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SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 J: WM. JONES, D. D, 
 
 Former Chaplain in Army of Northern Virginia. Late Chaplain University 
 of Virginia. Chap'ain I'nited Confederate Veterans. 
 
 Author "Personal RtiniNiscENCts ok R. E. Lee," "Christ in the Camp, 
 
 "Davis Memorial Volume," former Secretary Southern Historical 
 
 Society, and Editor of 14 Volumes Southern Historical 
 
 Society Papers, Etc. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 JUL 2 I8§« 
 
 y 
 
 BALTIMORE : 
 
 R. H. WOODWARD COMPANY 
 
 l8q6. 
 
•) 
 
 Copyright, 1S96. 
 R, H. Woodward Company. 
 
PREKACK. 
 
 For many years I have been solicited to write a School History of 
 the United States which, while fair to all sections, would do full jus- 
 tice to the Southern States. In traveling all over the South, I have 
 heard general complaint that histories by Northern authors were 
 unjust and unfair to our section in their Colonial, Revolutionary and 
 Civil history, and that when they came to treat of the causes, conduct 
 and results of the great "War between the States" they are utterly 
 unfair and misleading, both in what they narrate and in what they 
 omit. 
 
 It is also thought that some books by Southern authors are either 
 unsuitable for the schoolroom, or lose their value by an attempt to 
 be neutral, and hence colorless on the great questions that have 
 divided the sections, and that, compiling from Northern historians, 
 they have fallen into many of their errors, both of commission and of 
 omission. 
 
 For some twenty years I have been collecting material and pre- 
 paring myself for the task, studying earnestly not only the best of 
 the current histories, but original sources of information as well, and 
 diligently seeking to reach the exact truth on all disputed points. 
 
 Born, reared and educated on Southern soil, following for four 
 years with youthful devotion the battle-flag of the Southern Confed- 
 eracy, for twelve years secretary of the Southern Historical Society, 
 and during all of these years devoting time and close attention to 
 American history, I may modestly claim that I have had some facili- 
 ties for knowing, and some qualifications for preparing, a history of 
 the United States which shall be acceptable to the South and fit to be 
 taught in her schools. 
 
 8 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 I have tried to avoid sectional and partisan bias, and to do justice 
 to all sections of our common country; but writing as a Southerner, 
 and for Southern schools, I have treated more fully than I have seen 
 elsewhere many matters which will be of especial interest to the 
 South. Tt ought, however, to be added that I have not made a single 
 statement whicli cannot be verified and substantiated by the strongest 
 historic proofs. 
 
 I have had in the preparation of this book the valuable assistance 
 of an accomplished, practical teacher, while I am greatly indebted to 
 Rev. Dr. J. C. Hiden, of Richmond, Va., for a thorough revision of 
 my whole manuscript, and to Professors W. E. Peters and Noah K. 
 Davis, of the University of Virginia, for going over and making 
 valuable suggestions concerning the more important parts. 
 
 If it is thought by any that I have given undue space to particular 
 periods of the history, let it be remembered that certain great prin- 
 ciples and events have been generally so incorrectly stated, or so 
 studiously omitted, in the histories our youth have been accustomed 
 to study that I have felt called on to give them more clearly and more 
 fully than might otherwise seem necessary. 
 
 It is hoped that the questions and the blackboard or slate exercises 
 will be found useful; but the intelligent teacher will see to it that the 
 scholar understands the text, and is interested and stimulated to pur- 
 sue further the story of our country's history. 
 
 With a full sense of the responsibility involved in publishing a 
 history of our wonderful country for the study of our youth, with the 
 earnest hope that it may prove acceptable, and with the fervent 
 prayer that it may prove useful in training future citizens of our great 
 Republic, I send it forth on its mission. 
 
 J. W. J. 
 
 University of Virginia, 
 April 2, 1895. 
 
AUTHOR'S NOTK. 
 
 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 
 
 It has not been deemed wise to cumber the text with foot-notes of 
 authorities consuhed in the preparation of this history, but the 
 author has made diUgent use of many authorities in sctthng points 
 of doubt. 
 
 Besides twenty-five of the leading school histories of the United 
 States, which he has had on his shelves and freely used (frequently 
 to avoid their errors), he has consulted for the general history such 
 books as Windsor's ''Narrative and Critical History of America," 
 Bancrofts's, Hildreth's and A. H. Stephens's "History of the United 
 States," Thwaites on "The Colonies," Hart on "The Formation of the 
 Union," and Woodrow Wilson on "Division and Reunion," Rives's 
 "Life and Letters of Madison," Lee's "Memoirs of the War in the 
 Southern Department," Madison's "Journal of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1787," and a large number of books and pamphlets 
 bearing on the Revolution and the early history of the Union: Irv- 
 ing's "Life of Washington," Marshall's "Life of Washington," Wil- 
 liam Wirt Henry's "Life of Patrick Henry," Campbell's "History of 
 Virginia," lives of Jefiferson, Madison. Monroe and Adams, Benton's 
 "Thirty Years in the Senate," "Letters and Times of the Tylers," 
 Congressional Debates and Reports of Departments, and a large 
 number of other books, pamphlets and manuscripts. 
 
 For the causes, conduct and results of the great "War between the 
 States," he has studied and consulted Jefiferson Davis's "Rise and 
 Fall of the Confederate Government," A. H. Stephens's "War Be- 
 tween the States." Bledsoe's "Is Davis a Traitor?" Judge Sage's 
 "Republic of Republics," Derry's "Story of the Confederate States." 
 Southern Historical Society papers, "Official Records of the Union 
 
AUTHOR'S NOTE. 
 
 and Confederate Armies," Taylor's "Four Years With Lee," Col. 
 VVm. Allan's "Jackson's Valley Campaign," "Virginia Campaign oi 
 1862," and "Battle of Chancellorsville," Dabney's "Life of Jackson," 
 "Life of Albert Sidney Johnston," by Col. William Preston John- 
 ston; Joseph E. Johnston's "Narrative," Hood's "Advance and Re- 
 treat," Jones's "Reminiscences of R. E. Lee," "Christ in the Camp," 
 and Davis "Memorial Volume," Fitzhugh Lee's "Life of R. E. Lee," 
 Roman's "Memoir of General G. T. Beauregard." John Johnson's 
 "Defence of Fort Sumter and Charleston," Grant's "Memoirs." 
 Sherman's "Memoirs," Draper's "Civd War in America," Greeley's 
 "American Conflict," Scribner's "Campaigns of the Civil War." 
 Swinton's "Army of the Potomac," Ropcs's "Civil War," Jordan's 
 "Life of N. B. Forrest," Bullock's "Secret Service of the Confed- 
 eracy in Europe," and many other books, pamphlets and manu- 
 scripts too numerous to mention. 
 
 In a word, the author has sought to verify every mooted point, and 
 holds himself prepared to sustain every statement he has made by the 
 most unquestioned authority. 
 
CONTKNXS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Aiitlior's Note 5 
 
 PART I. 
 DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 
 
 CHAl'T R. 
 
 I. Discovery of America by tlie Northmen and Early 
 
 Navigators 1 1 
 
 II. Spanisli Explorations 22 
 
 III. French Explorations 2"^ 
 
 IV. English ami Dutch Explorations 32 
 
 Blackboard and Slate Exercises. 38 
 
 Chronological Summary of Events 39 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Settlement and growth. 
 
 V. Settlement of Virginia 40 
 
 VI. Settlement of New England 49 
 
 VII. Settlement of New York, New Jersey, Delaware 
 
 and Pennsylvania 57 
 
 VIII. Settlement of Maryland, the Carolinas and Georgia. 6t 
 
 IX. Intercolonial Wars 63 
 
 X. Colonial Home Life 69 
 
 Blackboard and Slate Exercises 74 
 
 Historical Initials 76 
 
 Chronological Summary of Events "77 
 
 7 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 REVOLUTION AND INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 CHAPTER PAJE. 
 
 XI. Opening of the Revolution 79 
 
 XII. The Revolution 88 
 
 Blackboard and Slate Exercises log 
 
 Historical Initials in 
 
 Chronological Summary of Events. ............. 112 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 THE BUILDING OF THE UNION. 
 
 XIII. The Formative Period 114 
 
 XIV. Washington's Administrations (1789-1797) 120 
 
 XV. John Adams's Administration (1797-1801) 130 
 
 XVI. Jefferson's Administrations (1801-1809) 133 
 
 XVII. Madison's Administrations (1809-1817) 142 
 
 XVIII. Monroe's Administrations (1817-1825) 154 
 
 XIX. John Quincy Adams's Administration (1825-1829). 161 
 
 XX. Jackson's Administrations (1829-1837) 166 
 
 XXI. Van Buren's Administration (1837-1841) 172 
 
 XXII. Harrison and Tyler's Administration (1841-1S45) . . 176 
 
 XXIII. Polk's Administration (1845-1849). 182 
 
 XXIV. Taylor and Fillmore's Administration (1849-1853). 189 
 XXV. Pierce's Administration (1853-1857) 192 
 
 XXVI. Buchanan's Administration (1857-1861) 195 
 
 Blackboard and Slate Exercises.... 217 
 
 Historical Initials 220 
 
 Chronological Summary of Events 221 
 
 PART V. 
 
 THE WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 XXVII. Lincoln's .'\dministration (1861-1865)— First Year 
 
 of the War (1861) 226 
 
 XXVIII. Second Year of the War (1862) 259 
 
CONTENTS. 9 
 
 CHAPTER. PAGE. 
 
 XXIX. Third Year of the War (1863) 293 
 
 XXX. Fourth Year of the War (1864) 313 
 
 XXXI. Last Year of the War (1865) zz7 
 
 Blackboard and Slate Exercises 359 
 
 Historical Initials 360 
 
 Chronological Summary of Events 362 
 
 PART VI. 
 REUNION AND PROGRESS. 
 
 XXXII. Johnson's Administration (1865-1869) 365 
 
 XXXIII. Grant's Administrations (1869-1877) 374 
 
 XXXIV. Hayes's Administration (1877-1881) 384 
 
 XXXV. Garfield's and Arthur's Administration (1881-1885). 389 
 
 XXXVI. Cleveland's First .Administration (1885-1889) 396 
 
 XXXVII. Harrison's Administration (1889-1893) 402 
 
 XXXVIII. Cleveland's Second Admini.stration (1893—) 411 
 
 Blackboard and Slate Exercises 426 
 
 Historical Initials 428 
 
 Chronological Summary of Events. 430 
 
 List of Presidents 433 
 
 Historical and Statistical Tables 434 
 
 Appendix 435 
 
PART I. 
 
 Discovery and Exploration (A. D. 860-1687.) 
 
 CPIAPTER I. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY THE NORTHMEN AND 
 EARLY NAVIGATORS. 
 
 1. The Mound=Builders. -AnuMig- the most interesting 
 relics found in various parts of our country are those of tlie 
 mound-lmilders. Sonic of these in the Mississippi valley 
 cover an area of several acres each. For a long- time it was 
 believed that they were the work of a people who lived on this 
 continent long before the American Indians. Later investi- 
 gations, however, lead to the belief that the mound-builders 
 were the ancestors of the present tribes of Indians who oc- 
 cupy different portions of our country. 
 
 2. The American Indians — No person can tell where 
 tlie red men of America came from. N'arious theories have 
 ])een brought forward to explain their presence here when 
 the country was discovered. The most reasonable one is 
 that they made their way from Asia across Behring Strait 
 thousands of years ago, and, gradually pushing southward, 
 spread over North and South America. 
 
 With the exception of the Eskemos, the various tribes of 
 Indians show a general resemblance. Their skin is brown 
 or copper-colored ; their hair long, straight, black and 
 coarse; their beard scanty; their eyes deep-seated, w^ith the 
 iris dark; nose broad and prominent; face wide across the 
 cheeks, which are high; forehead broad and low, and the 
 jaws powerful. They have little muscular development. 
 
12 FfcnooL nrsTOh'Y of the fxtted >^tates. 
 
 Tliey are indolent, stoical to the last degree, grave and taci- 
 turn, cruel in war, with a poetic and imaginative tempera- 
 ment, which is often shown by a simple eloquence of the 
 highest order. The belief that the American Indian is dy- 
 ing out is a common error. The best authorities agree that 
 there are as many, if not more, in the country today than ever 
 before. While some tribes have disappeared, others have 
 increased, and they will doubtless exist as long as the Cau- 
 casian race. 
 
 3. The Northmen. — A thousand years ago the natives of 
 Norway, who were known as Northmen, were the most dar- 
 iilg sailors in the world. The ships of other nations kept 
 near their own shores, but the mariners of Norway roved 
 from the North Sea to the Mediterranean. Most of them 
 were pirates, who ran down, robbed and burned ships 
 wherever they found them. Steering out on the stormy At- 
 lantic, they were gone for days and weeks, with little fear of 
 not being able to return whenever they chose to do so. Thus 
 it happened that one of the sea rovers, named Naddod, about 
 the year 860, was catight in a tempest, which drove him on 
 tlie coast of Iceland. He called it Snowland, but did not 
 stay long. Another Northman, a few years later, sailed 
 around the island and took home so pleasing an account that 
 a colony settled there. They soon became discouraged, 
 however, and all went home, declaring the island not fit for 
 the habitation of man. The attempt was renewed soon after, 
 and a colony was established, which lasted for hundreds of 
 years. 
 
 One of the members of this colonv was driven westward 
 to Greenland, where a settlement was also planted and flour- 
 ished for a time. A navigator, while striving to make his 
 way thither, about the close of the tenth century, was forced 
 so far southward that he caught sight of the upper eastern 
 portion of our continent. In the year 1000, a Northman, 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 
 
 known as Lief the Lucky, with a crew of thirty-five men, 
 landed somewhere near Newfoundland. It is believed they 
 cruised along the coast of New England as far south as 
 Rhode Island. They named the country Vineland, and 
 when they set sail, their little vessel was loaded with luscious 
 grapes and valuable timber, which they carried back to show 
 their wondering countrymen. Other Northmen visited the 
 new and strange land and a colony was founded. But the 
 settlers quarreled among themselves and acted so cruelly 
 toward the Indians that the latter gave them little rest. By 
 and by, all the settlements were abandoned. Not a white 
 man was left on the North American continent, which, it 
 may be said, had been found and lost again. Hundreds of 
 years rolled by, and all that was known of the New World 
 was that which had come down in misty legend and tradition. 
 The vast continent lay in silent grandeur and desolation, with 
 the oceans booming against its shores and with no white sails 
 of vessels dotting the vasty deep. The centuries swept past, 
 and still the great world lay sleeping and forgotten. The 
 awakening did not come till the fifteenth century was draw- 
 ing to a close. 
 
 4. Christopher Columbus. — Christopher Columbus was 
 a native of Genoa (gen'oa), Italy, where he was born between 
 1435 ^'^"^^ 1450. He worked with his father, a wool chandler, 
 until a large boy, when he went to sea and became a good 
 sailor. He was thoughtful and fond oi study. He came to 
 believe the earth was round. Other learned people agreed 
 with him, but all thought it much smaller than it really is. 
 
 Now, if the earth was a sphere, it followed that a ship could 
 sail round it. The valuable spices, silks, gold, and pre- 
 cious stones, which were brought from India to Europe were 
 carried on the backs of camels and other beasts of burden. 
 It would be an incalculable saving if a route to India and 
 Asia could be found by sailing westward. Columbus was so 
 
First Sight of Land by Columbus. 
 Receptiou of Columbus at Court of Ferdiuand uiul Isabella. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I MTIJ]) STATES. 15 
 
 firinl} convinced that this was practicable that he gave his 
 whole thought and energy to procuring the means of fitting 
 out an expedition to make the search. 
 
 He was too poor to buy or man the smallest ship. Portu- 
 gal, at that time, w^as the leading country in sending out navi- 
 gators on voyages of discovery. "Prince Henry, the Navi- 
 gator," had fitted out a numl)er of such expeditions, which 
 coasted along Africa. One of these in 1487 doubled the 
 Cape of Good Hope, but went no further. Columbus natur- 
 ally tiu'ned to Portugal for help. Doubtless he would have 
 obtained it had Prince Henry been alive, but all to whom he 
 applied were doul)ters, and shook their heads. The king's 
 advisers ridiculed his theory and considered him little better 
 than a crazy man. The king, however, was half-convinced 
 that the ardent sailor was right. So he secretly sent out one 
 of his captains to make search for the new route to Asia. 
 This navigator w^as too timid to go far, and hurried back with 
 word that no such route existed. When Columbus learned 
 of the trick by which the king had tried to rob him of his 
 rights he was indignant and left the country. He sent his 
 brother to England to make his ofTers to the king, while he 
 turned to see what he could do in Spain. 
 
 The story of the wanderings and discouragements of Co- 
 lumbus is one of the most pathetic in history. At times he 
 was compelled to beg for food and lodging, and often went 
 Inmgry. Now and then he earned a little money by draw- 
 ing charts and maps and selling them. His wife died, but 
 holding the hand of his little boy, he wanflcred from town to 
 town, following the court and urging his claims whenever he 
 gained the chance. Now and then some wise man listened 
 thoughtfully, and showed by his questioning and manner that 
 he was beginning to wonder whether there was not grotmd 
 after all for the arguments of the weary but ardent Italian. 
 
 Spain at that time was busy fighting the Moors. Columbus 
 
16 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 was rebuffed and put off, again and again, until at the end of 
 seven years the Junto to which King Ferdinand referred the 
 matter pronounced against the scheme, and the monarch 
 confirmed the decision. CJne obstacle to the success of Co- 
 lumbus in enlisting favor was the liberal reward he insisted 
 upon. He demanded a large share in the lands he discov- 
 ered, and would never consent to abate those claims in the 
 slightest degree. 
 
 But the day came when he felt there was no hope of getting 
 anything from the rulers of Spain. With a heavy heart, he 
 turned to leave the country, thinking he might interest the 
 king of France in his project. He had not gone far, how- 
 ever, when he was overtaken by a messenger from Oueen 
 Isabella with the glad news that she had agreed to furnish 
 him the means for fitting out his expedition. The heart of 
 the great navigator must have throl)bed with delight. 
 
 5. The Westward Voyage — Columbus found it hard to 
 engage crews for his vessels. Where there was so much 
 su])erstition among the learned, the common, uneducated 
 people had no l^elief in the sclieme of the navigator. They 
 were sure that, if they ventured out too far on the "Sea 
 of Darkness," as the Atlantic was called, they would 
 be devoured by awful monsters ^\•hich sported in those 
 waters. At an\' rate, they were almost certain they would 
 never return to their homes again. When at last a sufficient 
 number of men were engaged to manage the little ships, 
 their weeping wives and families bade them good-bye, as 
 they believed, forever. 
 
 The inunortal fle^t consisted of three caravels, or small 
 vessels, only one of which, the Sanfo Maria, had a deck. This 
 was the vessel in which Columbus himself sailed. The 
 others were the Pi)ifa and the Nina. They left Palos. with 
 120 men on board, Friday, August 3, 1492. 
 
 Six days after setting sail, the fleet reached the Canary 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF TIIH UNITED STATES. 17 
 
 Islands, riicrc they slaved until some repairs were made 
 on the /'//;/() and fresh water and supplies were taken on 
 board. Then the three vessels turned their prows westward 
 and set out on the most famous voyage in the history of the 
 world. 
 
 Columbus had to resort to every means of which he could 
 think to calm the fears of the sailors and prevent them from 
 breaking" out in niutin}-. because the wind blew steadih' 
 from the east, they thought it would never change and they 
 would be unable to return. The navigator deceived them 
 by keeping two records of their progress. He did not let 
 them see the true one. but showed them one which indicated 
 that they had not gone nearl\- as far as was the fact. 
 
 After, a time the neetUe of the compass began to swerve 
 irom the north. This puzzled Columbus, but when his men 
 found it out he was ready with the ex])lanation that the needle 
 pointed to a star which, revolved around the north star. That 
 of necessity woitld cause a variation, and they believed him. 
 
 ( )nc fact, however, could not be hidden from the terrified 
 men: every day and hour were carrying them further from 
 their homes and increasing the probability that they would 
 never be able to sail Ijack over the vast waste of waters. They 
 grew homesick, sullen, and so frightened that they plotted 
 among themselves to throw Columbus overboard and to take 
 charge of the ships themselves. Had the discovery of land 
 been delayed a few days longer this would probably have 
 been done. 
 
 Columbus threatened and pleaded with them. He told 
 them of the great riches they were sure to find, and promised 
 them rewards if they would continue a little while longer. 
 Fortunately, the signs of land soon becatne so unmistakable 
 that hope took the place of despair and discontent. Birds 
 that were known never to venture far from land circled about 
 , the ships ; the branch of a thorn tree, with berries on it, drifted 
 
18 
 
 SCHOOL Ul^niltY Of THE iSlTBL> ^TATEH. 
 
 past, and finally a carved stick was seen an<l taken from the 
 water All now believed they were drawmg near land. 
 
 Htrdlv an e^■e was closed that night on board the three 
 .hiys Columbus took his station on the upper deck, near 
 the stern ot the Sonia Uaru, and peered long and anx.ons y 
 through the .larkness to the westward. All at once a hght 
 flashed out like a star. Then it gli.led along, as ,f close to 
 the horizon, and bobbed up and down, just as a torch does 
 when carried in the hand of a n.an running along the beach. 
 There had been so many disappointntents that Columbus 
 .lecided to wait before calling out that he had discovered 
 land, r.ut the light quickly vanished. 
 
 6 The Discovery of Land— About 2 o'clock in the 
 ,„„,„iug, the boon, of a sutall cannon on board the /'»,^. told 
 the thrilhng .tews that lan.l had been discovered As the 
 s„n can.e up out of the ocean behin.l tltctn. the sadors saw a 
 lovelv island, covered with tmpical vegetation and the naked 
 and wondering nafves peering Iron, among J •'■'■•«; ^J 
 their strange visitors. This was on I-nda>', October 12, 
 
 'Tolumbus put on his brilliant uniforn, and "'^'^ -««;' 
 ashore. Stepping out on solid land, be ''--"^J--^ ' 
 an.l thanked ( io<l for crowning Ins voyage with such .na, 
 : ous success. Then be unfurled the stan.lard o, Spam and 
 took possession of the country in the nan.e of Ins ^ov-^^^ 
 The sailors who had been so rebellious now crowned arot nd 
 and begged his forgiveness, it can well be undenstood that 
 the great discoverer freely pardoned them. 
 
 It is not known with certainty precisely where Columbu 
 made his first landing ,n the New World. The ,s^and wa 
 one of the Bahamas, and he calle.l >t San Salvador.^ t ts 
 o-enerallv believed to have been Watling Island. Certam. 
 however, that it was a part ol India, he called the nattves 
 
.vr//oo/> nisToh'Y or the vmted tiTATi:t:i. 19 
 
 Indians (iiuryansj, by which uamc they will always be 
 known. 
 
 7. The Return of Columbus. — Columbus stayed several 
 days where he had landed, and then made a cruise among the 
 adjoining islands. He discovered Cuba and Hayti and left 
 a small colony at the latter. Through a mishap, the Santa 
 Maria was wrecked, so that the return to Spain was made in 
 the two smaller caravels. He took nine Indians with him, 
 and reached Palos on the 15th of March, 1493. 
 
 As may be supposed, the return of Colum1)us to Spain was 
 the grand triumph of the life of the navigator. He was re- 
 ceived with the highest honors by the king and queen, and 
 his great discovery caused a ])rofound sensation w^herever it 
 became known. When he spoke of making other voyages 
 he found no lack of means or of men. 
 
 8. Other Voyages of Columbus — The second expedi- 
 tion of Columbus consisted of seventeen vessels and 1200 
 men, among whom were many distinguished persons. It 
 sailed frcjm Cadiz, September 25, 1493. V isiting Hayti to 
 find out about the colony he had left there, the dreadful dis- 
 covery was made that not a white man was alive. They had 
 acted so brutally toward the Indians that the latter over- 
 whelmed and massacred them all. h>om the very first, the 
 ])ioneers of this country followed not only an unchristian, 
 Init a most unwise course toward the Indians. 
 
 The result of the second expedition was disappointing. 
 The mines that were opened were unproductive, nor could 
 the riches that all had counted on be found. On his third 
 voyage in 1498 Columbus saw the mainland of South Am- 
 erica. His attempts at colonization were failures. Although 
 a great discoverer, he was a poor governor, and did not know 
 how to rule the men over whom he had authority. An offi- 
 cer sent out from Spain to look into the complaints made 
 against Columbus, arrested him and sent him home in irons. 
 
20 ^SCIWOL HISTORY OF THE LNITED sTATEtS. 
 
 The king and queen were shocked, and ordered his instant 
 release. On his fourtli voyage, he discovered and named a 
 number of new islands. He coasted Costa Rica an I 
 sailed as far as the Isthmus of Darien. He returned to 
 Spain in 1504, broken in health and spirits. Queen Isabella, 
 his best friend, was dead, and it was impossible for him to 
 obtain liis rights. He died in poverty, May 20, 1506, believ- 
 ing to the last that he had not discovered a continent, but 
 only the eastern parts of Asia. 
 
 9. The Naming of America — There has been much dis- 
 cussion as to how America came to be named in honor of 
 another person than Columbus. Amerigo Vespucci (am-a- 
 re go ves-poot'cheej, or, as it is Latin, Americus V^espu'cius. 
 was an Italian, born in 1452. Like his famous predecessor, 
 he was a skillful navigator, whose ardor to discover new 
 lands was fired by the achievement of Columbus. He made 
 four voyages westward, and in his pul^lished accounts 
 claimed that his first was in May, 1497. If this was true, he 
 was the first man of that day to look upon the American con- 
 tinent. Late investigations seem to point to the Inill. 
 of Vespucci's declaration. At any rate, he coasted South 
 America previous to 1503. The claim was set up in an ac- 
 count of the four voyages that the newly-discovered country 
 should be called America. The claim was conceded, and 
 the name will doubtless so remain to the end of time. 
 
 10. The Voyages of the Cabots. — It is a striking fact 
 that the three navigators whose names are forever associated 
 with the discovery of America were Italians. John Cal^ot. 
 a A'enetian, sailed v/estward from Bristol, England, in the 
 spring of 1407. in search of a northern passage to China. 
 Instead of finding what he sought, he found the continent of 
 North America. The first land he saw is believed to have 
 been Cape Breton Island, at the mouth of the St. Lav/rence. 
 It was a grand discovery, and the claim of England to the 
 
.s'r'/voo/. liisro/n or nii: i \it!:d stati:s. 21 
 
 coiUinc'iil was based u])oii it. The follcjwing' vcar, Sebaslian, 
 the SUV. of John, sailetl in his father's traek, and explored the 
 coast from Nova Scotia as far south as Cape Hatteras. It 
 should be remembered that after all this was done, no one 
 Ijelieved the truth, that America was a continent, l)Ut all 
 thought it a part of the mainland of Asia. 
 
 Questions. — i. What is .said about the relics left by the mour-'^l 
 Iniilders? What is the most reasonable belief regarding tho.ic 
 people? 
 
 2. Where iHd llie American Indians come from? What is di.- 
 most reasonalde llieory? What of tlieir general resemlilance? De- 
 scri'De the appearance of the IiuHans; tlicir character. Are they in- 
 creasing or diminishing in nnmher? 
 
 ,?. What can yon tell -djont the Northmen? What of Naddod? 
 Of the settlement of Icelantl? ()f Greenland? Of Lief the Lucky? 
 Of the visits of other Nordimen? Of the final result? What was 
 known of the New World? 
 
 4. What do you know al)Oul the birth and youth of Columbus? 
 Flow were the treasures Ijrought from India? What were the views 
 of Cohunbus? Why did he not set out at once on his voyage of dis- 
 covery? Wliat had been done Ijy Prince Henry the Navigator? 
 What of the visit of Columbus to Portugal? What mean act w?s 
 committed by the king? What did Cohimhus do? Show his im- 
 poverished condition. I low was he treated in Spain? What Vv'as 
 (Mie obstacle in the way of his sticcess? Relate wdiat followed. 
 
 5. What delayed the starting of the expedition? Describe the 
 lleet. When did it sail? Where was the iirst stopping place? What 
 frightened the sailors? How did Colnml)us calm their fears? What 
 about ihe compass? What fact could not l>c liidden? What did the 
 men ])lot lo do? Hovv did Columlnis prevent their mutiny? What 
 convinced them at last that they were approacliing land? Describe 
 what Columbus saw that night. 
 
 6. Give the particulars of the discovery of land. When did it take 
 place? Describe the landing of Columbus. Where is it believed 
 this took place? What of the name "'Indians?" 
 
 7. Describe the return of Columbus. How was he received? Wiiat 
 of his discovery? 
 
 8. Describe the second expedition of Columbus; the visit to Hayti; 
 
22 SCHOOL iiTSTonr of the fxtted states. 
 
 the results of llic second expedition; tlie attempts of Columbus at 
 C-, Ionization. Wiiy did he fail? What outrage did he suffer? What 
 of his fourth voyage? His return to Spain? His death? 
 
 9- State how America came to receive its name. 
 
 10. What about the nationaHty of the three navigators associated 
 in the discovery of America? Describe the voyage of John Cabot; 
 of Sebastian Cabot. What belief still prevailed? 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 11. The First Circumnavigation of the Qlobe. — In 151Q, 
 Ferdinand Magellan, a Spaniard, sailed along the eastern 
 coast of South America to the strait named in his honor, 
 passed through it and entered ttpon the vast Pacific, which 
 received its name from him. Dottbling the Cape of Good 
 Hope, after the death of Magellan, and the loss of several of 
 his shi])s, one vessel reached Spain, after an absence of 
 abotit two vears. This was the first circumnavigation of the 
 globe, and ])rove(l that Columlnis had discovered a new 
 world, instead of the eastern coast of Asia. 
 
 12. Discovery of the Pacific Ocean Although the Pa- 
 cific ocean received its name from Magellan, it had been dis- 
 covered several years before his memorable voyage. \ asco 
 Nunez de lUilboa (vas'co noon'yeth d;i bald:)0'ah), a lawless 
 Spanish navigator, was attached to a vessel which was 
 wrecked on the coast of Darien. Balboa led the crew 
 throtigh many perils to ati Indian village, thus saving them 
 from starvation. A native told the adventurers that six days' 
 travel to the westward lav another immense sea, beyond 
 which was a country abounding with gold. The prospect of 
 obtaining the precious metal caused the Spaniards to push 
 eagerly into the interior. In the month of September, 1513, 
 they reached the base of a high mountain, from the top of 
 
SCHOOL iiis'iOh'] oi T.n: i\rri:n states. 23 
 
 which iheir hidian j^'uicK' \uh\ tlirm the ^rcal sea cuukl l)c 
 seen. J'-ahjoa ordered his nierj to wait while he climl)ed U) 
 the summit alone. 
 
 The tired explorers did as instructed, and watched their 
 leader as he laboriously toiled to the sunmiit. They saw 
 liini halt, o:aze fixedl\- to the westward for several minutes 
 and then drop on his knees. Then he turned, and, in excite- 
 ment, beckoned to them to join him. \\ hen they did so, all 
 looked out on the Pacific, the mightiest ocean of the globe. 
 This discovery led to the con((uest of Mexico and Peru and 
 the colonization of the western coast of our country. In the 
 Southwest many evidences still exist of tlie visits of the 
 Spaniards during the hrst half of the sixteenth century. In 
 the city of Santa Fe (fa), New Mexico, stands an adobe 
 fa-do'ba) building, that is, one made of sun-dried bricks, 
 wliich was erected in 1542. 
 
 13 Discovery of Florida — In 1512, Ponce de Leon (pon' 
 tha da la-on'), who was wiih Columbus on his second voyage, 
 heard of a wonderful land, north of Cuba, where tliere was a 
 spring whose waters would make a person young again. He 
 set out in search of the land, and discovered it on Easter Sun- 
 day, 1513. He did not find the fountain of eternal youth, 
 and was killed by Indians, in 1 521, wliile tr\ ing to form a 
 settlement at some unknown ])oint in Florida. 
 
 «4. De Narvaez Expedition,— In 1528, Pamphilo de Nar- 
 vaez (i)am'fee-lo da narva'cth), with four ships and a brigan- 
 tine, 400 men and about 100 horses, landed near 1'am]ia Bay, 
 in I'dorida and made preparations to march into the uUerior. 
 Their brutality to the Indians caused the ruin of the expedi- 
 tion. The natives fouglit theiu at every step, and they w-ere 
 finally forced to return to the seacoast. There they man- 
 aged to construct a number of boats, in wliich they embarked 
 for Mexico. They were wrecked and driven on the coast, 
 where the Indians made prisoners of the survivors. At last. 
 
24 sirnoof. i/r STORY of the r\iTi:i) state >^. 
 
 (jiih four niiscrahle l)einj:?s were left. These gTaduall) 
 worked their way through Texas and Sonora to Cahfornia, 
 where they were eared for by tlieir countrymen. 
 
 15, De Soto's Expedition. — Hernando de Soto sailed 
 from Spain in 1 538 with an expedition consisting of nine ves- 
 sels and nearly a thousantl men, among whom were a num- 
 ber of priests and mechanics. They took with them several 
 hundred horses, many hogs and a score of trained blood- 
 hcjunds. This expedition landed at Tampa Bay, May 18, 
 1539. Its experience was similar to that of Narvaez. The 
 men suffered from the hostility of the Indians, and were often 
 reduced to the verge of starvation. When they reached the 
 point where Narvaez had turned back, they asked De wSoto 
 to do the same, but he refused. 
 
 Like all his predecessors, De Soto and his party looked 
 upon the Indians as onl}- fit to l)e shot down and killed in 
 cold l)lood. The most cruel outrages were inflicted u])on 
 the natives, who made the explorers pay dearly for their 
 wickedness. At Mavila, from which the name of the city 
 and bay of Mobile is taken, De Soto massacred more than 
 2000 indians, his own loss being considerable. In the spring 
 and summer of 1541, the explorers wound their way across 
 the present State of Mississippi and thus discovered the 
 Father of Waters. 
 
 The precise course taken by De Soto is not known. No 
 doubt he reached the site of Little Rock, in Arkansas. Dur- 
 ing the three years of wandering the expedition lost one- 
 third of its number and nearly all its property. Finally, De 
 Soto became disheartened, and, in the spring of 1542, turned 
 about and started for the sea. The leader w^as worn out by 
 suffering and hardship, and one day lay down, knowing he 
 would never rise again. Calling his men around him, he 
 begged their forgiveness for any wrong he had done them, 
 bade them good-bye, and died. This was May 21, 1542. 
 
SCHOOL iiisToh'Y or Till-: I \fTi:n stmi.'s. lt, 
 
 De Solo had made liic i^i^noranl iiali\cs hclicvc he could 
 never die. His survivors wtrr aliaid llial if the luihaus 
 learned the truth tliey would laU upun and massacre aU the 
 rest. So the\ kejit his death a secret. Late at night tlie 
 body was placed in a boat, which was silently rowed out on 
 the. river. The blanket wraj^ped about it was heavily 
 weiglited before it was lified over the gunwale. It instantb' 
 sank out of sight. Iduis the man who discovered the Mis- 
 sissippi found his grave in it. 
 
 The expedition, left without its head, went to pieces. 
 r>uilding a number of brigantines, the men spent nearly 
 tln-ee weeks floating down the river and continually fighting 
 with the Indians. Tn Julw 1543, the renniant reached the 
 mouth of the Mississippi. Cruising along tlie coast of 
 Louisiana and ITwas, thev at last found a colony of their 
 countrymen, wh.ere they received the care which all soreh- 
 needed. 
 
 16. Founding of St. Augustine — Pedro Menendez (ma- 
 nen' deth), a cruel and fanatical Spaniard, with an expedition 
 numbering 1500 men, arrived off the mouth of the St. John's, 
 in Florida. There he saw the ships of Ribaut carrying the 
 flag of France. He attacked them late that night and drove 
 most of them to sea. Tlie others, being at the mouth of the 
 river, Menendez could not land. He, therefore, went back 
 to the fine harbor which lie had discovered, and began the 
 town of .St. Augustine (1565). This is the oldest settlement 
 in the L'nited States. 
 
 Questions, — 11. Describe the first circumnavigation of the globe. 
 
 12. Give the particuhirs of the discovery of the Pacitic ocean. To 
 what did this discovery lead? What evidences remain of the early 
 visits of the Spaniards? 
 
 1,3. Describe Ponce de Leon's visit to Florida. 
 
 14. What can you tell about the expedition of De Narvaez? Whal 
 of the troubles of his men with the Indians? What followed? 
 
A Narrow Street, St. Augustine, Fla. 
 
 Old City Gates, St. Augustiius Fla. 
 
 Oldest House in the United States, Sante Fe, New Mexico. 
 
 Old House in St. Augustine, Fla. 
 
SCHOOL iiisToL'V or 'I'm: imted siwtf.s. 27 
 
 15. What of De Soto's (.'xpeditioii? W'licii did il land ai 'rani])a 
 Bay? What was its experience? How were the Indians treated? 
 What occurred at Mavila? Relate how the Mississippi was discov- 
 ered. What is said of the course taken by De Soto? Of his doatli? 
 Of his burial? Give the subsequent history of the expedition. 
 
 i6.' Give the particulars of the fonndinp: of St. Auiitistine. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 17. Verrazani's Expedition. — Although Sijaiii today is 
 but a secoiul-rate power, slic was the most ini])ortaut uiari- 
 time nation at the time of and for a l<Mig' period after the dis- 
 covery of America. Tliere was a strong rivalry between her 
 and France. In 1524, France sent out a fleet of four vessels, 
 under the command of Verrazani (za'ni), who, like Colum- 
 bus, was a native of Italy. Two months later, with l)ut a 
 single ship left, he reached the mainland of yVmerica. His 
 account of his voyage is so vague that it is uncertain what 
 ])ortions of the country he saw. It is claimed that he first 
 sighted the shore of North Carolina, and, coasting north- 
 ward, entered the bay of Xew York, and continued u]) tlie 
 New England coast. He gave the name of "New h'rance" 
 to the countries which he visited. X'errazani seems to have 
 been the first navigator who gained a correct idea of the size 
 of the globe. 
 
 18. Cartier — In the spring of 1534. Jacques Cartier (kar- 
 tva'), a skillful navigator, sailecl from France with two ships, 
 with crews of sixty-one men. He entered the mi)utli of the 
 St. Lawrence. The shores of New Foundland looked so 
 desolate that he expressed the belief that it w^as the land to 
 which God had banislied Cain. He took possession of the 
 country, however, in the name of France, and returned home 
 after an absence of only five months. 
 
28 f^CHOOJ, JIfsrORY OF THE FXTTED l^TATEi^. 
 
 Cartier was sent out with anotlier expedition the followinj:^ 
 spring This time he had three ships, and anchored in the 
 month of the St. Lawrence, on the loth of Angnst, 1535. 
 Leisurely ascending the river, he anchored off the site of 
 Quebec. The Lidians treated him kmdly, and told him of 
 another town, further up the river. He sailed thither, and 
 passed the winter there. The city of Montreal stands near 
 the spot. Cartier's attempts to found a colony were failures, 
 but his discovery gave France a valid claim to the immense 
 region wdiich she upheld for more than a htmdred years. 
 
 19. Ribaut. — Having failed to plant colonies in the north, 
 France now directed her efforts toward settling the south. 
 In February, 1 562, Captain John Ribaut (re-bo') sailed from 
 Havre with two ships. He was sent out by Lord Admiral 
 Coligny, leader of the Huguenots, who were so much perse- 
 cuted in P>ance that they sought a home in the New World. 
 Florida was sighted on the last day of April. Coasting 
 northward, he entered the mouth of the St. John. The In- 
 flians showed marked friendship, and the visitors were 
 charmed with the country. Ribaut took possession in the 
 name of h^rance, and continued nortliward, giving French 
 names to the various rivers discovered. In the latter part of 
 May, he dropped anchor in the fine harbor of Port Royal. 
 There he decided to plant a settlement. 
 
 The men were so pleased tliat all vvished to stav. The 
 leader, however, selected thirty and left them behind, while 
 he sailed for hrance. The settlers set to work with ardor 
 and built a strong fort on an island in Archer s creek, about 
 six miles from the present site of Beaufort. Before long, 
 they grew discontented and homesick. They quarreled 
 among themselves, and finally rigged up a worthless boat, in 
 which they set sail for France. When all were at the point 
 of death, they were picked up by an English vessel, wdiich 
 
SCHOOL Hf^TOh'Y OF THE VXITED HTATE^. 21) 
 
 carried the feeblest to I'^ance and took the others as pris- 
 oners to England. 
 
 20. Laudonniere. --When Ribaut reached France, civil 
 war was raging" and it was impossible for him to retnrn. In 
 April, 1564. Admiral Coligny sent out three ships to repeat 
 the attempts at colonization. They were under the com- 
 mand of Captain Laudonniere (lo-do' ne-er), who was a 
 member of the iormt.'r expedition. He picked out a spot, 
 now known as St. joim's Bluff, where he began building- a 
 fort. The Indians helped and did all they could to prove 
 their good will. The fair prospects were soon blotted by 
 the greed of the colonists. The men became dissatisfied 
 with Laudonniere, who had to use harsh measures in self- 
 defense. Some of the men stole two small vessels and 
 started for the West Indies on a piratical expedition. Lau- 
 donniere caused two larger vessels to be made read}' in 
 which to pursue them. Before the start could Ijc maile, 
 other malcontents stole them and followed their companions. 
 The Spaniards captured three of the buccaneers, while the 
 pilot of the fourth (who had been pressed into service) steered 
 the vessel back to the colon)- before the pirates knew what he 
 was doing. Latidonniere made them all prisoners and 
 hanged the ringleaders. 
 
 When ruin and destruction seemed inevitable, Ribaut ar- 
 rived with seven ships and an al:)undance of sup]dies. This 
 caused rejoicing, despite the misfortune and suffering al- 
 ready undergone. But the most overwhelming disaster of 
 all was at hand. 
 
 It w^as at this juncture that the ferociotis Menendez 'd\)- 
 peared with his powerful fleet and attacked the French ships. 
 Three of the latter were up the river, and the other four were 
 no match for the Spaniards. They put to sea, and by su- 
 perior sailing escaped. Ribaut. learning that Menendez liad 
 landed men and simphcs further south, prepared to attack 
 
30 SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UXITIJD ^'^TATES. 
 
 them. A violent storm, however, scattered his vessels. By 
 a forced march through swamps and a driving tempest, Men- 
 endez descended upon the almost unprotected fort, which 
 was completely surprised. The garrison, including the 
 women and children, were massacred. Shortly after, when 
 another force of French surrendered, they were also put to 
 death. 
 
 21. Champlain. — Samuel de Champlain (sham-plane') 
 now became the leading figure in French exploration. Leav- 
 ing the banks of the St. LawTence, at the beginning of the 
 seventeenth century, he discovered the lake named in his 
 honor. His maps and accounts added greatly to the knowl- 
 edge of the country. He joined De Monts (mong) and 
 founded the colony of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, in 1605. 
 This settlement, now known as Annapolis, was the first per- 
 manent French colony planted in America. Champlain 
 founded Quebec in 1608. 
 
 22. La Salle. — The greatest of all French explorers was 
 Cavalier La Salle (leh sal'). When he first came to Canada, 
 in 1666, he was hardly twentx-three years old. He was a 
 born explorer, and soon started on an expedition westward. 
 In the country of the Seneca Lidians he fell ill, and was 
 obliged to part from his companions, near the head of Lake 
 Ontario. He soon recovered and set out again. He made 
 his way to the Ohio river, down which he descended to the 
 falls opposite Louisville. Upon his visit to France, he was 
 made a nobleman and appointed governor of the country 
 around Fort Frontenac, which he had built on the shore 
 of Lake Ontario. He replaced the building with a much 
 stronger one, and soon had four small vessels on the lake 
 and a thriving trade with the Lidians. 
 
 Li the month of August. 1679, La Salle launched, at the 
 port of Niagara, a small vessel, which he named the Griff en. 
 In this he and his crew sailed the length of Lake Erie and 
 
SCHOOL HLSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3] 
 
 then across Lakes St. Clair, Huron and Michig-an to Green 
 Bay. There he sent back the Griff en for supphes and crossed 
 the lake in canoes to the mouth of the St. Joseph, where he 
 built a fort. His next visit was to the Indian villages of the 
 Illinois country, where he made treaties with the red men. 
 In 1680, he built a fort near the present site of Peoria. Send- 
 ing Father Hennepin to visit the country to the northward, 
 La Salle made the entire journey on foot and alone to Fort 
 Frontenac, hundreds of miles distant. There he learned 
 that the Griff en was lost. On his return with a new party to 
 the fort planted near Erie he found it had been broken up by 
 the Indians, and all the white men were gone. He made 
 his way to the mouth of the Mississippi, where he set up a 
 colunni with the French arms, and claimed the country for 
 his king". 
 
 La Salle found himself in high favor when he once more 
 visited France. His proposal to concpter the rich mining 
 country in the Southwest was accepted by the king, who 
 made him commandant of the country. His expedition con- 
 sisted of four ships and nearly 300 persons. They were 
 worthless fellows, however, and the naval officer in connnand 
 had no friendship for La Salle. The two cfuarreled and there 
 was much wrangling among the others. The ships ])assed 
 the mouth of the Mississippi for a considerable distance be- 
 fore La Salle discovered the mistake. When he appealed 
 to the naval commander to return, he refused, and the ves- 
 sels anchored ofif Matagorda Ray. Then the officer de- 
 clared he must go after supplies, and, sailing away, left La 
 Salle with one small vessel, which had been presented to him 
 by the king. 
 
 La Salle built a fort and began cultivating the soil. The 
 Indians were hostile, and killed a number of the men. ( )thers 
 died from disease, until onlv forty were left alive. With a 
 
32 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 few companions, La Salle started for the Illinois country. 
 He had not penetrated far, however, when the miscreants 
 who were with him treacherously shot him to death (1687). 
 The survivors were made prisoners by the Spanish, who had 
 been sent to that part of the country to drive out the French. 
 
 Questions — 17. What is said of Spain? Of France? Give an ac- 
 count of Verrazani's expedition. 
 
 18. Describe Cartier's first expedition. His second. What of his 
 attempts to found colonies? What did he accomplish for France? 
 
 19. Give an account of Ribaut's expedition. What of the Indians? 
 What was done by Ribaut? Give a histor}' of the colonists left be- 
 hind. 
 
 JO. What of Ribaut's visit to France? What of the ne.xt expedi- 
 tion? Give a history of it. What of Ribaut's return? Give an ac- 
 count of the doings of Menendez. 
 
 21. What of Champlain? What of him and De Monts? Of Que- 
 bec? 
 
 22. What is said of La Salle? What happened to him in the coun- 
 try of the Seneca Indians? What followed? How was he honored 
 on his return to France? What did he do? Give a history of the 
 Griffen. What was La Salle's next step? What of his journey to 
 Fort Frontenac? What of the Griffen? What did he next do? 
 What grand scheme did lie form on liis visit to France? What is 
 said of the naval commaufler and his companions? Give an account 
 of what followed. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ENGLISH .AND DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 23. Sir Hugh Willoughby. — Sir Htigh Willoughby left 
 London with three ships in May, 1553. He was in search of 
 a short passage to India, and sailed eastward. For two 
 ■/cars nothing was heard of him. Then some Russian fisher- 
 men, in a Lapland harbor, saw two ships drifting helplessly 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 
 
 in the ice. Going" aboard, tlicv found the body of Sir Hugh 
 Willoughby, seated at a table in the cabin, with his journal 
 o[)en and a pen grasped in his rigid fingers. He had been 
 frozen to death months before. The bodies of the crews 
 were scattered around, everyone dead from the terrible cold. 
 The third ship reached Archangel, and the captain and crew 
 made their way overland to Moscow. This visit was the 
 means of opening a new channel of trade. 
 
 24. Frobisher — In 1576. Martin FrolMsher sailed with 
 three small vessels in (juest of the elusive western passage. 
 He tried it three times, on one of his voyages entering the 
 strait named for him. He believed Cumberland Island to be 
 a part of the mainland of Asia. The result of his voyages 
 was unimportant, for the regions visited are practically value- 
 less to the world. 
 
 25. Sir Humphrey Gilbert — Sir Humphrey Gilbert 
 sailed for America in charge of an important expedition in 
 June, 1583. With every prospect of high success, the enter- 
 prise was marked by the most tragic disaster. They had 
 hardly set sail when his largest vessel deserted and went back- 
 home. The men were unprincipled, and became nuitinous. 
 At Newfoundland, ( Gilbert had to send home one of his four 
 vessels with the sick and most of the relKdlious members of 
 his crews. In a tempest, the largest of his three remaining 
 vessels was wrecked and all. except fifteen, were drowned. 
 The smallest boat, in which Sir Hum])hrey took passage, 
 foundered at sea in a storm and went down with all on board. 
 
 26. Sir Walter Raleigh — Sir Walter Raleigh was a half- 
 brother of Gill)ert and a favorite at the court of Queen Eliza- 
 beth. He was much im])resscd 1)\- the views of his relative, 
 and did his utmost to carry them cnit. He sent out two well- 
 manned vessels in April, 1584, to find the best place for a 
 colony. They carried back such a glowing report that Ral- 
 
Deal I) i.ii (..I'liLTul 
 
 (jaebi.-i- >■ 
 
 .11 Wiiiii'ii. liuiiliLT JLll. 
 
SCIIOOI. IflSTtfRY OF THE I MTEU STATES. 3.") 
 
 eigh was knig'hU'd and allowed to name the new country \ ir- 
 i;inia, in honor of the virg'in Oueen l{lizal)etli. 
 
 In liie s])rins4- of 1585, a larj^e and well-e(|ui|)|)e(l ex])edi- 
 tion sailed for the new eountr\ . A fort was built on Roa- 
 noke Island, but troubles with the Indians were continuous 
 from the lirst, and the settlers i^ave their wlujle attention to 
 the search for .^'old. They w(ndd have perished but for the 
 timely arrival of Sir h'rancis Drake, who took them back' to 
 England. It was on this visit that the Kn!L;iishmen learned 
 the use of tobacco from tlie Indians and introduced it into 
 England. Sir Walter Raleigh became fond of it. I'he 
 story is familiar to all of his servant, who, seeing his master 
 smoking a pipe, thought he was on fire, and in great alarm 
 dashed water over him to put out the flames. 
 
 Besides tobacco, the Englishmen learned the value of 
 maize, or Indian corn, the potato and sassafras. These were 
 far more useful than tobacco, and attracted much attention 
 and favor in I'Jigland. Man}- million dollars' worth of corn 
 and potatoes are raised annuall\ in the different countries of 
 Europe. 
 
 In 1587, Raleigh sent otit another colony of 150 men and 
 women. rhe\' were under charge of John White, and (|uar- 
 reled continually. While halting at Roanoke, the daughter 
 of (lovernor White, the wife of Ananias Dare, had a daughter 
 born to her. She was named N'irginia, and was the first 
 child of English parentage born wilhm the ])rcsent territory 
 of the I'nited States, (governor Wdiite sailed for England 
 for help, but owing to troubles in that countr\-, was unable 
 to return to America for three years. WMien he did so, to his 
 dismay he could not find an\- member of the colon\- he had left 
 behind. There were abundant signs of where the\' had been, 
 but no trace of a li\'ing person appeared. Sir Weaker Ral- 
 eigh sent several expeditions to clear up the mystery, but 
 
3(; SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 none succeeded. Years afterward evidence came to light 
 that left httle doubt that nearly everyone of the settlers had 
 been massacred by the Indians. For ten or fifteen years the 
 English explorers continued to visit portions of the New 
 England coast, but no serious attempts at settlement were 
 made. 
 
 27. Henry Hudson. — Holland was one of the leading 
 maritime nations, but for a time showed little interest in the 
 New World. She seemed to be content to let others 
 scramble for possessions on tliis side of the Atlantic. A 
 company of English merchants, at the beginning of the sev- 
 enteenth century sent out Henry Hudson, an English sailor, 
 in quest of a northwest passage. His crew consisted of only 
 eleven men, among whom was his son. He plowed his way 
 through the icefields along the eastern coast of Greenland 
 until past the 80th degree of latitude. This was further than 
 anyone had ever gone before. The enormous masses of ice 
 blocked further passage and he was forced to turn back. A 
 second attempt failed the following year, and the English 
 merchants declined any more expense in wdiat certainly was 
 a useless efifort. 
 
 Hudson was so skillful a navigator that his services were 
 sought by the Dutch East India Company. They fitted out 
 a small vessel for him, called the Half Moon, and instructed 
 him to sail to the northeast instead of the northwest. He did 
 as directed, but the icebergs compelled him to disobey his 
 orders and to turn to the west. When he sighted Cape Cod, 
 he called it New Holland, not knowing that it had been 
 named before by Champlain. Reaching Chesapeake Bay, 
 he learned that a company of English settlers were ahead of 
 him, and he turned northward. He entered Delaware Bay, 
 but the water was too shallow to please him, and he steered 
 northward. September 3. 1600, he dropped anchor opposite 
 Sandy Elook. 
 
sciiaof. iiisToh'V OF THE I xrrEi) states. n? 
 
 For ten days the IJalf Moon continued sailini^- up the beau- 
 tiful Hudson, tlie navigator and his crew dehghted with the 
 scenery. The Indians peeped out from the wooded shores 
 with the same leehng of wonder that stirred the natives wlien 
 they lirst looked upon the caravels of Columl)us. The Half 
 Maoii ascended to the present site of All)any, and then, de- 
 scending the river, sailed to Dartmouth, England, whence 
 Hudson sent an account of his discovery to Holland. That 
 country at once claimed sovereignty over the new territories 
 tints opened to them, a claim that was just and which no 
 other nation could dispute. 
 
 The discovery added to tlie fame of Hudson, and he was 
 once more sent in search of the northw^est passage. He en- 
 tered tlie bav and strait named in liis honor and spent a winter 
 in those dismal regions. His crew mutinied in the spring, 
 and sent him and his son and a number of others adrift in an 
 open boat. Thus they ]:»erished. 
 
 Questions. — 23. Give the history of Sir Hugh Willoughby's expe- 
 dition. 
 
 24. Describe the expedition of Martin Frobisher. 
 
 25. What is said of Sir Humphrey Gilbert? Give the particulars 
 of his voyage. 
 
 26. Who was Sir Walter Raleigh? What did he do? What was 
 the result? What of the next expedition? What is said about to- 
 bacco? Relate the anecdote concerning Sir Walter Raleigh. Of 
 what else did Englishmen learn the value? What is said of corn and 
 potatoes? What was done in 1587? Who was Virginia Dare? What 
 was done by Governor WHiite? Tell what you know of the lost col- 
 ony. What is said of other English explorers? 
 
 27. What is said of Holland? Describe Henry Hudson's atteinpts 
 to find a northwest passage. What of the Dutch East India Com- 
 pany? Describe the voyage of the Ha// Moon until it anchored off 
 Sandy Hook. Describe its voyage up the Hudson river. What was 
 next done by Henry Hudson? State what you know of his last voy- 
 age and death. 
 
8S sciKxn. iiisToin or nil': imteh states. 
 
 BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCISES. 
 {Model.) 
 
 Discoveries and explorations b}- llie Northmen: 
 
 1. Naddod in 860. 
 
 2. Lcif the Luckv in 1000. 
 
 Under the Spanisl: Flag: 
 I. 
 
 Under the English Flag: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 Under the French Flag: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3 
 4 
 S 
 6 
 
 Under the Dntch Flag: 
 1. 
 
s('if()OL in STORY or nil: r sited stati:s. no 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMAL\RY OF EVENTS. 
 
 A. D. I'.i.W 
 
 860. Naddod the Northman visited Iceland iJ 
 
 1000. Lief the Lncky landed at Newfoundland and coasted along- 
 New England 1 ,^ 
 
 492. Columbiis discovered America, October u iS 
 
 493. Columbus sailed on his second expedition, Septem])er 25. . i(j 
 497. Amerigo Vespucci probably discovered the continent of 
 
 America -o 
 
 497. John Cabot discovered Labrador 20 
 
 498. The Cabots explored the Atlantic coast 21 
 
 498. Columbus discovered South America 19 
 
 506. Columbus died. May 20 20 
 
 512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, March 2j 23 
 
 513. Balboa discovered the Pacific ocean, September 26 2;^ 
 
 519-1520. One of Magellan's ships circumnavigated the globe. , 22 
 
 524. Verrazani explored the coast of North America 27 
 
 528. Narvaez explored a part of the coast of North America. ... 2,^ 
 
 535. Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence 27 
 
 541. De Soto, discovered the Afississippi 24 
 
 553 Sir Hugh Willoughby set out on his ill-fated expedition.. . 32 
 562. Ribaut i)lanted a Huguenot colony at Port R(^y;l 28 
 
 564. Laudonniere attempted to plant a Huguenot colony on St. 
 
 John river -9 
 
 565. St. Augustine founded by the Spaniards 2^ 
 
 576. Frobisher visited the arctic coast of America 3,^ 
 
 583. Sir Humphrey Gilbert failed to plant a colony in .\merica. 33 
 
 584. Sir Walter Raleigh sent out on his first expeilition 3,^ 
 
 585. Sir Walter Raleigh sent out on his second expedition 35 
 
 587. Sir Walter Raleigh sent out on his third expedi!io!i 35 
 
 605. Port Royal. Nova .Scotia, founded by Champlain and De 
 
 Monts 30 
 
 608. Champlain founded Que!)ec 30 
 
 609. Henry Hudson discovered the Hudson river 36 
 
 1673-1687. La Salle made several expeditions threuigh interior 
 
 America 30 
 
40 sriiooi. HJ.<T()h'Y (>/• ////; ( \iTt:i) si [Ti-.'s. 
 
 P\RT 11. 
 
 Settlement and Growth (1607-1763.) 
 
 CHAPTRR \\ 
 SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 I. Founding: of Jamestown — \\ o have learned that St. 
 Auiiustinc. louiuleU by the Spaniards in 15O5. is the oldest 
 town in the United States. The part whieh it has played 
 in our historv. however, has been of Httle account. England 
 is our "mother country." and the impress received from her 
 is far beyond that of all other nations combined. In 1606. 
 James I. who was then on the throne of England, gave to a 
 number of gentlemen all that part of America lying between 
 the thirty-fourth and thiity-eighth parallels of latitude, which 
 received the name of Virginia. The writing which convex eil 
 this land was called a patent or charter. The Englishmen 
 to whom the patent was granted were known as the London 
 Company. They sent out three vessels, which carried 105 
 men, but no women or children. 
 
 When the vessels entered the mouth of a broatl. smooth 
 river, they named it James, in honor of the king. It was the 
 month of May. The sky was bright and the air soft and 
 balmy. On the shores, brilliant with fragrant flowers, the 
 wondering Indians peeped out at the ships, as did the natives 
 more than a hundred years before at the caravels of Cohun- 
 bus. To the wearied pioneers the fifty miles sail up the 
 James was the most delightful they had ever known. 
 
sciioiH. iiis'i'ni,') or Tin: i \iri:it s'r\'ri:s. ii 
 
 A laiidiiio was made i\la\ J^i,, 1007, and I lie lii st I'.ii^lisli 
 sclllciiiciil ill America lic^iiii. Il was iiaiiicd |aiii(sli<vvii, 
 also ill honor ol llic kiiii; who ha<l j^ivcii Ihciii the land. 
 I'",vcr\ ihiiiL; |)roiiiis<(| wcN, and the settlers were in lii;.;li 
 spirits. I '.lit I roil hie soon cai lie. I 'i oncers in a new conni iv 
 always have a hard time. I he chaiit^e of snrioiiiidiiii;s, the 
 dillereiit modes ol living; and the disapiioini nieiils hriii!^ 
 hardships and siirierin^s. Instead of tilling the L^roiiml, the 
 settlers spent most of tJieir lime in Imntini; for ,i;old, which 
 the\ helicvcd ahoiinded all aioimd iheiii. 
 
 .SiK h ;i coiirse was sure lo l.riiiL; disaster. The i)rovisions 
 L;'ave oiii, si(d<iiess came, imt i I a1 last all were in despair. The 
 "icii at the head of affairs were weak aiul nearlv everyone 
 loii^id to '^o hat k to [''.upland. W hen matters were as bad 
 as fhe\' could he, the pe<,plc elected ( aplaili John SmJlli, onc 
 "I their mnnher, president or ruler. 
 
 2. Captain John Smith. 'I his man had lived the life of 
 an adventurer in different parts of the world, and had shown 
 ,L;reat personal conra.^'e, powers of endurance and real ahilit \-. 
 lie was hrave, strong;-, and took llie rii^lit course with the 
 i-olonists. 1 le made a rule thai no man should eat who did 
 not work. I le set the e\;imple, and matters he^-an to mend. 
 
 ( aptain .Smith, with ;i mnnher of c()mpaiiions, sailed up 
 ni.any of the streams which How into ( hesapeake \'>:[\. The 
 people were ill sore iieeil of food, ;ind .Smith took the ri^lit 
 course to i^-ei it. Me treated the Indians kindly and i^-avc 
 llieui many presents, 'fhe re(| nieii were delio-hted, and in 
 Inrn let him have many hnshels of corn, wliicdi were divided 
 aniono- the starviu.i;- settlers. 
 
 < )n an expedition up the jaiiics, ostensil)l\- to find a pas- 
 s-d^c tlirou,<.;h to the Western ocean, hut reallv lo explore the 
 country and seek: adventure, .Smith was captured near the 
 present site- of Richmond h\ the Indians, carried bel'ore Chief 
 Opecancaiiouf,'-|i. and was about to be i)uf to death when he 
 
42 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED 8TATES. 
 
 excited the interest and wonder of the Indians by exhibiting 
 a small pocket compass. This saved his life for the time, 
 and he was carried before Powhatan, a sort of emperor, who 
 reigned over the country from the falls of the James to the 
 present county of Gloucester. Powhatan had a seat near the 
 l)resent site of Richmond, and his "chief place of council" at 
 Werowocomoco, on Fork river in Gloucester, about twenty- 
 five miles l^elow the present West Point, and it was to the 
 latter that Smith was carried. 
 
 He was kindly treated at first, but his death had l)ecn de- 
 cided on, and they were about to execute the sentence by 
 placing his head on a stone in front of Powhatan, and raising 
 clul)s to l^eat out his brains, when Pocahontas, the favorite 
 daughter of Powhatan, interposed and saved him by taking 
 his head in her arms and interceding with her father for his 
 life. Her re([uest was granted, .Smith found great favor with 
 Powhatan, and remained with him until early the next Janu- 
 ary (1608), when he was allowed to return, under escort, to 
 Jamestown. 
 
 Here he found great confusion and a conspiracy of Rat- 
 clifife, Wingfield and others to return to England on the 
 pinnace, which they had again seized. He put down the 
 conspirators with a strong hand, and was devising means of 
 saving the colony from starvation, when Pocahontas came 
 at the head of a large band of Indians, bearing corn and veni- 
 son. This she repeated again and again, as the necessities 
 of tlie colony demanded, and she was called bv them "the 
 dear and blessed Pocahontas." 
 
 Captain Smith was elected president by the people — -tJie 
 first instance in American Jiistory wJiere the people eJiosc 
 their oii'n ruler, and for nearly two years served with great 
 ability, firmness and success. Indeed, he has been justly 
 called the sa7'i(uir of tJie J^ir<^inia colony. P>ut he was, unfor- 
 tunately, so badly injured by the premature explosion of 
 
SCHOOL iiisToh'Y or Tin: i .\iti:i> stati:s. v.] 
 
 {gunpowder thai he was obhgcd to go to iLnglaiul for mccHcal 
 treatment, and never returned to Virginia, though he after- 
 wards made several voyages to the northern coast and gave 
 its name to Xca' EnglaiuL He cUed in England in 1631. His 
 "General History" and other writings did much to call atten- 
 tion to X'irginia and induce immigrants to go thither. 
 
 The attacks made upon him at the time hv his enemies, 
 and re])catcd by certain modern critics, have really no sub- 
 stantial foundation, and Captain John Smith is unquestion- 
 ai)ly the central figure in that period of \'irginia colonization. 
 
 3. "The Starving Time." — The settlers suffered more 
 than ever after Captain Smith left them. At the end of six 
 months only sixty were left alive out of nearly 500. Some 
 had been killed by Indians, but most of them died from dis- 
 ease and famine. The winter of 1609-10 is know'n in history 
 as the "Starving Time." The few that lived were sure they 
 too would die unless they could get back to England. 
 
 So all the despairing settlers went on board one of the 
 ships and started to cross the ocean. At the mouth of the 
 river, however, they met a vessel loaded with supplies and 
 emigrants, imder charge of Lord Delaware, their new gov- 
 ernor. The pioneers willinglv returned with their friends 
 to Jamestown. By and l)y, other settlers came, and the 
 colony prospered. 
 
 4. The Third Charter. — The second charter, which was 
 given to the London Company in 1609, did not work well, 
 and a third one was granted in 1 61 2. This did away with 
 the London Coimcil and allowed the stockholders to man- 
 age their affairs as thev thought best. 
 
 5. Pocahontas. — The daughter of Powhatan formed a 
 strong friendship for the settlers, and she was a favorite with 
 them. She often came to Jamestown, where all made her 
 welcome. In 161 3 she married John Rolfe, and was bap- 
 tized as a Christian in the little log church at lamestown. 
 
l^CHOOL UlSTOh'Y OF THE I'MTFA) STATES. 4.1 
 
 Some years later she visited England with her husband and 
 was received by the king and many noted people. She died 
 when about to sail for America, leaving an infant son. Some 
 of the leading families in X'irginia today are proud of their 
 descent from Pocahontas. 
 
 6. The Great Charter — Tlie London Company granted 
 a "Great Charter" to \'irginia in 1618. This gave the set- 
 tlers the right to help make their own laws. The first legis- 
 lative body that ever met in this country was the House of 
 Burgesses. It was called together by Governor Yeardley 
 (yard'lc), July 30, 1619. 
 
 7. Introduction of African Slavery — In August, 1619, 
 a Dutcli ship sailed up the James and oiTered for sale to the 
 colonists twenty negro slaves whom the captain had pur- 
 chased from their cruel masters in Africa. At that time 
 slavery was almost universal; there was no question of the 
 right to buy and hold slaves, and the colonists did not hesi- 
 tate to buy these, as thev could make them profitable in culti- 
 vating tobacco. Ships of old England and of New England 
 engaged in the slave trade, brought other slaves to \'irginia 
 and to the other colonies, and African Slavery became estab- 
 lished from New England to ( icorgia. 
 
 Later on, discovering its evils, the \'irginia House of Bur- 
 gesses and the authorities of the Georgia colony made re- 
 peated petitions to the CroA\ n tor the abolition of slavery: 
 but the interests of the slave traders of old and New England 
 prevailed and these petitions were reftised. 
 
 In the original draft of the Declaration of Independence 
 one of the counts in the indictment which JefTerson drew 
 against England was that she had forced African slavery upon 
 the colonies, biit this clause was left out in deference to New 
 England, as she was particeps criminis in the matter. And w^e 
 will see further on that when the Constitution of 1787 was 
 adopted the Slave Trade was perpetuated twenty years by the 
 
4() SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 
 
 votes of New England against those of Virginia, Maryland 
 and Delaware. 
 
 8. Wars with the Indians. — Powhatan, the father of 
 Pocahontas, was a true friend of the settlers as long as he 
 Hved. W hen he died his brother became chief, and he was 
 deposed quickly by Upecancanough, who laid his plans to 
 kill all the whites. The attack of his warriors, March 22, 
 1622, was so sudden that 400 people were killed in one day. 
 In the war that followed, 4000 settlers were reduced to half 
 that number, and the eighty settlements or plantations were 
 all destro}'ed with the exception of eight. 
 
 9. Virginia a Royal Province — King James did not like 
 the way tlie London Compan}- ruled. So he took away their 
 charter and granted a new one in 1624. The settlers had still 
 the right to elect the members of the House of Burgesses, 
 but the king appointed the council and their governor. Vir- 
 ginia remained a ro}^al province until the Revolution. 
 
 no. Prosperity. — The colony prospered. The white men. 
 were quick to learn the value of tobacco, and raised a great 
 deal of it. Large quantities were sent to England, where it 
 gained favor. For a long time Virginia gave more attention 
 to the cultivation of the weed than to 'anything else. The 
 plantations lined the James for more than a hundred miles. 
 A number of good women came over from England, and the 
 colonists gladly paid 100 or 150 pounds of tobacco for a wife, 
 that being the cost of their passage. 
 
 II. The "Old Dominion."— The colony had continued to 
 grow and prosper until in 1648 there were ten ships that 
 traded with them regularly from London, two from Bristol, 
 twelve from Holland and seven from New England, while 
 the population had reached 20,000. Mrginia remained true 
 to Charles I and the monarchy during the Civil War that 
 resulted in beheading the king; and true, also, to Charles TT 
 while he was an outlaw and fugitive. He sent from his court 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 47 
 
 at Breda, in the Netherlands, a new connnission to (icjvernor 
 Herkeley and an expression of his gratitude for the loyaky 
 shown by Virginia. 
 
 It was at this time that Charles elainied that X'irgiuia added 
 a fifth country to his kingdom, making it consist of England, 
 Scotland, h^rance, Ireland, and \'irginia, and devised, as an 
 addition to the motto of the English coat of arms, "iin dat 
 Virginia qiiiiifanr ("Lo! Virginia gives the fifth"). 
 
 During- the I'ivil War in England and under "The Com- 
 monwealth" of Cromwell, large numbers of the best families 
 among the Royalists emigrated to \'irginia, where they were 
 received with open arms and open houses by Governor 
 Berkeley and the plantations generally, and thus originated 
 the name "()/(/ Doinijiioii,'' which has been ever since applied 
 to X'irginia. 
 
 Cromwell was not disposed to be harsh towards \'irginia, 
 but he could not be expected to tolerate her position, and, in 
 1 65 1, Captain Dennis sailed up the James with what was 
 supposed to be an ample force to reduce the colony to sub- 
 jection. Berkeley prejxired a small but efficient force to 
 make stout resistance; a number of Dutch ships which were 
 lying in the river joined him, and the array was so formid- 
 al)le that Dennis halted and began negotiations. These were 
 in the highest degree favorable to the colony, her cherished 
 freedom was secured, and A'irginia went on her way grow- 
 ing and prospering. 
 
 Sir William Berkeley retired to his plantations, wdiere he 
 remained unmolested, and the General Assemlies elected as 
 governors, Richard Bennett in 1653, Edward Digges in 1656 
 and Samuel Matthew^s in 1658. On the death of Matthews, 
 the General Assembly, by a decisive vote, March 13, 1660, 
 elected as Governor again Sir William Berkeley, who 
 c|uietlv accc]-)ted the office; and, when on the 29th day o) 
 April of that year, Charles II ascended the throne of Eng- 
 
48 ^SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 land, Virginia was prepared, without confusion or tumult, 
 to resume her old place of loyalty to the crown. 
 
 13. Bacon's Rebellion — Sir William Berkeley, the gov- 
 ernor, was a tyrant. He would not protect the settlers from 
 the Indians, and did so many cruel things that the people, in 
 1676, under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon, rose in re- 
 bellion against him. During the civil war which followed, 
 Jamestown was burned to the ground and was never rebuilt. 
 Today only a few ruins show where the first English settle- 
 ment in America stood. Bacon was brave, able, elocjuent 
 and the idol of the people. His rebellion may be appropri- 
 ately called the first signs of the Revolution. He died just 
 as he reached success, and the rebellion ended. Governor 
 Berkeley punished without mercy those that had taken part 
 against him. The king lost his patience and called him back 
 to England. The governor who succeeded him was also a 
 tyrant, but the colony continued to prosper. In 1650, Vir- 
 ginia had a population of 30,000, and traded largely with 
 England, Holland and the New England colonies. The 
 earlier settlers were succeeded by a much better class of 
 people, whose high character anfl untiring industry pro- 
 moted the welfare of the colony. 
 
 Questions. — i. What grant was made to the London Company by 
 King James? What emigrants were sent out? Describe the ascent 
 of the James river. The founding of Jamestown. The troubles tliat 
 followed and their causes. 
 
 2. What can you tell of Captain John Smith? Of his explorations? 
 Of the story of his captivity among the Indians? Of his subsequent 
 history? 
 
 ,i Give an account of the "Starving Time." 
 
 4. Of the Third Charter. 
 
 5. Of Pocahontas. 
 
 6. What is said of the Great Charter? 
 
 7. Tell how African slavery was introduced into this country. 
 
 8. What is said of the wars with the Indians? 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 49 
 
 9. Give the history of Virginia as a royal province. 
 
 10. What is said of its prosperity? 
 
 11. Virginia's prosperity and loyahy. Origin of the name "Old 
 Dominion." Terms received from Cromwell. 
 
 12. Describe Bacon's Rebellion. Its origin. Its results. 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 13. Religious Persecution in t^ngiana. — During the sev- 
 enteenth century, England persecuted many of her people 
 whose views were not those of the Established Church of 
 that country. To escape these persecutions, a number of 
 families removed to other countries. They were called Pil- 
 grims, because they wandered av/ay from home. They were 
 so religious in their lives that they were also known as Puri- 
 tans. 
 
 14. Landing of the Pilgrims.— (Jne hundred and two 
 Pilgrims, who did not like Holland, whither they had fled, 
 decided to go to the New World. They sailed in the May- 
 floi^'cr, and after a long and rough passage reached the coast 
 of New England. They landed at Plymouth, Massachu- 
 setts, December 21, 1620, in the midst of a driving snow- 
 storm. 
 
 The Puritans were hardy and industrious. They had fled 
 'from persecution and were ready to face every trial before 
 them. They had a hard time from the first. The weather 
 was so severe that half the people died before spring. Once 
 there were only seven well persons in the colony. Among 
 those who died was John Carver, the first governor. 
 
 15. Samoset and Massasoit — One day an Indian walked 
 out of the woods and called, as he came up to the settlers: 
 "Welcome, Englishmen!" The pleased colonists wondered 
 where he had learned to Speak English. His name was 
 
50 aCHOOL HltiTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 
 
 Sam'o-sc't, and he liacl picked up a tew words ot our language 
 from some fishermen on the coast of Maine. He was well 
 treated, and soon after brought Mas'sa-';oit to visit the white 
 people. Massasoit was chief of the VVampanoags. He 
 made a treaty of peace with the settlers which was not broken 
 for fifty years. 
 
 i6. Canonicus. — The Narragansetts were a powerful tribe 
 of Indians, not friendlv to the whites. Ca-non'i-cus, their 
 chief, thought he would frighten the colonists by a declara- 
 tion of war. He sent to (jovernor Bradford a bundle of ar- 
 rows wrapped al)out with a rattlesnake's skin. The gov- 
 ernor lost no time in filling the skin with i)owder and bullets 
 and returning it. Canonicus knew what that meant, and de- 
 cided to leave the white men alone. 
 
 17. Prosperity. — The industry of the Pilgrims could not 
 fail to bring good results, and after a time the settlers had 
 corn to sell to the Indians. The MayHozccr went back to 
 England in 1621, and the ship Fortune arrived soon after, 
 with thirty-five colonists. Others followed, and, though 
 there was sufifering at times, the colony prospered. In 1630, 
 Governor Winthrop, with 300 families, founded Boston. 
 Within the following ten years, Dorchester, Roxbury, Lynn 
 and other towns were settled. 
 
 18. Union of the Colonies. — The Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony was separate from the Plymouth Colony. The for- 
 mer was formed in 1628, and consisted of Salem and Charles- 
 town. John Winthrop was the first governor. Between 
 the vears 1630 and 1640, 20,000 people settled in Massachu- 
 setts. The two colonies united in 1692, under the name of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 19. Relis^ious Persecution. — The Pilgrims ought to have 
 been the last persons in the world to molest those whose re- 
 ligious views differed from theirs. The\- had fled from ])er- 
 secution, but soon became more cruel than the English had 
 
WMsliiiigloii Crossiiiir tlii' Delaware 
 
 Firsil IJluw lor Liberty. 
 
52 SCHOOL UlfSTORY OF THE IMTED tSTATElS. 
 
 been. They formed so strong a hatred to the meek Quakers 
 that the}' hned, whipped, imprisoned and banished many of 
 them. When those that had been driven out of the colony 
 came back, the settlers put four of them to death. By and 
 by, the persecutions stopped. 
 
 20. Banishment of Roger Williams Roo^er Williams 
 
 preached the truth so plainly that the Puritans, among whom 
 he lived, could not bear it. He told them a person must an- 
 swer to God alone for his belief, and they were cheating the 
 Indians by taking their lands without paying for them. The 
 settlers answered these arguments by ordering him to be sent 
 back to England. Williams slipped away from them, how- 
 ever, and tied to the Narragansett Indians. These people 
 gave him welcome, and he lived a long time with them. He 
 was a Baptist and the champion of perfect religious freedom 
 to all. 
 
 21. King Philip's War. — When the friendly Massasoit 
 died, his son, known as King Philip, became chief. He was 
 a bitter foe of the whites, and formed a plan to slay them all 
 by uniting the New England tribes against them. At Swan- 
 sea, on Sunday, June 24, 1675, while the settlers were on their 
 way to church, the Indians attacked them and killed and 
 wounded several. Then they hurried off to assail the settle- 
 ments in the Connecticut Valley. 
 
 The men flew to arms. They carried their guns to church 
 and stacked them outside during the service. The sentinels 
 paced to and fro on the guard against surprise, and managed 
 now and then to hear a part of the words of the preacher or 
 to catch the music of a hymn. More than once the sermon 
 was stopped by the sudden attack of the Indians. The 
 preacher was sure to be among the foremost in drivmg oft' 
 their enemies. 
 
 22. The Swamp Fight — The red men were fierce and 
 cruel, and the settlers showed them no mercy. Learning 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5^ 
 
 that tlie Narragansetts were about to join Philip, Josiah 
 Winslow led 1500 men in the depth of winter against their 
 stronghold in a swanijx In the fearful fight, 200 white men 
 and 1000 Narragansetts were killed. 
 
 23 Death of Philip. — King Philip was run down at last 
 in a swamp near his old home on Mount Hope, not far from 
 Bristol, R. I. While trying to steal out of the swamp, he 
 came upon a white soldier and an Indian. The former lev- 
 eled his gun and i)ulled trigger, but it missed fire. The war- 
 rior aimed his musket and shot the chief dead. Some 
 months later the war came to an end. 
 
 24. riassachusetts as a Royal Province — Massachu- 
 setts was made a royal province in 1684. The first governor, 
 Sir Ednnmd Andros, arrived two years later. He was very 
 harsh and oppressive, but the people l)ore with him for three 
 years. Then they learned that King James had been driven 
 from his throne, and they threw Andros into jail (1689), and 
 took up again their old form of government. In 1692, Sir 
 William Phipps became governor of the province, which in- 
 cluded Massachusetts, Maine and Nova Scotia. 
 
 25. The Salem Witchcraft. — ( )nc of the strangest delu- 
 sions ever known took possession of Salem in 1692. A belief 
 in witchcraft became so general that everybody seemed to 
 have taken leave of his senses. Nearly all the old women 
 were suspected of being witches, and in many cases suspicion 
 meant death. Families were divided, and clergymen and 
 judges lost their wits. Matters reached such a pass that no 
 one could feel safe. The jails were crowded and the magis- 
 trates were kept l^usy punishing the accused persons. 
 Twenty were put to death and fifty-five tortured before the 
 craze passed away. Then the people awoke to a sense of 
 their sin and folly, and tlie delusion came to an end. 
 
 26. Settlement of Connecticut, — The Dutch and the 
 English claimed Connecticut. The former put up a fort on 
 
54 SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Connecticut river, but some Massachusetts traders settled at 
 Windsor in 1631. Hartford was founded in 1635. ^ good 
 many people left Massachusetts and settled in Connecticut. 
 
 27. Indian Troubles. -The Pequod Indians urged the 
 Narragansett Indians to join them in driving the whites from 
 their hunting-grounds. The Narragansetts would have 
 done this but for Roger Williams. You remember that he 
 was living among the Narragansetts. He pleaded with their 
 chiefs not to help the Pequods, and finally they refused to do 
 so. Then the Pequods decided to go to war alone. It was 
 an awful mistake. One morning in the summer of 1637 the 
 settlers fell upon them in their stronghold on the Mystic river 
 and killed all the men, women and children. The whole 
 tribe was l)lotted out in one day. 
 
 28. The Charter Oak — The New Haven and Connecti- 
 cut colonies were very well suited with the charter given to 
 them in 1662. Governor Andros, however, came down with 
 some soldiers in 1687 from Boston and ordered the people to 
 surrender the charter to him. He did this by command of 
 the king, who thought the people had too much liberty. The 
 assembly at Hartford pleaded that they might keep the char- 
 ter. It grew dark while the argument was going on. Sud- 
 denly all the candles were blown out. When they were re- 
 lighted, the charter, which had been lying on the table in the 
 room, was gone. Captain Wadsworth had slipped out dur- 
 ing the darkness and hidden it in the hollow of an oak. An- 
 dros was angered, and declared the charter government at 
 an end. He went back to Boston, but two years later he was 
 turned out of office and the charter was brought from its hid- 
 ing place. The Charter Oak was preserved with great care 
 until 1856, when it was destroyed by a great storm. Con- 
 necticut was governed by the old charter until the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
I^CIIOOIj III story of Till-: UXTTED states. 55 
 
 29. Settlement of Rhode Island. — Roger Williams made 
 the first settlement in Rhode Island in 1636. He named the 
 plaee I'rovidcncc to show his gratitude to God. Settlers 
 from Massachusetts soon joined him. All were treated 
 kindly. No one was disturbed because of his religious be- 
 lief, l)ut perfect "soul-liberty" was guaranteed to all. In 
 1647 all the settlements wqvq united in one colony. They 
 were prosperc^us from the l^eginning. 
 
 30. Settlement of flaine and New Hampshire. — iMew 
 Hampshire was first settled in 1623 at Little Harbor, near 
 i^ortsmouth, and at Dover. The land l^etween the Merrimac 
 and Kennebec rivers was granted to Mason and Gorges. The 
 country west of the Piscatacjua was taken by Mason, who 
 named it New Hampshire. Gorges, who owned the eastern 
 section, called it Maine. 
 
 The settlements were so weak that they placed themselves 
 under the care of Massachusetts. The union was broken 
 and renewed three times. At last, in 1741, New Hampshire 
 became a royal province and so remained until the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 The people in Maine gave most of their time to hunting 
 and fishing. They were afraid of the French that had settled 
 near them. Massachusetts bought the region and kept 'n 
 until 1820, when it became an independent State. 
 
 31. Vermont. — The first settlement in Vermont was made 
 near Brattleboro' in 1724. New York and New Hampshire 
 each claimed the territory. The king, when appealed to, 
 decided that it was a part of New York. 
 
 Questions. — 13. What is said of religious persecution in England 
 during the seventeenth century? Why were some of the persecuted 
 jieople called Pilgrims and Puritans? 
 
 14. Describe the voyage of tlie MayJIoxver. What is said of the 
 Puritans? Of their sufferings? 
 
rt(\ SCHOOL HTSTORY OF THE VXITED STATES!. 
 
 15. Relate the anecdote of Samoset. Of Massasoit. 
 
 16. Tell the story of Canonicus and Governor Bradford. 
 
 17. Give an account of the prosperity of the colony. Of the found- 
 ing of Boston. 
 
 18. Give an account of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Of the 
 union of the colonies. 
 
 19. Show how the Quakers were persecuted. 
 
 20. What is said of Roger Williams? 
 
 21. What is said of King Philip? Describe the attack on Swansea. 
 ..Vhat followed? Tell how religious services were often conducted. 
 
 22. Give an account of the swamp fight. 
 
 23. Tell how King Philip died. 
 
 24. When did Massachusetts become a royal province? What is 
 said of Sir Edmund Andros? What did the people do witli liim? 
 What of Sir William Phipps? 
 
 25. Give a history of the Salem witchcraft. 
 
 26. Tell How Connecticut was settled. 
 
 27. Give a history of the Pequod war. , 
 
 28. Relate the anecdote of the Charter Oak. 
 
 29. How was Rhode Island settled? 
 
 30. Give the account of the settlement of Maine and New Hamp- 
 shire. What followed? 
 
 31. What is said of Vermont? 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE ! MTHD STATEl^. 57 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. NEW JERSEY, DELA- 
 WARE AND PENNSYLVANL\. 
 
 32. The First Settlement in New York — It has al- 
 ready been shown that the (hscovery and aseent of the Hud- 
 son river in 1609 by Captain Henry Hudson, who was in the 
 employ of the Duteh East India Company, g;ave Holland a 
 claim to the territory which was first seen by that navigator. 
 The report which he sent to Holland led a number of Dutch 
 traders to go to Xew Netherland, as the territory was called. 
 They formed a trading post on Manhattan Island in 1613, 
 and another on the present site of Albany. The former was 
 called Xew Amsterdam and the second Fort Orange. The 
 Dutch traders l)ought a large nimiber of valuable furs from 
 the Indians. 
 
 The settlements grew slowly. In 1626, Peter Min'u-it, 
 the first governor, bought all of Manhattan Island from the 
 red men for a lot of trinkets worth about $20. Peter wStuy- 
 vesant (stive'sant) became governor in 1646, and was the 
 ablest of all the Dutch rulers, but he was unpopular because 
 of his harshness. 
 
 33. Capture of New Amsterdam by the British — Eng- 
 land claimed Xew Xetherland because of the discovery of 
 the Cabots. She. therefore, looked upon the Dutch as in- 
 truders. In 1664, she sent a fleet to X^ew Amsterdam and 
 demanded its surrender. The demand threw Governor 
 Stuyvesant into a towering rage. He stamped up and dow'u 
 the little town, with his wooden leg, swung his cane, berated 
 the English, and called upon the citizens to keep out the inso- 
 lent rascals. Rut the Dutchmen sliook their heads. They 
 were tired of Stuyvesant, and thought the English rule 
 
58 siciloo/, HISTORY or Tin: ixited states. 
 
 would be better than his. They refused to fight, and the 
 wrathful g-overnor, unable to do all the fighting himself, was 
 obliged to surrender. Accordingly, the English took peace- 
 ful possession. They changed the name of New Amsterdam 
 to New York, and that of Fort Orange to Albany. In 1673, 
 when England and Holland were at war, a Dutch fleet retook 
 New York, but it was restored the next year to England. 
 
 34. Civil War in New York. — New York suffered from 
 the tyrannical rule of Andros. When news arrived that 
 James II had been dethroned, the deputy of Governor An- 
 dros fled from New York. An uprising followed, and Cap- 
 tain Leisler (lls'ler) took charge of affairs. The new gov- 
 ernor sent Colonel Sloughter to New York, who demanded 
 the surrender of the fort held by Leisler. The latter refused, 
 and he and his son-in-law Alilborne were arrested and 
 charged with treason. 
 
 The wealthy people in New York disliked Leisler. They 
 persuaded the governor, when intoxicated, to sign the death- 
 warrant of Leisler and Milborne. When Colonel Sloughter 
 became sober, he foimd that both men had been hanged. 
 New York was a royal province until the Revolution. 
 
 35. Settlement of New Jersey — New jersey was in- 
 cluded in New Nethcrland. The Dutch erected a trading 
 post at Bergen about 161 8. All of the present State of New 
 Jersey was granted by the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley 
 and Sir George Carteret. Carteret had been governor of 
 the island of Jersey in the English Channel, and gave its 
 name to the new province. The first English settlement was 
 made near Elizabethtown in 1664. 
 
 In 1674, the province was divided into East and West Jer- 
 sey. West Jersey, which belonged to Berkeley, was sold to 
 a number of Quakers. Some of those people settled near 
 Burlington. Carteret sold his rights to William Penn and 
 eleven other Quakers. These changes made much trouble 
 
SCHOOL iiisroh'Y or Till-: i \rTi:n states. r.9 
 
 over the ownership of land. Mnallv, in 1702, the proprie- 
 tors g-ave lip their rights to the Enghsh crown. Xew Jersey 
 was nnited to Xew York and ruled by the same governor, 1)ut 
 had a separate assenil>ly. In 1738, Xew Jersey became a 
 royal province, and remained so until the Revolution. 
 
 36. Settlement of DeJaware. — The first settlement in 
 Delaware was made b\- tlie Swedes at Christiana, near Wil- 
 mington, in 1638. They l)ought the land of the Indians, and 
 called it Xew Sweden. Another settlement was i)lanted be- 
 low Philadelplda in 1643. 'iii*' ''^'^^ the first in what is now 
 Pennsylvania. The Dutch cajitured these settlements, and 
 they prospered under their rulers. 
 
 37. Settlement of Pennsylvania William Penn, a 
 
 Quaker, was the son of Admiral Penn, to whom the English 
 government owed a large sum of money for his services. 
 Charles II paid the claim by giving to the son a grant for that 
 vast tract of land known as Pennsylvania. The Duke of 
 York added the present State of Delaware to the grant. 
 
 \\ illiam Penn was a good and wise man. Although the 
 Quakers were persecuted in England, the king liked i\Mm. 
 It was the king who named the ]irovince Penns\ Ivania, 
 against the wishes of the excellent Quaker. A good many 
 of that sect were sent to America, and Pemi himself came 
 over in 1682. He bought the land of the Indians, after pay- 
 ing the king for the same. The red men were treated so 
 justly that the treaty of peace which they made was not 
 broken for seventv years. 
 
 38. Philadelphia. — The citv of Philadelphia was laid out 
 by Penn in 1683. Within a year it had a ])opulation of 7000, 
 and increased more in three vears than X^ew York did in half 
 a century. At the re(|uest of the "three lower counties," as 
 Delaware was called, a separate government was given to 
 them in 1703. They had their own deputy governor and 
 assemMv, but were under one governor until the Revolution- 
 
fio i^rnooL uisToh'Y or the txiteu states. 
 
 39. Mason and Dixon's Line — After J'enn's death in 
 1718, his heirs appointed the governors until 1779. In that 
 year the State of Pennsylvania bought their rights for about 
 half a million dollars. The boundary between Maryland 
 and Pennsylvania was fixed in 1767 bv two survevors, named 
 Alason and Dixon. This has been known ever since as 
 "Mason and Dixon's line," and is regarded as the l)Oundary 
 between the free and what were the slave States of our coun- 
 try. 
 
 Quesiions. — 32. What was the effect of the report sent to Holland 
 by HLiiry Jliulson? What trading posts did they form? What is 
 .said of the settlements? What purchase was made by Peter Minuit? 
 What of Governor Stuyvesant? 
 
 33. On what did England base her claim to New Netherland? De- 
 scribe the capture of New Amsterdam by the British. What change 
 of names was made by the English? What took place in 1673 and 
 the following year? 
 
 34. From what did New York suffer? Tell what took place when 
 the news was received that James II had been dethroned. What fol- 
 lowed? 
 
 35. Where was the first trading post established in New Jersey? 
 What grant was made by the Duke of York? How did New Jersey 
 receive its name? Where and when was the first English settlement 
 made? What took place in 1674? What is said of West Jersey? 
 What of Cartaret? What followed? What took place in 1702? 
 What followed? What took place in 1738? 
 
 36. Tell what you know about the settlement of Delaware. 
 
 37. What do you know about William Penn? How did he gain 
 possession of the province of Pennsylvania? What kind of man was 
 he? Who named the province? How did Penn treat the Indians? 
 What was the result? 
 
 38. What is said of Philadelphia? Of its prosperity? What of 
 the "three lower counties?" 
 
 39. What followed Penn's death? Tell what is meant by Mason 
 and Dixon's line. 
 
SCHOOL HISTOh'Y OF Till': UNITED STATES Gl 
 
 CHAPTER \TI1. 
 
 SRTTLE.MENT OF MARYLAND, TPIE CAROLINAS AND 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 40. Settlement of Maryland — The Roman Catholics 
 sulferetl much persecution in England during the reign of 
 Charles 1. Cecil Calvert, or Lortl lialtimore, was a rich 
 nobleman of that faith, who secured a grant of the land north 
 of the Potomac. His purpose was to give his brethren a 
 refuge from persecution. Eeonard Calvert, a brother of 
 Cecil, made the first settlement in 1634 at St. Mary's, near the 
 mouth of the Potomac. 
 
 When the Roman Catholics reached the ])rovince, how- 
 ever, they found that William Clayborne, of X'irginia, had a 
 trading post there. The\' drove him out, and lie went back 
 to X'irginia, which claime<l that Maryland was a ])art of her 
 grant, and the Catholics, therefore, were intruders. The 
 king was appealed to, and decided in favor of Lord Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Clayborne returned to Maryland in 1645, stirred up a re- 
 bellion and compelled Calvert to ilee. V>\ and by, Calvert, 
 in turn, expelled Claylxjrne and his folUnvers. The Catho- 
 lics established a liberal government. In 1649 the}' ])assed 
 the "Toleration Act," which allowed all to worship Cod as 
 they chose. A great many persons in the other colonies, 
 who were persecuted for conscience's sake, found shelter in 
 Maryland. 
 
 When the Protestants secured a maj(irit\' in the assembly, 
 they oppressed the Catholics. Civil war lasted for years. 
 The rights as proprietor were taken away from Lord Balti- 
 more in 1601, and INIaryland l)ecame a ro\al province. In 
 17 1 5, the fourth Lord Baltimore recovered his rights, and 
 
(ii' scHooi. HisTiiin' or tiif cxitfh states. 
 
 religious loloraiion was restored. Comparative peace lasted 
 until the Revolution. 
 
 41. Settlement of the Carolinas — In 1663. the land be- 
 tween llorida and \ iri^inia was granted by Charles II to 
 Lord Clarendon and a number of noblemen. The Albe- 
 marle colony had already been established near the mouth 
 of the Chowan river by settlers from Mrginia. English 
 emigrants formed the Carteret colony in 1670. The first 
 settlement was on the banks of the Ashley in 1670, but it was 
 removed in 1680 to the present site of Charleston. 
 
 The soil and climate were so favorable that thousands of 
 people were attracted thither. Among them were many 
 Huguenots, or French Protestants. They were thrifty, in- 
 telligent and moral, and without superiors among the pio- 
 neers of our country. 
 
 The colonies flourished, but the settlers and proprietors 
 did not get on well together. In 1720. the right of govern- 
 ment and seven-eighths of the land were returned to the 
 crown. The province was divided into North and South 
 Carolina, and lias so remained ever since. 
 
 42. Settlement of Georgia. — Ceneral James C^giethorjie 
 was a rich ami benevolent Englishman, who felt a syuipathv 
 for his countrymen when he saw them thrown into jail be- 
 cause they were too poor to pay their debts. With a view of 
 helping them, he obtained from King C^eorge II the grant of 
 a tract of land, which he named Georgia. 
 
 Oglethorpe came over with the tirst emigrants, and 
 foundetl Savannah in ir^^v Others followed, and the col- 
 ony prospered. The Spaniards tried to drive out the Eng- 
 lish, but Oglethorpe showed great skill in defeating them. 
 A number of rules caused discontent anunig the settlers. 
 Some of the ]^ioneers moved away, and the settlenuMUs lan- 
 guished. blnall\ . in 1752. the trustees of the province gave 
 
sciioor, iiisTouY or Till-: imthd states. cs 
 
 l)ack their charter t(j the crown. Tlie laws were made more 
 Hheral, and prosperity came again. 
 
 Questions —40. What is said of tlic Roman Catholics in Eng- 
 land? Wiiat of Cecil Calvert? What was his i)nr])ose? Tell wliat 
 3'ou know of the lirst settlement in Maryland. What was the 
 tronhle with Cl.ayhorne? What was the kin;j,''s decision? What fnr- 
 tlier tror.bles were had with Clayhorne? Give an acconnt of the 
 "Toleration Act." How did the Protestants trea.t the Catholics? 
 Give the subseciuent history of Maryland. 
 
 41. What grant was made in 166.3? What of the Albemarle col- 
 ony? The Carteret colon}-? Where was the first settlement made? 
 What was done in 1680? What is said of the soil and climate? t_)f 
 the IIii,ij,nciiots? What took place in 1729? 
 
 42. What do you know of (jeneral James Oglethorpe? What did 
 he obtain? What did he do in \~,u? What followed?' What took 
 place in 1752? What was the result? 
 
 CHAI'TER IX. 
 INTERCOLOxNIAL WARS. 
 
 4>. King William's War. — Idiere were many wais 
 among" the nations of liurope. As time rolled on, England 
 and France became rivals in the New World. Their colo- 
 nies shared their jealousy, so that wdien the governments on 
 the other side of the Atlantic began fighting, the LXdtlers ia 
 America did the same. 
 
 When \\ illiam 1 I 1 was king of England in lOS;;, war 
 broke cnit between that conntr\- and France and lasted imtil 
 1607. The Indians of ]\Iaine and Canada fought on the side 
 of I'^-ance, and the lroc|uois, or l-'ive Nations of New York, 
 on the side of the iMiglish. A great man}- cruel deeds were 
 done by the red men. 
 
 44. Queert Anne's War. — Queen Anne's War began in 
 170J ;uid ended in 1713. It was between .Spain and k'rance 
 
"S 
 
 
 °8 'a 
 
 < a. 2; \ 
 
 
iiCUOOIj HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 05 
 
 on one side and England on the other. The Iroquois In- 
 dians took no part, because of their treaty with France. New 
 England suffered greatly. Her frontier was ravaged and a 
 number of settlements al^andoned. 
 
 45. King George's War King George's War opened 
 
 in 1744 and lasted four years. It was between England and 
 France. Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton, one of 
 the strongest fortresses in the world, w'as captured by the 
 English and colonial troops in 1745, but given back to 
 F' ranee when peace came. 
 
 46. The French and Indian War The mightv strug- 
 gle between England and b' ranee, as to which nation shcjuld 
 be master in the New World, began in 1754 and lasted nine 
 vears. The English settlements extended along the sea 
 coast for a thousand miles. The French had a line of mili- 
 tary stations from Lake Ontario, down the Mississippi to 
 New Orleans. France intended to found an empire in the 
 valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 West of the Alleghany mountains was a vast region 
 claimed by both England and b^-ance. They pushed into 
 the disputed territory, and the English and b^'cnch traders 
 met each other. The c|uarrel tlnis begun caused the French 
 and Indian War. 
 
 The b^rench estaldished several ])osts to keep out other 
 traders, most of whom were A'irginians. The latter com- 
 plained to Governor Din-wid'clie, who asked the House of 
 Burgesses to instruct him what to do. That Iwdy directed 
 him to send a protest to the French general and demand an 
 explanation of his action. The young man selected as the 
 bearer of this message was George Washington. 
 
 47. George Washington — Washington at that time was 
 about twenty-two years old. He was six feet two inches tall, 
 active, pow-erful, a fine horseman, of good habits, brave, 
 truthful, an affectionate son and respected by all who knew 
 
66 SCHOOL nif^TORT OF THE UNITED .STATES. 
 
 him. He was born in Westmoreland county, \'irginia, Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1732. 
 
 48. Washington's Journey Through the Wilderness. — 
 
 The journey from Wlhiamsburg to i^'ort La l]ccuf (Ich buf) 
 and back again was fully a thousand miles. It led through 
 a trackless forest, over w^ild mountains, across dangerous 
 streams and through regions inhabited by hostile Indians. 
 On the same day that Governor Dinwiddle handed Wash- 
 ington his letter to the French commander, the young man 
 started with five companions. One of them w'as a famous 
 guide, named Christopher Gist. 
 
 The little party were on horseback, and the weather during 
 the first part of the journey was pleasant, \\hen they 
 reached the Ohio river, Washington called a number of In- 
 dians together, and after a talk persuaded several to go with 
 him to the French post. There the officer received and read 
 the letter brought to him by Washington, antl handed his 
 reply to the young A'irginian. 
 
 When the time came, on the return journey, to part from 
 the Indians, the pack-horses broke down. Washington gave 
 up his saddle-horse to carry the luggage, and he and Gist set 
 out on foot ahead of the rest. They took an Indian for their 
 guide, but he was a traitor, (^ne afternoon, as night was 
 closing in, he raised his gun and fired point-blank at Wash- 
 ington, but missed him. Before he could reload. Gist seized 
 him and would have put him to death had not Washington 
 prevented him. So they let him go. 
 
 There was no doubt that the warrior meant to bring others 
 to attack the two men. They, therefore, hurried forward, 
 night and day, until they reached the Alleghany river. It 
 was full of floating ice, carried swiftly down stream by the 
 current. The two set to work and made a raft, on which they 
 pushed out from shore. While Washington was plying the 
 pole, it was wrenched from his grasp and he was flung into 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THfJ UNITED STATES. 67 
 
 the water; but he was a powerful swimmer, and scrambled 
 out again. He and Gist spent the night on an island, and 
 the next morning walked ashore on the ice. 
 
 The journey lasted more than two months. The French 
 commander's reply was that he was at Le Boeuf by order of 
 his superior officers, and he meant to drive all the English 
 out of the disputed territory. This meant war, which soon 
 began. 
 
 The French had built Fort Du Ouesne (du-cane'), where 
 Pittsburg now stands. Washington led a force to drive them 
 out, l)Ut they were too strong, and after hard lighting he was 
 obliged to withdraw. 
 
 49. Braddock's Massacre — In the summer of 1755, Gen- 
 eral Ih'addock, who had arrived from England with two regi- 
 ments of British regulars, marched against Du Ouesne. 
 Washington was his aide. Two thousand Americans joined 
 Braddock, who did not hesitate to sneer at them as of little 
 account. He marched into the forest with drums beating 
 and colors fl} ing. Washington warned him of the danger 
 he ran in doing this, but the conceited British officer told the 
 young \ irginian that he wished no advice from him. 
 
 When about ten miles from the fort, the troops were at- 
 tacked by hundreds of French and Indians. Washington 
 and his \'irginians leaped behind trees and fought as did the 
 red men. Braddock was angered at the action of the Vir- 
 ginians, and would not let his soldiers fire except by platoons, 
 even though no enemy was in sight. Braddock fought 
 bravely until mortally wounded. All the officers on his staff, 
 except Washington, were either killed or disabled. At last, 
 Washington brought ofif the renmant of the army. One-half 
 the men had been killed or wounded. 
 
 50. Capture of Quebec — During the first two or three 
 years of the war the English and Americans lost gnnmd. In 
 the summer of 1759, General Wolfe, with 8000 troops and a 
 
68 SCHOOL HlSTOlii OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 large fleet, set out to capture Quebec. The city was de- 
 fended by Montcalm, with a force about as strong as that of 
 Wolfe. 
 
 It was a long time before the English commander could 
 find a way of climbing the high banks of the river to the plain 
 above, where a part of the city lay beyond the reach of his 
 gims. Finally, a steep, narrow path was discovered, up 
 which Wolfe and his men stealthily climbed at night. When 
 the sun rose, the astonished Montcalm saw the English 
 army drawn up in battle array before the city. 
 
