady Mary, 303. Sone (Soane), Henry, burgess, 336, 330, 333, 336, 361, 268 281 ; death of, 388. Samuel, 331. Southampton, Earl of, 9, 20. Southcoat, Capt. Thomas, bui-gess, 317. Soittherne, John, 71. Southren, Edward, 221. Southev, Ann, 387. Elizabeth, 387. Lewis, 387. Sparks, John, servant, 17. Sparrow, Charles, burgess, 190, 205, 230, 268. Spelman, Henrv, killed by Indians, 52. Sir Henry, "K't, 24. Spencer, Nicholas, burgess, 318, 349 : secretary, 393, 394, 398. Spicer, George, servant, 21. Sprigge, Thomas, 221. - StaflFord, Sir John, 274. - Standish, Capt. Miles, 95. Stanley, William, 221. State House needed at Jamestown, 138, 231. INDIJX. 44: Slebbins, Luke, widow i>f, iiiarritri Ral[>li Wnruielej, 415. Stegif, Capt. Thomas, 135, IIJC ; fiiUHl, 151 ; speaker of As8<-inl)ly, 1G7 ; seizes iv ship at Boslou, 17'J ; Parlia meat couiuiissioner, 218 ; lost at sea, 319 ; will of, 219. Tiiomas, Junior, 319; councillor, 317. Stepiieii.s (Stevens), Frances, widow of Samuel, 341. Geor<'e, burgess, 180, 189, 336, 330. Kichard, 66, G9 ; councillor, 78, 88 ; lights a duel, 88 ; his widow mar- ries Gov. Harvey, 153, 415. Samuel, 341, 415. Stevens, Major Philip, 307. 417. William of Accomac,331, 417. Somerset, 207. 417. Stillwell, L't Nicholas, 188. Stoakes, Robert, an iasurirent, 374. Stone, Capt. John, rough mariner fined, 91. 95 : killed, 90 ; mention of, 410. :\Iatthew,321. ^laximilian, servant, 10. Verlinda, wife of Gov. William, 416. William of Northampton Co., first Protestant Governor of Marylanil, 301, 416 ; letter from Lord Balti- more, 213; brotheriu-law of Francis Doui^hty and Jolm Cozier, clerirymen, 406. 410. Story, 'I'hom: s, Quaker preacher, 304. Stouirhlon, Sauimd, biir<^e3s, 194, 198, 336. Strachey, William, servant, 10. Strange, W^ilUam, servant, 10. Stringer, John, burgess, 231, 307, 309, 300, 41 »7. Stephen, 331. Stuteville, Sir Martin, K'r, 74. Stuyvesant, Goverivor, 333, 272. Symes (Simes. Symmes), Benjamin, founds a school, 71, 112, 113. Symonds, Dorothy, wife ot Harrison, the non-contbrmist minister, 302. Samuel, 303. Swan, Thomas, burgess, 189, 205,201, 349, 353. Swedes of Delaware River, 138, 139. T. '."'abernor, Thomas, burgess, 262. Talbot, Sir William, Sec. of Md., 337. Taverner, Capt. Henry, 128. Robert, 42. Taylor (Tayjer), James, 410. Phi.ip, hurgess, 121, 168, 410, 41(i, 'i'hoinas, burgess, 194. William, burgess, 108, 198, 231 ; councillor, 235, 242. Silas, engineer, notice of, 332. Tegger, Richard. 233. Thomas, Edward, Quaker, 364. Nathaniel, servant, 'i^j. William, burgess, 330. Thompson, Ann, servant, 10. George, servant, 40. L't., ourgess, 74. Maurice, 317. Paul, 74. Richard, associate of Claiborne, 108. Hoger, 10, 71. WUliam. 40. Thornbury, Thomas, burgess. 233, 234. Thoroughgood, Adam, burgess, 74, 90, 133,134,318. Sir John, K't, 134. Thomas, as to Maryland charter, 307. Thome, George, 19., Otto, 385. Thurston, Capt. Riclianl . 419. Mary, Quakeress, 299. Quaker preacher. 