Pfl 2087 • S423 Copy 1 CAESAR COMPOSITION SCOTT VAN TUYL Class __ Book. .04-2 ?) Copyright^ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. A CAESAR COMPOSITION BOOK BY H. F. SCOTT INSTRUCTOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL AND CHARLES H. VAX TUYL ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL CHICAGO SCOTT. FORESMAN AND COMPANY A ^ Copyright, 1910 Bt SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY ©CI.A268090 INTRODUCTION This book is prepared in the belief that the principles of syntax, which are illustrated by the exercises in composition will be more easily and more firmly fixed in the mind of the student if placed before him in clear statement in connection with the material for translation. Further, there seems little occasion for requiring the purchase of a grammar by students who are to take but two years of Latin, a class which includes a considerable proportion of the students of Caesar in most public high schools. This text can be used without the employment of a grammar, though references are provided for those who prefer to have the grammar in the hands of students in the second year. The illustrative phrases and sentences are taken from the chapters of the Caesar text on which the respective lessons are based, and the vocabulary is closely limited to the chapter to which the lesson is referred or to the chapters immediately preceding. In the last nine lessons it has seemed desirable to employ constructions for drill which are not found in the chapters on which these lessons are based, and consequently no illustrations are given. A number of lessons contain reviews of forms which require special attention on the part of the average student. For a study of these, reference is made to the pages from the Appendix of Bellum Helveticum which are printed at the end of this volume. 5 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON I (Book I, Chapter 1) 1. Predicate Nominative 2. Ablative of Specification 1. Passive forms of verbs meaning to name, call, appoint, choose, and the like, and forms of sum, may be followed by a predicate noun in the same case as the subject. Galli ipsorum lingua Celtae appellantur. 2. The ablative may be used with verbs, adjectives, or nouns, to specify in what respect something is true. Reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt. 1. The Helvetians were called Celts. 2. This river is called the Rhone. 3. The Aquitanians surpassed the Belgians in culture. 4. The Gauls and Germans differed from each other in customs and laws. 5. Caesar waged war with the Helve- tians. 6. The rest of the Gauls are also very brave. 7. The Belgians who are the farthest distant from the province are the bravest of the Gauls. 8. The river Rhine separates them from the Germans, and their country also touches the ocean. 9. They often wage war with the Germans. 1. A. 284; B. 168; H. 401, 1; H-B. 317, III; W. 95, a. 2. A. 418; B. 226; H. 480; H-B. 441; W. 149. 8 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON II (Chapter 2) 1. Ablative of Accompaniment 2. Dative with Special Verbs 1. Accompaniment is expressed by the ablative, usually with cum. But cum may be omitted, especially in military phrases, when the noun is modified by an adjective other than a numeral. Ut cum omnibus copiis exlrent. 2. Many verbs meaning to favor, help, please, trust, and their opposites, also many verbs meaning to believe, persuade, command, serve, resist, obey, envy, spare, pardon, and the like, take the dative, when the English idiom would suggest a direct object: Civitati persuasit. 1. The Helvetians went forth from their country with a great number (multitudo) of men. 2. Orgetorix persuaded the Helvetians easily, because they were desirous of war {use gerund). 3. The Germans did not wage war with the Aqui- tanians. 4. The consuls were not able to persuade the multi- tude. 5. These men were called Belgians. 6. The Helvetians did not surpass the Germans in courage. 7. The country of the Helvetians extends from Lake Geneva to the river Rhine. 8. It is bounded on one side by the Jura mountains {singular) which separate the Helvetians from the Sequani. 9. The Helvetians are very brave, but they do not often make war on their neighbors. 1. A. 413; B. 222; H. 473, 1; H.-B. 418, 420: W. 140. 2. A. 367; B. 187, II a; H. 426; H.-B. 362 ft. n. 3; W. 115. CAESAR COMPOSITIOX 9 LESSON III (Chapter 3) 1. Dative of Indirect Object 2. Accusative of Duration of Time 1. The indirect object is put in the dative case. El filiam suam in matrimonium dat. 2. Duration of time is expressed by the accusative. Cuius pater regnum multos annos obtinuerat. 1. The neighboring (nearest) tribes (civitds) did not give the Helvetians grain. 2. The father of Casticus had been king for many years. 3. The Helvetians had not given Orgetorix royal power. 4. This man has held the leadership in the state for three years. 5. Diviciacus will set out with the army. 6. The senate will not be able to persuade these tribes. 7. The father of Casticus the Sequanian had been a friend of the Roman people for many years. 8. But his son, who was popular with (acceptable to) the common people made a conspiracy with Orgetorix. 9. He tried to seize the royal power among. the Sequanians, but this was not very easy to accomplish. 1. A. 361; B. 187; H. 424; H.-B. 365; W. 113. 2. A. 423, 2; B. 181; H. 417; H.-B. 387; W. 130. 10 CAESAR COMPOSITION, LESSON IV (Chapter 4) 1. Ablative of Time 2. Ablative of Means 1. Time when or within which, is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. Die constitute Orgetorix ad iudicium familiam coegit. 2. Means is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. Cum civitas armis ius suum exsequi conaretur. 1. On that day Orgetorix was compelled to plead his case in chains. 2. The magistrates asserted their rights by [force of] arms. 3. In the year appointed, the Helvetians set out. 4. The state compelled him by punishment to plead his case. 5. The death of Orgetorix was reported to Caesar. 6. These men had been clients of Orgetorix for many years. 7. On the day appointed for the trial (for pleading the case) Orgetorix escaped by the help of {per) his clients and debtors whom he had collected. 8. The magistrates, aroused by this occurrence (res) attempted to collect an army and to assert their rights by arms. 9. According to their custom they collected a large number of men from the fields. 1. A. 423, 1; B. 230; H. 486; H.-B. 439; W. 152. 2. A. 409; B. 218; H. 476; H.-B. 423; W. 143. CAESAR COMPOSITION 11 LESSON V (Chapter 5) 1. Ablative with Special Deponent Verbs 2. Enclitic use of cum 1. IJtor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor, and their com- pounds govern the ablative case. Eddem usl consilio. 2. With ablative forms of the personal and reflexive pronouns governed by cum, and usually also with relatives and interroga- tives, the preposition is added to its object as an enclitic. Quod secum portaturi erant. 1. The Helvetians used the grain which they had collected (conferre). 2. Each man took with him a three months' supply of meal. 3. The Rauraci will also adopt (use) this plan. 4. The Tulingi, with w^hom the Helvetians set out from home, were their neighbors. 5. The Boii and the Helvetians set out from home in the same year. 6. The Helvetians were hemmed in (continere) by mountains and rivers. 7. After the death of Orgetorix, the Helvetians set out from their country. 8. They burned their towns and villages, and took with them a three-months' supply of meal. 9. The Rauraci adopted the same plan and set out with them. 1. A. 410; B. 218 1; H. 477; H.-B. 429; W. 145, 2. A. 150 d\ B. 142 4; H. 175 7, 182 2; H.-B. 418 a; W. 51 c. 12 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON VI (Chapter 6) 1. Ablative of Route 2. Ablative Absolute 1. The ablative is used to express the way by which a person or thing goes. Quibus itineribus exire possent. 2. The ablative absolute consists of a noun or pronoun and a participle, adjective, or another noun or pronoun used in the ablative case, grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence. Omnibus rebus comparatis diem dlcunt. 1. The Helvetians could leave home by two roads. 2. When everything was prepared (Do not use a clause), the/ all assembled. 3. The wagons will be taken (ducere) by this road. 4. In the consulship of Lucius Piso and Aulus Gabinius the Helvetians and the Boii set out from home. 5. The Gauls used this bridge. 6. Caesar brought (led) one legion with him. 7. The river which flowed between the Helvetians and the Allobroges was crossed in several places by fording. 8. At that time a bridge also extended from the country of the Helvetians to a town of the Allobroges. 9. This bridge could be crossed by wagons. 1. A. 429 a; B. 218 9; H. 476 (last two ex.); H.-B. 426; W. 144. 2. A. 419; B. 227; H. 489; H.-B. 421; W. 150. CAESAR COMPOSITIOX 13 LESSON VII (Chapter 7) 1. Infinitive with Subject Accusative 2. Apposition 1. The infinitive with its subject in the accusative case is used with verbs and phrases of knowing, thinking, remembering, say- ing, hearing, perceiving, and the like. Caesar quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum (esse) . 2. A noun or pronoun used without a connecting verb to expjlain the meaning of another noun or pronoun meaning the same thing, is called an appositive, and is put in the same case as the word it modifies. L. Cassium consulem. 1. It was reported to the Helvetians that Caesar was setting out from the city. 2. The army of Cassius, the con- sul; was defeated. 3. The envoys said that the bridge was broken down. 4. Nammeius, an envoy of the Helvetians, was of unfriendly disposition toward the Romans. 5. The soldiers cannot go by this road. 6. When the consul had been killed (abl. abs.) the army was sent under the yoke. 7. When Caesar's arrival was reported to the Helvetians, envoys were sent to him. 8. These envoys said that the Helve- tians would refrain from injury and harm, and they asked that it be allowed them to go through our province. 1. A. 459; B. 331; H. 613; H.-B. 589; W. 279. 2. A, 282; B. 169, 2; H. 393; H.-B. 319, I: W. 95, 6. 14 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON VIII (Chapter 8) 1. Ablative of Place Whence 2. Reflexive Pronouns 1. Place from which is regularly expressed by the ablative with a preposition. But the preposition is omitted with names of towns and small islands, and with domo and rure. Qui ex provincia convenerant. 2. The reflexive pronoun is used to refer to the subject of the sentence. Interea ea legione quam secum habebat. 1. The soldiers have assembled from the province. 2. Caesar had with him the tenth (decima) legion. 3. The Helvetians had assembled from their towns. 4. Caesar said that he fortified redoubts. 5. The Rhone, a large river, sep- arates the Helvetians from our province. 6. The Helvetians made a large number of (complures) rafts. 7. The soldiers fortified redoubts and constructed a wall and a ditch from Lake Geneva to the Jura mountains. 8. When this work had been completed and garrisons stationed (abl. abs.) the Helvetians tried to cross the river by night, but the soldiers drove them back with their weapons. 1. A. 426 1; B. 229; H. 462, 1; H.-B. 409: W. 134, a. 2. A. 299; B. 244, I, II; H. 503, 504; H.-B. 262; W. 163. CAESAR COMPOSITION 15 LESSON IX (Chapter 9) 1. Ablative of Cause 2. Objective Genitive 1. The ablative is used to express cause. Dumnorix gratia et largltione plurimum poterat. 2. The genitive may be used with nouns or adjectives to ex- press the object of the action implied. Cupiditate regnl. 1. Dumnorix desired a revolution because of his eager- ness for (of) royal power. 2. He undertook this affair because of his eagerness for popularity. 3. These men are very influ- ential because of their lavish giving. 4. Envoys came to Dumnorix from the Helvetians. 5. The Helvetians and Sequani gave hostages to each other (not dative). 6. The Sequani did not hinder the Helvetians from then 1 march. 7. The Helvetians were unable to cross (could not cross) the Rhone and go through the Roman province on account of the fortifications which Caesar had made. 8. Envoys were then (deinde) sent to the Sequani, but they could not persuade these, and so Dumnorix. the Aeduan, who was friendly to the Helvetians, undertook the affair. 1. A. 404; B. 219; H. 475; H.-B. 444; W. 138. 2. A. 347; B. 200; H. 440 2; H.-B. 354; W. 98, 106. 16 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON X (Chapter 10) 1. Dative -vfath Compounds 2. Complementary Infinitive 1. The dative is used after many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, and some- times circum. El munitioni T. Labienum praefecit. 2. The infinitive may be used to complete the meaning of another verb, on which it directly depends. Ire contendit. 1. The Roman people placed Caesar in command of the province. 2. Caesar hastened to lead his army into the country of the Vocontii. 3. Titus Labienus had been placed in command of the fortifications. 4. The legion will try to reach (arrive in) the country of the Allobroges on the seventh day. 5. Dumnorix was always very powerful because of his popularity. 6. There were many causes of war. 7. Two legions were levied in Italy by Caesar and three which were wintering around Aquileia were led out of winter quarters. 8. Labienus, whom Caesar had placed in command of the fortifications, had one legion. 9. With these six legions Caesar marched (made a march) into the country of the Allo- broges and from there into the country of the Segusiavi, who are outside the province. 1. A. 370; B. 187 III; H. 429; H.-B. 376; W. 116. 2. A. 456; B. 328; H. 607; H.-B. 586, a; W. 275. CAESAR COMPOSITION 17 LESSON XI (Chapter 11) 1. Clauses of Result with ut 2o Causal Clauses with cum 1. Result clauses introduced by ut take the subjunctive. Ut oppicla expugnarl non debuerint. 2. Causal clauses introduced by cum take the subjunctive. Cum se ciefendere non possent. 1. Since the Helvetians were laying waste their lands, the Aeduans sent envoys to Caesar. 2. The Allobroges have so deserved of (de) the Roman people that Caesar ought to defend them. 3. Since the Helvetians have led their forces through the pass, the Aeduans will ask aid. 4. The lands of the Aeduans were so laid waste that they could not easily keep the [force of] enemy from their towns. 5. The Helve- tians made war on (bellum In] err e) the Allobroges. 6. Their children have been carried away into slavery. 7. Envoys were sent to Caesar by the Aeduans whose towns had been stormed. 8. Since they had been allies of the Roman people, Caesar sent them aid. 9. Also the lands of the Allobroges had been devastated and their towns burned (incen- dere) . 10. The Helvetians had not yet (nondum) arrived in the country of the Santoni. i. A. 537; B. 284; H. 570; H.-B. 521, 2; W. 226. 2 A. 549; B. 286 2; H. 598; H.-B. 523; W. 239. 18 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XII (Chapter 12) 1. Two Accusatives with Compounds of trans 2. Place From Which with Special Words 1. Transitive verbs compounded with trans may take two objects, one governed by the preposition, the other by the force of the simple verb. Tres partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse. 2. (For the ablative denoting place whence, see Lesson VII L) Cum domo exisset. 1. The Helvetians led their forces across that river. 2. The Tigurini had set out from home in the memory of our fathers. 3. Caesar had not yet led the army across the Saone. 4. The Romans will attack that division (pagus) which has set out from home. 5. Since Caesar came upon the Helve- tians unawares, they took to flight. 6. This river flows with such (tarn) remarkable sluggishness, that it can be easily crossed. 7. Caesar avenged both public and (et . . . et) private wrongs when he attacked and cut to pieces that part of the Helvetians which had been left on this side of the Saone. 8. For the Tigurini had killed Lucius Cassius and sent his army under the yoke, and in the same battle they had killed Lucius Piso, the grandfather of Caesar's father-in-law. 1. A. 395; B. 179; H. 413; H.-B. 386; W. 127. 2. A. 427, 1; B. 229 1; H. 462, 4; H.-B. 451, a; W. 134 a. CAESAR COMPOSITION 19 LESSON XIII (Chapter 13) 1. Time Within Which 2. Genitive with Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting 1. The ablative is used to express the time within which an act takes place. Id quod ipsl XX diebus confecerant. 2. The genitive is often used after verbs of remembering and forgetting, but the accusative is sometimes used, regularly so with forms of neuter pronouns. Reminisceretur et veteris incommodl populi RomanI et prlstinae virtutis Helvetiorum. 1. He will overtake the Helvetians within four days. 2. The Romans remembered this disaster. 3. Caesar crossed the river in one day. 4. The Gauls remembered the courage of their fathers. 5. The Helvetians could not lead their forces across the Rhone. 6. Divico set out from home with the rest of the Helvetians. 7. A bridge was made across {in) the Saone and the army was thus led across in one day. 8. The Helvetians, who had crossed this river with the greatest difficulty, were startled by the sudden approach of the Romans,, and they sent an embassy to Caesar. 9. Divico, who remembered the war with Cassius {adjective) and the former disaster of the Romans, was leader of this embassy. 1. A. 423; B. 231; H. 487; H.-B. 439: W. 152. 2. A. 350; B. 206; H. 454; H.-B. 350; W. 107. 20 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XIV (Chapter 14) Indirect Discourse The use of modes in indirect discourse is as follows: A main clause expressing a statement takes its verb in the infinitive with its subject in the accusative. A main clause expressing a command takes its verb in the sub- junctive. Subordinate clauses have their verbs in the subjunctive. 1. Caesar said that the Roman people had been deceived. 2. We know that this was done by the Helvetians. 3. Divico replied that hostages had not been given. 4. The Aeduans remembered (held in memory) that envoys had been sent. 5. The Romans could not forget the recent injuries. 6. Hostages will be sent within twenty days. 7. The envoys said that the Helvetians had inflicted injuries on the Aeduans, who were allies of the Roman people, and that they had attempted a journey through the province; 8. that Caesar, who was leader of the Roman army, was witness of this fact (thing). A. 580 ff.; B. 314 ff,; H. 642 ff.; H.-B. 534, 1, 2; W. 266-272. CAESAR COMPOSITION 21 LESSON XV (Chapter 15) 1. Ablative of Separation 2. Indirect Question 1. The ablative of separation is used with or without a prep- osition after words of privation, separation, removal, and the like. Caesar suos a proelio continebat. 2. The verb of an indirect question is put in the subjunctive. Qui videant quas in partes hostes iter faciant. 1. The enemy will not be restrained from battle. 2. The Helvetians did not see in what direction Caesar was marching (making his march). 