> ^ 
 
 
 W 
 
 <* •: 
 
 «? 
 
 A 1 
 
 
 ^ v 
 
 *> 
 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 5" 
 
 " ° Vv 
 
 
A * * a N o 9 <f 
 
 
 
 <0 V *o. *'V^.*» A <, 
 
 
 > ^ " 
 
 ;o* <*• 
 
GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 AND 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 OF VERMONT. 
 
 ^by- 
 EDWARD CONANT, A. M., 
 
 Principal of State Normal School, Randolph, Vt. y and Ex-State 
 Superintendent of Education of Vermont. 
 
 Yf I haue sayed a misse, I am content that any man amende it. 
 
 — Roger A sc ha m. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE TUTTLE COMPANY 
 
 RUTLAND, VT. 
 
 1890. 
 
 
I 
 
 Copyrighted by 
 Tbe Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vt. 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This book has been prepared as a text book for 
 schools. The work has been done with the convic- 
 tion that, while fullness is desirable, brevity is 
 necessary. 
 
 In the Geography an attempt has been made to 
 exhibit Vermont in its relations to other portions of 
 the country, both contiguous and remote. 
 
 To that end the first three maps were introduced. 
 The first and the second of these show the position of 
 the State with respect to some of the great routes of 
 travel across the continent, , while the third shows 
 some commercial relations of high importance to our 
 industries ; and equally it shows our relation to some 
 of the chief centers, of American civilization. The 
 next four maps illustrate different phases of our 
 geography. The map entitled Political Divisions 
 shows every town and gore in the State, the probate 
 districts, the counties, the congressional districts. 
 The last map illustrates the following history. It is 
 believed that this use of several maps has decided 
 advantages over any larger maps that could be intro- 
 duced in such a book. 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 The description of the mountains and valleys and 
 of the waters of the State is the result of some obser- 
 vation, reading and reflection ; and it is believed to 
 present the fundamental conceptions necessary to a 
 clear understanding of our geography and history. 
 
 Several tables have been appended to the Geography 
 containing matters of interest, and furnishing illus- 
 tration of the development of the State. 
 
 In the History the chief difficulty encountered grew 
 out of the abundance of material. The purpose has 
 been to select that only which is important, character- 
 istic and interesting. The chief authorities followed 
 are Zadoc Thompson's Vermont, Hiland Hall's Early 
 History of Vermont, B. H. Hall's History of Eastern 
 Vermont, The Governor and Council of Vermont, 
 Benedict's Vermont in the Civil War, Miss Hemen- 
 way's Historical Gazetteer of Vermont, Chittenden's 
 The Capture of Ticonderoga, The Centennial Anni- 
 versary of the Battle of Bennington, and The 
 Memoir and Official Correspondence of General John 
 Stark. Several town histories have been very help- 
 ful. Among these are D. P. Thompson's History of 
 Montpelier, The History of the Town of Newfane, 
 Munson's History of Manchester, Tucker's History of 
 Hartford, and Dana's History of Woodstock. Material 
 of value has been drawn from Belknap's History of 
 New Hampshire, Parkman's Pioneers of France, 
 Palmer's History of Lake Champlain, Lossing's Field 
 
PREFACE. s 
 
 Book of the War of 1812, the Histories of the United 
 States of Bancroft, Hildreth and Schouler, and from 
 other works. 
 
 The first settlement of Vermont has been assigned 
 to Vernon, and to a date not later than 1690, on the 
 authority of Hon. H. H. Wheeler, Judge of the U. 
 S. District Court for the District of Vermont, who has 
 rendered valuable assistance in another part of the 
 work. 
 
 Aid has also been received from Rev. A. W. Wild, 
 from Hon. Hiram A. Huse, State Librarian, who read 
 a portion of the proof sheets, and from Hon. G. G. 
 Benedict, who, in addition to other assistance, read 
 the proof of the chapter on the Civil War, and to 
 whose History and aid the value of that chapter is 
 chiefly due. 
 
 To others, who have offered valuable suggestions 
 and encouragement, much is due. 
 
 The author hopes this book may prove useful to the 
 youth of Vermont. 
 
 Randolph, August, iSpo. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Chap. I. — Position. Boundaries. Extent 9 
 
 Chap. II. — Mountains. Water-shed. Valleys 10 
 
 Chap. III. — Boundary waters 13 
 
 Chap. IV. — Internal waters. — Rivers, lakes, ponds 14 
 
 Questions on text and map 18 
 
 Chap. V. — Routes of travel 20 
 
 Railroad journeys 22 
 
 Chap, VI.— Climate 24 
 
 Chap. VII. — Soil and productions 25 
 
 Chap. VIII. — Rocks and quarries, metals and mines 27 
 
 Metals and mining 32 
 
 Chap. IX. — Divisions of the State 34 
 
 Chap. X. — Chief towns 35 
 
 Chap. XI. — Educational 48 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 Map of North America Inside of first cover. 
 
 Map of the United States Page next to inside of first cover. 
 
 Map of Vermont and vicinity 8 
 
 Map of Vermont. Mountains aind rivers 1!' 
 
 Map of Vermont. Routes of travel 23 
 
 Map of Vermont. Rocks and quarries 33 
 
 Map of Vermont. Political divisions 37 
 
 Map of Vermont. Historical 64 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 Population by towns. 1791 to 1890 50 57 
 
 Population by counties, 1791 to 1890 5S 
 
 Most populous towns 59 
 
 Gains and losses of population 60 
 
CONTENTS. r 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Mountains and ponds 61 
 
 Organization of counties, etc 62 
 
 Ports of entry in Vermont 62 
 
 Lighthouses in Vermont 62 
 
 Federal court houses in Vermont 62 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Chap. I. — Explorations. Raids. First settlement. War parties. 65 
 
 Chap. II. — Further settlements. Conflicting claims 79 
 
 Chap. III. — The revolutionary war 90 
 
 Chap. IV.— The building of the State 109 
 
 Chap. V. — A State, but not in the Union 117 
 
 Chap. VI. — Development 113 
 
 Chap. VII. — War. Business. Social conditions 139 
 
 Chap. VIII.— The civil war '. 164 
 
 Chap. IX. — Changes. Education 179 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Introductory note 195 
 
 Notes for study 197 
 
 The Constitution of tbe United States 224 
 
 Synopsis of Constitution of the United States 260 
 
 Constitution of Vermont 263 
 
 Synopsis of the Constitution of Vermont 285 
 
<!-.V 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 ' CHAPTER I. 
 
 POSITION. BOUNDARIES. EXTENT. 
 
 ^ERMONT is in the northwest corner of New Eng- 
 land ; it is in the northeastern part of the United 
 Stat e s ; it is near the eastern coast of North America, 
 about midway north and south ; it lies between forty- 
 two degrees forty-four minutes and forty-five degrees 
 of north latitude, and between seventy-one degrees 
 thirty-three minutes and seventy-three degrees twenty- 
 five minutes of west longitude. 
 
 Vermont is bounded north by the Dominion of 
 Canada, east by New Hampshire, south by Massachu- 
 setts, west by New York. The northern boundary of 
 Vermont is the f orty-fif th parallel of north latitude ; its 
 eastern boundary is the west bank of the Connecticut 
 River ; its southern boundary is very nearly the par- 
 allel of forty-two degrees forty-four minutes north^ 
 latitude; the larger part of the western boundary is 
 the deepest channel of Poultney River and of Lake 
 Champlain. 
 
 The width of Vermont at the south end is about 
 forty miles ; its width at the north end is about two and 
 one-fourth times as great; its length is nearly four 
 times its width at the south end. 
 
 The area of Vermont is 10,200 square miles. 
 
io GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 MOUNTAINS. WATER-SHED. VALLEYS. 
 
 The Green Mountain range extends quite through 
 Vermont in a direction nearly north and south, and it 
 is nearer the western than the eastern side of the State. 
 
 In the southern part this is a broad-backed con- 
 tinuous range ; from about the middle of the State 
 northward the ridge is narrower and higher and is 
 accompanied by important parallel ranges. At about 
 two-thirds the distance from the south towards the 
 north end of the State this range is cut through by 
 the Winooski River; further north it is cut by the 
 Lamoille River; and just beyond Canada line it is 
 cut again by the Missisquoi River. 
 
 The highest peaks of this range are Jay Peak, Mans- 
 field Mountain, Camel's Hump, Lincoln Mountain, 
 Pico Peak, Killington Peak. 
 
 The most important parallel ranges of the Green 
 Mountains are east of the main range. 
 
 The longest of these begins at the White River and 
 extends to the Winooski. On the west side of this 
 range not quite half way down is a plateau extending 
 nearly the whole length of the range and wide enough 
 for two or three farms. 
 
 Another parallel range is found between the Win- 
 ooski and the Lamoille rivers. The Hogback and 
 Elmore Mountain are the highest peaks in this range. 
 
 There is a third parallel range between the Lamoille 
 and the Missisquoi rivers. The Lowell mountains 
 are the highest in this range. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. h 
 
 MOUNT MANSFIELD, FROM STOWE. 
 
 The main water-shed of Vermont coincides with the 
 Green Mountain range from the Massachusetts line 
 nearly to Lincoln Mountain ; thence across north and 
 south valleys and across and along north and south 
 ridges it extends in an irregular course to the north- 
 eastern part of the State, and at the Canada line is 
 quite near the Connecticut River. The mountains 
 around Groton Pond and Willoughby Lake are among 
 the most important on that part of the water-shed 
 which is separate from the Green Mountain range. 
 
 Near the western border in the southern half of 
 Vermont are the Taconic Mountains. They do not 
 form a continuous ridge as the Green Mountain range 
 does. Bird Mountain, Eolus Mountain, Equinox Moun- 
 tain, and Mount Anthony are the chief of these moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Near Lake Champlain in the northern half of Ver- 
 mont are the Red Sandrock Mountains. These moun- 
 tains stand apart from each other in a low country and 
 
J2 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 so are conspicuous in their own neighborhoods and 
 furnish very fine views. The highest of these is 
 •Grandview Mountain, nearly due west from Lincoln 
 -Mountain. 
 
 Here and there in the eastern part of the State are 
 the Granitic Mountains. Mounts Hor and Pisgah, 
 Knox, Ascutney and Black mountains are some of the 
 most important of these. 
 
 Vermont lies within and between two valleys — that 
 of the Connecticut River on the east and the Cham- 
 plain-Hudson valley on the west. The two portions 
 of the latter are joined by the Champlain canal. 
 
 Between the Green and Taconic mountains is what 
 may be called the Southwest Valley of Vermont. On 
 the east of this valley the Green Mountains form an 
 unbroken wall, while there are gaps to the westward 
 through the Taconic Mountains. > 
 
 The Central Valley of Vermont lies east of the main 
 range of the Green Mountains and extends from the 
 Missisquoi River to the Black River southeast from 
 Killington Peak. Near the middle of its northern por- 
 tion, this valley is almost filled by Norris Mountain. 
 The portion between the Lamoille and the Winooski 
 rivers is the widest. The portion between the Winooski 
 and the White rivers is crossed about midway by the 
 main water-shed of Vermont. The southern portion, in 
 which are branches of the White, Quechee and Black 
 rivers, is quite irregular in its direction. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. ij 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE BOUNDARY WATERS OF VERMONT. 
 
 The Connecticut River, after a short course to the 
 southwest, forms, by its west bank, the entire eastern 
 boundary of the State, and then passes through Massa- 
 chusetts and Connecticut and empties into Long Island 
 Sound. Its chief commercial use is to float logs from 
 the upper portion of its valley to the manufacturing 
 towns below. It furnishes abundant w r ater power, 
 which is made use of in Vermont, particularly at 
 Canaan, Guildhall, Mclndoes, Olcott, Bellows Falls. 
 
 Lake Memphremagog is about midway between the 
 Connecticut River and Lake Champlain. It is about 
 thirty miles long and two to three miles wide. It 
 extends from north to south and lies about one-fourth 
 in Vermont and three-fourths in Canada. Near its 
 southern extremity are the villages of Newport and 
 West Derby. The outlet of this lake is the St. Francis 
 River, which empties into the St. Lawrence River. 
 
 Lake Champlain is partly in Vermont and partly in 
 New York and in Canada. This lake is one hundred 
 twenty-six miles long, and about one-fifth of this 
 length is in Canada. Its greatest width is thirteen 
 miles, and its average width is about four and one- 
 half miles. Its outlet is the Richelieu River, which 
 empties into the St. Lawrence River. There are many 
 islands in this lake, the chief of which are South Hero, 
 North Hero and Isle La Motte, all in Vermont. The 
 most important port on the lake in Vermont is Bur- 
 lington. 
 
14 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 This lake was an important thoroughfare before 
 white men traversed it, and it is so still, though the 
 railroads on each side of it and those crossing both its 
 northern and its southern portions diminish its impor- 
 tance in this respect. In colonial days and during the 
 Revolutionary War and the war of 1812, there were 
 strong fortifications on the west side of it, and im- 
 portant battles were fought near it and upon it. 
 
 The Hudson River rises among the Adirondack Moun- 
 tains west of Lake Champlain and flows southeasterly, 
 then southerly to New York Bay. This river is wholly 
 in New York ; but it receives tributaries from Vermont, 
 and is a part of an important line of communication 
 along the western border of Vermont. The Hudson is 
 navigable from the ocean to Troy, which is just west 
 from the southern boundary line of Vermont. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE INTERNAL WATERS OF VERMONT. RIVERS, LAKES, 
 
 AND PONDS. 
 
 The rivers of Vermont may be treated in four groups : 
 the tributaries of the Connecticut River, of Lake 
 Memphremagog, of Lake Champlain and of the Hud- 
 son River. 
 
 The tributaries of the Connecticut River rise in the 
 main water-shed of Vermont and flow in a southerly or 
 southeasterly direction. The chief rivers of this class 
 are the Deerfield, West,' Williams, Black, Ouechee, 
 White, Ompompanoosuc, Wells, Passumpsic and Nul- 
 hegan rivers. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 15 
 
 The tributaries of Lake Memphremagog in Vermont 
 are the Clyde from the east, the Barton and Black 
 rivers from the south. 
 
 The chief tributaries of Lake Champlain from Ver- 
 mont are the Missisquoi, Lamoille, Winooski, Otter 
 Creek and Poultney rivers. The first three of these 
 rise east of the main Green Mountain range and break 
 through it. The Missisquoi is navigable to Swanton, 
 about six miles from Lake Champlain, and the Otter 
 Creek to Vergennes, eight miles. 
 
 The Vermont tributaries of the Hudson River are 
 the Battenkill and the Hoosac, each of which receives 
 important tributaries after leaving the State. 
 
 These rivers, and others with their tributaries, 
 severally water beautiful and fertile valleys and fur- 
 nish valuable water power. 
 
 A few waterfalls are worthy of mention because of 
 their height and beauty. The chief of these are Bel- 
 lows Falls in the Connecticut River; falls in the Black 
 
 THE FALLS ON THE CONNECTICUT RIVER AT BELLOWS FALLS. 
 
 (Below the Toll Bridge.) 
 
i6 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 River; Molly's Falls in Molly's Brook, a branch of the 
 Winooski River, falls near Lake Champlain in the La- 
 moille River, and Sutherland Falls in the Ottqr Creek at 
 Proctor, and Bolton Falls where the Winooski passes 
 through the Green Mountains. 
 
 Several river gorges are worthy of mention. The 
 most remarkable are those of the Black River near the 
 middle of its course, of the Quechee River near its 
 mouth, of the Winooski River near its mouth and just 
 east of the Green Mountains at the Middlesex Narrows. 
 
 Fairlee Lake, a favorite summer resort, is tributary 
 to the Ompompanoosuc River. On Morey Lake, 
 near the Connecticut River, Samuel Morey plied his 
 steamboat in 1793. 
 
 MIDDLESEX NARROWS, WINOOSKI KIVKK. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 17 
 
 Groton and Wells River Ponds, lying among granitic 
 mountains, are principal feeders of Wells River. Joe's 
 Pond, high on the main water-shed, preserves the name 
 of a famous Indian hunter. Crystal Lake and Lake 
 Willoughby are tributaries of the Barton River and are 
 surrounded by high mountains. Island Pond, Seymour 
 Lake and Salem Pond are tributaries of the Clyde River, 
 and with several other large ponds make it more 
 uniform in its flow than most of the Vermont rivers. 
 Caspian Lake is the source of a branch of the La- 
 moille River. Franklin Pond, remarkable for its 
 curious pond walls, sends its waters through Canada 
 to Lake Champlain. Fairfield Pond is tributary to the 
 Missisquoi River. Lake, Dunmore, celebrated in the 
 tale of the Green Mountain Boys, is the source of 
 Leicester River, which empties into the Otter Creek. 
 Lake Bomoseen, surrounded by slate quarries, is trib- 
 utary to the Castleton River, through which its waters 
 reach the Poultney River. Lake St. Catharine, a lake 
 in two parts connected by a narrow channel, sends its 
 waters through the Pawlet to the Poultney River. There 
 are many other lakes and ponds in Vermont, some of 
 which are nearly as important as those named. They 
 are all remarkable for the purity of their waters and 
 for the beauty of the scenery in their neighborhoods. 
 Many of them are favorite summer resorts. 
 
 («) 
 
( , /■< )GRAPHY OF VERM ON T. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT AND MAP. 
 
 Describe the Green Mountain range. Trace it on the map. Point 
 out the highest mountains in it. Describe and trace the ranges par- 
 allel to the main range. Describe the main water-shed of Vermont. 
 Trace it on the map. Describe the Taconic Mountains. Point out 
 the highest of them. Describe the Red Sandrock Mountains. Point 
 out those named. Describe and point out the Granitic Mountains. 
 
 Describe the Southwest Valley of Vermont. Trace it. What 
 rivers are found partly within it ? Describe and trace the Central 
 Valley of Vermont. What rivers rise in it? What cross it? 
 
 What rivers form portions of the boundary of Vermont? In what 
 ■directions do they flow? Into what waters? 
 
 Name the Vermont tributaries of the Connecticut River. Which 
 of them flows into Massachusetts ? In what direction does it flow 
 while in Vermont? What other of these tributaries flows nearly due 
 south? Which have tributary ponds ? What are the names of the 
 ponds ? 
 
 Name the Vermont tributaries of Lake Memphremagog. In what 
 direction does each of them flow? What lakes or ponds are tribu- 
 tary to any of them? 
 
 Name the Vermont tributaries of Lake Champlain. In what 
 direction does each flow ? On which side of the Green Mountains 
 does each rise? Which have tributary lakes ? Name the lakes. 
 On which side of the Taconic Mountains is the Otter Creek .' On 
 which side of them does the Castleton River rise? The Poultney 
 River? The Battenkill ? 
 
 Name the Vermont tributaries of the Hudson River. In what 
 direction does each flow ? Which enters Vermont from another 
 State? From what State? Into what State do they all flow? 
 Which of them unite before they reach the Hudson River? 
 
 Name the chief waterfalls of Vermont. Point them out on the 
 map. 
 
 Draw a map of Vermont showing its boundaries, mountains and 
 rivers. 
 
^f M _ , r^Cf}^ ^~, (ff C A M A D A 
 
 £ ^MONT 
 STAINS/AND r /V £R S 
 
 •* \ V* W Scale o, 
 
 / ^ y A S S A C\ H uVeVTI 
 
20 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 ROUTES OF TRAVEL. 
 
 PASSENGER DEPOT, CENTRAL VT. R. R., ST. ALBANS, VT. 
 
 Through the Champlain-Hudson Valley there is arr 
 important water-way connecting the St. Lawrence 
 River and New York Bay. (See maps on pages 8 and 
 19.) By means of lake, river and canal the ports on 
 Lake Champlain receive merchandise from New York 
 City, coal from the mines of Pennsylvania, and lum- 
 ber from the Canadian forests. 
 
 One of the railway routes between Montreal and 
 New York City passes through Vermont. Its course 
 is near Lake Champlain till it reaches the Otter Creek, 
 then it follows the Southwest Valley, passing out of 
 the State just north of Mount Anthony. The passen- 
 ger for New York may leave this route for a more 
 westerly one at Rutland or North Bennington, or for 
 a more easterly one at Essex Junction or Rutland. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 2r 
 
 FTom the vicinity of Lake Memphremagog the route 
 £>y rail to New York passes through the valleys of the 
 ^Barton and Passumpsic rivers to that of the Connecti- 
 cut, thence along the Connecticut, mostly on the 
 western side of it, to the southeast corner of Ver- 
 mont, from which point there are several convenient 
 routes. 
 
 From the northwestern part of the State the passen- 
 ger for Boston, starting on the route to New York will 
 leave it for a more easterly course at Essex Junction 
 or Rutland; while from the southwestern portion of 
 the State the passenger will first go north to Rutland, 
 or will go south on a New York route beyond the bor- 
 der of Vermont before turning eastward. 
 
 From the neighborhood of Lake Memphremagog the 
 traveler for Boston will start on the New York route and 
 leave it at Wells River, White River Junction or Bel- 
 lows Falls, or pass beyond the southern limit of the 
 State before turning eastward. 
 
 A railroad from Montreal, Canada, to Portland, 
 Maine, crosses the northeastern part of Vermont. And 
 a railroad connecting Quebec with Portland, Boston 
 and New York, touches a corner of Vermont and skirts 
 its eastern border for a long distance. 
 
 From Newport, on Lake Memphremagog, one may 
 go by rail to Swanton, oh Lake Champlain, or to St. 
 Albans. 
 
 From the Connecticut River at Lunenburgh, one 
 may go by rail to Swanton, or to Burlington on Lake 
 Champlain. 
 
 From Wells River and from White River Junction 
 there are direct routes by rail to Burlington. 
 
 From Bellows Falls to Whitehall, at the head of 
 Xake Champlain, is a direct railway route. 
 
22 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Besides these there are railroads from Shelburne 
 Falls in Massachusetts, along the Deerfield River to 
 Readsboro; from Brattleboro by the West River to 
 South Londonderry; from White River Junction to 
 Woodstock in the valley of the Quechee River. 
 
 In the southwest part of the State is a railroad from 
 Bennington to Woodford and about midway on the 
 west side there is one from Leicester Junction to 
 Ticonderoga in New York. 
 
 RAILROAD JOURNEYS. 
 
 T,ake the shortest route by rail unless some other is mentioned. 
 Name the important towns one will pass through in going by- 
 rail : — 
 
 From Swanton to Bennington ; to Brattleboro through Rutland^ 
 through Xorthfield ; to St. .lohnsbury : to Newport. 
 
 From Newport to St. Albans, to Brattleboro. 
 
 From Woodstock to Rutland tbrough Burlington, through Bellows 
 Falls. 
 
 From South Londonderry to Fair Haven. 
 
 From Montpelier to Highgate Springs, to Newport, to Brattleboro,. 
 to Bennington. 
 
 From the station nearest your home to Swanton, to Bennington, to> 
 Ludlow, to Brattleboro, to each of twelve other places chosen by 
 yourself. 
 
 Draw a railroad map of Vermont. 
 
 Name the railroad junctions in Vermont. 
 
 Compare this map with the map of mountaius and rivers: — 
 
 Name the lakes or ponds and rivers near which one will pass in 
 taking each of the journeys named above. 
 
24 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 Vermont is near the middle of the North Temperate 
 Zone, and is in the region of westerly winds. The 
 temperature, amount of moisture and the winds are 
 favorable to the health of the people and to the pro- 
 ductiveness of the soil. The mean annual temperature 
 for the different parts of the State varies from forty 
 degrees to forty-seven degrees of Fahrenheit's ther- 
 mometer; the highest temperature varies from ninety 
 to one rmndred degrees; and the lowest from thirty 
 degrees to forty degrees below zero. The average 
 annual rainfall is from thirty to forty-five inches. In 
 the valleys the direction and force of the winds are 
 greatly modified by the adjacent mountains and hills. 
 Rain and snow storms come mostly from the west. 
 But the rainfall and snowfall are usually preceded by, 
 and in the beginning accompanied by, south winds. 
 Northeasterly and southeasterly storms sometimes 
 occur, but they are not frequent. West, northwest 
 and north winds indicate fair weather. Snow usually 
 comes in November and remains till April. There is 
 less snow near Lake Champlain and in the Otter Creek 
 valley than in other parts of the State. The spring 
 opens earlier in these valleys and in the Connecticut 
 valley toward the south than it does in other portions 
 of Vermont. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 23 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The soil of Vermont is generally fertile. The val- 
 leys and the lower and less rocky hills are suitable for 
 cultivation. The higher hills and the mountains 
 furnish pasturage and lumber. 
 
 From 1870 to 1880 the number of farms in Vermont 
 increased five per cent., and the acreage of land in 
 farms increased nearly eight per cent. In the propor- 
 tion of land in farms to the total land surface, Vermont 
 is the sixth State. 
 
 The chief product is the grass of the pastures and 
 hay-fields. Other products are corn, wheat, oats, 
 barley, buckwheat; rye, beans, peas; potatoes, garden 
 vegetables; apples and maple sugar. Vermont pro- 
 duces more maple sugar than any other State, and 
 nearly one-third of all that is produced in the United 
 ■States. 
 
 The following table from the U. S. census of 1880 is 
 valuable and will be convenient for reference. 
 
 THE AVERAGE PRODUCTION PER ACRE FOR 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. VERMONT. 
 
 Of Barley 
 
 22.02 
 
 bushels. 
 
 25.36 bushels. 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 -18.93 
 
 " 
 
 20.21 " 
 
 Corn _ . . . 
 
 28.13 
 
 " 
 
 36.46 
 
 Rye 
 
 - - 10. 76 
 
 1 < 
 
 "•35 
 
 Wheat- _ 
 
 12.97 
 
 « 
 
 16.25 
 
 Potatoes . 
 
 . . 96.60 
 
 " 
 
 115.26 
 
 Hay. . . 
 
 i-i57 
 
 tons. 
 
 1.036 tons. 
 
26 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Other farm products arc cattle, horses, sheep, hogs 
 and poultry. 
 
 Cattle are raised chiefly for their dairy products of 
 butter and cheese and for beef and hides ; horses, for 
 domestic use and for export ; sheep, for wool and for 
 export. 
 
 In 1880, Vermont produced more butter and cheese 
 in proportion to her population than any other State, 
 and was the tenth State in the aggregate amount of 
 these products. 
 
 The poultry consists of turkeys raised for their flesh, 
 and of hens raised for their eggs and flesh, together 
 with a few geese and ducks raised for their flesh and 
 feathers. 
 
 The most useful kinds of timber are ash, basswood, 
 beech, birch, butternut, cedar, cherry, chestnut, elm,, 
 fir, hemlock, ironwood, maple, oak, pine, poplar, 
 spruce, tamarack. 
 
 Large wild animals are not numerous in Vermont, 
 but some are found. Bounties are offered by the State 
 for the destruction of bears, foxes, lynxes, panthers 
 and wolves. Of these, bears are found in the most 
 mountainous portions of the State; foxes are widely 
 distributed; the others are rarely found. 
 
 Laws exist for the protection of the beaver, deer, 
 mink, otter; none of these are plenty. Other wild 
 animals arc the bat, hedgehog, mole, mouse, muskrat, 
 rabbit, raccoon, rat. skunk, squirrel, weasel, wood- 
 chuck. 
 
 Birds abound in Vermont. The following are pro- 
 tected by law, — the partridge, wild duck, wild goose, 
 woodcock, also the bluebird, bobolink, catbird, cherry 
 or cedar bird, chickadee, creeper, ground bird, hum- 
 ming bird, kingbird, lark, linnet, martin, night hawk. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 peewee, phcebe, plover, sparrow, swallow, thrush„ 
 warbler, whippoorwill, wren, woodpecker, yellow bird. 
 Other birds are the crow, eagle, English sparrow,, 
 hawk, owl. 
 
 Many of the lakes, ponds and streams of Vermont 
 are well supplied with fish. Successful efforts are- 
 making to re-stock waters that have become destitute 
 of fish. Fish are protected by laws regulating the 
 time and manner of fishing. These are some of the 
 common kinds of fish, — bass, dace, eels, minnows,, 
 perch, pickerel, pike, pout, salmon trout or longe., 
 shiners, suckers, trout. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ROCKS AND QUARRIES, METALS AND MINES. 
 
 Throughout the greater part of Vermont the pre- 
 vailing rocks contain a large proportion of lime, and' 
 on exposure to the weather they are gradually changed 
 into soil. The granite rocks and the rocks of the 
 Green Mountains in the southern half of their length 
 have less lime, are harder and change much more 
 slowly. The rapidly changing rocks help to keep up 
 the fertility of the soil. 
 
 Some rocks are very useful for building, statuary 
 and other purposes. Slate suitable for roofing, floor- 
 ing, flagging and many other uses is found in three 
 different parts of Vermont. One of these is west of 
 the Taconic Mountains, beginning nearly at the north 
 end of that range and extending south as far as Equi- 
 nox mountain. In this section slate is quarried iut 
 
■28 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 many places ; near Lake Bomoseen and in the valleys 
 of the Castleton, Poultney and Pawlet rivers, particu- 
 larly in Castleton, Fair Haven, Poultney and Wells. 
 
 Another section extends from Lake Memphremagog 
 SDuthward along the valley of the Black River, crosses 
 the Lamoille and the upper Winooski valleys, extends 
 along the east side of the Dog River and ends just 
 south of the White River. In this section slate is 
 quarried for roofing in the valley of the Dog River at 
 Northfield. 
 
 The third section begins east of the Passumpsic and 
 north of the Moose River and extends south along the 
 Connecticut River, mostly on the west side and never 
 far from it to the south line of the State. Quarries 
 have been opened at various points in this section, but 
 none are extensively worked now. 
 
 Marble in many varieties and of excellent quality 
 is found in the Southwest and Champlain valleys 
 from Equinox Mountain to Canada line. Extensive 
 quarries are worked in Eolus Mountain and both south 
 and north of it, beside the Castleton River, particu- 
 larly at West Rutland, and in the Otter Creek Valley 
 in Rutland, Proctor, Pittsford, Brandon, and other 
 towns. A kind of variegated marble is produced at 
 Swanton on the Missisquoi River and black marble is 
 quarried on Isle La Motte. Serpentine, called verde 
 antique marble, is quarried at Roxbury. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 SECTION OF VERMONT MARBLE COMPANY S QUARRY, WEST RUTLAND. 
 
3<> 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 IDBURY (".KANIIK Cl 
 
 Jl ^RRY, WOODBURY, VT. 
 
 Granite is quarried on Black, Ascutney, Blue and 
 Kirby mountains; in Barre, Berlin and Williamstown, 
 near a branch of the Winooski River; on Granite 
 Ridge in Hardwick and Woodbury, near the Lamoille 
 River; and in Brunswick on the Nulhegan River. 
 
 Limestone suitable for .the manufacture -of lime is 
 found in many parts of the State. The manufacture 
 of lime is now carried on chiefly at Leicester Junction 
 on the Otter Creek, at Amsden in Weathersfield and 
 in Swanton. 
 
 Soapstone useful in building, for stoves and for 
 lining furnaces and the like, is found in many places 
 in the State and has been worked for a long time in the 
 valley of Saxton's River at Cambridgeport in Grafton, 
 and near the Black River at Perkins vi lie. 
 
 Scythe stones are manufactured at Evansvillc in 
 Brownington. 
 
 Kaolin for use in the manufacture of paper is worked, 
 at Bennington, Brandon and Monkton, and for stone- 
 ware in Bennington. 
 
 Clay suitable for brickmaking is found in all parts 
 of the State. And bricks are made in many places. 
 
 Lignite, a kind of coal, is found in Brandon. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 3i 
 
32 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 METALS AND MIX INC. 
 
 Iron of excellent quality is found in many parts of 
 the State; particularly at the base of the Green Moun- 
 tains in the vSouthwest Valley in Bennington, Wal- 
 lingford, Brandon, Chittenden and, still further north, 
 in Monkton ; east of the Green Mountains by the 
 Black River in Plymouth and near the Missisquoi 
 River in Troy. The only mine now worked is in 
 Wallingford. 
 
 Since 1809 copperas has been manufactured in large 
 quantity just south of the Ompompanoosuc River in 
 Strafford. 
 
 Manganese is found in many places in the State, 
 often in connection with iron. It is mined in Chit- 
 tenden near Pittsford. 
 
 Ochre for paints is manufactured in Bennington and 
 Brandon. 
 
 Copper is found in many places in Vermont and has 
 been mined in great quantities in Corinth and Vershire 
 between the Waits and the Ompompanoosuc rivers. 
 
 Lead has been found in a few places in the State, 
 but not in sufficient quantity to pay for working. 
 
 Gold is widely distributed in the State and has been 
 worked along the middle portion of the White River 
 and on branches of the Quechee River in Bridgewater 
 and Plymouth. But gold mining has never been found 
 profitable in Vermont. 
 
ENOb&URGH)'R\UiFO 
 
 oJohn&on 
 
 A ■ N A O 
 
 '■JJHcd 
 
 tyoiP* rk 
 
 MORRiSViLlC 
 
 /o Of\nnt 
 
 Xa 
 
 C3 MAP OF. 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 POCKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 Rock areas are surrounded 
 by doited lines. The name or 
 abbreviation of the name of 
 the rock is written within the 
 area. Only the most impor- 
 ■'A/oaoR tant areas [are indicated] oa 
 the map. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 for copper and copperas. 
 
 " granite. 
 
 " iron. 
 
 " kaolin. 
 
 " lime. 
 
 '* marble. 
 
 " steatite and scajKton*. 
 V A " Terde-antique, or sern*o. 
 tine. 
 
 ScAlf Of Mil- t* 
 
 S £ T T S~ 
 
34 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 DIVISIONS OF THE STATE. 
 
 Vermont contains two hundred forty-three towns* 
 three unorganized towns and six gores. Two of the 
 towns, Burlington and Vergennes, are cities. 
 
 A town is a body of people living on a definitely 
 bounded territory and organized under the laws of the 
 State for self-government. 
 
 An unorganized town is a portion of territory 
 granted with the condition that the inhabitants may 
 organize as a town when they have become sufficiently 
 numerous. 
 
 A gore is a portion of territory granted without the 
 condition that the inhabitants may organize as a town. 
 
 A city is a town to which some special privileges 
 with respect to government have been granted by the 
 State. 
 
 At first the towns were laid out to average six 
 miles square as nearly as was practicable. But there 
 were inequalities at the beginning, and many changes 
 have been made so that the towns are now very 
 .unequal in area, and some are quite irregular in 
 shape. 
 
 There are fourteen counties in Vermont. A county 
 is a group of towns united for the convenient admin- 
 istration of justice. The town in which the county 
 courts are held, and where the county buildings are, 
 is called a shire town. Bennington County has two 
 shire towns called half shires. Each of the other 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. js 
 
 counties has one shire town. The county buildings 
 are a court house and a jail. 
 
 The capital of a State is the town in which the 
 Legislature meet and make laws. 
 
 There are twenty probate districts in the State. 
 Each of the six southern counties contains two probate 
 districts; each of the other counties constitutes one 
 probate district. A probate district is a group of 
 towns united for the holding of probate courts. 
 
 There are two congressional districts in Vermont. 
 These are divisions of the State for the election of 
 Representatives in Congress. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 CHIEF TOWNS. 
 
 North Hero is the shire town of Grand Isle County. 
 
 Highgate has abundant water power at Highgate 
 Falls. Highgate Springs is a popular summer resort. 
 
 Swanton, on the Missisquoi River which furnishes 
 water power, is at the junction of several railroads, 
 and has marble quarries and manufactories of marble. 
 There are extensive lime kilns in the south part of 
 the town. Swanton is a port of entry. 
 
 St. Albans is the shire town of Franklin County. 
 It contains the offices and the shops of the Central 
 Vermont Railroad. For the distribution of flour it is 
 one of the most important points in New England, 
 and it is one of the largest butter markets in the State. 
 St. Albans has a variety of manufactures and a Custom 
 House. 
 
 Richford and Enosburg Falls are thriving places on 
 the Missisquoi River. 
 
TOWNS OF VERMONT. 
 
 Windham County, 
 *. Vernon. 
 
 2. Gui'ford. 
 
 3. Halifax. 
 
 4 Whitingham. 
 
 5. Wilmington. 
 
 6. Marlboro. 
 
 7. Brattleboro. 
 
 8. Dummerston. 
 
 9. Newfane. 
 
 10. Dover. 
 
 11. Somerset. 
 
 12. Stratton. 
 
 13. Wardsboro. 
 
 14. Brookiine. 
 
 15. Putney. 
 
 16. Westminster. 
 
 17. Athens. 
 
 18. Townshend. 
 
 19. Jamaica. 
 
 20. Londonderry. 
 at. Windham. 
 
 22. Grafton. 
 
 23. Rockingham. 
 
 Windsor County. 
 
 1. Springfield. 
 
 2. Chester. 
 
 3. Andover. 
 
 4. Weston. 
 
 5. Ludlow. 
 
 6. Cavendish. 
 
 7. Baltimore. 
 
 8. Weatherstield. 
 
 9. Windsor. 
 
 10. West Windsor. 
 
 11. Reading. 
 
 12. Plymouth. 
 Bridgewater. 
 Woodstock. 
 Hartland. 
 Hartfoid. 
 Pomfret. 
 Barnard. 
 Stockbridge. 
 
 20 Rochester. 
 
 31. Bethel. 
 
 22. Royalton. 
 
 23. Sharon. 
 2.1. Norwich. 
 
 
 Orange County. 
 
 I. 
 
 Thetford. 
 
 2 
 
 Strafford. 
 
 3- 
 
 Tunbridge. 
 
 4- 
 
 Randolph. 
 
 5- 
 
 Braintree. 
 
 6 
 
 Brooktield. 
 
 7- 
 
 Chelsea. 
 
 B. 
 
 Vershire. 
 
 9- 
 
 West Fairlee. 
 
 10 
 
 Fairlee. 
 
 I [ . 
 
 Bradford. 
 
 12. 
 
 Corinth. 
 
 13- 
 
 Washington. 
 
 14. 
 
 Williamstown. 
 
 •s 
 
 Orange. 
 
 16. 
 
 Topsham. 
 
 17 
 
 Newbury. 
 
 Caledonia County. 
 
 1 . 
 
 Ryegate. 
 
 
 Groton. 
 
 3- 
 
 Peach am. 
 
 4. Barnet. 
 
 5. Waterford. 
 
 6. St. Johnsbury. 
 
 7. Danville. 
 
 8. Walden. 
 
 9. Hardwick. 
 
 10. Stannard. 
 
 11. Wheeiock. 
 
 12. Lyndon. 
 
 13. Kirby. 
 
 14. Burke. 
 
 15. Sutton. 
 
 16. Sheffield. 
 
 17. Newark. 
 
 Essex County- 
 
 1. Concord. 
 
 2. Victory. 
 
 3. Lunenburg. 
 
 4. Guildhall. 
 
 5. Granby. 
 
 6. East Haven. 
 
 7. Brighton. 
 
 8. Ferdinand. 
 
 9. Maidstone. 
 
 10. Brunswick. 
 
 11. Bloomfield. 
 
 12. Lewis. 
 
 13. Averill. 
 
 14 Lemington. 
 
 15. Canaan, 
 
 16. Norton. 
 
 A. Avery's Gore. 
 
 B. Warren's Gore. 
 
 C. Warner's Grant, 
 Orleans County. 
 
 1 Greensboro. 
 
 2. Craftsbury. 
 
 3. Lowell. 
 
 4. Albany. 
 5 Glover. 
 
 6. Barton. 
 
 7. Irasburgh. 
 
 8. Coventry. 
 
 9. Brownington. 
 
 10. Westmore. 
 
 11. Charlestown. 
 
 12. Morgan. 
 13 Holland. 
 
 14. Derby. 
 
 15. Newport. 
 Troy. 
 
 17. Westfield. 
 
 18. Jay. 
 Franklin County. 
 
 1. Highgate. 
 
 2. Franklin. 
 
 3. Berkshire. 
 
 4. Rich ford. 
 
 5. Montgomery. 
 
 6. Enosburgh. 
 
 7. .'heldon. 
 
 8. Swanton. 
 
 9. St. Albans. 
 
 0. Fairfield. 
 
 1. Bakerstield. 
 
 2. Fletcher. 
 
 3. Fairfax. 
 
 4. Georgia. 
 
 \ . Avery's Gore. 
 Grand Isle County. 
 
 1. Alburgh. . 
 
 2. Isle La Motte. 
 
 16 
 
 North Hero. 
 Grand Isle. 
 South Hero. 
 
 Danby. 
 Mt. Tabor. 
 
 '4 
 
 Chittenden County 
 
 1. Milton. 
 
 2. Westtord. 3 
 
 3. Underhill. 4 
 
 4. Jericho. 5 
 
 5. Essex. 6 
 
 6. Colchester. 7 
 
 7. Burlington. 8 
 
 8. South Burlington 9 
 ». Williston. 10 
 
 0. Shelburne. 11 
 
 1. St. George. 12 
 
 2. Richmond. 13 
 
 3. Bolton. 14 
 Huntington. is 
 Hinesburgh. 
 
 16 
 
 . Charlotte. 
 
 A 
 
 Buel and Aver 
 
 
 Gore. 
 
 
 Addison County. 
 
 1 
 
 Ferrisburgh. 
 
 2 
 
 . Monkton. 
 
 3 
 
 . Starksboro. 
 
 4 
 
 Ver^ennes. 
 
 5 
 
 Panton. 
 
 6 
 
 Waltham. 
 
 7 
 
 Addison. 
 
 8 
 
 New Haven. 
 
 9 
 
 Bristol. 
 
 10 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Granville. 
 
 12 
 
 Ripton. 
 
 13 
 
 Middlebury. 
 
 M 
 
 Weybridge. 
 
 15 
 
 Bridport. 
 
 16 
 
 Shoreham. 
 
 17 
 
 Cornwall. 
 
 18 
 
 Salisbury. 
 
 '9 
 
 Hancock. 
 
 
 Goshen. 
 
 21 . 
 
 Leicester. 
 
 22 . 
 
 Whiting. 
 
 23 
 
 Orwell. 
 
 
 Rutland County. 
 
 I. 
 
 Sudbury. 
 
 2. 
 
 Brandon. 
 
 3- 
 
 Benson 
 
 4- 
 
 Hubbardton. 
 
 5- 
 
 Pittsford. 
 
 6. 
 
 Chittenden. 
 
 7- 
 
 Pittstield. 
 
 8. 
 
 Sherburne. 
 
 9- 
 
 Mendon. 
 
 10. 
 
 Rutland. 
 
 11. 
 
 Proctor. 
 
 12. 
 
 West Rutland. 
 
 '3- 
 
 <'astleton. 
 
 14. 
 
 Fair Haven. 
 
 'S. 
 
 West Haven. 
 
 16. 
 
 Poultney. 
 
 17. 
 
 Ira. 
 
 18. 
 
 Clarendon. 
 
 >9- 
 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 20. 
 
 Mt. Holly. 
 
 21 . 
 
 Wallingford. 
 
 -■->. 
 
 Tinmouth. 
 
 23. 
 
 Middletown. 
 
 24. 
 
 Wells. 
 
 2 5- 
 
 Pawlet. 
 
 Bennington County. 
 . Rupert. 
 . Dorset. 
 
 Peru. 
 . Landgrove. 
 . Winhall. 
 . Manchester. 
 . Sandgate. 
 
 Arlington. 
 
 Sunderland. 
 
 Glastenbury. 
 
 11. Shaftsbury. 
 
 12. Bennington. 
 
 13. Woodford. 
 
 14. Searsburg. 
 
 15. Readsboro. 
 
 16. Stamfoid. 
 Pownal. 
 
 '7 
 
 1. Roxbury. 
 
 2. Warren. 
 
 3. Fayston. 
 
 4. Waitsfield. 
 
 5. Northfield. 
 
 6. Barre. 
 
 7. Berlin. 
 
 8. Moretown. 
 
 9. Duxbury. 
 
 10. Waterbury. 
 
 11. Middlesex. 
 
 12. Montpelier. 
 
 13. East Montpelier. 
 
 14. Piainfield. 
 
 15. Marshfield. 
 
 16. Calais. 
 
 17. Worcester. 
 
 18. Woodbury. 
 
 19. Cabot. 
 
 A. Goshen Gore. 
 
 B. Harris Gore. 
 
 Lamoille County. 
 
 1. Stowe. 
 
 2. Elmore. 
 
 3. Morristown. 
 
 4. Cambridge. 
 
 5. Watervil'.e. 
 
 6. Johnson. 
 
 7. Hyde Park. 
 
 8. Wolcotl 
 
 9. Eden. 
 
 10. Belvidere. 
 
 Probate Districts. 
 
 A. Marlboro. 
 
 B. Westminster. 
 
 C. Windsor. 
 
 D. Hartford. 
 
 E. Bradford. 
 
 F. Randolph. 
 
 G. New Haven. 
 H. Addison. 
 
 I. Fair Haven, 
 
 J. Rutland. 
 K. Manchester. 
 L. Bennington. 
 
 Each of the other 
 ProbateDistricts is an 
 entire county and is 
 known by the name 
 of the county. 
 
 
s* -4 S 5 A C "U§£ T T 5 
 
jS GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Essex Junction is an important railroad center and 
 has manufactories of bricks and of paper. 
 
 Winooski is a busy manufacturing village on the 
 lower falls of the Winooski River. 
 
 Burlington, the shire town of Chittenden County, is 
 the chief port on Lake Champlain. It is one of the 
 chief lumber marts of the country, and it has a large 
 trade, both wholesale and retail, and is an important 
 manufacturing town. It contains the University of 
 Vermont, St. Joseph's College and the Vermont Epis- 
 copal Institute; the Mary Fletcher Hospital and a 
 Home for Destitute Children, and other educational 
 and charitable institutions ; a Custom House and an 
 U. S. Court House. Burlington was incorporated as 
 a city in 1864. In population it is the largest town in 
 Vermont. 
 
 Richmond is a butter market. 
 
 Vergennes, a city incorporated in 1788, is situated 
 eight miles from Lake Champlain at the lower falls of 
 the Otter Creek, which is navigable to this place. It 
 has abundant water power which is partly used in man- 
 ufacturing. The State Reform School is located here. 
 
 Bristol, on the New Haven River, is a manufactur- 
 ing town. 
 
 Middlebury is the shire town of Addison County 
 and the seat of Middlebury College. It has valuable 
 marble quarries, a good water power and some manu- 
 factures, and is the chief sheep market in Vermont. 
 
 At Leicester Junction are manufactories of paint 
 and of lime. 
 
 Brandon is a thriving town with marble epiarries 
 and beds of ochre and kaolin that are worked with 
 profit. It has a famous frozen well in which ice may 
 be found throughout the year. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 39 
 
 Pittsford has marble quarries and iron. 
 Benson, by Lake Champlain, has black slate. 
 
 Proctor has the largest marble quarry in the world 
 and several smaller quarries. Here is a waterfall of 
 122 feet, one of the highest in the State, which fur- 
 nishes power for the manufacture of marble. 
 
 Rutland, the shire town of Rutland County, is an 
 important railroad center and manufacturing town. 
 It is the center of the trade in marble, and is some- 
 times called the marble city. The Howe Scale Works 
 is the most important single industry after that of 
 marble. Here also are manufactories of quarrying 
 and mining tools with others, various and important. 
 An United States Court House is located here, and 
 here is the Vermont House of Correction. 
 
 RUTLAND, VT. 
 
 Wallingford has a productive iron mine. 
 
 West Rutland, on the Castleton River, is famous for 
 its marble. 
 
 Fair Haven, likewise on the Castleton River, which 
 here furnishes abundant water power, is the leading 
 slate producing town in the State. 
 
4Q 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERM OX T. 
 
 Castleton, on the v samc river, has slate quarries and 
 manufactories of slate. It is the seat of a State 
 Normal School and is an attractive summer resort. 
 
 Poultney, on the Poultney River, produces roofing 
 
 .her slate, and is the seat of the Troy Confc. 
 Academy. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 4i 
 
42 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Bennington, a half shire town of .Bennington County r 
 is a summer resort and a manufacturing town; it 
 has beds of kaolin from which pottery is made and of 
 ochre from which paints and paper filling are manu- 
 factured. Bennington is the oldest town on the west 
 side of the State and contains a monument in memory 
 of the battle which was fought near by in 1777. In 
 this town is the Vermont Soldiers' Home. 
 
 Manchester, also a half shire town of Bennington 
 County and seat of Burr and Burton Seminary, is a 
 fashionable summer resort. 
 
 Pownal is in the southwest corner of the State, on 
 the Hoosac River. It has two manufacturing villages. 
 
 Shaftsbury has a manufactory of carpenters' squares. 
 
 East Dorset has marble quarries and marble mills. 
 At Dorset important conventions were held in 1776. 
 
 Readsboro, on the Deerfield River, is the terminus 
 of a railroad, and has pulp mills and manufactories of 
 lumber. 
 
 ESTKV ORGAN CO. S WORKS, BRATTLEBORO, VT. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 43 
 
 Brattleboro, by the Connecticut River in the south- 
 eastern part of the State, and at the junction of several 
 lailroads, is distinguished for the manufacture of 
 Estey Organs. It also contains an asylum for the 
 insane. Fort Dummer, important in the early history 
 of Vermont, was beside the Connecticut River near the- 
 present village of Brattleboro. 
 
 In Vernon, in the southeast corner of the State, was. 
 the first settlement in Vermont. At South Vernon is. 
 a railroad junction. 
 
 Westminster, beside the Connecticut River just 
 below Bellows Falls, was once the shire town of Cum- 
 berland County. It was here that Vermont was 
 declared to be an independent State. 
 
 Newfane on West River is the shire town of Wind- 
 ham County and South Londonderry on the same 
 river is the terminus of a railroad from Brattleboro. 
 
 Bellows Falls is an important railroad center and 
 has an immense water power. It is extensively 
 engaged in the manufacture of paper and of farm 
 machinery. 
 
 Saxton's River, a village on the Saxton's River,, 
 about four miles from Bellows Falls and in the same 
 town, Rockingham, is the seat of the Vermont 
 Academy. 
 
 Springfield is a manufacturing town on the Black 
 River, and extending to the Connecticut River. 
 
 Windsor contains the Vermont State Prison, an 
 United States Court House, and has some manufac- 
 turing. It was here that the first constitution of 
 Vermont was framed in July, 1777, and that the first 
 legislature elected under that constitution met and 
 organized in March, 1778. 
 
44 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Hartford lies on the Quechee, White and Connec- 
 ticut Rivers and contains four thriving villages, of 
 which the most widely known is White River Junc- 
 tion, an important railroad center; and Olcott by 
 Olcott Falls in the Connecticut is the newest. Hart- 
 ford is distinguished for the great variety of its indus- 
 tries. 
 
 Bethel on the White River is the railroad station 
 for several towns, and has a well endowed public 
 school. 
 
 Woodstock, the shire town of Windsor County and 
 the largest town in the Quechee valley, is connected 
 by railroad with White River Junction. 
 
 Chester on the Williams River and Ludlow on the 
 Black River are important towns. At Ludlow is 
 Black River Academy. 
 
 Bradford is a pleasant town with some manufac- 
 tures, on the Waits River beside the Connecticut. 
 
 Newbury is distinguished for its early settlement, 
 
 its fine meadows and its mineral spring, near which is 
 
 a summer hotel. Wells River in the northeast corner 
 
 ■of the town is a busy village at the junction of several 
 
 railroads. 
 
 Chelsea is the shire town of Orange County. 
 
 Randolph on branches of the White River is the 
 most populous and the wealthiest town in Orange 
 ■County. West Randolph, the principal village, is a 
 pleasant and thriving place. At Randolph Center is a 
 State Normal School, and a fine hotel for summer 
 boarders. 
 
 Hard wick, on the Lamoille River, has extensive 
 granite quarries and a growing business in working 
 granite. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 45 
 
 St. Johnsbury, the shire town of Caledonia County, 
 is widely known for the manufacture of Fairbanks. 
 Scales, which are standard throughout the United 
 States and are sent to all parts of the world. St. 
 Johnsbury Academy is one of the foremost schools in 
 the State. This also is a railroad center. 
 
 '.Ba; _>S!S 
 
 
 =^F~ \- llnTliliiini 
 
 
 
 THE E. & T. FAIRBANKS & CO. S SCALE MANUFACTORY, ST. JOHNSBURY, VT. 
 
 Ryegate has excellent granite in Blue Mountain, 
 which is extensively worked at South Ryegate on the 
 Wells River. 
 