253. Tiluey, John, 331. Tobacco trade, 37, 47, .55, 56, 91, 131, 145; excessive planting, 287, 391, 304, 310, 317. Riots, 394, 397. revenu<-, 403. Toleration in Religion. 197,2.50,311. Tomps )n, Nicholas, servant, 17. Thomas, 57. William, minister from New Eng- land, 107, 184. William, Roman Catholic, 107. Tottopottomoy, Indian Chief, killed, 345 ; family neglected, 240 ; men- tion of in Hudihras, 430. Town organization desired, 30. Towns, building of, a failure, 310. 444 INDEX. Townseud, Richard, servant, 39 ; bur- gess, 73 ; councillor, 133, 157, 184, 186. Traverse, Raleigh, burgess, 318. Col. William, 849 ; speaker of As- sembly, 385. Travis, Edward, burgess, 184. Tree, Richard, burgess, 73. Trelawney, Robert, 133. Troops an ive from London, 378. Truman, Thomas, 331. Major Thomas, of M'd., harsh to- ward Indians, 347. Trussell, John, burgess, 306, 336, 339. Tucliiu, Simon, suspected, 36. Tucker, Daniel, 34. Elizabeth, 40. Marv, 40. William, councillor, 38, 40, 78, 88, 90. Turner, John, insurgent, 374. Martin, servant, 17. U. Underwood, William, burgess, 330. Upton, John, burgess. 33, 90, 189 199. William, 133. Urwick, Rev. Doctor, alludes to Doctor Harrison, formerly of Va , 308. Ute. John, burgess, 73, 78, 88, 93, 117, 119. V. Vane, Sir Henry, Kt., 103. Vassalls, Samuel, 76, 97. Vaughan. Richai'd, 83k Vernald, Mary, bequest to, 330. Verney, Lady, letter to, 109. Sir Edward, 108. Thonu\s, 108, 111. Vicaredge, Robert, merchant, 390. Vincencio, the Italian, 18. Virginia Company, 33, 85, 159, 164. commissioners, 11, 13. 13, 85, 317. population, 36. university projected, 37. church government, 167. submissive to Parliament, 33!. land ceded, by the King, 389. urged to imitate New England 393. Virginia continued. presents silk to King, 328. remonstrance, 383, 395, 431. Von Twiller, Covernor at Manhattan, 95. W. Waddelove. Nicholas, 231. Waleford, John, 331. Walker, Caot. Edward, 127. John, burgess, 185, 190, 194, 805, 343 ; councillor. 261. '^68, 353. Peter, burgess, 321, 336. Thomas, burgess, 397. Walklett, Gregory, an insurgent, 375. Walliugs, George, burgess, 397. Waltham, John, 406. W^ard, Captain, 408. Mary, 241. William, 821. Warne, John, bequest to, 70. Thomas, burgess, 189. Warner, Augustine, burgess, 222, 267 ; councillor, 353. Augustine, Junior, at Merchant Tailors' School, London, 419. Mildred, wife of Lawrence Wash- ington, 420 ; her second hus- band, 420 ; buried in England, 480. Ralph, councillor, 68. Warnet, Thomas, merchant, 69 ; will of, 70. Warren, Rat cliff. 120. Thomas, burgess, 184, 266, 297,318. William, 116. Warwick, Earl of, 31, 176, 179, 197, 200. creek, 178. the ship at Potomac Falls, 92 ; wrecked, 92, 104. Washington, x^ugustiue, father of the President, 420. Eleanor, 257. George, President, ancestor of, 3ri6 ; taught by a convict servant, 329. John, the immigrant complains of the hanging of a supposed witch, 258 ; warden, 259 ; burgess, 318 ; harsh toward Indians, 347. son of Mildred, 420. of Barbadoes, 257. INDEX. 