3. The enemy cannot prevent our cavalry from foraging. 4. We do not know in what place the Romans began battle with the cavalry of the enemy. 5. The Aeduans said that four thousand horsemen had been collected. 6. The envoys replied that the cavalry which had been sent ahead could not be restrained from battle. 7. The Helvetians began battle with Caesar's cavalry, which had been sent ahead, and routed them. 8. They were elated by this battle, because five hundred horsemen had been able to rout so large a number. 9. But on the next day our men stood their ground more boldly, and prevented the enemy from foraging and plundering. 1. A. 400; B. 214; H. 461; H.-B. 408, 411; W. 134. 2. A. 574; B. 300; H. 649 II; H.-B. 537; W. 262. 22 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XVI (Chapter 16) 1. Two Accusatives with Verbs of Asking 2. Antecedent of Relative Pronoun Repeated 1. Some verbs of asking and demanding take two accusatives, one expressing the thing asked for and the other the person of whom the request is made. Caesar Aeduos frumentum flagitare. 2. The antecedent of a relative pronoun is sometimes repeated in the relative clause. Diem Instare quo die frumentum militibus metirl oporteret. 1. Caesar demanded cavalry of the Aeduans. 2. The enemy turned their course away from the river on which [river] Caesar was bringing his grain supplies {frumentum). 3. The Romans will not demand ships of the Gauls. 4. The army will use the grain which the Aeduans are bringing. 5. The soldiers did not know on what day the enemy had moved camp. 6. The magistrates will restrain their people (suds) from war. 7. The Romans undertook this war, influenced in large part by the entreaties of the Aeduans. 8. The Aeduans had promised cavalry and grain, and a large number of their lead- ing men (principes) were in Caesar's camp. 9. But in so critical a situation (tempus) they did not assist him. 1. A. 396; B. 178 a\ H. 411; H.-B. 393; W. 125. 2. A. 307 a); B. 251 3; H, 399, 1; H.-B, 284 4; W. cf. p. 62, CAESAR COMPOSITIOX 23 LESSON XVII (Chapter 17) 1. Ablative of Agent 2. Use of Perfect Participle 1. The ablative with a or ab is used to express the agent, with a passive verb. Ab eisdem nostra consilia enuntiari. 2. The perfect participle denotes an act taking place before the time of the verb with whose subject it agrees. It may be used as a brief expression for various ideas, such as cause, time, con- dition, and the like. Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus quod antea tacuerat proponit. 1. The common people were not hindered by Liscus. 2. Influenced by the authority of these men, they did not collect the grain. 3. These things will be reported by the Gauls. 4. Compelled by the authority of the magistrate, he kept silent. 5. The magistrates had demanded grain of the common people. 6. The Gauls have not sent the cavalry which they promised. 7. There were some of the Aeduans who were more influ- ential than Liscus. 8. By disloyal talk, they hindered the com- mon people from bringing the grain which they had promised. 9. Liscus could not restrain them, but he disclosed their plans to Caesar. 1. A. 405; B. 216; H. 468; H.-B. 406 1; W. 137. 2. A. 496; B. 337 2; H. 638; H.-B, 604; W. 283, 24 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XVIII (Chapter 18) 1. Ablative of Price 2. Semi-deponents 1. With verbs of buying and selling, and the like, price is expressed by the ablative. Parvo pretio redempta habere. 2. Semi-deponents have active forms in the present system and passive forms in the perfect system. The only verbs belong- ing to this class are audeo, gaudeo, soleo, fido, and some com- pounds of the last. 1. Dumnorix bought the taxes for a small price. 2. We do not dare to send the cavalry. 3. No one could buy the taxes for a large price when Dumnorix bid (abl. abs.). 4. These tribes (clvitas) did not dare to favor the Romans. 5. Diviciacus was restored to his former position of honor by Caesar. 6. Liscus, retained by Caesar, spoke more freely. 7. Dumnorix was a man of great boldness and of great popularity. 8. He supported a large number of cavalry at his own expense, and he was very powerful among the neigh- boring tribes. 9. He had favored Orgetorix, because he hated Caesar and the Romans. 10. His brother, Diviciacus, did not dare disclose these things to Caesar. 1. A. 416; B. 225; H. 478; H.-B. 427; W. 147. 2. A. 192; B. 114 1; H. 224; H.-B. 161; W. 74. CAESAR COMPOSITIOX 25 LESSON XIX (Chapter 19) 1. Constructions with Verbs of Fear 2. Subjective Genitive 1. Verbs and phrases expressing fear, anxiety, or danger are followed by the subjunctive introduced by ut or ne. In such sentences ne means that and ut means that . . . not. Ne Diviciaci animum offenderet verebatur. 2. The subjective genitive refers to the subject of the action implied in the noun on which the genitive depends. Diviciaci summum in populum Romanum studium. 1. They feared that Dumnorix would lead the forces of the Helvetians through the country of the Sequani. 2. The Gauls knew the great devotion of Diviciacus to Caesar. 3. Diviciacus fears that the magistrate of the Aeduans will accuse his brother. 4. At the coming of Caesar envoys were sent. 5. All these things were bought for a small price. 6. The Gauls had not dared to offend Diviciacus (the mind of Diviciacus). 7. The Helvetians had been led through the country of the Sequani by Dumnorix. who had also arranged that hos- tages should be exchanged (given) between them. 8. He had done these things without the order of the Aeduans and he was accused by the magistrate, Liscus. 9. But Caesar feared that he would offend his brother by punishing him (by his punishment). 1. A. 564; B. 296 2: H. 567: H.-B. 502. 4; W. 228 b. 2. A. 343, n. 1 (2); B. 199; H. 440, 1: H.-B. 344; W. 98. 26 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XX (Chapter 20) 1. Locative Case 2. Clauses of Purpose with ut and ne 1. The locative case, expressing place where, is seen in the forms dorm, at home, run, in the country, and a few other common nouns. Names of cities and small islands in the first and second declension, singidar number, have their locative forms identical with the genitive. Cum ipsl plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia posset. 2. The subjunctive introduced by ut or ne is used to express purpose. Custodes ponit ut quae agat scire possiL 1. Dumnorix was very influential at home. 2. Divi- ciacus summoned his brother in order that he might warn him. 3. They cannot avoid suspicion {plural) at home. 4. Caesar excused these acts (haec) that the state might not complain. 5. He feared that Diviciacus would be influenced by the opinion of the common people. 6. The Gauls knew that these things were true. 7. No one felt (capere) more regret over this than Divi- ciacus, because he was influenced by love for his brother (adjective) and by friendship for (of) Caesar. 8. But he knew these things were true, and he summoned Dumnorix. 9. Caesar comforted him, since he knew these things had not happened with his consent (voluntas). 1. A. 427, 3; B. 232; H. 483, 484; H.-B. 449; W. 151 a. 2. A. 531; B. 282; EL 568; H.-B. 502, 2; W.^225. CAESAR COMPOSITION 27 LESSON XXI (Chapter 21) 1. Genitive with Adjectives 2. Relative Clause of Purpose 1. The genitive may be used with adjectives expressing desire, knowledge, memory, fulness, power, and the like. Qui rel mllitaris perltissimus habebatur. 2. A relative clause with its verb in the subjunctive is some- times used to express purpose. Qualis esset natura montis qui cognoscerent mlsit. 1. Titus Labienus was very familiar with military affairs (not ablative). 2. We shall send two legions to ascend (who shall ascend) the mountain. 3. The Gauls were familiar with the nature of the mountain. 4. The scouts were sent ahead to learn the nature of the road. 5. This man was considered very brave (fortis) at home. 6. The enemy encamped at the foot of the mountain that our men might not ascend. 7. In the third watch Titus Labienus, with two legions, was sent ahead to ascend the mountain. 8. The ascent of the mountain was easy and Labienus had with him guides who knew the road. 9. Publius Considius was also sent with scouts who were familiar w T ith the nature of the place. 1. A. 349; B. 204; H. 450; H.-B. 354; W. 108. 2, A. 531 2; B, 282 2; H, 590; H.-B. 502, 2; W. 225. 28 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XXII (Chapter 22) 1. Use of ut with Indicative 2. Substantive Use of Possessives (nostri, sui, etc.) 1. Ut, meaning as, or when, is followed by the indicative. Ut postea ex captivis comperit. 2. Possessives are frequently used as nouns, Montem a suls teneri. 1. The soldiers, as Caesar had directed, refrained from battle. 2. The mountain was held by our men. 3. The Romans had moved their camp, as the enemy afterward learned. 4. Caesar ordered his men to follow the enemy. 5. The captives were very familiar with the plan of the enemy. 6. We shall send soldiers to seize the mountain. 7. At daybreak the mountain was held by Labienus, and Caesar's forces were not far away, as was afterward dis- covered. 8. But Considius reported that the mountain was held by the Gauls, and Caesar refrained from battle. 9. Considius had seen our (own) men whom Caesar had sent ahead with Labienus. 1. A. 543; B. 287; H. 602; H.-B. 550, 562, 563; W. cf. p. 60. 2. A. 302 d\ B. 236 1; H. 494; H.-B. 250, 2; W. 158. CAESAR COMPOSITION 29 LESSON XXIII (Chapter 23) 1. Accusative of Limit 2. Genitive with posiridie 1. Place to which is expressed by the accusative with in or ad. But names of towns and small islands, and domum and rus omit the preposition. Bibracte ire contendit. 2. The adverbs postndie and pridie are often followed by the genitive. Postndie eius diet rel frumentariae prospiciendum existimavit. 1. Caesar set out for Bibracte with his army. 2. On the day following [this day] runaway slaves of Lucius Aemilius reported this fact to the Helvetians. 3. Envoys of the Aeduans hastened to go to Rome. 4. On the clay following, the enemy seized the higher position (places). 5. The Romans turned their course (iter), as was reported to the Helvetians. 6. The Gauls attacked our men from the rear line. 7. Bibracte, a large town of the Aeduans, was not more than eighteen miles distant from the camp of the Romans. 8. This fact was reported to Caesar through scouts, and on the day following he turned his course.- 9. The Helvetians also hastened to go to Bibracte, in order to cut off our men from grain supplies. 1. A. 427, 2; B. 182, 1 a); H. 418; H.-B. 385, b; W. 131. 2. A. 359 b; B. 201 3 a; H. 446 5; H.-B. 380 c. 30 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XXIV (Chapter 24) 1. Adjectives Denoting a Part 2. Construction with iubeo 1. The adjectives summus, medius, Imus, primus, and some others are frequently used to specify a particular part of that which is expressed by the noun modified. In colle medio; in summo iugo. 2. Iubeo and veto regularly take the infinitive with subject accusative. Totum montem hominibus complerl iussit. 1. Four legions were drawn up half way up the hill. 2. He ordered the cavalry to withstand the attack of the enemy. 3. The auxiliaries were stationed on the top of the mountain. 4. Caesar had ordered these men to fortify the camp. 5. Caesar set out for Geneva with two legions. 6. On the day following, the Helvetians drove back our cavalry. 7. Caesar fortified the place in which the baggage was, and stationed two legions on the top of the hill. 8. The cavalry had been sent to make an attack upon (in w. ace.) the enemy, and the four veteran legions had been drawn up half way up the hill. 9. But the cavalry were driven back by the enemy. 1. A. 293; B. 241 1; H. 497 4; H.-B. 244; W. 160. 2. A. 563 a; B. 331, II; H. 614; H.-B. 587; W. 280. CAESAR COMPOSITION 31 LESSON XXV (Chapter 25) 1. Dative of Purpose 2. Constructions with mille 1. The dative may be used to denote the purpose or end for which a thing is intended or which it serves. Gallis magno ad pugnam erat impedlmento. 2. Mille may be used in the singular either as an adjective or as a noun. The plural form is always a noun and is followed by the partitive genitive. Hominum mllibus circiter XV. 1. The shields of the enemy were a great hindrance to our men. 2. Two thousand soldiers began to retreat. 3. This legion served as a guard (was for a guard) to the bag- gage. 4. Five thousand Helvetians resisted our men (dative). 5. The Gauls, who were on top of the mountain, saw this. 6. Caesar ordered the horses to be removed. 7. The shields of the Gauls were pierced and fastened together by the javelins of our men so that they could not fight to advantage (satis commode), and many threw down their shields. 8. The Helvetians retreated to the mountains, but the Boii and Tulingi, who served as a guard to the rear line of the enemy, made an attack on the Romans and began to surround them. 1. A. 382; B. 191; H. 425 3; H.-B. 360; W, 119. 2. A. 134 d; B. 80 5; H. 168, 1; H.-B. 131 3; W. 48. 32 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XXVI (Chapter 26) 1. Adversative (Concessive) Clause with cum 2. Pronominal Adjectives 1. Adversative or concessive clauses introduced by cum take the subjunctive. Cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugndtum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. 2. The following adjectives have the genitive ending -lus and the dative ending -I in all genders: alius Linus * alter solus totus uter ullus nullus neuter 1. Although they piled up (obicere) their wagons as a rampart, they could not withstand our attack. 2. They cap- tured the baggage of one legion. 3 Although the Helvetians had arrived in the country of the Lingones, Caesar followed them. 4. The attack of no part of our army could be with- stood. 5. Many thousand men were killed in this battle. 6. The enemy left part of their forces as a guard to the baggage. 7. The battle lasted (impersonal) from the seventh hour till evening. 8. Many Roman soldiers were wounded by the javelins which the enemy hurled upon them as they came up (coming up), but they gained possession of the enemy's camp. 9. In this place they captured a son and a daughter of Orgetorix. 10. Those who escaped (superesse) from the battle set out for the country of the Lingones. 1. A. 549; B. 309; H. 598, H.-B. 526; W. 239. 2. A. 113; B. 66; H. 93; H.-B. 112; W. 32. CAESAR COMPOSITION 33 LESSON XXVII (Chapter 27) 1. Cum Clauses of Description 2. Tense Use with dum 1. The imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive may be used in clauses introduced by cum, describing the situation or circum- stances under which an act takes place. Cum eos suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. 2. Dum, meaning while, is regularly followed by the present indicative. Dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur. 1. When the Helvetians sent envoys, Caesar demanded hostages. 2. While they were awaiting our coming, six thou- sand men set out (egredi) from the camp. 3. They were not punished (visited with punishment) when they had given up their arms. 4. Caesar's army arrived there while the enemy were collecting the arms. 5. Although they set out at night, their flight could not be concealed. 6. Six thousand men of one division (pdgus) did not surrender their arms. 7. The envoys who had been sent, met Caesar on the march, and threw themselves at his feet. 8. He ordered them to collect their arms and await his coming. 9. But when he had demanded hostages they were overwhelmed (perterritus) with fear that they should be punished, and many fled. 1. A. 546; B. 288, B; H. 600 II; H.-B. 524; W. 240. 2. A. 556; B. 293 I; H. 533 4; H.-B. 559; W. 234 a. 34 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XXVIII (Chapter 28) 1. The Irregular Verbs volo, nolo, malo 2. The Ablative of Description 1. For the forms of volo and its compounds, see p. 109. 2. The ablative when modified by an adjective (or a genitive) may be used to describe a person or thing by expressing some quality. Boios, quod egregid virtute cogniti erant, ut in flnibus suis collocarent concessit. 1. He is unwilling that the Germans shall cross (present infin.) the Rhine. 2. The Boh who were of unusual valor, set out with the Helvetians. 3. The leader of the Gauls is willing to give hostages. 4. The country of the Helvetians was of great extent (latitudo). 5. When the Gauls had brought back the runaway slaves, Caesar treated them as enemies (regarded them in the number of enemies). 6. While the arms were being given up, these men set out for home. 7. The Helvetians, Tulingi, and Latobrigi after sur- rendering their arms returned to their own country, and rebuilt (restituere) the towns which had been burnt. 8. The Allobroges furnished (facere) them a supply of grain, as Caesar directed. 9. The Boii, who were of unusual valor, were located in the country of the Aeduans. 1. A. 199; B. 130-- H. 295; H.-B. 192; W. 82. 2. A. 415; B. 224; H. 473 2; H.-B, 443; W. 141. CAESAR COMPOSITION 35 LESSON XXIX (Chapter 29) 1. Numerals 2. Place Constructions with domus 1. {For the list of numerals see p. 86.) 2. With the noun domus "place to which is expressed by the accusative without a preposition, place from which by the ablative without a preposition, and place where by the locative form doml. 1. The Helvetians set out from home with their women and children. 2. One hundred and ten thousand returned home, as Caesar commanded. 3. The Romans found muster rolls, written in Greek characters, in the camp of the Gauls. 4. Many old men who were in the camp were not able to bear arms. 5. The Helvetians and Boh were (men) of great bravery. 6. They were willing to return home, as was ordered. 7. The records which the soldiers found in the camp of the Gauls and brought to Caesar were written in Greek char- acters. 8. From these records Caesar found out (reperlre) what number of Helvetians, Boii, and Tulingi had set out from home. 9. The aggregate of all who returned home amounted to (was of) one hundred and ten thousand. 1. A. 133; B. 79; H. 163; H.-B. 130; W. 47. 2. A. 427; B. 182 1, 6); H. 419, 1, 462, 4, 484, 2; H.-B. 449-451; W. 131, 134a. 36 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XXX (Book II, Chapter 1) 1. Partitive Genitive 2. Gerundive Construction 1. The genitive is used to express the whole, of which a part is denoted by the word on which the genitive depends. Quam tertiam esse Galliae partem dixeramus. 2. The gerundive in agreement with a noun forms the gerun- dive construction which is commonly used in place of the gerund with a direct object. Ad conducendos homines. 1. Part of the Gauls were unwilling to conspire against the Roman people. 2. Caesar had resources for hiring men. 3. Our army will be led against (ad) this part of the Ger- mans. 4. The more powerful (men) will have means to seize (resources for seizing) the supreme authority. 5. The Gauls because of their fickleness of mind had desired a revolution. 