 At Lyndonville are the offices and shops of the Con- 
 necticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad. The Lyndon 
 Literary Institute is at Lyndon Center. 
 
 Island Pond on the Grand Trunk Railroad is the 
 half-way place between Portland and Montreal. It 
 has the repair shops of the railroad and a Custom 
 House. 
 
 Guildhall on the Connecticut River is the shire town 
 of Essex County. 
 
 In Concord, a thriving town on the Connecticut 
 and Moose rivers, was the first Normal School in the 
 United States, incorporated in 1823. 
 
46 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Barton is a thriving town on the Barton River ; 
 Barton landing is a busy village in the same town. 
 
 Newport on Lake Memphremagog is the shire town 
 of Orleans County. It has excellent railroad facilities 
 .and is a favorite summer resort. 
 
 North Troy is a busy place on the Missisquoi 
 River. 
 
 Johnson on the Lamoille River has a State Normal 
 School. Hyde Park is the shire town of Lamoille 
 County and Morrisville is the largest village on the 
 Lamoille River. 
 
 Waterbury has the Vermont Asylum for the insane. 
 
 STATE HOl'SE, MONTI'ELIER, VT. 
 
 I 
 
 Montpelier is the capital of the State and the shire 
 town of Washington County. It has an United States 
 Court House and a State Arsenal, and does a large 
 amount of insurance business. It has manufactories 
 of machinery and of granite. Its railroad facilities 
 are good. The Vermont Conference Seminary is 
 located here. 
 
GECGRAFHY CF VFFACJVT. 47 
 
 Barre, six miles from Montpelier on a branch of the 
 "Winooski River, has the largest granite business in 
 the State and is a rapidly growing town. It has two 
 railroads and is the seat of Goddard Seminary. 
 
 Northfield on the Dog River has slate quarries from 
 which roofing slate is manufactured. The Norwich 
 University, a Military School, is located here. 
 
 Of the summer resorts not already mentioned, the 
 following may be named: — Middletown Springs, Clar- 
 endon Springs, the Iodine Spring in South Hero, 
 Alburgh Springs, Sheldon Springs, Brunswick Springs ; 
 Lake St. Catharine in Poultney, Lake Bomoseen in 
 Castleton, Lake Dunmore, the shores and islands of 
 Lake Champlain — the larger of these islands are con- 
 nected with the mainland and with each other by 
 bridges and furnish as fine drives as can be found in 
 the United States — Lake Willoughby, Peru, Bread 
 Loaf in Ripton, Hyde Manor in Sudbury, Dixons' in 
 Underhill, Stowe. And in addition it may be said 
 that almost every town in the State is visited by the 
 pleasure seeking tourist. 
 
4 8 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. 
 
 Public schools 
 are found thro'- 
 out the State. 
 There are grad- 
 ed schools in 
 many villages. 
 In the larger vil- 
 lages the graded 
 school is com- 
 pleted by a high 
 school or acad- 
 . ... emy. 
 
 A few academies have not yet been mentioned. The 
 most important of these are in New Haven, Essex, 
 Fairfax, Craftsbury, Peacham, Thetford, South Wood- 
 stock, Townshend, West Brattleboro. Bishop Hop- 
 kins' Hall in Burlington and St. Agnes Hall in Bellows 
 Falls are schools for young ladies. Several academies 
 have become associated with the public school system 
 and are known indifferently as academies or as high 
 schools. 
 
 The three colleges, The University of Vermont and 
 State Agricultural College at Burlington, Middlebury 
 College at Middlebury and Norwich University at 
 Northfield, have been mentioned already. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 4? 
 
 Public libraries have been established in many 
 towns. Those of Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, Caven- 
 dish, Windsor, Woodstock, Strafford, Thetford, Brad- 
 ford, St. Johnsbury, St. Albans, Burlington, Pittsford, 
 Rutland, Bennington and Montpelier are some of the 
 largest and best. 
 
 Four daily and more than fifty weekly newspapers 
 are published in the State, together with several 
 monthlies. 
 
 Vermont has about five hundred postoffices, and all 
 important places are provided with telegraph and tele- 
 phone offices. 
 
 The churches, with their Sunday 
 
 schools, are another important educa- 
 tional agency. About one-third of the 
 people of the State attend church on the 
 Sabbath. 
 
 (4) 
 
jo 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 as 
 
 02 
 02 
 W 
 
 U 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 Eh 
 
 <1 
 
 02 
 O 
 
 Eh 
 I* 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 S 
 es 
 w 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Eh 1 
 <! 
 
 D 
 
 Cm 
 
 o 
 Ok 
 
 W 
 
 K 
 
 Eh 
 
 S I- t- a o ■'t to c « -f x w e l» h a « o -t o ci x 00 c 
 
 £^ rt< O (- t- X « W X M C C3 C? 10 O t-i t- c- 1.1 rf co -* o 10 
 
 ^j QOHisotomxci3to«acmco^ot-M«c-ci!0^ 
 
 rH W rt rt rl 
 
 ©c: t- © 
 
 2 rtHUC!COOtOOO'*!StSL';siOt-«i?HO 
 m T-li>«OtOtO«llSMWt'XIOloasOS'-lOlStOC" 
 
 Zl OHMffll-Wt-^OnOOMHWCOC^IKi: 
 
 l-H i-H l-H HfflMHH l-H 1-1 1-1 
 
 55 oxiot»X'#oxt-ociMejHHO«wt-»M^';) 
 
 ^ O ffl IO t^ 00 O « ■* W I- t' « r- f rn i> C X » X ffl O if 
 ii O C) ?? 55 i> OS £» -^ t' O » in rf M O C X r? t)< « « O O 
 " i-H t-h rH i-h HfflrtiHH rHHrl 
 
 0> CO LO 1— tO IT 
 
 co co © — r ~r o> 
 o n o ji n a 
 
 l-H CO CJ 
 
 co o l- os o> o 
 
 co co © --I o as 
 
 C!--rtNX 
 1-1 IO ?! 
 
 © © © t- o x 
 
 -T 1 30 ~ if !! X 
 
 i-H co o co co 
 
 O CJ95*lffll8<0MOtSt>f»O:joat*t-i-<o00C^ l ffl -/MOOt-S 
 
 o t- o ■* is !"• x o co oj o -< Tti o (- ic o ?i o o 1- !- o « 00 -^ m co 00 
 
 x «oocoHO'*tO'*iocionto'i*iniooc-/o:'«xto © © t— co c- 
 
 H rlHrlrlW HWrlrirl nriHrl HCOH 
 
 r-^ fflOo5miOHeiociO'i | o«iTfoi>?iiocoi>M^o 
 
 0* M«WO»0«'*IOO^<9HOOt-IO'tt-!S-iIO.-0 
 GO «Tf«H>tOO^fflt'-i«lCIOOWO»«051t-0 
 
 tO'H-*^l|MK5«lC)OOCSXXTt , XWCOi>NCT5!HOKl 
 
 oi>t-towwot*MMe-t»aoi»owtoonio 
 CO i- CM CM GO 10 -* ■* O © -f co 00 10 to CM © -h CO © CO so co 
 
 ,-H ^ ,-H i-H i-H WrlrtH CM l-H 
 
 OHHOHOXNXXiOCQcSOXMH-jTff'Hj^O 
 in H 1ft o X C. ?! ■* ^ (' M C O M ■* h/ « X rt H O '1 O 
 
 «wo-iMiMcoHinwoHioi>o t-xax«t-to 
 
 CO WOOHOi 
 
 0300t;®^HffiOOO(B(joaso 
 o cm t- c- -* GO Oi - 1 O "5 CO tJh 00 -^i CM 
 H W H C! tO CO CO CO CM 1— 1 oi CO GO lO 
 
 ,-H1-H,-Ht-H1-H MrHrHi-H 
 
 o a w co o O 
 
 CO CM CO LI ■"* as 
 
 O ■* ij< CO IO 
 
 l-H CO l-H 
 
 t-a^«io« 
 O i-H o w "o w 
 
 CM •** O CO C 
 
 i-H CO i-H 
 
 ■* o a x h x 
 
 •O GO LO rji •**! O 
 
 co 'H co co ic 
 
 . o co o »o •* o o 
 
 1 C CO C) CO "* f to 
 ' £- O i> GO OJ t- JO 
 
 CO ■■* ■>* CO © ci 
 CO O? C5 c- on O 
 "<* IO CM CM 1C 
 
 1— ' <0i 1— I l-H 
 
 T« , tlOCOtOM<K3ffiO>t'COOlOtOCO . ■># t~ CS © C- CM -HH 
 
 o rf'vmeotO'Cnracjr'KootoM . ^ t- » i* ci -* t~ 00 co co o t- 
 
 o co«totDio go "'t 1 cm © © 00 00 t~ © •TH-H^i.o-H-^oo © -# cc -*f ■<* as 
 
 QnC-i-HcOrHOS i-Hi-HIO C»XIi-hCOCO 'O^MBWOh/ IO CM CM i-HCO 
 
 ^i-HrH rH ,_,,_,• i-H HMh r-, 
 
 _: — ■ o i-H co i-H 
 
 S OHh«X 
 
 Hton 
 
 O W ^j< 
 
 l-H CO 
 
 • J2OC0 GOO 
 'giOcH-OJ 
 
 • CO T-H J^ J> OJ 
 
 CO i-H O *™ ' 1— ' "0 o 
 if IS t O O I" IS 
 Tf L- OJ CM 1-1 Ci 
 
 i-< t- CO Tt< -H CO 
 © C- IO CO CO t- 
 
 © CO Ci 
 
 a t: 
 
 O O 
 
 - so 
 
 -H *H 
 
 3 01 
 
 :_.** S3 
 
 S * & 
 
 *a 
 
 w t* a 
 
 a - 
 
 C 3 ^- 
 ® 1-5 JO 
 
 50 O-iS ■" "H A 
 
 •o t-'t, o a) o u « <d.3-2J2« ^ o3--ro8jg2 ® j> ^. t>. 
 
 ,0 4J a « -h JO • r- 
 >.SS fc'S ^^ ►vS 
 
 >"= 2 « fe * « r= 
 
 .a s 2 «'s o 
 
 ^ oi O ^3 03 « 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 5i 
 
 t 
 
 :coc5CO£--*C5t-;oioe?t- 
 o? 1-1 
 
 g 2^?S°^ : '''' ,<cooog ogoo}gocsgooo co co co xri 
 
 T— 11 — 'Of I- IT— I CQ 1— ' T-l JO i , 1 — H 
 
 
 WM(D>-iOt>OMHiflHifl00OfflO(S th r- <~ , _j 
 
 S^THrtTHT-Hi^cjTficoT-icoc'jojcit-o"*: t- cr 1 co ^ 
 
 T"l tH <M ,_ <JJ tH ^ ■* r^ CO 
 
 (tOHOJOlOWtOfflNHa 
 j IO t- H 35 00 O? Ol C- IO i— CO 
 
 S ?5 S 22 " *-- os co ■* oo:o-i-»et-95 ^^grj 
 
 «HOOM^OO?1000<*«C5 0HOO O f. * S 
 
 T-lr-ICJ T—l T-l T-lrH CO T— Irl , 1 ~ 
 
 ^ jfciSi? 93 ? 0103 T-<eo^iO(Moc«-*t<t-eoi>oo»«i-i©«Jo ro 10 •** .« 
 
 ^ T-l H OJrHCMrHrHTHrHCT t-1 tH S S g 
 
 ;oo coj>^-it-oLo<MJ>eoi> 
 
 ,10 ©i'Ot-rlOOO'^lO'* 
 
 T-l TH T-l 
 
 •iiO i8«MMOMMMHi8 
 
 ■ 10 co co >-i eo rri tji co to j> cj 
 ,tf 00 co 00 cs ihio^iom 
 
 NO«iO®«O!S00M 
 tH CO CO CO (M Q OJ « -I 
 OOiOcOti OTti^-^d 
 TH t-itH cq 
 
 J 
 
 ■gSoofc :eooococi^ 
 
 Ot-MODTjlONOMOTHt- 
 
 eo 05 co in 10 n i- co -f c>> d go 
 
 ©cscocseoiot-co^ojGOGO 
 
 CM OQ T-l T-l TH tH T-l 
 
 »OCOWrtO«l«IOTH«ffl 
 
 t-oo«ooo<MTHooe»eoT-i£-o 
 
 COHOlOOCIfflTfTtlTllTHTjl 
 
 ^TfOffioriaoooooo 
 ■fiocoiocooswHOiaioTf 
 
 T-l 01 1-1 T-l _H 
 
 Hooamwooo^oiBTji 
 
 OcOTji^fCO-^ClOOO^HOOCO 
 CO tJI N tJI t- CO o eo ao co co 
 
 TH <M TH T-l y-, 
 
 . ao co 00 i-i 
 
 1 CO -h 00 GO 
 
 oocooo 
 
 ' 10 t- 00 Tj« 
 
 'OOJWW 
 
 • o 00 co ao 
 
 ' Ci 00 Tti o 
 ■ CO O CM cs 
 
 I rt 00 
 
 ' t? o> CO 
 
 -* T-l T-l 
 
 1 CO CM C5 
 ' CM O 00 
 
 HSt»T^. 
 
 iHOO 
 
 ■ T-i OI co 
 
 i — lO OS 
 
 cm th 
 
 ■ CO lO CS ■•# rj a* © CT5 »-- 
 ■^1 T}l OJ OS 95 0(0(2 
 
 § $ 22 S : )S S3 £ 2 23 COGO^COOOCTCOfOoOCO • Tti CO O 00 ffllOHN 
 
 S-icowcoO :oocoioWth oo2oc5« w 1o OO^t-iO ^JSiog cMooeMeo 
 
 ■ C5 CM -HH lO © 
 
 : oj t~ T-i ic co 
 ;cs cm ■<*• th 
 
 J? 3 3 os 0)^.3 fl>> 
 
 t- < ■* to co 
 
 ■ io j> -co 
 
 :©ao :^*i 
 • eo t-i • th 
 
 o3 a> r~ 
 
 s S je 
 
 a* 
 
 ®-3 5 a S 5 ?-^ 
 
 12 -^ 
 
 oo co co eo 
 
 CO CO t-i 
 
 'ES^'SS-gSrfBJSS ©.sis § 
 
 o a5 ® 
 cjcS "5 
 
 a a o ® 
 
 ~ z5 T ^ 
 
 «- as £ 
 
 moo 
 
52 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 2R owooocsr.cacoco'* 
 
 00 -»5C»C?!00 ^ i-i CO 
 
 '""' Of 1-1 i-l Of i-l 1-1 rlrlH 
 
 ■^ of © 31 oo ^- ci -^ © i- of co x ::?) -+ os 
 
 (OtSrtOOlM H O Ol O (J» « 05 *2 
 
 0> N05Tl<t-«OlOHHI/:(-H 
 00 O«5G0t-OM^^rnO«^ 
 
 h e » m th t- cj os {- i r. r. o o o og 
 
 ■* W « ■* « H H ■■* H C5 W 05 « i# © 
 
 O O0)«O05OX .rni>»-lfl5 
 
 o o o c e c o t- • of ec oo t- 
 
 55 O IO « X H ffl ■* OKI N -^ OS Ol O? 
 
 t-h 0> i+l ^h © © 0O OO 00 IO © TO IO 00 i-H 
 
 OOOJOi^CjH rlOOtOO! Of 
 
 ■^ 00 
 
 o of ■«* »o *> — • oo t- 
 
 •O lO X X 05 LO 115 lO 
 
 00 © X' 00 00 ■■*• Tt* Of 
 
 1-1 Of -h ^ Of i-i i-l 
 
 . 2> © 00 © 
 
 ■ « O t5 © 
 
 t- "* 00 © -H CO -^ 
 
 •* OS — t- lO OS 
 Of l-i 1-H Tf r+ 
 
 , J> H J> 00 t- 
 
 • Of O 30 Of 00 
 
 , _ O 1-1 1-H 0J 
 
 . 30 
 
 co>3 
 
 IO OS 
 
 O ■>* Of ■># ^# © -* © 
 
 "T 1 Of 30 -^ 00 00 IO 00 
 
 00 »»fflO-;00 
 
 1-1 ^H 1-1 1-1 Of H i-l 
 
 O rf © © "* O © CO 
 00 oosWOON 
 
 oo osao-HH 
 
 Of "* IO O H 
 
 i H ■* CO o 
 
 E* 
 
 io oj o x £3 
 
 05K5OO *~) 
 ' i-i O Of © X 
 
 © i>© 30rt<© 
 t>lft0Jt>«t" 
 
 HHHMO 
 
 O IO O 55 h 
 lOO»t»M 
 -nriMO 
 
 , IO O ^ O ~h 
 i0t-0105t- 
 i r-i "^ i-i i-l <0i 
 
 . i> ^H 00 -# © 
 
 . OS 00 00 IO oo 
 TfHOO! 
 
 oog 
 
 E-i 
 
 z 
 
 Q§05 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 ft, 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 «5 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 Pi 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 
 Eh 
 
 O OS Of Of OS CO Tt 1 so 
 
 <cj oo oo oo rt :j •- 2; 
 
 0O O OS O O) t" O SJ 
 
 © i> X! i* w 00 LO t- 
 
 o © co io oo © oo oo 
 o of oo o g po j-i of 
 
 CO fc- OS Tfri t- L— £- l- 
 
 ,-! T* T* J> -< Of 
 
 cs io »o © og jo 
 
 t— CO ^f T-l ^ Of 
 
 x 
 
 O05fiO rv] 
 <m eo <n n< ~ 
 
 i-i CO O Of »2 
 
 00 O i> IO 
 
 Of OS © 30 
 
 . IO Of 30 © 
 
 ' © -H tJ, CO 
 
 Of © 00 
 
 : i> io co ^h 
 : io © © j> 
 : ■«* 
 
 3 ho . • o 2 a) >; '3 i; O 
 
 * S -2 ti o E - - ^ -■* « -^ is 
 
 Of • -* t- © 
 
 oo • of of © 
 
 H • i-l Of 00 
 
 CO Of i> 
 
 ■*05 
 
 ■ i-H 05 © 
 
 • © © cs 
 
 ■ © 1-1 TJH 
 
 . cs OS © © © 
 
 — * Of 00 IO © 
 JO i-i 00 i-i 
 
 . © -* Of "# t> 
 ' Of "* CO i-i t- 
 ' i-i IO i-l J> rH 
 
 g©°° 
 < 
 
 S os 
 
 S3 
 
 00 ^h © IO 
 
 • IO 05 i-i Of 
 
 .■a a.s 
 
 <5 pq pq M Q O H ft- 25 C5 
 
 a hJ3 
 
 - 1 o ?2 
 
 
 a 
 
 bOrO O 
 
 E S "3 
 
 ■§§s 
 
 0) £ °* 
 
 6.S 
 
 
 m» 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 53 
 
 eooeoooos^cocjoocseocs 
 
 WXhoOtjUOOCOODWwO 
 
 CQtHOI i-Hi-ieMi-l~<T-lt~CO 
 
 •* OS ■>* t- o 
 
 rH Tf O M « 
 
 c© {> jo co co 
 
 00^«BlC010l-!8 O i-i OS 
 
 oioeooOH 3q»t|i«i o» jo co 
 •"tt-csot^-^oooirsi-i ioo« 
 
 t-ioo®HOoojooarttti 
 ©oscooocococQ-tfi^r'cooao 
 
 WHIM Hrt«HHHf>« 
 
 CO Ol t- i-l CO 
 -h QO OS ooo 
 t> CO ■■* CO lO 
 
 CJi-i00J>-*GOl>O5OTC? 
 
 o in w m « !.■: os ■* t» w 
 
 IfflfflOOOOOOIOrl -r}< O O* 
 
 i-l i-H T-l i-H CQ t-I rtHrt 
 
 co i> J> co i—i c— co <n oo m r- oo coco^^o 
 
 i cooooii-ioo-^ococoiocoi- ootooiH 
 
 ■ Offl^OSt-iOIOOlMOOO i> C- JO JO CD 
 
 < «HW tHH«tHHi-I03 51 i-l 
 
 CO^OOOStO-HOOH OS JO tH 
 
 (SOOHOOWlOiJi^ffl 00 d O"* 
 
 COI>050'*IOi>Oi>rH o«o 
 
 i-l rlrlrtN i-H i-i i-H i-H 
 
 C5i-ii-irticocOCOi-HTj<-^t"i* 
 
 OnOXifcOOOt-HOM 
 OHlOOtOtOOOOOOOCO 
 
 GO CO CO O JO VOOOOM'NHtHiHMO co go o> 
 
 CO CO £~ CO O 'Oil<»OOXi*t-100 CI CQ t- 
 
 JO CO "* t- £- 0»30«DlOi-iSOTt<£>t-CS C- OJ CO 
 
 OJClOOrJtocOCQOO-^^C^CO 
 
 «Hi*H rf OOlJlH»OH 
 
 ocs-^o-^-^oiJOOsc-t-co 
 
 <M H W H H « « i-H C* CM 
 
 OC5OC005t>00OTj(f-1000 
 3 «D W N Ol w OS M O O « O! IO 
 ■ 10£>«i>,-,00O->tflC--<*<C0i-i 
 
 (NCsCOC-,_icOOCO©i>cOt-- 
 
 22 1 °S:2co©jo©-*o'>coo 
 
 OSC0*O' , *c0t-0>(MM'C5C0C0 
 
 1— I 1— I i— I TH 1— I 1— ( 
 
 t-cocoeooi^cocQ-^oococo 
 
 . • ^# 'tf JO CD ">* 
 p"t tJ< CQ CO i-H CO 
 g_, CO J> Tfi i> CO 
 
 £ rt 
 
 S3 
 
 o 
 
 >} C5 00 CO 00 t> 
 
 — ' CO tH Tt< CO i-H 
 
 «y* CO CO CO £- 
 
 W i-i 
 
 «2 
 
 _. O} 00 Ci CO <N 
 
 Q t-csi-HO-"* 
 g i-i ooeo jooo 
 
 <"* 
 
 M 
 
 ^ CO CO 00 <S CO 
 
 o « co o « 
 
 i-i CO CO JO 00 
 
 tiOOOOONHCi 1 
 
 , • oaot-»HOhrt« 
 >h fii'-t'^O'^oMoai 
 
 r^ i-H 1-1 i-l i-H i-l 
 
 <-"> lOMHMMffllOOMffl 
 
 X CO-H5C*Wi-rHt»QOC» 
 
 ^ HO^TfCOOMlO'*'* 
 
 1— I 1— 1 1— ( 1— I 
 
 H 
 
 (J 
 
 H oocoi-it-ioooot-eoeo 
 
 OOlOOJOt>t-«iO£-« 
 
 l^. 1— I 1— I 
 
 JO OJ OS 
 JO CO GO 
 COCO £- 
 
 l> OS i> 
 
 oo o 
 
 JO CQ CO 
 
 i-HCO fr- 
 
 i-i co o 
 
 Tfl O JO 
 
 i>o^t"-"*ooco^ 
 
 HOS CQ JO CO OS JO jo OS CM 
 <NO«riC»-*»a«Oi-lr-i 
 
 O JO 00 
 
 co oo co 
 
 eot-^Oooor-cDcooo^oo 
 
 W<00OS00C0C0C0t-iOOJO 
 i -H (.-. Oi « « O ^i "* OS 00 
 
 O OS JO -"# OS 
 JO 00 CO Ol 'OO 
 i> W r-i CO « 
 
 •coosJOOLo->#coi-ii> 
 
 ICOO^^-JO-^-rtJO 1 ^ 
 • t> i-l Ci th CO 
 
 -*^H 00 
 
 CO CO 00 
 O JO OS 
 
 CO t- J> JO £- 
 
 ""tfCO i-i CO 
 
 OCJ^ 
 
 1 ° £ 
 
 t3 *h".2 
 
 ^ ja S 
 
 5 «J O " 
 
 
 » .2? o .2 £ ^ £ 
 
 o o 
 
 *" ^ h-5 *" ' rS 
 
 £> 3 <» ^ rt 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 5 
 
 3 -£ c OJ O 
 
 a r s -«j i— 
 
 - — Zi 03 O 
 
 =3oSs^^ SSSSwSas^ 
 
 o i« 
 
 n .3 o 
 
 ci c3 p 
 
 mpqp3 
 
54 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 to « «o — eo -^ oo w o c '- « ^ w 
 
 i-l 1-1 O* ©} i-H i-H i-H i-H i-H HH 
 
 OOTt<^'*rJi-IOOWH05^!St'rHO« 
 
 i-iO* i-i i-h OJ i-h t-i i-h i-h (MrH 
 
 o ©offli-tssosoeoooiooeoMO 
 K «j«iHTfMf}C5-rtO'<tiHeoco 
 
 '"^l— ll— i ' ©J MHHHlHlHH 1— i 
 
 i-H,-i-Ha0T}< O 0'>00t--H»0C0©?-rtl©in 
 
 »HOt"H w »l"«»OOlO>#HlOO 
 
 H(SO«Ocot-rtOMOOO(OOM 
 
 £ t-t-000«(00«IO^C)0 1> 
 
 S£ owit'iiKoot-ai'oitiMr- 
 
 *} £- O C 1.^ Ol W 1C 00 O O C « 00 93 
 
 1-1 l-H l-H CJ WHrtiHHrtH 1-1 
 
 <MOOOH rt o<tOi'»t-rHij<0'* 
 WBOHCS^icoJOt-^^ioOlOrHN 
 
 l-H l-H l-H ,_, ©} tH rt i-l rtrl 
 
 S OOffliC^t-eOOOOOfflrtOOCiOl 
 
 is ioot-cootoriiHto»i>-*oin 
 
 52 oaicc5ooie;ot"OwfflH( 
 
 H l-H l-H «i-IOirt«rHHHH —I 
 
 , 0*l>COOpt- C o>0«>0035 , '* l !-it-00000 
 
 \*2oD'-;©S£o}oeo©ocot--cooD'*© 
 
 1-1 rH ,_,©} ,_,*_, l-H 1-1 
 
 O 
 Eh 
 
 pq 
 Ei 
 
 c 
 
 H 
 
 > 
 En 
 
 5 
 
 g 
 
 <: 
 p 
 p 
 
 Ch 
 
 w 
 W 
 
 Eh 
 
 2 050-rh05-rt<aOi- l O»Oi-iOD05Tj<0 
 2T 10t^"H<J>GO£^;0©Tfi-'-H©t-0*©* 
 ri 0>0iOOO<Bt-O(-000>MlB<0 
 
 ^THl-1 OJ ©} ,_, ©j ,_, >rH tH T-H 1-1 
 
 3, uuro<=>inoco»oco-H/i~ ! -'-*i , i-H£~ 
 
 ~ 0JflSOmOt»0!«MC!WC000'* 
 tHi-H 5)n«HNHHrliH -H 
 
 «aoo»JOJL':Xr<mct«on«o5io 
 
 CSQ0 , tJ>t>rHO'- lOOCOCSCOTtirfOOO 
 
 2 oomwiocssicto^oo-^Ht 5 22«oo»;SS«csW'*<N©«e - *~H'<*® 
 ggioioiOOTi-i^ooi-ioo^'^pt^SQO O cg(?*'-;«g«3coo50aoc?»05T-icoooO 
 
 5 «t>COWiH^rtWo«00«H "^k 
 2f SS O ■* m in rrm i 51 <— ) m to •** an H > 
 
 -7; OTr-roroiHh.rticorooow'-i 
 
 §J oouenocow-.^oatoifco 
 ~ -*0!HOhii5aoo«HH'« 
 
 " HrtrtH fj H rl H N rl i- ri 
 
 2 t»!CCOM«OI010IOi*iCii-iOKIM 
 
 IS «N00{0001OO00rt'O l '-'*00IO 
 
 ~ 95QOOJei3©0>OOl»00®WOOSCO 
 
 " l-H l-H ,-H Cv» T— I 1— t HrlH 1-1 
 
 § 1> © CO •** 00 ■— 'ClOOrJi'^i— 'OHO 
 on OSrtOOo^'^ft-'rtiJinOOM 
 ~ 00i#C0c0C000«O"H/innC0©10C000 
 
 F. est- co j--. • © it to to oo ■w t> * ^ 
 ^oiiooioo :a)»ooS^T)i l "*i-t 
 
 ej^3 
 
 -a o 
 
 « d »-r o o OS •- .£ .E hh 2 
 
 ^ w •** ^ n n 03 •— .^ 
 <B ,0. ttf) O £; ,£ ,3 ;- ^ 
 
 fe « O M 32 H Eh Eh t> 
 
 o t; 
 "Sd'3 
 
 ,E HH 
 
 i-h CO 00 o 
 OoiHiOt-onofflt-^OOiHCCWO}© 
 
 W CI W O « Ln in C» O o « « 
 
 >iOj > co0500©©-*/io.?©-OlO 
 N WtoOiOfflrtH/ 
 
 if.«OCO0OtoO}!>tO0OC7 
 
 W0OH 
 
 o-H^coiOt-tot-oo«oo}C5 • • co ©j op 
 
 l-H IjH ©} l-H JO c- CO lO l-H ©} • • rH 0* 
 
 oj on io : t- os •** co o . 10 • 
 
 i-h ©J © • CI OS CO 00 • i-H • 
 
 i-h : o> i-h « • : 
 
 £? o a <» 
 
 O O > T- 
 
 
 c =g to, <b a 
 
 ' a 
 
 bJ3 
 
 
 ££i£ 
 
 ri cS Si O £ »- t- °S s o = »^ 
 hsJPhMoUUQCJCS^h^hJS^Eh 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 55 
 
 00 O ^Ol?«IOO)WC00505M010»lO(S^ 
 
 OS 00 OQOO«OOHMi>««»fflOiOOO^ 
 
 CO •«»< rtWOOHffiWOTlitOOCIKI^ffllOOt- 
 
 rHMWHHrtO! 1-H 1-H 1-H ©i 
 
 'CNJ 1"H 1-1 
 
 co oo -* 
 
 (SiHH 
 
 ; CM i-i 4t»^OOrtOOH-i|>xoOCO«CO 
 
 i-H CO CO rlHM i-l i-l «« 
 
 .i#CN?10i-HOSCOCOCO 
 
 icoo^oaocioo-H 
 ■ ooTfi-i»iCO->*J> 
 
 ' OS i-i CM 
 
 cm -#os 
 
 00 «> I> 
 00 -# <M 
 
 <# CO«>©5COi>OS00COCMC0CMCM00©SCOCS00 
 
 » 10t-iO«DMi-t»OmMrtNlSWQ95t- 
 
 JCO CO MOCOOOJ-^COO^tOOlOCOIO^QOC} 
 
 1-H CO CM 1-H 1-H 1-H i-H i-l 1-H CM 
 
 it-l«0t00t»«0 
 
 ■lOlOr- I CO CO £> CO iO 
 
 OS iffl 00 
 CO -* H 
 
 oo no co 
 
 O OCO— <r~£-COOOOO£^COO-* — 1«« 
 
 iiOi-H MOOOO^WOlOTflOOOIOXOOlOOM 
 
 i-h CM CO i-h i-h i-H i-H CM CM 
 
 iicoooo-^c-oo^oo 
 
 'Ht-OftHOOOH 
 
 't»iOC!i>i>!0000 
 ' CO i—i tH 
 
 lO t-co 
 
 . itOO 
 
 oo io co 
 
 'CO ... 
 
 jo co 
 ■co 
 
 co-^es-^oscscocsoi-ot-cocoaoiot-© 
 o a. o i* ■* (- co h co -* lo o ti i* h « co 
 ■^rtt-toincoeooTtdoofOOJixoooo 
 
 1— iNr- 1 1— It— I i— I i— I 1-H i— I i— I 
 
 55 ® CO O W W W LO C) C) O 00 o w m IC o 
 ft^CO-COOMSifWHHHOOOO 
 -*05£~?©10COC©00' , *''* I 05COCMOS»OOOS 
 1-H 1-H 1— 11— It— I t-H i-H CM 1— I 
 
 -H'0-(CO«i>T)<ocO'*<Si>«10MOlO 
 
 X»'*MiHO'<^"OSt>Mia(M'OlOiHlO 
 ■*'*iOiot"»M]O^HOHC!-< Treses 
 
 T-H 1— • 1-H 1-Hi-H -H 1-H CM 1— 11— I 
 
 -JlOOOi>OlO^c»rH!>(MC»C000O10 
 »t»W^OCO^OlH-HO«CCOCOCOO 
 IOCOTt<TtlC-i>COi>lOi-HCMOSCMCMCOOSOS 
 1-Hi-Hi-Hl-Hi-H ,H CM 1-H 1-H 
 
 ostoasi— cst-T-i^eoosooocooo^co'* 
 
 Wi>C0wQ000rH-^oci3ttH0K5C0?0'H03 
 'H0 0» [ " ! ' , ) , !0'^ O tO rH OS H T(l tO 
 
 1-H 1-H 1-H 1-H tH i-H i— 1-H 1-H 
 
 cocoxtOHCog^ 
 • o os — lacoo^t- 
 
 i>-q<CMt-£-C©*>i> 
 
 .COCOCSCQOSOO^J 
 'ICiOOOt-i-^-^OOCQ 
 
 ■ OSTfOSCSOSOjS:* 
 
 'tOB^OtSt-'JDX 
 'COi-ci-HOOOiOOSO 
 
 • CSCOO^i-hcoOCS 
 
 't-rHOioocoSt: 
 
 'COHOi>ocoOto 
 
 'CM i— i i— i i— ' 
 
 noooHco«500 
 
 CM OS ** CM t- i— *> CO 
 
 i-l t- *C OS OS OS if 
 
 V\ CM OS-* 
 
 tH i-i o -^i 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 O cm-*-* 
 
 1-H COO 
 
 t, CtOM 
 
 CM I- 1 1-H 
 
 S us oo* 
 
 ft IOOCO 
 
 H O^O 
 
 |lj rtHrl 
 
 m 
 
 < 
 
 fe OS«>CO 
 
 ^ tOtOJD 
 
 tooco 
 
 OS "* OS 
 i-H 00-* 
 
 as «o co 
 
 00 J> O OS SP 5° *° "* <M ■* OS .lOCOCBOH 
 lOWOLOtO^OHMO . CO »« ^ »C CM 
 CO CO 00 -rH "* CM CO Tft CO CO 'i-H"* OOi-H 
 
 it^eQcoooi^eoC^o 
 'Ocoaoiococoo}"* 
 
 1 -* CO CM OS lO «D O 
 
 « 5 
 
 a o +> 
 
 C "O * 
 50 s — 
 
 £ T3 
 
 — *> CD .a 
 
 'OO 
 
 >-HH 08 
 
 )K f_, 
 
 
 tew 
 
 e5 to .S 
 
 ss 
 
 cj ."3 
 
 PhPh 
 
 i — i o , — , ^ CD — £-< — i , — . 
 i,Sc"2"'-''OceSC0u/>*' 
 
 .tS o (h s^j d — >>►>;> 
 CL,CiHP.pc5a2aiZ!H!>!>!>i> 
 
 ».s 
 
 eS CD 08 
 
 SPqo 
 
5$ 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 SS w oo t> » o oo rn x m « « » 10 a o o 
 oo oaJosoHOfiHxoafficiMXX 
 
 — ' T-i HthOSHM <M 
 
 X X O N tn « a l« i.o IO 1(5 M ?! a 
 
 «XNOxsox«rtinOHi- 
 
 »ff T-H T-l »-l l-H t-H ot 
 
 © oooo-f«Hmwoffl(oxxcejno 
 52 cox^coo-rHOOJ-tfe^cscsoocit^ 
 
 ' — ' -i — I TH HriMiHCO T-HCJ 
 
 lOOOMISfflXt-CSMWWWN* 
 O! W O » h O ("• B MO » th C K 
 ©JOoiOOOO'fOOJC-JOi-'^X 
 
 i T-H ,- T-H ©1 
 
 C3 
 
 « 
 
 § OiOxoo^HOosowrHxaTii 
 
 on OOWOOOHHjlisooiiafflOD 
 
 12 ■noeoxwS'i'inooooortoo 
 
 S ow^^seoefixi-HisNo^ 
 ri ■*X'*etHo:o:»axaoowob' 
 
 l-H i-H T-" i-H <N i-i <?} r- 1 WH 
 
 x w t c 5t l" a ct t ffl -t s a c 
 wKfrooHWHOwt'rtHS'. 
 
 CO rHHHHHrt l-< 1-1 ©) 
 
 aoeae-^aMO'jio'tBt- 
 co oc cj fr- to cs cr ^ ^ c> x to -* x 
 
 CO HHrlHHlH HHK 
 
 I 
 
 55 
 
 O 
 Eh 
 
 m 
 
 55 
 O 
 2 
 P3 
 
 J> 
 
 t* 
 O 
 
 55 
 O 
 
 Eh 
 
 ■J 
 
 Cm 
 O 
 Oh 
 
 w 
 
 2 ao • lo «o os iff oo co © -rt< x> co o o? t- 
 
 cr> l> M iMlOOWCiHXX^TlHaoX 
 
 ,-H © X) ;COT-i(?->J>T-HOX>t-005T-HOLO 
 
 S a« •xh»l'!Oc}^^xoo'*« 
 
 Jo 03 :iOt>ISXOTHt»WlOOiO«M 
 
 " t-, : , thhw h h 
 
 St-hO •»OO»05OOlM«jOa«'# 
 nn i—i ^ .lOiHNcaCC'-MMOM'l' 
 
 2 ho :a«5Ht-cocijH(»afflT)iH 
 S3 ■<* ©* : tji h o t- c w t c -t « o © ^ 
 £; x> co :noT(ix^Tiiocoo«aM 
 
 § co co :ooo?c?o-H^«ocotoooTt<coio 
 gg^ic .Ht-eaaowHt.ia^jjf, 
 h-*h : THOjai'-twwt-i^ 
 
 J^ Tj4 CO 
 
 o co -* o • ^t 1 
 
 00CC000»C0«Dli50SC0e0t-«0©lO 
 i> C>J OJ c-i C CI C! O X »- CI "t X cc 
 
 cotsosf-ciKcwocioon or 
 
 0J HrlHnrlrlHrtHCl 
 
 lOHOHfifflONOSMOOHOff) 
 H'Ct-MaMSSSOO-trtt- 
 
 ■^'--eocco' , * < t>'''*fflcoci-*io*> 
 
 ©3 T-HT- 'T— (1-HT-Ht-Hl— It-Ht— I ©* 
 
 i>£- r -icsxo'»c'ji>cox50oe>w 
 o^05 0i-x»so — c a o ■>* iff 
 
 LC O 95 X (O -C X LO OS a CHO O >- 
 
 ©J ^,-(_,-l,_ ,_,,_,-l©} 
 
 XHHaTtnowxoMfltot")' 
 (- o ~- c c c i^ e a h ■* t- o iff 
 
 •^x^xcicext-aocicioc 
 
 Tf 00 -^ laHwaiffMOOioe 
 
 o © 
 iff oo 
 
 HH«acewooxiff 
 
 ? Iff ^" CO « >5 » O X o 
 rl C>h t— i >— i 
 
 O "3 — fe = ~ 
 
 1 H •■— — ~ 
 
 3 5 o 5 >> c' 
 
 <M 
 
 BQl 
 
 
 (5C5!x|^i3S55aiif 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 57 
 
 t»«01NOi>000 
 
 . «o®«ot"iteoco 
 
 eOO«©i>C0 01^-iO 
 
 O rtOO«0»CO'*Or<»MieO-"-iM3!0'- | CO 
 
 b O -* »H "* CO CO SO «0 "* 
 
 -. ooojt-eoco©'*''? 
 
 3 rHM™t>OMW'*ffl 
 
 rlnMHOlClnrlrlH^HrtHHSrtrl 1-1 CO 
 
 ."' «* CO J2 Ol « CI X' t> o 
 
 1 ©3<?*COao^{>cOCOt> 
 
 Wi l t-OHt0HfflWO»Oo-'C3OO'M("- 1 
 
 « k ^ m ■- i- o is o h t- w Tt t- a e Tf ffl s o o o c 
 
 b n O b CO C O -i O ffl O « C -■ ■* X « I' CO * o o c 
 
 cs o 
 
 «*i-<i2i2c»»^HOir- 
 S^^oofocaio 
 o*co c ot-,-.irscoc>'ji> 
 
 «eoCOco T _,^.^ co00 
 
 1-1 ,_| 1-1 1-* ,-H 
 
 *-t-2**i-iJ>3aeoeO 
 
 COIC-'J<SCCOt-IO-«* , -*COCOt-ifCO:©e- — < IS C5 W « • Tt< 10 
 
 t-iot-ooioooos'^O' 't-offlHi-«HOM • ■"* i2 
 
 OOiHt-OOW^MrHCUSCW'I't-MMQMCD^'OO • t— CO 
 
 Hnrlr-RffHSrl«i"rlrtHnTH«n«H • <M CO 
 
 ioa--t-HXOTCco(-et-(-c: | Mcc»oo5MO} 
 
 l>l>XfCi- ' CJ ?) "t O 71 H CO » O C4 C5 I* t CO — t- 
 C5 -i X ® 05 T CO O lO M CO C) X ■* 00 » "* t^ CO N Ol 
 r^nriHOJWOii-CirHHt-lT-liHl-IOJ-lOl 
 
 r- co c co ^ o o5 ic co x e h }} mi -j o 
 
 OOO-OlioOi-IOTT 7- •■COO^''-"COO®Oa 
 
 Oit^DiO 
 OOCo- - 
 
 OWBM 
 
 i6t)!O"0'-iC5'-OO— CO ■<£ i> OS CO CO 
 HWSlfflnHrtnHHriHM O* 
 
 S^lSrJosiccocooi 
 
 OW^ClioolTfioX 
 
 ■rtW^IOrHClOJril- 
 
 ot-Xr-ioinoHOX^oiTiicoiOHCococoioo 
 
 lCO1-r0!C»t-XII0t--C0C0O-'l0Ol0O'- | N 
 C4«OOHO!90XOOXXXTtlOCSC^MilO^«® 
 H H i-i h « h B i-H ,-, — i h i-i c\j 03 
 
 uj coj>gcoco-^o^§} 
 
 «'*®CO^^X'ii00ffl'-fflO'*--X««'*t- 
 O) t' CO - X O) t» « ® rt X O O Of O) O O C" CO ■* H 
 SOrHO!cR£-OSX-#CST)liI'-^^ r HlCiarHO'*C4 
 
 TH *— ' *T £— SO -rH 5J> 
 
 .IO«ooCOrt-JXC3fflOOfflOt-IO 
 .('5;t-C»osXX«0£-iCO-.Tjirt 
 ■Nfflrfiej^iOiJsfOiH^iHot-cq 
 
 -ioxcst-o® 
 
 .uj^»,-;t»ieo-iiH^e5)0^ 
 i taji®iH H rtM>eii>iooH H 
 
 t3 
 
 a 
 
 age! 
 
 5 "» 
 
 egg 
 
 O cc ri C 
 
 2 -§ "Soil's 
 
 6>DS 
 
 c .2 
 
 Cj 83 rS ~ .- 
 
 : GQGC 
 
 c-p 
 
 II 
 
 2 » be 
 
 b te 
 
 ^ » o d 5 
 
 TC £ ? 05 W 
 
 T3 S£«G 
 
 dfe: 
 
 S o is k ^ a • 
 
 o « ^ > > > £ a s ei it 4r s * « 3 :^c i c oj aSb.;>>i.b. 
 
5$ 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 xn 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 fe 
 
 H 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 & 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 
 >- 
 
 >* 
 
 
 E-i 
 
 00 
 
 "a 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 oo 
 
 S 
 
 n 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 
 t> 
 
 H 
 
 fx- 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 «t-l 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 1— 1 
 
 00 
 
 H 
 
 1-H 
 
 ««1 
 
 
 iJ 
 
 a 
 
 & 
 
 TS 
 
 Oh 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 PL. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Ed 
 
 TJ 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 &H 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 -T lC T -^ !S C- iC :c :t CO w CI Ci 1* 
 'JiM03C"l , '-0M IQCOC9 t« 
 
 t~ l~ SO ^h S5 — 'X-Bf »«- -* 
 
 aooatoo^^ot-iOTfxi-x 
 
 tp ™ w o m x io 33 i-i ;o o a ■v n 
 
 I OOt-0-t»!OC<S35^MXM 
 
 I iL-ocsX^aoxxaij^iM 
 E^ciTaaocJiNXocot-s 
 tjT e> o r-i co o" co oo" t-~ o i-T 3» oo" © 
 
 | Oin«W CW Wrn w i-i Of ■* 
 
 W M r-if-- CO ^ M lO CO 1- C! o «c 
 Xl-Ot-WMXt-l-MSO'VO 
 
 oxxawextJCfflso^a 
 
 I Tf » a oj io x ■* i' o c io c » w 
 • cioooso^xon-oscss 
 
 COXm!D-OhCh»0)IMM 
 
 ■- co a t- x m t- - c x t ci x a 
 o-^Or-ooicjcoTPCiatoari 
 
 ■inciooH^sxcBCrioaw 
 
 XOICOX-fflXTPCSCOOClCOffl 
 
 ■"jiMwirxwoTOseicoo 
 
 I coo^wi-io^^iocoa^coffl 
 i i» io o a co ci « x in /j c-i o o a 
 i H»tDi.'a(MrttoiooxTi->H 
 
 T31»sS^5:rj(-«-'e8 
 
 W <f •** >— ' ^J »-. ~ w «-» — -^ -^. ^ "^ 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 5? 
 
 A TABLE 
 
 Showing what were the five most populous towns in 
 Vermont at each census from 1791 to 1890, and show- 
 ing the population of the towns: 
 
 In 1791. — Guilford, 2,432; Bennington, 2,377; 
 Shaftsbury, 1,999; Putney, 1,848; Pownal, 1,746. 
 
 In 1800. — Guilford, 2,256; Bennington, 2,243; Wind- 
 sor, 2,211 ; Woodstock, 2,132; Rutland, 2,125. 
 
 In 1810. — Windsor, 2,757; Woodstock, 2,672 ; Spring- 
 field, 2,556; Bennington, 2,524; Rutland, 2,379. 
 
 In 1820. — Windsor, 2,956; Springfield, 2,702; Wood- 
 stock, 2,610; Hartland, 2,553; Middlebury, 2,535. 
 
 In 1830. — Middlebury, 3,468; Bennington, 3,419; 
 Burlington, 3,226; Windsor, 3,134; Woodstock, 3,044. 
 
 In 1840. — Burlington, 4,271; Montpelier, 3,725; 
 Bennington, 3,429; Woodstock, 3,315; Middlebury, 
 3,161. 
 
 So far the numbers are taken from Thompson's 
 Vermont, Part II., pp. 209-210. For the remainder 
 of the table the numbers have been taken from the U. 
 S. Census Reports. 
 
 In 1850.— Burlington, 7,585; Bennington, 3,923; 
 Brattleboro, 3,816; Rutland, 3,715 ; Sheldon, 3,567. 
 
 In i860. — Burlington, 7,713; Rutland, 7,577; Ben- 
 nington, 4,389; Northfield, 4,329; Brattleboro, 3,855. 
 
 In 1870. — Burlington, 14,387; Rutland, 9,834; St. 
 Albans, 7,014; Bennington. 5,760; Brattleboro, 4,933. 
 
 In 1880. — Rutland, 12,149; Burlington, 11,365; St. 
 Albans, 7,193; Bennington, 6,^^^; Brattleboro, 5,880. 
 In 1890. — 
 
6o GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 A TABLE 
 
 Showing the population of Vermont at each census 
 of the United States, the gain during each decade, 
 and the number of towns that lost in population during 
 each decade: 
 
 1 79 1.— Population, 85,539. 
 
 1800. — Population, 154,465. Gain for the State, 
 68,926. Number of towns that lost, 10. 
 
 1810. — Population, 217,895. Gain for the State, 
 63,430. Number of towns that lost, 13. 
 
 1820. — Population, 235,966. Gain for the State, 
 18,071. Number of towns that lost, 63. 
 
 1830. — Population, 280,652. Gain for the State, 
 44,686. Number of towns that lost, 44. 
 
 1840. — Population, 291,948. Gain for the State, 
 11,296. Number of towns that lost, 97. 
 
 1850. — Population, 314,120. Gain for the State, 
 22,172. Number of towns that lost, 94. 
 
 i860. — Population, 315,098. Gain for the State, 
 978. Number of towns that lost, 136. 
 
 1870. — Population, 330,551. Gain for the State 
 15,453. Number of towns that lost, 144. 
 
 1880. — Population, 332,286. Gain for the State, 
 1,735 Number of towns that lost, 135. 
 
 1890. — Population, . Gain for the State, 
 
 . Number of towns that lost, . 
 
 The aggregate population for the State at' the several 
 censuses has been taken from the Census Reports. 
 The numbers used in the comparison of towns to and 
 including 1840 are found in Thompson's Vermont, 
 Part II. , pp. 209, 210; and for the later periods in the 
 U. S. Census Reports. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 61 
 
 HEIGHTS OF MOUNTAINS IN VERMONT. 
 
 Reported from the Office of the 
 U. 8. Coast Survey. 
 
 Jay Peak 3,861 ft. 
 
 Mansfield Mountain.... 4,071 " 
 
 Lincoln Mountain 4,024 " 
 
 Killington Peak 4,241 " 
 
 Mount Equinox 3,847 " 
 
 Grandview Mountain.. 1,322 " 
 Lake Ckamplain 97 " 
 
 PROM VARIOUS SOURCES. 
 
 Monadnock Mountain. 3,025 ft. 
 Westniore Mountain... 3,000 " 
 Blue Mountain 2,200 " 
 
 Taken from the Geology of Ver- 
 mont \A. Guyoi and Otliers. 
 
 Jay Peak 4,018 ft. 
 
 Mansfield Mountain. ... 4,430 " 
 
 Lincoln Mountain 4,078 " 
 
 Killington Peak 4,221 " 
 
 Mount Equinox 3,872 " 
 
 Grandview Mountain.. 1,310 " 
 
 Lake Champlain 90 " 
 
 Sterling Mountain 3,700 " 
 
 Camel's Hump 4,088 " 
 
 Pico Peak 3,954 " 
 
 Shrewsbury Peak 3,845 " 
 
 Herrick Mountain 2,692 " 
 
 Eolus Mountain 3,148 " 
 
 Mount Anthony 2,505 " 
 
 Ascutney Mountain 3,320 " 
 
 Florona 1,035 " 
 
 LAKES AND PONDS IN VERMONT HAVING AN AREA OF 
 1000 ACRES OR MORE. 
 
 From Report of the Fish Commissioners for 1887-88. 
 
 Tributary to the 
 River. 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 NAME. AREA. 
 
 Fairlee Lake 1,500 
 
 Morey Lake. 1,300 
 
 GrotonPond 1,800 
 
 Joe's Pond 1,000 
 
 Maidstone Lake 1,000 
 
 Leach Pond (Canaan) 1,200 
 
 Tributary to the St. Francis 
 River. 
 
 A . Through the Coaticook River. 
 
 GreatAverill Pond 1,500 
 
 Little Averill Pond 1,000 
 
 B. Through Lake Hemphre- 
 
 magog. 
 
 NAME. AREA. 
 
 Island Pond 1,500 
 
 May Pond (Barton) 1,000 
 
 Crystal Lake 1,400 
 
 Salem Pond 1,000 
 
 Seymour Lake 5,000 
 
 Willoughby Lake 5,500 
 
 Great Hosmer Pond (Al- 
 bany) 1,000 
 
 Tributary to Lake Champlain. 
 
 Caspian Lake 1,200 
 
 Franklin Pond 2,000 
 
 Fairfield Pond (Fairfield). 3,000 
 
 Lake Dunmore 3,000 
 
 Lake Bomoseen 15,000 
 
 Lake St. Catherine 2,000 
 
62 \ GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 DATES OF ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTIES 
 OF VERMONT. 
 
 Bennington _ _ „ _ 1779 Franklin ...... 1792 
 
 Windham . . . _ _ 1779 Caledonia _ _ _ _ _ 1792 
 
 Rutland _ _ _ _ _ 1781 Essex - - _ - _ _ 1792 
 
 Windsor _ _ _ '. _ 1781 Orleans . . . _ _ _ 1792 
 
 Orange ...... 1781 Grand Isle J . . . 1802 
 
 Chittenden - . . - 1782 Washington _ _ _ 18 10 
 
 Addison . . _ . _ 1787 Lamoille _ . _ _ _ 1835 
 
 LIGHTHOUSES IN VERMONT. 
 
 LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 Albnrgh (Windmill Point), Isle La Motte (Blanch- 
 ard's Point), Colchester Reef, Burlington Breakwater, 
 Juniper Island (Burlington Harbor.) 
 
 LAKE MEMPHREMAGOG. 
 
 Newport and Whipple Point, Maxfield Point, Hero 
 Island. 
 
 FEDERAL COURT HOUSES IN VERMONT. 
 Windsor, Rutland, Burlington, Montpelier. 
 
 PORTS OF ENTRY IN VERMONT. 
 
 Burlington, Alburgh (bridge). Alburgh Springs 
 Windmill Point (in Alburgh), Swanton, Highgate, 
 Franklin, Berkshire, Richford, North Troy, Derby, 
 Island Pond, Canaan, Beecher Falls (in Canaan.) 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
 
 63 
 
SCALE OF * 
 
 M^ASSACH USELTTS 
 
THE HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 RAIDS. FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 PARTIES. 
 
 WAR 
 
 First Exploration.— Samuel Champlain entered 
 the lake that now bears his name, July 4, 1609. He 
 came from Quebec, where he had made a settlement 
 the year before and where he had wintered. He was 
 accompanied by two Frenchmen and sixty Indians of 
 the Algonquin race. The party worked slowly up the 
 lake and at the end of three weeks met a larger band 
 of Iroquois Indians near Ticonderoga, whom they 
 fought and defeated. Champlain's party then has- 
 tened back to Canada with booty and prisoners. While 
 on this expedition Champlain saw and explored a por- 
 tion of Vermont. It was the first exploration of the 
 State by white men. 
 
 The Indians. 
 Fort St. Anne — 
 
 When North Amer- 
 ica became known 
 to Europeans, it was 
 ^ occupied by several 
 families of Indian 
 tribes. One of these 
 families, the Algon- 
 quin, inhabited the 
 chief part of New 
 
 & 
 
66 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 England and Canada. Another family, of the Iroquois, 
 had their chief seats in New York. The valley of 
 Lake Charnplain was disputed territory through which 
 war parties often passed. Charnplain settled among 
 the Algonquins and gained their friendship. They 
 would assist him to explore Lake Charnplain only on 
 condition that he would assist them against their ene- 
 mies, the Iroquois, in case they met them. Charnplain 
 and his two white companions aided the Algonquins in 
 the battle near Ticonderoga. The Iroquois had never 
 before seen white men nor fire-arms, which proved 
 very destructive to them. From this time the Iro- 
 quois were bitterly hostile to the French and made 
 frequent raids upon them. For protection against the 
 Iroquois the French built forts along the Richelieu 
 River and one, Fort St. Anne, on Isle La Motte in 
 Lake Charnplain. This was built in 1665 and was the 
 first point occupied by white men in Vermont. 
 
 Soon after their alliance with the French the Algon- 
 quins began, or renewed, a settlement near the Lower 
 Falls of the Missisquoi River, now called Swanton 
 Falls, which was continued with one short interrup- 
 tion till the settlement of the town by the English 
 after the close of the Revolutionary War. No other 
 so permanent Indian settlement has been known in 
 Vermont since its discovery by Charnplain. 
 
 Expedition against the Mohawks.— At the 
 
 beginning of October, 1666, a force of twelve hundred 
 French and one hundred Indians was encamped near 
 Fort St. Anne, on its way to chastise the Mohawks, a 
 tribe of the Iroquois. They passed up Lake Cham- 
 plain and Lake George, crossed to the Mohawk Val- 
 ley and reached the Indian villages which were sur- 
 rounded by triple palisades, while within were raised 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 67 
 
 platforms for the discharge of arrows and stones 
 against an attacking enemy and water-tanks made of 
 hark for protection against fire. There was also a 
 supply of axes and saws of steel purchased from the 
 Dutch at Albany, and a great stock of corn and beans 
 stored for winter. The capture of these villages 
 would have cost the French heavily, if the panic- 
 stricken Indians had not fled on their approach. 
 
 After burning the villages with all their stores and 
 taking possession of the country in the name of the 
 king of France, the army returned to Canada. 
 
 • Raid against Schenectady. — In 1689, England 
 and France were at war, and the Governor General of 
 Canada had been directed to attempt the conquest of 
 the English colonies. vSo in January of the next year 
 a force of French and Indians starting from Montreal 
 and passing through lakes Champlain and George, 
 attacked, pillaged and burned Schenectady, N. Y. 
 They killed many of the inhabitants and retired with 
 much plunder and many prisoners. 
 
 Firpt English Expedition —Early in the follow- 
 ing spring the New York authorities sent Capt. Jacob 
 De Warm to build a small fort at what is now Chimney 
 Point in Addison, and about mid-summer an expedi- 
 tion of English and Indians sailed down Lake Cham- 
 plain and the Richelieu River to the neighborhood of 
 Chambly. From this place they marched through the 
 w T oods against La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, oppo- 
 site Montreal. They killed a few settlers and took 
 some prisoners. They killed many cattle and burned 
 the houses and barns outside the fort. On their return 
 the party stopped at Fort St. Anne, then unoccupied, 
 
68 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 and at a little stone fort, probably that at Chimnev 
 Point. This was the first English expedition through 
 Lake Champlain. 
 
 Raid against Deerfield.— England and France 
 were at war (known as Queen Anne's war) again in 
 1704, and in the early part of that year a party of 
 French and Indians was sent from Montreal by way 
 of Lake Champlain, the Winooski, White and Con- 
 necticut rivers against Deerfield, at that time one of 
 the frontier towns in Massachusetts. The town was 
 protected by a palisade, and a watch was kept at 
 night, but the watchmen retired at daybreak. The 
 snow was drifted high against the palisade and was 
 covered with a strong crust. The enemy climbed 
 over the palisade soon after the watchmen had with- 
 drawn and distributed themselves through the town. 
 At a given signal they attacked all the houses at once. 
 The surprise was complete. Many of the inhabitants 
 were killed, more than one hundred were taken pris- 
 oners, and the town was burned. The work was 
 quickly done. When the sun was an hour high the 
 journey to Canada had begun. A dreary prospect was 
 before the captives as they started northward from 
 their still burning homes. The Rev. John Williams, 
 pastor of Deerfield, and his family were among the 
 captives. The family consisted of Mr. Williams, his 
 wife and seven children and a man-servant and a maid- 
 servant, both colored. The maid-servant and two of 
 the children were slain at the door of the house. The 
 rest started on the journey, distributed among differ- 
 ent groups of Indians. Mrs. Williams had not fully 
 recovered from a recent sickness, and traveled with 
 difficulty. She and her husband met for a "e\v 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 69 
 
 -moments once after they left Deerfield. They did not 
 <expect to meet again, and they comforted each other 
 ~with the promises of the Bible and with the hopes that 
 -were born of their Christian experience. On the 
 morning of the second day, while wading a brook, Mrs. 
 Williams fell in the water. She gained the opposite 
 bank, but was hindered by her wet clothing and lagged 
 behind, when the Indian who called himself her mas- 
 ter cleft her head with his tomahawk. The act was 
 seen by one of her sons and was described to her hus- 
 band the next day. Some fifteen or twenty of the 
 captives were killed during the first three days of the 
 march. 
 
 The party stoppsd over Sunday beside a branch of 
 the Connecticut River, a little way above Bellows Falls, 
 and Mr. Williams preached a sermon to his fellow cap- 
 tives. From this circumstance the stream was named 
 Williams River. 
 
 At the mouth of the White River the party divided. 
 One division went by way of the White River and the 
 Winooski, and crossed Lake Champlain, turning aside 
 for a few days' rest at the Indian village, near the 
 present village of Swanton, and so went on to Canada. 
 The other division kept along up the Connecticut 
 River to the great meadows in Newbury, near which 
 they remained until corn-planting time. Corn was 
 planted in the meadows and the Indians would have 
 remained for the summer, if they had not heard that 
 some of their tribe living about twenty miles below 
 had been attacked and nearly all destroyed by partisans 
 of the English. Then the party moved on to Canada 
 by way of the Wells and Winooski rivers and Lake 
 Champlain. Stephen Williams, a son of the Rev. John 
 
?o 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 hksi 
 
 
 
 V >\- 
 
 
 YSk ' . .'ii'lr'ii' '!■ I' i' .'nili n'Vt' 
 
 f 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 71 
 
 Williams, went with this division. The father went 
 with the other division which reached Canada many 
 weeks earlier. 
 
 The First Settlement. — There were settlements 
 in Northfield, Mass., previous to the Deerfield raid. 
 At a very early day these settlements extended north 
 on both sides of the Connecticut River beyond the 
 Massachusetts boundary as afterwards determined. 
 So the first settlement by the English in the present 
 vState of Vermont was in the town of Vernon, then a 
 part of Northfield, Mass. 
 
 Fort Dummer. — After the close of Queen Anne's 
 war in 1 7 1 3, new settlements were rapidly made in Mass- 
 achusetts, and to protect them in 1724 Fort Dummer 
 was built beside the Connecticut River near the pres- 
 ent village of Brattleboro. The original fort was 
 about one hundred eighty feet square, built of white 
 pine logs, cut in the immediate neighborhood, hewn 
 square and laid up, interlocking at the corners, in the 
 manner of a block house. Houses were built within, 
 having the walls of the fort for one side and all their 
 openings within the fort. 
 
 To this place a garrison was sent consisting partly 
 of friendly Indians. 
 
 The Puritans did not forget the spiritual welfare of 
 their soldiers nor of their savage neighbors, and a 
 worthy minister was sought out to serve as a chaplain 
 to the garrison and as a missionary to the heathen 
 Red Men. Soon it was believed that a profitable trade 
 for furs might be carried on there, and an agent was 
 appointed and provided with means to conduct the busi- 
 ness. So in a short time Fort Dummer had become a 
 military post, a missionary station and a trading 
 house, and within and around it grew up a settlement. 
 
72 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Exploring Parties. — Many exploring parties were 
 sent out from the fort and its neighborhood during 
 the early years of its occupation. In 1725 a party 
 went by way of the Connecticut, Wells and Winooski 
 rivers to Lake Champlain. And five years later another 
 party explored the route by way of the Connecticut, 
 Black and Otter Creek rivers to Lake Champlain. 
 This route was called the "Indian road "because of its 
 frequent use by the Indians in their journey between 
 Lake Champlain and Fort Dummer. In 1731, the year 
 following this last expedition, the French built a fort 
 at Crown Point, N. Y. They had the year before begun 
 a settlement at Chimney Point, where Captain De 
 Warm, under orders from the English at Albany, had 
 built the little stone fort in 1690. 
 
 Temporary Forts and Settlements.— It does 
 
 not appear that the fort built by Captain De Warm 
 was used or intended for permanent occupation. Like- 
 wise the French Fort St. Anne, a larger and more 
 important work, seems only to have been used for tem- 
 porary needs. The French settlement at Chimney 
 Point flourished while the French power in Canada 
 continued. Other settlements on the borders of Lake 
 Champlain were made by the French, notably in 
 Alburgh,but were deserted when Canada became a Brit- 
 ish province. 
 
 Boundary between New Hampshire and 
 Massachusetts. — Fort Dummer was built by Massa- 
 chusetts. At that time there was a dispute between 
 New Hampshire and Massachusetts relative to boun- 
 daries. The northern boundary of Massachusetts, 
 according to the claim of Massachusetts, would have 
 run near the northern base of Ascutney Mountain, 
 while according to the claim of New Hampshire it 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 73 
 
 would have been found crossing Black Mountain. 
 The dispute was at length decided by the King of 
 England, who gave to New Hampshire more than she 
 claimed. In accordance with the King's decision the 
 boundary line between Massachusetts and New Hamp- 
 shire was run in 1741. The work of running the line 
 was assigned to three surveyors, each of whom had 
 his particular portion, or line. Richard Hazen, 
 beginning near the Merrimac River, "marked the 
 west line across the Connecticut River to the sup- 
 posed boundary line of New York." 
 
 For more than forty years the provinces of New 
 Hampshire and Massachusetts were united under one 
 Governor, though each province had its House of Rep- 
 resentatives and its Council. Soon after the boundary 
 line between them was determined, a Governor was 
 appointed for each province. 
 
 Western Boundary of New Hampshire.— The 
 
 new Governor of New Hampshire was Benning Went- 
 worth, in whose commission New Hampshire was 
 described as extending westward till it meets his Majes- 
 ty's other provinces. The western boundary of Con- 
 necticut, except in the southern part, had been fixed as 
 a line twenty miles east of the Hudson River and par- 
 allel to it. Massachusetts claimed that her southern 
 and northern boundaries each extended west to a point 
 twenty miles east of the Hudson River and that her 
 western boundary was a straight line joining those two 
 points. Although this claim had not been formally 
 established, lands had been granted and settlements 
 made in accordance with it. The authorities of New 
 Hampshire claimed that the territory of that province 
 extended toward the west as far as that of Massachu- 
 setts did, and in January, 1749, Governor Wentworth 
 
74 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 granted a township six miles square, lying six miles 
 north of the north line of Massachusetts, and twenty 
 miles east of the Hudson River. The township was 
 surveyed according to the grant, and was named Ben- 
 nington. 
 
 Settlements near Fort Dummer.— The period 
 
 extending from the building of Fort Dummer to the 
 appointment of Governor Wentworth was one of com- 
 parative quiet. A few townships had been granted 
 by Massachusetts in the vicinity of the fort and settle- 
 ments had been begun in them. The most northerly 
 of these settlements was Number Four, now Charles- 
 town, N. H. 
 
 The First French and Indian War.— The year 
 i 744 brought to America news of war between Eng- 
 land and France. This implied war between the New 
 England colonies and the French and Indians of Can- 
 ada, and preparations were at once begun on both 
 sides. 
 
 The Maintenance of Fort Dummer. — The 
 maintenance of Fort Dummer was necessary to the 
 safety of Massachusetts, but the survey of 1741 had 
 shown it to be beyond her borders. The Governor of 
 the colony applied to the home government for relief 
 from the support of this fort. After due consideration 
 an order by the King in Council was issued to Gov- 
 ernor Wentworth directing him to urge the Assembly 
 of New Hampshire to provide for the fort, on the 
 ground that its maintenance was necessary and that it 
 was unjust to require a province to maintain a fortress 
 outside its own territory. The Assembly first applied 
 to refused to assume the charge. The next Assembly 
 voted to "-arrison the fort, but on such conditions as 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. ?j 
 
 the authorities in Massachusetts thought insufficient. 
 So Massachusetts supported the fort. 
 
 Scouting Parties. — Fort Dummer now became 
 one of a series of forts extending from Number Four, 
 in New Hampshire, to Fort Massachusetts, in the Hoo- 
 sac Valley, near the present village of Williamstown, 
 Mass. Frequent scouting parties traversed the line 
 of forts and were sometimes sent in other directions. 
 In May, 1748, one of these left Number Four by 
 the "Indian road" already mentioned. They kept 
 together till they reached the largest branch of the 
 Otter Creek, when they divided, one part crossing the 
 river and going towards Crown Point, while the other 
 kept the east side of the river. The first division, 
 consisting of eighteen men, commanded by Capt. Elea- 
 zar Melvin, when opposite Crown Point, fired upon 
 some Indians who were rowing on the Lake, and were 
 pursued. To avoid their pursuers they passed up the 
 southern branch of the Otter Creek and crossed the 
 mountains to the West River. While halting on this 
 stream, near the present village of Jamaica, they were 
 attacked by the Indians and scattered, losing one-third 
 of their men. The other party, commanded by Capt. 
 Phineas Stevens, crossed the mountains to the Oue- 
 chee River, which they followed to its mouth, and 
 passed thence down the Connecticut River by raft and 
 canoe to Number Four. 
 
 A few weeks later Capt. Humphrey Hobbs with 
 forty men left Number Four for Fort Shirley in 
 Mas sachusetts, near the Deerfield River. About 
 twelve miles from Fort Dummer, in the present town 
 of Marlboro, Vermont, the party halted for dinner, 
 with guards posted in the rear. While at dinner they 
 were attacked by a large force of Indians. A fierce 
 
7 6 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 onset of the Indians was repelled by the English, 
 when the men of each party sought the shelter of 
 trees and fought as sharp-shooters. After a severe 
 battle the Indians withdrew. Capt. Hobbs had three 
 men killed and two severely wounded. The next day 
 he marched with his force to Fort Dummer. 
 
 Vermont in 1749.— During the war from 1744 to 
 1749 Fort Dummer and the fort at Number Four were 
 repeatedly attacked and lost many men, and before 
 the close of the war all other forts and settlements of 
 the English north of Massachusetts and west of the 
 Connecticut River had been captured, or abandoned 
 and destroyed. Fort Dummer remained alone of 
 English settlements within the territory of Vermont. 
 
 Positions and Aims of the English and the 
 
 Prench.— The English at this time held the country 
 between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic 
 Ocean from Maine to Georgia. The French held Can- 
 ada and Louisiana and had posts on the Great Lakes 
 and along the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Both 
 sought possession of the Valley of the Ohio River 
 which was between them. 
 
 Washington Sent to 
 
 the Ohio. — In the spring 
 of 1754 an expedition 
 was sent from Virginia 
 under George Washing- 
 ton, to complete and pro- 
 tect a fort already begun 
 at the junction of the 
 Alleghany and Mononga- 
 hela rivers, which is the 
 beginning of the Ohio 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 77 
 
 River, where is now the city of Pittsburg. Before 
 Washington reached the place, the French had gained 
 possession of it, and had sent a force to meet him. 
 Washington defeated that force and built a fort for 
 his own defense which he called Fort Necessity. 
 This he was obliged to surrender, July 4. 
 
 Convention of Albany — On that day, July 4, 
 1754, a convention of eight English colonies, called by 
 the advice of the King of England for the purpose of 
 devising measures of defense against the French, was 
 in session in Albany, New York. The delegates there 
 assembled renewed for the colonies their treaties of 
 friendship with the Iroquois and adopted a Plan of 
 Union for the colonies which was presented by Benja- 
 min Franklin. The Plan was not accepted by the 
 colonies nor by the king. 
 
 Second French and Indian War.— War be- 
 tween France and England was declared in 1756. 
 Both nations had already sent troops to America. For 
 four successive )^ears, beginning with the declaration 
 of war, efforts were made by the English to gain pos- 
 session of Lake Champlain. Many soldiers from the 
 New England colonies were engaged in these undertak- 
 ings and so became acquainted with portions of Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 A Military Road — After the capture of Crown 
 Point by the English in the summer of 1759, Capt. 
 John Stark with two hundred rangers was sent by 
 Gen. Amherst to cut a road from Crown Point to 
 Charlestown, N. H. The road was completed the 
 next year, following for the most part the Otter Creek 
 and its largest eastern branch and the Black River. 
 
yS HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Rogers' Expedition — In September, 1759, Maj. 
 Robert Rogers was sent from Crown Point with two 
 hundred men against the St. Francis Indians near the 
 mouth of the St. Francis River. He sailed down Lake 
 Champlain and leaving his boats and provisions bid- 
 den in the bushes beside the Missisquoi Bay marched 
 through swampy woods to his destination. The Indi- 
 ans were surprised in the early morning. Many were 
 killed. The village was plundered and burned. Maj. 
 Rogers had learned that his boats and provisions had 
 been discovered and captured by the enemy and that 
 he was pursued by a larger force than his own, and 
 so he started immediately for Charlestown, N. H. A 
 difficult march of eight days brought the little army 
 to the neighborhood of Lake Memphremagog. They 
 were already short of provisions. As a means of safety 
 the whole party was now divided into several com- 
 panies and each was directed to find its way to the 
 mouth of the Ammonoosuc River. Maj. Rogers with 
 his company took the route along the Barton and Pas- 
 sumpsic rivers to the Connecticut. There he expected 
 to find provisions. A camp was found and a fresh fire 
 was burning in it, but the men sent had gone down 
 the river with their provisions. Guns were fired as a 
 signal, but the men with the provisions made the 
 greater haste down the stream. Here Maj. Rogers 
 left his company except three companions with whom 
 he started down the river on a raft made of dry logs. 
 On the second day they lost their raft at Olcott Falls, 
 and made a new one at the foot of the falls by burning 
 down trees and burning off logs of a suitable length. 
 With this they kept on till they found men chopping 
 beside the river just above Charlestown. They were 
 helped to the fort, and provisions were at once sent to 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. jg 
 
 the men who had been left behind. Many of those 
 rangers never returned. They were believed to have 
 died of starvation in the woods. And skeletons, guns 
 .and other remains found by early settlers near the 
 Connecticut and Passumpsic rivers were reported as the 
 relics of Rogers' men. After gathering up a remnant 
 of his force Maj. Rogers returned to Crown Point. 
 
 Vermont in 1760. — With the retreating army in 
 1759, the French settlers in the Champlain valley 
 retired to Canada. There were then a few scattered 
 settlements near the west bank of the Connecticut 
 River from the Massachusetts line to Bellows Falls. 
 These, with the dwellers in the Indian village by the 
 Lower Falls of the Missisquoi River, constituted the 
 population of Vermont in 1760. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 FURTHER SETTLEMENTS. CONFLICTING. CLAIMS. 
 
 Settlement of Bennington.— The township of 
 
 Bennington was granted and surveyed in 1749, but the 
 forest remained unbroken till 'after the conquest of 
 Canada. Captain Samuel Robinson, returning from 
 Lake George to his home in Massachusetts, during the 
 French and Indian war, passed through Bennington, 
 encamping for the night there ; and was so much 
 pleased with the country that he found the owners, 
 purchased a portion of their rights and, with some 
 friends, began there, in 1761, the first permanent settle- 
 ment of Western Vermont. Six families, from beyond 
 the Connecticut River, wended their way on horseback 
 
So HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 through leafy woods and beside full streams and 
 reached Bennington June 18. Samuel Robinson had 
 bought wheat at Charlemont on the Deerfield River 
 two months before, indicating that pioneers went for- 
 ward to prepare as fully as possible for the necessities 
 of the colony. In the autumn other families came, 
 some of them from the farthest corner of Connecticut, 
 making up a number of thirty or forty. A mild win- 
 ter followed, which was very favorable to the settlers, 
 and which they regarded as a special interposition of 
 the Supreme Ruler in their behalf. The settlement 
 grew rapidly and others were made near it. In 1765 
 a road, a bridle path, had been surveyed and opened to 
 Danby, where a few beginnings were made beside the. 
 branches of the Otter Creek by settlers from New 
 York. Bennington with its one thousand inhabitants, 
 its town organization, its mills, its militia company, 
 its church and its schools was already a center of busi- 
 ness and of social and political influence. 
 
 Settlement of Newbury— The Coos Meadows,. 
 in Newbury, Vt, and Haverhill, N. H., of the present 
 day, had been known for a long time. Stephen Wil- 
 liams spent several weeks in the neighborhood in the 
 spring of 1 704. That same spring Jacob Hicks planted 
 corn there with the Indians and shortly after died of 
 starvation. Captain Peter Powers of New Hampshire 
 just fifty years later found the meadows cleared and 
 covered with grass. X few families came to these 
 meadows in 1762. They settled on opposite sides of 
 the Connecticut River and in different towns, but con- 
 stituted one neighborhood, sixty miles distant from 
 the nearest settlement, that of Charlcstown, N. H. 
 From that place they brought provisions by boat in 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 81 
 
 summer and on the ice in winter till they could raise 
 their own supplies. The irons for the first saw-mill in 
 Newbury were brought from Concord, N. H., nearly 
 eighty miles distant, upon a hand-sled. It was a wild 
 country far in the woods. One Sunday Mrs. Mary 
 Kent of Newbury remained at home alone while the 
 rest of the family went to meeting. During the time 
 three large bears came and looked in at the open door 
 of her cabin, and then walked away. In'1765, three 
 years after its first settlement, Newbury was a fully 
 organized town and in connection with Haverhill had 
 a church and a pastor. In that year there were settle- 
 ments in nearly all the towns bordering the Connecti- 
 cut River on the west from Massachusetts to Newbury, 
 and in enough of the tiers beyond to fill the gaps in 
 the line of the river towns. 
 
 Timothy Knox. 
 
 — In some of these 
 towns the people 
 were few. The en- 
 tire population of 
 Woodstock at this 
 time consisted of 
 Timothy Knox. 
 He had been a fel- 
 low-student in Har- 
 vard College with 
 Elbridge Gerry 
 who afterward 
 signed the Declar- 
 ation of Indepen- 
 dence, who became 
 Governor of Massachusetts and Vice-President of the 
 United States, whose virtues have been extolled in 
 (6) 
 
82 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 history and one of whose deviees has been embalmed 
 in the word gerrymander. Knox had a sweetheart 
 who ceased to smile on him, upon which he desired 
 
 " a lodge in some vast wilderness," 
 went to Woodstock and built one where he slept, 
 cooked his food and stored his furs. For three years 
 he was the only inhabitant of the town. 
 
 Were not the privations and dangers of such a wil- 
 derness sufficient to test the skill and force and faith 
 of the settlers? We shall see. 
 
 New Hampshire Grants.— In 1765 the settle- 
 ments in what is now Vermont extended from the 
 border of Massachusetts northward in two lines; on 
 the west to the headwaters of the Otter Creek, on the 
 east to the Wells River. Beginnings had been made 
 in some twenty-five townships. Wherever the popula- 
 tion was sufficient towns had been organized. Before 
 this date one hundred thirty-eight townships had been 
 granted by Gov. Wentworth of New Hampshire to 
 purchasers from the New England colonies, who con- 
 stituted a large and influential portion of the citizens. 
 'The country in which these lands lay was then called 
 the New Hampshire Grants. 
 
 News. — To these settlers and purchasers there came 
 interesting news from Albany in the early summer of 
 this year, in the form of a proclamation by Lieut. 
 Gov. Golden of New York, in which he recited an 
 order of the King of England declaring the west bank 
 of the Connecticut River to be the boundary between 
 the provinces of New Hampshire and New York. 
 
 Changed Jurisdiction.— By this decision the 
 lands granted by Gov. Wentworth west of the Connec- 
 ticut River were placed under the jurisdiction of New 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 83 
 
 York. But the settlers did not believe that their titles 
 to their lands would be questioned till surveyors 
 appeared in the valley of the Battenkill laying out for 
 New York grantees fields just won from the forest, and 
 for which payment had been made to the Governor of 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 A Convention. — A convention of settlers was held 
 at Bennington in the early autumn. The convention 
 was a New England notion. But with the men of 
 Massachusetts and Connecticut came the Yorkers from 
 Danby whose bridle path grew to a wide road as they 
 approached the new center of democratic ideas. Sam- 
 uel Robinson of Bennington was selected as an agent 
 of the settlers to lay their case and their claims before 
 Gov. Moore, then newly arrived in New York city. 
 
 Claims.— The New York Party.— The New 
 York authorities persisted in their claims. Both par- 
 ties granted that the lands in dispute originally 
 belonged to the King of England. The New York 
 party claimed that a grant made by the King to the 
 Duke of York in 1664, and confirmed ten years later, 
 of all lands between the Connecticut River and the 
 Delaware Bay included the lands west of the Connec- 
 ticut recently granted by Governor Wentworth, and 
 had never been set aside with respect to them ; and 
 that consequently the grants made by him were with- 
 out authority and were null and void ; and they 
 required the settlers to procure new patents paying 
 the customary fees for them upon pain of ejectment. 
 The New York officials desired the fees. They were 
 upholders of royal and parliamentary authority in the 
 colonies. They thoroughly believed in the excellence 
 of the British form of government and of the consti- 
 
84 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 tution of British society. They feared the democratic 
 tendencies of New England. The leaders of this party 
 were men of superior education and native ability 
 whose interests and whose real belief were in harmony 
 and who were determined to maintain the right as. 
 they understood it at all hazards. 
 
 The Settlers. — Claims. — The settlers had invested 
 money and labor in these lands to make homes for 
 their families. To give up their claims would reduce 
 many of them to abject poverty. They were strong- 
 men. They had grown up under the influence of the 
 town meeting, the local church and the district schooh 
 They were men of mark in their former homes. They 
 had been active in civil affairs. They had raised com- 
 panies of militia and of rangers for the wars. They 
 had out-fought the Frenchman, and had out-witted the 
 Indian. They had organized companies to settle in 
 the new country. They were fond of argument. The 
 statement and defense of personal rights was for them 
 an intellectual pastime. 
 
 They said that the grant of 1664 was too indefinite 
 to support the claim of New York. They held that 
 when the King called upon the people of New Hamp- 
 shire to support Fort Dummer, he plainly implied that 
 it and the territory near it belonged to New Hampshire ; 
 and that in his commission to Gov. Wentworth he 
 implied that New Hampshire extended as far west as 
 did Massachusetts and Connecticut — to within twenty 
 miles of the Hudson River. They further claimed 
 that having bought their lands of one of the King's 
 accredited agents they could not be required to pay 
 again for the lands because of misunderstandings 
 between the agents. And they declared that in their 
 new homes they meant to stay, and that for them they 
 would never pay a second time. 
 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 85 
 
 The issue was direct and the parties might soon have 
 come to blows except for the larger questions raised 
 "by the stamp act and promoted by the colonial con- 
 gress held^at New York in October of that year. 
 
 The dispute went on and was carried to the courts 
 of New York for decision. The claims of the settlers 
 found no recognition there and in the autumn of 1770 
 a convention of settlers held at Bennington declared, 
 We will resist by force the unjust claims of New 
 York. 
 
 Notice that the contention of the inhabitants of the 
 New Hampshire Grants in 1770 was with the New 
 York government exclusively, as the king more than 
 three years before had forbidden the New York 
 authorities to make any new grants of these lands or 
 molest any person in the quiet possession of his lands 
 who could produce a valid deed for the same under the 
 seal of the Province of New Hampshire, until they 
 should receive further orders respecting them. 
 
 The Green Mountain Boys.— We have seen that 
 
 Bennington had an organized militia company pre- 
 vious to 1765. There were several such, forming a 
 regiment and called. Green Mountain Boys, soon after 
 1770. And there was use for them. 
 
 Sheriff Ten Eyck— In July, 1771, Sheriff Ten 
 Eyck of Albany county, in which Bennington and the 
 adjacent towns were then included, accompanied by a 
 posse of three hundred armed men, citizens of the 
 county, attempted the ejectment of James Breaken- 
 ridge from his farm in Bennington. The Bennington 
 militia were found in possession of the house and 
 advantageously posted in the vicinity. A parley was 
 lielcL The men of Bennington declared their inten- 
 
86 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 tion to maintain their position at every cost, the 
 Sheriff's posse were unwilling to make an attack; the 
 Sheriff withdrew with his three hundred men. This 
 was a great victory for the claimants under New 
 Hampshire, as it showed that the official and land- 
 jobbing classes of New York were not supported by 
 the people. 
 
 At Otter Creek Falls. — Two years later than the 
 affair at Bennington, one Col. Reid who had previous- 
 ly driven off New Hampshire grantees from the lower 
 Otter Creek Falls, at Yergennes, and who had himself 
 been driven away by the Green Mountain Boys,, 
 returned with a party of newly arrived Scotch immi- 
 grants whom he put m possession of a grist-mill, saw- 
 mill and other property, again driving away New 
 Hampshire settlers. After two months' possession 
 these people were visited by a force of more than one 
 hundred armed men commanded by Ethan Allen and 
 Seth Warner. The houses and grist-mill were 
 destroyed, the mill-stones were broken and the people 
 warned not to come again within the New Hampshire 
 grants. In these ways the Green Mountain Boys pro- 
 tected their lands and nourished their valor. 
 
 Rewards Offered. — In consequence of these and 
 other energetic measures of the Green Mountain Boys, 
 Governor Tryon of New York, at the suggestion of 
 the Assembly of the province, offered a reward of fifty 
 pounds each for the apprehension and delivery to the 
 authorities at Albany of Ethan Allen, Seth Warner 
 and six other leaders. The reward offered for Allen 
 and Warner was afterward doubled by vote of the 
 Assembly. To this the settlers in convention at Man- 
 chester replied March 16, 1774, just a week after the 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 87 
 
 offer of the reward, by a resolution in which they 
 said, we will stand by and defend our friends and 
 neighbors who are indicted at the expense of our lives 
 and fortunes. And the persons for whose apprehen- 
 sion the reward had been offered responded by a 
 proclamation declaring that they would "kill and 
 destroy" any persons attempting to capture them. 
 
 Counties. — New York at first treated the entire 
 territory between the Connecticut River and Lake 
 Champlain as belonging to the county of Albany. But 
 the distance from the county seat, in the absence of 
 roads, rendered the administration of justice difficult, 
 if not impossible, in the further portions of the county, 
 and led to the establishment in 1768 of Cumberland 
 county with an area nearly the same as that of the 
 present Windham and Windsor counties. Chester was 
 made the shire town at first. 
 
 Two years later the county of Gloucester was formed, 
 extending from Cumberland county to Canada and from 
 the Connecticut River to the Green Mountains. The 
 shire was Kingsland, now Washington in Orange 
 county, where a log building was erected for a court- 
 house and jail. It stood near the headwaters of two 
 streams ; one flowing into the Winooski, the other into 
 the Waits River, each of which was called Jail Branch. 
 Here, eight miles from any human habitation, courts 
 were held till in the attempt to hold a winter term the 
 judges and officers of the court lost their way in the 
 woods when, all standing on their snow-shoes among 
 the leafless trees, the court was opened and adjourned, 
 and the party retraced their steps. 
 
 After two more years Charlotte county was estab- 
 lished. It extended in Vermont west of the Green 
 Mountains from the Battenkill River in Sunderland 
 
88 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 and Arlington to Canada, and included as large a ter- 
 ritory beyond Lake Champlain. The shire at first was 
 at a hotel near Fort Edward. Later it was removed 
 to Skenesboro, now Whitehall. Only a small por- 
 tion of Vermont was then left in Albany county. In 
 1772, Westminster was made the shire of Cumberland 
 county, and Newbury of Gloucester county. 
 
 Attitude of the People. — One purpose leading to 
 the formation of these counties was to attach the 
 inhabitants to New York by the emoluments of office 
 and participation in the local government. The plan 
 was but partially successful. The Green Mountain 
 Boys were dominant everywhere west of the moun- 
 tains and prevented any exercise of authority derived 
 from New York. In Gloucester county the people 
 were few and scattered, and at this period took little 
 interest in the controversy with New York and made no 
 opposition to the county government. Cumberland 
 county was more populous and among its inhabitants 
 were many friends of New York. But men who had been 
 accustomed to take the large share in public affairs 
 allowed by the New England town were not easily 
 satisfied with the county government of New York. 
 The county officers were appointed by the governor 
 and council of the province, and these appointed infe- 
 rior officers and performed other duties which in New 
 England were performed by the towns in town meet- 
 ing. The officers were selected from the friends of 
 the official and aristocratic party. As they held office 
 by appointment they were little dependent on the peo- 
 ple, and their conduct was not always conciliatory. 
 Party spirit ran high. The courts were distrusted. 
 The executive officers were hated. In 1770 the June 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 8g 
 
 term of the court at Chester was interrupted by a band 
 of men who denied the right of New York to establish 
 a county on the New Hampshire Grants. 
 
 Massacre at Westminster.— in 1774 the colonial 
 
 government of Massachusetts came practically to an 
 end. The provincial assembly was replaced by a pro- 
 vincial congress. Courts were prevented from sitting". 
 Committees of correspondence appointed by the towns 
 had brought the people to know each other and were 
 keeping the spirit of independence at a white heat. 
 
 In September the first Continental Congress met at 
 Philadelphia. The whole country was in a ferment. 
 The people of Cumberland county held conventions 
 and passed resolutions showing them to be in full sym- 
 pathy with American patriots in other colonies. These 
 movements added to the previous disputes led to an 
 earnest desire for the suspension of the term of court 
 appointed at Westminster for March 14, 1775. The 
 judges were appealed to but they declined to make any 
 promises. The day previous to that set for the open- 
 ing of the court a large number of men provided with 
 staves and clubs took possession of the court-house. 
 The sheriff appeared with a posse of armed men and 
 demanded admittance, which was refused except on 
 conditions not acceptable to the sheriff, who withdrew. 
 Just before midnight he returned with his posse and 
 again demanded admittance. As it was refused the 
 men in the building were fired upon ; ten were wounded, 
 two of them mortally, one of whom, William French, 
 died in a few hours. The wounded and some others 
 were made prisoners and were lodged in the jail. The 
 victorious party spent the rest of the night in t arousal. 
 In the moraine armed men came in from the surround- 
 
po HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 ing country and before noon the prisoners of the last 
 night had been released and such judges and officers 
 of the court as could be found had been committed to 
 the jail. Within two days five hundred armed men had 
 reached Westminster. Among them were forty Green 
 Mountain Boys led by Capt. Robert Cochran of Rupert, 
 and many men from New Hampshire and Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 This event was quickly followed by Lexington and 
 Ticonderoga and Bunker Hill. British rule in America 
 had ceased. The Revolutionary War had begun, and 
 for a time all men's attention was drawn to that. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 
 Ticonderoga. — Late in February, 1775, John Brown, 
 Esq., of Pittsfield, Mass., called at Bennington on his 
 way to Canada to secure the friendship of the Cana- 
 dians and Indians for the American colonies in the 
 approaching conflict between them and England. He 
 had been selected for this service by the Boston Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence at the suggestion of the 
 Massachusetts Congress. Peleg Sunderland, a leader 
 of the Green Mountain Boys, for whose delivery at 
 Albany Gov. Tryon had offered a reward the year 
 before, was his guide. Near the end of March, Brown 
 wrote from Montreal to the committee in Boston, 
 1 ' The fort at Ticonderoga must be secured as soon as 
 possible v should hostilities be committed by the King's 
 troops. The people on the New Hampshire Grants 
 have engaged to do this business." Soon after the 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. pr 
 
 battle of Lexington, several gentlemen of Hartford, 
 Conn., raised a sum of money to pay the expenses of 
 an expedition against Tieonderoga, and sent it forward 
 by messengers, one of whom was Captain Edward 
 Mott. Mott gathered a few recruits in Connecticut, a 
 few more in Massachusetts and reached Bennington 
 with about fifty men. Affairs were in such a state of 
 readiness there that in three days, namely, on Sunday 
 evening, May 7, Capt. Mott had reached Castleton with 
 Col. Ethan Allen, Capt. Samuel Herrick and Capt. 
 Seth Warner, three of the eight persons for whose cap- 
 ture Gov. Tryon had offered a reward, with one hun- 
 dred seventy men. Here it was arranged that Capt. 
 Herrick with thirty men should capture Skenes- 
 boro, now Whitehall, N. Y., and any boats there and 
 send the boats down the lake to Shoreham ; that Capt. 
 Douglass should go at once to Shoreham to secure 
 other boats ; that Col. Allen should command the main 
 force that was to go against Tieonderoga. So much 
 had been agreed on, and Captains Herrick and Doug- 
 lass had started for their destinations and Col. Allen 
 had started for Shoreham to meet some men who 
 would be in waiting there, when on the evening of May 
 8, Benedict Arnold arrived at Castleton with a commis- 
 sion from the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, 
 authorizing him to enlist men for the capture of Tieon- 
 deroga, with a servant, a new uniform and epaulets, 
 and demanded that the command of the expedition be 
 given to him. The men utterly refused to accept him 
 as a commander. He had not enlisted them as the 
 terms of his commission required. They had enlisted 
 on the express condition that they should be led by 
 their own officers. 
 
9 2 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. pj 
 
 Before leaving Castleton, Col. Allen had sent a mes- 
 senger, Maj. Gershom Beach, to summon men. Maj. 
 Beach went through Rutland, Pittsford, Brandon, Mid- 
 dlebury, Whiting, to the lake-side in the southerly part 
 of Shoreham, making a circuit of sixty miles in twenty- 
 four hours and summoning his men. To the same 
 place the little army marcheel May 9th, going north 
 from Castleton till they struck the old military road 
 that we saw John Stark opening sixteen years before. 
 Boats were collected eluring the night, and before the 
 dawn of May 10th, two hundred seventy men faced 
 toward the lake waiting to cross. Allen and eighty- 
 two men were all that could be carried over at once. 
 When these reached the west shore the morning had 
 begun to dawn. To wait for the arrival of the remainder 
 of the force was not safe. The fort must be taken at 
 once. Allen explained the danger of the undertaking 
 and called upon all who were willing to follow him to 
 poise their firelocks. Every firelock was poised and 
 the march began. They were guided by a boy named 
 Beeman through a covered way to a gate where a sen- 
 tinel was surprised and overpowered; and the Green 
 Mountain Boys rushed through the gate, formed on 
 the parade ground and roused the garrison with their 
 huzzas. Allen was shown to the lodging of Capt. 
 Delaplace, the commander, who met him with his 
 clothes in his hand. Allen demanded instant surrender 
 of the fortress " In the name of the Great Jehovah and 
 the Continental Congress." The fort was surrendered 
 with its garrison and stores. So, before the mem- 
 bers of the second Continental Congress had break- 
 fasted the first day of their session, the key to 
 Lake Champlain and the guns at whose bidding Gen- 
 eral Howe was to evacuate Boston the next spring 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 .Fort Crown Point, liegun by Gen. Amherst, aftei the retreat of the French in 17^0. 
 
 VIEW 01 LAKE CHAMPI.AIN, 
 
 Looking east from Crown Point Fort to Chimney Point. Crown Point Light on the 
 right. Ruins of Old French Fort St. Frederick on the left. 
 Fort St. Frederick, begun by the French in 1731, enlarged and strengthened later, 
 and destroyed by them in 1760. 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. ?j 
 
 had been captured in their name by a band of back- 
 woodsmen under the command of New York outlaws. 
 The next day Crown Point was captured by a force 
 under Capt. Seth Warner. 
 
 Americans Possess Lake Champlain. — The 
 
 Green Mountain Boys would not have Col. Arnold for 
 their commander, but he accompanied them and entered 
 the fort at Allen's side. A few days later Allen and 
 Arnold formed a plan for the capture of a British ves- 
 sel at St. Johns. They had gained possession of a 
 schooner and several bateaux. With these and such 
 a force as they could carry, the expedition was made. 
 Allen commanded the bateaux ; Arnold, the schooner. 
 A favoring wind soon enabled Arnold to outsail Allen. 
 He captured the vessel and returning by the help of a 
 changed wind, met Allen, who insisted on attempting 
 to take St. Johns; but his force proved to be insuffi- 
 cient, and the whole party returned to Ticonderoga. 
 By the capture of this vessel the Americans obtained 
 control of the whole lake. 
 
 Warner's First Regiment.— As soon as practi- 
 cable after their capture a force was sent from Connec- 
 ticut to occupy the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown 
 Point, and the Green Mountain Boys were discharged. 
 Allen and others sought service for the colonies under 
 the authority of New York, but as no reply was received 
 Allen and Warner went to Philadelphia and laid their 
 case before the Continental Congress. The Congress 
 voted to pay the Green Mountain Boys for their service 
 at Ticonderoga and recommended to the colony of 
 New York to authorize the formation of a regiment on 
 the New Hampshire Grants under officers of their own 
 choice. With this recommendation and a letter from 
 the president of congress, Allen and Warner went to 
 
9 6 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 New York, the residence of their most bitter enemies, 
 and appeared before the provincial congress then in 
 session there, asking leave to form a regiment accord- 
 ing to the advice of the Continental Congress. The 
 regiment was at length formed and Seth Warner was 
 chosen commander. 
 
 Invasion Of Canada. — In the early autumn an 
 army was sent into Canada under the immediate com- 
 mand of General Montgomery, and Warner's regiment 
 made a part of it. While the main army was beseiging 
 St. Johns, Colonel Ethan Allen and Major John Brown, 
 who went to Canada with Peleg Sunderland for a guide 
 the spring before, were sent, each with a small force, 
 to arouse the Canadians for the American cause. Both 
 were in the vicinity of Montreal, which was but slightly 
 protected, and they formed a plan for its capture. 
 They were to cross to the island in the night of Sep- 
 tember 4, and to attack the town from opposite sides 
 at dawn. Allen crossed over at the time appointed, 
 but Brown did not appear ; and Allen, having but a 
 small force, was taken prisoner after a severe conflict 
 and was sent to England. Afterwards he was sent to 
 New York and was exchanged in May, 1778. 
 
 Warner's regiment did good service near Montreal 
 and at the mouth of the Richelieu River during the 
 seige of St. Johns and until the capture of Montreal 
 by Gen. Montgomery, soon after which it was dis- 
 charged from the service. After he had secured 
 Montreal, Montgomery proceeded to Quebec, where 
 he joined Col. Arnold, who with great difficulty had 
 marched through the wilderness of Maine. An attempt 
 to take Quebec by storm on the last night of the year 
 resulted in a disastrous defeat of the Americans and 
 in the loss of General Montgomery killed and of Col. 
 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. <?j 
 
 Arnold wounded. The command of the defeated 
 army devolved upon Gen. Wooster of Connecticut, 
 who, by personal letter, asked Warner to raise a Green 
 Mountain corps and come to his assistance. Warner 
 and his friends responded promptly and were of great 
 service, especially in protecting the rear of the retreat- 
 ing army which reached Ticonderoga in June. Again 
 Warner and his men were discharged. 
 
 A Continental Regiment.— The day after the 
 adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Congress 
 resolved to organize under its own authority a regi- 
 ment of regular troops under officers who had served 
 in Canada. Warner was made commander of the regi- 
 ment and the other officers were mostly men of the 
 New Hampshire Grants who had served with him 
 before. The regiment was continued with Warner in 
 command till 1781. 
 
 On Lake Champlain, 1776.— For several months 
 of 1776, there was a navy-yard at each end of Lake 
 Champlain. The British under Gen. Carleton at St. 
 Johns and the Americans under Gen. Arnold at 
 Skenesborough were making every effort to build and 
 equip a fleet with which to control the Lake. Arnold 
 moved toward his enemy first, but the British fleet 
 was the stronger. In a severe battle, fought October 
 11, to the southwest of Isle La Motte, between Valcour 
 Island and the New York shore, Arnold's fleet was 
 severely crippled. During the night in the darkness 
 he sailed away to the south without attracting the 
 enemy's attention. Pursuit began as soon as Arnold's 
 escape was known to the enemy. Soon the British 
 sighted a vessel through the dim twilight and fired 
 upon it. Their two largest ships poured broadsides 
 (6) 
 
p<? HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 into it until the increasing light showed them that the 
 rock, since known as Carleton's prize, was receiving 
 no damage. Arnold was moving south as fast as he 
 could. The British overtook the American vessels and 
 Arnold fought them with a part of his ships while the 
 rest were making their way toward Ticonderoga. At 
 last finding himself quite overpowered he ran his ships 
 aground near the mouth of Otter Creek and set them 
 on fire, escaping with his men to the shore. Gen. 
 Carleton took possession of Crown Point and threat- 
 ened Ticonderoga. Gen. Gates, commander of the 
 American forces at Ticonderoga, called on the militia 
 for assistance. The New Hampshire Grants furnished 
 two regiments that a few weeks later, after Gen. Carle- 
 ton had retired to Canada, were dismissed with honor 
 by Gen. Gates. 
 
 Campaign Of 1777.— In 1775, the Americans 
 drove the British from Lake Champlain, captured 
 Montreal and besieged Quebec. The next year the 
 Americans were driven from Canada and up the lake to 
 Ticonderoga. For the campaign of 1777, the British 
 had planned the recovery of the Champlain-Hudson 
 valley and the establishment of a line of posts from 
 the St. Lawrence River to the New York Bay, by which 
 the confederate colonies would be divided and cooper- 
 ation between the New England colonies and those 
 beyond the Hudson River would be prevented. To 
 this end an army of more than seven thousand veteran 
 troops, the best that Europe could furnish, with Indi- 
 ans, Canadians and Tories enough to make up the 
 number of ten thousand, under the command of Gen. 
 Burgoyne, was to move up the Lake from Canada; and 
 a sufficient force was to move from New York up the 
 Hudson River to meet the army of Burgoyne. The 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 99 
 
 British army encountered no opposition till it reached 
 Ticonderoga. Here the fortifications were extensive. 
 To the original fort another had been added on Mount 
 Independence in the town of Orwell, Vt. Commu- 
 nication between these was maintained by means of 
 .a floating bridge. Both were within cannon shot 
 of the top of Mount Defiance, which rises above 
 them toward the west. These works were occupied by 
 an inadequate force under Gen. St. Clair. Tht: Brit- 
 ish landed on both sides of Lake Champlain and, on the 
 west, gained possession of the road to Lake George. Still 
 Gen. St. Clair thought he could defend himself against 
 their assaults till, just a year and a day after the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, he saw the enemy in possession 
 of Mount Defiance. They were constructing a bat- 
 tery. St. Clair's immediate decision was, We must go, 
 and in this his chief officers concurred. Soon after 
 midnight the occupants of Fort Ticonderoga crossed 
 the bridge to Mount Independence and before daylight 
 the march from Mount Independence by way of Hub- 
 bardton and Castleton toward Skenesborough had 
 begun. 
 
 Hubbardton. — Col. Warner had arrived the day 
 before the evacuation with some nine hundred men, 
 mostly Green Mountain boys, and with Col. Francis of 
 Massachusetts and Col. Hale of New Hampshire was 
 placed in the rear of the retreating army. Gen. St. 
 Clair with the main army reached Castleton the even- 
 ing of July 6. Colonels Warner, Francis and Hale 
 encamped the same night on a ridge in the easterly 
 part of Hubbardton. Early the next morning they 
 were attacked by a superior force under Gen. Fraser. 
 Col. Hale withdrew with his regiment. Colonels War- 
 ner and Francis sustained the attack. For three hours 
 
/oo 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 the battle raged. Both sides fought obstinately and 
 the advantage was with the Amerieans, when the Brit- 
 ish received a large reinforcement of German troops 
 who came singing their battle hymns louder than the 
 
 sound of the musketry. 
 Col. Francis had been 
 killed, and Col. War- 
 ner directed his sol- 
 diers to look out for 
 themselves and to 
 meet him at Manches- 
 ter. The loss was 
 heavy on both sides; 
 that of the Americans 
 | in killed, wounded and 
 prisoners amounted 
 to more than three 
 hundred. A monu- 
 ment has been erected 
 on the spot where Col. 
 Francis fell. 
 
 lll'l.l. \NDTON B \TTI.E Ml 
 
 Col. Hale and a portion of his regiment were taken 
 prisoners during the day and the arms of the prisoners 
 were stacked in the woods for want of transportation. 
 
 St. Clair and Warner. — The enemy reached 
 vSkenesborough before Gen. St. Clair reached Castleton, 
 and in consequence he with the remnant of his army 
 marched by way of Rutland, Dorset and Arlington to 
 Fort Edward. Col. Warner collected his forces at 
 Manchester. 
 
 At the Head of Lake Champlain.— General 
 
 Burgoyne reached the head of Lake Champlain in 
 triumph. A renowned fortress had been taken, the 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. ior 
 
 army that was to defend it had been scattered, its 
 stores had been captured. The army in front was 
 believed to be weak both in numbers and in fighting 
 capacity. But miles of swampy woodland along Wood 
 Creek, and beyond it, were to be passed ; and- to the nat- 
 ural difficulties of the country the Americans were add- 
 ing others every hour by breaking clown bridges and 
 felling trees. so as to render both the roads and the creek 
 impassable till they had been cleared with great labor. 
 Provisions for the army were disappearing. Means of 
 transportation were scanty. Fresh supplies must be 
 brought from Quebec or procured from the enemy. 
 Large stores were reported to have been gathered at 
 Bennington. Burgoyne's army needed the stores. 
 The loss of them would cripple the Americans. More- 
 over, Bennington was in New England, that hot-bed 
 of rebellion towards which Burgoyne and his King 
 cherished a peculiar hatred. So Gol. Baum was sent 
 towards Bennington with a thousand men, Germans, 
 Tories and Indians, and Col. Breyman was posted within 
 supporting distance with nearly as large a force. Col. 
 Baum was directed after the capture of Bennington to 
 send an expedition to the Connecticut River and to 
 scour the country on both sides of the mountains. 
 
 The New Englanders.— Stark.— The New E in- 
 landers were not idle. Warner had sent to all parts of 
 Vermont for recruits. His efforts were aided by the 
 Vermont Council of Safety and by a convention of dele- 
 gates that was sitting at Windsor when Burgoyne 
 reached Ticonderoga. Application for help was made to 
 New Hampshire whose legislature responded promptly 
 by the appointment of John Stark as a Brigadier General 
 and by provision for calling out and equipping the 
 militia. Stark had gained credit as a leader of rangers 
 
102 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 during the second French and Indian War, and had 
 fought with distinction at Bunker Hill and in New 
 Jersey. In his own New Hampshire, Stark's was a 
 name to conjure with. At his call the farmers, more 
 in number than were asked for, came with gun and 
 powder horn to his headquarters at Charlestown by 
 the Connecticut River. 
 