445 Waehington, Henry, 257. Lawrence, brotlier of John, 259. son of John, 420. brother of George, 257. Mildred, 420. daiiffliter, of 420. Richiird, 257. of Barbadoes, 257. Waters, Edwiird, 410. Grace, 410. Nathaniel, 388. Susanna, 388. VVilliani, 407, 410. VVaterliouHe, Mr., 25. Walkins, liice, 41. Watson, Abraham, burgess, 232, 23G. James, servant, 23. Weale, John, burjjess, 155. Webb, Giles, burgess, 261, 266, 269. Stephen, servant, 18 ; burgess, 167, 184. Wingfield, burgess, 236. Webster, -Richard, burgess, 261, 413. Wells, Richard, burgess. 190, 198. Wentworih, Earl of Strafford, 67, 68. Werden, Sir John on Va. insurgents, 371. West, ancestor, 15. Francis, brother of Lord Delaware, 15. 37, 43, 51, 52, 55, 59, 78, 88. Frances, widow of Nathaniel, 15, 49, 405. John, Governor and councillor, 15, 72, 78, 88, 118, 129, 130, 155, 186, 198, 225, 242, 267, 271, 349, 364. John, Junior, 271. Nathaniel brother of Lord Dela- ware, 15, 49 ; his widow marries Abraham Pcirsey, 49. Nathaniel. Junior, 405. Richard, Attorne}' on Va. suffrage, 330. Toby, 271. VVMlliam. an insurgent, 374. Western, Capt. Hugh, 127. Sir Kiclmid, 11. Westrop, John, burgess, 185, 341. Wethrall, Robert, burgess, 189, 226, 230. i Weyre, John, burgess, 267,369,297, 314, 318. Whaly, Major Thomas, insurgent, 372, 375. Wheatley ( Wheatliff ), David, 221, 238. Wheeler, C'lasen, a fiddler, 376. Whitaker, Alexander, minister, 406. Jabez, councillor, 38, 406. William, burgess, 205, 206, 232, 236. 266. William, D.D., 406. Whitbv, William, burgess, 226, 230 232, 237. While, Andrew, Jesuit missionary, 187, 201, 415; Va. minister, without orders, 130. Francis, D.D., 12. Jeremy, 41. Major William, 349. Whitehaud, George, servant, 16. Whitehead, John, 221. Whilmore, Robert, 41. Whittington, William, 221, 417. Wiggins, {.'apt. Edward, 348. Wighcomoco River, 121. Willrahan, Sir Roger, Kt., 61. Wilford, Thomas, executed, 369, 376. Wilkins, John, his widow, 407. Willcox, J(din, burgess, 263. Williams, Pierce, servant, 23. Robert, surgeon, 319. lioger, surgeon, 21. New England minister complains of Councillor Ludlow, 136. Thomas, 43. Walter, 331. Williamson, Dr. Robert, 297, 318 Willis, Ann, servant, 16. Francis, burgess, 226, 230,267, 269, 349. Wilmore, George, 12. Willoughby, Elizabeth, 157. Francis. 157. Henry, 157. Thomas, 46; councillor, 134 157 186.188, 193. Junior, pupil in Merchant Tailors- School, London, 157. William, Colonel, 157. Wilson, George, Quaker, letter of, 285. James, sentenced to death, 373. John, e.irly minister, 146. Windham, Edward, burgess, 158, 168. Wingate, Roger, Colonial Treasurer. 146, 156. 