6. We fear that they will conspire against us. 7. Caesar w T ho was in hither Gaul was informed by rumors that one part of Gaul was conspiring against the Romans, and Labienus also sent letters. 8. Our army had not been led against them, but they feared that we would remain (versari) in Gaul. 9. Also those who had opportunities for seizing royal power feared that they could not do this under our authority. 1. A. 346; B. 201; H. 440, 5; H.-B. 346; W. 101. 2. A. 503; B. 339; H. 623; H.-B. 609, 610; W. 285 II, CAESAR COMPOSITION 37 LESSON XXXI (Chapter 2) 1. The Subjunctive by Attraction 2. Prepositions Governing the Accusative or Ablative 1. Sometimes a verb which would otherwise stand in the indicative is put in the subjunctive, because its clause depends on a subjunctive or infinitive. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant. 2. The prepositions in and sub take the accusative after verbs expressing motion, and the ablative after verbs expressing rest or mere existence. 1. Caesar sent the lieutenant to bring the legion which had been levied. 2. This army will be led into Gaul. 3. The Senones set out in order that they might inform Caesar as soon as (cum primum) there was a supply of grain. 4. This camp was in lower (exterior) Gaul. 5. Part of the enemy had reached (arrived at) the country of the Gauls. 6. They have set out to collect an army (gerundive constr. w. ad.). 7. Two legions had been levied in lower Gaul, and Quintus Pedius had been sent with these legions into upper Gaul. 8. At this time Caesar was informed that the Belgians were collect- ing an army, and he did not hesitate to move his camp (quin w. subj.) and set out toward the enemy. 9. He reached their country at the beginning of summer. 1. A. 593; B. 324; H. 652; H.-B. 539; W. 274. 2. A. 220, c; B. 143; H. 420, 3; H.-B. 457; W 154. 38 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XXXII (Chapter 3) 1. Contracted Perfects 2. Comparison of Adverbs . 1. In the perfect system of verbs which form their perfects in -vi, the v is sometimes lost and the vowels thus brought together contracted. 2. {For the comparison of adverbs see page p. 85.) 1. The Remi said the other (reliqui) Belgians had con- spired against the Romans. 2. The legion will arrive there sooner than any one anticipates (sooner than the expectation of all). 3. They did his commands very quickly (superlative). 4. The Remi had not conspired with the other Gauls. 5. They came that they might aid the Suessiones who were their kinsmen. 6. The legions which had been levied in lower Gaul came into the country of the Belgians. 7. The envoys who were sent by the Remi said that the Remi had not conspired against Caesar. 8. But the Suessiones, their kinsmen, who enjoyed (uti) the same laws, were in arms and had aided the other Belgians with grain. 9. The Germans were also ready to aid them. 1. A. 181; B. 116, 1; H. 238; H.-B. 163; W. 72. 2. A. 218; B. 76 2; H. 311; H.-B. 128, 129; W. 40 b, c. CAESAR COMPOSITION 39 LESSON XXXIII (Chapter 4) 1. The Ablative of Source 2. Passive Use of Compounds of trans 1. The ablative may be used with participles expressing birth or parentage. To denote more remote origin, the preposition is used. Plerosque Belgas esse ortos a Germdnis. 2. When compounds of trans governing two accusatives are used in the passive voice, the object of the verbal idea becomes the subject and the object of the preposition is retained in the accusative. Plerosque Belgas Rhenum tracluctos ibi consedisse. 1. Most of the Belgians have sprung from the Ger- mans. 2. The army had been led across the Rhine. 3. These men have descended from the Cimbri. 4. Two legions will be led across the river. 5. The Nervii are farthest distant. 6. The Cimbri and Teutons had overrun all Gaul. 7. The Belgians, who had sprung from the Germans, had been led across the Rhine in early times, and the Gauls, who inhabited these regions, had been driven out. 8. From the memory of these events (res) the Belgians assumed great authority in military affairs. 1. A. 403: B. 215: H. 467: H.-B. 413: W. 135. 2. A. 395, note 2; B. 179, 3; H.413; H.-B. 386, a; W. 127a. 40 CAESAR COMPOSITIOX LESSON XXXIV (Chapter 5) 1. Construction with interest and refert 2. Genitive of Measure 1. With the impersonal verbs interest and refert the genitive of nouns is used to refer to the person concerned. The ablative singular feminine form of the possessive pronoun is used instead of the genitive of personal pronouns in this construction. Rei publicae communisque salutis intersit. 2. The descriptive genitive is sometimes used to express measure. Castra in altitudinem pedum duodecim vallo munlre iubet. 1. It is of importance to the Remi to give hostages. 2. They fortified the camp with a rampart twelve feet in height. 3. It is of importance to Caesar to send scouts. 4. The camp will be fortified with a rampart eight feet high. 5. Six cohorts were led across the river by the lieutenant. 6. The Aeduans had not sprung from the Germans. 7. After the forces of the Belgians had been collected {perfect tense) in one place Caesar led his army across the river Aisne and fortified his camp. 8. The Aedui had already iiam) led their troops into the country of the Bellovaci and were laying waste their lands. 9. This was done because it was of importance that the forces of the enemy should be kept apart. 1. A. 355; B. 211; H. 449; H.-B. 345; W. 110. 2, A. 345 6; B. 203 2; H. 440 3; H.-B. 355; W. 100, CAESAR COMPOSITION 41 LESSON XXXV (Chapter 6) 1. Passive Forms of coepi 2. The Ablative Used with Preposition in Place of the Partitive Genitive 1. The ^passive forms of the verb coepi are used by Caesar whenever the infinitive depending upon them is passive. Lapides iaci coeptl sunt. 2. The ablative with de or ex is sometimes used in place of the partitive genitive, regularly so with cardinal numerals and quidam. Unus ex els qui legati venerant. 1. Javelins began to be thrown by the Belgians. 2. Iccius had been one of the envoys. 3. Stones had begun to be thrown by the defenders. 4. One of the Remi sent a mes- senger to Caesar. 5. This wall was twenty feet in height, 6. It is of importance to Iccius that aid be sent {infinitive). 7. The enemy are attacking a town of the Remi which is eight miles distant from our camp. 8. They are throwing stones and javelins at the wall, and they have cleared (nuddre) it of defenders. 9. Iccius, who is in command of the town, will send a messenger to Caesar when night has put (fut. perf.) an end to the attack. 1. A. 205 a; B. 133 1; H. 299 1; H.-B. 199 2; W. 86 a. 2, A. 346 c; B. 201 1 a; H. 444; H.-B, 346 e; W. 101 b. 42 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XXXVI (Chapter 7) 1. Participles of Deponent Verbs 2. Position of Monosyllabic Prepositions 1. Deponent verbs have the participles of both voices. The perfect participle is sometimes active, sometimes passive. 2. A monosyllabic preposition governing an object modified by an adjective is frequently placed between the adjective and the noun. eddem de causa. 1. The enemy came there with great hope of captur- ing the town. 2. After laying waste (having laid waste) the lands of the Belgians, Caesar hastened toward this town. 3. For the same reason, messengers came from Iccius. 4. Using (perf. part.) the Gauls as guides, we shall send aid. 5. Aid had begun to be sent. 6. One of these guides was a Gaul. 7. The Cretan archers were sent thither by Caesar about midnight as aid to the townsmen. 8. But the enemy had already laid w^aste the lands of the Remi and w^ere burning their towns and villages. 9. Caesar had pitched his camp eight miles from this place, and the enemy hastened toward him. 1. A. 190 a; B. 112 a; H. 222 1; H.-B. 160; W. 73. 2. A. 599 d 2; B. 350 7 &; H. 671 5; H.-B. 627 4. CAESAR COMPOSITION 43 LESSON XXXVII (Chapter 8) 1. Participle Translated by Clause 2. Review of Cases with Prepositions 1. A Latin participle is often best expressed in English by a clause. Copias ex castris eductas instruxit. 2. (For summary of case use with prepositions see p. 112.) 1. Caesar led out the legions and stationed them in line of battle. 2. This place before the camp was advantageous for forming a line of battle. 3. The legion which had been led out of camp was drawn up in line of battle. 4. The enemy made an attack on those who had been left in camp. 5. This camp had been pitched in a suitable place. 6. The cavalry having set out from the camp were surrounded by the enemy. 7. At first Caesar refrained from battle on account of the great numbers of the enemy. 8. But our men were not inferior in courage, and so he stationed six legions before the camp. 9. He left in camp the two legions which had been levied last, and he placed artillery so that his men might not be sur- rounded by the enemy. 1. A. 496 n. 2; B. 337: H. 639; H.-B. 604 1; W. 283. 2. A. 220 a, b, c; B. 141-143; H. 420, 490; H.-B. 455-457; W. 153-155. 44 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XXXVIII (Chapter 9) 1. Impersonal Use of Intransitive Verbs 2. Use of et, -que, and atque 1. Many intransitive verbs are used impersonally in the passive voice. Inter duas acies contendebatur. 2. Of the three conjunctions, et, -que, and atque, et merely connects, -que indicates a closer relation, and atque emphasizes what follows, 1. A battle was going on (impersonal verb) in this place. 2. Caesar led back to camp the legion and also the cavalry. 3. A battle is going on behind the camp of the Romans. 4. The enemy tried to storm the redoubt and the bridge. 5. Our men attacked the enemy, while they were impeded (participle). 6. The cavalry were between the marsh and the river. 7. The enemy did not try to cross this marsh because our men were in arms. 8. They hastened toward the redoubt and the bridge in order that they might lead part of their forces across there. 9. But Quintus Titurius, who was in command of the redoubt, prevented them. 1. A. 208 d; B. 138, IV; H. 518 1; H.-B. 290 a 1); W. 87 d. 2. A. 324 a, 5; B. 341 1 a), b), c); H. 657 1; H.-B. 307, 1, 2. CAESAR COMPOSITION 45 LESSON XXXIX (Chapter 10) 1. Genitive of Quality or Description 2. Passive Use of Verbs which Govern the Dative 1. The genitive when modified by an adjective may be used to describe a person or thing by expressing some quality. Levis armaturae Numidas. 2. Verbs which govern the dative are used in the passive only impersonally: the dative is retained. His persuaderi non poterat. 1. The light armed soldiers killed a great number of the enemy. 2. The enemy cannot be persuaded. 3. The Bellovaci were men of great courage. 4. The archers will not be persuaded to cross {not infinitive). 5. A fierce fight took place in the river. 6. Diviciacus and the Aeduans were approaching the country of the Bellovaci. 7. The cavalry and light armed Numidians were led across the river by Caesar, and a fierce fight took place. 8. A large number of the enemy were killed and the others were driven back. 9. Our men returned to camp and the Belgians who had gathered from all sides returned home. 1. A. 345; B. 203; H. 440 3; H.-B. 355; W. 100. 2. A. 372; B. 187, II, b; H. 426 3; H.-B, 364 2; W. 115 d. 46 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XL (Chapter 11) 1. Substantive Clause of Result 2. Accusative of Extent of Space 1. A substantive clause of result is introduced by ut or ut non and takes its verb in the subjunctive. Such clauses may be used after words denoting accomplishment or as the subject of imper- sonal verbs, or with such phrases as mos est, verum est, and the like. Fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. 2. The accusative is used to express extent in space. Multa milia passuum prosecuti. 1. The departure of the enemy made Caesar fear ambush (made that Caesar feared). 2. The scouts followed for three miles. 3. The confusion made the enemy seem like fugitives (pres. participle). 4. We shall follow for many miles. 5. The light armed Numidians attacked the cavalry. 6. The lieutenant could not be persuaded to delay (it could not be persuaded to the lieutenant, etc.). 7. When the enemy set out from camp, Caesar sent ahead the scouts to see for what reason they were leaving (discedere), but he kept the army in the camp. 8. At daybreak the lieutenants were ordered to follow with three legions and the cavalry. 9. The enemy sought safety in flight (placed their protection in flight) but a large number of them were killed. 1. A. 568; B. 297; H. 571; H.-B. 521, 3; W. 229. 2. A. 425; B. 181; H. 417; H.-B. 387; W. 130. CAESAR COMPOSITION 47 LESSON XLI (Chapter 12) 1. Anticipatory Subjunctive 2. Dative with Adjectives 1. The anticipatory subjunctive represents an act as looked forward to. Its use is especially common in clauses with ante- quam, priusquam, dum 3 donee, and quoad. Priusquam se hostes ex terrore reciperent. 2 , The dative is used with many adjectives expressing attitude, similarity, equality, fitness, nearness, and the like. Proximi Remis erant. 1. Caesar pushed on to this town before the enemy could attack it. 2. The Remi are nearest the country of the Suessiones. 3. The Romans fortified their camp before the enemy assembled (convenire). 4. This camp is very near (superl.) the town. 5. The soldiers made this town seem like a camp (made that this town seemed, etc.). 6. Caesar led the army ten miles on that day. 7. Before Caesar could capture Noviodunum, the enemy had arrived there with all their forces. 8. The Romans fortified their camp and prepared what was necessary for an assault. 9. When the rampart had been constructed and the towers set up, envoys were sent by the Gauls, who were frightened (permovere) by the speed of the Romans. 1. A. 550-553; B. 292, 293 III 2; H. 603 II, 605; H.-B. 506; W. 235 d, 235 b< 2. A. 384; B. 192; H. 434; H.-B. 362 ft. note 3; W. 122. 48 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XLII (Chapter 13) 1. The Ablative of Accordance 2. Declension of Numerals 1. The ablative may be used to express that in accordance with which something is or is done. Suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt. 2. (For declension of numerals see p. 87.) 1. According to their custom the Gauls sent hostages. 2. Two states begged for peace. 3. According to their custom the women and children held out their hands. 4. Caesar, with two legions, was three miles distant (abesse). 5. Caesar led his army into the country of the Bellovaci before the enemy assembled (se conjerre) in Bratuspantium. 6. This camp was very near the wall of the enemy's town. 7. The Suessiones sent as hostages the two sons of Galba, and surrendered all their arms. 8. The Roman army was then (deinde) led into the country of the Bellovaci who had col- lected (se conjerre) in Bratuspantium. 9. The old men of this town held out their hands to Caesar and made known by cries that they gave themselves up (venire) to his power. 1. A. 418 a; B. 220 3; H. 475 3; H.-B. 414; W. 142 a. 2. A. 134; B. 80; H. 166; H.-B. 131; W. 49. CAESAR COMPOSITION 49 LESSON XLIII (Chapter 14) 1. Antecedent of Relative Pronoun Omitted 2. Simple Conditional Sentences, Future Time (Future More Vivid j 1, The antecedent oj the relative is sometimes omitted in Latin when the English idiom requires that it be expressed in translation. Qui eius consili principes fuissent in Britanniam profugisse. 2. Non-committal conditional sentences {sometimes called simple or fact conditions) referring to future time take their verbs in the future or future perfect indicative. In indirect discourse the verb of the conclusion becomes a future infinitive and that of the condition becomes subjunctive, the tense depending on the general rules for tense use and sequence. Quod si fecerit Aeduorum auctoritatem amplificdturum (esse). 1. Those who have been reduced to slavery are enduring all sorts of outrages (all outrages). 2. If Caesar dismisses the forces of the Aeduans, Diviciacus will return to him. 3. Those who brought disaster upon the state have fled to Britain. 4. If Caesar reduces the Aeduans to slavery, the Gauls will make war on the Roman people. 5. In accordance with his custom Caesar will show (use) compassion toward the Belgians. 6. These two states have made war on the Roman people. 7. The Bellovaci, influenced by their leaders, had made war on the Roman people. 8. But Diviciacus spoke on their behalf, and Caesar showed compassion toward them. 9. He did this in order that he might increase the influence of Diviciacus and the Aeduans to whom the Bellovaci had been friendly (in whose friendship the Bellovaci had been). 1. A. 307 c; B. 251 1: H. 399 4: H.-B. 284 1. 2. A. 516 a; B. 302; H. 574, 2; H.-B. 579 a; W. 256. 50 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XLIV (Chapter 15) 1« Causal Clauses with quod 1. Causal clauses introduced by quod take the indicative to express a reason given on the authority of the writer or speaker, and the subjunctive to express a quoted reason. Quod erat clvitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate sexcentos obsides poposcit. 1. Caesar spared (conservare) the Belgians because they surrendered their arms. 2. The Belgians surpassed in influence and in courage. 3. The Nervii did not allow wine to be imported because they thought the courage was lessened by it. 4. Caesar said that this state was of great influence among the Gauls. 5. Those who have given themselves up to the Roman people, have laid aside their ancestral valor. 6. If the enemy surrender (future tense) without delay we will receive them under our protection. 7. Because the Bellovaci were of great influence among the Belgians, Caesar spared them, but demanded a large number of hostages. 8. The Nervii, who were men of great courage, taunted the Bellovaci and the Ambiani who had surrendered their arms, and said they would not send hostages. 1. A. 540; B. 286, 1; H. 538; H.-B. 535 2 a, 554, 555; W. 244. CAESAR COMPOSITION 51 LESSON XLV (Chapter 16) 1. Construction with plus, minus, amplius, etc. 2. Substantive Volitive Clauses 1. The comparatives plus, minus, amplius, and longius ; are often followed by the same construction which would be employed with plus quam, minus quam, etc. Inveniebat ex captivls Sabim flumen a castris suls non amplius mllia passuum X abesse. 2. A clause introduced by ut or ne with its verb in the sub- junctive, is sometimes used as subject or object of a verb or equiv- alent expression denoting an action of the will. His utrlsque persuaserant uti eanclem belli fortunam experirentur. 1. The army is more than five miles distant from the town. 2. The Xervii persuaded their neighbors to make (that they should make) this march. 3. This river is not more than two miles from the country of the Viromandui. 4. The lieutenant persuaded the army to encamp in this place. 5. We are waiting in this place because envoys have been sent. 6. When the enemy discovered this, they collected their women in this town. 7. The Xervii, who had encamped across this river, were awaiting the coming of the Romans, together with the Viro- mandui whom they had persuaded to make this journey with them. 8. When Caesar learned this he pitched (pdnere) his camp not more than ten miles from that place. 