 Bennington. — July 3°, Stark had already sent two 
 detachments of his brigade to Manchester. Thursday, 
 August 7, he descended the mountain from Peru to- 
 Manchester, and, August 9, he reached Bennington 
 with his New Hampshire troops, Col. Warner and a 
 portion of the Vermont militia. Here he organized 
 and drilled his men while his scouts scoured the country 
 for information. August 13, news was brought of Indi- 
 ans plundering in Cambridge, N. Y. , and a force of 
 two hundred men was sent to check them. They were 
 found to be the advance guard of a larger force, and 
 the next day Stark went forward, to meet them. When 
 Col. Baum found himself in the presence of a force 
 nearly as large as his own he halted in an advantageous- 
 position and began to construct intrenchments, and 
 sent to Col. Breyman for reinforcements. Stark sent 
 for Warner's regiment which had been left at Manches- 
 ter under the command of Lieut. Col. Safford, and 
 whose equipment had been completed by the recovery 
 of the arms of Col. Hale's men, left in the woods five 
 weeks before. The next day was very rainy, and little 
 was undertaken. The British strengthened their works. 
 Stark learned the position of the British by his scouts 
 and worried them by his skirmishers. Warner's men 
 marched a part of the way from Manchester to Ben- 
 nington. A body of volunteers from western Massa- 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 103 
 
 chusetts came in through the rain. Those from Pitts- 
 field were led by their pastor, Rev. Thomas Allen, 
 who wore his hair long and banged as young girls 
 often do now, and who said to Gen. Stark, "We, the 
 people of Berkshire, have been frequently called upon 
 to fight but have never been led against the enemy. 
 We have now resolved if you will not let us fight never 
 to turn out again." 
 
 Saturday morning, August 16, the sky was clearing, 
 and preparations were made to attack the British in 
 their entrenchments. The Americans had about six- 
 teen hundred men. New Hampshire furnished half of 
 these. The Vermont troops consisted of Warner and 
 his regiment, a corps of rangers under Col. Herrick, a 
 small body of militia from the southeastern part of the 
 State under Col. Williams of Wilmington and the 
 militia of Bennington and vicinity. The remainder 
 of the force was from Massachusetts. Three hundred 
 men were sent to attack the rear of the enemy's right; 
 and as many to attack the rear of his left. Three 
 hundred others were to attack the extreme right of the 
 enemy, and Stark and Warner with another force 
 advanced in front. The battle began at three o'clock 
 in the afternoon and continued two hours. Stark 
 reported: " It was the hottest I ever saw. " The vic- 
 tory of Stark and his militia was complete. Nearly 
 all of the enemy that were not killed were taken pris- 
 oners with their arms and supplies. 
 
 The prisoners had scarcely been secured and sent 
 away when Col. Breyman's approach became known 
 and the scattered victors were collected to oppose him. 
 Warner's regiment arrived as the second battle began, 
 which lasted till sundown, when the British retreated 
 and were pursued till dark. 
 
jo4 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Four brass cannon, one thousand muskets and seven 
 hundred and fifty prisoners were part of the trophies 
 of that day. The American loss in killed was about 
 thirty, that of the British was over two hundred. 
 
 This was called the battle of Bennington because 
 that was the headquarters of the American army and 
 because the supplies sought by the British were stored 
 there. The battle-field was in Hoosick, N. Y., quite 
 near the State line. This battle was important as the 
 first of a series that led to the surrender of Burgoyne's 
 army. And that event was the turning point of the 
 Revolutionary War, as it led to the recognition of the 
 Independence of the United States by France and 
 other European countries and to a treaty with France 
 on account of which she assisted the new nation with 
 money and fleets and armies. The victory of the 
 Americans at Saratoga has been reckoned among the 
 great battles of the world, but the victory at Benning- 
 ton was preliminary to that at Saratoga, if not even 
 necessary for it. 
 
 A monument in commemoration of the Battle of 
 Bennington has been erected at Bennington Center, 
 near where the Vermont Council of Safety held its 
 sessions for several years. It is on ground about three 
 hundred feet above the bed of the Walloomsac River, 
 near by. Half a mile distant toward the south is 
 Mount Anthony, more than two thousand five hundred 
 feet in height. The monument is built on solid rock. 
 It is forty-four feet square at the base and is three 
 hundred one feet high. Two hundred feet above the 
 base are large openings on each side with supporting 
 pillars and protecting railings. Within, at this height, 
 is a floor that covers the entire area. Here is the 
 main outlook. There are other outlooks, both above 
 
inn 
 
 m 
 
 I'.KNMNl'.TON BATTLE MONUMENT. 
 
to6 HI STORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 and below the main one. The funds for the erection 
 of the monument were furnished in part by private 
 subscription, but chiefly by the States of Vermont, 
 New Hampshire and Massachusetts, and b'y the fed- 
 eral government., The corner stone of the monument 
 was laid Aug. 16, 1887. 
 
 Other Military Operations. — Other military 
 operations in Vermont during the Revolutionary War 
 were chiefly of local importance. In 1776, Gen. Jacob 
 Bailey of Newbury was directed to cut a road from 
 Newbury to Canada. But after he had reached a point 
 a few miles beyond Peacham, the work ceased on 
 account of the retreat of the Americans from Canada. 
 Three years afterwards the road was continued by 
 Gen. Hazen some fifty miles further, ending in West- 
 field near the Hazen Notch, a pass through the Green 
 Mountains. This road afterward was of great use to- 
 the settlers of the towns through which it passed. 
 
 A fort was maintained at Newbury during the war. 
 For portions of the same period forts were kept up at 
 Peacham, Corinth, Bethel and Barnard. These mark 
 very nearly the northern limit of settlements east of 
 the Green Mountains during the war. West of the 
 mountains there were forts at Pittsford, Rutland and 
 Castleton. Few settlers remained north of these forts; 
 after the retreat from Ticonderoga in 1777. 
 
 The Churchills. — The Revolutionary War brought 
 great hardships to many Vermont people. Take two- 
 examples. On the morning of the battle of Hubbard- 
 ton, Col. Warner sent men to tell Mr. Samuel Church- 
 ill, who lived near Warner's camp, of his danger and 
 to assist him to escape with his family. The escape 
 was prevented by the early beginning of the battle. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 107 
 
 After the battle the houses and farms of the settlement 
 were plundered and all the men that could be found 
 were taken prisoners. Mrs. Churchill, with three 
 other women and four children, one a lame boy thir- 
 teen years old and one a babe, were left. There were 
 no provisions remaining in Hubbardton. The inhabit- 
 ants must go or starve. Toward Castleton were the 
 British and Indians. The women feared to go that way. 
 So with two horses and what baggage was left them they 
 traveled east to Pittsford and then took the military road 
 across the mountain to Charlestown, N. H. Thence 
 they went down the Connecticut River and at length 
 crossed the Green Mountains again to their old home, 
 Sheffield, in the southwest corner of Massachusetts. 
 It was a weary journey of three weeks. Mr. Church- 
 ill and a neighbor, Uriah Hickok, were made prisoners 
 and taken to Fort Ticonderoga. In a few weeks they 
 escaped and returned to Hubbardton, where they found 
 only deserted homes and the rotting carcasses of 
 slaughtered beasts and slain men. They went on to 
 Castleton, where Mr. Hickok found his wife and chil- 
 dren. Mr. Churchill could get no news of his family 
 and so went forward on foot to Sheffield, where his 
 family had arrived before him. After the surrender 
 of Burgoyne they returned to Castleton, and the next 
 spring to Hubbardton to begin life there again. 
 
 Royalton Burned. — In 1780, a party of Indians 
 with a few Tories commanded by a sergeant of the 
 British army came up Lake Champlain and the 
 Wmooski River to attack Newbury, but, hearing that 
 Newbury was well prepared for defence they changed 
 their course for Royalton, a flourishing settlement on 
 the White River, and went through Barre and Chelsea 
 to Tunbridge on the First Branch of the White River 
 
10S HISTORY OF VERM ON T. 
 
 where they lay in camp for a da}". In the gray of the 
 morning of Monday, October 16, they began their work 
 of taking prisoners, plundering and destroying prop- 
 erty in the south part of Tunbridgc near Royalton. At 
 the mouth of the First Branch in Royalton, they 
 formed several parties so as to reach all parts of the 
 settlement as quickly as possible. By two o'clock in 
 the afternoon they had killed two men, taken twenty- 
 six prisoners, burned twenty-one houses and twenty 
 barns with their contents and killed all the cattle, 
 sheep and swine they could find. They captured and 
 took with them about thirty horses. Returning to 
 their previous encampment they crossed the hills to 
 the Second Branch of White River where, being over- 
 taken in the night by a body of militia, the}' killed 
 two prisoners and sent back the third with the word 
 that they would kill all the rest if they were molested. 
 No attack was made. The next day a deep snow cov- 
 ered the smoking ruins and desolated fields of Royal- 
 ton. It was a sad beginning of winter for the women 
 and children of that settlement, the men prisoners or 
 killed, their houses and provisions burned, their horses 
 driven away. 
 
 The Indians had been aroused by the firing of a few 
 guns on the approach of the whites and moved off in 
 the early morning through Randolph, where they cap- 
 tured Zadoek Steele, whose Narrative of his Captivity 
 is well known. That day the Indians crossed the ridge 
 to the Dog River in Northfield. Thence by the 
 Winooski River and Lake Champlain the prisoners 
 were taken to Canada, where, after living with the 
 Indians for a while they were sold to the English at 
 eight dollars a head. Within a year they were ex- 
 changed, except one, who died in captivity and one 
 who was detained longer but afterwards escaped. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 109 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE BUILDING OF THE STATE. 
 
 Town Governments.— Union.— The early settle- 
 ments in Vermont were mostly on lands granted by 
 the Governor of the Province of New Hampshire. By 
 these grants the inhabitants of the townships severally 
 were authorized to organize town governments. Such 
 governments were organized as soon as the settlers 
 became sufficiently numerous. The powers of the 
 town were derived from and regulated by the Province. 
 One' of the early acts of the town of Bennington was a 
 vote "to send a petition to the General Court of New 
 Hampshire to raise a tax on all the lands in Benning- 
 ton, resident and non-resident, to build a meeting- 
 house and school-house and mills, and for highways 
 and bridges." In 1764, the west bank of the Connec- 
 ticut River was declared by the King to be the bound- 
 ary between New Hampshire and New York. New 
 Hampshire withdrew her claim of jurisdiction. New 
 York claimed jurisdiction, and claimed further that 
 her jurisdiction was prior to that of New Hampshire, 
 and that any grants made by New Hampshire of lands 
 west of the Connecticut River were unlawful and with- 
 out effect, and that any persons who held such lands 
 under New Hampshire grants must give up the lands 
 or purchase them again of New York. . The settlers 
 denied the claim of New York upon lands already 
 granted by New Hampshire. As the dispute went 
 on they gradually rejected the claim of New York to 
 
i jo II /STORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 jurisdiction, and so each town became an independent 
 government. But the people of the several towns had 
 common interests, and were exposed to common dan- 
 gers. Within eight months from the promulgation of 
 the King's order fixing the boundary, the settlers of 
 southwestern Vermont had held a convention at Ben- 
 nington, and had chosen an agent to act for them. 
 The need of united action did not become less and the 
 towns began to appoint committees of safety who 
 should correspond with committees of other towns and 
 with them recommend measures for the public good. 
 These committees became accustomed to meet in con- 
 vention, and their resolves grew to have the effect of 
 laws, and to be extended to all matters civil and mili- 
 tary. A few of these conventions deserve notice. 
 
 Convention at Manchester.— Among the pro- 
 ceedings of a convention held in Manchester in April, 
 1774, " was a resolve forbidding any person to act as 
 an officer under a commission from the New York 
 government." 
 
 A CONVENTION DECLARES FOR A NEW STATE. 
 
 Dorset.— First Meeting.— June 24. 1776, a war- 
 rant was issued by a committee, appointed for the pur- 
 pose by a previous convention, in which the inhabitants 
 of the New Hampshire Grants on the west side of 
 the Green Mountains were warned and those on the 
 cast side were desired to meet by their delegates in 
 convention at Dorset, July 24. Thirty-two towns were 
 represented in this convention by forty-nine delegates. 
 One of the towns represented was Townshend, which 
 is east of the mountains. Two acts of that convention 
 should be remembered : 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. nr 
 
 Resolved, That application be made to the inhabitants 
 of said Grants to form the same into a separate District. 
 
 Voted, To choose a committee to treat with the inhab- 
 itants of the New Hampshire Grants on the east side 
 of the range of Green Mountains, relative to their asso- 
 ciating with this body. This convention adjourned to 
 meet at Dorset the 25th day of the next September. 
 
 Dorset.— Second Meeting.— The adjourned meet- 
 ing was attended by fifty-eight representatives from 
 thirty-three towns. Eight of the towns were east of 
 the mountains. At this meeting the convention 
 
 Voted, To take the following vote passed in July 24, 
 1776, into consideration (viz.) "Proceeded to the con- 
 sideration of the fifth article of the warrant, and voted 
 that suitable application be made to form that District 
 of Land, commonly called and known by the name of 
 the New Hampshire Grants, into a separate District;" 
 passed in the affirmative — not one dissenting vote. 
 
 The people of Vermont joined very heartily in the 
 effort to make the American colonies independent of 
 Great Britain, but there was an opposing minority 
 called Tories. How this convention regarded Tories 
 may be learned from the following: 
 
 Voted t That a sufficient jail be built on the west side 
 of the range of Green Mountains at some place that 
 shall be hereafter agreed on for securing Tories. 
 
 Voted, That as it appears that the inhabitants of the 
 town of Arlington are principally Tories, yet the 
 Friends of Liberty are ordered to warn a meeting and 
 choose a Committee of Safety and conduct as other 
 Towns ; if they meet with opposition to make applica- 
 tion to the Committees of Safety of other Towns for 
 assistance. 
 
Ti2 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 The convention adjourned to meet at Westminster 
 on the 30th of the next October. 
 
 Westminster.— Third Meeting.— When the 30th 
 of October arrived, there was excitement throughout 
 the New Hampshire Grants. The British had advanced 
 from Canada. The American flotilla on Lake Cham- 
 plain had been destroyed. Gen. Carleton, who com- 
 manded the British, had established headquarters at 
 Crown Point. The New England militia were gather- 
 ing for the protection of Fort Ticonderoga, upon which 
 an attack was anticipated. The militia of the New 
 Hampshire Grants responded promptly to the call of 
 Gen. Gates for assistance, and when they were dis- 
 missed November 9, they received the thanks of the 
 General for their spirit and alertness. 
 
 One consequence of these movements was that the 
 convention at Westminster was but thinly attended. 
 It consisted of seventeen delegates from fifteen towns, 
 nine of which were east of the mountains. After a 
 session of three days the convention adjourned to meet 
 at Westminster January 15, 1777. 
 
 Westminster.— Fourth Meeting — The conven- 
 tion met according to adjournment and consisted of 
 twenty-four delegates from seventeen towns, ten of 
 which were east of the mountains. Three other towns- 
 reported by letter that their people voted in favor of a 
 new State. Three votes of the convention at this 
 meeting require our attention. They follow : 
 
 Voted, That the district of land commonly called and 
 known by the name of New Hampshire Grants, be a 
 new and separate State; and for the future conduct 
 themselves as such. 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 113 
 
 Voted, That the declaration of New Connecticut be 
 inserted in the News Papers. 
 
 Voted, That Captain Heman Allen, Colonel Thomas 
 Chandler and Nathan Clark, Esq., be a committee to 
 prepare the Declaration for the press as soon as. 
 may be. 
 
 This committee performed their duty, and as a result 
 of their labors the following Declaration appeared in 
 the Connecticut Courant of March 17, 1777: 
 
 Vermont's Declaration of Independence. 
 
 In Convention of the representatives from the sev- 
 eral counties and towns of the New Hampshire Grants, 
 holden at Westminster, January 15, 1777, by adjourn- 
 ment. 
 
 Whereas, The Honorable the Continental Congress 
 did, on the 4th day of July last, declare the United 
 Colonies in America to be free and independent of the 
 crown of Great Britain ; which declaration we most cor- 
 dially acquiesce in : And whereas by the said declar- 
 ation the arbitrary acts of the crown are null and void,, 
 in America, consequently the jurisdiction by said 
 crown granted to New York government over the peo- 
 ple of the New Hampshire Grants is totally dissolved ; 
 
 We Therefore, The inhabitants, on said tract of land, 
 are at present without law or government, and may be 
 truly said to be in a state of nature ; consequently a 
 right remains to the people of said Grants to form a 
 government best suited to secure their property, well- 
 being and happiness. We, the delegates from the 
 several counties and towns on said tract of land, 
 bounded as follows: South on the North line of Mass- 
 achusetts Bay ; East on Connecticut River ; North 
 (8) 
 
/ 1 4 HIS TOR Y OF J 'FR. \fON T. 
 
 on Canada line; West as far as the New Hampshire 
 Grants extends: 
 
 After several adjournments for the purpose of form- 
 ing ourselves into a distinct separate state, being- 
 assembled at Westminster, do make and publish the 
 following Declaration, viz. : 
 
 "That we will, at all times hereafter, consider our- 
 selves as a free and independent state, capable of reg- 
 ulating" our internal police, in all and every respect 
 whatsoever, and that the people on said Grants have 
 the sole and exclusive and inherent right of ruling and 
 governing themselves in such manner and form as in 
 their own wisdom they shall think proper, not incon- 
 sistent or repugnant to any resolve of the Honorable 
 Continental Congress. 
 
 '■'Furthermore, We declare by all the ties which are 
 held sacred among men, that we will firmly stand by 
 and support one another in this our declaration of a 
 state, and in endeavoring as much as in us lies, to 
 suppress all unlawful routs and disturbances whatever. 
 Also we will endeavor to secure to every individual 
 his life, peace and property against all unlawful 
 invaders of the same. 
 
 "Lastly, W T e hereby declare, that we are at all times 
 ready in conjunction with our brethren in the United 
 States of America, to do our full proportion in main- 
 taining and supporting the just war against the tyran- 
 nical invasions of the ministerial fleets and armies, as 
 well as any other foreign enemies, sent with express 
 purpose to murder our fellow brethren, and with fire 
 and sword to ravage our defenceless country. 
 
 " The said state hereafter to be called by the name 
 of New Connecticut." 
 
 The convention adjourned to meet at Windsor the 
 fourth day of the following June. 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. us 
 
 Windsor.— Fifth Meeting. — The Windsor meet- 
 ing was the largest held, consisting of seventy-two 
 delegates, representing forty-eight towns, of which 
 twenty-one were west of the mountains and the 
 remainder, east. Two towns, one from each side of 
 the mountains, by letter reported acquiesence in 
 the formation of a new state. The convention at 
 this meeting re-affirmed the declaration made in Jan- 
 uary, changed the name of the new State to Vermont, 
 and added a series of reasons for the separation from 
 New York. 
 
 They recommended to the freeholders and inhabi- 
 tants of each town in the State to choose delegates to 
 attend a general convention in Windsor on the second 
 day of July, then next to choose delegates to attend the 
 General Congress, a Committee of Safety, and to form 
 a Constitution for the State. They also appointed a 
 committee to go to Ticonderoga and consult with 
 regard to the defense of the frontier, and they 
 appointed a Day of Fasting and Prayer. This was 
 the last meeting of the Convention that declared the 
 independence of Vermont. 
 
 Constitutional Convention.— First Meeting. 
 
 — A convention of delegates from the towns met at 
 AVindsor, July 2, 1777, to form a constitution for the new 
 State. The constitution of Pennsylvania, then recently 
 amended, was presented to the convention as a model, 
 and was adopted with a few changes, some of which 
 were important. Provision was made for an election 
 of State officers and a legislature in the December fol- 
 lowing, and for the legislature to meet a month later. 
 A committee of safety was chosen to conduct affairs 
 till the new government should be organized. 
 
u6 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Constitutional Convention.— Second Meet- 
 ing. — The summer and autumn of 1777 were even more 
 troubled than were those of 1776. While the conven- 
 tion was sitting the evacuation of Ticonderoga and the 
 battle of Hubbardton occurred. Bennington and Sar- 
 atoga followed. The people of Vermont bore their full 
 share, both of toil and of suffering, in these events. 
 And in consequence the new constitution was not pub- 
 lished and distributed in season for an election in 
 December. Accordingly the convention was called 
 together again, at Windsor, December 24, by the Coun- 
 cil of Safety, and the constitution was amended by 
 providing for an election on the 3d day of March and 
 for the first meeting of the legislature, Tuesday, March 
 12, 1778, at Windsor. 
 
 The New Government Organized.— The elec- 
 tion was held and the legislature met according to 
 appointment. The new State was organized with 
 Thomas Chittenden, Governor, and with an able legis- 
 lature and council. The State was not formed in a 
 time of peace nor with the acquiescence of all men. 
 There had been enemies without and foes within, and 
 so it continued for several years more. Truly the 
 ship was built in a tempestuous season and was. 
 launched on a stormy sea. 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 117 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 A STATE, BUT NOT IN THE UNION. 
 
 Development. — We have seen that the settlers on 
 ! the New Hampshire Grants refused to re-purchase their 
 ' lands from the Province of New York. In the main- 
 \ tenance of that refusal they were led to deny the civil 
 ' jurisdiction of New York. This denial of jurisdiction 
 1 in its turn led to the formation of a State government. 
 
 Parties to the Contest. — The contention of the 
 i settlers at first was against the Province of New York. 
 1 Both parties appealed to the King with results already 
 j related. At the beginning of the American Revolu- 
 I tion, the provincial government of New York was dis- 
 placed by a revolutionar}^ government. The Province 
 of New York became the State of New York. The 
 State claimed all the territory and all the rights of its 
 predecessor, the Province, including all its authority 
 and rights in the New Hampshire Grants. 
 
 Appeal to Congress. — Vermont, having organ- 
 ized a government in opposition to that authority, 
 .appeared by its agents before the Continental Con- 
 gress asking for recognition as an independent State. 
 Vermont had been settled chiefly from Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut and was in complete sympathy with 
 their institutions and aspirations. It would find 
 friends in those States. With New Hampshire the 
 inhabitants of the Grants had been on good terms. No 
 opposition was anticipated from that State. The Green 
 
u8 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Mountain Boys had done good service in behalf of 
 American independence and were likely to find friends 
 among American patriots everywhere. In the confed- 
 eracy there were large and small States. New York 
 was a large State which some of the States would will- 
 ingly see diminished. There were conflicting land 
 claims. Virginia claimed the territory extending from 
 the southern boundary of Kentucky to the Great Lakes 
 and westward to the Mississippi River. New York 
 claimed the same territory and Massachusetts an 
 Connecticut each claimed so much of it as would be 
 found between the northern and southern boundar 
 lines of those States severally, if they were extended 
 due west to the Mississippi. Maryland demanded that 
 the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains should 
 be surrendered to the Union, and refused to ratify 
 the Articles of Confederation till it should be done. 
 Here were conflicting interests to be set over against 
 one another. The Vermonters argued that by the 
 withdrawal of royal authority they were left without 
 a government, as their annexation to New York had 
 been effected by a royal decree, which was of no effect 
 after the colonies became independent of the King. 
 So there were reasons good and poor for thinking 
 that Congress would at once recognize the claimant 
 State. 
 
 Obstacles. — But Congress was an assembly of States 
 by their representatives. Each State had become 
 independent by throwing off British rule. They 
 entered the Congress as equals with the boundaries, 
 and the possessions they had before held as colonies. 
 New York was in Congress by her delegates. She was 
 an important member of the confederacy and was. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. u 9 
 
 watchful for the maintenance of her power. The 
 claim that a dissatisfied portion of a State might 
 withdraw from the State at its own will was a danger- 
 ous doctrine that, once admitted, might spread indefi- 
 nitely ; indeed a portion of New Hampshire was 
 already agitating for such a withdrawal, and before 
 the question of the admission of Vermont to the 
 Union was settled, Frankland, in what is now East 
 Tennessee, and Kentucky and Maine were agitating 
 the same question. Is it surprising that the action of 
 Congress was neither prompt nor consistent ? 
 
 Annexation.— Some Results.— The constitution 
 
 of Vermont was very democratic. Those of New York 
 and New Hampshire were less so, and this reason with 
 others led portions of the people living adjacent to 
 Vermont in both those States to apply for admission 
 to Vermont. At the same time a plan was proposed 
 by other parties to divide Vermont between New York 
 and New Hampshire upon the line of the Green Moun- 
 tains. Vermont accepted the proposals of annexation 
 and admitted to her legislature the representatives of 
 forty-five New Hampshire towns and ten New York 
 districts. In October, 1781, the legislature of Ver- 
 mont met in Charlestown, N. H., and as no Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor had been elected by the people, Elisha 
 Paine of Lebanon, N. H., was chosen for that office by 
 the legislature. In the same year there was disturb- 
 ance in the territory annexed from New York. Parti- 
 sans of Vermont and partisans of New York, all 
 inhabitants of the annexed districts, confronted each 
 other near the junction of the Walloomsac with the 
 Hoosac River. The New York authorities ordered 
 reinforcements for the New York party, upon which 
 Gov. Chittenden sent a Vermont regiment to the scene 
 
i2o HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 of the disturbance, on whose arrival the New York 
 troops withdrew, leaving the country in possession of 
 Vermont. 
 
 Congress Resolves. — Meanwhile, August 20, 
 1781, Congress by resolution had expressed their read- 
 iness to recognize the independence of Vermont if she 
 would give up her annexed territories. General Wash- 
 ington wrote an urgent letter to the Vermonters rec- 
 ommending the course demanded by Congress. With 
 this recommendation Vermont complied. 
 
 Resistance Overcome. — In the account of the 
 
 Dorset convention of September, 1776, we saw that 
 there were Tories in Vermont, and that provision was 
 made to control them. So now in the southeasterly 
 part of the State there were adherents of the New 
 York government who resisted the authority of Ver- 
 mont till a sufficient force of militia was sent to scat- 
 ter them. A portion of this force remained till it 
 became evident that further opposition to the authority 
 of Vermont was useless. In the early spring of 1782 
 resistance ceased. 
 
 New York Appeals to Congress.— In March, 
 
 1784, the legislature of New York, moved by the 
 appeals of persons who because of resistance to Ver- 
 mont authority had been driven from their homes, 
 demanded of Congress a decision of the dispute, and 
 June 3, a committee appointed to examine the matter 
 anew reported a resolution declaring "that the district 
 of territory lying on the west side of Connecticut 
 River called Vermont, and the people inhabiting the 
 same be, and they are hereby, recognized and declared 
 to be a free, sovereign and independent State, by the 
 name of the State of Vermont." 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 121 
 
 No Action on the Report. — This report was never 
 acted on. The action of Congress in the matter had 
 ceased to have much interest for Vermonters, and it 
 was not likely to be favorable to New York. 
 
 Vermont Content. — Vermont now had a well 
 organized government whose authority was unques- 
 tioned. She also had large areas of unoccupied and 
 fertile land. She became to southern New England 
 what the West afterward became to all New England. 
 She made rapid strides in population and in wealth. 
 She was founding new towns and building highways 
 and schools and churches. She provided for the coin- 
 ing of money (coppers) and for a postal system, with 
 a Postmaster-General. In 1790 she had five post- 
 offices: at Rutland, Bennington, Brattleboro, Windsor, 
 Newbury. At the same time the United States had 
 seventy-five postofhces. The two systems made con- 
 nection at Albany, N. Y. Since the acknowledgment 
 of her jurisdiction, by all the inhabitants of her terri- 
 tory in 1782, Vermont had been content with her 
 position. 
 
 New York Anxious. — But partly because of 
 strife among the States with respect to the location of 
 the national capital, partly because Kentucky was 
 likely to be admitted as a State at an early day and 
 partly because in the view of most men there was no 
 hope that Vermont could ever be re-united to New York, 
 a strong party in New York had become anxious for 
 the acknowledgment of the independence of Vermont, 
 and bills providing for such acknowledgment passed 
 the New York assembly in 1787, and in February, 
 1789. Both were defeated in the Senate, but at 
 another session in July, 1789, a law was enacted pro- 
 
122 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 viding for a commission with authority to negotiate 
 with Vermont and " declare the consent of the legisla- 
 ture " to the erection of Vermont into a State. 
 
 Vermont Responds. — To this overture Vermont 
 responded in October of the same year by the appoint- 
 ment of commissioners empowered to treat with any 
 commissioners appointed or to be appointed by the 
 State of New York, provided that they should not 
 diminish the limits of the State of Vermont as then 
 existing, nor oblige any persons holding lands under 
 grants from New Hampshire or Vermont to give up 
 their claims, nor "subject the State of Vermont to 
 make any compensation to different persons claiming 
 under grants made by the late Province and now State 
 of New York, of lands situate and being in the State 
 of Vermont and within the jurisdiction of the same." 
 
 Vermont Seeks a Guaranty.— When the com- 
 missioners met it was found that the commissioners of 
 New York had no authority to bind their State to 
 answer to the claimants of land under the New York 
 grants, and the negotiation was broken off till the 
 New York legislature granted authority to their com- 
 missioners not only to relinquish the jurisdiction of 
 New York over the territory of Vermont, but also to 
 provide for securing the titles to lands therein against 
 persons claiming the same lands under grants from 
 the State of New York. For this guaranty by the 
 State of New York that no claim should be brought 
 against the holder of Vermont lands in consequence of 
 grants of lands in Vermont by New York, it was 
 agreed that Vermont should pay to New York the sum 
 of # thirty thousand dollars. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 123 
 
 Final Action of Vermont.— An act providing; 
 
 for the payment of thirty thousand dollars to New 
 York was passed by the legislature of Vermont in 
 October, 1790. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States was adopted 
 for Vermont, January 10, 1791, by a convention called 
 for that purpose. 
 
 Action of the United States.— February 18, 
 1 791, George Washington, President of the United 
 States, approved an act which declared that "on the 
 fourth day of March, 1791, the said state by the name 
 and style of Vermont shall be received into this Union 
 as a new and entire member of the United States of 
 America ;" and one week later the President approved 
 an act which declared " that until the Representatives 
 in Congress shall be apportioned according to an actual 
 enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States, 
 Vermont shall be entitled to choose two representa- 
 tives." By another act of Congress the laws of the 
 United States so far as locally applicable were extend- 
 ed to Vermont, the State was constituted a judicial 
 district with a district judge to be resident therein, 
 and a customs district with a port of entry at Alburgh. 
 
 The Population Of Vermont.— Vermont re- 
 tained her two representatives under the apportion- 
 ment made in accordance with the census completed 
 in 1 791. The number of inhabitants at that time was 
 85,539, found in one hundred eighty-five towns. More 
 than 77,000 of these were south of the Winooski and 
 Wells rivers. The most populous town north of those 
 rivers was Danville, population 574. The five most 
 populous towns in the State were Guilford, 2,432; 
 Bennington, 2,377; Shaftsbury, 1,999; Putney, 1,848; 
 
124 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Pownal, 1,746. Twenty-three towns each had more 
 than one thousand inhabitants and each of one hun- 
 dred towns had more than three hundred inhabitants. 
 Of sixteen towns south of a line drawn west from the 
 mouth of White River each had a larger population 
 in 1791 than in 18S0. 
 
 The Legislature. — During the thirteen years of 
 the separate independence of Vermont, her legislature 
 met twenty-eight times, and in one' year, 1781, there 
 were four sessions. From 1788, one session a year 
 was the rule till 1870; since that time one session in 
 two years has been the rule. Previous to 1791 the 
 legislature had met in eight Vermont towns and in 
 Ch'arlestown, N. H., and previous to 1808 it had met in 
 fourteen Vermont towns. Fourteen sessions were held 
 in Windsor, eight in Bennington, seven in Rutland. 
 Montpelier, which became the permanent capital of 
 the State in 1808, was the sixteenth town and the 
 fifteenth Vermont town in which the legislature met. 
 
 Counties. — By the legislature at its first session in 
 1788, the State was divided into two counties, Ben- 
 nington west and Cumberland east of the Green Moun- 
 tains. Before 1791, seven counties had been estab- 
 lished, and the next year the number was increased to 
 eleven. 
 
 Roads. — The construction of roads was a slow pro- 
 cess, and although the selectmen of the towns were by 
 law directed to require four days' labor annually on 
 the roads from every able-bodied man between sixteen 
 and sixty years of age, ministers only excepted, roads 
 were nowhere good; and often they were mere bri- 
 dle paths along which the traveler was guided by 
 marked trees. The first wagon in Montpelier was 
 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 125 
 
 brought there from Vergennes in the summer of 1789. 
 There was only a bridle-path from Williston and trees 
 had to be cut down and logs removed in many places. 
 Above Waterbury the path led over a high rock that 
 filled all the space between the river and the moun- 
 tain. The wagon was drawn to the top of the rock 
 and was let down by attaching it. to the tops of some 
 small trees and swinging it by bending those trees 
 within reach of the tops of others to which it was fast- 
 ened, then by bending those the wagon was let down 
 upon the ground below. Travel was slow and labo- 
 rious in those days. 
 
 Churches. — Churches were established early in the 
 larger settlements. Before the end of 1791 there were 
 forty-six organized Congregational churches, thirty- 
 five Baptist and eight Episcopalian and a few Quaker 
 churches. Three associations of Congregational min- 
 isters and three Baptist associations had been formed ; 
 and the Episcopalians had organized the Diocese of 
 Vermont. 
 
 Church and State. — At that time towns were 
 allowed to lay and collect taxes for building houses of 
 worship and for the support of preaching. So ques- 
 tions concerning locating, building and repairing meet- 
 ing houses and hiring ministers were determined in 
 town meeting, and to hire and pay the minister was 
 often the duty of the selectmen. 
 
 Tithing-men to keep order in and about places of 
 public worship were chosen with other officers at the 
 March meetings, and sometimes choristers were chosen 
 in town meeting. 
 
 Education. — Schools were established almost as 
 soon as settlements were made in Vermont. The con- 
 stitution of 1777 declared that one or more schools 
 
126 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 ought to be maintained in every town and that there 
 ought to be a grammar sehool for every county and an 
 university for the State. After the adoption of the 
 constitution and previous to any legislation on the 
 subject of schools, the towns vent on doing as they 
 had done before, assessing and collecting taxes for the 
 support of schools, and dividing their territory into 
 school districts as they thought convenient, or neg- 
 lecting to do so. By the terms of the New Hampshire 
 grants, lands had been set apart in the several towns 
 for the use of schools. In the Vermont grants the 
 schools were not forgotten. In most of them lands 
 were reserved for the town schools, for county gram- 
 mar schools and" for an university. Previous to t 791 
 towns had been authorized by the legislature to raise 
 money for the support of schools, and a tract 0* 
 twenty-three thousand acres of land had been granted 
 to Dartmouth College and named Wheelock in honor 
 of the president of the college. 
 
 In 1 79 1 the University of Vermont was incorporated 
 and located at Burlington; schools of the secondary 
 or academic grade had been established in Bennington, 
 Norwich and Castleton ; and in Danby, Jacob Eddy, 
 the Quaker, was keeping an annual fail term of school 
 for teachers. A newspaper, The Vermont Gazette, 
 was published in Bennington, and another, The Ver- 
 mont Journal, was issued from "Windsor. Poultney 
 had already a town library and others were begun 
 soon after. 
 
 The mental force of the Vermontcrs of that period 
 is sufficiently evident from their success in the estab- 
 lishment and maintenance of an independent and pros- 
 perous State against powerful opposition. 
 
 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT-. 127 
 
 Capt. Morey. — There were other signs of intel- 
 lectual activity. About 1791, Captain 
 Samuel Morey of Fairlee constructed a 
 J«» steamboat which he exhibited first on the 
 Connecticut River and then transferred 
 it to Morey Lake near by. 
 He afterwards showed 
 his invention to friends 
 of Robert Fulton in New 
 II, York. 
 
 A Crank. — And there were cranks in those practi- 
 cal times. Mr. Dana in his Historvof Woodstock tells 
 of one who "was a great apple-tree man, and in carry- 
 ing out his propensity in this direction, he experi- 
 mented some years to make apple-trees grow wrong 
 side up, so as to produce fruit without seeds and cores. 
 Once he set two scions he was certain were of the kind 
 he was endeavoring to produce. These scions did not 
 bear fruit for years. Finally they blossomed, and a 
 few apples matured, long and slim, with two cores 
 instead of one, after which further experiment in this 
 direction was given up." 
 
 Hardships. — The settlers in the booming new 
 country faced hardships enough. Bartholomew Dur- 
 kee came from Pomfret, Conn., to Pomfret, Vt., with 
 his wife and five children. After spending a night at 
 the house nearest their own the family traveled six 
 miles on snow-shoes, drawing their household goods 
 on a hand-sled, and found their house the sixth day of 
 March doorless, windowless, roofless. During that 
 same month James Mead, with a wife, ten children and 
 a son-in-law, journeyed, some on foot, some on horse- 
 back, some in a sleigh, from Manchester, Vt., to Rut- 
 
128 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 land. Their house was built beside a stream which 
 had overflowed and so filled the house with water and 
 ice that it was uninhabitable. A party of Indians 
 near by gave up their wigwam to the white people, 
 building a new one for themselves. 
 
 Plenty and Scarcity. — The land was very pro- 
 ductive so that there was generally an abundance of 
 food after the first clearings had been made. The 
 chief food products were corn, rye, wheat, potatoes, peas, 
 beans, garden vegetables and pork. And in their sea- 
 son fish and game were plenty. In a few bad years 
 there was general scarcity. Mr. Tucker, the historian 
 of Hartford, says: "Tradition informs us that in 
 1780 the settlers suffered greatly for food." Ten years 
 later the scarcity in Middlebury was such that "many 
 subsisted on the roots of leeks, gathered in the woods 
 and some stripped the bark from oak trees, the inne 
 bark of which they boiled and converted into food." 
 Mills were scarce. The early settlers of Hubbardton 
 went twelve miles through the woods on a bad road to 
 mill with their grain ; those of Waterbury went twen- 
 ty-five miles. 
 
 Dress. — The people dressed plainly and in some 
 respects we should think not comfortably. They wore 
 little but the products of their farms and of their 
 household labor. The girls spun and the mothers 
 wove from their own wool the flannels for their winter 
 wear, and from their own flax neat linen checks for 
 their summer gowns and aprons. The men wore tow 
 cloth for summer and home-made woolens for winter. 
 Children went barefoot in summer and often in winter. 
 Many women went barefoot at home and men pro- 
 tected their feet with undressed leather for lack of 
 boots and shoes. 
 
 • 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 129 
 
 The Duke Of Kent. — While Congress was enact- 
 ing the laws by which the admission of Vermont to the 
 Union was completed, Prince Edward, the fourth son 
 of George III, afterward Duke of Kent and the 
 father of Queen Victoria, passed through the new 
 State on his way from Canada to Boston. He was a 
 young man of twenty-four years, who had for some 
 time been in command of a regiment in Quebec. He 
 reached Lake Champlain on the west side and crossed 
 on the ice to Burlington with a large party where he 
 remained several days. There the party divided, 
 some going toward New York and some returning to 
 Canada. The prince went toward Boston by way of 
 the Winooski valley to Montpelier where he spent a 
 night and thence he crossed the divide to the White 
 River. So, British royalty traversed essentially the 
 same route so often used by Indians and raiders many 
 years before and used now for travel and the transpor- 
 tation of freight. 
 
 (9) 
 
IJO 
 
 If I STORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 l>!.\ ELOPMENT, 
 
 Beginnings Made. 
 
 -The twenty years fol- 
 lowing the admission of Ver- 
 mont into the Union were 
 eminently years of progress. She 
 had already made good beginnings 
 in all departments of civilized life. 
 There were settlements in three-fourths of 
 her towns. Along the New York border and 
 the shore of Lake Champlain there was a settlement 
 in every town from Massachusetts to Canada. Beside 
 the Connecticut River, but one town had no inhabi- 
 tants. Pine logs cut on the bank of the Connecti- 
 cut were rolled into the stream and floated to mar- 
 ket in Massachusetts and Connecticut. And the 
 export of lumber from the Champlain valley to Que- 
 bec and Montreal had already begun. The trees cut 
 in clearing the land for cultivation were most easily 
 removed by burning, and from the ashes pot and pearl 
 ashes were manufactured for export in nearly every 
 town. And people then thought the supply of timber 
 was sufficient to keep up the manufacture for centu- 
 ries. The incoming population furnished a ready 
 market for the surplus products of the farms till by 
 means of improved roads markets were found in Bos- 
 ton and New York, or in Canada by the way of Lake 
 Champlain and the Richelieu River. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 131 
 
 Progress. — Mills were multiplying. The fulling- 
 mill and the carding machine lightened the labors of 
 the housewife ; and the tannery furnished leather for 
 hoots, shoes and harnesses. The manufacture of pot- 
 tery for common use was carried on in several places 
 during this period, and jugs for molasses and rum, 
 and pitchers and mugs for water and cider and flip 
 were turned out in large numbers, with other articles 
 for household use. The manufacture of axes, scythes 
 and nails began at an early period. The want of nails 
 had been severely felt before the manufacture began. 
 Jonas Mathews of Woodstock built a house about 1780, 
 and sent "below " for one thousand nails for which he 
 paid five dollars. Wooden pins were sometimes used 
 for nails. Boards sometimes had their ends placed in 
 furrows in sill and plate or were fastened by other 
 devices. 
 
 Before 1800, the manufacture of iron had begun, 
 partly from ore found near Crown Point, N. Y., and 
 partly from ore obtained in Bennington, Tinmouth 
 and Chittenden. Mills for the manufacture of oil from 
 flaxseed sprang up early in this period, and before the 
 end of it marble was worked on an extensive scale in 
 Middlebury, and circular saws were in use and the 
 method of welding steel was discovered in the same 
 village. 
 
 Apple orchards had been planted early and were 
 bearing abundantly. Great quantities of cider were 
 produced and much of it was made into cider-brandy. 
 Distilleries for the manufacture of whiskey, gin and 
 other liquors were numerous, and the habitual use of 
 strong drink was universal. "A pint of rum to a 
 pound of pork " was a rule for the supply of workmen 
 in those days. 
 
ij2 HISTORY OF VERMONT 
 
 Large quantities of maple sugar were produced. Dr. 
 Williams in his History of Vermont expresses the 
 belief that sugar enough to supply the people of the 
 State was then made from the maple. 
 
 Churches. — Progress was not confined to material 
 things. Before 181 1 the Congregationalists had formed 
 a State association called the General Convention, and 
 their organized churches had increased to more than one 
 hundred. The Baptists had established new churches 
 and had formed three new associations, doubling the 
 number that existed in 1791. There were Presbyte- 
 rians, immigrants from Scotland, in Barnet and Rye- 
 gate prior to the Revolutionary war, who maintained 
 such worship as they could without a settled minister 
 till 1 79 1, when they obtained a pastor. After that the 
 church made steady progress. A Methodist meeting- 
 house was built in Danby in 1795, through the influ 
 ence of a resident local preacher, and in the years nex 
 following Methodist churches were established in many 
 places and Methodist itinerants reached all the settled 
 portions of the State. During this period several 
 Universalist churches were formed and the Northern 
 Association of Universalists was organized. Also a 
 few Free Baptist and a few Christian churches wer 
 founded. It was a period of theological discussion an 
 of religfious awakening". 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 Education. — Mi'ddlebury College was incorporated 
 in 1800 and graduated its first class in 1802. The 
 University of Vermont held its first commencement 
 in 1804. In 181 1 the two institutions had graduated 
 one hundred sixty-six students. 
 
 Williams College in Massachusetts, near the south- 
 west corner of Vermont, had been established in 1793, 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 133 
 
 and Dartmouth College, on the eastern border of the 
 State, at the close of our period had graduated a thou- 
 
 " sand men. 
 
 Twenty-two grammar schools and academies had 
 
 ' been incorporated, and the common schools had 
 
 1 become more numerous and were better supported. 
 Three local medical societies had been incorporated. 
 
 j Fifteen newspapers were published in the State. 
 
 Population. — In 1800 the population of the State 
 
 1 was 154,465, in two hundred and twenty-six towns. 
 
 \ -Each of sixty-three towns had a population of more 
 
 1 than one thousand, and six of these had more than 
 
 I two thousand to each. Ten towns had a smaller pop- 
 
 I illation in 1800 than in 1791. 
 
 In 1810 the whole number of people in the State was 
 l 
 1 217,895, in two hundred and thirty-two towns. Each 
 
 l of ninety-six towns had more than one thousand inhab- 
 ( itants, and thirteen of these had more than two thon- 
 I sand apiece. Thirteen towns had a smaller population 
 in 18 10 than in 1800. Three had fewer inhabitants in 
 [ 1810 than in 1791. 
 
 By the apportionment made in consequence of the 
 census of 1800, Vermont had four representatives in 
 Congress, and by the next apportionment she had six 
 representatives in Congress. 
 
 Hardships. — With all this prosperity there were 
 hardships. Food though abundant was generally coarse. 
 Many people lived in log houses. The appointments 
 for religious services and for education were by no 
 means sumptuous. Meetings and schools were often 
 held in barns in summer and in private houses in win- 
 ter. The teacher of the common school boarded round 
 among the families of the district and often received 
 his slender salary in grain of various kinds at the end 
 >of the term. 
 
134 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Kindness to Strangers.— We have noticed more 
 than once that the people of Vermont were of New 
 England origin. A few persons only came from 
 beyond the sea either to remain in the State or to pass 
 through it. Capt. Trotter, who came to Vermont and 
 settled in Bradford, was born in England and appren 
 ticed to a ship-master who treated him harshly. At 
 the age of nineteen he came to America and soon was 
 in command of a ship. He was successful and shortly 
 after 1800 was able to retire with a large fortune, after 
 which he was distinguished for his enterprise and pub- 
 lic spirit. One day there came to Bradford an Irish 
 boy poorly clad selling pins and needles and inquiring 
 for his father. Capt. Trotter took the boy to his 
 house and after a little time sent him to a tailoress 
 with a large bundle which she turned into a suit of 
 new clothes for the lad. Soon the father came seeking 
 his boy and was greatly rejoiced to find him and the 
 friend he had found. With grateful hearts and lighter 
 steps the father and son went on their way to Canada. 
 
 Lotteries. — W T e have noted the difficulty of con- 
 structing good roads throughout the State as rapidly 
 as they were needed. Help was occasionally obtained 
 from lottery companies authorized by the Legislature 
 for the purpose of building and repairing some road or 
 bridge. Lotteries were authorized for some other pur- 
 poses: as two to build breweries, one to assist a sad- 
 dler whose buildings had been burned, one to build a 
 school house. Leave was asked to institute lotteries 
 for quite a variety of purposes ; as to build a house of 
 worship, to help an impecunious author to publish a 
 work on surgery, to assist a blind man. Before the 
 close of this period the granting of lotteries had ceased. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 135 
 
 Turnpikes. — As aid in road-making had been 
 sought in lotteries, so later it was sought from corpor- 
 . ations called turnpike companies. The first was incor- 
 porated in 1796, with authority to tmild a road from 
 Bennington to Wilmington, and to place gates upon it 
 and to collect toll of travelers. A craze for turnpike 
 1, building followed and' fifty turnpike companies were 
 ,, incorporated within a few years. The roads built by 
 / them were very useful. But public roads were, multi- 
 { plied, and for this and other reasons the turnpikes 
 ceased to be profitable, the companies surrendered 
 i their charters and the roads became public highways. 
 ' Only one turnpike now exists in the State. It is 
 between Manchester and Peru and has one gate on it. 
 
 Mails. — The carrying of the mails was transferred 
 to the United States when Vermont entered the Union. 
 For several years no new mail routes were added, and 
 when they were added the business was very small. 
 
 In 1798 the mail was carried once a week each way 
 between Windsor and Burlington, passing through 
 Woodstock, Randolph and Montpelier. The whole 
 number of letters received at the Post Office in Wood- 
 stock during the year was one hundred eighty, the 
 number sent out was one hundred twenty. The mail 
 of July 19 brought ten letters, a very large number. 
 The whole number of letters brought to Woodstock 
 by mail that year, from Boston was eighteen; from 
 New York, twenty-eight ; from Windsor, nine. Two 
 years later the population of the Vermont towns named 
 was of Windsor, 2,211; of Woodstock, 2,132; of Ran- 
 dolph, 1,841; of Montpelier, 890; of Burlington, 815. 
 Woodstock had been ten years a shire town and was 
 bristling with politicians and professional men. 
 
jj6 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 The Legislature.— In 1792, 1796, 1800, the Legis- 
 lature chose four, and in 1804 and 1808 six presiden- 
 tial electors. In January, 1804, an adjourned session 
 of the Legislature was held at Windsor to act on the 
 twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United 
 States, which was adopted on the part of Vermont. 
 In 1805 an act of the Legislature provided that on cer- 
 tain conditions Montpelier should become " the per- 
 manent seat of the Legislature." The conditions were 
 complied with and Montpelier became the capital of 
 the State in 1808. 
 
 In 1806, after refusing to authorize private banks, 
 the Legislature enacted a law establishing a State- 
 bank with branches at Woodstock and at Middlebury. 
 Later, branches were established at Burlington and at 
 Westminster. The State did not succeed in banking, 
 and in 181 1 the process of closing the business had 
 already begun. 
 
 State Prison.— Punishments.— In 1807 the Leg- 
 islature provided for the erection of a State prison, 
 which was located at Windsor and was in use within 
 two years. 
 
 In consequence of building the State prison, new- 
 modes of punishing many crimes were adopted. Cut- 
 ting off the ears, branding, whipping, putting in the 
 stocks and pillory had previously been well-known 
 punishments. A law of 1779 required "that every 
 town in this State shall make and maintain at their 
 own charge, a good pair of stocks, with a lock and 
 key sufficient to hold and secure such offenders as 
 shall be sentenced to sit therein." In Monkton a 
 Quaker was condemned to stand a certain number of 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 737 
 
 "hours in the pillory for getting in hay on the Sabbath 
 While he stood there his wife sat by, knitting-work in 
 hand. 
 
 In Manchester a convict was brought to the sign- 
 post near a large hotel. He was placed on a horse- 
 block and his head was bound fast to the sign-post. 
 The officer cut off the lower portion of the culprit's 
 ears and trod the pieces under his feet. Then taking 
 a branding iron which an assistant had been heating 
 over a kettle of coals he applied it to the convict's fore- 
 head. To imitate the operation was a favorite play 
 with the boys the following winter. 
 
 High on a hill near the center of Newfane may be 
 seen the foundations of a few buildings long since 
 removed or gone to decay. A busy village was once 
 there with its dwellings and shops and court house 
 and academy and church. In an open space just 
 below the academy and church stood the whipping- 
 post in the form of a cross. About three months prior 
 to the passage of the act providing for a State prison, 
 a woman convicted of passing counterfeit money was 
 brought. She was stripped naked down to her waist, 
 her arms were tied to the arms of the cross, and thirty- 
 "nine lashes were applied to her back, partly by the 
 sheriff and partly by an assistant. Her back became 
 raw from the infliction and she writhed and screamed 
 in her agony. Meanwhile multitudes were looking on 
 from the windows of the church and academy. 
 
 The State prison didnot come too soon ; and it is 
 well that such scenes were viewed through the win- 
 dows of the meeting house and school house, else they 
 might have continued to this day. 
 
