F S I.M533 vms. M^. i^'ii^i/ x^^^. "-^-^ . \ S ^ ^^ ' / ■< * .^•^ ^"^^ ^ ^ -V -^ xV ■; ^oo ° C,V ^0' C> "t '^i isl -A ■" (^ y. --acsssaute...^. ^/nc > ^ I'l > w^ v\ j I II'' / fiiiiSj?'^^ 1 !siMI>ir Glimpses of New York Glimpses of New York An Illustrated Handbook of the City, together with Notes on the Electric Industry therein and thereabout Compiled and Edited by The New York Edison Company S ;^6^ :?> Copyright, 191 1, by The New York Edison Company CI.A289327 To the members of the National Electric Light Association, in convention assembled, May 30, 191 1, this little Edison Baedeker of New York is respect- fully dedicated. In it, we shall try to show you our city — to us the most fascinating in the world. We love its sky- scrapers and its tenements, its high finance and its subw^ays, its fitful strivings after the good and the beautiful. The Great White Way and the little side streets, the polyglot speech of new peoples that throng our streets; splendor, squalor, commercial- ism, humanity, these are all New York. And if in showing you our city, we can't help seeing electricity as the motive power of it all, you must pardon us; we are personally prejudiced. Liberty Enlightening the World Free-handed, our Sister Nation, France, gave her to America In eighteen hundred and eighty-six. But strange it was, that when the gift arrived, no thought had been given to the receiving of it, and onh^ through the prompt action of one of the city's patriotic newspapers, was the country finally awakened to its responsibility. So, after twelve years of preparation, this colos- sal statue, conceived and designed by Monsieur Bartholdi, was unveiled on Bedloe's Island in the Harbor of New York. Made of copper and steel, it weighs two hundred and twenty-five tons and reaches up over three hun- dred feet, to where the hand holds a powerful elec- tric torch. Battered by many a hundred storms, she has stood at the foot of the bay for more than twenty years — and still is unafraid ! She is watch- ing, guarding new Children of the Republic as they come in from overseas. I The North River water front From the Jersey Shore The Singer Building towering over lower New York ^sr ■'-^ mmtmmm^fmm.t'^. 1«i«-l ^ . _ -^ ..i:?^ ^ ,- -fesi^ .B^i. - ..^-4^' ^ ': ^ -I. »'' i.. Up-townTrom the Jersey Shore. Times Tower and the Metropolitan are the highest peaks Pi^^iW^^ite;if.-^>itf^^^ Singer and City Investment Buildings from the East River Three East River Bridges Ellis Island Pause for a space, and watch the fascinating sight of a nation growing at the rate of three thousand people a day ! On this small Island, are gathered up the threads of many-tongued humanity, from all the far cor- ners of the Earth. It Is the melting-pot of the Republic ; where every possible ingredient is fused Into the larger metal of an American Citizen. Pathos and Laughter, Sorrow and Gay Inconse- quence, go trustfully together, seeking, with up- turned faces, a new home, under the protecting arm of the great figure of Liberty. Governors Island Governors Island is one of the least known spots in the vicinity of New York. Having been for up- wards of a century a military post, promiscuous vis- iting has not been encouraged and as a consequence few people are familiar with this beautiful Island, low lying just inside the gateway of our harbor. The Island was ceded by the State of New York to the United States Government on condition that it be always kept as a military post. The exact date of this cession is somewhat clouded, but it was very early in the history of the republic, for there is a record of the building of a rally port and fort prior to 1800. This was named and is still called Fort Jay, after that patriotic American statesman who was the first chief justice of the supreme court of the United States. Today the Island is used as headquarters for the Atlantic Division of the United States Army and of the Department of the East. In addition to the officers and their families, who live permanently there, it is occupied by four army companies and a military band, the total population averaging some- thing like 400, exclusive of the military prisoners who are confined in Castle William, the old-fash- ioned round-tower fortress at the northwest corner of the Island. The number of these prisoners va- ries; at present there are about three hundred. Strange as it may seem, this community with its captains and colonels and generals, its pretty villa houses, its many public buildings and barracks, lying almost within a stone's throw of the great metropolis of America in the Twentieth Century, up till a few months ago was compelled to rely for its artificial illumination entirely upon the old-fash- ioned kerosene lamp. When General Chaffee was in the Philippines he found the military posts there lighted by electricity. Upon his return the contrast between the archaic kerosene lighting of Governors Island and the up-to-date methods in the antipodes struck him as so different from what might reason- ably be expected as to be actually