1. A. 407 c; B. 217 3; H. 471 4; H.-B. 416 d: W. 139 6. 2. A. 563; B. 295; H. 565; H.-B. 502, 3; W. 238. 52 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XLVI (Chapter 17) 1. Substantive Clauses Introduced by quod 2. Purpose Clauses with quo 1. A clause introduced by quod, with its verb in the indicative, is sometimes used as the subject or object of a verb, or as an appos- itive of a neuter pronoun. Adiuvabat consilium eorum quod Nervii effecerant ut hae saepes munlmentum praeberent. 2. Purpose clauses containing a comparative are introduced by quo instead of ut. Quo facilius finitimorum equitatum impedirent. 1. It aided the plan of the Nervii, that the march of our army was hindered. 2. The enemy sent scouts that they might the more easily observe the order (consuetudo) of our march. 3. It will aid our plans that this place is suit- able for a camp. 4. The enemy had come to this place by night that they might the more easily attack our legions. 5. The cavalry of the enemy were more than five miles away. 6. They persuaded the other Gauls to hinder (that they should hinder) our march. 7. The centurions and scouts who had been sent ahead had chosen a suitable place for a camp. 8. But between this camp and our army were hedges, by which our march was hindered. 9. Some of the Gauls, who were marching with Caesar, reported (deferre) this fact (res) to the Belgians. 1. A. 572 note; B. 299 1; H. 588 3; H.-B. 552; W. 248. 2. A. 531 a; B. 282 1 a; H. 568 7; H.-B. 502 2 b; W. 225 2, CAESAR COMPOSITION 53 LESSON XLVII (Chapter 18) 1. Formation of Adverbs 2. Formation of Perfect Stem 1. Adverbs are regularly formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions by putting -e in place of the genitive ending, and from adjectives of the third declension by replacing the genitive ending by -iter or -ter. Other endings, as 6, tim ; tus, are some- times used. 2. The different types of perfect stems may be classified as follows: 1. Perfects ending in -vi. 2. Perfects ending in -m. 3. Perfects ending in -si (cs and gs give x). 4. Reduplicated stems, + 1. 5. Stems with lengthened vowel, +L 6. Stems unchanged, + i. 1. This place sloped uniformly toward our camp. 2. The enemy had pitched their camp on the top of the hill. 3. We saw a few detachments of cavalry along the river. 4. A large number of the enemy (plural) were kept in con- cealment within these woods. 5, It aided the enemy that this place was covered with woods. 6. The Gauls chose this place that they might the more easily attack (adorirl) the legions. 7. The place which had been chosen for a camp was across (trans) the river Sambre which has been mentioned above. 8. The enemy could not be seen (conspicere) because the hill which was opposite our men was covered with woods on the upper part. 1. A. 214; B. 76, 77; H. 306 ff,; H.-B. 126, 129; W. 46 a, 2. A. 177; B. 118; H. 248 ff.; H.-B. 173. 54 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON XLVIII (Chapter 19) 1. Ablative of Manner without cum 2. Adjectives with Adverbial Force 1. Manner is expressed by the ablative, usually vnth cum. But cum may be omitted when the noun is modified by an adjective. Incredibili celeritate decucurrerunt. 2. Adjectives agreeing with the subject are often used in Latin when the English idiom would require adverbs. Interim legiones sex quae primae venerant castra munire coeperunt. 1. The enemy retreated to the forest with incredible speed. 2. The soldiers, who had come first, were fortifying the camp. 3. The Belgians hastened toward our camp with great courage. 4. The enemy made an attack on the legion which first came into camp. 5. Our men easily routed and defeated this part of the enemy. 6. In accordance with his custom Caesar will place the baggage behind the legions. 7. Caesar had sent the cavalry ahead because he was approaching the enemy, and the baggage of the entire army had been placed behind the six legions [which were] ready for action. 8. He ordered the two remaining legions to bring up (claudere) the rear and to serve as a guard to the baggage. 1 A. 413 a; B. 222 1; H. 474; H.-B. 420; W. 142. 2. A. 290; B. 239; H. 497; H.-B. 245; W. 159. CAESAR COMPOSITION 55 LESSON XLIX (Chapter 20) 1. Second Periphrastic Conjugation 2. Dative of Agent 1. The gerundive is used with forms of sum to make the second periphrastic conjugation, expressing obligation or necessity. Vexillum proponendum (erat). 2. With the second periphrastic conjugation, agency is regu- larly expressed by the dative. Caesari omnia tino tempore erant agenda. 1. This camp ought to be fortified by the Romans. 2. The soldiers ought to wait for Caesar's command (use passive form). 3. This soldier ought to have been recalled by the lieutenant. 4. When the signal had been given, the soldiers were recalled. 5. The knowledge and experience of the soldiers were helpful to the lieutenant. 6. The soldiers who were summoned came with great speed. 7. The standard was advanced and the signal was given with the trumpet in order to recall the soldiers who had gone a little too far. 8. The battle line had to be formed by the lieu- tenants, because they could not wait for Caesar's command, on account of the nearness and speed of the enemy. 1. A. 194 5; B. 337 7, b)\ H. 237; H.-B. 162; W. 285 a. 2. A. 374; B. 189; H. 431; H.-B. 373; W. 118. 56 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON L (Chapters 21 and 22) 1. Genitive of Gerund with causa 2. Indefinite Pronouns 1. The gerund or gerundive construction followed by the ablative causa is often used to express purpose. Cohortandi causa profectus. 2. {For the indefinite pronouns see p. 91.) 1. This legion set out for the purpose of fighting. 2 When the signal had been given, each man threw his jave- lin, 3. These legions were drawn up for the purpose of resist- ing. 4. Caesar saw that each man was prepared to fight (for fighting). 5. The army ought to be drawn up by Caesar. 6. The soldiers ought to put on their helmets. 7. We have before shown that these hedges hindered the view. 8. The soldiers remembered (retained the memory of) their old-time valor , and bravely resisted the enemy. 9. They had not put on their helmets or removed the covers from their shields because time was lacking. 10. The view was hindered by dense hedges, and reserves had not been stationed, but the enemy's attack was withstood bravely. 1. A. 504 6; B. 338 1 c); H. 626; H.-B. 612 I; W. 138 a. 2. A. 149, 151; B. 252; H. 185 ff.; H.-B. 142; W. 62. CAESAR COMPOSITION 57 LESSON LI (Chapter 23) 1. Use of Perfect and Imperfect Tenses in the Indicative 1. The imperfect tense represents an action as going on in past time. It may be used to express repeated action, habitual action, or, occasionally, attempted action. The perfect has two uses; it may be equivalent to the English present perfect with the auxiliary have or has, or it may represent an act as belonging to the past, without reference to its progress or state of completion. 1. The cohorts were driving the Atrebates from the higher position. 2. This legion crossed the river and advanced into an unfavorable position, 3. The soldiers of that cohort were brave men. 4, The Viromandui who had crossed the river were resisting this legion (dative). 5. The enemy has- tened to this place for the purpose of crossing (causa w. gerund.). 6. Each part of the enemy hastened toward this place. 7. The Atrebates, exhausted by w T ounds, were driven from their higher position into the river, and a large part of them were killed. 8. The legions which had crossed the river advanced into an unfavorable position, and put the enemy to flight. 9. But meanwhile {interim) the Nervii had surrounded the camp, which was unprotected. 1. A. 470, 473; B. 260, 262; H. 534, 537; H.-B. 468 2, 4; W. 191, 193. 58 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON LII (Chapter 24) 1. Tenses of the Infinitive 2. Elliptical Use of alius 1. The tenses of the infinitive represent an act as present, past, or future, with reference to the verb on which the infinitive depends, 2 . The Latin frequently employs a clause in which the adjec- tive alius is twice used, the second occurrence being in a different construction from the first, where the English idiom requires two parallel clauses or phrases. Alii aliam in partem ferebantur. 1. Those who were on top of the hill saw that the enemy had crossed the river. 2. The camp followers took to flight, one in one direction, another in another. 3. The light armed infantry who were routed at the first attack of the enemy retreated to camp. 4. The legions were resisting the enemy, some in one part, others in another. 5. TheTreveri, whose reputation for courage was extraordinary, had sent cavalry to Caesar. 6. The Nervii had gained possession of the Roman camp. 7. When our men had crossed the river, the camp followers set out for the purpose of plundering. 8. The enemy at their first attack routed the cavalry and light-armed infantry who were with them. 9. At the same time those who were coming with the baggage fled panic- stricken, some in one direction, others in another. 10. When the Treveri saw this, they set out for home. 1, A, 486; B. 270, H. 617; H.-B. 472; W. 205. 2. A. 315 c; B. 253 2; H. 516 1; H.-B. 279 3. CAESAR COMPOSITIOX 59 LESSON LUX (Chapter 25) 1. Relative Clause of Characteristic 2. Dative of Separation 1. A descriptive relative clause with its verb in the subjunc- tive is frequently used to characterize an antecedent other wise indefinite or incomplete. This use is regular after negative antecedents. Xeque ullum esse subsidium quocl submitti posset 2. The dative is sometimes used with words expressing the idea of taking away. Scuto mllitl detracto. 1. There was no cohort which withdrew from the battle. 2. Caesar snatched a shield from this soldier. 3. There is no legion which can be sent up. 4. The soldier snatched the sword from the centurion. 5« Since the soldiers were crowded together, they could not use their swords. 6. By his coming hope was aroused in the soldiers and courage renewed. 7. The soldiers were withdrawing, some from one legion, others from another. 8. Caesar set out to the fourth cohort of the twelfth legion when he saw that all the centurions and the standard bearer of this cohort were killed. 9. His coming inspired hope in the soldiers, and the enemy were checked a little. 10. But some were withdrawing from the battle and avoiding the weapons. 1. A. 535; B. 283: H. 591 1; H.-B. 521 1: W. 230. 2. A. 381; B. 188 2 d\ H. 427; H.-B. 371; W. 116. 60 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON LIV (Chapter 26) 1. Construction with Verbs of Hindering 2. Dative of Reference 1. Verbs of hindering usually take the subjunctive with quominus, ne, or quin. Quin is only used when a negative is expressed or implied. 2. The dative is sometimes used to denote the person (or thing) with reference to whom a statement is true or to whom it refers as a whole. 1. The tribunes could not hinder (deterrere) the legion from being surrounded (quin w. sub].). 2. These two legions will serve as a guard to the baggage. 3. The enemy hindered the seventh legion from sending aid (ne w. subj.). 4. We shall send these cohorts as aid to the commander. 5. There are no soldiers who fear these enemies. 6. The com- mander snatched the weapon (telum) from the soldier. 7. The seventh legion, which w T as hard pressed, was resist- ing the enemy and fighting bravely, but the soldiers were afraid that the enemy would surround them from the rear (aversus). 8. Titus Labienus at this time had gained possession of the enemy's camp, and he saw in how great difficulty the soldiers were involved (versari). 1. A. 558, b, note; B. 295, 3; H. 566, 568, 595 2; H.-B. 502, 3 &); W. 228 c. 2. A» 377; B. 188 1; H. 4§5 4, note; H.-B, 366; W, 120, CAESAR COMPOSITION 61 LESSON LV (Chapter 27) 1. Ablative of Material 2. Present Infinitive with debui 1. The ablative with ex or de is sometimes used to express the material from which something is made. 2. The present infinitive is used with debui although the English idiom suggests the perfect infinitive in translation. 1. These javelins were made of wood (robur). 2. The Roman soldiers ought to have crossed this river. 3. Courage often makes difficulties easy (Translate: makes easy things from very difficult things). 4. The cavalry ought to have renewed the battle. 5. We cannot hinder the enemy from crossing. 6. Caesar will send aid for the soldiers who have crossed the river. 7. The coming of this legion made so great a change that those who had been overcome by wounds renewed the battle. 8. The enemy, however, stood upon the fallen and hurled javelins as from a mound. 9. They had not dared advance into an unfavorable position without good reason (nequiquam). 1. A. 403, 2; H. 467; H.-B. 406 4; W. 136. 2. A. 486 a; B. 270 2; H. 618 2; W t 205 a. 62 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON LVI (Chapter 28) 1. Dative of Possessor 2. The Superlative with quam 1 . The dative is often used with forms of the verb sum to denote the possessor. 2. The superlative with quam is often used to express the highest possible degree of the quality referred to. 1. The Nervii had many towns. 2. The Belgians sent as large a number of hostages as possible. 3. This state has sixty thousand men who can bear arms. 4. Caesar protected the suppliants as carefully as possible. 5. By this battle the nation of the Nervii was almost exterminated (reduced to extinction). 6. Caesar ought to have spared those who sur- rendered. 7. Hostages were sent to Caesar by the old men of the Nervii who had been placed in the swamps and marshes, together with the women and children. 8. They thought there was no hindrance in the way of the victors (for the victors) and they wished to give themselves up to Caesar. 9. They were ordered to occupy their own towns and territories. 1. A. 373; B. 190; H. 430; H.-B. 374; W. 117. 2. A. 291 c; B. 240 3; H. 159 2; H.-B. 241 4; W. 161 a. CAESAR COMPOSITION 63 LESSON LVII (Chapter 29) 1. Review of Possessive Pronouns 2. Agreement with Words of Different Gender 1. (For possessive pronouns, see p. 89.) 2. With nouns of different gender, an attributive adjective or participle generally agrees with the nearest of the two nouns. A predicate adjective or participle is usually put in the masculine if the nouns denote persons and in the neater if they denote inani- mate objects. If one noun refers to a person and the other to a thing the adjective is sometimes masculine, sometimes neuter, and sometimes agrees with the nearest noun. 1. We shall abandon this town and return home with all our forces. 2. Stones and beams had been placed on the wall by the Gauls. 3. The soldiers will not be able to defend your province. 4. The women and children had been left in this towm. 5. The Aduatuci said that they were descen- dents of (sprung from) the Teutons and Cimbri. G. This battle was announced to the Aduatuci, who were coming to aid the Nervii (as aid to the Nervii). 7. The Aduatuci, who were descenclents of the Cimbri ard Teutons had collected all their property in one town which was especially well fortified. 8. This town had high cliffs on all sides and was defended by a double wall on which stones of great weight had been placed. 1. A. 145; B. 86; H. 176; H.-B. 136; W. 53. 2. A. 287; B, 235 2 b) y; H. 395 2; H.-B, 323, 2; W. 157 2. 64 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON LVIII (Chapter 30) 1. The Supine 2. Construction with oportet 1. The supine in -urn is used to express purpose after verbs of motion. The supine in -u is used as an ablative of specifi- cation after a few adjectives. 2. The verb oportet may take as subject a clause with the subjunctive, with or without ut, or an infinitive. 1. The Gauls thought that this was best [to do]. 2. Our small stature ought not to be a source of contempt to the Gauls. 3. The envoys came to ask {supine of petere) aid. 4. A tower ought to be constructed by the Romans. 5. Our men fought with the Aduatuci in slight skirmishes. 6. The Gauls saw that the Romans were constructing a mound and setting up a tower. 7. When Caesar saw that the enemy were making sorties from the town and fighting {contendere) with our men, he surrounded {circummunire) the town with a rampart and numerous redoubts. 8. But the enemy jeered and taunted our men because they were of so small stature. 1. A. 509, 510; B. 340; H. 633, 635; H.-B. 618, 619.; W. 295, 396. 2. A. 565, n. 3; B. 295 6, 8, 330; H. 302 1; H.-B. 513, 5, 585; W. 278. CAESAR COMPOSITION 65 LESSON LIX (Chapter 31) 1. Superlative with quisque 2. Commands in Indirect Discourse 1. Quisque irith a superlative adjective is frequently used when the English idiom requires "all" with a positive, e.g., Quisque fortissimus vir, "all brave men." 2. Imperatives of direct discourse become subjunctives in indirect. Subjunctives expressing command or exhortation in direct discourse are retained as subjunctive in indirect discourse. 1. All brave men will defend themselves. 2. The envoys asked for one thing: (namely) that Caesar would spare (cdnservare) the Aduatuci. 3. All good men have given themselves up to the power of the Romans. 4. The Gauls will ask for one thing: (namely) that the Romans will not deprive them of their arms. 5. These men ought {o porter e) not to be killed by their enemies. 6. We have always thought this was the best thing to do (best to be done). 7, Envoys were sent to Caesar by the Gauls, who were frightened when the tower was moved. 8. They had not thought the Romans could move forward devices of so great height, 9. The envoys begged for one thing: that he would not allow (pati) them to be killed by their enemies who had always envied their valor. 1. A. 313 6; B. 252 5 c); H. 515 2; H.-B. 278 2, b). 2. A. 588: B. 316; H. 642 4: H.-B. 538; W. 267, 66 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON LX (Chapter 32) 1. Defective Verbs 2. Methods of Expressing Purpose 1. (For list of defective verbs see p. 110.) 2. The following ways of expressing purpose are found in Caesar. 1. A clause introduced by ut or ne with its verb in the sub- junctive. 2. A clause introduced by a relative pronoun with its verb in the subjunctive, 3. The gerund (or gerundive construction) used as the object of the preposition ad. 4. The genitive of gerund (or gerundive construction) with causa. 5. The supine in urn (after verbs of motion). 1. The Gauls began to throw their weapons from the walL 2. They surrendered their arms that Caesar might spare them. 3. Caesar began to reply to these things. 4. They concealed these weapons for the purpose of inflicting injury on the Romans. 5. Caesar spared all the brave men. 6. The piles of arms which were thrown from the wall reached to (equaled) the top of the rampart. 7. Caesar spared the Aduatuci according to his custom, because the weapons were surrendered before the battering ram had touched (subjunctive) the wall. 8. He also commanded the neighboring peoples not to make war upon them. 9. But they kept part of their arms and concealed them in the town. 1. A. 205, 206; B. 133-137; H. 299-301; H.