138 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 No Slavery. — After the adoption of the Vermont 
 Constitution in July, 1777, and before the distribu- 
 tion of it, near the beginning of the next year, 
 Capt. Ebenezer Allen of Tinmouth was sent on a 
 raid with forty men into the neighborhood of Ticon- 
 deroga. He took several prisoners, among whom was 
 Dinah Mattis, a negro slave. To her, Allen gave a 
 certificate of emancipation, being " conscientious that 
 it is not right in the sight of God to keep slaves," and 
 had the same recorded in the town clerk's office in 
 Bennington. The first Constitution of Vermont con- 
 tained in its first article the distinct prohibition of 
 slavery, which is now found there. That is a Vermont 
 addition to the Pennsylvania model. Under it a slave 
 could not be legally held in Vermont. As slavery was 
 rejected for high reasons before the promulgation of 
 the constitution, so it was afterward. Theophilus 
 Harrington, who was an associate judge of the 
 Supreme Court for ten years, beginning with 1803, 
 very well expressed the verdict of the people in a case 
 that came before him of one person claiming another 
 as his property. The claimant presented evidence that 
 he owned the other person. The judge asked if he 
 had other evidence. What other evidence do you 
 want? inquired the counsel for the claimant. "A 
 bill of sale from Almighty God," responded the judge, 
 and the slave was released. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. rjp 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 WAR. BUSINESS. SOCIAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 Our Work SO Far. — We have traced the history 
 of Vermont from its discovery in 1609 for two hundred 
 years. We have studied its early settlements, the 
 struggles by which it became a State, its period of 
 independence, its admission to the Union of States and 
 its progress for twenty years within the Union. We 
 have reached a period at which the settlement of the 
 vState may be regarded as substantially complete; for, 
 though a few towns were still not inhabited, they were 
 within easy reach of the conveniences of civilized life. 
 No marked transition occurs in the subsequent history, 
 but there is constant progress. The agency most 
 effective of change since the date we have reached is 
 the railroad. So we will include in the present chap- 
 ter the chief events to 1852, before which time several 
 important railroads had been opened for traffic. 
 
 Political Parties. — Vermont entered the Union 
 at the beginning of the second Congress. The organ- 
 ization of the government and the provision for its 
 support led to questions relating to the interpretation 
 of the federal constitution and the extent of the pow- 
 ers of the federal government. The friends of the 
 new constitution, who secured its adoption and who 
 elected a president and a majority in both branches 
 of Congress, sought to establish a strong national gov- 
 ernment. They naturally inclined to a liberal inter- 
 
I4Q HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 pretation of the clauses granting powers to the federal 
 government. Others, who feared lest the federal 
 government should become an instrument of oppres- 
 sion, sought by a strict interpretation of the same 
 clauses to maintain in their integrity the powers of the 
 States and of the people. The former party were called 
 Federalists, and the latter before the close of this Con- 
 gress were named Democratic Republicans, or Repub- 
 licans. About 1828, the term Republicans was dropped 
 and the term Democrats was used instead. At this 
 period the Federal party disappeared, and a new party 
 called Whigs took its place. About the same time the 
 Anti-masonic party appeared, opposed to the election 
 of Free Masons to office. This party was of short 
 duration. The Liberty, or Anti-slavery party made 
 their first presidential nomination in 1839, and in 1841 
 they made their first nomination for governor in Ver- 
 mont. In 1848 the Free Soil party was organized, and 
 the Liberty party was merged in it. In 1856, the 
 opponents of slavery assumed the name Republicans. 
 Since that date the great political parties of the country 
 have been the Democratic and the Republican parties. 
 Electoral Votes.— At the presidential election, 
 according to the original federal constitution, each 
 elector voted for two candidates for president. In 
 1792, Vermont cast her first presidential votes for 
 George Washington and John Adams, both Federalists. 
 Again, in 1796, the votes of Vermont were cast for the 
 Federalist candidates, hi 1800, the Vermont electors 
 voted for Adams, Federalist, and for Pinckney, Repub- 
 lican. Previous to the election of 1804, the constitu- 
 tion was so amended that each presidential elector has 
 since voted for a president and for a vice-president. 
 From 1804, to and including 1820, the electoral votes 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 141 
 
 of Vermont were cast for the Republican candidates, 
 in 1824 and 1828 for the Federalist candidates, in 1832 
 for an Anti-masonic candidate, from 1836 to 1852 for 
 the Whig candidates; since 1852 to the present time 
 the electoral votes of Vermont have been given to the 
 Republican candidates for president and vice-presi- 
 dent. 
 
 The County. — Lamoille, the fourteenth and last 
 county, was formed in 1835. Till that time the 
 county had served simply as a judicial district whose 
 officers were elected by the legislature. The next 
 year the county began to have a new character, that 
 of an election district. 
 
 The Senate Introduced.— Originally the legisla- 
 tive power of the State of Vermont was "vested in a 
 House of Representatives," and the executive power 
 was "vested in a Governor, or, in his absence, a Lieu- 
 tenant Governor and Council," consisting of twelve 
 councillors chosen annually by the freemen of the 
 State. In 1836, the constitution was so amended as 
 to abolish the executive council and to establish a 
 senate consisting of thirty senators, apportioned to 
 the counties according to their population, and to be 
 elected annually by the freemen of the counties. 
 This change was effected by the adoption of articles 
 two to thirteen of the Amendments to the Constitution. 
 
 Population. — The population of the State in 1820 
 was 235,966; in 1830, 280,652; in 1840, 291,948; in 
 1850, 314, 1 20. 
 
 The population diminished in the ten years, from 
 1810 to 1820, in 63 towns; from 1820 to 1830, in 44 
 towns; from 1830 to 1840, in 97 towns; from 1840 to 
 1850, in 94 towns. 
 
i 4 2 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 By the apportionments made in consequence of the 
 censuses of 1820 and 1830. Vermont had five rep rc:-cn 
 tatives in Congress; and by the apportionment next 
 following the census of 1840 she had four representa- 
 tives. From 1812 to 1820 inclusive, representatives 
 to Congress were elected on a general ticket as presi- 
 dential electors now are. Presidential electors were 
 chosen by the legislature till 1828, when the method 
 of election by the freemen on a general ticket was 
 introduced. 
 
 THE WAR OF l8l 2. 
 
 Causes. — At the elose of the eighteenth century, 
 England and France were at war. There was peace 
 for a few months in 1802, then the war was renewed. 
 Both parties adopted measures offensive to neutrals, 
 one of which, on the part of England, was the search- 
 ing of American vessels for British subjects. These 
 were reclaimed when found and compelled to serve in 
 the British navy. American citizens were sometimes 
 taken on the pretense that they were British subjects. 
 The commerce of the United States suffered from both 
 parties. Congress attempted retaliation in 1807, by 
 forbidding American vessels to sail from American 
 ports to .any foreign country. Two years later the 
 law was modified so as only to forbid trade with Great 
 Britain. These measures interrupted business and 
 brought finaneial ruin to many people. They were 
 the occasion of special hardships to the inhabitants of 
 the Champlain valley, who had a large trade with 
 Canada. As trade with Canada was prohibited, smug- 
 gling beeame profitable and many on both sides of the 
 line engaged in it. There were frequent conflicts in 
 northern Vermont between the smugglers and the cus- 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 143 
 
 torn house officers and several lives were lost. These 
 conflicts tended to exasperate one party against Great 
 Britain, the other against the federal government. 
 
 In February of 1812, evidence was made public show- 
 ing that three years before an agent of the British 
 government was sent through Vermont, New Hamp- 
 shire and Massachusetts for the purpose of intriguing 
 with the leaders of the Federalists and organizing a 
 movement for disunion. He had been wholly unsuc- 
 cessful, but the disclosure increased the hostility 
 already existing against Great Britain. On the third 
 of April following, Congress passed another embargo 
 act, forbidding commerce with foreign nations for 
 ninety days, and eleven days later authorized the 
 president to detach one hundred thousand militia for 
 the defense of the country. May 1, Gov. Galusha 
 issued a general order calling for three thousand men 
 as the quota of Vermont. 
 
 The Northern Towns. — These events indicated 
 approaching war. In case of war the northern towns 
 would be exposed to incursions from the enemy, and 
 before the middle of May the people of Troy assem- 
 bled in town meeting and adopted measures for arm- 
 ing the militia and for the erection of a fort. Later, 
 through the concerted action of more than twenty 
 towns, guards were established in Troy, Derby, and 
 Canaan. But the fears of the inhabitants of the bor- 
 der were not wholly allayed, and before winter many 
 families fled from the Missisquoi valley near Troy, as 
 the inhabitants of the frontier had done during the 
 Revolutionary war. 
 
 War against Great Britain was declared by Congress, 
 and the declaration was announced by the president 
 
144 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 the 17th of June. In September the Vermont troops, 
 called for, May 1, were reported to be at Plattsburg, 
 N. Y. 
 
 Campaign Of 1812.— According to the American 
 plan of the war, Canada was to be invaded from three 
 quarters — Detroit, some point on the Niagara River, 
 and Lake Champlain. To that end the army was organ- 
 ized in three divisions — the western, the central, and 
 the northern. The western division, commanded by 
 Gen. Hull, governor of Michigan, was surrendered at 
 Detroit. 
 
 The army of the center was commanded by Gen. Van 
 Rensselaer, who in the latter part of October sent a 
 force across the Niagara from Lewiston to Queens- 
 town, where, after hard fighting and heavy loss, it was 
 captured by the enemy. The northern division under 
 Gen. Dearborn was collected at Plattsburg and in due 
 time went into winter quarters at Plattsburg and at 
 Burlington. 
 
 Political. — The war was a measure of the Repub- 
 lican party, which was. then dominant in Vermont. 
 When the legislature met in October laws were passed 
 forbidding intercourse with Canada, exempting the 
 persons and property of the militia in actual service 
 from attachment and laying a tax of one cent an acre 
 on the lands of the State for military purposes. These 
 measures were thought by many to be oppressive; and 
 the Federal party, which opposed the war, gained in 
 strength so that in 1813 and 1814 a Federalist gov- 
 ernor, Martin Chittenden, a son of Thomas Chitten- 
 den, was chosen by the legislature as there had been 
 no election by the people. The obnoxious laws of 
 181 2 were repealed. The official representatives of 
 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 145 
 
 the State were opposed to the war, but within what 
 they thought to be the constitutional limits were ready 
 to assist in the defense of their country. 
 
 On Lake Champlain.— Late in the autumn of 
 1S12, Lieut Thomas MacDonough was placed in com- 
 mand of the naval forces on Lake Champlain, consist- 
 ing at that time of two sloops (the Growler and the 
 Eagle), and two gun-boats. During the winter another 
 sloop was fitted for service at Burlington and named 
 the President. 
 
 Early in June, 181 3, British gun-boats came up the 
 lake and took some small craft. The Growler and the 
 Eagle were sent to chastise them ; but, pursuing the 
 enemy too far, they were disabled and captured after 
 a severe battle. The sloops were refitted by the Brit- 
 ish and later in the season with accompanying gun- 
 boats were sent into the lake. The expedition destroyed 
 the public works and stores at Plattsburg, which was 
 unprotected, and plundered the village : then they 
 sailed up the lake as far as the middle and on their 
 return attacked Burlington, but retired as soon as the 
 batteries on shore began to respond to them. Gen. 
 Wade Hampton was then at Burlington with four 
 thousand men, but the Americans had no naval force 
 sufficient to cope with the British. 
 
 In the latter part of this summer, several companies 
 of Vermont troops were with Gen. Wilkinson at Sack- 
 ett's Harbor, on the east end of Lake Ontario; made 
 the expedition with him down the St. Lawrence in the 
 fall and suffered loss in the battle of Chrysler's Field, 
 in Canada, a few miles below Ogdensburg. 
 (10) 
 
146 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Col. Clark. — Just before Gen. "Wilkinson left Saek- 
 ett's Harbor, Col. Isaac Clark of Castleton, with one 
 hundred two Vermont riflemen, sent out by Gen. 
 Hampton to " make a petty war," surprised the enemy 
 at Missisquoi on the Missisquoi Bay, in Canada, 
 inflicting a loss of nine killed and fourteen wounded 
 and delivered at Burlington one hundred one prisoners 
 without the loss of a man. 
 
 Derby. — In December a British raiding party 
 destroyed barracks and stores at Derby, Vt. 
 
 On the Niagara Frontier.— The plan of cam- 
 paign for 1 814 involved the invasion of Canada by 
 three routes as before. A portion of the Vermont 
 troops were in the army of the center, commanded by 
 Gen. Brown. They belonged to the Eleventh U. S. 
 Infantry, which was a part of the brigade of Gen. 
 Winfield Scott. This regiment bore an honorable 
 part in all the battles of the severely contested cam- 
 paign from the beginning of July to the middle of 
 September. 
 
 At the Mouth of Otter Creek.— In the spring of 
 
 1 8 14, Lieut. MacDonough was engaged in the con- 
 struction of vessels at Vergennes, and about the mid- 
 dle of May a British force was sent to capture or 
 destroy them. A battery recently constructed at the 
 mouth of the Otter Creek was placed under the command 
 of Lieut. Stephen Cassin and the militia of the neigh- 
 borhood were called out. The British arrived May 
 14, and attacked the battery, which made a spirited 
 reply, and Lieut. MacDonough moved down the 
 river with such vessels as were fitted for action and 
 joined in the battle. An attempt of the British to 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 147 
 
 land and gain the rear of the battery was prevented 
 by 'the militia and the enemy withdrew with loss and 
 sailed down the lake. 
 
 The American Fleet Ready.— A few weeks 
 later Lieut. MacDonough sailed out of the Otter Creek 
 with his fleet and crossed to Plattsburg. He after- 
 wards sailed down the lake to the Canada line, but 
 nothing of importance happened till September. 
 
 The Land Forces Gather.— The British in Can- 
 ada had received large reinforcements of veteran 
 troops released from European service by the first 
 downfall of Napoleon, and Governor Prevost planned 
 an expedition through the Champlain-Hudson Valley 
 to New York. He commanded in person and advanced 
 with a force of fourteen thousand men. The Ameri- 
 can headquarters were at Plattsburg, where on the 
 first of September was a force of barely two thousand 
 effective men, commanded by Gen. Alexander 
 Macomb. 
 
 Gen. Macomb appealed to the governors and people 
 of New York and of Vermont for help. The response of 
 the Vermonters was prompt and patriotic. Partisan 
 spirit had run high during the war, but the invasion 
 of the country by a hostile army aroused the patriot- 
 ism of all classes and of all parties. Not only from 
 the lake shore but from Central and Eastern Vermont 
 as well, came the volunteers ; old men with their sons 
 and grandsons, farmers and men of the professions, 
 Republicans and Federalists marched towards Platts- 
 burg for the defense of their friends and firesides. 
 
 Smith Morrill of Strafford, nearly seventy years old 
 and lame, had four sons who marched for Plattsburg. 
 He drove a two horse team carrying baggage. At 
 
148 HISTORY OF VERMONT 
 
 Burlington he wanted a gun to go to Plattsburg with, 
 and wept when told that he must stay and take care of 
 the team. 
 
 The Rev. Benjamin Wooster of Fairfield, a pro- 
 nounced Federalist, was holding a service preparatory 
 to the celebration of the Lord's Supper, Thursday 
 afternoon, Sept. 8. News of the danger to Plattsburg 
 and of the call for assistance came to that assembly- 
 Mr. Wooster volunteered with the men of his flock and 
 others of his town. He had served in the Revolu- 
 tionary War and his townsmen made him their cap- 
 tain. They reported at Plattsburg the morning of the 
 tenth, and were stationed for the day five miles south 
 of the village. On the bright Sunday morning that 
 followed they marched again toward Plattsburg to the 
 sound of the great guns. At the same hour on other 
 Sundays they had been accustomed to go with their 
 families to the little church in Fairfield to worship 
 under the guidance of their present leader the God of 
 battles who is also the God of peace. 
 
 Plattsburg Saved. — The village of Plattsburg is 
 built on the Saranac River and Lake Champlain. The 
 river runs in an easterly course for several miles til 
 about one mile from where it enters the lake it takes a 
 northeasterly course. The principal American fort 
 was near the bend of the river and south of it. The 
 south bank of the river is steep and high, and along 
 this bank the Americans were posted. Gen. Prevost 
 arrived September 6. He had suffered much from 
 skirmishers who fired from sheltering wall or wood, 
 then ran to the next cover and waited the approach of 
 the invaders. They crossed the Saranac and tore up 
 the bridges under a heavy fire. He spent the time till 
 
 I 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 149 
 
 Sept. 11, in bringing up his battering trains and sup- 
 lies. Meanwhile the volunteers of New York and 
 Vermont were coming in. The Vermonters chose 
 Samuel Strong, one of their number, for their com- 
 mander. They numbered twenty-five hundred the 
 morning of the nth, and many more were on their 
 way. The New York militia were less numerous. At 
 eight o'clock the British fleet entered Cumberland Bay 
 in front of Plattsburg. It consisted of sixteen ves- 
 sels of all kinds, carding ninety-five guns and 
 one thousand fifty men, commanded by Captain 
 Downie. The American fleet consisted of fourteen 
 vessels, carrying eighty-six guns and eight-hun- 
 dred fifty men commanded by Lieut. MacDonough. 
 The battle began at nine o'clock. Before noon the 
 British fleet had surrendered. Their gun-boats 
 escaped because the Americans had no means of pur- 
 suit. As the naval battle began, Gen. Prevost opened 
 fire from his batteries and attempted to cross the river 
 at three points. At one point, defended by the New 
 York militia a crossing was effected, but a body of 
 Vermont militia coming up, the enemy were driven 
 back with severe loss. After their defeat on the lake 
 the British withdrew from their attempt to cross the 
 river, and retreated the following night. This was 
 the last important battle in the northern department, 
 and the victory gained was celebrated with delight 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 The War Ended. — Four months later the country 
 was rejoicing in the conclusion of peace with Great 
 Britain and in the victory gained by Gen. Andrew 
 Jackson at New Orleans. The causes on account of 
 which the war was declared were not mentioned in the 
 
/jo HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 treaty ; but America had become assured of her 
 strength, and Europe had learned that the young- 
 republic was not to be despised. 
 
 The people of Vermont had come to think more of 
 their relations to the general government, and to 
 realize that the United States was a nation of which 
 they were citizens and of which they were but a part. 
 
 As to Commerce. — Lawful commerce with Can- 
 ada ceased when the embargo act of April, 1812, took 
 effect. With the suspension of hostilities trade 
 revived. Lake Champlain, lately the seat of war, 
 was now free for the white winged messengers of 
 peace. Among them came and went a craft, still 
 strange, the steamer Vermont. This vessel was 
 begun at Burlington in 1808, the year in which Mont- 
 pelier became the capital of the State, and was 
 completed in 1809, two hundred years from the first 
 exploration of the lake by Champlain. This was the 
 second successful steamer built, and for several years 
 it was the only one on the lake. Its speed was about 
 five miles an hour. The passenger sloops would race 
 with it, and under favorable conditions would win the 
 race. 
 
 Steamboats. — The steamboat was perfected by a 
 slow process. In August, 1787, John Fitch exhibited 
 a new steamboat to the framers of the federal consti- 
 tution at Philadelphia. Later in the same year James 
 Rumsey exhibited a steamboat on the Potomac River 
 to a large concourse of people. In 1795, Samuel 
 Morey, of whom we have heard before, obtained a 
 patent for his invention. Robert Fulton, who was 
 kept well informed of these American experiments, 
 was then studying the problem of steam navigation 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 151 
 
 in Europe. He afterward returned to America, and 
 in 1S07 built the first successful steamboat. 
 
 The Vermont was lost in 1815. Another steamer, 
 the Phoenix, built at Vergennes, was already running 
 on the lake. In a few years more the Lake Cham- 
 plain steamers were the finest in the world. 
 
 The Course of Trade. — Previous to 18 12, the 
 commerce of the Champlain Valley was chiefly with 
 Quebec. During the war trade had been forced south- 
 ward. Associations begun with the merchants of 
 Troy and Albany continued after the war ended. 
 Products of the valley were carried by water to 
 Whitehall, thence by land to Troy and thence by 
 river to New York. Merchandise from New York 
 was brought to the lake towns over the same route in 
 reverse order. Lumber was then one of the chief 
 products of the valley. That could not be profitably 
 transported to New York, but continued to be sent 
 to Quebec by water. In 1823, the Champlain canal 
 was opened for business, connecting Whitehall with 
 Troy, N. Y. The first boat to pass through it was 
 the Gleaner, from St. Albans, loaded with wheat and 
 potash. It went forward to New York, welcomed by 
 booming cannon, brass bands and dinners to the 
 owners. This completed water-way caused great 
 changes in the business of the valley. The lumber 
 export was divided. Other exports went mostly 
 southward. The imported merchandise came mostly 
 from New York. 
 
 Burlington, on account of its fine harbor, became 
 the center of trade for Northwestern Vermont. Four- 
 horse wagons loaded with merchandise went out into 
 all the surrounding country and returned with the 
 
152 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 surplus products of the farms. The southwest part of 
 the State traded with Whitehall and Troy, the eastern 
 part with Boston, or by way of the Connecticut River 
 with towns below and with New York. Locks were 
 constructed around Bellows Falls, Sumner's Falls by 
 Hartland and Olcott's Falls by Hartford. Large boats 
 coming to Bellows Falls would be unloaded and their 
 freight would be carried by, while smaller boats would 
 be taken through the locks. In the winter a farmer who x 
 had a good pair of horses would load a sled with the 
 products of his farm and go to market to Troy, Albany 
 or Boston, returning with supplies for his family and 
 money to pay his taxes. 
 
 Corresponding with 
 the baggage wagons 
 were stages, two- 
 horse, four-horse, and 
 sometimes six-horse stages, carrying the mails and 
 passengers in all directions. On the great lines the 
 passing stage, coming promptly on time, filled within 
 and covered on top with passengers and loaded with 
 trunks behind, was a fine sight. 
 
 And in the late summer and early autumn, droves 
 of cattle guided by men and boys passed along the 
 highways toward the market. Many a youth who had 
 wondered whence the stages came and whither they 
 went gained his first view of the outside world by 
 going to market as a drover's boy. 
 
 The Erie Canal. 
 a shining ribbon 
 stretched between 
 Lake Erie and the 
 Hudson River, was 
 completed two years later than the Champlain Canal, 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 153 
 
 in 1825. This was of great advantage. The West was 
 reached more easily and was settled rapidly. New 
 York grew apace. Soon after the opening of the Erie 
 Canal the wheat crop became unprofitable in Vermont 
 on account of the ravages of insects, and western 
 flour was brought in. Whitehall was an important 
 distributing point for it. It was a gathering point for 
 western emigrants as well. Teams from the Connec- 
 ticut Valley often crossed the Green Mountains, carry- 
 ing the persons and effects of emigrating families and 
 returning with the product of the then far west. 
 
 Some Effects of the War. — On account of the 
 war and of the interruption of commerce before and 
 during the war, an impulse was given to manufac- 
 tures. Vergennes was distinguished as well for the 
 manufacture of cannon shot as for the fleet built 
 there, and it had furnaces, forges, a rolling mill and 
 a wire factory. Distilleries, especially of potato whis- 
 key, were multiplied during the war, and were 
 numerous in all parts of the State. On the return of 
 peace the conditions of business were changed so that 
 many establishments became unprofitable and were 
 given up. 
 
 Local Manufactures. — The period considered in 
 this chapter was one of local effort. Grist mills, and 
 saw mills and carding machines and fulling mills and 
 tanneries were thickly distributed through the State. 
 Shoemakers, blacksmiths and tailors were numerous. 
 
 The farmers would carry their hides to the tannery 
 and take their pay in leather, which was carried to 
 the shoemaker who produced from it boots and shoes 
 for the family. But sometimes the shoemaker was an 
 itinerant, who went from house to house carrying his 
 
154 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 tools in a sack on his back, and who boarded with the 
 family while he made their shoes. If he lacked a last 
 of suitable size for any member of a household, he 
 would select a stick from the woodpile, shape it with 
 an ax and construct upon it both shoes or boots of the 
 required pair. 
 
 In those days the local blacksmith had much more 
 work than now. If a bolt was needed he would find 
 a suitable rod, make a head upon one end, cut a screw 
 upon the other and make a nut for it. He made the 
 horseshoes that he used and the nails to fasten them 
 on with. In the early part of this period the nails 
 used by carpenters were made by hand in the black- 
 smith's shops. 
 
 Men's and boys' clothing' was made either at home 
 or by the local tailor or tailoress. So the house furni- 
 ture and the carriages used were mostly the products 
 of local cabinet and carriage shops. 
 
 Business Enterprises- — Several business enter- 
 prises begun during this period still continue and 
 have become famous. One of these was the manufac- 
 ture of carpenters' squares, begun in Shaftsbury in 
 1 817, said to be the oldest and largest establishment 
 of the kind in the world. The Fairbanks Scale works, 
 established at St. Johnsbury about 1830, send their 
 products to all countries. The Tuttle Company, 
 Printers, Publishers and Stationers, established in 
 1832, the largest of its kind in the State. Estey organs 
 have been made in Brattleboro since 1846, and now 
 greet the traveler in every climate. A small business 
 in marble was begun in West Rutland in 1836, and 
 slate quarrying began in Fair Haven three years later. 
 In 1 818 the Bank of Windsor and the Bank of Bur- 
 lington were incorporated; these were the first banks 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 155 
 
 after the State bank, which had already ceased to do 
 business. The Vermont Mutual Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany of Montpelier was established in 1827. The 
 National Life Insurance Company was incorporated 
 in 1848, and the Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany was established a year later. The Asylum for 
 the Insane at Brattleboro was opened in 1836. 
 
 Temperance Reform. — We have already seen 
 that distilleries were numerous in the State, and that 
 the people were much addicted to drink. In 1829, 
 Abraham Stearns, of Woodstock, was part owner of a 
 distillery and was a producer of gin. Just after 
 midnight, the first day of November, he was told that 
 his distillery was on fire. He said afterwards that 
 the news brought him a feeling of relief, for he had 
 not liked the business. Judge Henry, C. Denison 
 heard the alarm and started for the fire, but when he 
 came where he could see what was burning he turned 
 back home and went to bed. That distillery was not 
 rebuilt. A temperance reform had already begun. 
 At first it was wholly a moral reform, but before the 
 close of our period the sale of intoxicating drinks was 
 restricted by law. 
 
 Anti-Slavery. — Slavery was excluded from Ver- 
 mont by her original constitution. The State has ever 
 been true to the letter and spirit of that exclusion. 
 Questions relating to slavery in other parts of the 
 Union were always interesting to Vermonters, though 
 they might differ in their replies to them. In 1820 
 the representatives in Congress from this State 
 opposed the admission of Missouri as a slave State, 
 and the Senators differed on the question. In 1825, 
 the legislature resolved "That slavery is an evil to 
 
ij6 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 be deprecated by a free and enlightened people, and 
 that this general assembly will accord in any measures 
 which may be adopted by the general government for its 
 abolition in the United States, that are consistent with 
 the rights of the people and the general harmony of 
 the States." In 1835, petitions were presented to the 
 legislature praying for action in favor of the abolition 
 of slavery in the District of Columbia, and an anti- 
 slavery lecturer was publicly insulted in several large 
 towns of the State. The next legislature declared by 
 resolution, "That neither Congress nor the State 
 governments have any constitutional right to abridge 
 the free expression of opinions, or the transmission of 
 them through the public mail; and that Congress do 
 possess the power to abolish slavery and the slave 
 trade in the District of Columbia." So far the oppo- 
 nents of slavery had not formed a political partv in 
 Vermont, but in 1841 the anti-slavery men nominated 
 a governor and secured votes enough to prevent an 
 election by the people. From this time the anti- 
 slavery party continued under different names till 
 slavery disappeared. 
 
 In 1S43, when the struggle for the right of petition 
 in the Federal House of Representatives was at its 
 height, and about two months after the Liberty Partv, 
 in national convention at Buffalo, N. Y., had denounced 
 slavery and called upon the free States to prevent the 
 return of fugitive slaves, the legislature of Vermont 
 enacted a law, of which two sections follow: 
 
 "No sheriff, deputy sheriff, high bailiff, constable, 
 jailer or other officer or citizen of this State shall here- 
 after seize, arrest or detain, or aid in the seizure, 
 arrest or detention, or imprisonment in any jail or 
 other building, belonging to this State, or to any county, 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 157 
 
 town, city or person therein, of any person for the 
 reason that he is, or may be, claimed as a fugitive 
 slave. 
 
 "No sheriff, deputy sheriff, high bailiff, constable or 
 other officer or citizen of this State shall transport, or 
 remove or aid or assist in the transportation or removal 
 of any fugitive slave, or any person claimed as such, 
 from any place in this State to any other place within 
 or without the same." 
 
 In the summer of 1850, after a long and heated dis. 
 cussion in Congress, a new fugitive slave law was 
 passed, providing for the arrest of runaways by United 
 States officers, and denying to the runaways the right 
 to testify when claimed as slaves. The Vermont leg- 
 islature, in the autumn of the same year, responded 
 with the following enactment : 
 
 "It shall be the duty of State's attorneys, within 
 their respective counties, whenever any inhabitant of 
 this vState is arrested or claimed as a fugitive slave, on 
 being informed thereof, diligently and faithfully to 
 use all lawful means to protect, defend and procure to 
 be discharged, every such person so arrested or 
 claimed as a fugitive slave. 
 
 "It shall be the duty of all judicial and executive 
 officers in this State, in their respective counties, who 
 shall know, or have good reason to believe, that any 
 inhabitant of this State is about to be arrested or 
 claimed as a fugitive slave, forthwith to give notice 
 thereof to the State's attorney of the county in which 
 such person resides." 
 
 Conflict with the federal government was guarded 
 against in these enactments by the section following: 
 
 "This act shall not be construed to extend to any 
 citizen of this State acting as a judge of the circuit or 
 
IS 8 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 district court of the United States, or as marshal or 
 deputy marshal of the district of Vermont, or to any 
 person acting under the command or authority of said 
 courts or marshal." 
 
 Education. — Common schools were maintained 
 throughout the vState. A small part of the expense 
 was provided for by the towns. Money for this 
 purpose was derived from the income of school lands 
 and from a tax on the grand list of the town, laid first 
 on the property of residents only, but after 1818 on 
 the property of non-residents as well. In 1838 the 
 State received the sum of $669,086.74 as a deposit of 
 her share of moneys accumulated in the national 
 treasury and not needed for the support of the govern- 
 ment. This money is apportioned to the several 
 towns in proportion to their population and the income 
 at six per cent is devoted to the support of schools. 
 When this money was received by the State, the 
 annual income at the rate named was about fourteen 
 cents for each inhabitant of the State. Now it is 
 about twelve cents for each person. The part of the cost 
 of schools not furnished by the towns was provided 
 for by the school districts, and much of it was 
 collected of the parents of children in attendance as a 
 charge for tuition. 
 
 In 1827 provision was made by the legislature for 
 the examination and licensing of teachers and for the 
 supervision of schools by town committees; also a 
 Board of Commissioners for the State authorized to 
 select text-books for the schools and to study the 
 educational needs of the State and report, was pro- 
 vided for. These provisions of the law were repealed 
 after six years and supervision of schools ceased till 
 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. i 59 
 
 1845, when a law was enacted providing for town, 
 county and State supervision of schools. Town and 
 county superintendents were to examine and license, 
 and to inspect the schools and report. After four 
 years the office of county superintendent was abol- 
 ished. 
 
 The period before us was one of large families. The 
 schools were full. The high school was not then a 
 part of the common school system. Its place was 
 supplied by the academies. These were numerous 
 and were filled with students, who were there prepared 
 for college or for the study of a profession or for 
 business. 
 
 During this period, in 1820, the Norwich University, 
 a military school having the rank and privileges of a 
 college, was established at Norwich. It has since 
 been removed to Northfield. A medical college was 
 begun at Castleton in 1818 and another was opened at 
 Woodstock in 1830. Both institutions flourished and 
 were useful in their time, but they have ceased to 
 exist. 
 
 Churches. — A Unitarian church resulted from a 
 division of the Congregational church in Burlington, in 
 1 8 10. A few other churches of this denomination have 
 since been formed in the State. A few Roman Cath- 
 olic families came to Vermont at an early day, but no 
 effort at organization for public worship was made till 
 1830, when a missionary was sent into the State. Two 
 other missionaries were soon added. Congregations 
 of this denomination of Christians are now found in 
 all the larger and in many of the smaller towns. 
 
 Visit Of Gen. Lafayette. — An interesting event 
 of this period was the visit of Gen. Lafayette to the 
 State in 1825, in accordance with an invitation of the 
 
160 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 legislature of 1824. Having participated in the cele- 
 bration at Boston of the Battle of Bunker Hill on the 
 ryth of June, the General and his suite came to Ver- 
 mont, entering the State at Windsor, June 28, where 
 he was met by the Governor's staff. He was welcomed 
 by addresses, by the revolutionary soldiers of the 
 vicinity and by crowds of people at Windsor, Wood- 
 stock, Royalton, Randolph, Montpelier and Burling- 
 ton, where he laid the corner stone of the south 
 building of the University of Vermont, and where an 
 elegant reception was prepared by Gov. Van Ness. 
 The gatherings of the old soldiers, the review of the 
 struggles for Independence and the presence of the 
 most popular hero among the European auxiliaries of 
 the rising republic tended strongly to enlarge the 
 view and to nourish the patriotism of our people. 
 
 Imprisonment for Debt. — One incident con- 
 nected with the visit of Gen. Lafayette must not be 
 omitted. Gen. William Barton, who as Lieut. Col. of 
 militia, with a few men captured the British General 
 Prescott in July, 1777, near Newport. R. I., had 
 become involved in debt in Vermont, and in conse- 
 quence had been kept in jail at Danville for thirteen 
 years. Gen. Lafayette learned of the condition of his 
 former friend and paid the debt, enabling Gen. Barton 
 to return to his family in Rhode Island. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt, quite akin in its spirit to 
 some of the punishments already mentioned as having 
 passed away, was abolished in 1838. 
 
 Matches. — The history of this period would not 
 be complete without notice of the introduction of fric- 
 tion matches about midway of it. No longer "The 
 curfew tolls the knell of parting day," nor does the 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. i6r 
 
 "busy housewife," not sweetly, delay her breakfast 
 while the small boy, sent to the neighbors for fire, 
 loiters to pick the luscious raspberry, and smears his 
 luckless face with its tale-telling juice. One match 
 is a little thing, but the changes in our mode of life 
 that it has helped to make possible are not small. 
 
 Farm Machinery. — It was during this period, 
 too, that the threshing machine and the horse-rake 
 made their appearance, by the aid of which and of 
 other machines a much smaller number of farm hands 
 than were formerly employed can grow and gather 
 larger crops than were formerly secured. 
 
 Railroads. — Before 1830, railroads and locomo- 
 tives had been introduced in the United States. 
 Before 1840, Boston had become a railroad center, and 
 the Vermont legislature had granted a charter for a 
 railroad from Lake Champlain to the Connecticut 
 River. Under this first charter nothing was accom- 
 plished and another charter was granted in 1843. 
 Ground was first broken for the road al Windsor in 
 1845. The first rail was laid at White Rivtr Junction 
 in 1847. The first passenger train run in Vermont 
 passed over this road from White River Junction to 
 Bethel, June 26, 1848. The Vermont Central and the 
 Rutland and Burlington railroads were opened to 
 Burlington in 1849. 
 
 Within three years from this time railroads were 
 opened from White River Junction to St. johnsbury. 
 from Essex Junction to Rouse's Point, from Rutland 
 to Bennington, to Whitehall and to Troy, N. Y. 
 
 Rutland at once became the business center for a 
 large part of the State. 
 
1 62 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 it 
 
 freqt 
 were 
 
 entry. 
 
 favor 
 
 Burlington soon 
 renewed its lum- 
 ber trade, bring- 
 ing its lumber in 
 rafts through the 
 Richelieu River 
 and Canal from 
 Canada — pine 
 from the Ottawa 
 Valley and spruce 
 ■- from Quebec — 
 ja and distributing it 
 < at various stage 
 £ of manufacture t 
 c all parts of the 
 2 Eastern States. 
 
 Every kind of 
 \ business was af- 
 
 c 
 
 o fected by the rail- 
 | roads. The pro- 
 duce of the farms 
 a n d merchandise 
 from the cities 
 were transported 
 more cheaply and 
 m ore qu i c k 1 y . 
 Travel was made 
 easier. The mails 
 were carried more 
 swiftly and were 
 delivered more 
 Changes then recent in the postal laws 
 able to a rapid development of the mail 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 163 
 
 service. The rates of postage in the beginning of our 
 government were very much higher than they are 
 now. The postage on a letter was paid by the 
 receiver and varied according to the distance from 
 which it was brought. Here are the rates for letters 
 •established by law in 1816: 
 
 Each letter conveyed not more than 30 miles, 6 
 cents; over 30 miles and not more than 80 miles, 10 
 cents; over 80 miles and not more than 150 miles, 12.5 
 cents; over 150 miles and not more than 400 miles, 
 18.75 cents; over 400 miles, 25 cents. 
 
 Private expresses carried much mail matter. They 
 became responsible for its safety, and carried at a less 
 price than the government charged. 
 
 In 1845, by act of Congress the following rates 
 were established for letters weighing one-half ounce 
 or less: 
 
 Each letter conveyed not over 300 miles, 5 cents ; 
 over 300 miles, 10 cents, and the business of carrying 
 the mails was forbidden to private parties. 
 
 Two years later the use of adhesive stamps to pre- 
 pay postage was authorized by act of Congress, and 
 in 1856 their use was made compulsory, 
 
 Before the first railroad train was seen in Vermont, 
 laws had been enacted to regulate the construction of 
 telegraph lines in the State. So was the way prepar- 
 ing for new economical conditions and a new social 
 state. 
 
 LAKE BOMOSEEX. 
 
164 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 The Anti-Slavery Vote.— In 1853 the anti-slavery 
 vote for governor was large enough to prevent an elec- 
 tion by the people. In 1854 a vacancy in the Senate 
 of the United States was to be filled by the legislature 
 of Vermont, and Lawrence Brainerd, a Liberty Party 
 man of 1841, was unanimously elected senator. In 
 1856, the State, by a large majority, chose electors to 
 vote for John C. Fremont, the Republican candidate 
 for President of the United States. 
 
 Growth of the National Idea.— During the last 
 war with Great Britain the people of Vermont had 
 exalted the authority of the State at the expense of 
 the authority of the nation. Many of them disputed 
 the right of the federal government to call the militia 
 of a State to act beyond the borders of the State, 
 except in certain cases specified in the constitution of 
 the United States. But the near approach of a hostile 
 army aroused their patriotism and dispelled their scru- 
 ples. Every huzza and bonfire and booming gun for 
 victories on land and lake and ocean, impressed more 
 deeply the thought that the United States is a nation ; 
 and the discussions of the tariff laws and of the Mis- 
 souri compromise and nullification and the fugitive 
 slave law, helped to emphasize the thought. Should 
 there come rebellion on account of slavery, the posi- 
 tion of Vermont was not doubtful. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 165 
 
 The Southern Claim.— Rebellion came. The 
 people of the South were accustomed to slavery. To 
 them the terms master and slave expressed rela- 
 tions necessary among men, and so, right. They held 
 that slaves were property, and claimed the right to 
 take that property into any part of the Union and have 
 for it the protection of law. 
 
 The Purpose of the North.— To the people of 
 ; the North the same terms suggested the reversal of 
 fundamental laws. The permission of slavery in ter- 
 ritory controlled by the national government was, in 
 1 their judgment, a great wrong. Slavery had no rights 
 i and should have no protection beyond the States in 
 . which it already existed. Only by excluding it from 
 I the national domain could the nation purge itself from 
 ( the greatest sin of the age. Such was the belief of the 
 ( Republican party. The issue was joined in i860, and 
 I the Republicans were victorious in the election of 
 I Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. 
 
 Secession. — The slaveholders saw that thepredom- 
 I inance of the Republican party meant that there should 
 1 be no more Slave States, while the number of Free 
 States, already in the majority, would soon be greatly 
 increased. The privileges of their pet institution 
 would be diminished, and perhaps ultimately the 
 institution itself would be overthrown. At any rate 
 the day of their supremacy in the Union was past. 
 Rather than remain in the Union shorn of their for- 
 mer influence they preferred to dissolve the Union. 
 In December, i860, a State convention of South Caro- 
 lina passed an "ordinance of secession," declaring 
 the State of South Carolina to be separate from and 
 independent of the United States. In the course of 
 
1 66 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 the following month similar ordinances were passed by 
 conventions in Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
 Louisiana; and by a convention in Texas, on the first 
 day of February, 1861. The conventions of the 
 seceded States appointed delegates, who met at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama, February 4, adopted a provisional 
 constitution, and elected a President and a Vice-Presi- 
 dent of their provisional government, who were inaugu- 
 rated February 18. Forts, arsenals, dock-yards, a navy- 
 yard, ships and other property of the United States, 
 within the seceded States, had been seized by the 
 States and were turned over to the Confederate govern- 
 ment, as soon as it was organized. Officers of the 
 United States army and navy resigned their commis- 
 sions and entered the service of the Confederacy. 
 At only four places — Pensacola, Key West, Charles- 
 ton, S. C, and at the moiith of the Chesapeake Bay 
 — were any fortifications left to the United States, 
 from the Rio Grande to the Potomac. Hostile forts 
 and batteries were building for the reduction of two of 
 these and within the range of their guns, but their 
 commanders were forbidden to fire upon them. The 
 Star of the West, a government steamer, sent from 
 New York with reinforcements and supplies for Fort 
 Sumter, at Charleston, was fired upon by the Confeder- 
 ates and compelled to return. Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives in Congress from the Southern States left 
 their seats and went home. 
 
 The New Administration. — President Lincoln 
 was inaugurated March 4, and in his inaugural address 
 expressed his determination to do what he could to 
 preserve the Union. The affairs of the government 
 .had been left in the greatest confusion. The men 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 167 
 
 'i called to the administration of affairs were not famil- 
 iar with their duties. What measures the Northern 
 States would sustain was unknown. What will result, 
 peace or war ? was the question of many loyal men. 
 
 Fort Sumter. — April 6th, a messenger from Maj. 
 Anderson, commander of Fort Sumter, announced 
 to the authorities at Washington that his provisions 
 would not last beyond the middle of the month, after 
 which, if not supplied, the garrison must starve or sur- 
 render. On the 8th, notice was given to the Governor 
 of South Carolina that the fort would be supplied at 
 any cost. A fleet was already on its way from New 
 York with provisions and other supplies. After com- 
 munication with Montgomery the surrender of the 
 fort was demanded by Gen. Beauregard, the Confed- 
 erate commander. The surrender was refused. At 
 half past four o'clock in the morning of April 12, an 
 attack was begun from all sides. The fort was sur- 
 rendered April 14. Seven thousand men had over- 
 come seventy men. The Confederate States had made 
 war upon the United States. 
 
 The President's Call.— April 14, President Lin- 
 coln issued a call for seventy-five thousand men, and 
 a call for Congress to meet July 4. The quota of 
 Vermont was one regiment of infantry of seven hun- 
 dred eighty men. 
 
 The First Regiment. — None of the Northern 
 States were prepared for war. Vermont had a few 
 companies of militia, but they did not contain so many 
 men as were required, and they were not properly 
 armed and equipped. But recruiting began at once. 
 Arms and clothing were procured as speedily as pos- 
 sible. At the end of the month everything needed had 
 
i68 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 been provided; and May 2, the First Regiment of 
 Vermont Volunteers encamped in Rutland. The regi- 
 ment was mustered in to the United States' service 
 May 8, left Rutland the next day and reached Fortress 
 Monroe, Va. , the 13th. 
 
 Vermont Aroused. — It had been a busy month in 
 Vermont. On the day of the surrender of Fort Sum- 
 ter the Governor issued a call for the troops required 
 and a call for the legislature to meet in extra session 
 April 25, to make provision for raising and arming the 
 forces needed. Meanwhile in all parts of the State 
 meetings were held in which speeches were made and 
 resolutions adopted expressive of a determination to 
 maintain the government and the Union at every cost. 
 Money for the equipment of volunteers and the sup- 
 port of their families was pledged by individuals and 
 by corporations; and the representatives of the towns 
 were instructed to make liberal appropriations of 
 money and to provide for men to carry on the war. 
 The women added to their household duties the mak- 
 ing of the uniforms for the soldiers, and two hundred 
 Burlington women resolved to consider all their time 
 and all their energies sacred to the purpose of restor- 
 ing the authority of the government. The legislature 
 met at the time appointed, and in three days had 
 adjourned and gone home. They had appropriated, 
 by unanimous vote, one million dollars for the defence 
 of the nation, and had provided for organizing, arm- 
 ing and equipping six full regiments for a term of two 
 years. Volunteers for two regiments were called for. 
 May 7; and before May 1 1, men enough for five regi- 
 ments had offered their services. Vermont was aflame 
 with patriotic ardor. The whole North kindled with 
 like enthusiasm. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 169 
 
 The South Aroused. — The same events that 
 aroused the North aroused the South. From all the 
 seceded States volunteers rushed towards Charleston. 
 The border States made angry response to President 
 Lincoln's call for troops. North Carolina, Arkansas, 
 Tennessee and Virginia seceded ; Kentucky and Mis- 
 souri attempted to maintain a neutral position. After 
 the secession of Virginia, Richmond became the capi- 
 tal of the Confederacy. The northernmost Confed- 
 erate States, on the Fourth of July, when Congress met, 
 were Virginia, Tennessee and Arkansas. The task 
 before the nation was to overcome rebellion in these 
 States and in those south of them. The struggle lasted 
 four years.. At the end victory for the Union was 
 complete. 
 
 The Main Lines. — The main lines of military 
 operations were along the Mississippi River in the 
 west, around Washington and Richmond in the east, 
 and from the Kentucky and Tennessee rivers to and 
 down the Savannah River in the center. Other mili- 
 tary operations on the part of the Union forces were 
 for the recovery of the seaport towns, or were auxil- 
 iary to their main lines of effort. The Vermont 
 troops were employed in the eastern division and at 
 the south end of the Mississippi valley. 
 
 Contraband Of War.— The First Vermont Regi- 
 ment was commanded by Col. John W. Phelps, a 
 native Vermonter and a graduate of the West Point 
 Academy, who had seen twenty-three years of honor- 
 able service in the army of the United States. Its 
 Lieut. -Col. was Peter T. Washburn, afterwards Gov- 
 ernor of the State. Its first movement against the 
 enemy was in a reconnoissance to the village of 
 
Ho HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Hampton, a few miles from Fortress Monroe, under- 
 taken May 23, under Col. Phelps, and memorable 
 from the fact that on their return the party was accom- 
 panied by a number of slaves who were anxious to 
 know what would be done with them. Col. Phelps 
 told them that he should do nothing with them; they 
 could go where they pleased. Two days later a 
 messenger from Hampton appeared at the Fortress 
 and asked for the return of slaves who had sought 
 refuge there, when Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, then in 
 command, announced the doctrine that slaves were 
 "contraband of war," and refused to return them. A 
 portion of this regiment, under Lieut. -Col. Washburn, 
 encountered the enemy and engaged in actual fighting, 
 with great credit to themselves, at Big Bethel, a ham- 
 let ten miles distant from Fortress Monroe, on the 
 10th of June. The attack on Big Bethel, led by Gen. 
 E. W. Pierce, of Massachusetts, with about two thou- 
 sand men, was not successful; but the Vermont three- 
 months men exhibited a steady courage that won them 
 praise. This regiment served nearly four months, and 
 was mustered out at Brattleboro, August 16. More 
 than six hundred of these men re-enlisted in the army, 
 and two hundred fifty of them held commissions 
 before the war was over. 
 
 The Muster.— Before the return of the First Ver- 
 mont, the Second and the Third had gone to the front, 
 and the Second had exhibited good soldierly qualities 
 in the battle of Bull Run, the first great battle of the 
 war, fought July 21, thirty-five miles from Wash- 
 ington, on the road towards Richmond. The Union 
 army was defeated and retired to Washington. Three 
 days after this battle the Third Vermont Regiment 
 was sent forward, and a week later Gov. Fairbanks 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 171 
 
 called for two more regiments, in anticipation of a 
 further call from the federal government. The magni- 
 tude of the war for the Union began now to be appre- 
 ciated, and the people of the whole North devoted 
 themselves to the prosecution of it with more serious 
 determination. 
 
 The Fourth and Fifth Vermont regiments reached 
 Washington in September; the Sixth in October, and 
 the First Vermont Cavalry in December. In nine 
 months from the first call for troops Vermont had sent 
 forward one regiment for three months and six regi- 
 ments for three years. She had also raised three com- 
 panies of sharpshooters and a light battery that had 
 been mustered into the service of the United States. 
 Early in 1862 another battery was mustered in and 
 two more regiments, the Seventh and the Eighth ; 
 these, with the two batteries, were sent to Ship Island, 
 Mississippi, where they were welcomed by Gen. 
 Phelps, formerly Colonel of the First Vermont, and 
 Gen. Butler, whom we saw at Fortress Monroe. Before 
 the end of October three more regiments for three 
 years, the Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh, and five regi- 
 ments, the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth 
 and Sixteenth, for nine months, had been forwarded 
 to Washington. No new regiments were furnished in 
 1863. The Third Vermont Battery was mustered in 
 January 1, 1864, and the Seventeenth Vermont Regi- 
 ment in March and April of the same year. 
 
 The Service. — The service of the First Vermont 
 Regiment was in the neighborhood of Fortress Mon- 
 roe, in Virginia. The Seventh Vermont served in 
 New Orleans, at Vicksburg and Baton Rouge on the 
 Mississippi, and at Pensacola, Fla., and Mobile, Ala. 
 After the close of the war this regiment was sent, as a 
 
ij 2 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 part of an army of observation, to the banks of the 
 Rio Grande, in Texas, to watch the progress of events 
 in Mexico, where an attempt was making-, with the 
 aid of France, to establish an empire. The scheme 
 failed, and the regiment was mustered out and sent 
 home, reaching Brattleboro in April, 1S66. 
 
 The Eighth Vermont saw service in Louisiana and 
 Mississippi, and later (1864) in the Valley of Virginia, 
 where it did valiant fighting under Col., afterwards 
 Gen., Stephen Thomas. 
 
 The vSecond, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Ver- 
 mont regiments were brigaded, as the First Vermont 
 Brigade, in October, 1861. This brigade had its full 
 share of marching and fighting in Gen. McClellan's 
 campaign against Richmond, and performed distin- 
 guished service at Savage's Station and White Oak 
 Swamp; also at Fredericksburg, under Gen. Hooker, 
 in the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania and Cold Har- 
 bor, during Gen. Grant's advance against Richmond, 
 in the Valley of Virginia at Winchester and Fisher's 
 Hill and Cedar Creek, and led in the final assault on 
 Petersburg in April, 1865. 
 
 The Ninth Vermont reached Washington in July, 
 1862, and was sent to Winchester. Va., then to Har- 
 per's Ferry, just in time to be surrendered, with the 
 rest of the army there, in September. The regiment 
 was paroled and sent to Chicago for the winter ; after 
 it was exchanged in the spring the Ninth served in 
 Southeastern Virginia, and then in North Carolina, and 
 was ordered to join the army of Gen. Grant in Septem- 
 ber, 1864. A portion of this regiment, under Capt. A. 
 E. Leavenworth, was the first Union infantry to enter 
 Richmond after its evacuation by the Confederates 
 under General Lee. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 173 
 
 The Tenth and Eleventh 
 regiments were engaged in 
 all the battles in which the 
 First Brigade took part, be- 
 ginning with Spottsylvania 
 and the battle of the Monoc- 
 acy. 
 
 The Second Vermont 
 Brigade was composed of the 
 five regiments of nine- 
 monthsmen already named. 
 Its most distinguished ser- 
 vice was at Gettysburg, 
 where, under Gen. George 
 J. Stannard, it helped to 
 repulse the severest charge 
 of the three days battle. 
 
 A ''State Monument" has 
 recently been placed on the 
 ground "where Stannard's 
 Brigade fought," and dedi- 
 cated with appropriate cere- 
 monies. It is of Vermont 
 granite, 50 feet high, a statue 
 of Gen. Stannard in bronze 
 1 1 feet, sub-base 5 feet ; total 
 height, 66 feet. 
 
 The Seventeenth Vermont 
 Regiment "marched from 
 the mustering ground into 
 the carnage of the Wilder- 
 ness, placed the name of a 
 bloody battlefield on its col- 
 ors for almost every month 
 of its service, and was under 
 almost constant fire till 
 3 Richmond fell." 
 
 GETTYSBURG BATTLE MONUMENT. 
 
i~4 HISTORY OF VERMONT.. 
 
 The First Vermont Cavalry took part in seventy- 
 six engagements in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Richmond was captured April 3, 1865. Gen. Lee 
 surrendered at Appomattox Court House, April 9. 
 The war was soon ended. Before autumn the Vermont 
 troops, except the Seventh Regiment, had returned to 
 their homes. 
 
 In his "Vermont in the Civil War," the Hon. G. G. 
 Benedict says: 
 
 " In proportion to her population more sons of Ver- 
 mont fell in battle and more gave their lives to the 
 cause of the Union than of any other Northern State. 
 