 Had Montcalm stayed in Quebec he would have been in 
 little danger. He was a brave man, and marclied out to at- 
 tack them. Wolfe was wounded twice, but continued the 
 fighting and led the bayonet charge that won the battle. At 
 the moment of victory he was struck a third time and mor- 
 tally wounded. As his men were carrying him to the rear, 
 he heard some one exclaim: "They run! They run!" "Who 
 run?" faintly asked Wolfe. "The French," was the reply. 
 "God be praised, I die happy," he said, and passed away a 
 few minutes later. 
 
 Montcalm fell about the same time. When the surgeon 
 told him he must die, he replied: "I am glad I shall not live 
 to see the surrender of Quebec." A monument in that city 
 was erected in honor of those two brave officers. 
 
 51. The End of French Rule in America. — Quebec 
 surrendered September i8, 1759. Its fall marked the end of 
 French rule in America. A treaty of peace was signed in 
 February, 1763. France yielded to England all her posses- 
 sions east of the Mississippi, except two small islands near 
 Newfoundland. These were kept as fishing stations. Spain 
 ceded Florida and the part of Louisiana this side of the 
 Mississippi to England. France ceded New Orleans and 
 that part of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi to Spain. 
 France no longer owned an acre of land in America. 
 
SCHOOL f/lSTORY OF THE VXTTED SiTATE^. («) 
 
 Questions. - 43. What is said of England and France? When did 
 King William's War begin and end? What part was taken by the 
 Indians? 
 
 44. When did Qneen Anne's War begin and end? What nations 
 were engaged? What of the Iroquois Indians? What is said of 
 New England? 
 
 45. When did King George's War begin and end? What nations 
 were involved? What is said of Louisburg? 
 
 46. What great question was at stake in the French and Indian 
 War? When did it begin, and how long did it last? Where were 
 the English settlements? Where were the French military posses- 
 sions? What did France intend to do? Where was the disputed 
 territory? What were the preliminary incidents? 
 
 47. Describe General Washington. When and where was he born? 
 
 48. What journey was made by Washington? Describe his jour- 
 ney to the French post. What happened to the pack-horses on the 
 return? What was done by Washington and Gist? Relate the in- 
 cident of the Indian. Of the mishap in crossing the Alleghany 
 river. What answer was brought back by Washington? What of 
 Fort Du Qucsne? 
 
 49. Describe Braddock's march toward Fort Du Quesne. The 
 massacre. The part performed by Washington. 
 
 50. What is said of the first two or three years of the war? What 
 did General Wolfe attempt to do? Describe the capture of Quebec. 
 The death of Wolfe. Of Montcalm. 
 
 51. When did Quebec surrender? What did its fall signify? What 
 did France yield to England? What was kept by France? What 
 was ceded by Spain? What did France cede to Spain? How much 
 territory did France retain in America? 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 COLONIAL HOME LIFE. 
 
 52. Growth of the Colonies. — The number of colonies 
 had grown to thirteen, with a population of about 2,000.000. 
 There were slaves in every part of the country. All the colo- 
 nies were Protestant. 
 
70 SCHOOL HISTOJiY OF THE UNITE I > STATES. 
 
 53' The Strict Laws — In colonial times the laws were 
 very strict. We would not submit to them in these days. 
 For instance, in Hartford, a watchman rang a bell each 
 morning as an order for everyone to rise from his bed. One 
 Sunday, a man, on coming home from church, found his fire 
 had burned out. He split some kindlings and started it 
 again. The church officers condemned him for breaking 
 the holy day. In Massachusetts there were fourteen, and in 
 Virginia seventeen, ofifenses punishable with death. 
 
 54. Methods of Punishment — Some of the methods of 
 punishment were odd. If a woman scolded too much, she 
 was placed near her own door for several hours with a gag 
 in her mouth, that everyone who passed might see her and 
 take warning. For other offenses, a person w^as ducked or 
 soused in water, or put in the stocks. A stock was a frame 
 in which the feet or the feet and hands were fastened. The 
 pillory was a frame through which the head and hands of a 
 criminal were put. 
 
 55. The Dress — The trousers of the men and boys re- 
 sembled the present fashion of knickerbockers. The rich 
 used silver buckles and buttons. The trousers of the poorer 
 people were made of coarse cloth, deerskin or leather. The 
 well-to-do used velvet, and their coats showed a great deal of 
 lace and ornament. Some cjf the people were as fond of dis- 
 play in dress as their descendants are today. The gowns of 
 the girls and women were not very different from those now 
 worn. The waist was pretty close under the arms, but the 
 hats and bonnets often showed plenty of ornament in the way 
 of ribbons and designs. 
 
 56. The Houses and Furniture — At first, all the houses 
 were made of logs, with small windows. The latt°- were to 
 guard against Indians. Glass was so scarce that most of the 
 panes were oiled paper. No one used carpets. The few 
 articles of furniture, such as tables, stools and chairs, were 
 
srnooL nrsiTonY or ri/r: vxtted s^rxTEfi. "i 
 
 put together by the head of tlie family. Sonietiines the 
 floor was the hard g-round. All the eooking was done in the 
 big fireplace. An iron arm, called a crane, on which pots 
 and kettles were hung, was swung over the fire. No such 
 thing as coal was known, and a flame was started by means 
 of a piece of steel and flint. 
 
 57. How They Ate — \Y^ry little money was in circula- 
 tion. Among the jioorer people the children often had to 
 stand while eating from the table. lUocks of wood were 
 sometimes used as plates. There were knives, but fingers 
 served as forks. At first, coffee and tea were never seen, but 
 nearly every family made its own beer. Rum and liard cider 
 were drunk by the church people and everyone else. No one 
 found fault unless a man drank too much. 
 
 58. How They Traveled — As the use of steam was un- 
 known, there were no cars or steaml)oats. Stages ran be- 
 tween important points, but most of the traveling was done 
 on foot or on horseback. The chief settlements being near 
 the sea, or on large rivers, the long journeys were made on 
 coasting sloops. In 1766, when a line of stages ran between 
 New York and Philadel])hia in two davs, the time was con- 
 sidered so wonderful that the stages were called "flying ma- 
 cliines." The same journev is now made in two hours. 
 
 59. How the Clothing Was Made No family could 
 
 get along without a spinning wlieel. With it the thriftv 
 mother and daughters spun the thread for the shirts, coats 
 and trousers of the male members of the family, the garments 
 for the females and the yarn for the stockings of all. After 
 the yarn was ready, the mother's knitting needles shaped it 
 into coverings for the feet. 
 
 60. Education — The schools were poor. The cliief work 
 of the teacher was to keep the children in order with the hel]) 
 of a big switch, which was nearly always in his hand. The 
 seats and desks were as uncomfortable as they could be. The 
 
72 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I XITEI) STATES. 
 
 teacher was liarsh and fond of nsnig the rod, and tlie text- 
 books were not to be compared with tlie beantiful ones which 
 it is your privilege to use. There was a good deal of ignor- 
 ance among the masses. Alany men and women could not 
 write their names. The first printing press in America was 
 set up in Cambridge in 1639; tl^^? first newspaper was printed 
 in 1704, and the first college (Harvard) was founded in 1636, 
 and the second (William and Mary, in Virginia) in 1693. 
 Other colleges were rapidly organized, such as Yale, 1700; 
 Princeton, 1746; Columbia, 1754; Pennsylvania University, 
 1749, and Prown University, 1764. There were, among the 
 colonists, many highly educated men and some beginnings 
 of literature. 
 
 In the early da}S of the Virginia colony, Sandys made his 
 translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, a work of great repute 
 in its day ; and Pyrd's account of the running of the boundary 
 line between Virginia and North Carolina was read with 
 great interest, and was pronounced a w^ork of high literary 
 merit. The writings of Penjamin Franklin attracted great 
 attention for their clear, direct style and practical wisdom; 
 and Jonathan Edwards was enriching theology and meta- 
 physics by his learned and able writings. 
 
 The necessities of the people stimulated invention, and a 
 rude cotton gin was in use on some of the plantations, many 
 of the implements of every-day use had been improved, and 
 Franklin had made experiments in electricity which resulted 
 in his invention of the lightning rod. David Rittenhouse 
 establislied a rude observatory and gained distinction by his 
 astronomical studies and observations. 
 
 61. Relis:ion and Religious Worship. — There were no 
 Sunday-schools until after the Revolution. The sermons 
 were one, two, three and sometimes four hours long. No 
 fire was allowed in the building, even on the coldest days, 
 though sometimes a woman or weak person would bring a 
 
srnoor. nrsroNY of the t^ited i^tates. 73 
 
 foot-wanner, if a man or boy became drowsy and nodded, 
 the constable, who was on the watch, brought back his 
 senses by whacking iiis head with a rabbit's foot, fastened to 
 the end of a stick. If the sleei)y one was a female, the other 
 end of the stick, to which was fastened a rabbit's tail, was 
 brushed against her forehead. In New England, Sunday 
 i)cgan at sunset on Saturday and lasted twenty-four hours. 
 
 Prof. Geo. F. Holmes says: "The state of religion among 
 the people differed greatly in the different provinces. The 
 Church of England was the established church in New York, 
 \ irginia and the Carolinas. In Maryland, the po])ulation 
 remained largely Roman Catholic. In New England, the 
 original Puritanism was dominant, but its rigor had become 
 much softened. A solenm and somewhat gloomy piety, 
 however, still prevailed. The Presbyterians were numer- 
 ous, influential and earnest in New Jersey. There, but es- 
 pecially in Pennsylvania, were the cjuiet and gentle Quakers. 
 In Carolina and Georgia, Moravians and other Cjerman 
 Protestants were settled, and Huguenot families were fre- 
 ({uent in X'irginia and South Carolina. 
 
 "Everywhere, however, was fountl an intermixture of 
 creeds, and consequently the need of toleration had been 
 experienced. Laxity of morals and of conduct was alleged 
 against the communities of the Anglican Church. In the 
 middle of the eighteenth century a low tone of religious sen- 
 timent was general. The revival of fervor, Vvhich was ex- 
 cited then by the Wesleys, was widely spread by Whitefield 
 in America, and Methodism was making itself felt through- 
 out the country. The P)aptists were spreading in different 
 colonies, and were acquiring influence by their earnest sim- 
 l^licity. They favored libertv in all forms, and became 
 warm partisans of the revolutionary movement." 
 
74 SCHOOL IflsrORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 Questions.— 5_'. Describe tlic growtli nl tlic colonies. What of 
 slavery? 
 
 53. What is said of the laws in colonial times? Illustrate. 
 
 54. How were scolding women punished? How were otiier of- 
 fenders punished? What was the stocks? The pillory? 
 
 55. Describe the dress of the men and boys. How did the dress 
 of the poor and the rich differ? What of the gowns worn by the 
 girls and women? 
 
 56. Describe the houses. The furniture. How was the cooking 
 done? What of coal? How was a fire started? 
 
 57. What is said of money? Show how the families ate at the 
 table. What is said of the drinking habit? 
 
 58. Describe the metliods of travel. What of tlie "tfying ma- 
 chines?" 
 
 59. Show the use of the spiiming wheel. 
 
 60. What of the schools? Of the teachers? The seats and desks? 
 The text-books? What is said of ignorance? Illustrate. When 
 and where was the first printing press set up? The first newspaper 
 printed? The first college founded? The second college founded? 
 The other early colleges? Educated men, and beginnings of litera- 
 ture? What about inventions? 
 
 61. What is saitl of Sunday-schools? The sermons at church? 
 The arrangements for comfort? What was done when a man or bo\ 
 became drowsy? If a woman became sleepy? When did the New 
 England Sunday begin and end? The state of religion in the differ- 
 ent colonies? 
 
 BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCISES. 
 
 Where, when and by wiiom each Colony was settled. 
 
 (Model.) 
 
 Virginia: 
 
 1. Jamestown. 
 
 2. 1607. 
 
 3. English. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF '/'///•; I X/Ti:/> STAT/lS. 
 
 New York: 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 Massachusetts: 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 Connecticut: 
 1. 
 2. 
 3- 
 
 Maryland: 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 Rliode Island: 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 l)fla\vai-c: 
 1. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 Pennsylvania: 
 1. 
 
 Maine and New Hampsliire: The Caroiinas. 
 
 r. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 New Jersey: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3- 
 
 Vermont: 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Georgia: 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 
 Between what Nations and tlicir Duration. 
 
 King William's: t-- ^ 
 
 ^ J^ing Cxeorge s: 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 2. 
 
 Queen Anne's: t^ 
 
 J French and Indian: 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 2. 
 
76 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 HISTORICAL INITIALS. 
 
 Note to Teachers. — The following can Ijc made an interesting and 
 profitable exercise. It is suggested that some pleasing reward, in 
 che way, perhaps, of some slight special privileges, be given to the 
 pupils bringing in the best list of answers. They should understand 
 that, in order to obtain the necessary information, they must consult 
 the more elaborate treatises on history. These questions afford ex- 
 cellent subjects for composition. 
 
 I. What navigator turned an eclipse of the sun to good account? 
 
 (C. C.) 
 ' What adventurer hid himself in a cask, in order to go to sea, and 
 
 afterward made a great discovery? (B.) 
 
 3. When, for a brief time after 1607, was there no English settlement 
 
 in America? (16 — ) 
 
 4. What American princess visited and died in England? (P. or R.) 
 
 5. What governor of New Amsterdam had but one leg? (S.) 
 
 6. What governor of New Amsterdam was a numskull? (W. V. T.) 
 
 7. Where did Samoset the Indian learn to speak a few words of 
 
 English? 
 
 8. Who sent another man to do his wooing, and thus Inst his in- 
 
 tended wife? (M. S.) 
 
 9. What clergyman was twice expelled from the Massachusetts col- 
 
 ony? (J. L.) 
 
 10. Who translated the Bible into the Indian tongue? (J. E.) 
 
 11. What woman preacher was expelled from Massachusetts and 
 
 afterwards killed by Indians? (A. H.) 
 
 12. What two regicides found safety in New England? (Col. W. 
 
 and G.) 
 
 13. What governor thanked God that there were no free schools or 
 
 printing in his colony? (B.) 
 
 14. What governor, on his way from England, was captured by 
 
 Turks and afterwards escaped and ruled his colony? (S.) 
 
 15. What governor introduced the cultivation of rice in the Caro- 
 
 linas? (T. S.) 
 
 16. What governor became a tramp and vagabond? (J. C.) 
 
 17. What governor signed two death warrants while intoxicated? 
 
 (S.) 
 
 18. What governor had five sisters and twenty brothers? (S. W. P.) 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 77 
 
 19. What judge spent one day each year in penance and prayer for 
 
 having condemned innocent persons to death? (S.) 
 
 20. What Indian chief, during a war with the settlers, issued promis- 
 
 sory notes signed by himself and afterward redeemed them? 
 (P.) • 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
 
 A. I). Pai^e 
 
 607. Jamestown settled by the English, May 2,^ 41 
 
 609-1610. "Starving Time" in Virginia 43 
 
 612. The third charter given to Virginia 43 
 
 613. Pocahontas married to John Rolfe 43 
 
 618. The Great Charter granted to Virginia 45 
 
 6ig. The first legislative body in America met in Virginia 42 
 
 619. African slavery introduced at Jamestown 45 
 
 620. The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth 49 
 
 622. An Indian massacre took place in Virginia, .March 22 46 
 
 623. New Hampshire settled at Dover and Portsmnuth 55 
 
 624. A new charter granted to Virginia 46 
 
 628. The Massachusetts Bay Colony formed 50 
 
 630. Boston founded 50 
 
 631. Connecticut settled ;:t Windsor 54 
 
 634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's ., 61 
 
 635. Hartford founded 54 
 
 636. Rhode Island settled at Providence 55 
 
 637. The Peciuod Indians exterminated 54 
 
 638. Delaware settled at Christiana by Swedes 59 
 
 645. Clayborne's rebellion in Maryland 61 
 
 663. The land between Florida and Virginia granted to Lord 
 
 Clarendon and others 62 
 
 664. New Amsterdam captured by the English and name 
 
 changed to New York 57 
 
 664. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown 58 
 
 670. First settlement in South Carolina mrule on Ashley river. . 62 
 
 C~2. New Jersey divided into East and West Jersey 58 
 
 675-1676. King Philip's War 52 
 
 676. Bacon's rebellon 48 
 
 679. New Hampshire made a royal province 55 
 
 680. Charleston, S. C, founded 62 
 
 682. Pennsylvania settled 59 
 
 683. Philadelphia laid out by William Penn .' 59 
 
78 HCHOOL HLSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. D. rage 
 
 1689-1697. King William's War 63 
 
 1689. Andros deposed 58 
 
 1692. Salem witchcraft * 53 
 
 1702-1713. Queen Anne's War 63 
 
 1703. Delaware received a separate government 59 
 
 1724. Vermont settled 55 
 
 1732. Washington born, February 22 66 
 
 1733. Savannah, Ga., founded by General Oglethorpe 62 
 
 1741. New Hampshire made a royal province 55 
 
 1744-1748. King George's War 65 
 
 1745. Louisburg captured 65 
 
 1753- Washington's journey through the wilderness 66 
 
 1 754- 1 763. French and Indian War 67 
 
 1755. Braddock massacre. 67 
 
 1759. Capture of Quebec 67 
 
 1763. Treaty of peace signed 68 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Revolution and Independence U 765-1 783.) 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 THE OPENING OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 1. The Causes of the Revolution. — George III, king 
 of Englaiul, acted the part ot a tyrant toward his American 
 colonies. Many oppressive measures were enforcetl. In 
 i66o, England passed the Navigation Act, which re(|uired 
 all the connnerce of the colonies to be carried on in English 
 ships, and forbade \ irginia to ship her tobacco to any coun- 
 try except (ireat lintain. All trade between the colonies 
 was severely taxed. In 1733, England enforced the Impor- 
 tation Act, wiiicli laid hea: v duties on the sugar, molasses 
 and nmi imported into the provinces. In 1750, she decreed 
 that no iron works should be permitted in America, and the 
 manufacture of steel was forbidden. These laws were 
 evaded in evcr\- way possible, but the attempts to enforce 
 them made the colonies angry and resentful. The Ameri- 
 cans had given great help to the mother country during the 
 bVench and Indian War, which so redounded to the glory of 
 England. The cost, which was enormous, was mainly sad- 
 dled upon the colonics. She would not allow them to have 
 a delegate in the British Parliament to look after their inter- 
 ests. This was faxatioii wifhout representation. 
 
 2. The Stamp Act. — The most irritating measure, how- 
 ever, was the Stamp Act, passed in 1765. This ordered that 
 
80 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 all newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements and legal doeu- 
 ments printed in America should bear a stamp, bought from 
 the English government. The v/rathful Americans mobbed 
 the British officers and burned the stamps or sent them back 
 to England. Parliament uas frightened, and repealed the 
 Stamp Act the following year; but that the Americans 
 should understand she did not yield the right to tax them, a 
 new tax was put on tea, glass, paper and printers' materials. 
 This added to the anger of the Americans. England sent 
 troops to this country to enforce the odious laws. Riots in 
 several places followed. 
 
 The Virginia House of Ikirgesses was the first assembly 
 to take formal action against the Stamp Act. Patrick 
 Elenrv, a young menil)er from the county of Louisa, intro- 
 duced resolutions, written on the l)lank leaf of an old law 
 book, to the effect that Virginians had inherited all the 
 rights of Englishmen ; that two charters had reaffirmed this 
 principle; that it was an element of I'.ritish freedom that 
 there should be no taxation icifhouf rcprcsciitafioit, and that it 
 followed, therefore, that only the ( "icneral Assemljly of the 
 colony had the right to impose taxes upon the people of the 
 colony. 
 
 These bold resolutions were bitterly and ably opi)osed, 
 but Henry defended them with the fiery eloquence of which 
 lie had given evidence a sliort time l)efore in the famous 
 "Parsons case," at Hanover Court House. It was in this 
 debate that the memorable scene occurred, when Henry 
 reached his climax b\" exclainfing, "Cccsar had his Brutus; 
 Charles I, his Cromwell, and George HI — " "Treason!" 
 cried the .Speaker. "Treason!" echoed through the hall; 
 but Elenrv, with Hashing e\'c and clarion voice, completed 
 his sentence — "may profit by their example. If this be trea- 
 son, make the most of it." The resolutions were adopted 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 
 
 by a small majority — the boldest by a majority of only one; 
 but they were sent to the other colonies and adopted in sub- 
 stance by most of them. 
 
 On learning of the adoption of these resolutions, the gov- 
 ernor sent for the House of Burgesses and promptly dis- 
 solved them; but, as was said b\- a Northern writer, "\ ir- 
 ginia rang the alarm bell," and the other colonies heeded her 
 warning. 
 
 3. The Boston Tea Party. — England now tried to 
 soothe the Americans by taking off the tax on everything 
 except tea. The colonies, however, were contending for a 
 principle, and \vould not admit the right of England to tax 
 them at all. They refused to buy the tea. That which was 
 sent to Charleston, S. C, was stored in damp cellars and 
 spoiled. The cargoes which reached Xew York and Thila- 
 delj)hia were nol alkjwcd to laml. 
 
 In Boston, on tlie night of the i6th of Decemiier, 1773, a 
 part\' of white men, i)ainted and dressed like Mohavv'k In- 
 dians, went down to the harlxjr and boarded the shi})s Iving 
 there. Tlie\ brought uj) all the chests of tea on Ijoard and 
 emptied them iiUo the water. Then they went ([uiell}' 
 home, and none of the liritish ever learned the nan/ic of a 
 single one of the 'Tndians." This event is kncjwn as the 
 "Boston Tea I'artw" When tlie news spread througli the 
 other colonies, the peo]:)le were delighted and prcjud (^f the 
 bold act. But there were other "Tea Parties" which have, 
 somehow, 1)een lost sight of liy many writers, but wliich were 
 even bolder than tlie one in lloston. At Wilmington, X. C, 
 a band of bold men, led 1)\' Cornelius Harnett, fohn Ashe 
 and Hugh Waddell. went in o]xm da}' and witliout disguise, 
 and, boarding the tea ship, destroyed her cargo. In Annap- 
 olis, the ship Peggy Stczvart, which had a cargo of tea, was 
 
SCHOOL niHTORY OF THE PNTTED STATES. 83 
 
 towed into a safe place in the harbor and in broad dayhght 
 burned with her entire cargo. 
 
 By and b\-, the tithngs went across the sea to England. 
 She was so angry that she shut up the port of Boston, moved 
 the custom house to Salem, and made General Gage gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts. This oppression drew the colo- 
 nies closer together and further away from the mother coun- 
 try. All of the colonies expressed sympathy for Boston. 
 Georgia sent her sixty-three tierces of rice, besides other 
 provisions and '$/20 in money. 
 
 4. The First Continental Congress — It was clear that 
 war was coming, and the Americans saw the need of agree- 
 ing upon a course of action. So they sent their wisest men 
 to Philadelphia to discuss the matter and decide upon the 
 best thing to do. This body was the first Continental Con- 
 gress, and met September 5. 1774. Georgia was the only 
 colony not represented. Her governor had no love for the 
 "rebels," and would not allow the people to choose dele- 
 gates; but she was in hearty sympathy with the cause. 
 
 The first Continental Congress was not afraid to sav what 
 it meant. It condenmed England for ([uartcring her sol- 
 diers on the ])eo])lc, praised Arassachusetts for the s]3irit she 
 had shown, and declared that the colonies would have no 
 dealings with the mother country until she ceased to oppress 
 them. 
 
 The excitement increased every day. The old, the nud- 
 dle-aged and the big boys formed companies that were called 
 "minute nien." These were drilled in military movements, 
 until it seemed as if the beating of the drum and the shrill 
 notes of the fife were never still. 
 
 We nuist remember that it was hardly a dozen years since 
 the close of the I'rench and Indian War, in which tlie Ameri- 
 cans had done so well. Thev had learned how to fight, and 
 
84 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 among them were a good many officers who were the right 
 ones to lead in the great events at hand. There had been 
 riots all over the colonies. The first blood was shed in New 
 York city, where, in an affray between the soldiers and the 
 citizens abont a "liberty pole," which the former had pulled 
 down, several citizens were killed; but the soldiers were 
 worsted and compelled to withdraw, and a new "liberty 
 pole" was erected. 
 
 The "Boston Massacre," by which, in an altercation be- 
 tween citizens and soldiers, three citizens were killed and a 
 number were wounded, occurred on March 5, 1770, and 
 caused the most intense excitement throughout the country. 
 In North Carolina was formed a band called "Regulators" to 
 resist illegal faxes, but Governor Tryon, one of the most ty- 
 lannical and objectionable of all the governors sent from 
 England to rule the colonies, took the field against them, 
 and, on the i6th day of May, 177 1, made an attack upon them 
 on the Alamance river. The Regulators fought with tlie 
 bravcrv that has ever characterized tlie soldiers of the "Old 
 North State," l)ut their ammunition gave out and they were 
 compelled to retreat before greatly superior numbers, leav- 
 mg a number of their dead and wounded, on the field. 
 
 Trvon followed his success with cruel rancor, hanging- 
 several of the captured and. confiscating the estates of others 
 who svmpathized with the Regulators, and dividing the pro- 
 ceeds between the governor and his favorites. The Regu- 
 lators found refuge among the friendlv Cherokees, where 
 they formed a republic of their own, which afterwards be- 
 came the State of Tennessee. 
 
 In Rhode Island, in 1772, the people had shown their 
 spirit bv boarding and burning the Cas[>ec, a British armed 
 vessel, which had made herself especially obn<Jxious in en- 
 forcing the navigation laws and "acts of trade.'' 
 
sriIOOI. IIIXTORY OF TIIK fXITEf) ><TATEH. SH 
 
 Uut in \ ir^inia the fires of patriolisin hiirned as steadily 
 and as brighllx as in any of tlie eolonies. I'lie House of 
 Burgesses was in session May 24, 1774, when tlie news eame 
 of the Boston "Tort Bill" and other measures which the 
 British government had adopted against lioston, and at 
 once passed resolutions of sympathy for their oppressed fel- 
 low-patriots, made the cause of Massachusetts the cause ol 
 Virginia, ap])(Mnted Jime i as a day of fasting, humiliation 
 and prater, and ordered a suitable sermon to be preached on 
 the occasion. 
 
 Tlie next day the governor, Lord Dunmore, dissolved the 
 body, Init tliey at once repaired to Apollo Hall, in tiie old 
 Raleigh tavern, wlierc they passed strong resolutions, con- 
 demning the course of England towards the colonies, and 
 pro])osing a general congress to consult on tlie i)roper meas- 
 ures to Ik- taken. They recommended that tlie delegates 
 elected to the next House of 'Burgesses should meet "in 
 Convention" in Williamsburg 1st of August, and aj)point 
 deputies to represent \'irginia in the "General Congress" 
 Vvdiich they ]jroi)osed. This was done, and the \'irginia 
 delegation had no small influence in shaping the action of 
 the Continental Congress. 
 
 But the sjjirit of the "Old Dominion" rose to its full height 
 when the \'irginia convention assciiil)led in March, 1775, in 
 the historic old .St. John's Church in Riclimond, and Patrick 
 Henry introduced his famous resolutions, denouncing, in 
 direct terms, the presence of British trooi)s in America as 
 dangerous to American freedom, and ])roposing that the 
 Virginia colony should be at once put on a war footing and 
 measures immediatelv taken for that end. Some of the 
 ablest men of the convention argued against these resolu- 
 tions as being extreme, and contrasted tlie weakness of Am- 
 
86 SCHOOL HIiiTORY OF THE UXTTEf) >'<TATEf<. 
 
 erica with the strength of the greatest mihtary and naval 
 power of the world. 
 
 It was then that the "forest-born Demosthenes" rose to 
 the climax of his power and swept everything before him in 
 a speech of unsurpassed eloquence, which rang out like a 
 clarion call to l:»attle. He concluded with the memorable 
 words: "Gentlemen may cry, Peace! Peace! but there is no 
 peace. The war is already beginning. The next gale that 
 sweeps from the North will luring to our ears the clash of re 
 sounding arms. Our brethren are already in the field. Why 
 stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What 
 would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to l)e 
 purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, 
 Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, 
 but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death!" 
 
 The resolutions were adopted, and from her blue moun- 
 tains to her seashore the notes of busy preparation for the 
 impending struggle were heard, and the sons of Virginia of 
 every creed were foremost in the great contest for liberty. 
 Henry's burning words were prophetic, as the war actually 
 began the verv next month. 
 
 5. The Battle of Lexington. — General Gage had 3000 
 troops in Boston. He learned that the Americans had gath- 
 ered some military supplies at Concord, a few miles away, 
 and April 19. 1775, sent a body of soldiers to destroy them. 
 The "minute men" along the route were warned, and ran 
 from all directions to meet the British. 
 
 It was just growing light when the troops reached Lex- 
 ington. One of their officers rode forward and ordered the 
 "minute men" on the village green to disperse, saying , "Dis- 
 perse, ye rebels! Disperse!" The patriots held their 
 n-round. The officer commanded his soldiers to fire. They 
 obeyed, and seven of the "minute men" fell dead. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. S7 
 
 A scattering fire was returned, and the Americans fled. 
 The sokhers marched on to Concord, destroyed the stores 
 there ant! then started l)ack. lUit the kiUini;" of the patriots 
 at Lexington had roused the people. \\h(j swarmed about 
 the troops and fired upon them as fast as they coukl load 
 their guns. Thev knelt behind stone walls, fences, trees 
 and bushes, and took deadl\' aim at the invaders, who were 
 shot down so fast that it looked as if none of them would 
 live to reach Uoston. Reinforcements were sent to tlie Urit- 
 isli, however, or all of them would have been killed. 
 
 Little idea can be formed of the wild excitement caused l)y 
 the battle of Lexington. Men leaped u])on horses and rode 
 at breakneck pace to carry the news through the countrw 
 The farmers left their plows, dashed to their houses, caught 
 up their rusty flintlocks and powder-horns, kissed their fam- 
 ilies good-b\c. and then made all haste to I'oston. Israel 
 Putnam was laying a stone wall at his home in Connecticut, 
 when a galloping horseman shouted tlie news to him. Put- 
 nam was nearly sixty } ears old. His many daring exploits 
 had made him famous, and he was known as "( )1(1 Put." He 
 dropped his work, and, without stoi)ping to ch.ange his cloth- 
 ing, sprang on his horse and hardly drew rein until he had 
 ridden the seventy miles to Poston. 
 
 The news of the battle of Lexington s])read rapidly 
 through the colonics — as rai^dl}' at least as means of com- 
 munication by special carriers would allow — and created 
 everywhere the wildest excitement and ])romptest action. 
 
 In Rhode Island, the patriots seized and carried oil from 
 the batteries fortv cannon. Charleston. S. C. seized the ar- 
 senal and distributed the arms among her volunteers. 
 Georgia seized the royal magazines and prepared to join her 
 sister colonies. In Mecklenburg count}-. North Carolina, 
 on the 20th of May, 1775, delegates assembled at Charlotte 
 
S8 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE (MTJJI) STATERS. 
 
 ami passed resolutions absolving iheniselves from all iurlher 
 allegiance to Great Britain, and thus North Carolina has the 
 honor of passing a "Declaration of Independence" more 
 than a year before that passed by the Continental Congress at 
 Philadelphia. The forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 
 which commanded communications with Canada, were ca]) 
 tured l)y P)Cnedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, the latter de- 
 manding the surrender of the fort "in the name of tlie (ireat 
 Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 
 
 Questions. — I. How did George III act toward his American col- 
 onics? What is said of the Navigation Act? Of trade between the 
 colonies? Of the Ini])ortation Act? Wliat was done in 1750? Wliat 
 is said of these laws? What is meant by taxation without represen- 
 tation? 
 
 2. What were tlie provi-sions of the Stamp Act? What followed 
 its passage? Wliat new taxes were imposed? Describe the action 
 of the Virginia House of Burgesses on Patrick Henry's resolutions. 
 
 3. W'hat is said of the tax on tea? Give the story of the Boston 
 Tea Party. Of other Tea Parties? How did England retaliate? 
 What was the result? 
 
 4. What is said of the first Continental Congress? WHiat did it 
 do? W^Kit of the general excitement? What schooling liacl the 
 Americans received in the science of war? The "first 1)lood." The 
 Boston massacre. The Regulators. Action in Rhode Island. In 
 North Carolina. In Virginia. Henry's resolutions in March, 1775. 
 His famous speech and its results. 
 
 5. What move was made by General Gage? Describe the collision 
 fjn the village green. Relate the incidents that followed. Illustrate 
 the excitement that prevailed. What of "Old Put?" Action in 
 Rhode Island. Other colonies. The North Carolina "Declaration 
 (if Independence." Forts captured. 
 
 CHAPTER XIL 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 6. The Battle of Bunker Hill.— General Ward com- 
 manded the Americans, who decided to anticipate the I'rit- 
 
SCHOOL Hf STORY OF THi: UNITED STATES. Sl> 
 
 isli by forlifving- J'.unkcr liill. I5reccrs Hill, nearby, was 
 agreed u])on as the best plaee for defense, and the Ameri- 
 cans threw up intrenchnients there in the darkness of night. 
 The Dritish did not learn what had been done until the sun 
 rose, June 17, 1775. Then the ships ni the harl)or opened 
 fire, and C General Howe landed with 2500 troops to tlrive out 
 the jKitriots. 
 
 It was a great day in Hoston. The roofs and steeples were 
 crowded with people, who, with l)reathless interest, watched 
 the coming battle. The Americans numl>ered about 1500. 
 I)ut they were poorly armed and had received little military 
 training. Tlie "redcoats" were fine soldiers, and marchecl 
 up the hill witli regular stej), drums Ideating and colors i\\- 
 ing. No more thrilling jiicture can be imagined. 
 
 "Wait till \()U can see the wdiites of their eyes,"" said Colo- 
 nel Prescott to his men. When tlie Ih'itisli had almost 
 reached the intrenchnients, the connnand "Mre!"' rang 
 along the American line. A sheet of fiame and a crash of 
 nnisketry l)urst from the jiatriots. and a score of soldiers fell, 
 'idle fire continued, and the soldiers broke and fied down 
 tlie slope. At the foot thev rallied, under cover of the 
 smoke from burning Charlestown, to whicli (leneral (lage 
 had set fire. 
 
 Again, to the insi)iring strains of martial music, the lirit- 
 ish columns marched up the hill, only to l)e scattered by an- 
 other fierce volle\' from the guns of the defenders. But 
 Ticncral (lage had sent reinforcements, which formed a third 
 time and advanced against the Americans. These would 
 have l)een repulsed as before had tlie ammunition of the 
 patriots held out. But in their eager bravery they had ex- 
 hausted their scant supplv, and were able to discharge but a 
 single volley more. They clu1d)ed their guns and fought 
 fiercely to keep back their enemies, but the redcoats 
 
swanuovl over the iuuvnohu\o\u>^, aiuK wiih fwoil hayonols, 
 ihxn'v oiu the At\\onoanvS. Pho Knlilo of lUmkcr Hill was a 
 victory Cv>r iho l^ritisli. 
 
 7. Arrival of Washtnjiion.^ 'Iho soooutl Contutouial 
 l"onj;'ross \\m\ »\oi in Plnluklphia in May an J nuulo Ikhm\qo 
 W axshiujjion, of \ irjii»\ia, cou\mamlor-in-ohicf of il\o An\ 
 orioan annios. Ho arrivoil al Canthrivliix^ Inly 3. anvl UH>k 
 ohai^v v>f iho i4,o^x> poorly -ariiKHl and tlisoiplincil nictu w l\v> 
 \vc!X^ alsv> poorly suppHoil with atwnmnitiow. TnUor his nta.s- 
 lor hand ihoy in^|M>MvU fast, and sooti s^row ituo ati army of 
 sonto olVioionoy, thous^h, as a military itum. Washinj^ton foil 
 oMii^wl to nnuai»\ inaotivo much Untj^vr than tho in)|xuio)it 
 wishos of tho [vttriots oonUl tolor;ito, anil honoo thoro was 
 oonsidorahlo dissatisfaction at his delay in drivitij;- tho I'rit- 
 ish fn^n Uostotv 
 
 .s. Attc-mpt io v.ipturc c.ui.ida. — Tho lattor j^m of this 
 \car ;iu-ic \\.\s ,-•,) .nuirjM to v.ipunv Canada by two annios. 
 ono nnvlor Kichanl Montiixnnory. who luovod o»\ Moi\noal 
 and fonnd it alx\ndonod, and tho other vmdor Arnold, w ho 
 tuovovl on t^nohoc. After onconntorinji" vory j^roat hanl- 
 ships and losii>i;' vor\ heavily of nton, whv> fell ont hy t*l\e 
 w a\ \ \\c i\\ o artt\ies lutitod before Quebec aiul deiuandovl the 
 snnvuvlor of the city. As they luul in their jv>int command 
 only tv\y> n>ei\, the demanvl was refused, anil a nij^ht assault 
 upon this stn^nji' fortress, which tuouutoil AX> jjuns, was de- 
 feated, MoiUjiXMUory was killed, Arnold severely w\>ut\doil 
 and Captaiit l^aniol Morj;'au, of NMrginia, whv> captured the 
 adx^nco Kntterios, was contpelled. after a throe hours' ^^l~ 
 lant hcfht, to sunvndor with his vlotachmont. 
 
 9. Operations In the South.—l.orxl Dutunojv haviuji* 
 rxMUv>vevl twoTtty banvis of powder ftvtti the tuajra.*iue at 
 \\'illiaiusburji\ T^vtrick Ttenry oolloctoil xx^hmtoors for its 
 tvcvw er\ . but a coutlict was delaved bv tho i^xw eruor's aimx^ 
 
si-iKKu iiisriu,') or Tiir i srri'n nv iv/.'x. i»i 
 
 111;', 111 |i,i\ III! llu' piiwdii, I MiiiiiK M c, III i\\ cv II , llid iiii 
 In Ml (I .1 I ', I il I'.li 111,111 I il w .11 .Mill Willi III \i ii li ills ; .iiiil, when 
 llr W.is ilil.Mlcii ,ll t .ir.il I'.|IiI:M', IwiKc llllirs Ikiiii \'ii| |ii|k, 
 ;iinl llic \ iii'iiii.i liuic, ciiliictl llic iil\, III' ,i:;iiiii linik icI 
 
 IIIM' lUI .1 111. Ill 111 W.ll Mill 111 Ullli.ll ilii I .Mill ImIMICiI IIic i ll\, 
 
 wliiili III'. I iic.iih I w 1 1 iiiillii III'. li\ llic II iiill.iiM ,il II HI. I 'nil 
 iiiiiic |ii 1 11 l.iiiiiiil II ((ill nil III ihc iU'!_;f(U'S, ;iii(l iiivilcd lliciii 
 111 |iiiii III'. '.I.niil.ii il .iihI Ii;',IiI ;i:',.iiii:.l lliiii iii.i'.l ci s. ( I'liis 
 \\.i'< llii' I II cicili III |i i||( i\\ I'll li\ llic I I'llci ,il'. Ill llic \\:ir (if 
 iSdl (I;, * lie c-.l.ilili'.licd III'. (,iiii|i mi .111 I'.I.iikI |ii i i| c( led 
 li\ lii'^ lleel, lull iTic iic\l siiiiiiiicr (iciici.il Amlicw Lewis, 
 Ihe lieiii 111 ruiiil rie.i'..illl, illii\e nil llie lleel .llnl lunke ll|) 
 III'. ( ,iiii|i. Iliir. \ II I'jiii.i 11 II ik 1 .11 e 1 i| I ICI '.ell, w liile seiidiii;'; 
 lie I 1 1 1 II ip. Il I w ell III" Il e\ ei \ I i.i 1 1 le i li 1 1 le l\ e\ ( i| III ii ill. 
 
 Ill \iillli ,iiii| .'^iMilli ( .11 I iliii.i, .il'.ii, llie rii\,il ;;i i\ eri|( IIS 
 .liid llieii ,i(llieieiils weie (lii\eii (Hit, ;iii(l. Ill lliv' liniiier 
 ,"^l.ile. ;i l,ii<;e liiiiK nl I m ic. iiiel ;i li|( n k I \ delealiil Mnore's 
 ( 'leek ;il llie li.iiids nl ( oldiiel ( ',i'.W('!l. 
 
 I'AI'N T.S ( )!•• i;;(). 
 
 10. I :\ :iciiat i«)iii of Itoslon. \\\ M,ir(li, \ , ;isliiii;;l( m 
 
 luHii'Jil liiliisell slrnii!', eii(Ml;',ll lii liUi'e llie I'.iillsli l(i e\;U"- 
 
 i.ile I'xi'.hui, .111(1 .leci II iliii!',l\ lie I n Mill i,ii i led llieii liuliliea 
 
 hui l(ii lliiee (l,i\s, ;iiid, on llie lliild iiivjil, seized and Inr 
 
 ilie.l I '( 111 liesler lleiidils, w liieli e( imiii.inded llie eil\ and 
 
 lie liai I II II I Ml I lie S( Mil II. llie I 'i il i'di ;'ener;il, jjowc, knew 
 
 li.il llie ('il\ w,is nnleii.ilile unless lie (Ii(i\i' llie \nierie,ins 
 
 I ( Mil llieir |i( isil i( Ml < Ml IV m (liesler llei;dils, w liu li I lie\ were 
 
 ii.ikni;; sli(Mi;',er e\ i r\ d.i\. Iliiwe deiided lii e\.ienal'.'. 
 
 .111(1, I'll llie r-|li 111 March, llicrc was an int'orinal aiMccinciil 
 
 lli.il lie sluMild do so willuMil iiK ijeslal i( >n on the i)arl (li llu" 
 
 .\nieiieans. 
 
92 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE FXTTED StTATESl. 
 
 General Howe sailed for Halifax, taking with him a large 
 number of Tories; the Americans entered the city. General 
 Putnam was ])laced in command, and the property of refu- 
 gee Tories was sold and the proceeds used for the public 
 service. 
 
 Supposing that Howe would attack New York, Washing- 
 ton sent forward a part of his army to defend it, and hastened 
 thither himself. The British plan for the year really was t(j 
 relieve Quebec, still threatened b)- Arnold, ca])ture New 
 York city, overrun the State, carry war into the South and 
 invade the Northern colonies from Canada. They appre- 
 hended no danger to Boston, and its enforced evacuation 
 changed and delavcd tlicir ])lans. 
 
 11. British Attack on Charleston. — In the latter pan 
 of June, a British fleet, numbering about fifty vessels, at- 
 tacked Charleston, S. C. Fort Moultrie replied with so 
 much effect that the shattered fleet drew ofif and sailed for 
 New York. In the midst of the battle, the flagstafif of the 
 fort was shot away and the flag fell outside. Sergeant Wil- 
 liam Jasper sprang over the breastwork, tied the flag to a 
 spongestaff, and planted it again jn place. The hero was 
 offered a lieutenant's commission, which he modestly de- 
 clined. 
 
 12. The Declaration of Independence, — North Caro- 
 lina had directed her delegates to concur in a Declaration 
 of Independence. The Virginia convention directed their 
 delegates in Congress "to propose to that body to declare 
 the United Colonies free, independent and sovereign States." 
 Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia (not Henry Lee, who served 
 so ably and gallantly in the army and was known as "Light 
 Horse Harry," and was the father of Robert Edwarrl Lee), 
 accordingly moved, on June 7, 1776, ''That fJicsc United Colo- 
 nics arc and oiigJif to he free and independent Statcs^and that 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE LXITED STATES. 93 
 
 all political connection bcticccn flicni and the State of Great 
 Britain is and ought to be dissok'cd.'' 
 
 The motion was seconded l^y Jolm Adams, of Massachu- 
 setts, who took a leading and able part in the debate which 
 followed; and, on the 2d of July, the motion was adopted, 
 and a committee, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, of \'ir- 
 ginia; Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania; John Adams, 
 of Massachusetts; Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, and 
 Robert R. Livingston, of New York, was appointed to draft 
 a suitable expression of this action. (Richard Henry Lee 
 had been providentially called to his home in \irginia.) 
 
 Thomas Jefferson wrote the draft, his original pa]:)cr was 
 slightly altered by h>anklin and Adams, and, on the mem- 
 orable fourth of July, 1776, the docimient w;is adopted bv 
 Congress, signed by its memi)ers and proclaimel to the 
 countr_\ and the world. The autograph signatures of the 
 individual members are of dee]> interest, and manv incidents 
 worth preserving occurred during the signing. Wlien 
 Charles Carroll, of Maryland, was about to affix his signa- 
 ture, some one remarked that as there were several of his 
 name in the State he would probal)ly escape identification 
 and punishment if the cause should fail, wliereupon tb.e 
 brave old patriot wrote his name in unmistakable charac- 
 ters, ''Charles Carroll of Carrolltoii." 
 
 The hall in which Congress was sii.ing lias been preserved 
 to this day as "Independence Hall;'" the bell which rang out 
 the glad tidings is still preserved as "Old Liberty Bell^ Many 
 other souvenirs of the grand event are carefully preserved as 
 precious relics, \\hile the fourth of July has been ever ol)- 
 served as a national holidav, and it is hoped will l)e still 
 more generally observed in the future, that the youth of our 
 land may learn and heed its lessons. The Declaration was 
 welcomed everywhere with the ringing of bells, with bon- 
 
94 .SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES^. 
 
 fires and illuminations, the firing of cannon and shouts of 
 joy. The fight henceforth was not for rights as British sub- 
 jects, but as American freemen. 
 
 13. Campaign Near New York. — General Howe soon 
 sailed from Halifax for New York. His brother. Admiral 
 Howe, arrived from England with reinforcements, and the 
 English fleet returned from the attack on Charleston. This 
 made the strength of the invaders fully 30,000 men. Wash- 
 ington, who had only 7000 soldiers fit for duty, made ready 
 to defend the city. 
 
 14. Battle of Long Island. — The British landed on the 
 southwest shore of Long Island, August 22. General Put- 
 nam and his 8000 men fought bravely, but the enemy got in 
 their rear, and the Americans were badly defeated. Instead 
 of attacking the Americans at Brooklyn, Howe awaited the 
 arrival of the fleet. The patriots were helpless for two days. 
 Then a dense fog came to their aid. Rather strangely, it 
 veiled everything on the Brooklyn side, but it was clear in 
 New York. At midnight the Americans stole away from 
 Brooklyn, and, under cover of the fog, crossed the river. 
 
 15. Defeat of Washington. — Washington was too weak 
 to defend Xew York against the British, and they occupied 
 the cit}'. The American conmiander withdrew to White 
 Plains, where he repulsed an attack of the enemy. The 
 British were so strong, however, that the Americans were 
 forced to retreat, Octol^er 28. Fort Washington, on the 
 Hudson, was captured November 16 by a large force of Hes- 
 sians. Tiie Hessians were natives of Hesse-Cassel, Ger- 
 many. The King of England hired several thousand of 
 them to help his soldiers conquer America. 
 
 16. Retreat Through New Jersey — Washington re- 
 treated across New Jersey, hoping to save Philadelphia, 
 which was the most important city in the country. It was 
 
SCHOOL TITXTORY OF THE UXITFA) STATES. 95 
 
 in the (lei)th of winter, and the jiatriots were in rat^s. Hun- 
 dreds had no shoes. In many plaees they left bloody foot- 
 j^rints on the frozen ground. Cornwallis, the ablest of the 
 British leaders, with 6000 men, followed in hot pursuit. The 
 armies were continually in sight of each other and often ex- 
 changed shots. The patriot force was about one-half tliai 
 of the rcdc(^ats, and grew smaller as the retreat continued. 
 
 17. Battle of Trenton, — Reaching the Delaware, Wash- 
 ington seized all the boats and crossed into Pennsylvania. 
 Cornwallis decided to wait for the river to freeze before fol- 
 lowing the patriots further. Fifteen hundred volunteers 
 joined W'asliington, and he resolved to strike the enemy. 
 On Christmas night, in th.e midst of a fierce storm of snovv' 
 and sleet, and with the Delaware filled with fioating ice, he 
 crossed a few miles above Trenton, with 2400 picked men. 
 15y a rapid march, he reached the town at daybreak, drove 
 in the Hessian pickets, killed Colonel Rahl and sixteen 
 soldiers and captured looo of the enemy. 
 
 This Ijrilliant exj^loit kindled anew the fires of patriotism, 
 \'olunteers liastened to join the patriot forces. Those 
 whose terms of enlistment b.ad ended agreed to sta\-, and the 
 darkest days of the struggle for independence, when hope 
 was almost gone, were over. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1777- 
 
 18. Battle of Princeton — Cornwallis was so near that 
 Washington recrossed to Penns\lvania after the battle of 
 Trenton. Three days later he came back, with his armv 
 increased to 6000 men. .Smarting with the disgrace of 
 Rahl's defeat, Cornwallis attacked Washington at the As- 
 sunpink creek, which flows through the town, but was re- 
 pulsed. That nighi^ Washington stole out of Trenton, 
 reaching Princeton by a roundabout course, and fell upon 
 
96 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the rear of the British, January 3, at sunrise. He won a vic- 
 tory before Cornwalhs could get back to the town. Then 
 Washington went into winter quarters at Morristown, and 
 the British did the same at New Brunswick:. 
 
 i9. Lafayette — Benjamin Franklin was sent to France 
 to try to persuade that country to helj) us in our struggle 
 against England. It was some time before he met with suc- 
 cess. Among those who decided to aid the Americans was 
 Lafayette, onl\- nineteen years old, and a captain of dra- 
 goons. He was rich, and fitted out his own vessel. He 
 brought with him a number of French of^cers and a fine 
 German soldier. Baron De Kalb. When they reached this 
 country, in April, 1777, Lafayette asked Congress to allow 
 him to serve in the patriot army, without pay, as Washing- 
 ton was doing. He met Washington a few days after, and 
 the warm friendshi]) which the\' formed lasted through life. 
 He was made a major-general, when hardl\' twenty years of 
 age. Pulaski, Kosciusko, Baron Steuben and othor dis- 
 tinguish(_^d foreigners fought in the American armies. 
 
 20. Campaii^n in Peimsylvania.-.-^General Howe stayed 
 in New Yorlc until Sc]:)tcn::b:r, \vhcn he sailed, with a force 
 of about 20.000 men. for Chesa])eake bay. Thence he 
 marched toward Philadelidiia. Washington, with a much 
 weaker force, met him at l^.randvwine. Scptenil)er 11. but 
 was defeated. Lafayette w;is M-oundcd in the battle. Con- 
 gress tied to Lancaster, and Howe occupied Philadelphia, 
 September 26. An attack was made on the enemy at Ger- 
 mantown, October 4, but without success. 
 
 21. Washington at Valley Forge — Washington and 
 his ragged army withdrew to A^alley Forge and went into 
 winter quarters. Their sufferings were dreadful. The 
 wretched log huts could not be warmed ; only a few had 
 parts of blankets, and even straw could not be got. Food 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 97 
 
 was scarce, and the patri(jts many times felt the pangs of 
 starvation. To add to the darkness of the situation, there 
 were intrigues against Washington and efforts to remove him. 
 Washington made his home with Isaac Potts. One day 
 Potts was walking up a creek, which wound through the 
 woods near by, when he heard a person's voice. He 
 stopped and listened; some one was praying near him. 
 Stealing among the trees, he saw \ , ashington on his knees, 
 pleading with heaven to save his beloved country. In tell- 
 ing the incident to his wife, Potts said: "If there is anyone 
 to whom God will listen, it is George Washington, and 
 under such a commander our independence is certain." 
 
 22, Surrender of Burgoyne. — The 1 British conmiander, 
 Burgoyne, marched from Canada, in June, with a large 
 army, intending to capture All)any and join Howe in New 
 York. Had he succeeded, it would ])robably have been a 
 fatal l)low to American liberty. He met with success for a 
 time; but, by and by, his su])ply of food ran short, and he 
 could get no more, (ieneral Gates, who commanded the 
 patriot arm\-, attacked r>urgoyne, near Saratoga, Septem- 
 ber 19 and ()ctol)er 7. 
 
 While the condition of the Americans improved each da}', 
 that of P)Urgoyne grew worse. Finally, the British were 
 hemmed in on all sides, with little water and no food, and 
 with the American batteries commanding their cam]i. All 
 hope 1)eing gone, lUirgoyne, October 17, surrendered liis 
 army of about 6000 men and a vast amount of war material. 
 This was a great victory fc^r the Americans and helped to 
 keep burning the fires of patriotism. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1778. 
 
 23. Aid from France. — The victory over Burgoyne gave 
 France the excuse she was waiting for to aid the Americans. 
 
98 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 She acknowledged our independence, loaned us money, sent 
 military stores, and i,iromised to help us with a fleet. The 
 news of the sailing" of a I'Yench fleet so alarmed Enghuul 
 that she ordered the army in Philadelphia to join the British 
 forces in New York. Howe had gone home, and Clinton 
 now connnanded in Philadelphia. 
 
 24. Battle of Monmouth Court House. — Clinton started 
 oxerlantl. with Washington in jiursuit. He overtook tlie 
 Pritish at .Monmouth Court House, New Jersey, June 28. 
 It was one of the hottest days of the season. General Charles 
 Lee was to have led the attack, but he ordered a retreat. 
 Washington came upon the field at the critical moment, and, 
 in a towering rage, ordered Lee to the rear. Then the com- 
 mander-in-chief took inmiedictte charge and fought the bat- 
 tle with his usual skill. When darkness came, Clinton stole 
 away with his men to Xew York. It has siiice been charged 
 that Cicneral Lee, while serving in the patriot army, was a 
 traitor, and did what he could to help the enemy. He was 
 afterwards tlismissed from the service for insubordination. 
 
 25. Molly Pitcher. — While the battle was going on. 
 "]\h)lh- riicher" Inisied herself carrying water from a spring 
 to her liusband, who had charge of a cannon. She saw hini 
 shot down, and heard an officer order the ])iece removed. 
 ]\Iolly droppetl her ])ail. ran to the cannon, seized the ram- 
 mer and continued loading and firing the gun throughout 
 the battle, ^\'asllinglon praised her for her bravery, made 
 her a sergeant, and Congress granted her half-pay for life. 
 This incident is shown on the monument which was erected 
 some vears ago on the battle-ground. 
 
 26. Failure of the French Fleet. — The French fleet ar- 
 rived July 29. and entered Narragansett baw It went out to 
 engage the English fleet under Ilowe, but a storm scattered 
 ail the vessels. General Sullivan, who was to help in the 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 99 
 
 land attack on Newport, barely escaped capture by Clinton, 
 who had hurried from New York witli a large force to at- 
 tack iiini. No further aid was given by the French fleet that 
 year. 
 
 27. Massacre of Wyoming. — The fourth of July, Colo- 
 nel John lUitler led a l:>and of Indians and Tories into the 
 l)eautiful "Vale of Wyoming," in the valley of the Suscpie- 
 hanna, and routing and cutting to pieces the small patriot 
 forces opposed to them, proceeded to massacre the old men, 
 women and children in the most horrible manner. 
 
 28. Virginia's Conquest of the Northwest — The North- 
 west Territory belonged to \ irgiuia under original grant 
 in her charter, but the British now held it, having es- 
 tablished strong posts in connnanding positions all over the 
 territory, from whence they encouraged the Indians to make 
 forays on the white settlements along the frontier. 
 
 The Continental Congress could s])are no troops to re- 
 conquer this territory, though appealed to by Virginia to do 
 so, and the governor, Patrick Henry, accepted the earnestly- 
 profered services of George Rogers Clarke, of Albemarle 
 county, who enlisted volunteers, chiefly in the western coun- 
 ties and in what is now the State of Kentucky, marched into 
 that region, and by real ability, rare skill and heroic courage, 
 and patience in bearing every hardship and privation, he 
 ca])lured forts Kaskaskia and Vinccntics, and other posts, and 
 floated the flag of the "Old Dominion" over the whole of 
 that "Northwestern Territory, "it being mmedlllinois county, 
 I 'ii\Q;i}iia. The result of the retaking of this vast territory 
 was that when peace came the British boundary line was 
 forced back to the lakes, instead of coming down to the 
 Ohio, as it would otherwise have done, and the State of V^ir- 
 ginia had a clear title to this vast domain out of which the 
 States of Ohio. Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan and a 
 
100 SCHOOL HItiTORY OF THE V SIT ED STATES. 
 
 part of Minnesota were afterwards carved, and which, as we 
 shall see, the old commonwealth, with lavish hand gaz'c, 
 without money and without price, as a frcc-z^nll offering to 
 the establishment of the Union — the most imperial gift that 
 State or nation ever laid on the altar of country. 
 
 29. The South Overrun. — Having done so little in the 
 North, England now turned her efforts to the South. She 
 met with so much success that by the close of the year Sa- 
 vannah was captured and Georgia overrun. Among the 
 killed during the assault on Savannah were the valiant Ser- 
 geant Jasper and the Polish patriot. Count Pulaski. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1779- 
 
 30. Success of the Enemy in the South. — (jeorgia 
 was not only overrun, but the royal governor was restored 
 to power. England could claim that at least one of her col- 
 onies had Ijeen brought back under the crown. An attack 
 on Savannah by General Lincoln and the French fleet was 
 repulsed. There was fighting in the North, but nothing of 
 moment took place. It may be said that in 1779 the strug- 
 gle for Amci'ican independence became languid. 
 
 31. The War on the Ocean.— W'licn the war broke out 
 few had any thought of making a fight against England on 
 the ocean, where she had long been mistress. A number of 
 privateers, however, were fitted out to sail along the New 
 England coast. Congress established a naval depot, and 
 the privateers did fine service. Five hundred ships of the 
 enemy were captured during the first three years of the Rev- 
 olution. 
 
 Paul Jones was one of the bravest men that ever lived. 
 He was given command of a squadron of five vessels, fitted 
 out by the American Commissioners in Paris. While hunt- 
 
S'CfK'Of. msTith'Y OF THE IMTHI) KTATFj><. 101 
 
 ing for tlie enemy off the northeast ecjast of England, he 
 sighted the S era pis and the Countess of Scarborough, in 
 eharge of a Heet oi nierehantnien. ISoth pai'ties eagerly 
 prepared for battle, whieh openetl as night was elosing, Sep- 
 tember 2^, and was one of the mcjst furions known in his- 
 tory. 
 
 The hring liad hardly begun, when two of the cannon on 
 the lower deck of Jones's ship, the Bon Jjouinic Richard, 
 burst, killing several men and rendering the guns useless. 
 Jones was anxious to fight at close <|narters, but after clos- 
 ing in, foimd he could not bring his guns to bear, so he fell 
 off again. 
 
 "Have _\-ou struck?" called tlie iMiglish connnander. 
 
 "Struck!" shouted Jones; "I haven't l)egun lighting yet!" 
 
 While the vessels were manoeuvring, the jil)l)Oom of the 
 Scrapis cauglit in the niizzen rigging of the Richard. Jones 
 lashed the b^c:)om to his ma; t, but the pitching of the vessels 
 broke the hold. ( )ne of the anchors of the Scrapis pierced 
 the (juarter of the RicJiard and held fa?t. The two ships 
 were now locked together, and they flew at each other like 
 tigers. 
 
 When the Scrapis tried to fire, slie found the Richard so 
 close that the port holes could not 1,'e opened. So thev were 
 left shut, and the ]:)ort lids were l)Iown off b\' the first dis- 
 charge o[ cannon. In the midst of the terrific fight, which 
 lasted two hours, Jones was enraged to Ciuil that his l-'rench 
 consort was firing into liim. Leaving the Frenchman to be 
 settled with afterward, Jones gave his whole attention to the 
 enemy. 
 
 The Scrapis had been on fire half a dozen times, and at the 
 end (^{ two hours her commander lowered m-i colors. The 
 Richard was in flames and was riddled, fones hadi barel\' 
 time to remove his wounded and his crew to the Scrapis, 
 
102 SCHOOL HIf<TOIiy OF THE VXITED S^TATEH. 
 
 when his own ship went to the bottom. The French com- 
 mander who had fired into the Richard was cahed to account, 
 and declared insane. Jones took his prizes to Holland, and 
 then made many other captures. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1780. 
 
 32. The Treason of Arnold. — A shocking event took 
 place in the summer of 1780. Benedict Arnold was one of 
 the bravest men that ever drew a sword, and did splendid 
 service for the patriot cause. Rut he had an evil temper, 
 with bad habits, and married a Tory lady in Philadelphia. 
 He made up his mind to betray, his coiuitry, for which he 
 was promised a large sum of money and a general's com- 
 mission in the British army. 
 
 Arnold was in command of West Point, at that time the 
 strongest post in the colonics. He agreed to surrender it 
 and the garrison to Sir Henry Clinton, the English com- 
 mander at New York. In so delicate and important a mat- 
 ter, it was necessary that an officer should meet Arnold and 
 arrange the details. Clinton sent Major Andre to perform 
 the dangerous task. 
 
 Andre went u]) the Hudson in a British sloop, and landed 
 below Haverstraw, where Arnold was waiting on tlie l)ank. 
 They talked a long time and arranged everything. Arnold 
 gave Andre a map of the fortifications at West Point, and 
 Andre placed the papers inside one of his stockings. He 
 was also furnished with a pass by Arnold, in case he was 
 stopped by any Americans. 
 
 While Andre and the traitor were talking together, an 
 American battery opened fire on tlic English sloop and 
 compelled her to drop down stream. When Andre came 
 to the shore, therefore, he saw that the vessel was beyond 
 
f^f'Hoof, fusToRY or Till-: ('\ frill) rtatpjs. 103 
 
 reach. He was anxious to get back to New York, so he put 
 on the (h-ess of a farmer, got a horse and started to ride 
 thither. You must know that when he made this change in 
 his dress, lie became a spy, antl, if taken, was liable to be 
 hanged. Had he worn his uniform and l^een made prisoner 
 he would not have 1)een harmed. Such are the laws of war. 
 Clinton had warned Andre against doing so fatal a thing. 
 As it was, Andre might have escaped had he kept his wits 
 al)out him. 
 
 The young officer reached Tarrytown, and ])erhaps was 
 thinking of the deathblow he was helping to give to the 
 cause of American inde]KMKlence, when three patriots, at the 
 side of the road, stop])e<l him and asked his busines.s. One 
 of the three had on a P.ritish coat. This led Andre to be- 
 lieve they were his friends, and he made known that he was 
 a P.ritish officer. 
 
 He (|uickly discovered his mistake, but it was too late. 
 Arnold's papers were found on him, and then his Imsiness 
 and character were fully known. He offered a large bribe 
 to the Americans to let him go, but they refused, and sent 
 him to Washington. Through a blunder, Andre was given 
 a chance to warn Arnold, who escaped to the sloop and 
 reached New York. 
 
 A good deal of pity was felt for Andre, but his fate, though 
 hard, was just. He was tried by court-martial and hanged, 
 October 2. Arnold received the payment agreed upon for 
 his treason, and afterward did all he could against his native 
 country. He earned a name which, through all ages to 
 come, will stand next in infamy to that of Judas Iscariot. 
 
 33. The War !n the South.— The British captured 
 Charleston, May 12, 1780. General Gates, who was in com- 
 mand in the South, did no effective service. There were 
 Tories in that section, and the soldiers were ragged and 
 
KM SCHOOL IIIKTORY OF TIIH I MTlUt STATES. 
 
 slarviiii;". AfttT a tiiiu', no organized resistance was made, 
 r.ut if the South was pestered with I'ories, it had plenty 
 of patriots. The most famous were Marion, .Smuter, Lee, 
 I'iekens and iiorr\. 'idie\ , with tlieir followers, were tine 
 horsemen, and knew the hidden paths and retreats in the 
 forests and swam])s. They struck many sturdy blows 
 a<^ainst the invaders, and were sometimes strong;" enough to 
 capture lar^e forces of the enemy. They rendered the best 
 of services to the cause of American liberty. 
 
 34. Advr.nce oU Cornwallis, — Clinton ret'M-ned to New 
 ^^)rk^ joyfi-.'Iy re])ortinm" tlie concpiest of South Carolina, 
 and C'ornwalHs, whom he left in connnaiuk advanct'il north- 
 ward. ] laviat;" rcnited tiates at L'amden, Auc^nst i(), he ])ro- 
 posed to advance into and concpier North Carc^lina. lUit, 
 on the Sth of ( )ctol)er, tlie i)alriots, under ("oloiel William 
 Cam])bell. defeated a ])od\ of Tories under Colonel h\M\>4-u- 
 son at Kin.y;'s Mountain, nt-ar the Nortli Carolina border, 
 killiui;- a lart;e num])t'r and ca])lurin^- the survivors, <Soo 
 stront::-. This im])ortant success exposed the flan1< of Corn- 
 wallis, and compelled him to retreat to Winnsboro, wliile it 
 i^ave Creene. who had now succeeded ( iates, time to rally 
 and reort;ani/.e his shattered army. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1 78 1. 
 
 35 Tlie War in the South.- (ieneral Cirecne, who, 
 next to W'asliin^lon, was considered by nian\- tlie best offi- 
 cer in the American army, was sent South and took the 
 l)lacc of Ciatcs. He had only 2000 starvinq- ])atriots in raqs, 
 but he handled tlieiii with i;-reat skill, and sent (ieneral Mor- 
 gan into South Carolina to fioht the enemy there. AI origan 
 routed a larc^e force imder Tarleton at the Cowpcns, Janu- 
 ar\ 17, and withdrew before Cornwallis and his stron.q-^army 
 could reach him. 
 
.Surrender of Cornwallis' 
 
 Death of (ieiieral Wolfe. 
 
106 siciiooL nft^Toin' of the i sited KTATES. 
 
 Greene was attacked and defeated at Guilford Gourt 
 House, North Carolina, March 15, by Gornwallis. The 
 latter, however, suffered many losses, and left the State for 
 Virginia. Greene gained a victory at Eutaw Springs, Sep- 
 tember 8, and managed matters with so much success that 
 in a few months he cleared Georgia and the Carolinas of the 
 enemy, who held only the cities of Savannah, Charleston 
 and Wilmington. 
 
 36. Surrender of Cornwallis. — Entering \'irginia, Corn- 
 waliis, after doing nnich damage, intrenched himself at 
 Yorktown. There he was besieged by the L^rench force 
 under Rochambeau (ro-shong'bo), the Erench fleet under 
 l)e Grasse (grass), and the Americans under Washington. 
 These together numbered 16,000 men. The siege was 
 pressed with all vigor, and Cornwallis, after a vain attempt 
 to break through the lines, found himself helpless. Octo- 
 ber 19, he surrendered his army of Sooo men ])risoners of 
 war. 
 
 37. The End of the Revolution. —The scene will al- 
 ways be a memorable one in American history. It brought 
 the end of the Revolution and secured to us our independ- 
 ence. The arm_\ was drawn up in two lines, extending more 
 than a mile. On one side were the French, with Rocham- 
 beau at their head; on the <^ther were Washington and his 
 staff. The Hritisli arm\', with slow step, shouldered arms 
 and furled flags, marched between the lines. General Corn- 
 wallis was so mortified that he pretended to be ill, and sent 
 his svv'ord by General OTIara. General Lincoln, who had 
 been forced to surrender Charleston the year before, re- 
 ceived the sword of Cornwallis from D'Hara. 
 
 A messenger mounted a swift horse, and started for Phil- 
 adelphia with the news. It was a loug ride, but he reached 
 the city, at the dead of night, four days later. The citizens 
 
HCEOOJj flJSTOL'Y OF Till-: I \ITi:/) ^TATH.S KiT 
 
 were roused from sleep by the siioutinj;- ui the walehinan; 
 "Past 2 o'eloek and Cornwallis is taken!" The whole city 
 was quickly astir and wild with delight. The aged door- 
 keeper of Congress dro]-)ped dead with joy. 
 
 Congress came together at an early hour, and, in the 
 afternotjn, marched to the Lutheran clun-ch, where thev 
 gave thanks to God for saving the nation, business was 
 at a standstill, and nothing was talked about or thought of 
 except the glorious tidings that the American colonies had 
 won their independence. 
 
 38. Our Independence Acknowledged by England. — 
 England saw that all hope of concpiering her American col- 
 onies was at an end. She, therefore, made a treaty of peace 
 with them, November 30, 1782. The final treaty was signed 
 at Paris, September 3, following. Washington resigned his 
 command of the army, bade adieu to his officers, and went 
 back to Mount \'ernon, hoping he would be allowed to re- 
 main there and spend the rest of his days in peace. 
 
 It is worth noting that England did not acknowledge the 
 independence of the .Inicricaii iVafioii. l)ut of eacli one of the 
 thirteen colonies, mentioning each by name, and recognizing 
 that each one became a Soirrci(j!:ii, Independent State. 
 
 39. Patriots of all Sections.— Tn looking back over 
 Vac history of the Revolution, we see that all sections did 
 their duty and i)ore their share in the great struggle, and we 
 would institute no invidious comparisons. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson and P.enjamin Eranklin, James Madi- 
 son and John Adams, James Otis and Patrick Henrv, George 
 Washington and Xatlianiel Green, Ethan Allen and Francis 
 Marion, John Starke and Light Hearse Harry Lee, and many 
 others of our patriot leaders should be household names 
 North and South, while we should hold in grateful remem- 
 brance the patriot soldiers of the rank and file, and the he- 
 
108 SCHOOL U I STOUT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 roic women of all sections But it is a matter of history 
 vvorth recording- that the different colonies furnished troops 
 to fight the battles of independence as follows (we quote 
 from a recent address of Gen. C. A. Evans, of Georgia) : 
 
 "Passing the Indian troubles which antedated the Revokition, and 
 beginning with the call to arms to win American Independence, what 
 was the part borne by the Southern States in that Revolutionary 
 struggle? I will answer that it is the glory of North Carolina to have 
 shed the first blood for colonial liberty at Alamance in 1771, and hav- 
 ing given her sons to the conmion cause, she fought on to the finish. 
 Maryland furnished 20,000 men. South Carolina 31,000, Georgia 
 nearly as many, and Virginia 56,000. South Carolina doubled New 
 Hampshire, South Carolina and Georgia outnumbered New York, 
 Virginia sent 16,000 more men than Pennsylvania. Massachusetts 
 did the noblest of all the Northern States, yet South Carolina sent 
 thirty-seven out of forty-two of its arms-bearing men and Massa- 
 chusetts thirty-two out of forty-two. From official reports it is 
 gleaned that the States in the Northern division sent 100 men for 
 every 227 arms-bearing population, and the South sent 100 out of 
 every 209. In the account of suffering by invasion, it appears that 
 Norfolk was burned, Charleston and Savannah captured, and the 
 Southern States invaded with British armies for years, while Wash- 
 ington drove Howe from Boston in March, 1776, and from that date 
 all Massachusetts was free from the presence of the enemy to the end 
 of the war." 
 
 Questions.— 6. Give an account of the battle of Bunker's Hill. 
 
 7. Of Washington as commander-in-chief, and the condition of his 
 army. 
 
 8. Attempt on Canada. 
 
 9. Operations in the South. 
 
 10. The evacuation of Boston. 
 
 11. British attack on Charleston, S. C. 
 
 12. History of the Declaration of Independence.' Who wrote it? 
 Incidents connected with the signing of it. The effect. 
 
 13. Campaign in New York. 
 
 14. Of the battle of Long Island. 
 
 15. Of the defeat of Washington. 
 
 16. Of the retreat through New Jersey. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 109 
 
 17. Of the battle of Trenton. 
 
 18. Describe the battle of Princeton, 
 ig. What is said of Lafayette? 
 
 20. Describe the campaign in Pennsylvania in 1777. 
 
 21. Describe the patriot army at Valley Forge. What story was 
 fold by Isaac Potts about Washington? 
 
 22. Give an account of the surrender of Burgoyne. 
 
 2,^. What efifect was produced by Burgoyne's surrender? What is 
 said of the alarm in England? 
 
 24. Describe the battle of Monmouth Court House. 
 
 25. Tell the story of Molly Pitcher. 
 
 26. What IS said of the failure of the French Heet? 
 
 27. Describe the massacre in the Wyoming Valley. 
 
 28. Virginia's conquest of the Northwestern Territory. 
 
 29. What of the overrunning of the South? 
 
 30. Illustrate the success of England in the South. 
 
 31. Describe the great naval victory of Paul Jones. 
 ,'^2. Relate the story of Arnold's treason. 
 
 33. What is said of the war in the South in 1780? 
 
 34. Describe the advance of Cornwallis, and the battle of King's 
 Mountain. 
 
 35. Greene's operations in the South. 
 
 36. Surrender of Cornwallis. 
 
 37. Relate the incidents of the surrender. How the news was car- 
 ried to Philadelphia, and how it was received. , 
 
 38. Independence acknowledged by England. 
 
 39. Relative number of troops furnished by the several colonies. 
 
 BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCISES. 
 {Model.) 
 
 Causes of the American Revolution; 
 
 1. Navigation Act. 1660. 
 
 2. Importation Act, 1773. 
 
 3. Iron and steel manufacture prohibited, 1750. 
 
 4. Taxation without representation. 
 
 5. Stamp Act, 1765. 
 
110 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Opening Events of the Revolution: 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Events of ^775- 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 Events of 1776: 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 8. 
 
 Events of 1777: 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 
 5- 
 6. 
 Events of 177S: 
 I. 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 Events of 1779: 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 Events of 1780: 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 Events of 1781: 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 
SVIJOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED ISTATES. Ill 
 
 HISTORICAL INITIALS. 
 
 1. Who sounded "the trumpet of the Revohition?" (J. O.) 
 
 2. What general of the Revolution died from sunstroke? (N. G.) 
 
 3. When did the fashionable ladies of Boston and Newport use dried 
 
 raspberry leaves for tea? (17 — ) 
 
 4. What American, during the French and Indian War, refused a 
 
 major-general's commission in the French army? (I. P.) 
 
 5. Who, when about to be executed by the British, expressed his 
 
 ■ regret that he had but one life to give to his country? (N. H.) 
 
 6. What American general of the Revolution was a traitor, as 
 proven by documents discovered within recent years? (C. L.) 
 
 7. What general went into a fight against orders and won a victory? 
 
 (B. A.) 
 
 8. What woman loaded and fired a cannon throughout a battle? 
 
 (M. P.) 
 
 9. What brave leader on the American side was buried in the Sa- 
 
 vannali river? (C. P.) 
 
 10. What American general invited a British of^cer to dine with him 
 
 and tlien served him with roast potatoes on pieces of bark? 
 (F. .M.) 
 
 11. Who gave over $1,000,000 of his own money to the patriot cause 
 
 and was imprisoned for debt in his old age? (R. ]\I.) 
 
 12. What governor ordered his battery to aim its cannon at his own 
 
 house because it was the headquarters of the British com- 
 mander? (N. of Va.) 
 i3> What idiot boy saved a fort from capture? (H, S.) 
 
 14. What lieutenant performed a daring exploit and was afterward 
 
 President of the United States? (J. M.) 
 
 15. What officer lost a battle and his own life because of a game of 
 
 cards? (Col. R.) 
 iC). Who was president of the first Continental Congress? (P. R.) 
 17. What Quaker woman saved Washington's armv from defeat? 
 
 (L. D.) 
 t8. What boy fought bravely at Hanging Rnck and was afterward 
 
 President? (A. J.) 
 19. What battle was called by Jefferson "the joyful turn of the tide?" 
 
 (K. M.) 
 
112 SCHOOL JI.STORY OF THE UNITED 8TATES. 
 
 20. What adjutant-general of the Continental army was believed for 
 
 a hundred years to have sought British protection, when it 
 was discovered to have been another person with the same 
 name? (J. R.) 
 
 21. What general, when mortally wounded, propped himself against 
 
 the saddle of his dead horse, smoked his pipe, and continued 
 to give orders throughout the fight? (N. H.) 
 
 22. In what battle were the opposing commanders cousins of each 
 
 other? (W.) 
 
 23. What is the present name of the Paulus Hook of the Revolution? 
 
 (J. C.) 
 
 24. What American (il'licer demanded and received tlie pledge of the 
 
 honors of war before surrendering to a fcjrce four hundred 
 times greater than his cnvn? (Capt. H. at V.) 
 
 25. What signature was used l^y Benedict Arnold when holding his 
 
 treasonable correspondence with the enemy? (G.) 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUM^IARY OF EVENTS. 
 
 A. D. I'uKe 
 
 1760. The Navigation Act passed 79 
 
 1733. Importation Act passed 79 
 
 1750. England forbade the manufacture of iron and steel 79 
 
 1765. The Stamp Act passed 79 
 
 1766. The Stamp Act repealed 80 
 
 1767. Tax imi)osed on tea 80 
 
 ^773- The Boston Tea Party. December 16 81 
 
 1774. First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, Septem- 
 
 ber 5 8.^ 
 
 1775- The battle of Lexington, Ai)ril 19 86 
 
 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 88 
 
 1775. Washington took command at Cambrid :e, July 3 90 
 
 1776. British evacuated Boston, March 17 91 
 
 1776. Charleston unsuccessfully attacked by the British, June 28. 92 
 
 1776. Declaration of Independence, July 4 92 
 
 ^776. Battle of Long Island, August 27 . 94 
 
 1776. Battle of White Plains. October 28 94 
 
 1776. Fort Washington taken, November 16. 94 
 
 1776. Washington's retreat through New Jersey 94 
 
 1776. Battle of Trenton, December 26 95 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 113 
 
 A. D. Pago 
 
 1777. Conflict at Assunpink crock, January 2 95 
 
 1777. Battle of Princeton, January 3 95 
 
 1777. Arrival of Lafayette, baron De Kalb anu o.hers, April. ... g6 
 
 1777. Battle of Brandywnie, beptember 1 1 g6 
 
 1777. Burgoyne attacked by General Gates at Saratoga, Septeni- 
 
 Iji^r ly 97 
 
 1777. Philadelphia occupied by the British, September 2b 96 
 
 1777. Battle of Gcrniantown October 4 g(3 
 
 1777. Gates attacked Burgoyne a second time, October 7 97 
 
 1777. Burgoyne surrendered, October 17 97 
 
 1778. France acknowledged American independence 97 
 
 1778. Battle of Monmouth Court House, June 28 q8 
 
 1778. Arrival of the French fleet, July 29 98 
 
 1778. The South overrun by the British 100 
 
 1779. Georgia fully conquered by the enemy 100 
 
 1779. Attack on Savannah by the French fleet, and General Lin- 
 coln repulsed, October 9 100 
 
 1779. Paul Jones's great naval victory, September 23 loi 
 
 1780. Charleston captured by the British, May 12 103 
 
 1780. Treason of Benedict Arnold 102 
 
 1780. Andre executed, October 2 103 
 
 1781. Battle of the Cowpens, January 17 104 
 
 1781. Battle of Guilford Court House, March 15. 106 
 
 1781. Patriot victory at Eutavv Springs, September 8 106 
 
 1781. Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19 106 
 
 1783. England made a treaty of peace with the colonies, Septem- 
 ber 3. 107 
 
114 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PART lY. 
 
 The Building of the Union (1781-1860.) 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. 
 
 1. Settlement of the West. — The development of the 
 colonies did not remain wholly at a standstill dnring the 
 Revolntion. The enterprising, adventurous character of 
 the Americans can never be suppressed by circumstances. 
 Previous to the breaking out of hostilities, Daniel Boone 
 made his way alone to the wilds of Kentucky, whose rich 
 virgin soil and abundance of game so charmed him that he 
 soon took thither his own family and a number of pioneers. 
 The reports brought back by hunters and trappers attracted 
 others thither. The present State of Tennessee was invaded 
 by these emigrants, who put up cabins, erected stockades, 
 cleared and tilled the ground, and organized their own forms 
 of government, until, long before the close of the last cen- 
 tury, 25,000 settlers had located west of the Alleghenies. 
 They suffered greatly from the hostilities of the Indians, but 
 the energy and resolution of the pioneers soon overcame all 
 obstacles, and the West began its amazing career of pros- 
 perity, growth and development. 
 
 2. On the Verge of Anarchy — The United States had 
 gained its independence, but the separate States were in a 
 woful plight. The people were poor, commerce was ruined 
 and trade destroyed. The only power possessed by Con- 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 115 
 
 gress was that of recommending the respective States to 
 adopt certain measures: there was no means of enforcing 
 these recommendations, and the States paid Httle, if anv, 
 heed to the wishes of the general government. The Articles 
 of Confederation agreed to in 1777 were too defective to 
 meet the wants of the young nation. 
 
 3. The Population. — At the close of the Revolution, the 
 Southern States contained a little more than 1,000,000 
 people, while there were 1.500,000 north of Mason and 
 Dixon's line. Virginia, with its population of 400.000, sur- 
 passed every other State. Pennsylvania and Massachusetts 
 each had about 350,000. The most populous cities were 
 Philadelphia (40,000). Poston (20,000). New York (14,000). 
 
 Organization of the Northwestern Territory. — There 
 having arisen complaint among some of the smaller States 
 that Virginia would have overwhelming influence and con- 
 trol in the confederation as soon as her vast territory should 
 be settled, and Maryland especially refusing to sign on that 
 account the Articles of Confederation, the Old Dominion, 
 with self-denying patriotism and prodigal liberality, donated 
 to the confederation her Northwestern Territory, to which 
 she had indisputable claim both b\' grant in her charter and 
 by the fact that her troops, unaided by the general govern- 
 ment, had rescued it from British control. She, also, of her 
 own motion, proposed that slavery be excluded from this 
 territory. She made, as another condition, that her terri- 
 torv should never again be abridged without her consent, a 
 condition which, we shall see. was shamefully violated when, 
 during the "War Between the States," West Virginia was 
 cut off from the old State without the shadow of law or jus- 
 tice and in palpable violation of this condition. 
 
 Another interesting point connected with this North- 
 western Territory is that, in 1785, the proceeds of one sec- 
 
llfi SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 tion of the public lands in every township were set apart for 
 school purposes, and formed the foundation of the "school 
 fund" of the States formed out of it, so that it may be said, in 
 all fairness and justice, that the magnificent school system 
 which has been the pride of those great States was really the 
 gift of old Virginia. 
 
 Well might Hon. D. W. Voorhees, of Indiana, say, in his 
 speech in defense of John E. Cook, one of the John Brown 
 raiders: * * "The very soil on which I live in my Western 
 home was once owned by this venerable commonwealth as 
 much as the soil on which I now stand. Her laws there 
 once prevailed, and all her institutions were there estab- 
 lished as they are here. Not only my own State of Indiana, 
 but also four other great States in the Northwest stand as 
 enduring and lofty monuments of \'irginia"s magnanimity 
 and princely liberality. Her donation to the general gov- 
 ernment made them sovereign States; and since God gave 
 the fruitful land of Canaan to Moses and Israel, such a gift 
 of present and future empire has never been made to any 
 people." 
 
 Congress organized this territory, and there were after- 
 wards carved out of it the great States of Ohio, Indiana, 
 Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and a part of Minnesota. 
 
 It is proper to add that other States, such as Maryland, 
 New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut and South Carolina, 
 made to the general government gifts of small areas of their 
 Western territory, while North Carolina gave territory 
 which formed the State of Tennessee, and Georgia the 
 princely domain extending from the Chattahoochee to the 
 Mississippi river. 
 
 But none of these gifts was comparable to that of the Old 
 Dominion. 
 
SCHOOL IflSTOh'Y OF THE IXITED i^TATES. 117 
 
 4. Shays's Rebellion. — Where evcrytliing was so dis- 
 turbed and the y;-overninent so weak, there was sure to he 
 disorder. In Massachusetts, Daniel Shays, formerly a cap- 
 tain in the American army, led a mob of 2000 men, in 1787, 
 against the government of Massachusetts, with the jnirpose 
 of. compelling it to abolish taxes and issue a large amount 
 of paper money. They dispersed the Supreme Court, sit- 
 ting at Springfield; but General Lincoln, with a large force 
 of militia, replaced the judges in their seats and tired upon 
 the mob. The rioters fled in dismay, and the rel)ellion was 
 ended. The ringleaders were tried and condemned to 
 death, l)ut in the end all were pardoned. 
 
 5. The Convention of 1787 While Shays's rebellion 
 
 caused widespread alarm, it produced good results. Wash- 
 ington, as well as all patriots, saw that a strong, firm and 
 responsible central government must be organized without 
 delay. A number of citizens in Maryland and \ irginia held 
 a consultation with him at Mount Vernon, in March, 1785, 
 with the result that commissioners from the leading vStates 
 m.et at Annapolis the following year. The outcome of this 
 assemblage was the calling of a national convention at Phil-' 
 adelphia in May, 1787. At the appointed time every State, 
 except Rhode Island, was represented. 
 
 6. Adoption of the Constitution. — Washington pre- 
 sided at this convention, which was composed of the ablest 
 men of the several States. On the 17th of Septeml)er, the 
 Constitution of the United States was adopted. Since this 
 admirable document will jirobal:)!}' be the supreme law of tlie 
 land through ages to come, its distinctive features should be 
 understood by everyone. (See Appendix.) 
 
 7 Provisions of the Constitution. — The United States 
 government includes three departments- Legislative, Exec- 
 utive, and Judicial. The Legislative consists of Congress, 
 
118 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE TXITEP STATES. 
 
 composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The 
 members of the latter are elected directly by the people, and 
 hold office for two years. The Legislature of each State 
 elects two United States Senators, who hold of^ce six years. 
 The chief points considered in forming the Constitution were 
 to have a government which should l)c strong enough to 
 preserve order at home and respect abroad, and, at the same 
 time, allow local self-government and the regulation of its 
 own internal affairs to each State. 
 
 It was thought by the able and patriotic men who formu- 
 lated the Constitution that these objects had been acccMU- 
 plished by making the representation in the House depend- 
 ent upon population, and giving to each State, little Rhode 
 Island and Virginia or New York, regardless of territory or 
 population, equal representation in the Senate, and by pro- 
 vidirig that "a// pinucrs not expressly granted to the general go7'- 
 ernmcnt ivcre reser:'ed by the Si ales. 
 
 The Executive department consists of the President, 
 chosen every four years by the electoral votes of the States, 
 and it is his duty to see the laws enforced. 
 
 The Judicial power of the United States is vested in a Su- 
 preme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may 
 establish. 
 
 8. The Ratification of the Constitution. — There was 
 strong opposition to the adoption of the Constitution on the 
 part of those who thought that too much power was given 
 the general government, and on the part of some who did not 
 think it had power enough. 
 
 Provision was made that the Constitution adopted by the 
 general convention should be ratified by Congress, and then 
 submitted for ratification to conventions of each State, and 
 should go mto operation, as to those States, when nine of 
 them had ratified it 
 
sriiooj. iiisToh') OF Tin: i xiTun stati:s. im 
 
 There was liigh (lel)ale in these State conventions between 
 the "iederahsts" and "iVnti-l'^ederahsts," as tlie upitosing 
 parties were called, but durinj;- the year 1/88 eleven of the 
 States adopted the Constitution, and it went into operation 
 early the next \ear in all of these States, leaving" out Xortli 
 Carolina, which did not ratif}' until 1789, and Rhode Island, 
 which (jnl\ ratilied in 1790. 
 
 It is important to notice that the new L^nion was formed 
 by the secession of eleven States from the old federation ; that 
 several of the States, in ratifying the Ctjnstitution, (listimily 
 rcscrzrd the ri_Q^!if of secession, thereby s^i'i'iir^ the r/_t;/// to all of 
 the States: that it wcndd have lieeu im]'!ossil)le to form the 
 Union without recognizing the right of a State to withdraw 
 at pleasure, and that in those days the right of secession was 
 univcrsall)' a :knowledged. 
 
 9. The First Presidential Election. — The first presi- 
 dential election in this cotmtry was held Januar}', 1789. The 
 electors met shortlv afterwards, and l)y a unanimous vote 
 selected George Washington, President, and John Adams, 
 of Massachusetts, \'ice-President. This was against the 
 v.'ishes of ^\'ashington, who hoped to spc.id the remainder 
 of his days at his hcMiie at jMotmt Vernon; but he was too 
 pure and exalted a patriot not to heed the call of his country- 
 men. He bade goo(M)ve to his beloved home, and set out 
 on his long journey to Ne\v York city, then the capital. 
 
 This ride was one of the most remarkable ever made : the 
 Father of his Country was welcomed everywhere with the 
 highest honors. Cannon boomed, fireworks and ilhmiina- 
 tions lit the heavens at night, thoitsands of children sang his 
 praises, flowers were strew'u before his horse, men cheered 
 and shouted, and all crowded forward to do homage to one 
 of the greatest and best men that was ever born into this 
 world. With fitting ceremonies, he was inaugurated first 
 President, April 30. 1789. 
 
120 SlCnOOL HTStTORY OF THE UNITED .STATES. 
 
 Questions. — i. What famous pioneer visited and settled in Ken- 
 tucky before the close of the Revolution? What is said of the settle- 
 ment of the West? 
 
 2. Show the woful plight of our country when its independence 
 was gained. Facts about the Northwest Territory. What States 
 were formed out of it? 
 
 3. What is said of the population? Name tlie lliree leading cities 
 and their population. 
 
 4. Give a history of Shays's Rebellion. 
 
 5. What led up to the Convention of 1787? 
 
 6. When was the Constitution adopted? 
 
 7. Give its distinctive provisions. 
 
 8. Ratification of the Constitution. 
 
 9. What of the first presidential election? Give an account of the 
 journey of Washington. When was he inaugurated? 
 
 CHAPTER XTV. 
 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTR.^TIONS, (1780-1797.) 
 
 10. George Washington. — 
 
 George Washington was born in 
 Westmoreland county, Virginia, 
 February 22, 1732. Left fatherless 
 at the age of eleven, tlie care of the 
 son fell to his mother, a woman of 
 rare strength of mind and force of 
 character. He had but one brother, 
 Lawrence, who was older than he. 
 George was educated in the old- 
 fashioned country school of the times. He early showed a 
 fondness for military matters, and possessed the confidence 
 of his playmates so fully that they selected him to settle their 
 disputes, and his decisions were never questioned. At the 
 age of sixteen, he was so expert a surveyor that he was em- 
 ployed for three years in surveying an immense mountainous 
 
SCIIOOI. IIIST(>Ry OF THE IMTfUt ST.\TEi<. T21 
 
 tract belonging to Lord Fairfax. He did the work t(j tlie 
 liighcst satisfaction of his employer. His part in the h^rench 
 and Indian War and his inestimable services in the Revolu- 
 tion have been told in their proper places. 
 
 Washington was a wealthy man and of the highest social 
 rank. He was a vestryman and a member of the Episcopal 
 Church. He was reserved of manner and sometimes seemed 
 cold and distant. He was a magnificent specimen of physi- 
 cal manhood. .Six feet two inches tall, he possessed pro- 
 digious strength, and from a boy excelled in running, throw- 
 mg, leaping, swimming and all manner of athletic sports. 
 He was a superb horseman, displayed sound judgment 
 rather than genius, had a fair education, but was a statesman 
 of the highest order, whose exalted patriotism was never 
 sullied by an unw(irthy act. 
 
 Without Washington, the Revolution would perhaps have 
 been a failure. History atTords no more striking instance 
 of the "indispensal)le man" for the crisis. Though he never 
 had the soldiers to enable him to win an important battle, 
 except that of Yorklown, in which he was aided by the 
 French allies, he won American independence. His cour- 
 age and wisdom could not be surpassed; he united enter- 
 prise with prudence, truthfulness with integrity; his dignity 
 was simple and becoming; his tact and forbearance perfect, 
 and his serene fortitude in the darkest hours of his country's 
 adversity, when those about him despaired, when officers 
 were insubordinate, jealous and treacherous, and he was 
 environed by plots and cabals, were unsurpassed in the 
 world's history. His faith in the ultimate triumph of Am- 
 erican liberty never faltered. He was of an even, well-bal- 
 anced nature, controlled at all times by the one purpose of 
 doing right and serving his country. He never allowed his 
 personal wrongs to interfere with his duty; he felt sympathy 
 
122 XCHnOI, fff.'^TONY OF THE UNITED SITATEf^. 
 
 ratlicr than anger for his enemies, and not onee had a 
 thon^^ht of aljandonino^ his post. The fact that he was rich 
 hardly dims the cre(Ht of his refusal to accept pay for his 
 leadership in the Revolution. The pages of history will 
 scarcely hold a more illustrious name that that of George 
 Washington. No more impressive proof of the veneration 
 in which he was held everywhere was given than in the half- 
 masting of the flags of the British fleet under Lord Bridport 
 when news was received of his death. 
 
 II. Finances. — Washington's wisdom was shown in the 
 selection of his cabinet, or constitutional advisers. Thomas 
 JefTerson was placed at the head of the Department of h'or- 
 eign Affairs, General Knox was made Secretary of War, and 
 Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. Upon the 
 last fell the heaviest burden, for the finances of the country 
 could hardly have been in a more deploral)le condition. The 
 old Continental currency, which served for a while during 
 the early part of the Revolution, had become worthless. The 
 public debt amounted to $80,000,000. Hamilton set out 
 with the demand that the debts of the United States due to 
 American citizens, as well as the war debts of the different 
 States, should be paid to the last ]ienny. His plan for doing 
 this was strongly opposed, but was adopted by Congress. 
 The Ignited States Bank was organized in 1791, at which 
 time there were only three l)anks in the country — one each 
 in Philadelphia, Boston and New York. The United States 
 Bank had a capital of $10,000,000, of which one-fifth was 
 owned by the government. This measure was vehemently 
 fought, but it passed, and the bank was chartered for twenty 
 years. It was located in Philadelphia, where, in 1702, a mint 
 for the coinage of money was established. 
 
 While these measures provided for the funding of the pub- 
 lic debt, there was urgent need of ready money. Hamilton, 
 
SCHOOL iiisToi:) or Tin: i \iri:i) stati-jk. 123 
 
 therefore, uri^ed Coiii^ress to put ri (lut_\- upon certain o-oods 
 imported into this coimtry, and to ])rohil)it tlie importation 
 of sucli as comjjeted with i^oods made here. i»y tliis means 
 ready money was (|uiekl\ secured for the treasury. 
 
 12. The Whiskey Rebellion. -( )ne of the measures 
 which Hamihon j^ersuaded Congress to ])ass was that of 
 doubHng- the duty on imported spirits, and taxing- s])irits 
 (Hstilled in the United States. This caused much inchgna- 
 lion, especially in North CaroHna and Pennsylvania. The 
 law was changed somewhat, hut it did not suit the ])eoi)le. 
 The oflficers sent to Western Pennsylvania to collect the rev- 
 enue were threatened with violence. The excitement inten- 
 sified. The mails were robl)ed, buildings burned, and sev- 
 eral thousand rioters (lew to arms. The local militia sym- 
 ])athized with them and in many cases g-ave them help. 
 President Washington sent thither a large force from other 
 States, under "Light Horse Harry" Lee. of Virginia, wdio 
 soon brought the malcontents to terms. The ringleaders 
 saved themselves from punishment bv ex]iressing sorrow 
 for their course. This was a case of h^cal insurrection, not 
 the movement of a sovereign State. 
 
 13. Wars With the Indians.— Reference has already 
 been made to the troubles of the Western settlers from the 
 Indians. These became so serious during Washington's 
 administration as to require the attention of the govern- 
 ment. It is estimated that between the years 1783 and 1790, 
 1500 persons were killed or taken captives by the Indians 
 near the Ohio. General Harmar marched against them 
 with a large force in 1701. Considerable destruction of the 
 Indian villages and harvest-fields took place, but the sav- 
 ages ambushed a part of the force and massacred almost all 
 of them, inflicting a loss upon the American troops four 
 times greater than their own. Not onlv was General Har- 
 
124 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTED STATES. 
 
 mar's campaign a failure, but it incited the savages to new 
 atrocities. 
 
 General St. Clair entered the Indian country in Novem- 
 ber, 1791, with a force of about 1500 men. He had been par- 
 ticularly warned by Washington to guard against surprise, 
 but his failure was worse, if possible, than that of Harmar. 
 He allowed himself to be outwitted by the Indians, who 
 drove him tunuiltuously out of the country, with the loss of 
 half his men. Many of the captives were burned at the 
 stake by the ferocious savages. 
 
 Washington was thrown into a towering rage by the 
 frightful disaster, for the last words he uttered to St. Clair, 
 when instructing him as to his campaign, were, "You know 
 how the Indians fight us. Bci^'orc of a siirpriscT A com- 
 mittee of Congress acquitted St. Clair, but the storm of pub- 
 lic indignation caused him to resign his command. He 
 was succeeded by General Anthony Wayne, whose headlong 
 bravery during the Revolution had won him the title of 
 "Mad Anthony." He proved himself to be the right man. 
 
 The Indians tried every trick upon the advancing troops, 
 whose total number was betw^een 3000 and 4000, but there 
 never was an hour when General Wayne was not alert and 
 fully prepared for them. August 20, 1794. he met the com- 
 bined tribes and Canadians, who were confident of over- 
 whelming the Americans with the same ease with which they 
 had disposed of the previous armies that had dared to march 
 against them. The battle was fought at Fallen Timbers, on 
 the Maumee, August 20, 1794. The Indians were utterly 
 routed. The Americans lost fewer than fifty killed, but hun- 
 dreds of red men fell before the resistless charge of cavalry 
 and infantry. The Indian confederation was overthrown, 
 their country laid waste and a blow inflicted from which 
 they did not recover for a long time. The following year, 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 125 
 
 over looo chiefs and warriors met the United States Com- 
 missioners at Greenville, where a treaty of peace was signed 
 and an immense tract of territory ceded to the government. 
 As a consequence, Western immigration was renewed and 
 continued with little interruption for many years. 
 
 1.4. Trouble With France — At this time, France was in 
 the throes of one of tlie most horrible revolutions known in 
 history. That fair land was crimsoned with slaughter that 
 shocked the world. She became involved in a war with 
 England, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia and Holland, and was 
 eager to form an alliance with the United States. We nat- 
 urally felt grateful to her for the help she gave us during the 
 Revolution, but a union, such as she sought, would have 
 been destructive to us and contrary to all principles of 
 statesmanship. In 1794, "Citizen Genet" (zheh na), as he 
 called himself, arrived in this country, and straightway be- 
 gan plotting to involve us in a war with the nations fighting 
 France. His course was unbearabl}- insolent from the 
 first. Despite a proclamation, issued m April, 1793, forbid- 
 ding our citizens to ecjuip vessels to carry on hostilities with 
 the warring nations. Genet spent several weeks in Charles- 
 ton, fitting out privateers against English commerce. 
 
 He went so far as to sanction the capture of British vessels 
 in American waters by French cruisers. These prizes were 
 taken into American ports and sold by authority of the 
 French consuls. Genet's course soon liecame so intolerable 
 that President Washington ordered om- minister in Paris to 
 demand his recall. This demand was complied with, and 
 "Citizen Genet" found his occupation gone. 
 
 15. A New Treaty With England. — England was still 
 sullen toward our country because of its success in the war 
 for independence. She became almost as troublesome as 
 France. Late in November, 1793, she issued secret instruc- 
 
126 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tions to British privateers to seize all neutral vessels found 
 tradnig in the French West Indies. No notice was given 
 to the United States of this high-handed measure, and the 
 losses of our shipping became enormous. In May, 1794, 
 Chief Justice Jay vvas sent to England, and arranged a new 
 treaty. By it, England bound herself to pay for the dam- 
 ages inflicted by her cruisers, and to withdraw all her gar- 
 risons from the Western posts by June i, 1796. Some of 
 the other provisions were so nuich more favorable to Eng- 
 land than to us that great indignation was roused in this 
 country, but the treaty was finally ratified, June 24, by the 
 Senate. 
 
 16. Treaties With Spain and Algiers. — October zy, 
 1795, a treaty was made with Spain, by which the boundaries 
 of Louisiana and Florida (both belonging to that country) 
 and of the United States were clearly defined, and our coun- 
 try gained the right for ten years freely to navigate the Mis- 
 sissippi and to use New Orleans as a port. The treaty 
 signed with Algiers was anything but creditable to us. That 
 insignificant little power had made it her practice for years 
 to compel the sliips of Christian nations to pay tribute, in 
 order to save themselves from the Algerine pirates. Be- 
 tween 1785 and 1793 these rogues had captured fifteen Am- 
 erican vessels and made slaves of 180 officers and men. 
 Under an agreement on the part of xAlgiers to stop this sort 
 of work, signed November 28, 1795, we pledged to pay $800,- 
 000 for the prisoners she then held, an annual tribute of 
 $23,000, and to make a present to the Dey or ruler of a 
 frigate worth $100,000. The navy of the United States was 
 probably too weak at the time to enter into a war even with 
 so puny a power, and the treaty was only a temporary make- 
 shift, certain to be followed soon by more vigorous measures 
 on our part. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 127 
 
 17. Invention of the Cotton Gin.— Probably the most 
 important and far-reaching invention ever made m Am- 
 erica was that of the cotton -in, in 1792. This was the work 
 of EH Whitney, of Massachusetts, while livin- in Savannah. 
 Although the South is peculiarly adapted to the culture of 
 cotton, the industry was comparatively unprofitable be- 
 cause of the tedious labor necessary to separate the seed from 
 the cotton fibre. The cotton o-i„ cloes this so efTectively 
 and rapidly as to equal the labor of several thousand persons. 
 Its invention gave an impetus to the cultivation of cotton, 
 which quickly made it an industry worth countless millions 
 of dollars and wrought a peaceful revolution throughout all 
 the cotton-growing States. 
 
 18. The New Capital.— It was decided that the seat of 
 government should be in New York city until 1790, when it 
 was to be removed to Philadelphia, there to remain ten 
 years. In 1800, the city of Washington was to become the 
 national capital. Washington laid the corner-stone of the 
 new capitol in 1793. 
 
 19. Vermont the Fourteenth State — Vermont was the 
 first State to be admitted into the Union after the formation 
 of the government. It came in March 4, 1791. Its name 
 signifies green iiioiiiilaiii, and it is often called "the Gieen 
 Mountain State." It was discovered and explored bv 
 Champlain in 1609. antl the first settlement was made in 
 1724, near the present site of Brattleboro'. New York and 
 New Hampshire claimed the territory, and each issued 
 grants for land in Vermont. New York relinquished her 
 claim a year before the admission of the State on payment 
 of $_^o,ooo. 
 
 20. Kentucky the Fifteenth State.— For several years 
 Kentucky knocked at the door before she was admitted into 
 
128 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE FXITED STATES. 
 
 the Union on June i, 1792. It is a mistake to suppose her 
 name, as is generally believed, means the "dark and bloody 
 ground." It is of Indian origin, and has a much milder 
 meaning. Daniel Boone erected the fort known as Hoones- 
 borough, and removed his family thither in June, 1775. 
 Kentucky remained a part of Virginia until 1792, when a 
 separation took place, at which time she had a population 
 of nearly 100,000. 
 