-B. 198-200; W. 86. 2. A. 533; B. 282, 338 1 c), 3, 339 6, 340 1 ; H. 634; H.-B. 502 2, 612 1, 111,618. CAESAR COMPOSITION 67 LESSON LXI (Chapter 33) 1. Conditional Sentences, Future Less Vivid 1. Future less vivid conditional sentences, or conditional sentences of the second type as they are sometimes called, take the present (occasionally the perfect) subjunctive in both clauses. 1. If the soldiers should come out of the town, the townspeople would not suffer (accipere) injury. 2. If we should withdraw the guards the}' would close the gates. 3. The enemy concealed these weapons that they might make a sortie. 4. If these men should be killed the rest would be driven back into the town. 5. On the next day Caesar ordered the gates to be broken down. 6. The enemy fought bravely that they might defend the town (Translate in two ways). 7. Toward evening, when the soldiers had come out of the town, the gates were closed, but Caesar did not withdraw the guards (praesidia) for he feared that the enemy would make a sortie. 8. The enemy had made shields from bark and tvoven osiers, in order that they might make an attack on our men. 1. A. 516 b; B. 303; H. 576; H.-B. 580; W. 527. 68 CAESAR COMPOSITION LESSON LXII (Chapter 35) 1. Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact 1. Conditional sentences contrary to fact {conditional sen- tences of the third type) take the imperfect subjunctive to express present time and the pluperfect subjunctive to express past time. 1. If the barbarians had been conquered (super are) these nations would have sent envoys. 2. If our army were in Italy the enemy would be waging war. 3. If the hostages had been given Caesar would have set out for Italy. 4. If hostages should be given Caesar would set out for Italy. 5. These nations promised that they would obey (do) our com- mands. 6. Caesar will lead the legions into winter quarters in these places (accusative) where war has been waged. 7. The nations which live across the Rhine will send envoys to Caesar and will obey his commands because the reputation of this war has reached (been borne to) them. 8. The legions will be led into winter quarters among the tribes (states) near these places where war has been waged and Caesar will set out for Italy. 1. A. 517; B. 304; H. 579; H.-B. 581; W. 254. COLLEGE EXTEAXCE EXAMINATION PAPEES PRINCETON, 190S 1. While Caesar was staying in this place for the sake of supplies, he learned that the Morini would do what he had ordered. 2. He commanded the soldiers to throw away their spears so as to be able to use their swords more easily. 3. Crassus feared that the auxiliaries, in whom he did not have much confidence, would desert him. 4. But if Catiline had remained in the city to this day, we should have had to fight with him and should never have freed the state from danger. PRINCETON, JUNE 1909 1. On seeing the enemy, he ordered hi.- men to close the gates (Express the phrase u on seeing the enemy" in three ways.) 2. Cn. Pompeius is the only man who has surpassed in valor the glory of our ancestors. 3. While this was going on, a message was brought to Caesar that the Germans had crossed the Rhine and were marching through the territory of the Haedui. Fearing that he would not be able to resist them if he waited longer for supplies, he collected his forces as quickly as possible. 69 70 COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL July, 1909 When this battle had been fought, Caesar led his forces across the Rhine and had a bridge built. When the Helvetians learned that he had done this, they sent envoys to ask for peace. On the tenth day afterwards, Caesar set out for Italy with the sixth legion. The rest of the army went into winter quarters. September, 1909 The town w r hich the Roman general began to attack was five miles distant. On the next day he crossed the river with all his cavalry and drew up in line of battle. The soldiers threw rocks at the walls in order that the defenders might be driven away. This was done before sunset. BRYN MAWR COLLEGE 1908. — One and One-half Hours While Caesar was discussing the question of peace with the Germans, the latter treacherously attacked the Roman cavalry, although a truce (indutiae) had been agreed upon for that day. Thus our men were taken by surprise and more than eighty of them were killed. In view of this Caesar thought that he ought not to listen longer to the German envoys nor wait until their forces should be still further increased. Having decided to assault the German camp at once, he drew up his men in triple line of battle and marched the eight miles to the camp so quickly that the enemy could not decide w T hat to do. They had not even time to seize their arms before the Romans, inflamed by the treachery of the day before, burst into the camp. The resistance of the Germans was of short duration, for most of them were thoroughly frightened and sought safety in flight. COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS 71 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 1907 (time allowed ONE hour) Translate into Latin (marking all long vowels): 1. Caesar sent men to Ariovistus to ask him why he had come into Gaul. 2. Although the enemy were in Geneva, a fortified town, they could not withstand the attack of Caesar's army for three days. 3. Having taken this town Caesar marched so rapidly that he reached Bibrax in four days. 4. If the soldiers had persuaded Caesar not to attack Ario- vistus, the Germans would have remained in Gaul. 5. If reinforcements should come we should adopt a plan for taking the city. 6. The men used the provisions they had brought with them, because the grain in the fields was not ripe. 7. (a) Caesar said that the enemy were fighting bravely. (b) Caesar said that the enemy would fight bravely. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 1908 (time allowed — one hour) Write in Latin: 1. Caesar advised his soldiers not to cross this swamp, in order that they might not be attacked in an unfavorable posi- tion. 2. If these forces had been with us, we should not have awaited your arrival, but should have attacked you of our own accord. 72 COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS 3. When neither army began to cross, Caesar ordered the lieutenants to lead their men back to camp. 4. The enemy had for so long a time kept within the walls, that the Romans thought they had accepted the terms of peace. 5. The soldiers are mindful of their duty to Caesar and will not forget their former valor. 6. Since everything had to be done at one time, the general persuaded the lieutenants to come to his assistance. GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX DECLENSIONS There are five declensions of Latin nouns, distinguished from each other by the final letter of the stem, and the ending of the genitive singular. DECLENSION FINAL LETTER OP STEM ENDING OF GEN. SING. I. a -ae II. o -I TTT f consonant III. (. -is IV. u -us V. e -el or -el a. Strictly speaking, the cases are usually formed by adding case- endings to the stem. But when the stem ends in a vowel, that vowel is often modified in some way, or is so combined with the true case- ending that neither the stem-vowel nor the true case-ending can be seen. Therefore it is more convenient to apply the name case-ending to the combined stem-vowel and true case-ending, and to say that the cases are formed by adding case-endings to the base. The base of a noun is found by dropping the ending of the genitive singular. FIRST DECLENSION The stem ends in -a; the nominative in -a« The gender is usually feminine. lingua, f., tongue, language SINGULAR ENDINGS Nominative lingua a language (as subject) -a Genitive linguae of a language, language's -ae Dative linguae to or for a language -ae Accusative linguam a language (as object) -am Vocative lingua O (or thou) language -a Ablative lingua by, from, in, or with a language -a 73 74 APPENDIX PLURAL, languages (as subject) -aa of languages, languages* -arum -13 -as -ae Nominative linguae Genitive linguarum Dative Unguis to or for languages Accusative linguas languages (as object) Vocative linguae (or ye) languages Ablative Unguis by, from, in, or with languages -Is a. Exceptions in gender arc shown by meanings (13) ; as Belgae, u., the Belgae; Matrona, M., the (river) Marne. b. The locative singular ends in -ae; as Samarobrlvae, at Sam- arobriva. SECOND DECLENSION The stem ends in -o; the nominative masculine in -us, -gt, -ir; the nominative neuter in -um. animus, m., puer, m. ; ager, m. , vir, m., bellum, n., mind boy field SINGULAR man war N. animus puer ager vir bellum G. animi pueri agri viri belli D. animo puero agro viro bello A. animum puerum agrum virum bellum V. anime puer ager vir bellum A. animo puero agro PLURAL viro bello N. animi pueri agri viri bella G. animorum puerorum agrorum virorum bellorum D. animis puerls agris virls bellis A. animos pueros agros viros bella V. animi pueri agri viri bella A. animis puerls agris virls bellis filius, M,, Gaius, m., B6I, M., deus, M., son Gaius the Boii god SING. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. N. filius Gaius B01 deus dii, dl 0. fill Gal Boiorum del deorum D. filio Gaio Bols deo diis, dis A. fllium Gaium Boios deum deos V. fill Gal B61 deus dii, dl A. fiiia Gaio Bols deo diis, dis APPENDIX (O a. Exceptions in gender are usually shown by the meanings (13). Vulgus, crowd, is usually neuter. Locus, m., place, has plural loca ? n., places. b. The locative singular ends in -1; as Agedinci ? at Agedincum. c. Xouns in -ius regularly form the genitive and vocative sin- gular in -1, instead of -ii and -ie, and nouns in -ium form the genitive in -I. The words are accented as if the longer form were used; con- si 'II, of a plan) ini'ti, of a beginning. d. Proper names ending in -aius, -eius, and -oius air d°elined like Gaius and B01. e. A few words have -urn instead of -orum in the genitive plural; socium (or sociorum), of allies. THIRD DECLENSION Third declension stems end in a consonant or in -h Nomina- iive case-ending for masculines and feminines, -s or none; for neuters, none. A. CONSONANT STEMS Stems ending in a labial mute, b or p. The nominative ending is -5. prmceps, m., chief Stem princip- SING. PLUR. N. prmceps principes G. principis prlncipum D. prmcipi principibus .4. prmcipem principes T\ prlnceps principes A . prlncipe principibus Stems ending in a dental mute, d or t. The nominative ending for masculines and feminines is -s, and the final d or t of the stem is dropped before it. laus, f , praise miles, m ., soldier caput, x., head Stem laud- Stem milit- Stem capit- SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. .V. laus laudes miles mllites caput capita G. laudis laudum mllitis mllitum capitis capitum I). laudl laudibus militi mllitibus capiti capitibua A. laudem laudes militem mllites caput capita V. laus 1 audes miles mllites caput capita A. laude laudibus mllite mllitibus capite capitibus 76 APPENDIX Stems ending in a guttural mute, g or c. The nominative end- ing is -s, which unites with the final g or c of the stem to form x. lex, f. law dux, M. , leader Stem leg- Stem duo SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. N. lex leges dux duces G. legis legum ducis ducum D. legi legibus duel ducibus A. legem leges ducem duces V. lex leges dux duces A. lege legibus duce ducibus Stems ending in a liquid, 1 or r. ending. There is no nominative case- consul, m. , consul pater, M., father aequoi ■, x., sei Stem consul- Stem patr- Stem aequor- SING. PLTJR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. N. consul consules pater patres aequor aequora G. consulis consuium patris patrum aequoris aequorum D. consul! consulibus patrl patribus aequori aequoribus A. consuiem consules patrem patres aequor aequora V. consul consules pater patres aequor aequora A. consule consulibus patre patribus aequore aequoribus Stems ending in a nasal, m or n. There is no nominative case- ending, except in hiems, the only stem in -m. The nominative of masculines and feminines usually drops the final n and changes the preceding vowel to 6. ho. no, m. , f., human being ratio, f. , reason rlumen, ~s., river Stem homin- Stem ration- Stem flumin- SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. A T . homo homines ratio rationes rlumen flumina G. hominis hominum rationis rationum fluminis fluminum D. homini hominibus ration! rationibus flumini fluminibus A. hominem homines rationem rationes fliimen flumina V. homo homines ratio rationes rlumen flumina A. nomine hominibus ratione rationibus flumine fluminibus APPENDIX 77 Stems ending cwo vowels). The ~2i s, sometimes in r mos, m., custom Stem mos- SING. PLUR. N. mos mores G. moris morum mori moribus morem mores mos mores more moribus ; in s (apparently r, because s changes to r between nominative has no case-ending, but usually ends D. 4. A. honor, M. , honor tempus, n., time Stem honos- Stem tempos- SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. honor honores tempus tempora honoris ho no rum temporis temporum honor! honoribus tempori tempo rib us honorem honores tempus tempora honor honores tempus tempora honore honoribus tempore temporibus B. i- ■STEMS Here belong (1) masculine and feminine nouns ending in -is or -es if they have the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative, and (2) neuters in -e, -al, -ar. Theoretically the i should appear in all cases except the nomina- tive and vocative plural of masculines and feminines, and the nomina- tive, accusative, and vocative singular of some neuters; but this de- clension became confused with that of consonant stems, and no abso- lute rule can be given for the endings. Masculine and feminine nouns usually have ace, -em, abl. , -e, ace. plural either -es or -Is. Neuters have abl. -I. hostis, m., f., enemy Stem hosti- SINGULAR hostis hostis host! hostem hostis hoste PLURAL hostes hostium hostibus hostes or hostes hostibus rris, f., tower Stem turri- N. turris G. turris D. turn A. turrim or - V. turris A. turii or -e N. turres G. turrium D. turribus A. turris or - V. turres A. turribus em caedes, p., slaughter Stem caedi- caedes caedis caedi caedem caedes caede es -is caedes caedium caedibus caedes er -Is caedes caedibus 78 APPENDIX cubile, n., coach Stem cublli- N. cubile G, cubllis D. cublli A. cubile V. cubile A. cublli N. cubilia G. cubilium D. cubilibus A. cubilia V . cubilia A. cubilibus vectigal, n., tax Stem vectigali- SINGULAR vectigal vectlgalis vectigali vectigal vectigal vectigali PLURAL, vectlgalia vectlgalium vectlgalibus vectlgalia vectlgalia vectlgalibus a. Most nouns in -is are declined like hostis. Arar (for Araris), m., the Saone, and Liger (for Ligeris), m., the Loire, are declined in the singular like turris. Ignis, m., fire, and navis, p., ship, often have abl.-L Mare, n., sea, is declined like cubile, but commonly has no other plural cases than nominative and accusative. C. MIXED STEMS Some consonant stems have borrowed from -i stems the genitive plural in -ium and the accusative plural in -is. Here belong most monosyllables in -s and -x preceded by a consonant; most nouns in -ns and -rs ; and a few nouns in -tas, -tatis. cliens, m , retainer Stem client- SINGULAR PLURAL N. cliens clientes G. clientis clientium D. client! clientibus A. clientem clientes or -is V. cliens clientes A. client e clientibus urbs, F. , city Stem urb- SINGULAR PLURAL urbs urbes urbis urbium urbi urbibus urbem urbes or -Is urbs urbes urbe urbibus APPENDIX 79 senex, m. , OS,N., old man bone N. senex OS G. senis ossis D. sen! OSSl A. senem OS V. senex OS A. sene osse N senes ossa G. senum ossium D. senibus ossibus A. senes ossa V. senes ossa A. senibus ossibus b0S, M. , F. t luppiter, M. f OX, cow Jupiter bos luppiter bovis Iovis hOYl Iovi bovem lovem bos luppiter bove love boves bovum or bourn bobus or bubus boves boves bobus or btibus D. IRREGULAR NOUNS The following nouns present peculiarities of inflection : vis, F., force SINGULAR vis VIS VI vim vis vl PLURAL vires virium viribus vires vires viribus The gender of many nouns is shown by the meaning (13). There are numerous exceptions to the following rules. a. Masculine are nouns in 6 (except those in -do, -go, -16) -or, -os, -e**, -es. b. Feminine are nouns in -do, -go, -io, -as, -es, -is, -us, -ys, -x, and in -s when preceded by a consonant. c. Neuter are all others; namely, nouns in -a, -e, -1, -y, -c, -1, -n, -t g -ar, -ur, -us. FOURTH DECLENSION Stem ends in -u; nominati- neuter in -u. N. G. D. A. V. A. a. Domus, house, manus, hand, Idus, Ides, are feminine, b. The dative singular of nouns in -us sometimes ends in -u. c. The dative and ablative plural of a few nouns sometimes end in »ubus. passus, M., pace SING. PLUR. passus passus passus passuum passu! passibus passum passus passus passus passu passibus nasculin q in -us, nominative cornu, n. , horn SING. PLUR. cornu cornua cornus cornuum cornu cornibus cornu cornua cornu cornua cornu cornibus 80 APPENDIX d. Doinus, f. , house, has some second declension forms forms 5 in common use are: SING. Nom. domus Gen. domus Dat. domui or domo Ace. domum Voc. domus Abl. domo or domu Loc. domi {at home) PLUR. domus domuum domibus domos domus domibus FIFTH DECLENSION Stem ends in -8 ; nominative in • -es. Usually feminine. dies, M., day res , f., thing SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. N. dies dies res res G. die! dierum rei rerum D. diel diebus rei rebus A. diem dies rem res V. dies dies res res A. die diebus re rebus The a. Dies in the singular is either masculine or feminine (feminine usu- ally in the sense of an appointed day or a long space of time) ; in th?; plural it is masculine. Its compounds are masculine. b. The ending of the genitive and dative singular is -el after a vowel, -ei after a consonant, -e is sometimes used instead of either. c. Dies and res are the only nouns of this declension that are de- clined throughout the plural. Acies, spes, and a few others have nom- inative and accusative plural forms. ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS magnus, large SINGULAR PLURAL Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. Fern. Neut. N. magnus magna magnum magni magnae magna G. magni magnae magni magnorum magnarum magnor*un D magno magnae magno magnis magnis magnis A. magnum magnam magnum magnos magnas magna V. magne magna magnum magni magnae magna A. magno magna magno magnis magnis magni. APPENDIX 81 liber, free SINGULAR PLURAL. Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. Fern. Ne&. N. liber libera llberum Hberi liberae libera G. Hberi llberae Hberi Hberorum llberarum Hberorum 0. Hbero liberae Hbero Ilberls Hberis liberis A. llberum llberam llberum liberos lib eras libera V. liber libera llberum Hberi liberae libera A. Hbero libera Hbero Hberis Hberis Ilberls noster, our SINGULAR PLURAL Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. Fern. Neut. N. noster nostra nostrum nostrl nostrae nostra G. nostrl nostrae nostrl nostrorum nostrarum nostrorum D. nostro nostrae nostro nostris nostris nostris A. nostrum nostram nostrum nostras nostras nostra V. noster nostra nostrum nostrl nostrae nostra A. nostro nostra nostro nostris nostris nostris ADJECTIVES WITH GENITIVE IN -ius. Nine adjectives of the first and second declensions have the genitive singular in -Ius (in alter usually °ius) and the dative singular in -I in all genders. These are alius, another, solus, only, totus, whole alius, any, nullus, no, unus, one, alter, the other, uter, which (of two), neuter, neither. In the plural the case-endings of these adjectives are exactly the same as in magnus. Note the ending -ud in the neuter of alius, SINGULAR Mas. Fern. Neut. N. unus una iinum G. unlus unius unius D. uni uni uni A. iinum unam unum A. uno una uno N. alius alia aliud G. alius alius alius D. alii alii alii A. alium aliam aliud A. aho alia alio Mas. Fern. Neut. totus tota totum totlus totlus totlus totl totl totl totum totam totum tot6 tota tota alter altera alterum alterius alterius alterius alter! alter! alterl alterum alteram alterum alterO altera alter© 82 APPENDIX ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION There are both consonant stems and i-stems. Adjectives of three terminations have a special form in the nominative singular for each gender; adjectives of two terminations have one form in the nomi- native singular for the masculine and feminine, another for the neuter; adjectives of one termination have the same form in the nominative singular for all genders. Except comparatives, all adjectives of two or three terminations have only -I in the ablative singular. A. CONSONANT STEMS Two Terminations. fortior, braver SING. PLUS. Mas. and Fern. Neuter Mas. and Fern. Neuter N. fortior fortius fortiores fortiora G. fortioris fortioris fortiorum fortiorum D. fortiori fortiori fortioribus fortioribus A. fortiorem fortius fortiores fortiora V fortior fortius fortiores fortiora A. fortiore fortiore fortioribus fortioribus a> Here belong all comparatives; but plus, more, is irregular and de- fective. In the singular it is used only as a noun. SING. PLUR. Neuter Mas. and Fern. Neuter N. plus pltires plura G. pluris plurium plurium D pluribus pluribus A. plus plures or - ■Is plura A, plure pluribus pluribus One termination. vetus, old SING. PLUR. Mas. and Fern. Neut. Mas. and Fern. Neut. N. vetus vetus veteres Vetera G. veteris veteris veterum veteruta D. veterl veterl veteribus veteribus A. veterem vetus veteres Vetera V. vetus vetus veteres Vetera A. vetere vetere veteribus veteribus APPENDIX 83 a. Here belongs prmceps, chief. Dives, rich, also belongs here, but has ditia for the nominative, accusative, and vocative neuter plurai. B. i- STEMS Three terminations. acer, sharp SING. PL.UR. Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. Fern. Neut. A^ acer acris acre acres acres acria G acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium D. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus A. acrem acrem acre acres or -is acres or -is acria \\ acer acris acre acres acres acria A. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus a. Here belong ceieber, famous, equester, equestrian, pedester, pe- destrian; names of months in -ber ; and a few others. Two terminations. omnis, all SING. FLUE Mas. and Fern. Neut. Mas, and Fern. Neut. N. omnis omne omnes omnia G. omnis omnis omnium omnium D. omni omni omnibus omnibus A. omnem omne omnes or -is omnia V. omnis omne omnes omnia A . omni omni omnibus omnibus a. Here belong all adjectives in -is,-e. One termination. audax, bold SING. PLUR. Mas . and Fein. Neut. Mas. and Fern. Neui. N. audax audax audaces audacia G. audacis audacis audacium audacium D. audaci audaci audacibus audacibus A. audacem audax audaces or -is audacia V. audax audax audaces audacia A. audaci audaci audacibus audacibus 84 APPENDIX oriens, rising SING. PLUR. Mas. and Fern. Neut. Mas. and Fern. Neut. N. oriens oriens orientSs orientia G. orientis orientis orientium orientium D. orient! orient! orientibus orientibus A . orientem oriens orientes or -Is orientia V. oriens oriens orientes orientia A . oriente or -! oriente or -! orientibus orientibus a. Here belong most adjectives of one termination, and all partici- ples in -ans and -ens. Participles usually have the ablative singular in -I only when used as adjectives, in -e when used as participles or nouns. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES The regular comparative endings are -ior, -ius; superlative, -issimus, -a, -urn. They are added to the base of the positive (found by removing the case-ending from the genitive singular). Examples: altus, high; altior, -ius- higher; altissimus, -a, -urn, highest; fortis, brave; fortior, braver; fortissimus, bravest. Adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly, but form the superlative by adding -rimus to tjie nominative of the positive. Exam- ple: acer, sharp (base, acr-), acrior, acerrimus. Most adjectives in -ilis are compared regularly. Six, while forming the comparative regularly, form the superlative by adding -limus to the base of the positive. They are facilis, easy; difficilis, dif- ficult) similis, like; dissimilis, unlike; humilis, low; gracilis, slender. Example: facilis, facilior, facillimus. IRREGULAR COMPARISON bonus, melior, optimus, good, better, best. malus, peior, pessimus, bad, worse, worst. magnus, xnaior, maximus, great, greater, greatest. parvus 9 minor, minimus, small, less, least. multusj plus, plurimus, much, more, most. dexter, dexteriar, deztimus, on the right, dexterous, etc. APPENDIX §5 DEFECTIVE COMPARISON The following comparatives and superlatives appear without a positive because formed from stems not used as adjectives: (citra, adv., on this side) citerior, citimus, hither, hither most. (de, prep., down) deterior, deterrimus, worse, worst. (intra, prep., in, within) interior, intimus, inner, inmost. (prae, prep., before) prior, primus, former, first. (prope, adv., near) propior, proximus, nearer, next. (ultra, adv., beyond) ulterior, ultimus, farther, farthest, Of the following the positive forms are rare, except when used as nouns (generally in the plural) . exterus, exterior, extremus (extimus), outer, outmost, inferus, inferior, InfTrnus (imus), lower, lowest. posterus, posterior, postremus (postumus), latter, last. superus, superior, supremus (summus), higher, highest. COMPARISON BY ADVERBS Most adjectives in -us preceded by a vowel, and many others, form the comparative and superlative by using the adverbs magis, more, and maxime, most. Example: idoneus, suitable) magis idoneus, more suitable) maxime idoneus, most suitable. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Most adverbs are formed from adjectives in all the degrees of comparison. a. The positive is formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions by adding -e to the base; as latus, wide, late, widely, from adjectives of the third declension by adding -ter or -iter to the base, except that adjectives whose base ends in nt add only -er; as audax, audacis, bold, audacter, boldly; fortis, brave, fortiter, bravely; prudens, prudentis, prudent, priidenter, prudently. But the neuter accusative singular of adjectives of all declensions may be used adverbially; as multum, much, facile, easily. b. The comparative is the accusative singular neuter of the com- parative of the adjective; as latius, more widely, audacius, more boldly, fortius, more bravely, prudentius, more prudently, plus, more, facilius, more easily. so APPENDIX c. The superlative is formed by adding -e to the base of the super- lative of the adjective; or, less often, is its accusative singular neuter; as latissime, most widely, audacissime, most boldly, fortissime, most bravely, prudentissime, most prudently, plurimum, most, facillime, most easily. NUMERALS Numeral adjectives are of three classes: cardinals, answering the question how many? as one, two, etc.; ordinals, answering the question which in order? as, first, second, etc.; and distributives, answering the question how many each? as, one each, two each, etc. Roman Numerals Cardinal Ordinal Distributive I. unus, -a, -um primus, -a, -um singull, -ae, -a II. duo, -ae, -o secundus or alter bin! III. tres, tria tertius term or trinl IV. quattuor quartus quaterni V. qui n que qulntus quini VI. sex sextus senl VII. septem Septimus septeni VIII. octo octavus octoni IX. novem nonus noveni X. decern decimus denl XI. undecim iindecimus iindeni XII. duodecim duodecimus duodenl XIII. tredecim tertius decimus term denl XIV. quattuordecim quartus decimus quaterni deni XV. qulndecim qulntus decimus quini denl XVI. sedecim sextus decimus senl denl XVII. septendecim Septimus decimus septeni denl XVIII. duodeviginti duodevlcesimus duodevlcenl XIX. undeviginti undevicesimus iindevlcenl XX. viginti vlcesimus vicenl XXI. unus et viginti vlcesimus primus viceni singuli (viginti unus) XXVIII. duodetriginta duodetricesimus duodetrlceni XXIX. undetrlginta undetrlcesimus undetriceni XXX. triginta trlcesimus triceni XL. quadraginta quadragesimus quadragenl L. qumquaginta quinquagesimus quinquageni LX. sexaginta sexagesimus sexageni APPENDIX LXX. septuaginta septuagesimus septuagenl LXXX octoginta octogesimus octogeni xc. nonaginta nonagesimus nonageni c. centum centesimus centeni CI. centum (et) centesimus (et) centeni (et) unus primus singull cc. ducenti, -ae, -a dueentesimus duceni ccc. trecentl trecentesimus treceni cccc. quadringenti quadringentesimus quadringenl D. qulngenti qumgentesimus qulngeni DC. sescentl sescentesimus sesceni DCC. septingenti septingentesimus septingenl DCCC. octingenti octingentesimus octingeni DCCCC. nongenti nongentesimus nongenl M. mllle millesimus singula milia MM. duo milia bis millesimus bina milia 87 a. The ending -ensimus is often used for -esimus. Of the cardinals, unus, duo, and tres are declined; quattuor t<* centum, inclusive, are indeclinable ; ducenti to nongenti, inclusive, are declined like the plural of magnus (31) ; mllle as an adjective is inde- clinable, as a substantive is declined like the plural of cubile (25) and generally spelled milia. Ordinals are declined like magnus, distribu- tives like the plural of magnus. For the declension of unus see 32. Its plural usually means only or alone, but is used in the sense of one with nouns used only in the plural; as, una castra, one camp. Duo and tres are declined as follows: duo, two tres, three Mas. Fern. Neut. M. and F. Neut. N. duo duae duo tres tria G. duorum duarum duorum trium trium D. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus A duos, duo duas duo tres, tris tria A. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus The numbers intermediate between those given in the table are expressed as follows: In a combination of tens and units the units may precede, followed by et; as tres et quadraginta, three and forty; or the tens may precede without an et; as quadraginta tres, forty three In other combinations of two numerals the higher precedes, with or without et; as ducenti (et) viginti, two hundred and twenty. In com- 88 APPENDIX binations of three or more numerals, the order is as in English, without et; as dao milia sescenti viginti sex, two thousand six hundred and twenty six. PRONOUXS PERSONAL PRONOUNS First person, ego,/ Second person, tu, you {thou) SING. PLTJR. SING. PLTJR. N. ego nos tu vos G. mei { nostrum tui \ vestrum ( nostri ( vestri D. mihi nobis tibi vobis A. me nos te vos A. me nobis te vobis a. There is no personal pronoun of the third person. Its place is taken either by a demonstrative pronoun, usually is, he, ea, she, id, it, 57 ; or, when him, them, etc., refer to the subject (163), by the reflexive pronouns. b. nostrum and vestrum are the forms used as partitive genitives (101); nostri and vestri, as objective genitives (98). c. The preposition cum is enclitic with personal pronouns; as, nobls- cum, with us. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS A reflexive pronoun can neither be the subject of a finite verb nor agree with such a subject: therefore there can be no nominative. For the first and second persons the personal pronouns are used as re- flexives. For the third person there is a special pronoun. First person, mei, Second person, tui, Third person, sui, of myself of yourself of himself, etc. SING. PLTJR. SING. PLTJR. SING. PLUR. G. mei ( nostrum tui { vestrum sui sul ( nostri I vestri D. mihi nobis tibi vobis * sibi sibi A. me nos te vos se se A. me nobis te vobis se se a. The preposition cum is enclitic with reflexive pronouns ; as, secum ? with himself. APPENDIX 89 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 1st pers, meus, -a> -um, my 2d pers. tuus, -a, -um, your (of one) ( suus, -a, -um, his, her, its (when a 7 referring to the subject) pers A e ^ us (g en - sing, of is) his, her, its (when not referring to the subject) I noster, -tra, -trum, our vester, -tra, -trum, your (of more than one) suus, -a, -um, their (when re- ferring to the subject) eorum, earum, eorum (gen. plur. of is) their (when not referring to the subject) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS hie, this (near the speaker) SING. PLUR. Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. Fern. Neut. N. hie haec hoc hi hae haec G. huius huius huius horum harum horum D. huic huic huic his his his A. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec A. hoc hac hoc his his his a. The nominative and accusative neuter, hoc, is pronounced hocc when the next word begins with a vowel. The syllable is therefore long. See 6 } a. iste, that (near the person spoken to) SING. PLUR. Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. Fern. Neut. A r . iste ista istud isti istae ista G. istlus istlus istlus istorum istarum istorum D, isti isti isti istls istls istls A. istum istam istud istos istas ista A. isto ista isto istls istls istls Ille, that (something more remote) is declined like iste. is, this, that, he, she, it (unemphatic) SING. PLUR, Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. Fern. Neut. N. is ea id ii, el eae ea G. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum D. el el el ils, els ils els ils, els A. eum earn id eos eas ea A. eo ea eo ils, els ils, els ils eis 90 SING. APP1 idem, 5NDIX the same PLUR. Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. Fern. Neut. N. Idem eadem idem Idem or eidem eaedem eadem G. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem D. eidem eidem eidem Isdem or elsdem Isdem or elsdem Isdem or elsdem A. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem A. eodem eadem eodem isdem or elsdem Isdem or elsdem Iirdcm or elsdem Mas. N. ipse G. ipsius D. ipsi A* ipsum A ipso Mas. N. qui G. c^ius D a cui A. quern A. quo SING. Fern. ipsa ipsius ipsi ipsam ipsa THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN ipse, self Neut. Mas. PLUR. Fern. Neut. ipsum ipsius ipsi ipsum ipso ipsi ipsae ipsa ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum ipsls ipsls ipsis ipsos ipsas ipsa ipsls ipsls ipsls THE RELATIVE PRONOUN SING. Fern. quae cuius cui quam qua qui, who Neut. quod cuius cui quod quo PLUR. Mas. Fcm. Neut. qui quae quae quorum quarum quorum quibus quibus quibus quos quas quae quibus quibus quibus a. Quicumque and quisquis, whoever, are generalizing relatives. The qui of quicumque is declined regularly. Quisquis, quicquid (quid- quid), and quoquo are the only common forms of quisquis. b. The preposition cum is usually enclitic with the relative pronoun; as quibuscum, with whom. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Qui, quae, quod, the adjective what? is declined like the relative. Quis, quid, the substantive who? what? is used in the singular. APPENDIX quis, who? SING. 'as. and Fern. Neut N. quis quid G. cuius cuius D. cui cui A, quern quid A quo quo 91 a. The enclitic -nam is sometimes added to an interrogative to strengthen it; quisnam, who, pray? b. Cum is usually enclitic with the interrogative pronoun. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS The indefinite pronouns are quis, qui, and their compounds. Quis and qui in this sense are in general declined like the interrogatives. SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE quis, quid, any one qui, quae (qua), quod, any aliquis, aliquid, some one aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, some quispiam, quidpiam, some one quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, some quisquam, quicquam (quidquam), (adjective supplied by ullus) any one (abl. sing, and entire plural supplied by ullus, -a, -um) quivis, quaevis, quidvis / qulvis, quae vis, quodvis ) quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet j quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet f any one etc., you like any you like quldam, quaedam, quiddam, a cer- quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a tain man certain quisque, quidque, each quisque, quaeque, quodque, each a. In qui and aliqui the nominative and accusative plural neuter are qua (or quae) and aliqua. b. In the declension of quidam, m becomes n before d; as quendam. 