 "The Vermont regiments, batteries and companies 
 comprised about twenty-nine thousand men. Of their 
 original members nearly two thousand re-enlisted to 
 serve till the close of the war, and nearly two thousand 
 conscripts paid the commutation fee, which would 
 secure the enlistment of a volunteer, and was accepted 
 by the military authorities as equivalent to furnishing 
 a man. The final aggregates upon the books of the 
 Adjutant-General of Vermont were as follows : 
 Enlisted in Vermont organizations, .... 28,967 
 
 Veterans re-enlisted, 1,961 
 
 Enlistments in the regular army and navy, . 1,339 
 Drafted men who paid commutation, . . . 1,971 
 
 
 Whole number of men furnished by the State, 34,238 
 "This total was less by one thousand four than the 
 number credited to the State by the War Department, 
 which was 35,242, many enlistments of Vermonters in 
 the regular army and navy having apparently been 
 reported at Washington which were not reported to 
 the State authorities. At the close of the war the 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. i 75 
 
 State stood credited with a surplus of one thousand 
 five hundred thirteen men over her quotas, under all 
 calls. 
 
 "This number was furnished from a population com- 
 prising' less than the average proportion of men of 
 military age. The general percentage of males 
 between the ages of eighteen and forty-five in the 
 country in i860 was 20.80. In Vermont the percent- 
 age was 19.27. The total population of Vermont at 
 the outbreak of the war was 315,098; the total number 
 of men subject to military duty was 60,719. Of the 
 total population of Vermont one in every ten enlisted. 
 Of her able-bodied men of military age, every other 
 one shouldered his musket and went to fight for his 
 country. With a total valuation of property for taxa- 
 tion in 1 86 1 of a little over $85,000,000, the State 
 expended $9,887,353 for war purposes, of which amount 
 $5,215,787 was expended by the towns without expec- 
 tation or realization of repayment. In her treasure, 
 as in her lives, Vermont gave something more than 
 her share to the country's cause. The brilliancy and 
 value of the service rendered by the Vermont troops 
 is denied by no student of the history of the war; and 
 impartial judges admit it to be remarkable that the 
 troops of one State, who constituted but an eighteenth 
 part of the army, should have had a leading part in so 
 many of the most decisive campaigns and battles of 
 the war. If some of this distinction was their good 
 fortune, it will not be denied that most of it was due 
 to their quality as fighters. 
 
 "It is because these Green Mountain bayonets were 
 thinking bayonets; because the courage of these men 
 was manly courage ; because its underlying" principle 
 was devotion to duty ; - because the service was patriotic 
 service, that it is worth commemorating." 
 
176 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 The State continues to show its appreciation of the 
 defenders of the Union by its support of the Vermont 
 Soldiers' Home, established at Bennington and incor- 
 porated in 1884. 
 
 \ER.MONT SOLDIEK.s' HOME. 
 
 St. Albans Raid.— At the beginning of the war, 
 St. Albans was a town of near four thousand inhabi- 
 tants, the center of business for half a county. Several 
 livery stables and three banks were among its business 
 institutions. There were three good hotels there in 
 1864, and the Welden House, since well known to 
 travelers, was in process of construction. Strangers 
 wore coming to town daily, and a few more or a few 
 less attracted no attention. October to. five came to 
 town, three stopping at one hotel and two at another. 
 The next day three more came and the eight spent a 
 full week in studying the town, but exciting no sus- 
 picion. On the 1 8th and 19th others came. There 
 were now in town more than twenty, distributed 
 among the three hotels. They were Confederate 
 guerillas who came from Canada in aid of the rebel- 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 177 
 
'78 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 lion. An unusual number of the citizens were out of 
 town. The day was cloudy. Rain was threatened. 
 The streets were remarkably quiet. At three o'clock 
 in the afternoon of the 19th the banks were entered 
 and robbed, while a part of the company guarded the 
 approaches. Then, taking horses from the livery 
 stables and saddles from the shops, the party rode 
 away northward in small groups and escaped into 
 Canada with $208,000. An alarm had been given 
 before the raiders left. The citizens began to gather 
 and some shots were fired. One American was 
 wounded mortally and one raider severely. To guard 
 against further incursions a company of infantry home- 
 guards was organized at St. Albans, and two com- 
 panies of cavalry were raised in the northern part of 
 the State, which constituted the first regiment of 
 frontier cavalry. 
 
 WHITE RIVER. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 179 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 CHANGES. EDUCATION. 
 
 Population. — The population of the State in i860 
 was 315.098; in 1870, 330,551; 1880, 332,286. The 
 population diminished in the ten years from 1850 to 
 i860 in 136 towns; from i860 to 1870, in 144 towns; 
 from 1870 to 1880, in 135 towns. 
 
 Representation. — One of the results to Vermont 
 of the census of 1850 was the reduction of the number 
 of her representatives in Congress to three. This 
 number was retained for thirty years, since which the 
 State has had but two representatives in Congress. 
 The congressional districts of the present day corres- 
 pond very nearly with those of 1791. 
 
 The County. — We have seen that the county took 
 on a new character with the introduction of the senate 
 in 1836. A further development of that character 
 occurred in 1850, upon an amendment of the State con- 
 stitution requiring the election of the chief county 
 officers to be made by the freemen of the county. This 
 change was effected by the adoption of amendments 
 fourteen to twenty, inclusive. Another step in the same 
 direction was taken soon after by the legislative enact- 
 ments in respect to the sale of intoxicating liquors and 
 requiring the election of county commissioners. By 
 reason of a still later enactment, that of 1872, author- 
 izing the county judges to order the assessment of an 
 annual tax, the county has been endowed with another 
 function, and is now a self- taxing body. 
 
i So Hr STORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Changes in the Constitution.— In 1870 the con- 
 stitution of the State was so amended as to provide for 
 biennial sessions of the legislature in place of annual 
 sessions, and for biennial instead of annual terms of 
 office for State and County officers. In 1880-83, a fa- 
 ther amendment of the constitution was made, adding 
 the Secretary of State and the Auditor of Accounts to 
 the list of officers to be chosen by the freemen of the 
 State. 
 
 By legislative enactments of 1880, women are 
 empowered to vote in school districts and in town 
 meetings for school officers, and to hold school offices 
 and the office of town clerk. 
 
 The legislative provision (1824) for the choice of 
 presidential electors by the freemen; and the constitu- 
 tional amendments, requiring the election of county 
 officers (1850) by the freemen; and increasing the 
 number of State officers (1883) to be chosen by the 
 freemen, are worthy of notice for their extension of 
 the direct power of the people. 
 
 Industrial Changes. — Some important industrial 
 changes have taken place during the last fifty years. 
 The introduction of agricultural machinery has led t,o 
 a very general substitution of horses for oxen in farm 
 work. The shortening of fhe time of harvest, partic- 
 ularly of the haying season, gives time for much work 
 in the fall that was formerly done in the spring, and 
 brings the seeding time to close at an earlier period. 
 The feeding of western grain and the use of artificial 
 fertilizers are new departures in agriculture, and the 
 introduction of cheese factories and creameries is still 
 more recent. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 181 
 
 The local manufacture of boots and shoes has 
 nearly ceased, and men's and boys' clothing is mostly 
 brought from the cities ready made. Many ladies 
 make their selections by samples and purchase their 
 dress goods from the great retail stores of Boston, 
 New York and Philadelphia. These are only samples 
 of changes completed or in progress. 
 
 The City and the Country.— The influence of 
 the city upon the country has greatly increased since 
 the introduction of railroads. The chief summer 
 resorts have become such within the era of rapid 
 travel. Manchester and Newport and Stowe and a score 
 of other places owe their celebrity to the easy commu- 
 nication between the city and the country. The tele- 
 graph and the telephone bring important news quickly 
 to every hamlet, and the afternoon mail brings the 
 morning daily paper from the city to almost every 
 town in the State. 
 
 Heligious Activity. — Some changes in the modes 
 of religious activity are evident and are significant of 
 new conceptions on the part of Christian people. It 
 is sufficient here to notice the general omission of an 
 afternoon preaching service in the churches; the 
 greater prominence of the Sunday school ; the great 
 number of young people's religious societies, many of 
 them including several denominations, and the struc- 
 ture of the modern church edifice* Once a single 
 audience room, with a small entrance hall, was all that 
 was required for a church building ; now, in addition 
 to these, a lecture room, parlor and kitchen are pos- 
 sessed or sought for by nearly every church in the 
 State. 
 
1 82 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 The State and Education.— A State Board of 
 
 Education was created in 1856, with authority to appoint 
 a secretary, who should devote his whole time to the 
 promotion of education in the State. The first secre- 
 tary, J. S. Adams, Esq., of Burlington, served eleven 
 years with great ability and enthusiasm. By his lec- 
 tures, teachers' institutes and reports he aroused the 
 people to new efforts in behalf of their schools. Till 
 1864 a portion of the expense of the schools might be, 
 and in many districts was, laid on the scholars attend- 
 ing the schools. Since that time the common schools 
 have been supported wholly on the grand list or from 
 the income of public funds. The graded school for 
 our villages, with a high school for one of its depart- 
 ments, became an essential part of our school system 
 during the period of Mr. Adams' service, and normal 
 schools were established for the training of teachers. 
 In 1874 a State Superintendent of Education was sub- 
 stituted for the Board of Education and its Secretary, 
 but with no important change in the school system of 
 the State. In 1888 a system of county supervision 
 was introduced in place of town supervision, and is 
 now on trial before the people. 
 
 The Huntington Fund.— The Huntington Fund, 
 a gift to the State of Vermont by Arunah Huntington, 
 a native of Vermont, who acquired wealth in Brant- 
 ford, Canada, became available in 1886. The interest 
 is divided annually among the towns in proportion 
 to their population. The amount of this fund is 
 $211,131.46. 
 
 Reform School.— The Vermont Reform School, 
 an institution for the education of criminal youth, was 
 established in 1865, at Waterbury, and was afterwards 
 

 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 183 
 
 removed to Vergennes. It is a school of manual as 
 well as of mental training. Its purpose is to shield 
 its inmates from bad influences and to enable them to 
 engage successfully in some honorable pursuit. 
 
 RANDOLPH NORMAL SCI OOL. 
 
 Randolph Normal School.— The Orange County 
 Grammar School of Randolph was incorporated in 
 1806. It had been in operation several years at that 
 time. It continued as a county grammar school, or 
 academy, till 1S66, when it became a normal school by 
 the action of the trustees. Ey the acceptance of the 
 conditions of an act of the legislature of 1866 it passed 
 under State patronage and control February 26, 1867. 
 Since that time it has sent out Si 7 graduates from its 
 first course of study, the most of whom have taught in 
 the public schools. 
 
184 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 JOHNSCN NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Johnson Normal School.— The Johnson Acad- 
 emy began in a shoe shop, somewhat revised, in 1828. 
 A few years later a new building was provided for it, 
 and in 1836 it was incorporated as the Lamoille 
 County Grammar School. In 1866 its building was 
 enlarged, and in December of that year the school was 
 approved by the Board of Education as a State Nor- 
 mal School. Ii began work under State supervision 
 February 26, 1867. The whole number of its first 
 course graduates is 430. 
 
 Castleton Normal School.— October 15, 1787, it 
 was enacted by the General Assembly of the State of 
 Vermont, " That the place for keeping a county gram- 
 mar school in and for Rutland county shall be at 
 the house commonly known by the name of the New 
 School House, near Dr. William Woolcott's, in said 
 Castleton; provided, that the county of Rutland shall 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 185 
 
1 86 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 not be at any cost in completing or repairing the same. " 
 The Rutland County Grammar School still exists, and 
 it is the oldest chartered educational institution in the 
 State. At a special meeting of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, held at Castleton, August 22 and 23, 1867, a 
 proposition, made by the Trustees of the institution 
 named above, to the Board, to make it a normal school, 
 was accepted, and the State Normal School at Castle- 
 ton was established. The whole number of first 
 course graduates from this school is 348. 
 
 Normal Schools.— The normal schools are under 
 the supervision of the Superintendent of Education. 
 Each has two courses of study which together extend 
 through three and one-half years. The State offers to 
 pay the tuition of one student from each town in the 
 State, and vacancies may be filled from other towns. 
 
 University of Vermont.— The University of 
 
 Vermont was chartered in 1 791. Its first class entered 
 in 180.0 and graduated in 1804. The college buildings 
 were occupied for military purposes, and college work 
 was suspended during a part of the war of 181 2. In 
 1824 the college building was burned. The corner 
 stone of a new building was laid the next year by Gen. 
 Lafayette. The medical department, first established 
 in 182 1, and afterwards suspended, was revived in 
 1853. The Vermont Agricultural College was char- 
 tered in 1864, and the next year was incorporated with 
 the University. A farm and experiment station were 
 added in 1888. Instruction is given in three depart- 
 ments: 
 
 The Department of Arts, including 
 The Course in Arts, 
 The Literary-Scientific Course. 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 187 
 
 The Department of Applied Science, including 
 A Course in Civil Engineering", 
 A Course in Theoretical and Applied Chemistry, 
 A Course in Agriculture and Related Sciences, 
 A Course in Metallurgy and Mining Engineering. 
 
 The Department of Medicinf. 
 
 The laboratories of the University are ample, 
 ' and it has a valuable Museum and an Art Gallery. 
 
 The Billings Library, one of the finest buildings of its 
 kind in the country, contains a library of about forty 
 thousand volumes. 
 
 The University admits both men and women as stu- 
 dents, except to its course in medicine, which is for 
 men only. 
 
 In its roll of graduates are found the names of men 
 eminent in all departments of human activity. 
 The number of graduates, to and including 1890, in 
 
 The Department of Arts, is 1,000 
 
 The Department of Applied Science, . " 10 1 
 The Department of Medicine, ... " 1,368 
 
 Total, 
 
 2,469 
 
1 88 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Middlebury College.— 
 Middlebury College is pleas- 
 antly situated near the Otter 
 Creek, in a region remark- 
 able for its fertility, health- 
 fuiness and natural beauty. 
 Westward are the mountains 
 beyond Lake Champlain; 
 eastward, the Green Moun- 
 tains. Within a few hours 
 ride are Grandview, the 
 highest of the Red Sand- 
 roek mountains ; Bread Loaf 
 Inn on a high plateau and 
 • Lake Dunmore, a beautiful 
 1 sheet of water at the foot of 
 I hig'h mountains, all famous 
 g summer resorts. 
 
 Middlebury College was 
 the first in Vermont to send 
 out graduates. It was char- 
 tered in 1800, and held its 
 first commencement in 1802. 
 It is now open to students 
 of both sexes, and offers two 
 courses of study, the Clas- 
 sical Course and the Latin 
 Scientific Course. The cab- 
 inet, laboratories and library 
 are sufficient for the present 
 needs of the College. The 
 faculty consists of a presi- 
 dent and eight professors. 
 
 Among the distinguished graduates from this col- 
 lege, the following residents of Vermont may be men- 
 tioned: Governors Stephen Royce, William Slade, 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 18? 
 
 John W. Stewart; Prof. R. D. C. Robbins; John G. 
 Saxe, the poet; Edward J. Phelps, recently Minister 
 to England. A few of those who have gained distinc- 
 tion in other States are Samuel Nelson, the jurist; 
 Silas Wright, the statesman ; Truman M. Post and J. 
 ,j E. Rankin, clergymen; Henry N. Hudson, editor of 
 'Shakespeare; Stephen Olin, John J. Owen, James D. 
 ' Butler, Jonathan A. Allen and George N. Boardman, 
 j educators. The whole number of graduates from the 
 i institution, to and including 1890, is 1,352. 
 
 I Norwich University. — Norwich University grew 
 1 out of a military school, begun at Norwich, in 181 9, 
 by Capt. Alden Partridge. It was incorporated in 
 ( 1834, and held its first commencement in 1836. The 
 institution was removed to Northfield in 1866. It 
 offers instruction in four regular courses, those of 
 Science and Civil Engineering, of Chemistry and 
 Physics, of Science and Literature, of Arts. This was 
 the first institution in the country to lay down a purely 
 scientific course of study, and, up to the time of the 
 Rebellion, the only one which embraced in its curric- 
 ulum thorough military, classical and scientific courses. 
 This institution contributed 273 commissioned officers 
 to the country in the Mexican War and the Civil War. 
 The whole number of its past cadets is about 1,500, 
 and of its graduates about 300. 
 
 The Vermont Colleges. — In accordance with leg- 
 islative enactments of 1884 and 1888 the State offers 
 thirty scholarships to each of her three colleges. A 
 scholarship pays the tuition and room rent of a student. 
 Persons may be appointed to these scholarships by the 
 State Senators of the several counties, or if these fail 
 to make appointments, the appointments may be made 
 by the trustees of the several colleges. 
 
igo 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Educational Tendency.— A few facts indicate 
 
 the recent tendency of the educational movements in 
 this vState. The most significant are the support of the 
 public schools entirely at the public expense, the mul- 
 tiplication of free high schools, the effort to improve 
 all common schools by the better preparation of teach- 
 ers, the opening of the colleges to women, the 
 establishment of scientific courses of study in the 
 colleges, the endowment of academies, and the insti- 
 tution of public libraries, already well begun. These 
 all look toward the better education of all the people. 
 
 NORMAN WILLIAMS LIBRARY, WOODSTOCK, V 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 ipi 
 
 
 DATES OF SOME EVENTS IMPORTANT IN 
 VERMONT HISTORY. 
 
 -:o: 
 
 Take Champlain discovered, . July 4, 1609 
 
 Fort built by the French on Isle La Motte, . 1665 
 
 Settlement in Vernon, not after, . "] 
 
 Raid against Schenectady, ... [ 
 
 Fort built by the English at Chimney Point, f 9 ° 
 
 First English Expedition through the Lake, 
 
 Raid against Deerfield, . . . 1704 
 
 Fort Dummer built, . . . . . .1724 
 
 French settlement on Chimney Point, . . 1730 
 
 Boundary line run between New Hampshire and 
 
 Massachusetts, . . . ... 1741 
 
 Bennington chartered, ..... 1749 
 
 Bennington settled, ...... 1761 
 
 The boundary line between New York and New 
 
 Hampshire determined by the king, . 1764 
 First convention on New Hampshire Grants, 1765 
 
 Ticonderoga captured by the Green Mountain 
 
 Boys, ..... May 10, 1775 
 
 The American Colonies declared independent, 
 
 July 4, 1776 
 
 Vermont declared independent, . . ) 
 
 Constitution of Vermont formed, . . >• 1777 
 
 Battles of Hubbardton and Bennington, . ) 
 
 First election under the Vermont constitution, ) „ 
 
 First meeting of Vermont legislature, . j ' ' 
 
 Great Britain acknowledges the Independence 
 
 of the United States, ... . . 1783 
 
jg2 
 
 HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 Vermont enters the Union, .... i 79 r 
 
 State prison, ....... 1807 
 
 Montpelier became the capital, . . . 1808 
 
 War with Great Britain begun, . . . 181 2 
 
 The Champlain Canal opened, .... 1823 
 
 Presidential electors first chosen by the freemen, 1828 
 
 Executive Council abolished, Senate introduced, 1836 
 
 Two railroads opened to Burlington, . . 1849 
 
 County officers first chosen by the freemen, . 1850 
 Fort Sumter surrendered and first call for 
 
 troops, ..... April 14, 1861 
 
 St. Albans raid, .... Oct. 19, 1864 
 
 Gen. Lee surrendered, . . . April 9, 1865 
 
 Biennial sessions of the legislature begun, . 1870 
 
 The county becomes a self-taxing body, . 1872 
 
 FLAG 07 VERMONT. 
 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 (■3) 
 
\ ERMl INT ( OAT OF ARMS. 
 
 r STATB SEAL. 
 
INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 This book of Civics consists of three parts, the 
 Notes for Study, the Constitution of the United States 
 with parallel portions of the Constitution of Vermont, 
 the Constitution of Vermont. 
 
 The Notes are not presented as a regular treatise. 
 They are rather groups of facts and of suggestions 
 pertinent to the subject in hand and fruitful as topics 
 for reflection and discussion. This being the end in 
 view, of course the notes are not exhaustive of the 
 subject treated. 
 
 The direction sometimes found on medicine bottles, 
 ''to be well shaken before taken," will apply to these 
 Notes with respect to the pupil; that is, the teacher 
 will do well to go over a portion of the Notes with the 
 class, talking freely about them, asking and answering 
 questions. Then let them be studied in the light of 
 the relations and occurrences of daily life. 
 
 Two sets of questions have been inserted as sugges- 
 tive to both teacher and pupil. It will be a good exer- 
 cise to make similar sets of questions on other ' ' series. ' ' 
 Be sure your questions are appropriate. Write them out 
 neatly, answer them completely, and then burn them. 
 
 For an American citizen no study of Civics is com- 
 plete that fails to include the national constitution and 
 that of the State in which he lives. So far as the con- 
 stitutions treat of the same subjects, each will help to 
 explain the other. For easy comparison, portions of 
 the Vermont constitution have been placed under parts 
 
ip6 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 of the national constitution that they illustrate. A 
 passage that illustrates several parts of the United 
 States constitution is usually given only with the first. 
 The Vermont constitution is printed as Part I, PartII r 
 Part III, for convenient reference. The mode of ref- 
 erence is illustrated by the following examples : On 
 page 224 is the reference, Vt. 1 :6. Turning to the 
 constitution of Vermont as printed, one finds the 
 passage in its place. When but a portion of a section 
 is applicable to the part of the United States constitu- 
 tion under consideration, that portion only is quoted. 
 For example, on page 227 is a short qiiotation with the 
 reference, Vt. 2:9. Turning to the place, the quota- 
 tion is found to be but a part of a long section. 
 
 Sometimes a word is introduced, or changed, in a 
 quotation so as to have a complete statement. As the 
 full text is at hand, and a reference given, no harm 
 can come from the liberty taken. I have offered no 
 commentary of my own on the constitutions, for two 
 reasons: My book will be large enough without it, and 
 a commentary is seldom intelligible till the text has 
 been well studied. With a good dictionary and some 
 annual like the Tribune Almanac or the Vermont Reg- 
 ister, a fair knowledge of our constitution may be 
 gained by any person who can read intelligently an 
 ordinary newspaper. 
 

 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 197 
 
 CIVICS. 
 
 NOTES FOR STUDY. 
 
 FIRST : ER ES. 
 
 Concerning a District School.— The school is in 
 progress. It is taught by a woman. 
 
 I. The teacher is employed by the district commit- 
 tee. 
 
 II. She holds a certificate granted by a county super- 
 visor of schools. 
 
 III. She receives from the district clerk a school 
 register, which was prepared by the State Superin- 
 tendent of Education, paid for by the State. 
 
 TV. At the close of the term she returns the regis- 
 ter to the district clerk, who, after examination, cer- 
 tifies that it has been correctly kept. 
 
 V. She goes with this certificate to the district 
 committee, who gives her an order on the district 
 treasurer for the sum that is due her for teaching the 
 school. 
 
 1. The money in the district treasury is derived 
 from two sources: (a) a tax voted by the district, col- 
 lected by the district collector and paid by him to the 
 district treasurer; and (/>) the town treasury. 
 
 2. The money paid by the town to the school dis- 
 tricts is, generally, derived from four sources : (a) a 
 town tax, voted by the town ; (/>) the rent of school 
 
ig8 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 lands; (c) the town's share of the interest on the 
 Huntington Fund; (</) the interest on the United 
 States deposit money. 
 
 VI. The teacher goes with this order to the district 
 treasurer and receives her pay; partly in pieces of 
 metal having the stamp of the United States; partly 
 in pieces of paper, on some of which she reads "the 
 United States will pay," and on some, " secured by 
 bonds of the United .States." 
 
 VII. With these pieces of metal and of paper she 
 pays her board and buys some postage stamps. The 
 rest she lays aside for future use. 
 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 / 
 The School District. — School districts exist .for 
 the support of schools. 
 
 I. The school, district officers are elected at an 
 annual school meeting, held at a time required bylaw, 
 called by the district clerk. The officers of the dis- 
 trict are the persons lawfully chosen to do certain 
 things. All the voters of the district are warned to 
 attend the district school meeting. The voters in 
 school meeting are the voters in town meeting who 
 reside in the district. Every voter may vote on any 
 question properly before the meeting. Any voter may 
 be elected to office. A moderator presides in the dis- 
 trict meeting. He is a district officer. The auditor is 
 another district officer. He examines the accounts of 
 other officers and reports. The district, by vote, may 
 lay and collect a tax to support a school, and to pro- 
 vide anything necessary for the school. The business 
 of the school meeting is done by a majority of those 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. i 99 
 
 voting. The clerk keeps a record of the proceedings 
 of the meeting. Special meetings of the district may 
 be held when properly applied for. These are to be 
 warned by the clerk, and a record of their proceedings 
 is to be kept by the clerk. 
 
 II. The voters of the district are people. They 
 must live in the district. Then the district must have 
 land and boundaries. The district may do things, as 
 elect an officer, vote to build a school house, lay a tax. 
 These votes are district laws. Without the laws it can 
 do nothing, is no district. 
 
 A school 'district consists of people, land, laws. 
 
 III. The school district chooses its officers and lays 
 and collects taxes. These acts are characteristic of 
 a government. 
 
 The school district is a government. 
 
 IV. All the voters of the school district are warned 
 to meet at the same time and place, and all may vote 
 on all questions to be decided by the district. This is 
 democracy or rule by the people. 
 
 The school district is a democracy/ 
 
 V. The school district officers are elected in meet- 
 ings called and controlled by school district officers, 
 and school district taxes are voted in such meetings. 
 
 Questions on the First and Second Series of Notes. 
 
 Name the committee in your district, the clerk, collector, treas- 
 urer, moderator, auditor. When were they elected to office? Men- 
 tion four duties of the clerk. How many of them relate to the 
 school register? To what do the others relate ? State some duty of 
 each other officer. State as many duties as you can of the school 
 committee. What are district officers ? Who may be elected to 
 office in a school district ? What officer has the care of the school 
 house ? provides fuel ? crayons * broom ? 
 
200 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 To how many officers must the teacher go to draw her pay ? To 
 what officers ? May any one perform these duties, or a part of them, 
 for her ? 
 
 Name some voters in the district. Who can name all the voters 
 in the district V Who may goto school meetings? Do any women 
 vote in this district - .' What qualifications must they have ? ■ Who 
 are citizens v (See U. S constitution, amendment 14, for answer). 
 
 How many roads, or streets, in the district? Who live on each 
 road, or street? Draw a map of the roads of the district. Who can 
 -how a part of the boundary of the district? Another part? 
 Draw a map of the boundaries of the district. Represent the houses 
 on your map of the district. 
 
 When is the annual meeting of the school district held? May 
 other meetings be held? What may a district do in its meetings? 
 How can people know afterwards what was done in the district 
 meeting? What doc-; a school district consist of? Name two char- 
 acteristics of a government. What kind of a government is a 
 school district? 
 
 THIRD SERIES. 
 
 The Town.— 
 
 1. The town consists of people, land, laws. The 
 town is a government. The town is a democracy. 
 The town officers are elected, and the town taxes are 
 voted in meetings called and controlled by town officers. 
 
 II. The Powers and Duties of Towns (in general). 
 They may: 
 
 i. Elect their officers; 
 
 2. Elect persons from whom jurymen may be 
 drawn ; 
 
 3. Hold property; 
 
 4. Lay and collect taxes; 
 
 5. Support schools, highways, paupers; 
 
 6. Assist in the election of State and county officers 
 and of representatives to Congress. 
 

 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 201 
 
 7. May establish school districts for the support of 
 schools, and alter or abolish the same. 
 
 III. The Voters in Town Meeting- are : Male citi- 
 zens who are — 
 
 1. Twenty-one or more years old; 
 
 2. Resident in the town; 
 
 3. Whose lists were taken in the town at the last 
 assessment preceding a town meeting, or, who are 
 exempt from taxation. 
 
 Women, who have the qualifications numbered i, 2, 
 3, have the same right to vote for school officers and 
 to hold school offices in towns, and to vote and hold 
 •offices in school districts that men have. 
 
 IV '. Annual meetings of all the legal voters in a 
 town are called by the selectmen. Special meetings 
 may be held if properly called. The annual town 
 meeting is held the first Tuesday in March. The busi- 
 ness of the town meeting is done by a majority of 
 those voting, unless otherwise provided by law. 
 
 V. The chief town officers are the moderator, clerk, 
 selectmen, treasurer, overseer of the poor, constable, 
 listers, auditors, agent, member of the board of educa- 
 tion, school directors in towns using the town system 
 of schools. 
 
 The moderator is to preside in and regulate the busi" 
 ness of the town meetings. 
 
 The town clerk makes a record of all business done 
 in the town meetings, records deeds and other instru- 
 ments and evidences respecting real estate, records the 
 births, marriages and deaths returned to him, receives 
 and distributes blanks and reports, and performs such 
 other duties as the law requires. 
 
202 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The selectmen have the general supervision of the 
 concerns of the town, and cause duties required of the 
 town and not committed to any particular officer to 
 be performed. They have care of the school lands of 
 the town, they divide the school money of the town 
 among the school districts in towns having districts; 
 they keep a record of accounts allowed by them and 
 orders drawn, and present it to the town meeting. 
 They make out tax bills. They assess certain taxes 
 required by law, as the State school tax, the road 
 tax and the county and State taxes, when the money 
 for these is not raised by the vote of the town. 
 
 The town treasurer is to receive and safely keep the 
 moneys of the town and to pay out the same on proper 
 order, and he is to keep an account of all moneys, bonds 
 and notes paid to him, and of moneys paid out by him, 
 which shall always be open to inspection; and he shall 
 receive the taxes when so directed by the town. 
 
 The overseer of the poor is to take charge of town 
 paupers and to provide for needy persons in cases 
 required by law. 
 
 The constable is to preserve the peace, and to exe- 
 cute all lawful writs and warrants directed to him, to 
 serve as collector of taxes when no other provision for 
 their collection is made, to warn and preside in free- 
 men's meetings.- 
 
 The listers are to make a list of the taxable polls in 
 the town and of the taxable property, and to appraise 
 the same, and to lodge their list, when completed, in 
 the town clerk's office. 
 
 The auditors examine and adjust the accounts of 
 town officers and report. 
 
 The town agent is to prosecute and defend suits in 
 which the town is interested. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 203 
 
 The members of the Board of Education meet annu- 
 ally in county convention ; once in two years elect a 
 supervisor of schools; once in five years select text 
 books to be used in the schools of the county ; and (each 
 in his own town) they act as truant officers. 
 
 The school directors, in towns having the town sys- 
 tem of schools, have care of the school property and 
 the management of the schools. 
 
 VI. Besides the town meetings, freemen's meetings 
 are held in the towns. A freemen's meeting is held 
 on the first Tuesday in September of each year whose 
 number is divisible by two, for the election of State 
 and county officers, town representatives and repre- 
 sentatives to Congress; and a freemen's meeting is 
 held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- 
 ber of the year whose number is divisible by four, for 
 the election of presidential electors. The freemen 
 may vote in freemen's meetings. 
 
 The freemen are : Male citizens, 
 
 r. Twenty-one or more years old; 
 
 2. Resident in the town ; 
 
 3. Resident in the State for one full year next pre- 
 ceding a freemen's meeting; 
 
 4. Of quiet and peaceable behavior; 
 
 5. Who have taken the freeman's oath. 
 
 To vote for town representative or justices of the 
 peace, one must have resided in the town during the 
 three months preceding the election. 
 
 The freemen's meetings are called and controlled by 
 town officers, as the town meetings are. 
 
2o 4 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Questions on the Three Preceding Series. 
 
 For what do school districts exist ? By what authority are school 
 districts established? By what are they aided with monev ? What is 
 the relation of the town to the school district V Why is each a govern- 
 inent ? Why is each a democracy ? What district officer has charge 
 °' lhe 8chools ■ What town officers have charge of the concerns of 
 the town V \\ hat officers have charge of the schools in towns uatej 
 the town system ? 
 
 What are the powers and duties of the town? What of tl , 
 school district? Who are voters in town meeting? In school di 
 trict meetings? In freemen's meetings? In which of these meet 
 ings may women vote? On what conditions/ When are town 
 Officers to be elected ? state and county officers V Presidential elect- 
 ors ? School district officers ? 
 
 Who may warn school district meetings? Town meetings}? 
 Freemen's meetings ? What officer is to preside in school district meet- 
 mgs? In town meetings? h, freemen's meetings? In what town 
 may a freeman vote? When may he vote in a town for a representa- 
 tive in Congress and not for a town representative? 
 
 From what sources does the town get its school monev? What 
 is the United States deposit money? (P age 1,58). What 'the Hunt- 
 ington Fund? (Page 182). How did the towns come to have school 
 lands? (Page 1 20). 
 
 FOURTH SERIES. 
 
 The County.— 
 
 ^ I. The County consists of people, land. laws. 
 
 II. The chief county officers are chosen by the 
 freemen of the county. This is done in meetings held 
 in the several towns, called and controlled by town 
 officers; not in one meeting, nor in meetings* called 
 and controlled by county officers. County taxes may 
 be ordered by the assistant judges, who "arc not the 
 voters of the county met together, who are. for this 
 purpose, representatives of the county; also a county 
 tax may be voted by the general assembly. 
 
r 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 205 
 
 III. As the county chooses its officers and lays and 
 jollects taxes, it is a government. As it lays and col- 
 lects taxes by its own chosen representatives, it is a 
 representative government. 
 
 ! IV. The chief county officers, classified according 
 to the mode of their election or appointment, are : 
 
 1 . Elected by the Freemen of the County— Senators, 
 assistant judges, sheriff, high bailiff, State's attorney, 
 ipounty commissioner. 
 \ 2. Elected by the Freemen of the Probate District 
 
 Judges of probate. 
 
 3. Elected by the Freemen of the Towns— Justices 
 
 of the peace. 
 
 1 For the election of the officers of these three classes, 
 la plurality is sufficient, that is, a candidate having a 
 'greater number of votes than any other one is elected. 
 ^Suppose there are six candidates for the office of assist- 
 ant judge. See who has more votes than any of the 
 lother five. He is elected. Now see which of the 
 remaining five has more votes than any of the other 
 Jfour. He is elected. 
 
 4. Elected by the Board of Education— Supervisor 
 
 of schools. 
 
 5. Appointed by the Assistant Judges— County 
 clerk, county treasurer, county auditor. 
 
 The senators, when met and organized, constitute 
 the senate of Vermont.. 
 
 The assistant judges, together with a judge of the 
 supreme court, constitute the county court. They 
 appoint certain officers, have general oversight of the 
 county buildings, order a county tax, when necessary, 
 and perform other duties required by law. 
 
 The sheriff is required to preserve the peace, serve 
 \ writs, arrest persons charged with crimes or misde- 
 
206 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 meanors, draw and summon jurymen, have custody of 
 the county buildings under the direction of the assist- 
 ant judges. 
 
 The high bailiff is a vice or substitute sheriff. He 
 may serve writs that the sheriff cannot lawfully serve; 
 having the proper authority, may imprison the sheriff 
 and act as sheriff during the sheriff's imprisonment. 
 
 The State's attorney is required to prosecute, in 
 behalf of the State, for all offenses and causes proper 
 to come before the supreme court or the county court 
 in his county, to prepare bills of indictment, to take 
 measures to collect such fines, costs and the like, as 
 are due to the State or county. 
 
 The county commissioner may appoint agents to 
 sell intoxicating liquors for medicinal, chemical and 
 mechanical purposes only and may remove them when 
 necessary. 
 
 The judge of probate is to hold probate courts with- 
 in and for his district. 
 
 A justice, of the peace may administer oaths, issue- 
 warrants, hold justice courts and perforin other duties 
 required by law. 
 
 The supervisor of schools shall examine and license 
 teachers, have immediate supervision of the public 
 schools of the county, hold public meetings for the 
 discussion of school questions, and assist in preparing 
 for and holding teachers' institutes. 
 
 The county clerk is required to make the necessary 
 records of the proceedings of the supreme and county 
 court and court of chancery for the county, and to per- 
 form such other duties as the law directs. 
 
 The county treasurer shall receive and care for the 
 funds of the county, and pay the indebtedness of the 
 county upon the orders of the county clerk. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 207 
 
 The county auditor is required to audit and settle 
 the accounts of the county treasurer and report to the 
 county judges. 
 
 FIFTH SERIES. 
 
 The State — 
 
 I. The State consists of people, land, laws. 
 
 II. The State selects its officers in well-known 
 ways. It lays and collects taxes. 
 
 The vState is a government. 
 
 It makes laws, not by its whole people acting 
 together, but by representatives. 
 
 The State is a representative government. 
 
 III. The laws of the State are enacted by a legisla- 
 ture, which consists of two houses, a Senate and a 
 House of Representatives. These are sufficiently 
 described in the State constitution. 
 
 IV. The chief officers of the State, classified 
 according to their mode of election or appointment, 
 are: 
 
 1. Elected by the Freemen of the State— The gov- 
 ernor, lieutenant-governor, treasurer, secretary of 
 State, auditor of accounts, presidential electors. 
 
 2. Elected by the Legislature — Judges of the 
 supreme court, superintendent of education, ser- 
 geant-at-arms, adjutant-general, quartermaster-gen- 
 eral, judge-advocate-general. 
 
 3. Nominated by the Governor, Approved by the 
 Senate — Commissioner of State taxes, members of the 
 board of agriculture, State geologist, trustees of the 
 reform school, and supervisors of the insane. 
 
 4. Appointed by the Governor — Inspector of finance, 
 fish commissioners, commissioner of agricultural and 
 manufacturing interests, normal school examiner. 
 
208 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 V. The duties of the governor and of the lieuten- 
 ant-governor may be learned from the constitution of 
 Vermont. 
 
 The State treasurer shall receive and care for the 
 funds of the State, and pay out the same on proper 
 orders, keep fair and accurate account of moneys 
 received and paid out, issue warrants for the collec- 
 tion of State taxes, and perform any other duties 
 required by law. 
 
 The secretary of State shall record all laws and reso- 
 lutions passed by the legislature : also all special char- 
 ters of incorporation, and things and documents as 
 ordered by the legislature. 
 
 The auditor of accounts shall examine and adjust 
 all claims against the State, and allow such sums as he 
 finds justly due, and draw orders on the treasurer 
 therefor. 
 
 The duties of the presidential electors are described 
 in the constitution of the United States. 
 
 One chief judge and six assistant judges constitute 
 the supreme court. They shall hold one term of the 
 supreme court annually in each county, and may hold 
 a general term at such time and place as they think 
 most convenient. One judge of the supreme court, 
 with the assistant judges of the county, constitute the 
 county court. Two sessions of the county court must 
 be held in each county each year. Each judge of the 
 supreme court is a chancellor, and may hold a court of 
 chancery. Terms of the court of chancery begin on 
 the days appointed for holding the county courts. 
 Special terms may be held when the state of business 
 recmires it. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 2 Op 
 
 The superintendent of education is required to hold 
 teachers' institutes, visit all parts of the State and 
 deliver lectures upon educational subjects, confer and 
 advise with school officers and teachers, prepare and 
 distribute blanks, for the collection of statistics, and 
 report. 
 
 The sergeant-at-arms shall take care of the State 
 house and grounds, execute the orders of either house 
 of the legislature, and maintain order among the spec- 
 tators in attendance. 
 
 The adjutant-general assists the commander-in-chief 
 of the militia in correspondence, the issuing of orders, 
 commissions, discharges, and in keeping the necessary 
 records. 
 
 The quartermaster-general takes care of the warlike 
 stores of the State, designates the kinds needed, and 
 disposes of any unsuitable for use, under the direction 
 of the commander-in-chief. 
 
 The judge-advocate-general prepares charges and 
 manages the prosecution when staff officers of the 
 commander-in-chief are brought to court martial. 
 
 The commissioner of state taxes shall prepare and 
 distribute blanks requiring a statement of all facts 
 necessary to determine the amount of each tax to be 
 paid by each corporation, company or person taxable 
 under the law for taxing corporations ; he shall revoke 
 the licenses of agents of foreign companies making 
 false returns; he may examine under oath persons 
 making returns and reassess them or their companies; 
 he shall collect taxes from companies or corporations 
 assessed aftd refusing to pay. 
 
 The board of agriculture are required to hold at 
 least one meeting in each county annually for the pro- 
 motion of the agricultural interests of the county. 
 (i4) 
 
2 jo CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The State geologist shall keep a record of new facts 
 relative to the geology of the vState, and transmit a 
 copy of the same, upon request, to the governor for 
 the use of the State. 
 
 The inspector of finance shall examine the treasur- 
 er's accounts and the books and papers of the auditor 
 of accounts, and report to the legislature; also, he shall 
 report the condition of the savings banks and trust 
 companies of the State. 
 
 The fish commissioners shall confer with the fish 
 commissioners of the New England States and of 
 Canada, and introduce good varieties of fish into such 
 streams, lakes and ponds as they deem suited to the 
 cultivation of such fish. 
 
 The commissioner of agricultural and manufactur- 
 ing interests is required to collect information relative 
 to the agricultural and manufacturing interests of the 
 State, and to report to the legislature. 
 
 The normal school examiners are required to assist 
 the State superintendent in the examination of the 
 normal schools. 
 
 VI. The Courts of Vermont are: 
 The Supreme Court ; 
 The County Courts; 
 The Justice Courts; 
 Courts of Chancery ; 
 Probate Courts. 
 
 The supreme court is the highest court in the 
 State, and is a court of law. It has jurisdiction of 
 such questions, not triable by jury, as are by law 
 brought before it, and it may try and determine ques- 
 tions of law removed from the county courts in pur- 
 suance of law. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 211 
 
 The county courts have original jurisdiction in all 
 civil and criminal cases within their respective counties, 
 except such as are by law made cognizable by a justice 
 and may render judgment thereon or award sentence 
 according to law; and may have appellate jurisdiction 
 of causes, civil and criminal, appealable to such court. 
 
 A justice court shall have jurisdiction, with some 
 exceptions, of civil causes when the matter in demand 
 does not exceed two hundred dollars, and in criminal 
 causes when the punishment is by a fine not exceeding 
 ten dollars. 
 
 The court of chancery is a court of equity. The 
 powers and duties of the court of chancery are the 
 same as those of the court of chancery of England 
 except as modified by the constitution and laws of the 
 State. 
 
 The probate court has jurisdiction of the probate of 
 wills, of the settlement of estates, of the appointment 
 of guardians and the powers, duties and rights of 
 guardians and wards. 
 
 VII. Juries may be called to act with the county 
 courts and with justice courts. A grand jury is called 
 once a year, and may be called twice, if necessary, to 
 meet at the same time and place with the county 
 court. It examines the charges against persons accused 
 of crime, and inquires if the towns of the county have 
 observed the law in certain particulars. It determines 
 whether the parties inquired about shall be brought to 
 trial. In Vermont a grand jury consists of eighteen 
 men ; and twelve, or two-thirds, of them must concur 
 in an indictment, or formal charge, in order that the 
 party, person, or town may be brought to trial. 
 
212 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Petit juries are called twice a year, or with every 
 term of the county court. They act in criminal and 
 in civil cases. The petit jury, usually called the jury, 
 determines what the facts in the case are. Their 
 decision is called a verdict. The petit jury consists 
 of twelve men, and these must all agree in order to 
 render a verdict. 
 
 A jury may be called with a justice court, if either 
 party desires it; and it consists of six men. 
 
 Persons for grand and petit jurymen are chosen by 
 the towns in the March meetings. They are nomi- 
 nated by the board of civil authority and elected by 
 the voters. The board of civil authority consists of 
 the justices of the peace and the selectmen of the 
 town. The names of the persons chosen are recorded 
 by the town clerk, and are sent by him to the county 
 clerk, who is required to deposit them on separate 
 slips of paper, in separate boxes, having a box for each 
 town. At the proper time the assistant judges of the 
 county determine the number of jurymen to be drawn 
 from the several towns of the county, and notify the 
 county clerk of their decision. The county clerk 
 notifies the sheriff that he is required to draw names 
 for jurymen. The sheriff goes to the office of the 
 county clerk and draws the names as required ; then 
 he notifies the persons whose names have been drawn 
 that they are required to attend the court at the time 
 and place appointed. About thirty petit jurymen are 
 called in each county. Twelve, who have been 
 selected and sworn for a case, are called a panel. 
 
 When a jury is required in a justice court, the officer 
 of the court, usually a constable, is directed by the 
 justice to write the names of eighteen men on slips 
 of paper and deposit them in a box. Then the box> 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 2i 3 
 
 or hat, is shaken, and a name is drawn. If neither 
 party objects, the person whose name is drawn is a 
 juror. If all of the first twelve are objected to, then 
 the remaining six are the jurors. If any of the six 
 selected as jurors cannot be obtained, then three time 8 
 as many names as there are vacancies to be filled are 
 placed in the box, and the drawing is done as before. 
 
 SIXTH SERIES. 
 
 The Nation.— 
 
 i. The United States consists of people, land, laws. 
 
 The United States is a government. 
 
 The United States consists of a sovereign people, 
 land, laws. 
 
 The United States is a nation. 
 
 The saying that a nation consists of people, land, 
 laws has been attributed to high authority ; but sover- 
 eignty seems to be essential to a nation. We have 
 found five governments in which these constituents, 
 people, land, laws, appear; but only one of them, that 
 in which the people are sovereign, is a nation. 
 
 Most people in Vermont live under all these five 
 governments. A few lack the school district, and a 
 few add the village (incorporated) to the other govern- 
 ments. In the city the town government is modified 
 and becomes partly a representative government. 
 These five governments all contribute to the school we 
 saw in our first series of notes. Tell how each does 
 so. How many contribute money ? AVhat besides 
 money is furnished ? 
 
 The Chief Courts of the United States are: 
 The Supreme Court ; 
 The Circuit Courts; 
 The District Courts; 
 The Court of Claims. 
 
214 CIVIL GOVEKXMENT. 
 
 The supreme court consists of one chief justice and 
 eight associate justices, six of whom are a quorum. 
 An annual term of the supreme court is held in the city 
 of Washington, beginning the second Monday in 
 October. Special sessions may be held when neces- 
 sary. 
 
 The court of claims consists of a chief justice and 
 four associate judges, any two of whom are a quorum. 
 This court is held in Washington. The annual session 
 begins the first Monday in December. 
 
 Each of the smaller States is a judicial district; the 
 larger States are divided into two or three districts. 
 There are five States containing two or three districts 
 each, for which but one judge is appointed. For the 
 rest there is one judge for each district. The judge 
 must reside in the district, or in one of the districts, 
 for which he is judge. In the western district of 
 South Carolina only one term of the district court is 
 required to be held yearly. In every other district 
 two or more terms are held yearly, at times and places 
 fixed by law. Special terms may be held in the dis- 
 cretion of the judge. Regular terms of the district 
 court in Vermont are held yearly in Burlington, Rut- 
 land, Windsor. 
 
 The States of the Union are grouped in nine judicial 
 circuits. A justice of the supreme court is assigned 
 to each circuit. He is called a circuit justice, and is 
 required to hold court in the circuit once in two years. 
 For each circuit there is a circuit judge, who must 
 reside in the circuit. Terms of the circuit court are 
 held frequently in all the circuits and in all the larger 
 districts. In Vermont terms of the circuit court are 
 held, annually, at the same places where the district 
 courts are held. A circuit court may be held by a cir- 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 215 
 
 ctiit justice, a circuit judge, a district judge of the dis- 
 trict in which it is held, or by any two of these. 
 
 The territories are not included in the judicial cir- 
 cuits. Appeals may be made from the highest terri- 
 torial courts to the supreme court of the United 
 States. 
 
 The supreme, circuit and district courts may sum- 
 mon juries when they are needed. The mode of the 
 selection of jurors is determined by the court, but 
 must not be repugnant to the laws of the State in 
 which the court is held. A grand jury in the United 
 States court may consist of not less than sixteen nor 
 more than twenty-three men. 
 
 For the rest the United States is described suffi- 
 ciently for 6ur purpose in the constitution of the 
 United States. 
 
 SEVENTH SERIES. 
 
 As to Taxation.— 
 
 I. The school district, by vote in a meeting of all 
 the voters, lays taxes on the taxable polls and property 
 of the district. The taxes are collected by a district 
 officer and paid into the district treasury. 
 
 II. The town, by vote in a meeting of all the 
 voters, lays taxes on the taxable polls and property of 
 the town. The taxes are collected by a town officer 
 and paid into the town treasury. 
 
 III. 1. The county, by its assistant judges, lays 
 taxes on the taxable polls and property of the count}'. 
 The tax is paid from the several town treasuries, by 
 the town treasurers, on the order of the selectmen, and 
 the sum paid is collected for the town treasury as a 
 part of the general town tax or as a special tax. 
 
2i6 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 2. The State legislature, by Law, lays a tax on the 
 taxable polls and property of the county. This is paid 
 in the way just described. 
 
 IV. i. The State, by law, lays a tax on certain cor- 
 porations, at a specified rate on their income, without 
 regard to the value of their property. This is paid 
 by the corporations to the State treasurer. 
 
 2. The State, by a law, lays a tax on the taxable 
 polls and property of the State. The taxis paid from 
 the several town treasuries, by the treasurers, on the 
 order of the selectmen, and the sum paid is collected 
 for the town treasury as a part of the general town tax, 
 or as a special tax. 
 
 We perceive that the State has large powers with 
 respect to taxation. So it has in other respects. The 
 modes of electing school district, town, county and 
 vState officers, and their duties, and the modes of laying 
 and collecting taxes are prescribed by the State, or by 
 the people acting through the State legislature. 
 
 EIGHTH SERIES. 
 
 How Governments Affect Us. Roads.— 
 
 I. In the first series we found our teacher to be a 
 traveler. She went to the clerk, to the committee, to 
 the treasurer, to the post office. We suppose she trav- 
 eled the road. 
 
 II. In the third series we found one of the duties of 
 the town to be the support of roads. What is the use 
 of roads ? Let us stand in the village we are most 
 familiar with and watch the people coming in, to see 
 what they bring. They bring butter and eggs and 
 beef and pork and poultry: logs for lumber and wood 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 217 
 
 for fuel, and hay and grain and potatoes, and apples 
 and many other things. 
 
 What do they carry away? Sugar and tea and cof- 
 fee; boots and shoes and clothing; flour and meal, fur- 
 niture for their houses, nails and glass and wire for 
 fences, and many, many things besides. 
 
 This selling and buying represents our economic 
 activities. The road serves us in these. 
 
 III. Later in the day we watch again, and we sec 
 people returning from visiting their friends, others 
 making calls, others going to an old folks' party, in 
 another direction a bridegroom and bride, with a few 
 
 I friends, are seeking the minister; and, while we were 
 j watching these, a company of children gathered on the 
 j sidewalk near us to play marbles. 
 
 The roads serve us, too, in our social activities. 
 
 IV. Our next observations are made in the morn- 
 , ing. and we see teachers and children coming to 
 
 school. They come many ways and various distances* 
 but all come by the roads. Then these roads help us 
 J in our educational relations. 
 
 V. We pass to Sunday, and as we go to church we 
 see many coming, some on foot, some in carriages, 
 over those same roads and entering the church at the 
 sound of the bell. These roads aid us in the perform- 
 ance of our religious duties. 
 
 VI. We make one more study, on election day. 
 What a clatter! What a dust! From every nook and 
 corner of the town, on foot, on horseback, in every 
 kind of carriage, the voters come to cast their ballots 
 for the men of their choice. And they, too, travel the 
 roads. 
 
 The roads, then, help us in our economic, social, 
 educational, religious, political activities. 
 
2i 8 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 See how the town, by the support of the highway, 
 ministers to the whole life of man. 
 
 NINTH SERIES. 
 
 How Governments Affect Us. The Mail.— 
 
 The schoolmistress, in the first series, bought some 
 postage stamps, and her small brother says she got a 
 letter, but she put it in her satchel so deftly that we did 
 not see it. And what do we send and receive by mail? 
 Letters and papers and books and flowers and seeds 
 and merchandise and pictures of our friends, and a 
 lock of hair from the head laid low in the grave. And 
 our servant that carries and brings all these things is 
 the United States. 
 
 TENTH SERIES. 
 