 21. Tennessee the Sixteenth State. — Tennessee was 
 admitted June i, 1796. The first permanent settlement was 
 at Fort Loudon in 1756. It formed a part of North Caro- 
 lina, and existed as the State of Franklin from 1784 to 1788, 
 when it was again united to North Carolina, but shortly 
 after became an independent Territory. 
 
 22. Formation of Political Parties. — As a result of the 
 discussion over numerous measures of Washington's ad- 
 ministrations, two distinct political parties came mto exist- 
 ence. Jefiferson w'as the founder of the Republican party, 
 which is now known as the Democratic party. Madison 
 and Randolph afterward became leaders with him. They 
 opposed the establishment of the United States Bank, the 
 treaty with England made by Jay, and favored in general the 
 reservation of as much power as possible by the separate 
 States, instead of lodging it in a central government. The 
 Federalists arrayed themselves against these measures, the 
 most noted leaders being Hamilton and John Adams. 
 
 23. Presidential Election of 1796 — Washington and 
 Adams had been re-elected to a second term without opposi- 
 tion. So general was the confidence in Washington that he 
 was urged to accept the oflfice for a third term. But he 
 shook his head to all such requests. He was growing old 
 and feeble, and longed for the quiet of his home at Mount 
 
SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 129 
 
 \ ernon. He knew his country was safe, and he was entitled 
 to retn-e and allow others to take up the work. In the presi 
 dential election of iyc)6, Adams, the Federal candidate de- 
 feated Jefferson, the Republican nominee, by three votes 
 In accordance with the law of that dav. Jefferson bv this vote 
 was elected Vice-President. 
 
 Questions.-io. Give an account of Washington's birth and 
 >outh. oflHs wealth and social position; his manner; h:s strength 
 
 qualities. What nnpress.ve honor was pa.d to him at his death? 
 
 11. Show tlie deplorable state of our finances. What was Hamil- 
 ton s plan for meeting the difficulty? What uist.tutions were organ- 
 ized.'' How was ready money obtained? 
 
 12. Give an account of the Whiskey Rebellion 
 
 13- What of the Indians m the We^t? Give an account of General 
 Harmar s exped.t.on against the Indians. Of the expedition of St. 
 ht','' pi, „^'''i""8-^""'^ ^"8-'-^'-. Of Wayne's expedition. The 
 battle of Fallen Timbers. The treaty of Greenville 
 
 trance involved? Give the history of "Citizen Genet." 
 15- Give a history of the new treaty with England. 
 i6. Of the treaty with Spain and Algiers. 
 17- What is the history of the cotton-gin? 
 i8. What is said of the new capital? 
 
 In n\Z ' ':f °''V^ ''^' fourteenth State admitted into the Union. 
 
 20. Of the fifteenth State. 
 
 21. Of the sixteenth State. 
 
 22.^Give an account of the formation of the two great political 
 
 23- Of the presidential election of 1796. 
 
130 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. (1797-1801.) 
 
 24. John Adams — John Adams, 
 second President of the United 
 States, was born at Braintree, 
 Mass., October 19, 1735. He grad- 
 uated at Harvard College at the 
 age of twenty and became a lawyer. 
 No member of the first and second 
 Continental Congresses did more 
 than he to crystallise the American 
 sentiment for independence. He 
 urged Congress to adopt the Declaration of Independence, 
 and nominated George Washington for commander-in-chief 
 of the armies. He was chairman of twenty-five committees, 
 besides that of the Board of War and Board of Appeals. He 
 accomplished important results as Conmiissioner to France 
 and Plolland and as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate a 
 treaty with Great Britain. He was the first American Min- 
 ister to England, holding that of^ce until 1788. He received 
 the thanks of Congress for the "patriotism, perseverance, 
 integrity and diligence" displayed during his career abroad. 
 He died on the 4th of July, 1826. 
 
 25. The French Troubles — France was so offended by 
 onr declaration of neutrality that she ordered her men-of- 
 \\ ar to attack and destroy our merchant vessels. The Presi- 
 dent called Congress together, and Commissioners were 
 sent to France to adjust the trouble. The Directory re- 
 fused to receive them, giving them to understand that before 
 it could be done they must agree to loan France a large sum 
 of money, and each member of the Directory was to be paid 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 131 
 
 nearly $250,000 as a bribe. Then it was that Pinckney 
 iiulignantly replied^ "Millions for defense, but not one cent 
 for tribute." The Connnissioners were ordered to leave the 
 country. 
 
 The gratitude which i\niericans felt for the aid given by 
 France during the Revolution was changed to anger at her 
 insults. War actually began with that country. Our prep- 
 arations were oi the most vigorous character. An army 
 was voted, a navy ordered, and our merchantmen were au- 
 thorized to arm themselves against the French men-of-war. 
 Washington was called from his retirement to take charge 
 once more of military matters. Although old and feeble, 
 he cheerfully complied with the call, only asking that Alex- 
 ander Hamilton should be the acting commander-in-chief. 
 Washington was to select the officers and take an active 
 part when necessary. As before, he refused to receive anv 
 pay for his services. 
 
 26. The Alien and Sedition Laws. — During the in- 
 tense excitement. Congress passed the alien and sedition 
 law s. These allowed the President to send out of the coun- 
 try such aliens or foreigners as he deemed dangerous to our 
 welfare, and made it a penal offense to defame Congress or 
 the President, to excite the hatred of the people against 
 them, to stir up sedition in the Uniterl States, to form unlaw- 
 ful combinatif)ns for resisting the laws and to aid foreign 
 nations against this country. 
 
 The alien and sedition laws were vehemently opposed as 
 contrary to the spirit of our institutions. They kindled the 
 first flames of nullification, for the legislatures of Virginia 
 and Kentucky declared themselves judges of the constitu- 
 tionality of the measures, which they did not w'ish to obey. 
 
 27. Fighting on the Ocean. — In February, i/gg, the 
 American frigate CniistcUation, of thirty-eight guns. Com- 
 
132 SCHOOL HItSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 modore Truxton, engagj^ed the French frigate Lliisurgcntc, 
 forty guns, and forced her to surrender. A year later he 
 compelled another French frigate, La Vengeance, of tifty- 
 four guns, to strike her colors. For this exploit. Congress 
 voted a gold medal to Commodore Truxton. Meanwhile, 
 Napoleon Bonaparte fought his way to power in France, and 
 quickly took steps for a reconciliation with America. The 
 war cloud passed, and has never risen again between the 
 two nations. 
 
 28. Death of Washington — On the night of December 
 14, 1799, Washington died of pneumonia at his home at 
 Mount Vernon. His end was peaceful, "It is well," being 
 his last words. His death was mourned by every man, 
 woman and child in the country. There was hardly a town 
 or village in which memorial services were not held. Gen- 
 eral Henry Lee, "Light Horse Harry," wrote the resolu- 
 tions which were read in Congress by John Marshall. They 
 contained the immortal words, "First in war, first in peace 
 and first in the hearts of his countrymen," which is perhaps 
 the finest tribute ever paid to the illustrious Father of his 
 Country. 
 
 29. Presidential Election of 1800. — President Adams 
 had become unpopular. He was accused of being a poor 
 judge of men, of clinging to old notions, of being irascible 
 and full of egotism. The Alien and Sedition laws lost him 
 the tv/elve electoral votes of New York, and in the presiden- 
 tial election of 1800 he received but fifty-six votes, while 
 Jefferson and Aaron Burr, the nominees of the Republicans, 
 each had seventy-three votes. This being a tie, the election 
 was thrown into the House of Representatives, which met 
 in February, 1801. On the thirty-sixth ballot, Jefferson re- 
 ceived a majority, and Aaron Burr became Vice-President. 
 
sriiooi. iiisToh'Y or the imti:i> states. 
 
 1.33 
 
 Questions.— J4. Gwv a Md-raphical sketch u[ ilic second J'rcsi- 
 (Icnt. 
 
 25. W'liat caused tidublc willi France? dive a Iiistorj- of the ori- 
 gin of the dechiration, "Aiiliions lor deiense, but not one cent for 
 trijjute." Show vvliat preparations were made for war. 
 
 26. Give the meaning and history of the alien and sedition hiws. 
 
 27. Give an account of the fighting tliat took i)hu-e on tlie ocean, 
 ilow was the troul)le witli France ended? 
 
 28. Descrilx' tlie death of W'asliington. ( )f what words was Gen- 
 eral Henry Lee tlie author? 
 
 29. What caused the unpo])ul,irity of President Adams? (ii\e an 
 account of the presidential election of 1800. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATIONS. (1801-1809.) 
 
 30. Thomas Jefferson. — Tliomas 
 Jcfiferson, the third President of 
 the I 'nited States, was horn at 
 SliadweU, Alhemarle eountv, \'a., 
 Ai)ril 2, 1743. His father was a 
 weakhy planter, who died when the 
 son w as fourteen }'ears old He en- 
 tered William and Mary College, 
 and was one of the hardest students 
 in tlie institution. He sttidied ten 
 and twelve hours a day, and l)ecame the most learned of all 
 our Presidents. He was a tine mathematician and luusi- 
 cian, and a master of Latin, Greek, French, Spanish and 
 Italian. He married a wealthy ladv. and erected a fine man- 
 sion, which he named Monticello (mon-te-chel'lo). His 
 marked ability .caused his election to the Vir^-inia leg-islature 
 while a voun,q- man, and he was soon after sent to Cong-ress. 
 He was not an orator, but few equalled him in the use of the 
 
134 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE jyiTElt STATES. 
 
 pen. He wrote the Declaration of Independence, and se- 
 cured the passage of many excellent laws by his native State. 
 He was the author of our decimal system of currency and of 
 a parliamentary manual for the government of the United 
 States Senate. He was Governor of Virginia during a por- 
 tion of the Revolution, and narrowly escaped ca]iture l)y the 
 enemy. He succeeded Franklin as Minister to France, and 
 was the first Secretary of State under Washington. He is 
 regarded today as the founder of the present Democratic 
 party. 
 
 Jefferson, although wealthy and highly educated, favored 
 the utmost simplicity. He dressed plainly, wearing shoe- 
 strings, instead of the silver buckles so fashionable in his day. 
 He abolished the stately receptions given by his predeces- 
 sors, opposed all titles, disliked pomp and ceremony, and on 
 the day of his inauguration as President, rode alone on horse- 
 back to the capitol. He is justly regarded as one of the 
 greatest men wdio ever sat in the President's chair. 
 
 He was author of the statute for "perfect religious free- 
 dom" in Virginia, and was the founder of the University of 
 Mrginia, which discarded the old "curriculunr' and intro- 
 duced the "free system of independent schools." Through 
 a series of years, this university had the highest standard of 
 graduation of anv college on this continent, and it has ex- 
 erted a wide influence in elevating the standard of education 
 in Virginia and the South. JcfTcrson also proposed for his 
 State a comprehensive system of free pul)lic schools. 
 
 31. War With Tripoli. — We have already learned that 
 for a long time the r)arbary States, in the northern part of 
 Africa, had been accustomed to exact an annual tribute from 
 the Christian nations. The payment of this tribute protected 
 their vessels from the pirates tliat cruised in those waters. 
 The Dey, or ruler of Tripoli, became angry because our 
 tribute was not sent with sufficient promptness, and he had 
 
SrilOOI. HISTORY or Tlir IMTKO i<T\TEfi. 1^5 
 
 the audacity to declare war against its. 1 ie (juickly received 
 a lesson which lasted his nation for all time. l"he Tripolitan 
 cruisers were riddled, and the barbarians were compelled to 
 beg for mercy, d he first engagement off Malta was be- 
 tween the Enter [rise, of twelve guns, and a Tripolitan vessel 
 of fourteen guns. The pirate surrendered twice, but eacli 
 time opened fire when the Americans attempted tcT take pos- 
 session. She was then raked from stem to stern., her mizzen 
 mast torn away and fifty of licr crew killed. Then, after the 
 captain had thrown overboard Ids guns and ammunition, his 
 surrender was accepted. Not a single man was killed on 
 the Enterprise. 
 
 In July, 1802, the Constellation attacked nine Tripolitan 
 gunboats, drove five ashore and sent the others skurrying 
 out of the harbor. The following year, the I'hiladelpliia, 
 while chasing a blockade-runner, grounded on a reef in the 
 harbor of Tripoli, and, being assailed l)y a fieet of gunboats. 
 Captain Bainbridge and all his men were obliged to surren- 
 der. Then followed one of the most daring exjdoits in the 
 history of the American navv. 
 
 On a dark night, February 15, 1804, Lieutenant Stephen 
 Decatur, with a small vessel named the Intrepid, stole into 
 the harbor and made fast to the Philadelphia, under the i)re- 
 text that Ids vessel was a merchantman, and, having lost her 
 anchors in a gale, could not obey the order to keep off. 
 Leaping on board, the Americans quickly swej^t the deck, 
 fired the frigate in a dozen places, and, while she was burn- 
 ing to the water's edge, made off without the loss of a man. 
 Soon after. Commodore Preble l)ombar(led and captured the 
 city of Tripoli. For the first time in history the Stars and 
 Stripes waved over a possession on the other side of the At- 
 lantic. June 3, 1805, Tripoli eagerly signed the treaty of 
 peace we dictated, and has remained quiet ever since. 
 
130 SCHOOL niSTORT OF THE UXTTED STATES. 
 
 32. Establishment of the West Point Military Acad= 
 emy. — During the Revolution, Washington reconiniended 
 the location at West Point for a military school of instruc- 
 tion. An act establishing the West P^oint APilitary Acad- 
 emy was passed March i6, 1802. It provided that fifty ca- 
 dets should receive instruction under the senior engineer 
 (jfificer, assisted by the corps of engineers of the army. Sub- 
 sequent acts established professorships and made the acad- 
 emy a military body subject to the rules and articles of war. 
 A superintendent was appointed in 1815, and in 1843 the 
 present system of cadet appointments was instituted. This 
 limits the number to 312, of whom fewer than one-lialf suc- 
 ceed in graduating. 
 
 33. Admission of Ohio. — Tn the year 1800, the North- 
 western Territory was cut by a line running from the mouth 
 of the Great Miami river to Fort Recovery and thence to 
 Canada. Three years later (November 29), the country thus 
 defined was admitted as the State of Ohio. Its name sig- 
 nifies "beautiful river." It was first explored by La Salle 
 about 1669. The first permanent settlement was made at 
 Marietta in 1788. The Northwestern Territory from which 
 Ohio was carved was created in 1787, and included the pres- 
 ent States of Michigan, Ohio. Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin 
 and part of Minnesota — A'irginia's princely gift to tlie 
 Union. 
 
 34. Purchase of Louisiana. — Louisiana, in Jefferson's 
 time, was an immense territory, belonging to France. It 
 embraced the present States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Mis- 
 souri, Nebraska, Iowa, Indian lY^rritory, North and South 
 Dakota, Montana and parts of Kansas, Minnesota, Wyom- 
 ing and Colorado. This vast region was purchased from 
 France, April 30, 1803, the price paid being $11,250,000. 
 Our government assumed certain debts due from France tc 
 American citizens, amounting to $3,750,000, so that the total 
 
fiClIOOL Ur^iTORT OF THE VETTED SiTATESi. 137 
 
 cost of Louisiana was $15,000,000. Tlic area thus acquired 
 amouuted to more than 1,000,000 s<iuare miles. 
 
 The purchase was bitterly opposed, especially in New 
 England, where they threatened to secede from the Union if 
 it was consummated, and the legislature of Massachusetts 
 actually passed and sent to the I'resident and Speaker of the 
 House a resolution to the effect that they would consider the 
 adding of the Louisiana territory to the domain of the United 
 States just cause for exercising their riidit of secession. 
 
 35. Duel Between Burr and Hamilton — A shocking 
 tragedy took place on the 1 ith of Jul\', 1804, at Weehawken, 
 New Jersey. Aaron Uurr and Alexander Hamilton, two of 
 the most brilliant of Americans, were bitter j^ersonal enemies. 
 Burr, although possessing extraordinary ability, was a 
 vicious and dangerous man, and Hamilton opposed him 
 with so much vigor that he prevented his election to the 
 Presidency in 1801. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, 
 which was fought on the day named. Hamilton fired his 
 pistol in the air, but Burr aimed straight at Hamilton, in- 
 flicting a wound from which he died the next day. The 
 friends of Burr fell away from him, so that, in the fall of 1804, 
 when Jefl^crson was re-elected. Burr was dropped as Vice- 
 I'resident. 
 
 Burr afterwards organized in the West an expedition 
 which, he claimed, was intended to organize a settlement in 
 Northern Mexico. But he was suspected of treasonable 
 purposes against the government of the United States and 
 a design to establish a new republic west of the Alleghanies. 
 was arrested and had his famous trial at Richmond, Va., in 
 which William Wirt so greatlv distinguished himself as pros- 
 ecutor. 
 
 Burr was acquitted, for w'ant of proof, but many believed 
 him guilty, and this man of brilliant talents, who had come 
 within one vote of being elected President of the L^nited 
 
18,S SCHOOL UrsTOh'Y or TIN': I \ITEI) STATES. 
 
 States, Ijecamc lienccforth an outcast. J J is name was also 
 smirched by his connection witli the romantic story of Blcn- 
 nerhassett, his beautiful wife, and liis ideal home on his en- 
 chanting island in the Ohio river, which became a wreck 
 while he was in prison charg-ed with complicit\- in Uurr's 
 C()ns])iracv. 
 
 36. Expedition of Lewis and Clark Comparatively 
 
 nothing- was known of the enormous country west of the 
 Mississippi. Lpon the recommendation of President Jef- 
 ferson, an appropriation was made by Cong-ress for its par- 
 tial exploratic^n. On the 14th of May, 1804, thirty men left 
 the Mississippi, under charge of Captains Meriwether Lewis 
 and William Clark, both natives of Virginia. They worked 
 their way in a flotilla for 2600 miles up the Missouri. They 
 gave th.e name of Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin to the 
 three streams which form the Missouri. Mounting the 
 horses which they had captured, they pushed across the moun- 
 tains. They discovered the two streams named respectively 
 Lewis and Clark, followed them to the Columbia, down 
 which they passed to the Pacific ocean. They were the first 
 wliite men to cross the continent north of Mexico. They 
 were absent more than two years, and the report which they 
 pulilislied on their return caused profound interest. 
 
 37. The First Steamboat Voyage Up the Hudson. — 
 Several attempts, all resulting in failure, had been made to 
 applv steam to river navigation. To Robert Fulton, a native 
 of Pennsvlvania, belongs the credit of attaining the first suc- 
 cess. The KatJicriuc of Clcrmoiif was launched at New York, 
 August I, 1807. She vi^as an awkward structure, over 100 
 feet long, nearly twenty feet Avide, with side paddle-wheel? 
 and a sheet-iron boiler that had l)een brought from England. 
 It took her tliirty-two hours to make tlie voyage to Albany. 
 On her return, she ran aground and Inirst her boiler, though 
 
sciKKH. iiisToin or Till:' I \iTi:n status. vau 
 
 witlujul liurtino- anyone. This \r>yd<^(' marked an era in the 
 history of navii^ation. 
 
 It ought to l)e a(hle(h however, that in Auj^ust, i/S/, John 
 Fitch, of Connecticut, put a rude steanil)oat on the Delaware, 
 which was seen and a(hnired 1)\- nienil)ers of tlie i'\'deral 
 Convention, along with others, and tliat iu I)ecem1)er of the 
 same year jaiues Rtunsey, of Slu-pherdstown, \'a., made on 
 the Potomac a trial trip of a stc\aml)oat of his invention, and 
 that General (iates, and others, who witnessed it, ]M-onounccd 
 it a success. 
 
 Fulton, however, succeeded in making k.is efTort a perma- 
 nent success, and has won tlie credit of l)eing the inventor of 
 the steamboat. 
 
 38. Threatened War With England. — The war raging 
 between TTancc and England soon affected tk.is countrv dis- 
 astrously. England declared the coast of France in a state 
 of blockade, and Napoleon retaliated by forbidding all com- 
 merce with England. As a result, our vessels, wliich were 
 largely engaged in the carr}ing trade, became th.e prey of 
 both nations. This was a severe blow; l)ut the most exas- 
 perating act of England was in enforcing the "right of 
 search" with f)vu' vessels. Under the pretext that some of 
 our shi]~)s em])loved deserters from tl^.e I'lritish na\'\-, slie 
 stopped them in mid-ocean, and wherever slie ch(~)se, and 
 searched tliem. Tliesc were high-handed acts, for it is 
 agreed by all nations tliat tlie deck of a vessel is as sacred as 
 the soil of the countr\- over \\hich a flag waves. 
 
 In the spring of 1807. tlie British shi]) Lcaiidcr, cruising 
 off New York, fired into a coasting vessel and killed one 
 man. Thercu]ion, the President issued a ])roclamation for- 
 bidding the Lcaudcr and tlie two ships accom])anying her 
 from entering anv I'^nited States waters, and calling upon 
 the civil and militarv authorities to ai^i/rehend the captain of 
 the Lcaudcr on the charo-e of murder. While the envovs 
 
140 f^CHOOL HTSrORY OF THE FyiTED SITATES. 
 
 sent to England to settle the trouble were thus engaged, the 
 most intolera])le outrage of all oecurred. 
 
 The British ship-of-war Leopard, of fifty guns, was cruis- 
 ing ofif the capes of Virginia, on the watch for the American 
 frigate Chesapeake, Captain Barron, which, it was claimed, 
 had several British deserters on board. Captain Barron re- 
 fused to submit to a search, whereupon tlie Leopard (June 
 22) poured several broadsides into her. killing th.ree and 
 wounding eighteen men. The Cliesapeake, being unpre- 
 pared for action, struck her flag. 
 
 This outrage set the country aflame with indignation. The 
 President, by proclamation, closed all American harbors and 
 waters against tlie British navy, prohil>ited intercourse with 
 such vessels, and sent a special minister to England to ol^tain 
 satisfaction. A hundred thousand men in the different 
 States were ordered to hold themselves in readiness, and 
 Congress was summoned to meet on the 25th of October. 
 The action of the Leopard was disavowed by England, which 
 offered reparation. She would not, however, give up the 
 right of search. The promised reparation u'iis never made. 
 
 39. The Embargo — The concessions of England and the 
 fact that we had no navy postponed war. After consider- 
 able discussion. Congress, December 22, 1807, passed the 
 Embargo Act. This forbade American vessels to leave the 
 ports of the United States. It was believed that by this 
 means England and Erance would be forced to respect the 
 neutrality of the L'nited States. The sad fact, however, con- 
 nected with the Embargo Act was that it inflicted more in- 
 jury upon us than upon anyone else. It was mercilessly 
 ridiculed, and caused so much dissatisfaction that Congress 
 repealed it on the last day but one of Jefferson's second 
 term. 
 
 40. Termination of the Slave Trade — When the Con- 
 stitution of 1787 was adopted, the slave trade was extended 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF Till: UXITED STATUS. 141 
 
 twenty years by tlie votes of New England, whose ships had 
 l)een largely engaged in this bnsiness since 1636, and against 
 the votes of X'irginia, Delaware and .Maryland. In 1808, 
 therefore, it expired l)y enactment, though some vears be- 
 fore the States of Georgia and N'irginia had passetl laws for- 
 l)idding the importation of African slaves into those States. 
 
 It will thus be seen that New England favored the ])erpetu- 
 ation of the slave trade, because her slavers found it very 
 l)rofitable, while these other States were in favor of abolish- 
 ing it, altliough it was greatl\' to their interest to purchase 
 negroes from African slavers rather than from the Northern 
 States, who now began to find slave labor unprofitable, and 
 were selling their negroes to the South, instead of setting 
 them free. New England's history on this question is one 
 of sordid self-interest and meddlesome interference, instead 
 of philanthropy. 
 
 41. The Presidential Election of 1808.— Charles G. 
 rinckne\-, of South Carolina, was the nominee of the h'ed- 
 eral ])art}' for President, and Kufus King the candidate for 
 \ ice- President. The Repul)licans and Democrats put for- 
 ward James Madison, of \'irginia, for President, and George 
 Clinton, of New York, for \'ice-l 'resident. Madison was 
 elected, and Clinton retained the Mce-Presidency, which he 
 had held since 1805. 
 
 Questions.— .30. Give a bioi^raphical sketcli of tlic third President. 
 
 Ilhi>tratc his simple tastes. 
 
 31. What brought al)out tlie war with TripoH? (live an account of 
 tlie first engagement. Narrate the exploit of tlie Constellation. 
 What misfortune befell \W Philadelphia? Tell tlie story of Lieuten- 
 ant Decatur's exploit. 
 
 T,2. Give a brief history of the West Point Military Academy. 
 
 .33. What is said of Ohio? Of what did the Nortluvestern Terri- 
 tory consist? 
 
 .34. Show the extent of Louisiana when owned by France. Tell 
 what you know of its purchase. 
 
142 tiCUOOL HIHTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 35. Give an account of the duel between Burr and Haniiltun. 
 Burr's trial for treason. 
 
 36. Tell the story of the expedition of Lewis and Clark. 
 
 ^y. Gi^■e an account of the first steandjoat voyage up the Hudson. 
 
 38. What caused trouble with England? Relate the incident of 
 the Leaiidcr and what followed. Of the atTair of the Leopard and 
 Chesapeake aiul the excitement it caused. 
 
 39. Gi\e a history of the Embargo Act. 
 
 40. What is said of the slave trade in this country? 
 
 41. What of the presidential election of 1808? 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATIONS. (1809-1817.) 
 
 42. James Madison. — The 
 
 fourth J 'rcsiclciit of the United 
 States was born at Port Conway, 
 Va., Marcli 10, 175 1, and died 
 Jnne 28, 1836. He received an 
 excellent education, and ^fadti- 
 ated from Princeton College 
 when only twenty years old. He 
 was elected to the Virginia Con- 
 vention in 1776, and was offered 
 and declined the mission to 
 France upon the return of Jefiferson. He declined also the 
 office of Secretary of State, when Jefferson resigned, fearing 
 to create discord in Washington's cabinet. He was Secre- 
 tary of State to Jefferson throughout both his terms. He 
 was a courteous gentleiuan. highly cditcated, and with few, 
 if any, enemies. An ardent friend of Jefiferson, he carried 
 out his policy when he became President. 
 
 43. The Affair of the President. — Affairs with Eng- 
 land grew more irritating every day. On the i6th of Alay, 
 
SCnOOL n I STORY OF THE UNITE D STATES. 143 
 
 1811, the British sloop Little Belt was busy stopping Ameri- 
 can merchant vessels ofif our coast and enforcing the odious 
 "right of search." just as night was closing in, her captain 
 hailed the American frigate President, under Commodore 
 Rodgers. The answer of the American not being respect- 
 ful enough to suit the Englishman, he tired a shot at the 
 President. Instantly the President let tly with a broadside, 
 follo^^'ing it up with others, which badly cri])pled the Little 
 Belt, besides killing eleven of her men and wounding twenty- 
 one. This sort of reply may not have suited the English- 
 men, but it "struck fire" in the hearts of the Americans who 
 were beginning to clamor for a war with England. 
 
 44. Battle of Tippecanoe. — Meanwhile, P.ritish emissa- 
 ries were stirring up the Indians against us. Tecumseh, one 
 of the greatest American Indians that ever lived, formed a 
 confederacy of the tribes in the Northwest. (General Wil- 
 liam Henrv Harrison, Governor oi the Northwestern Terri- 
 tory and afterwards President of the United States, was sent 
 W'ith a strong force against th.em. During the absence of 
 Tecumseh, his warriors treacherously attacked the Ameri- 
 can forces at night (November 7), near the mouth of the Tip- 
 pecanoe river. The battle was a severe one. but in the end 
 the savages were totally routed with great loss. Tins vic- 
 tory was the cause of General Harrison's being afterward 
 popularly known as "Old Tippecanoe." 
 
 45. War Declared With England. — There was a strong 
 minority in the country opposed to a war with England. It 
 seemed to many that the questions in dispute, and the con- 
 tinual shifting of events and conditions on the other side of 
 the Atlantic, left the way open for an honorable peace. 
 
 New England bitterly opposed the war, although it had 
 really been brought on in the interests of her commerce, 
 since she owned a far larger mmiber of vessels than any 
 other section. Her pulpit, her press and her people gener- 
 
144 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 ally denounced the war and all measures for its prosecution, 
 and after the war actually begun the legislatures of the New 
 England States nullified laws of Congress for raising men or 
 money, refused to allow their militia to go beyond their 
 State lines to meet the common enemy, and did everything 
 in their power to thwart Congress and the President in their 
 measures for carrying ©n the war. 
 
 The opposition culminated in the "Hartford Convention," 
 composed of delegates from all of the New England States, 
 which convened on December 15,^ 1814. The convention 
 sat with closed doors, but it leaked out and has been well es- 
 tablished that they resolved to exercise their right of seces- 
 sion, and to leave the Union if the war was not stopped, and 
 fixed a day on which they would hold another convention 
 for more decisive action. But the Treaty of Ghent was 
 agreed on December 24, 1814, and was promulgated before 
 the date fixed for this second convention, and secession was 
 thus postponed to 1860-61, and transferred from New Eng- 
 land to the Southern States. 
 
 There was bitter feeling between the Federalists, who op- 
 posed the war, and the Republicans, who favored it, and the 
 hesitation of President Madison to take the moment(Jus step 
 caused his denunciation in many quarters. A Congress- 
 man declared that he could not be kicked into a fight. Fi- 
 nally, the war spirit reached such a point that it ct)ul(l not be 
 restrained. Congress voted to increase the army and navy, 
 and on the 19th of June, 1812, declared w^ar with Great 
 I'.ritain. 
 
 46. Surrender of Detroit. — It was decided at the open- 
 ing of the war that Canaila should be invaded. General 
 William Hull, who had done good service in the Revolution, 
 was governor of Michigan Territory, and wdien war was de- 
 clared, was marching w^ith 2000 troops against the Indians. 
 Having authority to use his discretion, he crossed and en- 
 
l-ICflOOL HISTORY or THE VSUTHI) STATES^. 145 
 
 camped on the other side of the river. After lyini;- idle for a 
 time, he learned that the British General lirock was marehin_t,r 
 against him, whereupon he withdrew to Detroit. Brock 
 and Tecumseh, with his Indians, soon appeared before the 
 post. The garrison was eager for the battle and were in line, 
 the gunners standing with lighted matches. At this junc- 
 ture. General Hull became so frightened at the prospect of 
 bloodshed that he ran up the white Hag in token oi sur- 
 render (August 1 6). 
 
 He thus gave up, not oidy the fort and stores, but all of 
 Michigan. A court-martial sentenced General Ihdl to ])e 
 shot for cowardice, but the President pardoned him, l)ecause 
 of his age and services in the Revolution. 
 
 47. Battle of Queenstown Heights. — Another Ameri 
 can invasion of Canada came to naught. The New York 
 militia refused to cross Niagara river to the helj) of their hard- 
 pressed comrades at Queenstown Heights (()ct()ljer 13). 
 The latter fought l)ravely, but were forced to surrender. 
 
 48. The War on the Ocean — C)ur little navy, however, 
 covered itself with glory. The American frigate Constitu- 
 tion and the Gncrricrc (gare-e-are') met ofT the banks of New- 
 foundland. Captain Isaac Hull, a nepliew of General Hull, 
 potired broadside after broadside into the Gncrricrc, sweep- 
 ing her deck, riddling her hull, and tearing her masts and 
 rigging to splinters and shreds. When the Gncrricrc siu'- 
 rendered, she was S(t battered that she could not be l)r()Ught 
 into port. As for the Constitution, she set out at once to look 
 for another fight. 
 
 The engagement between the American sloop-of-war 
 \]'asp and the British Frolic, off North Carolina (October 
 13), was of the fiercest character. The Frolic was compelled 
 to haul down her colors, but before the IJ'asp coukl make 
 sail a British man-of-war 1)ore down and captured her. In 
 the course of the first year of the war, our navy took more 
 
146 SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 than 300 prizes and 3000 prisoners. Madison's re-election 
 in 1812 proved that a large majority of tiie people were 
 strong]}- in favor of the war with England. 
 
 49. Invasion of Canada. — Another attempt was made 
 to invade Canada in 181 3, Init little advantage was gained. 
 The British still held i\Iichigan, and were preparing to in- 
 vade Ohio, when a great naval victory changed the character 
 of the whole camjiaign. 
 
 50. Capture of the Chesapeake. — Our navy, as before, 
 (lid Ijrilliant work, l)nt was not always successful. Captain 
 James Lawrence, in connnand of the Chesapeake, was chal- 
 lenged by the captain of the Sliamioii to come out from the 
 harbor of l^oston and fight him. The Chesapeake was un- 
 dergoing repairs and in no condition for ])attle, but the chal- 
 lenge was accepted. A desperate engagement followed 
 (June i), and the Chesapeake was captured. As the dying 
 Lawrence was carried below, he called out: "Don't give up 
 the sliip!" His words have become the motto of the Ameri- 
 can navy. 
 
 5!. Perry's Victory. — Conunodore ]^)arclay was on Lake 
 Erie, with a British squadron of six vessels and sixty-three 
 guns. Captain Perry, a young man who had never seen a 
 naval battle, had nine American vessels, with fift}-five guns. 
 These two squadrons met at the western end of Lake Erie, 
 September 10, 1813. and in a battle of three hours, all the 
 British vessels were captured. This was the first time in tlie 
 history of Great Britain that she surrendered an entire 
 squadron. Perry's dispatch to General Harrison, announ- 
 cing tlie victory, was in the famous words: "We have met the 
 enemy and the\- are ours." 
 
 52. Battle of the Thames — Perry's victory relieved 
 Ohio frr)m all danger of invasion. General Harrison 
 gained a great victory over the British and Indians, on the 
 Thames river, in Upper Canada, October 5, 181 3, and re- 
 
Whitr IIoiiso, Washington, D. C. 
 Statue of VVasliington, Baltimore, Md. Statue of Washington, Richnioud, Vu. 
 
148 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 covered Michigan from the enemy. Great Britain prose- 
 cuted the war with more vigor in 1814. Slie sent many re- 
 inforcements to this country, among whom were thousands 
 of veterans that had fought against Napoleon. 
 
 53. The Last Invasion of Canada. — General Brown 
 crossed the Niagara river, and the last invasion of Canada 
 took place. Fort Erie was captured, and General Winfield 
 Scott attacked the British at Chippewa, July 5, and won a 
 victory. The fiercest battle of the war was fought on the 
 25th at Lundy's Lane, opposite Niagara Falls. It was an- 
 other American triumph, though the loss was heavy on both 
 sides, and (ienerals Scott and Brown were wounded. 
 
 54. Naval Victory on Lake Chaniplain. — General 
 Brown had drawn all the troops from Plattsburg except 
 1500 men. Learning of this, the British commander in 
 Canada marched against the place with an immense body of 
 troops. At the same time, the English vessels assailed the 
 American tieet under Commodore McDonough (don'o), 
 September 11, 1814. The attacking squadron was almost 
 destroyed, and the British troops were repulsed. Thev tied 
 so hastily that tlic sick and wounded and a large amount of 
 military stores were left behind. 
 
 55. Capture of Washington — A strong body of English 
 troops sailed up the Potomac, and. landing near Washing- 
 ton, captured the city (August 24), which had made little 
 provision against attack. The I^resident's mansion, the 
 capitol and a number of public buildings were l)urned. The 
 enemy then set out for Baltimore. On the march. ( leneral 
 Ross, the British conuuandcr, was killed b}- an .\merican 
 sharpshooter. The attack on I'altimore (September 13) was 
 repulsed. The event inspired Francis S. Key. then a pris- 
 oner on a British vessel, to write our national song, 'The 
 Star-Spangled Banner," when in the early dawn he saw the. 
 Stars and Stripes still floating. 
 
sciiooi. iifsToh'v OF TiiK r\rn:i) states. ]\u 
 
 56. The Battle of New Orleans. — The most hrilliaiil 
 victui-\- of the war was gained by (ieneral Jaeks(rn at New 
 Orleans, January 8, 1815. An army of 12,000 veterans, 
 under General Packenhani, and a ])owerful lleet, attacked the 
 city, liehind the intrenclnnents knelt the backwoods riile- 
 nien, who were the finest marksmen in the world. Their 
 deadly volleys were poured into the advancing ranks, which 
 were scatteretl and repulsed again and again, until the as- 
 sault was abandoned. The British lost more than 2000 men, 
 among them General Packenham, while only seven of th.e 
 Americans were killed. 
 
 57. Naval Victories, — In the month of Februarv, 1815, 
 I'aptain Charles Stt-wart. commanding tlie Cdiistiliitioit, met 
 the Cxdiic and Lcraiit oft the coast of South .America, and 
 captured l)oth vessels. The victory- was greath' due to []\c 
 hue seamanship of Stewart, wh.o handled his ship so skillfidh- 
 that the enemy was never once able to rake him, while he 
 swe])t tlieir decks repeatedly. 
 
 58. The American Privateers The privateers sailed 
 
 from every port. Baltimore sent (jut tlie most, but many 
 went from New York, l'lnladel])hia, Boston and Salem. 
 Some of the cruisers leaving Charleston, liristol and IMy- 
 mouth were only pilot boats, with t\vent\- or thirt}' men each. 
 They harrassed the traders of the British West Indies. 
 
 There were a few jiowerful frigates, however, the equal of 
 the best in the F.ngiish navv. Most of the ])ri\'ateers were 
 schooners, swift and well armed. A number were brigs and 
 brigantines. They were crowded with men, so as to give 
 crews to the capttired prizes. Sometimes the ])rizes were so 
 numerous that the ])rivateer had hardly enough men left to 
 handle it. 
 
 All tlie shijis, of course, w'ere sailing vessels, without any- 
 thing in the nature of armor. Their guns were cannon, 
 loadino- at the nmzzle and firing S(^lid shot. Tl)e best gun 
 
150 sciiDoi. iiisToin oi Tin: i Mrnn xtates. 
 
 in llic ship was llic "Long Tom," gcncrallx' mounted on a 
 l)ivot forward. Its cliief use was to tire at a lieeing vessel. 
 
 59. Exploit of the General Armstrong The priva- 
 teer (Jciicral Anustroiig carried nine long guns, the largest 
 JK-ing twenty-four pounders, or "long nines." Her crew of 
 ninety were under the connnand of Caj^jtain Sanuiel C. Reid, 
 of Connecticut. He sailed with many more men, but most 
 of them were in charge of the prizes capttired. 
 
 About the middle of September, 1814. the Gciicnil .Inii- 
 stroiig put into the harbor of b^ayal, one of the Azore Islands. 
 Captain Reid wished to provision his sliii). A few da\s later, 
 Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane stopped at Fa}al with l>.e 
 same object. The ISritish admiral had three vessel-s: the 
 llagship I'ldJitagcuct, ni seventy-four guns; the frigate Rofaii, 
 of thirt}--eight guns, and the brig Carnation, of eighteen 
 guns. This squadron was manned l)y 2000 men, and was 
 on the way to occupy New Orleans. 
 
 Discovering the American privateer, the British vessels 
 placed tliemselves so as to prevent her escape. Since th.e 
 waters wx^re ner.tral. Captain Reid did not think tlie luiglish 
 would attack him. He took no risks, however, and p,re- 
 pared for ])attle. \\y and l)y, several boats from the Plan- 
 lagnni, crowded witli men, rowed through the water toward 
 the privateer. Captain Reid warned th.em off several times, 
 but tliey gave no heed. Then lie fired into the boats, killing 
 and wounding a number of the crews (September 26). Th.e 
 eneni}- then hurriedly retreated to the flagship. 
 
 At night, seven other boats, containing about 200 men, 
 and each carrying a carronade, attacked the General .Inn- 
 si rang. The Americans replied with such effect that three 
 of the boats were sunk and tlieir crews left struggling in the 
 water. The others, rowing 1 ard and fast through the deadly 
 fire, began clambering rp the sides of the privateer. As 
 
scnooL /iisTouY or riii: r\iTi:D stater. ir,i 
 
 Ihcir heatls appeared above the j^uiuvales, they sliouted, "No 
 (|uarter!"' 
 
 "No quarter!" called back the Americans, firing- their pis- 
 tols in the faces of the boarders, prodding them with ])ikes 
 and luml)ling them into the sea as fast as tliey came within 
 reach. The repulse was so decisive that onl>' two of the 
 boats returned to the ships. The others, filled with dead 
 and wounded, drifted ashore. The Americans lost only two 
 killed and seven hurt. The Kno-Hsh acknowledged a loss (jf 
 thirty-four, with eighty-six wounded. Among the killed 
 was the leatler of the expedition. 
 
 The British were so enraged that they determined to de- 
 stroy the privateer, even though she was in neutral waters. 
 The next day, the Caniation attacked the Cciicnil .Innslroiii^, 
 but was so cri])i)led by the wonderfully accurate fire of the 
 "Long Tom" that she was glad to haul off. Then the other 
 vessels closed in. Captain Reid now saw there was no pos- 
 sible escape, for the enemy had tw^enty men to his one. So he 
 scuttled liis ship, lowered his boats and pulled for land. 
 
 The iMiglish tlireatened to follow him even there. The 
 Americans dashed into a stone fortress, and Captain Reid 
 dared h.is enemies to attack him. They thought it best to 
 leave Idm alone. 
 
 The IJritish scpiadron was so badly crippled that it went 
 back to England to refit. This so delayed the arrival of Sir 
 Thomas Cochrane tliat he did not reach New ( )rleans until 
 four days after General Jackson. Except for this delay, the 
 enemy would have occupied the citv. and one of the most 
 glorious \ictories in our historv never could ha\c been won. 
 
 60. Peace — A treaty of peace between the United States 
 and Great Hritain was signed at Ghent. Deceml)er 24, 1814. 
 ft will be noticed that the battle of New Orleans and Ca])tain 
 Stewart's naval battles were fought after that event. ITad 
 the ocean telegraph or the swift steamers of today been in 
 
ir.2 SCHOOL HISTORY OF TIIR TMTFJ) STATES. 
 
 existence, those l:»attles would never have taken place, hut 
 tin-ee months were re(|uire(l for the news to reach the hostile 
 forces on land and sea. 
 
 61. War With Algiers — Algiers thought it a good time 
 to take advantage of the situation, because we had neglected 
 to pay her tribute, while we were engaged in fighting Eng- 
 land. So the ruler let loose his pirates, with orders to col- 
 lect the tribute. The United States promptly declared war 
 with the Dey of Algiers, and Commodores Decatur and 
 iuiinbridge were sent to the Mediterranean. On the i/th 
 of June, Decatur captured the frigate of the Algerine ad- 
 miral, took another frigate two days later, and then appeared 
 Ijefore the city of Algiers. He demanded the instant sur- 
 render of every American prisoner, indemnitv for all i)rop- 
 erty destroyed, and the renouncing of all claims to future 
 tribute. The terrified barbarian had no choice but to sub- 
 mit, and the treaty was made on the (|uarter-deck of De- 
 catur's ship. The Pasha of Tunis was made to pay a large 
 sum of money for the American vessels he had allowed the 
 English to capture in his harbor during the war. The 
 Pasha of Tripoli was forced to do the same, and the Bar- 
 bary States were so humbled that they have never given us 
 any more trouble. 
 
 62. Admission of Louisiana — Louisiana, the eighteenth 
 State, was admitted into the Union, April 8, i8i2. It was 
 named in honor of King Louis XIV, of France. The first 
 settlement was made by Iberville, at Biloxi, near the mouth 
 of the Mississijipi, in 1699. The territory was ceded to 
 S])ain in i/C)^^, but re-ceded in 1800 to I^-ance. Its immense 
 area has already been given. In 1804, it was divided into 
 the Territory of Orleans (afterward admitted as the Sti^te of 
 LcMiisiana) and the District of Louisiana, whose name was 
 changed to Missouri, when the territory of Orleans became 
 a State. 
 
RCIIOOL HISTORY OF THE VXTTED STATKS. ir.3 
 
 63. Admission of Indiana. — Indiana, the nineteenth 
 State, eanie into the Union, December ii, 1816. The name 
 Indiana was given to that portion of the Northwestern Ter- 
 ritory which remained after ( )liio was erected into a State. 
 Its early development was nuich hindered 1)\- the hostilitv of 
 Iinlians, bnt when that ended, its pros])erit\ and increase in 
 population were rapid. 
 
 64. The Colonization Society Al)ont tliis time (De- 
 cember 23, 1816), the Colonization Society of the I'nited 
 States was formed. The free negroes had become a dis- 
 turbing element in our social s\stem, and many thought tlie 
 solution of the difficulty la\' in sending t!:em bac]< to Africa. 
 According!}-, the_\' were encouraged to emigrate thither. 
 Lil)eria, on the west coast, was selected as the ])lace to which 
 tlie free negroes were to be sent. Monrovia, the ca])ital, 
 was named in honor of President Monroe. A Repul)lican 
 form of gm'crnment was established, and the Rei)ublic of 
 Liberia still exists, but it can never serve the iniri)ose origi- 
 nall\- intended, for the good reason that the majority of ne- 
 groes ])refer to remain in America. 
 
 65. Presidential Election of 1816. — Tlie war of 181 2 
 destro\ed tlie lA'deral partw Its l^residential candidate 
 received the electoral vote only of New Iiam])sliire in 1816. 
 fames Monroe, of \ irginia, and 1 )aniel Tompkins, of New 
 ^'ork, were elected President and \'ice- President by the 
 Republicans. 
 
 Questions 42. Give a 1)ioQ;rai)liic;il skctcli nf tlu- fDiirtli Pre ' 
 
 dent. 
 
 -1.1. Give tlie partienlar'^ of the affair <if tlie President. 
 
 44. Tell what you know of the battle of Tippceanne. 
 
 45. What is said of war with Ent^land? 
 
 46. Deserihe tlie surri'iider of Detroit. 
 
 47. What of the battle of Onecnstown Heisj^hts? 
 
 48. Of the war on the ocean? Of the Frolic and the Wasp? 
 
 49. Of the invasion of Canada? 
 
l^,^ sciiooi. iiisToin or riii: i \iTi:n sTArKs. 
 
 50. 01 tlic c-apUiu' 111" tlic CInsapcakef 
 
 51. Of Perry's victory? 
 
 52. l)\ tlic h.-iUle ot" ihc Tlianies? 
 
 53. Of tlu' last iiuasion of Canada? 
 
 54. Of llic naval victory on Lake Champiain? 
 
 55. The capture of Washington? The song of the "Star-Spangled 
 Banner?" 
 
 56. The Imttle of New Orleans? 
 
 57. The na\al victories? What of the American privateers? 
 
 5(j. What is said of the \s\-\\\\\q<:x General Armstrong? Describe 
 her nieniorahle hattle witlrthe British tleet. What licaring ha<l this 
 exploit on the hattle of New Orleans? 
 
 (!0. What is said of the treaty of peace? 
 
 f>i. What of the conrse of Algiers? Descril)e our war with the 
 I'larhary States. 
 
 62. Tell when the eighteenth State was admitted, and give a brief 
 sketch of it. 
 
 <i3. Do the same regarding the nineteenth State. 
 
 64. fiive a history of the Colonization Society. 
 
 65. Of the presidential election of 1816. 
 
 CHAPTER XVTTT. 
 
 MONROE'S ADiMINISTRATlONS. (1817-1825.) 
 
 of ' 
 roe 
 
 66. James Monroe. — The fifth 
 President of tlie United States 
 was born at Monroe's Creek. 
 \ Westmoreland county, \ irg-inia, 
 \ April 2'$^, 1758, and died July 4, 
 j 1 83 1. Thus, four out of the first 
 7 five Presidents were natives of 
 A'irq-inia, l:)esides three who have 
 since held tliat oflfice. Virginia, 
 therefore, has well earned the title 
 'the mother of States and of Presidents." James Mon- 
 was educated at William and Marv's College, and was 
 
SCHOOL II I STORY or Till: i \iti:i> st.\7'i:s. 155 
 
 a solditT uiulcr Washington. As lieutenant, lie performed 
 a brilliant exploit at the l)attle of Trenton, in the capture of 
 a Hessian l)atter\ l)efore it could open fire on the Continen- 
 tals. He did good service also at iirandywine, German- 
 town and Monmouth. He studied law tinder Jefferson, 
 served in the \ irginia Legislature, and was sent to Congress 
 when only twenty-live years old. I'^-om 1799 to 1802. he 
 was Governor of Virginia, and was afterwards sent bv 
 ^[^•csident jeti'erson to negotiate the ]:)urchase of Louisiana. 
 Tn 181 1, he was again elected Governor of \'irginia, and 
 became Madison's Secretary of State. He was also Secre- 
 tary of War at the sajne time; and as there was no m(~)ne\' in 
 the Treasury, he pledged his private means for the defense 
 of New Orleans. He was of plain, unassimiing manners, 
 of spotless integrity, of fine judgment, and, ])ossessing no 
 striking genius, was a President whose administration was 
 one of the most brilliant in the history of our countrv. 
 
 67. The Era of Good Feeling.— Under Ab^nroe's two 
 administrations, the L^iion made more advance in prosper- 
 ity than under any i)revious President. He was verv popu- 
 lar, having many lovable })ersonal ([ualities. and tlie Union 
 seemed to become knitted together more closely than be- 
 fore. So marked was our progress, and so complete the 
 cessation of ])arty spirit, that his administration is often re- 
 ferred to as the "era of good feeling." 
 
 When President Monroe assumed office, manufactures 
 were at a low ebb. This was l)ecause of cliea]) lal)or com])e- 
 tition in Europe. Congress imposed taxes on imported 
 goods, which gave a prodigious impetus to productions in 
 the L nited States. Tiie internal revenue taxes were abol- 
 ished, and pension acts were passed, giving pensions to tlic 
 veterans of the Revolution and War of 1812. 
 
 68. The Seminole War — Florida belonged to Spain. 
 In the swamps and everglades of that territory a vicious 
 
Picking Cotton. 
 The Natural Bridge, Virginia. 
 
 Travelers' Tree, St. Anjrnstine, Fla. 
 Cocoanut Tree, Florida. 
 
srnooi, iiisTORV or Tin-: ixited states. 157 
 
 tribe of Indians, known as the Seniinoles, made their home. 
 Hundreds of runaway slaves found their way into these fast- 
 nesses and joined the Indians. This mongrel people eom- 
 mitted many outrages on the settlers of Alabama and 
 Georgia. General jaekson was sent against them with a 
 strong body of troops. Finding that the Seniinoles were 
 aided by the Spaniards at Pensacola, Jackson drove out the 
 Spaniards, shot one and hanged another of the chief offend- 
 ers, and raised the Stars and Stripes over the ])lace. Al- 
 though "( )ld Hickory" had been forbidden to enter h^lorida 
 except in pursuit of the enemy, he pushed his <)])erations, 
 until he compelled the Spanish governor to flee to Havana. 
 The Seniinoles were completelv subdued. This course of 
 Jackson added greatly to his popularity. 
 
 69. The Purchase of Florida. — Having been driven out' 
 of Florida, .Spain decided to sell the country to the I'nited 
 States. It came into our possession in 1820. the ])rice paid 
 being $5,000,000. Tlie Sabine, instead of the Rio Grande 
 river, was made tlie dividing line between the territories of 
 tlie two governments west of the Mississippi. ( leiieral 
 Jackson was the first governor of Florida. 
 
 70. The First Ocean Steamer.- — The success of I'^dton's 
 steamboat on the Hudson in 1807 made him famous. He 
 l)uilt the first L^nitecl States war vessel and man}- steaml)oats. 
 The steamer Saz'aiiiiah left the city of that name, Alay 24, 
 and made the voyage across the ocean in twenty-six da\s. 
 The passage has been steadily shortened since, until it has 
 lieen reduced to less th.an six days. 
 
 71. The Missouri Compromise. — The re(|uest of Mis- 
 souri to be admitted as a State caused a discussion in Gon- 
 gress as to whether she should 1)C allowed to come in with or 
 without slavery. The wrangle was so bitter that more than 
 one patriot clearly foresaw the fearful confiict which came 
 lortv years later. Henry Glay finally secured its aflmission 
 
i'kS school history of the united states. 
 
 as a slave State, under the pledg'e tliat slavery should be 
 prohibited in all other territories west of the Mississippi and 
 north of parallel 36° 30', which marks the southern bound- 
 arv of Missouri. This act constituted the famous Missouri 
 Compromise, which was passed March 3, 1819. 
 
 72. The Hon roe Doctrine — South America for many 
 vears had been disturlu'd Ijy revolutions, which seemed to be 
 tiie chronic state of the peoi:)le. The different provinces 
 had long^ been held by monarchies in Europe. These prov- 
 inces declared their independence, and in 1822 Con,<^ress 
 ])assed an act reco.^'uizing' tliem. In hi '> seventh annual mes- 
 sa.g-e, in September, 1823, the President declared th.at from 
 that time forward no part of the American continent was to 
 be considered as territory for colonization lj_\' any European 
 ])ower. This constituted the "Monroe Doctrine," whicli has 
 beconie one of the cardinal principles of the American 
 Union. 
 
 73. Lalayette's Visit. — One of the pleasing features of 
 Monro "s administrations was the visit made to this countrv 
 by Lafa_\ctte in 1824. America cotdd never forget his ser- 
 vices during the Revolution, and he was received every- 
 where with the highest honors. His lour extended through 
 every State, and he niaile a touching' visit to tl:e tomb of 
 Washington at Mount \'ernon. I le laid the corner-stone of 
 Hunker Hill Monument, June 17, 1825, fifty years after the 
 battle, lie sailed from this country hi the frigate Braiidy- 
 1^'inc, named in compliment to Lafayette, who was wounded 
 in the battle of that name. Congress ]:)resented him while 
 here with a townshi]) of land and the sum of $200,000. 
 
 74. Admissr.on of Mississippi. — Mississippi was admit- 
 ted as the twentieth State, Deceniber 10, 1817. The region 
 was first visited by De Soto, the discoverer of the "Father of 
 Waters." In 1699, Biloxi was foimded. A settlement was 
 made on the Yazoo in 1703, but the white population was 
 
160 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 annihilated a cjuarter of a century later by the Indians. Fierce 
 wars continued with the Indians for many years. In 1763, 
 it formed a part of the territory ceded to England by France. 
 The Mississippi Territory was formed in 1798, several addi- 
 tions being made afterwards. 
 
 75. Admission of Illinois — Illinois became a State, De- 
 cember 3. 1 818, The I'Vencli planted a few settlements in 
 the territory toward the close of the seventeenth century. 
 Illinois Territory, as constituted, included the present States 
 of Illinois, Wisconsin and a portion of Minnesota. Like its 
 neighbors, Illinois sufifcred greatly from the enmitv of the 
 Indians, but its later prosperity is one of the marvels of the 
 century. 
 
 76. Admission of Alabama. — Ala) jama, the twenty- 
 second State, was admitted December 14, 1819. It was 
 originally a part of tieorgia. The first settlement was made 
 on Mobile I'.ay in 1702. The city of Moljile was founded in 
 171 1. It was long the centre of French colonization in the 
 vast Louisiana Territory. 
 
 77. Admission of Maine and Missouri. — We have 
 learned that Maine was settled early in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. The settlements were feeble, and the territory was 
 joined to that of Massachusetts until March 15, 1820, when 
 Maine became the twenty-third State. The oldest town in 
 Missouri is St. Genevieve, founded in 1755. Louisiana Ter- 
 ritory was organized in 18(55. with St. Louis as its capital. 
 Upon the admission of Louisiana, the name of the territorv 
 was changed to Missouri, which was admitted August 10, 
 1 82 1 . 
 
 78. Presidential Election of 1824.— There were four 
 Presidential candidates before the coimtrv: John Quincy 
 .\dams, (ieneral Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, 
 rmd Henry Clay. New England sui)ported Adams, the ex- 
 treme South adhered to Jackson, \'irginia favored Crawford, 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 101 
 
 while Ciay was supported by the West. The chief ccjiitest 
 was between Jackson and Adams, but none of the four re- 
 ceived votes enough to elect him. This threw the choice 
 into the House of Representatives, wliich chose Adams, 
 with John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, as \ ice-1'resident. 
 
 Questions.— 06. Give a biographical sketch of the fifth i^resident. 
 by. Wluit is said of the era of good feeling? What of manufac- 
 tures? 
 
 68. Give an account of the Seminole War. 
 
 69. Of the purchase of Florida. 
 
 70. Of the first ocean steamer. 
 
 71. Explain the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 72. The Monroe Doctrine. 
 
 73. Give the story of Lafayette's visit to Uiis country. 
 
 74. When was Mississippi admitted? Givean historical sketchof it. 
 
 75. .Atlmission of Illinois. 
 
 76. When was Alabama admitted'' Give an historical sketch of it. 
 //. Wlien were Maine and Missouri adiuittcd? What is said of 
 
 them ? 
 
 78. Give an account of the presidential election of 1824. 
 
 CHAPTER XTX. 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMlNlSTF^iATlON. (18^5-1829.) 
 
 79. John Quincy Adams. — John 
 Ouincy Adams, the si.xtli I'l-esident, 
 and son of the second President, 
 was born at Ouincy, Mass., July 11, 
 1767. He was a precocious child, 
 who received the best possible edu- 
 cational advantages. His mother 
 was a woman of remarkable talents, 
 and the son was educated at Paris, 
 Leyden, The Hague, and gradu- 
 ated at Harvard College when twenty-one years old. His 
 
162 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ability caused President Washington to appoint him minister 
 to The Hague and afterwards to Portugal. When his father 
 became President, he transferred his son to Berlin. He was 
 Tnited States Senator in 1803. and six years later was made 
 mniister to Russia. He served as Monroe's Secretary of 
 State throughout both his administrations. When he be- 
 came President, it was against the popular demand for Jack- 
 son, and he found powerful political elements arrayed 
 against him. \'ice-President Calhoun was one of the 
 strongest of the opposition. As a consequence, his admin- 
 istration was a stormy one and cannot be regarded as success- 
 ful. Two years after his retirement from the Presidential 
 chair, he was elected to Congress, and held that office con- 
 tinually until February 21, 1848, when he was stricken with 
 parabsis, while on the floor of Congress, and died two days 
 later. 
 
 80. The Tariff. — The North and South held diverse 
 views regarding the tariff. The North favored a protective 
 tariff, because it was largely engaged in manufactures, which 
 were made more profitable, because of the duty imposed on 
 imported articles. The South opposed it for the reason 
 that there were few, if any, manufactures in that section, and 
 as a consecfuence they were obliged to pay higher prices for 
 manufactured articles. Taxes of this nature form what is 
 called a "protective tariff." while taxes intended to raise 
 money simply to support the government constitute a "reve- 
 nue tariff." The Whig party, which was soon afterward 
 formed, favored the protective tariff and a system of internal 
 improvements, which together formed the "American sys- 
 tem." Henry Clay was the foremost leader of the Whig 
 party and the champion of the American system. At the 
 session of 1827-1828, Congress passed a tariff liill. which 
 imposed so many high duties that it gave offense to the 
 South. 
 
Hciiixn. iiisToh'Y or Tilt: uxiTin) statijs. \m 
 
 81. Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. — 
 
 One of the most impressive events of tlie younger Adams's 
 administration was the death of the second and third Presi- 
 dents, John xA.dams and Thomas Jefferson, which took place 
 on the 4th of July, 1826, just fifty years after the signing of 
 the Declaration of Independence, with which they had more 
 to do than any other two men. Many peoj^le saw in the 
 touching event something deeper than a simple coincidence. 
 
 82. Opening of the Erie Canal, — The most important 
 internal im])r()\ement completed during the second Adams's 
 administration was the Erie Canal, New York. It connects 
 ihe Great Lakes with the tidewaters of the Atlantic. It was 
 begun on the 4th of July, 1817, and in October, 1825, opened 
 to traffic. It gave a prodigious impulse to the settlement 
 and prosperity of the State. Its original cost was $7,600,- 
 000, and its success has been so great that in some years it 
 has earned almost one-half of that sum. The use of the 
 electric trolley has been introduced lately on the Erie Canal 
 and added immeasurcably to its efifectiveness. 
 
 S3. The First Railway Lines. — In the month of May, 
 1829, three small railv,::y locomotives, n.iade in England, 
 were unloaded at the West Point foundr\-, at the foot of 
 Beach street. New York cit\'. ( )ne of these locomotives 
 w^as transported piecemeal to Ilonesdale. Pa., and August 9 
 was run on the tracks of the canal company's railway, be- 
 tween Honesdale and Prompton. This was the first loco- 
 motive that ever turned a wb.eel on a railway track in Am- 
 erica. A track two miles long connected Milton and 
 Ouincy. Mass., and was laid in 1826. the cars l)eing drawn by 
 liorses. The next tracks i)ut in operation were the few miles 
 at Honesdale and nine miles at Mauch Chunk, in the same 
 State, both of wdiich roads were built for carrying coal from 
 the mines. 
 
104 SCHOOL HhSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 84. The Pioneer Railroad of America. — Tlie pioneer 
 railroad of America, intended for passengers and freight, was 
 the Baltimore & Ohio. The section of this road between 
 lialtimore and the Point of Rocks was finished in the snm- 
 mer of 1830. There was no thought of using steam as a 
 motive power. Strange as it may seem, at one time the cars 
 were propelled by wind and sails^— that is, when the wind 
 happened to blow. Peter Cooper, of New York, constructed 
 a locomotive after plans of his own, and induced the P>alti- 
 more & Ohio to give him a trial. The locomotive, which 
 was named Tom Thinnb, pulled a car laden with passengers 
 at the rate of twelve to fifteen miles an hour. This was the 
 first American locomotive that was ever built, and that was 
 the first trip ever made by an American locomotive. The 
 Tom lliiiijib was no great success, Init it ushered in the era 
 of railway locomotives. 
 
 85. The First Railroad that Intended to Use Steam. — 
 The South Carolina Railroad was the first railroad ever l)uilt 
 in the world designed for the use of steam as the locomotive 
 power. Its charter was granted in 1827. It was 136 miles 
 long, and connected Charleston and Hamburg. The com- 
 pany, in the spring of 1830, ordered a locomotive from the 
 West Point foundry. It was named the Best Friend, and 
 made its trial trip November 2, 1830. It was a success in 
 every respect. The Best Friend, therefore, was the first loco- 
 motive that ran regularly on a railroad in the Ignited States. 
 
 86. The First Locomotive Explosion. — The Best Friend 
 did good service until the middle of January, 183 1. The 
 negro fireman thought he would save work for himself by 
 fastening down the safetv-valve. As a conse(|ucnce, the 
 boiler exploded, the negro was killed and the engineer badlv 
 scalded. Nevertheless, he served as engineer on the second 
 
SCHOOL iiisToiiY or Tin: imtei> stateh. \m 
 
 locomotive, which shortly after took its place. The loco- 
 motive known as Jolui Hull, which many erroneouslv claim 
 to be the first used in this country, was brought from Eng- 
 land in November, 1831. As a fine type of the crude pioneer 
 locomotives, it has been carefully preserved and will always 
 be an object (^f interest. 
 
 87. Presidential Election of 1828 — The demand of the 
 people that Jackson should be their President could no lon- 
 ger be denied. He and Adams were ])itte(l against each 
 other, with the result that while Adams received eighty- 
 three. Jackson was given 17S electoral votes. Calhoun was 
 re-elected to the \'ice-Presidency. Jackson's supporters 
 now^ became known as "Democrats," w'hile his opponents 
 were "National Republicans," changed soon afterwards to 
 "Whigs." 
 
 Questions. — 79. Give a biographical sketch of the sixth President. 
 
 80. Show tlie effect of a protective tariff' North and Sonth. 
 
 81. State the impressive fact connected witli the death of liie second 
 and third Presidents. 
 
 S2. Give a history of the Erie CanaL 
 
 83. Give a history of tlie first railway locomotive used in America. 
 When and where was the first track laid? 
 
 84. Give the facts concerning the first railroad in .Vmerica. Of the 
 use of wind and sails. 
 
 85. Of the first railroad intended for tlie use of steam as a locomo- 
 tive power. 
 
 86. What is related of the first. explosion on a railroad? What u.' 
 the locomotive Jolni Bull? 
 
 87. Give an account of the presidential election of 1828. 
 
kh; 
 
 SVJJOOL Uh^TORY OF TIIIJ LMTED .s'7' 1 77;.S'. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 JACKSCJN'S ADMINISTRATIONS. (1829-1837-) 
 
 88. Andrew Jackson — Andrew 
 Jackson, scvcntli President, was 
 born at L'nreton's liend, N. C, 
 March 13, 1767, and died jnne 8, 
 1845. I^is father died just after 
 the l)irlh of the son. The mother 
 was extremely poor When only 
 thirteen years old, Andrew took 
 part in the battle of llans^ino- 
 Rock. He and an elder brother 
 vvere made prisoners, and ordered by a P)ritish officer to 
 clean his ])oots. They refnsed, and were strnck by the offi- 
 cer with his sword. It is said th.e brother died from the ef- 
 fects of the blow. Andrew wonld have snfTered death before 
 obeying. His remaining l>rother was killed while fighting 
 for his country. The mother passed away soon after, so 
 that at the close of the Revolution, Andrew w^as the only 
 member of the family alive. 
 
 Jackson took up the study of law, and, when a yoimg man, 
 moved to Tennessee. It was a rough country in those days, 
 i)ut he was at home among people of that class. He had a 
 fiery temper, and was always ready to fight. He took part 
 in a number of duels and was badlv woimded several times. 
 In one due!, he killed the most famous pistol shot iii the 
 Southwest. He was elected to the State legislature, but 
 took little part in the proceedings. He v^as afterwards 
 elected a judge of the supreme court of the State and a 
 luajor-general of nn'litia. He did excellent service in tlic 
 war ap"ainst the Creek Indians and in the war of 1812. His 
 
scfiooi. HISTORY OF Tin: T'\iTi:n stati:s. ict 
 
 hrilliaiit victory at Xew Orleans made him President. Willi 
 his imperious temjier, his self-will and his hatred of his 
 enemies, he was of spotless intej^rity, intensely ])atriotic, ])ure 
 in his private li_, and with not a "dishonest hair in his head." 
 His popidarity not only caused his trinm])hant election a 
 second time, but enabled him to choose his successor. 
 
 89. "To the Victors Belong the Spoils." — Jackson 
 carried his resistless will into the Presidential chair. Ik- 
 started out with the principle that his friends were to be re- 
 warded and his enemies punished. He illustrated the law 
 tliat in politics the spoils belonj.^- to the victors. Durin"' his 
 Presidency, he turned 2COO j^olitical opponents out of office. 
 His ])redecessor had removed only seventy-four. Under 
 Jackson, it was decided that the Postmaster-General should 
 be a member of the cabinet. 
 
 90. The United States Bank. — Jackson did not like the 
 United States Bank, whose charter expired in 1836. He 
 vetoed the bill renewing its charter, and, as the necessary 
 two-thirds vote could not be secured to pass the bill over his 
 veto, the bank went out of existence. There was great ex- 
 citement over his action, but his course was so fully ap- 
 proved that at his second election, he received 219 electoral 
 votes out of a total of 286. 
 
 91. Nullification. — An act was passed in the spring of 
 1832 imposing additional duties on imported goods. Soutli 
 Carolina was so angered that she declared the act unconsti- 
 tutional and, therefore, null and void. She determined to 
 resist the collection of the duties within her borders by force 
 of arms if necessary. Jackson sympathized with the State, 
 but his determination never wavered. He threatened to 
 arrest Vice-President Calhoun, who was a citizen of .South 
 Carolina. Calhoun resigned, and became a United .States 
 Senator. 
 
 Right or wrons: in this matter of "Nullification," South 
 
ics Ficiiooi, iiisToin or riii: iMTi:n states. 
 
 Carolina was onlv folic )\vin.!L;' tlic i)rocc(lcnl set ])y the New 
 Eng-Jaiul States when, durinj^- the war of 1 812, the\- nulliiied 
 laws of Congress, and laid plans to secede from the Union, 
 which were only stopped by the close of the war before the 
 date fixed for their execution. Slie was only acting out the 
 s])irit of the Kentucky and X'irginia resolutions of 1798-99, 
 and she was only intending" to do what so many of the North- 
 ern States actually did, when thev ludlificd the laws of Con- 
 gress, the Constitution of the United States, and the decis- 
 ions of the Supreme Court by their "personal liberty bills" 
 and similar State action. 
 
 I')Ut it ought to l)e said that there is a radical dilTerence be- 
 tween "Nullification" — which held that a State might remain 
 in the L^nion and receive all of its benefits, antl at the same 
 time set at naught the laws of the general government — and 
 "Secession," which held that while a State should obey the 
 laws of the general government as long as she remained in 
 the Union, vet she had the right to wiflidra:c from flic Union 
 whenever she thought that her interests demanded that she 
 should do so. 
 
 In his "Farewell to the Senate," Mr. Jefferson Davis made 
 this distinction very clear, and Mr. Calhoun argued very 
 ablv for "Nullification," on the ground that it was the best 
 wav to prevent "Secession" and jireserve the Union. 
 
 The President issued a ])roclamatiou, warning the South 
 Carolinians against their course, and assm-ed them that the 
 laws would be enforced. In this critical juncture of aft'airs, 
 Henrv Clav came forward, as before, with a idan of compro- 
 mise, which proved acceptable. Congress passed an act in 
 1833. which gradually reduced the scale of duties for ten 
 vears, at which time they were to reach the point of "tarift" 
 for revenue" only. This proved satisfactory to South Caro- 
 lina, and the war cloud vanished. 
 
SCHOOL iiisToi,') or Tin: i \iti:i> st.\ti:s. \m 
 
 92. The Black Hawk War.—Thc Ihrce tribes of Indians 
 known as Sacs, Foxes and Winnel^agoes lived in the terri- 
 tory of Wisconsin The Sacs and Foxes, after having- agreed 
 by treaty to leave the land which tliey had ceded U) the 
 L'nited States, refused to go. lUack Hawk, a famous chief 
 of the Sacs, being driven out, returned at the head of a large 
 force of warriors and conmiitted many outrages. These 
 became so alarming that a force of regular troops was sent 
 to Rock Island to the help of the militia under the Governor 
 of Illin(.)is. That friglitful scourge, cholera, jxiid its first 
 visit to the United States in 18^2, and caused the death of so 
 many soldiers that for a time military operations were at a 
 standstill. An engagement, however, was fouglit with the 
 Indians in August. Thev were defeated, and Black Hawk 
 and his two sons were taken j)risoners. Tliis ended the war. 
 
 93. The Seminole War — The Seminolcs of Florida, 
 wlien the time came for them to remove West of the Missis- 
 sippi, as some of their chiefs had agreed to do, refused to go. 
 They retreated into the swamps and everglades, hid their 
 families so efifectuallv that it was impossible for their ene- 
 mies to find them, and defied the United States government. 
 Every effort was made to dislodge them, l)ut ni) force could 
 be gathered strong enough, and no general found with sulTi- 
 cient skill to succeed. Now and then, Ijodies of Indians 
 were routed, but the\- in turn defeated the troops sent against 
 them, and conuuitted fearful outrages. Tilajor Dade and 
 liis conunand of 150 men were aml)ushed and all killed, witli 
 the exce])tion of two, who afterwards died of their wounds. 
 
 Osceola was a chief of mixed blood, who jiad been put in 
 irons by General Thomson, but released on his pretending 
 sorrow. On the day of the Dade massacre, Osceola and 
 some of his warriors attacked the house in which General 
 Thomson and his officers were dining, hardly 200 yards from 
 a fort. Before the latter could interfere, five of the officers. 
 
Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 
 Washington Monument. Washington, D. C. Old S(.nth Church, Boston. 
 
sciiDoi. iiisro/n or riii: i \iTi:n staths. m 
 
 includinj;- General Thomson, were shot down. Jn the aut- 
 umn of 1837, Osceola, while visiting the American camp 
 under a flag; of truce, was treacherously seized and made 
 prisoner. He was sent to lM)rt Moultrie, where he died of a 
 broken heart the following \ear. 
 
 There was much sympathy felt for the .Seminoles, for the 
 treaty which our government was trying to enforce had been 
 agreed to by onl\ a few- of the chiefs, and its wording gave 
 good ground for differences of opinion. As time passed, 
 the war assumed a furious character, and readied tlie vil- 
 lages in Georgia and Alabama When it seemed impossilile 
 to bring the Seminoles to terms, an attempt was made to use 
 bloodhounds against them, but the dogs would not take the 
 trail of the savages. The Seminole war dragged along until 
 1842, when General \\'il]iam J. W^orth succeeded in l)ringing 
 it to a close. 
 
 94. Admission of Arkansas — Arkansas, the twenty- 
 fifth State, came into the I'nion, June 15, 1836. It w^as vis- 
 ited and settled by the h>ench as early as 1685. When Mis- 
 souri became a State, Arkansas was organized into a Terri- 
 tory, including not only tlie present State, but a consi(leral)le 
 portion of Indian Territorv. 
 
 95. Admission of Michigan.— The next State to be ad- 
 mitted wr.s Michigan, January 26, 1837. Like Arkansas 
 and other adjoining States, it was visited by traders and 
 Jesuit missionaries, towards the close of the seventeenth 
 century. Detroit was founded in 1701. Michigan under- 
 went a numl)er of territorial changes, and became a distinct 
 Territory in 1805, its present l)oun(laries being defined when 
 it became a State. 
 
 96. Presidential Election of 1836. — The Presidential 
 candidates in the fall of i8?6 were Martin \'an Buren. Dem- 
 ocrat; William Henry Harrison, Whig; Hugh L. White. 
 Whig; Daniel Webster, W1u'g, and W. P. Mangum. Whig. 
 
172 
 
 StClloOL l/JSTOh'Y or THE TXITED STATES. 
 
 \'aii Buren was elected, but no candidate for the \"icc-Presi- 
 dency secured a majority in the electoral collei2;e. The 
 Senate elected Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of Kentuck}', 
 to that ofifice. 
 
 Questions, — 88. Give a biographical sketch of the seventh Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 89. Show how President Jackson illustrated the doctrine "To the 
 victors belong the spoils." 
 
 90. What did he do regarding the United States Bank? 
 
 91. What brought about the flurry of nullification? What prece- 
 dents did South Carolina follow, and who followed her later? Give 
 the distinction between "nullification" and "secession." How was 
 it settled? 
 
 92. Give a history of the Black FTawk War. 
 
 93. What is said of the Seminoles? Of the efforts made against 
 them? Of Osceola? Give the rest of the account of the Seminole 
 war. 
 
 94. Give a brief history of Arkansas. 
 
 95. Of Michigan. 
 
 96. Of the presidential election of 1836. 
 
 1812. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. (1837-1841.) 
 
 97. Martin Van Buren Mar- 
 tin Van Buren, the eighth Presi- 
 dent, was born at Kindcrhook, 
 N. Y., December 5, 1782. It will 
 be noticed that he was the first 
 President not born a British 
 subject. His education was lim- 
 ited ; he became a lawyer, and 
 wh.ile yet a young man, took 
 rank as a leading politician. He 
 was elected a State Senator in 
 and again in 1816. From 181 5 to 1819, he was Attor- 
 
SCHOOL niSrORY OF THE UNITED STATES. U:>, 
 
 ney-General of New York. He was a L'nitcd States Senator 
 from 1 82 1 to 1828, resigning in the latter year to become 
 Governor of his native State. He was Secretary of State 
 under Jackson from 1829 to 1831, when lie was made min- 
 ister to England. The Senate rejected his nomination, be- 
 cause of what was deemed his weak course toward England 
 while Secretary of State. He had his triumph, however, 
 when he was elected \'ice-President and presided over tlie 
 l)ody that had refused to confirm him as luinister to England. 
 He withdrew from the Democratic part>*in 1848 and formed 
 the "Free Democratic party,'' which amounted to little. He 
 soon retired from politics, and died at Kinderhook, July 24, 
 1862. 
 
 98. The Crisis of 1837.— Now came a period of wretched 
 l)usiness methods, unlimited credit and wild speculation, fol- 
 lowed by one of the severest jianics in the history of our 
 country. Mercantile houses failed by tlie hundred, the 
 banks suspended specie payments and disaster swejjt 
 through the land like a cyclone. In March and April, 1837. 
 the failures in New York and New (Jrleans amounted to 
 $150,000,000. The time arrived when even the government 
 could not pay its obligations. Eight States became bank- 
 rupt; speculation was rampant, until gold was the only 
 money that was accepted anywhere. Congress was called 
 together in September. The President, in his message, pro- 
 ])Osed the establishment of an independent treasury for the 
 safe keeping of the public funds and their removal from all 
 banking" institutions. The l)ill failed, but became a law in 
 1840, and has proved a good one. The business of the 
 country gradually righted itself. In 1838, most of the banks 
 resumed specie payments, i. e., paid their notes in gold or 
 silver; commercial afTairs mended, and the cc^mUry, rich in 
 resources, swung back in time to prosperity again. 
 
174 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THI-: TXITED STATES. . 
 
 99. The Patriot War. — A rcljcllion broke out in Canada 
 in tlie lallcr part of 1837. We naturally sympathized with 
 her, and many of our citizens gave help. Lower Canada, as 
 it was then called, was especially disturbed. Seven hundred 
 men from New York seized and fortified Navy Island, in 
 Niagara river. ( )n the night of December 29. 1837. th.c loy- 
 alists of Canada attacked the supply steamer Caroline, killed 
 twehe of the defenders, cut the steamer loose, set it on fire 
 and sent it (jver Niagara Falls. Excitement ran high, and 
 the talk of a war with luigland was widespread. These acts 
 were illegal on the part of Americans, and the President is- 
 sued a proclamation of neutrality, forbidding all interference 
 with Canada, (k^neral Wool was sent to the frontier with a 
 force, which cajitured the insurgents at Navy Island, and 
 the flurry was soon over. 
 
 100. The Mormons.— The pestilent sect known as Mor- 
 mons began to occupy pul)lic attention. Joseph Smith, of 
 Palmyra, New York, was their founder. This depraved man, 
 in 1830, pretended to have found the golden plates upon 
 which the Mormon Uiblc had been divinely engraved. The 
 most grotescjue faith is sure to liave followers, and they be- 
 gan gathering rotmd him. They made their first settlement 
 at Jackson, Mo., where their j)ractices were so abominable 
 that they were driven out of the State. 
 
 Crossing the Mississip])i, in the spring of 1839, into llli- 
 r.ois, they laid out a city, which was named Nauvoo. A fine 
 temple was erected, and the adherents increased to 10,000. 
 They were defiant, and passed laws contrary to those of the 
 State. During the rioting which followed, a mob broke 
 into the jail where Joseph Smith and his brother were con- 
 fined and killed both. The legislature in the following sum- 
 mer annulled the charter of Nauvoo. A migration westward 
 took place in 1846, and, crossing the Rocky mountains, 
 
SCHOOL IllSTOh'Y OF THE UNITED STATES. ITn 
 
 the Mormons founded Salt Lake City, which has l)c'cn their 
 hcad(|narters ever since. 
 
 101. Our Northeastern Boundary. — A leachui; event ot 
 1842 was the signing of the Webster-Ashhurton Treatv 
 (August y). The territorial limit of the United States in the 
 northeast \\as defined so indefinitely by the treaty of 1783 
 that no agreement could Ije reached by Great liritaiu and the 
 United States. The dis]nite lasted until 1842. when it was 
 referred to Lord Ashburton, acting for England, and Daniel 
 Webster, acting for the I'nited States. After a long but 
 friendly discussion, these two eminent men agreed upon the 
 boundary as it is today, and the treaty was signed in Wash- 
 ington on the 9th of August. 
 
 102. Antarctic Exploration. — Our government sent out 
 an exploring expedition in 1838 to traverse the Southern 
 ocean. It was under the command of Lieutenant Charles 
 Wilkes, and was gone for four years, during which his scfuad- 
 ron sailed 90,000 miles, examined the shores of Oregon and 
 California, and coasted for 1700 miles along the shores of 
 the Antarctic continent. The south pole is so walled in by 
 ice that navigators cannot approach it anywhere as near as 
 they can to the nortli pn\e. 
 
 103. Presidential Election of 1840. — The Whig candi- 
 dates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency were (ieneral 
 William Henry Harrison and John Tyler, while the Demo- 
 crats put forward A'an Buren, but could not agree on a can- 
 didate for the X'ice-Presidency. The Whig ticket was 
 elected by a large majority. 
 
 Questions 97. Give a l^ioKraphical sketch of President Van 
 
 Buren . 
 q8. What is tlie liistnry of the panic of 1837? 
 99. Give a history of the "patriot war." 
 
170 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 lOO. Wiiat is related concerning the INlornions? 
 loi. How was our northeastern boundary settled? 
 
 102. Give an account of the most famous antarctic exploring expe- 
 dition. 
 
 103. What of the presiilential election of 1840? 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. (1841-1845.) 
 
 104. William Henry Harrison. 
 
 — William Henry Harrison, ninth 
 President, was born at Berkeley, 
 \a., Febrnary 9, 1773. He was 
 the son of Benjamin Harrison, a 
 signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, and the adopted son of 
 Robert Morris, the famous finan- 
 cier '^f the Revolution. After 
 graduating from Hampden-Sid- 
 ney College, he became a student 
 of medicine. He was fond of a mil- 
 itary life, and, entering the army of St. Clair, rapidly won pro- 
 motion. He was made Secretary of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory in 1797, and elected its first delegate to Congress in 
 1799. He afterward became Governor of Indiana Territory. 
 He rendered his country brilliant service in the war of 181 2, 
 and was a United States Senator from 1825 to 1828, when he 
 was appointed minister to the Republic of Colombia in 
 South America. Having been defeated l^y \'an Buren for 
 the Presidency in 1836, he, in turn, defeated him in 1840. 
 He died just one month after his inauguration, and was suc- 
 ceeded by the Vice-President, who acted with the Demo- 
 crats. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 177 
 
 105. John Tyler — John Tyler 
 was born at Green\vay,\ a., March 
 29, 1790, and died January 18, 
 1862. He was a man of great abil- 
 ity, was a practicing lawyer at 
 the age of nineteen, and a member 
 of tlie \ irginia legislature when 
 twenty-one years old. He became 
 Governor at thirty-five, and was 
 a United States Senator from 
 1827 to 1836. Originally a Democrat, lie became a Whig, 
 and, as stated, acted with the Democrats while President. 
 The break was so complete that all his cabinet, except Daniel 
 Webster, resigned. After completing some negotiations, 
 on which he was engaged, he also resigned, and an entirely 
 new cabinet was formed. 
 
 106. The Dorr Rebellion.— Rhode Island was governed 
 down to the year 1842 by the charter received from Charles 
 H in 1663. The right of suffrage was restricted to those who 
 owned property and to their oldest sons. The growing dis- 
 satisfaction caused the formation of two political parties. 
 The one in favor of unrestricted suffrage adopted a State 
 constitution, elected a legislature, and chose Thomas W. 
 Dorr, Governor. The opposing party did likewise, and 
 elected their Governor. They gained the start, and declared 
 their purpose of putting down the "rebellion." Arrests fol- 
 lowed, and Dorr fled from the little State. He soon re- 
 turned with an armed force, and the Federal Government 
 w. s obliged to interfere. It is said that when Dorr found 
 himself confronted by the soldiers, he made an address to his 
 followers, exhorting them to stand firm. 'Tf obliged to re- 
 treat," he added, "do so with your face to the foe; and, inas- 
 much as I am somewhat lame. Til begin retreating now." 
 His forces were scattered, and Dorr was convicted of treason 
 
178 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 in 1844 and condemned to imprisonment for life. The fol- 
 lowing year, however, he was set free. Meanwhile, Rhode 
 Island formed a new constitution, which went into efifect in 
 
 1843. 
 
 107. The Anti=Rent Troubles — When the Dutch owned 
 New York, the patroons, as they were called, were the pro- 
 prietors of immense estates, which were transmitted from 
 father to son, unaffected by the result of the Revolution. 
 The patroons reigned like the feudal lords in Europe. Every 
 tenant of a farm was obliged to pay a certain rental, and if he 
 sold his lease, one-fourth of the purchase money went to the 
 proprietor, who had an interest in the water power and the 
 ownership of all the mines. Stephen \"an Rennsalaer, who 
 owned the greater part of Alljany and Rennsalaer counties, 
 was so lenient with his tenants that he allowed the rents to 
 accunudate and had no trouble. He died in 1840, and his 
 heirs determined to collect all back rents. This caused a 
 miniature rel^ellion. Fierce fights took ])lace, men were 
 killed, and tlie militarv called out. Tlie rents remained un- 
 collected and order was not fully restored until 1846, when 
 conciliatory measures were adopted, and the trou1)le died 
 out. 
 
 108. Completion of the Bunker Hill Monument The 
 
 year 1842 saw the C()m])letiri! of tlie Uunker Ilill Monu- 
 ment, whose corner-stone was lai<l by Lafayette seventeen 
 years l^efore. Daniel Web.'^ter, in the full glow of his mar- 
 velous powers, delivered one of the most eloquent orations 
 that ever fell from human lips. In the throng of listeners 
 were 200 veterans of the Revolution, forty of whom had 
 taken part in the battle, nearly three-score and ten years be- 
 fore. 
 
 109. Invention of the Magnetic Telegraph Harrison 
 
 and Tyler's administration saw the completion of the inven- 
 tion of the magnetic telegraph. S. F. B. Morse, a native of 
 
SCHOOL tlWrORY OF THE I SITED STATES. ITiJ 
 
 Massachusetts, had studied and experimented for many 
 years, through discouragement and poverty, before he se- 
 cured an appropriation from Congress for the erection of a 
 wire between Washington and Baltimore, upon which to 
 make the decisive test. The first message sent over the wire 
 consisted of the words, "What hath God wrought!" This 
 telegram is still preserved among the archives of the Con- 
 necticut Historical Society. The Democratic convention in 
 Baltimore, in May, 1844, nominated James K. Polk for the 
 Presidency. As soon as it was done, numerous passengers 
 boarded the train and hastened to Washington with the 
 news. When they arrived, they found the news ahead of 
 them. It had been sent by telegraph. This demonstrated 
 that one of the greatest inventions of the age had been per- 
 fected. The telegraph wires today in this country, if joined 
 in a single line, would girdle the earth thirty times. 
 
 1 10. The Texan Revolution — There were troublous 
 limes in Texas. That vast territory was originalh' a ])art of 
 Mexico. American emigration carried 10,000 ])eople there 
 by 1833. Some of tliese were of a desperate character, but 
 many were enterprising and worthy. They soon formed a 
 plan for wresting Texas from Mexico and transferring it to 
 the United States. 
 
 A prominent leader in this movement was Sam Houston, 
 one of the most uni(|ue characters in history. He had lived 
 among the Indians, had been a member of Congress and the 
 Governor of Tennessee. Associated with him were Colonels 
 Davy Crockett and Travis, Albert Sidney Johnston, after- 
 ward the famous Confederate General, and others of national 
 reputation. Fighting began in 1835. and was pushed relent- 
 lessly bv the Mexicans, w'ho outnumbered the Texans a 
 hundred to one. 
 
 Texas declared its independence by convention, Dccem- 
 1)er 20, 1835. Santa Anna crossed the Rio Grande with a 
 
180 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 large force the following year, and appeared before the Al- 
 amo, a mission building in San Antonio, which was gar- 
 risoned by fewer than 200 Texans. The siege was pressed 
 for nearly two weeks, during which the fighting continued 
 day and night. When at last only a half-dozen w^orn-out 
 defenders were left, they surrendered under a solemn pledge 
 of honorable treatment (March 6), but every man was mas- 
 sacred by Santa Anna. 
 
 The Mexican General now set out in pursuit of Houston 
 and his small force. The Texans retreated until the Mexi- 
 can army was strimg along for a distance of several miles. 
 Then Houston titrned at San Jacinto (April 21), and he and 
 his Texans attacked their enemies with great fury. The 
 Mexicans were routed and Santa Anna made prisoner. He 
 e,agerly signed a treaty acknowledging the independence of 
 Texas, but the Mexican government refused to be bound by 
 it. Texas then became an independent Republic, of whicli 
 Houston was twice elected President. Texas applied for 
 admission to the Union during Van Buren's Presidency, Init 
 he opposed it, for he saw that its admission would cause a 
 war with Mexico. The North objected to its joining the 
 Union, because it would add a vast area of slave territory, 
 while the South, for the same reason, favored it. President 
 Tyler signed the bill for the admission of Texas three days 
 before the end of his term. 
 
 111. Admission of Florida Florida, the twentv- 
 
 seventh State, was admitted to the Union two days after 
 Texas. It is noted as containing the oldest city (St. Augus- 
 tine) in the Union. It was organized into the territories of 
 East and West Florida in 1822. 
 
 112. Presidential Election of 1844 — Tlie question of 
 the admission of Texas was the main issue in the Presidential 
 election of 1844. The Democrats favored its admission, and 
 nominated James K. Polk, of Tennessee, and George M, 
 
Honso Oc-oiipied by Jefferson Davis. Kichuioiul, Va.. During the War. 
 Residence of Jefferson Davis, Beauvoir, Miss. 
 
1,S2 
 
 tSCUOOL IIIKTDRV OF Till: IMTIU* STATHS. 
 
 Dallas, of Pennsylvania. Henry Clay opposed the admis- 
 sion of Texas, and favored the American system and the 
 United States Uank. He would have been elected but for 
 the diversion caused by the abolition vote, which put for- 
 ward James G. IJirney as its candidate. As it was, the Dem- 
 ocratic candidates were successful. 
 
 Questions, — 104. Give a bioorapliical sketch of the ninth Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 105. Of the tenth President. 
 
 106. What is the history of the Dorr Rebellion? 
 
 107. Give an account of the anti-rent troubles. 
 
 108. Of tlie Bunker Hill monument. 
 
 109. Of the invention of the magnetic telegraph. 
 
 no. What is said of Texas? Of Sam Houston and other leaders? 
 Of the fall of the Alamo? Of the victory of San Jacinto? The sub- 
 sequent history of Texas? 
 
 111. Of the admission of Florida? 
 
 112. What is said of the presidential election of 1S44? 
 
 CHAPTER XXHI. 
 
 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. (1845-1849.) 
 
 113. James K. Polk. — James 
 K. Polk, the eleventh President, 
 was born at Pineville, N. C, No- 
 vember 2, 1795, and died June 
 15, 1849. His father removed to 
 Tennessee when the son was a 
 ])oy. Polk was elected to Con- 
 f^rcssin 1825, and served for four- 
 teen years. In 1839, he became 
 Governor of Tennessee, and was 
 called from that oflfice to assume 
 the Presidencv of the Ignited States. 
 
xciiooi. /iisTo/n or TiiH r\[Ti:it states. is:} 
 
 114. The War With Mexico.— War with Mexico was 
 inevitable. Accortlin^iw our goveniinent sent a strong- 
 force into Texas to be prepared for hostilities. The first 
 conHict took place in April, 1846, and resulted in tlie defeat 
 of a small party of American dragoons, a number of whom 
 were made ])risoners. 
 
 115. Plan of Campaign. — War having lieen declared 
 (May II, 1846), the following plan of campaign was ar- 
 ranged: Cieneral Taylor was to hold tlie line of the Kio 
 (Irande (gran-dy); General Kearny (kar'nv) was to cross 
 the Rocky mountains and concpier New Mexico and Cali- 
 fornia, and (icneral Scott was to land at Vera Cruz (va'-rah 
 krooz) and advance upon the city of Mexico, the capital of 
 the country. 
 
 116. General Taylor's Operations. — Accordingly, (ien- 
 eral Taylor marched against Monterey (nion ta nV), and 
 after a hard battle captured it (September 24, 1846). He 
 met Santa Anna in the mountain pass of Lkiena Vista (bwa' 
 nah vees'tah), and, though the Mexican army was four times 
 as large as his, it was defeated (February 23, 1847). 
 
 117. General Scott's Operations. — (icneral Scott carried 
 out his part of the plan I)y first taking Vera Cruz (March 29, 
 1847). ^^n liis march to the city of Mexico, he came u])on 
 Santa Anna at Cerro (iordo. The Mexicans had a much 
 more numerous force behind strong intrenchments. but were 
 driven out with the loss of manv prisoners (A])ril 18). Se- 
 vere lighting followed, and the Americans were victorious at 
 all points. Seeing that all hope was gone, Santa Anna ran 
 away in the night, and the city of Mexico sm-rendered Sep- 
 tember 14, 1847. 
 
 118. General Kearny's Operations. — Meanwhile, (icn- 
 eral S. W. Kearny entered the ])rovince of New Mexico and 
 took possession. Captain k^remont, who was engaged with 
 a party of engineers in exploring the region of the Rockv 
 
I'.rooklyii l'>ri(lK<'. Now York. 
 
 Niagara I'^ills. 
 
SCIKHil, lllsTO/n of Till-: (MTIU) HT.\Ti:x. IS.", 
 
 mountains, united with Connnodorc Stockton, who was 
 cruising- oft the Pacific coast with an American ileet, and 
 the two completed the conquest of CaHfornia. 
 
 119. Peace. — The capture of the city of Mexico, how- 
 ever, decided tlie war. A treaty of peace was made h'ebruary 
 2, 1848, by which the Rio Grande became the western boun- 
 dary of Texas, and New Mexico and CaHfornia were ceded 
 to llie I'nited States. Mexico received for this transfer the 
 sum of $i5,ooo,oc",o. 
 
 120. Fremont's Exploring Expeditions.— As the coun- 
 try expanded and pros])ered, the enormous stretch of country 
 to the westward of the Mississippi attracted increasing- at- 
 tention. It was clear that before many years the whole re- 
 gion would be settled bv emigrants, and the mountains and 
 prairies spanned by railways and telegraph lines. It was im- 
 portant that w^e should explore the great West. Fremont's 
 first attempt at exploration was made in 1842. His party 
 penetrated as far westward as the lofty mountain peak, 
 riamed in honor of Fremont, upon the sunmiit of which he 
 unfurled the banner of his counti'v. 
 
 On his second expedition (1843-1844), Fremont crossed 
 the continent and brought back new and valuable geo- 
 graphical knowledge. He discovered for the first time the 
 existence of Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Little I'elt Lake, 
 Klamath Lake, the Sierra Nevada mountains, the valleys of 
 Sacramento and San Joaquin, the Three Parks, and the 
 Great Basin. One direct result was the accpiisition of the 
 State of California. The men sufTered intensely from cold, 
 starvation and the hostility of the Indians. 
 
 The third expedition set out in the autunm of 1S45. Its 
 purpose was to complete the exploration of ihe (ireat Rasin 
 and to extend the survey west and southwest. This was on 
 the eve of our war with Mexico, which Fremont knew was 
 
i,s(; SCHOOL iiisToin or tiih i \iti:i> sT\'ri:s. 
 
 coming. J I has been slujwn that with his help Cahfornia 
 was conquered by the Americans. 
 
 The first three expeditions of Fremont were under orders 
 of the government and achieved the most important suc- 
 cesses. He resigned from the army in 1848, and carried 
 through two other expeditions. The first of these (1848) 
 was one of the most disastrous in our liistory. The party 
 set out in the fall of the year, and entered the mountains just 
 as a winter of the most terri])le rigor set in. Thev lost their 
 wa\-, and all their mules and many of tlie men were frozen to 
 death. Their sufiferings were so fearfid that in one instance 
 cannilialism was resorted to by the starving explorers. Fre- 
 mont's last expedition (1853-1854) resulted in tlie discoverv 
 of numerous passes through the Rocky mountains, wliich 
 have since proven of great value. 
 
 121. The United States Naval Academy. — The L nited 
 States Naval Academy, the counterpart of the West Point 
 Military Academy, was opened at Annapolis, Md., Octo])er 
 10, 1845. Tts conception was due to the historian Bancroft, 
 who was Secretary of the Navy under Polk. It is one of the 
 finest na\'al training schools in existence. 
 
 122. Discovery of Gold in California. — One dav in Feb- 
 ruary, 1848, two men were at work in a mill-race at Coloma, 
 Cal., among the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, 
 when one of them jiicked up a glittering piece of vellow 
 metal, which they, at first, supposed to be brass. But there 
 was no brass about the mill, and they began to think it might 
 1)0 gold. When submitted to tests, it proved to be indeed a 
 bit of that precious metal. It weighed not quite nine pennv- 
 weights, and was worth about $7. 
 
 Thus gold was discovered in California. The discoverv 
 caused unparallelled excitement throughout the civilized 
 world. Thousands of emigrants swarmed aboard the ships 
 that made the stormy passage around Cape Horn, or the 
 
SCHOOL lusToin or riii: rMTi:n st.\ti:x. ist 
 
 inen labored across llic Isllmuis of I'anama and took slii]) on 
 the other side. Mnhitudcs plodded over the i)iains and 
 mountains, facing the hostility of Indians, the perils of the 
 snowy ranges and the danger from starvation. They 
 throngetl to the Pacific coast from Euro])e and Asia, all 
 drawn by the wonderful stories of unbountled treasures of 
 gold in California. Within a year, the i)opulation of San 
 Francisco increased from a few hundreds to more than 
 20,000. The people ])aid enormous i)rices for the barest 
 necessities of life, and suffered all manner of ])rivation. The 
 amount of gold received l)y the United States mint in the 
 following twelve years exceeded $500,000,000. Today, 
 however, the annual product of gold in California, although 
 large, is not so valuable as her wheat cro]"). 
 
 123. The Smithsonian Institution James Smithson, 
 
 an eminent English chemist and philanthropist, on his death 
 in Genoa, in 1824, left a large sum of money, on certain con- 
 ditions, to the Ignited States. The fund, amounting to 
 more than half a luillion dollars in 1838, was deposited in the 
 mint. It was dedicated t(^ the establishment at Washington 
 of an institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge 
 among men. bilm Ouincy Adams prepared a plan of or- 
 ganization, which was adoi)te(l bv Congress. The institu- 
 tion was natued the ".Sniilhsonian Institution," in lionor of 
 the founder, and has ])ecome one of tlie most useful organi- 
 zations in tlie historv of mankind. It contains a nniseum 
 of natural historv. a cabinet of minerals, a chemical lal)ora- 
 torv, a gallerv of art and a librar\-, witii Imildings admiral )1\' 
 adapted to its purposes. 
 
 124. Admission of Iowa and Wisconsin. — Iowa, the 
 t\vent\-ninth State, was admitted to the L^iion. December 
 28, 1846. It was first ]UM-mancntly settled at lUirlington. 
 and organized into a territory in 1838. Wisconsin was ad- 
 mitted May 29, 1848. The section was one of those visited 
 
188 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 by the I'Vench cxpkjrcrs and traders toward the close of the 
 seventeenth century. The settlement at Green Bay was 
 made in 1745, and it became a separate territory in 1836. 
 
 125. Presidential Election of 1848 The three Presi- 
 dential candidates, in the fall of 1848, were General Lewis 
 Cass, of Michigan, the nominee of the Democrats; ex-Presi- 
 dent Van P)uren, of the new Free-Soil party, and General 
 Zachary Taylor, of the VVhig-s. The Free-Soil party were 
 the supporters of the Wilmot Proviso, a l)ill which was pre- 
 sented in Congress in 1846 by David Wilmot, of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and which prohibited slavery in all territory that 
 niiglit l)e secured by treat\- with Mexico. The 1)ill was de- 
 feated, although it received considerable support. The pop- 
 ularity gained by General Taylor in the war with Mexico 
 carried hiiu trium])hantly into the President's chair. The 
 Free-Soil party did not carry a State or receive an electoral 
 vote. 
 
 Questions — 113. Give a biographical sketch of the eleventh Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 114. What were the first steps taken in the war with Mexico? 
 
 115. Give the plan of campaign. 
 
 116. Give an account of General Taylor's operations. 
 
 117. Of General Scott's operations. 
 
 118. Of General Kearny's operations. 
 
 iiQ- Upon what terms was peace arranged? 
 
 120. What is said of the great West? What was done hy Fremont 
 on his first expedition? On his second expedition? On his tliird 
 expedition? Of his first private expedition? His second private 
 expedition? 
 
 121. Give a history of the Navr.l Academy. 
 
 122 Tell the story of the discovery of Gold in California. Of tlie 
 excitement produced and the product of gokl. 
 
 123. Give the history of the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 124. Of the States of Iowa and Wisconsin. 
 
 125. Of the presidential election of 1848. 
 
SCHOOL IJISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 
 
 ISf 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 (I849-1.S53.) 
 
 126. Zachary Taylor. — Zachary 
 Taylor, the twelfth President, was 
 born near Orange Court House, 
 \a., September 24, 1784. His 
 parents removed to Kentucky 
 when he was an infant. He re- 
 ceived a scant school education, 
 but made an excellent soldier. He 
 did fine service in the war of 181 2 
 and in the Seminole war, but 
 gained his greatest distinction in 
 
 the contest with Mexico. He gained every battle in which 
 he was engaged against the Mexicans. His brusque man- 
 ner, his integrity and courage won him the title of "Rough 
 and Ready," and he was personallx' very popular. He died 
 July 9, 1850, before he had tlie opportunity to make an im- 
 press upon his administration. 
 
 127. Millard Fillmore.— Millard 
 Fillmore, tlie \'ice-Presidcnt, suc- 
 ceeded to the Presitlcncy. He 
 was born at Sunnuerhill, N. Y., 
 
 ;j January 7, 1800, and died March 
 V|8, 1874. He learned the trade of 
 /] fuller, taught school and studied 
 law. He was a member of the 
 legislature for three terms and 
 Congressman for four terms. At 
 the time of his nomination for the 
 \'ice-Presidency, he w^as serving as Comptroller of the State 
 
190 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of New York. He was a careful aiul \vise officer, whose in- 
 tegrity and sound judgment gave him a creditable i)lace 
 among the statesmen ui his time. 
 
 128. Slavery Agitation-— When California asked to be 
 admitted to the L'nion, the slavery discussion was revived 
 with ten-fold bitterness. The quarrel became so fierce that 
 the disruption of the Union was threatened. Then it was 
 that Henry Clay, the "Great Pacificator," stepped forward 
 for the last time and poured oil on the troubled waters. But 
 it could only be for a time. Ere long must come the terrible 
 clash of arms. 
 
 129. The Omnibus Bill. — Clay's compromise of 1850 
 was termed the ( )nmibus Bill. It provided that California 
 should be admitted as a Free State; tb.at the Territories of 
 Ctah and New Mexico should be formed without anv refer- 
 ence to slavery; that Texas should ])e paid $10,000,000 to 
 yield its claim to New Mexico; that the slave trade should be 
 l)r()hibited in the District of C()lum])ia, and that a fugitive 
 slave law should be enacted, iiroviding for the return to their 
 owners of such slaves as escaped into the free States. This 
 l)ill was jxissed and signed l)y the President, but it required 
 all the persuasive eloquence of Clay and the elocjuent pleading 
 of the great Wel)ster, who, by his support, ended forever his 
 chance of becoming President. 
 