416 INDEX. Winslow, Edward, 33, 53. Winthrop, Gov. John, of Mass., 97, 103, 136. Wise, John, 231. Witch, woman hung as a, 257. Witchcraft, 339, 257. Wollaston, Capt., 113. Wolstenholmo, Sir John, Kt., 13, 85. Joliu, Junior, 85. Wood, Abraham, burgess, 185, 190,193, 194, 331, 236,345,361, 363, 368, 379, 327. Thomas, dies among Indians, 328. Woodliall, John, 37. Woodhouse, Henry, burgess, 102, 103, 199, 330, 347, 381. Woodliffe, Captain, burgess, 230. Woodward, Christopher, burgess, 73. John, 239. Thomas, assay master at London mint, 329 ; in Carolina, 307, 317. Worleigh, George, burgess, 158. Margaret, taken by Indians, 188. Worlich, William, burgess, 306, 336, 269, 279. Wormeley, Agatha, 310, 386. Christopher, Senior, 133, 156, 415 ; marries widow Stebbms, 415. Junior, 349 ; marries the widow Aylnier, 363. Worsley, Benjamin, 317. Wos, William, burgess, 185. Wraxall, Capt. Peter, 419. Wright, William, under sheriff, 340. Wrote, Samuel of Loudon, 13, 45, 50, 79, 85. Sir Thomas, 11. Wyatt, Anthony, burgess, 14, 156, 190, 333. Edward, 271. Eleanor, 14. Francis, Governor of Va., 13, 14, 30, 28, 37, 44, 60, 85, 145, 151, 155. sou of Governor, 156. George, father of Governor, 13, 37. George, son of Governor, 13, 155, 156. Wyatt, Hawte, brother of Governor, 13, 69. Henry, son of Governor. 156. Margaret, wife of Governor, 13, 14, 155, 159. Nicholas, 349. -^ Ralph, 14,94, 156, Richard, 156 Thomas, 13. Williinn, 156, 271. Wyud, Sir Humphrey, Kt., 61. Wynne, Cnpt. Robert, burgess, 261, 368, 387, 393, 397, 317. Y. Yates, Captain, voyage of, 19. Edward, servant, 16. Yeardley (Yardley), Argall, 48, 157; councillor, 186, 189, 331, 335, 242. Elizabeth, 48- Governor of Va., 16,37, 38, 38, 44, 47 ; will of, 48 ; house in James- town, 68. Ralph, brother of Governor, 48, 50. Temperance, wife of Governor, 16, 48. Yeo, Leonard, burgess, 186, 190, 207, 318. Hugh, burgess, 398, 318. Young, Gregory of London, grocer, 105, 378. Capt. Thomas, 106, 107, 108, 153, 378. Susanna, 105, 378. Thomas, son of Captain Thomas, 153 ; executed as an insurgent, 153, 373, 377, 378. Z. Zouch, Sir John, Kt., 85; visits Va., 118; letter to, 118-130. CORRECTIONS. Owin^ to the distance of the author, from tlie press, while the pafjes were printed, the following corrections are necessary. Pacre 14 jMuster of Sir Thomas should read Sir Francis. 47 Snnishury, " " Sainsbury. 68 Manefie, " " Menefie. G9 was the grounds, " " were. 77 Bolton, " " Button. 79 Foot note erroneous, reference to the hero in a Spanish romance, see page 408. 86 Dillingham, should read Bellingham. 88 Wanoick, " " Maverick. 91 Barman, " " Harmar. 93 99 Sir Philip of Erwartou, " " Sir Philip Parker. IVA Kingston, " " Kiquotan, 120 Ratcliff Warner, " " Warren. " Charles Harney, " '* Harmar. 126 Rabent, " " Rabnet. 139 vicesino, " " vicesimo. " placits, " " placito, 168 Edward Scarborough, " " Edmund. 198 Thomas Fetters, " " Pettus. 202 Wancick, " " Urwick. " 1834. «< '< 1634. 205 October, 1644, " " 1649. 209 Edward Scarborough, " " Edmund. ' 230 William Gouge, " " Gouge. 232 John Bushopp, " " Bishop. 233 William Mellin, ' " Mellinge. " holding officer " " office. 288 John. 328 Last eight lines of text, " " as the first 8 lines. 342 165- " " 1650. 345 vindicative, " " vindictive. 349 Col William Bull, " " Ball. .;