 How Governments Affect Us. Money.— Our 
 
 teacher received for her wages some pieces of 
 metal and pieces of paper. Those bits of metal are 
 pretty, but she can make very little direct use of them. 
 They are not food, nor shelter, nor clothing, nor books, 
 nor pictures, nor musical instruments, nor perfumes, 
 nor medicines. They are bits of metal. The metal- 
 worker knows many uses for them. Out of them he 
 can make pins and brooches and clasps and flower 
 vases and table furniture and carriage trimmings and 
 spurs and adornments for a sword hilt or for a repeat- 
 ing rifle. Those shining coins have a value. Chil- 
 dren love to play with them, misers hoard them, all men 
 toil for them; and so, though only bits of metal, they 
 are also dinners and dresses and car fare and concert 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 219 
 
 tickets, because the United States has so stamped them 
 that their value is known by all who see them. 
 
 But these pieces of paper, of what use are they? In 
 themselves they are worthless. One cannot eat them 
 nor cook one's dinner with them. But they carry the 
 assurance of the United States that the number of dol- 
 lars named on their face will be paid for them when 
 presented at the proper place. So these have become 
 houses and lands and horses and carriages. 
 
 Suppose there were no money, and our teacher 
 received her pay in grain and sheep and calves ; and 
 must drive a calf to the store to pay for her dress, and 
 carry a bag of grain to pay for admission to the con- 
 cert hall, — but would there be any stores and concert 
 halls if there were no money ? 
 
 Are the institutions that bring us so many conven- 
 ient and beautiful things worth studying ? 
 
 ELEVENTH SERIES. 
 
 Political Parties. — These governments, except the 
 school district and the town, are conducted by parties. 
 A political party consists of men acting together in 
 some voluntary way, to get and keep the control of a 
 government. A political party is not a government. 
 It has officers like a government, but it cannot collect 
 taxes. It may" make assessments on its members. 
 The payment is voluntary. When a government has 
 made assessments on the persons and property of its 
 citizens in a lawful way, it can enforce payment or 
 punish for ncn-payment. If a property owner wishes 
 to avoid paying taxes in a town, he removes from the 
 town and removes or sells his property. If he wishes 
 
220 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 to avoid paying an assessment of his party, he just 
 refuses to pay. He does not change his residence nor 
 the location of his property. 
 
 As a political party is not a government, so a church 
 is not a government and for the same reason. 
 
 Most of the freemen of Vermont act with one of two 
 great parties, the Republican party, or the Democratic 
 party. 
 
 The parties act in caucuses and conventions and 
 through committees. The committees are the officers 
 of the parties. There are town, county, congressional 
 district and State committees, and, for the country at 
 large, a national committee. 
 
 A caucus is a meeting of the members of a party, in 
 a town, to transact some business for the party. (In a 
 city there may be ward caucuses). A meeting of the 
 party of a county, congressional district, State or nation, 
 is a county, district, State or national convention. 
 All the voters of a party in a town are warned to meet 
 in caucus. To the county conventions of the Demo- 
 cratic party all Democratic voters of the county are 
 invited, and all who attend are entitled to vote. This 
 is a mass convention. In two or three of the smallest 
 counties the Republican conventions are mass conven- 
 tions, in the other counties they are delegate conven- 
 tions. Each town is invited to send a number of del- 
 egates proportional to the number of votes cast for 
 the party in that town. The district, State and 
 national conventions of both parties are delegate con- 
 ventions. The district and State conventions are 
 composed of delegates from the towns, the national 
 conventions are composed of delegates from the con- 
 gressional districts and from the States, — two from 
 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 221 
 
 each congressional district, to correspond with the rep- 
 resentatives in Congress, and four from the State, to 
 correspond with the United States senators. The cau- 
 cuses elect delegates to conventions, and nominate 
 town representatives and justices of the peace and 
 choose a town committee. The county conventions 
 nominate county officers and choose a county commit- 
 tee. The congressional district conventions nominate 
 representatives to Congress and presidential electors, 
 elect delegates to the national convention and choose 
 a district committee. The State conventions nomi- 
 nate such State officers as are voted for by the free- 
 men, elect delegates to the national convention and 
 choose a State committee. The national convention 
 nominates a President and a Vice-President, declares 
 the principles and purposes of the party, and chooses 
 a national committee. 
 
 The committees call caucuses and conventions, pro- 
 cure and distribute ballots for the candidates of their 
 party, and take measures to secure for them the full 
 vote of their party. 
 
 TWELFTH SERIES. 
 
 Political Action.— 
 
 I. How we Elect a Governor: 
 
 1. The State committee calls a State convention; 
 
 2. The town committees call caucuses; 
 
 3. The caucuses elect delegates to the State con- 
 vention; 
 
 4. The State convention nominates a candidate for 
 governor ; 
 
222 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 5 The freemen of the State in the several towns 
 vote for governor. 
 
 The candidate who has a majority of all the votes 
 for governor is elected governor. If no candidate has 
 a majority of the votes of the freemen, the legislature 
 elects a governor. 
 
 II. How we help Elect a President of the United 
 States: 
 
 i. The State committee calls a State convention; 
 i 
 
 2. The congressional district committee calls a dis- 
 trict convention; 
 
 3. The town committees call caucuses ; 
 
 4. The caucuses elect delegates to the State con- 
 vention; and, 
 
 5. To the district convention ; 
 
 6. The State convention elects four delegates to 
 the national convention ; 
 
 7. Each district convention elects two delegates to 
 the national convention; 
 
 8. The national convention nominates a candidate 
 for President of the United States. 
 
 Then, in the Republican party, we have 1, 2, 3, 4, 
 5 over again in 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; and then, 
 
 14. The State convention nominates two presiden. 
 tial electors; 
 
 15. Each district convention nominates one presi- 
 dential elector; 
 
 16. The freemen of the State, in the several towns, 
 vote each for four presidential electors. The candi- 
 dates having the highest number of votes for presi- 
 dential electors are elected; 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 223 
 
 17. The presidential electors vote for President. 
 The candidate who has a majority of the votes for 
 President is elected President. If no candidate has a 
 majority of the votes of the presidential electors, the 
 national House of Representatives choose a President. 
 In the usage of the Democratic party, the nomination 
 of presidential electors is placed in numbers 6 and 7, 
 and number 16 becomes number 9. The second State 
 and district conventions are not held ; neither are the 
 second caucuses held. 
 
 ETHAN ALLEN MONUMENT, BURLINGTON. 
 
The 6ong-ti{ution of the United states, 
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 THE SOURCE OF POLITICAL POWER. 
 
 All power being [is] originally inherent in and con- 
 sequently derived from the people. — Vt., i :6. 
 
 THE PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Government is, or ought to be, instituted for the 
 common benefit, protection and security of the peo- 
 ple, nation or community, and not for the particular 
 emolument or advantage of any single man, family or 
 set of men, who are a part only of that community. — 
 Vt, 1:7. 
 
 THE PURPOSE. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to 
 form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure 
 domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, 
 promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings 
 of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 
 establish this Constitution for the United States, 
 of America. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 225 
 
 WHAT THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES IS. 
 
 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States 
 which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
 treaties made, or which shall be made under the 
 authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
 law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be 
 bound thereby; anything in the constitution or laws 
 of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. — U. 
 S., 6:2. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENTS OF OUR GOVERNMENT AND THEIR 
 RELATIONS. 
 
 The legislative, executive, aud judiciary departments shall be sep- 
 arate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly 
 belonging to the other.— Vt., '3:0, and U. S., 1:1, 2:1, 3:1. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Sec. i. All legislative powers herein granted shall 
 be vested in a Congress of the United States, which 
 shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. 
 
 The supreme legislative power of this State shall be exercised by a 
 senate and the house of representatives, which shall be styled " The 
 General Assembly of the State of Vermont." — Vt. , 3:3. 
 
 Sec. 2. Clause 1. The house of representatives 
 shall consist of members chosen, every second year, 
 by the people of the several States ; and the electors 
 in each State shall have the qualifications requisite 
 for electors of the most numerous branch of the state 
 legislature. 
 (i5) 
 
22 6 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The house of representatives of the freemen of this State shall 
 consist of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by 
 ballot by the freemen of every town in this State respectively, on 
 the first Tuesday in September of every even year. — Yt., 2:8, 3:24. 
 
 Every man of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided in 
 this State for the space of one whole year, next before the election 
 of representatives, and is of a quiet and peaceable behavior, and will 
 take the following oath or affirmation, shall be entitled to all the 
 privileges of a freeman of this State : 
 
 " You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote 
 or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Yermont, 
 you will do it so as in your conscience you shall judge will most con- 
 duce to the best good of the same, as established by the constitution, 
 without fear or favor of any man." — Yt.. 2:21. 
 
 No person, who is not already a freeman of this State, shall be 
 entitled to exercise the privileges of a freeman, unless he be a natu- 
 ral born citizen of this, or some one of the United States, or until 
 he shall have been naturalized, agreeably to the acts of Congress. 
 — Vt.,3:l. 
 
 Clause 2. No person shall be a representative who 
 shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, 
 and been seven years a citizen of the United States, 
 and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
 that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 No person shall be elected a representative uutil he has resided 
 two years in this State, the last of which .shall be in the town for which 
 he is elected.— Vt., 2:18. 
 
 That all elections ought to be free, and without corruption, and 
 that all freemen, having a sufficient evident common interest with 
 and attachment to the community, have a right to elect and be 
 elected into office, agreeably to the regulations made in this constitu- 
 tion.— Yt., 1:8. 
 
 Clause j. Representatives and direct taxes shall be 
 apportioned among- the several States which may be 
 included within this Union, according to their respect- 
 ive numbers, which shall be determined by adding to 
 the whole number of free persons, including those 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 227 
 
 bound to service for a term of years, and excluding 
 Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 
 The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
 years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
 United States, and within every subsequent term of 
 ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. 
 The number of representatives shall not exceed one 
 for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at 
 least one representative ; and until such enumeration 
 shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be 
 entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode 
 Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut 
 five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania 
 eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North 
 Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 In order that the freemen of this State might erjjoy the benefit of 
 •election as equally as may be, each town within this State, that con- 
 sists or may consist of eight}- taxable inhabitants, within one sep- 
 tenary or seven years after the establishment of this constitution, 
 may hold elections therein, and choose, each, two representatives to 
 represent them in general assembly, during the septenary or seven 
 years. And after that each inhabited town may, in like manner, hold 
 such election, and choose one representative, forever thereafter. — 
 — Vt,, 2:7. 
 
 Clause 4. "When vacancies happen in the represen- 
 tation from any State, the executive authority thereof 
 shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 Clause 5. The house of representatives shall choose 
 their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the 
 sole power of impeachment. 
 
 The representatives shall have power to choose their speaker, 
 their clerk and other necessary officers of the house. They may 
 impeach State criminals. — Vt. , 2:9. 
 
228 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Sec. 3. Clause 1. The senate of the United States 
 shall be composed of two Senators from each State, 
 chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and 
 each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 The senate shall be composed ol' thirty senators, to be of the free- 
 men of the county for which they are elected, respectively, who shall 
 have attained the age of thirty years and they shall be elected bien- 
 nially by the freemen of each county respectively. 
 
 The senators shall be apportioned to the several counties, accord- 
 ing to the population, as ascertained by the census taken under the 
 authority of Congress, in the year 1840, regard being always had, in 
 such apportionment, to the counties having the largest fraction, and 
 giving to each county at least one senator. 
 
 The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators to 
 the several counties, after the taking of each census of the United 
 States, or after a census taken for the purpose of such apportion- 
 ment, under the authority of this State, always regarding the above 
 provisions of this article. — Vt., 3:23, 24. 
 
 Clause 2. Immediately after they shall be assem- 
 bled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be 
 divided as equally as may be into three classes. The 
 seats of the senators of the first class shall be 
 vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the 
 second class at the expiration of the fourth year; and 
 of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year; 
 so that one-third may be chosen every second year. 
 And if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise 
 during the recess of the legislature of any State, the 
 executive thereof may make temporary appointments 
 until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall 
 then fill such vacancies. 
 
 The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by law the 
 mode of filling all vacancies in the senate, which shall happen by 
 death, resignation or otherwise. — Vt., 3:5. 
 
 Clause 3. No person shall be a senator who shall 
 not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 22 9 
 
 nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 
 shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State 
 for which he shall be chosen. See Amendments to 
 Const. U. S., Art. 14, Sec. 3. 
 
 Clause 4. The vice-president of the United States 
 shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote 
 unless they are equally divided. 
 
 Clause 5. The senate shall choose their other offi- 
 cers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of 
 the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the 
 office of President of the United States. 
 
 The senate shall have the sole power to decide on the election and 
 qualifications of, and to expel any of its members, make its own 
 rules, and appoint its own officers, as are incident to, or are possessed 
 by, the house of representatives. A majority shall constitute a quo- 
 rum. The lieutenant-governor shall be president of the senate, 
 except when he shall exercise the office of governor, or when his 
 office shall be vacant, or in his absence; in which cases the senate 
 shall appoint one of its own members to be president of the senate, 
 pro tempore. And the president of the senate shall have a casting- 
 vote, but no other. — Vt. , 3:6. 
 
 Clause 6. The senate shall have the sole power to try 
 all impeachments: When sitting for that purpose, 
 they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the Presi- 
 dent of the United States is tried, the chief justice 
 shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted with- 
 out the concurrence of two-thirds of the members 
 present. 
 
 Clause 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
 not extend further than to removal from office, and 
 disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, 
 trust, or profit, under the United States ; but the party 
 convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to 
 indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment accord- 
 ing to law. 
 
2 jo CIVIL GOVERXMENT. 
 
 The senate shall have the sole power of trying and deciding upon 
 all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be? 
 upon oath or affirmation, and no person shall be convicted without 
 the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment 
 in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal 
 from office and disqualification to hold or enjoy any office of honor, 
 or profit, or trust, under this State. But the party convicted shall. 
 nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and 
 punishment, according to law. — Vt. , 3:7. 
 
 Sec. 4. Clause 1. The times, places and manner 
 of holding elections for senators and representatives 
 shall be prescribed in each State, by the legislature 
 thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, 
 make or alter such regulations, except as to the place 
 of choosing senators. 
 
 The General Assembly shall have power to regulate, by law, the 
 mode of balloting for senators within the several counties, and to- 
 prescribe the means and the manner by which the result of the bal- 
 loting shall be ascertained, and through which the senators chosen 
 shall be certified of their election. — Vt., 3:5. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
 in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first 
 Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, 
 appoint a different day. 
 
 The General Assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of Octo- 
 ber, biennially; the first election shall be on the first Tuesday 
 of September, A. D. 1870; the first session of the General Assembly 
 on the first Wednesday of October, A. D. 1870.— Vt., 3:24. 
 
 Sec. 5. Clause 1. Each house shall be the judge 
 of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own 
 members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
 quorum to do business; but a smaller number may 
 adjourn from day to. day, and may be authorized to 
 compel the attendance of absent members, in such 
 manner, and under such penalties, as each house may 
 provide. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 231 
 
 Each house of the General Assembly shall judge of the elections 
 and qualifications of its own members. — Vt., 2:9. 
 
 Clause 2. . Each house may determine the rules of 
 its proceedings, and punish its members for disorderly 
 behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds 
 expel a member. 
 
 The senate shall have the like power to decide on the election and 
 qualifications of, aud to expel any of its members, make its own 
 rules, and appoint its own officers, as are incident to or are possessed 
 by the house of representatives. — Vt., 3:6. 
 
 Clavse 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its 
 proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, 
 excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, 
 require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the mem- 
 bers of either house, on any question, shall, at the 
 desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the 
 journal. 
 
 The votes and proceedings of the General Assembly shall be printed 
 (when one-third of the members think it necessary) as soon as con. 
 venient after the end of each session, with the yeas and nays on any 
 question, when required by any member (except where the vote shall 
 be taken by ballot), in which case every member shall have a right 
 to insert the reason of his vote upon the minutes. — Vt., 2:14. 
 
 Clause' 4. Neither house, during the session of 
 Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, 
 adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
 place than that in which the two houses shall be 
 sitting. 
 
 Neither house, during the session of the General Assembly, shall, 
 without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
 nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sit- 
 ting — Vt., 3:3. 
 
 Sec. 6. Clause 1. The senators and representa- 
 tives shall receive a compensation for their services, 
 to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury 
 
232 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 of the United States. They shall, in all cases except 
 treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged 
 from arrest during' their attendance at the session of 
 their respective houses, and in going to and returning 
 from the same; and for any speech or debate in either 
 house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 If any man is called into public service to the prejudice of his pri- 
 vate affairs, he lias a right to a reasonable compensation. — Vt., 2:2.1. 
 
 The freedom of deliberation, speech and debate in the legislature 
 is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foun- 
 dation of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint in any 
 other court or place whatsoever. — Vt. , 1:14. 
 
 Clause 2. No senator or representative shall, during 
 the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
 civil office under the authority of the United State-, 
 which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
 whereof shall have been increased during such time ; 
 and no person holding any office under the United 
 States shall be a member of either house, during his 
 continuance in office. 
 
 .No person in this State shall be capable of holding or exercising 
 more than one of the following offices at the same time, viz. : Gov- 
 ernor, lieutenant-governor, judge of the supreme court, treasurer of 
 the State, member of the General Assembly, surveyor-general, or 
 sheriff.— Vt., 2:2G. 
 
 Nor shall any person, holding any office of profit or trust under the 
 authority of Congress, be eligible to any appointment in the legisla- 
 ture, or of holding any executive or judiciary office under this State. 
 — Vt., 2:26. 
 
 Sec. 7. Clause 1. All bills for raising revenue 
 shall originate in the house of representatives; but 
 the senate may propose or concur with amendments, 
 as on other bills. 
 
 Provided, that all revenue bills shall originate in the house of rep- 
 resentatives; — but the senate may propose or concur with amend- 
 ments, as in other bills. — Vt., 3:3. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 233 
 
 Clause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the 
 house of representatives and the senate, shall, before 
 it become a law, be presented to the President of the 
 United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if 
 not, he shall return it with his objections, to that 
 house in which it shall have originated, who shall 
 enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
 proceed to re-consider it. If, after such re-considera- 
 tion, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the 
 bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to 
 the other house, by which it shall likewise be re-con- 
 sidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, 
 it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes 
 of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, 
 and the names of the persons voting for and against 
 the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house 
 respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the 
 President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it 
 shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a 
 law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
 Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in 
 which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Every bill, which shall have passed the senate and house of repre- 
 sentatives, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the governor ; 
 if he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it with his 
 objections in writing, to the house in which it shall have originated, 
 which shall proceed to reconsider it. If, upon such reconsideration, a 
 majority of the house shall pass the bill, it shall, together with the 
 objections, be sent to the other house, by which it shall likewise be 
 reconsidered, and, if approved by a majority of that house, it shall 
 become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be 
 taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or 
 against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house, 
 respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor, as 
 aforesaid, within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
 been presented to him, the same shall become a law. in like manner 
 
234 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 as if lie had signed it; unless the two houses, by their adjournment 
 within three days after the presentment of such bill, shall prevent 
 its return; in which case it shall not become a law. — Vt., 3:11, 
 
 Clause j. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which 
 the concurrence of the senate and house of represen- 
 tatives may be necessary (except on a question, of 
 adjournment) shall be presented to the President of 
 the United States; and before the same shall take 
 effect, shall be approved by him, or, being dis- 
 approved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of 
 the senate and house of representatives, according to 
 the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a 
 bill. 
 
 Sec. 8. Clause i. The Congress shall have the 
 power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
 excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common 
 defense and general welfare of the United States ; but 
 all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 The General Assembly shall have the power to lay and collect 
 State taxes.— Vt., 2:9. 
 
 And, previous to any law being made to raise a tax, the purpose 
 for which it is to be raised ought to appear evident to the legislature 
 to be of more service to the community than the money would be if 
 not collected.— Vt., 1:9. 
 
 Clause j. To borrow money on the credit of the 
 United States. 
 
 Clause j. To regulate commerce ' with foreign 
 nations, and among the several States, and with the 
 Indian tribes. 
 
 Clause 4. To establish an uniform rule of natural- 
 ization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankrupt- 
 cies, throughout the United States. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 235 
 
 Clause 3. To coin money, regulate the value thereof 
 and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights 
 and measures. 
 
 Clause 6. To provide for the punishment of coun- 
 terfeiting the securities and current coin of the United 
 States. 
 
 Clause 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. 
 
 Clause 8. To promote the progress of science and 
 useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors 
 and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective 
 writings and discoveries. 
 
 Clause <?. To constitute tribunals inferior to the 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 A future legislature may, when they shall conceive the same to be 
 expedient and necessary, erect a court of chancery, with such 
 powers as are usually exercised by that court, or as shall appear for 
 the interest of the commonwealth; provided, they do not constitute 
 themselves the judges of said court. — Vt., 2:5. 
 
 Clause 10. To define and punish piracies and fel- 
 onies committed on the high seas, and offenses against 
 the laws of nations. 
 
 Clause ti. To declare war, grant letters of marque 
 and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on 
 land and water. 
 
 Clause 12. To raise and support armies; but no 
 appropriation of money to that use shall be for a 
 longer time than two years. 
 
 Clause 13. To provide and maintain a navy. 
 
 Clause 14. To make rules for the government and 
 regulation of the land and naval forces. 
 
 Clauses 13 and 16. To provide for calling forth the 
 militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress 
 
2j6 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 insurrections and repel invasions: — To provide for 
 organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and 
 for governing such part of them as may be employed 
 in the service of the United States, reserving to the 
 States respectively the appointment of the officers, and 
 the authority of training the militia according to the 
 discipline prescribed by Congress. 
 
 The inhabitants of this State shall be trained and armed for its 
 defeDse, under such regulations, restrictions, and exceptions as Con- 
 gress, agreeably to the constitution of the Tinted States and the leg- 
 islature of this State shall direct. The several companies of militia 
 shall, as often as vacancies happen, elect their captain and other 
 officers, and the captains and subalterns shall nominate and recom- 
 mend the field officers of their respective regiments, who shall 
 appoint their staff officers. — Vt. , 2:22. 
 
 Clause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all 
 cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding 
 ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular 
 States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the 
 seat of the government of the United States, and to 
 exercise like authority over all places purchased by 
 consent of the legislature of the State in which the 
 same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, 
 arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings. 
 
 Clause iS. To make all laws which shall be neces- 
 sary and proper for carrying into execution the fore- 
 going powers, and all other powers vested by this 
 constitution in the government of the United States, 
 or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 The General Assembly shall have all powers necessary for the leg- 
 islature of a free and sovereign State.— Vt., 2:9. 
 
 Sec. 9. Clause 1. The migration or importation 
 <>f such persons as any of the States now existing shall 
 think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 237 
 
 i 
 
 Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such 
 importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 That all people have a natural and inherent right to emigrate from 
 one State to another that will receive them. — Vt., 1:19. 
 
 Clause 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
 shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebel- 
 lion, or invasion, the public safety may require it. 
 
 The writ of habeas corpus shall, in no case, be suspended. It shall 
 be a writ, issuable of right; and the General Assembly shall make 
 provision to render it a speedy and effectual remedy in all cases 
 proper therefor. — Vt., 3:12. 
 1 
 
 Clause j. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, 
 
 shall be passed. 
 
 j No person ought, in any case, or at any time, to be declared guilty 
 I of treason or felony by the legislature. — Vt. , 2:20. 
 
 Clause 4. No capitation, or other direct tax, shall 
 be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumera- 
 tion hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 Clause j. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
 J exported from any State. 
 
 Clause 6. No preference shall be given by any reg- 
 ulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one 
 vState over those of another; nor shall vessels bound 
 to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay 
 duties in another. 
 
 Clause 7. No money shall be drawn from the treas- 
 ury, but in consequence of appropriations made by 
 law; and a regular statement and account of the 
 receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be 
 
 published from time to time. 
 
 ■ 
 No money shall be drawn out of the treasury, unless first appro- 
 priated by act of legislation — Vt., 2:17. 
 
238 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The treasurer's account shall be annually audited, and a fair state- 
 ment thereof be laid before the General Assembly, at their session in 
 October.— Vt., 2:28. 
 
 Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by 
 the United States; and no person holding any office 
 of profit or trust under them, shall, without the con- 
 sent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
 office or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, 
 prince or foreign State. 
 
 Sec. io. Clause i. No State shall enter into any 
 treaty, alliance or confederation; grant letters of 
 marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of 
 credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a ten- 
 der in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex 
 post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
 tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 Clause 2. No State shall, without the consent of the 
 Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or 
 exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
 executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of 
 all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or 
 exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the 
 United States; and all such laws shall be subject to 
 the revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 Clause 3. No State shall, without the consent of 
 Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or 
 ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
 ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
 power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or 
 in such imminent danger as will not admit of delav. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 239 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec. i. Clause 1. The executive power shall be 
 vested in a President of the United States of America. 
 He shall hold his office during the term of four years ; 
 and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the 
 same term, be elected as follows: 
 
 The supreme executive power of the State shall be exercised by 
 the governor, or, in case of his absence or disability, by the lieuten- 
 ant-governor, who shall have all the powers and perform all the 
 duties vested in and enjoined upon the governor by the eleventh and 
 twenty-seventh sections of the second chapter of the constitution, as 
 at present established, excepting that he shall not sit as a judge in 
 case of impeachment, nor grant reprieve or pardon in any such case. 
 — Vt., 3:8. 
 
 The term of office of the governor, lieutenant-governor and treas- 
 urer of the State, respectively, shall commence when they shall 
 be chosen and qualified, and shall continue for the term of two years, 
 or until their successors shall be chosen and qualified, or to the 
 adjournment of the session of the legislature at which, by the consti- 
 tution and laws, their successors are required to be chosen, and not 
 after such adjournment. —Vt. 3:24. 
 
 Clause 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner 
 as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of 
 electors equal to the whole number of senators and 
 representatives to which the State may be entitled in 
 the Congress; but no senator or representative, or 
 person holding an office of trust or profit under the 
 United States, shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 Clause 3. (The original clause third was annulled 
 by the 12th article of amendment which took the 
 place of the original clause, September 25th, 1804. 
 This article of amendment is as follows) : The elect- 
 ors shall meet in their respective States, and vote, by 
 
240 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ballot, for President and vice-president, one of whom 
 at least shall not be a resident of the same State 
 with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the 
 person vottd for as President, and in distinct ballots 
 the person voted for as vice-president; and they 
 shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
 President, and of all persons voted for as vice-presi- 
 dent, and of the number of votes for each, which list 
 they shall sign and .certify, and transmit, sealed, to the 
 seat of the government of the United States, directed 
 to the president of the senate; the president of the 
 senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house 
 of representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
 votes shall then be counted ; the person having the 
 greatest number of votes for President shall be the 
 President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
 number of electors appointed ; and if no person have 
 such majority, then, from the persons having the high- 
 est numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
 voted for as President, the house of representatives 
 shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President; 
 but in choosing the President the votes shall be taken 
 by States, the representation from each State having - 
 one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a 
 member or members from two-thirds of the States, and 
 a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
 choice; and if the house of representatives shall 
 not choose a President, whenever the right of choice 
 shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
 March next following, then the vice-president shall 
 act as President, as in case of the death, or other con- 
 stitutional disability of the President. 
 
 The person having the greatest number of votes as 
 vice-president shall be the vice-president, if such 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 241 
 
 number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed; and if no person have a majority, then 
 from the two highest numbers on the list the senate 
 shall choose the vice-president; a quorum for that 
 purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole num- 
 ber of senators, and a majority of the whole number 
 shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 . But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office 
 of President shall be eligible to that of vice-president 
 of the United States. 
 
 The supreme executive authority of this State shall consist of a 
 governor, or, in his absence or disability, of a lieutenant-governor, 
 chosen in the following manner: — The freemen of each town shall, 
 on the day of election for choosing representatives to attend the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, bring in their votes for governor, with his name fairly 
 written, to the constable, who shall seal them up, and write on them, 
 " Votes for governor," and deliver them to the representative 
 chosen to attend the General Assembly. And at the opening of the 
 General Assembly there shall be a committee appointed out of 
 the assembly, who, after being duly sworn to the faithful dis- 
 charge of their trust, shall proceed to receive, sort and count the 
 votes for governor for the year ensuing. [And if there be no choice 
 made, then the General Assembly, by their joint ballots, shall make 
 choice of a governor]. The lieutenant-governor and treasurer shall be 
 chosen in the manner above directed. — Vt., 2:10 and 3:8. 
 
 Clause 4. The Congress may determine the time 
 of choosing the electors, and the day on which they 
 shall give their votes ; which dav shall be the same 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 Clause 5. No person, except a natural born citizen, 
 or a citizen of the United States at the time of the 
 adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the 
 office of President ; neither shall any person be eligi- 
 ble to that office who shall not have attained to the 
 age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a res- 
 ident within the United States. 
 (16) 
 
242 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 No person sball be eligible to tbe office of governor or lieutenant- 
 governor until be sball have resided in tbis State for four years next 
 preceding tbe day of bis election. — Vt., 2:30. 
 
 Clause 6. In case of the removal of the President 
 from office, or of his death, resignation or inability to 
 discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the 
 same shall devolve on the vice-president ; and the 
 Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, 
 death, resignation or inability, both of the President 
 and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then 
 act as President ; and such officer shall act according- 
 ly, until the disability be removed, or a President 
 shall be elected. 
 
 Tbe legislature sball provide, by general law, declaring what officer 
 sball act as governor whenever there shall be a vacancy in both tbe 
 offices of governor and lieutenant-governor, occasioned by a failure 
 to elect, or by the removal from office, or by the death, resignation 
 or inability of both governor and lieutenant-governor, to exercise the 
 powers and discharge the duties of the office of governor; and such 
 officer so designated shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties 
 appertaining to the office of governor accordingly, until the disability 
 shall be removed, or a governor sball be elected. — Vt., 3:21. 
 
 Clause j. The President shall, at stated times, 
 receive for his services a compensation, which shall 
 neither be increased nor diminished during the period 
 for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
 receive within that period any other emolument from 
 the United States, or any of them. 
 
 And if any officer sball wittingly and wilfully take greater fees than 
 the law allows him, it sball ever after disqualify him for holding any 
 office in this State, until he shall be restored by act of legislation. — 
 Vt., 2:25. 
 
 Clause 8. Before he enter on the execution of his 
 
 office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation ; 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith- 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 243 
 
 fully execute the office of President of the United 
 States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
 protect and defend the constitution of the United 
 States." 
 
 Every officer, vvlietlier judicial, executive or military, in authority 
 under this state, before he enters upon the execution of his office, 
 shall take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation of allegiance 
 to this State (unless he sball produce evidence that he has before 
 taken the same); and also the following oath or affirmation of office, 
 except military officers and such as shall be exempted by the legisla- 
 ture : 
 
 THE OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF ALLEGIANCE. 
 
 " You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will be true 
 
 and faithful to the State of Vermont, and that you will not, directly 
 or indirectly, do any act or thing injurious to the constitution or gov- 
 ernment thereof, as established by convention. (If an oath), so help 
 you God; (if an affirmation), under the pains and penalties of per- 
 jury." 
 
 THE OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF OFFICE. 
 
 " You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will faith- 
 
 fully execute the office of for the of , and will there- 
 
 in do equal right and justice to all men, to the best of your judgment 
 and abilities, according to law. (If an oath), so help you God; (if an 
 affirmation), under the pains and penalties of perjury." — Vt., 2:29. 
 See also Vt., 3:27. 
 
 Sec. 2. Clause 1. The President shall be com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United 
 States, and of the militia of the several States, when 
 called into the actual service of the United States; 
 he may require the opinion, in writing, of the princi- 
 pal officer in each of the executive departments, upon 
 any subject relating to the duties of their respective 
 offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
 and pardons for offenses against the United States, 
 except in cases of impeachments. 
 
244 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The governor shall be captain -general and comrnander-in chief of 
 the forces of the State, but shall not command in person; and the 
 lieutenant-governor shall, by virtue of his office, be lieutenant-gen- 
 eral of all the forces of the State. — Vt. , 2:11. 
 
 While acting as governor the lieutenant-governor shall not com- 
 mand the forces of the State in person, in time of war, or insurrec- 
 tion, unless by the advice and consent of the senate; and no longer 
 than they shall approve thereof. — Vt., 3:8. 
 
 Clause ?.. He shall have power, by and with the 
 advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, 
 provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; 
 and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice 
 and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, 
 other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
 supreme court, and all other officers of the United 
 States whose appointments are not herein otherwise 
 provided for, and which shall be established by law. 
 But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment 
 of such inferior officers as they think proper in the 
 President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads 
 of departments. 
 
 The governor, and in his absence the lieutenant-governor, shall 
 have power to commission all officers, and also to appoint officers, 
 except where provision is or shall be otherwise made by law, or this 
 frame of government. — Vt., 2:11. 
 
 Clause j. The President shall have power to fill up 
 all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the 
 senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at 
 the end of their next session. 
 
 The governor shall supply every vacancy in any office, occasioned 
 by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in the manner 
 directed by law or this constitution. — Vt., 2:11. 
 
 Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the 
 Congress information of the state of the Union, and 
 recommend to their consideration such measures as 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 24s 
 
 he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on 
 extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or 
 either of them, and in case of disagreement between 
 them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
 adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; 
 he shall receive ambassadors and other public minis- 
 ters; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully 
 •executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
 United States. 
 
 The governor is to correspond with other States; to transact busi- 
 ness with officers of government, civil and military, and to prepare 
 such business as may appear to them necessary to lay before the 
 General Assembly; and shall have power to grant pardons, and 
 remit fines in all cases whatsoever, except in treason and murder, in 
 which he shall have power to grant reprieves, but not to pardon, 
 until after the end of the next session of assembly ; and except in 
 •cases of impeachment, in which there shall be no remission or miti- 
 gation of punishment but by act of legislation; he is to expedite 
 the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the Gen- 
 eral Assembly. — Vt., 2:11. 
 
 In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to 
 •adjournment, the governor may adjourn them to such time as he 
 shall think proper. — Vt., 3:3. 
 
 Skc. 4. The President, vice-president and all civil 
 officers of the United States shall be removed from 
 •office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, 
 bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 Every officer of State, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable 
 
 to be impeached by the General Assembly, either when in office or 
 
 • after his resignation, or removal for ma! -administration. — Vt., 2:24. 
 
246 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 THE JUDICIAL POWER. 
 
 Sec. i. The judicial power of the United States 
 shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such 
 inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, 
 order and establish. The judges, both of the supreme 
 and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during 
 good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for 
 their services a compensation, which shall not be 
 diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 Courts of justice shall be maintained in every county in this State, 
 and also in new counties when formed, which courts shall be open 
 for tbe trial of all causes proper for their cognizance, and justice- 
 shall be therein impartially administered, without corruption or 
 unnecessary delay. The judges of the supreme court shall be jus- 
 tices of the peace throughout the State, and the several judges of 
 the county courts in their respective counties, by virtue of their 
 office, except in the trial of such causes as may be appealed to the 
 county court. — Vt. , 2:4. 
 
 The General Assembly may elect judges of the supreme court. — 
 Vt., 2:9. 
 
 The judges of the supreme court shall be elected biennially, and 
 their term of office shall be two years. — Vt., 3:25. 
 
 The assistant judges of the county court shall be elected by the 
 freemen of their respective counties. — Vt., 3:14. 
 
 Judges of probate shall be elected by the freemen of their respect- 
 ive probate districts. — Vt., 3:17. 
 
 Justices of the peace shall be elected by the freemen of their 
 respective towns; and towns having less than one thousand inhabi- 
 tants may elect any number of justices of the peace not exceeding 
 five ; towns having one thousand and less than two thousand inhab- 
 itants may elect seven ; towns having two thousand and less than 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 247 
 
 three thousand inhabitants may elect ten ; towns haviug three thou- 
 sand and less than five thousand inhabitants may elect iicelve ; and 
 towns having five thousand or more inhabitants may elect fifteen jus- 
 tices of the peace. — Vt. , 3:18. 
 
 Sec. 2. Clause 1. The judicial power shall extend 
 to all cases in law and equity arising under this con- 
 stitution, the laws of the United States and treaties 
 made, or which shall be made, under their authority; 
 to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
 ters and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and mari- 
 time jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United 
 States shall be a party ; to controversies between two 
 or more States, between a State and citizens of another 
 State, between citizens of different States, between 
 citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants 
 of different States, and between a State, or the citizens 
 thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 
 
 Clause 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
 public ministers and consuls, and those in which a 
 State shall be a party, the supreme court shall have 
 original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
 mentioned the supreme court shall have appellate juris- 
 diction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 
 and under such regulations as the Congress shall 
 make. 
 
 Clause j. The trial of all crimes, except in cases 
 of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall 
 be held in the State where the said crime shall have 
 been committed ; but when not committed within any 
 State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the 
 Congress may, by law, have directed. 
 
 In all prosecutions for criminal offenses a person hath a right to 
 a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the country, without 
 the unanimous consent of which jury he cannot be found guilty. 
 — Vt., 1:10. 
 
248 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 That no person shall be liable to be transported out of this State 
 for trial for any offense committed within the same. — Vt , 1:21. 
 
 Sec. 3. Clause 1. Treason against the United 
 States shall consist only in levying war against them, 
 or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and 
 comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, 
 unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same 
 overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to declare 
 the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 
 shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
 during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 Sec i. Full faith and credit shall be given in each 
 State to the public acts, records and judicial proceed- 
 ings of every other State. And the Congress may, by 
 general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, 
 records and proceedings shall be proved, and the 
 effect thereof. 
 
 Sec. 2. Clause 1. The citizens of each State shall 
 be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens 
 in the several States. 
 
 Clause 2. A person charged in any State with 
 treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from 
 justice, and be found in another State, shall, on 
 demand of the executive authority of the State from 
 which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the 
 State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 249 
 
 Clause j. No person held to service or labor in one 
 State, tinder the laws thereof, escaping into another, 
 shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, 
 be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
 delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
 service or labor may be due. 
 
 Sec. 3. Clause 1. New States may be admitted by 
 the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall 
 be formed or erected wiiihin the jurisdiction of any 
 •other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction 
 of two or more States, or parts of States, without the 
 consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as 
 Avell as of the Congress. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
 of and make all needful rules and regulations respect- 
 ing the territory or other property belonging to the 
 United States ; and nothing in this constitution shall 
 be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the 
 United States, or of any particular State. 
 
 Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every 
 State in this Union a republican form of government, 
 and shall protect each of them against invasion; and 
 on application of the legislature, or of the executive 
 (when the legislature cannot be convened), against 
 domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 MODES OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses 
 shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to 
 , this constitution ; or, on the application of the legis- 
 
250 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 latures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a 
 convention for proposing amendments, which in either 
 case shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part 
 of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures 
 of three-fourths of the several States, or by conven- 
 tions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other 
 mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; 
 provided, that no amendments which may be made 
 prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight 
 shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses 
 in the ninth section of the first article; and tnat no 
 vState, without its consent, shall be deprived of its 
 equal suffrage in the senate. 
 
 At the session of the General Assembly of this State, A. D. 1880, 
 and at the session thereof every tenth year thereafter, the senate 
 may, by a vote of two-thirds of its members, make proposals of 
 amendment to the constitution of the State, which proposals of 
 amendment, if concurred in by a majority of the members of the 
 house of representatives, shall be entered on the journals of the two 
 houses and referred to the General Assembly then chosen, and be 
 published in the principal newspapers of the State; and if a majority 
 of the members of the senate and of the house of representatives of 
 the next following General Assembly shall respectively concur in the 
 same proposals of amendment, or any of them, it shall be the duty 
 of the General Assembly to submit the proposals of amendment so 
 concurred in to a direct vote of the freemen of the State; and such of 
 said proposals of amendment as shall receive a majority of the votes 
 of the freemen voting thereon, shall become a part of the constitution 
 of this State. 
 
 The General Assembly shall direct the manner of voting by the 
 people upon the proposed amendments, and enact all such laws as 
 shall be necessary to procure a free and fair vote upon each amend- 
 ment proposed, and to carry into effect all the provisions of the pre- 
 ceding section. — Vt., 8:25, 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 251 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 Clause 1. All debts contracted, and engagements 
 entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, 
 shall be as valid against the United States under this 
 constitution as under the confederation. 
 
 Clause 2. This constitution and the laws of the 
 United States, which shall be made in pursuance there- 
 of, and all treaties made or which shall be made under 
 the authority of the United States, shall be the 
 supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every 
 State shall be bound thereby, anything in the consti- 
 tution or laws of any State to the contrary notwith- 
 standing. 
 
 Clause j. The senators and representatives before- 
 mentioned, and the members of the several State leg- 
 islatures, and all the executive and judicial officers, 
 both of the United States and of the several States, 
 shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this 
 constitution; but no religious test shall ever be 
 required as a qualification to any office or public trust 
 under the United States. 
 
 No man can be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right, as a 
 citizen, on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of 
 religious worship; and no authority can, or ought to be, vested in> 
 or assumed by, any power whatever, that shall in any case inter- 
 fere with, or in any manner control, the rights of conscience in the 
 free exercise of religious worship. — Vt., 1:3. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine States 
 shall be sufficient for the establishment of this consti- 
 tution between the States so ratifying the same. 
 
252 CIVIL GOVKRXMENT. 
 
 ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO AND AMEND- 
 MENT OF THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an estab- 
 lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise 
 thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the 
 press; or the right of the people peaceably to assem- 
 ble, and to petition the government for a redress of 
 grievances. 
 
 That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing 
 and publishing their sentiments concerning the transactions of gov- 
 ernment, and therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be 
 restrained. — Vt., 1:13. 
 
 That the people have a right to assemble together to consult for 
 their common good; to instruct their representatives; and to apply to 
 the legislature for redress of grievances, by address, petition or 
 remonstrance. — Vt. , 1:20. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the 
 security of a free State, the right of the people to 
 keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of 
 themselves and the State; and as standing armies in times of peace 
 are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept u,p; and that the 
 military should be kept under strict subordination to, and be gov- 
 erned by, the civil power. — Vt., 1:16. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
 any house, without the consent of the owner; nor, in 
 time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 2jj 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
 sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable 
 searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no- 
 warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, sup- 
 ported by oath or affirmation, and particularly 
 describing the place to be searched, and the person 
 or things to be seized. 
 
 That the people have a right to hold, themselves, their houses, 
 papers and possessions free from search or seizure, and therefore war- 
 rants without oath or affirmation first made, affording sufficient 
 foundation for them, and whereby any officer or messenger may be 
 commanded or required to search suspected places, or to seize any 
 person or persons, his, her or their property, not particularly 
 described, are contrary to that right, and ought not to be granted. 
 — Vt., 1:11. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or 
 otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or 
 indictment by a grand jury, except in cases arising 
 in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in 
 actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor 
 shall any person be subject for the same offense to be 
 twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be 
 compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness 
 against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or 
 property, without due process of law; nor shall pri- 
 vate property be taken for public use without just 
 compensation. 
 
 That all men are born equally free and independent, and have cer- 
 tain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among which are the 
 enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and 
 protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and 
 safety.— Vt., 1:1. 
 
254 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 That private property ought to be subservient to public uses when 
 necessity requires it; nevertheless, whenever any person's property 
 is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought to receive an 
 equivalent in money. — Vt. , 1:2. 
 
 Every person within this State ought to hud a certain remedy by 
 having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or wrongs which he may 
 receive in his person, property or character ; he ought to obtain right 
 and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it; completely 
 and without any denial ; promptly and without delay, conformably to 
 the laws. — Vt., 1 :4. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy 
 the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial 
 jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall 
 have been committed, which district shall have been 
 previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of 
 the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted 
 with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory 
 process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to 
 have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in contro- 
 versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by 
 jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by a jury, 
 shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the 
 United States, than according to the rules of the 
 common law. 
 
 Trials of issues proper for the cognizance of a jury, in the supreme 
 and county courts, shall be by jury, except where parties otherwise 
 agree; and great care ought to be taken to prevent corruption or par- 
 tiality in the choice and return or appointment of juries. — Vt., 2:31. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
 fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments 
 inflicted. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 255 
 
 The person of a debtor) where there is not strong presumption of 
 fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up and assign- 
 ing over, bona fide, all his estate, real and personal, in possession, 
 reversion or remainder, for the use of his creditors, in such manner 
 as shall be hereafter regulated bylaw. And all prisoners, unless in 
 execution, or committed for capital offenses, when the proof is evi- 
 dent or presumption great, shall be bailable, by sufficient sureties; nor 
 .shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable offenses. — Vt., 2:33. 
 
 To deter more effectually from the commission of crimes, by con- 
 tinual visible punishments of long duration, and to make sanguinary 
 punishments less necessary, means ought to be provided for punish- 
 ing by hard labor those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital, 
 whereby the criminal shall lie employed for the benefit of the public, 
 or for the reparation of injuries done to private persons; and all per- 
 sons, at proper times, ought to be permitted to see them at their 
 labor.— Vt., 2:37. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the constitution of certain 
 rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
 others, retained by the people. 
 
 That the people of this State, by their legal representatives, have 
 the sole, inherent and exclusive right of governing and regulating 
 the internal police of the same. — Vt., 1:5. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by 
 the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, 
 are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the 
 people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not 
 be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, 
 commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
 States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or 
 subjects of any foreign State. 
 
2j6 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
 vote by ballot for President and vice-president, one 
 of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
 same State with themselves ; they shall name in their 
 ballots the person voted for as President, and in dis- 
 tinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president ; 
 and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted 
 for as President, and of all persons voted for as vice- 
 President, and of the number of votes for each, which 
 lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, 
 to the seat of the government of the United States,, 
 directed to the president of the senate. The president 
 of the senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and 
 house of representatives, open all the certificates, 
 and the votes shall then be counted. The person hav- 
 ing the greatest number of votes for President shall be 
 the President, if such number be a majority of the 
 whole number of electors appointed; and if no per- 
 son have such majority, then from the persons having 
 the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of 
 those voted for as President, the house of represen- 
 tatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the Presi- 
 dent. But in choosing the President, the votes shall 
 be taken by States, the representation from each State 
 having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall con- 
 sist of a member, or members, from two-thirds of the 
 States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces- 
 sary to a choice. And if the house of representatives 
 shall not choose a President whenever the right of 
 choice'shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
 of March next following, then the vice-president shall 
 act as President, as in the case of the death, or other 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 257 
 
 constitutional disability, of the President. The person 
 having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, 
 shall be the vice-president, if such number be a major- 
 ity of the whole number of electors appointed; and if 
 no person have a majority, then from the two highest 
 numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice- 
 president ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
 two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a 
 majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
 choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
 the office of President shall be eligible to that of vice- 
 president of the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 Sec 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
 except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party 
 shall have been duly. convicted, shall exist within the 
 United States, or any place subject to their jurisdic- 
 tion. 
 
 No male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, 
 ought to be holden by law to serve any person as a servant, slave or 
 apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years, nor 
 female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, 
 unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive to such 
 age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs 
 or the like.— Vt., 1:1. 
 
 Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 Sec i. All persons born or naturalized in the 
 
 United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, 
 
 are citizens of the United States and of the State 
 
 wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce 
 
 (i7) 
 
258 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 any laws which shall abridge the privileges or immu- 
 nities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any- 
 State deprive any person of life, liberty or property 
 without due process of law, nor deny to any person 
 within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 No person who is not already a freeman of this State shall be enti- 
 tled to exercise the privileges of a freeman, unless he be a natural 
 born citizen of this or some one of the United States, or until he 
 shall have been naturalized, agreeably to the acts of Congress. — 
 Vt., 8:1. 
 
 Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned 
 among the several States according to their respective 
 numbers, excluding Indians not taxed; but when the 
 right to vote at any election for the choice of elect- 
 ors for President and vice-president of the United 
 States, representatives in Congress, the executive and 
 judicial officers of a State, or the members of the leg- 
 islature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants 
 of such State, being twenty-one years of age and citi- 
 zens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
 except for participation in rebellion or other crime, 
 the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in 
 the proportion which the number of such male citi- 
 zens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
 twenty-one years of age in said State. 
 
 Sec. 3. No person shall be a senator or representa- 
 tive in Congress, or elector, or President, or vice-, 
 president, or hold any office, civil or military, under 
 the United States, or under any State, who, having 
 previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or 
 as an officer of the United States, or as a member of 
 any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial 
 officer of any State, to support the constitution of the 
 United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 259 
 
 rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to 
 the enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of 
 two-thirds of each house, remove such disabilities. 
 
 Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the 
 United States, authorized by law, including debts 
 incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
 services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall 
 not be questioned; but neither the United States nor 
 any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation 
 incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
 United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipa- 
 tion of any slave, but all such debts, obligations and 
 claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, 
 by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this 
 article. 
 
 ARTICLE xv. 
 
 Sec 1. The right of the citizens of the United 
 States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the 
 United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
 color or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 Sec 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
260 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 SYNOPSIS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 . PREAMBLE. 
 
 Objects of the constitution. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 Section 
 
 1. Legislative powers, in whom vested. 
 
 2. House of representatives, how and by whom chosen. — Qualifi- 
 cations of a representative. — Representatives and direct taxes, 
 how apportioned.— 1 Census. — -Vacancies to be filled. — Power of 
 choosing officers, and of impeachment. 
 
 3. Senators, how and by whom chosen. — How classified. — State ex- 
 ecutive to make temporary appointments, in case, &e. — Qualifi- 
 cations of a senator. — President of the senate, his right to vote. 
 — President pro tern, and other officers of the senate, how chosen. 
 — Power to try impeachments. —When President is tried, chief 
 justice to preside.- — Sentence. 
 
 4. Times, &c. , of holding elections, how prescribed. — One session 
 in each year. 
 
 5. Membership. — Quorum. — Adjournments. — Rules. — Power to pun- 
 ish or expel. — Journal.— Time of adjournment limited, unless, &c. 
 
 6. Compensation. — Privileges. — Disqualifications in certain cases. 
 
 7. House to originate all revenue bills. — Veto. — Bill may be passed 
 by two-thirds of each house, notwithstanding, &c. — Bill not re- 
 turned in ten days. — Provision as to all orders, &c. , except, &c. 
 
 8. Powers of Congress. 
 
 9. Provision as to migration or importation of certain persons. — 
 Habeas corpus, — Bills of attainder, &c. — Taxes, how apportioned. 
 — No export duty. — No commercial preferences. — No money drawn 
 from treasury, unless, &c. — No titular nobility. — Officers not to 
 receive presents, unless, &c. 
 
 10. States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 261 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 Section 
 
 1. President and vice-president, their term of office. — Electors of 
 President and vice-president, number, and how appointed. — 
 Electors to vote on the same day. — Qualification of President. — 
 On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, &c. — 
 President's compensation. — His oath. 
 • 2. President to be commander-in-chief. — He may require opinion of, 
 &c, and may pardon. — Treaty-making power. — Nomination of 
 certain officers. — When President may fill vacancies. 
 
 •3. President shall communicate to Congress. — He may convene and 
 adjourn Congress, in case, &c; shall receive ambassadors, execute 
 laws, and commission officers. 
 
 4. All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 1. Judicial power. — Tenure. — Compensation. 
 "2. Judicial power, to what cases it extends. — Original jurisdiction 
 
 of supreme court. — Appellate. — Trial by jury, except, &c— Trial 
 
 where. 
 3. Treason defined. — Proof of. — Punishment of. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 1. Credit to be given to public acts, &c, of every State. 
 H. Privileges of citizens of each State.— Fugitives from justice to be 
 
 delivered up.— Persons held to service, having escaped, to be 
 
 delivered up. 
 
 3. Admission of new States.— Power of Congress over territory and 
 other property. 
 
 4. Republican form of government guaranteed. — Each State to be 
 protected. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 Constitution, how amended. — Proviso. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 •Certain debts, &c, adopted.— Supremacy of constitution, treaties, 
 and laws of the United States.— Oath to support constitution, 
 by whom taken. — No religious test. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 What ratifications shall establish constitution. 
 
262 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 Article. 
 
 1. Religious establishment prohibited. — Freedom of speech, of the 
 
 press, and of right to petition. 
 
 2. Right to keep and bear arms. 
 
 3. No soldier to be quartered in any house, unless, &c. 
 
 4. Right of search and seizure regulated. 
 
 5. Provisions concerning prosecutions, trials and punishments. — 
 
 Private property not to be taken for public use, without, &c. 
 