 130. Admission of California. — California was admit- 
 ted September 9, 1850. The country was named New Al- 
 bion by Sir Francis Drake, who sailed along the coast in 
 1579. A mission was established by the Spanish at San 
 Diego (de a'go) in 1769, and another at San Francisco seven 
 years later, '['he Spanish power was overthrown in 1822. 
 .'\ few settlers founrl their wa}- thither from the States, but 
 its first bound into prosperity was given by the discovery of 
 gold in 1848. 
 
HVHOOL HISTORY OF THE LMTED STATES. 191 
 
 131, Arctic Exploration. — Great interest was shown in 
 arctic exploration during the administration of Taylor and 
 l""illmore. Sir John Franklin was sent out by Great Britain 
 in 1845, ill quest of the oi)en polar sea, b\- which many be- 
 lieved a way could be found to the Pacilic. The years 
 passed without any news from him, and then several expedi- 
 tions were sent to ascertain his fate. All came back with 
 only the tidings that he had passed the country of the Eske- 
 mos. Two small vessels were dispatched on the same er- 
 rand, in ^lay, 1850, l\v Aloses Grinnell, a wealthy merchant 
 of Kew York. Lieutenant De Haven, in command, discov- 
 ered the graves of three of Franklin's men at the southern 
 entrance to Wellington Channel. No trace, however, of the 
 commander could be found, and the ships returned in Octo- 
 ber, 1 85 1. 
 
 There was a widespread l)elief that k'ranklin and some of 
 liis men were still alive somewhere in the frozen regions of 
 the far Xorth. The government assisted (Jrinnell to send 
 out a second expedition, which sailed May 31, 1853. The 
 vessels were under cliarge of Dr. hTisha Kent Kane, the sur- 
 geon and naturalist (if the former expedition. The shij^s 
 were frozen in the ice and imprisoned so long that an expe- 
 dition was sent in searcli of them. r^Ieanwdiile, Dr. Fane, 
 iinding liis vessels could not l)e freed, set ofit with his men in 
 open l)oats, and, after a voyage of 1300 miles, reached a Da- 
 nish settlement in Greenland, wdiere they found the relief 
 ships that were looking for them. They arri\-e(l in Xew 
 ^V)rk, ( )ctolx'r 11, 1855. but without any additional tidings 
 of I'Vankin and his crew. 
 
 132. Presidential Election of 1852. — The Democrats 
 nominated Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, and Wil- 
 liam R. King, of Alabama. TVobably half of the peo])]e in 
 tlie United States had never heard of Pierce. Nevertheless, 
 he overwhelmingly defeated General Scott, the candidate of 
 
192 
 
 HCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the Whigs, who received only forty-two electoral votes to 
 254 cast lor Pierce. 
 
 Questions. — 126. Give a biograpliical sketch of the twelfth Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 127. Of the thirteenth President. 
 
 128. What is said of the slavery agitation? 
 
 129. Give a history of the Omnibus Bill. 
 
 130. Of California. 
 
 131. What is said of Arctic exploration? Give an account of 
 GrinneJl's first expedition. Of his second. 
 
 132. Of the presidential election of 1852. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. (1853-1857-) 
 
 133. Franklin Pierce — Frank- 
 lin Pierce, the fourteenth Presi- 
 dent, was born at Hillsborough, 
 N. H., November 23, 1804, and 
 died October 8, 1869. His father 
 was Democratic Governor of the 
 State in 1827. The son was well 
 ducated, and graduated at Bow- 
 vloin College. He served in both 
 branches of Congress, and, when 
 elected to the Senate, was the 
 \oungest member of that body. He did good service in the 
 war with Mexico, and won the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 A notal)le fact, which is true of no other administration, was 
 that from the opening to the close not a change was made in 
 his cabinet. Another noteworthy incident was the pres- 
 ence at his inauguration of the venerable George Washing- 
 ton Parke Curtis, the adopted son of George Washington, 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IJNITET) tiTATES. 10.-} 
 
 who had I)ccn present at every inauguration sinee the ft)r- 
 niation of the government. 
 
 134. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise The feel- 
 ing on the slavery question intensified every day. The com- 
 promise measures of 1850 brought only a temporary hdl. 
 Several Northern States passed personal liberty bills, which 
 made it a misdemeanor for any citizen to help return a run- 
 away slave to his master, although the highest court in the 
 land had declared it his duty to do so. There were many 
 conflicts and nuich bloodshed from this cause. Senator 
 Stephen A. Douglas l)rought forward in Congress his bill 
 organizing the two Territories of Kansas and Nel)raska, and 
 leaving the people to settle the question of slavery for them- 
 selves. This was termed "squatter sovereignty." This bill, 
 after a fierce discussion, became law (May 31, 1854). It will 
 be perceived that it repealed the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 135. Border Warfare — Nebraska was so far north that 
 slavery could obtain no footing; but Kansas became the seat 
 of war between the rival factions. Northern associations 
 sent emigrants thither, furnished with "riiles instead of 
 Bibles." Bands crossed from Missouri, and in many places 
 terrorized the elections. Two rival legislatures were elected ; 
 the warring continued ; the town of Lawrence was sacked and 
 almost destroyed; the Governor appointed resigned in dis- 
 gust; the skies at night were lit up with the glare of burning 
 buildings, and the country was desolated. The civil war 
 continued until the pro-slaverv men gave over the attempt 
 to secure a constitution, and one prohibiting slavery was 
 ratified in 1859. Jolm Brown was a prominent figure in 
 these fights. 
 
 136. New Treaty With Mexico- — The imjierfect maps 
 used in the treaty with Mexico caused a dispute over the 
 boundary. The boundary was readjusted in 1854. The 
 "Gadsden Purchase" was effected in 1853, '^y which a large 
 
194 SCHOOL niXTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 
 
 tract of land, now a part of Arizona, was Ijought for tlie sum 
 of $10,000,000. !')}• the terms of the j)urchase, our govern- 
 ment was released from all obligations to defend the frontier 
 against the Indians. 
 
 137. Treaty With Japan — The i)olicy of Japan for cen- 
 turies had been to shut out all foreign nations and have inter- 
 course with none. In March, 1854, Commodore Perry ne- 
 gotiated a treaty with that country, which opened her jiorts 
 to all peoples and marked an era in the development of th.e 
 interesting cmjiire. 
 
 138. Presidential Election in 1856 — The Whig party 
 united with the American, or Know Nothing i)arty (though 
 many of them at the North joined the Republicans), which 
 nominated for President, Millard Fillmore ; the Free Soil, or 
 Republican party, nominated John C. Fremont; the Demo- 
 crats nominated James Ijuchanan, of Pennsylvania, for Pres- 
 ident, and John C. Rreckenridge, of Kentucky, for \'ice- 
 President. The Democratic candidates were elected. 
 
 Questions. — 1,13. Give a biograpliical sketch of the foiirU-entli 
 President. 
 
 134. State the facts concerning the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 135. What is said of border warfare? 
 
 136. What new treaty was made with Mexico? 
 
 137. What treaty was made with Japan? 
 
 138. What is stated regarding the presidential election of 1856? 
 
i<('IIOOL HISTORY OF THE TMTED STATES. 195 
 
 CHAPTER XX\I. 
 BUCHAXAN-S AD.MIXISTRATION. (1857-1861.) 
 
 
 139. James Buchanan [ames 
 
 Buchanan, fifteenth President of 
 the I'nited States, was born of 
 Irish parentao;e at Cove Gap. 
 Pa., April 13, 1791, and died June 
 I. 1868. He graduated at Dick- 
 inson College in 1809. was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 181 2, and 
 two years later elected to the 
 State legislature. He was twice 
 a member of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives and of the Senate. He served as Secretary of 
 State under President Polk. Previous to that. President 
 Jackson appointed him minister to Russia, and in 1853 he 
 was our minister to England. He was the only President 
 that was a bachelor. 
 
 140. The Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott was a 
 
 shive, whose master, a surgeon in the I'nited States army, 
 lived in Missouri. He afterwards removed to Illinois and then 
 to Minnesota, taking Dred Scott with him. In Mimiesota, 
 Scott married a slave woman belonging to his master, and 
 the couple had two children. Scott and his wife were re- 
 moved to St. Louis and sold, whereupon he brought suit for 
 his freedom. On appeal, tlie suit reached the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, which rendered its decision in 
 December, 1857. This was in efTect that negroes were not 
 citizens of the United States, and could not become such bv 
 any constitutional process; they could not sue nor be sued, 
 and consequently the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction in 
 the case. A slave was simply personal property, that could 
 
196 HVHOOL JIISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 be taken from State to State, the same as a horse or furni- 
 ture, -without his master's losing ownership in him. 
 
 This decision virtually declared not only the Missouri 
 Compromise, but Clay's Compromise o'f 1850, unconstitu- 
 tional, null and void. It was delivered by Chief Justice 
 Taney and concurred in by six of his associates, while two 
 dissented. This decision, so manifestly just, and so en- 
 tirely in accord with the fundamental principles of the Con- 
 stitution, was received with great satisfaction by the South, 
 but created wide and bitter dissatisfaction at the North, 
 especially among the Abolitionists and their sympathizers. 
 These denounced the Supreme Court, and proclaimed the 
 Constitution of the United States to be "a league with death 
 and a covenant with hell." 
 
 141. The "Mormon War."— Alormons in Utah Territory 
 had long given the government nuich trouble, not only by 
 their shameless practice of polygamy, which had excited the 
 detestation of the civilized w^orld, and their other strange 
 religious views and practices, but by their open defiance of 
 the laws of the United States, and of the offtcers sent to exe- 
 cute those laws. The troubles culminated in February, 
 1856, when a Mormon mob broke into the room of the 
 United States District Court, and, with brandished weapons, 
 compelled Judge Dunmore to adjourn his court sine die. 
 
 Soon after this, all United States officers were compelled 
 to leave the Territory, and the Mormons continued to defv 
 Federal laws and authority. Finding this to be the state of 
 afTairs, President Buchanan sent to Utah a force of about 
 1700 United States regulars, commanded by Brevet-Briga- 
 dier-General Albert Sidney Johnston, who overcame great 
 obstacles on the march and reached Salt Lake City, the Mor- 
 mon capital, in February, 1858. General Johnston, with the 
 far-reaching wisdom which characterized him, advised the 
 government to make no concessions to the Mormons, and 
 
Sf/lOOf. III><r(tRY OF THE T'XITED ^TATEi^. 107 
 
 insisted that "they should Ije made to submit unconditionally 
 to the constitutional and lethal demands of the government.'' 
 He predicted that "an adjustment of existing- differences on 
 any other basis would be nugatory." But, unfortunately, 
 other counsels prevailed, the Mormons were granted am- 
 nesty upon making fair promises, which they kept so long 
 as the army remained, and Utah continued a source of 
 trouble for years. 
 
 142. The Atlantic Cable.— The first telegraph wire across 
 the Atlantic was com])leted August 5, 1858. The feasibility 
 of such a scheme had long been discussed, but the problem 
 seemed far from solution, until Lieutenant IMathew Fon- 
 taine Maury, of Virginia, then Stiperintendent of the Na- 
 tional Observatory at Wasliington, who had justly won the 
 sobriquet of "pathfinder of the sea,'' advanced the theory of 
 the "Deep Sea Plateau," on which the cable could quietlv 
 rest. Lieutenant John M. Brooke, of Virginia, Maury's as- 
 sistant at the Observatory, invented the "deep sea sounding" 
 aj^paratus, and, by its use. Lieutenant Berryman, of Vir- 
 ginia, made experiments, which fully verified Maury's 
 theory. 
 
 Cyrus M. Field, of New York, a wealthy merchant, de- 
 serves great credit for the energy, skill, liberality and per- 
 severance with which he raised the necessary capital and 
 pushed the enterprise to a finally successful issue: but anv 
 liistory of the Atlantic Cable without mention of the names 
 of Maury, Brooke and Berryman is as incomplete as it is 
 unjust. 
 
 On the evening of the day on which the cable was com- 
 pleted, the directors of the' company in London sent a con- 
 gratulatory message to the directors in this country, and 
 Queen Victoria telegraphed to President Buchanan an ex- 
 pression of her happiness over the success of the enterprise. 
 There was wide joy over the result, but disappointment soon 
 
Major-Gen. Pickett, of V;i. (4oii. B. Johnston, of Md. Gen. Morgan, of K.y. 
 
 Gen. P. II. Maury. Major-Gen. Preston, of S. C. 
 
 Gen. Sn)le.v, of Texas. Arlmiral Raphael Semmes. Gen. Kershaw, of S. C. 
 
SCHOni. llfsTORT OF THE IXTTFl) STATES^ 199 
 
 came, the insiilalion l)ecanie faulty and grew worse, until, 
 on the 4th of September, it was found impossible to send a 
 single word. Several attempts were made to repair the 
 break, but complete success was not attained until 1866. 
 since which time other ocean cables have been laid, until 
 now we have telegraphic communication arountl the globe. 
 
 143. The San Juan Boundary. — A boundary dispute 
 arose witli England in the sunmier of 1859. The small 
 island of San Juan lies in the channel which separates Brit- 
 ish Columbia from the United States. Each nation claimed 
 this island, which commands the narrow passage, and it was 
 jointly occupied. Hostilities threatened more than once. 
 When a crisis was imminent. General Scott was sent to the 
 scene. He reached an agreement with the British gov- 
 ernor, but the question of ownership remained unsettled for 
 thirteen years. It was finally referred to the Emperor of 
 Germany for arbitration, and in October, 1872, he rendered 
 his decision in favor of the Ignited States. 
 
 144. John Brown's Raid. — The most startling event of 
 Buchanan's administration occurred in the autumn of 1859. 
 John Brown and his sons had taken an active i)art in Kansas 
 against slavery. He had so bitter a hatred of the institution 
 that he came to regard himself as the instrument of heaven 
 to destroy it. He fixed upon Harper's I*"erry as the spot to 
 begin his fanatical crusade for freedom. His plan was to 
 invade \'irginia with a small military force and incite the 
 slaves to insurrection. 
 
 He collected a band of twenty men in October, and held 
 them ready for action on the Maryland shore. They crossed 
 the railway bridge over the Potomac, late on Sunday night. 
 October 16, seized the federal armory at Harper's Ferry, 
 stopped the railway trains, made several citizens prisoners, 
 captured such slaves as they could find, and held possession 
 of the town for twentv-four hours. Pickets were thrown 
 
•2tU) SCHOOL HISITORY OF THE IXITED ."STATES. 
 
 out, and all persons venturing abroad were arrested. A ne- 
 gro who refused to join them was shot. Telegraphic com- 
 munication was cut, and arms sent to the slaves that were 
 expected to rise. 
 
 The citizens soon comprehended what was going on, and 
 were roused to action. They gathered in rapidly-increasing 
 numbers, and in the morning attacked the armory. The 
 invaders kept their assailants at bay for awhile, but it soon 
 became evident that the wild scheme of Brown was doomed. 
 Several of his men made desperate efforts to escape. One 
 leapetl into the river and swam across, but was shot when he 
 reached the other side. Brown retreated to the little engine- 
 house in the town, where he stayed with his wounded and 
 prisoners, fighting off the enraged citizens as best he could, 
 until Tuesday morning, when Colonel Robert E. Lee arrived 
 from Washington with a force of marines. The position of 
 Brown was hopeless; but he refused to surrender. His two 
 sons were killed, and he was wounded several times. Colo- 
 nel Lee caused the doors of the engine-house to be battered 
 down, when Brown and the survivors were overpowered. 
 
 Brown and his six companions were tried and condemned 
 by the authorities of Virginia, and hanged on the 3d of De- 
 cember. This raid would have been looked upon as onlv 
 tlie effort of a mad fanatic, who had met deserved punish- 
 ment, but for the fact that it was so widely approved at the 
 North as to seem to the South to be but the precursor of 
 many other and more dangerous attempts in the same di- 
 rection. 
 
 The Abolitionists not only openly declared their approval 
 of John Brown's course, but held meetings, made fierv 
 speeches, and passed strong resolutions of indorsement. On 
 the 1st of November, 1859, their great leader, Wendell 
 Phillips, made a speech in Henry Ward Beecher's church, 
 in P.rooklyn, in which, among other bitter utterances, he 
 
FiCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I'MTED STATES. 201 
 
 said: ""John Brown has twice as much right to hang Gov- 
 ernor Wise as Governor Wise has to hang him. * * * 
 On the l)anks of the Potomac, history will visit that river 
 more kindly, because John Brown has gilded it with the 
 eternal brightness of his glorious deed, than because the 
 dust of It'ashingto)! rests upon one side of it; and, if \'irginia 
 tyrants dare hang him. after this mockery of a trial, it will 
 take two Washingtons at least to make the name of the 
 river anything but abominable to the ages that come after it." 
 
 Rev. Edwin ]\1. Wheelock, of Dover, X. H., said in a ser- 
 mon: "The gallows from which John Brow^n ascends into 
 heaven will be in our politics zchat the cross is in our religion 
 — sign and symbol of supreme self-devoteclness ; and. from 
 his sacrHicial blood, the temporal salvation of four millions of 
 our people shall yet spring. On the 2d day of December be 
 is to be strangled in a Southern prison for obeying the ser- 
 nioJi on the Mount. But to be hanged in Jlrginia is like being 
 crucified in Jerusalem; it is the last tribute that sin pays to 
 virtue." 
 
 Such sentiments as these w-ere approved by many news- 
 papers at the Xorth. It was proven that Brown's purpose 
 was known beforehand to such men as Gerrit Smith. Wm. 
 H. Seward, Chas. Sumner, Joshua R. Giddings and Salmon 
 P. Chase, and that if they did not approve, they at least took 
 no steps to thwart his plans. 
 
 On the day of Brown's execution, Tremont Temple, Bos- 
 ton, was crowded to its utmost capacity, and. among other 
 bitter speeches. Hon. J. O. A. Griffin, of the Alassachusetts 
 legislature, declared that "T/zr heinous offense of Pontius 
 Pilate, in crucifying our Sai'iour, ichitened into virtue zvhen 
 compared zcith that of Governor IJlsc in liis couduci tozcards 
 John Broi^'n.'' Similar meetings were held all over the 
 Xorth. bells w^ere tolled, resolutions in honor of "the mar- 
 tyr" were passed, and the people of the South w^ere given 
 
201.' SCHOOL HISTORY OF Till-: i MTEU STATEt^l. 
 
 plainl} to iindersland that if they continued to exercise their 
 constittttional rights and hold the slaves their fathers had 
 bought from New England slavers, or from Northern slave- 
 holders, they were in future to be suljject to arson, rapine 
 and murder, with the full approval of their Northern breth- 
 ren. The John Brown Raid has been well called "the first 
 gun" of the great war l)et\vcen the States. 
 
 145. Admission of Minnesota — Minnesota, the thirty- 
 second State, was admitted to the Union May ii, 1858. It 
 was visited by La Salle in 1680. Fort Snelling was estab- 
 lished in 1819, and St. Paul founded in 1838. It was organ- 
 ized as a Territory in 1849, with a much greater area than 
 at present. From 1851, the population increased rapitUy. 
 tlie region becoming a favorite one with emigrants. During 
 the war between the States, it suffered from a brief but sav- 
 age conflict witli the Indians. 
 
 146. Admission of Oregon. — Oregon came into the 
 L'nion L\'ljruary 14, 1S59. Captain (iray, of Boston, in 
 1792. entered the principal river, which he named the Co- 
 luml)ia, and brought back a glowing account of the country. 
 Lewis and Clark visited it in 1804. Some years later, a 
 fur trade was opened and became very valualile. The 
 friction between the l.ritish and American neighbors was 
 removed by the adjustment of the boundary line beyond 
 <|uestion. A large emigration thither began in the year 
 1836. Oregon Territory, organized in 1848, included all 
 the United vStates possessions west of the Rocky mountains, 
 b'ive years later, Washington Territorv was organized north 
 of Columbia river. Oregon assumed its present limits upon 
 its admission as a State. 
 
 147. Admission of Kansas — Kansas became a State 
 January 29, 1861. Originally it was a part of the Louisiana 
 Purchase. It constituted an immense area left after the for- 
 mation of Louisiana and other States. We have already 
 
SCHOOL iiisTonv or Tin: i \rri:i> states. uon 
 
 learned tlial it hecaiiie liie thealre of civil war after its erec- 
 tion into a Territory in 1854, over the (|iiestion whether it 
 slionld achnit or exclude slavery. 
 
 148. The Presidential Election of i860.— The Piesi- 
 dential election approached amid ttiniultuous excitement. 
 The Republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illi- 
 nois, for President, and Hannibal IJamlin, of Maine, for 
 Vice-President. The Democratic party met in Charleston, 
 S. C, 23d of April, i860, but were imable to agree on a ]ilat- 
 form, one wing insisting upon a clean-cut statement that 
 neither Congress nor a territorial legislatiire had any right 
 to interfere with the introduction of slavery into the Terri- 
 tories, or to impair the right of property in slaves carried 
 there; while the Douglas wing insitecl on the "Squatter Sov- 
 ereignty" doctrine of leaving the people of the Territory to 
 decide the ([uestion of slavery for themselves. 
 
 The convention split on these ([uestions, and two conven- 
 tions were afterw'ards held in r)altimore in June; the one 
 nominated Ste])hen A. Douglas, of Illinois, for President, 
 and Herschel \\ Johnson, of Georgia, for Mce-President, 
 and the other, John C. Preckinridge, of Kentucky, for Presi- 
 dent, and Josejih Lane, of Oregon, for Mce-President. The 
 "American" party nominated for President, John Pell, of 
 Tennessee, and for \"icc-President, Pdward Everett, of Alas- 
 sachusetts, and adopted as their ])latform, "The UnicMi, the 
 Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws." 
 
 By a purely sectional vote, only sixteen out of thirty-three 
 States voting for him, and tiot one south of "Mason and 
 Dixon's line," Abraham Lincoln was declai"ed elected, hav- 
 ing a majority of the electoral votes, although out of a popu- 
 lar vote of 4,662,169, he received only 1,857,610, wdiile the 
 combined popular vote of the other candidates was 2,804,- 
 
 559- 
 
 Thus, the Democratic partv, which, with the breaks of 
 
204 Sf'ffOOL Jl J STOUT OF THE T XITED STATES. 
 
 1840 and 1848, had controlled the gcn'ernnient for sixty 
 years, passed out of power, and there came in a sectional 
 President, elected on sectional issues by a minority of the 
 whole peo])le. 
 
 149. The Effect in the South The result of the elec- 
 tion created the wildest excitement throughout the South. 
 Taken in coimection with events that had gone before, the 
 leaders and the people of the South saw in this triumph of 
 sectionalism the most seriotis menace to their institutions 
 and their interests; and, while there were differences of 
 opinion as to just what was best to be done, all were agreed 
 th.at a great crisis was upon them, and, if necessary, that they 
 must fall back on the doctrine of their fathers — the sover- 
 eignty of the States and their constitutional right to secede 
 from the Union, which now threatened to rob them of their 
 rights and institute against tliem a system of oppression 
 which must result in their ruin. 
 
 South Carolina led the way, and her convention, assem- 
 bled in Charleston, passed her ordinance of Secession, De- 
 cember 20, i860, declaring that "The union heretofore ex- 
 isting between this State and the other States of North Am- 
 erica is dissolved." Other States followed South Carolina, 
 and passed ordinances of Secession : Mississippi on January 
 9, 1861 ; Florida, January 10; Alabama, January 11 ; Ceorgia, 
 January 19; Louisiana, January 26, and Texas, February 
 
 23- 
 
 150. The Peace Conference — \"irginia, who had done so 
 much to win the Revolutionary struggle and to form the 
 government; whose voice had hitherto been so influential in 
 the councils of the country, and who had clung to the Union 
 with such devotion, called a "Peace Conference," which as- 
 sembled in Washington on the 4th of Februarv. t86t. Manv 
 of the Northern States, and Delaware, Alarvland. Virginia. 
 North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri, sent 
 
scifooL insToiiY OF Tin: j'MTED states. 2or. 
 
 (Iclci^atcs. and ex-President John Tyler, of Mrginia, was 
 made ])resident of the Conference. It atlopted terms of set- 
 tlement, which were not acceptable to the X'irginia or North 
 Carolina delegates, and which were promptly rejected by 
 Congress, now inider control of the Republicans, since the 
 representatives of the seceded States had withdrawn as their 
 States passed ordinances of secession. 
 
 151. The Seceding States Resuming Their Sovereign 
 Powers and Seizing Forts and Arsenals As each se- 
 ceding State withdrew from the Cnion, she resumed her 
 powers as a sovereign and independent State, and proceeded 
 to exercise these powers so far as she was aljle to do so. 
 They claimed the right to take possession of such forts, ar- 
 senals and public buildings of the United States as were 
 within their own borders, the sites of which had been ceded 
 to the general government, to be used for the protection of 
 the States and the general good, and had been built from 
 the common treasury to which each State had contributed 
 its share, l^ut they avowed their entire willingness and full 
 purpose to settle for this property of the general government 
 upon terms of ef[uity and justice, to be afterwards agreed 
 upon. 
 
 South Carolina sent conmiissioners to Washington to 
 treat for the peaceable possession of the forts in Charleston 
 harbor, and, while this was not agreed to by Buchanan's 
 administration, it was promised, on the one hand, that "the 
 military status of the forts should not be disturbed," and, on 
 the other, "that there should be no attack upon the forts 
 pending negotiations." South Carolina scrupulously kept 
 her pledge of honor, and made no hostile demonstrations 
 against the forts. But on the night of December 26 i860. 
 Major Robert Anderson, who commanded the garrison at 
 Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island, secretly transferred his 
 garrison, provisions and ammunition to Fort Sumter, after 
 
200 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VMTED STATPJS. 
 
 having spiked the guns and dismantled the armament of 
 Moultrie as far as possible. 
 
 Sumter being much the stronger fort, nearer to Charleston 
 an<l more inaccessible to assault, while completely com- 
 manding the harl)or, the Carolinians and Secessionists were 
 naturally very indignant at this palpable "change of the mili- 
 tary status." 
 
 Secretary of War John B. hdoyd demanded of the Presi- 
 dent authority to order Major Anderson back to Fort Moul- 
 trie, and, this being refused, he tendered his resignation on 
 the 29th of December, saying, "I can no longer hold mv 
 office under my convictions of patriotism, nor with honor, 
 subjected as 1 am to the violation of solemn pledges and 
 plighted faith." His resignation was promptly accepted 
 
 The militar)' forces of South Carolina now took posses- 
 sion of Moultrie, the Arsenal in Charleston and other strong- 
 holds around the harbor, and began preparations to reduce 
 Sumter if it should not be peaceably surrendered to them. 
 
 152. The Star of the West — The President, after a 
 good deal of vacillation, determined to reinforce and pro- 
 vision Sumter, and. on the 5th of January, 1861, the steamer 
 Star of the H'csf sailed from New York, with 250 soldiers 
 and an ample sui)pl\- of stores, jirovisions and munitions of 
 war. The attempt of the vessel to reach Sumter on the night 
 of January 8 was resisted by the Carolina batteries, and she 
 was compelled to put back to sea, reaching New York on the 
 1 2th. 
 
 Jacob Thompson. Secretary of the Interior, at once re- 
 signed, on the ground that this attempt to reinforce Sumter 
 was in violation of the understanding reached at the cabinet 
 meeting, December 31. This expedition of the Star of flic 
 West was clearly another act of war on the part of the gen- 
 eral government. 
 
Tooil) of Martha Waslnngton. Fredericksburg, Va. 
 Statue of General Lee, Uicliuiond, Va. 
 
i.>()s sciKKU. iiisToin or Till-: i \iti:i) states. 
 
 153. A Day of Fasting and Prayer. — i lie 41I1 of |aiiu- 
 ary, appointed l)_v proclainaticjii of rresidcnt lUichanan as a 
 day of "fastins;-, humiliation and prayer," was rcvorentlx ol)- 
 scrved in many parts of the country, and especialK in the 
 border States, where immense conj^res^ations asseml)!ed in 
 the churches, and fervent prayers were offered that the Lord 
 of Hosts would avert the calamities which threatened the 
 country. 
 
 r.ut in many parts of the North, the Republicans treated 
 tlie proclamation and the day with ridicule and ribald jest. 
 Meantime, events raj^dly hastened to a crisis. 
 
 154. Formation of the Confederacy. — ( )n the very dav 
 on which the "I'eace Conference" asseml)leil in Washing-ton, 
 February 4, 1861, delegates from the seceded States met in 
 Montgomery, Ala., and organized the government of the 
 ^'Confederate Stales of Ameriea," l)y the adoption of a i)r()- 
 visional constitution, to continue in force one year, and the 
 election of Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as President, and 
 Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, as \'ice-President. Tliev 
 also adopted a "permanent constitution." to l)e submitted 
 for ratification to the States composing the Confederacy. 
 
 This constitution was modeled on that of the United 
 States, and, in some important ]X)ints of difference, has won 
 the approval of some of the ablest statesmen, even among 
 the bitterest enemies of the Confederacv. 
 
 A comparison of tlie two instruments, l)oth of wliich we 
 print in our Appendix, will show the points of difference, 
 and we note here only the following: The Confederate Con- 
 stitution recognized, as the old did not. Almighty God, and 
 invoked His favor and guidance. It guarded carefully the 
 doctrine of the "sovereignty of each State." It expressly 
 forbade the "slave trade." or the importation of slaves from 
 any foreign country, other than the slave-holding States and 
 Territories of the United States. It forbade Congress from 
 
sriliKtl. Illsroh'V OF Till-: JMTKU STATHS. L'OH 
 
 granting "bounties" to corp<jralions or ■"irusts" of any kind. 
 It provided a "tariff for revenue." It provided that cabinet 
 officers should have the privileges of the floor of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, in order to state, explain or 
 advocate any measures of their several departments. It 
 provided tliat the President might veto a/;v part of a bill 
 passed by Congress, and approve the remainder, giving his 
 reasons for such action. It fixed the term of office of the 
 President and \'ice- 1 'resident at six years, but provided that 
 the President slimild not be eligible for re-election. In 
 other particulars, the Constitution was framed tf) embody 
 and carry out the principles upon which the Confederacy 
 was formed. The first Confederate flag was unfurled March 
 4, 1861. 
 
 155. Jefferson Davis — Horn June 3, 1808, in Christian, 
 now Todd, county, Kentucky, Mr. Davis was the son of 
 Samuel Davis, of Georgia, wlio distinguished himself as a 
 soldier in the war of the Revolution, and was captain of 
 infantr\- at the siege of Savannah. During his infancy, his 
 father moved to Wilkinson county, Mississip])i, and Jeffer- 
 son Davis w^as sent thence to Transylvania College, Ken- 
 tucky, and had ad^y^anced to the senior class, when, at the age 
 of sixteen, he was appointed to the United States Military 
 Academy at West Point, where he entered in September, 
 1824, and graduated in 1828. As a young officer, he served 
 on tlie frontier against the Indians with distinguished gal- 
 lantry and skill, until 1835, when he resigned from the army, 
 married a daughter of Colonel Zachary Taylor (afterwards 
 the famous general and President of the United States), and 
 settled as a cotton planter in Warren county, Mississippi. 
 Losing his wife early in his married life, he remained for 
 many years in great seclusion, Init flevotcd himself assidu- 
 ously to those studies which so pre-eminently qualified him 
 for his subsequent brilliant career. 
 
JefEerson Davis. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THIJ iXirfJl) STATES. 211 
 
 In 1843, lie began his political career. In February, 1845, 
 he was married to Aiiss \ arina Howell, of Natchez, and in 
 December of the same year he took his seat as a member oi 
 the House of Representatives at Washington. He at once 
 made his mark as a debater and leader of the House; bin, in 
 June, 1846, he resigned his seat in Congress to accept the 
 colonelcy of a regiment of Mississippi volunteers, organized 
 for service in the Mexican War. 
 
 At Monterey. Colonel Davis greatly distinguished him- 
 self; at Buena \'ista, the gallantry and skill with which he 
 liandled his "Mississippi Rifles," and their heroic courage, 
 saved the day; and in his whole service in Mexico he dis- 
 played the very highest qualities of the soldier. He was se- 
 verely wounded at Buena \'ista, but refused to leave the 
 field until the victory was won, and was compelled to go 
 home on crutches. The Governor of his State appointed 
 liim to a vacancy in the I'nitcd States Senate, and in Jaiui- 
 ary, 1848, the legislature of Mississippi unanimously elected 
 him to the position, and re-elected him for the full term in 
 1850. 
 
 In the autumn of this year, he resigned his seat in the 
 Senate to lead his ])arty as candidate for Governor of Mis- 
 sissippi, and, though defeated, he reduced a majority of 
 7000 to less than 1000. Cpon the inauguration of Franklin 
 Pierce as President, in March. 1853. ^^^ was persuaded, 
 though he at first declined, to accept the ]ilace of Secretary 
 of War, and filled that jwsition for four years with such 
 marked ability that he is recognized by all fair historians as 
 one of the greatest, if not the greatest, of all the Secretaries 
 of War the country has ever had. Many of the reforms he 
 introduced have benefited the department and the country 
 to this (lav. 
 
 At the close of his term of service as Secretary of War, he 
 re-entered the Senate, where he remained until the secession 
 
212 SCHOOL II I STORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 
 
 of his State, when he promptly resigned, to follow her for- 
 tunes. During Mr. Davis's career in tlie United States Sen- 
 ate there were giants on the floor, for in those days men 
 were sent to the Senate because of their intellectual powers, 
 the purity of their characters and their capacity to serve 
 their States and their country. 
 
 The "Great Triumvirate" — Clay, Webster and Calhoun — 
 Chase, of Ohio; R. M. T. Hunter, of A'irginia; Sam Houston, 
 of Texas; John Bell, of Tennessee; Berrien and Robert 
 Toombs, of Georgia; William R. King, of Alabama; Thos. 
 H. Benton, of Missouri; Mangum, of North Carolina; 
 Soule and Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana; Lewis Cass, of 
 Michigan; Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois; John J. Critten- 
 den, of Kentucky; Chas. Sumner, of Massachusetts; Wm. 
 H. Seward, of New York, and other such men, were con- 
 temporaries of Mr. Davis, and yet he was in native ability, 
 scholarly attainments, wide information and real power as 
 orator and debater the peer of any of them. His "farewell 
 to the Senate" was a piece of matchless oratory, and he 
 closed his brilliant career in the public service of the L^nited 
 States without one stain on his record or one blot on his 
 character. 
 
 He was made major-general and commander-in-chief of 
 the forces of Mississippi, and was anxious to serve in the 
 field, if there should be war; but when unanimously elected 
 President of the Confederacy, he did not feel at liberty to 
 decline this service. 
 
 Inaugurated at Montgomery, February i8, 1861, amid 
 the enthusiastic plaudits of the people, he devoted to the 
 Confederacv his talents, his fortunes, his life. For the next 
 four years his life was so bound up in the Confederacy that 
 to write it were to write "The Rise and Fall of the Confed- 
 erate Government." To say that he may have made mis- 
 takes in his management of affairs is but to say that he was 
 
SCHOOL II r STORY OF THE T'yiTED STATES. 2ia 
 
 human; and yet it is doubtful if anotlier could have l)cen 
 foinid who would have done as well. Certain it is, that in 
 patriotic devotion to duty, untiring energy, undaunted cour- 
 age and chivalric bearing, he has had few equals, and no 
 superior, in all histor\-. 
 
 Captured near Irwinville, Ga., when endeavoring to make 
 his way to the "Trans-:\lississippi Department," he was con- 
 fined in a casement in Fortress Monroe, treated with the 
 utmost indignity, put in irons, slandered and abused, and, 
 after being kept in prison two years, was released on bond, 
 and finally had all proceedings against him dismissed, the 
 government never venturing to give him the trial for which 
 he so ardently longed as an opportunity of vindicating be- 
 fore the world and at the bar of history the Confederate 
 cause. 
 
 After his release from prison, he spent a year in Canada 
 and a year in Europe, engaged in business in Memphis for 
 several years, and settled at Beauvoir, on the Gulf coast, 
 where he wrote his great book, "Rise and Fall of the Con- 
 federate Government" and other things of great value, and 
 spent the evening of his days in the bosom of his family and 
 tlie circle of friends and admirers, who delighted to seek him 
 in his retirement. He declined to mingle in politics, and 
 seldom went abroad; but, when he did, the people every- 
 where gave him enthusiastic receptions and ovations, which 
 showed that he was still the "uncrowned king of his people." 
 
 Indeed, the treatment he received as a prisoner, and the 
 cruel and unjust critisism heaped upon him afterwards l)y a 
 partisan press, gave him a w^armer place in the hearts of all 
 true Confederates, and brought many conservative men at 
 the North to see that he had been only the representative of 
 his people, and had served them honestly, faithfully and 
 with eminent abilitv. 
 
214 ^SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 
 
 Taken sick at his plantation, he returned to New Orleans, 
 where, after a brief illness, surrounded by his family and 
 friends, he died December 6, 1889, aged eighty-one years 
 and six months. There was universal grief throughout the 
 South; meetings were held, addresses were made, resolu- 
 tions were passed, the newspapers were filled with eulogies, 
 and all felt that a great leader had fallen. Governors and 
 other prominent representatives from all of the Confederate 
 States went to New Orleans to attend the funeral, military 
 companies, delegations of Confederate veterans and citizens 
 generally from all parts of the South were tliere. and it is a 
 conservative estimate that 200,000 people viewed the body 
 while lying in state at the City Hall, and from 250.000 to 
 300,000 participated in the deeply solemn funeral exercises. 
 
 The casket containing the remains was temporarilv de- 
 posited in the vault of the Army of Northern Virginia, in 
 Metaire Cemetery. New Orleans, and in May, 1893, was 
 borne to Richmond by a loving escort, and through hun- 
 dreds and thousands of sympathizing people, who assembleil 
 at every station. The body was laid for a little while in the 
 State Capitols of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and 
 Virginia, where hundreds of thousands of people passed by 
 in solemn procession, and from the old capitol of the Con- 
 federacy it was borne by an immense procession to its final 
 resting place in beautiful "Hollywood," where sleep so many 
 Confederate braves. 
 
 A noble monument is to be erected in Richmond to his 
 memory; but his fittest monument is in the hearts of his 
 people. A great soldier, an able and incorruptible states- 
 man, a gifted orator, a true patriot, seeking only the good 
 of the land he loved, and a stainless Christian gentleman, 
 Jefferson Dai'is is worthy of the study and the imitation of 
 the vouth of America. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 215 
 
 156. Abraham Lincoln Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, sixteenth President 
 of the United States, was one of 
 the most remarkable men in his- 
 tory. He was born in Hardin, 
 now Larue, county, Kentucky, 
 I'\'bruary 12, 1809. His parents, 
 who were extremely poor, re- 
 moved to the backwoods of Indi- 
 ana when he was seven years old. 
 He grew up with scant opportunities for education. In 
 1828, he was a common laborer on a flatboat, which floated 
 to New Orleans. On his return, his father removed to Illi- 
 nois, where the son was emplo} ed in splitting rails. He was 
 afterward engaged as flatboatman, clerk, surveyor, post- 
 master and river pilot, studying law meanwhile as he had 
 opportunity. He was a captain in the Black Hawk war, but 
 did no fighting. He was a member of the Illinois legislature 
 in 1834, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He located in 
 Springfield, and met with great success. He was elected to 
 Congress in 1846, and opposed the repeal of the ]\Iissouri 
 Compromise. Although defeated by Stephen A. Douglas, 
 in a contest for the Senate, the ability he showed in the can- 
 vas caused his nomination for the Presidency in i860. 
 
 Lincoln was tall, homely and muscular, careless in dress, 
 with a strong natural sense of humor, but inclined to melan- 
 choly. He was unpopular with the extreme men of his 
 party, and was so repugnant to the Abolitionists that they 
 nominated a candidate against hiiu in 1864. As events pro- 
 gressed, however, he gained the confidence of the conserva- 
 tive people of the North, who came to see that the one great 
 ambition of his life was the restoration of the PTnion. His 
 assassination in the beginning of the trying days of recon- 
 struction was a misfortune to the South as well as to the 
 
210 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 
 
 North, for none dared go as far as he in concihatory and just 
 movements toward the vanquished. He never would have 
 yielded to the clamor of the bitter foes of the South, and 
 might have done more, had the opportunity been his, to 
 bring about the era of good feeling than any other man oi 
 set of men that lived. 
 
 157. The Close of Buchanan's Administration. — Texa? 
 adopted her ordinance of Secession February 23, 1861, and 
 was admitted into the Confederacy March 2. 
 
 Meantime, the most strenuous efforts to preserve the peace 
 seemed utter failures. Mr. Lincoln refused to give assur- 
 ance that he would not coerce the seceded States, and Mr. 
 Buchanan, though opposed to coercion, pleased neither 
 party, and went out of office with the enmity of both. On 
 both sides there were vigorous preparations for the great 
 struggle which all saw was impending, and the world waited 
 for the official utterance of the new President. 
 
 Questions — 139. Give a biographical sketch of the fifteenth Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 140. Give a history of the Dred Scott decision. 
 
 141. Sketch the Mormon war. 
 
 142. What is the history of the Atlantic cable? 
 
 143. What have you to tell concerning the San Juan boundary? 
 
 144. Who was John Brown? What did he do at Harper's Ferry? 
 Relate what followed. What was the effect in the South of John 
 Brown's raid? 
 
 145. Give a brief sketch of Minnesota. 
 
 146. Of Oregon. 
 
 147. Of Kansas. 
 
 148. What is said of the presidential election of i860? 
 
 149. What effect did this election produce in the South? What 
 steps were taken by South Carolina? The other States? 
 
 150. Sketch the "Peace Conference." 
 
 151. Give sketch of the seizing of the forts and arsenals by the 
 seceding States. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE TXITED STATES. 217 
 
 152. State object and result of the expedition of tiie "Sfar of the 
 Westr 
 
 I5J- What of the "Day of Fasting and Prayer?" 
 
 154- Sketch the formation of the Southern Confederacy. Points 
 of difference between their Constitution and tiiat of tlie United 
 States. 
 
 155- Sketch the life and character of JefTerson Davis. 
 
 156. Give sketch of the life and character of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 157. How did Buchanan's administration close? 
 
 BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCLSES. 
 {Model) 
 
 The Formative Period: 
 
 1. Settlement of the West. 
 
 2. Adoption of the Constitution, 1787. 
 
 3. Organization of the Northwestern Territory. 
 
 4. Election of George Washington and John Adams, 1789. 
 
 Washington's Administration, 1789-1797: 
 I. 
 2. 
 .3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 John Adams's Administration, 1797-1801: 
 I. 
 2. 
 ?,■ 
 4- 
 
218 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTEI) STATLs. 
 
 Jefferson's Administrations, i8oi-i8oy: 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 8. 
 
 9- 
 
 Madison's Administrations, 1809-1817: 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 a. . 
 b. 
 c. 
 d. 
 e. 
 f. 
 
 h. 
 
 i. 
 
 J- 
 k. 
 1. 
 
 m. 
 
 Monroe's Administrations, 1817-1825: 
 I. 
 
SVIIOUL HISTOIiY OF THE IMTKD STATES. 21!) 
 
 Juliii (Juiiicy Adams's Ailininistration. i8_'5-i8j9: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3- 
 4- 
 
 Jackson's Administrations, 1829-1837: 
 t. 
 2. 
 3- 
 4- 
 S- 
 
 Van Buren's Administration, 1837 1841: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3- 
 4. 
 
 Harrison and Tyler's Administration, 1841-1845: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3- 
 4- 
 5. 
 6. 
 7- 
 
 Polk's Administration, 1845-1849: 
 I. 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 c. 
 
 d. ' 
 2. 
 3- 
 4- 
 5- 
 6. 
 
220 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITEI) STATES. 
 
 laylor and Fillmore's Atlininistration, 1849-1853: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 4- 
 
 5- 
 
 Pierce's Administration, 1853-1857: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3 
 4 
 
 Biich 
 I 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 nan's Administration, 1857-1861; 
 
 HISTORICAL INITIALS. 
 
 1. What man had a father and son who were each President of the 
 
 United States? (J. S. II.) 
 
 2. What public man, who had a son killed in a duel, was himself 
 
 killed in the same way? (A. H.) 
 ,1. What prevented Washington from entering vigorously upon his 
 duties at the beginning of his administration? (I.) 
 
 4. What State refused to adopt the Constitution until two of her 
 
 principal cities withdrew from the State? (R.) 
 
 5. Who was the greatest American Indian that ever lived? (T.) 
 
 6. What Chief Justice of the United States was burned in elTigy? (J.) 
 
 7. Who made the reply. "Millions for defense, but not one cent for 
 
 tribute?" (C. C. P.) 
 
 8. What American hero saved his own life by firing through the 
 
 body of his enemy? (S. D.) 
 
 9. Of what President was it said. "He could not be kicked into a 
 
 fight?" (J. M.) 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTED STATES. 221 
 
 lo What IJrilish general was killed by an American marksman in a 
 tree? (R.) 
 
 11. Of what great man did Alexander H. Stephens say, "He was a 
 
 patriot — every inch of him?" (H. C.) 
 
 12. What American general was called "Old Rough and Ready?" 
 
 CI. T.) 
 ij. Who said, "General Taylor never surrenders?" (Mr. C.) 
 
 14. What officer in the Mexican war marched 1000 miles through 
 
 hostile territory, won two battles, conquered a province and 
 city, and mustered out his men within the period of a year? 
 (Col. D.) 
 
 15. What State had its act of admission approved subsequent to that 
 
 of another, and was admitted before that State? (V.) 
 lO. What was the first permanent settlement made in Tennessee? 
 (F. L.) 
 
 17. What President attained the greatest age, and how old was he 
 
 when he died? (J. A.) 
 
 18. W'hat country offered to mediate between the United States and 
 
 France in 1798? (H.) 
 
 19. To what city was the capital of the United States removed be- 
 
 cause of yellow fever in 1798? (T.) 
 
 20. What famous United States Senator claimed descent from Poca- 
 
 hontas? (J. R.) 
 
 21. After what governor was the word "gerrymandering" named? 
 
 (E. G.) 
 
 22. What unpopular measure was called the "O grab me" act? 
 
 (The E.) 
 
 23. What Vice-President resigned his office? (J. C. C.) 
 
 24. WHiat Secretary of State and Secretary of the Navy were killed 
 
 at the same time by the explosion of a cannon? (A. P. U. and 
 T. W. G.) 
 
 25. What British general was told by Tecumseh that he was not fit to 
 
 command, and was advised to go home and put on petticoats? 
 (P.) 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
 A. D. l'i'«<^ 
 
 1787. Shays's rebellion in Massachusetts n" 
 
 1787. Constitution of the United States adopted, September '7. . 11" 
 
 1789. President Washington inaugurated. April 30 119 
 
 1791. Vermont admitted to the Union, March 4 127 
 
222 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTED STATES. 
 
 A. I>. Page 
 
 1791. The United States Bank organized. 122 
 
 1791. llarniar's campaign against llie Intlians 123 
 
 1791. St. Clair's cami)aign against the Indians 124 
 
 1792. Kentucky separated from Virginia 128 
 
 1792. Kentucky admitted to the Union, June 1 127 
 
 1792. The United States mint esta1)lislied 122 
 
 1792. The cotton gin invented 127 
 
 1794. The Indians defeated by General Wayne, August 20 124 
 
 1794. Whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania 12,^ 
 
 1795- Jay's treaty ratified, June 24 126 
 
 1795. Treaty with Spain, October 27 126 
 
 '795- Treaty with Algiers, November 28 126 
 
 ■796. Tennessee admitted to the Union, June i 128 
 
 1797. President John Adams inaugurated, March 4 -. 1,30 
 
 1799. The Cc«.r/e//a//(3» defeated the iJ Insur,^e7ttc, February 9. 131 
 
 1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14 132 
 
 1800. The national capital removed to Washington 127 
 
 1800. Treaty made with France, September 30 132 
 
 1801. President Jefferson inaugurated, Marcli 4 133 
 
 1802. The West Point Military Academy established, March 16. 136 
 1802-1805. War with Tripoli 134-135 
 
 1803. Ohio admitted to the Union, November 29 136 
 
 1803. Louisiana purchased from France, April 30 136 
 
 1804. Hamilton killed by Burr in a duel, July 11 137 
 
 1807. The Chesapeake captured by the Leopard, June 22 140 
 
 1807. The first steamboat launched on the Hudson, August i . . . 138 
 
 1807. Embargo laid on American ships, December 22 140 
 
 1809. President Madison inaugurated, March 4 142 
 
 1809. Embargo Act repealed, March 4 140 
 
 181 1. Action between the President -dnd Little Belt, May 16. .. 142 
 iSii. Battle of Tippecanoe, November 7 143 
 
 1812. Louisiana admitted to the Union, April 8 152 
 
 1 81 2. War declared with England, June 19 144 
 
 1812. Detroit surrendered, August ]6 145 
 
 1812. The Constitution captured the Guerricrc, August 19 ... . 145 
 
 iSi2. Battle of Queenstovvn, October 13 145 
 
 1812. The Wasp captured the Frolic^ October 13 145 
 
 1813. The Chesapeake ca])tured by the ShaJinon, June i 146 
 
 1813. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Se])tember 10 146 
 
 1813. Battle of the Thames, October 5 146 
 
SCHOOL insTOUY OF THE TXITEI) SPATES. 22.3 
 
 A. D. P 
 
 814. Battle of Chippewa, July 5 
 
 814. Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25 
 
 814. Washington captured by the British and partly hurnetl. 
 
 August 24 
 
 814. Battle of Plattsburg and Lake Champlain. Scplendn-r 11.. 
 
 814. British attack on Baltimore, Septeml)er 1.5 
 
 814. Exploit of the American privateer Gc7ieral Arnistrong, 
 
 September 26 150- 
 
 814. Treaty of peace signed, December 2\ 
 
 815. Jackson's victory at New Orleans, January 8 
 
 815. Capture of the Cyane ^"d Levant, February 20 
 
 815. War with Algiers 
 
 816. Indiana admitted, December 11 
 
 816. Formation of the Colonization Society, December 2i.... 
 
 817. President INIonroe inaugurated, ]\Iarch 4 
 
 817. Mississippi admitted to the Union, December 10 
 
 818. Illinois admitted to the Union, December 3 
 
 819. The first stean:er that crossed the Atlantic sailed from Sa- 
 
 vannah, May 24 
 
 819. Alabama admitted to the Union, December 14 
 
 820. The Missouri Compromise passed, March 3 
 
 S20. Florida came into our possession 
 
 820. Maine admitted to the Union, March 15 
 
 821. Missouri admitted to the Union, August 10 
 
 823. The Monroe doctrine declared 
 
 824. Visit of Lafayette 
 
 825. President J. Q. .Vdams inaugurated, March 4 
 
 825. Corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument laid, June 17.... 
 
 825. Opening of Eric Canal, October 8 
 
 826. Adams and Jefferson died, July 4 
 
 826. First railway in the United States completed 
 
 829. President Jackson inaugurated, March 4 
 
 829. The first locomotive ran on an American railway, Aug. 9.. 
 
 829. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad completed 
 
 830. Mormon sect founded by Joseph Smith 
 
 831. Ex-President Monroe died, July 4 
 
 %j,2. Black Hawk War 
 
 '^},2. Nullification excitement in South Carolina 167- 
 
 ?^},2. Cholera first appeared in the United States 
 
 835. Texas declared its independence, December 20 
 
224 SCHOOL msroh'T OF THE IXITED HTATEt;. 
 
 A. I). Page 
 
 1835. Dade's massacre by the Seininoles, December 28 i6g 
 
 1836. Fall of the Alamo, March 6 180 
 
 1836. Battle of San Jacinto, April 21 180 
 
 1836. Arkansas admitted, June 15 171 
 
 1836. Ex-President Madison died, June 28 142 
 
 1837. President Van Buren inaugurated, March 4 172 
 
 1837. Michigan admitted to the Union. January 26 171 
 
 1837. Financial crisis 173 
 
 1837-1838. "Patriot War" in Canada 174 
 
 1838. Lieutenant Wilkes's exploring expedition sent out 175 
 
 1840. A United States Treasury Department estaldishcd 173 
 
 1840. Anti-rent troubles in New York 178 
 
 1841. President W. H. Harrison inaugurated, March 4 176 
 
 1841. President Harrison died, April 4 176 
 
 1842. Bunker Hill monument completed 178 
 
 1842. End of the Seminole War 171 
 
 1842. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island 177 
 
 1842. The Webstcr-Ashburton treaty signed, August 9 175 
 
 1842-1844. Fremont's first and second exploring expeditions 
 
 visited the West 185 
 
 1843. Rhode Island adopted her present constitution 178 
 
 1844. The first magnetic telegraph compkted 178-179 
 
 1845. Florida admitted to the Union, March 3 180 
 
 1845. President Polk inaugurated, March 4 182 
 
 1845. Ex-President Jackson died, June 8 166 
 
 1845. Fremont's third exploring expedition visited the West. 185-186 
 
 1845. The United States Naval Academy established, Oct. 10... 186 
 
 1845. Texas admitted to the Union, December 29 180 
 
 1846. Congress declared war with Mexico, May 11 183 
 
 1846. Mormon migration to Utah 174 
 
 1846. Monterey captured, September 21 183 
 
 1846. Iowa admitted to the Union, December 28 187 
 
 1847. Battle of Buena Vista. February 23 183 
 
 1847. Vera Cruz captured, March 29 183 
 
 1847. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18 183 
 
 1847. City of Mexico surrendered, September 14 183 
 
 1848. Treaty of peace signed with Mexico, February 2 185 
 
 1848. Gold discovered in California. February 186 
 
 i8|8. Ex-President J. Q. Adams died. February 23 162 
 
 1848. Wisconsin admitted to the Union, May 29 187 
 
kiCHOOL UhSTORY OF THE UNITED tiTATES. 225 
 
 A. D. Pag« 
 
 1849. President Taylor inaugurated, March 5 189 
 
 1850. Grinnell's first arctic expedition sailed, May 191 
 
 1850. President Taylor died, July 9 189 
 
 1850. California admitted to the Union, September 9 190 
 
 1853. President Pierce inaugurated, March 4 192 
 
 1853. Dr. Kane sailed with his arctic exploring expedition, May 
 
 31 191 
 
 1854. Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan, March 194 
 
 1854. The Missouri Compromise repealed. May 31 193 
 
 1855. Dr. Kane and his arctic explorers arrived in New York. 
 
 October 11 iQi 
 
 1857. President Buchanan inaugurated, March 4 195 
 
 1857. Dred Scott decision rendered, December term of Supreme 
 
 Court 195 
 
 1858. Minnesota admitted to the Union, May 11 202 
 
 1858. First Atlantic telegraph operated, August 5 197 
 
 1859. Oregon admitted to the Union, February 14 202 
 
 1859. John Brown's raid, October 16-19 I99 
 
 1859. John Brown and six companions executed. December 2.. 201 
 
 i860. South Carolina seceded, December 20 204 
 
 1861. Steamer Sfar of the IVesi fired upon, January 9 206 
 
 1861. Kansas admitted to the Union. January 29 202 
 
 1861. Southern Confederacy formed at Montgomery. Feb. 4. .. . 208 
 
 1861. The first Confederate flag unfurled, March 4 209 
 
 1861. JefYerson Davis inaugurated President of the Stjuthcrn 
 
 Confederacy, February 18 212 
 
22t] SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PART V. 
 
 The War Between the States. Lincoln's 
 Administration. 
 
 CHArTER XXVII. 
 THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR, 1861. 
 
 1. Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln — ii Ixing^ re- 
 ported thai an attempt would l)e made to prevent the maug- 
 uration of the new President, though there was never any 
 proof of sueh purpose. General Scott assembled a strong- 
 military force in Washington, and, for the first time in the 
 history of the comitry, tlie Chief Magistrate was protected 
 by bayonets from the fancied wrath of the people. Mr. Lin- 
 coln himself, after starting for Washington, with the plaudits 
 of his partisans, made characteristic speeches to crowds wIkj 
 gathered at the depots to see him, but afterwards changed 
 his sciiedule, and stole into the capital secretly and in dis- 
 guise, lie was inaugurated on the 4t]T of March. 1861. 
 
 The whole country had waited with breathless anxiety for 
 the inaugural address of Mr. Lincoln, for he held in his keep- 
 ing the issue of peace or war. If he should say, as General 
 Scott advised, "Wayward sisters, depart in peace," then 
 there would be no war; the border States would be held in 
 the Union, and there might be a peaceful solution of the 
 whole question. 
 
 But so far from taking that view, he declared that the 
 
S'C/fOOf, HISTORY OF THE UNITED .STATES. 227 
 
 L'nion was unbroken; that he should execute the laws in all 
 the States, and that he would employ all the power of the 
 government to "hold, occupy and possess the property and 
 places belonging to the government," and "to collect the 
 duties and imports.'' 
 
 Yet even after this plain declaration of the purpose of the 
 President to coerce sovereign States, who had simply exer- 
 cised their "inalienable right" (as the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence puts it) of choosing their own form of govern- 
 ment and their own affiliations, the border States waited; the 
 Confederate govermnent sent their commissioners to treat 
 for peace and for the equitable settlement of all property 
 rights and otlicr points at issue; and "Union men'' all 
 through the South, and many good men at the North, 
 "hoped against hope," and fervently prayed that better coun- 
 sels might prevail, and that the calamities of war might be 
 averted. 
 
 2. Bad Faith of the Federal Government General 
 
 Scott, after holding a council of military men, advised the 
 evacuation of h'ort Sumter, as a "military necessity," being 
 satisfied that it could not be reinforced or provisioned with- 
 out a great expenditure of treasure and blood. The Con- 
 federate Government had sent Messrs. Forsyth, Crawford 
 and Roman to Washington, with instructions and full pow- 
 ers to treat witli the Federal Government, and fairly settle 
 all questions at issue. Secretary Wm. H. Seward, of the 
 .State Department, while declining to recognize these com- 
 missioners officially, still, in an informal interview which he 
 granted them, held out to them hopes of a peaceable settle- 
 ment. Judge John A. Campbell, of the Supreme Court, in 
 the presence of Associate-Justice Nelson, had an interview 
 witli Mr. Seward (at Mr. Seward's instance), in which Mr. 
 Seward assured him, and authorized him to assure the com- 
 missioners, that "Fort Sumter will be evacuated in the next 
 
228 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 live days." When the time had expired, so far from evacu- 
 ating the fort, Major Anderson was busily engaged in 
 strengthening its defenses. Judge Campbell had another 
 interview with Air. Seward, who assured him that the fort 
 would be evacuated, and that "the government would not 
 undertake to supply F'ort Sumter without giving notice to 
 Governor PMckens." 
 
 Meantime, it was published in the papers that large naval 
 and military preparations were being made by the govern- 
 ment, both at New York and Norfolk, with the evident pur- 
 pose of reinforcing Fort Sumter, and Judge Campbell wrote 
 to Mr. Seward of these facts, and of the anxieties of the 
 people of the South, and reminded him of his peaceable as- 
 surances. Mr. Seward sent the laconic answer: "Faith as 
 to Sumter fully kept ; zcait and sec'"' — although he knew that 
 the fleet of several ships, carrying 285 guns and 2400 troops, 
 had already sailed for Charleston harbor. 
 
 3. The First Gun — On the 6th of April, Mr. Lincoln, 
 when the Federal fleet was setting sail for Charleston, sent 
 a messenger, who, at a late hour on the 8th, the eve of the 
 day on which the fleet would have arrived at Charleston but 
 for its detention by a storm, notified Governor Pickens that 
 his policy had been changed, and that an effort would be 
 made to provision the fort and to reinforce it, if resistance 
 was made by the Confederates. 
 
 The delav caused bv the storm gave General Beauregard, 
 who was in conuiiand of the Confederate forces at Charles- 
 ton, time to consult, by telegraph, the Confederate authori- 
 ties. Under instructions from Montgomery, he demanded, 
 first, the evacuation of the fort, and then a pledge that the 
 guns of Sumter should not be used against him in any con- 
 flict he might have with the approaching fleet. Both of 
 these demands being refused, fire was opened on Sumter at 
 
Battle of Merriruac and Monitor. Bombardment of Fort Sumter. 
 
230 scnooi, nisToh'Y or Tin: imteu states. 
 
 twentv-tive niinutes past four on the morning of ]*'ri(la\, 
 April 12, 1 86 1. 
 
 Major Anderson and his small garrison made a gallant 
 resistance, btit by twelve o'clock of April the 13th, the con- 
 dition of the fort had become desperate, and as the fleet 
 waited outside the harbor, and did not venture to face the 
 preparations Beauregard had made for its reception, there 
 was nothing left the brave Anderson and his command btit 
 to surrender on the honorable terms offered, that he should 
 be permitted to salute his flag with fifty guns, bring out all 
 the personal baggage of the garrison, and have free trans- 
 portation on a steamer for New York. Strange to say, not 
 a man was seriously hurt on either side during the bom- 
 bardment, but one of the garrison was killed by an explosion 
 of a caisson during the firing of the salute. The fleet i)ut 
 back to New York. 
 
 A great deal has been said about the Confederates "firing 
 the first gun of the war," but the point made is absurd. Hal- 
 lam, in his "Constitutional History of England," has a])tly 
 said, "The aggressor in a war (that is. he who begins it) is not 
 the iirst i^'lio uses force, but the first 7*. 7/0 reiuhvs force neces- 
 sary.'' Judged by this standard, the Confederates were 
 clearly not the aggressors. 
 
 Sumter was now of no tise or value to the United States, 
 except for the menace and destruction of Charleston. The 
 South Carolina authorities, and then the Confederate au- 
 thorities, had offered to treat for its peaceable possession, 
 and to pay full value for it. They had notified the Federal 
 Government that an attempt to reinforce or provision it 
 would be considered an act of war. Notwithstanding this, 
 and repeated pledges that it would be evacuated, the United 
 States Government had been secretly plotting for reinforc- 
 ing and provisioning it; and the Confederate authorities had 
 patiently waited imtil a powerful naval and military arma- 
 
s<ii()(n. iiisnun or 111 1: imtihi staths. 231 
 
 mcnt was about to vnivv I'liarlcston liarbor and convert the 
 citadel of the city's defense into a powerful engine for her 
 destruction. The cai-)tiu-e of Sumter, under these circum- 
 stances, was, therefore, as pure an act of self-defense, as 
 simple a repelling- of iuvasion, as is to be found in history. 
 
 The "first gun" was really fired ])y John llrown at Har- 
 per's h'erry; the second giui was tired l)y Major Anderson, 
 when he violated the promise of his government, that "the 
 military status at C"liarlest(Mi should not l)e changed," and 
 moved from Moultrie into Sumter; the third gun, by the 
 Star of the J I 'est in the attempt to reinforce and provision 
 Sumter; and the fourth gun in the fitting out of this j^ower- 
 ful armament for the same purpose. 
 
 The policy of the Confederacy was peace; the war was be- 
 gun by the h\^deral ( lovernment, and that government alovie 
 is responsible for all the horrors which ensued. All the 
 rhetoric to the efiect that "the South fired the first gim which 
 began the war" cannot alter the facts or relieve the h'ederal 
 Government of the solemn responsibility of beginning a war 
 of subjugation against sovereign States. 
 
 4. The Effect North and South. — This was the open- 
 ing act of one of the most stupendous wars in history. From 
 the moment fire was opened from the Cumming's Point bat- 
 tery, the telegra|)h wires Xorth and South throbbed with the 
 news. The streets were crowded, and men fought for 
 ])laces in front of the bulletin-l)oards. When at last came 
 the news of the surrender, the whole country was stirred as 
 never before. In ])oth sections the war s])irit overlea]>ed all 
 bounds. In Charleston, the bells were nuig, cannon fired 
 and the peo])le embraced each other in their excitement. 
 The same feeling prevailed throughout the South. The 
 people clamored to be enrolled as defenders of their homes 
 and hearthstones. 
 
 The Northern people may have been slower to catch the 
 
1'31' SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VMTED STATES. 
 
 excitement, but wiien the wave swept over them, the feehng 
 was equally tumultuous. Men who expressed their sym- 
 pathy for the South were mobbed. Newspapers that had 
 been friendly to that section were forced to hang out the 
 Stars and Stripes, under threat of lynching. There was riot- 
 ing in many places, antl the rage against the South ])assed 
 all bounds. 
 
 When, therefore. President Lincoln issued a call for 
 75,000 volunteers, April 15, the response was overwhelming. 
 As in the South, men wrangled for places in the ranks. The 
 call was issued tliree days after the fall of Fort Sumter, and 
 in half a week, ioo,coo men responded. 
 
 The proclamation of Mr. Lincoln, calling for 75,000 men 
 to subjugate the seceded States, and calling on the border 
 States to furnish their f|uota. was regarded throughout the 
 South as a declaration of war — as a usurpation by the Presi- 
 dent of the t.'ower that belonged alone to Congress. The 
 proclamation v^as met with a stern defiance. Two davs 
 afterwards, April 17, the X'irginia Convention passed its 
 ordinance of Secession, and Hon. John B. Baldwin, the able 
 "Union" leader, voiced the general sentiment when to a 
 friend at the North, who had asked him, "What will tlie 
 Cnion men do now?" he wrote, "We have no Union men in 
 X'irginia )ioz^'. r>ut those who K'crc Union men will stand to 
 their guns, and make a fight that will shine out on the page 
 of history as an example of what a brave people can do, after 
 exhausting every means of pacification." 
 
 Arkansas seceded on the 6th of May, North Carolina on 
 the 20th, and Tennessee on June 8; and each promptly joined 
 the Southern Confederacy. Maryland, Missouri and Ken- 
 tucky would probably have joined the Confederacy had they 
 not been "pinned in the L"^nion by Federal bayonets." Mis- 
 souri and Kentucky had representatives in the Confederate 
 Congress, and furnished, as did Maryland, manv brave sol- 
 
SCHOOL Hf STORY OF THE V SITED STATES. l.'HH 
 
 diers to fight for St)iitliorn iiulei)eii(lence. President 1 )avis 
 called (Ml the States to furnish volunteers lor the eonnnon 
 defense, and summoned the Confederate Congress to con- 
 vene in Montgomery on the 29th of April. 
 
 5. The Causes of the War — The war had now begun. 
 Who was responsible? Was it a "Slaveholders' Rebellion;" 
 a revolt of disappointed Southern leaders against "the best 
 government the world ever saw?" Had the Southern States 
 a constitutional right to secede, and were they justifiable in 
 doing so? Had the United States Government the right to 
 coerce sovereign States, and was ]\Ir. Lincoln justifiable in 
 inaugurating a war of subjugation against the South? These 
 are (juestions into which we cannot go fullv here. The an- 
 swers we have already briefly intimated, and for a full discus- 
 sion of the subject we refer to such books as "Was Davis a 
 Traitor?" by Dr. A. T. Bledsoe; "The Republic of Repub- 
 lics," by I>. J. Sage, a distinguished lawyer of New Orleans; 
 JefTerson Davis's "Rise and Fall of the Confederate Ciovern- 
 ment;" A. H. Stephens's "War Between the States;" Dr. R. 
 L. Dabnev's "Defense of A'irginia and the South," and a 
 compilation of authorities in Jones's "Alemorial Volume of 
 JefTerson Davis." But we give only a brief summary of the 
 facts. 
 
 When the colonies wrested their independence from Great 
 Britain, she treated with each State as a sovereign republic, 
 and not with the combined States. When the Govenmient 
 of "The I'nited States of America" was first formed under 
 the Constitution, it was by the secession of States from the 
 old Confederation, and when tlie new Constitution was 
 adopted, the right of withdrawal for what they might deem 
 sul^cient cause was distinctly reserved by both New York 
 and \^irginia, and was thus secured to all the States who 
 entered, or might thereafter enter, the Union. 
 
 North Carolina and Rhode Island refused at first to join 
 
stout' M:i-U;n.u' Spot Wliovc S, ..n. \\ ,i I ; .l.i.k:-,,ii I 
 Coiil'i (liMlf .Mcirmiint, l''i'c(lfi-icUslnirti-. \ ;i. 
 
sciioni. iiisroh') or Tin: rxirun stati:s. 2;^;" 
 
 the iK'w L nion, ami ii'inaiiied out as sovereign States, inde- 
 peiulent repuhiics. until the rights of each State were made 
 clearer by amendments to the Constitution, and the right of 
 a State to secede put beyond reasonable question. 
 
 This right, which was reaffirnKnl and emphasized by the 
 famous X'irginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798-99, was 
 not seriously (juestioned in any (juarter, except under the 
 exigencies of partisan politics. Through a period of many 
 years. New England I ad an unbroken record in favor of the 
 right of Secession. In 1804, the leg^islature of I'dassachu- 
 setts i)assed an act to the effect that the ])urchase and annex- 
 ation of Louisiana by the (ieneral Government was a suffi- 
 cient cause for the dissolution of the Union, and that it ab- 
 solved the old States from their allegiance to the Union, and 
 the public men and tlie people of New England generallv 
 indorsed that view. I'.ut the first active movement in the 
 direction of Secession occurred in Xew England during the 
 war of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, 
 wliich was from the first very unpopular in the New Eng- 
 land States, although the war was really undertaken in the 
 interest of their conmicrec. 
 
 The war was denounced as unholy, and without anv plea 
 of justification. Even in the pulpits disunion was boldlv 
 advocated as the only remedy for the monstrous wrong. 
 When Connnodore Decatur was chased into New London 
 1)\- a l^ritish squadron, he made repeated attempts to steal 
 out in the darkness of night, but in every instance the enemv 
 was warned l)y the burning of lilue lights on shore. Thus 
 that brave officer, to his great exasperation, was held ])Ow- 
 erless by enemies at home. 
 
 When news arrived of the declaration of war, the flags 
 were half-masted in Boston harbor and at other points. New 
 England decided that her militia should not be permitted to 
 go outside tlie State limits to helj:) carr}- on the war. Not 
 
23C, SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITEn FIT ATE S. 
 
 coiUcDt with nog"ati\'c measures, the six New England States 
 sent delegates to Hartford, December 15, 1814, where they 
 sat with closed doors. They determined that the national 
 government must make a radical cliange of policy, or New 
 England would withdraw from the Union. Having decided 
 on this momentous step, they adjourned to the followmg 
 June for more decisive action. JJefore the day for reassem- 
 bling arrived, the war endi^'d. But for this, the United States 
 would have had at that time to face the c|uestion of subjugat- 
 ing tlie New England States, or of allowing their undoubted 
 right to secede from the I'nion and set up for themselves. 
 
 In celebrating the fiftieth anniver.'-arv of the inauguration 
 of Washington, Aj)ril 30, 1839, cx-President John Ouincy 
 Adams made a speech, which was received with wide a]^- 
 proval in New England, in which speech, after deploring the 
 growth of sectional feeling, and arguing that if the time came 
 when the States should lose fraternal feeling for each other, 
 it would be better for them to separate, and far l)etter for 
 them to "part in friendship from each other than to be held 
 together by constraint," he says: "Then will be the time for 
 reverting to the precedents which occurred at the formation 
 and adoption of the Constitution, to form again a more per- 
 fect Union, by dissolving that which could not bind, ami to 
 leave the separated parts to be reunited by the law of politi- 
 cal gravitation to the centre." 
 
 Three years later, January 24, 1842, Mr. Adams presented 
 a petition to Congress from citizens of Haverhill, Mass., 
 praying that Congress would "inmiediately adojit measures 
 peaceably to dissolve the Union of these States," and assign- 
 ing reasons for such action. Resolutions censuring ]\Ir. 
 Adams for presenting this petition were introduced by Mr. 
 Marshall, of Kentucky, but, after two weeks' debate on them, 
 during which Mr. Adams ably defended the petition and his 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE V SITED STATES. 237 
 
 relation to it, the resolutions were laid on the table, the 
 House seeming to approve the position of Mr. Adams. 
 
 In 1844, and again on the 22d of February, 1845, the leg- 
 islature of Massachusetts passed resolutions avowing the 
 right of Secession, and threatening to secede, if Texas was 
 admitted into the Union. Indeed, there seems at that date 
 to have been no serious question North, South, East or 
 West of the right of a St-ate to secede. 
 
 This view of the question was iterated and reiterated by 
 leading statesmen and newspapers throughotit the North. 
 Even after the election of Mr. Lincoln, and up to the actual 
 breaking out of the war, Horace Greeley, one of the ablest 
 and most influential Republicans in the country, arlvocatcd 
 again and again in the New York Tribune the right of the 
 Southern States to peaceably withdraw from the Union, and 
 the wickedness and folly of the claim that the General Gov- 
 ernment had any right to coerce them. He said: "If the 
 cotton States shall become satisfied that they can do better 
 out of the Union than in it, we insist on letting them go in 
 peace. The rigJit to secede may he a rcvohttionar\ oiu\ hut it 
 exists nevertheless.'' Again: "ffV hope never to //it /;; a 
 repuhlie zc/iereo/ one seetion is f^inned to the residue hy haxonets." 
 And again: "If the Declaration of Independence justifies the 
 secession from the British Empire of 3,000,000 colonists in 
 1776, we do not see why it would not justify the secession of 
 5,000,000 Southrons from the Federal Union in 1861." 
 
 The New York Herald, of November 23, i860, said: 
 "Coercion, in any event, is out of the question. A union held 
 together by the bayonet would h^ nothing better than a mili- 
 tary despotism." 
 
 After the inauguration of ^Iv. Lincoln, the Conunercial, of 
 Cincinnati, one of the ablest Republican papers in the coun- 
 try, said: "We are not in favor of blockading the Southern 
 coast. We are not in favor of retaking by force the property 
 
238 .SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of the United States, now in possession of the seceders. We 
 would recognize tlie existence of a government formed of all 
 the slaveholding States and attempt to cultivate amicable 
 relations with it." 
 
 General Scott, the commander-in-chief of the United 
 States ami}-, was very emphatic in advising that there should 
 be no war on the seceding States, and that the Federal Gov- 
 ernment should say to them: ''IP'ayivard sisters, depart in 
 peace.^^ It would seem, therefore, that the right of the South- 
 ern States to secede was beyond all reasonable dispute, and 
 that it was even recognized by a large part of the public sen- 
 timent of the Noith. 
 
 But had they su/ficiciit cause to e.vereise this inalieiiabh' right? 
 Did their grievanees justify this extreme iiu\jsure;'' The an- 
 swer to this question requires only a brief sunnnary of the 
 facts. Slavery had been introduced into the colonies by the 
 cupidity of Old and New England, and against the frequent 
 and earnest protest of the Southern colonies, especially Vir- 
 ginia and Georgia. It had been most distinctly recognized 
 by the Federal Constitution, which j^rovided for the return 
 of fugitive slaves. The i)rivileges of tlie slave trade had 
 been extended twenty years under the Constitution of 1787 
 by the votes of Xew England, whose ships were so largely 
 engaged in it, against the earnest protest and votes of Vir- 
 ginia, Delaware and Maryland. It had been finally abol- 
 ished by the action of Virginia, Georgia and other Southern 
 States, which passed laws against the further introduction 
 into their limits of slaves brought from Africa. The North- 
 ern States held slaves as long as they found them profitable, 
 and then, instead of setting them at liberty, they sold them 
 to the South, put the money into their pockets, and after- 
 wards began a bitter, persistent and relentless crusade 
 against slavery and slaveholders. 
 
 Through long years of excited and bitter controversy over 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITKI) STATES. 23!) 
 
 this (lueslion, the South submitted to coinproniise after com- 
 promise, in which she yielded ahnost everything, only to 
 find fresh demands from the other side. Finally, she saw 
 the Constitution and the laws of the land set at defiance by 
 the "Pe'-sonal Liberty" bills of many of the Northern States, 
 the decisions of the Supreme Court defied, and its judg-es, 
 who in that day wore stainless ermine, abused and villified, 
 the Constitution of the United States denounced as a 
 "League with death and a covenant witli hell," the doctrine 
 of the "Higher law" proclaimed, her territory flooded with 
 incendiary literature, and invaded by an armed band, whose 
 avowed object was servile insurrection, murder, arson and 
 rapine; abolition leaders proclaiming that they would have 
 "An anti-slavery God and an anti-slavery Bible," and an- 
 nouncing as their platform "ineligil)ility of slaveowners lor 
 every office, great and small, no co-oixTation witli them in 
 religion, or society; no ])atronage to j^ro-slavery merchants, 
 no guestship in slave-waiting hotels, no fees to pro-slavery 
 lawyers, i^lixsicians, ])arsons, or editors, and no hiring of 
 slaves;" and to cap the climax, a sectional party avowed 
 these principles and took possession of the government by 
 electing a sectional Tresident to carry them into practical 
 effect. 
 
 The tariff, the fishing and (Jtlier bounties, the distribution 
 of the proceeds of the ])ublic lands, the establishment of four 
 well-equipped dockyards at the North to one at the South, 
 the expenditure of immense sums of money for lighting, 
 buoying, improving and fortifying the Northern coast, and 
 very much smaller sums for similar purposes along tlie 
 vSouthern coast, although there were four miles of sea front 
 in the South for one at the North, and the very patent fact 
 that the trend of legislation, since the North and Northwest 
 had gotten the control of Congress, had been to discrimi- 
 nate against the South and in favor of the North — ^^all these 
 
240 SCHOOL BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 things had brought the ablest men of the Southern States to 
 conclude that the South would be better off out of the Union. 
 
 Add to these and other facts that might be mentioned the 
 pregnant fact that the General Government was fast drift- 
 ing from the principles of its founders and being changed 
 from a "Republic of republics" into a consolidated Nation, a 
 great centralized plutocracy, and that the new party which 
 had come into power utterly ignored the old doctrine of 
 "State sovereignty/" and it is not to be wondered at that the 
 Southern States should feel that the time had come for them 
 to resume the powers originally granted to the General Gov- 
 ernment, and peaceably establish a new Government of iheir 
 own. 
 
 But Virginia and the border States still clung with ardent 
 love to the old Union, and were driven out only when Mr. 
 Lincoln inaugurated a war of subjugation against their sis- 
 ter States, and called on them to aid in the onslaught. 
 
 The freciuent declarations of the Confederate States that 
 thev wanted peace, and not war, were strongly embodied in 
 the close of IVesident's Davis's message to the Confederate 
 Congress, April 24, 1861, in which he said: "We protest 
 solemnly, in the face of mankind, that we desire peace at any 
 sacrifice, save that of honor. In independence we seek nc 
 conquest, no aggrandizement, no concession of any kind 
 from the States with which we have lately been confederated. 
 All we ask, is to be let alone; that those who never held 
 power over us shall not now attempt our subjugation by 
 arms. This we will, we must, resist ta the direst extremity. 
 The moment that this pretension is abandoned, the sword 
 will drop from our grasp, and we shall be ready to enter into 
 treaties of amity and commerce that cannot but be mutually 
 beneficial. So long as this pretension is maintained, with a 
 firm reliance on that Divine Power which covers with its 
 protection the just cause, we must continue to struggle for 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 241 
 
 our inherent right to freedom, independence and self-gov- 
 ernment." 
 
 We conclude, therefore, tliat the seceding States not only 
 had a i^erfect right to withdraw from the Union, but that 
 they had amj^ly sufficient cause for doing so, and that the 
 war made upon them by the North was utterly unjustifiable, 
 oppressive and cruel, antl that the South could honorably 
 have pursued no other course than to resist force with force 
 and make licr heroic struggle for constitutional freedom. 
 
 6. Preparation for the War. — We know not how bet- 
 ter to state the comj^arative preparation of each section for 
 the war than to quote from an article of I'enjamin J. Wil- 
 liams, Esc]., of Massachusetts, published in the Lowell Sun 
 some years after the war: "The odds in numbers and means 
 in favor of the North were tremendous. Her white popula- 
 tion of nearly 20,000,000 was fourfold that of the strictly 
 Confederate territory; and from the border Southern States, 
 and commuiiities of Missouri, Kentucky, East Tennessee, 
 West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware, she got more men 
 and supplies for her armies than the Confederacy got for 
 hers. Kentucky alone furnished as many men to the North- 
 ern armies as Massachusetts. In available money and credit 
 the advantage of the North was vastly greater than in popu- 
 lation, and it included all the chief centres of banking and 
 commerce. Then she had possession of the old govern- 
 ment, its capital, its army and navy, and mostly its arsenals, 
 dock-yards and workshops, with all their supplies of arms 
 and ordnance, and military and naval stores of every kind and 
 the means of manufacturing the same. Again, the North, 
 as a manufacturing" and mechanical people, abovmded in fac- 
 tories and workshops of every kind, immediately available 
 for the manufacture of everv species of supplies for the army 
 and navy; while the South, as an agricultural peoi')le, were 
 almost entirely wanting in such resources. Finally, in the 
 
242 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 possession of the recognized government, the North was in 
 fnll and free communication with all nations, and had full 
 opportunity, which she improved to the utmost, to import 
 and bring in from abroad not only supplies of all kinds, but 
 men as well for her service; while the South, without a rec- 
 ognized government, and with her ports speedily blockaded 
 by the Federal navy, was almost entirely shut up within her- 
 self and her own limited resources." 
 
 The reports of the Adjutant-General's office show that 
 there were actually mustered into the service of the United 
 States during the war 2,859,132 men, while the most accu- 
 rate statistics of General Cooper, the Confederate Adjutant- 
 General, show that only 600,000 men were mustered into the 
 Confederate armies during the war. 
 
 7. Retaliatory Measures,— President Lincoln, April 19, 
 issued a proclamation, declaring a blockade of the Confeder- 
 ate ports. President Davis retaliated by calling for priva- 
 teers to prey on the commerce of the North. 
 
 8. Fight in Baltimore — Maryland deeply sympathized 
 with the Confederates, and there is little doubt that she would 
 have seceded but for the arrest of members of her legisla- 
 ture, the double-dealing of her Governor Hicks, and the 
 overrunning of the State by Federal troops. Baltimore had 
 given warning that troops for the subjugation of the South 
 should not pass through her streets, and when, on the 19th 
 of April, the Sixth Massachusetts and the Twenty-sixth 
 Pennsylvania regiments marched through the city, crowds 
 of indignant citizens hooted and stoned them, and when they 
 fired on the people, there followed a brisk running fight, 
 which resulted in the killing of nine citizens and four soldiers 
 and the wounding of thirty soldiers. This may be called the 
 first blood of the war. 
 
 9. Preliminary Movements — Governor Letcher, of Vir- 
 ginia, had rejected every proposition to capture Federal 
 
2-J4 SCHOOL HItiTORY OF THE rXITED STATES. 
 
 forts, arsenals, etc., within the State before the ordinance of 
 secession had been passed, claiming that as long as Virginia 
 remained in the Union she should conmiit no hostile act 
 against the General Government. But as soon as the State 
 seceded, expeditions were sent to capture the navy-yard at 
 Portsmouth and the arsenal at Harper's Ferry. United 
 States troops attempted to destroy both of these places, be- 
 fore evacuating them, and did succeed in destroying a vast 
 amount of machinery, stores and material, but the Confed- 
 erates saved machinery, small arms, guns, anmiunition, 
 stores and material, which were invaluable to them in the 
 prosecution of the war. 
 
 Because of its strength, no attempt was made on Fortress 
 Monroe, located at the entrance of Hampton Roads into 
 Chesapeake bay. and this fort remained in the possession of 
 the Federals throughout the war. There were small affairs 
 at Camp Jackson, Missouri, May lo; in St. Louis, \lay lo; 
 at Fairfax Court House, Va., June i, and at Phillipi, Va., 
 June 3, which resulted favorably for the Federals. 
 
 10. War in Virginia — As soon as the Old Dominion 
 passed her ordinance of Secession, she began to make vigor- 
 ous preparations to defend her territory from threatened in- 
 vasion. Colonel R. E. Lee, of the old United States army, 
 was made commander-in-chief of all her forces, and went 
 \ igorously to work to organize, equip and drill the raw re- 
 cruits, who rushed to arms at the first call of their mother 
 State. 
 
 \ irginia, having now joined the Confederacy, and it be- 
 ing evident that her soil would be the great battlefield, the 
 capital of the Confederate States was removed from Mont- 
 gomery, Ala., to Richmond, and President Davis, after re- 
 ceiving a grand ovation from his people along the route, 
 reached Richmond May 29, 1861. 
 
 United States troops, under pretext of defending Wash- 
 
srifooL iirsTOh'Y or Tin: i'\iti:d states. 24r. 
 
 iiii^ton, crossed the Potomac on the 24th of May, and occu- 
 pied Alexandria and also Arlington, the residence of Gen- 
 eral Lee. Colonel Elmer I'". Ellsworth, of the New York 
 Zouaves, tore down from the Marshall House, the principal 
 hotel of Alexandria, the Confederate flag and hoisted in its 
 stead a Cnited States flag, and was immediately shot dead 
 by the proprietor, James W. Jackson, who, in turn, was 
 killed by the soldiers. The lines in front of Alexandria and 
 Arlington were heavily reinforced; General Patterson gath- 
 ered a large force to threaten Harper's Ferry and the lower 
 valley of A'irginia; General Geo. B. McClellan advanced with 
 a heavy force into Western Virginia; and Norfolk and the 
 peninsula were threatened from Fortress Monroe. To meet 
 these movements. General Huger was put in command of 
 the Confederate forces at Norfolk ; General Magruder on the 
 peninsula; General Beauregard at Manassas Junction; Gen- 
 eral Joseph E. Johnston at Harper's Ferry, and General 
 Garnett in West Virginia. 
 
 General Geo. B. McClellan made a vigorous campaign in 
 \Wst \'irginia, and defeated the Confederates at Rich Moun- 
 tain, July II, and at Carrick's Ford, July 13, General McClel- 
 lan's old teacher at West Point, General Garnett. being- 
 killed at the latter place, and his troops scattered in a dis- 
 astrous retreat. 
 
 At Big Bethel, near Fortress Monroe, on June 10, Colonel 
 D. H. Hill, of North Carolina, badly defeated the advance of 
 the Federal forces. These affairs were greatlv exaggerated 
 at the time, but were only tlie mutterings of the coming 
 storm. "0// to Richiiioiuf was the cry now raised by the 
 Northern press and people, it being insisted that Richmond 
 could and should lie captured before the meeting of the 
 "Rebel Congress" there on the 29th of July. 
 
 General Patterson threatened to cross the Potomac, and 
 General Johnston promptly evacuated Harper's Ferry. June 
 
240 .SCHOOL int^TORY OF THE rXlTED f^TATE."^. 
 
 i6, having sent to the rear the machinery of the arsenal and 
 ah the material and stores of every description that conld be 
 transported. He sent Col. A. P. Hill with three regiments 
 to Romney to meet a reported advance of the enemy on that 
 place, and Hill sent a detachment to New Creek, which cap- 
 tured two pieces of artillery and a stand of colors, drove ofi 
 the guard and destroyed the important bridge over the Bal- 
 timore & Ohio Railroad at that point. 
 
 Johnston manccnvred in front of Patterson, and on July 2 
 Colonel Thomas J. Jackson had a sharp fight with the ene- 
 my's advance at Falling Waters, where, with only 380 men 
 and one piece of artillery, he held his position from 9 o'clock 
 until noon and with a loss of only two killed and ten 
 wounded, inflicted on the enemy a considerable loss in killed 
 and wounded, and captured forty-five prisoners. General 
 Johnston immediately advanced to support Jackson, and 
 remained in line of battle at Darkesville for some days, Gen- 
 eral Patterson declining the otifered battle. 
 
 Meantime, the Federal army, gathered in front of Wash- 
 ington, had been put under the immediate command of 
 General Irvin McDowell, who, on the i6th of July, with a 
 splendidly-ecjuippcd army of 40,000 men and sixty pieces of 
 artillery, moved on General IJeauregard's position along the 
 line of Bull Run, in front of Manassas Junction. ( )n the 
 1 8th of July, there was a severe light at Blackburn's Ford, in 
 which McDowell's advance was repulsed with loss. That 
 afternoon, Johnston received at Winchester the famous 
 message from Beauregard: "If you are going to help me, 
 now is the time." 
 
 Johnston easily eluded Patterson, and took up his line of 
 march for Manassas, but the raw vokmteers were not then 
 used to marching, the straggling was fearful, and even Jack- 
 son's brigade, who had the advance, made only seventeen 
 miles the first day, and the rest of the army only thirteen. 
 
SCHOOL nisroRY of the VXITED i^TATES. 247 
 
 At Piedmont Station, the infantry were embarked on the 
 ears of the Manassas Gap Raih-oad, hut the transportation 
 was so badly managed that only a part of the troops reaehed 
 Manassas in time for the great battle. 
 
 General Johnston, who was the ranking olihcer, adopted 
 Beauregard's plans, and assigned him the duty of personally 
 commanding on the field, while he himself took command 
 of the whole of the united forces. 
 
 The Confederates designed to take the initiative by ad- 
 vancing by their right flank on the Federals at Centreville, 
 but meantime General McDowell had conceived the able and 
 bold plan of crossing Bull Run, above the Confederate line, 
 and moving down on their left flank. The orders from Con- 
 federate headquarters to the troops who were to lead their 
 advance on Centreville miscarried, and the movement was 
 not begun. 
 
 Meantime, McDowell was executing his plans, and in the 
 early morning of Sunday, July the 21st, he moved down and 
 began the battle. At first, the chances were greatly against 
 the Confederates, who were forced to fight on new ground 
 and under very different conditions from what their leaders 
 intended, and against fearful odds (at least ten to one when 
 the battle began, four to one at noon, and two to one at 4 P. 
 M.). But reinforcements continued to arrive from other 
 parts of the line, until at the close of the battle the respective 
 numl)ers of all arms actually engaged were, Federals, 19,925 ; 
 Confederates, 17,664. Though the Confederates made a 
 gallant and stubborn fight, the Federal troops had carried 
 everything before them, and were massing for an attack on 
 the plateau on which stood the famous Henry house, when 
 the gallant General Bee, about to yield up his noble life, rode 
 up to General T. J. Jackson, who, with his brigade of Vir- 
 ginians, was calmly awaiting the attack, and exclaimed: 
 "General, they are beating us back!" Jackson, his eyes 
 
24S fiCnOOL HTSTORT OF THE FXTTED l^TATEf^. 
 
 glittering- beneath the rim of the old cadet cap he wore, 
 calndy replied: "Sir, wc icill not be beaten back. JVe zvill ghr 
 them the bayonet T Bee galloped to his own shattered troops, 
 and rallied them with the call that became historic, and re- 
 christened Jackson and his brigade, ''Look! There stands 
 Jackson like a stone icall. Rally on the Jlrginians! Let us 
 determine to die here, and zvc ivill conquer T 
 
 Jackson repulsed the attack, and charged with the bavo- 
 net ; other Confederate troops moved gallantly forward, and, 
 under the ins])iring presence of Johnston and Beauregard, 
 the plateau was swept of the enemy, and the tide of battle 
 turned. 
 
 The Federals, however, were reinforced, and were prepar- 
 ing for another attack, when General Kirby Smith, with 
 three regiments of Elzey's brigade, which had just arrived 
 at Manassas Junction from Piedmont (and were the only 
 troops from Johnston's army of the Shenandoah that came 
 that day), and Colonel Jubal A. Early, who had come up from 
 the right of Beauregard's line with his brigade, moved around 
 on the enemy's flank; J. E. B. Stuart made a gallant charge 
 with his cavalry; Beauregard moved forward his whole line, 
 and the enemy were driven back in a rout, which soon de- 
 generated into a i^anic. 
 
 Arms, accoutrements, knapsacks — everything that could 
 impede flight, were thrown away; horses were cut from ar- 
 tillery, ambulances and wagons, and the "Grand Army" was 
 converted into an uncontrollable mob. whose "0;z to Rich- 
 mond'" had been changed into ''Off for Washington.'" So 
 certain were they of victory, that large numbers of Congress- 
 men, fine ladies and civilians generally had driven out from 
 Washington to witness the "defeat of the Rebels," and had 
 brought all kinds of eatables, baskets of champagne and 
 other liquors, fireworks, etc., to celebrate "the glories of the 
 Union and the downfall of treason." These added a ludic- 
 
SCHOOL iiisToin or riii: vmted .^sTATrjs. 249 
 
 rously pathetic coloring to the indescribable scene, as the 
 vast horde rushed back on all the roads leading to Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 President Davis, who had left Richmond as soon as pos- 
 sible after delivering his message to the Confederate Con- 
 gress, galloped on the tield just as the great victory had been 
 won, and his presence created great enthusiasm aiuong tlie 
 troops. He favored a prompt and vigorous pursuit, and at 
 one time issued a positive order to that efifect. But the real 
 extent of the Federal panic was not then known; the Con- 
 federates were very deficient in transportation and supplies 
 of all kinds; it was known that a good part of McDowell's 
 troops had not been engaged in the battle at all, and that 
 there were garrisons in the forts and fresh troops at Wash- 
 ington, and it was taken for granted that Patterson's army 
 of 18,000 would be hurried to Washington at once, and so 
 Johnston and Beauregard persuaded the President to revoke 
 the order, and the only real pursuit was by the small cavalry 
 force, which was soon encuml^ered with twice as many pris- 
 oners as their own number. 
 
 It seems almost certain now that, if the Confederate army 
 could have rushed pell-mell on the heels of the fugitives. 
 Washington would have been captured at that time. As it 
 was, the Confederates captured twenty-eight pieces of ar- 
 tillery. 5000 muskets, almost 500,000 cartridges, a garrison 
 flag, ten regimental colors, sixty-four artillery horses with 
 their harness, twentv-six wagons, camp equipage, clothing 
 and inunense quantities of military stores of every descrip- 
 tion. The loss of the Confederates in the l)attle was 1897, 
 while that of the Federals was about 4000. 
 
 The effect of this l^attle was greatlv to depress the North 
 and elate the South. But the Northern peoj)le were led bv 
 it to see something of the magnitude of what thev had under- 
 taken, and were inspired to renewed determination and ef- 
 
2r>U SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE FXITED STATES. 
 
 fort. The l-'ecleral Congress voted $500,000,000 and 500,000 
 men to carry on the war, and the Northern people saw that 
 the idea of conquering the South in "ninety days," as Mr. 
 Seward promised, was absurd. The Confederates, on the 
 other hand, were confident that the war was practically over, 
 that England and France would soon recognize the Con- 
 federacy, and that there would be no more fighting, and the 
 consecjuence was an apathy on the part of the army and the 
 people which proved very disastrous in its consequences. 
 
 Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, whose successes in Western Vir- 
 ginia had won him great reputation, and who was an able 
 and accomplished soldier, was now commander-in-chief of 
 the Federal armies, General Scott having retired. McClellan 
 took the immediate command of the Army of the Potomac. 
 By his fine talents for organization, and his rigid discipline, 
 he greatly increased the numbers and efficiency of the army. 
 
 The Confederate army, in the meantime, was but little in- 
 creased in numbers, and suffered great losses from disease. 
 In the latter part of August and early part of September, 
 Col. J. E. B. Stuart, with a small force of cavalry and infantry 
 and a battery of artillery, had several brilliant affairs with 
 the enemy at Mason's and Munson's hills and at Lewins- 
 ville, and the Confederate lines were advanced imtil the 
 dome of the capitol at Washington could be distinctly seen 
 from their outposts. 
 
 On October 21, the Federals, who had crossed the river at 
 Ball's Bluff, near Leesburg, \^a., were attacked by an in- 
 ferior force of Confederates under Gen. N. G. Evans, and 
 defeated with great slaughter, losing at least 1000 men. while 
 the Confederate loss was small. On December the 21st, 
 Stuart suffered a severe defeat at the hands of the Federal 
 cavalry, supported by infantry, at Drainesville, which, closed 
 the fighting for the year along the lines of Northern \^irginia. 
 
 In Western Virginia, Gen. R. E. Lee had taken command 
 
Moriiiiiient to General Steuart, Uichmoiul, Va. 
 Confederate Monument. Oakwood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. 
 
2r)2 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE rXTTEH STATES. 
 
 soon after the battle of Manassas, and was opposed by Gen. 
 W. S. Rosecrans, one of the ablest of the L\'deral generals. 
 The terrible condition of the roads after continuous rains of 
 over six weeks, the natural diliiculties of the country, the 
 fact that many of the people of that region were inifriendlv 
 to the Confederate cause, and the want of co-operation be- 
 tween Gens. H. A. Wise and John !'>. Floyd, two of General 
 Lee's chief subordinates, brought it to pass that the best-laid 
 plans of the great soldier were frustrated, but little was ac- 
 compHshed, and some of the "newspaper generals" were 
 very: severe in their criticisms upon General Lee and his 
 "West Point tactics." 
 
 The latter part of October, General Lee returned to Rich- 
 mond as the "military adviser of the President," and the 
 campaign in West A'irginia was virtually closed for the year. 
 On the 3d of October, however, the Federal general Rev- 
 nolds made an attack on General Henry R. Jackson, com- 
 manding the Confederates at Cheat Mountain Pass, and re- 
 ceived a severe and Idoody rej^ulse. December 13, General 
 Fdward Johnson repulsed, with heavy loss, an attack of the 
 Federals under General Milroy, upon his position on Alle- 
 ghany mountain. 
 
 U. Operations Along the Coast. — The overwhelming 
 superiority of the l'\'deral nav_\- enabled them to ca]iture the 
 forts on liatteras Inlet, N. C, August 28 and 29, and those 
 on Port Royal harbor, S. C, November 7, and Tybee Island, 
 below Savannah, and to hold possession of Fortress Monroe, 
 \'a., and Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, Fla. The Confed- 
 erate loss at Tdatteras was about 770. 
 
 12. The Blockade — One of the most effective means of 
 cri])pling the South was the blockade. Compared with the 
 North, the section was poor. To secure funds, medicines 
 and supplies it was necessary to ship cotton to foreign ports 
 and sell it. To prevent this, the North built an immense 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 253 
 
 number of fleet steamers, wliicli blockaded the whole coast. 
 This was so extended, however, that it was impossible to 
 close up every avenue ai^ainst the blockade-runners. Painted 
 ((enerallv of a dull leaden color, to avoid detection, the swift 
 Confederate steamers stole out from many points in the 
 darkness and hastened to Nassau and other points, where 
 the\- were safe from disturbance. Many boats not belongMuj;- 
 to the Confederates entered from the outside. They ran 
 s^reat risks, and numbers were captured, in wdiich case ves- 
 sels and cargoes were lost. The chances of gain and adven- 
 ture, however, rendered blockade-running- one of the most 
 stirring- features of the war. 
 
 13, Confederate Privateers — In retaliation for this sum- 
 mary closing of Southern ports, the Confederate Govern- 
 ment issued letters of marque to privateers. The first Con- 
 federate privateer to get to sea was the So-c'aiiiiali. llie let- 
 ters authorized the privateers to make war upon the mer- 
 chant ships of the Northern States. The Scwannah was fol- 
 lowed bv others, some of which were built al)road, and in- 
 flicted millions of damage on Northern commerce. Indeed, 
 these privateers drove from the seas the Northern merchant 
 marine and damaged Northern commerce beyond compu- 
 tation. 
 
 At first, the Northern people and the government declared 
 these privateers to be nothing but pirates, and avowed their 
 purpose of treating them as such. Accordingly, when the 
 ScwaiinaJi, after running the blockade from Charleston, on 
 the 2d of June, and capturing one merchant brig, laden with 
 sugar from Cuba, was captured by the L^iited States brig 
 Perry, the oflficers and crew were sent to Philadelphia, where 
 they were tried and convicted of piracy. But their execution 
 was prevented by the promptness with which President 
 Davis wrote to President Lincoln, that if these men were 
 executed, he would retaliate bv the execution of a like num- 
 
254 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ber of Federal prisoners then in the hands of the Confeder- 
 ates, and they were afterwards treated and excliangcd hke 
 other prisoners of war. 
 
 14. The War in Missouri. — Governor Jackson, of Mis- 
 souri, and other leaders tried to hold the State in a position 
 of neutrality, but Captain Lyon, the Federal commander at 
 St. Louis, made prompt war on the State militia, broke up 
 Camp Jackson, seized the arsenal at St. Louis, and, now 
 made brigadier-general, defeated Colonel Marmaduke at 
 
 Booneville. 
 
 Generals Price and McCullough defeated the Federals 
 under General Siegel at Carthage, on July 5, and on August 
 10, being attacked by General Lyon at Wilson's Creek (Oak- 
 Hill), they gave the Federals a crushing defeat. General 
 Lyon being killed while bravely leading his men. On the 
 20th of September, General Price captured Lexington, with 
 3000 prisoners and a large amount of stores of every kind. 
 On the 7th of November, General (Bishop) Leonidas Polk 
 defeated General U. S. Grant, with a severe loss, at Belmont, 
 this being Grant's first battle of the war. 
 
 A Missouri convention passed an act by which Missouri 
 was retained in the Union, but Governor Jackson and the 
 legislature claimed that this act was illegal, and, meeting at 
 Neosho, passed an ordinance of Secession, upon which the 
 people never had an opportunity of voting, as Federal l)ayo- 
 nets ruled the State, the Confederate army being pushed 
 back by Gen. H. W. Halleck, with greatly superior forces, 
 to the border of Arkansas. 
 
 The Confederates always believed that a fair vote of the 
 people would have given them Missouri, and the State was 
 always represented in the Confederate Congress, while many 
 of her l)ravcst men fought in the Confederate armies. 
 
 15. Operations in Kentucky — Kentucky, also, tried to 
 be neutral, but it soon appeared that this was impossible. 
 
SCHOOL n I STORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 255 
 
 The movements of Federal forces to capture Kentucky 
 compelled General Leonidas Polk to occu])}' Columbus, and 
 Federal troops were poured into the State so rapidly that 
 they overran the Northern part of the State, and the Con- 
 federate general, Albert Sidney Johnston, established his 
 line of defense across the State, with his principal points at 
 Columbus, Ky., P'orts Henry and Donelson, Tenn., and 
 Bowling Green and Cumberland Gap, Ky. 
 
 The opposing parties in the State were active and bitter, 
 but there can be little doubt that a free vote of the people 
 would have carried the State into the Confederacy; a provis- 
 ional government, headed by Hon. John C. Breckinridge 
 and others of the ablest leaders of the State, took that action, 
 and Kentucky, also, was represented in the Confederate Con- 
 gress, while many of her ablest, bravest and best citizens 
 were in the Confederate armies. 
 