92 APPENDIX VERBS There are four conjugations of Latin verbs, distinguished from one another by the final vowel of the stem, best seen in the present in- finitive. CONJUGATION FINAL. VOWEL. OP STEM PRESENT INFINITIVE I. a -are II. e -ere III. e (i, u) -ere IV. I -ire All forms of a verb are formed on one or another of three stems, — the present stem, the perfect stem, and the supine stem. In regular verbs the perfect and supine stems are based on the present stem, but in some irregular verbs they are formed on distinct roots. a. On the present stem are formed: active and passive, — present, im- perfect, and future indicative; present and imperfect subjunctive; im- perative; present infinitive: active, — present participle; gerund: pas- sive, — gerundive. b On the perfect stem are formed: active, — perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative; perfect and pluperfect subjunctive; perfect infinitive. c. On the supine stem are formed: active and passive, — future infini- tive; active, — future participle; supine: passive, — perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative ; perfect and pluperfect subjunctive; perfect infinitive; perfect participle. The principal parts are forms which show to which conjugation a verb belongs and what each of its stems is. They are, in the active, (1) the first person singular present indicative (as the first form of the verb), (2) the present infinitive (to indicate the conjugation and give the present stem), (3) the first person singular perfect indicative (to give the perfect stem), (4) the supine (to give the supine stem). For example, the principal parts of laudo are : laudo, laudare (present stem, lauda). laudavi (perfect stem, laudav) = laudatum (supine stem, laudat). APPENDIX 93 The supine of the majority of verbs is not found in Latin literature so that other forms of the verb are often given instead of the supine. But no one form is found for every verb, and it is simpler to give the supine always. In the passive the principal parts are (1) the first person singular present indicative, (2) the present infinitive, (3) the first person singu- lar perfect indicative. CONJUGATION OF SUM (irregular verb) Principal parts : sum, esse, fui INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present Present SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. sum sumus sim simus es estis sis sitis est sunt sit sint Imperfect eram eramus eras eratis erat erant Future ero erimus eris eritis erit erunt Imperfect essem (or forem) essemus (or foremus^ esses (or fores) essetis (or foretis) esset (or foret) essent (or forent) Perfect Perfect fui fuimus fuerim fu erimus fuisti fuistis fueris fueritis fuit f uerunt or -ere fuerit fuerint Pluperfect Pluperfect fueram fu eramus fuissem fuissemus fueras fueratis fuisses fuissetis fuerat fuerant fuisset fuissent Future Perfect fuero fuerimus fueris fueritis fuerit fuerint 94 APPENDIX IMPERATIVE Present 2d pers. es este Future 2d pers. esto estote 3d pers. esto sunto PARTICIPLE Fut. futurus INFINITIVE Pres. esse Perf. fuisse Fut futurus (esse) or fore FIRST CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE Principal parts: laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum INDICATIVE Present SING. PLUR. laudo laudamus laudas laudatis laudat laudant Imperfect laudabam laudabamus laudabas laudabatis laudabat laudabant Future laudabo laudabis laudabit laudabimus laudabitis laudabunt Perfect laudavi laudavimus laudavisti laudavistis laudavit laudaverunt or -ere Pluperfect laudaveram laudaveramus laudaveras laudaveratis laudaverat laudaverant Future Perfect laudavero laudaverimus laudaveris laudaveritis laudaverit laudaverint SUBJUNCTIVE Present SING. PLUR. laudem laudemus laudes iaudetis laudet laudent Imperfect laudarem laudaremus laudares laudaretis laudaret laudarent Perfect laudaverim laudaverimus laudaveris laudaveritis laudaverit laudaverint Pluperfect laudavissem laudavissemus laudavisses laudavissetis laudavisset laudavissent APPENDIX 91 IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE Present Pres. laudare 2d per s. lauda. laudate Perf. laudavisse Future Fut. laudaturus (esse; 2d pers. laudato laudatote 3d pers. laudato laudanto PARTICIPLE SUPINE Pres. laudans Ace, laudatum Fut. laudaturus GERUND Gen. laudandi Bat. laudando Abl. laudatu Ace. laudandum Abl. laudando FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE Principal parts: laudor, laudari, laudatus sum INDICATIVE Present SING. PLUR. laudor laudamur laudaris or -re laudamini laudatur laudantur Imperfect laudabar laudabamur laudabaris or-re laudabamim laudabatur laudabantur Future laudabor laudabimur laudaberis or -re laudabimim laudabitur laudabuntur Perfect laudatus sum laudati sumus laudatus es laudati estis laudatus est laudati sunt SUBJUNCTIVE Present SING. PLUR. lauder laudemur lauderis or -re laudemini laudetur laudentur laudarer laudareris or laudaretur Imperfect laudaremur laudaremini laudarentur Perfect laudatus sim laudati simus laudatus sis laudati sitis laudatus sit laudati sint 96 APPENDIX Pluperfect Pluperfect laudatus eram laudati eramus laudatus essem laudati essemus laudatus eras laudati eratis laudatus erat laudati erant Future Perfect laudatus ero laudati erimus laudatus eris laudati eritis laudatus erit laudati erunt IMPERATIVE laudatus esses laudatus esset laudati essetis laudati essent Present 2d pers. laudare Future 2d pers. laudator 3d pers. laudator laudamini laudantor INFINITIVE Pres. laudari Perf. laudatus esse Fut. laudatum In PARTICIPLE Perf. laudatus Fut. laudandus SECOND CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE Principal parts: moneo, monere, monui, monitum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present Present SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. moned monemus moneam moneamus mones monetis moneas moneatis monet monent moneat moneant Imperfect monebam monebamus monebas monebatis monebat monebant Future monebo monebimus monebis monebitis monebit monebunt Imperfect monerem monSrgmus moneres moneretis moneret monerent APPENDIX 97 Perfect monul monuimus monuisti monuistis monuit monuerunt or -ere Pluperfect monueram monueramus mDnueras monueratis monuerat monuerant Perfect monuerim monuerlmus monueris monueritis monuerit monuerint Pluperfect monuissem monuissemus monuisses monuissetis monuisset monuissent Future Perfect monuero monuerimus monueris monueritis monuerit monuerint IMPERATIVE Present 2d pers. mone monete Future 2d pers. moneto monetote 3d pers. moneto monento PARTICIPLE Pres. monens Fut. monitiirus SUPINE Ace. monitum Abl. monitu INFINITIVE Pres. monere Perf. monuisse Fut. moniturus (esse) GERUND Gen. monendl Dat. monendo Ace. monendum Abl. monendo SECOND CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE Principal parts: moneor, moneri, monitus sum INDICATIVE Present SING. PL.TJR. moneor monemur moneris or -re monemini monetur monentur SUBJUNCTIVE Present SING. PLUR. monear moneamur monearis or -re moneaminl moneatur moneantur 98 APPENDIX Imperfect monebar monebamur monebaris or -re monebamini monSbatur monebantur Future monSbor monebimur moneberis or -re monebimini monebitur monebuntur Perfect monitus sum moniti sumus monitus es moniti estis monitus est moniti sunt Pluperfect Imperfect monerer moneremur monereris or -re monereminl moneretur monfcrentur Perfect monitus sim moniti simus monitu? sis moniti sitis monitus sit moniti sint Pluperfect monitus eram moniti eramus monitus eras moniti eratis monitus erat moniti erant monitus essem moniti essemu monitus esses moniti essetis monitus esset moniti essent Future Perfect monitus ero moniti erimus monitus eris moniti eritis monitus erit moniti erunt IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE Present 2d vers, monere monemini Future 2d pers. monetor Zd pers. monitor monentor Pres. moneri Perf. monitus esse Fut. monitumin PARTICIPLE Perf. monitus Fut. monendus THIRD CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE Principal parts: duco, ducere, duxi, ductum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present Present SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR, ducd ducimus diicam ducamus ducis ducitis ducas ducatis dueit ducunt ducat ducant APPENDIX 99 Imperfect ducebam ducebamus ducebas ducebatis ducebat ducebant Future ducam ducemus duces ducetis ducet diicent Pluperfect dtixeram duxeramus duxeras duxeratis duxerat diixerant Future Perfect dfixero duxerimus duxeris duxeritis diixerit duxerint Imperfect dficerem duceremus duceres duceretis duceret ducerent Perfect Perfect diixi duximus duxerim duxerimus duxisti duxistis duxeris duxeritis duxit duxerunt or -ere duxerit duxerint Pluperfect duxissem diixissemus duxisses duxissetis duxisset duxissent IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE Present Pres. ducere 2d pers. due* ducite Perf. duxisse Future Fut. ducturus (esse) 2d pers. dticito ducitote 3J pers. ducito ducunto PARTICIPLE SUPINE Pres. ducens Ace. ductum Fut, ducturus Abl. ductu GERUND Gen. ducendi Dat. ducendo Ace. ducendum Abl ducendo * Irregular for duce. 100 APPENDIX THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE Principal parts : ducor, duel, ductus sum SUBJUNCTIVE Present SING. PLUR. ducar ducamur ducaris or -re ducamini ducatur ducantur INDICATIVE Present SING. PLUR. ducor ducimur duceris or -re ducimini ducitur ducuntur Imperfec \ diicebar ducebamur ducebaris or -re ducebamini ducebatur ducebantur Future ducar ducemur duceris or -re ducemini ducetur ducentur Perfect ductus sum ducti sumus ductus es ducti estis ductus est ducti sunt Pluperfect ductus eram , ducti eramus ductus eras ducti eratis ductus erat ducti erant Future Perfect ductus ero ducti erimus ductus eris ducti eritis ductus erit ducti erunt IMPERATIVE Present 2d pers. ducere ducimini Future 2d pers. ducitor 3d pers. ducitor ducuntor Imperfect ducerer ducereris or re duceretur duceremur duceremini ducerentur Perfect ductus sim ducti simus ductus sis ducti sitis ductus sit ducti sint Pluperfect ductus essem ducti essemus ductus esses ducti essetis ductus esset ducti essent INFINITIVE Pres. duel Perf. ductus esse Fut. ductum iri PARTICIPLE Perf. ductus Fut. ducendus APPENDIX 101 FOURTH CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE Principal parts : audio , audire, audlvi, auditum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present Present SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. audio audimus audiarn audiamus audis auditis audias audiatis audit audiunt audiat audiant Imperfect Imperfect audiebam audiebamus audirem audiremus audiebas audiebatis audires audiretis audiebat audiebant audiret audirent Future audiam audiemus audies audietis audiet audient Perfect Perfect audi vi audlvimus audiverim audiverimus audlvisti audivistis audlveris audlventis audivit audlverunt audlverit audlverint or -ere Pluperfect audiveram audlveramus audiveras audiveratis audlverat audiverant Future Perfect audiverd audiverimus audlveris audlveritis audlverit audlverint IMPERATIVE Present 2d pers. audi audite • Future 2d pers. audito auditote 3d pers. audito audiunto Pluperfect audlvissem audivissemus audlvisses audivissetis audlvisset audlvissent INFINITIVE Pres. audire Perf. audlvisse Fut. audltiirus (esse) 102 APPENDIX PARTICIPLE Pres. audiens Fut. audlturus SUPINE Ace. audltum A bl. audltu GERUND Gen. audiendi Dat. audiendo Ace. audiendum Abl. audiend6 FOURTH CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE Principal parts : audior, audlri, audltus sum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present Present SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. audior audimur audiar audiamur audiris or -re audimini audiaris or -re audiamini auditur audiuntur audiatur audiantur Imperfect audiebar audiebamur audiebaris or -re audiebamini audiebatur audiebantur Future audiar audiemur audieris or -re audieminl audietur audientur Perfect audltus sum audltus es audltus est audit! sumus audit! estis audit! sunt Pluperfect audltus eram audit! eramus audltus eras audit! eratis audltus erat audit! erant Future Perfect audltus ero audit! erimus audltus eris audit! eritis audltus erit auditi erunt Imperfect audirer audiremur audireris or -re audlremini audirStur audirentur Perfect audltus sim auditi simus audltus s!s audit! sitis audltus sit auditi sint Pluperfect audltus essem auditi essemus audltus esses auditi essetis audltus esset auditi e&sent APPENDIX 103 IMPERATIVE Present 2d pers. audire audimini Future 2d pers. auditor 3d pers, auditor audiuntor INFINITIVE Pres. audiri Perf. audltus esse Fut. audltum In PARTICIPLE Perf. audltus Fut. audiendus THIRD CONJUGATION IN 10 ACTIVE VOICE Principal parts: capio, capere, cepi, captum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Present Present SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. capio capimus capiam capiamus capis capitis capias capiatis capit capiunt capiat capiant Imperfect Imperfect capiebam capiebamus caperem caperemus capiebas capiebatis caperes caperetis capiebat Future capiebant caperet caperent capiam capiemus capies capietis capiet Perfect capient Perfect cepi cepimus ceperim ceperimus cepisti cepistis ceperis ceperitis cepit ceperunt or -ere ceperit ceperint 104 APPENDIX Pluperfect ceperam ceperamus ceperas ceperatis ceperat ceperant Future Perfect cepero ceperimus ceperrs ceperitis ceperit ceperint IMPERATIVE Present 2d pers. cape Future 2d pers, capito 3c? pers, capito PARTICIPLE Pres. capiens Fut. capturus Pluperfect cepissem cepissemus cepisses cepissetis cepisset cepissent capite capitote capiunt6 SUPINE Ace. captum Abl. captu INFINITIVE Pres. capere Perf. cepisse Fut. capturus (esse) GERUND Gen. capiendi Dat. capiendo Ace. capiendum Abl. capiendo THIRD CONJUGATION IN 10 PASSIVE VOICE Principal parts : capior, capi, captus sum INDICATIVE Present SING, capior c a peris or -re capitur Imperfect PLUR. capimur capimini capiuntur capiebar capiebaris or -re capiebatur Future capiar capieris or -re capietur capiebamur capiebamim capiebantur capiemur capiemini capientur SUBJUNCTIVE Present SING. PLUR. capiar capiamur capiaris or -re capiamini capiatur capiantur Imperfect caperer caperemur capereris or -re caperemini caperetur caperentur APPENDIX 105 Perfect Perfect captus sum captus es captus est capti sumus capti estis capti sunt Pluperfect captus eram capti eramus captus eras capti eratis captus erat capti erant Future Perfect captus ero capti erimus captus eris capti eritis captus erit capti erunt IMPERATIVE Present 2d pers. capere capiminl Future 2d pers. capitor 3d pers, capitor capiuntor captus sun captus sis captus sit capti simus capti sitis capti sint Pluperfect captus essem capti essemus captus esses capti essetis captus esset capti essent INFINITIVE Pres cap! Perf. captus esse Fut. eaptum in PARTICIPLE Perf , captus Fut. capiendus CONTRACTED FORMS When the perfect stem ends in v, the v is sometimes dropped, and usually the two vowels thus brought together contract into one. a. Perfects in -avi, -evi, and -ovi, and the other tenses based on the same stem, sometimes (apparently) drop ve, ve", or vi before r or s. Examples: laudasti for laudavisti; laudasse for laudavisse; delerunt for deleverunt ; norim for noverim. b. Perfects in -ivi, and the other tenses based on the same stem, some- times drop v in all forms. When the resulting combination is iis it usually contracts to is. Examples: audi! for audivi; audieram for audiveram; audisse for audivisseo 106 APPENDIX DEPONENT VERBS Deponent verbs have passive forms with active meanings. But the future passive participle is passive in sense, and the perfect parti- ciple is sometimes so. On the other hand they have the following active forms : future infinitive, present and future participles, gerund* supine. Of the following verbs the principal parts, indicative, subjunctive, and imperative are precisely the same as those for the passive voice of the verbs already given for the corresponding conjugations. hortor, urge vereor, fear sequor, follow partior, share INFINITIVE Pres. hortari vereri sequi partiri Perf. hortatus esse veritus esse seciitus esse partitus esse Fut. hortaturus (esse) veriturus (esse) secuturus (esse) partiturus (esse) PARTICIPLE Pres. hortans verens sequens partiens Perf. hortatus veritus secutus partitus Fut. hortaturus veriturus secuturus partiturus Fut. Pass, hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus GERUND bortandi, -6, etc. verendi, etc. sequendl, etc. partiendi, etc. SUPINE hortatum, -tu veritum, -tu secutum, -tu partitum, -tu SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS Semi-deponent verbs have active forms for the tenses based on the present stem, passive forms for those based on the perfect stem. They are: audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, rejoice soleo, solere, solitus ?um, be accustomed fid 5, fidere, fisus sum, trust APPENDIX 107 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION The active periphrastic conjugation expresses future or intended action, It is formed by combining the future active participle with the verb sum : thus, Pres. laudaturus sum, / am about to praise, I intend to praise, Imp. laudaturus eram, / was about to praise, I intended to praise, etc. The passive periphrastic conjugation expresses obligation or ne- cessity. It is formed by combining the future passive participle with the verb sum : thus, Pres. laudandus sum, I am to be (must be) praised, I have to be praised. Imp. laudandus eram, / was to be praised, I had to be praised, etc. IRREGULAR VERBS S UM AND ITS COMPOUNDS For the conjugation of sum see 66. Sum is inflected in the same way when compounded with the prepositions ad,de, in, inter, ob, prae, sub, super. Praesum has a present participle, praesens. In absum, sum is inflected in the same way, but a is used for ab before f, giving aim, afuturus, etc. There is a present participle absens. In prosum, sum is inflected in the same way, but the preposition pro has its original form prod before all forms of sum beginning with e; as, prodesse, proderam. The present tense is, prosum, prodes, prodest prosumus, prodestis, prosunt. Possum, be able, can, is a compound of pot- and sum. Principal parts: possum, posse, potui INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. possum, potes, potest possumus, potestis, possunt possim Imp poteram possem Fut. potero Per]. potui potuerim Plup. potueram potuissem Fut. Perf. potuero )8 APPENDIX INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. posse Pres. potens Per}. potuisse fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. fero, fers, fert, feram ferimus, fertis, ferunt Imp. ferebam ferrem Fut. feram Per} tull tulerim Plup. tuleram tulissem Fut. Per}, tulero IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. fer ferte Pres. ferre Pres. fer ens Fut. ferto fertote Per}, tulisse Fut. laturus ferto ferunto Fut. laturus (esse) GERUND SUPINE ferendi, etc. latum, -tu PASSIVE VOICE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. feror, ferris, fertur ferar f erimur, f erimini, f eruntur Imp. ferebar ferrer Fut. ferar • Per}. latus sum latus sim plup latus eram latus essem Fut. Per}, latus ero IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. ferre ; f erimini Pres. ferrl Per}, latus Fut. fertor Per}, latus esse fertor, feruntor Fut. latum Iri Fut. ferendus volo, velle, volui, be willing nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling malo, malle, malui, prefer APPENDIX 109 INDICATIVE Pres. vol 6 nolo malo vis non vis mavis vult non vult mavult volumus nolumus malumus vultis non vultis ma vultis volunt nolunt malunt Imp. volebam nolebam malebam Fut. volam nolam malam Perf. volui nolui malui Plup. volueram nolueram malueram Fut. Perf. voluero noluero SUBJUNCTIVE maluero Pres. velim nolim malim Imp. vellem nollem mailem Perf. voluerim noluerim maluerim Plup. voluissem noluissem IMPERATIVE Pres. noli nolite Fut. nolito nolitote nolito nolunto INFINITIVE maluissem Pres. velle nolle malle Perf. voluisse noluisse PARTICIPLE maluisse Pres. volens nolens Fio, be made, be done, become, happen, is the irregular passive of facio, make. Note the i before all vowels, except before e in the combination -er. Principal parts: fio, fieri, factus sum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. fio, fis, fit • fiam fimus, fitis, fiunt Imp. fiebam fierem Fut. fiam Perf. factus sum factus sim Plup. factus eram factus essem Fut. Perf. factus ero 10 APPENDIX IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. fi, flte Pres. fieri Perf. factus Perf. factus esse Fut. faciendus Fut. factum Irl eo, ire, ii, itum, go INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. eo, Is, it, earn Imus, Itis, eunt Imp. Ibam Irem Put. Ibo Per}. il for IvI ierim Plup. ieram iissem or Issem Fut. Per. iero IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. I, Ite Pres. Ire Pres. iens {Gen. euntis) Fi**. Ito, Itote Perf. iisse or Isse Fut. iturus Ito, eunto Fut. iturus (esse) GERUND SUPINE eundl, etc. itum, -tu a. In the tenses based on the perfect stem, ii usually contracts to I before s. Do, dare, dedi, datum, give, is conjugated like a verb of the first conjugation, except that the stem-vowel is regularly short a. a ap- pears only in the following active forms, — das, da, dans. DEFECTIVE VERBS The most important of these are the perfects memini, / remember) odi, / hate) and coepi, I have begun. Notice that memini and odi have the meanings of presents. Their pluperfects and future perfects have the meanings of imperfects and futures. coepi coeperam coepero INDICATIVE Perf. memini odi Plup. memineram oderam Fut. Per}, meminero oderp APPENDIX SUBJUNCTIVE Perf. meminerim oderim coeperim Plup. meminissem odissem IMPERATIVE coepissem Sing. memento Plur. mementote INFINITIVE Perf. meminisse odisse coepisse Fut. osurus (esse) PARTICIPLE coepturus (esse) Perf. osus coeptus Fut. osurus coepturus 111 a. Instead of coepi the passive form coeptus sum is regularly used when a passive infinitive depends on it. Example: laudari coeptus est, he began to be praised. 