 6. Further provisions respecting criminal prosecutions. 
 
 7. Right of trial by jury secured. 
 
 8. Bail, fines and punishments. 
 
 9. Rule of construction. 
 
 10. Same subject. 
 
 11. Same subject. 
 
 12. Manner of choosing president and vice-president. 
 i-3. Slavery abolished. 
 
 Congress empowered to enforce this article. 
 
 14. Citizenship defined. — The privileges or immunities of citizens 
 
 shall not be abridged. 
 
 Basis of representation. 
 
 Person having engaged in insurrection or rebellion or given 
 aid or comfort to persons so engaged, shall not be eligible to cer- 
 tain offices. — Disability may be removed. 
 
 The validity of the public debt incurred in suppressing insur- 
 rection or rebellion shall not be questioned. — No debt or obliga- 
 tion incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion shall be legah 
 
 Congress empowered to enforce this article. 
 
 15. Right of citizens to vote not to be abridged on account of race, 
 color, or previous servitude. 
 
 Congress empowered to enforce this article. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 263 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 A DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE 
 STATE OF VERMONT. 
 
 Article 1. That all men are born equally free and independent, 
 and Lave certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among 
 which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquir- 
 ing, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining 
 happiness and safety : therefore no male person born in this 
 country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law 
 to serve any person as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives 
 to the age of twenty-one years, nor female in like manner, after she 
 arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their 
 own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the 
 payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like. 
 
 Article 2. That private property ought to be subservient to 
 public uses when necessity requires it ; nevertheless, whenever any 
 person's property is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought 
 to receive an equivalent in money. 
 
 Article 3. That all men have a natural and inalienable right 
 to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own con- 
 sciences and understandings, as in their opinion shall be regulated 
 by the word of God ; and that no man ought to, or of right can be 
 compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect or support any 
 place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary to the dictates 
 of his conscience ; nor can any man be justly deprived or abridged of 
 any civil right as a citizen, on account of his religious sentiments, or 
 peculiar mode of religious worship ; and that no authority can, or 
 ought to be vested in, or assumed by, any power whatever, that shall 
 in any case interfere with, or in any manner control the rights of 
 conscience, in the free exercise of religious worchip. Nevertheless, 
 every sect or denomination of Christians ought to observe the Sab- 
 bath or Lord's da} r , and keep up some sort of religious worship, 
 which to them shall seem most agreeable to the revealed will of God. 
 
 Article 4. Every person within this State ought to find a cer- 
 tain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or 
 
264 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character ; 
 he ought to obtain right and justice, freely, and without being 
 obliged to purchase it ; completely and without any denial ; promptly 
 and without delay ; conformably to the laws. 
 
 Article 5. That the people of this State by their legal represent- 
 atives, have the sole, inherent and exclusive right of governing and 
 regulating the internal police of the same. 
 
 Article 6. That all power being originally inherent in and 
 consequently derived from the people, therefore, all officers of gov- 
 ernment, whether legislative or executive, are their trustees and ser- 
 vants ; and at all times, in a legal way, accountable to them. 
 
 Article 7. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for 
 the common benefit, protection and security of the people, nation or 
 community, and not for the particular emolument or advantage of 
 any single man, family, or set of men, who are a part only of that 
 community; and that the community hath an indubitable, inalien. 
 able and indefeasible right to reform or alter government, in such 
 manner as shall be, by that community, judged most conducive to 
 the public weal. 
 
 Article 8. That all elections ought to be free and without cor- 
 ruption, and that all freemen, having a sufficient, evident, common 
 interest with, and attachment to the community, have a right to elect 
 officers, and be elected into office, agreeably to the regulations made 
 in this constitution. 
 
 Article 9. That every member of society hath a right to be pro- 
 tected in the enjoyment of life, liberty and property, and therefore 
 is bound to contribute his proportion towards the expense of that 
 protection, and yield his personal service, when necessary, or an 
 equivalent thereto, but no part of any person's property can be justly 
 taken from him, or applied to public uses, without his own consent, 
 or that of the representative body of the freemen, nor can any man 
 who is conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms be justly com- 
 pelled thereto, if lie will pay such equivalent ; nor are the people 
 bound by any law but such as they have in like manner assented to, 
 for their common good : and previous to any law being made to raise 
 a tax, the purposes for which it is to be raised ought to appear 
 evident to the legislature to be of more service to community than 
 the money would be if not collected 
 
 Article 10. That in all prosecutions for criminal offenses, a per- 
 son hath a right to be heard by himself and his counsel ; to demand 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 263 
 
 the cause and nature of his accusation ; to be confronted with the 
 witnesses ; to call for evidence in his favor, and a speedy trial by an 
 impartial jury of the country ; without the unanimous consent of 
 which jury, he cannot be found guilty ; nor can he be compelled to 
 give evidence against himself ; nor can any person be justly deprived 
 of his liberty, except by the laws of the land, or the judgment of his 
 peers. 
 
 Articte 11. That the people have a right to hold themselves, 
 their houses, papers, and possessions, free from search or seizure ; 
 and therefore warrants, without oath or affirmation first made, afford - 
 in» sufficient foundation for them, and whereby any officer or mes- 
 senger may be commanded or required to search suspected places, or 
 to seize anv person or persons, his, her or their property, not partic- 
 ularly" described, are contrary to that right, and ought not to be 
 granted. 
 
 Article 12. That when any issue in fact, proper for the cogni- 
 zance of a jury is joined in a court of law, the parties have a right to 
 trial by jury, which ought to be held sacred. 
 
 Article 13. That the people have a right to freedom of speech, 
 and of writing and publishing their sentiments, concerning the trans- 
 actions of government, and therefore the freedom of the press ought 
 not to be restrained. 
 
 Article 14. The freedom of deliberation, speech and debate, .in 
 the legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people [that it 
 cannot be the foundation of any accusation or prosecution, action or 
 complaint, in any other court or place whatsoever. 
 
 Article 15. The power of suspending laws, or the execution of 
 laws, ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by author- 
 ity derived from it, to be exercised in such particular cases as this 
 constitution or the legislature shall provide for. 
 
 Article 16. That the people have a right to bear arms for the 
 ■defence of themselves and the State — and as standing armies in time 
 of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up ; and 
 that the military should be kept under strict subordination to and 
 governed by the civil power. 
 
 Article 17. That no person in this State can in any case be sub- 
 jected to law martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that 
 law, except those employed in the army, and the militia in actual 
 service. 
 
266 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Article IS. That frequent recurrence to fundamental principles, 
 
 and a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry 
 and frugality are absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of 
 liberty and keep government free ; the people ought, therefore, to 
 pay particular attention to these points, in the choice of officers and 
 representatives, and have a right, in a legal way, to exact a due and 
 constant regard to them, from their legislators and magistrates, iu 
 making and executing such laws as are necessary for the good gov- 
 ernment of the State. 
 
 Article 19. That all people have a natural and inherent right to 
 emigrate from one State to another that will receive them. 
 
 ARTICLE 20. That the people have a right to assemble together 
 to consult for their common good — to instruct their representatives — 
 and to apply to the legislature for redress of grievances, by address, 
 petition or remonstrance. 
 
 Article 81. That no person shall be liable to be transported 
 out of this State for trial for any offence committed within the same. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 I'L\N OK FRAME OK GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Superseded. Section 1. The commonwealth, or State of Ver- 
 
 seeArts. mont, shall be governed hereafter, by a governor (or 
 
 Amend., :t lieutenant-governor), council, and an assembly of the 
 " s ' representatives of the freemen of the same, in manner 
 
 and form following : 
 
 Superseded. Section 2. The supreme legislative power shall be 
 
 See Art. vested in a house of representatives of the freemen of 
 
 Amend., 8. t ] ie commonwealth or State of Vermont. 
 Superseded. Section 3. The supreme executive power shall be 
 
 see Art. vested in a governor, or, in his absence, a lieutenant- 
 
 Amend., s. governor, and council. 
 
 SECTION 4. Courts of justice shall be maintained in every county 
 in this State, and also in new counties, when formed : which courts 
 shall be open for the trial of all causes proper for their cognizance ; 
 and justice shall be therein impartially administered, without cor- 
 ruption, or unnecessary delay. The judges of the supreme court 
 shall be justices of the peace throughout the State ; and the several 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 267 
 
 judges of the county courts, in their respective counties, by virtue 
 of their office, except in the trial of such causes as may be appealed 
 to the county court. 
 
 Section 5. A future legislature may, when they shall conceive 
 the same to be expedient and necessary, erect a court of chancery, 
 with such powers as are usually exercised by that court, or as shall 
 appear for the interest of the commonwealth — provided they do not 
 constitute themselves the judges of the said court. 
 
 Section 6. The legislative, executive and judiciary depart- 
 ments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the 
 powers properly belonging to the other. 
 
 Section 7. In order that the freemen of this State might enjoy 
 the benefit of election as equally as may be, each town within this 
 State that consists, or may consist, of eighty taxable inhabitants, 
 within one septenary or seven years next after the establishing this 
 constitution, may hold elections therein, and choose each two rep- 
 resentatives ; and each other inhabited town in this State may, in 
 like manner, choose each one representative to represent them in 
 General Assembly, during the said septenary, or seven years, and 
 after that, each inhabited town may, in like manner, hold such elec- 
 tion, and choose each one representative forever thereafter. 
 
 Section 8. The house of representatives of the freemen of this 
 State shall consist of persons most noted for wisdom see Art. 
 and virtue, to be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of Amend., 24. 
 every town in this State, respectively, on the first Tuesday of 
 September annually, forever. 
 
 Section 9. The representatives so chosen (a majority of whom 
 shall constitute a quorum for transacting any other busi- Spe Artf ^ 
 ness than raisins: a State tax, for which two-thirds of Amend., 2, 3 
 the members elected shall be present) shall meet on the 1°' 1*> 15 » 17 » 
 second Thursday of the succeeding October, and shall be ' ' ' ' 
 styled The General Assembly of the State of Vermont : they shall 
 have power to choose their speaker, secretary of State, their clerk, 
 and other necessary officers of the house — sit on their own adjourn- 
 ments — prepare bills and enact them into laws — judge of the elections 
 and qualifications of their own members : they may expel members, 
 but not for causes known to their constituents antecedent to their 
 election : they may administer oaths and affirmations in matters 
 depending before them — redress grievances — impeach State criminals 
 — grant charters of incorporation — constitute towns, boroughs, cities 
 
268 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 and counties: they may annually on their first session after their 
 election, in conjunction with the council, (or oftener if need be) elect 
 judges of the supreme and several county and probate courts, sher- 
 iffs and justices of the peace ; and also, with the council, may elect 
 major-generals, and brigadier-generals from time to time, as often 
 as there shall be occasion : and they shall have all other powers nec- 
 essary for the legislature of a free and sovereign state : but they 
 shall have no power to add to, alter, abolish or infringe any part of 
 this constitution. 
 
 SECTION 10. The supreme executive council of this state shall 
 See Arts. consist of a governor, lieutenant-governor and twelve 
 
 Amend., 9, persons, chosen in the following manner, viz.: The 
 ~ 4, freemen of each town shall, en the day of. election for 
 
 choosing representatives to attend the General Assembly, bring in 
 their votes for governor, with his name fairly written, to the consta- 
 ble, who shall seal them up, and write on them, Votes for THE 
 Governor, and deliver them to the representative chosen to attend 
 the General Assembly; and at the opening of the General Assembly, 
 there shall be a committee appointed out of the council and assem- 
 bly, who, after being duly sworn to the faithful discharge of their 
 trust, shall proceed to receive, sort and count the votes for the gov- 
 ernor, and declare the person who has the major part of the votes 
 to be governor for the year ensuing. And if there be no choice made, 
 then the council and General Assembly, by their joint ballot, shall 
 make choice of a governor. The lieutenant governor and treas- 
 urer shall be chosen in the manner above directed. And each free- 
 man shall give in twelve votes for twelve counsellors, in the same 
 manner, and the twelve highest in nomination shall serve for the 
 ensuing year as counsellors. 
 
 Section 11. The governor, and in his absence, the lieutenant. 
 See Arts. governor, with the council, (a major part of whom, 
 
 Amend., 6,7, including the governor, or lieutenant-governor, shall 
 *» 2 *' be a quorum to transact business) shall have power to 
 
 commission all officers — and also to appoint officers, except where 
 provision is or shall be otherwise made by law or this frame of gov- 
 ernment — and ehall supply every vacancy in any office, occasioned 
 by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in the manner 
 directed by law or this constitution. They are to correspond with 
 other States — transact business with officers of government, civil and 
 military — and to prepare such business as may appear to them nee- 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 269 
 
 essary, to lay before the General Assembly. They shall sit as judges- 
 to hear and determine on impeachments, taking to their assistance, 
 for advice only, the judges of the supreme court. And shall have 
 power to grant pardons and remit fines, in all cases whatsoever, 
 except in treason and murder ; in which they shall have power to grant 
 reprieves, but not to pardon, until after the end of the next session 
 of Assembly ; and except in cases of impeachment, in which there 
 shall be no remission or mitigation of punishment but by act of 
 legislation. They are also to take care that; the laws be faithfully 
 executed. They are to expedite the execution of such measures as 
 may be resolved upon by the General Assembly. And they may draw 
 upon the treasury for such sums as may be appropriated by the 
 house of representatives. They may also lay embargoes, or prohibit 
 the exportation of any commodity for any time not exceeding thirty 
 days, in the recess of the house only. They may grant such licenses 
 as shall be directed by law ; and shall have power to call together 
 the General Assembly, when necessary, before the day to which they 
 shall stand adjourned. The governor shall be captain-general and. 
 commander-in-chief of the forces of the State, but shall not com- 
 mand in person, except advised thereto by the council, and then 
 only so long as they shall approve thereof. And the lieutenant 
 governor shall, by virtue of his office, be lieutenant-general of all 
 the forces of the State. The governor, or lieutenant-governor, and 
 the council, shall meet at the time and place with the General 
 Assembly ; the lieutenant governor shall, during the presence of 
 the commander-in-chief, vote and act as one of the council ; and 
 the governor, and in his absence, the lieutenant-governor, shall, by 
 virtue of their offices, preside in council, and have a casting but no 
 other vote. Every member of the council shall be a justice of the 
 peace for the whole State, by virtue of his office. The governor and 
 council shall have a secretary, and keep fair books of their proceed- 
 ings, wherein any counsellor may enter his dissent, with his reasons 
 to support it ; and the governor may appoint a secretary for himself 
 and his council. 
 
 Section 12. The representatives having met, and chosen their 
 speaker and clerk, shall each of them, before they proceed to busi- 
 ness, take and subscribe, as well the oath or affirmation of allegiance 
 hereinafter directed (except where they shall produce certificates of 
 their having heretofore taken and subscribed the same) as the follow- 
 ing oath or affirmation, viz.: 
 
2jo CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that as a member of 
 
 this assembly you will not propose or assent to any bill, vote or 
 resolution, which shall appear to you injurious to the people, nor do 
 or consent to any act or thing whatever, that shall have a tendency 
 to lessen or abridge their rights and privileges, as declared by the 
 constitution of this State, but will, in all things, conduct yourself 
 as a faithful, honest representative and guardian of the people, 
 according to the best of your judgment and abilities. {In ease of an 
 oath) so help you God. (And in cam of an affirmation) under the 
 pains and penalties of perjury. 
 
 Section 13. The doors of the house in which the General Assem- 
 bly of this commonwealth shall sit shall be open for the admission 
 of all persons who behave decently, except only when the welfare of 
 the State may require them to be shut. 
 
 Ski tion 14. The votes and proceedings of the General Assembly 
 shall be printed (when one-third of the members think it necessary) 
 as soon as convenient after the end of each session, with the yeas and 
 nays on any question, when required by any member (except where 
 the votes shall be taken by ballot), in which case every member shall 
 have a right to insert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes. 
 
 Section 15. The style of the laws of this State in future to be 
 passed shall be, It is hereby enacted by tin General Assembly of the 
 
 State of Vermont. 
 
 Section 16. To the end that laws, before they are enacted, may 
 Superseded. be more maturely considered, and the inconvenience of 
 
 See Art. hasty determinations as much as possible prevented, all 
 Amend., 11. \ } \]] s which originate in the assembly shall be laid be- 
 fore the governor and council for their revision and concurrence, or 
 proposals of amendment ; who shall return the same to the assembly, 
 with their proposals of amendment, if any, in writing; and if the same 
 are not agreed to by the assembly, it shall he in the power of the 
 governor and council to suspend the passing of such bills until the 
 next sessions of the legislature. Provided, that if the governor and 
 council shall neglect or refuse to return any such bill to the assem- 
 bly, with writteu proposals of amendment, within five days, or before 
 the rising of the legislature, the same shall become a law. 
 
 Section 17. No money shall be drawn out of the treasury, unless 
 first appropriated by act of legislation. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 271 
 
 Section 18. No person shall be elected aj»epresentative until he 
 has resided two years in this State, the last of which shall be in the 
 town for which he is elected. 
 
 Se.tion 19. No member of the council, or house of representa- 
 tives, shall directly or indirectly receive any fee or reward to bring 
 forward or advocate any bill, petition, or other business, to be trans- 
 acted in the legislature ; or advocate any cause, as council in either 
 house of legislation, except when employed in behalf of the State. 
 
 Section 20. No person ought in any case, or in any time, to be 
 declared guilty of treason or felony, by the legislature. 
 
 Section 21. Every man of the full age of twenty- See Art. 
 
 one years, having lesided in this State for the space of Amend., 1. 
 one whole year next before the election of representatives, and is 
 of a quiet and peaceable behavior, and will take the following 
 •oath or affirmation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a free- 
 man of this State. 
 
 You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote or 
 suffrage, lunching any mutter that concerns the State of Vermont, you 
 will do it so as in your consciend you shall judge trill, most conduce to 
 the best good of the same, as established by the constitution, without fear 
 or favor of any man. 
 
 Section 22. The inhabitants of this State shall be trained and 
 armed for its defence, under such regulations, restrictions, and excep- 
 tions as Congress, agreeably to the constitution of the United States, 
 and the legislature of this State, shall direct. The several com- 
 panies of militia shall, as often as vacancies happen, elect their cap- 
 tain and other officers, and the captains and subalterns shall nomi- 
 nate and recommend the field officers, of their respective regiments, 
 who shall appoint their staff officers. 
 
 Section 23. All commissions shall be in the name of the freemen 
 of the State of Vermont, sealed with the State seal, signed by the 
 governor and in his absence, the lieutenant-governor, and attested 
 by the secretary; which seal shall be kept by the governor. 
 
 Section 24. Every officer of State, whether judicial or executive, 
 shall be liable to be impeached by the General Assembly, See Art s> 
 either when in office, or after his resignation or removal, men *' ' 
 for nial-administration. All impeachments shall be before the gov- 
 ernor, or lieutenant-governor, and council who shall hear and deter, 
 mine the same, aud may award costs, and no trial or impeachmen t 
 shall be a bar to a prosecution at law. 
 
2j2 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 SECTION 25. As every freeman, to preserve his independence (if 
 without a sufficient estate) ought to have some profession, calling, 
 trade, or farm, whereby he may honestly subsist, there can be no 
 necessity for, nor us.' in, establishing offices of profit, the usual effects 
 
 nl which are- dependence and servility, unbecoming freemen, in the 
 possessors or expectants, and faction, contention and discord among 
 the people. But if any man is called into public service to the preju- 
 dice of his private affairs, he has a right to a reasonable compensa- 
 tion ; and whenever an office through an increase of fees or other 
 wise becomes so profitable as to occasion many to apply for it, the 
 profit ought to be lessened by the legislature. And if any officer 
 shall wittingly and wilfully take greater fees than the law allows 
 him, it shall ever after disqualify him from holding any office in this 
 State, until he shall be restored by act of legislation. 
 
 SECTION 20. No person in this State shall be capable of holdings 
 or exercising more than one of the following offices at the same time, 
 viz.: governor, lieutenant-governor, judge of the supreme court, 
 treasurer of the State, member of the council, member of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, surveyor general, or sheriff. Nor shall any person 
 holding any office of profit or trust under the authority of Congress, 
 be eligible to any appointment in the legislature, or of holding any 
 executive or judiciary office under this State. 
 
 SECTION 27. The treasurer of the State shall, before the gover- 
 Suporsciicii. 110r an< i council, give sufficient security to the secretary- 
 See Art. of the State, in behalf of the General Assembly ;"and 
 Vmciul , •_••_». each high sheriff, before the first judge of the county 
 court to the treasurer of their respective counties, previous to their 
 respectively entering upon the execution of their offices, in such 
 manner, and in such sums, as shall be directed by the legislature. 
 
 Section 28. The treasurer's account shall be annually audited, 
 and a fair statement thereof laid before the General Assembly, at 
 their session in October. 
 
 Section 29. Every officer, whether judicial, executive, or mili- 
 tary, in authority under this State, before he enters upon the execu- 
 tion of his office shall take and subscribe the following oath or 
 affirmation of allegiance to this State (unless he .shall produce evi- 
 dence that he has before taken the same), and also the following oath 
 or affirmation of office, except military officers, and such as shall be 
 exempted by the legislature. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 273 
 
 THE OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF ALLEGIANCE. 
 
 You do solemnly sicear (or affirm) that you will be true and faithful 
 to the State of Vermont, and that you will not, directly or indirectly, 
 do any act or thing injurious to the constitution or government thereof, 
 as established by convention. (If an oath) so help you God. (If an 
 affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury. 
 
 THE OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF OFFICE. 
 
 You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will faith- 
 
 fully execute the office of for the of 
 
 and will therein do equal right and justice to all men, to the best of your 
 judgment and abilities, according to laio. (If an oath) so help you God. 
 (If an affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury. 
 
 Section 30. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor; 
 or lieutenant-governor, until he shall have resided in this State four 
 years next preceding the day of his election. 
 
 Section 81. Trials of issues, proper for the cognizance of a jury, 
 in the supreme and county courts, shall be by jury except where 
 parties otherwise agree ; and great care ought to be taken to pre- 
 vent corruption or partiality in the choice and return, or appointment 
 of juries. 
 
 Section 32. All prosecutions shall commence, By the authority of 
 the State of Vermont;— all indictments shall conclude with these 
 words, against the peace and dignity of this State. And all fines shall 
 be proportioned to the offences. 
 
 Section 33. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong 
 presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after deliver- 
 ing up and assigning over, bona fide, all his estate, real and personal, 
 in possession, reversion or remainder, for the use of his creditors, in 
 such manner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. And all prison- 
 ers, unless in execution, or committed for capital offenses, when the 
 proof is evident or presumption great, shall be bailable by sufficient 
 sureties, nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable offenses. 
 
 Section 34. All elections, whether by the people or the legisla- 
 ture, shall be free and voluntary : and any elector who shall receive 
 any gift or reward for his vote, in meat, drink, moneys, or otherwise, 
 shall forfeit his right to elect at that time, and suffer such other pen- 
 alty as the law shall direct ; and any person who shall, directly or 
 indirectly, give, promise or bestow any such rewards to be elected 
 (18) 
 
274 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 shall thereby be rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year, 
 and be subject to such further punishment as a future legislature 
 shall direct. 
 
 Section 35. All deeds and conveyances of land shall be recorded 
 in the town clerk's office in their respective towns ; and, for want 
 thereof, in the county clerk's office of the same county. 
 
 Section 36. The legislature shall regulate entails in such man- 
 ner as to prevent perpetuities. 
 
 Section 37. To deter more effectually from the commission of 
 crimes, by continued visible punishments of long duration, and to 
 make sanguinary punishments less necessary, means ought to be pro- 
 vided for punishing by hard labor those who shall be convicted of 
 crimes not capital, whereby the criminal shall be employed for the 
 benefit of the public, or for the reparation of injuries done to private 
 persons : and all persons at proper times ought to be permitted to 
 see them at their labor. 
 
 Section 38. The estates of such persons as may destroy their 
 own lives shall not, for that offense, be forfeited, but descend or 
 ascend in the same manner as if such person had died in a natural 
 way. Nor shall any article which shall accidentally occasion the 
 death of any person be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in any wise 
 forfeited on account of such misfortune. 
 
 Section 39. Every person, of good character, who comes to set- 
 See Art. tie in this State, having first taken an oath or affirma- 
 Aiuentl., 1. tion of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by other 
 just means acquire, hold and transfer land, or other real estate ; and 
 after one year's residence shall be deemed a free denizen thereof, and 
 entitled to all rights of a natural born subject of this State, except 
 that he shall not be capable of being elected governor, lieutenant- 
 governor, treasurer, councillor or representative in assembly, 
 until after two years' residence. 
 
 Section 40. The inhabitants of this State shall have liberty in 
 seasonable times to hunt and fowl on the lands they hold, and on 
 other lands not enclosed ; and in like manner to fish in all boatable 
 and other waters (not private property) under proper regulations, to 
 be hereafter made and provided by the General Assembly. 
 
 Section 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and preven- 
 tion of vice and immorality ought to be constantly kept in force, and 
 duly executed ; and a competent number of schools ought to be main- 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 275 
 
 tained in each town, for the convenient instruction of youth ; and 
 one or more grammar schools be incorporated and properly sup- 
 ported, in each county in this State. And all religious societies, or 
 bodies of men, that may be hereafter united or incorporated for the 
 advancement of religion and learning, or for other pious and char- 
 itable purposes, shall be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment 
 of the privileges, immunities and estates winch they in justice 
 ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the General Assembly of 
 this State shall direct. 
 
 Section 42. The declaration of the political rights and privileges 
 of the inhabitants of this State is hereby declared to be a part of the 
 constitution of this commonwealth ; and ought not to be violated, on 
 any pretence whatsoever. 
 
 Section 43. In order that the freedom of this commonwealth 
 may be preserved inviolate forever, there shall be 
 chosen by ballot, by the freemen of this State, on the SeeTrt 
 last Wednesday in March, in the year one thousand Amend .', 25 . 
 seven hundred and ninety-nine, and on the last Wednesday in March 
 in every seven years thereafter, thirteen persons, who shall be chosen 
 in the same manner the council is chosen, except they shall not be 
 out of the council or General Assembly, to be called the council of 
 censors; who sh-U meet together on the first Wednesday of June 
 next ensuing their election, the majority of whom shall be a quorum 
 in every case, except as to calling a convention, in which two-thirds 
 of the whole number elected shall agree ; and whose duty it shall be 
 to inquire whether the constitution has been preserved inviolate in 
 every part, during the last septenary, (including the year of their 
 service); and whether the legislative and executive branches of gov- 
 ernment have performed their duty, as guardians of the people, or 
 assumed to themselves, or exercised, other or greater powers than 
 they are entitled to by the constitution :-They are also to inquire 
 whether the public taxes have been justly laid and collected in all 
 parts of this commonwealth— in what manner the public moneys have 
 been disposed of— and whether the laws have been duly executed- 
 For these purposes they shall have power to send for persons, papers 
 and records; they shall have authority to pass public censures, to 
 order impeachments, and to recommend to the legislature the repeal- 
 ing such laws as shall appear to them to have been passed contrary 
 to the principles of the constitution : these powers they shall con- 
 tinue to have for and during the space of one year from the day of 
 
27 6 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 their election, and no longer. The said council of censors shall also- 
 have powerto call a convention, to meet within two years after their 
 sitting, if there appears to them an absolute necessity of amending 
 any article of this constitution, which may be defective— explaining 
 such as may be thought not clearly expressed— and of adding such 
 as are necessary for the preservation of the rights and happiness of 
 the people ; but the articles to be amended, and the amendments 
 proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or abolished, 
 shall be promulgated at least six months before the day appointed for 
 the election of such convention, for the previous consideration of 
 the people, that they may have an opportunity of instructing their 
 delegates on the subject. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT. 
 
 Article 1. No person who is not already a freeman of this State 
 shall be entitled to exercise the privileges of a freeman unless he be 
 a natural born citizen of this or some one of the United States, or 
 until he shall have been naturalized agreeably to the acts of 
 Congress. 
 
 Article 2. The most numerous branch of the legislature of 
 this State shall hereafter be styled the house of representatives. 
 
 Article 3. The supreme legislative power of this' State shall 
 hereafter be exercised by a senate and the house of representatives, 
 which shall be staled " The General Assembly of the State of Ver- 
 mont." Each shall have and exercise the like powers in all acts of 
 legislation ; and no bill, resolution, or other thing, which shall have 
 been passed by the one, shall have the effect of, or be declared to be, 
 a law, without the concurrence of the other. Provided, that all 
 revenue bills shall originate in the house of representatives, — but 
 the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other 
 bills. Neither house during the session of the General Assembly 
 shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three 
 days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall 
 be sitting, — and in case of disagreement between the two houses, 
 with respect to adjournment, the governor may adjourn them to 
 such time as he shall think proper. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 277 
 
 Article 4. The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, to 
 be of the freemen of the county for which they are elected Superseded. 
 respectively, who are thirty years of age or upwards. see Art. 
 
 and to be annually elected by the freemen of each Amend., 28. 
 county respectively. Each county shall be entitled to one senator, 
 at least, and the remainder of the senators shall be apportioned to 
 the several counties according to their population, as the same was 
 ascertained by the last census, taken under the authority of the 
 United States, — regard being always had, in such apportionment, to 
 the counties having the greatest fraction. But the several counties 
 shall, until after the next census of the United States, be entitled to 
 •elect, and have their senators in the following proportion, to wit : 
 
 Bennington county, two ; Windham county, three ; Rutland 
 •county, three ; Windsor county, four ; Addison county, three ; 
 Orange county, three ; Washington county, two ; Chittenden 
 county, two ; Caledonia county, two ; Franklin county, three ; 
 Orleans county, one ; Essex county, one ; Grand Isle county, one. 
 
 The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators, 
 to the several counties, after the taking of each census of the United 
 States, or census taken, for the purpose of such apportionment, by 
 order of the government of this State — always regarding the above 
 provisions in this article. 
 
 Article 5. The freemen of the several towns in each county shall, 
 annually, give their votes for the senators, apportioned See Art. 
 
 to such county, at the same time, and under the same Amend., 24. 
 regulations, as are now provided for the election of councillors. 
 And the person or persons, equal in number to the number of sena- 
 tors apportioned to such county, having the greatest number of 
 legal votes, in such county respectively, shall be the senator or 
 senators of such county. At every election of senators, after the 
 votes shall have "been taken, the constable or presiding officer, 
 assisted by the selectmen and civil authority present, shall sort and 
 count the said votes, and make two lists of the names of each person, 
 with the number of votes given for each annexed to his name, a 
 record of which shall be made in the town clerk's office, and shall 
 seal up said lists, separately, and write on each the name of the town 
 and these words : " Votes for senator," or " Votes for senators," as 
 the case may be, one of which lists shall be delivered, by the pre- 
 siding officer, to the representative of said town, (if any) and if none 
 be chosen, to the representative of an adjoining town, to be trans- 
 mitted to the president of the senate ; — the other list, the said pre- 
 
27 S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 .siding officer shall within ten days deliver to the clerk of the 
 county court, for the same county, — and the clerk of each county- 
 court, respectively, or, in case of his absence or disability, the 
 sheriff of such county, or in case of the absence or disability of both, 
 the high bailiff of such county, on the tenth day after such elec- 
 tion shall publicly open, sort and count said votes ; and make a 
 record of the same in the office of the clerk of such county court, a 
 copy of which he shall transmit to the senate : and shall also within 
 ten days thereafter transmit to the person or persons elected a cer- 
 tificate of his or their election. Provided, however, that the Gen - 
 eral Assembly shall have power to regulate by law the mode of bal- 
 loting for senators within the several counties, and to prescribe' the 
 means and the manner by which the result of the balloting shall be- 
 ascertained, and through which the senators chosen shall be certified 
 of their election, and for filling all vacancies in the senate, which 
 shall happen by death, resignation or otherwise. But they shall not 
 have power to apportion the senators to the several counties, other- 
 wise than according to the population thereof agreeably to the pro- 
 visions hereinbefore ordained. 
 
 Article 6. The senate shall have the like powers to decide on 
 the election and qualifications of and to expel any of its members, 
 make its own rules, and appoint its own officers, as are incident to, 
 or are possessed by, the house of representatives. A majority shall 
 constitute a quorum. The lieutenant-governor shall be president of 
 the senate, except when he shall exercise the office of governor, or 
 when his office shall be vacant, or in his absence, in which cases the 
 senate shall appoint one of its own members to be president of the 
 senate pro tempore. And the president of the senate shall have a 
 castiug vote, but no other. 
 
 ARTICLE T. The senate shall have the sole power of trying and 
 deciding upon all impeachments; when sitting for that purpose. 
 they shall be on oath, or affirmation, and no person shall he convicted 
 without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judg- 
 ment in cases of impeachment shall not extend farther than to 
 removal from office — and disqualification to hold or enjoy any 
 office of honor, or profit, or trust, under this State. But the party 
 convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, 
 trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 279 
 
 Article 8. The supreme executive power of the State shall be 
 exercised by the governor, or, in case of his absence or See Art. 
 
 disability, by the lieutenant-governor ; who shall have Amend., 22, 
 all the powers and perform all the duties vested in and Con. Sees, 
 enjoined upon the governor and council, by the eleveuth ll» 24, 27. 
 and twenty-seventh sections of the second chapter of the constitution, 
 as at present established, excepting that be shall not sit as a judge, 
 in case of impeachment, nor grant reprieve or pardon in any suck 
 case ; nor shall he command the forces of the State in person in time 
 of war or insurrection, unless by tbe advice and consent of the sen- 
 ate ; and no longer than they shall approve thereof. The governor 
 may have a secretary of civil and military affairs, to be by him 
 appointed during pleasure, whose services he may at all times com- 
 mand ; and for whose compensation provision shall be made by law. 
 
 Article 9. The votes for governor, lieutenant-governor and 
 treasurer of the State shall be sorted and counted, and the result 
 declared, by a committee appointed by the senate and house of rep- 
 . resentatives. If, at any time, there shall be no election by the free- 
 men, of governor, lieutenant-governor and treasurer of the State, the 
 senate and house of representatives shall, by a joint ballot, elect to 
 fill the office not filled by the freemen as aforesaid, one of the three 
 candidates for such office (if there be so mauy), for whom the great- 
 est number of votes shall have been returned. 
 
 Article 10. The secretary of State, and all officers whose elec- 
 tions are not otherwise provided for, and who, under the existing 
 provisions of the constitution, are elected by the council and house 
 of representatives, shall hereafter be elected by the senate and house 
 of representatives, in joint assembly, at which the presiding officer of 
 the senate shall preside ; and such presiding officer, in such joint 
 assembly, shall have a casting vote, and no other. 
 
 Article 11. Every bill, which shall have passed the senate and 
 house of representatives, shall, before it become a law, be presented 
 to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return 
 it, with his objections in writing, to the house in which it shall have 
 originated; which shall proceed to reconsider it If, upon such recon- 
 sideration, a majority of the house shall pass the bill, it shall, 
 together with the objections, be sent to the other house, by which it 
 shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by a majority of that 
 house, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of 
 both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
 persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
 
28o CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the 
 governor, as aforesaid, within five days (Sundays excepted) after it 
 shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law, in 
 like manner as if he had signed it; unless the two houses, by their 
 adjournment within three days after the presentment of such bill, 
 .shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not become a law. 
 
 Article 12. The writ of habeas corpus shall in no case be sus- 
 pended. It shall be a writ issuable of right, and the General Assem- 
 bly shall make provision to render it a speedy and effectual remedy 
 in all cases proper therefor. 
 
 Article VS. Such parts and provisions only of the constitution of 
 this State, established by convention on the ninth day of July, one 
 thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, as are altered or super- 
 seded by any of the foregoing amendments, or are repugnant thereto, 
 shall hereafter cease to have effect. 
 
 Article 14. The assistant judges of the county court shall be 
 elected by the freemen of their respective counties. 
 
 Article 15. Sheriffs and high bailiffs shall be elected by the free- 
 men of their respective counties. 
 
 Article 17. Judges of probate shall be elected by the freemen 
 of their respective probate districts. 
 
 Article 18. Justices of the peace shall be elected by the free- 
 men of their respective towns; and towns having less than one thou- 
 sand inhabitants may elect any number of justices of the peace not 
 exceeding- five ; towns having one thousand and less than two thou- 
 sand inhabitants, may elect seven; towns having two thousand and 
 less than three thousand inhabitants, may elect ten ; towns having 
 three thousand and less than five thousand inhabitants, may elect 
 twelve; and towns having five thousand or more inhabitants, may 
 elect fifteen justices of the peace. 
 
 Article 19. All the officers named in the preceding articles of 
 Sec Art. amendment shall be annually elected by ballot and shall 
 
 Amend., 24. hold their offices for one year, said year commencing on 
 the first day of December next after their election. 
 
 Article 20. The election of the several officers mentioned in the 
 See Art. preceding articles, excepting town representatives. 
 
 Amend., 34. shall be made at the times aud in the manner now 
 directed in the constitution for the choice of senators. And the pre- 
 siding officer of each freemen's meeting, after the votes shall have 
 been taken, sorted and counted, shall, in open meeting, make a cer- 
 tificate of the names of each person voted for, with the number of 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 281 
 
 votes given for each, annexed to his name, and designating the office 
 for which the votes were given, a recoi'd of which shall be made in 
 the town clerk's office, and he shall seal up said certificate, and shall 
 write thereon the name of the town and the words, Certificate of 
 
 votes for , and add thereto, in writing, the title of the 
 
 office voted for, as the case may be, and shall deliver such certificate 
 to some representative chosen as a member of the General Assembly, 
 whose duty it shall be to cause such certificate of votes to be delivered 
 to the committee of the General Assembly, appointed to canvass the 
 same. And at the sitting of the General Assembly, next after such 
 balloting for the officers aforesaid, there shall be a committee 
 appointed of and by the General Assembly, who shall be sworn to 
 the faithful discharge of their duty, and whose duty it shall be to 
 examine such certificates and ascertain the number of votes given for 
 each candidate, and the persons receiving the largest number of 
 votes for the respective offices shall be declared duly elected, and 
 by such committee be reported to the General Assembly, and the 
 officers so elected shall be commissioned by the governor. And if 
 two or more persons designated for any one of said offices shall have 
 received an equal number of votes, the General Assembly shall elect 
 •one of such persons to such office. 
 
 Article 21. The term of office of the governor, lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor and treasurer of the State, respectively, shall See. Art. 
 commence when they shall be chosen and qualified, and Amend., 24. 
 shall continue for the term of one year, or until their successors shall 
 be chosen or qualified, and to the adjournment of the session of the 
 legislature, at which, by the constitution and laws, their successors 
 are required to be chosen, and not after such adjournment. And the 
 legislature shall provide, by general law, declaring what officer shall 
 act as governor whenever there shall be a vacancy in both the offices 
 of governor and lieutenant-governor, occasioned by a failure to elect, 
 or by the removal from office, or by the death, resignation or inabil- 
 ity of both governor and lieutenant-governor, to exercise the powers 
 and discharge the duties of the office of governor; and such officer, so 
 designated, shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties apper- 
 taining to the office of governor accordingly until the disability shall 
 be removed or a governor shall be elected. And in case there shall 
 be a vacancy in the office of treasurer, by reason of any of the causes 
 enumerated, the governor shall appoint a treasurer for the time 
 
282 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 being, who shall act as treasurer until the disability shall be 
 removed or a new election shall be made. 
 
 Article 22. The treasurer of the State shall, before entering 
 upon the duties of his office, give sufficient security to the secretary 
 of State, in behalf of the State of Vermont, before the governor of 
 the State or one of the judges of the supreme court. And sheriffs 
 and high bailiffs, before entering upon the duties of their respective 
 offices, shall give sufficient security to the treasurers of their respect- 
 ive counties, before one of the judges of the supreme court, or the 
 two assistant judges of the county court of their respective counties, 
 in such manner and in such sums as shall be directed by the legis- 
 lature. 
 
 Article 23. The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, to 
 See Art. be of the freemen of the county for which they are 
 
 Amend., 24. elected, respectively, who shall have attained the age of 
 thirty years, and they shall be elected annually by the freemen of 
 each county respectively. 
 
 The senators shall be apportioned to the several counties, accord- 
 ing to the population, as ascertained by the census taken under the 
 authority of Congress in the year 1840, regard being always had, in 
 such apportionment, to the counties having the largest fraction, and 
 giving to each county at least one senator. 
 
 The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators to 
 the several counties, after the taking of each census of the United 
 States, nr after a census taken for the purpose of such apportionment, 
 under the authority of this State, always regarding the above pro- 
 visions of this article. 
 
 ARTICLE 24. Section !. The General Assembly shall meet on the 
 first Wednesday of October, biennially; the first election shall be on 
 the first Tuesday of September. A. D. 1870; the first session of the 
 General Assembly on the first Wednesday of October, A. D. 1870. 
 
 Section 2. The governor, lieutenant-governor, treasurer of the 
 State, senators, town representatives, assistant judges of the county 
 court, sheriffs, high bailiffs, State's attorneys, judges of probate and 
 justices of the peace, shall be elected biennially, on the first Tues- 
 day of September, in the manner prescribed by the constitution of the 
 State. 
 
 Section 3. The term of office of the governor, lieutenant-governor 
 and treasurer of the State, respectively, shall commence when they 
 shall be chosen and qualified, and shall continue for the term of two 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 283 
 
 years, or until their successors shall be chosen aud qualified, or to the 
 adjournment of the session of the legislature at which, by the con- 
 stitution and laws, their successors are required to be chosen, and not 
 after such adjournment. 
 
 Section 4. The term of office of senators and town representatives 
 shall be two years, commencing on the first Wednesday of October 
 following their election. 
 
 Section 5. The term of office of the assistant judges of the 
 county court, sheriffs, high bailiffs, State's attorneys, judges of pro- 
 bate and justices of the peace, shall be two years, and shall commence 
 on the first day of December next after their election. 
 
 Article 25. Section 1. At the session of the General Assembly 
 of this State, A. D. 1880, and at the session thereof every tenth year 
 thereafter, the senate may, by a vote of two-thirds of its members, 
 make proposals of amendment to the constitution of the State, 
 which proposals of amendment, if concurred in by a majority of the 
 members of the house of representatives, shall be entered on the 
 journals of the two houses, and referred to the General Assembly 
 then next to be chosen, and be published in the principal newspa- 
 pers of the State; and if a majority of the members of the senate and 
 of the house of representatives of the next following General Assem- 
 bly shall respectively concur in the same proposals of amendment, 
 or any of them, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to sub- 
 mit the proposals of amendment so concurred in to a direct vote of 
 the freemen of the State; and such of said proposals of amendment 
 as shall receive a majority of the votes of the freemen voting thereon 
 shall become a part of the constitution of this State. 
 
 Section 2. The General Assembly shall direct the manner of vot- 
 ing by the people upon the proposed amendments, and enact all such 
 laws as shall be necessary to procure a free and fair vote upon each 
 amendment proposed, and to carry into effect all the provisions of the 
 preceding section. 
 
 Section 3. The house of representatives shall have all the powers 
 now possessed by the council of censors to order impeachments, 
 which shall in all cases be by a vote of two-thirds of its members. 
 
 Section 4. The forty-third section of the second part of the con- 
 stitution of this State is hereby abrogated. 
 
284 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Article 26. The judges of the supreme court sball be elected 
 biennially, and their term of office shall be two years. 
 
 Article 27. Section 1. The representatives having met on the 
 day appointed by law for the commencement of a biennial session of 
 the General Assembly, and chosen their speaker, and the senators 
 having met ; shall, before they proceed to business, take and sub- 
 scribe the following oath, in addition to the oath now prescribed : 
 " You , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you did not, at the 
 
 time of your election to this body, and that you do not note hold, any 
 office of profit or trust under the authority of Congress. So help you 
 God." Or, in case of affirmation, " Under the pains and penalties of 
 perjury." 
 
 Section 2. The words " office of profit or trust under the authority 
 of Congress " shall be construed to mean any office created directly 
 or indirectly by Congress, and for which emolument is provided from 
 the treasury of the United States. 
 
 Article 28. Section 1. The secretary of State and auditor of 
 accounts shall be elected by the freemen of the State upon the same 
 ticket with the governor, lieutenant-governor and treasurer. 
 
 Section 2. The legislature shall carry this article into effect by 
 appropriate legislation. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 285 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF VER- 
 MONT. 
 
 part i. — declaration of rights. 
 
 Article. 
 
 I. Equality and natural rights of all men. 
 
 2. Private property subservient to public use. — Equivalent to be 
 paid. 
 
 3. Religious freedom. 
 
 4. Every person to find r,emedy at law. 
 
 5. Internal police to be regulated by the people. 
 
 6. Officers of government, trustees of the people. 
 
 7. Government for the benefit and under the control of the people. 
 
 8. Freedom of elections. 
 
 9. Rights and duties of citizens in government. — Exemption from 
 bearing arms. — Taxation. 
 
 10. Rights of persons prosecuted for crime. 
 
 II. Regulation of search and seizure. 
 
 12. Trial by jury. 
 
 13. Freedom of speech and of the press. 
 
 14. Freedom of legislative debate. 
 
 15. Legislature only to suspend laws. 
 
 16. Right of bearing arms. — Military subordinate to civil power. 
 
 17. Restriction of law martial. 
 
 18. Recurrence to principles and adherence to justice, etc., requisite 
 to preserve liberty, etc. 
 
 19. Eight of emigration. 
 
 20. Right of instruction. — Popular assemblies, etc. 
 
 21. Transportation for trial forbidden. 
 
 part ii. — frame of government. 
 Section. 
 
 1. Organs of government. 
 
 2. Legislative power. 
 
 3. Executive power. 
 
 4. Courts of justice in each county. 
 
 5. Court of chancery may be constituted. 
 
286 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 (J. Legislative, executive and judiciary departments to be separate. 
 
 7. Representation of towns regulated. 
 
 8. Choice and qualification of representatives. 
 
 9. General Assembly. — Time of meeting. — Powers plenary, but not 
 to infringe this constitution. 
 
 10. Executive council. — Manner of election of governor, lieutenant- 
 governor, treasurer and councillors. 
 
 11. Powers of governor and council: to commission officers; appoint 
 officers; fill vacancies; correspond with other States; prepare 
 business for General Assembly; try impeacbments; grant par- 
 dons and remit fines; take care that laws be executed; draw on 
 the treasury; lay embargo for thirty days; grant licenses; con- 
 voke the General Assembly. — Governor to be captain-general. — 
 Lieutenant-governor to be lieutenant-general. — Meetings of the 
 council. — Casting vote of the presiding officer. — Councillors' 
 justices. — Secretary of governor and council. 
 
 12. Oath to be taken and subscribed by representatives. 
 
 13. Doors of General Assembly to be open, except in certain cases. 
 
 14. Journals, with yeas and nays, to be printed. 
 
 15. Style of laws. 
 
 16. Bills to be laid before the governor and council — Power of gov- 
 ernor and council to suspend bills. 
 
 17. Drafts on treasury. — Restriction. 
 
 18. Residence of representatives. 
 
 19. Members of council and house prohibited from acting as counsel. 
 
 20. Legislature restricted. 
 
 21. Qualification of freemen. — Oath. 
 
 22. People to be armed and trained. — Militia officers, how chosen. 
 
 23. Formality of commissions. — State seal kept by governor. 
 
 24. Impeachments, how tried. — No bar to prosecution at law. 
 
 25. Compensation of public officers. — In what cases to be reduced. 
 — Receiving illegal fees, disqualification. 
 
 26. Offices incompatible. — Office under U. S. and this State incom- 
 patible. 
 
 27. Sureties required of treasurer and sheriffs. 
 
 28. Treasurer's account to be audited. 
 
 29. Officers to take and subscribe oaths. — Oath of office. — Oath of 
 fealty. 
 
 30. Eligibility to office of governor and lieutenant-governor. 
 
 31. Trials by jury. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 287 
 
 32. Style of prosecution and indictment. — Fines. 
 
 33. Relief of imprisoned debtors. 
 
 34. Elections to be voluntary. — Penalty for corruption. 
 
 35. Record of deeds. 
 
 3(3. Regulation of entails. 
 
 37. State prison to be provided. 
 
 38. Estate of suicide not forfeited. — No deodand. 
 
 39. Citizenship, how acquired. 
 
 40. Liberty of hunting, etc. 
 
 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and the prevention of 
 vice, to be kept in force. — Schools to be supported. 
 
 42. Declaration of rights part of the constitution. 
 
 43. Council of censors constituted. — Their duties and powers. 
 
 PART III. — ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT. 
 
 1. Foreigners to be naturalized before admitted to the privileges of 
 
 freemen. 
 H. House of representatives. 
 
 3. General Assembly composed of senate and house of representa- 
 tives. — Their powers. — Revenue bills to originate in the house. 
 — Adjournment. 
 
 4. Qualification and apportionment of senators. 
 
 5. Election of senators. — Return and canvass of votes. — Duties of 
 county clerks. — General Assembly may regulate mode of elec- 
 tion. 
 
 0. Powers incident to the senate. — Lieutenant-governor to be pres- 
 ident. — President to have a casting vote. 
 
 7. Senate to try impeachments. — Extent of judgment in impeach- 
 ments . 
 
 8. Governor supreme executive. — General powers. — May appoint 
 secretary of civil and military affairs. 
 
 Votes for governor, lieutenant-governor and treasurer to be can- 
 vassed by General Assembly. — Proceedings in case of no elec- 
 tion by the people. 
 
 10. Joiut assembly to elect officers. — President of the senate to pre- 
 side in joint assembly. 
 
 11. Bills, having passed both houses, to be sent to the governor and 
 signed by him, if approved. — If not approved, to be returned. — If 
 repassed, to become laws. — Bills not returned in five days to 
 become laws. 
 
 12. Writ of habeas eorpusuoi to be suspended. 
 
2S8 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 13. Parts of the constitution superseded by the above articles of 
 amendment to cease to have effect. 
 
 14. Judges of county court to be elected by the freemen. 
 
 15. Sheriffs and high bailiffs to be elected by the freemen. 
 
 16. State's attorneys to be elected by the freemen. 
 
 17. Judges of probate to be elected by the freemen. 
 
 18. Justices of the peace to be elected by the freemen. — Numler 
 which each town may elect. 
 
 19. Above officers to be annually elected by ballot. — Term of office. 
 
 20. Time and manner of electing above officers. — Votes for, by 
 whom taken, certified and canvassed. — Officers to be commis- 
 sioned by the governor. — If two or more have equal number of 
 votes, General Assembly to elect. 
 
 21. Term of office of governor, lieutenant-governor and treasurer. 
 — Legislature to provide for vacancy in office for both governor 
 and lieutenant-governor. — Governor may appoint treasurer in 
 case of a vacancy. 
 
 22. Securities required of treasurer, sheriffs and high bailiffs. 
 
 2:J. Number and qualifications of the senators. — How elected. — 
 Their apportionment to the several counties. — Xew apportion- 
 ment, when to be made. 
 
 24. Genera] Assembly to meet on the first Wednesday in October, 
 biennially. — State and county officers, senators and representa- 
 tives to be elected biennially. — Teim of State officers. — Term of 
 senators and representatives. — Term of county officers. 
 
 25. Amendments to the constitution, how to- be proposed and 
 decided. — The General Assembly to direct the manner of voting 
 on proposed amendments. — Council of censors and convention 
 abrogated. 
 
 26. Judges of supreme court elected biennially, and their term of 
 office. 
 
 27. Additional oath required of members of the General Assembly. 
 
 28. The secretary of State and the auditor of accounts to be elected 
 by the freemen. 
 
 D 
 
 I 8 
 
 a 
 

 \ 
 
 
 
 ,v 
 
 % 
 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 

 
 '^CT 
 
 ■a? «<» 
 
 ^CV 
 
 
 o" * 
 
 1° ^ A^ * 
 
 2- rl 
 
o 
 
 \ v +U ' ' " ° A' 
 
 
 °* '-•' a* <* ;wf^ a % -.-.■;• a 
 
 
 s^ ;^fe^: a** 
 
 .0 
 
 <* 
 
 * ^ 
 
 y ** 
 
 
 * A y ^> 
 
 A 
 
 <, 
 
 A ^> 
 
 <^ V ,.0-0,. <ft A tl . **- A 
 
 6 9 %^^f^ «>* o^ *>f|V o* *\ 
 
 V- x^S*>, -^ V s s V '*. O <V . < • o *^% 
 
 DOBBS BROS. .° 
 
 SSS » UBRARy BINDING 
 
 Vapr 
 
 <y 0°" °. 
 
 32084 ]7 
 
 -SEP 10