 16. Presidential Election. — ( )n the 6th of November, an 
 election was licld throughout the Confederacy for President 
 and \'ice-President for a term of six years, beginning the 
 22(1 of February, 1862, under the "Permanent Constitution." 
 There was no opposition to the able and pure statesmen who 
 had been elected by the "Provisional Congress," and Jeffer- 
 son Daz'is and .Ucxatidcr //. Stcpliciis were elected by the 
 unanimous vote of the electoral colleges President and Vice- 
 President res])ectively. 
 
 17. The Trent Affair. — James M. Mason, of Virginia, 
 and John Slidell, of Louisiana, both of whom had been 
 members of the United States Senate, were appointed com- 
 missioners of the Confederacy to the courts of London and 
 Paris. Making their way, with their families, from Charles- 
 ton to Havana, they took passage for England on the Brit- 
 ish mail steamer Trent on the 7th of November. The fol- 
 lowing day, this steamer was stopped by Captain Charles 
 Wilkes, commanding the Federal steamer San Jacinto, who 
 
256 SCHOOL HI STORY OF THE UyiTED STATES. 
 
 took off Messrs. Mason and Slidell, and held them as pris- 
 oners of war. This was enforcing- the "right of search," the 
 very canse of our war with England in 1812. 
 
 The incident creaied intense excitement at the North, in 
 the South and in England. The House of Representatives 
 at Washington passed a vote of thanks to Captain Wilkes, 
 the press and people at the North made a lion of him, and 
 there was at first no hint of disapproval of his act from Presi- 
 dent or cabinet. 
 
 The South was indignant at an act which so clearly vio- 
 lated every principle of right, Init was in high hopes that the 
 Federal Government would stand by it, as that would en- 
 sure the recognition of the Confederacy by England. 
 
 There was the strongest indignation in England, and the 
 government promptly demanded the return of the commis- 
 sioners and an apology for their capture, and began prepa- 
 rations to enforce its demand. France sided with England, 
 and it looked as if the hour of the triumph of the Confeder- 
 acy had come. 
 
 But the Federal Government promptly yielded to the per- 
 emptory demand of England, Mr. Seward, Secretary of 
 State, wrote a response more adroit tlian candid, and the 
 Confederate commissioners, who had been confined in h'ort 
 Warren, Boston harbor, were turned over to the British 
 authorities and permitted to go to their destination. 
 
 18, Results of the First Year of the War. — The Con- 
 federates had very decidedly the advantage in the battles 
 fought in 1 86 1. At Big Bethel, Va., June 10; at Carthage, 
 ^lo.. July 5: at l-.ull Run, July 18: at Manassas (called Bull 
 Run by the hY^lerals), July 21; at Wilson's Creek (near 
 Springfield), Mo., August 10; at Scarry Creek, \^a., July 17: 
 at Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10; at Lexington. Mo.. 
 September 20; at Cheat Mountain Pass, \'a.. October 3; at 
 Ball's Bluff, Va., October 21 ; at Belmont, Mc, November 
 
258 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 y, and at Alleghany Mountain, December 13, they had 
 gained victories which were not at all dimmed by successes 
 gained by the Federals at Philippi, V'a., June 3; Rich Moun- 
 tain, Va., July II ; Carrick's Ford, Va., July 13; at Hatteras 
 Inlet, N. C, August 29; at Port Royal, S. C, November 7, 
 and at Draincsville, Xa., December 21. 
 
 The Confederates had clearly demonstrated their ability 
 to cope with superior numbers on the battlefield. But, on 
 the other hand, the Federal Government had enlisted, or- 
 ganized and drilled immense armies, collected vast supplies 
 of every description, built and equipped large numbers of 
 war vessels, made the blockade more effective, and prej^ared 
 to open the next campaign with overwhelming numbers and 
 resources. Both sides seemed equally determined to fight 
 it out to the bitter end, and the day for peace negotiations 
 seemed to have passed away. 
 
 Questions-— I. Circumstances attending the arrival of Mr. Lin- 
 coln in Washington and his inauguration. Tlie tone and spirit of 
 his inaugural address. Conduct of Union men at the South. 
 
 2. What advice did General Scott give? How did the government 
 show bad faith? 
 
 3. Who "fired the first gun" of the war, and who was responsible 
 for it? Reasons for placing the responsibility on the Federal Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 4. The cfifect North and South. How did the "border States" 
 regard Mr. Lincoln's call for troops? Their secession. 
 
 5. Had the Southern States a right to secede under the Constitu- 
 tion? Had they sufficient cause for so doing? Had the Federal 
 Government the right to coerce them? Give the history of the for- 
 mation of the Union. New England's secession record. Opinions 
 of leading Northern men after the election of Mr. Lincoln. Sketch 
 the introduction and history of slavery. How were the burdens and 
 the favors of the government distributed? Peace policy of the Con- 
 federates embodied in Mr. Davis's message. 
 
 6. Preparations of each section for war. Relative numbers of 
 soldiers engaged. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATE8. 25'J 
 
 7. Retaliatory measures. 
 
 8. The fight in Baltimore. 
 
 9. Preliminary movements. 
 
 ID. Early operations in Virginia. General McClellan's campaign 
 in West Virginia. Big Bethel. "On to Richmond." Union of the 
 forces of Johnston and Beauregard. Sketch the battle of Man- 
 assas (or Bull Rnn). How Jackson got his new name. Describe 
 the panic. Relative numbers engaged. Losses on both sides. 
 Effect of the battle. Affairs on the outposts. Ball's Bluff. Oper- 
 ations in Western Virginia. 
 
 11. Operations along the coast. 
 
 12. The blockade. 
 
 13. Confederate privateers. How the Federal Government was 
 prevented from treating them as "pirates." 
 
 14. The war in ]\Iissouri, and how the Slate was "held in the 
 Union." 
 
 15. Kentucky's "neutrality," and how broken. 
 
 16. Confederate Presidential election. 
 
 17. The Trent affair and its results. 
 
 18. Summary of the results of the campaign of 1861. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 TI-TE SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. 1862. 
 
 19. A Year of Battles — The second year of the war was 
 
 one of battles such as this country had never seen before, 
 and it is to be hoped will never see ag;ain. The South had 
 solidified and was confident of gaining" its independence. 
 Little, if any. Union sentiment was left, except in East Ten- 
 nessee and West Virginia. Her armies were led by the most 
 skillful generals of the age, and her soldiers, now that they 
 had been drilled and tested, had no superiors anywdiere. 
 There was no thotight of giving up the strtiggle until inde- 
 pendence was secured. 
 
 On the other hand, the North showed no shrinking from 
 the stupendous task that confronted her. She cornpre- 
 
2(!(» ^('IKKH. l/I.STOin or Till'] liNITHh XTATI'JS. 
 
 Iiciidcd lli.il v.isl i';iiii|);iil;iis iiiiisl he piislicd lit a siiicrssful 
 (•(iiK liisii )ii, and st ii|)(iid( tiis rcsnils acliicvcd, l»(i<iic tlir rcv- 
 olulioii ((iidd \)v sii|)|)r(.'s.scd. I'.acktMl |)\ lur limilless rc- 
 s(iiirc-cs, she rc.s()lvc(| that tlicsc caiiipaij^iis sliuulcl he prosc- 
 ( iilcd and I licsc rcsnils al lamed. 
 
 7i). Wliat Mad to he Done? h was clcai- thai inordcr 
 1(1 ciMKiiid tlic S(inlli several |)i"< (diL;i( ms resnJK had \i> he 
 ace( iin|)lishe(L I'irst, the hlnekade nnist he maintained and 
 made as liiMil as |)()ssihle. Second, the Mississippi ninsi he 
 iipcne(| I hn )n,L;hi ml its enliic length. I( > do ihis, the (on- 
 le(lcracy wonld have to he ent in two. hiom Texas and the 
 iCL;ioii on the west ol the ri\'ei- were drawn the cattle and 
 chiel snp|)lics ol the armies, while scxcial ol the seceded 
 .Stah'S la\- on that side ol' the halher ot Waters. The third 
 and inosi dilVicnlt I ask of all was the desti'iict ion ol I he .\iinv 
 of Korlhciii \ ir^inia, wliiidi stood like a niomHain wall he- 
 loie all advances a^ainsl the ( 'onle(lerate capilal. 
 
 21. Operations in the West. Tlie lortmies of wai- 
 Inrned a.L;ainst llie ( 'oiifedeiac\' in ihe West. Al midnight, 
 on Ihe l(Sth of |amiai\, the ( onlc(|eiate ( icncral /.ollicori'ci- 
 lei I Ins camp at M ill Spi int;, in h.astei n Kentnck \, and, cross- 
 ing to the norlliern haidv of the ( nmheilam 1, mandied 
 against the eneni\, ten nnles distant. The hedeials weic 
 nnder the commaihl of ( icncral ( icori^c I I, riiom.is, owe of 
 iheir hest ollicers. Me was diixcn hatd. at Inst, hnt soon 
 lallicd his men and dro\-e Ihc ( 'onfedei ales in Inrn. While 
 IIk- lij^lilin^ was in pio^rcss, ( Icncral /ollicorfer appmached 
 so close to one of the l''cdc|-al reidinents that an ollicci- shot 
 him <lead with a revoKcr, Mis fall canned a pamc, and his 
 "It'll lied. ( K'ncral ('ritlendcn, the siipcriof orficcr, was 
 drivt'ii across Ihe ('nmherland and fell hack to ( laines- 
 horou^li, Tenn., his men MilTcrinL: sc\'erel\ from the intense 
 oold and lack of ]»rovisions. 
 
 'Hiis defeat jj^ave ICasleni Kcnttick-y to Ihc I'edcrals, but 
 
2<J2 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED ."STATES. 
 
 the western part of the State was grasped firmly by the Con- 
 federates. General Albert Sidney Johnston, one of the 
 ablest leaders of the country, held the line from Bowling 
 Green, on the right, to Columbus, on the left. This line, 
 naturally strong, was made still stronger by the building of 
 Fort Henry on the right bank of the Tennessee, in Ken- 
 tucky, and Fort Donelson, on the left bank of the Cumber- 
 land. Donelson was within the limits of Tennessee and 
 fifteen miles southeast of Fort Henry. 
 
 22. Fall of Fort Henry — General Grant decided, in 
 conjunction with the fleet under Commodore Foote, to at- 
 tack Fort Henry. Embarking at Cairo, February i, the 
 expedition landed, four days later, four and one-half miles 
 below the fort. The attack in front was so vigorous that 
 Colonel Tilghman saw from the first that his situation was 
 hopeless. He sent ofi most of his garrison, numbering 
 al)out 3000. and witli a few hundred maintained an unequal 
 fight until compelled to surrender (February 6). 
 
 23. Fall of Fort Donelson,— Grant now moved, with his 
 gunboats, up the Cumberland to attack Fort Donelson. 
 The garrison numbered about 15.000, and his entire force 
 about 35,000. Several attacks made ()n the Confederate 
 lines on the 13th of ]^\d)ruary were handsomely repulsed. 
 On the 14th. the forts defeated Commodore Foote's flotilla 
 of seven gunboats, the commodore himself being seriously 
 wounded and his gunl)oats badly damaged. The outlook 
 for the defense of Donelson now seemed hopeful. But 
 Grant held on with the determined pertinacity which char- 
 acterized him. and tliere were divided and vacillating coun- 
 sels among the Confederate leaders. Floyd. Pillow and 
 Buckner. 
 
 On the I5tli the Confederates made a sortie and drove 
 back the enemy far enough to open a line of retreat, which 
 was the design of the movement ; but Floyd and Pillow again 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTFA) STATES. 263 
 
 changed their plans and ordered the troops hack to their 
 entrenclinients. The I^'ederals that evening attacked and 
 carried a part of Jkickner's lines, and it was understood that 
 they were Hkely to carry the whole line the next morning. 
 
 Under these circumstances a council of war determined to 
 surrender all who could not escape. Before terms were 
 agreed upon, Cjeneral Moyd turned over the command to 
 General Pillow', and he at once passed it to General Buck- 
 ner, who opened negotiations. General (irant refused any 
 terms but "unconditional surrender," and said that he pro- 
 posed to "move inmiediately" on the Confederate works. 
 
 Floyd, Pillow, Forrest and a number of the troops made 
 their escape during the night, and the gallant liuckner sur- 
 rendered the remnant of the army, about 7000, on the un- 
 generous, unchivalric terms pro])Osed l)y the victor. This 
 being the first important victory gained b\- the Federals 
 during the war, excited great exultation at the North; "Un- 
 conditional Surrender Grant" became the hero of the hour 
 and the idol of his people, and the hopes of the Federals 
 were raised to the highest pitch. 
 
 24- A New Confederate Line of Defence Established. 
 — These defeats caused the establishment of a new line of 
 defense by General Johnston. (General Polk, at New Mad- 
 rid, held the left; P)eauregard, at Jackson, Tenn., the centre, 
 and Johnston, at Murfreesboro', the right. Thus the Con- 
 federates had been compelled to give up all of Kentucky and 
 the u]iper ])art of Tennessee to the Federals. 
 
 25. Re=EIection of President Davis and Vice=President 
 Stephens — Three days after the fall of Fort Donelson (Feb- 
 ruary 19), the electoral votes of the Southern Confederacy 
 were counted. They showed that Jefferson Davis was 
 unanimously re-elected President, and Alexander H. 
 Stephens was chosen Vice-President. They were inaugu- 
 rated at Richmond, on Washington's birthday, the 22(1 of 
 
204 S!r/fOOL Tl J STORY OF THE FXTTED STATES!. 
 
 February. President Davis's inaugural was liopcful. While 
 admitting' the reverses suffered by the eause of Southern. 
 in(lei)endence, he insisted that they should serve to rouse 
 the people to greater endeavors than ever to become free. 
 
 26. Battle of Pea Ridge or Elk Horn — ^Cieneral Price 
 wintered at Springfield, in the southern part of Mis- 
 souri, where he received many recruits and supplies. At- 
 tacked by the forces of Generals Curtis and Siegel, he re- 
 treated to the frontiers of ^lissouri, Arkansas and Indian 
 Territory. Falling back still further, he was joined in the 
 ])OSt(jn mountains by Ben McCulloch, the famous Texan 
 Ranger. C General Farl A'an Dorn was put in command and 
 was joined by Albert Pike, with 2000 Indians. Deeming 
 himself strong enough to assume the aggressive. General 
 Van Dorn set out to attack the Federals near Pea Ridge. 
 The battle was a severe one, victory first tending to one side 
 and then to the other. McCulloch's was among the lament- 
 able deaths on the Confederate side, (ieneral Siegel, whose 
 ciiief fame rested upon his skill in retreating, showed his 
 usual ability in this engagement. The result was without 
 any predominating advantage to either side; but before the 
 end of the year the upper portion of Arkansas fell into Fed- 
 eral hands, and remained thus to the close f)f the war. 
 
 27. Burnside's Expedition. — A formidable naval and 
 military exjx'dition was sent to the coast of North Carolina 
 at the beginning f)f the xcixr. It consisted of fifteen gun- 
 boats, eight propellers and fifty-seven transports. This pro- 
 digious force succeeded in capturing Roanoke Island (Fel)- 
 ruary 7), defended, as it was. by a handful of men and only 
 seven gunboats. Newbern fell March 13. and I-'ort Macon 
 followed on the 25th of April. 
 
 28. The Disasters on the Coast It was about this 
 
 time that the Federal Commodore Dupont captured the 
 towns of Fernandina and Jacksonville on the Florida coast. 
 
s^cnooL lUKTOh'Y or riii: i\iTi:i> states. L'cr, 
 
 1 he South, l)cin^' without an\' uav\' or sailors, could niakv' 
 no defense against the over])o\verin!;' lleets of the h'ederals. 
 As a conseciuence, the blockade hecanie more rigid and 
 o])pressive than ever. 
 
 29. Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing Return- 
 ing to events in the Southwest: General (Irant, after the 
 capture of Fort Donelson, moved up the Tennessee to Shi- 
 loh, or Pittsburg Landing. General Ihiell moved for the 
 same point overland. Thus the Federal forces were di- 
 vided. Seeing this, General Albert Sidney Johnston united 
 all his troops at Corinth, Aliss., and, with a force of 40,000, 
 ccjusisting of three corps and a reserve, set cjut on th.e 31! of 
 Ajiril to deal Grant a crushing blow. Grant's army of 50,000 
 was on the same side of the Tennessee, while Uuell was ap- 
 proaching, and not far off, with 37,000 more, and Alitchell 
 was in supporting distance with 18,000 men. 
 
 The attack on the I'ederals was made at daylight, April 6. 
 It was conducted with great skill and braverv, and (Irant 
 was taken bv surprise. The Federal arm\' was thrown into 
 confusion and driven headlong from the field. The Con- 
 federates ]:)ressed forward with irresistible fiu'y, driving 
 everything before them, capturing position after position 
 of the naturallv strong line and forcing Grant's armv back, 
 until half-])ast 2 P. Al., when the victory seemed to l)e com- 
 ])lete, and onl\' one more general and \'igorous advance was 
 nei'di'd to utterly annihilate Grant's army. 
 
 Alas! at that hour, ( lenera! .Albert .Si(lne\' Johnston, the 
 able connnander, who had just led a brilliant and successful 
 charge, was wounded in the leg 1)y a minnie ball, and died in 
 fifteen minutes. General Peauregard, the second in com- 
 mand, was suffering from severe and protracted sickness, 
 and had been in his ambulance most of the day, and when he 
 assumed the command he was not himself, was ignorant of 
 the real condition of affairs, and instead of ordering an ad- 
 
260 SCnOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 vaiice on the beaten and shattered battaHons of Grant, who 
 were covverint^ under the bhiffs at Pittsburg Landing and 
 ready to surrender, about 6 P. M. he ordered the army back, 
 intending, as he says, to renew the conflict the next morning. 
 
 But during the night, Buell and Mitchell came up with 
 large reinforcements of fresh troops, and the next day Beau- 
 regard, after a gallant resistance to the advancing army, re- 
 tired in good order from the field and leisurely fell back to 
 Corinth, the enemy not seriously pressing him. In the first 
 day's battle the Confederates had captured nearly all of the 
 enemy's field artillery, thirty flags, colors, standards and 
 over 3000 prisoners, including a division commander. Gen- 
 eral Prentiss, and several brigade comman-ders. and inmiense 
 supplies of small-arms, stores, and war material of every 
 kind. 
 
 The Federal loss in the two day's Ijattle was about 15,000, 
 and that of the Confederates about 10,000. But the death of 
 Albert Sidney Johnston was irreparable. An educated, gal- 
 lant and very able soldier, and a stainless, chivalric gentle- 
 man, he may be fitly called the R. E. Lcc of flic Western army, 
 and it is scarcely extravagant to say that had he lived the 
 independence of the South would have been established. 
 
 After the destruction of Grant's army, Sidney Johnston in 
 the West, and Lee in Virginia would have been invincible. 
 
 30. Other Confederate Disasters. — The strongest forti- 
 fication on the upper Mississippi was Island No. 10. After 
 withstanding a furious bombardment lasting nearly a month, 
 the post was obliged to surrender on the same day of the 
 battle of Sliiloh. This compelled the evacuation of Fort 
 Pillow and of Memphis. The Mississippi was thus entirely 
 cleared of Confederates above Vicksburg. 
 
 31. The Fall of New Orleans — The severest Confederate 
 disaster of the year was the capture of New Orleans, the 
 metropolis of the South. The city had been almost stripped 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXTTED STATES. 2C.7 
 
 of troops to reinforce Ueauregard's army in Tennessee, but 
 there were formidable defenses below the city. Forts I'liilip 
 and Jackson mounted lOO guns, and there was a Confederate 
 fleet of fifteen vessels, including the ironclad ram Manassas 
 and an unfinished floating battery. The 3000 volunteers 
 charged with the defense of the city were poorly armed. 
 
 Admiral Farragut bombarded the forts for six davs, dur- 
 ing w hich nearly a thousand tons of iron were fired at them, 
 but they were not materially injured. They could do little 
 against the formidable attack, because of the short range of 
 their guns. On the night of yVpril 20, one of the Federal 
 gunboats passed the forts, and ascended the river in the 
 darkness and opened a path for the fleet through the boom 
 of hulks and logs that barred the channel. At 3 o'clock on 
 the morning of A])ril 24 the Union fleet began steaming up 
 the river. 
 
 The first division, consisting of eight vessels, threaded its 
 way through the tortuous opening, and, running in close to 
 Fort Philij). each vessel delivered a broadside as it went by. 
 Beyond the fort a furious battle took place between the Fed- 
 eral and Confederate gunboats, in which both sides displayed 
 the utmost bravery. The Federal fleet continued to push up 
 the river, and was followed by the second division, led by 
 Commodore Farragut's flagship Hartford. When the third 
 division followed the Confederate fleet was so overwhelmed 
 by superior numbers and forces that it was captured or de- 
 stroyed, though not until it had inflicted great injury on the 
 I'Vderal fleet. The way being now practically open for the 
 Federal fleet, it continued up the river to New Orleans, 
 which city was obliged to capitulate April 25. Gen. B. F. 
 Butler took formal possession May i, and by his outrages 
 upon a defenseless people secured for himself an inmiortality 
 of infamy. 
 
SCHOOL HISTOh'Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 209 
 
 32. The Monitor and Virginia (or Merriniac) At the 
 
 hc^iimiiii;- of the war tiie I'ortsinouth Navy Yard, near Nor- 
 fun<, \ a., was given up to the Southerners. JJefore the sur- 
 render the steam frigate Mcrrimac, the finest in the service, 
 was scuttled. The Confederates raised, and. under a plan 
 ])resented by Captain John AI. Brooke, formerly Lieutenant 
 Alaury's assistant at the National Observatory, covered her 
 with railway iron, which sloped like the roof of a house, and 
 was smeared with tallow and plumbago. An iron Ijeak or 
 prow was hxed to the craft, which was renamed the Virginia. 
 
 About noon, March 8. 1862, the J'irgiiiia steamed out 
 from Norfolk into Hampton Roads. She at once made for 
 the sloop of war Cmubcrlaiid. The latter opened with her 
 tremendous l)roadsides, but for the first time in na\al warfare 
 the solid shot did no execution. Striking the iron armor of 
 the J'irgiiiia, the balls glanced hundreds of feet u]) in the air 
 and plunged harmlessly back into the water. Crashing into 
 the Ciiiiihcrlaiid, the beak of the J'irgiiiia o])cncd a huge hole, 
 through wluch the water ]i(_)urcd like a mill stream. Idie 
 Cumberland went down with all on board. Her flag still 
 fluttered from the masthead above the water as the hull lav 
 in a careened position on the bottom. 
 
 The frigate Congress, seeing that she could do nothing 
 against the monster, ran ashore where the water was too 
 shallow for the J'irginia to reach her, but she i)oured shot 
 into her until the Congress raised the white flag, and Com- 
 modore Buchanan, who commanded the J'irginia, sent boats 
 to receive her surrender. These boats, being treachcrouslv 
 fired on. however, not only from the shore, but from the 
 Congress itself, while the white flags were flying, Lieutenant 
 Minor, and Commodore P)uchanan himself, being wounded, 
 the l)rave old commodore ordered that the Congress he de- 
 stroyed with hot shot and incendiary shell, and this was done 
 under Lieutenant Catesby Jones, who succeeded to the com- 
 
270 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 mand. Jones continued the fight until dark with the United 
 States frigates Minnesota, Roanoke and St. Lawrence, and the 
 batteries on the shore, and would doubtless have destroyed 
 these vessels, also, but for the fact that they hugged the 
 shore in shoal water, so that the Virginia could not get at 
 them. 
 
 After night, the Virginia, together with the Patrick Henry, 
 the Janicstozvn, the Teaser and the Raleigh, which were also 
 engaged in the fight, anchored ofT Sewell's Point, the 
 wounded and prisoners being sent to Norfolk on the Bean- 
 fort. 
 
 That night the Monitor, which had been laboring south- 
 ward for several days from New York, reached the harbor 
 and took position near the steam frigate Minnesota. The 
 Monitor was about one-fifth the size of the Jlrginia, and was 
 the invention of a Swede, Captain Ericsson. She had a 
 deck which rose a few inches above the water, and in the 
 middle an iron round-tower, which was slowly revolved by 
 steam. The upper part of the hull exposed to the enemy's 
 fire was covered with iron plating five inches thick on the 
 sides and one inch on deck. In the tower were two im- 
 mense guns, each firing a ball of i66 pounds' weight. 
 
 Early the next morning the Virginia steamed from Sew- 
 ell's Point straight for the Minnesota. The Monitor ran out 
 to meet her, and for the first time in the history of the world 
 a battle took place between ironclads. 
 
 The Virginia repeatedly tried to run down the Mo}iitor, 
 but when the smaller vessel did not dodge her giant foe, the 
 huge beak of the latter grated over the metal deck without 
 doing injury.. The two fired their immense guns at each 
 other, but the balls bounded off from the armor and little 
 damage was done. 
 
 The battle continued until the Monitor ran into shallow 
 water, under the guns of Fortress Monroe, and the Virginia, 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITEIJ STATES. 271 
 
 l)eing unable to reach her or to induce her to come out, fi- 
 nally steamed up to Norfolk for necessary repairs to her 
 prow, machinery and guns. 
 
 On the nth of April, as soon as these repairs were made, 
 Commodore Tattnall, who had now been put in command 
 of the Virginia and her consorts (the wooden vessels men- 
 tioned above), steamed down to Hampton Roads and offered 
 battle to the Federal fleet, which consisted of the Monitor, 
 the Nangafiick (a small ironclad) and a large number of 
 wooden vessels, including the powerful J^andcrbilt, whicl* 
 h.ad been especially prepared to "run down and sink the 
 iMcrrimac;" but instead of accepting the proffered battle, the 
 Federal fleet took refuge under the guns of Fortress Mon- 
 roe, not venturing out, even when the Janiestozcn cai)tured 
 two vessels at Newport News. The Confederate fleet held 
 possession of the Roads for several days without inducing 
 the Federal fleet to come out from its refuge and without 
 being able to get at them, because of shoal water and torpe- 
 does that the Federals had ])lantcd in the channel. 
 
 On the 8th of ^lay the Federal fleet (now reinforced bv 
 the ironclad Galena and other vessels) took advantage of the 
 absence of the Jlrginia at Norfolk, and began to bombard 
 Sewell's Point; l)Ut the Jlrginia promptly moved down to 
 meet them, and as soon as her smoke was seen the Federal 
 fleet precipitately fled to their refuge under the guns of I-'or- 
 tress Monroe. Indeed, the commander of the Monitor had 
 positive orders from the Navy Department at Washington, 
 after the first engagement, not to fight the Virginia (Merriinae) 
 unless foreed to do so; and the Virginia "ruled the wave" in 
 Hampton Roads and protected Norfolk and the waterway 
 to Richmond until the evacuation of Norfolk, when the pilots 
 decided, at the last moment, that she drew too much water 
 (twenty-three feet) to be carried up the James, and she was 
 destroyed off Craney Island, May lo, 1862. She would 
 
272 HCnOOL nrSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 never have l:)een able to go to Washington, far less to New 
 York, as she drew too much water for tlie river, and would 
 not have been equal to a sea voyage ; but she unquestionaljlx- 
 revolutionized the naval warfare of the world, and, while 
 nianv improvements have since been made, the real inventor 
 of ironclads vv'as the modest gentleman and great scientist, 
 Captain John M. Brooke, who planned the Jlrgiiiia. 
 
 The Monitor afterwards perished off Cape Hatteras, and 
 the claim of her crew' for prize money, on the ground that 
 she had defeated the Jlrgiiiia was denied by Congress, as the 
 facts clearly proved that so far from this being true, she had 
 been thoroughly defeated by the J'irgiiiia. 
 
 33. The Advance Against Richmond. — During the au- 
 tunm and winter, ( leneral AlcClellan I'.ad been steadily re- 
 cruiting, organizing and ecfuipping his army, until, at the 
 opening of the spring campaign, he had under him, in front 
 of Washington, fully 200,000 men s])lendidly armed and 
 e(iui])ped, ^vhile (len. Jos. E. Johnston had to oppose this 
 mighty host only 47,306. As soon as there were indications 
 of McClellan's advance, Jolmston fell back from Manassas, 
 and by ]\larch 11 had established his lines on the south side 
 of the Ra])pahannock. 
 
 As soon as it became evident that iNlcClellan had changed 
 his plans, transferred his army to Fortress Monroe, and 
 would advance on Richmond by way of the Peninsula, Gen- 
 eral Johnston rapidly moved his army to Yorktown, where 
 Gen. J. B. Alagruder, with a force of 11.000 men, was with- 
 standing the overwhelming numbers of the enemy with 
 wonderful energv, heroism and skill. 
 
 General ^IcClellan reached the front of the lines at York- 
 town on April 3, General Johnston assumed command there 
 on the 17th of April, and the Federals were held in front of 
 those lines until the night of May 3, when General Ji^hnston 
 quietly evacuated them, left his heavy guns behind, and 
 
ISCIIOOL HISTORY or THE VMTED tiTATES. 2T.\ 
 
 began his retreat on Richmond by way of Willianisbnri^. 
 At this last point there was a severe fight, in which John- 
 ston's rear guard handsomely repulsed McClellan\s advance 
 and covered the retreat on Riclimond. 
 
 ■ After several small affairs between the retreating and the 
 advancing armies, General Johnston took his position in 
 front of Richmond along the line of the south bank of the 
 Chickahominy. ^IcClellan drew up his splendid army on 
 the north bank, throwing two-fifths of his troops across at 
 Seven Pines and fortifying his line with all of the appliances 
 oi engineering skill. There was a severe fight near Hanover 
 Court House, May 27, in which the Confederates were badly 
 worsted by General Fitz John Porter, with a Confederate 
 loss of about 800. 
 
 34. Drewry's Bluff._()u the destruction of the ['/>- 
 ^'////(/, the only obstacles to prevent the Federal fleet from 
 steannng u]) to Richmond and 1)ombarding the city were 
 an uicomplete work, with four guns, and some obstructions 
 in tlie river at i:)rcwry's Bluff, seven miles below Richmond. 
 I hit the fleet delayed the attack until tlie 15th of April, when 
 nrcwry"s P.luff (or lM)rt Darling) was so heroically defended 
 1).\ tlie crew of the J'irginia and a few others, that the attack 
 of tlie Mdiu/Dr, Catena and three wooden warships was verv 
 handsomely repulsed; the effort was not renewed, and Rich- 
 mond was saved from further danger in that direction. 
 
 35. Seven Pines and Fair Oaks Mav 31, General 
 
 Johnston made a vigorous attack on the wing of JNIcClellan's 
 army south of the Chickahominy, and succeeded in driving 
 a large part of it from its position with, heavy loss. Indeed, 
 tliat wing seemed about to be crushed, when General Sum- 
 ner threw his corps across the river on newly-constructed 
 l)ridges and stayed the tide of Confederate victory. 
 
 General Johnston, having been severely wounded and 
 borne from the field, the command devolved on Gen. G. W. 
 
274 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Smith, ami there was not the push and deterniination on the 
 next day, June i, which might have completed the victory 
 of the day before. There was some desultory fighting about 
 Fair Oaks, but neither side seemed anxious to press the con- 
 flict, and in the evening and the next day the Confederate 
 troops were withdrawn to their okl position. 
 
 In the afternoon of this day. General Robert Edward Lee 
 was, by order of President Davis, assigned to the command 
 of all of the Confederate troojxs in \'irginia. The total fight- 
 ing forces engaged on these two days were 32,000 Confeder- 
 ates and about 36,000 Federals, and the losses 7000 F'ederals 
 and 6134 Confederates. The Confederates captured ten 
 pieces of artillery, 6700 muskets, a garrison flag and four 
 regimental colors, and large quantities of stores of every 
 description. 
 
 36. Jackson's Valley Campaign "Stonewall" Jack- 
 son had been made major-general, ( )ctiiber 7, 1861, and on 
 the 4th of November assiuiied command of the "\'alle_\' Dis- 
 trict" to which he had been assigned. Fie was vigilant and 
 active with the small command under him, and about the 
 last of the \ear made a bold expedition to Ronmc}' and 
 Fath, in which cx])e(lition his troops suffered great hard- 
 ships because of a sudden change from balmy to severe win- 
 ter weather. At the opening of tlie spring campaign of 
 1862 he found himself with a force of a1)OUt 5000 opposed to 
 about 46,000 of the enemy. 
 
 On March 23 he attacked the enemy at Kernstown. near 
 Winchester, and, although sustaining the only defeat he 
 ever sufifered. succeeded in his purpose of forcing the Fed- 
 erals to recall a colunm that was marching across the 
 motmtains to join McClellan m operations against Johnston 
 and in retaining in the A'alley the large Federal force which 
 would otherwise have participated in operations against 
 Richmond. 
 
<Hri. Ilainanl 10. Bee. <:<'n. l'cink>r. of \. C, (Wu. K. S. Ewoll. 
 
 ('uiii. Smith Lee. (;<n. tircgg, of 'lexas. 
 
 Gen. G. W. C. Lee. Gen. Smith, of Va. Capt. Mofflt. 
 
27(i SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IJyiTED STATES. 
 
 Retreating leisurely up the main Valley, while the enemy 
 under General Banks were harassed and detained by fre- 
 quent brilliant affairs, in which "the gallant and ubiquitous" 
 Turner Ashby, of the cavalry, greatly distinguished himself, 
 Jackson finally strongly posted his little army at Swift Run 
 Gap, where he could resist an attack, or strike the enemy 
 in flank and rear, if he attempted to move on Staunton. 
 
 Ewell's division of Johnston's army being sent to rein- 
 force him on the 30th of April, he left Ewell to watch Banks 
 and moved so secretly and swiftly that neither the enemy nor 
 his friends divined his plans, until he thrilled the Confederacy 
 and sent terror to the North by the following laconic and 
 characteristic dispatch : 
 
 "Valley District, I\lay 9, 1862. 
 "Gen. S. Cooper: 
 
 "God blessed our arms with victory at McDowell yester- 
 day. . 
 
 "T. J. JACKSON, Major-General." 
 
 He had defeated the advance of I^remont, under Milroy, 
 and driven them back in great confusion. After a hot pur- 
 suit for several days, he jiaused to have a season of "thanks- 
 r ;ving for the victory," directing his chaplains to have spe- 
 cial services in their commands. Then he set his forces in 
 motion to cross into the A'alley again to pay his respects 
 once more to General Banks, who, advised of Ewell's com- 
 ing and ignorant of Jackson's movements, had retreated 
 down the \'alley to Strasburg. 
 
 On the 1 6th of May, Jackson paused for a day to observe 
 the season of "national humiliation and prayer" appointed 
 by the Confederate President. On Sunday, May 18, he 
 spent a quiet Sabbath at Mossy Creek, in the beautiful Shen- 
 andoah Valley, after which he pushed forward, united with 
 Ewell at Luray, drove in Banks' flank at Front Royal on the 
 afternoon of May 2t„ cut his retreating column at Middle- 
 
scfKxu. iiisTo/n- or tiii: r\iTi:n st\ti:s. -277 
 
 town ilu' next day, pressed on the retreatin*;- enemy all 
 night, and early on the niornino- of the 25th drove Hanks in 
 utter rout from the surrounding heights and pell-mell 
 through the streets of Winehester, and as far beyond as the 
 weary Confederates could follow. 
 
 Pausing a day for a thanksgiving service, he pushed on 
 towards the I'otomac, intending to cross into Maryland, 
 when he received information that h>emont from the West, 
 and Shields, the heail of McDowell's column, from the East, 
 were hastening to form a junction in his rear at Strasburg. 
 
 He at once put his army in motion, and by forced marches 
 checked I'Vemont's advance with tin one liand and Shields's 
 with the other, until his whole army, ])risoners and immense 
 wagon trains loaded with captured stores, passed safely the 
 point of danger. He then moved leisurely up the Walley. 
 burning the bridges over the Sr.enandoah to prevent a union 
 of tlie forces of Shields and Fremont, his rear being pro- 
 tected by that chivalric kniglit av.d l)rave soldier. General 
 Turner Ashby, who had filled the \allcy with the fame of his 
 brilliant achievements, and whose death in a severe fio-ht 
 near Harrisonburg on June the 6th was sadly lamented as a 
 great calamity to the Confederate cause. 
 
 The next day, June 7, at Cross Keys, Ewell's division 
 severely defeated I'remont, and the following day at Port 
 Republic, on the op]iosite side of the river, Jackson routed 
 the advance of Shields, and the armies sent to "crush" him 
 were soon raj)idly retreating down tlie \'allev. "Stonewall" 
 (he would have been more appropriately named "Thunder- 
 boll." "Tornado" or "Hurricane") and his heroic "Foot Cav- 
 alry" had made one of the most l)rilliant campaigns of his- 
 tory and written their names among the immortals. 
 
 In thirty-tw'o days he had marched nearlv 400 miles, skir- 
 mishing almost daily, fought five battles, defeated three 
 armies, two of which were completely routed, captured 
 
278 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THl-J I SITEO STATES. 
 
 twenty pieces of artillery, 4000 prisoners and innnense stores 
 of all kinds, and had done all this with a loss of fewer than 
 1000 men killed, wounded and missing, and with a force of 
 only 15,000 men, while there were at least 60,000 men in all 
 opposed to him. He had spread consternation throughout 
 the North, and had neutralized McDowell's 40,000 men at 
 Fredericksburg, who were about to march on Richmond to 
 aid McClellan in investing the city. 
 
 37. Stuart's Ride Around McClellan. — Anxious to 
 know the situation of McClellan's right flank. General Lee 
 sent Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, with about 1200 cavalry, to make a 
 reconnoisance towards the White House. This enterpris- 
 ing and gallant trooper and able soldier, after securing in- 
 valuable information, instead of returning l)y the route he 
 went, rode entirely around AfcClellan's arm\- and returned 
 to Richmond witli ca])tures of stores and ])ris()ners, and es- 
 j)ecially with the very information which ( leneral Lee 
 wanted on whicli to base his plan of operations. Tie lost 
 only one man. the gallant Captain Latane, who fell leading 
 a charge, and was l)urie(l bv noble Confederate women. 
 
 38. Seven Days' Battles — General Lee determined, as 
 soon as he took connnand, that he would attack . icClellan 
 rather than await a siege of Richmond l)y liim. Accord- 
 ingly, he concentrated before Richmond all the troops he 
 could control, ordering Jackson to join liim. So secretly 
 and ra])i(lly did Jackson, who had just 1)een heavily rein- 
 forced from Lee's army, obey this order, that the enemy were 
 fortifying against an expected attack from him at Strasburg 
 at the very moment that he was thundering on McClellan's 
 fiank before Richmond. 
 
 After Jackson and the otlier reinforcements had joined 
 In'm, Lee had only 80,000 men, against McClellan's 105,000, 
 in positions well chosen and strongly fortified, and 10.000 
 more at Fortress Monroe. And vet the "slow and cautious" 
 
.scfiooi. iiixTouv OF Tin: i mteu states. 2711 
 
 Lee (as lu- has l)ri'n called) did not lu'^itatc to attacd< his 
 cneniy uiukT these circiinislaiu\- , and al Ah'cduinics\ill(,' on 
 the _'6th of June, at ( laines's Mill and Cold llarhor on the 
 27th, at Savag-e Station on the 2yth, and at W hite (.^ak 
 Swani]) and hYazier's farm on the 30th, he trained decisive 
 victories which forced AlcL'k-llan from everv position he 
 held to the cover of his _<:^unl)oats on ]ames river. 
 
 .( )n July I. McClellan made at Malvern Kill a last stand 
 to save his army, anil crowninj^ the hill with his artiller\-. he 
 made a skillful and heroic resistance, which handsomelv 
 repulsed several attacks (disjointed and in small force, he- 
 cause of luisapprehensiou of orders) made ui)on him before 
 ni,i;"ht ])ut an ei:d to the contest. 
 
 ( jeneral Lee ! ad concentrated his armv ior an assault the 
 next morning-, wliich nmst have proved disastrous to tlie 
 I'ueniy. but McClellan wisely and skillfulh' retreated du.rin^- 
 tlu' ni^lit to a stron<>; ])osition at Harrison's l.andins;- (d'ur- 
 ke\- r.end ), where l' e river and his gunboats ])rotected his 
 Hanks. 
 
 * .eneral 1 ee fiu:ud t'lis ])osition so strong- that, after a ver\- 
 carehd rec< .moissance, he reluctantl\- decided that it would. 
 n< it lie wise to attack. 
 
 W hile A'cC'lellan's arm\- was not annihilated, as T.ee de- 
 sit^'ued, and as wc)uld jirobably have been done had liis orders 
 been carried out by certain of his suliordinates. \et the so- 
 called siei;e of I'ichmond had been raised, Mcidellan's 
 beaten and sliattered army was cowering- under the protec- 
 tion of his ,i;"unl)oats at Harrison's Landing-, thirt\- miles be- 
 low Kichmond, and the Federal ( '.overnment, instead </f now 
 ex])ecting- the ca])ture of Riclunoud. were seri(Misl\- alarmed 
 for the safety of Washington. 
 
 The Confederate loss in these battles was 15,765, and that 
 of the Federals 16.365, tiie Confederates attacking strongi\- 
 fortified positions and their loss being heavier in consc- 
 
2S(t SCHOOL H r STORY OF THI-l JMTED STATES. 
 
 (|uence, wliile Lee ca]:)ture(l fitly-twD ])ieces of artillery, ii])- 
 wards of 35,000 stand of small-arms, a large number of tiags 
 antl inmiense stores of every description, though the enemv 
 destroyed of these far larger quantities than were cai)lured. 
 
 The demoralization of McClellan's army was so great thai 
 he wrote Secretary Stanton, on the 3d of Jul\-, "1 doubt 
 wliether there are today more than 50,000 men with their 
 colors;" and the congressional "Committee on the Conduct 
 of the War," after hearing the testimony of many officers, 
 reported that "nothing l)ut a heavy rain, thereby preventing 
 the enemy from bringing up their artillery, saved the army 
 from destruction." 
 
 39. Campaign in Northern Virginia. — ( ieneral b)hn 
 Pope had assumed command of the three armies which jack- 
 son had beaten, and which had now l)cen consolidated into 
 "77/c ^Iniiy of rirgiiiia," and issued to his troops, July 14. a 
 l)ombastic address, in which he said: "I have come to you 
 from the West, where we have always seen the l)acks of our 
 enemies. " '■' ''■'' Let r.s study tlie ])rol)al)le lines of re- 
 treat of our opponents and leave our own to take care of 
 themselves. Let us look bcM^re and not behind. Success 
 and glorv are in the advance. Disaster and shame lurk in 
 tlie rear." He also issued infamous orders directing his 
 armv to "live on the country," holding citizens within his 
 lines responsible for all damage done l)y guerrillas, and or- 
 dering "all disloyal male citizens" to be arrested and sent 
 beyi^nd his lines. 
 
 The Confederate Government issued retaliatory orders, 
 and the war would have become at once very savage had 
 not the Federal Government, after Pope's crushing defeat, 
 repudiated his shameless orders. 
 
 Although General Lee had opposed to him at Harrison's 
 Landing McClellan's 90,000 men, rapidly recuperating and 
 receiving reinforcements, he ordered Jackson, on the 13th 
 
282 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. ' 
 
 of July, to take his own and Ewell's divisions (numbering in 
 all ii,ooo men) to Gordonsville, to hold Pope in check until 
 McClellan's plans should be developed. In tlie early days 
 of August, Jackson's force was increased to 24,000 men by 
 the addition of A. P. Hill's division and Stafford's brigade, 
 and, although his force was not half so large as Pope's, who 
 was also being reinforced by Burnside from Fredericksburg, 
 lie crossed the Rapidan, and, on the 9th of August, at Cedar 
 Run, defeated, with heavy loss, his old antagonist, "Quarter- 
 master Banks," who commanded Pope's advance, driving 
 him some two miles and compelling him to bury his dead 
 under a flag of truce. 
 
 General Lee, being now convinced that no further oper- 
 ations against Richmond would l)e attempted by ]McClellan, 
 determined to strike Pope before all of McClelland's troops 
 could join him. and the Sccotid Manassas ("(/////'a/o// followed. 
 Pushing Pope back across the Rappahannock, Lee was pre- 
 vented ])y a severe storm and a swollen river from concen- 
 trating his whole army in Pope's rear at Warrenton; but 
 .Stuart, having captured Pope's headquarter wagons and val- 
 uable papers by a brilliant raid on Catlett's Station. Lee sent 
 .Stonewall Jackson on his famous flank movement, which 
 captured Manassas Junction, with inmiense supplies of 
 stores of every description, on the night of the 26th. and held 
 Pope in check until General Lee, with Longstreet's corps, 
 joined Jackson, and on the old battlefield of Manassas. Aug- 
 ust 28-30. inflicted upon Pope a l)loody defeat, wliicli 
 .drove him pell-mell across Bull Run and made him and his 
 army realize that it was. indeed, true that "disaster and shame 
 lurk in the rear." 
 
 General Pope had actually engaged in these battles over 
 70.000 men. with large reinforcements coming up from Al- 
 exandria, while (leneral Lee's force was barely 50.000. 
 Pope's loss was over 30,000; Lee's loss was 7244. Lee's 
 
SCIIOOI. IIISTOUY OF Tin: f \lTi:i) STATES. li,s;i 
 
 captures were 9000 [prisoners, thirty i)ieces of artillery, up- 
 wards of 2(),()()o stand of small-arms, numerous colors and a 
 large amount of stores, besides Jackson's captures at Man- 
 assas Junction. 
 
 After a stubborn stand to save his trains at Chantilly (Ox 
 Hill), on September i, although he had received a reinforce- 
 ment of 20,000 fresh troops at Centreville, and was being- 
 largely reinforced every day, (General Pope continued his 
 retreat until his beaten army took refuge in the strong forti- 
 fications in front of Washington, (ieneral Pope was sent to 
 the West to fight Indians, and was heard of no more during 
 tlie war. Although AfcClellan was under the frown of the 
 government, tlie authorities felt obliged to ])ut liim in com- 
 mand again. 
 
 40. The Maryland Campaign — As it would have been 
 folly to attack the works on the south side of the I'otomac, 
 ( ieneral Lee determined to cross over into Maryland, which 
 he did near Lees])urg, an.d massed his arm\- in the vicmitv 
 of h'rederick. Aid., on the 7th of September. lie de- 
 termined to capture Harper's Ferr\- and then concentrate his 
 armv for ])attle with McClellan, and issued confidential or- 
 ders, detailing his order of march. ( )ne of these orders was 
 lost and fell into the hands of McClellan, who at once laid 
 aside his usual caution and hastenerl forward with a purpose 
 to iM'eak through the mountain ])asses, raise the siege of 
 Harper's Ferry and attack Lee's army in detail. Put Jack- 
 son pushed on Harper's Ferr_\' so rapidlw and made such 
 dispositions for a vigorous attack upon it, and the Confed- 
 erates held the South Mountain jiasses with such heroic 
 pertinacity, that before McClellan could break through 
 Har])er's Ferry surrendered September 15, with 11,500 pris- 
 oners, 13,000 stand of small-arms, seventy-three pieces of ar- 
 tilli'r\- and large (piantities of provisions and stores of-every 
 descripti(jn. 
 
2S4 NCJJOOT. HT^TOJiY OF THE TXTTED l^TATEf^. 
 
 Lcc ra])i(lly concentrated liis anii\' at Sliarpsl)urQ^, or An- 
 tietani, as it is called l)v tlie Federals, where, before a large 
 part of his troops got up, he was attacked by McClellan at 
 early dawn, the 17th of September, and the fierce combat 
 raged all day, until night put an end to it; and, although 
 McClellan had 87,000 men and Lee only 35,000 after all his 
 troops came up, his army having been depleted bv the fear- 
 ful marches of his ragged, barefooted men, the Confederates 
 not only held their ground, but considerably advanced their 
 lines on a ])art of the field. It was one of the bloodiest bat- 
 tles of the war, the Federals losing 12,469 and the Confed- 
 erates 8000. General Lee remained in line of battle all dav 
 of the i8t]i, "expecting and, indeed, lioping for another at- 
 tack," as he himself expressed it, but as the attack was not 
 made, and as he had information that McClellan was l)eing 
 largely reinforced, he withdrew that night to the south side 
 of the Potomac, the movement Ijeing made without molesta- 
 tion on the part of the cnem)-, in good order and without 
 loss of men or material. 
 
 On the 20th, McClellan attempted to follow, and Svkes's 
 division crossed the Potomac at P.oteler's l-'ord, under cover 
 of the heavy artillery fire from guns which crowned the 
 heights on the north liank and commanded the southern ap- 
 proaches; but A. P. Hill fell upon them with his famous 
 "Light Division" and literally drove them into the river, 
 with fearful slaughter. Then followed a season of rest and 
 recu])eration, nnich needed by both armies and only inter- 
 ru])ted by a brilliant raid of Jeb Stuart, who crossed the Po- 
 tomac above Williamsjjort on October the loth with 1800 
 of his troopers, and a second time made the entire circuit of 
 McClellan's army, then recrossed the river at White's h^ord 
 with his prisoners and captures, having lost only one man 
 wounded and two captured. 
 
2S(; SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VMTED STATES. 
 
 41. The Battle of Fredericksburg. — McClellan iiad in- 
 curred the severest censure of his government and of many of 
 the Northern newspapers for not "pressing and crushing 
 Lee's beaten army," and after he had finally crossed the river 
 east of the mountains, and concentrated his army about War- 
 renton, Va., on the night of November the 7th he received 
 orders from Washington displacing him from the command 
 and putting Gen. A. E. lUirnside at the head of the army. 
 While he had obvious faults as a soldier, there can be little 
 doubt that McClellan was the ablest and most accomplished 
 commander that the Army of the Potomac ever had, unless 
 we except General Meade, and that his removal was due to 
 partisan, political, rather than to military reasons. 
 
 Burnside changed McClellan's plans, and nioved on Fred- 
 ericksburg, only to find the advance of Lee confronting 
 him on November 17, and when, after l)ombarding the town 
 on the nth of December with 143 guns, ]:)osted on Stafford 
 Heights, and meeting a stout resistance from Uarksdale's 
 l)rigade of gallant IMississippians, he succeeded in laying his 
 pontoons and crt)ssing his arni}-, lie found that Lee had only 
 resisted his crossing the Rappahonnock at all in order to 
 gain time to concentrate his troojis and form his lines on the 
 hills bevond the valley, extending from near the river above 
 the town to Hamilton's Crossing below. 
 
 With 113.000 men and 7,62 guns (147 of them posted on 
 Stafford Heights so as to sweep the battlefield), Burnside 
 attacked Lee, who, with 78,000 men, only 20,000 of whoiu 
 were actually- engaged, occupied a strong, natural position. 
 A part of the line was strengthened by hastily constructed 
 earthworks for the artillery and rifle-pits for the infantry. 
 The result was that Burnside received a bloody defeat, both 
 at Marvre's Hill, near Fredericksburg, and on Jackson's 
 front, near Hamilton's Crossing (liis loss was 12,653. v.-hile 
 Lee's loss was but 5322) ; his subordinate generals w ere so 
 
SCH')VL HISTORY OF THE IMTED STATES. 2S7 
 
 unanimous in opposing- his purpose of renewing the at- 
 tack, which Lee expected and eagerl}- waited for, that he 
 availed hiniseU' of a tlark and stormy nigin on the 15th, and 
 recrossed the river, where his strong works and heavy artil- 
 lery rendered liim safe from a counter-attack by Lee. 
 
 Two incidenls which illumined the battle of I'^redericks- 
 burg may be given. John I'elham. "the l)oy artillerist" of 
 Stuart's Horse Artillery, with one gun, took position in the 
 plain below Hamilton's Crossing, enfiladed the b"ederal line 
 with such effect as to halt l^-anklin's advance on Jackson for 
 an liour, and held his position with such her(~>ic i)ersistencv 
 as to extort from (ieneral Lee the conmiendation, "It is glo- 
 rious to see such courage in one so voung." 
 
 The cries of the bT^deral wounded between the lines in 
 front (Tf Maryre's Mill so excited the s\inpatliies d' ivicliard 
 l\irkland, a sergeant in the Second South Carolina Regi- 
 ment, that he obtained ])ermission from his general, Ker- 
 shaw, and at the imminent risk of his life, carried water to 
 the famishing enemy and did everything else in his ])ower to 
 help tl.em. He was afterwards killed, while bravelv tloing 
 his dut\" at the battle of Chickamauga, but he cleser\-es to be 
 known in liistory as "///c Inniunic hero of I' roih:ricl:shm\i:;.'^ 
 
 Thus closed the campaign of 1862 in A'irginia, except that 
 on the .:6th of Deceml)er the able and indefatigable Stuart 
 look 1800 of his troopers, under Hampton and the Lees, and 
 made a most successful raid to the eneiuy's rear, making 
 large captures, sending a telegram to the Federal (juarter- 
 master-general, complaining of the bad (|uality of the mules 
 lie furnished Burnside, and making a circuit through Lou- 
 doun and Fauf(uier counties before returning to Culpeper. 
 
 42. Military Movements in Kentucky. — After the battle 
 of Shiloh the Federal ai-m\' was heavib rt^'ii forced. Halleck 
 assumed connnand. and. with an innnense arm\, began a 
 series of slow advances against Beauregard at Corinth. 
 
2cSS .SCHOOL nhSTORY OF TH H IXITED STATE >S. 
 
 Beauregard destroyed everything of value and withdrew be- 
 fore the superior force. Halleck entered and took posses- 
 sion of Corinth on the 30th of May, as he might have done 
 weeks before. Beauregard estabhshed hiniseh' at Tupelo, 
 fifty miles south, of Corinth. By the opening of September, 
 General Bragg, who had succeeded Beauregard, he being 
 on sick furlough, had an army of 60,000 men; Kirby Smith's 
 corps was at Knoxville, while the troops of Hardee and Polk 
 were with Bragg at Chattanooga. All were ordered to 
 march through Kentucky to Louisville, threatening Cincin- 
 nati on the way. 
 
 Kirby Smith marched the greater part of the distance 
 across Kentuck}- and won a handsome victory at Richmond. 
 Cincinnati was thrown into consternation. While hurried 
 ])reparations were making to repel the attack, Smith turned 
 off and joined Bragg at Frankfort. The Federal general. 
 Buell, near Xashville, saw the danger of Louisville, and 
 started in great haste for the cit\'. It became a race between 
 the two armies for Louisville. The result was doubtful for 
 a time, but a burning bridge over Salt river at lUirdstown 
 delayed Bragg long enough to allow Buell to win the race 
 and save the city. Buell entered Louisville September 25, 
 and reinforcements soon swelled his army to 100,000 men. 
 
 Although P)ragg- failed to secure Louisville, he gained an 
 innnense amount of supplies. Northern Kentucky abounded 
 w ith beeves, mules and hogs. When through with foraging, 
 r>ragg had a wagon train forty miles long. On his retreat 
 through the Cumberland nior.ntains into Tennessee he was 
 ])ursued by Buell with his ^\!■l(Jk' arm_\'. Bragg turned and 
 attacked his advance at Perryville, where a severe battle was 
 fought. Buell was surprised and defeated. Night saved 
 him for a time, and, during the darkness, his straggling 
 forces came up, so that the two armies were about equal. 
 P)Ueirs management of the campaign was unsatisfactory to 
 
SCHOOL HTfiTORT OF THE rXTTED f^TATES!. 2S0 
 
 the authorities, and. on the 30th of October, he was super- 
 seded l)y Rosecrans. Meanwhile, Bragg gained a safe ref- 
 uge in Tennessee. 
 
 43. Military Movements in Mississippi. — (ieneral 
 Sliernian was in connnand at Memphis, and Rosecrans was 
 at Corinth, under orders to check the Confederate army of 
 the Mississi|)i)i if it attem])ted to cross tlie Tennessee and 
 attack Buell. The Confederate (ieneral Price, at Tuka. was 
 attacked by Rosecrans and forced out (September K)). Be- 
 ing joined by \'an Dorn and Lovell, Price drove in the pick- 
 ets of Rosecrans, October 2, and the next day assailed the 
 Federals with great impetuosity at Corinth, driving them 
 from their position. During the night, Rosecrans made a 
 skillful disposition of his forces. Nothing could exceed the 
 heroism shown by the Confederates in making their attack 
 the next dav. nor the bravery of the Federals in repelling it. 
 The latter held their ground, and, after dreadful losses on 
 both sides, the military situation remained as it was before 
 the l)attle. 
 
 44. Battle of Stone River or Murfreesboro. — On the 
 last day of the }ear one of the great battles of the war ()])ened 
 in Tennessee. Rosecrans had posted part of his army 
 at Nashville and the rest along the line of the Cumberland 
 river. On the 26th of December he advanced against the 
 Confederate army at Murfreesboro. Considerable fighting 
 took place on the 30th, and (icneral Polk's pickets were 
 driven in.' At night the camp fires of the two armies were 
 within sight of each other. 
 
 Rosecrans's ])lan of attack was to mass his forces on his left 
 in sufftcientlv strong numbers to crush the Confederate right 
 before helj) could reach it from the west side of Stone river, 
 portions of both armies being on l)oth sides of that stream. 
 Bv a curious coincidence, Bragg formed precisely the same 
 
Gov. F. R. Lubbock. 
 
 Goii. Stoi)hon D. Leo. 
 
 Gen. W. L. Cabell. 
 
 Gen. S. B. Buckner. 
 
 (iou. F. T- Ni'jUols, 
 
SCHOOL nii-^TORY OF THE UNITED STATES. l.»<»l 
 
 plan of attack, and was the first to move. Because of this 
 the Federals were stirprised. They fought desperately, but 
 the right wing was forced from the field, and the Confeder- 
 ates held possession of most of the ground that had been oc- 
 cupied by their enemies. 
 
 There was no fighting of moment the following day, but 
 on the afternoon of January 2 the battle was renewed, when 
 the Confederates attacked the h^deral division that had l^ecn 
 sent across the river. It recoiled before the assault, but, 
 liaving been heavily reinforced, drove the Confederates in 
 turn. A general advance was ordered socjn afterwards by 
 Rosecrans, and Bragg withdrew before the furious attack. 
 As is frequently the case, a violent storm set in after the bat- 
 tle had raged for some time, and nothing was done the fol- 
 lowing day. To retain Tennessee, Bragg saw it was neces- 
 sary to abandon Alurfreesboro. This was done, and a new 
 position taken about fifty miles to the south. 
 
 45. Sioux War — Under the leadership of Little Crow 
 and oth.er chiefs the Sioux (Soo) Indians resented the failure 
 of the Federal (iovernment to pay them money which was 
 their due, and began hostilities which resulted in the mas- 
 sacre of over 700 and the driving of thousands from their 
 homes in ]\Iinnesota, Iowa and Dakota. The Federal Colo- 
 nel Sibley made a campaign, which routed the Indians. He 
 took 500 prisoners and hung thirty-nine on one scaffold at 
 Mankato, Minn. 
 
 46. War in New flexico — The Confederate General 
 Sil)ley raised a l)rigade in Texas, marched into Xew ^Mexico 
 and gained victories over the h^ederals at X'alverde, Fel)ru- 
 ary 21, Glorietta, March 2/ and Feratta, April 27,. 1862. But 
 as it would have recpiired a nnich larger force than he could 
 conunand to hold the countrv permanentlv, Si1)le\- returned 
 to take part in more important movements. 
 
25)2 F!CHOOL HISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES!. 
 
 Questions. — 19. What is said of the second year of the war? 
 What of the South? What of the North? 
 
 20. Show wliat liad to be done in order to conquer the South. 
 
 ji. Describe the battle of Mill Spring. What was the result of 
 this Confederate defeat? What of Albert Sidney Johnston? 
 
 22. Describe the fall of Fort Henry. 
 
 23. Of Fort Donelson. What is said of these Federal successes? 
 
 24. Describe the new line of defense established by General John- 
 ston. 
 
 25. What was the result of the Confederate Presidential election? 
 What of their inauguration? 
 
 26. Give a description of the battle of Pea Ridge. 
 
 27. What have you to say about Burnside's naval and military 
 expedition? 
 
 28. What Federal successes were gained on the coast? 
 
 29. What movements were made by the Federals after the capture 
 of Fort Donelson? What decision was made by General Johnston? 
 Tell what he did. Give an account of his death. Describe the 
 battle of Shiloh. or Pittsburg Landing. Estimate of Sidney John- 
 ston. 
 
 30. What other Confederate reverses followed? 
 
 31. What was the crowning Confederate disaster of the year? 
 What were the defenses of New Orleans? What was done by Ad- 
 miral Farragut? Describe the fall of New Orleans. 
 
 32. What is the history of the Vii'gima, or 3Tei'i'i7>iac? Tell what 
 was done by her. March 8. Give a history of the Monitor^ De- 
 -scribe the battle between these two ironclads. Subsequent history 
 of both. 
 
 ^2,. McClellan's numbers and movements. Johnston's. Siege of 
 Yorktown, and retreat of Johnston. Williamsburg. 
 
 34. Fight at Drewry's Blufif. 
 
 35. Seven Pines and Fair Oaks. Change of commanders, and 
 why. 
 
 36. Jackson's Valley campaign. Kernstown. McDowell. Front 
 Royal. Winchester. Cross Keys. Port Republic. Summary of the 
 campaign. 
 
 2,7. Describe Stuart's ride around McClellan. 
 
 38. Relative numbers and position of the two armies. Lee's 
 plans. Names, dates and results of the battles fought. Malvern 
 Hill. Results of these battles. 
 
srirooL fiixTORY of the j'\jti:d staths. 2!»;i 
 
 39. General Jolm Pope, his orders and his plans. Jackson's move- 
 ments, and the battle of Cedar Run. Lee's plans and movements. 
 Second JManassas. Results. 
 
 40. The Maryland campaign. Harper's Ferry. Sharpsburg (or 
 Antietam). Boteler's Ford. Stuart's Raid. 
 
 41. McClellan's removal. Fredericksburg. Incidents. Stuart's 
 Raid. 
 
 42. Movements in Kentucky. Kirby Smith and the battle of Rich- 
 mond. Bragg and Buell. Perryville. 
 
 43. .Military operations in Mississippi. 
 
 44. Battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro. 
 
 45. Sioux War. 
 
 46. New Mexico. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR, 1863. 
 
 47. President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. 
 
 — Under the plea uf "niilitarv necessity," President Lincoln 
 declared tliat his emancipation proclamation, issued dtiring 
 the previotts September, should be operative on the 1st of 
 januar\-, 1863. This momentoits edict set free, in theory, 
 4,000,000 slaves amono- the States striving for their inde- 
 ])en(lence. It could produce no immediate effect, but the 
 end of the step was the abolition forever of slavery in North 
 America. 
 
 Air. Lincoln had said in his inatigural address that he had 
 no right to interfere with slavery in the States, and no dis- 
 position to do so if he liad the right. His proclamation was 
 clearly unconstitutional, his plea of military necessity a shal- 
 low pretext. The final consummation of the edict, by a 
 triuni])!! of force over justice and right, was as bold a piece of 
 wholesale robbery as ever the conqueror inflicted upon the 
 conquered. 
 
21(4 fiCH(U)L UIXrORY OF THE r\ITED ,'^TATEt^. 
 
 48. Confederate Success at Galveston — On the first 
 (lay of the year a notable success was gained by the Confed- 
 erates at Galveston, Texas. This port had been sealed, like 
 all others in the South, by the blockade. General Alagru- 
 der collected artillery at Houston, and occupied the works 
 erected opposite the island on which Galveston stands. Two 
 steam packets were converted into gunboats, that were made 
 shot-proof by cotton bales. They were manned by Texan 
 cavalry and accompanied by tenders of yachts crowded with 
 volunteers. Thev quickly moved up and engaged the Fed- 
 eral steamer Harriet Lane, one of the blockading fleet. One 
 gunboat was driven off, but the other ran alongside, and, 
 imder a brisk fire of rifles, the Texans leaped aboard of the 
 
 Federal steamer, whose captain was killed, with most of her 
 crew. The flag-shij) IVestfield tried to help the Harriet 
 Lane, l)ut was blown up to prevent capture by her com- 
 mander, w ho perislied, with some of his crew. Meanwhile, 
 the Confederate land troops took possession of the town, 
 when the Federals, being without artillery, surrendered. 
 The blockade was raised and the Confederacy retained pos- 
 session of Galveston to the close of the war. 
 
 49. Fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson The Con- 
 federates held the Mississippi closed at Vicksburg, to which 
 General Grant now gave attention. He tried various expe- 
 riments, without success, and accompanied with great loss of 
 life. When he marched a powerful force into Mississippi, 
 he was defeated by General Van Dorn at Holly Springs and 
 compelled to withdraw. At Chickasaw Bayou, Sherman 
 suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Gen. S. D. Lee, one 
 of the ablest generals of the war, who inflicted heavy loss 
 upon the Federals. Then an attempt was made to change 
 the course of the river by opening a channel between two 
 abrupt bends on the west side of the river. Had this suc- 
 ceeded, Vicksburg would have been made an inland city, 
 
HCHOOh lU STORY OF Till: JMTF.n STATES. 29.". 
 
 but the I'athcr of Waters was obdurate aiul would not yield 
 to such treatment. 
 
 April i6, the Federal fleet ran up the river under a tremen- 
 dous fire from the l)atteries, while Grant, with a powerful 
 land force, passed down the west side and then crossed to the 
 east side and moved northward, lie now' had General j. E. 
 Johnston behind him at Jackson, while General PembertiMi, 
 with his strong garrison, was in front. Grant's overwhelm- 
 ing num])ers and prompt movements enabled him to defeat 
 Pemberton at Port Ciibson, Alay i, and then advance rapidly 
 to Jackson, where Johnston was forced back, AIa\' 14, as he 
 was hastening to the relief of Peml)erton. Two days later 
 Pemberton was forced from his position at Champion Hills, 
 tlien defeated at Pig lUack river, and finally went into the 
 works of X'icksburg, although h.e had been ordered b}- John- 
 ston not t(j allow his army to be shut up tliere. 
 
 Alay 19, two desperate assaults were made h\ the Federals 
 upon tlie works, but l)Oth were repelled and a regular siege 
 began. This siege was pushed with remorseless vigor, and 
 the place defended with the utmost heroism. There was 
 mining and ccjunter-mining. Tlie sight of a head above the 
 works brotight a converging storm of btillets. Every i)art 
 of the city was reached by the Federal shells, and the inhab- 
 itants burrowed and lived underground most of the time to 
 avoid the tempest of death. At the end of forty-seven days 
 the defenders were on the verge of starvation, and their situ- 
 ation being hopeless, (General Pemberton surrendered July 4. 
 
 General Banks had tried in vain to capture Port Hudson 
 while the siege of X'icksbnrg was in progress. Now that the 
 most important post had fallen. Port Hudson became un- 
 tenable, and surrendered July the 8th. Thus, at last, the 
 Mississippi was opened froiii its source to the Gulf and the 
 Confederacv was cut in twain. 
 
:^rH()OL HT^TORT OF TJIK VMTF.D STATES. 297 
 
 50. Battle of Chickamauga. — Rosecrans remained 
 idle after llie battle of Stone River, until June, and iiragg 
 withdrew into CJeorgia. Rosecrans was pursuing Bragg, 
 when the latter, having been reinforced, turned upon him 
 with such suddenness that the b'ederal army narrowly es- 
 ca]:)ed destruction. The scattered troops were hurriedly 
 brought together, and the two armies came in collision at 
 L'hickamauga, where was fought one of the l)loodiest l)at- 
 tles of the war. 
 
 At the end of the first day (Se])teml)er 19) the result was 
 indecisive, but disaster came to the b'ederals on the second 
 (law The left wing was hard pressed and the movement of 
 the troops to its hel]) caused a gap in the l*\'deral lines. 
 Quick to see the opening, Longstreet charged through it, 
 forcing apart the Federal right and centre. Sheridan fought 
 desperately. l)ut was swe])t back, as was Rosecrans himself, 
 l)y the tumultuous flight of the defeated Federals. The only 
 troops to hold their ground were those of General George 
 H. Thomas on the left. If he yielded the whole Federal army 
 would be routed. He stood firmly against the rei:)eated 
 charges, and well won the title of the "Rock of Chicka- 
 mauga," which remained with him through life. 
 
 The battle was an unriuestioned Confederate victory, and, 
 under cover of darkness, Rosecrans withdrew to Chatta- 
 nooga. There the Federal arniv was shut up in the intrench- 
 ments by TJragg, who occu]Med the surrounding hills and 
 shut off all commtmication. Thus the Union troops were 
 tln-eatened with starvation. 
 
 51. Battle of Chattanooga. — The situation of Rosecrans 
 was alarming, fi^r, unless the siege of Chattanooga was 
 raised, he and his armv would l)e starved into submission. 
 Grant lost no time in going to the help of the endangered 
 forces. Hooker and two corps of the Army of the Potomac 
 were brought by rail to Chattanooga, while a large part of 
 
298 SCHOOL HlsrOKY OF THE UXTTED STATES. 
 
 the troops that had captured X'icksburg were hurried to the 
 same point. This gave the Federals overwhehiiingly supe- 
 rior forces, though the position of Bragg was the stronger. 
 Unaware of the formidable preparations on the part of 
 the Federal forces, Bragg detached Longstreet's command 
 and sent it against Knoxville. Grant determined to strike 
 Bragg l)efore Longstreet could get back. Accordingly, 
 Hooker and his division climbed the steep side of Lookout 
 mountain, and, brushing away the weak opposition, took 
 possession. This was the famed "battle above the clouds" 
 of which so much has been made, though it is hardly worthy 
 the name of a battle. 
 
 52. Capture of Missionary Ridge. — The capture of 
 Missionary Ridge was a far more creditable exploit to the 
 Federals. It was on November 25 that Sherman attacked 
 at the northern end of Missionary Ridge, while Hooker as- 
 saulted at the southern end. Thus Bragg, in order to de- 
 fend the endangered points, was compelled to weaken his 
 centre. Grant saw his opportunity, and launched Thomas 
 and his veterans against it. They swept everything before 
 them, and instead of halting after capturing the rifle-pits, as 
 they had been ordered to do, they dashed up the mountain 
 slope in a whirlwind of enthusiasm, never pausing until at 
 the summit, where they planted their standards. The Con- 
 federates retreated before one of the most brilliant Federal 
 achievements of the war. 
 
 53. The -Siege of Knoxville Raised — It will be re- 
 meml^ered that Bragg had sent Longstreet against Knox- 
 ville, which city was invested by the Confederate com- 
 mander. His soldiers were ragged, starving and without 
 tents, but Burnside was shut up in the city, with the prospect 
 of starvation before him. Such would have been the inevit- 
 able end had not Grant, a hundred miles away at Chatta- 
 nooga, sent a column to the relief of Burnside. Before this 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 290 
 
 formidable advance, Longstreet, after a Ijloody repulse in 
 his assault on Fort Saunders, retired towards Virginia. 
 Joseph E. Johnston superseded Bragg at Dalton, Ga. 
 
 54. The Battle of Chancellorsville Alter his disas- 
 trous defeat at Fredericksburg, General Burnside recuper- 
 ated his army in his safe position on the north side of the 
 Rappahannock, and being very anxious to redeem himself, 
 as. well as to serve his cause, he planned and attempted an- 
 other attack January 19, 1863, but the roads were so horrible 
 that the artillery and wagons literally stuck in the mud, and 
 before a single man could cross the river the orders for the 
 advance had to be countermanded, the effort ingloriouslv 
 failed, and ])asse(l into the annals of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac as "the nuid march." 
 
 Chagrined and disappointed, and stung by the criticisms 
 of some of his general of^cers, Burnside asked that these 
 men be transferred to other fields, or that his own resigna- 
 tion be accepted. The President promptly accepted his res- 
 ignation, and appointed General Joseph Hooker ("F/'o-/;f/;;o- 
 /(>('," as he was affectionately called by his soldiers) to suc- 
 ceed him. General Hooker went diligently to work, and 
 had so increased the numbers, discipline, equipment and 
 ct^cicnc} of his command that, with pardonable pride, he 
 pronounced it "tlie finest army on the planet." The field 
 returns show that his army numbered 138,378 present on 
 April the 30th, while Lee had 53.303. 
 
 .■\s a preliminary to his movement. Hooker sent 3000 cav- 
 alrw under Averill, across the river at Beverly's Ford, near 
 Cul])eper, to drive ofif the brigade of General Fitz Lee, whicli 
 could only put 800 troopers in the saddle that morning. But 
 under their gallant and skillful leader this little force not only 
 successfully resisted Averill, but drove him back across the 
 river with heavy loss. It was, however, a dearly-bought 
 victorv for the Confederates, inasumch as "the gallant Pel- 
 
300 SCIKJOL HlXTOh'Y OF THE rXITED STATES. 
 
 ham" — "the boy artillerist" — who comniaiuled Stuart's 
 Horse Artillery, and was the pride and idol of the whole 
 army, was killed leading a cavalry charge. 
 
 Hooker's plan was admirably conceived, and at first well 
 executed. Sending Stoneman, with 10,000 cavalry, to Lee's 
 rear to break his communications with Richmond, he sent 
 Sedgwick across the river at Fredericksburg, on the night 
 of April 26, with 52,401 men, while he himself crossed on the 
 night of the 28th and morning of the 29th at the upper fords, 
 and moved out on Lee's flank with 73,124 men, it being de- 
 signed that Sedgwick should hold Lee at Fredericksburg, 
 while Hooker completed his move to Lee's flank and rear. 
 
 General Hooker concentrated his wing of the armv at 
 Chancellorsville, and issued a congratulatory order, in whicli 
 he said that after the complete success of his movement the 
 enemy would now be compelled "to ingloriously fly, or come 
 out from behind his defenses, and give us l)attle on our own 
 ground, where certain destruction awaits him." 
 
 But he did not know the genius, or the l)oldness, of the 
 Confederate chief. Leaving Early with his own division 
 and Barkdale's Mississippi brigade to watch and check 
 Sedgwick, Lee, with the rest of his army, moved on Hooker 
 at Chancellorsville, and, finding him entrenched too 
 strongly to be attacked in front or on his left, he sent Stone- 
 wall Jackson around his right flank. Hooker, in the mean- 
 time, had ordered up Reynolds's corps from Falmouth, and 
 when that reached him on the morning of the 3d lie had in 
 his very strong position, heavily entrenched, 92.710 men. 
 while Lee had 14,000 in Hooker's front and less than 30,000 
 m Jackson's flanking column. 
 
 It is useless to speculate as to what might have l:)een had 
 Hooker, with the genius and boldness of Napoleon at Aus- 
 terlitz, attacked and crushed Lee's 14.000. and then turned 
 on Jackson; but what did occur was that Jackson made his 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE L'XITED STATES. 301 
 
 (k'luur of lillccn miles so rapidly and so secretl}- that when, 
 at 4.10 J'. M., May 2, Hooker dispatched Sedgwick, "We 
 know the enemy is flying, trying to save his trains," Jackson, 
 gnided by Fitz Lee, who had guarded the marching ct^luinn, 
 was forming his line of battle on Hooker's right and rear, 
 and about to burst like a cyclone upon Howard's cor])s. 
 Howard was routed completely, his men fleeing in wild 
 panic, and Jackson was moving to cut off Hooker from the 
 L'nited States ford, his only line of retreat, with a view of 
 surrounding and capturing his whole armv, when, returning 
 from one of those bold reconnoissances which he was ac- 
 customed to make, his party was mistaken for the enemy, 
 and fired upon by his own men, several being instantly killed 
 and the great chief receiving three severe wounds. 
 
 The confusion which ensued from Jackson's fall, and the 
 wounding of A. P. Hill, the next in connnand, delayed anv 
 further advance of the Confederates that night, and Hooker 
 worked until morning with axe and spade to strengthen his 
 position. 
 
 JUit the next morning General Lee said, on hearing of 
 Jackson's jilans, "These people shall be pressed today," and J. 
 E. P). Stuart, who had l)een put in connnand of lackson's 
 corps after Hill was disabled, gave the ringing order, 
 "Charge and reiiieinber Jaeksoii," and finally leading the 
 charge in person, while his voice could be heard above the 
 din of the battle, singing in clear notes, 
 
 "Old Joe Hooker, won't you come out of the wilderness?" 
 he swept everything before him. Au eye-witness says that 
 he "could not get rid of the im])ression that Harry of Na- 
 varre led the charge, except that Stuart's plume was black, 
 for everywhere the men followed his feather." 
 
 Lee moved forward his lines at the same time, and b}- 10 
 o'clock on the morning of May the 3d the position at Chan- 
 cellorsville had been won, the two wings of Lee's army re- 
 
302 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTEJ> STATES. 
 
 united, and Hooker driven to another line nearer the river. 
 Lee was arranging to attack again when he received news 
 that Sedgwick had defeated the small force in his front at 
 Fredericksburg and was rapidly advancing on his rear. 
 
 Leaving Stuart with Jackson's corps to watch Hooker, 
 Lee, with Anderson's, McLaws's and Early's divisions, 
 moved on Sedgwick, routed and drove him across the river, 
 and returned on the evening of the 5th, with the purpose of 
 linishing Hooker the next morning. But Hooker wiselv 
 availed himself of the fearful storm that night, and, under its 
 cover, fled across the river. 
 
 Lee's loss in the Chancellorsville campaign aggregated 
 10,281, Hooker's 17,197. Lee captured 5000 prisoners, be- 
 sides the wounded, seventeen stand of colors, 19,500 small- 
 arms and a large amount of ammunition. 
 
 But the Confederacy sustained an irreparable loss in the 
 death of Stoiiczi.'all Jackson, which occurred on the loth of 
 May from an attack of pneumonia, whicli, in his enfeel)led 
 condition, he could not resist. Jackson was unquestionablv 
 one of the greatest military geniuses and, at the same time, 
 one of the humblest, most devout Christians who ever fig- 
 ured in tlie world's history. Born in Clarksburg, Va., Janu- 
 ary 24, 1824. he was not long afterwards left a penniless or- 
 phan boy, and soon developed traits of self-reliance, energy 
 and courage. Entering West Point Military Academy, 
 July, 1842, very poorly prepared, he steadily advanced in his 
 class, and graduated June 30, 1846. 15eing made second 
 lieutenant of artillery. United States army, he at once entered 
 the Mexican war, where he greatlv distinguished himself, 
 being repeatedly promoted, until he became "brevet-major" 
 for "gallantry and skill on the field." Soon after the close of 
 the Mexican war, he resigned his commission in the army to 
 accept a professorship at the Virginia Military Institute. Lex- 
 ington, \'a. He had made a profession of faith in Christ 
 
HCHOOL HISTORY OF Till: VXirfJI) STATES. 303 
 
 while in Mexico, aiul. on the 22d of November, 1851, he 
 united with the Presbyterian Church in Lexington. At 
 West I'oint he had adopted as his motto. "]'oii may be zcliat- 
 cvcr you rcsoli'c to be.'' He now added this: "/ can do all 
 things through Christ ichich strcngtiu-ncth ///r." These mot- 
 toes were the secret and mainspring of his brilhant career. 
 
 He hved in Lexington the hfe of a quiet professor, earn- 
 estly trying to do his duty, and of an humble, devout, active. 
 Christian, meeting every obligation as a deacon in his church 
 and superintendent of a negro Sunday-school which he had 
 organized. lUit he crowded into the two years he served in 
 llie Confederate army deeds which b.ave filled two continents 
 with his fame. His history for these two years ma\- not be 
 detailed here, as it would be the history of the Army of 
 Northern X'irginia. 
 
 Lee wrote him, when he heard of his wound: "Could I 
 have dictated events 1 should have chosen for the good of 
 the country to have been disal^led in your stead." 
 
 Jackson bore liis sufferings and met his death with the 
 calm resignation of the Christian hero that he was. and his 
 last words were: "Let us cross over the river and rest under the 
 shade of the trees." His loss was widely lamented, and Eng- 
 lish admirers presented to \'irginia a fine Ijronze statue of 
 him, which now stands in the Capitol Square, Richmond; 
 his friends have jilaced over his grave in Lexington \'alen- 
 tine's sui)erl) bronze statue; there is being erected at the \'ir- 
 ginia Military Institute in his honor the ''Jackson Memorial 
 1 1 all" and there are many wiio believe that had Jackson lived 
 the independence of the Confederacy would have been es- 
 tablished. Certain it is that Lee said, not long before his 
 own death: '7/- / had had Stoue:^'all Jackson at Gettysburg I 
 should lun'C i<'ou a great -riclory, and a decided victory there 
 7i'ould ha-re established the indef^ciulence of the CoJifederaey." 
 
 Let our vouth read the Life of Stonewall Jackson by Dr. 
 
304 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 R. L. Dabney, and the Memoir by his wife, that they may see 
 what a man he was, and learn to imitate his noble character 
 and pure life. 
 
 55. The Gettysburg Campaign and Battle — The 
 
 position which Hooker held on Stafford Heights, north of 
 the Rappahannock, was natnrally a very strong one, and as 
 it had been strengthened by engin.eering skill and ample 
 material, it was not practicable for Lee to assail him there, 
 and so he could remain secure as long as he desired, rein- 
 forcing, recuperating and e()ui])])ing his army until ready 
 for another "( )n to Richmond." 
 
 Lee determined, therefore, to manoeuvre Hooker from his 
 position, transfer the war across the Potomac, draw his ra- 
 tions from the granaries, barns and smokehouses of Penn- 
 sylvania, and, if opportunity offered, strike a blow that would 
 give him Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia. 
 
 On the (jth of June, Pleasanton, supported by infantry, 
 attacked Stuart's cavalry at Fleetwood, below Culpeper, and 
 there followed one of the severest cavalry fights of tlie war 
 from early morning to late afternoon, when Pleasanton was 
 driven across the river with heavy loss in killed and 
 wounded, leaving in Stuart's hands about 500 prisoners, 
 three pieces of artillery and several colors. 
 
 Having divided his army into three corps under Long- 
 street, Ewell and A. P. Hill, Lee left Hill at Fredericksburg 
 to watch Hooker, and moved Ewell rapidly on to Winches- 
 ter, wliere, on the 14th of June, he routed Milroy and cap- 
 tured 4000 prisoners, twenty-eight pieces of artillery, about 
 400 wagons, a large number of nuiles and horses and im- 
 mense quantities of small-arms, ordnance, commissary, 
 ((uartcrmastcr and medical stores. Ewell ]:)romptly crossed 
 the Potomac, nnd Hooker, having moved also, Lc^ngstreet 
 and A. P. Hill followed. Ewell's corps pushed forward until 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 305 
 
 lis cuhance reached \\)i"k and \\'rif;"htsville, and threatened 
 Harrisbiirg', the capital of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hooker asked to be relieved of command, because Gen- 
 eral llalleck, the commander-in-chief, interfered with the 
 management of his army, and as the authorities at Wash- 
 ington were not indisposed to get rid of him, they promptly 
 complied with his recjuest, and assigned to take his place 
 Ln'nrral Ccorgc Gordon Afradc, who was the fifth commander 
 of the Army of the Potomac. This brave and accomplished 
 officer hurried forward his army to concentrate against Lee, 
 wlui, liis cavalry under Stuart l:)eing absent on a very suc- 
 cessful raid between Meade's ami}- and Washington, was 
 not aware for some days of the movements of his enemy. 
 
 On tlie morning of July i. General Heth, of A. P. Hill's 
 ctjrjis, mo\'e(l his division towards Gettvsbiu"g to ]~)rocure 
 slu)es for the many barefooted men of his conunand, and 
 was met first by Buford's cavalry division and then by Rey- 
 nolds's corps of infantry, and the great battle opened with- 
 out any i)urpose on the part of either commander to fight on 
 that ground. Heth was reinforced by Pender's division of 
 Hill's corps, and later by Rodes's and Early's divisions of 
 Ewcll's cor|)S, while Reynolds was reinforced liy the lltli 
 corps, under How'ard, and for six hours the battle raged 
 fiercely, the Confederates having 26,000 men engaged and 
 the Federals 22,982. The result was that the Federals were 
 routed and driven through the streets of Gettysburg and 
 over the heights beyond, losing over 5000 prisoners, includ- 
 ing two general officers, exclusive of their wounded and 
 three pieces of artillery. Their loss in killed anil wounded 
 was very heavy, among the former their able and cluvalric 
 commander. General Reynolds, whom the general officers 
 of the Army of the Potomac preferred for conuuander. 
 
 General Lee reached the field at 2.30 P. M. and (M-dered 
 General Ewell to press forward and occupy the heights; but 
 
306 KCHOOL HlSTOin' OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 as Ewell was beg:iiining to execute the order he was hahed 
 by a report, which ])roved false, that the enemy was moving 
 on his rear. 
 
 General Aleade concentrated on Cemetery Ridge that 
 night, but his troops did not all reach that point until the 
 next afternoon, and if General Lee's orders for an early at- 
 tack the next morning had been obeyed victory would have 
 again perched upon his banners. But the attack was not 
 made until 4.30 P. M., after Meade's troops were up and 
 rested. Longstreet made a super):) fight and gained some 
 advantages, but failed in the main object of the attack. 
 Ewell captured a portion of the works in his front. 
 
 The object to be attained — the crushing of Aleade's army 
 and the opening of the roads to Washington and Baltimore 
 — were so important, and Lee had such confidence in his 
 splendid army (the heroes of the Seven Days around Rich- 
 mond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and 
 Chancellorsvillc) that he determined to attack again on the 
 early morning of the 3d with his whole armv. But tliere 
 was another delay; the Confederate artillerv did not open 
 until I P. M., tlie charge was not made until 3.30 P. AL, and 
 instead of being a concerted attack of Lee's whole army it 
 was made by Pickett's division of three brigades, Heth's 
 division under Pettigrew, and two brigades of Bender's di- 
 \ision under Triml)lc, mmibering in all scarcely 14.000 men 
 in the assaulting forces. 
 
 This charge, for heroic daring, splendid dash and stern 
 endurance, has few ecjuals and no superior in history. For 
 1300 or 1400 yards, nearly every foot under a concentrated 
 and converging fire of artillery, tliese heroes in gray marched 
 with steady lines to attack an arm)- of nearly 100,000 men, 
 in a strong position, heavily fortified. 
 
 Pickett's A'irginians captured the outer works and turned' 
 the guns on the enemy; the other brave troops did their duty, 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF Till'] VMTKD STATES. 307 
 
 but tlic) were not supi)ortcd; the rest of the army looked on, 
 ;i(hnire(l and wondered, and the Confederates were driven 
 hack by the overwhehiiing numbers concentrated against 
 them. 
 
 Their loss was fearfid; of Pickett's three brigadiers, Gar- 
 nett and Armistead were killed and Kemper terribly 
 wounded, while many others of the bravest and best of the 
 division and of Heth's division and the two brigades of Pen- 
 der were killed, wounded or taken prisoners. 
 
 Witnessing the failure of the attack from his position in 
 the centre of the army, Lee galloped to the front and was 
 soon moving among his shattered battalions as they re- 
 coiled from their brave endeavor, and restoring order by the 
 magic influence of his presence and kindly words. While 
 he knew, ami the calm verdict of the historian must be, that 
 the failure had been due to failure to carry out his orders, yet, 
 with a self-abnegation which rises to tlie sublime, he calmly 
 said: "This is all my fault. I hai'c lost this battle, and you must 
 help iiu' out of it the best Zi'ay you ca/;." 
 
 Lee had at (icttysburg, of all arms. 60.000 men; Meade, 
 105,000. Lee's total loss in killed, wounded and missing 
 was 20,451: Meade's total loss was 23.003. In Meade's 
 army, four general officers — Reynolds. Mncent, Weed and 
 Zook — were killed, and thirteen — Hancock, Sickles, Gib- 
 bon, Warren, Rutterficld. IJarlow, Doubleday. Paul, Brook. 
 I'arnes, Welib, Stanard and Graham — were wounded; in 
 Lee's armv, five general officers — Pender, Garnett, Armis- 
 tead, Barksdale and Semmes — were killed, and nine — Hood. 
 Hampton, Heth, J. M. Jones, G. T. Anderson, Kemper, 
 Scales and Jenkins — were wounded. These losses tell the 
 story of the terrific fighting of those three days in July. Lee 
 remained in line of battle all day, July the 4th, inviting an 
 attack from Meade, but that night he moved back to the Po- 
 tomac, where ^Meade did not venture to follow him until, six 
 
.ms SCHOOI. HISTORY OF THE HMTED STATES. 
 
 cla}s afterwards. Leo's pontoons had been destroyed, the 
 rains had rendered the river past fording, and he was tliere 
 in hne of battle awaiting the attack of Meade, which 1 lalleck 
 and I 'resident Lincohi were nrging and for which the North.- 
 ern newspapers were chunoring. Ihil Meade was too good 
 a soUher to \ield to tins ])ressnre; and on the i^^th of jnl\', 
 the waters ha\ing snl)side(h Lee crossed the I'otoniac witli- 
 ont serious molestation or loss. 
 
 Early in Angnst, Lee held the line of the Ra])idan in ( )r- 
 ange county, \'irginia, and Meade was in ("nlpe])er, and the 
 two armies occupied these positions niUil tlie next s))ring, 
 exce])t that in ( )ctober Lee adxanced and forced Meade back 
 to the fortifications in front of W ashinglon. and lln' latter 
 part of Xoveniber Meade crossed the l\ai)i(lan to attack Lee, 
 but finding him strongh' posted at Mine Run, fell back in 
 the night and thus avoidc*! the attack which Lee had decided 
 to make on him earlv the next morning. 
 
 56. Religious Interest In Lee's Army. — \\ hile Lee's 
 arniv was resting along the line of the Ra])idan, there began 
 a series of revix'als which swei)t through the army, until 
 well-nigh e\'t'ry cam]) was \-ocal with ( iod's praises. There 
 had been Irom the beginning a decided religi(Mis interest in 
 the army; the large number of earnest Christians among 
 leading officers, such as 1\. \']. Lee, Stonewall h'lckson, I. h". 
 I'). Stuart, I'.well (who ])rofessed conversion during the "'in- 
 ler of 1862), W. X. Pendleton, T. R. C'obb, Tender, Scales. 
 ("ol(|uitt, j. R>. ( "lordon and ;i munber of others; tlie ver\- 
 large element of juous men among the rank and tile; the 
 faithful labors of cha])lains and missionaries; the distril)u- 
 lion of l'.il)les and religious books and tracts; the earnest ap- 
 peals and praxers of friends at home — all had their effect, 
 and after the first ?\lar\lan(l c;nu]>aign, and while in winter 
 ([uarters near h'^redericksburg, there were revivals of vlce]> 
 interest and pleasing residts. 
 
" C()MMANDr,«^- 
 CONFEDEUATK CUiMM ANDERS. 
 
.'?10 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 
 
 But soon after the army went into camp along the Rapidan 
 in August, 1863, there began a revival which reached nearly 
 every regiment, and did not cease until the surrender at 
 Appomattox. As one result of this, over 15,000 of Lee's 
 soldiers professed faith in Christ and enlisted under the ban- 
 ner of the cross. 
 
 There were similar revivals in the other armies of the Con- 
 tederacy, in the hospitals and in the Northern prisons, and it 
 is confidently believed that in no armies in the world's his- 
 tory has there been so much of evangelical religion, genuine 
 piety or active efTort for the salvation of others. 
 
 57. West Virginia Admitted — During this year West 
 Virginia, which had been formed by dividing the old State, 
 without the shadow of law, justice or right, save that of the 
 sword, was admitted into the Union as a new State. Con- 
 sidering the fact that old A'irginia had given to the Union, 
 without asking compensation, the Northwest Territory, out 
 of which five States had been carved, and on the condition 
 that her territory should not again be abridged without her 
 consent, this partition of her territory was all the more rep- 
 rehensible, and can be justified on no ground save the ])lea 
 of despotism that "Might makes rights 
 
 58. Raids — Several notable "Raids" occurred this year, 
 among them that of Colonel Streight and a picked body of 
 F'ederal cavalry, who were pursued by Forrest, "the wizard 
 of the saddle," with an inferior force, and captured on the 
 border of Alabama and Georgia. General John H. Morgan 
 made a raid across Kentucky into Ohio, and swept around 
 Cincinnati, purposing to recross the river higher up, but he 
 was surrounded by overwhelming forces and compelled to 
 surrender, with 500 men, Jnly 26. The prisoners were con- 
 fined in the Ohio Penitentiary, from which General Morgan 
 made one of the most daring escapes on record. He re- 
 ceived a great ovation on his arrival in Richmond. 
 
sciiooi. iiisToh'V or Tin: i \iri:n xtatks. ;ui 
 
 59. Operations in Charleston Harbor. — Ihc ckfcnscs 
 ot llic i.urbur of L'liark'slon, ])lannc(l 1)\ (\vn. R. h. Lcc in 
 the latter part of 1861, and erected nnder the snperintend- 
 ence of that most accomphshed engineer, Col. i). V>. Harris, 
 
 fullv jnstihed the rei)ntation of the able engineers who de- 
 signed tl.eni, and the defense made by Beanregard and 
 others \.as one of the most heroic and successfnl on record. 
 A])ril yth of this vear Admiral 1 )ni)ont made an attack on 
 Snmter with a powerful deet of ironclads, but met a disas- 
 trous repulse, th.e Keokuk being sunk and nearly all of his 
 vessels seriouslv injured, (ieneral Cillmore landed on Mor- 
 ris Island, and, after two bloody repulses, finally succeeded 
 in ca])turing IJattcry Wagner. 
 
 ]M-om this vantage ground llie siege of Charleston was 
 l)rosccuted with vigor; a gun called "The Swamp Angel" 
 threw shot and sliell into the city, a distance of five miles; 
 Sumter was battered into a ma^-'s of ruins, but the skill of the 
 engineer. Major lolui Johnson, now rector n\ one of the 
 I'rotestant l^^.]Msco])al churches of Charleston, converted the 
 ruins into a stronger fortress than before; every assault was 
 repulsed, and the Confederate fiag continued to wave over 
 Sumter and Charleston until th.e s]:iring of 1865. when Sher- 
 man's march in tlieir rear comiu'lled their evacuation. 
 
 60. Results of the Third Year of the War — The 
 I'ederals had cai)tured \icksburg and Port Hudson, giving 
 them full control of the 'Mississii)])i, an<l had overrun vast 
 regions of country. They had won important battles be- 
 fore \'icksburg and at Chattanooga, had captured \icks- 
 burg, and had won a great victory in defeating Lee's attacks 
 on the heights of Gettysburg. 
 
 The Confederates had won great victories at Chancellors- 
 ville, Winchester, the first dav of Cettyslnn-g and at Chicka- 
 mauga, had captured C.alvest(Mi 'and had defeated every at- 
 tack on Charleston. 
 
:n2 SCliOOI. HISTORY OF Till-: I MTEh STATES. 
 
 Englaiul and J'rancc were alxiut to iecoi;nizc the iiule- 
 pentlence of the Confederacy, when the news of the capture 
 (jf N'icksburg and of Lee's defeat at ( iettysburg reached 
 them, and postponed indefinitely what would have inevitably 
 resulted in the complete success of the Confederacy. It has 
 been well said that "the Confederacy was within a stone's 
 throw of independence at Gettysburg." 
 
 Questions — 47. W'liat can you tell about President Lincoln's 
 emancipation proclamation? 
 
 48. Give an account of General Magruder's success at Galyeston. 
 
 49. What efforts were made by General Grant to capture Vicks- 
 l)urp;? Dcscrilie tlic fine ,<;eneralsbip sliown 1)y liim, Wliat is said 
 of its surrender? What did General Banks try to do? What fol- 
 lowed? 
 
 50. What movement was made by Rosecrans? Wliat followed? 
 Show how General Thomas .gained the name ol the "Rock of Chick- 
 am an ga." 
 
 51. Describe the battle of Chattanooga. What is said of the "l)attle 
 .'d)o\-e the clouds?" 
 
 52. Give an account of the capture of Missionary Ridge. 
 
 53. Explain how the siege of Kno.xville was raised. 
 
 54. Who now commanded the .\rmy of the Potomac? Make clear 
 the military ])osition. Death of the "gallant Pelham." What was 
 done l)y General Lee? What of Stonewall Jackson? Show the ])ril- 
 liant generalship of Lee. What of the death of Stonewall Jackson? 
 Sketch his career. 
 
 55. What steps were now taken in the way of a Confederate inva- 
 sion of the North? Narrate the movements preliminary to tlie great 
 battle. Give an account of the first day of the battle. Of the second 
 day. What was the result of the two days' conflict? Give a careful 
 account of the charge on the third day. What were the losses at 
 Gettysburg? What was done by Lee? What by Meade? 
 
 56. Religious interest in Lee's army. 
 
 57. Admission of West Virginia as a State and l)y what right. 
 
 58. Two notable "Raids." 
 
 59. Operations in Charleston harl)or. 
 
 60. What were the results of the third year of the war? 
 
f^ruooi. iiisTouY or Tin: i \rTi:n sTATEf<. 2v^ 
 CHAl'TF.R XXX. 
 FOIIRTTT YEAR OF THE WAR, 1S64. 
 
 61. Grant Made Lieutenant=General. — General Grant 
 batl iK'eonie the foremost general of tlie l'"ederal armies. His 
 campaigns and successes proved that lie possessed high, 
 (pialities as a general wlien backed by nuni])ers and re- 
 sources. ( )n the 2(1 of March, 1864, he was made lieutenant- 
 general, and President Lincoln personally handed him Ins 
 commission on the 19th to a rank previously held l)y ()ul\- 
 Washington and Scott. Henceforth all the mihtarv move- 
 ments of the I'^ederals were to be tuider the direction of 
 ( Irant. This was a wise step, for, besides liis eminent fitness 
 for the responsibilitv, many I'^^leral failures had been duv 
 to the jealousv of ofificers and to the disjointed method of 
 conducting campaigns. 
 
 67i The Great Task — The Mississippi had been opened, 
 the L^jufederacy severed and the Idockade rigorousl\- main- 
 tained. The v^outli had all her available men in tlie field, 
 and the losses of war could not be replaced. Hut tw(^ of her 
 ])owerful armies were still under tlie conuuand of skilled, 
 leaders: one was the ])eerless Armv (^f Xorthern X'irginia, 
 \v(\ 1)\- the matchless Lee. and the other the noble army com- 
 manded ])>■ that al)le soldier. Josepli E. Johnston in ( ieorgia. 
 Until these were conquered the Confederacy could not l)e 
 overthrown. To General Sherman was assigned the task of 
 overcoming Johnston, while (irant entered the lists againsi 
 Lee. 
 
 63. Sherman's Campaign. — \\''c will first follow the- 
 cam])aign of General Sherman in the South. :\\ the lu'.'i'! 
 of an armv of 150.000 men. he marched against Joimstou, 
 who was at Dalton, with a force of 42.754. Xow began a 
 series of skilled manoeuvres, which lasted for more than a 
 
314 i^rilOOL IJ I STORY OF Till: IXITED STATUS. 
 
 hundred miles. After Johnston had assumed a strono; p(V 
 sition, Sherman would hold his front with a force eciual to 
 Johnston's whole army, and flank him with a lar^e column. 
 Then the Confederate general would fall back, thus drawing 
 his opponent further from his base of supplies. The conflicts 
 were numerous, the principal being at Dalton, Resaca and 
 TvOst and Kenesaw mountain. At the last-named point 
 Sherman received a severe repulse and suffered great loss. 
 Finally, on the loth of July Johnston, without giving the 
 general battle which the government and people were ex- 
 l)ecting. withdrew into the entrenchments of Atlanta. 
 
 64. Capture of Atlanta, — Jolmston's retreat from Hal- 
 ton to Atlanta had been ably and skillfully conducted, and 
 had unquestionably inflicted far greater loss on the enemy 
 than he had received. 
 
 lUit soon after the army reached Atlanta the general 
 clamor against the "h^abian l'olic\" of the al)le soldier be- 
 came so great that ['resident 1 )avis at last yielded to the 
 ])opular demand, and issued an order removing ( ieneral 
 b)hnston from tlie command and a])p()inting General John 
 I'. Hood to succeed him. 
 
 It is very easy, in the light of subsequent events, to criti- 
 cize this action; but from the point of view in which the matter 
 presented itself at the time to the President it is difficult to 
 see how he could have acted otherwise. General Hood was 
 a gallant soldier, a true patriot, but he was dottbtful of his 
 ability t(^ conunand that army, especially under the circum- 
 stances, and begged (ieneral Johnston to remain with him 
 as his "militarv adviser;" but General Johnston went to 
 Macon, and Hood, left to his own judgment, made three 
 vigorous attacks on Sherman's lines, July 20, 22 and 28, and 
 while his troops fought as gallantly as men ever fought under 
 any flag, he met a disastrous defeat, losing very heavily, 
 amoner the killed beine the 2'allant Gen. W. H. T. Walker. 
 

 
 
?>-[C, SrnOOL nrSTORT of the VXTTED fiTATES. 
 
 IJood was compelled to evacuate the city September the 
 2(1, the I'^ederals taking immediate possession. 
 
 In one of these battles the Federals sustained a great loss 
 in the death of that bold and accomplished officer, General 
 McPherson. 
 
 65. The Result — Sherman now held the granary of the 
 Southern Confederacy, where for the first time a hostile foot 
 trod. At Atlanta, Rome and other towns in the neighbor- 
 hood were foundries, manufactories and mills, wliich fur- 
 nished supplies, clothing and ammunition for the Confed- 
 erate armies. This indispensable source of supply was 
 licnccfortli closed to tlie Soutli. 
 
 66. End of the War in the West. — Sherman's desire 
 to march directly tlirough the Confederacy t(^ the Atlantic 
 coast could not be carried out so long as Forrest's cavalrv 
 was raiding along his railway communication, and Hood 
 and liis army threatened him in front. Witli the purpose of 
 forcing Sherman l>ack into Tennessee, Hood marclicd nortli 
 to cut his communications. IJut (lencral (leorge II. 
 Thomas r.i-ganized an army nmch larger than Hood's to 
 meet his advance and allow Sherman to start on his proposed 
 "march to th(^ sea." After many marches, manceuvres and 
 skirmishes, Hood attacked Schofield in a very strong ])osi- 
 tion at iM-anklin, Tenn., and there ensued one of the bloodiest 
 l)attles of the war. Scofield was driven from his position 
 with heavy loss, but the Confederate loss was fearful, and 
 among the killed was that gifted and gallant soldier. General 
 Pat Cleburne, who had done so mucli to add lustre to the 
 ;;]ories of the "Armv of Tennessee," and who fell on its last 
 victorious field. Scofield retreated to Nashville, where 
 General Thomas took command. Two weeks passed, during 
 which nothing was done on either side. Hood waited for 
 reinforcements, which never came. General Grant grew 
 impatient with Thomas, and sent him urgent orders to move. 
 
acnOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 317 
 
 Tlujuias wailed till his preparations were complete, when he 
 sallied out and fell upon Hood with greatly superioi num- 
 bers, guns and equipment, and with irresistible fury. 
 