87. IMPERSONAL VERBS Impersonal verbs correspond to English impersonals with it. They have no personal subject, but most of them take as subject a substan- tive clause or sometimes a neuter pronoun. They appear only in the third person singular of the indicative and subjunctive tenses, the present and perfect infinitives, and occasionally in the participles and gerund. They are: — a. Most verbs expressing actions of nature ; as pluit, it rains. b. The following, which are exclusively impersonal: decet, it be- com es ; libet, it pleases) licet, it is permitted', miseret, it causes pity, opor- tet, it is right) paenitet, it repents) piget, it displeases ; pudet, it shames ; refert, it concerns) taedet, it wearies. All of these except refert belong to the second conjugation. c. Personal verbs used impersonally with a special meaning; as ac- cedit, it is added, from accfcdo, / approach. d. The passives of most intransitive verbs; as pugnatur, it i$ fought. 1 1 O APPENDIX CASES WITH PREPOSITIONS Ablative. The following prepositions govern the ablative: ab, absque, coram, cum, de, ex, prae, pro, sine, tenus. a. The forms ab and ex must be used before words beginning with a vowel or h. It is always safe to use a and e before words beginning with a consonant, though ab and ex are often found. b. Cum is enclitic with the personal and reflexive pronouns, and usu- ally with the relative and interrogative. Accusative or Ablative. In and sub with the accusative imply motion from outside into and under, respectively. Subter and super sometimes govern the ablative. Accusative. All other prepositions govern the accusative. VOCABULARY Abandon, desero. able, be able, possum. about, de. above, supra. acceptable, acceptus. accomplish, facio. according to, expressed by ablative of accordance. (account), on account of, propter. accuse, accuso. across, trans. (action), ready for action, expedltus. adopt, see "use", advance (transitive), propono, (intrans.) progredior. advance into, subeo. advantageous, opportunus. affair, res. afraid, be afraid, timeo. after, (preposition) post, (conjunction) postquam. afterward, postea. against contra. aggregate, summa aid, Xnoun) auxilium, subsidium, (verb) iuvo, adiuvo. all, omnis. allow, patior. be allowed, licet. ally, socius. almost, prope. along, secundum. already, iam. also, quoque, etiam, item, and also, atque. although, cum. always, semper. ambush, Insidiae. among, apud, in. ancestral, patrius. and, et, atque, ac, -que. and so, itaque. announce, nuntiO. another, alius. appoint, COnstitUO. approach, (noun) adventus, (verb) ad- propinquo. archer, Sagittarius. arms, arma. army, exercitus. around, Circum. arouse, incito, infero, permoveo. arrange, bring about, euro. arrival, adventus. arrive, pervenio. artillery, tormenta. as,ut, pro. as . . . as possible, quam followed by super- lative. ascend, ascendd. ascent, ascensus. ask, rogo. ask for, peto. assault, oppugno. assemble, convenio. assert, carry out, adsequor. assist, sublevo. assume, sumo. at the foot of, sub. attack, (noun) impetus, (verb) adgredior, lacesso, oppugno, adorior. attempt, conor, tempto. authority, auctoritas, imperium. auxiliaries, auxilia. avenge, ulciscor. avoid, Vito. await, exspecto. away, turn away, averto. be away, absum. Baggage, impedimenta. barbarians, barbari. bark, cortex. battering ram, arieSo battle, proelium, pugna. battle line, acies. be, sum. beam, trabs. 113 114 VOCABULARY bear, carry, fero, perfero. because, quod. before (preposition) pro, (adverb) antea, (conjunction) priusquam. beg, beg for, peto. began, COepi. begin battle, proelium committere. (beginning), the beginning of summer, see "summer." (behalf), on behalf of, pro. behind, post. best, optimus. between, inter. bid, liceor. boldly, audacter. boldness, audacia. bound, contineo. brave, fortis. bravely, fortiter. bravery, Virtus. break down, rescindo, refringo. bridge, pons. bring, comporto, confero, refero, adduco. bring back, redUCO. bring upon, Infero. bring up the rear, agmen claudere. brother, f rater, for (his) brother, broth- erly, fraternus. burn, incendo. but, autem, sed. buy, redimo. by, a, ab. Call, appello. camp, castra, camp follower, calo. can, am able, possum. captive, captivus. capture, capio, potior, expugno. carefully, diligenter. carry away, abdUCO. case, causa. cause, causa. cavalry, equitatus, equites. centurion, centurio. chain, vinculum. change, commutatio. character, litter a, check, tardo. children, liberi, pueri. choose, deligo. city.urbs. client, cliens. cliff, rupes. close, claudd. cohort, cohors. collect, cogo, conduco, confero. come, come up, venio. come upon, pervenio ad. come out, exeo. comfort, consolor. coming, adventus. command, (noun) imperatum, imper- ium, (verb) impero. be in command of, praesum. commander, imperator. common people, plebs, VUlgUS. compassion, dementia, compel, cogo. complain, queror. complete, perficio. conceal, occulto, celo. concealment, in concealment, in OCCUltO. confusion, tumuitus. consider, habeo. conspiracy, comuratio. conspire, coniuro. construct, perducd, iacio, exstruo. consul, consul. contempt, contemptus. country, fines. courage, virtus. course, iter. cover, tegimentum. covered with woods, silvestris. critical, necessarius. cross, transeo. crowded together, confertus. cry, VOX. culture, cultus. custom, Institutum, mos, consuetudo. cut off, intercludo. cut to pieces, concido. Dare, audeo. daughter, fllia. day, dies. the day following, postridie. daybreak, prima lux. death, mors. debtors, obaeratl. deceive, decipio. VOCABULARY 115 defeat, pello. defend, defendo, munio. defender, defensor. delay, {noun) mora, (verb) moror. demand, flagitO, POSCO. dense, deiiSUS. departure, profectiO. deprive, despoliO. descend from, Olior. descendant of, prognatus. deserve, mereor. desire, studeo. desirous, ClipidUS. detachment, statio, devastate, vast 6. device, machinatio. devotion, studium. differ, differo. difficult, difficilis. difficulty, periculum. with the greatest difficulty, aegerrime. direct, praecipio, impero. direction, pars. disaster, calamitas, disclose, enuntio. discover, comperio, invenio, disloyal, seditiosus. dismiss, dimitto. disposition, animus. distant, be distant, absum. ditch, fossa. division, pagUS. do,facio. double, duplex. draw up, instruo. drive, compello. drive back, repello, reicio. drive out, expello. Each, each man, quisque. each other, differ from each other, inter se dirlerre. Give to each other, inter se dare. eagerness, cupiditas. early, in early times, antlquitus. easily, facile. easy, f acilis . Very easy, perf acilis . eight, OCtO. eighteen, duodevlgintl. elate, tollo, embassy, legatio. encamp, CdnsidO. end, finis. endure, perfero. enemy, hostis. entire, totus. entreaty, prex. envoy, legatus. envy, invidia. equal, adaequo. escape, seeripere. especially well, egregie. evening, vesper, every, omnis. excuse, condono. exhausted, confectus. expectation, opinio. expense, sumptus. experience, USUS. extend, pertineo. extinction, internecio. extraordinary 7 , singularis. Fact, res. fallen, pres. participle of iaceo. familiar with, peritUS. far, longe. fasten together, conligo. father, pater. father-in-law, SOcer. favor, faveo. fear, (noun) timeo. few, pauci. fickleness, mobilitas. field, ager. fiercely, acriter. fight, pugno, contendo. find, reperio. first, primus. at first, primo. five, quinque. five hundred, quingenti. flee, perfugio, profugio, fugio. flight, fuga. flow, flUO. follow, sequor, subsequor. following, the day following, postridie. foot, pes . At the foot of, sub, for, (conjunctive) nam, (prep.) ad, in, because of, de. foraging, pabulatio. timor, (verb) vereor, 116 VOCABULARY force, Vis. forces, copiae. fording, ford, vadum. forest, silva. forget, oblivlscor. form, Instruo. former, vetus, antlquus. fortifications, munltiO. fortify, communio, munio. four, quattuor. fourth, quartus. freely, liber e. friend, amicus. friendly, amicus, friendship, amlcitia. frighten, commoveo. from, a, ab, de, e, ex. from each other, inter se. from all sides, undique. from there, inde. fugitives, fugientes. Gain possession of, potior. garrison, praesidium. gate, porta. gather, convenio. give, do. give up, trado, dedo, permitto. go, eo, procedo. go forth, exeo. grain, frumentum. grain supplies, res frumentaria. grandfather, aVUS. great, magnus. guard, praesidium. guide, dux. Half way, half way up, mediUS, in agree- ment with noun. hand, manus. happen, accido. hard pressed, be hard pressed, passive of urgeo. harm, maleficium. hasten, contend©. hate, 6dl. have, habeo. he, (esp. in oblique cases) is, hie, ille. hedge, saepes. height, altitUdO. helmet, galea. helpful, dative o/USUS. hem in, contineo. hesitate, dubito. high, altus. higher, superior. hill, collis. hinder, prohibeo, deterreo, impedio. hindrance, impedimentum. hire, conduco. his, SUUS: genitive o/is, ille, hie. hither, citerior. hold, obtineo, teneo. hold out, pando. home, domus. honor, honor. hope, spes. horse, equus. horseman, eques. hostage, Obses. hour, hora. however, autem. how great, quantus. hundred, one hundred, centum. hurl, conicio. If, si. impede, impedio. import, Infero. importance, is of importance, interest. in, in. in chains, ex Vinculls. in order that, Ut. increase, amplified. incredible, incredibilis. infantry, pedites. inferior, Inferior. inflict, Infero. influence, (noun), auctoritas, (verb), adduco, commoveo, impello. influential, to be more influential, plus posse. To be very influential, pluri- mum posse. inform, certiorem (-es), facere. inhabit, incolo. injury, iniuria. inspire, Infero. into, in. Javelin, pllum, telum. jeer, inrided. journey, iter. VOCABULARY 117 Keep, contineo, retineo. keep away, prohibeo. keep apart, distineo. keep silent, taceo. kill, occido, interficio. king, rex. kinsmen, consanguine! . know, intellego, cognosco, scio. knowledge, scientia. Lack, be lacking, desum, lake, lacus. land, ager. large, magnus. large number, multitude . last, proxime. lsvish giving, largltio. law, lex. lay waste, populor, vasto, depopulor. lay aside, proicio. Iead,duc6. lead through, lead across, tradUCO. lead against, addUCO. lead out, educo. lead back, redUCO. leader, dux. leadership, prmcipatus. learn, cognosco, invenio. leave, leave behind, relinquo, (go from), exeo. legion, legio. lessen, make less, remitto. letter, litterae. levy, conscribo. lieutenant, legatUS. light, levls. light armed, levis armaturae. like, consimilis. line of battle, acies. little, a little, paulo, paulum. live, incolo. locate, COnlOCO. love, amor. lower (nearer), Citerior. Magistrate, magistratus. make, facio. make war on, bellum Inferre. make known, Significo. man, homo. many, multL march, (noun) iter, (verb) iter facere. marsh, palus, aestuarium. meal, molita cibaria. meet, convenio. memory, memoria. mention, nomlno. messenger, nuntius. midnight, media nox. mile, mule passus. military, mllitaris. military affairs, res mllitaris. mind, animus. month, mensis. more, plus, amplius. most of, plerique. mound, tumulus agger. mountain, mons. move, moveo. move forward, promoveo. multitude, multitudo. muster-rolls, tabulae. Nation, gens, natio. nature, natura. near, propinquus. nearest, proximus. nearness, propinquitas. necessary, dative o/USUS. neighboring, finitimus. neighbors, neighboring people, flnitiml. next, posterus. next day, postrldie. night, nox: by night, noctu. no nullus. no one, nemo. not, non. not yet, nondum. number, numerus: great number, multitudo. numerous, creber. Obey, do, facio. observe, perspicio. occupy, use, utor. ocean, Oceanus. offend, offendo. often, saepe. old, old time, prlstinus. old man, senex. old men, maiores natu. on, in. 118 VOCABULARY on one side, una ex parte. on account of, propter. on this side of, citra. one, unus. one . . . another, expressed by forms of alius. opinion, existimatid. opportunity, facultas. opposite, adversus. order, iubeo, impero: in order that, ut : without the order, iniussu. osier, vimen. other, reliquus. ought, debeo. our, noster. out of, e, ex. outrage, indignitas. outside, outside of, extra, over, (because of) ex. overcome, conficio. overrun, vexo. overtake, consequor. own, one's own, SUUS. Panic-stricken, perterritus. part, pars. pass, angustiae. peace, pax. people, populus. persuade, persuaded. pierce, transflgo. pile, acervus. pitch, pond. place, (noun), locus, (verb), COnlOCO, pono, conicid. place in command of, praeficio. plan, consilium. plead, died. pleading, dictiO. plunder, praedor. plundering, populatid. popularity, gratia. position, locus. power, potestas. powerful, the more powerful, potentidres : to be very powerful, plurimum valere largiter posse. prepare, compard. prevent, prohibed. price, pretium. private, prlvatus. promise, polliceor. property, neuter plur. o/suus. protect, conservo. protection, praesidium, fides. province, provincia. public, publicus. punish, visit with punishment, supplicio adficere. punishment, poena, supplicium. purpose, for the purpose of, causa, ut; with subjunctive. push on, contends. put, (make) facio. put on, induo. put to flight, in fugam conicere. Quickly, celeriter. Raft, ratis. rampart, vallum, agger, murus. reach, see "arrive" ready, paratus. ready for action, expedltus. rear, novissimus. rear line, novissimum agmen, novis- Simi. Bring up the rear, agmen claudere. reason, causa. recall, revoco. receive, recipio. recent, recens. records, tabulae. redoubt, castellum. reduce, redigo. refrain, tempero, abstineo, superseded. regard, habed. region, lOCUS. regret, dolor. remaining, reliquus. remarkable, incredibilis. remember, reminlscor. remove, removeo, detraho. renew, redintegro. reply, responded. report, enuntid, nuntio, renuntio. reputation, opinio. reserves, subsidia. resist, resisto. resources, facultates. rest of, reliquus. The rest, reliqui. restore, restitUO. VOCABULARY 119 restrain, contineo, coerceo, retain, retineo. retreat, pedem referre, se recipere. return, revertor, redeo. revolution, res novae. right, ius. river, flumen. road, iter. rout, propello, proturbo, pello. royal power, regnum. rumor, rumor. runaway slave, fugitivus. Same, idem. say, dlCO. scout, explorator. see, video, conspicor, perspicio, con- spicio. seem, videor. seize, occupo. self, himself, themselves, (reflexive) SUl. senate, senatus. send, mitto. send ahead, praemitto. send up, submitto. separate, divido. serve, be, sum. set out, proficlscor, egredior. setup, constituo. seventh, Septimus. several, non nulll. shield, scutum. ship,navis. show, utor, demonstro. side, pars. On all sides, omnibus ex partibus. signal, signum. silent, keep silent, taceo. since, cum, quod. six, sex. sixty, sexaginta. slavery, servittis. skirmish, proelium. slight, parvulus. slope, vergo. sluggishness, lenitas. small, parvus. small stature, brevitas corporum. snatch, detraho. so, ita, tarn. And so, itaque. So large, so great, tantus. So that, ut. soldier, miles. some, non nulli, quidam. son,flliuS. soon, promptly, celeriter. sortie, excursio, eruptio. source, source of contempt, dative of contemptus. spare, conservo. speak, dico, verba facio. speed, celeritas. spring from, orior. sprung from, prognatus. stand one's ground, subsisto. stand upon, Insto. standard, vexillum. standard bearer, Signifer. startle, commoveo. state, civitas. station, dispono, conloco, constituo. stature, statura. stone, lapis, saxum. storm, take by storm, expugno. sudden, repentlnus. suitable, idoneus. summer, aestas. At the beginning of summer, inita aestate. summon, adhibeo, arcesso. suppliant, supplex. supply, copia. support, alo. supreme authority, regnum. surpass, praecedo, praesto. surrender, trado, dedo, se dedere. surround, circumvenio. suspicion, SUSpiciO. swamp, palus. sword, gladius. Take, porto. take to flight, se fugae mandare. talk, oratio. taunt, increpito. tax, vectigal. ten, decern. tenth, decimus. territories, fines. than, quam. that, (demonstrative) is, (conjunction) Ut. that not, ne. their, genitive plur. of is, hie, or ille : SUUS. 120 VOCABULARY then, deinde. there, eo, ibi. thing, res. think, existimo, arbitror* third, tertius. this, hie, is. thither, eo. thousand, mille. three, tres. through, per. throw, proicio, iacio, adigo. throw down, manu e mitt ere. thus, it a. ten, decern. till, ad. time, tempus. to, ad. together, una. top, the top of, summus in agreement with noun. touch, attingo. toward, in, ad, sub. tower, turris. town, oppidum. townsmen, townspeople, oppidanl. transport, SUbvehO. tribe, Cl vitas, tribune, tribunus. troops, copiae. true, verus. trumpet, tuba. try, conor. turn, converto. turn away, averto. twelfth, duodecimus. twelve, duodecim. twenty, Vlgintl. two, duo. Unawares, inoplnans. under, sub, in. undertake, SUSCipiO. unfavorable, iniquus. unfriendly, inimiCUS. uniformly, aequaliter. unprotected, nudatus. unusual, egregius. unwilling, be unwilling, nolo, upon, in. upper, superior. upper Gaul, Gallia ulterior. use, utor. Valor, virtus. very, often expressed by putting the word it modifies in the superlative e.g., very brave, fortissimus. very easy, perfacilis. veteran, veteranus. victor, victor. view, prospectus. village, vicus. visit with punishment, supplicid ad- ficere. Wage, gero. wagon, carrus. wait, wait for, expectO. wall, murus. war, bellum. Carry on war, bello. To make war on, bellum inferre. warn, moneo. waste, lay waste, populor, vasto. watch, vigilia. weapon, telum. weave, intexo. weight, pondus. what, quis, qui. when, cum, ubi. who, which, qui. while, dum. willing, be willing, VOlO. wine, vinum. winter, spend the winter, hiemo. winter quarters, hiberna. wish, VOlO. with, cum. withdraw, (intransitive) excedo. (trans- sitive) deduco. within, in. without, sine. withstand, sustineo. witness, testis. woman, mulier. woods, silva. work, opus. wound, (noun) vulnus, (verb) vulnero. written, made out, COnfectUS. wrong, iniuria. Year, annus. yoke, iugum. One copy del. to Cat. Div. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 036 491