 The Confederates fought bravely, but they were driven 
 from their lines with great slaughter, considerable demorali- 
 zation ensued, the pursuit of Thomas was skillful and vigor- 
 ous, and only the heroic skill and sleepless vigilance witli 
 which Gen. N. B. Forrest and Lieut.-Gen. S. D. Lee (wlioni 
 Mr. Davis pronounced "one of the best all-around generals 
 the w'ar produced") covered the retreat, saved the rem- 
 nant of Hood's army from annihilation. 
 
 Hood was relieved from command at his own repeated 
 recjuest, and the renniant of his army was finally ordered 
 to report to Gen. J. E. Johnston in North Carolina. 
 
 The campaign of General Thomas was al)ly planned and 
 admirably executed, and its l)rilliant success came barelv in 
 lime to save his official head lron\ the guillotine at Washing- 
 Ion and w'in for him wide reputation as one of the best sol- 
 diers which the war produced. This campaign virtually 
 closed military operations in Tennessee. 
 
 67. Sherman's March to the Sea. — It will thus be 
 seen that iltj(_)(rs march into rennessee not onl_\' failed to 
 draw Sherman after him. ])ut cleared from the jiath of the 
 Federal commander the only obstacle to his advance straight 
 through the Confederacy. He did not hesitate. Setting 
 fire to the city of Atlanta, a most unjustifiable act of vandal- 
 ism, and forcing her citizens from their homes, he cut loose 
 from his conmnmications. November i6. and started for the 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 He made his path one of desolation. Railways were de- 
 stroved right and left, dwellings plundered and ruthlessl\- 
 burned, while the 60,000 men drew their "supplies" from the 
 countr\- through wliich they passed, and destroyed what 
 they could not use. No force could be gathered strong 
 
318 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTEU STATES. 
 
 enough to interpose serious resistance to the mighty host, 
 to whom the march was a month's picnic, for a distance of 
 300 miles. During all this time no news from Sherman 
 reached the Xorth, and nuich anxiety was felt for him and 
 his army. The first tidings were that he had arrived at Sa- 
 vannah. That city was occupied December 21, after its 
 evacuation by General Hardee, and on Christmas Eve Presi- 
 dent Lincoln received a telegram from Sherman, presenting 
 it to him "as a Christmas gift." 
 
 As a military movement, this march of Sherman's dis- 
 played neither especial genius in planning, nor skill in exe- 
 cuting. General Lee once said of it: "We had nothing to 
 oppose Sherman, and his march through Georgia was based 
 simply on a mathematical calculation whether his army could 
 live on the country by faking all the proz'isioiis tJic people had.'' 
 For the rest, tliose who sing ".Marehing fhroiigJi Georgia''' 
 forget that the pillage and l)urning of private houses and the 
 wanton outrages and insults heaped upon old men, women 
 and children along tlie track of that army were a blot upon 
 the American name and upon the civilization of the nine- 
 teenth century, and such a blot as all lovers of our country 
 should seek to commit to (oblivion. 
 
 In his official report of this march, General Shcrm-an says: 
 "I estimate the damage done to the State of ("corgia and its 
 military resources at one hundred millions of dollars: at least 
 fzcenty millions of i^'Jiieh Jiazr inured to our adz'antage, and the 
 remainder is simply z^'asfe and de.9fruefioii." In other words, 
 he used for his army property valued at tzceuty millions, and 
 ruthlessly and cruelly destroved eiglitv millions more. 
 
 68. The Kilpatnck=Dahlgren Raid. — In March, 1864, 
 General Kilpatrick, with 4000 cavalry, attempted to ride by 
 Lee's flank and dash into Richmond before reinforcements 
 could reach it. The raid proved a failure, and is notable 
 chiefly from the fact that there were found on the person of 
 
SCHOOL HISTony or the UMTED ^TATi'-S'. 319 
 
 the leader of one of the columns. Colonel L Ine Dahlgren, 
 who was killed and most of his command captured, papers 
 indicating- a purpose to turn loose the prisoners who were 
 to be released, to Inu-n and sack Richmond and kill Jeffer- 
 son Davis and his cabinet. The authenticity of those papers 
 was afterwards denied, but the proofs of their genuineness 
 are overwhelming. 
 
 The Confederate (Jovernment threatened to retaliate, bu'. 
 both General Meade and the authorities at Washington de- 
 nied all knowledge of such papers, and Dahlgren's officers 
 and men were, therefore, treated as other prisoners. 
 
 69. Grant's Campaign Against Richmond — Witli 
 the resources of the government at his back, Cirant deter- 
 mined to capture Richmond by a combined movement, 
 which seemed irresistible. A colunm moving through the 
 mountain passes of Southwest \'irginia, one up the valley 
 of the Shenandoah, one from the Atlantic seal)oard by way 
 of James river, and his own from the Rapidan were to con- 
 verge on, ovcrwiielm and capture Richmond by the early 
 sunnner. These colunms, including reinforcements sent 
 during the campaign, numbered more than 275,000 men 
 e(|uipped in the most superb manner, and supplied abund- 
 antly with provisions and with stores of every description. 
 
 To meet this mighty host, deneral Lee had, including 
 ever\- man he could draw as reinforcements during the cam- 
 l)aign, not more than 75,000 men. badly armed. wretchedl\- 
 ccjuipped and very poorly supplied with rations, clothing, 
 ordnance stores, transporation — in fact, needing everything 
 necessary to the ef^cicncy of an army save able leadership, 
 stout hearts and indomitable patriotism. 
 
 The army immediately opposed to Lee's numbered, when 
 it crossed the Rapidan on May 4, 1864, 149,166 men, wliile 
 Lee had within call 62,000 men; but with only half that num- 
 
320 .SCHOOL IlfSTOh'Y OF Till: IXITHIf STATES. 
 
 l)cr 1k' moved on and allackcd Clrant's army in "The W iUler- 
 ness." 
 
 70. Battle of the Wilderness.— As soon as Grant be- 
 gan U) cross the Kapithm, Lee. instead of retreating before 
 the mighty host, moxetl down from ( )range and attacked him 
 in the Wilderness, where, from the 5th to the 7th of May, the 
 terrible battle raged and with fearful slaughter, (jrant losing 
 17,666 men, and \a'v half tiiat number. 
 
 r>ut the result fully con\'iuced the hederal commander 
 that he could not destroy 1 >ee"s arm\' or (lri\e it from its ])()si- 
 tiou on that ground, whicli had ])r()\-en again, as at C'hanceb 
 l()rs\ille, a "shadow of death" to the hederals ; and the ad\'an- 
 lage being so decidedly with the Confederates, ( iraul deter- 
 mined to mo\e off l)\- l.ee's right Hank that uigh.t and seize 
 the strong slr;itegic ])ositi()n at S|)otts\lvania Court Mouse. 
 r>ut Ia'c di\iue(l his ])ur|)ose, as if by intuition, and when the 
 head of ( irant's colunni came near the coveted ])oiut the 
 advance of the Army of Xorthern N'irginia barred the waw 
 
 71. Spottsylvania Court House. — P.oth sides eutrench.ed 
 their lines as best they could, though the h'ederals were well 
 proxided with entrenching tools of e\ery description, and 
 had a strong ])it)neer cor])s, while the Confederates had to 
 use bayonets, tin cu])S and sharpened sticks as their chief 
 "entrenching tools," and the work had to be done entirel}- i^y 
 the soldiers themselves: so that Grant's lines here, as every- 
 where else on the campaign, were nuich stronger than those 
 of Lee. 
 
 For five days Grant repeatedly assault<.-d Lee's position at 
 tlififcreut jxjints, and was badh' defeated, lint on the early 
 morning of the 12th, "Hancock the su])erb" carried a salient 
 by assault, captured between 3000 and 40CO ]irisoners, among 
 them General Edward Johnson, and t\veut\' pieces of artil- 
 lery, and seemed about to cut Lee's arnn in two. lUit the 
 Confederates rallied, and, under the immeiliate e\e of Lee 
 
SCHOOL iifsToh'Y or Tin-: i mted stati:s. ',v21 
 
 himself, drove back the hhic wave to "the hlotxh' ant;lc," 
 where the tight raged uiilil after dark so tierceh- tliat large 
 trees were cut down hy niinnie halls, and the slaughter was 
 learful. Lee recovered all of his line excejjt "the toe of the 
 hurseshoe." a new line was formed just in the rear of this, 
 and the C'onfederates continued to hold tJieir lines so stoutlv 
 that ( irant, although hi' had received large reinforcements, 
 deemed it unwise to make another assault, and on the 2()th 
 moved I)\' Lee's right to Hanover Junction, t)nly to lind Lee 
 again in his i)ath. 
 
 (jrant lost at Spottsylvania Court House iH.^cjc;, making 
 a total loss of 40,000 in his two weeks' campaign, or about 
 two-thirds as many men as Lee had. 
 
 72. Sheridan'5 Raid. — On the 9th of May. (irant sent 
 Sheridan, with 10,000 cavalry, s])lendidl\- mounted and 
 equipped, to break Lee's connnunication, intercept him, 
 when (Irant should have crushed him at vSjiottsylvania Court 
 1 louse, and, if o])])ortunity offered, to dash into Richmond. 
 Stuart had available to o])])ose this splendid bo(l\- of troo])- 
 ers only three small brigades, numbering about 3000. but he 
 boldly planted himself across Sheridan's ])ath at Yellow Tav- 
 ern, si.\ miles from Richmond, where, on Mav 11, he made 
 a heroic fight, which checked Sheridan imtil local troops 
 could be gotten into the trenches and Richmond sawd. lUit. 
 alas! the "Mower of Cavaliers" fell at the head of his gallant 
 troo])ers mortally wounded, and died the next da\- in Rich- 
 mond, deeply moiUMied b\- the Confederac\-. 
 
 Ceneral John Sedgwick, one of the ablest soldiers of the 
 Army of the Potomac, whose fall at Si)ottsylvania was so 
 widely lamented, once said: "Stuart is the best cavalry sol- 
 dier ever foaled in America," and that will be the verdict of 
 the militarv critic who studies his campaigns. I'ut whiU' an 
 ideal cavalrvman, he was a man of unsullied character and 
 temperate habits, never using tobacco or drinking even a 
 
General Grant. 
 
SCflOOI. HISTORY OF THE VMTIJl) STATHS. IVSA 
 
 glass of wine, and, above all, an humble, earnest Christian. 
 lie said to President Davis, who called to see him on his dy- 
 ing bed: "/ odi zcilliiig to die if God and my country think that 
 J hai'C fullillcd my destiny and done my dnty.'' 
 
 73. Cold Harbor. — Lee not only checkmated Grant at 
 Hanover | unction, situated on the North Anna river, at the 
 junction of the railroad from Richmond to l^Yedericksburg, 
 and the Central (now Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad) from 
 Richmond to the \'alley of Virginia, but thrust himself in 
 l)etween two wings of his army, and was about to give him 
 a crushing blow, when the Federal commander hastily with- 
 drew and moved by his left fiank on Cold Harbor, only to 
 Ihul tliat Lee had again detected his plans and was across his 
 road to Richmond. There was considerable preliminary 
 fighting along the Cold Harbor lines, but on the 3d of June, 
 Grant, having received large reinforcements, made a deter- 
 mined assault on the Confederate position and received one 
 of the bloodiest repulses of the war. Swinton, the Northern 
 historian of the "Army of the Potoiuac," says of this battle 
 that it was decided in an incredibly short time; that the Fed- 
 erals lost over 13,000 men, and that when another charge was 
 ordered "no man stirred, and the innuobilc lines pronounced 
 a verdict, silent, yet emphatic, against further slaughter." 
 
 The loss of the Confederates was about 750; they were 
 elated at their l)rilliant success, and the nnvalc of Lee's army 
 was never better than just after Cold Harbor, where Lee 
 occupied the positions from which he had driven McClellan 
 in June, 1862, two years before. 
 
 74. Other Operations of the Campaign In the Val- 
 
 Ic}' of X'irginia, Siege! moved as far as New Market, where, 
 on the 15th of May, Breckinridge defeated his 6500 men with 
 only 5000. and compelled Siegel to retreat down the \'alley. 
 In this battle the Cadets of the \'irginia Military Institute 
 greatly distinguished themselves. 
 
324 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 General Jjiitler, with an ami}- of over 30,000 men, was to 
 have captured Petersburg, "the back door of Richmond," 
 before Grant reached the front of Richmond, but he was 
 driven back by lleauregard on the 1 6th of May to Bermuda 
 Hundred and effectually "bottled up," as General Grant 
 expressed it, sending a good part of his troops later to share 
 in Grant's defeat at Gold Harbor. General David Hunter 
 succeeded Siegel in the command, moved up the Valley 
 again, was joined by Crook and Averill from Southwest Vir- 
 ginia, defeated Gen. W. E. Jones (Breckinridge having gone 
 to join Lee) at Piedmont, and advanced via Staunton and 
 Lexington on Lynchburg, laying waste the country through 
 which he passed, and burning the Virginia Military Institute 
 and Governor Letclier's private residence at Lexington. 
 Grant sent Sheridan, with 10,000 cavalry, to meet and escort 
 Hunter to Richmond, but Hampton and Fitz Lee met him 
 at Trevillian's, in Louisia county, with half his numbers, 
 defeated him very handsomely and compelled him to fall 
 back to Grant's lines, leaving his dead and wounded and 
 many spoils of victory in the hands of the Confederates. 
 Hunter's move on Lynchljurg compelled Lee, badly as he 
 could spare them, to detach Tireckinridge and then Ewell's 
 corps, under Early, to meet him. 
 
 Earlv drove Hunter from Lynchburg on a disastrous re- 
 treat through the mountains of A^irginia, and then rapidly 
 moved down the Valley of \'irginia to cross the Potomac 
 and threaten Washington. 
 
 75. The Results of the Campaign. — In sixty days 
 Grant's campaign against Richmond, despite his boast at 
 Spottsylvania that he would ''fight it out on this line if it took 
 all of the summer," had dwindled to a siege of Petersburg 
 (nine miles from deep water) by the main column under 
 Grant, which had lost about 70,000 men — more than Lee 
 had — in order to get a position which it might have reached 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY or Till-: i mti:i> STATHS. 325 
 
 at l'l^^l w ilhout tiring" a shot or losins;- a man. His army, ac- 
 cording to Swinton, "shaken in its strncture, its valor 
 (jncnched in blood, and thousands of its ablest officers killed 
 or wotmded, was the \4riuy of the Potomac' no more." 
 
 Uutler's cokunn was mingled with Lirant's in the lines be- 
 fore Petersburg', the other k'ederal columns which had begun 
 the campaign in the Valley and Southwest \'irginia were in 
 disorderl)- retreat through the mountains to the Kanawlia 
 valley, out of the area of active operations, and Lee had made 
 his lines impregnable to direct assault, and had a movabb' 
 colunm -\vithin two da\s' march of the Federal capital. Well 
 might Colonel \ enable, of Lee's stafif (from whose able ac- 
 count of this campaign we have condensed our summary) 
 say, in view of these facts, tliat Lee "/;(/(/ made a campaii^ii 
 iincxaiiiplcd ill the history of dcfciisi-:r warfare.'' 
 
 There is strong evidence that Mr. Lincoln was so affected 
 bv the result of this campaign that he was in favor of open- 
 ing peace negotiations with the Confederates; that stej)s to 
 tliat end were really taken, and that tlicy were arrested only 
 bv tidings of Federal success in the West. 
 
 76. The Siege of Petersburg. — Flaving lost 70,000 men 
 to Lee's ] 8,000 in his overland campaign against Richmond, 
 and having been taught so impressively tliat he could not 
 force Lee's lines in front of Richmond, (irant had nothing 
 left him but to try to "steal in at the back door," i)y a sudden 
 march on I'Vtersburg l)efore Lee could reacli that ])oint witli 
 his army to defend it. 
 
 But the first attack was defeated by the old men and the 
 bovs of the gallant "Cockade City." Cieneral Beauregard 
 collected a handful of troops, which heroically and success- 
 fullv resisted other assaults, and by the time Grant's main 
 armv reached the lines of the city's defense. Lee's veterans 
 were in position, and it was impossible to carry the works by 
 direct assault. There followed the siege of Petersburg, 
 
32U SCHOOL lUSrONY OF THE LXJTJJh STATES. 
 
 which lasted ten months, and during this time Grant added 
 to his "attrition" tactics of wearing Lee's army away by con- 
 stant attacks the starvation pohcy of cutting off his suppHes. 
 
 There were a number of brilHant affairs, such as the re- 
 capture of the Confederate Hues after the explosion of the 
 Federal mine, which made the famous "Crater" on July 30; 
 many brilliant sorties on the Federals near the Weldon Rail- 
 road; A. P. Flill's handsome victory over Hancock at 
 Reams's Station on August 25. and some brilliant successes 
 of the cavalry under Flampton. 
 
 77. Early's Valley Campaign. — Crossing the Potomac 
 on the 6th of July, Early defeated General Lew Wallace at 
 Monocacy on the 9th, and arrived in front of the works at 
 Washington at noon on July 11 with about 10,000 men and 
 forty pieces of artillery, intending to make an assault at day- 
 light the next morning. But learning that night of the ar- 
 rival of the 19th corps from New Orleans, and the 6th corps 
 from the Army of the Potomac, Early countermanded the 
 order, remained in front of Washington during the 12th, 
 and that night withdrew and marched back to the \'alley of 
 Virginia, reaching Strasburg on the 22d. 
 
 Early remained in the \'alley as a sort of "forlorn hope" to 
 threaten Washington, Maryland and Pennsylvania, draw 
 supplies from that fertile region, and hold as large a force as 
 possible of the enemy who would, otherwise, operate against 
 Lee at Richmond and Petersburg. 
 
 On the /th of August, General Phil Sheridan was put in 
 command of the forces opposite Early, and allowed Early to 
 hold him in clieck mitil, on the iQth of September, liaving 
 increased his army to 62,740, he attacked Early's 11,400 at 
 Winchester, and, after a most stubborn fight, in which Sheri- 
 dan's infantry were defeated and were actually beginning to 
 retreat, he sent his splendid body of 10,000 cavalry to Early's 
 rear, and thus forced his retreat, with a loss of about 4000 — 
 
s( iiooi. iiisroh'Y or Till-: i \iti:i> stati:s. .-.^t 
 
 Slu'ridan's loss l)eiiii;- 5000, of which iicarl_\- 4400 were killed 
 and vvountled. Early was again defeated at Fisher's Hill on 
 the 22(1 of September, and moved back to Port Republic, but 
 being- reinforced there by Kershaw's division of infantry, 
 Cutshaw's battalion of artillery, and later on Rosser's bri- 
 gade of cavalry, he assumed the offensive, and again moved 
 down ilie X'alley to b^isher's Hill. 
 
 (Jn the 19th of October, before daybreak. Early attacked 
 and r(mted Sheridan's command on Cedar Creek, but, im- 
 fortunatcly, tlie victory was not vig'orousl\- ])ushed. ( leneral 
 \\'rig-ht, of the 6th corps, rallied tlie tr(^o])s, and, on Sheri- 
 dan's return from Winchester, wlicre he was in the morning, 
 lie ordered forward h.is whole line, and Earl\' sustained a 
 disastrous defeat at the hands of the overwhelming force, 
 which attacked him in flank, wl:en his troops were scattered 
 by tlie fight of the morning and by the rich ])lunder of the 
 l'\Mleral camps, whicli his ragged, barefooted, hungry men 
 could not resist. 
 
 Early lost twenty-three pieces of artillery, i860 killed and 
 wounded and over 1000 prisoners. Sheridan's loss was also 
 very heavy, (jeneral Early retired up the Valley, but was 
 not pursued by tlie enemy, and in Xovember moved down 
 the X'alley again and offered Sheridan battle on the old 
 ground, which, being declined, the Federal commander pre- 
 ferring to stav l)ehind his strong entrenchments near W'in- 
 rjiei^ter. Early again retired to the u])]:)er A'alley, from wlu'cli 
 lie sent out several cavalry raids. 
 
 The campaign in the X'allev seeming to be closed, Sheridan 
 sent the greater ])art of liis infantr\- to Crant. and Early re- 
 turned to Lee Kershaw's division, and, the last of November, 
 the old 2d Cor])S, now conuuanded by General John H. Cor- 
 don, and there were no further operations during the year, 
 except some cavalry movements. Early's cpmpaign had 
 resulted in driving Hunter from Lynchburg, invading Mary- 
 
n2S SCHOOL HlFiTORY OF THE rXITED STATES. 
 
 land aiul J'cnnsylvania and threatening Washington, keep- 
 ing about 50,000 Federal troops in the Valley and as many 
 around Washington, which might otherwise have been used 
 against Lee, inflicting upon the enemy a loss nearly double 
 his own numbers, feeding his own army on the country and 
 sending supplies to General Lee, and, while sutYering seri- 
 ous disasters and losses from the overwhelming numbers 
 opposed to him, holding his ground with an indomitable cour- 
 age and perseverance which showed him to be a soldier of 
 real ability and unyielding pluck. 
 
 With the force under his command, Sheridan ought to 
 have utterly anniliilated Early in the summer or early au- 
 tunui, and his failure to do so (added to his cruel orders to 
 Inirn private houses, barns, mills, crops, etc., until he made 
 his wicked l)oast that he had so desolated the \'alley that "a 
 crow flying over would have to carry his own rations") very 
 materially withered the laurels he won in the campaign. But 
 we turn now to other events of the year 1864. 
 
 78. Banks's Red River Campaign — One of the utter 
 failures of the war was a naval and land expedition under 
 Gen. N. P. Banks, undertaken in the spring of 1864. One 
 important truth was learned l)y the Federal and Confederate 
 authorities, at heavy cost to each, viz: pc:»litical generals are 
 the worst sort of hindrance to military operations. They 
 usually l)ring disaster to whichever side employs them. War 
 is a science, in which, as a rule, natural aptitude must be sup- 
 plemented by special training. Exceptional instances oc- 
 cur, but many a reverse was due to the incompetency of 
 leaders placed over their superiors in courage and skill. 
 
 General B.anks essayed to conquer Texas and Louisiana, 
 but his chief object was the inmiense lot of cotton belonging 
 to the (\^nfederates in that region. Ascending the Red 
 river, he captured Fort de Russy, March 14, and then ad- 
 vanced upon Shreveport. He had an army of 30,000 men. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE V}\UTED STATES. 32!) 
 
 At Sal)ine C'ross Koads the battle of San Jacinto was repeated 
 almost in detail. Like Santa Anna, lUmks had his troops 
 strung along- for a distance of many miles, without a thought 
 of danger, when (leneral Richard Taylor, son of Ex-Presi- 
 dent Taylor, attacked, with relentless impetuosity, just as 
 Houston did a quarter of a century before. The demorali- 
 zation and rout of the Federals were as complete as those of 
 the Mexicans in 1836. They were sent flying pell-mell. 
 April 8, but were finally rallied at Pleasant Hill, where they 
 were again routed on the following day by Taylor, who 
 drove them out of the State. Banks made his way back to 
 New Orleans, and was relieved of his conunand. 
 
 Admiral Porter, in command of the gunboats on the Red 
 river, narrowly esca])ed a fate as disastrous as that of Banks. 
 Learning of the retreat of the land forces. Porter attempted 
 to descend the river with his fleet, but the water fell so rapidly 
 that this became impossible. To prevent the boats falling 
 into the hands of the Confederates, he prepared to blow 
 them up. In this crisis. Colonel Joseph Bailey, of Wiscon- 
 sin, directed the construction of a series of wing dams, which 
 raised the river sufficiently to float the boats beyond danger. 
 This was the only creditable incident in what was. after all, 
 no more than a gigantic cotton speculation, which would 
 have enriched a few men, but for the vigorous interference 
 of General Taylor. 
 
 79. Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay — Although the 
 blockade was maintained with great stringency, the vast ex- 
 tent of sea coast prevented its being effective at all ]')oints. 
 From Wilmington, Mobile and other places the daring 
 blockade-runners darted in and out during the darkness, and 
 carried on a lucrative trade. At Mobile, there was good 
 reason to believe the Confederates would succeed in raising 
 tlie blockade with the aid of the ironclads they had well un- 
 der way. Accordingly. Admiral Farragut, August 5, en- 
 
;'.:!(i sc /{()() f, jiisTojiY or Tin-: rxiTi:n states. 
 
 tered the l)ay with his fleet. He stationed himself in the rig- 
 ging of the Hartford, fought his way past the forts, and en- 
 gaged the ironclads in a furious battle. The formidable ram 
 Tennessee was captured and the other vessels taken or driven 
 up stream. The forts were reduced, but the city of Mobile 
 was not captured until the following year. The Federal 
 troops entered the city April 12, unaware that General Lee 
 had surrendered three days before. 
 
 80.J Destruction of the Alabama — The few Confederate 
 privateeers succeeded in driving Federal commerce from 
 the ocean. These daring cruisers penetrated the remote 
 seas, some of them playing havoc with the whaling fleets in 
 the icy regions of the far North. The most famous com- 
 mander was Captain Raphael Semmes, who began his work 
 of destruction in 1861. in command of the Sumter. He was 
 blockaded in the port of Gibraltar, when he sold his vessel, 
 made his way to England and secured the more famous 
 Alabama. 
 
 In charge of this noted cruiser. Captain Semmes destroyed 
 millions of dollars' worth of Northern shipping and eluded 
 every efifort to capture him. When he had taken more than 
 threescore merchant ships, lie entered the harbor of Cher- 
 bourg, France. The Federal Kearsarge (kcer'sarj) appear- 
 ing, Semmes challenged her commander, Captain Winslow, 
 to fight him. The challenge was accepted, and the naval 
 battle took place Sunday. June 19. Thousands of people 
 gathered on the shore to witness the conflict. 
 
 The two vessels steamed around a common centre, firing 
 at each other from a distance of a quarter or half a mile. 
 Captain Winslow bad suspended heavy chains over the sides 
 of the Kearsarge, and concealed them with planks. These 
 virtually made the vessel an ironclad, impervious to the can- 
 non shot of the Alabama. Seven times the antagonists cir- 
 cled about each other, firing continuouslv, and had begun 
 
(ion. Ct. Mcado. AlaJ.-Ccn. Oeo. H. Thomas. (Jen. B. McClcllaii. 
 
 Major-Genoral Bucll. Major-General Btirnsido. 
 
332 fiCTJOOJ, HTSTORY OF THE I'XITED STATE^^. 
 
 the eighth circuit when Captain Semnies, seeing that the 
 Alabama was sinking, headed for French waters. Captain 
 Winslow followed, and Semnies ran ap a signal (jf distress. 
 Just before his vessel went down, Semmes iiung his sword 
 overboard and leaped into the ocean with his. officers and 
 men. He and a number were picked up by an English 
 yacht cruising near, and the rest were rescued by the boats 
 of tlie Kcarsaro^c.''' 
 
 81. Fate of the Other Privateers. — The Confederacy 
 had other privateers roving the high seas. The Georgia was 
 ca])tured off the coast of Portugal when she had no arma- 
 ment on board. She was taken as a lawful prize and sent to 
 the United States for abjudication. The Florida was at- 
 tacked, contrary to the law of nations, October 7, 1864, 
 while lying in the neutral port of Bahia, Brazil. She was 
 sent to Hampton Roads the following month, and, while ly- 
 ing there until the question of the legality of her capture 
 could be decided, was run into bv a steam transport and 
 sunk. Some people believed this was not an accident. 
 
 The ironclad Albemarle was the special dread of the block- 
 ading f^eet off the mouth of the Roanoke. No more for- 
 midable vessel was ever in the service of the Confederacy. 
 She defeated the Federal fleet in two fierce engagements, 
 and prevented any attack on Plymouth, N. C, which the 
 Confederates captured in April, 1864. There was fear, in- 
 deed, that the Albemarle would interfere with Grant's cam- 
 ])aign against Richmond. 
 
 On the night of October 27, Lieutenant Cushing, with a 
 crew of thirteen men, stealthily ascended the river in a small 
 steam launch, provided with a spar-torpedo, that is, a torpedo 
 fastened to the end of a pole or spar-like piece of wood. The 
 Albemarle was about eight miles up the Roanoke. Tlie ap- 
 
 *The Kearsarge foundered on the nisbt of February 2, 180-1, off Koncarter Reef, 
 while on a V()ya<;;o Item Port-au-Prince, Hayti, to Blueflelds, Nicaragua. Offlcera 
 and crew were saved. 
 
SCHOOL Hr STORY OF THE US IT ED STATES. 33;? 
 
 l)roacli of Cushing was not discovered until he was within 
 fifty feet of the ironclad. Then he put on all steam, dashed 
 against the side of the Albemarle and exploded his torpedo 
 under her sheathing. The shock sank Cushing's small boat 
 and destroyed the Albemarle, which filled and went to the 
 bottom of the river. Strange to say, Lieutenant Cushing, 
 although repeatedly fired upon, made his escape, most of 
 his companions being taken prisoners. 
 
 82. The Shenandoah — The career of the Sheiiamloah 
 was the most romantic of all. She was originally the Sea 
 King, which sailed out of the Thames in October, 1864. 
 Captain James I. Waddell, when his crew and an armament 
 were placed on board, changed her name to the Sheua)idoali. 
 One of her lieutenants was a nephew of General Robert E. 
 Lee and the son of Admiral Lee, commander of the Phila- 
 delphia Navy Yard at the opening of the war. He had seen 
 service on the Georgia and Florida. The chief-engineer and 
 paymaster were from the Alabama, and every commissioned 
 officer was a graduate of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. 
 
 The Shenandoah was capable of going eighteen knots an 
 liour, and made her first capture on the 29th of October. 
 Slie then headed for the South Seas, and averaged a prize 
 almost every other day. She had several narrow escapes 
 from the Federal cruisers hunting for her, and in January 
 was in Australia. In June, 1865, she played havoc among 
 the American whalers in Behring Sea. On the 5th of July 
 slie performed probably the most remarkable exploit of the 
 kind ever known. She bonded two whaling vessels and 
 sank nine. 
 
 It will be noted that this was months after the surrender 
 of the Southern Confederacy, of which disaster Captain 
 Waddell knew nothing. By the laws of nations, he was an 
 outlaw and liable to be hanged. On the 2d of August he 
 learned from an English ship that the war had ended nearly 
 
?,:U XCIIOOL IIIKTOlfY OF THE [XfT/JI) STATE f^. 
 
 four months Ijeforc, and the tiag under which he sailed rep- 
 resented a nation that had no existence. He at once crowded 
 all steam for England, where he arrived just six months, 
 lacking fcjur da}s, after the close of the war. The Sliciuui- 
 doah was turned over to the United States consul at Liver- 
 jjool, and was finally sold to the Sultan of Zanzibar, who 
 used her as a pleasure craft. Some }^ears after she foundered 
 with all on board. 
 
 83. Admission of Nevada. — Nevada became a member 
 of the American L'nion, October 31, 1864. 
 
 84. Presidential Election of 1864. — The Democratic 
 nominees for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency of the 
 United States, in November, 1864, were General George B. 
 McClellan, of New Jersey, and George H. Pendleton, of 
 ( )hio. Although their platform was that of peace, they car- 
 ried only three States — Delaware, Kentucky and ( )hio. 
 Abraham Lincoln was, therefore, re-elected, with Andrew 
 Johnson, of Tennessee, \^ice-President. 
 
 85. Several Other Battles. — At Olustee, or Ocean 
 Pond, I'^ebruary 20, 1864, (ienerals h'innegau and A. li. Col- 
 c|uitt defeated with severe loss the Federal General Seymour 
 and drove back his invasion of Florida. General Natlian 
 Uech'ord b^jrrest, who has been called "'TJic \l'i:::ard of the 
 Saddler "The Stoiicicall Jiickson of flic ff'tw/," was active 
 during tlie year, and achieved some very handsome suc- 
 cesses; on b\'bruary 22 he routed the cavalry under W. S. 
 Smith which was to su])port Sherman's march of devasta- 
 tion across Mississippi, and compelled him to turn back from 
 Meridian. He captured Fort Pillow on the 12^11 of A]:)ril 
 by assault, and, among the negro troops who held it, crying 
 out "No (juarter to the Rebels," the slaughter was fearful; 
 but Forrest stopped his men in their blood\' work as s(jon as 
 he could, and the charges of brutality made against him by 
 
SCHOOL iiisTOh'Y or tin: r\fri:n states. :v.]7> 
 
 Xorllicni writers have l)een refuted by uninipeaehable testi- 
 iiiuny. 
 
 ( )n the loth of June, iMjrrest attaeked (ieneral Sturgis at 
 Tishaniingo Creek, near (iuntown, and so eoiiipletely routed 
 him that Sturgis lost, out of liis foree of 12,000, 5000 in killed, 
 wounded and prisoners, all of his artillery, numbering 
 twenty pieees, and all of his wagon trains. 
 
 (ieneral 1 loke made a gallant and suceessful nu)ve ag;ainst 
 Plymouth, X. C, and, on the JOth of April, with the aid of 
 the ironelad .Ubcmarh', ea])tured the town with its garrison, 
 artillery and valuable stores. Newbern also fell into his 
 hands. 
 
 l-"ort l'"isher, Xorth Carolina, was attacked on the 24th and 
 25th of December 1)\- a large land force under Cen. W. V . 
 lUitler and sevent}- vessels under Conunodore Porter. The 
 explosion of (ieneral lUitler's "1 'owder-l'ioat" against the 
 fort was a costly e.\|)eriment. wliich did the Confederates no 
 harm and brought great ridicule on its ])rojector. The fort 
 was heroicalb- and skillfull}- defended, and the attack very 
 handsomel}- repulsed. 
 
 86. Results of 1864 — l)esi)ite the innnense disparity in 
 numbers and resources, there can be no doubt that the battles 
 of 1864 were very decidedl\- in favor of the Confederates. 
 Dr. R. R. riowison, whose careful and generally accurate 
 1 listory of the Cnited States we have freely consulted, gives 
 this sunmiar\- of the im])ortant battles of 1864: "Idiey were 
 sixt\-fivc in number, of which the I'"ederals gained twenty- 
 one, the Confederates fort\'-three, and one was indecisive." 
 
 P)Ut the resources of the Confederacy were greatly weak- 
 ening. The blockade was more rigid than ever, large ])or- 
 tions of their best territory had been overrun and desolated, 
 the railroads had been cut or destroyed so as to hinder the 
 collecting of supplies, and those which remained intact were 
 broken down and so badly needed rails and new e(iuij)nu'nts 
 
336 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 of every kind that they were very inefficient and unrehable 
 for transporting snpplies or troops, the armies were reduced 
 in numbers and on starvation rations, and there was no hope 
 of improvement, while they needed shoes, clothing, medi- 
 cines, arms, anmumition, indeed, everything that goes to 
 make an army efficient. 
 
 On the other hand, the Federal Government, with tlic 
 world for their recruiting ground and their storehouse, were 
 able to keep in the field larger and better equipped armies 
 than ever before. 
 
 Questions — 6i. What is said of General Grant? 
 
 62. What had been done by the Federals, and what remained to be 
 done? 
 
 63. Give an account of General Sherman's campaign in the South. 
 What of General Johnston and his removal? 
 
 64. Give an account of the capture of Atlanta. 
 
 65. Sum up the result of this Federal success. 
 
 66. What movement was now made by Hood? Describe the bril- 
 liant campaign of General Thomas. 
 
 67. Give an account of Sherman's march to tlie soa. What Christ- 
 mas gift did he make to President Lincoln? What of Sherman's 
 march as a military movement? What of his vandalism? 
 
 68. The Kilpatrick-Dahlgren Raid. 
 
 69. Give an account of Grant's campaign against Richmond. 
 What were the relative numbers of Grant and Lee? 
 
 70. What of the battle of the "Wilderness?" 
 
 71. Spottsylvania Court House. 
 
 72. Sheridan's Raid and death of Stuart. 
 
 73. Cold Harbor. 
 
 74. Other operations of the campaign. Those of Siegel. Of But- 
 ler. Piedmont. Trevillian's. Lynchburg. 
 
 75. The results of the campaign. 
 
 76. The siege of Petersburg. 
 
 77. Early's Valley campaign. Winchester. Cedar Creek. Re- 
 sults. 
 
 /H. Give the history of Banks's Red River expedition. Tell how 
 Admiral Porter saved his fleet of gunboats. 
 79. Describe Admiral Farragut's fight in Mobile Bay. 
 
tiCHOOL llfSTO/n- OF THE VXITED ."iTATES. 337 
 
 80. Give a brief history of the Alabama. 
 
 81. Of the Georgia and Florida. Of the destruction of the 
 Albemarle. 
 
 82. Tell the story of the Shenandoah. 
 
 83. What State was admitted in 1864? 
 
 84. What of the Presidential election of 1864? 
 
 85. Several other battles of 1864. Olustee. Exploits of Forrest. 
 Plymouth and Newbern. Fort Fisher. 
 
 86. Results of the battles of 1864. Relative resources. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 THE LAST YEAR OF THE WAR. 1865. 
 
 87. The End Near. — It is easy to see now that the end 
 was very near when the year 1865 opened, and that the more 
 than a niihion men the Federal Government had actually in 
 the field, backed by their almost unlimited resources, would 
 soon be able to overcome the bare 100,000 which the Cou- 
 fetleracy had under arms, and with no prospect of recruiting 
 her armies or of supplying those she had. 
 
 And yet the steadfast courage and hope shown by Presi- 
 dent Davis, (ieneral Lee and others of the leaders, the rag- 
 ged, starving men in gray, most of the people, and especially 
 the noble women of the Confederacy, form a bright chapter 
 in history worth v of studv and deserving grateful remem- 
 brance. Each side awaited with bated breath tlie opening 
 of the campaign. 
 
 88. Capture of Fort Fisher. — Commodore Porter, who 
 was very much dissatisfied with the result of his cami)aign in 
 connection w^ith General P)Utler, insisted upon another expe- 
 dition against Fort Fislier. General Terry was sent to coiu- 
 mand the land forces, and on the 15th of January the fort, 
 after a gallant resistance, was surrendered to the combined 
 forces. 
 
338 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 89. Peace Negotiations. — Both sides had long been 
 weary of the war and were anxious for peace, yet the Con- 
 federate authorities felt that they had made every proper 
 overture without success, and that the next one must come 
 from Washington. Through the influence of Mr. Frank 
 Blair, Mr. Lincoln wrote a letter indicating that he was 
 ready to confer on the subject, and arrangements were made 
 for a conference on board a vessel in Hampton Roads be- 
 tween \'ice-President A. H. Stephens, Judge J. A. Campbell 
 and Hon. R. M. T. Hunter, on the part of the Confederates, 
 and President Lincoln and Secretary W. H. Seward, on the 
 part of the Federals. There was hope that something might 
 be accomplished; the Federal soldiers cheered the Confed- 
 erate commissioners as they went through their lines; but 
 Lincoln and Seward had no terms to offer save "uncondi- 
 tional surrender," and nothing was accomplished by the con- 
 ference. 
 
 On the return of the Confederate commissioners to Rich- 
 mond, immense mass-meetings were held, and President 
 Davis, Secretary Benjamin and others made speeches of 
 rare eloquence and popular power which excited a high pitch 
 of enthusiasm ; but this could not recruit the armies or recup- 
 erate the resources of the Confederacy. 
 
 90. Sherman's Northward March Resting a month 
 
 at Savannah, Sherman began his march northward, leaving 
 desolation along his track. Columbia was captured Febru- 
 ary 17, and nearly the whole city burned to the ground by 
 the Federal soldiers with the connivance of their of^cers. 
 Charleston was threatened in the rear and evacuated the 
 next day. Fort Sumter, which had defied every attack from 
 the sea and had heroically repulsed every effort to take it, 
 now saw the Stars and Bars lowered and the Stars and 
 Stripes run up and floating over its glorious ruins. General 
 Johnston, having been recalled to the command of the Con- 
 
SCHOOL HISrORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 339 
 
 federate troops in North Carolina, offered what resistance 
 he could to the advance of the Federal army. Severe en- 
 gagements were fought, and Confederate victories won at 
 Averysboro and Bentonville, but Johnston was too weak to 
 stay the progress of the 66,000 Federals. At Goldsboro, the 
 army of Scofield from Wilmington and Terry from Newbern 
 joined Sherman, swelling his force to over 100,000. At this 
 juncture, Sherman went to City Point to meet Grant and ar- 
 range with him the plan of the final campaign. 
 
 91. Opening of the Campaign in Virginia — Sheridan 
 opened the campaign in Virginia by moving up the Valley 
 with his splendid body of 10,000 cavalry, and on March 2 
 attacked and scattered Early's small force of about 1200 at 
 Waynesboro, crossed the mountains, destroyed the railways 
 at Charlottesville and toward Lynchburg, which place he 
 was prevented from capturing by high water, broke up the 
 James river canal and joined Grant at Petersburg. 
 
 General Stoneman in Southwest X'irginia cut the railroad 
 at Wytheville and Christiansburg, rendered unserviceable 
 the lead mines from which the Confederates obtained all their 
 lead, and destroyed the salt works on the Holston, upon 
 which the region east of the Mississippi depended for salt. 
 
 92. Operations Around Petersburg — The winter along 
 the Richmond and Petersburg lines had been one of fearful 
 hardship and sufifering to the half-clad, half-fed soldiers o^ 
 Lee. But they kept stout hearts ; they had built at great sac- 
 rifice (frequently carrying the timbers for miles on their 
 shoulders) sixty chapels located at convenient points on the 
 lines: they had prayer-meetings in their bombproofs, the 
 chaplains and missionaries always found eager listeners, 
 thousands of soldiers professed conversion, and songs of 
 praise often drowned the whistling of the minnie or the burst- 
 ing of the shell. 
 
 Grant had at the opening of the campaign 162,234 men, 
 
Fort Sumter at Close of War. 
 
 Riclimoiid, Va., in 1865. 
 
scnoo/. iii.sToh'Y or riii: i \iti:i) statks. 341 
 
 while on ;\larcli 31 Lee Iiad, to i^uanl thirty-live miles of 
 breastworks and meet any move of the enemy, only 33,000 
 men ; in other words, Grant could hold his lines, which had 
 been made very strong- by engineering skill and ample ma- 
 terial, with a force twice as large as Lee's whole army, and 
 then send a force of 100,000 men to move around his flanks 
 and operate in his rear. And to make matters worse for 
 the Confederates, Sherman was moving up with 100,000 
 men, while Johnston had only 18,000 to oppose him. This 
 was tlie situation as shown by the official figures. 
 
 \'et with a boldness that seemed almost rash, Lee deter- 
 mined to make an effort to cut ( irant's lines south of the 
 Ap])oniatto.\, and accordingl\-, at 4.30 on the morning of 
 March 25, a storming party, under the chivalric Gordon, 
 broke through the trench guards and captured Fort Sted- 
 man and two adjacent batteries. Rut their supports failed, 
 there was concentrated upon the victors an overwhelming 
 force and a terrific fire, and after displaying conspicuous 
 gallantry, they were forced to retire, losing 1949 prisoners 
 and 1000 killed and wounded. Init inflicting heavy loss on the 
 enemy and bringing back 560 prisoners, among them Briga- 
 dier-General McLaughlin. 
 
 General Lee had iluring the winter carefully considered 
 the (|uestion of evacuating Richmond and Petersburg and. 
 by a rapid movement on Danville, uniting with Johnston to 
 strike Sherman before (irant could come up. This 'plan 
 had been decided on. and w(iuld have l)een ]:)ut into execu- 
 tion but that tlie condition of the roads and the weak condi- 
 tion of the horses of the artillery and transportation hindered 
 it, until Grant forestalled it by his movements. 
 
 On March 28. (irant sent Sheridan in conunand of his cav- 
 alry, now numl)ering 15,000, and the two infantry coips of 
 Warren and I [umphreys. to turn Lee's right, cut his rail- 
 ways and prevent his moving on Danville. Lee sent what 
 
342 SCHOOL HTSITORT OF THE IMTEI) f^TATEfi. 
 
 iniantry and cavalry he could to meet this move, and, on the 
 evening of the 31st, Pickett and Fitz Lee attacked and drove 
 Siitridan's cavalry corps back to Dinwiddie Court House, 
 but fell back to Five Forks on the morning of April i. Here 
 that evening Sheridan, with his cavalry and iniantry, at- 
 tacked and routed Pickett, who was badly j^osted and with 
 scarcely any cover, the Confederate loss being between jooo 
 and 4000 men, thirteen colors and six guns. 
 
 Lee was obliged to weaken his lines, imtil he had scarcely 
 a good skirmish line to guard thirty-five miles along his 
 front, and at 4 A. M. the next day (April 2), Grant attacked 
 along his whole line from the Appomattox ro Hatcher's Run, 
 and broke the Confederate lines at several p(/ints. As Gen- 
 eral Lee expressed it, "I had to stretch nrv lines until they 
 broke." 
 
 93. Evacuation of Richmond and Petersburg. — An 
 inner line was held all day against repeated efforts to break 
 it, but Lee saw that evacuation was novx^ necessar}', and that 
 morning sent the famous telegram to Mr. Davis, vvhich was 
 delivered while he was quietly worshiping m St. Paul's 
 Church, Richmond, of which he was a member, and was 
 received and treated with the calm dignity and indomitable 
 courage which so characterized the Confederate President. 
 
 Preparations were made for evacuating the wiicle line 
 that night, the President and his oi^cials took a train of cars 
 foi- Danville, bearing themselves as proudly in defeat as they 
 had done in victory, and that night the silent columns of 
 gray moved out on roads leading towards Danville. 
 
 Richmond was fired from the burning tobacco ware- 
 houses which certain Confederates subordinates had set on 
 fire from a misapprehension of orders, and the heart of the 
 business portion of the city was destroyed. Thus the herrjic 
 cit} which, for nearly four years, had resisted all the mighty 
 combinations against her, was literally "in sackcloth and 
 
.^f'lfOOL rirsroRY of the VMTED fiT.\TEi<. 343 
 
 ashes" when, on tlie fateful morning of April 3, [863, her 
 l)rave defenders all gone, she opened her gaies and (jeneral 
 Welzel marched his command into the city. 
 
 Only two incidents connected with the fall of Richmond 
 an J Petersburg, among the many of interest, can be iiere 
 given. Lieutenant-General A. P. Hill, one of the most gal- 
 lant and skillful soldiers of the army with which iie had ijeen 
 identified from the beginning, on hearing that his lines had 
 been broken, was attempting to reach the part of !iis corps 
 that had Ijeen cut off. when he was shot and instantly killed 
 i,<y a vidette of the enemy whom he attempted to capture. 
 Able, accomplished, brave and patriotic, he had been c-ne of 
 the most conspicuous figures in the Army of Northern V'^ir- 
 ginia, and had rendered the Confederacy most devoted and 
 '/aluable services. In the campaign of 1864 his cirps had 
 killed, wounded and cai)tured doul)le as many men as it 
 numbered, and had taken in battle a number of guns, flags, 
 etc., without ever having its battle line broken or losiig a 
 gun or a flag. And now its superb leader fell in the liour of 
 disaster, when his lines had been for the first time broken, 
 tlie grand old army he had contributed sr. much to make 
 al)out to go to pieces, and the cause he loved so well about 
 to fail. 
 
 The other incident was the heroic defense of Fort Gregg, 
 an enclosed v^^ork on the right of Lee's lines into which de- 
 tachments of the Twelfth and Sixteenth Mississippi, of Har- 
 ris's Mississippi brigade, some artillerymen of Hill's corps 
 and a few others of different commands had retreated and 
 which they defended with an obstinate courage and self-sac- 
 rificing devotion worthy to be written alongside the most 
 heroic achievements of history, and forming a fitting close 
 to the grand defense of Petersburg. 
 
 94. The Retreat and Surrender, — General Lee's plan 
 now was to concentrate his armv at Amelia Court House, 
 
344 SiniOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 
 
 where he had ordered rations to be coUected, and then using 
 the Richmond & DanviUe Railroad to transfer his army, to 
 hurry South to unite with Johnston and strike Sherman. 
 But when he reached AmeHa Court House he found that his 
 orders had not been carried out and that no rations had been 
 collected. The day's delay in trying to collect rations from 
 the surrounding country proved fatal, as it enabled Grant 
 to cut the railroad south of him, and then began that run- 
 ning fight between overwhelming odds of the enemy and 
 Lee's ragged, weary, starving remnant of his glorious old 
 army, which figlit terminated at Appomattox. 
 
 A great disaster befell the Confederates at Sailor's Creek, 
 where they were' attacked by overwhelming numbers in 
 front, flank and rear, and lost nearly 6000 men — among the 
 prisoners being Generals Ewell, Custis Lee, Kershaw, Corse, 
 Hunton and Dubose — and they lost heavily at other points. 
 
 But, in turn, they inflicted heavy loss on the enemy, cap- 
 turing more prisoners than they knew what to do with in the 
 many afTairs along the lines of their retreat, paroling a num- 
 ber and having with them over 1000 when they reached Ap- 
 pomattox Court HouFP, 
 
 On the 7th of April, Grant wrote Lee, suggesting his sur- 
 render, and the famous correspondence between them en- 
 sued, and on the same '^^fe his corps commanders suggested 
 to Lee that the time for negotiations had come. Li a con- 
 ference with these (Longstreet and Gordon, commanding 
 the infantry; Fitz Lee. chief of cavalrv, and Pendleton, chief 
 of artillery) on the night of the 8th, it was agreed that early the 
 next morning Gordon and Fitz Lee should advance towards 
 Appomattox Station ?'--' r■,^f their way through if nothing 
 but cavalry barred the road, and that Longstreet should fol- 
 low; but that if Grant's infantrv was up in full force they 
 should call a halt and notifv General Lee, who would raise a 
 
SCHOOL II I STORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 345 
 
 flag of truce and seek (.ieneral Grant, with a view to sur- 
 render. 
 
 Accordingly, the next morning Gordon and Fitz Lee ad- 
 vanced, drove Sheridan very handsomely, and captured two 
 pieces of artillery and a number of prisoners. But their vic- 
 torious advance was finally checked by General Urd and two 
 corps of Federal infantry, numbering over 40,000 men. In 
 a word. General Lee, with a force which had dwindled down 
 to barely 7800, with arms in their hands, was surrounded by 
 about 80.000 Federals, and surrender was inevitable. When 
 the message of the chivalric ( iordon came, "Tell General Lee 
 1 have fought mv old corps to a frazzle, and can do nothing 
 more unless heavily supported by Longstreet," Lee said, 
 "Then there is nothing left me but to go to General Grant, 
 and I had rather die a thousand deaths than to do it." 
 
 Manv wikl propositions were made by gallant officers 
 who gathered around, and one said, "Oli. General, what will 
 historv say of us if we surrender the army in the field?" "I 
 know they will say hard things of us. Colonel," w^as the calm 
 reply; "They will not know the odds against which we fought 
 or the circumstances which surrounded us. But that is not 
 the question. Colonel : the only question is — Is if right to surren- 
 der this army:' and if it is right I icill fake all the rcsponsibdity." 
 He had said that l)ef()re he would accept "unconditional sur- 
 render" as the terms, "he would put himself at the head of 
 the remnant of his brave men, and they would all die /;/ their 
 tracks." 
 
 But Grant's terms were generous, and his whole bearing 
 on the occasion chivalric. The two chiefs met at Appomat- 
 tox Court House, in the parlor of Mr. McLean, whose house 
 on Bull Run Beauregard had for his headquarters during 
 the fight on the i8th of July, 1861. and the occasion was 
 marked by calm dignitv and manly bearing on both sides. 
 When once asked if General Grant and himself did not "meet 
 
340 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 under an apple tree/' General Lee replied, "We met in Mr. 
 McLean's parlor. If there was an apple tree there I did not 
 see it." When asked if General Grant did not "return his 
 sword," Lee replied, "No! he had no opportunity of doing 
 so. By the terms of the surrender the sidearms of officers 
 were exempt, and I did not, of course, z'iolatc those terms bv 
 Iciuicriiig my sicord to General Grant. All that was said 
 about swords was that General Grant apologized to me for 
 not wearing his own sword, saying that it was in his baggage 
 and he could not get it in time." 
 
 When Lee returned to his headquarters from his meeting 
 with Grant, officers and men crowded around him to take 
 his hand, and bronzed veterans of an hundred glorious vic- 
 tories wept like children that the cause they loved, and for 
 which they would gladly have laid down their lives, had 
 failed. Lee issued to his army the following farewell: 
 "Head(|uartcrs, Army of Northern Virginia, 
 
 "April lo, '65. 
 
 "After four years of arduous service, marked by unsur- 
 passed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Vir- 
 ginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers 
 and resources. I neetl not tell the survivors of so many 
 hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, 
 that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them ; 
 but feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish noth- 
 ing that could compensate for the loss that would have at- 
 tended the continuation of the contest, I have determined to 
 avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have 
 endeared them to their countrvmen. By the terms of the 
 agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and 
 remain there until exchanged. You will take with you the 
 satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty 
 faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful 
 God will extend to you His blessing and protection. With 
 
SCHOOL HlfiTORY OF THE PXTTED STATES^. 347 
 
 an increasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to 
 your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and 
 generous consideration of myself, I bid you an affectionate 
 farewell. 
 
 "R. E. LEE, General." 
 
 There was, of course, general rejoicing among the victors, 
 but there was no firing of salutes, no cheering, no manifesta- 
 tions that could wound the feelings of the conquered. To the 
 credit of the "men in blue" be it said that they respected tlie 
 men with whom they had fouglit so long, and treated tliem 
 with the highest consideration. And thus the Armv of 
 the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia marched 
 into history. 
 
 95. Assassination of President Lincoln. — While the 
 North was ringing with shouts of gladness, tlie whole coun- 
 try was shocked by news of the assassination of President 
 Lincoln. While the President was seated with his family 
 and friends in a box in Ford's Theatre, in Washington. April 
 14, John Wilkes Booth, an actor, whose egotism approached 
 insanity, stealthily entered and fired a ]iistol ball into the 
 head of the President. Then, leaping from the box to the 
 stage, he dashed out, sprang upon a horse in waiting, and 
 rode at full speed out of the city. He was pursued and run 
 down in \'irginia, April 26, and shot while resisting arrest. 
 
 President Lincoln was carried to a private house across 
 the street, where he lingered until the next morning, when 
 he died. His funeral took place on the 19th, and he was 
 widely and deeply lamented. The South felt that his death 
 was a calamity to her, as she decidedly preferred him to his 
 successor. 
 
 96. Surrender of Johnston and the Remaining Con= 
 federate Forces — General Johnston surrendered to Gen- 
 eral Sherman, April 26, upon the same terms given by Grant 
 to Lee. General Taylor and the remaining Confederate ar- 
 
Gen. Robert. E. Lee. 
 
sriioor. II f STORY OF riii: jmted stated. 349 
 
 inics east of the Mississippi suhniilted on the 4th of May. E. 
 Kirbv Smith, of the Trans- .Mississippi Department, did the 
 same in Texas on the 26th of May. Thus ended all armed 
 resistance to the I'nion. 
 
 97. General Robert Edward Lee. It is not usual to 
 honor tlie leader of a cause that fails, and yet the calm, ([uiet, 
 di.^nihed soldier, who led his army to hnal defeat and sur- 
 render, who rode away from Appomattox "a prisoner of war 
 on parole," who was cheered by Federal soldiers as he rode 
 into Richmond, who was the idol of his army and his people, 
 and "has ridden into liistory the tallest, whitest chieftain of 
 them all," deserves to be held up to the youth of our country 
 as patriot, soldier, citizen. Christian g-entleman, whose beau- 
 tifully rounded character and noble life are well worthy of 
 careful study and imitation. 
 
 Descended from a long line of illustrious ancestors, the 
 son of Henrv Lee, "Light Horse Harry." of the Revolution. 
 ROBERT EDWARD LEE was born in Westmoreland 
 county. \'irginia — tlic birthplace of Washington, President 
 Monroe and other illustrious Americans — on the 19th of 
 lanuary, 1807. As a boy he was remarkably handsome, 
 grave and thoughtful, of a naturally religious l)ent of mind, 
 conscientious in word, thought and deed, and of tine physical 
 development. He entered the West Point ^lilitary x^cad- 
 emy, where he took rank at once as one of the ablest of all the 
 cadets. 1 lis scholarship was sliown in tlie fact that in a class 
 noted for the l)rilliancy of its members he graduated second. 
 What is tenfold more remarkable, he passed through the 
 whole four vears' course without a single demerit — some- 
 thing almost unheard of and well-nigli impossible. 
 
 Lieutenant Lee's high rank at graduation ])lace(l him m 
 tlie engineer cor])s, where he easily passed all com])etitors. 
 It mav be said that he won laurels from the very hour tlie 
 opportunity opened to him. His career in the war with 
 
350 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Mexico was unsurpassed, if indeed it was equaled, by that of 
 any other of^cer. When he was only a captain the Cuban 
 Junto ofifered to make him the leader of their revolutionary 
 movement for the independence of Cuba, a position which, 
 as an American offtcer, he felt it his duty to decline. General 
 Scott, under whom he served, said, 'He is the best soldier I 
 ever saw in the field. The greatest military genius in Am- 
 erica." He added, that if the opportunity offered "Lee 
 would show himself the foremost captain of his time." 
 
 He was ofifered by Mr. Lincoln the supreme command of 
 the armies he proposed to send against the seceded States, 
 and he was urged by General Scott to accept the offer, and 
 "not throw away the great opportunity of his life;" but he 
 calmly replied, that while he recognized no occasion for the 
 state of things that existed — while he did not hesitate to say, 
 "If the four millions of slaves in the South were mine I would 
 free them with a stroke of the pen to avert this war" — yet 
 that he could not take up arms against his State, his home, 
 his children, and he, therefore, declined the brilliant offer. 
 
 It cost General Lee hours of agony when he was com- 
 pelled to decide upon his course. He loved the Union, but 
 he believed implicitly in the sovereign rights of the States. 
 He walked the floor and prayed a long time for divine guid- 
 ance. When Virginia seceded, he cast his lot with her, and 
 history has told with what magnificent valor and matchless 
 ability he conducted the tremendous struggle through four 
 years of war and conflict such as had never been known on 
 this continent. We may quote an incident from Senator J. 
 W. Daniel: "As General Lee rode from Appomattox toward 
 Richmond, he carried with him the heart of every man that 
 had fought under him, linked to him with hooks of steel for- 
 ever. When he reached the fallen capital of the dead Con- 
 federacy, and rode through its ashes and paling fires to his 
 home, a body of Federal soldiers there, catching a glimpse 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE iXITED STATES. 351 
 
 of the noble countenance, lifted their hats and cheered, and, 
 as the great actor in the bloody drama stepped behind the 
 scenes, and the curtain fell upon the tragic stage of the se- 
 cession war, the last sounds that greeted his ear were the 
 generous salutations of respect from those against whom he 
 had wielded his knightly sword." 
 
 The splendor of General Lee's character shone out as con- 
 spicuously in defeat as in victory. Bitterness was never a 
 part of his nature, and his serene cheerfulness, his calm dig- 
 nity and his majestic nobility were like a benison to those 
 who clustered around their beloved chieftain to bid him 
 good-bye, and who would gladly have laid down their lives 
 for him whom they liad followed through the flame of battle, 
 to glory and to triumph so often, that they had come to be- 
 lieve themselves invincible under the resistless leadership of 
 his mighty genius. 
 
 Defeat had come at last, and he bowed unmurmuringly to 
 the will of God. His thoughts were now for his suffering 
 countrymen. The cruel heel of war had ground to powder 
 tlie wealth, the prosperity and the happiness of his beloved 
 South, and the fair plains of the sunny clime had become 
 the land of desolation. The arbitrament of the sword had 
 decided against the Confederates, and he advised ail, with 
 the deep earnestness of his nature, to devote their energies 
 to repairing the waste places, to give over all thoughts of 
 further resistance, to beat their swords into plowshares, to 
 sul)mit cheerfully to the laws of the United States, and to do 
 their utmost to promote the growth of friendly relations be- 
 tween the North and the South. 
 
 His example was of incalculable benefit. He not only de- 
 clined to take any part in politics or in public affairs, but 
 courteously refused tempting offers from abroad, which 
 would have brought him wealth, honor and ease, and turned 
 
352 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 away from more than one lucrative position that wealthy 
 capitalists of the North begged him to accept. 
 
 Like most Southerners, he suffered great pecuniary loss 
 from the war. His exalted position as supreme leader of 
 the Confederate armies gave him unnumbered opportunities 
 for amassing wealth, but not a penny clung to his lingers. 
 He was so impoverished, indeed, that he was compelled to 
 seek some means of securing bread for himself and family. 
 Scant as were the means in his section, lucrative business 
 offers poured in upon him. In August, 1865, he was offered 
 the presidency of Washington College, in the town of Lex- 
 ington, Va. He immediately accepted, for the situation 
 was congenial in every respect. He was peculiarly fitted by 
 education, taste and temperament to manage youth, and his 
 example in such a position would be beneficient and far- 
 reaching in its influence over his people. The institution 
 was one which Washington himself had endowed, and wdiich 
 for all time will bear the name of ''IVasJiington and Lcc Uni- 
 versity.'' 
 
 General Lee was installed president October 2, 1865, and 
 at once entered upon his duties. The ceremonies were of 
 the simplest nature possible, which was in accordance with 
 the wishes of Lee himself. He gave his full ability and 
 energy to the new work to which he had been called. The 
 lustre of his name Ijrought hundreds of students from all 
 parts of the country, even from the North. The institution 
 was in straightened circumstances, but under his admirable 
 administration it speedily attained a degree of prosperity 
 never before known. He elevated the standard of scholar- 
 ship, and infused a spirit of good-will, honorable ambition 
 and unity of aim, wiiich rendered the discipline nearly per- 
 fect. The college received many handsome donations from 
 all parts of the l^nion and even from Europe. The s]:)otless 
 record, the exalted Christian character, and the chivalrous 
 
SCHOOL inXTOh'Y OF TIIK [XITI-Jf) STATTJS. 353 
 
 dignity of General Lee's life won the respect of the North, and 
 especially of those who had been his enemies on the battle- 
 field. He himself had never manifested a bitter spirit dur- 
 ing the war, and after its close he cultivated in himself, and 
 enjoined upon others, a spirit of kindly feeling towards the 
 people of the North. 
 
 In order that he might set a proper example to others, he 
 availed himself of the conditions of President Johnson's 
 "amnest}" proclamation, and applied for "amnesty," send- 
 ing his application through General Grant, who cordiallv 
 endorsed it; but Johnson never condescended to notice it, 
 and it will remain forever a blot upon American civilization 
 that this greatest of American citizens died "a prisoner of 
 war on parole," denied the rights of citizenship accorded to 
 tlie meanest and most ignorant negro in the land. 
 
 A L'nited .States grand jury, under the manipulation of the 
 infamous "Judge" I'nderwood, had found an indictment of 
 treason against him, but ( ieneral Grant boldly claimed that 
 Lee was under the ])rotection of his parole, and could not 
 be trieil, and Johns(in had to seek some other method of 
 "making treason odious." 
 
 General Lee. however, was ready for the trial and anxious 
 lo vindicate liimself and liis j^cople licforc the world antl at 
 the bar of history, for while he fully "accepted the situation," 
 and all logical and pro])er results of tlie war. he never 
 changed his u'.ind as to the justice of the cause for which he 
 fought. He said to that grand old soldier. General Wade 
 Hampton, of South Carolina, in June. 1869. alluding to the 
 ]~)art he took in the war: "/ could Ihtvc pursued no other course 
 i^'ithout disltoiior. and if it icere all to go oi'cr again I should act 
 III precisely the sanw way." He was always accustoned to 
 speak of the war as "our great struggle for constitutional 
 freedom." liut the crowning glory of Lee. after all. was the 
 cliild-Iike simplicity of his faith in Christ, his spotless Chris- 
 
354 SCHOOL Hlf^TORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tian character, and the earnest, though quiet, work he did 
 for the salvation of others. A man of prayer, a student of 
 God's Word, a regular attendant on religious services, he 
 was the constant friend of his chaplains during the war, and 
 the efficient promoter of religion among his officers and men. 
 Wiien he went to Washington College, he was as active in 
 promoting real piety among the students, and used the most 
 efficient means of doing so. "If I could only know that all 
 the young men in the college were good Christians." said 
 he to Dr. Kirkpatric.v, his eyes filling with tears and his voice 
 tremulous with emotion. "I should have nothing more to 
 desire." 
 
 On the afternoon of Septemlier 28, 1870, lie attended a 
 meeting of the vestry of Grace Episcopal Church, of 
 which he was a member. He presided, and his last ])ub- 
 lic act was a liberal contribution to his church. The ses- 
 sion was prolonged, and (Jeneral Lee returned home late. 
 He was in good spirits, and, entering the dining-room, he 
 stood at the table with his family, liowing his head to ask 
 a blessing, as was his custom, his lii)s parted, but no words 
 came from them. His son. General Custis Lee, hastened to 
 his side, and found he was sj)eechless. He was carried to 
 his bed and medical aid sununoned. After a time he recov- 
 ered his power of utterance, and it was hoped, and generally 
 believed, he would soon be restored to health. He recog- 
 nized his friends, occasionally spoke, but most of the time 
 lay in a stupor. Everything that skill and loving kindness 
 could do was done for him. On Monday, October 10, he 
 was seen to be sinking. His mind wandered at intervals, 
 and, like Stonewall Jackson, in his last moments, he called 
 the name of the great lieutenant of the 3d Corps, saving, 
 "Tell A. P. Hill to prepare for action," b.is thoughts reverting 
 to the troublous times when he was at the head of the armv. 
 Between 9 and 10 o'clock Wednesday morning, October 12, 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 355 
 
 1870, surrounded by his family, the Christian hero breathed 
 his last. The funeral services were of the most impressive 
 ciiaracter, large crowds attended, and weeping friends and 
 admirers bore him to the tomb. Memorial services were 
 held all over the South and appropriate sermons preached, 
 addresses made and resolutions passed. The Southern press 
 was filled with glowing eulogies, the Northern press gener- 
 ally was exceedingly kindly in its tone, and some of the 
 papers highly eulogistic; and the foreign press generally 
 echoed the sentiment of the London Standard, which said: 
 '"A country which has given birth to men like him and those 
 who followed him may look the chivalry of Europe in the 
 face without shame, for flie falJwrlauds of Sidney and of Bay- 
 ard never produeed a nobler soldier, genfleniati and Christian 
 than Robert Edzvard Lee.'" 
 
 On the 28th of June, 1883, Valentine's marble recumbent 
 figure of Lee, which decks his grave at Lexington, and is 
 one of the finest works of art on this continent, was unveiled 
 in the presence of a large crowd of enthusiastic admirers, the 
 address being made by Senator John W. Daniel, of A'irginia. 
 A handsome monument was erected to him in New Orleans. 
 l*>ut, perhaps, the grandest occasion of the kind was the un- 
 veiling of Mercie's Equestrian Statue of Lee in Richmond on 
 May 29, 1890, when an immense crowd went in procession to 
 the spot. Colonel Archer Anderson made the address, and 
 there was an enthusiasm rarely equaled, never excelled, 
 when Lee's old soldiers gathered around and General Joseph 
 E. Johnston pulled the cord which unveiled to their eyes the 
 bronze representation of their idolized commander. 
 
 And so he lives in the hearts of his own people and of the 
 world, and will be handed down in history as one of whom 
 America will ever be proud. 
 
 98. The Conduct of the War between the States. 
 — We would not revive bitter memories of a stormy past, 
 
356 SCHOOL BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 nor perpetuate harrowing details of the cruelties of the war, 
 but as the Confederates have been so widely slandered as to 
 their conduct of the war, and not only at the North, but in 
 Europe held up to indignation on account of their alleged 
 cruel treatment of prisoners, we deem it due to the truth of 
 history, as well as to the fair name of a brave and honorable 
 people, that we should make this brief statement which is 
 abundantly attested by the ofBcial records. The Confeder- 
 ate Congress never passed a law, and no Confederate official 
 ever issued an order, directing, approving, or suggesting 
 any conduct on the part of any Confederate troops, agents 
 or employes not consistent with the recognized usages of 
 civilized warfare. Such orders as those issued by Pope, 
 Steinweirh, Milroy, some of the commanders in Missouri 
 and other Federal officers were not only fitted to stir the bit- 
 terest enmity, but to provoke the sternest retaliation; while 
 the burning by the Federals of probably sixty towns in the 
 South, and thousands of private houses, the desolation of 
 whole regions of country such as Sherman made in Georgia 
 and the Carolinas, and Sheridan in the \'alley of Virginia, 
 and the perpetration of numberless other outrages upon the 
 Confederates, would have palliated, if they had not justified. 
 retaliation when the Confederates got the opportunitv. 
 
 But when General Lee entered Pennsylvania, instead of 
 retaliating, he issued an order condemning such a course in 
 the strongest terms, and concluding as follows: "The com- 
 manding general considers that no greater disgrace could 
 befall the army and, through it, our w^hole people, than the 
 perpetration of the barbarous outrages on the innocent and 
 defenseless and the wanton destruction of private propert\ 
 that have marked the course of the enemy in our country. 
 Such proceedings not only disgrace the perpetrators and all 
 connected with them, but are subversive of the discipline 
 and efficiency of the army and destructive of the ends of our 
 
flPHOOL HrSTORY OF THE VXITED S^TATES. 357 
 
 present movements. It nnist be remembered that we make 
 war only upon armed men, and that we cannot take ven- 
 geance for the wrong-s our people have suffered without 
 lowering ourselves in the eyes of all those whose abhorrence 
 has been excited by the atrocities of our enemy, without 
 ofifending against Him to whom vengeance belongeth, with- 
 out whose favor and support our efforts must all be in vain. 
 "The Commanding General, therefore, earnestly exhorts 
 the troops to abstain, with the most scrupulous care, from 
 unnecessary or wanton injury to private propertw and he 
 enjoins upon all ofificers to arrest and bring to sununary 
 punishment all who shall in any way ofTcnd against the 
 orders on this subject. 
 
 "R. E. LEE, General." 
 
 The only town ever burned by Confederate orders was 
 Chambersburg, Pa., whicli was burned in 1864 l)y orders of 
 General Early, in retaliation for Hunter's vandalism, and on 
 the failure of the town authorities to pay the ransom in 
 money demanded. 
 
 This act of General Early's, though done from an honest 
 purpose to repress further outrages of flie enemy, was dis- 
 approved by General Lee. by the Confederate authorities 
 and by the army and people generally. The gallant Col. W. 
 E. Peters, now the able and accomplished professor of Latin 
 in the Lniversity of \'irginia, absolutely refused to obey the 
 order given him to burn the town, saying, "With a full 
 knowdedge of the consequences of refusing to obey orders, 
 I have to say that you may take my sword, Init I will not use 
 the torch against innocent non-combatants.'' He was never 
 tried for his disobedience of orders. 
 
 As for the treatment of f^risoiiers, the Confederate records 
 were searched in vain for a scintilla of proof that the Confed- 
 erate authorities ever ordered or connived at any ill-treat- 
 ment of prisoners. In the Southern Historical Papers, Vol- 
 
358 SCHOOL niNTORT OF THE VyiTED SSTATEFf. 
 
 iniic /, this whole question is fully discussed, and it is shown, 
 beyond all cavil, that the Confederate authorities did every- 
 thing in their power to mitigate the sufferings of prisoners, 
 that they made various humane propositions to this end, 
 which were rejected by the Federal authorities, that they were 
 always anxious to exchange prisoners, and carried out in 
 good faith every "cartel" made for the purpose, while the 
 Federals constantly violated the terms of the "cartel" when- 
 ever they thought it to their interest to do so, and that, while 
 the sufferings of prisoners on both sides was fearful and the 
 mortality very great, yet the official reports of the Federal 
 Secretary of War, E. M. Stanton, and the Federal Surgeon- 
 General, Barnes, show that nearly 4 per eciif. more Confed- 
 erates died in Northern prisons than of Federals in Southern 
 prisons. 
 
 These figures, taken in connection with the well-known 
 fact that tlic Federal authorities had the greatest abundance 
 of rations, medicines and liospital stores of every descrip- 
 tion, while the Confederates were sadly in need of these for 
 their own soldiers, establish beyond doubt that the Confed- 
 erates were innocent, and the authorities at Washington were 
 guilty, of the blood of the brave men on botli sides who per- 
 ished in prison. In a word, the Confederates may proudly 
 claim that they conducted the war on the highest plane of 
 civilized warfare, and that the English poet. Professor 
 Worsley, did not speak too strongly when, in his beautiful 
 poem to Lee, he wrote: 
 
 "All! realm of tombs, but let her bear 
 This blazon to the last of times; 
 No nation rose so white and fair, 
 Or fell so pure of crimes." 
 
Stliooi. IIIS'rOh'Y or THE IMTED >iT.\TEfi. 359 
 
 Questions — S7. Rrlalivc luinibtTs at the opening of tlu- year 1S65. 
 
 88. Captnre of I'"ort l''islicr. 
 
 89. Peace negotiations. 
 
 90. Sherman's northward march. 
 
 91. First operations of the campaign in Virginia. 
 
 92. Winter in the Confederate trenches. Relative nmnl)ers of Lee 
 and Grant. Fort Steadman. Lee's plans. Grant's movements. 
 The results. 
 
 93. Evacuation of Richmond and Petersburg. Death of .'\. P. 
 Tlill. Defense of Fort Gregg. 
 
 94. Retreat and surrender. Relati\e numbers at .\ppomattox. 
 The "historic apple tree." Ditl Grant return Lee's sword? Lee's 
 farewell address. Conduct of Grant and his army. 
 
 95. Assassination of President Lincoln. 
 
 96. Surrender of other Confederate forces. 
 
 97. Give in \'our own words a sk'etch of General Lee. 
 
 98. The conduct of the war on both sides. The treatment of jiris- 
 oners. Rejieat Worsley's descri]ition of the Confederacy. 
 
 BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCLSES. 
 
 {Model) 
 
 The Causes of Secession: 
 
 1. Roving character of the Northern people. 
 
 2. The tariff. 
 
 3. African slavery. 
 
 Events of 1861 : 
 
 Opening events of the war. 
 
 The first battle. 
 
 (_)thcr events in Virginia. 
 
 Foreign complications. 
 
 The war in the border States. 
 
 Events of 1862: 
 
 The work to be done. 
 Operations in the West. 
 The war on the coast. 
 
360 HCIIOOf. HfSTORY OF THE IXTTfJO HTATE^. 
 
 Confederate disasters. 
 
 Era in naval warfare. 
 
 Military movements in Kentucky. 
 
 Military movements in Mississippi. 
 
 The campaign against Richmond. 
 
 Events of 1863: 
 Emancipation. 
 
 Confederate successes in the South and West. 
 Confederate disasters in the South and West. 
 Campaign against Richmond. 
 Aggressive campaign of the Confederates. 
 
 Events of 1864: 
 
 The task before the Federals. 
 
 The war in the West. 
 
 The cutting in twain of the Confederacy. 
 
 The campaign against Richmond. 
 
 The war on the coast. 
 
 The war in the Southwest. 
 
 The war on the ocean. 
 
 Events of 1865: 
 
 Sherman's Northward march. 
 The end of the war. 
 A national calamity. 
 Conduct of the War. 
 
 HISTORICAL INITIALS. 
 
 1. What States furnished no soldiers to the Union armies? (G., 
 
 S. C, V.) 
 
 2. What Union general declared negroes "contraband of war?" 
 
 (B. F. B.) 
 
 3. What two States attempted to remain neutral at the beginning of 
 
 the war? (K., M.) 
 
 4. What was the first Confederate privateer that succeeded in get- 
 
 ting to sea? (S.) 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY or the VXITED stater. 361 
 
 5. At what battle, when General Grant was asked what terms he 
 
 would grant, did he reply, "Unconditional surrender?" 
 (F. D.) 
 
 6. What Confederate general threatened an attack on Cincnmati? 
 
 (K. S.) 
 
 7. In what battle were several thousand Indians arrayed on the side 
 
 of the Confederates? (P. R.) 
 
 8. In what battle were many of the Union vessels concealed by 
 
 dressing them out with leafy branches? (N. O.) 
 o. What Union frigate went down and left her Hag flying from her 
 masthead above the water? (C.) 
 
 10. What vessel was called a "Yankee cheese-box?" (M.) 
 
 11. What Confederate general in the course of his service before and 
 
 during the late war was wounded ten times? (J. E. J.) 
 
 12. What one-armed Union general was killed at Chantilly? (P. K.) 
 
 13. What two Confederate generals were shot, one fatally, through 
 
 mistake by their own men? (S. J., J. L.) 
 
 14. What name, the scene of one of the fiercest battles of the war, 
 
 means in the Indian tongue "River of Death?" (C.) 
 
 15. What general became known as "The Rock of Chickamauga?" 
 
 (G. H. T.) 
 
 16. What battle was said to be fought above the clouds? (M. R.) 
 
 17. In what battle did the eight-inch Parrot gun, known as the 
 
 Swamp Angel, explode at the thirty-sixth round? (A. on C.) 
 
 18. Who commanded the first colored regiment raised in the North- 
 
 ern States? rCol. S.) 
 ig. W^hat two large opposing armies, commanded by brave generals, 
 after fighting each other, marched away in different directions? 
 (H' — 's and S — 's.) 
 
 20. Who sent the news of the capture of an important city as a 
 
 Christmas present to President Lincoln? (S.) 
 
 21. What Confederate cruiser continued to destroy Northern com- 
 
 merce for four months after the end of the war before her cap- 
 tain heard the news of Lee's surrender? (S.) 
 
 22. What was the most important battle of the war? (G.) 
 
 23. What was the bloodiest battle? 
 
 24. At which battle were the largest number of Confederates assem- 
 
 bled? (S. D. F.) 
 
 25. At which battle were the largest number of Unionists assembled? 
 
 (W.) 
 
302 .^f'HOOL HI.-iTOTiY OF Til !■] TXTTEl) ,^TATE,^. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF EVBLNTS. 
 A. D. Page 
 
 i86i. President Lincoln inaugurated, Marcli 4 226 
 
 1861. Bombardment and capture of Fort Sumter, April 14 230 
 
 1861. President Lincoln called for volunteers, April 15 232 
 
 1861. President Davis called for volunteers, April 29 233 
 
 1861. Virginia seceded, April 17 232 
 
 1861. Northern troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19 242 
 
 1861. Arkansas seceded, May 6 232 
 
 1861. North Carolina seceded. May 20 232 
 
 1861. Fight at Phillipi, Va., June 3 244 
 
 1861. Tennessee seceded, June 8 232 
 
 1861. Fight at Booneville, Mo., July 4 254 
 
 1861. Confederate capital removed to Richmond, Va., \la.y 29.. 244 
 
 1861. Confederate defeat at Carthage, Mo., July 5 254 
 
 1861. Fight at Rich Mountain, Va., July 11 245 
 
 1861. Fight at Carrick's Ford, July 13 245 
 
 1861. Battle of Manassas, or Bull Run, Va., July 21 247 
 
 1861. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10 254 
 
 1861. Battle of Ball's BlufT, Va., October 21 250 
 
 1861. Federal defeat at Belmont, Mo., November 7 254 
 
 1861. Seizure of Mason and Slidell, November 8 255 
 
 1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Ky., January 19 26b 
 
 1862. Loss of Fort Henry, Tenn., February 6 262 
 
 1862. Roanoke Island, N. C, captured, February 7 264 
 
 1862. Fort Donelson. Tenn., captured, February 16 263 
 
 1S62. Electoral vote of the Southern Confederacy counted, Fel)- 
 
 ruary 19 263 
 
 1862. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 7, 8 264 
 
 1862. Battle between the Monitor and Virginia, or Manassas, 
 
 March 9 269 
 
 1S62. McClellan began his advance against Richmond, March 
 
 ID 272 
 
 1862. Newbern, N. C, captured by Federals, March 13 264 
 
 1862. Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, April 6, 7 265 
 
 1862. Island No. 10 captured, April 7 266 
 
 1862. Fall of Newr Orleans, April 25 267 
 
 1862. Fort Macon, N. C, captured, April 25 264 
 
 1862. Union advance upon Yorktown, May 4 272 
 
 1862. Battle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5 2^2 
 
 1862. Norfolk, Va., evacuated. May 10 271 
 
SCHOOL lUSTOh'Y OF THE UMTED STATES. 363 
 
 A. D. I'age . 
 
 1862. Stonewall Jackson set out on his campaign, May 24 274 
 
 1862. Corinth, Aliss., evacuated, May 30 288 
 
 1862. Battles of Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, May 31. June i . . . . 27^^ 
 
 1862. General Stuart's raid, June 13, 14 278 
 
 1862. Seven Days' battles, June 25, July i 279 
 
 1862. Second battle of Manassas, August 29, 30 282 
 
 1862. Harper's Ferry surrendered, September 15 283 
 
 1862. Rattle of Sharpsburg. Md., September 16, 17 284 
 
 1862. Battle of luka, Miss., September 19 289 
 
 1862. Battle of Corinth, Miss., October 4 289 
 
 1862. Battle of Perry ville, Ky., October 8 288 
 
 1862. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13 286 
 
 1862. Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, January 2. . 289 
 
 1863. Emancipation proclamation, January i 293 
 
 1863. Capture of Galveston, Texas, January i 294 
 
 1863. General Joseph Hooker assumed command of the Army of 
 
 the Potomac, January 26 299 
 
 1863. Battle of Chancellors ville, Va., May 2. 3 301 
 
 1863. Stonewall Jackson died. May 10 302 
 
 1863. West Virginia admitted to the Union, June 19 310 
 
 1S63. Battle of Gettysburgs, July 1-3 305 
 
 1863. Vicksburg surrendered, July 4 295 
 
 1863. Port Hudson surrendered, July S 295 
 
 1863. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19, 20 297 
 
 1863. Battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25 298 
 
 1863. -Siege (^f Knoxville raised, December 4 298 
 
 1864. General Grant made Lieutenant-General, March 2 313 
 
 1864. Capture of Fort dc Russy, March 14 328 
 
 1864. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads. April 8 329 
 
 1864. General Butler landed at Bermuda Flundred, May 5 324 
 
 1864. Battle of the Wilderness, Va., May 5, 6 320 
 
 1864. Battle of Spottsylvania, Va., May 8-12 320 
 
 1864. Battle of Re.saca, Ga., May 14, 15 314 
 
 1864. Battle of New Market, Va., May 15 ^^21, 
 
 1864. Butler "bottled up" at Bermuda Hundred, May 16 324 
 
 1864. Battle of Dallas, Ga., May 25-28 314 
 
 1864. Battle of Cold Harbor. Va., June 3 ^2;i 
 
 1864. Battle of Piedmont, Va., June 5 314 
 
 1864. Battle of Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15-17 314 
 
 1864. Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsage, June 19. . . 330 
 
304 SCHOOfj nrSTORY or THE VyJTED ^TATEfi. 
 
 A. 1). Page 
 
 1864. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., June 27 314 
 
 1864. Battle of Monocacy, Md.. July 9 326 
 
 1864. Battles before Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 22, 28 314 
 
 1864. Mine explosion before Petersburg, Va., July 30 326 
 
 1864. Farragut's battle in Mobile Bay, August 5 329 
 
 1864. Atlanta. Ga., captured, September 2 314 
 
 1864. Capture of tbe Florida, October 7 2>2>2 
 
 1864. Battle of Cedar Creek. Va., October 19 ^i^j 
 
 1864. Destruction of the Albemarle, October 27 ^t,2 
 
 1864. Nevada admitted to the Union. October 31 334 
 
 1864. Atlanta burned, November 16 317 
 
 1864. Savannah, Ga., captured, December 20 318 
 
 1864. Battle of Nashville, Tenn., December 15, 16 317 
 
 1864. Failure to capture Fort Fisher. N. C, December 24. 25.. . 335 
 
 1865. Fort Fisher captured. January 15 T,T,y 
 
 1865. General Lee appointed commander-in-chief of the military 
 
 forces of the Confederacy. February 5 
 
 1865. Columbia. S. C, burned, February 17 338 
 
 1865. Charleston, S. C, evacuated, February 18 338 
 
 1865. Battles of Averysboro and Bentonville, N. C. March 15. 18. 339 
 
 1865. Capture of Fort Steadman. Va., March 25 341 
 
 1865. Battle of Five Forks, Va., April i 342 
 
 1865. Assault of the Confederate front. April 2 342 
 
 1865. Fall of Richmond, April 3 342 
 
 1865. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, April 9 345 
 
 1865. President Lincoln assassinated, April 14 347 
 
 1865. General Johnston surrendered, April 26 347 
 
 1865. General Taylor surrendered. May 4 349 
 
 1865. General Kirby Smith surrendered, May 26 349 
 
SCHOOL llli<T()Iiy OF THE UNITED t^TATEt^. 305 
 
 PART Yl. 
 
 Reunion and Progress (1865-1896.) 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. (1865-1869.) 
 
 1. The Cost of the War. — The statistics of the war be- 
 tween the States are too vast for us to grasp. From the 
 opening to the close, over 3,000,000 men were engaged in 
 fighting. Those who died in battle from wounds, from disease 
 and from the result of exposure must have been nearly i ,000,- 
 000 in number, which represents the awful cost of one of the 
 most stupendous struggles of modern times. The public 
 debt of the United States at the close of the war was $2,750,- 
 000,000. The loss of the Confederate States in property can 
 never be correctly and fully estimated; the 4,000,000 slaves 
 were liberated without compensation to the owners; the 
 entire currency and the bonds of the Confederacy and of the 
 States were wiped out and the banks all wrecked; the rail- 
 way companies all went into bankruptcy; wide regions of 
 country were laid waste; in them farming utensils were de- 
 stroyed, horses, mules and stock of every description carried 
 of? or shot, mills burned, business of every kind destroyed 
 and the means of obtaining a livelihood, for the time, utterly 
 blotted out. 
 
 2. Dissolving of the Armies — It is doubtful whether 
 anv other nation in Christendom would have stood the strain 
 
366 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 to which the United States was subjected just after the sur- 
 render of General Lee. The death of the head of the nation 
 by assassination would have brou.c^ht revolution elsewhere, 
 but, despite the deej) feelini^ that stirred all hearts, there was 
 no disorder, and the wheels of the government went forward 
 without check or friction. When the war ended there were 
 1,000,000 l^'ederal soldiers under arms. They were veterans 
 without their e(|uals anywiiere under the sun. The rest of 
 the nation would have been powerless before such a mis^htv 
 host. Many were poor and impoverished, but within the 
 same year that saw the end of hostilities all these soldiers 
 had laid aside their deadly weapons and were giving their 
 whole energies to tlie pursuits of peace. Civilization never 
 saw a grander sight tlian this noiseless dissolving of the 
 armed hosts and their transformation into quiet, orderly, 
 law-abiding citizens, except the grander sight displayed by 
 the conduct of the returned Confederate soldiers. These 
 last, with fortunes ruined, ]io])es blighted, plans all frus- 
 trated, and subjected to all sorts of ])ctty annoyances by 
 provost guards, Freedmen's lUireau agents and the swarm 
 of hungry "Carpet-baggers" who came .South to devour the 
 little the war had left, instead of sitting down to rake in the 
 ashes of the past, or entering upon a career of lawlessness, 
 which would have made the condition of the South far worse, 
 took off their coats and went to work in the corn, tobacco 
 and cotton-fields, in the factories and workshops, in the pro- 
 fessions, in whatever vocation lionest industry could make a 
 living. The waste places of the South have been built up, 
 her industries have prospered, her deserts now "bloom and 
 blossom as the rose," and this changed result is due (far more 
 than to any other causes save God's blessing) to the brain 
 and brawn of "the men who wore the gray," and who have 
 made as law-abiding citizens as the world ever saw. 
 
SCHOOL III^TOh'Y OF THE LXJTEI) HTATEH. 
 
 307 
 
 
 '■"■■'■'■■ 
 
 3. Andrew Johnson. — Andrew 
 I hnsoii, who, througli the assas- 
 lation of President Lincohi, he- 
 me the seventeenth President 
 el the United States, was born at 
 Raleigh, N. C, December 29, 
 1808. His family were too poor 
 '^i'llliij^ to send him to school, and at the 
 
 ain^e of ten he was apprenticed to a 
 tailor. He spent his leisnre time in 
 learning to read, and, having mar- 
 ried a most estimable woman, he received great help from 
 her. He became inlt-rested in politics. Having removed 
 to Greenville, Temi., he was successively alderman, mayor, 
 member of the legislature, governor, and, in 1843, ^^s sent 
 to Congress. He also served as United States Senator. 
 Although a Democrat in politics, he was so decided in his 
 Union sentiments that he was placed on the ticket with 
 Lincoln in 1864 and elected Vice-President. He died Jidy 
 
 4. Reconstruction. — The ])roblem that now confronted 
 our government was tlie pro])er method of adjusting the re- 
 lationship of the States that had seceded from the Union. 
 In some of them, so-called State governments had been 
 formed, under the protection of the advancing Federal ar- 
 mies. The President recognized these, and appointed pro- 
 visiiMial governors in the rest, with authority to call conven- 
 tions and organize "loval" governments. Such conventions 
 were called, the best people being disfranchised. They re- 
 pealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the Confed- 
 erate war (U'bt, and ratified llie Thirteenth Amendment to 
 the Constitution, which abolished x'Vfrican slavery. When 
 these conditicMis were niot, the President claimed that, inas- 
 much as the revolting States had never been legally out of the 
 
368 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Union, they were entitled to all their former rights and privi- 
 leges. An anniesty was proclaimed on Christmas day, 1868, 
 but it excluded from its benefits fourteen classes of Confed- 
 erates. 
 
 Congress, however, quickly joined issue with the Presi- 
 dent. That body claimed that it was its right, and not the 
 President's, to prescribe the conditions on which the South- 
 ern States should be restored to their old places in the Union. 
 Congress demanded that the States should be "recon- 
 structed." Their governments were set aside and their Con- 
 gressmen refused admission. Congress held that these 
 States were in the situation of concjuered provinces. As a 
 condition to their restoration to their former privileges they 
 were recjuircd to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution. This amendment conferred civil rights upon 
 the negro, prohiljited the jjayment of any portion of the 
 Confederate war debt, and i)laced the public del:»t of the 
 United States beyond cavil. 
 
 The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution received 
 the necessary three-fourths votes of the States, counting 
 those of bogus conventions in the South, and was ratified by 
 Congress July 21, 1868. The (|uarrcl between the President 
 and Congress became more bitter. The executive soon cut 
 loose from the Republican party. He vetoed different po- 
 litical measures, and insisted that the course of Congress was 
 unnecessarily severe toward the reconstructed States. Fi- 
 nally, a point was reached when Congress decided to remove 
 the President from ofBce. 
 
 5. Impeachment of the President — To impeach a 
 President is simply to charge him with wrong-doing in his 
 office. Before he can be displaced, he must be tried and 
 found gilty of violation of the laws. The House of Repre- 
 sentatives draws the articles of impeachment, and the United 
 States Senate is the bodv before which the trial must be held, 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UyiTEI) STATES. 369 
 
 the Chief Justice of the United States acting as presiding 
 ofBcer. The trial lasted thirty-two days. A two-thirds vote 
 was necessary to convict. The President escaped conviction 
 by one vote, and on the 5th of June. 1867. Chief Justice Chase 
 ordered a verdict of ac<|uittal to be entered. 
 
 6. Honors to the Federal Leaders in the War. 
 — Previous to this date, several events had occurred of na- 
 tional note. On the 25th of July, 1866, Congress passed an 
 act reviving the grade of General in the army and creating 
 the ranks of Admiral and Vice-Admiral in the navy. To 
 General Grant was given the title of General, to Sherman 
 that of Lieutenant-General, to Farragut that of Admiral, and 
 to D. D. Porter the rank of Vice-Admiral. 
 
 7. The Atlantic Cable Successful. — We have learned 
 of the failure of the Atlantic cable, laid in 1858. In the sum- 
 mer of 1865 another attempt was made to lay a cable. The 
 manmioth steamer Great Eastern, which had jiroven a r-uin- 
 ous disappointment to its owners, was found to be just what 
 was needed to carry the immense coil of cable. When half 
 of it had run out, it snapped in two and sank. It was fished 
 up again, but another break followed. This was repeated 
 several times, until the effort was given over. By taking 
 lessons from the repeated failures, complete success was at- 
 tained on the 28th of July. Since then the cable has worked 
 perfectly, and others equally successful h.ave been laid. Tele- 
 graphic conuuunication now exists with every part of the 
 civilized world. 
 
 8. Fenian Scare. — In the month of April, 1866, several 
 hundred Fenians, as those people that were striving for the 
 freedom of Ireland called themselves, came together in 
 Fastport. Mc, and began preparations for descending on the 
 island of Campobello, belonging to New I^runswick. Some 
 davs later a schooner arrived from Portland with arms. 
 
870 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 These were seized by the United States Goveninient, and a 
 British war steamer anchored off the island. United States 
 troops were sent to Calais, and General iVleade arrived on the 
 19th of April and assumed command of ihcni. Thereupon 
 the Fenians gave up the enterprise. 
 
 The organization, however, abandoned their purpose only 
 for the time. They held secret conventions and sent a num- 
 ber of arms to the New York frontier, which were seized by 
 the American authorities. On the ist of June, nearly 1500 
 Fenians crossed the Niagara river at Pntffalo and occupied 
 the deserted post of Fort Erie. The following day- they had 
 a skirmish with a number of Canadian volunteers. While 
 they were attempting to withdraw to the United States, an 
 American gunboat stopped them and arrested about 700. 
 The parole of more than 1300 was taken, and they promised 
 to give up the project. (Jther Fenians who arrived were 
 sent home by their officers. 
 
 Meanwhile, Fenians were massing on the border in Ver- 
 mont and at Malone, N. Y. General Meade went to Og- 
 densburg to prevent an invasion. One thousand Fenians 
 entered Canada and took possession of St. Armand, from 
 which the Canadians had tied. The Fenians retreated across 
 the frontier upon the advance of a large force of Canadians. 
 General Meade arrested a large number, took their parole 
 and sent them home. Finally, the flurry was ended by the 
 proclamation of the President (June 6. 1866). 
 
 9. Purchase of Alaska. — Bv a treaty with Russia. 
 Mach 30, 1867, the United States secured that stretch of ter- 
 ritory in the Northwest which had been known as Russian 
 America, and is now called Alaska. The price paid was 
 $7,200,000. Tlie country has a hilly surface, with an abund- 
 ance of timber. The fisheries and fur trade are of enormous 
 value. Its ])0])ulation consists chiefly of Indians and Esqui- 
 maux. The settlements are few in number. Sitka, or New 
 
tiCliOOL niSTONY OF THE LMTED >STATE>S. 371 
 
 Archangel, is the capital. The government is administered 
 by an executive appointed by the President of the United 
 States. 
 
 10. Expulsion of the French from Mexico One 
 
 of the most malignant foes of tlic I'cderal (iovernment was 
 Louis Napoleon, Emperor of h>ance. He continually urged 
 England to join him in tlic recognition of the Southern Con- 
 federacy. Finally, he decided to establish an empire in Mex- 
 ico. . Pie saw that the hands of the United States were too 
 full in prosecuting the war for the subjugation of the South 
 to enforce the Monroe doctrine. Napoleon offered the po- 
 sition of Emperor of Mexico to Maximilian, an Archduke 
 of Austria. This amiable, but weak, man was made to be- 
 lieve that it was the wish of the Mexican people that he 
 should reign over them. 
 
 When he reached Mexico, however, he saw he had made 
 a fatal mistake, or, rather, the French Emperor had deceived 
 him. The majority of Mexicans were opposed to him, and 
 a revolution was under way. About this time, the war be- 
 tween the States having ended, Napoleon was notified that 
 h.e nuist withdraw his troops from Mexico and respect the 
 Monroe doctrine. He was (luick to obey, and left Maxi- 
 milian to his fate. The Austrian made the l)est fight he 
 could, but the Mexicans were too strong for him. He was 
 surrounded and forced to surrender May 15, 1867. He and 
 h.is two leading generals were shot on the 19th of June, and 
 thus the projected FrctTch F.mpire in America fell to pieces. 
 
 11. Release of Jefferson Davis. — When Richmond 
 fell and General Lee surrendered, Jefferson Davis and his 
 ca])inet retreated southward. ( )n the loth of May he and 
 several of his friends were ca])tm-ed and afterwards impris- 
 oned in h\:)rtress Monroe, where he was treated witli a cru- 
 elty that will ever remain a foul l)lot on American history. 
 
liodiii ill which .IclTcrsoii Davis w;is iiiiprisiiiKMl. 
 KouUi iu which iSlouewall Jacksou Died. 
 
sciioof. iiTsToh'V or Till-: vmted stati:s. r!7:i 
 
 Having;' beer, charj^ed with treason, liis trial was del'erred 
 until the 13th of May, 1867, when he was released on hail for 
 six months, liis bail, whieh was given in the United States 
 court at Richmond, was for $100,000. Among those whc 
 signed his liond was Horace (ireeley, the famous editor of 
 the New York Tribune. Tlie trial of Mr. Davis was post- 
 ])oned from time to time, and finally dropped, February 6, 
 1869, because the ablest lawyers at tlie North gave it as their 
 opinion that he could not be convicted under the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States. 
 
 12. Admission of Nebraska. — Nebraska w^as ad- 
 mitted to the Union March i, 1867, making the thirty- 
 seventh member. Although one of the youngest States, it 
 speedily took rank among the foremost in the production of 
 wheat and corn, and in stock raising. 
 
 Questions. — i. Give an idea of the cost of the war in life and 
 money. 
 
 2. What grand act followed the dissolution of the armies? How 
 (lid the Confederate soldiers act? 
 
 ,?. Give a biographical sketcli of the seventeenth President. 
 
 4. Explain the course of the President on reconstruction. What 
 was done by Congress? What is said of the Fourteenth Amend- 
 ment? 
 
 5. What does it mean to impeach the President? Give a history 
 of the impeachment of President Johnson. 
 
 6. What of the honors to Federal leaders in the war? 
 
 7. Describe the successful laying of the Atlantic telegraph cable. 
 
 8. Describe the Fenian scare in Maine. What attempt was made 
 at Buffalo? What followed? 
 
 9. What can you tell about Alaska? 
 
 10. Give a history of the attempt to found a French empire in 
 Mexico. 
 
 11. What is related concerning JeiTerson Davis? 
 
 12. What have you to say of Nebraska? 
 
374 
 
 SCHOOL /lISTOJx'Y or THE 1 XITJJI) STATERS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 GRyVNT'S ADMINISTRATIONS. (1869-1877.) 
 
 13. U. 5. Grant.— The popu^ 
 larity of (General Grant caused his 
 election to the Presidency in 1868 
 by an overwhehiiing majority. 
 Scliuyler Colfax, Speaker of tlie 
 House of Representatives, was 
 elected Vice-President, the two 
 defeating the Democratic candi- 
 dates, Ex-Governor Horatio Sey- 
 mour, of X'^ew York, and General 
 Erancis P. Blair, of Missouri. The 
 eighteenth President of the Ignited States was born at Point 
 Pleasant, Ohio, April 22, 1822. His parents removed from 
 tliat place the following year to the village of Georgetown, 
 in the same State, where young Grant passed his boyhood. 
 At the age of seventeen, he was appointed a cadet to the 
 West Point Military Academy, where he graduated twenty- 
 rirst in a class of thirty-nine. Plis given name was Hiram 
 Ulysses, but his a])pointmcnt was made out in the name of 
 L'lysses Simpson, which name has remained ever since. 
 
 Lieutenant Grant first saw fighting in Mexico, where he 
 did fine service, being breveted captain for gallantry. He 
 entered the war between the States as captain of a company 
 of Illinois volunteers raised by himself. The governor soon 
 appointed him colonel, and in August, 1861, he was pro- 
 moted to 1irigadier-general. In his first battle at Belmont, 
 Mo., he had his horse shot under him. He attracted the at- 
 tention of the whole country l)y his brilliant capture of Ports 
 Henry and Donelson, which were the first decisive Eederal 
 victories of the war. The terrific Ijattle of Pittsburg Land- 
 
srijooL irrsTORY of the rxTTEn states. ai.i 
 
 ing- followed, ami ihcnceforward his history became closely 
 interwoven with that of the war in which he bore such a 
 prominent part. He died July 23, 1885, at Mount McGre- 
 f^or, X. Y., after sufYerinq- for weeks with a cancerous affec- 
 tion of the tongue. 
 
 14. The Pacific Railway — The first event of public 
 importance in the early (la\s of Grant's administrations was 
 the completion of the I'nion Pacific Railway. This grea; 
 work was l)egun in 1863, but, because of the war, little was 
 done during the first two years. With the close of the war, 
 the work was pushed with vigor, and, on the loth of May, 
 1869, the last rail connecting the line from the east with the 
 line from the west was laid and the last spike, which was 
 made of solid gold, was driven in place. The two locomotives, 
 one from the Atlantic and the other from the Pacific, with 
 tlieir pilots almost touching, let out several resounding blasts 
 from their whistles as a salute to each other, speeches were 
 made, and the American continent, for the first time, was 
 spanned by the iron railway from ocean to ocean. 
 
 15. The Fifteenth Amendment. — The Fifteenth 
 Amendment to the Constitution gives to the negro the right 
 to vote. It was proposed during the last days of Johnson's 
 administration, and declared ratified March 30, 1870. 
 
 16. "Black Friday." — As the war progressed the price 
 of gold rose, until at one time it was worth three times as 
 much as paper. Then it began steadily declining, until the 
 spring of 1869, when a gold dollar was worth 131 cents. A 
 number of speculators in New York bought several millions 
 of gold at that price. Then they made it appear, through 
 certain newspapers, that a war with England and also with 
 Spain was imminent. This scare sent the price of gold up 
 to 145. The operations of the brokers caused a "corner," or 
 scarcity of gold. Their aim was to buy most of what was in 
 the banks of New York and prevent the sub-treasury of the 
 
:',7u sciiixtL i/isroh') oh 'ihi.. iMii;n s'jATES. 
 
 L'nitctl States from selling" any part of the $100,000,000 which 
 it had in its vaults. Then they intended to push the price of 
 gold up to the highest attainable point and sell all they had. 
 Could they succeed they would make many million dollars. 
 
 On h>iday, September 24, the operators on Wall street 
 became like so many lunatics. The price of gold had been 
 ■'bulled" to 144 and was going up every minute, with the 
 threat that it would not stop until 200 was reached. Men 
 who had been wealthy for years could only shriek, fling their 
 arms and leap about, as they saw their fortunes slipping 
 from them. The advance of gold caused other stocks to 
 decline, and ruin spread right and left. Some men actually 
 became crazed and were taken to asylums, while others died 
 from the exhausting excitement. Hundreds were ruined 
 and never recovered from the horrors of that panic, which 
 will always be known as "Black Friday." In the midst of 
 the pandemonium, when gold had reached 164, with the 
 prospect of still rising, the government came to the rescue 
 with the announcement that it would sell gold. This caused 
 an instant break, and the price began to fall. The conspira- 
 tors in the daring scheme cleared more than $11,000,000, 
 but the indignation against them was so intense that they 
 had to hide themselves for a time, and it required several 
 months for the country to recover from the shock. 
 
 17. The Alabama Claims. — We have learned that it 
 was charged that England did a great deal to help the Con- 
 federate privateers during the war. For this, the United 
 States now called her to account. It was not England's 
 sense of justice that led her to consider these claims, so much 
 as the fear that if she did not, sometime in the future we 
 might retaliate. A joint high conmiission, composed of five 
 British and five American statesmen, met in Washington, 
 February 27, 1871, and made a treaty. May 26, agreeing to 
 arbitration at Geneva. 
 
SCHOOL IJ I STORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 377 
 
 The arlMtration lril)unal met at Cieneva, June 15, 1872. 
 On the 14th of September, this tribunal decided that England 
 should pay to the United States the sum of $15,500,000 for 
 damages inflicted upon Northern commerce by the Confed- 
 erate cruisers. This, as the President declared in his next 
 message to Congress, left Great Britain and the L'nited 
 States without a shadow upon their friendly relations. 
 
 18. Trouble with Corea — The barbarous country of 
 Corea, on the eastern coast of Asia, was tributary to the Em- 
 perors of China and Japan. It was the custom of those 
 people to treat with great cruelty the crews of vessels ship- 
 wrecked on their coast. In May, 1871, the American envoy 
 to China and the admiral of the fleet in those waters opened 
 negotiations with the Corean authorities for the correction 
 of this wrong. The Coreans expressed themselves as eager 
 to do whatever was desired, and allowed the fleet to make a 
 survey of the neighboring coasts and waters. While two 
 steamers and four launches, accompanied by a French ves- 
 sel, were thus engaged the Coreans treacherously opened 
 fire upon them from a masked battery manned by several 
 thousand natives. The vessels returned the fire with such 
 effect that the garrison were driven pell-mell from their 
 works. 
 
 The Corean government was notified that ten days would 
 be given them in which to apologize for the breach of faith. 
 The time passed without any apology. Then the vessels 
 landed 500 men, stormed and captured the forts, destroyed 
 the guns, blew up the magazines, besides killing more than 
 200 and wounding many others. Nothing more was done 
 concerning the shipwrecked sailors, but since then Corea 
 has assumed friendly relations with the United States. 
 
 19. The Chicago Fire — On the 8th of October, 1871, 
 a cow belonging to an Irish woman in Chicago kicked over 
 a lamp and started one of the biggest fires in the world. It 
 
378 FiCEOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED f^TATES. 
 
 oegan in De Koven street, and was driven by a high wind 
 into the frame honses and hmiber-yards in the vicinity. Be- 
 fore many people suspected the danger, the flames bounded 
 across the south branch of the Chicago river and swept 
 through the business portion with a hurricane's swiftness. 
 People who expressed their sympathy for the sufferers a mile 
 away suddenly found the conflagration at their own doors. 
 
 The awful fire raged and grew all day, until it looked as if 
 the whole city was doomed. The main channel of the river 
 offered no check to the advance of the flames, and the fire- 
 proof buildings were devoured in the fervent heat as though 
 made of tinder. By the time the conflagration had spent its 
 force fully 20.000 buildings were in ashes, and the devastated 
 area was estimated at from one to three square miles. Prob- 
 ably 250 people lost their lives and 100,000 were rendered 
 homeless. The value of the property destroyed was $192,- 
 000,000. It is in such times of calamity that the best instincts 
 of people are stirred to action. From every portion of the 
 land, including the desolated, impoverished South, contri- 
 butions were hurried to Chicago, and everything possible 
 was done for the suffering ones. The citizens ot the stricken 
 city displayed wonderful pluck and energy. While the ruins 
 were still smoking the work of rebuilding was begun. Thou- 
 sands of buildings were erected without any cessation of 
 labor night or day, until completed. Within a year Chicago 
 had risen from her ashes and has steadily grown ever since. 
 
 20. Presidential Election of 1872. — The Presidential 
 election of 1872 was a singular one. President Grant was 
 renominated by the Republicans, Henry Wilson taking the 
 place of Schuyler Colfax for the Vice-Presidency. Horace 
 Creeley, who had spent most of his life fighting the Demo- 
 crats, now became their nominee for the highest office in the 
 gift of the American people. Many of the radical Demo- 
 crats refused to support his nomination, which was first 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I'MTEI) STATES. 379 
 
 made 1)\' tilt "Liberal lvepiil)licaiis." The rej^ular Repub- 
 lican ticket carried thirty-one States. Mr. Greeley was so 
 crushed bv his overwhelniinf;- defeat that he lost his reason 
 and died within a month after the election. 
 
 21 Massacre by Modoc Indians — The g-overnment 
 adopted the policy of setting' aside large tracts of lands, called 
 "reservations," for exclusive occupation by Indians, ddie 
 latter were re([mred to remain u])()n these reservations, and, 
 so long as they did so. were to l)e guarded from molestation. 
 These reservations were extensive enough to furnish each 
 Indian with several hundred acres. 
 
 Several serious difficulties confronted the government 
 when it attempted to carry out this plan. Although the res- 
 ervations, as we have shown, were extensive, the American 
 Indian is never willing that limits shall be set to his wander- 
 ings. He claims the right to roam and hunt wherever his 
 fancv leads him. liesides, on many of the reservations the 
 soil was inferior to that to which the Indians had been ac- 
 customed. In some cases it was worthless, and the agents, 
 as is verv frecpiently the case, seized every opportunity to 
 swindle the red men. 
 
 The Modoc Indians were occupying fertile and fine hunt- 
 ing lands south of ( )regon, when they were removed to a 
 tract which was so sterile that they turned about in anger 
 and fled back to the lands from which they had just been 
 driven. -Thev were onlv a few hundred in nuinl)er, but they 
 defied the Ignited States to remove them. They withdrew 
 'lO some lava-beds just over the frontier in Northern Cali- 
 fornia, where thev w"erc surrounded by troops, but the coun- 
 try is so wild and inaccessible that it was almost im])Ossible 
 to reach and bring them to terms. 
 
 A conference was held April ii, 1873, under a flag of 
 truce between the leaders of the Modocs and six members of 
 the peace commission. While the conference was under 
 
3S0 HCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED t^TATES. 
 
 way the Modocs sncklcnly assailed the white men. General 
 Edward S. Canby, the head of the commission, and Dr. 
 Thomas, a member, were killed, and General Meacheni, an- 
 other commissioner, was shot and stabbed, but escaped with 
 his life. Operations against the Alodocs were now pressed 
 with the utmost vigor, and finally they were compelled to 
 surrender. The three chiefs responsible for the murder of 
 the commissioners were executed ( )ctober 3. The rest of 
 the warriors were removed to a reservation in Dakota, where 
 they have never caused any annoyance. 
 
 22. War with the Sioux — The Sioux Indians are the 
 fiercest warriors in the Northwest. They are numerous and 
 powerful, and have frequently given us much trouble. The 
 discovery of gold in the Black Hills drew many desperate 
 men thither. Most of the region where the precious metal 
 was found belonged by treaty to the Sioux reservation, and 
 the white men. therefore, had no right to enter the country. 
 Adventurers in the struggle for gold, however, give little 
 thought to the rights of others, especially if persons thus 
 wronged are Indians. 
 
 The Sioux were (|uick to use the excuse for galloping off 
 their reservation and retaliating upon the white people. 
 They stole horses, burned buildings and murdered settlers in 
 Wyoming and Montana. Generals Terry and Crook, with 
 a strong force of regulars, entered the mountainous region 
 of the Upper Yellowstone, with the ])urpose of forcing the 
 Indians back upon their reservation. Several thousand 
 warriors, under Sitting Bull and other leading chiefs, were 
 thus driven toward the Big Horn mountains and river. 
 
 While the campaign was in progress. Generals Custer and 
 Reno rode forward with the Seventh Cavalry to discover 
 where the hostiles were. Thev were found encamped in a 
 large village, nearly three miles long, on the left bank of the 
 Little Rig Horn river. Custer recklessly charged upon the 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I'XITED STATES. 381 
 
 village \\illu)Ut waiting for reinforcements. The Indians 
 assailed liis soldiers in overwhelming numbers and massa- 
 cred every man. General Reno held his position at the lower 
 end of the encampment until General (hbbon arrived with 
 reinforcements, and saved what was left of his men. The 
 loss of the Seventh Cavalry was 261 killed, and fifty-two 
 wounded. This massacre occurred June 25, 1876. 
 
 23. The Centennial Exhibition. — The centennial oi 
 An.erican independence was fittingly celebrated by an inter- 
 ruitional exhibition at h^airmount Park, Philadelphia. The 
 expense of the exhibition was estimated at $8,500,000. Of 
 tliis amount, the city of Philadelphia gave $1,500,000, and 
 the State of Pennsylvania, $i,GOO,ooo, while $2,500,000 was 
 raised by the sale of stock. ( )ther States aided, and Con- 
 gress appropriated $1,500,000. The whole sum needed was 
 secured before the date fixed for the opening. The follow- 
 ing nations accepted the invitation of the President to par- 
 ticipate in the exhibition: The Argentine Confederation, 
 Austria, P>elgium, Bolivia. Brazil, Chili, China. Denmark, 
 Ecuador, Egypt, France (including Algeria), German Em- 
 pire, Great Britain and her colonies. Greece. Guatemala. 
 Havvaii. Hayti, Honduras, Italy, Japan. Liberia, Mexico, 
 Xcth.erlands, Nicaragua. Norway, ( )range Free State, Per- 
 sia, Peru, Portugal. Russia, Siam, Spain. Sweden, Switzer- 
 land, Tunis, United States of Colom])ia, and X'enezuela. 
 
 I'"ive principal l:)uildings were selected to receive the vari- 
 ous articles exhibited. The Main Building was 1876 feet 
 long and 464 feet broad. The second building was tlie Art 
 Gallery, or Memorial Hall; tlie third. Machinery Hall; the 
 fourth, Agricultural Hall, and the fifth. Horticultural Hall. 
 L'p to that time the Main Building was tlie largest structure 
 in the world, the ground floor having an area of twenty acres. 
 
 The Centennial Exhibition was declared open by Presi- 
 dent Grant in the conclusion of his address, May 10, 1876, 
 
;!.M' SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 
 
 .tnd closed by him six months later. The daily attendance 
 at the exhibition grounds rose from 5000 to 275,000. The 
 whole number of visitors was a little short of 10,000,000. The 
 grounds were open 158 days, and the total receipts were 
 $3,761,598. The whole celebration was worthy in everv 
 respect of the grand events which it was designed to com- 
 memorate. 
 
 24. Admission of Colorado. — Colorado, the thirty-eighth 
 State, was received March 3, 1875. 'j'-^t its Constitution was 
 not ratified by the people until July i, 1876. From this fact 
 it is sometimes known as the "Centennial State." Colorado 
 contains the highest peaks in the Rocky mountains and the 
 vast elevated plateau called "Great Parks." The largest of 
 these has an area exceeding that of the State of Massachu- 
 setts. It is one of the first States in the Union in the pro- 
 duction of silver, and has unsurpassed grazing regions. 
 
 25. Presidential Election of 1876.— The Presidential 
 election of 1876 was one of the most trying in the history of 
 the country, which was brought to the verge of civil war. 
 An attempt was made to renominate General Grant for a 
 third term, Imt it failed, and Rutherford B. Hayes, of Oliio, 
 was put forward as the Republican candidate, with William 
 A. Wheeler, of New York, as the nominee for the \ ice-Presi- 
 dency. The Democratic candidates were Samuel J. Tilden, 
 of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The 
 "Independent Greenback Party," as it was termed, nom'- 
 nated Peter Cooper, of New York. Although they did not 
 carry a State, they polled 100,000 votes. 
 
 For a number of days after the election the Democrats 
 and Republicans each claimed the victory. In four States 
 the result was disputed, viz: Louisiana, South Carolina, 
 Florida, and Oregon, It was necessary for the Repul)licans 
 to secure all these in order to carry the election, for Tilden's 
 un(|uestioned vote was too. and one more would elect him. 
 
SCnOOL lll^roRY of the FXITED SITATES. 383 
 
 Each party charged the other with fraud, and the wrangle 
 was made worse by the fact that the Lower House of Con- 
 gress was Democratic and the L'pper, Republican. JJy law 
 it was necessary for the electoral vote to be counted at a 
 joint session of the two Houses. Inasnutch as double sets 
 of returns were sure to come from the four States in dispute, 
 the prospect was of the gravest nature, and caused alarm 
 llu'oughout the countrw There were thousands of Demo- 
 crats so convinced that fraud was on foot that they were 
 ready to go to war. 
 
 In this crisis, Congress, after nuich discussion, passed a 
 Ijiil creating an Electoral Connnission to decide the dis- 
 puted points. This tribunal consisted of five Senators, ap- 
 pointed by the \'ice-Prcsident (three Republicans and two 
 Democrats); five Representatives appointed by the Speaker 
 (three Democrats and two Republicans), ahd five judges of 
 the Supreme Court (three Republicans and two Democrats). 
 This, as will be noticed, made the commission to consist of 
 eight Republicans and seven Democrats. ( )n tlic 2d of 
 March, two days before the inauguration, this commission, 
 by a strict party vote, declared the Repul)lican candidates 
 elected, though the election of Tilden was supposed by many 
 to be beyond all reasonable doubt, and that it was a case in 
 which partisan methods overruled the popular will. 
 
 Questions. — 13. Give a biographical sketch of the eighteeiith 
 President. 
 
 14. Give an account of the completion of the Union Pacific Rail- 
 way. 
 
 15. What is said of the Fifteenth Amendment? 
 
 16. Give an account of "Black Friday." 
 
 17. What is meant l)y the "Alabama Claims?" How were they 
 settled? 
 
 t8. What trouble occurred with Corea, and how was it settled? 
 IQ. Give a history of the great Chicago fire. What was the loss? 
 JO. What is said of the Presidential election of 1872? 
 
384 
 
 .sY7/or>/. insToh'Y OF Tin-: vmtei) stati:s. 
 
 21. Explain »1r' iiK-aniiiK '>f tlu- word "reservation," as applied to 
 the Indians. What angered the Modocs? Of what massacre were 
 they guilty? 
 
 22. What is said of tiie Sioux Indians? Wliat roused them t(j hos- 
 tility? Describe tlie lampaign against tlieni. 
 
 j,^ What is sail! of ilie Centennial Plxhihition at Philadelphia? 
 .\t wliat sum were llie expenses estimated? Now was it raised: 
 Wliat is said of the Main lUiilding? What were the other huildings? 
 Give the statistics. 
 
 24. What have you to \v\\ aliout Colorado? 
 
 25. What is said of the Presidential election of 1876? What caused 
 the danger of the country? How was it finally settled? Who was 
 really elected? 
 
 CHAITKR XXXIV. 
 
 HAYES'S ADMiNlS'rR,\TlUN. (1877-1881.) 
 
 26. R. B. Hayes. — Rutlurlord 
 '). i layts, nineU'cntli Trrsidt'iit of 
 the I'liilcd States, was l)()ni in 
 )cla\\arc, ( )lii(), ( )ct()l)c'r 4, 1822. 
 \v j^radiialed from KeiiNon Col- 
 ]c,L;r at the a^c of t\vcnt\', and 
 completed ills k\L;al studies at 
 I larvacd I niversity. lie be^an 
 lie ])raciit\' of law^ at Mai"ic'tta, but 
 rc'mo\'e(l to I'remoiit. and tinalK 
 lo Cincinnati, lie <lid L;'oo(i service in the war between tlie 
 States, and rose io the rank of major-pi'eneral. He was 
 Congressman in 1865, and was chosen (lovcrnor of Ohio 
 three times. I lis nomination to tlie {'residency was a com- 
 promise, his name liavim;- ])een liardK- lhon|L;"lit of mitil the 
 close strn^'^'le between tlie leaders comj^elkMl tlie slej). lie 
 died at k'reniont, Ohio, January 17, 1893. 
 
SCHOOL iiisToh'Y or Till-: I \ in: ft statijs. shh 
 
 27„ Withdrawal of Troops from the South Presi- 
 dent Hayes, at tlie outset of his adininistration, seemed aetu- 
 ated by a desire to hel]) the era of ^ckkI feelinjj^ l)et\veen the 
 Xorlh and South. ( )ne uieuil)er of his cabinet liad served 
 the Confederacy (hnnnj;- the war. An important act was the 
 witluh-awal of troops from the Southern States. Many of 
 his sup])()rters opposed this step, hut it l^nn'cd decidedly bene- 
 ficial. 
 
 28. Currency Changes. — There was much (hscussion 
 over the renujneli/.ation of silver — that is, of brin^int;- it into 
 circulation aj;ain. 'Ihe cry for an increase of ])aj)er money 
 havini;' failed, its supi)orters demanded an issue of silver 
 coinaj^^e. The silver dollars passed out of circulation durinjj^ 
 the war, and, in 1X7.^, C'oni^ress made _<:^old the exclusive 
 standard. The bill for the renionetization of silver was ve- 
 toed by the I'residcMit, but passed over his veto by a lari;-e ma- 
 jorit}-. ( )n the iSth of l)eceml)er, 1878, ^o\<.\ and silver 
 money, for the hrst time in seventeen years, were of the same 
 value. 
 
 29. Resumption of Specie Payments. — The universal 
 desire was for the resuniptidu of specie pa\ments. The value 
 of the pa])er dollar steadily increased, as tin- public debt was 
 reducetl, and Conja^ress, by an act in 1875, tixe<l January i, 
 1879, as th: date on which specie payments would be re- 
 -nmed. At that linn' there was an accunudation of $138,- 
 000,000, mostly gold, in the I'nited States treasury, which 
 ,jmountcd to nearly half of the outstanding:^ bonds. This 
 fact so stren^thcMU'd ])ublic credit that on the i st of January. 
 1879, onlv $11, 000, coo were (jffered for rcdemjition. 1lie 
 problem for the resumption of specie payments proved to be 
 no problem at all. 
 
 30. Labor Troubles. — Labor strikes, more or less se- 
 rious, ha\'e often occurred. The most alarming' of them 
 broke out in the summer of 1877, and was known as the 
 
386 SCHOOL BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Great Railway Strike. There had been dissatisfaction for a 
 long time among the workmen throughout the country over 
 their wages. When, therefore, the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
 road made a reduction of lo per cent, in the pay of its em- 
 ployes this action was followed by a strike, July 14, on the 
 several branches of the road. Sympathy with the men 
 caused a similar strike later on the Pennsylvania, Erie and 
 New York Central and their Western connections, includ- 
 ing the Missouri Pacific and minor lines west of the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 The Brotherhood of Engineers, which is generally the last 
 association to go into a strike, took the lead, and were fol- 
 lowed by the firemen, brakemen and other railway employes. 
 At Martins1:)urg, W. \a.. all trains were stopped and the 
 authorities set at defiance. Tlie militia sent against them 
 either sympathized with the strikers, or were driven out of 
 their ])ath. It was not until the 19th of ]u\\\ when 300 regu- 
 lars reached the point, that the ])lockade was raised. 
 
 A furious fight took place the next day in Baltimore, when 
 an attempt was made to drive the rioters ofT the streets. 
 Xine persons were killed and twenty wounded. The strike 
 rapidly spread throughout the country, paralyzing business 
 and almost sto]5ping travel. The only section not injuri- 
 ously affected was the Southern States. The most fearful 
 scenes took place in Pittsburg, where 20,000 rioters held 
 control of the city for two days. 
 
 Soldiers made their appearance on the streets on the 21st, 
 and were viciously attacked by the rioters. They replied 
 with bullets, killing and wounding a number. This added 
 to the fury of the rioters, who set upon the soldiers with such 
 fierceness that they fled for refuge into a round-house be- 
 longing to the railwav companv. There they were besieged, 
 and burning oil cars were rolled against the building. The 
 firemen who hastened to the spot to put out the flames were 
 
tiCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED HTATEt<. 387 
 
 not permitted to do so. The Union Depot and all the ma- 
 chine shops and railway buildings of the city were burned. 
 The losses amounted to $10,000,000, and the rioting was not 
 brought to a stop until the regular troops were sent to the 
 help of the State troops. Fully 100 lives were lost during 
 the conflicts in Pittsburg. 
 
 Disturbances took place in other parts of the country. In 
 Chicago, on the 26th of July, nineteen persons were killed, 
 and in Reading the military shot down a dozen before the 
 rioting was suppressed. One hundred thousand laborers 
 took part, and at one time 6000 miles of railway were tied up. 
 This violent outburst, liowever, did not last long. Within 
 a month it ended, and all the roads were running again. 
 
 31. War with the Nez Perces. — When Lewis and 
 Clark were in the West on their exploring expedition in 
 1806 they made a treaty with the Nez Perces Indians of 
 Idaho. Missionary stations were established, and friendly 
 relations lasted until after tlie war with Mexico. A large 
 section of their land was bought by our government in 1854. 
 and extensive reservations were made in Northwestern Ore- 
 gon for the Indians. Many of the chiefs were dissatisfied, 
 and refused to go to the reservations. 
 
 In 1877. General Howard marched against the Nez Perces 
 with a small force of regulars. Their chieftain Joseph was 
 an extraordinary man. who led his warriors \vith so much 
 skill that it was imjiossible to force him to battle. His plan 
 was to transport his whole tribe, including his women and 
 children, across the Rocky mountains into British territory. 
 General Merrilt ]M-onounces Chief Joseph's retreat and man- 
 agement of this campaign one of the most remarkable in our 
 historv. The pursuit continued for 1300 miles, when at last 
 Joseph and his liand were surrounded in the Pear Paw 
 mountains. Seeing all hope was gone. Chief Joseph walked 
 forward to General Howard the following day, and, handing 
 
388 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 him his ritie, said, as he pointed to the sky, "From vvliere the 
 sun stands, 1 fight no more against the white man." 
 
 The surrender of the Indians was sincere, though a por- 
 tion of the band escaped into liritish territory. General 
 Howard was filled with admiration of Chief Joseph and with 
 sympathy for him and his people. Some years later he se- 
 cured their return to the neighborhood of their old home, 
 where they have never given the slightest trouble, for they 
 are contented and prosperous. 
 
 32. The Fishery Award — There was no dispute down 
 to i8i8 over the right of Americans to fish along, the shores 
 of the British, possessions. In the year named the United 
 States agreed to confine its fishing to three miles from the 
 inhabited shores of Canada. The dispute arose as to 
 whether the three miles should be measured from the head- 
 lands or from every point along shore. Other questions 
 became involved with this, and the matter was finally re- 
 ferred to arbitrators, sitting in Halifax. They decided that 
 the United States should pay Great P)ritain tb.e sum of $5,- 
 000,000. The verdict was regarded as so unfair that our 
 government at first was disposed to refuse to accept it, but 
 finally decided to do so, and the sum was paid the following 
 year. 
 
 33. Presidential Election of 1880. A determined ef- 
 fort was made to renominate General Grant for a third term, 
 but it failed. The Republican nominees were James A. Gar- 
 field, of Ohio, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York. The 
 Democratic candidates were General ^^'inficld S. Hancock, 
 of Pennsylvania, and William H. English, of Indiana. The 
 Republican ticket was successful. 
 
 Questions — 26. Give a biographical sketch of the nineteenth 
 
 President. 
 
 27. What steps were taken by the President to conciliate the 
 South? 
 
SCHOOL illSTOh'Y OF THE IMTKU STATUS. 
 
 3S!) 
 
 28. What currency changes took place? 
 
 29. Show how specie payments were resumed. 
 
 30. What is said of the labor troubles in 1877? Give an accotint 
 of the troubles at Martinsburg, W. Va. In Baltimore. Describe the 
 conflicts in Pittsburg. What of the troubles elsewhere? 
 
 31. What is said of the Nez Perces Indians? Of Chief Joseph".' 
 Relate what followed. 
 
 Ji2. Give a history of the Fishery Award. 
 
 S3. What is said of the Presidential election of 1880? 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 (1881-1885. 
 
 34. James A. Garfield. — James 
 Abrani (jarfield, twentieth Presi- 
 \^ dent of the United States, was 
 _ ^ l)orn in Orange Township. Ohio, 
 % November 19, 1831. His father 
 2^ (Hed while the son was in his in- 
 fanev, and his care devolved upon 
 his mother, who was a most ex- 
 cellent woman. His Ijoyhood in 
 tlie backwoods gave him robust 
 health. He developed great mechanical skill, and his ser- 
 vices while a boy were much sought by the farmers of the 
 neighborhood. For a time he was driver of a canal l)oat. 
 At the age of seventeen he attended the high school in Ches- 
 ter, became a student at Hiram College, and afterward an 
 instructor in the mstitution. He graduated with lionor from 
 Williams College in 1856, became president of Hiram Col- 
 lege, which place he resigned in order to enter the military 
 service at the breaking out of the war between the States. 
 
390 SCIJOOL lllsTOh'V or Till: I XfTlU) STATES. 
 
 He acquitted himself hrillianth-. and l:)ecanie brigadier-g-en- 
 eral. He was chief of staff to General Rosecrans, and took 
 a leading part in the battle of Chickamauga. While still in 
 the field he was elected to the Lower House of Congress., 
 and served seventeen years. He was chosen to the United 
 States Senate in 1879, ^^^^t never took his seat, because of his 
 nomination for the Presidency. 
 
 35. Civil Service Reform. — The question of "civil ser- 
 vice reform" is one which holds much of public attention. 
 President Jackson showed the greatest vigor in turning out 
 of ofifice those who belonged to liis political opponents aufl 
 filling their places with his friends. The i)ractice has been 
 followed to a greater or less extent l)y all Presidents since. 
 vSome think the policy is hurtful, because servants who have 
 l)een in office long enough to become skilled are obliged to 
 give way to those who know nothing of the duties, with the 
 inevital)le result tliat the ])uldic service suffers. Tlie argu- 
 ment is made that before anyone is apj^ointed to a public 
 situation he should l)e re(]uired to pass an examination to 
 l)rove that he is qualified for the duties of the office. 
 
 It is maintained, further, that having been once appointed 
 to office the incumbent sliould be allowed to stay as long as 
 he performs its duties faithfully. Not only that, but the 
 prospect of promotion should always be before him. In 
 other words, he should never l)e turned out of of^ce because 
 of his political opinions. This is wliat is meant by "civil 
 service reform." President HaAcs professed to carry out 
 the principles, but was forced to yield to the clamor of office- 
 seekers. The Republican platform indorsed the civil service 
 reform. The wild horde of men determined to secure ofBce, 
 however, were resistless, and the question was shifted over 
 for tlie succeeding administration to battle with. 
 
 36. Assassination of President Garfield. — On the 26 
 of July, 1881, President Garfield, accompanied by Secretary 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 391 
 
 lUaine and sonic friends, rode to the Baltimore railway sta- 
 tion in Washinoton to take the cars for Elberon, N. j. He 
 entered the station, and was talking with Air. IJlainc, when 
 a miscreant, named Charles J. Cuiteau, standing directly 
 l)ehind the President, tired a pistol at him. The wounded 
 President was carried to the Executive Mansion, and his 
 assassin was hurried cjff to prison. 
 
 The profoundest sympathy was felt for the striken man, 
 and countless prayers were offered for his recovery. Noth- 
 ing was neglected, and, when strong enough, he was re- 
 moved to the seaside, in the ho])e that the pure atmosphere 
 and invigorating breezes would bring back his health and 
 strength. All in vain, however. He quietly ])assed away 
 on the night of Se])tember if)th at EUieron. 
 
 37. Chester A. Arthur.— 
 Chester Alan Arthur, who thus 
 )ecame the twenty- first President, 
 was born at Eairiield, \'t., ( Octo- 
 ber 5, 1830, and died ( )ct()bcr 28, 
 1888. He graduated at l^iion 
 College in 1849. After teaching 
 school for some time, he came to 
 Xew York city to stud\- law. Dur- 
 ing the war for the Union, he was 
 (|uartermaster-general of the State of New York, and for 
 seven years held the position of collector of customs for the 
 l)ort. He had hardly resumed his law practice, when he 
 was called to enter the Presidential election of 1880. 
 
 38. The Yorktown Centennial. — Inasmuch as the 
 struggle for American independence was extended over a 
 period of seven or eight years, the centennial celebrations 
 lasted for a considerable time. The one most worthy of 
 note was held at Yorktown, Va., in the month of October, 
 1881. Among the distinguished visitors were the President 
 
392 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VMTED STATES. 
 
 of the United States, tlie governors of most of the States, 
 leading mihtary men, and representatives from Great Uritain, 
 Ciermany and Franee. At the close of the celebration, 
 where the j)ride of England had been hnml)led to the dnst by 
 Washington, the British flag was rnn np by order of Presi- 
 dent Arthnr, and a military salute fired in its honor. 
 
 39. The Brooklyn Bridge.— ( )n May 24, 1883, the tine 
 structure known as the Brooklyn bridge was opened ft)r 
 travel. The main span is 1595 feet and one-half long, and 
 the two land sj^ans 930 feet each. The masonry ai)proach 
 o.n the New York side is 1562 feet, and on the Brooklyn side 
 971 feet, making the total distance more than a mile. The 
 middle of the bridge is 135 feet above the water in summer, 
 and, because of the contraction from cold, is three feet higher 
 in winter. ( )])erations were begun on the bridge January 
 3, 1870, and twenty persons were killed in the course of its 
 cf)nstruction. The Brooklyn l)ridge is the largest suspen- 
 sion bridge in the world, and is said to be the only one on 
 whicli horses are allowed to cross at a faster gait than a walk. 
 The travel over the l)ridge everv dav is enormous. 
 
 40. The Northern Pacific Railway The Northern 
 
 Pacific Railway was finished August 22, 1883. The last 
 spike was driven in the presence of a number of distinguished 
 guests, among vvdiom were Generals Cirant, Sheridan an<l 
 many English and German capitalists. At one of the sta- 
 tions the famous chieftain Sitting Bull drove a thriving trade 
 by selling his autographs for a dollar apiece. The Nortli- 
 ern Pacific Railway extends from Superior City, Wis., for 
 1674 miles to Wallula Junction, on the Columbia, in tlic 
 State of Washington. It has several branches. 
 
 41. The Highest Latitude Ever Attained by flan. — 
 It was proposed in 1880 that different countries should unite 
 in establishing meteorological stations in the polar regions. 
 The purpose was to afford opportunity to study the phe- 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITEIt KTATf-JS. 3!t:i 
 
 noniena of the weather and of the magnetic needle. Con- 
 gress responded to this invitation by making an ap])ropria- 
 tion for planting two scientific colonies, one at Point Bar- 
 row in Alaska, and the other on Lady Franklin bay, in Grin- 
 nell Land. These stations were to be occupied for ])eriods 
 varying from one to five years. The party intended for Lady 
 Franklin bay was under command of Lieut. A. W. Greely. 
 All the other atteni])ts to form circumpolar stations (ahoul 
 a dozen in numl)er) were successful. 
 
 The arrangement made by Lieutenant Greely was first to 
 establish a base of supplies. It will be seen that Arctic ex- 
 plorers are exposed to death not only from cold, Init also 
 from starvation, since little game is found in the dismal 
 regions of the far Xorth. A point, therefore, was fixed on 
 Lady Franklin bay, which, it was believed, could he readily 
 reached by vessels with supplies. So long as the vessels 
 designated for that duty attended to it the explorers had a 
 point to which they could return when in need of food with 
 the certainty of finding it. 
 
 The arrangement was that two vessels should be sent to 
 Lady Franklin bay in the summer of 1883 to bring Greely 
 and his men back, or leave them supplies. The explorers 
 sailed from St. John's July 7, 1881, and, including officers 
 and two Esquimaux, numbered twenty-nine men. While 
 the steamer was striving to reach Cape Sabine, as agreed 
 upon, with supplies, it was crushed in the ice and sank. The 
 crew escaped with great difftculty, and made their way to 
 L'pernavik, where the other vessel had been left. No sup- 
 plies had been landed for Lieutenant Greely and his men, 
 whose lives were thus placed in great peril. 
 
 Meanwhile, the explorers pushed northward, facing 
 weather of whose severity the mind cannot conceive. A sig- 
 nal station, called Fort Conger, was established on Lady 
 
.'^594 SCHOOL HISTORY OF T!fK TXITED STATES. 
 
 I'^rankliii hay, and an cxpcdilinn snit alun^- []\c iKirtlicni 
 coast of (Greenland. Abonl the middle df Ma\-. icSXj, Lieu- 
 tenant James Jj. Locd<\vood and Serjeant I )avid L. Ilrainard, 
 with a single Esfjuimaux as tlieir conipanion, rearlu'd a 
 l)oint beyond which they coidd not ])ass. Ilefore turning- 
 hack tliey ])roceeded to take observations witli tlu- utmost 
 care and under the best conchtions. 
 
 These observations showed that tlie tliree men were in 
 latitude 83° 24' 30" nortli, lonj^itufh' 40" 46' 30" wc-t of 
 dreenwicli. Lockwood and I'rainard. therefore, liad readied 
 THE ill(;ilh:ST LATITl l)|-, I-A'IvR Ad'TAIXI'd) lA' 
 MAN. 
 
 I he ex])lorers fnidiniL;' no ])ro\isions on tlieir return to 
 h^ort CV)n_^-er, uiKU'rwent (h-eadful sufferiui^'. At one time 
 cannil)ahsm was resorted to. I.ientenant l.ockwood was 
 amon.q^ those who succuml)e(l and (bed. When tlie s^aunt 
 survivors were rescued l)y a rehef ex])e(htion sent out in thc> 
 summer of 1884, only Lieutt'uanl (ireely and six of his com- 
 panions were alive. hAen tlu'y coidd not liave lasted more 
 than two or three daws Ioniser. 
 
 42. Dedication of the Washington flonument. — 
 The corner-stone of the Washington monument was laid 
 July 4, 1848. Amono- tliose present were I bnr\- ('lav, 
 Daniel Webster, President I 'oik and John C. Calhoun. Af- 
 ter making- the beginning- (jf this tribute to the ]'"ather of his 
 Country, it was not very creditable to the American nation 
 that it took nearly forty years to complete it. Such, lunv- 
 ever, was the fact, for it was not dedicated until February 21, 
 1885. (Washington's birthday fell on Sunday that vear.) 
 The ceremonies were fitting and impressive. General Sheri- 
 dan acting as chief marshal, while Senator John W. iJaniel, 
 of Virginia, delivered an eloquent address. The Washing- 
 ton monument is the loftiest in the world. It can be seen 
 
xciiooi. iiis't'din or 'rin: i \rn:i> states. :',!»;' 
 
 for Uvcntv iniK-s in an_\ direction, and towtrs to llir lu-i^lil of 
 555 feet, more than a tenth ni a mile. The weijj^ht of the 
 entire shaft is 82,000 tons. The wliole cost of the nionu- 
 nient was $1,187,710. of wliicli Cfjni^ress appropriated 
 $900,000. 
 
 43. Presidential Election of 1884, — The Democratic 
 candidate's in the Presidential eU'i'tion of 1884 were (Irf)ver 
 ( le\-eland, of .\ew \'ork, and I hoina.s A. I iendri(d<s, of In- 
 diana, riic l\c])nl)li("an candidates were janies '1. I'daine, 
 of Maine, and < icncral hdin A. T.o<.^an, of Illinois. The 
 I )(,-niocrats made the h.i^'ht (diielh- on the issue of civil service 
 reform, while llu- tariff was the main arj^ument of the Re- 
 pnhlicans. d he .Southern issue no lon^^-er entered into the 
 Presidential conti'sts. The diversity oi views on the tariff 
 and civil service reform is so ji^reat in hoth ])arties that the 
 distinction between the political faith of a 1 )emocrat and that 
 of a Repuhlican is less perce])tihle than e\'er before. .Many 
 proiuinent Rej)ublican ])a]Hr^ sni)])ortcd tlie l)etuoeralic 
 ticket, which was elected. 
 
 Questions. — .34. Give <i biof^rnpliic-il sketch of the twentieth Prcs- 
 i'leiit. 
 
 .-55. F.xplain tlie meaning of "Civil Service Reform." Wliat ar- 
 ^.(nments are adduced in favor of it? 
 
 ,36. Descrilje tlie assassination and dcadi of President Garfield. 
 
 T,J. Give a biographical sketch of the twenty-first President 
 
 38. Give a descrijjtion of the Yorktovvn Centennial. 
 
 .39. What is the history of the Brooklyn bridge? 
 
 40. What is said of the Northern Pacific Railway? 
 
 41. What international proposition was made in 1880? WHiat was 
 ihe object? What expeditions were successful? What arrange- 
 ments were made by Lieutenant Greely? Give an accr)unt of the 
 memorable exploit of Sergeant Brainard and Lieutenant Lockwood. 
 
 42. What is the history of the Washington monument? Give 
 some figures concerning it. 
 
 43. What is said of the Presidential election of 1884? 
 
30ti 
 
 scfjooL insToin' or Tin: i mteu state's. 
 
 CTTAPTKK XXX VT. 
 
 tXEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. (1SS5-1889.) 
 
 44. Qrover Cleveland. — Grover 
 Ck'velaiicl, twenty-second ] 'resi- 
 dent of tlie I'nited States, was 
 horn at Caldwell, X. J.. Marcli 
 iS, 1837. lie rt'Ct'ived his edn 
 cation in the ])nhlic schools, anc! 
 '.".'cann' a teacher in an institn 
 •ion for the blind in Clinton, X. 
 \'. l\enio\in<;- to Ihiffaloin 1855, 
 Ik' soon ranke(l anion^' llie U'ad- 
 ers at the har in that t-itv. lie 
 was assistant district attorney in 1863, and was eU'cted sheril'f 
 of the eonnt\' in 1870. Tlis pi i])idaril\- made him mayor of 
 lUiffalo in i88t, althoni^h tl'.e city was stronj^ly Repnhlican 
 in ])olitics. llis prodiy-if)ns majority in 1882, when chosen 
 ( lovcrnor of the State of Xew York, attractt'd national at- 
 tention, and hrnno-lit ahont his nomination for tlie Presi- 
 dency in 1884. 
 
 45. Civil Service Reform. — Ilavini-; received the snp- 
 port of many connnitted to "civil service reform," President 
 (develand did not ignore his obligations to these snpporters. 
 1 le made a strong effort in that direction. Despite the clamor 
 (A of^ce-seekers, he retained in position probabh- one-half, 
 if not more, of the Repnblicans that had dischari'-ed their 
 d.uties satisfactorily. He natnrally cansed nnich dissatisfac- 
 tion in the ranks of his own party, bnt he persisted in sliowing 
 his belief in civil service reform, which was a plank in the niat- 
 form npon which he was elected. 
 
 46. The Statue of Liberty — That which strikes a vi; i- 
 tor to this country most impressively, when he first a])- 
 
HCIIOOL HISTORY O/' 77//; LXITED (STATES. SU7 
 
 [jroaches New York, is the j^ij^-antic statue of Liljert\-, stand- 
 ing on Bedloe's Island, with its immense lorc-h lield liij^'h in 
 air. This is the Jiarthokh Statue of Liberty ■'i^nlighlening 
 the World." Few who have not made a critical examina- 
 tion (A the largest work of its kind ever erected are aware of 
 its huge dimensions. 'I'he forefinger is more than eight feet 
 long; the sectjiid joint i^ about five feet in circumference; a 
 finger-nail is mcjre than a foot in length; the nose is almost 
 four feet long; the liead is almcjst fourteen feet high, and 
 will accommodate forty persons within it, while the hollow 
 of the torcli will liold twelve people. The coj)])er sheets 
 which form the outside of the statue weigh eiglity-eight tons. 
 It is 150 feet from the base to the toj) of the torch, which is 305 
 feet above low-water mark. 
 
 TIk' Liberty Statue is the work of l-"rederick Auguste l>ar- 
 tlioldi, an eminent French scul])ior. It was officially pre- 
 sented to the I'nited States July 4, 1884. To its cost, 180 
 cities, f(jrty general councils, a large nund^er of chambers of 
 Cfjmmerce, societies, and 100,000 subscriljcrs in l-'rance con- 
 triljutefl. ^I'he statue was dedicated C)ctober 28, 1886, with 
 impressive ceremonies. 
 
 47. The Cotton Centennial Exposition The first ex- 
 
 ])orlation of y\merican cotton for foreign consum])tion was 
 in 1784. T(j crMumemcjrate the event in a fitting manner, 
 L'ongress, in k'ebruar}-, 1883, passed an act authorizing tlie 
 holding rjf an industrial exj;osition in Xew Orleans. Tlie 
 I'nited States loaned the organizati(jn $1,000,000, and $500,- 
 000 more was secured by subscriptions to the stock. The 
 exposition was o])ene.d Decemljcr 16, 1884. 
 
 The main building was the largest which, up to that time, 
 had ever bean constructed. It covered thirty-three acres, 
 was built witlK)nt j^artitions, and liad a cr^ntinuous roof. 
 Horticultural Hall was the most extensive conservator)' in 
 the world, and the other buildings were of proportionate 
 
398 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 dimensions. The entire space covered by the different 
 structures was 2,736,305 feet. 
 
 The display of the products of industry and skill, and the 
 products of the earth, represented forty-five States and Ter- 
 ritories of the Union, and twenty-one foreign countries. The 
 exhibit of the products of farms, the forests, the fisheries 
 and the mines of our country surpassed everything of the 
 kind ever attempted. President Arthur, sitting in Washing- 
 ton, touched an electric button and set the machinery going 
 hundreds of miles away. The exposition closed May 31, 
 1885, the total attendance having been 1,158,840 i)ersons. 
 While the success was not so great as was deserved, it was 
 the means of doing a vast deal of good. 
 
 48. The Chicago Anarchists. — Numerous labor strikes 
 took place in the early part of 1886. Many were settled by 
 arbitration, the true method of adjusting all differences; but 
 in other cases, long strikes, accompanied by much suffering 
 and often by acts of violence, were the result. On the 1st of 
 May a popular demand was that eight hours should consti- 
 tute a day's work. ( )n that day 40,000 workmen in Chicago 
 went on a strike on this issue. A demonstration of the 
 trade unions in New York city added force to the demand, 
 while im])etus was given l^y similar movements in other 
 cities. As is always the case, a number of pestilent anarch- 
 ists took advantage of the excitement. While the police of 
 Chicago were attemjiting to disperse a crowd of these people 
 on the evening of May 4 a bomb was exploded by the an- 
 archists among the offtcers. Its. effect was fearful. Seven 
 policemen were killed, eleven crippled for life, and a dozen 
 badly injured. 
 
 In the investigations whicli followed, it was found that 
 the anarchists had laid plans for slaying hundreds of inno- 
 cent people and plundering the city. The leaders were ar- 
 rested and brought to trial. Seven were condemned to 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATE!^. 3i>!) 
 
 death. One committed suicide in prison and four were 
 hanged. The two who were condemned to long terms of 
 imprisonment were pardoned by the Governor of llhnois in 
 the fall of 1893. 
 
 49. The Charleston Earthquake. — The whole Union 
 was startled on the last day of sunmier and the beginning of 
 autumn, 1886, by a series of earthquake shocks, the most 
 violent known in the history of our country. It was 10 
 o'clock at night, August 31, when the city of Richmond, Ya., 
 was strongly shaken. The convicts in the penitentiary be- 
 came so panic-stricken that the militia had to be summoned 
 to subdue them. The alarm continued throughout the night. 
 
 The seismic shocks were still more violent at Columbia, 
 S. C. The houses swayed, and tlie terrified inmates rushed 
 into the streets, while in many places the negroes believed 
 that the day of judgment had come. The disturbance was 
 felt as far nortli as Albany, N. Y., and was noticeable in 
 Washington and in Connecticut. 
 
 Charleston, S. C, however, endured the most startling 
 visitation. The cutting of telegraphic connnunication with 
 the city on the night of August 31 caused the fear that it had 
 been utterly destroyed. When news at last came to the hun- 
 dreds of inijuiries, it was learned that the falling Iniildings 
 had started numerous fires, and twenty structures were re- 
 duced to ashes before the fire department gained control. 
 The shocks continued at varying intervals. Fully 50,000 
 men, women and children fled to the parks and public 
 scjuares, where they spent the days and nights in the open 
 air, afraid to enter the ruins of their own houses. At the end 
 of a week, when the violence of the shocks gradually ceased, 
 it was found that more than a hundred persons had been 
 killed, and fully two-thirds of the city required rebuilding. 
 
 50. Conquest of the Apaches. — An important work 
 was accomplished by the army during the summer of 1885 
 
400 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED l^TATES. 
 
 in the conc|uest of the Apache Indians of the Southwest. 
 These savages arc perhaps the fiercest and most dangerous 
 tribe with which civihzation has come in contact. Their 
 courage, endurance and ferocity are ahnost beyond behef. 
 A band of a dozen or fewer would terrorize a line of settle- 
 ments for hundreds of miles. After striking a blow, they 
 were gone before the settlers could rally to their pursuit. 
 When pressed closely, they separated, and found safety in 
 tlie wild mountain regions, where it was almost impossible 
 to follow them. 
 
 Had the Apaches been left to the management of the army 
 of^cers the troubles would have been ended long before they 
 were. These educated soldiers understood the red men and 
 treated them justly. They encouraged the Apaches, to be 
 peaceful, to cultivate the ground, and to manufacture many 
 articles. When all was going well, corrupt white men inter- 
 fered, and had the Apaches removed to a reservation which 
 was little better than a desert. Then the furious warriors 
 went upon the war-path, and spread death and devastation 
 on every hand. Geronimo (he-ron'-i-mo) was tlicir most 
 famous leader. When captured, he broke loose and, in one 
 case, returned and recaptured his wife. The atrocities of 
 Geronimo and his warriors continued for months, until the 
 soldiers sent after them developed an equal degree of perti- 
 nacity and skill. They trailed the Indians under the flaming 
 sun, over almost perpendicular mountains, through gorges, 
 across streams, into the wildest fastnesses of those regions, 
 stealing upon them in the darkness of night, and keeping up 
 the pursuit with the persistency of bloodhounds. This 
 strange chase was continued for hundreds of miles, until at 
 last Geronimo and his warriors were run down; and they 
 are now peaceful, industrious, and take great interest in the 
 education of their children, for whom schools have been 
 provided. At the dedication of the principal school building 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 401 
 
 the once terrible Geroninio acted as usher, and helped to 
 show the ladies and gentlemen to their seats. 
 
 51. Presidential Succession Law. — The i 'residential 
 succession law, which was passed in 1886, provides that if, at 
 anv time, there shall be no President or \'ice-President, the 
 office of President shall devolve upon the cabinet in the fol- 
 lowing order of succession: the Secretary of State, of the 
 Treasury, and of War, the Attorney-General, the Postmas- 
 ter-General, the Secretar\' of the Navy, of the Interior, and 
 of Agriculture. It would seem that it is impossible for a 
 contingenc)- to arise in whicli a special election for President 
 could be needed. 
 
 52, Marriage of President Cleveland One of the 
 
 most pleasant incidents connected with President Cleve- 
 land's tirst administration was his marriage to Miss Frances 
 Folsom. The only President previous to Mr. Cleveland 
 that married during his term of office was John T}ler, who 
 was united to his second wife in 1844. The union of Mr. 
 Cleveland and Miss Folsom took place in the lUue Room of 
 tlie White House on the evening of June 2, 1886. 
 
 53. Presidential Election of 11888. — Th.e tariff issue en- 
 teretl intcj the elcclion of 1888. The Democrats favored a 
 low tariff, or reduction of the duties on imports, wliile the 
 Republicans advocated a high protective tariff. The I)em- 
 ocratic candidates were, for President, Cleveland, with Allen 
 G. Thurman, of Ohio, for \'ice-President. The Repuljli- 
 cans nominated and elected P)enjamin Harrison, of Indiana, 
 and Levi P. Morton, of New York. 
 
 Quest ions. ^44. Give a biographical sketch of the twenty-second 
 President. 
 
 45. What did the President do with the matter of "civil service 
 reform?" 
 
 46. Give some dimensions of the Statne of Liberty. What fur- 
 ther is stated regarding it? 
 
4(12 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTEU STATES. 
 
 47. What led to the Cotton Centennial Exposition? Give some 
 facts regarding the exhibition. 
 
 48. What is said of the labor troubles of 1886? Give a history of 
 the anarchist outrage in Chicago. 
 
 49. What startled the whole country, August 31, 1886? What 
 took place in Columbia, S. C. ? Describe the effect in Charleston. 
 
 50. What is said of the Apache Indians? Give a history ot their 
 conquest. 
 
 51. What of the Presidential succession law? 
 
 52. What pleasing incident took place during Cleveland's first 
 administration? What President was married before this during 
 his term of office? What of Mr. Cleveland's marriage? 
 
 53. What is said of the Presidential election of 1888? 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. (1889-1893.) 
 
 54. Benjamin Harrison. — Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, twenty-third 
 President of the United States, 
 was born at North IJend, Ohio, 
 Aui^nst 20. 1833. He was the son 
 of John Scott Harrison, a farmer, 
 who was the son of WilHam 
 Henry Harrison, ninth President. 
 The father of the latter was Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, a signer of tlie 
 Declaration of Independence. At the age of fourteen, young 
 Ijcnjamin Harrison became a student for two years at Far- 
 mer's College, and graduated from Miami University in 
 1852. Upon the l)reaking out of the late war, he gave up 
 his profession of law and the of^ce of reporter for the Su- 
 l)reme Court of Indiana, to which he had been elected, and, 
 entering the military service, remained to the close of hostili- 
 ties. He was commissioned as colonel of the Seventieth 
 
SCHOOL III STORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4(« 
 
 Indiana A'oluntccrs, and was breveted as brigadier-general 
 for ability and gallantry. Josepii Hooker, major-general 
 commanding, complimented him in high terms. He was a 
 model officer and liighly popular with his men. He was 
 elected L'nited Stales Senator in 1880. and served his full 
 term, displaying marked ability. He is a keen debater and 
 an excellent ofif-hand speaker. The addresses — more than 
 a hundred in nuiul)er — uliicli he made on his tour across the 
 continent in i8yi. are models of happy thouglit and ])atriotic 
 elociuence. 
 
 55. Naval Disaster at 5amoa (Jn the 15th of .March, 
 
 i88y, all the American and (ierman vessels in the harl)or of 
 Apia, Samoa, were destroyed or disabled ])y a terrific hurri- 
 cane. They were anchored near each other, and when the 
 storm became violent the engines were set to work to relieve 
 the strain upon the cables. The force of the storm, how- 
 ever, caused all to drag their arichors, and thev were dashed 
 against one another or hurled u])on a coral reef on the west 
 sitle of the bay. 
 
 The first to strike the reef was the (i-erman gunboat Ebcr, 
 which turned keel upward. The natives, who were at war 
 with Germany, forgot that those in distress were enemies, 
 and, rusliing out in the breakers at great risk to themselves, 
 saved an (officer and four men, while five officers and sixty- 
 six men were lost. Tlie ( ierman flagship Adlcr was flung 
 on her side on the reef, and lost twenty men and officers when 
 the vessel capsized. 'I^lie rest swam to the wreck, and held 
 fast to the spars until taken oiT after the storm. 
 
 The American steamer Xipsic was handled so skillfull}' 
 that she cleared the reef and was run upon the beach. The 
 German corvette Olga, after colliding with nearly every ves- 
 sel, was beached on a sand-flat. The Tiritish steamer Calli- 
 ope, with her more powerful engines, succeeded, after a nar- 
 row escape, in working her way out to sea. The Ignited 
 
404 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 States steamer / 'aiuhilia was hurled uptni the reef near shore 
 and eapsized. Many of her erew were drowned while trying 
 to swim ashore, while others who clung to the masts were 
 brushed ofif by the 'frciitoii, which swept past a few hours 
 later and was thrown ui)on the beach. The Trenton lost one 
 man, the Nipsic seven, and the J'aiuialia five officers and 
 thirty-nine men. The Samoans showed great heroism in 
 rescuing the imperilled persons. 
 
 56. Oklahoma — The Indian Territory w'as formerly an 
 immense trad, and was intended for the exclusive use of the 
 various Indian tribes. It included some of the most valu- 
 able land in the country, and has alwaws been regarded with 
 longing eyes by the wdiite men. Portions have been ac- 
 quired by purchase from the Indians, and thus the Territory 
 has been steadily cut down to its present proportions. The 
 section now known as Oklahoma had long attracted the 
 greed of speculators and settlers, who made repeated at- 
 tempts to settle on it. The United States, however, promptly 
 expelled them, as it was in duty bound to do by its treaty with 
 the Indians. Finally, in 1889, it was jjurchased by our gov- 
 ernment and thrown open for settlement. 
 
 The hour named as the one when it would be lawful for 
 any person to cross the boundary line was higli noon, April 
 22, 1889. For days before, thousands of horsemen and 
 wagons converged toward the edge of the "promised land'' 
 and camped as near to the dividing line as they could. Wlien 
 the soldiers on guard announced by signal the arrival of the 
 important moment, fully 50.000 people broke into a frenzied 
 rush and scramble for their claims. The country was over- 
 run in a few hours, and every available foot of land taken up. 
 Towns blossomed out in a day, newspapers, banks, schools 
 and churches were established, and the region where all had 
 been a lonely solitude was filled with bustle, haste, business 
 and the crude civilization of the border. The "Cherokee 
 
SCHOOL HIHTORT OF THE UNITED HTATES. A^)t^ 
 
 Strij)," the last remaining" section of the pubUc domain to be 
 thrown open in this manner, was occupied in the same fash- 
 ion in the summer of 1893. The population of these two 
 Territories at that time became a cjuarter of a million. 
 
 57. The Johnstown Flood — ( )n the 31st of May, 1889, 
 a horseman dashed down Conemaugh \'alley, Pa., at head- 
 long speed, shouting, as he sped through the towns and vil- 
 lages and past houses: "Fly to the hills! You haven't a 
 minute to lose! If you wait you arc lost!" There was good 
 cause for this terrifying cry, for l)ehind the horseman soon 
 swept an avalanche of water, fifty feet deep and half a mile 
 wide, and with the fearful velocity of two and one-half miles 
 a minute. Before this rush, houses, locomotives, build- 
 ings, timbers, trees, rocks, men, women and children were 
 swept like so much chafT in a cyclone. No calamity of the 
 kind was ever before known in this country. 
 
 At the head of Conemaugh Valley, in Western Penn- 
 sylvania, an immense dam gave way, and the accumulated 
 waters poured forward with resistless force. The reservoir 
 was a])out 275 feet above the level of Johnstown, which con- 
 tained some 30,000 inhabitants ; the flood was two and one- 
 half miles long and a mile and one-half wide at its broadest 
 ])art. At many points it was fully 100 feet deep. The vol- 
 ume of water which was thus freed l)y the yielding of the dam 
 was too vast to be comprehended. 
 
 The loss of property was $10,000,000. How many per- 
 sons were drowned or killed in the appalling crush can never 
 be known. The official list of the dead was 2280, of whom 
 770 were unidentified. Tlie remains of a victim were found 
 as late as May 28,1892. As in the case of other great calam- 
 ities, the people were quick to respond to this call upon their 
 sympathy. Everything possible was done, the total contri- 
 butions amounting to $3,000,000. The Conemaugh Valley 
 Memorable Hospital was erected and dedicated February 
 
40« i^CHOOL Hlt^TORY OF THE i.MTEl) STATES. 
 
 4, 1892, and a nionunieiit was unveiled May 31 of the same 
 year to the memory of the victims. 
 
 58. Admission of flontana, Washington, North and 
 South Dakota. — North and South Dakota were admitted 
 to the Union November 2; Montana, November 8, and 
 Washington, November 11, 1889. When President Harri- 
 son signed the two bills for the admission of the Dakotas he 
 covered the names of the respective States and then shuffled 
 the papers about so as to lose their identity. After attach- 
 ing his signature, the same thing was done. Thus it will 
 never be known which State is a minute or two older than the 
 other. 
 
 Montana abounds in gold and silver mines of incalculable 
 wealth. The river valleys have a fertile soil, and stock rais- 
 ing is an important industry. Washington is a fine wheat 
 and grazing country. The Dakotas are among the leading 
 grain-producing States. North Dakota is traversed by the 
 Northern Pacific Railway. South Dakota contains the 
 l)lack Hills, famous for their gold and silver. The develop- 
 ment of both States has been very rapid. 
 
 59. Admission of Idaho and Wyoming. — Ttlaho was 
 admitted to the Union July 13, and Wyoming July 10, 1890. 
 [daho has a mountainous surface, and yields large quantities 
 of gold and silver. Stock raising is cone of the chief indus- 
 tries. Wyoming is a region of great elevation. The Co- 
 limibia, Missouri and Green rivers have their sources in 
 Washington. The Yellowstone National Park is in the 
 northwestern corner. 
 
 60. Pan=American Conference. — The Pan-American 
 (all-American) Conference was in session in Washington 
 from November 17, 1889, until the 19th of the following 
 April. This conference was invited to come together by 
 our government, which paid all the expenses. It contained 
 the representatives of eighteen countries and 100.000,000 
 
Si'HOOL ULSTORY OF THE UNITED .STATES. 407 
 
 people, who discussed and considered among other nnport- 
 ant matters an international railway, connecting the South 
 American line, to run from Cartagena, in Colombia, up the 
 Alagdalena river valley and along the eastern slope of the 
 Andes, penetrating as far as Cusco. Peru, there to connect 
 with the South American system already existing; the for- 
 mation of an international monetary union, with an inter- 
 national coin as legal tender; tlie creation of an international 
 l)ank; a general recc^nnnendation of reciprocity treaties. All 
 the delegates signed a treaty of arljitration, which provides 
 that no war shall he declared until Pan-American arl)i- 
 tration has failed, exce])t when innnediate action is necessary. 
 
 At the meeting held April lo, 1891,3 resolution was adopted 
 incorporating the members of the general connnittee as the 
 Humane Freedom League, whose name shows its general 
 purpose. It is to exist as long as it has work to do. Three 
 subsequent congresses were provided for at intervals of five 
 years: the first in Paris, the next in Rio Janeiro, and the third 
 in P>erne. 
 
 The project of an intercontinental railway connecting 
 North and South America is of such momentous import- 
 ance that it attracted wide attention. Several parties of 
 engineers have made preliminary surveys, and the great line 
 is one of the certainties of the near future. The abolition of 
 war, which is the primal object of this Conference, and the 
 close union of the two continents, must mark one of the 
 grandest of all steps forward in the history of civilization. 
 
 61. Tragedy at New Orleans — One of the most vicious 
 secret organizations is what is know^n as the "?\Iafia" among 
 the Italians. It includes vile and desperate assassins, who 
 shield one another in the commission of secret murder. The 
 , ferocious banditti of Italy have many representatives of the 
 order in this country. David C. Hennessy, chief of police 
 of New Orleans, had been specially active in attacking the 
 
The CjJoveruuiL'Ut liuildiuy, World's Fair. 
 

 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 The date In each State Is that of Its 
 admission to the Union. 
 
 Tilt tirern inul yellow colors indicate the 
 stun/lard time acctiuiis, for tin e:>pluna- 
 tion of which nee ptir/e l,S7. 
 
 \^> 
 
 lJ>^ 
 
 
 A. 
 
 NOON 
 
 
 o h^^^'.'^^Zi%-^oTJ \ 
 
 
 o/n 
 
 ^"■E«i,(fi,\ laaa 
 
 ■i- A 
 
 N 
 
 
 I NORTlfl nAKOTA 
 
 '■uaaQ 
 
 " — ^--^ '^"^ 
 
 -T-iv, / / '890 
 
 y'-h X" I- ^ ' 
 
DATES AT WHICH THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN 
 
 STATES RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION, 
 
 1 Delaware, 1787, Dsc. 7. 8. South Carolina, 1 788, May 23. 
 
 2. Pennsylvania, " Dec. 1 2. 9. New Hampshire, " Jure 21. 
 
 3. Ney.- Jersey, " Dec. 18. 10. Virginia, " June 25. 
 
 4. Georgia, 1788, Jan. 2. 1 1 . New York, ■■ July 26. 
 
 5. Cornr;cticut, " Jan. 9. 1 2. North Carolina, 1789, Nov. 2:. 
 
 6. Massachusetts, Feb 6. 13. Rhode Island, 1 790, May 29 
 7 Maryland. ■' April 28. 
 
 Tlif Indian Terrilorj/ wim oryantzed in 18SU, 
 anil Oklrilinmu was tarved from it in 188'J. 
 
 LOND ON 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED i^TATES. 40Si 
 
 society in that city. He had traced a number of crimes tc 
 its doors, and was so certain of bringing the criminals to jus- 
 tice that they determined to slay him. At midnight, October 
 15, 1890, he was waylaid and shot down in front of his own 
 home bv members of the "Mafia" organization. 
 
 The outrage roused the city. Several suspected Italians 
 were thrown into prison, among whom a number were iden- 
 titied as the assassins. One was killed in his cell by an en- 
 raged newspaper carrier. In all, fifty Italians were arrested, 
 of whom nineteen were indicted. Of the nine placed on 
 trial, the guilt was clearly proven against five, one of whom 
 was the Italian slain in his cell. Nevertheless, six were ac- 
 quitted and a mistrial entered in the case of the other three. 
 It was so evident that the jury liad been corrupted, that the 
 verdict was beyond endurance. A mass-meeting of leading 
 citizens was held on the morning of March 14, and, march- 
 ing to the jail, they lynched eleven Sicilian prisoners. The 
 act, even though the provocation was great, was wrong, and 
 when the neW'S reached Italy, she demanded reparation foi 
 tlie outrage. It was found tliat eight of the eleven Italians 
 were American citizens and another had renounced his alle 
 giance to the King of Italy. The remaining two. though 
 Italian subjects, l)elongcd to the criminal class, and were in 
 this country in defiance of our inunigration laws. As a con- 
 sequence, they were not entitled to the protection accorded 
 to Italians. 
 
 The relations between Italy and the United States were 
 strained for a time, but by and by a cooler state of feeling 
 olitained. Finallv, simplv as an evidence of good wnll, the 
 sum of $20,000 was paid to the families of the victims. Italy 
 accepted the offer cordially, and the former friendly relations 
 between the two countries were re-established. 
 
 62. Threatened Indian Uprising. — In the latter part of 
 1890 and the beginning of 1891 our country was threatened 
 
410 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE V SITED STATES. 
 
 by a dangerous uprising of the Indians in the West. A 
 strange craze spread among the red men, who beheved that 
 an Indian Messiah was soon to come upon earth, drive out 
 the white people, and restore the hunting-grounds to his In- 
 dian children. "Ghost dances," as they were called, were 
 held, and the new faith preached, until thousands of warriors 
 were eager to rush upon the war-path. 
 
 Sitting lUill was the leader of the discontented Indians. 
 He had caused trouble before, and, as a matter of safety, it 
 was decided to arrest him. The attempt was made Decem- 
 ber 15, 1890, but the famous "medicine man" of the Sioux 
 resisted fiercely, and in the flurry was shot. His warriors 
 fled to the "Bad Lands" of Dakota, and the crisis grew more 
 threatening than ever. 
 
 A severe battle took place at Wounded Knee, December 
 28, in which about thirty soldiers and a great numl:)er of In- 
 dians were killed. The situation became so critical that it 
 was said the accidental firing of a gun, or the slightest hasty 
 act, would bring on the most dreadful Indian war this coun- 
 try has ever known. General Miles, commanding the United 
 States troops, however, showed tact and forbearance. As a 
 consequence, all the hostiles came into the Pine Ridge 
 Agency. January 14. and surrendered, and the peril wa^^ 
 over. 
 
 63. Trouble with Chili — On the i6th of October, iSqi, 
 some forty men belonging to the crew of the United States 
 war steamer Balfiiuorc, lying in the harbor of Valparaiso 
 (val-pa-ri' so). Chili, obtained permission to go ashore. 
 While there they became involved in a quarrel with some 
 Chilians, and were set upon by an armed mob. Two Ameri- 
 cans were killed and a number badly wounded. Investiga- 
 tion proved the outrage to have been unjustifiable, and our 
 government required Chili to apologize and pay an indem- 
 nity. Chili at first was defiant, but we were firm, and gave 
 
slCHOOL HISTORY or THE TYITED f^TATES. 411 
 
 her the choice of doino- as required or going to war. She 
 decided to make an apology, and paid an indemnity to those 
 entitled to it. 
 
 Questions. — 54. Give a biographical sketch of the twenty-third 
 President. 
 
 55. Describe the naval disaster at Samoa. 
 
 56. Give a history of Oklahoma. 
 
 57. What is said of the Johnstown thiod? Describe the losses in- 
 flicted and the efforts to relieve the suffering. 
 
 58. What States were admitted to the Union, November 2, 1889? 
 What States were admitted November 8 and 11 of the same year? 
 Which hill admitting the two Dakotas was first signed by the Presi- 
 dent? Give some account of Montana. Of Washington. Of 
 North and South Dakota. 
 
 59. What States were admitted respectively July 10 and i,^, 1890? 
 Give some description of the two States. 
 
 60. What is said of the Pan-.^mericaii Conference? Mention 
 some of the subjects considered by that body. What is said of the 
 subject of an intercontinental railway? 
 
 61. Give an account of the "Mafia" organization. What did its 
 members do in New Orleans? What of the trial of the criminals? 
 What followed? How was the matter finally adjusted? 
 
 62. What caused wide-spread discontent among the Indians of the 
 West in 1890 and 1891? What of Sitting Bull? Of the battle of 
 Wounded Knee? What followed? 
 
 6,^. Give a brief account of our trouble with Chili. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 CLEVEL.\ND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. (1893—) 
 
 64. Election and Inauguration.^ — The candidates in the 
 Presidential camj^aign of i8q2 were Grover Cleveland for 
 President, and Adlai E. Stevenson for Vice-President, on the 
 part of the Democrats; Benjamin Harrison and Whitelaw 
 Reid, for the Republicans; James B. Weaver and James G. 
 
412 fiCHOOL JUSTORY OF THE FXTTED STATES. 
 
 iMcld, for the "Populists;" and jolui IJichvcll and James B. 
 Cranfill, for the Prohibitionists. 
 
 The result was the election of Cleveland and Stevenson. 
 The inauguration on the 4th of March, 1893, was attended 
 by a vast crowd of soldiers and civilians from every section — 
 one of the most notable figures in the procession being 
 ( ieneral iMtzhugh Lee, of \'irginia, the old Confederate cav- 
 alryman, who was cheered to the eclio as he rode at the head 
 of the division lie commanded. 
 
 65. Repeal of the "Sherman Bill." — A money strin- 
 gency visited the country in llie spring and sunuuer of 1893. 
 The President convened Congress (August 7), and recom- 
 mended tlie repeal of the clause of the Sherman bill which 
 l)n)vided for the purcliase and coinage of a large amount of 
 silver every month. The House promptly acceded to the 
 request, l)ut when the bill went to the vSenate a long delay 
 followed. Though a majority of the Senators favored the 
 repeal, some who oj)posed it staved ofT action for weeks. At 
 last, October 30, it passed, and the President promptly 
 signed it (November i). Important modifications were also 
 made in the McKinley tarifY bill by the Congress of 1893-94, 
 which adopted "the Wilson bill," as modified by the Senate. 
 
 66. The New American Navy. — The need of a navv 
 befitting the dignity and importance of the United States 
 became so manifest that a tlecided beginning was made dur- 
 ing the adiuinistration of President Arthur. The decision 
 was to build a modern steel tieet, the first aim being to se- 
 cure cruisers for general station service. They were to carry 
 batteries of hig]i-])f)wer rifles, such as none of our war ves- 
 sels at that time possessed. The result was the building of 
 the pioneers of the new navy, the Chica^^fl, Atlanta, Boston 
 and Dolphin. Two more steel cruisers, the A'ca'ark and 
 Charleston, and two gunboats, the Yorktown and Petrel, were 
 added during Cleveland's first administration. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 413 
 
 Faster war vessels were now built. Armor-clad construc- 
 tion was carried forward with the Maine, 'J\\vas and Monterey. 
 Later, another advance was made, both in hj^iiting pcjwer 
 and speed, with the four great battle-ships Indiana, Massa- 
 chusetts, Oregon and loica, tlie armored cruisers Neio York, 
 Brooklyn, Columbia and M innea polls. 
 
 An important advance was made by the settling upon a 
 naval programme of construction, by which twelve first-class 
 battle-ships and thirty or forty torpedo boats will be secured. 
 These are regarded as uniting perfect naval defense with 
 such a degree of aggressive ca])al)ilities as the i)roblem calls 
 for. With the addition of a small ninnber of torpedo cruis- 
 ers, some gunboats of a special type, three or four more 
 commerce-destroyers of the Columbia class, the American 
 navy will take rank among the greatest in the world. The 
 amount expended for this purpose during the eight years 
 following March, 1885, "^^'i^ more than $25,000,000. 
 
 67. The World's Columbian Exposition 1 he grand- 
 est exhil)ition e\er seen on tliis continent was the World's 
 Columbian Expcjsition at Chicago. It was in honor of the 
 four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by 
 Columbus. The vast work of ])reparation could not be fin- 
 ished in time to open the exhibition until the \X'ar following 
 the real anniversarw 
 
 68. The Columbian Naval Review The part which 
 
 the government was to take in the great show was opened bv 
 an impressive review of the warships of the leading nations 
 of the world. Several weeks were spent in their coming to- 
 gether in Hampton Roads, \'a., for a number had to steam 
 from distant parts of the globe. When all was ready, they 
 sailed to New York, where the naval review took place, April 
 27, 1893. 
 
 The warships were ranged in twci lines, fully three miles 
 long, in the Hudson river. They numbered thirty-five, not 
 
414 HCIIOiiL lllSTom' or Tin: I SITED STATES. 
 
 iiicliulin<4 the three Columbus caravels. The ualious repre- 
 sented were the United States, Clreat Hritain, J'Yance, Ger- 
 many, Russia, Italy, Spain, Brazil. Ilolland and Argentina. 
 
 Between these majestic lines, while the shores and roofs 
 were black with hundreds of thousands of people, the United 
 States steel-clad yacht Dolpliiu slowly steamed, bearing 
 President Cleveland and his cabinet. As the Dolphin came 
 abreast of each of the mighty vessels, its tremendous batteries 
 flamed in thunderous salutation. The Bresident of the 
 United States swept througli a i)alliway of lightning and 
 thunder from the beginning to the end, i-eceiving liomage 
 such as never was paid to any earthly monarch. 
 
 69. The Caravels. — No one could look without awe 
 upon thi'se magnificent war vessels, but a (|uaint interest 
 clung to the three caravels at the liead of tlu' lines. The, 
 Santa Maria, Nina and Pinfa were exact coj)ics of the little 
 ships whose names they bore and which crossed the Atlantic 
 with Cohuid)us. 
 
 Standing in the cabin of the Sania Maria, one seemed to 
 be carried batd< lln-ough tlie long centtu'ies to lliost' da\s. in 
 tlie autunni of 14<;2. when t"ciluml)us and liis companions 
 breasted tlie Atlantic on the most memorable voyage that 
 was ever made. There was the \'ei-y hour-glass used by the 
 great navigator, with an exact imitation of his candlesticls. 
 inkstand and (|uadrant, his bed, and the admiral's flag which 
 he held in his hand when he first set foot on the shores of the 
 New World. 
 
 There, too, were the old-fashioned weapons, the crossbow, 
 the arrows tij)ix-d with stec>l and winged with parchment, 
 log-book, stone and leaden balls, the odd furniture, and 
 everything as Columbus himself saw and used them. The 
 caravels were presented to oiu" government l)v Spain, and 
 formed an interesting part of the exhibit at Chicago. 
 
SCHOO/. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 415 
 
 70. The Site — Congress apiH-opriated $io,cx)o,ooo for 
 completing the work in a manner befitting the dignity of the 
 nation. Different States made appropriations, and the suc- 
 cess of the great enterprise was assured from tlie first. Chi- 
 cago was selected as the city in which the exposition was to 
 be held, and she selected Jackson Park as the site of the 
 buildings devoted to that purpose. This fine i)ark is on the 
 shore of Lake Michigan, and embraces 523 acres, the Mid- 
 way Plaisance eighty acres, and Washington l^ark, which 
 served as a gateway to the exhibition, contains 371 acres. 
 With its frontage of nearly two miles on tlic lake, the site was 
 an ideal one. 
 
 71. The Dedication — The dedicaticjn of the grand 
 structures took ])lace on tlie 21st of October, 1892, m Manu- 
 facturers' Hall, whicli was filled with more tlian 30,000 peo- 
 ]jle. Tlie ])latform was crowded witli I'cderal and State 
 ofificers and representatives from nearly every nation in the 
 world, and the parades and displays surpassed everything 
 of the kind ever witnessed in tliis count rv. 
 
 72. Success of the Exposifion — Tlie exposition was 
 o])en from the 1st of Ma\' until tlie ist of November. Dur- 
 ing lh(jse six mouths the admissions numjjered more than 
 20,000,000. Tile daily ex])enses were $22,405, and the av- 
 erage daily receipts $89,501. The total expenditures were 
 $25,540,537. Witliout going into particulars, tlie total re- 
 ceipts were UKjre than $28,000,000, and tlie net |)rofits $1,- 
 750,000. 
 
 73. The Strike and Riots in Chicago and the Northwest. 
 Scarcely Iiad the great exposition of the arts of ])eace closed 
 its gates when there broke out in Chicago, and extended all 
 througli tlie N'orthwest, one of the most extensive and vio- 
 lent railroad strikes whicli the country ever saw. 
 
 Ileginning witli the strike against the Pullman Car Com- 
 pany, it extended to all railways entering Chicago and 
 
L). S. Ci'uisor "Chicaiio.' 
 
 L . S. Cruicer "JVew York. 
 
SCHOOL FffSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 417 
 
 throughout the Northwest, involved many otlier labor or- 
 ganizations, and pnjceeded to such violent measures and 
 sucli wholesale destruction of property, and stoppage of all 
 travel and trafBc, that the l^resident, on the ground tliat it 
 interfered with the United States mails and interstate com- 
 merce, issued a proclamation against the rioters, and sent 
 L'nited States troops to suppress them, wliicli was onl\- done 
 after a good deal of fighting and bloodshed. 
 
 The strikers had, undoubtedly, grave grounds of com- 
 plaint, but tliey lost their cause by resorting t(j lawless vio- 
 lence. 
 
 74. The Atlanta Exposition — There was held in At- 
 lanta, Ga., from October i to December 31, 1895, an ex])o- 
 sition which was remarkable for the bold enterprise which 
 conceived it, the princely liberality of Atlanta and her people 
 wliich ])ron!()ted it, the energy, skill and tact which managed 
 it, the immense crowds v^diich attended it, and the splendid 
 success which crowned it — a success only second to that of 
 the great World's Fair at Chicago. 
 
 75. The Hawaiian Complication On Januarv 19, 
 
 1893, Liliuokalini, the Queen oi the twelve islands consti- 
 tuting Hawaii, and lying in the Pacific southwest of Cali- 
 fornia, attempted a usurpation of power, wliich resulted in 
 her overthrow and the establishment of a Republic, which 
 sought annexation to the l'nited States. The success of the 
 revolutionists, it was claimed, was largely due to the landing 
 of troops from the U. S. man-of-war Boston. 
 
 President Harrison was disposed to recognize the Repub- 
 lic and favor its annexation, but wdien President Cleveland 
 came into power he withheld the treaty, sent a special com- 
 missioner to Honolulu, and sought to re-establish the former 
 status by restoring the queen to her throne. This scheme 
 failed, however, largely through her bloodthirsty spirit of 
 revenge, which insisted on hanging the chief conspirators, 
 
418 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and the Republic still exists, with the probability of further 
 complications in the future. 
 
 76. Threatened Trouble with England For many 
 
 years there has been a dispute between England and Vene- 
 zuela about the boundary line between this latter country 
 and British Guiana, and consequently the possession of- a 
 considerable slice of territory. The United States offered 
 its friendly offices to settle the dispute, but Great Britain, 
 declining to arbitrate, Mr. Cleveland, on the 24th of De- 
 cember, 1895, sent a message to Congress, in which he re- 
 cited the facts, asked for authority to appoint a commission 
 who should examine into and determine the boundary line, 
 and boldly avowed the duty of the United States to carry out 
 the "Monroe Doctrine," /. c, not to allow any foreign power 
 to acquire additional territory or to interfere w"ith the rights 
 of established governments on the American continent. 
 Congress promptly and heartily adopted the measures the 
 President advised, and there was at once great excitement in 
 this country and Great Britain, and a great deal of loud "war 
 talk" on both sides. 
 
 The excitement has now, however, subsided, the war talk 
 has ceased, England and Venezuela have both presented 
 their case, the commission is hard at work trying to arrive 
 at the truth, and the concensus of opinion on both sides 
 seems to be that England and the United States must settle 
 their differences by arbitration, as they cannot afford to go 
 to war with each other. 
 
 The control of the Behring Sea, and the right to take seals 
 therefrom — a question which threatened trouble between the 
 two countries during Harrison's administration — 'was re- 
 ferred to a court of arbitration, which met at Paris in 1893, 
 and decided against the United States on the extent of her 
 jurisdiction, though in favor of her contention against the 
 wholesale destruction of the seals. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 419 
 
 77. Removal of the last of the Confederate Disabilities. 
 
 During the excitement over the \'enezuelan question, and 
 the threatened war witli England, the United States Senate 
 promptly passed an act repealing the law which prohibited 
 those who were otBcers of the United States army and then 
 served in the Confederate army from ever holding office in 
 the United States army again. The Hotise allowed the bill 
 to sleep in committee for three months, and then passed it 
 with only one dissenting vote (Mr. Boutelle, of Maine). 
 There was considera1)ie gush in some of the papers over the 
 "magnanimity" of this act, but inasmuch as there were 
 eiglity-nine Confederate soldiers in the Senate and House, 
 and the Secretary of the Navy, the Postmaster-General, the 
 Secretary of the Interior and many other officers of the gov- 
 ernment and members of the diplomatic corps were old Con- 
 federate soldiers, it is difficult to see the "magnanimity'' of 
 this tardy justice to brave and honorable soldiers, who had 
 always been true to their convictions of right and duty. 
 
 78. Recognition of the Belligerent Rights of the Cuban 
 Insurgents. — For over a year the patriots of Cuba had been 
 struggling to establish their independence, and the whole of 
 our country profoundly sympathized with them, when, on 
 the 7th of April, 1896, Congress passed and sent to the Presi- 
 dent concurrent resolutions recognizing the bellligerent 
 rights of the insurgents. It remains to be seen what the 
 President will do in the premises, and what will be the final 
 outcome. 
 
 79. Increase of the Navy and Coast Defences. — Verv 
 large appropriations have been made by the Congress now 
 in session for the increase of the navy and for coast defenses, 
 and there seems to be a very general demand that the coun- 
 try shall be prepared for any emergencv. 
 
 Two of the largest steel vessels are building at the new 
 and magnificently equipped ship-yard at Newport News, at 
 
42U tSVHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the mouth of the James river, and it seems an interesting co- 
 incidence that this should be done hard by the very spot 
 where the Confederate Virginia {Mcrrimac), which the ge- 
 nius of that modest but accompHshed gentleman, Captain 
 John M. Brooke, invented, revolutionizing the naval warfare 
 of the world ; for the great ships of war are now modelled not 
 after Ericsson's Monitor, but after Brooke's Virginia (Mcrri- 
 mac). 
 
 And yet it is earnestly hoped that these preparations for 
 war may not be needed, but that gentle peace may long smile 
 upon and bless our country. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 80. Our Country. — If we study the history of all coun- 
 tries from the remotest ages to the present time, one 
 truth becomes clear: the United States of America are the 
 greatest people that ever existed on the earth. This is say- 
 ing a good deal, but it is a fact. Let us glance at a few of 
 the achievements in which we equal or surpass all other peo- 
 ples that have lived. 
 
 81. Our Growth — Within a little more than a century the 
 number of States has grown from thirteen to forty-five ; our 
 population has increased from 3,000,000 to nearly 70,000,000, 
 and the area of our country today is ten times greater than 
 at the close of the Revolution. 
 
 If one can imagine a blanket as large as the State of Texas, 
 it would wrap England, Scotland and Ireland so as to hide 
 them from sight. Colorado will make seven kingdoms the 
 size of Denmark; the farms of the Ignited States surpass in 
 extent the whole territory of the United Kingdom, France, 
 Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Portugal; our 
 cornfields are as large as England, Scotland and Belgium; 
 
srnooL nr STORY of the uxited states. 421 
 
 our grainfields exceed the surface of Spain; out cotton-fields 
 are more extensive than Holland. We have space for five 
 times our present population before it becomes as dense as 
 that of Europe. If we were as thickly settled as Great Brit- 
 ain our population would be 1,000,000,000. 
 
 In 1810, we had not a State containing 1,000,000 inhabit- 
 ants. Now, twenty-seven States have a population ranging 
 from 1,000,000 to 6,000,000. We have three cities contain- 
 ing 1,000.000 or more inhabitants each, and twenty-five cities 
 ranging from 100,000 to nearly a million. 
 
 82. Our Hanufactures. — The manufactures of Great 
 Britain are almost double that of any other nation of Europe. 
 Ours are about twice those of Great Britain and one-third of 
 all other nations. 
 
 83. Our Railways and Telegraph Lines. — In 1830, 
 there were twenty-three miles of railway in operation in the 
 United States. Today there are 200,000 miles. We have 
 more than twenty-six miles for every 10,000 inhabitants. 
 Sweden is the only country in Europe which has ten miles 
 to a population of 10,000. We have enough telegraph lines 
 to girdle the world thirty times, and to reach three times the 
 distance from the earth to the moon. 
 
 84. Education. — The United States is the only nation in 
 the world that expends more money on education than on 
 war, or preparations for war. We pay four times as much 
 as Great Britain, and eleven times as much as France. Our 
 regular army numbers only 25,000 men, but in a few days it 
 could be increased to 1,000,000 of the best soldiers, under the 
 most skillful of leaders. 
 
 When the Revolution broke out we had nine colleges. 
 \Ve have now 430, besides 150 professional schools, fifty-two 
 law and 115 medical schools. The United States Military 
 Academy at West Point, and the Naval Academy at An- 
 napolis, are among the best. Every school day, 13,000.000 
 
422 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 
 
 boys and girls are called to instruction in the common 
 schools, under 37,000 teachers, and at a yearly expense of 
 $150,000,000. 
 
 In our schools today are those who are to become the 
 Presidents, Congressmen, Senators, judges, governors, gen- 
 erals, preachers, professors, authors, engineers — great men 
 and women of the future. Which of these dignities do yoit- 
 intend to reach? 
 
 In colonial times we had thirty-seven newspapers, which 
 have increased to 9000. These are more than one-third of 
 all that are printed in the world. Al)out 5000 books are pub- 
 lished annually, and American authors are read everywhere. 
 85. Inventions — The Americans are a nation of invent- 
 ors. Since 1837, about 700,000 j)atents have been granted 
 in the United States. Among these inventions are some of 
 the most wonderful and useful ever conceived by man. The 
 principal are the lightning rod, the quadrant, the cotton-gin, 
 the steamboat, the magnetic telegraph, improved gunnery, 
 sewing machines, agricultural implements, surgical and den- 
 tal apparatus, typewriters, steam fire engines, drawing-room, 
 vestibule and sleeping cars, elevators, the phonograph, tele- 
 phone, kinetoscope, electric light, and others almost without 
 number. 
 
 The field of invention has no limit. As a rule, the contriv- 
 ances of the simplest construction are the most valuable. 
 Many such have been made by women. If a youth has tal- 
 ents for invention, they ma}' lead to fame and fortune. 
 
 86. Progress and Prosperity of the South. — To those 
 who remember, or have studied, the condition of things in 
 our Southland in 1865, and for some years afterwards — the 
 impoverishment of all of our people, the prostration of ail of 
 our industries, the disorganization of our labor system, the 
 swarms of harpies who were fattening on wdiat little the war 
 left us, and the seeming hopelessness of the future — its pres- 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 423 
 
 ent prosperity and I:)right prospects never cease to be a mat- 
 ter of surprise and wonder. 
 
 Its corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton, rice, sugar, iron, coal, 
 melons, fruits, vegetables, manufactures, timber, cattle, 
 sheep, hogs, horses, poultry and other industries have at- 
 tracted the attention of the world, and brought rich returns 
 to the people, while its freedom from strikes, riots and other 
 disorders, its progress in education, its conservatism in poli- 
 tics and religion, and its general freedom from the isms 
 which have cursed other sections, added to its genial, balmy 
 climate and health-giving breezes, have combined to make 
 it a favored resort for those who seek desirable homes, and 
 thus there has been turned to the South a tide of the very 
 best class of inmiigrants. We have not space to give statis- 
 tics to show that in all of the elements of substantial progress 
 the South is rapidly forging to the front, but it takes no pro- 
 phetic ken to see clearly that the day is not far distant when 
 the South shall take her old place in leading the van of the 
 march of our common country to prosperity and greatness 
 such as our fathers never dreamed of and the sun has never 
 yet shone upon. 
 
 87. Courage. — The Americans are among the bravest of 
 all people. We need not search the records of antiquity, or 
 go to the Old World for examples of lofty patriotism, daring 
 courage and heroic achievment. What sea rover ever sur- 
 passed Paul Jones, Commodore Perrv, Farragut, Buchanan, 
 or Semmes, or where was a more wonderful , victory ever 
 gained than that by the privateer General Annstrong in the 
 harbor of Fayal, when ninety Americans beat ofT 2000 of the 
 British navy? 
 
 Thermopylae had a messenger to bear the news of the de- 
 feat of the Spartans, but when the Alamo was taken by an 
 overwhelming force, not a defender was left alive. Two 
 Americans penetrated nearer the North Pole than any other 
 
424 SCHOOL B I STOUT OF THE f \ITED STATES. 
 
 explorers, and it was an American who discovered the Ant- 
 arctic continent. History furnishes no more heroic charge 
 than those of Meagher's Irish Brigade at Fredericksburg, 
 and Pickett's division at Gettysburg. Neither ancient nor 
 modern times have produced greater mihtary leaders than 
 Generals Lee, Johnston, Jackson, Grant, Meade, Hancock, 
 Forrest, Stuart, Buell, Thomas and others, nor more cour- 
 ageous soldiers than those who wore the gray and the blue. 
 
 88. The Future. — And so all our boys and girls should 
 thank God that they are Americans, and that by His grace 
 they were born in this land favored above all others. They 
 should love their country, its institutions and its flag more 
 than those of any other coimtry. They should make the 
 best of the blessed privileges that are theirs, and should 
 strive to grow up men and women eager and fully prepared 
 to do their part in the advancement of our land to higher 
 achievements in education, in civilization, and in Christi- 
 anity. 
 
 We write this closing sentence in full view of Monticello, 
 where lived and died the author of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, and within the classic precincts of the great uni- 
 versity which he founded, and we appeal especially to the 
 boys and girls, the young men and the maidens of our 
 Southland to study the history of America, be proud of the 
 deeds of their fathers, and learn to love every part of our 
 common country, and cherish the profoundest admiration 
 for our free institutions. 
 
 Why should wc not love the flag of our country? It was 
 modelled from the coat-of-arms of our own Washington — it 
 w^as borne on many a victorious field by our fathers — the 
 "Star-Spangled Banner' was written by a Southern man, 
 when Southern troops were winning victory from the Brit- 
 ish on Southern soil — the valor and skill of our Taylor, our 
 Scott, our JefTerson Davis, our Lee, our Johnston, our Jack- 
 
SCflOOL Hh^TOh'V or THE UXITED STATE^i. 425 
 
 son, our Ijcaurei^ard and others contributed even more than 
 our share towards bearing- it to victory on the fields of Mex- 
 ico, and planting it in triumph on the walls of the Monte- 
 zumas; and if for four years we did fight against it because 
 we believed that sacred rights had been violated, and the 
 principles of the Constitution set at naught, yet since the de- 
 cision went against us, and it has been decreed that there 
 sliall be hencef(jrth one general government, one flag and 
 one country, let us not only "accept the situation," as our 
 people ha,ve cheerfully done, but vie with our brethren across 
 the old border in making our common country indeed the 
 freest, the most enlightened, the purest and the happiest land 
 on which the sun shines. 
 
 And may we not confidently point to the history of the 
 South during the past thirty-one years as proof that when 
 our chivalric Gordon, of Georgia, on the floor of the United 
 States Senate pledged the North that the "men who wore 
 the gray," and their sons, were ready to contribute their full 
 quota of men towards maintaining order at Chicago, or any- 
 where else, and our "maimed lion," Senator Daniel, of Vir- 
 ginia, urged resolutions indorsing the President in his meas- 
 ures for enforcing the law. and maintaining order, they but 
 echoed the sentiments of our Southland? 
 
 Let each section of our country but do justice to the rest, 
 and our new Union shall have entered upon a career of pros- 
 perity and glory unparalleled in the annals of history. 
 
 Questions. — 64. What is said of Cleveland's second election and 
 inauguration? 
 
 65. WJiat was the so-called Sherman Bill? Give an account of the 
 action by Congress regarding it. 
 
 66. What is said of the new American navy? What steps have 
 been taken toward constructing a new navy? 
 
 67. What of the World's Columbian Exposition? 
 
 68. Give the story of the Columbian naval review. 
 
 69. What of the Columbus caravels? 
 
42(j ^SCHOOL lllXTOIi\ OF TIIF LMTFU ^TATNti. 
 
 70. lJcscril)c' the site of tlio cxpusitioii. 
 
 71. Give an acount of the dedication of the buildings. 
 
 72. What is said of the success of the exhibition? 
 
 7;^. The great strikes and riots in Cliicago and the Ntjrtliwest — 
 iiow suppressed? 
 
 74. What of the Atlanta Exposition? 
 
 75. Tell about the Hawaiian coniplicaticjn. 
 
 70. What aliout threatened trouble with England? What is the 
 "Monroe Doctrine?" The Behring Sea matter. 
 
 77. Tell about the removal of Confederate disabilities. 
 
 7S. What .-ibdut the rerugnitidii of Cuban belligereiil rights? 
 
 /g. Increase lA the navy. Interesting coincidence in the building 
 of two vessels. 
 
 80. What truth is made clear by a study of all comitries fnini re- 
 motest ages? 
 
 8r. Show how we have increased in population and area. Give 
 o.'ier illustrations. T'lustrate the increase of population in our 
 cities. 
 
 82. What is said 01' our manufactures? 
 
 83. Of our railways ami telegraph lines. 
 
 84. Compare the money expended for education by the United 
 States with lliat expended by other nations. What of the increase 
 in colleges and professional schools? What of the imblic schools? 
 Give some statistics regarding newspapers and books. 
 
 85. What of our in\'entors? Mention some of the most im]iort- 
 ant inventions. 
 
 86. What about the progress and ]M-osiH'rily of the South? Her 
 future? 
 
 87. Give some illustrations of .'\merican bravery. Mention some 
 of our greatest generals. 
 
 88. What of the future? Why should the South, especially, love 
 our flag? 
 
 BLACKBOARD AND SL.ATE EXERCISES. 
 
 {Model?) 
 
 Johnson's administration, 1865-1869: 
 
 1. Cost of the war. 
 
 2. Peaceful citizenship. 
 
 The dissolving of the armies. 
 
 3. Impeachment of the President. 
 
sciiooi. iiisToi:)' or TIIH I MTEU STATEH. 427 
 
 4. Ti'lcgrapliic coiuimiiiicalii)n vvitli Europe. 
 
 Laying of the Atlantic cable. 
 
 5. Invasion of friendly territory. 
 
 Foreign invasion of Canada. 
 
 6. Acquisition of foreign tcrritr)ry. 
 
 Purchase of Alaska. 
 
 7. Enforcement of tTie Monroe doctrine. 
 
 Expulsion of the French from Mexico. 
 
 Grant's administraticjns. \H()()-i^7j: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3- 
 4- 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 
 Hayes's administration. 1877-1881: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3- 
 4- 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 Garfield and Arthur's administration. 1881-1885: 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 
 Cleveland's first administration, 1885-1889: 
 I. 
 2. 
 3- 
 4- 
 5- 
 6. 
 
42S SCIIOO], II r STORY OF THE I XITED STATEH. 
 
 Ilarrisim's adiiiinistratioii, iS8(;-i8y3: 
 I. 
 2. 
 .3. 
 4- 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 Cleveland's second adtninistration, i8().^ — : 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 4. 
 
 Our country: 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4. 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 HISTORICAL INITIALS. 
 
 1. What Presidents were college graduates? (J. A.. J., M., M., W. 
 
 L., II., G., A., C, B. H.) 
 
 2. Who was the most learned President? (J.) 
 
 3- Who were elected Presidents because of their military fame? 
 (W., J.. W. H. H., T.. G.) 
 
 4. How many graduated at West Point? (G.) 
 
 5. What Presidents learned trades? (J., F.) 
 
 6. Who were lawyers? (J. A., J., M.. M.. J.. V. B.. T.. P., F., P.. 
 
 L., G., A., C, B. H.) 
 
 7. What Presidents were put in nomination three times? (J., C.) 
 
 8. What President-elect entered Washington in disguise? (L.) 
 
 9. What President in his message said the United States was at 
 
 peace "with all the other nations of the world?" (T.) 
 
 10. What President was the fondest of pomp and ceremony? (W.) 
 
 11. What general was killed by Indians under a flag of truce? (E. 
 
 S. C.) 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 420 
 
 12. What American philanthropist created a trust fund of several 
 
 million dollars in aid of the schools in the South? (G. P.) 
 
 13. What general was called the "hero of Gettysburg?" (W. S. H.) 
 
 14. Where and when, by order of the President, was a military sa- 
 
 lute fired in honor of the British flag? (In 18 — at Y.) 
 
 15. What general said he would rather be the author of "Gray's 
 
 Elegy" than to capture the city he was besieging? (W.) 
 
 16. What colonial war is sometimes called "Shirley's War?" (K. 
 
 G. W.) 
 
 17. What governor was called the "Great Wolf?" (T., of N. C.) 
 
 18. Where and when was a declaration of independence made pre- 
 
 vious to the famous one of July 4, 1776? (x\t M., N. C., in 
 M— , 17—.) 
 
 19. In what revolutionary battle was a cannon taken and retaken five 
 
 times? (S.) 
 
 20. What famous American was sometimes called "Poor Richard?" 
 
 (B. F.) 
 
 21. What leader in the Revolution was known as the "Quaker gen- 
 
 eral?" (N. G.) 
 
 22. What daring naval officer had an uncle who was a general con- 
 
 victed of cowardice? (I. H.) 
 
 23. What Vice-President is generally credited with having killed 
 
 Tecumseh? (R. M. J.) 
 
 24. Who wrote the "Star Spangled Banner?" (F. S. K.) 
 
 25. In what naval battle was the timber of some of the American ves- 
 
 sels growing in the woods three weeks before? (L. C.) 
 
 26. What President did not vote till after he was sixty years old? 
 
 (T.) 
 2y. What general lost his wooden leg in battle and tried to sell out 
 his cause to the Americans? (S. A.) 
 
 28. What important city was once known as Losantiville? (C.) 
 
 29. What present State had its independence recognized by the 
 
 United States, England. France and Belgium? (T.) 
 
 30. What general was known as the "Great Pacificator?" (W. S.) 
 
 31. What general, when leading an assault, fell, believing himself 
 
 mortally wounded, but changed his mind, sprang to his feet 
 and captured the fort? (A. W.) 
 
 32. What Yale graduate was brutally treated by the British and 
 
 hanged as a spy. and had a monument unveiled to his memory 
 in New York city, November 25. 1893? (N. H.) 
 
430 SCHOOL HLSTORY OF THE UNITED ^STATEi^. 
 
 33. Of what American was it said, "He wrested the thunderbolt from 
 
 the heavens and sceptre from the hands of tyrants?" (B. F.) 
 
 34. What incident caused Washington to be treated with disrespect, 
 
 Hamilton to be assaulted, and the British minister in Phila- 
 delphia to be insulted? (J — 's T.) 
 
 35. What officer, twenty-one years old, with a garrison of 160 men, 
 
 successfully defended a fort in the war of 1812 against more 
 than two thousand British and Indians? (Capt. G. C.) 
 
 36. In what war was military operations stopped because of the rav- 
 
 ages of cholera? (B. H.) 
 
 37. What city was visited in December, 1835, by the most destructive 
 
 fire in its history? (N. Y.) 
 
 38. Whose nomination for the Presidency was first made known by 
 
 telegraph? (J. K. P.) 
 
 39. What colonial war was ended by the treaty of Ryswick? (K. W.) 
 
 40. What colonial war was ended by the treaty of Utrecht? (Q. A.) 
 
 41. What colonial war was ended by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle? 
 
 (K. G.) 
 
 42. What war was ended by the treaty of Paris in 1763? (F. and I.) 
 
 43. What war was ended by the treaty of Ghent? (18 — .) 
 
 44. What visitor was received in this country as the "nation's guest?" 
 
 (L.) 
 
 45. Explain the causes of the Revolution. 
 
 46. Explain the causes of the war of 1812. 
 
 47. Explain the causes of the war with Mexico. 
 
 48. Explain the causes of the war for Southern Independence. 
 
 49. Give a glance at the United States as it is today. 
 
 50. Make a forecast of the United States as it will probably be a hun- 
 
 dred years hence. What will be its population? The num- 
 ber of States? What will be the largest cities and their popu- 
 lation? How long will it take to cross the Atlantic? How 
 fast will we ride in railway trains? What other methods of 
 travel will probably be used? What discoveries and inven- 
 tions are likely to be made? 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
 A. D. rage 
 
 1865. Vice-President Johnson sworn in as President, April 15.. 367 
 
 1866. Grade of General in the army revived and conferred on 
 
 General Grant, and those of Admiral and' Vice-Admiral 
 revived and conferred respectively on Farragut and 
 Porter 369 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 431 
 
 A. D. Page 
 
 1866. Fenian invasion of Canada, April and June 370 
 
 1866. Atlantic telegraph cable laid 369 
 
 1867. Alaska purchased, March 30 370 
 
 1867. French evacuated Mexico; Maximilian shot, May 10 371 
 
 1867. Nebraska admitted to the Union, March i 373 
 
 1868. Ex- President Buchanan died, June i 195 
 
 1868. President Johnson impeached; acquitted, June 5 368 
 
 1868. Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution ratified, July 
 
 21 368 
 
 1868. Partial amnesty declared, December 25 368 
 
 1869. President Grant inaugurated, March 4 374 
 
 1869. Pacific Railway completed, May 10 375 
 
 1869. "Black Friday," September 24 375 
 
 1869. Ex-President Pierce died, October 8 192 
 
 1870. Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution became opera- 
 
 tive, March 20 375 
 
 1871. Trouble with Corea, May 377 
 
 1871. Great fire in Chicago broke out, October 8 377 
 
 1872. Alabama claims settled, September 14 376 
 
 1872. Boundary dispute with Great Britain adjusted 
 
 1873. General Canby and others killed by Modoc Indians, A-pril 
 
 II 380 
 
 1874. Ex-President Fillmore died, March 8 189 
 
 1875. Colorado admitted to the Union, March 3 382 
 
 1875. Ex-President Johnson died, July 31 367 
 
 1876. General Custer and his command massacred by Indians, 
 
 June 25 381 
 
 1876. Centennial Exposition opened in Philadelphia. ]\Iay 10, 
 
 and continued six months 381 
 
 1877. President Hayes inaugurated, Alarch 5 384 
 
 1877. Labor strikes and disturbances during the summer 385 
 
 1877. War with the Nez Perces 387 
 
 1878. Fishery dispute with England adjusted 388 
 
 1879. Specie payments resumed, January i 385 
 
 1881. President Garfield inaugurated, March 4 389 
 
 1881. President Garfield assassinated, July 2 390 
 
 1881. President Garfield died, September 19 391 
 
 1881. Vice-President Arthur sworn in as President, September 
 
 20 391 
 
 1881. Yorktown Centennial. October 391 
 
432 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. D. Page 
 
 1882. Lieutenant Lockwood and Sergeant Brainard attained the 
 
 highest latitude ever reached by man, May 394 
 
 1883. Brooklyn bridge opened for travel, May 24 392 
 
 1883. Northern Pacific Railway finished, August 22 392 
 
 1884. Cotton Centennial Exposition opened, December 16 397 
 
 1885. Washington monument dedicated, February 21 394 
 
 1885. President Cleveland inaugurated, March 4 396 
 
 1885. General Grant died, July 23 375 
 
 1885. Presidential succession law passed 401 
 
 1885. Anarchistic riots in Chicago, May 4 398 
 
 1885. Earthquakes in Charleston, August 31 and September.... 399 
 
 1885. Conquest of the Apaches 399 
 
 1885. Statue of Liberty dedicated, October 28 397 
 
 1885. Ex-President Arthur died, November 18 391 
 
 1889. President Harrison inaugurated, ALirch 4 402 
 
 1889. Naval disaster at Samoa, March 15 403 
 
 1889. Opening of Oklahoma for settlement, April 22 404 
 
 1889. Johnstown flood. May 31 405 
 
 1889. North and South Dakota admitted to the Union, Nov. 3. . 406 
 
 1889. ]\Iontana admitted to the Union, November 11 406 
 
 1889. Pan-American Conference met in Washington, Nov. 17. . 406 
 
 1890. Idaho admitted to the Union, July 3 406 
 
 1890. Wyoming admitted to the Union, July 10 406 
 
 1890. "Mafia" outrage in New Orleans, October 15 407 
 
 1890. Sitting Bull shot, December 15 410 
 
 1890. Battle of Wounded Knee, December 28 410 
 
 1891. Indian uprising suppressed, January 14 410 
 
 1891. Massacre of Italians in New Orleans, April 14 409 
 
 1891. Attack on Americans in Valaparaiso, October 16 410 
 
 1892. Dedication of World's Fair buildings at Chicago, October 
 
 21 415 
 
 1893. Ex-President Hayes died, January 17 384 
 
 1893. President Cleveland inaugurated, March 4 411 
 
 1893. Columbian Naval Review, April 27 413 
 
 1893. Congress convened by President Cleveland, August 7.... 412 
 1893. World's Columbian Exposition opened. May i, for six 
 
 months 4^5 
 
 1893. Repeal of the purchase clause of the "Sherman Silver Bill," 
 
 October 30 412 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 433 
 
 THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Tebm of Service. 
 
 Name. 
 
 1789-1T97 
 
 1797-1801.. 
 
 1801-1809.. 
 
 1809-1817.. 
 
 1817-1825.. 
 
 1825-1829.. 
 
 1829-1837. . 
 
 1837-1841.. 
 March-April 1841.. 
 
 1841-1845.. 
 
 1&45-1S49.. 
 
 1849-1850.. 
 
 1850-1853. . 
 
 185.3-1857 
 
 1S57-1861., 
 
 18K1-1865. 
 
 1805-1869. . 
 
 18fi9-1877.. 
 
 1877 1881 . . 
 March-Sept. 1881.. 
 
 1881 1885.. 
 
 1885-1889.. 
 
 1889-1893.. 
 1893 .. 
 
 George Washiugtou. . . 
 
 John Adams 
 
 Thomas Jefl'ersou 
 
 James Madisou 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 John Qiiincy Adams.... 
 
 Andrew Jackson 
 
 Martin Van Buren 
 
 Wm. Ileury Harrison., 
 
 John Tyler 
 
 James K. Polk 
 
 Zachary Taylor 
 
 Millard Filmore 
 
 Franklin Pierce 
 
 James Buchanan 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 
 
 Andrew Johnson. ... 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 Rutherford B. Hays.. . 
 
 James A. Garfield 
 
 Chester A. Arthur 
 
 Grover Cleveland 
 
 Benjamin Harrison... 
 Grover Cleveland 
 
 Born. 
 
 Died. 
 
 ( Bridge's Creek, Va., 
 
 ■( Feb. 22, 17.32. 
 
 ( Qiiincy, Mass., 
 
 ■( Oct. 19, 1735. 
 
 ( Shadwell, Va., 
 
 ■( April 2, 1743. 
 
 ( Port Conway, Va., 
 
 ■( March 10, 1751. 
 
 ( Monroe's Creek, Va., 
 
 ) April 28, 1758. 
 
 J Quincy, Ma?s., 
 
 \ July 11, 1707. 
 
 i Ciireton Pond, N. C, 
 
 "j March 15, 1707. 
 
 i Kinderhook. N. Y., 
 
 1 Dec. 5, 1782. 
 
 J Berkeley, Va., 
 
 I Feb. 9, 1773. 
 
 ( Greenwav, Va., 
 ■( March 29, 1790. 
 j Pineville, N. C, 
 ■) Kov. 2, 1795. 
 ( Orange C. H., Va., 
 1 Sept. 24, 1784. 
 j Summerhill, N. Y., 
 } Jan. 7, 1800. 
 j Hillsborough, N. II., 
 ■( Nov. 23, 1804. 
 i Cove Gap, Pa., 
 "j April 13, 1791. 
 ( Hodgenville, Ky., 
 'I Feb. 12, 1809. 
 \ Raleigh, N. C, 
 ') Dec. 29, 1808. 
 \ Point Pleasant, O , 
 ■( April 27, 1822. 
 ) Delaware, Ohio, 
 I Oct. 4, 1S22. 
 ( Orange Town8hip,0. 
 I Nov. 19, 1831. 
 (Fairfield, Vt., 
 1 Oct. 5, 1830. 
 ( Caldwell, N. J., 
 'I Marcu 18, 1837. 
 ( North Bend, O., 
 1 Aug. 20, 1S33. 
 (Caldwell, N.J. , 
 "( March IS, 18.37. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1799. 
 
 July 4, 1820. 
 
 July 4, 1826. 
 
 June 28, 1836. 
 
 July 4, 1S31. 
 
 Feb. 21, 1848. 
 
 June 18, 1845. 
 
 July 24, 1862. 
 
 April 4, 1841. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1802. 
 
 June 15, 1849. 
 
 July 9, 1850. 
 
 March 8, 1874. 
 
 Oct. 8, 1869. 
 
 June 1, 1808. 
 - JApril 15, 1865. 
 ■ July 31, 1875. 
 |- July 23, 1885. 
 [• Jan. 17, 189.3. 
 [- 1 Sept 19, 1881. 
 
 Nov. 18, 1886. 
 
434 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES AND 
 TEKIUTORIES, SHOWING THE AREA OP EACH IN SQUARE MILES, 
 THE DATE OP ORGANIZATION OP TERRITORIES, THE DATE OP 
 ADMISSION OP NEW STATES INTO THE UNION, THE POPULATION 
 AND THE RESPECTIVE CAPITALS. 
 
 The Thirteen Original 
 
 States. 
 
 New HampHhire 
 
 MassachuButts.. 
 
 Rhode Island — 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina . 
 South Carolina.. 
 Georgia 
 
 Ratified the 
 Constitution. 
 
 June 
 February 
 
 May 
 
 January 
 
 July 
 
 December 
 
 December 
 
 December 
 
 April 
 
 June 
 
 November 
 
 May 
 
 January 
 
 21, 1788 
 (5,1788 
 
 29, 1790 
 
 9,1788 
 26, 1788 
 18, 1787 
 12, 1787 
 
 7, 1787 
 28, 1788 
 2.5, 1788 
 21, 1789 
 23, 1788 
 
 2, 1788 
 
 Area of | 
 
 Oriiiinal , Population 
 
 States, iu IS'JO 
 Sqr. miles 
 
 9,005 
 8,040 
 
 1,085 
 
 4,845 
 47,020 
 
 7,455 
 44,985 
 
 3,290 
 
 9,860 
 40,125 
 48,580 
 .'i0,170 
 58,980 
 
 376,530 
 2,238,943 
 
 345,503 
 
 746,258 
 5,997,853 
 1,444,933 
 5,258,014 
 
 168,493 
 l,042,.3tK) 
 1,6,55.980 
 1,617,947 
 1151,149 
 1,837.353 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Portsmouth. 
 Botjton. 
 
 J Newport and 
 ( Providence.' 
 Hartford. 
 Albany. 
 Trenton. 
 Harrisburg. 
 Dover. 
 Annapolis. 
 Richmond. 
 Raleigh. 
 Columbia. 
 Atlanta. 
 
 States 
 Admitted. 
 
 Kentucky .. . 
 Vermont 
 
 Tennessee . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Louisiana... 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Mississippi . 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Alabama.... 
 
 Maine 
 
 Missouri . . . 
 Arkansas ... 
 Michigan ... 
 
 Florida 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Texas 
 
 Wisconsin .. 
 California . . 
 Minnesota .. 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Kan-as 
 
 W. Virginia. 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Nebraska . . . 
 Colorado . .. 
 N. Dakota . . 
 S. Dakota. .. 
 Montana — 
 Washington 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Wyoming .. 
 Utah 
 
 Act 
 Organizing 
 Territory. 
 
 Act 
 
 Admitting 
 
 State. 
 
 Admission 
 Took 
 Effect. 
 
 Outof Va.. 
 Out of N. II 
 
 andN. Y.. I Feb. 18, 
 Out of N.C' June 1, 
 Ord.1787.... Apr. 30, 
 Mar. 3, 1805 Apr. 8, 
 Mav 7, 1800 Dec. 11, 
 April 7, 1798 Dec. 10, 
 Feb. 3, 1809 Dec. 3, 
 Mar. 3, 1817 Dec. 14, 
 Outof Maf^s. Mar. .3, 
 June 4, 1812 Mar. 2, 
 Mar. 2, 1819 June 15, 
 Jan. 11,1805 Jan. 26, 
 Mar. 30, 1832 Mar. 3, 
 June 12, 1838 Mar. 3, 
 Annexed . . . Mar 
 Apr. 20, 1836 
 Prm. Mexico 
 Mar. 3, 1849 
 Aug. 14, 1848 
 May 30,1854 
 Outof Va... 
 Mar. 2, 1861 
 May 30, 18.54 
 Feb. 28, 1861 
 
 Feb. 4, 1791] Jane 1,1792 
 
 1791 Mar. 4, 
 1796 June 1, 
 1802 Nov. 29, 
 1812 Apr. 30, 
 1816 Dec. 11, 
 1817:Dec. 10, 
 1818;Dec. 3, 
 
 1819 Dec. 14, 
 
 1820 Mar. 15, 
 
 1821 Aug. 10, 
 1836 June 15 
 
 Sept. 9,1850 
 
 1, 
 Mar. 3, 
 Sept. 9, 
 May 4, 
 Feb. 14, 
 Jan. 29, 
 Dec. 31, 
 Mar. 21, 
 Feb. 9, 
 Mar. 3, 
 Nov. 3, 
 Nov. ,3, 
 Nov. 8, 
 Nov. 11, 
 July 3, 
 July 11, 
 
 183 
 
 1845 
 
 1845 
 
 1845 
 
 184 
 
 1850 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 1S()] 
 
 1862 
 
 1864 
 
 1867 
 
 1875 
 
 1889 
 
 1889 
 
 1889 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1890 
 
 Jan. 26, 
 Mar. 3, 
 Dec. 28, 
 Dec. 29, 
 May 29, 
 Sept. 9, 
 May 11, 
 Feb. 14, 
 Jan. 2'.>, 
 June 19, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Mar. 1, 
 Aug. 1, 
 
 1791 
 1796 
 1802 
 1812 
 1816 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 1820 
 1821 
 1836 
 1837 
 1845 
 184( 
 181.'^ 
 1848 
 18.50 
 18,58 
 18.59 
 1861 
 1863 
 1864 
 1867 
 187( 
 
 
 Popula- 
 tion 
 in 1890. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 40,000 
 
 9,1.35 
 41,750 
 40,760 
 45,420 
 :i5,910 
 46,340 
 56,000 
 51 ,,541 1 
 29,895 
 68,7.35 
 53,045 
 57,4.30 
 54,240 
 55,475 
 
 262.290 
 54,4.50 
 
 155,980 
 79,20; 
 94.560 
 81,700 
 24,645 
 
 110,700 
 76,840 
 
 103,645 
 70,19 
 76,850 
 
 14.5,.310 
 66,880 
 84,290 
 97,576 
 
 1,858,635' Frankfort. 
 
 .332,422 
 
 1,767,518 
 
 3,672,316 
 
 1,11.S,5.S7: 
 
 2,192,404 
 
 l,289,ti00 
 
 3,826. .351 
 
 1,.513,017! 
 
 661,086i 
 
 2,679,184' 
 
 1,128,179 
 
 2,(193,889, 
 
 391,4221 
 
 1,911,896 
 
 2,235,523 j 
 
 l,68f!,880l 
 
 1,208,1.301 
 
 1,.301,823 
 
 313,767' 
 
 1,427,0961 
 
 762,794 i 
 
 45,761 
 
 1,0.58,910' 
 
 412,198 
 
 182,919 
 
 328,808 
 
 132,159 
 
 349,.390 
 
 84,385 
 
 60,705 
 
 Montpelicr. 
 
 Nashville. 
 
 Columbus. 
 
 Baton Rouge. 
 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Spiingfield. 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Augusta. 
 
 Jcfl'crson City 
 
 Little Rock. 
 
 Lansing. 
 
 Tallahassee. 
 
 Des Moines. 
 
 Austin. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Sacramento. 
 
 St. Paul. 
 
 Salem. 
 
 Topeka. 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 Carson City. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Denver. 
 
 Bismar.k. 
 
 Pierre. 
 
 Helena. 
 
 Olympia. 
 
 Boise City. 
 
 Cheyenne. 
 
 Salt Lake City 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 435 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND AKEA OF TERRITORIES. 
 
 Territories. 
 
 Act 
 Organizing 
 Territory. 
 
 Area of the 
 
 Territories 
 
 in Sqr. Miles. 
 
 Population 
 in 1890. 
 
 Capital?. 
 
 
 Sept. 9, 1850 
 Feb. 24, lSli3 
 June 30, 1831 
 July If), 1790 
 March 3, 1791 
 July 27, 18f.8 
 May 2, 1890 
 
 122.460 
 112.920 
 64,690 
 
 t70 
 
 577.390 
 
 161,831 
 
 153,.593 
 
 59.620 
 
 179,321 
 
 230,392 
 
 30,329 
 01.8.34 
 
 Sante Fe. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Indiana* 
 
 Phoenix. 
 
 District of Columbia.. [ 
 Alaska — 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Sitka. 
 Guthrie. 
 
 
 
 *No Territorial Government. 
 
 fRediiced from 100 to 70 square miles hy recession of part to Virginia in 1804. 
 J Including Greer County, in dispute ; claimed hy Texas. 
 
 The whole area of tie States and Territories, including water surface of lakeii 
 and rivers, is nearly ecjual to four million square miles. 
 
 APPEKDIX A. 
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 In Congress, July 4, 1776. 
 
 A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS 
 
 ASSEMBLED. 
 
 When, in tlie course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis- 
 solve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, 
 among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of 
 nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of 
 mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
 separation. 
 
 \Ve hold these truths to be self evident: That all men are created equal; that 
 tV'ey are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these 
 are life, liberty and tne pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern- 
 ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the 
 governed; that, whenever any form of governm nt becomes destruciive of tt ese 
 ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new 
 government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers 
 in such form, as to them stiall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
 Pri dence, indeed, will dictate t at governments long es ablished should not be 
 cha-iged for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience t ath shown 
 that mankind are more dispo-ed to suffer while evils are sufferable than to right 
 themselves hy abolishing the forms to wh'ch they are acc'istomed. But when a 
 iong train of abuses and usurpa'ions, pursuing invariably tne same object, evinces 
 a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, 
 to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 
 Such has been the patient sufferance oft ese co'.onits, and sach is now the necessity 
 
436 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 
 
 which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history 
 of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- 
 tions, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these 
 States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the pub- 
 lic good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing impor- 
 tance, unless suspendtd in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and 
 when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis'ricts of 
 people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the 
 legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and 
 distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing 
 them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly 
 firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
 elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned 
 to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, 
 exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without and convulsions witliin. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States, for that purpose 
 obstructing the laws for tlie naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass otners 
 to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropri 
 ations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws 
 for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, 
 and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has elected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to 
 harass our people and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us in times of peace standing armies, without the consent of 
 our legislatures. 
 
 He has aflected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil 
 power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our consti- 
 tutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to tneir acts of pre- 
 tended legislation: 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which 
 they should commit on the inhabitants of these States; 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent; 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury; 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses; 
 
 For abolishing the free system of Englisli laws in a neighboring province, estab- 
 lishing therein an arbitiary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to 
 render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
 rule into these colonies; 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering 
 fundamentaily the forms of our governments; 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with 
 power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and 
 waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed 
 the lives of our people. 
 
 He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete 
 the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumst.ances of 
 cruelty and perfidy scarcely paialleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
 unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken csptive on the high seas, to bear 
 arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, 
 or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on 
 the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of 
 warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 437 
 
 huttible terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. 
 A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is 
 unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have 
 warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an 
 unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
 of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native just'ce 
 and magnanimity; and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, 
 to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and 
 correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguin- 
 ity.. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separa- 
 tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace 
 friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General 
 Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude 
 of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these 
 colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United Coloiiies are, and of 
 right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all 
 allegiance to the British crown, and that all poliiical connection between them ai.d 
 the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free 
 and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract 
 alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent 
 States may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reli- 
 ance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our 
 lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by 
 the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 John Morton, 
 
 George Clymer, 
 
 James Smith, 
 
 George Taylor, 
 
 James Wilson, 
 
 George Ross. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 Josiah Bartlett, 
 William Whipp'e, 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 
 Charles Carroll, of Car- 
 roilton. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS BAY 
 Samuel Adams, 
 John Adams, 
 Robert Treat Paine, 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 William Floyd, 
 Philip Livingston, 
 Francis Lewis, 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 Richard Stockton, 
 John Witherspoon, 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 John Hart, 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 PENNSYLVANL\. 
 
 Rob. rt Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 Cajsar Rodney, 
 G orge Read, 
 Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 St phen Hopkins, 
 William Ellery. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 William Williams, 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 Samuel Chase, 
 William Paca, 
 Thomas Stone, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 George Wythe, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 Thomas Nelson, Jr. 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 John Penn. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 Edward Rutledge, 
 Thomas Hay ward, Jr. 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr. 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
438 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 AP^PKNIDIX B. 
 
 Constitution of the United States 
 OF America * 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in 
 order to form a more perfect union, 
 establish Justice, insure domestic 
 Tranquility, provide for the common 
 defence, promote the general Welfare, 
 and secure the Blessings of Liberty to 
 ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain 
 and establish this Constitution for 
 the United States of America. 
 
 Constitution of the Confederate 
 States of America. 
 
 We, the People of the Co7i/edera/c Staler, 
 each State acting- in its soToeig-n and 
 independent character, in order to form 
 a permanent Federal Government, es- 
 tablish justice, insure domestic tran- 
 quility, and secure the bl'ssings of 
 liberty to ourselves and our posterity 
 — imiokin^ the favor and guidance of 
 Almiglity God — do ordain and estab 
 lish this Constitution for the Confed- 
 erate States of Ameiica. 
 
 ARTICLE L 
 
 Section i. All legislative Powers 
 herein granted shall be vested in a 
 Congress of the Uni'ed States, which 
 shall consist of a Senate and H use of 
 Representa'ives. 
 
 Section 2. The House of Repre':en- 
 tatives shall be compo ed of Members 
 chosen every second Year by the Pe^'ple 
 ot the several S'ale":, and the Electors 
 in each State shall have the Qualifica- 
 tions requisite for Electors of the most 
 numerous Branch of the State Legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 No Person shall be a Representative 
 who shall not have attained to the Age 
 of twenty-five years, and been seven 
 Years a Citizen of the United States, 
 and who shall not, when elected, be an 
 Inhabitant of that State in which he 
 shall be chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct Taxes 
 shall be apportioned among the several 
 Spates which may be included within 
 this Union, according to their respective 
 Numners.t which shall he determined 
 bv adding to the whole Numbpr of free 
 Persons, including those bound to Serv- 
 ice for a term of years, and exc'udinor 
 Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Section i. All legislative powers 
 herein delegated shall be vested in a 
 Congress of the ConfedevAit States, 
 which shall consist of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Section 2. The House of Repre- 
 sentatives shall be composed of mem- 
 bers chosen every sfcond year by the 
 people of the feveral States; and the 
 electors in "ach State sha 1 be citizens of 
 the Confederate S'aies, and have the 
 qualifications requisite for electors of 
 the most numerous branch of the Sta'e 
 Legislature; I'ut no person of foreign 
 birth, not a citizen of' the Confederate 
 States, shall be allowed to vote for any 
 officer, civil or political State or Federal. 
 
 No person shall b» a Representative 
 who stiall not have atta'ned the age f 
 twenty-five vears, and be a citizen 0/ the 
 Confederate States, and who shall not, 
 when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
 S ate in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct taxes shall 
 be apportioned among the several States, 
 which may be included within this Con- 
 federacy, according to their respective 
 numbers, which shall be determined by 
 adding to the whole number of free per- 
 sons, including those bound to service 
 for a term of vears, and excluding In- 
 dians not taxed, thrfe fifths of all slaves. 
 Tne actual enumeration shall be made 
 
 *This is an exact copy of the original in punctuation, spelling, capitals, etc. 
 fUnder the census of i860 one representative is allowed for every 127,381 
 persons. 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 439 
 
 other Persons.* Tlie actual Enumera 
 tion sliall be made within three Years 
 after ttie first meeting of tlie Congress 
 of the United States, and within every 
 subsequent Term of Ten years, in such 
 Manner as they shall by Law direct. 
 '1 lie Number of Representatives shall 
 not exceed one f r every thirty Thous- 
 and, but each State shall have at Leas' 
 one representat ve ; and until such 
 enumeration shall be made, the State of 
 Nevv Hampshire shall be entitled to 
 chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rliode 
 Island and Providence Plantations one, 
 Conneciicut five. New York s x. New 
 Jersey four, Petmsylvania eight, Dela- 
 ware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. 
 North Carolina five. South Carolina 
 five, and Georgia three. 
 
 When vacancies happen in the Repre- 
 sentation from any State, the Executive 
 Authority thereof shall issue Writs of 
 Election to fill such Vacancies. 
 
 The House of Representatives shall 
 chuse their Speaker and other officers ;t 
 and shaU have the sole Power of Im- 
 peachment. 
 
 Section 3. The Senate of the United 
 States shall be composed of two Sena- 
 tors from each State, chosen by the 
 Legislature thereof, for six Years ; alid 
 each Senator shall have one Vote. 
 
 Immediately after thev shall be assem 
 bled in Consequence of the first Elec- 
 tion, they shall be divided as equally as 
 may he into three Classes. '1 he Seats of 
 the Senators of the first Class shall be 
 vacated a tne Expiration of the second 
 Year, of the second Class a: the Expira- 
 tion of the fourth Ye^r, and of the third 
 class at the Expiration of the sixth Yeir, 
 so that one-third may be chosen every 
 second year ; and if Vacancies h-ippe 1 
 by Resignation, or otherwise, during 
 thi; Recess of the Legislature of any 
 Stdte, the Executive thereof may make 
 tempora''y Appointments until the next 
 Meeting of tlie Legislature, which shall 
 then fill such Vacancies. 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who 
 shall not have attained to the Ape of 
 thirty Years, and been nine Years a 
 citizen of the LInited States, and who 
 shall not, when elected, be an Inhabi- 
 tant of that State for which he shall be 
 chosen. 
 
 The Vice President of the United 
 
 within three years after the first mee*- 
 ing o( the Congress of the C onfe derate 
 Stites, and within every subsequent 
 term of ten years, in such manner as 
 they shall by 1 iw direct. The number 
 of Representatives shall not exceed one 
 for everyyT/Vy thousand, but each State 
 shall lnv.; at least one Representative; 
 and until such enumeration shall be 
 m de, the State of South Carolina shall 
 be entitled to choose six, the State of 
 Geo) gia ten, tlie State 0/ Atabama nine, 
 tlie State of Florida tzvo, the State of Mis- 
 sissiptii seven, the State of Louisiana six, 
 and the State of Texas six. 
 
 When vacancies happen in the repre- 
 sentation from any State, the Executive 
 authority thereof shall issue writs of 
 election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 The House of Representatives shall 
 choo e their Speaker and other officers; 
 and shall have the s pie power of im- 
 peachment, except that ativ jndicial or 
 other Fedei al officer, resident and acting 
 so/elv 7vithin the limits of any Slate, may 
 be impea-lied by a Z'ote of tiuo thirds of 
 both branches of the Legislature thereof. 
 
 Section 3. The Se.iate of the Confed- 
 erate States shall be composed of two 
 Senators from each State, chosen (or six 
 years by the Legislature thereof, at the 
 regular session next immediately preced- 
 ing the coinmeticetnent of the term of 
 seivice; and eaca Senator shall have 
 one vote. 
 
 Immediately after they shall be as- 
 sembled, in consequence of the first 
 election, they shall be divided as equally 
 as may be into three classes. The seats 
 of the Senators of the first class be 
 vacated at the exp rat on of the second 
 year; of the second class at the expira- 
 tion of the fourth year; and of the third 
 class at the expiration of the six h year; 
 so that one third may be chosen every 
 second year; and if vacancies happen 
 by resignation or otherwise, during the 
 recess of the Legislature of any State, 
 the Executive thereof may make tem- 
 poray ai)poiiitments until the next 
 meeting of the Legislature, which shall 
 then fill such vacancies. 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who 
 shall not have attained the age of thirty 
 years, and be a citizen of the Confederate 
 States; and who shall not, when elected, 
 be an inhabitant of the State for which 
 lie shall be cnosen. 
 
 The Vice-President of the Confederate 
 
 *"Other persons" refers to slaves See Amendments, Art XIV, Sections i and 2. 
 fThe principal of these are the clerk, sergeant-at-arms, door-keeper, and post- 
 master. 
 
440 
 
 HCHOOL Hlf^TORY OF THE UNITED STATESi. 
 
 States shall be President of the Senate, 
 but shall have no Vote, unless they be 
 equally divided. 
 
 The Senate shall cbuse their other 
 Officers, and also a President pro tem- 
 pore, in the absence of the Vice Presi- 
 Heit, or when he shall exercise the 
 Office of President of the United States 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole Povi'er 
 to try all Impeachments. When sitting 
 for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath 
 or Affirmation. When the President of 
 the United States is tried, the Chief 
 Justice shall preside : And no Person 
 shall be convicted without the Concur- 
 rence o; two-thirds of the Members 
 present. 
 
 Judgment in Cases of Impeachment 
 shall not extend further than to removal 
 from Office, and Uisciualification to hold 
 and enjoy any Office of Honour, Trust or 
 Profit under the I'nited States; but the 
 party convicted shall nevertheless be 
 liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, 
 Judgment and Punishment, according to 
 Law. 
 
 Section 4. The Times, Places and 
 Manner of holding Elections for Sena- 
 tors and Representatives, shall be pre- 
 scribed in each State by the Legislature 
 thereof : but the Congress may at any 
 time by Law make or alter such Regula- 
 tions, except as to the places of chasing 
 Senators. 
 
 The Congress shall assemble at least 
 once in every Year, and such Meeting 
 shall be on the first Monday in Decem- 
 ber, u'lless they shall by Law appoint a 
 different Day. 
 
 Section 5. Each House shall be the 
 Judge of the Elections, Returns and 
 yuaiifications of its own Members, and 
 a majority of each shall constitute a 
 Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller 
 number may adjourn from day to day, 
 and may be authorized to compel the 
 Attendance of absent Members, in such 
 Manner, and under such Penalties as 
 each House may provide 
 
 Each House may dttei mine the Rules 
 of its Proceedings, punish its Members 
 for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the 
 Concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 
 Member. 
 
 Each House shall keep a Journal of 
 its Proceedings, and from time to time 
 publish the same, excepting such Parts 
 as may in their judgment require Se- 
 crecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the 
 Members of either House on any ques- 
 tion shall, at the Desire of one-fifth of 
 those Present, be entered on the Journal. 
 
 Neither House, during the Session of 
 Congress, shall, without the Consent of 
 the other, adjourn for more than three 
 
 States shall be President of the Senate, 
 but shall have no vote unless they be 
 equally divided. 
 
 The Senate shall choose their other 
 officers; and also a President pro tem- 
 poie in the absence of the Vice-Presi- 
 dent, or when he sha'l exercise the 
 office of President of the Confederate 
 States. 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole power 
 to try all impeachments. When sitting 
 for that purpose, they shall be on oath 
 or affirmation. When the President of 
 the Confederate States is tried, the Chief 
 Justice shall preside; and no person 
 shall be convicted without the concur- 
 rence of two thirds of the members 
 present. 
 
 Judgment in cases of impeachment 
 shall not extend further than to removal 
 from office, and disqualification to hold 
 and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or 
 p ofit, under the Confederate States: but 
 tlie party convicted shall, nevertheless, 
 be liable and subject to indictment, 
 trial, judgment, and punishment accord- 
 ing to law. 
 
 Section 4. The times, place, and 
 manner of holding elections for Sena- 
 tors and Representatives, shall be pre- 
 scribed in each State by the Legislature 
 therof, subject to the provisions of this 
 Constitutions; but the Congress may, at 
 any time, by law, make or alter such 
 regulations, except as to the times and 
 places of choosing Senators. 
 
 The Congress shall assemble at least 
 once in every year; and such meeting 
 shall be on the first Monday in Decem- 
 ber, unless they shall, by law, appoitit a 
 different day. 
 
 Section 5. Each House shall be the 
 judge of the elections, returns, and 
 qualifications of its own members, and 
 a majority of each shall constitute a 
 quorum to do business; but a smaller 
 number may adjourn from day to day, 
 and may be authorized to compel the 
 attendance of absent members, in such 
 manner and under such penalties as 
 each house may provide. 
 
 Each House may determine the rules 
 of its proceedings, punish its members 
 for disorderly behavior, and, w th the 
 concurrence of two thirds of the whole 
 number, expel a member. 
 
 Each House shall keep a journal of its 
 proceedings, and from time to time pub- 
 lish the same, excepting such parts as 
 may in their judgment require secrecy; 
 and the yeas and neas of the members 
 of either House, on any question, shall, 
 at the desire of one fifth of those present, 
 be entered on the journal. 
 
 Neither House, during the session of 
 Congress, shall, without the consent of 
 the other, adjourn for more than three 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 441 
 
 days, nor to any other Place than that in 
 which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 Section 6. The Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives shall receive a compensation 
 for their Services, to be ascertained by 
 Law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
 the United States. They shall in all 
 cases, except Treason, Felony and 
 Breach of the Peace, be privileged from 
 Arrest during their Attendance at the 
 Session of their respective Houses, and 
 in going to and returning from the same, 
 and lor any Speech or l3ebate in either 
 House, they shall not be questioned in 
 any other Place. 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall, 
 during the time for which he was 
 elected, be appointed to any civil Office 
 under the Authority of the United Slates, 
 which shall have been created, or the 
 Emoluments whereof shall have been 
 increased during such time ; and no 
 Person holding any Office under the 
 United States, shall be a Member of 
 either House during his Cont. nuance in 
 Office. 
 
 Section 7. All Bills for raising Reve- 
 nue shall originate in the House of 
 Representatives : but the Senate may 
 propose or concur with Amendments as 
 on o her Bills. 
 
 Every Bill which shall have passed 
 the House of Representatives and the 
 Senate, shall, before it become a Law, 
 be p ese ited to the President of the 
 United Stales : if he approve, he shall 
 sign it, but if not h^shall return if, with 
 his Objections to that House in which it 
 shall have or ginated, who shall enter 
 the Object ons at large on their Journal, 
 and proceed to recoi.sider it. It after 
 such Reconsideration two-thirds of that 
 House shall agree to pass the Bill, it 
 shall be se .t, together w th the Objec- 
 tions, to the oth-ir Hous •, by which it 
 shall likewise be recons d red, and if 
 approved by two-thirds of that house, it 
 shall become a Law. But in ail such 
 ("ases the Votes of Both Houses shall be 
 dete mined by Yeas a- d Nays, and ihe 
 Names of the Persons voting for and 
 against the Bill shall be entered on ttie 
 Jour al of each H use respectively. If 
 a ly Bill shall not b; returned bv the 
 President w.thin ten Days (Sundays ex- 
 cepted) af er it shall have been pre- 
 sented to him, the Same shall be a law, 
 in like Manner as if he had signed it, 
 unless the Congress by their Adjourn- 
 ment prevent its Return, in whicn Case 
 it shall not be a Law. 
 
 days, nor to any other place than that 
 in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 Sk;ction 6. The Senators and Repre 
 sentatives shall receive a compensation 
 for their services, to hs ascertained by 
 law, and paid out of the Treasury of the 
 Confederate States. They shall, in all 
 cases, except treason, felony, and breach 
 of peace, be privileged from arrest during 
 their attendance at the session of their 
 respective Houses, and in going to and 
 returning from the same; and for any 
 speech or debate in either House, they 
 shall not be questioned in any other 
 place. 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall, 
 during the time for which he was elected, 
 be appointed to any civil office under 
 the authority of the Confederate Stales, 
 which shall have been created, or the 
 emoluments whereof shall have Iseen in- 
 creased during such lime; and no per- 
 son holding a-'y office under the Confed 
 erate Slates shall be a member of either 
 House du ing his continuance in office. 
 But Congress may, by law, grant to the 
 principal officer in each <f the e.recuttve 
 departmenis a seat upon the floor of either 
 Home, -with the privilege of d.scussing 
 any Jtieasures appertaining to his depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Section 7. All bills for raising the 
 revenue shall originate in the Hoube of 
 Repiesentatives ; but the Senate may 
 p;opose or concur with the amendments, 
 as on other bills. 
 
 Every bill which shall have passed 
 both Houses, shall, before it becomes a 
 law, be presented to the President of the 
 Confederate States; if he approve, he 
 shall sigT it; but if not, he shall return 
 it with hif obiections, to that House in 
 which it sliall have originated, who 
 shall en;er the objections at large on 
 their journal, and proceed to reconsider 
 it. If, after such reconsideration, two 
 thirds of that House shall agree to pass 
 the bill, it snail be sent, together with 
 the objections, to the other House, by 
 which it shall likewise be reconsidered, 
 and, if approved by two thirds of thac 
 Hous", it shall become a law. But, .11 
 all such cases, the votes of both Houses 
 shall be determined 6y yeas and nays, 
 and fhe names of the persons vo.ing for 
 and against the bill shall be entered on 
 the journal of each House, re-pectively. 
 If any bill shall not be recbrned by the 
 President within ten days (Sundays 
 excepted) afier it shall have teen pre- 
 sented to him, the same shall be a law, 
 in like manner as if he hid signed it 
 unless the Congress, by their adjourn- 
 ment, prevent its return; in which case 
 it shall not be a law. The President may 
 approve any appropriation and disapprove 
 any other appropriation in the same bill. 
 Ik such case he shall, in signing the bill. 
 
442 
 
 (SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UXITED STATEf^. 
 
 Every Order, Resolution, or Vote, to 
 which the Concurrence of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives may be 
 necessary (except on a question of Ad- 
 journment) shall be presented to the 
 President of the United States; and 
 before the Same shall take Effeci, shall 
 be , pproved by him, or being disap- 
 proved by him, shall be repassed by 
 two-thirds of the Senate and House of 
 Representatives, according lo the Rules 
 and Limitations prescribed in the Case 
 of a Bill. 
 
 Section S The Congress shall have 
 Power 
 
 To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Im- 
 posts :nd Excises, to pay the Uebis and 
 provide for the common Defence and 
 general Welfare of the United States ; 
 but all Duties, Imposts and Excises 
 shall be uniform throughout the Uni ed 
 States ; 
 
 To borrow Money on the credit of the 
 United S ates ; 
 
 To rrgulate Commerce wi'h foreign 
 Nations, and among the several Sta es, 
 and with the Indian Tribes ; 
 
 To establish an uniform Rule of 
 Naturalization, and uniform Laws on 
 the su ject of Bankruptcies through- 
 out the United Stctes ; 
 
 To coin Money, regulate the Value 
 thereof, and ©f foreign Coin, and fix the 
 Standard of Weights and Measures ; 
 
 To provide for the punishment of 
 counterfeiting the Securities and cur- 
 rent Coin of the United S-ates ; 
 
 To establish Post Offices and nost 
 Roads ; 
 
 desigHnli' i!if appropriations disapproved: 
 and shall return a copy of such appropria- 
 tions, with his objections, to the House in 
 which the bill shall have originated; and 
 the same pjoceedings shall then be had as 
 in case of other bills disapproved by the 
 President. 
 
 Every order, resolution, or vote, to 
 wh ch the concurrence of both Houses 
 nny be necessary (except on a question 
 of adjournment), shall b* presented to 
 tie President of the Confederate States; 
 and. before the same shall take effect, 
 shall be approved by him; or, being dis- 
 approved, shall be repassed by two 
 thirds of both Houses, according to the 
 rules and limitations prescribed in case 
 of a bill. 
 
 Section S. the Congress shall have 
 power — 
 
 To lay and collect taxes, ('uties, im- 
 posts, and excis s, /or revenue neces- 
 sary to pay the debts, prov de for the 
 common defense, and carry on the Gov- 
 ernment of the Confederate States ; but 
 no bounties shall be granted from the 
 Treasury: nor shall any duties or taxes 
 on importations from foreign nations be 
 laid to promote or foster any branch of 
 industry; and all duties, imposts, and 
 excises shall be uniform throughout the 
 Confederate States: 
 
 To borrow i.otiey on the credit of the 
 Confederate States: 
 
 To regulate commerce with foreign 
 nations, and among the seve'al S'at-s, 
 and with the Indian tribes; but neither 
 this nor any other clause contained in the 
 Constitution shall ever be construed to 
 delegate the poiver to Congress to appro- 
 priate money Jor any internal impro7<e- , 
 jnent intended to facilitate commerce; 
 except for the purpose of furnishing 
 lights, beacons and buoys and other aid 
 to tiaiiigation upon the coasts, and the 
 improz'ement of harbors and the removing 
 of obstructions in river navigation, in all 
 ivhich cases such duties shall be laid on 
 the navigation facilitated thereby, as may 
 he necessary to pay the costs and expenses 
 thereof: 
 
 I o es abli<:h uniform laws of na*urali- 
 zalion and uniform laws on the subject 
 ol bankruptcies, throughout the Confed- 
 erate States ; but no lazu of Congress shall 
 discharge any debt contracted before the 
 passage of the same : 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value 
 thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the 
 standard of weights and measures: 
 
 To provide for the punishment of 
 coun erfeiting the securities and current 
 coin of the Confederate States : 
 
 lo tstiblisn post-ofTicPS and post 
 routes: but the expenses of the Post-Office 
 Depart me^zt, after the first day of March, 
 
APPENDTX B. 
 
 443 
 
 To promote the progress of Science 
 and useful Arts, by securing- for limited 
 Times to Authors and Inventors the ex- 
 clusive Right to their respective Writ- 
 ings and discoveries ; 
 
 To constitute Tribunals inferior to 
 the upreme Court ; 
 
 To define and punish Piracies and 
 Felonies commited on the high seas, 
 and Offences against the Law of Na- 
 tio s ; 
 
 To declare War, grant Letters of 
 Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules 
 concerning Captures on Land and 
 Water ; 
 
 To raise and support Armies, but no 
 Appropriation of Money to that Use 
 shall be for a longer Term than two 
 Yers; 
 
 To provide and maintain a Navy ; 
 
 To make Rules for the Goveninifiit 
 and Regulation of the land and naval 
 Forces ; 
 
 To provide for calling forth the Militia 
 to execute the Laws of the Union, sup- 
 press Insurrections and repel Invasion ; 
 
 To provide for organizi"g, arm'ng, 
 and disciplining, the Militia, and for 
 governing such Part of them as maybe 
 employed in the Service of the I'nittd 
 States, leserving to the States re = pec- 
 t vely, the Avipointmen!; of the Officers, 
 and the Authority of training the Militia 
 according to the Discipline prescribed 
 by Congress ; 
 
 To exercise exclusive Legislation in 
 all C^ses whatsotver, over such District 
 (not exceeding ten Miles square) as 
 may, by Cession of particular States, 
 and the Acceptance of Congress, become 
 the Seat of the Government of the United 
 States, and to exerc se like Authority 
 ovtr all Places purchased by the Con- 
 sent of the Legislature of the State in 
 which the Same shall be, for the Erf c- 
 tion of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, 
 Dock Yards, and other needful Build- 
 ings ; — And 
 
 To nrake all Laws which shall be 
 necessaiyand proper for rarrying into 
 Execution the foregoing Powers, and 
 all other Powrs vested by this Consti- 
 tution in the Government of the United 
 States, or in any Uepaitment or Officer 
 thereof. 
 
 Section g. The Migration or Impor- 
 tation of such Persons as ?nv of ttie 
 States now existing shall think prop'r 
 to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
 Congress prior to the Year onetho\isand 
 eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or 
 Duty may be imposed on such Importa 
 tion, not exceeding ten doUors for each 
 Person. 
 
 /« the year of our Lord eighteen hundred 
 and sixty three, shall be paid out of its 
 oum rei'cnue : 
 
 To promote the progress of science 
 and useful arts, by securi;ig for limited 
 times to authors and inventors the ex- 
 clusive right to their respective writings 
 and discoveries: 
 
 To constitute tribunals inferior to the 
 Supreme Court: 
 
 To define and punish piracies ?nd 
 felonies committed on the high seas, 
 and offenses against the law of nations: 
 
 To declare war, grant lette's of marque 
 and reprisal, and make rules conce.ning 
 captures on land and on water: 
 
 To raise and support armies, but no 
 appropriation of money to that use shall 
 be for a longer term than two years: 
 
 To provide and m-'intain a navy: 
 
 To m-k-; rules f r the government 
 and regulation of the land and naval 
 forces: 
 
 To provide for calling forth the militia 
 to execute the laws of the Cotifcderate 
 States, suppress insurrections, and repel 
 invasions: 
 
 To provide for organizing, arming, 
 and discipling the milit'a, and for gov- 
 erning such part of them as the Confed- 
 erate States, reserving to the States, 
 re<:pectively, the appointment of the 
 officers, and the authority of training 
 the militia according to the discipline 
 prescribed by Congress: 
 
 To exercise exclusive legislation in 
 all cases whatsoever, over such district 
 (not exceed ng ten mi'es sq are) as may, 
 by cession oi one or more States, and the 
 acceptance of Congress, become the seat 
 of the Government of the Confederate 
 States, and to exercise like authority 
 over all places purchased by the consent 
 of the Legislature of the State in whicti 
 the same shall be, for the erection of 
 forts, magazines, a senals, dock-ya ds, 
 and other needful buildings; and 
 
 To make all laws which shall be neces- 
 sary and proper for carrying into execu- 
 tion the foregoing powers, and all other 
 p3wers vested by this Constitution iti 
 the Government of the Confederate 
 States, cr in any department or officer 
 thereof. 
 
 Srction 9 The importation of negroes 
 of the African race from any foreign 
 country otlter than tlie sla7n'-holding States 
 or Territories of tlie United States of 
 America, is liereby forbidden : and Con- 
 gress is requiredto pass such laws as shall 
 ejfectually prevent tlie same. 
 
 Congress shall also have power to pro- 
 hibit the introduction of slaves from any 
 
414 
 
 SSCnOOL HlfiTORY OF THE UNITED »S7'AyB»Sf. 
 
 The Privilege of tlie Writ of Habeas 
 Corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
 when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion 
 the public safety may require it. 
 
 No BUI of Attainder or ex post facto 
 Law shall bi passed. 
 
 No Capitation, or other direct, Tax 
 shall belaid, unless in Proportion to the 
 Census or Enumeration herein before 
 dir'cted to be taken. 
 
 No Tax or Duty shall be la"d on Ar- 
 ticles exported from any State. 
 
 No Preference shall be given by any 
 Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to 
 the Ports of one State over those of 
 another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or 
 from, one State, be obliged to enter, 
 clear, or pay Duties in another. 
 
 No Money shall be ( rawn from the 
 Treasury, but in Consequence of Appro- 
 priations made by Law ; and a regular 
 Statement and Account of the Receipts 
 and Expenditures of all public Money 
 shall be published from time to time. 
 
 No Title of Nobility shall he granted 
 by the United States ; and no Person 
 holding any Office of Profit or Trust 
 under them, shall, without the Consent 
 of the Congress, accept of any present, 
 Emolument. Office, or Title, of any kind 
 whatever, from any King, Prince, or 
 foreign State. 
 
 State not a meinbcr c/" or Territory not 
 I'clfiiii^ing to, this Confederacy. 
 
 The privilege of the wiit of liabeas 
 corpus shall not be suspended, unl ss 
 when, in case of rebellion or invasion, 
 the public safety may require it. 
 
 No bill of attainder, ex post facto law 
 or laiv (ienyitig or impairing i/ie rig/it of 
 property in negro s/a?ies s/iail l>e passed. 
 
 No capitation or other direct tax shall 
 be laid, unless in proportion to the 
 census or enumeration hereinbefore 
 directed lo be taken. 
 
 No tax or duty sliall be laid on articles 
 exported from any State except by a 7'ote 
 of two thirds of both Houses. 
 
 No preference shall be given by any 
 regulation of commerce or revenue to 
 the ports of one State over those of an- 
 other. 
 
 No money shall be drawn from the 
 Treasury, but in consequence of appro- 
 priations made by law; and a regular 
 statement and account of the receipts 
 and expenditures of all public money 
 snail be published from lime to time. 
 
 Congress sliall appropriate no money 
 from the Treasury, except by a vote of 
 t2uo thirds of botli Houses, taken by yeas 
 and nays, unless it be asked and esti- 
 mated for by some one of the heads of 
 departments and submitted to Congress 
 by the President ; or for the purpose of 
 paying its own expenses atid contingencies; 
 or for the payment of claims against the 
 Confederate States, the justice of which 
 shall have been judicially declared by a 
 tribunal for the investigation of claims 
 against the Government ^vhich it is hereby 
 ■made the duty of Congress to establish. 
 
 All bills appropriating motwy shall 
 specify, in Federal currency the exact 
 amount of each appropriation and the 
 purposes for which it is made; and Con- 
 gress shall grant 7io extra compensation 
 to any public contractor, officer, agent or 
 servant, after such contract shall have 
 been made or such service rendered. 
 
 No title of nobility shall be granted 
 by the Confederate States; and no person 
 holding any office of profit or trust 
 under them shall, without the consent 
 of the Congress, accept of any present, 
 emolument, office, or title of any kind 
 whatever, from any king, prince or 
 foreign state. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting 
 an establishment of religion, or prohibit- 
 ing the free exercise thereof; or abridg- 
 ing the freedom of speech, or of the 
 press; or the right of the people peace- 
 ably to assemble and petition the Gov- 
 ernment for a redress of grievances. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being neces- 
 sary to the security of a free state, the 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 445 
 
 Section io. No State shall enter into 
 any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation : 
 grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; 
 coin money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make 
 any Thing but gold and silver Coin a 
 Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any 
 Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or 
 Law impairing the Obligation of Con- 
 tracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 
 
 right of the people to keep and bear 
 arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be 
 quartered in any house without the 
 consent of the owner ; nor in time of 
 war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
 by law. 
 
 The right of the peoole to be secure 
 in their persons, housts, papers, and 
 effects, against unreasonable searches 
 and seizures shall not be violated; and 
 no warrants shall issue but upon proba- 
 ble cause, supported by oath or affirma- 
 tion, and particularly describing the 
 place to be searched, and the persons 
 or things to be seized. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer 
 for a capital or otherwise infamous 
 crime, unless on a presentment or in 
 dictment of a grand jury, except in 
 cases arising in the land or naval forces, 
 or in the militia, when in actual service 
 in time of war or public danger; nor 
 shall any person be subject, for the same 
 offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of 
 life or limb; nor be compelled, in any 
 crimiml case, to be a witness agaitist 
 himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, 
 or property, without due process of law; 
 nor shall private property be taken for 
 public use without just compensation. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the ac- 
 cused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
 and public trial, bv an impartial jury of 
 the State a id district wherein the crime 
 shall have been committed, which dis- 
 trict shall have been previously ascer- 
 tained by law, and to be informed of the 
 nature and cause of the accusation; to 
 be confronted with the witnesses against 
 him; to have compulsiry process for 
 obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to 
 have the assistance of counsel for his 
 defense. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the 
 value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
 dollars, the right of trial by jury shall 
 be preserved; and no fact so tried by a 
 jury shall be otherwise re-examined in 
 any court of the Confederacy, than ac- 
 cording to the rules of the common law. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, 
 nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
 and unusual punishment inflicled. 
 
 Every law, or resolution having the 
 Jorce of laiu, shall relate to but one sub - 
 ject, and that shall be expressed in the 
 title. 
 
 Section io. No State shall enter 
 into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- 
 tion ; grant letters of marque and re 
 prisal, coin money; make anything hut 
 gold and silver coin a tender in pay- 
 ment of debts ; pass any bill of attain- 
 der, or ex post facto law, or law impair- 
 ing the obligation of contracts, or grant 
 any title of nobility. 
 
440 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 No State shall, without the Consent of 
 the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties 
 on Imports or Exports, except what 
 may be absolutely ) ecei-£ary (or exe- 
 cuting its inspection Laws ; and the net 
 Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid 
 by any State on Imports or Exports, 
 shall be for the Use of the Treasury of 
 the United States ; and all such Laws 
 shall be subject to the Revision and 
 Contronl of the Congress. 
 
 No State shall, without the Consent 
 of C ongress, lay any Du'y of Tonnage, 
 keep Tioops, or Ships of War in time 
 of Peace, enter into any Agreement or 
 Compact with another State, or with a 
 foreign Power, or engage in War, unless 
 actually invaded, or in such imminent 
 Danger as will not admit of Delav. 
 
 No State shall, without the consent of 
 the Congress, lay any imposts or duties 
 on imports or exports except what 
 may be absolutely necessary for exe 
 cuting its inspectioa laws ; and the net 
 produce of all duties and imposts, laid 
 by any State oa imports or exports 
 shall be for the use of tue 1 reasury of 
 tne Confedo ate States; and all sucli 
 laws shall be suoject to the revision and 
 control of ' ong.ess 
 
 No State sha 1, without the consent of 
 Congresss, lav any duy on tonnage, ex- 
 cept on tea s^iiig vessels for the inifrrove- 
 ment of its rivers and ha' boi s navigated 
 by the said vessels : but such dities shall 
 not conflict with any treaties of the Con ■ 
 federate States witli fori ign nations. 
 And any surplus leicnue tints deiived 
 sliall, after malting sue li imp) oveiuent, he 
 paid into t lie common Treasury: nor shall 
 any State keep troops or ship of war in 
 time of peace, enter into any agree- 
 ment or compact with another State, or 
 with a foreigT power, or engage in war 
 unless actually invaded, or in such im- 
 minent danger as will mt admit of 
 delay. But when any rii er divides or 
 flows through two or more Stales, they 
 may enter into compacts with eacli other 
 to improve the navigation tliereof. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 Section i. The executive Power 
 shall be vested in a President of the 
 United States of America. He shall 
 hold his Office curing the Term of four 
 Years, and, together with the Vice 
 President, chosen for the same Term, be 
 elected, as follows ; 
 
 Each State shall appoint, in such 
 Manner as the Legislature thereof may 
 direct, a Number of Electors, equal to 
 the whole number of Senators and Rep- 
 resentatives to which the State may be 
 entitled in the Congress: but no Sena- 
 tor or Representative, or Person hold- 
 ing an Office of Trust or Profit under 
 the LInited States, shall be appointed an 
 Elector. 
 
 *The Electors shall meet in their re- 
 spective States, and vote by Ballot for 
 two Persons, of whom one at least shall 
 not be an Inhabitant of the same State 
 with themselves. And they shall make 
 a List of all the Persons voted for, and 
 of the Number of Votes for each ; which 
 List they shall sign and certify, and 
 transmit sealed to the Seat of the Gov- 
 ernment of the United States, directed 
 to the president of the Senate. The 
 President of the Senate shall, in the 
 Presence of the Senate and House of 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 Section i. The executive Power 
 shall he vested in a President of the 
 Confederate states of y^merica. He and 
 the Vice President shall Iiold tlieir oflices 
 for the term of six yea's; but the Pi esi- 
 dent shall not be re-eligible. The J^ resi- 
 dent and the I'ice-President shall Le 
 eiected as follows : 
 
 Each State shall appoint, in such 
 manner as the Legisla ure thereof may 
 direct, a number of electors, equal to the 
 whole number of Senators and Repre- 
 s ntatives to which the State may be 
 entitled in the Congress ; but no Sein- 
 tor or Representative, or person hold- 
 ing an nilice of trust ' r profit under the 
 Confederate States, shall be appointed 
 an elector. - 
 
 The electors shall meet in their re- 
 spective Stales and vote bv ballot for 
 President and Vice Preside: t, one of 
 whom, at least, shall not be a'l ini abi- 
 tant of the same State with themselves ; 
 they shall n me in their balots the per- 
 son voted for as President, and in dis- 
 li'ict ballots the person voted for as 
 Vice-President, and they sball make 
 distinct lists of all persons vo el for as 
 President, and all persons voted for as 
 Vice-President, and of the number of 
 votes for each, which list thjy shall 
 
 ^Superseded by the twelfth amendment. 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 447 
 
 Representatives, open all the Certifi- 
 cates and the Voles shall then be 
 counted. The Person havii'gthe greatest 
 Number of Votes shall be the President, 
 if such Number be a Majority of the 
 whole Number of Electors appointed ; 
 and if there be more than one who have 
 such Majority and have an equal Num 
 ber of Votes, then the Hou^e of Repre- 
 sentatives shall immediately chuse by 
 Ballot one of them for President ; and if 
 no Person have a Majority, then from 
 the five highest oij,-J.he Lit the said 
 House shall in like Manner chuse the 
 President. But in chusing the Presi 
 dent, the Votes shall be taken by States, 
 the Representatii,n from each State hav- 
 ing one \ote ; a Quorum for this 
 Purpose shall consist of a Member or 
 Members from two thirds of the States, 
 and a Majority of all the States shall be 
 necessary to a Choice. In every Case, 
 a ter the ( hoice of the President, the 
 Person having the greatest Number of 
 Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice 
 President, but if there should remain 
 two or more who have equal Votes, the 
 Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot 
 the Vice-President. 
 
 Tl.e Congress may determine the 
 Time of chusi g the Electors, and the 
 Day ^.n which they shall give their 
 Votes; whicli Day shall be the same 
 throughout the United Slates. 
 
 No Person except a natural r orn Citi- 
 zen, or a Lilizen of the United States, at 
 the time of the Adoption of this Consti- 
 tution, shal be eligible to the Office of 
 President ; nei'her shall any Person be 
 eligible to that Office who s^iall not 
 have attained to the age < f thirty five 
 Years, and been fourteen Years a Resi- 
 dent within thi United States. 
 
 In Case of the Removal of the Presi- 
 
 sign and certify, and transmit sealed to 
 the seat of the Government of the Con- 
 federate States, directed to the Presi- 
 dent of the Senate. The President of 
 the Senate shall, in the presence of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives, 
 open all the certificates, and the votes 
 sha'l then be counted. The person 
 having the greatest number of votes for 
 President shall be the President, it such 
 number be a majority of the whole 
 number of electors appointed ; and if 
 no person have such a majority, then 
 fiom the persons having the highest 
 numbers not exceed ng three on the list 
 of those voted lor as President the 
 House of Representatives shall choose 
 immediately, by ballot, the President. 
 But in choosing the President, the votes 
 shall be taken by States, the represen- 
 tation from each Slate having one vote ; 
 a quorum for this purpose shall consist 
 of a member or members from two- 
 thirds of the States, and a majority of 
 all the States shall be necessary to a 
 choice. And if the House ot Repre- 
 seniatives shall not choose a President 
 whenever the right of choice shall de- 
 volve upon them, before the fourth day 
 of March next following, then the 
 Vice-President shall act as President, as 
 in the case of the death or other consti- 
 tutional disability of the President. 
 
 The person having the greatest num- 
 ber of votes as Vice-Vresident, siiall be 
 the Vice President, if sucli number be 
 a majority of the whole number of elec- 
 tors appointed ; and if no person have 
 a majority, then from the two highest 
 numbers on the list the Senate shall 
 choose the Vice-President. A quorum 
 for the purpose shall consist of two- 
 thirds oi the whole number of Senators, 
 and a majority of t e whole number 
 shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 But no perso i consti utionally ineligi- 
 ble to t le office of President shall be 
 e igible to that of Vice-President ot the 
 Confederate States. 
 
 The Congress may determine the time 
 of choosing the electors, and the day on 
 which they shall give their voles ; which 
 day shall be the same throughout the 
 Confedera'e States. 
 
 No person excei.t a natural born c'ti- 
 z n of the Confederate Slates, or a < itizen 
 thereof at the time of the adoption of 
 I'lis Consti'ution, or a citizen thereof 
 horn in the United States prior to the 30th 
 of Dece))iber, iSoo, shall be eligible to 
 the office of i resident ; nei her shall 
 any person be eligible to that office v ho 
 shall not have attained the age of thirty- 
 five years, and been fourteen years a 
 resident within the limits of the Con 
 federate States, as they may exist at the 
 time of his election. 
 
 In case of the removal of the Prcsi- 
 
148 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 dent from Office, or of his Death, Resig- 
 nation, or Inability to discharge the 
 Powers and Duties of the said office, the 
 same shall devolve on the Vice Presi 
 dent, and the Congress may by Law 
 provide for the Case of Removal, Death, 
 Resignation, or Inability, belli of ihe 
 President and Vice President, declaring 
 what Officer shall then act as President, 
 and such Officer shall act accordingly, 
 until the Disability be removed, or a 
 President shall be elected. 
 
 The President shall, at stated Times, 
 receive for his Services, a Compensa- 
 tion, which sha'l neither be encrea^ed 
 nor diminished during the Period for 
 which he sha 1 have been elected, and 
 he shall not receive within that Period 
 any other Emolument from the United 
 States, or any of them. 
 
 Before he enter on the Execution of 
 his Office, he shall take the fclowing 
 Oath or Affirmation : 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or Affirm) that 
 "I will faithfully execute the Office of 
 "President of the United States, and 
 "will to the best of my Ability, preserve, 
 "protect and defend the Constitution of 
 "the United States." 
 
 Section 2. The President shall be 
 Commander in Chief of the Army and 
 Navy of the United States, and of the 
 Militia of the several States, when 
 called into the actual Service of the 
 United States ; he may require the 
 Opinion, in writing, of the principal 
 Officer in each of tlie executive Depart- 
 ments, upon any Subject relating to the 
 Duties of their respective Offices, and 
 he shall have Power to grant Reprieves 
 and Pardons for Offences against the 
 United Stat.s, except in Cases of Im- 
 peachment. 
 
 He shall have Power, by and with the 
 Advice and Consent of the Senate, to 
 make Treaties, provided two thirds of 
 the Senators present concur ; and he 
 shall nominate, and by and with the Ad 
 vice and Consent of the Senate, shall 
 appoint Ambassadors, other public Min- 
 isters and (.onsuls, Judges of the su- 
 preTie Court, and all other Officers of 
 the United States, whose Appointments 
 are not herein otherwise provided for, 
 and which shall be estab'ished by Law ; 
 but the Congress may by Law vest the 
 Appointment of such inferior Officers, 
 as they think proper, in the President 
 alone, in tlie Courts of Law. or in the 
 Heads of Departments. 
 
 dent from office, or of his death, resia- 
 nation, or inability to discharge the 
 powers and duties of the said office, the 
 same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi- 
 dent ; and the Congress may, by law, 
 provide for the case of removal, death, 
 resignation, or inability, botli of the 
 President and Vice-President, declaring 
 what officer shall then act as President ; 
 and such officer shall act accordingly, 
 until the disability be removed or a 
 President shall be elected. 
 
 The President shall, at stated times, 
 receive for his services a compensation, 
 which shall neither hi increased nor 
 diminished during the period for which 
 he shall have been elected, and he shall 
 not receive within that period any other 
 emolument from the Coti/ederate States, 
 or any of them. 
 
 Before he enters on the execution of 
 his office, he shall take the following 
 oath or affirmation : 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 
 I will faithfully execute the office of 
 President of the Con/edttate States o_f 
 America, and will to the best of m.' 
 ability, preserve, protect, and defend 
 the Constitution tlieieof." 
 
 Section 2. The President shall be 
 Commander-in Chief of the Army and 
 Navy of the Confederate States, and of 
 the militia of the several States, when 
 called into the actual service of the Con- 
 fcdoate States; he may require the 
 opinion, in writing, of the principal 
 officer in each of the executive depart- 
 ments, upon any subject relating to the 
 duties of their respective offices, and lie 
 shall tiave power to grant reprieves and 
 pardons for offenses against the Con- 
 federacy, except in cases of impeach- 
 ment. 
 
 He shall have power, by and with the 
 advice and consent of the Senate, to 
 make treaties, provided two thirds of 
 the Senators present concur ; and he 
 shall nominate, and by and with the 
 advice and consent of the Senate, shall 
 appoint Ambassadors, otner public min- 
 isters and consuls. Judges of the Su- 
 preme Court and all other officers of the 
 Confede) ate States, whose appointments 
 are not herein otherwise provided for, 
 and wiiich shall be established bylaw; 
 but the Congress may by law vest the 
 appointment of such inferior officers, 
 as they think proper, in the President 
 alone, in the courts of law, or in the 
 heads of departments. 
 
 The principal officer in each of the exe 
 cutive departments, and all persons con 
 nected zuith the diplomatic service, 7nay 
 be removed from ojfice at the pleasure 0/ 
 the President. All other civil officers of 
 the exccnti've department may be remo^'ed 
 at any lime by the President, or other 
 appointing power , when their services art 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 449 
 
 The President shall have the Power to 
 fill all Vacancies that may happen dur- 
 ing the Recess of the Senate, by grant- 
 ing Commission which shall expire at 
 the End of their next Session. 
 
 Section 3. He shall from time to 
 time give to the Congress Information 
 of the State of the Union, and recom- 
 mend to their Consideration such Meas- 
 ures as he shall judge necessary and 
 expedient ; he may, on extraordinary 
 Occasions, convene both Houses, or 
 either of ihem, and in Case of Disagree- 
 ment between them, with Respect to the 
 time of Adjournment, he may adjourn 
 them to such Time as he shall think 
 proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors 
 and other public Ministers ; he shall 
 take Care that the Laws be faithfully 
 executed, and shall Commission all the 
 officers of the United States. 
 
 Section 4. The President, Vice Presi- 
 dent and all civil Officers of the United 
 States shall be removed from Office on 
 Impeachment for, and Conviction of. 
 Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes 
 and Misdemeanors. 
 
 unnecessary, or /or dishonesty, incapacity^ 
 inefficiency, viisconduct, or neglect of 
 duty : and, ■when so removed, the removal 
 shall be reported to the Senate, together 
 with the reasons there/or. 
 
 The President shall have power to fill 
 up all vacancies that may happen during 
 the recess of the Senate, by granting 
 commissions which shall expire at the 
 end of their next session. But no person 
 rejected by the Senate shall be reappointed 
 to the same ojfice during their ensuing 
 recess. 
 
 Section 3. Tlie President shall from 
 time to time give to the Congress infor- 
 mation of the state of the Confederacy, 
 and recommend to their consideration 
 such measures as he s.iall judge neces- 
 sary and expedient ; he may on ex- 
 traordinary occasions convene both 
 Houses, or either of them ; and in case 
 of disagreement between them, with 
 respect to the time of adjournment, he 
 may adjourn them to such time as he 
 shall think proper ; he shall receive am- 
 bassadors and other public ministers; 
 he shall take care that the laws be faith- 
 fully executed, and shall commission all 
 the officers of the Confederate States. 
 
 Section 4. The President, Vice- 
 President, and all civil officers of the 
 Confederate States shall be removed 
 from otfice on impeachment for and 
 conviction of treason, bribery, or other 
 high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE IIL 
 
 Section i. The Judicial Power of 
 the United States, shall be vested in one 
 Supreme Court, and in such inferior 
 Courts as the Congress may from time 
 to time ordain and establish. The 
 Judges, both of thesupremeand inferior 
 Courts, shall hold their offices during 
 good Behavior, and shall, at stated 
 limes, receive for their Services, a Com- 
 pensation which shall not be dimin- 
 ished during their Continuance in 
 Office. 
 
 Section 2. The Judicial Power shall 
 extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, 
 arising under this Constitution, the 
 Laws of the United States and Treaties 
 made, or which shall be made, under 
 their Authority; — to all Cases affecting 
 Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
 and Consuls ; — to all Cases of admiralty 
 and maritime Jurisdiction ; — to Con- 
 troversies to which the United Stales 
 shall be a Party;— to Controversies be- 
 tween two or more States ; — between a 
 State and Citizens of another State ; — 
 between Citizens of different States, 
 between Citizens of the same State 
 claiming Lands under Grants of differ- 
 ent States, and befweeri » State, or the 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 Section i. The judicial power of the 
 Confederate States shall be vested in 
 one Supreme Court, and in such inferior 
 courts as the Congress may from time 
 to time ordain and establish. The 
 Judges, bjth of the Supreme and infe- 
 rior Courts, shall hold their officers dur- 
 ing good behavior, and shall, at stated 
 times, receive for their services a com- 
 pensation, which shall not be dimin- 
 ished during their continuance in office. 
 
 Section 2. The judicial power shall 
 extend to all cases arising under this 
 Constitution, the laws of the Confederate 
 States, and treaties made, or which shall 
 be made, under their authority ; to all 
 cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
 lic ministers, and consuls ; to all cases 
 of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; 
 to controversies to which the Confeder- 
 ate States shall be a party ; to contro- 
 versies between two or more States ; 
 between a Stale and citizens of another 
 State, ivkere the State is plaintiff; be- 
 tween ci'izens claihiing lands under 
 grants of diflferent States, and between 
 a State or the citizens thereof, and for- 
 «is:n states, citizens, or subjects. Bui 
 
450 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Citizens thereof, and foreign States, 
 Citizens or Subjects. 
 
 In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, 
 other public Ministers and Consuls, and 
 those in which a State shall be Party, 
 the supreme Court shall have original 
 Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases be- 
 fore mentioned, the supreme Court shall 
 have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to 
 Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, 
 tnd under such Regulations as the Con- 
 gress shall make. 
 
 The Trial of all Crimes, except Cases 
 of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and 
 such Trial shall be held in the State 
 where the said Crimes shall have been 
 committed ; but when not committed 
 within any State, the Trial shall be at 
 such Place or Places as the Congress 
 may by Law have directed. 
 
 Section 3. Treason against the 
 United States, shall consist only in 
 levying War against them, or in adher- 
 ing to their Enemies, giving them Aid 
 and Comfort. No Person shall be con- 
 victed of Treason unless on the Testi- 
 mony of two Witnesses to the same 
 overt Act, or on Confession in open 
 Court. 
 
 The Congress shall have Power to 
 declare the Punishment of Treason, but 
 no Attainder of Treason shall work cor- 
 ruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except 
 during the Life of the Person attained. 
 
 no State shall he sued by a citizen or sub- 
 ject of any foreign state. 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, 
 other public ministers and consuls, and 
 those in which a State shall be party, 
 the Supreme Court shall have original 
 jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
 mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
 have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
 law and fact, with such exceptions and 
 under such regulations as the Congress 
 shall make. 
 
 The trial of all crimes, except in cases 
 of impeachment, shall be by jury, and 
 such trial shall be held in the State 
 where the said crimes shall have been 
 committed ; but when not committed 
 within any State the trial shall be at 
 such place or places as the Congress 
 may by law have directed. 
 
 Section 3. Treason against the Con- 
 federate States shall consist only in levy- 
 ing war against them, or in adhering to 
 their enemies, giving them aid and 
 comfort. No person shall t e convicted 
 of treason unless on the testimony of 
 two witnesses to the same overt act, or 
 on confession in open court. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to 
 declare the punishment of treason; but 
 no attainder of treason shall work cor- 
 ruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
 during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Section i. Full Faith and Credit 
 shall be given in each State to the public 
 Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings 
 of every other State. And the Congress 
 may by general Laws prescribe the 
 Manner ia which such Acts, Records 
 and Proceedings shall be proved, and 
 the Effect thereof. 
 
 Section 2. TheCitizensof each State 
 shall be entitled to all Privileges and 
 Immunities of Citizens in the several 
 States. 
 
 A Person charged in any State with 
 Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who 
 shall flee from Justice, and be found in 
 another State, shall on Demand of the 
 executive Authority of the State from 
 which he fled, be delivered up, to be 
 removed to the State having Jurisdic- 
 tion of the Crime. 
 
 No Person held to Service or Labour 
 in one State, under the Laws thereof, 
 escaping into another, shall, in Conse 
 quence of any Law or Regulation there- 
 in, be discharged from such Service or 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Section i. Full faith and credit shall 
 be given in each State to the public arts, 
 records, and judicial proceedings of 
 every other State. And the Congress 
 may, by general laws, prescribe the 
 manner in such acts, records, and pro- 
 ceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
 thereof. 
 
 Section 2. The citizens of each State 
 shall be entitled to all the privileges and 
 immunities of citizens in the several 
 States and shall have the right of transit 
 and sojourn in any State of this Confcd 
 eracy, luith their slaves and other 
 property ; and the right of property in 
 said slaves shall not he thereby impaired. 
 
 A person charged in any State with 
 treason, felony, or other crime against 
 the laws of such State, who shall flee 
 from justice, and be found in another 
 State, shall on demand of the Executive 
 authority of the State from which he 
 fled, be delivered up, to be removed to 
 the State having jurisdiction of the 
 Clime. 
 
 No slave or other person held to ser- 
 vice or labor in any State or Territory 
 of the Confederate States, under the laws 
 thereof, escaping or la'ufully carried 
 into another, shall, in consequence of 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 461 
 
 Labour, but shall be delivered up on 
 Claim of the Party to wliotn such Serv- 
 ice or Labour may be done. 
 
 Section 3. New States may be ad- 
 mitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
 but no new State shall be formed or 
 erected within the Jurisdiction of any 
 other State ; nor any State be formed by 
 the Junction of two or more States, or 
 Parts of States, without the Consent of 
 the Legislatures of tlie States concerned 
 as well as of the Congress. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to dis- 
 pose of and make all needful Rules and 
 Regulations respecting the Territory or 
 other Property belonging to the United 
 States ; and nothing in this Constitution 
 shall be so construed as to Prejudice 
 any Claims ot the United States, or of 
 any particular State. 
 
 Section 4. The LTiiited Stales shall 
 guarantee to every State in this Union a 
 Republican Form of Goverimient, and 
 shall protect each of them against Inva- 
 sion, and on Application of the Legisla- 
 ture, or of the Executive (when tlie 
 Legislature cannot be convened) against 
 domestic Violence. 
 
 any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
 charged from such service or labor; but 
 shall be delivered up on claim of the 
 party to ■uihom such slave belongs, or to 
 whom such service or labor may be due. 
 
 Section 3. Other States may lie ad 
 mitted into this Confederacy by a 7iote 0/ 
 tiuo thirds of the -whole House of Represen- 
 tatives and two thirds of the Senate, the 
 Senate voting- by States; but no new State 
 shall be formed or erected within the 
 jurisdiction of any other State; nor any 
 State be formed by the junction of two 
 or more States, or parts of States, with- 
 out the consent of the Legislatures of 
 the States concerned, as well as of the 
 Congress. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to 
 dispose of and make a'l needful ru'es 
 and regulations concerning tlie propei-tv 
 of tlie Confederate States, including the 
 lands thereof. 
 
 The Confederate States may acquire ne'M 
 territory: and Congress shall have poivcr 
 to legislate and provide governments for 
 the inhabitants of all territory belonging 
 to the Confederate States, lying luithoiit 
 the limits of the several States; and may 
 permit them, at such times and in such 
 manner as it may by laiu pro7>ide, to form 
 States to be admitted into the Confederacy 
 In all such territory, the institution of 
 negro slavery, as it 71010 exists in the 
 Confederate States, shall be reco.^nized 
 and protected by Congress and by the 
 territorial governmetit; and the inhab- 
 itants of the several Confederate States 
 and Territories shall ha-re the rigltt to 
 take to such Territory any slaves lam- 
 fully held by them in any of the States or 
 Territories of the Confederate States. 
 
 The Confederate States shall guar- 
 antee to every State that noiu is or here- 
 after may become, a member of this C071- 
 fcderacY, a republican form of govern- 
 ment; and shall protect each of them 
 against invasion; and on application of 
 the Legislature (or of the Executive 
 when the Legislature is not in session), 
 against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds 
 of both Houses shall deem it necessary, 
 shall propose Amendments to this Con- 
 stitution, or on the application of the 
 Legislatures of two-thirds of the sev- 
 eral States, shall call a Convention for 
 proposmg Amendments, wliich, in either 
 Case, shall be valid to all Intents and 
 Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, 
 wlien ratified by the Legislatures of 
 three-fourths of the several States, or 
 by Conventions in three fourths thereof, 
 as the one or the other Mode of Ratifi- 
 cation may be proposed by th2 Con- 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 Section i. Upon the demand of atty 
 three States, legally assembled in their 
 several conventions the Congress shall 
 sunnnon a Convention of all the States, to 
 take into consideration such amendments 
 to tlie Constitution as the said States shall 
 concur in suggesting at the time u4ien the 
 said demand is made; and should any of 
 the proposed amendments to the Constitu- 
 tion be agreed on by the said Convention — 
 votifig liy States— and the same be ratified 
 by the Legislatures of two thirds of the 
 several States, or by conventions in tivo 
 thirds thereof —2,% the one or the other 
 
■i52 
 
 HCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 gress: Provided that no Amendment 
 which may be made prior to the Year 
 one thousand eight hundred and eight 
 shall m any Manner affect the first and 
 fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of 
 the first Article ; and that no State, 
 without its Consent, shall be deprived 
 of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 mode of ratification may be proposed 
 
 by the general Convention — they shall 
 thenceforward /o7-m a part of this Ok- 
 stitution. But no State shall, without 
 its consent, be deprived of Us equal 
 representation in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 All Debts contracted and Engage- 
 ments entered into, before the Adoption 
 of this Constitution, shall be as valid 
 against the United States under this 
 Constitution, as under the Confedera- 
 tion. 
 
 This Constitution, and the I-aws of 
 tlie United States which shall be made 
 in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties 
 made, or which shall be made, under 
 the authority of the United States, shall 
 be the supreme Law of the Land ; and 
 the Judges in every State shall be bound 
 thereby, any Thing in the Constitution 
 or Laws of any State to the Contrary 
 notwithstanding. 
 
 The Senators and Representatives be- 
 fore mentioned, and the Members of the 
 several S*ate Legislatures, and all exe- 
 cutive and judicial Officers, both of the 
 United States and of the several States, 
 shall be bound Dy Oath, or Affirmation, 
 to support this Constitution ; but no re- 
 ligious Test shall ever be required as a 
 Qualification to any Office or public 
 Trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 The government cstahlished hy this Con ■ 
 stitutio?i is tlie successor of tlie Provisional 
 Go7'ernjnent of the Confederate States of 
 America, and all tlie laws passed by the 
 latter^ shall continue in force until the 
 same shall be repealed or modified: and 
 all the officers appointed by the same shall 
 ■remain in office until their successors are 
 appointed and qualified, or tlic offices 
 abolished. 
 
 All debts contracted and engagements 
 entered into before the adoption of this 
 Constitution shall be as valid against 
 the Confederate States under this Con- 
 stitution as under the Provisional Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 This Constitution, and the laws of (he 
 Confederate States made in pursuance 
 thereof, and all treaties made or which 
 shall be made under the authority of 
 the Confederate States, shall be the su- 
 preme law of the land; and the Judges 
 in every State shall be bound thereby, 
 anything in the Constitution or laws of 
 any State to the contrary notwithstand- 
 ing. 
 
 The Senators and Representatives be- 
 fore mentioned, and the members of the 
 several State Legislatures, and all exec- 
 utive and judicial officers, both of the 
 Confederate Sates and of the several 
 States, shall be bound by oath or affir- 
 mation to support this Constitution; but 
 no religious test shall ever be required 
 as a qualification to any office or public 
 trust under the Confederate States. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution, 
 of certain rights, shall not be construed 
 to deny or disparage others retained by 
 the people of the several Stales. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the Con- 
 federate States by the Constitution, nor 
 prohibited by it to the States, are re- 
 served to the States, respectively, or to 
 the people ikereoj. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The Ratificalion=i of the Conventions 
 of nine States, shall be sufficient for the 
 Establishment of this Constitution be- 
 tween the States so ratifying the Same. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the Conventions 
 of /fz'e States shall be sufficient for the 
 establishment of this Constitution be- 
 tween the States so ratifying the same. 
 
 IFhen five States shall ha've ratified 
 this Constitution, in the vzajiner before 
 specified, the Congress under the Provis- 
 
APPENinX B. 453 
 
 zonal Constitution shall prescribe the time 
 for holding- the election of President and 
 
 Vice Pretdent, anid for the meetitig of 
 the electoral college, and for counting the 
 7>otes, and ina2igurating the President 
 
 They shall also prescribe the time for 
 holding the first election of members of 
 
 Congress under this Constitution, and the 
 time for assembling the same Until the 
 assembling of such Congress, the Con ■ 
 gress under the Provisional Constitution 
 shall continue to exercise the legislatir'r 
 poivers granted them: not extendittg be- 
 yond the time limited by the Constitution 
 of the Proznsional government . 
 
 Articles in Addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United 
 States of America. Proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legisla- 
 tures of the se-,'eral States, pursuant to the ffth article of the original 
 Constitution^ 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting: a" establishment of religion, or prohib- 
 iting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; 
 or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government 
 for a redress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right 
 of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any liouse, without the consent 
 of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and eiTects, 
 against unreasonab e searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants 
 shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and partic- 
 ularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, 
 unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in 
 the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or 
 public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put 
 in jeopardyo! life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any Criminal Case to be a 
 witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or properly, without due 
 process ot law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just 
 compensation. " 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the acaused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
 public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall 
 have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, 
 and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted 
 with the witnesses against him ; to have Compulsory process for obtaining Wit- 
 nesses in his favour, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
 dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury 
 shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to 
 the rules of the common law. 
 
454 SCHOOL BIHTOHY OF THE VXITEJ) STATES. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and 
 unusual punishment inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE XII.* 
 
 The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for Presi- 
 dent and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
 same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for 
 as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and 
 they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and ot all 
 persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which 
 lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed to the seat of the govern- 
 ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; — The President 
 of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
 all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted ; — The jjersoa having the 
 greatest number of votes for President, shall be tne President, if such number be 
 a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such 
 majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three 
 on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall 
 choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the 
 votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; 
 a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thiids of 
 the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if 
 the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of 
 choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, 
 then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of death or other 
 constitutional disabilitv of the President ;— The person having the greatest num'ier 
 of votes as Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a major- 
 ity of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, 
 then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice 
 President ; a quorum'for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole num- 
 ber of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible 
 to that of Vice President of the United States. 
 
 *This article is substituted for Clause 3, Sec. I., Art. TI, page 662, and annuls it. 
 It was declared adopted in 1804. 
 
INDK 
 
 Acadia iNova .Scotia) 30. 
 
 Adams, Jolm, Vice-President, 11'.); I'resi- 
 deiit, 12S; biography of, 1.30; adminis- 
 tration of, 1.30; death of, 1()3. 
 
 Adams. John Qnincy, President. KiO; 
 l)i()grai)hy of, Kil ; administration of, 
 10]. 
 
 Alaliania admitted, 100; liistory of, 100; 
 secedes, t'O-l. 
 
 Alabama Claims, 370. 
 
 Alabama the destruction of, 330. 
 
 Alamance, N. C, battle of, 84. 
 
 Alamo, fall of, 180. 
 
 Alaslia, purchase of, 370. 
 
 Alljany, first named Fort Orange, .57. 
 
 Alexandria, "Va., seized, 245. 
 
 Algi'Ts, treaty with^ 120; war witli, 152. 
 
 Alien and Sedition laws, 131. 
 
 Allen, Ethan, 88. 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci, 20. 
 
 Anarchists, Chicago, 3!)8. 
 
 Anderson, Major Robert, 205, 2.30. 
 
 Andre, ISIajor, 102. 
 
 Andros, Governor Edmund, 53, .58. 
 
 Attarctic exploration, 175. 
 
 Aniietam, on- Sharpsburg, battle of, 2S4. 
 
 Anti rent ditlicullies, 178. 
 
 Ai)aches, concjuest of, 390. 
 
 Appendix, A, 435 ; B, 438. 
 
 Appomattox Court House, 345. 
 
 Arctic exploration, 101. 
 
 Arkansas, admitted, 171 ; history of, 171 ; 
 secedes, 232. 
 
 Arms' rong. Vac (?e«era;, exploit of, 150. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, 88, ilO, 102. 
 
 Arthur, Chester A., elected Vice-Prcsi- 
 dect, 388; succeeded to presidency. 391 ; 
 biography of, 391 ; administration of, 
 391. 
 
 Articles of Confederation, 11.^. 
 Atlanta, capture and burning of, 31 1; 
 
 expositi(m of, 417. 
 Atlantic cable, 197: successlul, .309. 
 Avcrysboro, N. (;.. Itatth; at, 3311. 
 
 B 
 
 Bacon's rebellion, 4S. 
 
 Ball)oa, Vasco Nunez, 22. 
 
 Ball's Blull, battle of, 2.50. 
 
 Baltimore, Lord, 01. 
 
 Baltimore, Union troops attacked in, 242. 
 
 Belmont, Mo., defeat of Gen. (irant at, 
 2.54. 
 
 Bentonville, N. C, battle at, 339. 
 
 Bergen, N. J., settled, 58. 
 
 Berkeley, Sir William, 47. 
 
 Big Betliel, engagement at, 245. 
 
 Blackboard and slate exercies, 38, 74, 
 109, 217, 359. 
 
 "Black Friday," ;m. 
 
 Black Hawk war, 109, 420. 
 
 Blockade of Southern ports declared, 212: 
 often broken, 252. 
 
 Boone, Daniel, 114. 
 
 Booneville, battle at, 254. 
 
 Border warfare, 193. 
 
 Uiston, Mass., settled, .50; massacre at, 
 84 ; tea party, 81 ; evacuation of, 91. 
 
 Braddock's massacre, 07. 
 
 Br indywine. battle of, 91!. 
 
 Brooklyn Bridge completed, .392. 
 
 Brown, John, raid of, 199. 
 
 Buchanan, James, President, 194; biog- 
 raphy of 195; administration of. 195. 
 
 Buena Vista, battle of, 1S3. 
 
 Bull Run, (see Manassas). 
 
 Banker Hill, battle of, 88; monument 
 completed, 178. 
 
 Burgesses, first House of, 45. 
 
456 
 
 IN7:>EX. 
 
 Burgoyuc, invasiou and surreiuler of, !t7. 
 Burnsidc's expedition, 2(i4. 
 Burr, elected Vice-President, 132: duel 
 with Hamilton, 1:^7. 
 
 C 
 
 Cabots, voyages of John and Sabastiau, 
 20. 
 
 California, admitted, liio ; history of, 1!)(). 
 
 Calvert, Cecil and Leonard, (11. 
 
 Camden, battle of, 104. 
 
 Canada, invasion of, 00, 140, 14S. 
 
 Canonicus, 50. 
 
 Carrick Ford, battle at, 245. 
 
 Carolinas, first attempt to settle, 02; di- 
 vided into two province?, 02. 
 
 Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, ViZ. 
 
 Carteret, George, 58. 
 
 Carthage, Mo., battle of, 954. 
 
 Cartier, Jacques, 27. 
 
 Carver, Gov. John, 4!). 
 
 Catholics, persecution of, 01. 
 
 Cedar Creek, battle of, 327. 
 
 Centennial Exposition, 8S1. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, battle of, 183. 
 
 Champlain, !?amuel de, 30. 
 
 Champlain, Lake, naval victory on, 148. 
 
 Chancellorsville, battle of, 209. 
 
 Chantilly (Ox Hill), battle at, 283. 
 
 Charleston. S. C, settled, 02; attacked by 
 British, 92; captured by British, 103; 
 attacked by Federals, 311 ; earthquake 
 at, .309. 
 
 Cl.artcr Oak, 54. 
 
 Chattanooga, battle of, 207. 
 
 Cheat Mountain, battle of, 252. 
 
 VhisapeaLe, the, capture of, 140. 
 
 Chicago, great fire in, 377. 
 
 Chickamaugua, battle of, 207. 
 
 Chili, trouble with, 410. 
 
 Chronological Summary of Events, 30, 
 77, 112, 221, .363, 4.30. 
 
 Circumnavigation of the globe by Magel- 
 lan, 22. 
 
 Civil Service Keform, 300, 300. 
 
 Clayborue, Wm., 01. 
 
 Cleveland, Grover, elected President, 
 .305 ; biography of, 300 ; first admijiis- 
 
 tration of, 300; second election, 411; 
 second administration, 411. 
 
 Cold Harbor, battle of, 323. 
 
 Coligny, Admiral, 20. 
 
 Colleges, when principal ones founded, 
 72 
 
 Colonies, union of, 50. 
 
 Colonization, the Society of, 153. 
 
 Colorado admitted, 382 ; history of, 383. 
 
 Columbia, S. Churned by Federals, 338. 
 
 Columbian Exposition, 413; naval re- 
 view, 413; caravels, 414; site of, 415; 
 dedication, 415 ; success of, 415. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, his birth, 13; his 
 westward voyage, 10 ; his great discov- 
 ery, 18; his return, 10; his other voy- 
 ages, 10; his death, 20. 
 
 Comparative strength of the North and 
 South in the war between the States, 
 240. 
 
 Concord, skirmish at, S(i. 
 
 Confederate Sta.es of America organ- 
 ized, 208. 
 
 Confederate flag, 200; capital, 2+1 ; priva- 
 teers, 253, 332; disabilities removed, 
 418. 
 
 Congress, first Continental, S3; second, 
 00 ; Confederate, 2;33. 
 
 Connecticut settled, .53. 
 
 Constitution of the United States ratified, 
 118; provisions of, 117; text of, (see 
 Appendix B.) 
 
 Constitution of the Confederate States, 
 (see Appendix B.) 
 
 Vonslilution and Guerriere^ battle be- 
 tween, 145. 
 
 Corea, trouble witli, 377. 
 
 Corinth occupied by Federals, 288. 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 100. 
 
 Cost of the war between the States, .305. 
 
 Cotton Centennial Exposition, 307. 
 
 Cotton Gin, invention of, 127. 
 
 Country, our, 420. 
 
 Courage, American, 423. 
 
 Cowpcus, battle of, 104. 
 
 Crown Point, capture of, 88. 
 
 Cuban Belligerency, 419. 
 
 Cumberland and Vongiess, the, destruc- 
 tion of by the Virginia, 209. 
 
 Currency Changes, 3S.5. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 457 
 
 D 
 
 Dakota, North and South, admitted, lOii. 
 
 Uare, Virginia, 35. 
 
 Davis, Jeli'ersou, biography of, ^O!) ; elect- 
 ed President of the Confederacy, 255; 
 Inaugurated, 2(i.3 ; capture of, 371 ; re- 
 lease of, 3T3. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 92. 
 
 DeKalb, Baron, 90. 
 
 Delaware, colonial history of, 5!). 
 
 DeLeon, Ponce, 23. 
 
 Dissolving of the armies, 3(15. 
 
 Detroit, surrender of, 144. 
 
 Dinwiddle, Governor, 05. 
 
 Douelson, Fort, captured, 202. 
 
 Dorchester, Mass.. fortilied, 91. 
 
 Dorr rebellion, 177. 
 
 Drc'd Scott decision, 195. 
 
 Drewry'B Blufl', Federal repuls(! before, 
 372. 
 
 DTumore, Governor, 85. 
 
 Dutch, early explorations by, 30. 
 
 E 
 
 East Jersey settled, 58. 
 
 Education, 421. 
 
 Electoral Commission, 383. 
 
 Elizabethtowu, N. J., settled, 58. 
 
 Ellsworth, Col. E. E., killed, 24.5. 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation, 293. 
 
 Embargo Act. 140. 
 
 England, threatened trouble with, 41S. 
 
 English, early explorations by, 32. 
 
 Erie Canal, opening of, 103. 
 
 Eutaw Springs, battle of, 100. 
 
 F 
 
 PairOaks, battle of, 273. 
 
 Fallen Timbers, battle of, 124. 
 
 Federal leaders honored, 309. 
 
 Fenian scare, 309. 
 
 Feruandina, Fla., captured by Federals, 
 
 204. 
 Fillmore, Millard, Vice-President, 18S; 
 
 becomes President, 1S9 ; biography of, 
 
 189 ; administration of, 189. 
 Financial panic of 1837, 173. 
 First year of the war between the States 
 
 results of, 250. 
 
 Fisher, Fort, capture of, .337. 
 
 Fishery award, 38S. 
 
 Fisher Hill, battle of, .327. 
 
 Five Forks, battle of, .342. 
 
 Florida discovered, 23; purchase of. 157; 
 
 admission of, 180; secession of, 204. 
 Fourth year of the war between the 
 
 States, results of, 335. 
 France, aid from, 97; trouble with, 125, 
 
 131. 
 Fredericksburg, battle of. 280. 
 Fremont's expioriug exijcditions, 1X5. 
 French explorations, 27. 
 French expelled from Mexico, 371. 
 French and Indijin war, the, 27. 
 Frobisher, Martin, 33. 
 Fugitive slave law, 190. 
 Fulion, Robert, 138. 
 Future, the, 424. 
 
 G 
 
 Gage, General, S3, SO. 
 
 Galveston, capture of by Confederates, 
 294. 
 
 G,arfleld, Jas. A., elected President, 388; 
 biography of, 389; assassinated, .390. 
 
 Genet, "Citizen," 125. 
 
 Georgia, settlement of, C2r secession of, 
 204. 
 
 Germantown, battle of, 90. 
 
 Gettysburg, campaign and battle of, 3&4. 
 
 Gheut, treaty of, 151. 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 33. 
 
 Gold, discovered in California, ISO. 
 
 Goldsborough, battle of, 339. 
 
 Good Feeling, era of, 1.55. 
 
 Grant, U. S., elected President, 374 ; bi- 
 ography of, .374 ; administration of, 374 ; 
 re-elected, 378; second administration, 
 379. 
 
 Gregg, Fort, heroic defense of, 343. 
 
 Growth, Our, 420. 
 
 Guilford Court House, battle of, lOti. 
 
 n 
 
 Hampton Roads Conference, 338. 
 Harmar, General, defeat of, 124. 
 Harper's Ferry, captured by Stonewall 
 Jackson, 283. 
 
458 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 HarriBon, Benjamin, elected President, 
 401; biography of, 402; administration 
 of, 402. 
 
 Harrison, Wm. H., elected President, I'll); 
 biography of, 170 ; death of, 176. 
 
 Hartford convention, 144. 
 
 Hatteras Inlet, captured by Federals, 2.'i2. 
 
 Hayes, R. B., declared elected President 
 by the Electoral Commission, S8.3; bi- 
 ography of, 384 ; administration of, 384. 
 
 Hawaiian complication the, 417. 
 
 Henry, Fort, captured by Federals, 262. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, 80. 
 
 Historical Initials, 76, 111, 220, 360, 428. 
 
 Historical and statistical table of the 
 United States and Territories, 434. 
 
 Hudson, Henry, 36. 
 
 Hudson, Port, fall of, 294. 
 
 Hudson river, discovery of, 37. 
 
 Idaho, admission of, 406. 
 
 Illinois, admission of, 160; history of, 
 
 160. 
 Impeachment and trial of President 
 
 Johnson, 368. 
 Importation act, 79. 
 Indiana admitted, 153; history of, 153. 
 Indians, 11; wars with in Virginia. 46; 
 
 threatened uprising of, 409. 
 Inventions, 422. 
 
 Iowa admitted, 187 ; history of, 187. 
 Island No. 10, captured, 266. 
 luka and Corinth, battles at, 289. 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla., captured by Federals, 
 264. 
 
 Jackson Camp, broken up by Federals, 
 234. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, elected President, 165 ; 
 biography of, 166; administrations of, 
 166. 
 
 Jackson, T. J. (Stonewall), 246, 248; Val- 
 ley campaign, 274 ; death of, 302; biog- 
 raphy of, 302. 
 
 James River, discovery of, 40. 
 
 Jamestown founded, 41 ; burned, 48. 
 
 Japan, treaty with, 194. 
 
 Jasper, Sergeant, exploit of, 92. 
 
 Jay, John, treaty with England, 126. 
 
 Jcflerson, Thomas, elected Vice-Presi- 
 deut, 129; elected President, 132; biog- 
 raphy of, 1.33; his administrations, 1.33. 
 
 Johnson, Andrew, biography of, 367 ; his 
 administration, 367. 
 
 Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney, death of, 
 265. 
 
 Johnstown disaster, 405. 
 
 Jones, Paul, great naval victory of, 100. 
 
 K 
 
 Kansas, civil war in, 183; admission of, 
 
 202. 
 Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 314. 
 Kentucky, admission of, 127; its history, 
 
 128. 
 Kilpatrick-Dahlgreen raid, 318. 
 King's Mountain, battle of, 104. 
 Knoxville, siege of raised, 298. 
 
 Labor troubles, 385. 
 
 Lafayette, Marquis de, 96, 158. 
 
 La Salle, Cavalier, his explorations, 30. 
 
 Latitude, the highest point ever attained, 
 
 392. 
 Landonniere, 29. 
 Lee, Gen. Robert Edward, appointed 
 
 commander-in-chief of Virginia forces, 
 
 244; biography of, 349. 
 Leisler, execution of, .58. 
 Lewis and Clarke's expedition, 138. 
 Lexington, battle of, 86. 
 Lexington, (Mo.), captured by General 
 
 Price, 254. 
 Liberty, the statue of, 396. 
 Lief in Vinland, 13. 
 Lincoln, Abraham, elected President, 203; 
 
 biography of, 215; his administration, 
 
 226; assassination of, 347. 
 Locomotive, first in America, 164. 
 Long Island, battle of, 94. 
 Lost Colony, 35. 
 Lonisburg captured, 65. 
 Louisiana, purchase of, 136; admission 
 
 of, 152 ; secession of, 204. 
 Lundy's Lane, battle of, 148. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 459 
 
 M 
 
 Manassas, the first battle of, 247 ; second 
 
 battle of, 232. 
 Manufactures, our, 421. 
 Madison, James, elected President, 142; 
 
 biography of, 142 ; administration of, 
 
 142. 
 Magellan, Ferdinand, 22. 
 Maine settled, hXi ; admitted, 160. 
 Maryland, colonial history of, (Jl. 
 Mason and. Dixon's Line, tiO. 
 Massasoit, 49. 
 Mayflower , the, 49. 
 
 Mecklenburg declaration of independ- 
 ence, 88. 
 Menendez, Pedro, 2.5, 2!t. 
 Mexico, war with. 183; new treaty with, 
 
 193. 
 Michigan admitted, ITl ; history of, 171. 
 Mill Spring, Ky., battle of. 260. 
 Minnesota admitted, 202; history of, 202. 
 Mint established, 192. 
 Missionary Ridge captured by Federals, 
 
 298. 
 Mississippi admitted, 158 : history of, 158 ; 
 
 secedes, 204. 
 Missouri compromise, 157 ; repeal of, 193. 
 Missouri admitted, 1(10; history of, 1(10. 
 Mobile Bay, battle in, 329. 
 Modoc war, 379. 
 Monitcyr and Merrimac (Virginia), the, 
 
 battle bt'tweeu, 2(19. 
 Monmouth Courthouse, battle of, 98. 
 Monroe Doctrine, 158. 
 Monroe, James, electel President, 1.53; 
 
 administrations of, 154. 
 Montana admitted, 406. 
 Monterey captured, 183. 
 Moore's Creek, battle of, 91. 
 Mormons, the, 174, 19(1. 
 Mound Builders, the, 11. , 
 Murfreesboro, battle of, 289. 
 
 N 
 
 Naddod, 12. 
 
 Narvaez, Pamphilo de, 23. 
 Naval Academy established, 186. 
 Navy, New American, 412. 
 Navy and coast defences, 419. 
 Nebraska admitted, 373. 
 
 Nevada admitted, 334. 
 
 New Amsterdam, 57; captured by the 
 English and name changed to New 
 York. 
 
 New England, settlement and colonial 
 history of, 49. 
 
 New Hampshire, settled, 55. 
 
 New Jersey, colonial history of, 58. 
 
 New Market, battle at, 323. 
 
 New Mexico, war in, 291, 
 
 New Netherland, early history of, .57. 
 
 New Orleans, brilliant victory at, 149: 
 captured by Federals ; tragedy at, 407. 
 
 New York, State of, colonial history of, 
 57. 
 
 Nez Perces, war with, 387. 
 
 North Carolina secedes, 232. 
 
 Northmer, the, 12. 
 
 Northern Pacific Railway completed, 392. 
 
 Northern Virginia, campaign in. 2.s0. 
 
 Northwest Territory, comjuercd by Vir- 
 ginia, 99. 
 
 Nullification, 167. 
 
 O 
 
 Ogelthorpe, General James, 62. 
 Ohio, admission of, 136; history of, 136. 
 Oklahoma Territory, opened for settle- 
 ment, 404. 
 Ohistee or Ocean Pond, battle at, 3:W. 
 Omnibus Bill, 190. 
 •On to Riclimond," 245. 
 Opecancanough. 46. 
 Oregon admitted, 202 ; history of 202. 
 
 Pacific Ocean, discovery of, 23; J'aciflc 
 
 Railway completed, 375. 
 Pan-American conference, 406. 
 Paris, treaty of, 107. 
 Patriot war in Canada, 174. 
 Peace Congress, 204. 
 Pea Ridge, or Elkhorn, Ark., battle of, 
 
 264. 
 Penn, William, 59. 
 
 Pennsylvania, colonial history of, .59. 
 Pequot war, 54. 
 Perry, Commodore C. H., victory of Lake 
 
 Erie, 140. 
 
460 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Perryville, battle of, 288. 
 
 Petersburg, Kiege of, 325 ; evacuation of, 
 342. 
 
 Philadelphia, laid out, .V.t ; captured by 
 the British, 90. 
 
 Philip, King, his war, 52. 
 
 Phipps, Sir William, 53. 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, President, 191 ; biog- 
 raphy of, 192; administration of, 192. 
 
 Pilgrims, the, 49. 
 
 I'itcher, Molly, 98. 
 
 Plymouth, N. C, captured by Confeder- 
 ates, 335. 
 
 Pocahontas, 43. 
 
 Political parties, formation of, 12S. 
 
 Polk, James K., President, 182; biog- 
 raphy of, 182 ; administration of, 182. 
 
 Port Royal, S. C, captured by Federals, 
 252. 
 
 Presidential succession bill, 401. 
 
 President and Little Belt, the, 143. 
 
 Princeton, battle of, 95. 
 
 Privateers, the American, 149. 
 
 Quakers persecuted in New England. .52. 
 Quebec, capture of, 07. 
 Queenstown Heights, battle of, 145. 
 
 R 
 
 Raids, notable, 310. 
 Railroad, the pioneer of America, 104. 
 Railways and telegraph lines 421. 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 33. 
 Reconstruction measures, 307. 
 Red River campaign, Banks's, 328. 
 Regulators, North Carolina, i-:4. 
 Religious interest in Lee's Army, 308. 
 Revolution, causes of, 79. 
 Rhode Island, settlement of, .55. 
 Ribaut, John, 25, 28. 
 Rolfe, John, 43. 
 
 S 
 
 Sabine Cross Roads, battle of, 329. 
 St. Augustine founded, 25. 
 Samoa, naval disaster at, 403. 
 Samoset, 49. 
 San Juan boundary, the, 199. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., captured by the British, 
 
 100 ; by Sherman, 318. 
 Seminole war, 155, 169. 
 Seven Days' battles, 278. 
 Seven Pines, battle of, 27.3. 
 Shays's rebellion, 117. 
 fSfienaridoah, the, carreer of, 333. 
 Sheridan's raid, 321. 
 
 Sherman, Gen. W. T., his campaign, 313; 
 march to the sea, 317 ; northward march, 
 339. 
 Sherman Bill, repeal of, 412. 
 Shiloh, battle of, 205. 
 Sioux Indian war, 380. 
 Sioux massacres, 291. 
 Slavery introduced into America, 45; 
 abolition of the slave trade prevented 
 by Old aud New England, 45; slave 
 trade terminated, 141. 
 Smith, Captain John, 41. 
 Smithsonian Institution, 187. 
 Soto. Hernando de, 24. 
 South, progress and prosperity of, 422. 
 South Carolina secedes, 204. 
 South Dakota admitted, 400. 
 Spain, treaty with, 120. 
 Specie payments, resumption of, .385. 
 Spotlsylvania Courthouse, battle of, 320. 
 Stamp Act, 79. 
 
 Star of the West, the, fired on, 200. 
 Starving time at Jamestown, 43. 
 Steamboat, the first, 1.38. 
 Steamer, the first ocean, 157. 
 Stephens, Alexander, elected Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Confederacy, 2.55; inaugu- 
 rated. 263. 
 Stone River (Murfreesboro), battle of, 
 
 289. 
 Strike and riots in Chicago and the 
 
 Northwest, 415. 
 Stuyvesant, Governor, 57. 
 Sumter, Fort, 205; bombardment of, 228. 
 
 T 
 
 Tarifl; 102. 
 
 Taylor, General Zachary, elected Presi- 
 dent, 188; biography of, 189; death of, 
 189. 
 
 Tea, tax on, 80. 
 
 Telegraph, magnetic, invention of, 178. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 461 
 
 Tennessee settled, 114; admitted, 128; 
 
 secedes, 232. 
 Texas, revolution in, 17!); admitted, ISO; 
 
 secedes, 204. 
 Thames, the battle of, 146. 
 Third year of the war, results of, 311. 
 Ticonderoga, capture of, 88. 
 Tishamingo Creek, battle of, 335. 
 Tippecanoe, battle of, 143. 
 Toleration Act, 01. 
 Trent atlair, the, 255. 
 Trenton, battle of, 95. 
 Tripoli, war with, 134. 
 Tryon, Governor, 84. 
 Tybee Island captured by Federals, 252. 
 Tyler, John, becomes President, 177; 
 
 biography of, 177; administration of, 
 
 177. 
 
 U 
 
 United States Bank organized, 122; char- 
 ter vetoed by President Jackson, 167. 
 
 Valley Forge, Continental army at, 96. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, elected President, 
 172; biography of, 172; administration 
 of, 172. 
 
 Vera Cruz captured, 183. 
 
 Vermont settled, 55 ; admitted, 127. 
 
 Verrazani, 27. 
 
 Vicksburg, fall of, 294. 
 
 Virginia, colonial history of, 40 ; her 
 royal gifis to the United States, 116; 
 secedes, 232. 
 
 Virginia and Monitor, the, battle be- 
 tween, 269. 
 
 Virginia, West, admitted, 310. 
 
 Volunteers called for by President Lin- 
 coln, 232 ; by President Davis, 233. 
 
 W 
 
 Wars, King William's, 63 ; Queen Anne's, 
 63 ; King George's, 65 ; French and In- 
 dian, 65; Revolutionary, 79; of 1812, 
 143; between the States, 226; causes 
 of, 233. 
 
 Washington, D. C, seat of Government, 
 127; captured by British, 148. 
 
 Washington, George, his journey through 
 the wildernes'',66; appointed coniuiau- 
 der-in-chief, 90; elected President, 119 ; 
 biography of. 120; his administration, 
 120; death of, 132. 
 
 Washington monument dedicated, 394. 
 
 Washington, State of, admitted, 406. 
 
 West, settleniett of, 114. 
 
 West Jersey, settled, 58. 
 
 West Point Military Academy estab- 
 lished, 136. 
 
 Whig par;y organized, 162. 
 
 Whiskey Insuirection, 123. 
 
 White Plains, battle of, 94. 
 
 Wilderness, bi.ttle of, 320. 
 
 Williamsburg, battle of, 272. 
 
 Williams, Eogcr, banished, .52. 
 
 Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 32. 
 
 Wilson's Creek, battle of, 254. 
 
 Winchester, bjttle of, 326. 
 
 Wisconsin, admitted, 187; history of, 188. 
 
 Witchcrafc delusion, 53. 
 
 Wolfe, General, captures (Quebec, 68; 
 death of, 68. 
 
 Wyoming, massacre at, 99. 
 
 Wyoming, admitted, 406. 
 
 Yorktown, siege of, 106 ; Union advaucc- 
 upon, 272 ; the centennial of, 391. 
 
W61