ridiculous. The results of an investigation then set on foot by the General was a contract made by the United States Government with the Brooklyn Edison Com- pany to supply the Island. All of the buildings as well as the streets are now lighted by electricity. South Street "See the shaking funnels roar, with the Peter at the fore, And the fenders grind and heave. And the derricks clack and grate, as the tackle hooks the crate. And the fall-rope whines through the sheave!" -Where ships from all the seas come in ! Vagrant wind-jammers, from up and down the coast; high- sided whalers; tousled tramps, just in from 'round the Horn, lie side by side along the wharves. The aristocrats of the high-seas find their sleek sides under old and battered bowsprits. Donkey-engines stutter and pant under cover of white- plumed steam-jets; hoarse voices call and answer in strange tongues; reef-points patter on taut-hung canvas, and a boatswain's whistle pipes shrill above the tumult! There is an ineffable smell of tar and new paint ; of sun- warmed varnish, and crusted sea-salt, hanging over these wanderers from many a distant harbour-bar, across ten thou- sand leagues of open sea. dm "^"^ 13 Battery Park While America may not yet be a nation of ruins, as some of her brethren across the water complain, still, the places which hold memories of her early history, are not among those which can easily be forgotten. Conspicuous, around the little park of Bowling Green, which may truly be called the cra- dle of the present tremendous city, is the " Custom House of the Port of New York," where three quarters of the duties of the country are collected; the United States Barge Office and the Aquarium. In this ancient building, which echoed to the songs of Jenny Lind on her first appearance in America, may now be seen, some of the strangest and rarest denizens of the deep, gathered out of many seas. From the vexed Bermudas, have been brought the parrot-fish, with its strange shape and startling col- Wy^! 14 ors; from other waters, sea-cows and sea-elephants, trumpet-fish and splashing seals. The creatures of the deeps are laid before one, from giant, green- backed turtles to delicate, palpitating sea anemones, which close and fade at a passing shadow. Fraunces Tavern Since Nineteen hundred and four, nearly two hundred years after it had been built for the home of some of the great Dutch families, the Sons of the Revolution have shielded this relic of Colonial New York from the ruthless hand of progress. In Seventeen hundred and sixty-two, it met what no doubt was then called its downfall, for swarthy Sam Fraunces, newly arrived from the West Indies, opened It under the Sign of Queen Charlotte, as " The Queen's Head Tavern." Like many human catastrophies, this sliding downward in its social scale, finally raised the build- ing to the pinnacle of fame and proved its passport through the ages, to stand, safeguarded and beloved, as long as one stone may rest upon another. There in the Long Room, on the second floor, the seeds of Liberty sprouted when the famous Stamp Act first heard itself speak, and there also, no doubt, the greatest of all " Tea Parties " and its bearings was discussed. Early in December, Seventeen hundred and eighty-three a traveler on horseback splashed up the muddy street to the Tavern door. He had ordered dinner for " one hundred Generals, and Men of Distinction " who had given him eight years of most devoted and desperate service. His name w^as George Washington, and the elo- quence of his Farewell Address that evening to his Officers, left no one able to speak, and they parted in silence. " — With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you." The toast of the evening, given for the first time in History was those five magic words which today cause nearly one hundred million hearts to throb wherever they may hear it, " The United States of America! " i6 17 Curb Exchange Fifty-nine on a hundred gold! Fifty-nine on a "Taken! Close that up Jimmy — quick!" And, waving at a window across the street, Jimmy lifts a hoarse cry above the tumult, while his fingers flash a few quick signals. The deal is closed! Five hundred shares have been sold "on the New York curb " and bought in the same man- ner and at almost the same time in Boston, three hundred miles away. Every day, from ten to three, about two hundred yards of Broad Street is jammed with an excited multitude, buying and selling unlisted securities. Over the office windows there are sign-boards, mounted with a row of electric bulbs, and under each of these, a number represents some salesman on the curb. Delays are so costly that the differ- ent firms have taken this positive method of sig- nalling members of their staf¥. Years ago, bids were w^ritten on sheets of paper and thrown down to the salesman from the office windows. But now, during a modern flurry, such a method becomes impossible, as the street is often lost in a chaos of waving arms and howling voices. For this reason, the deaf and dumb alphabet has come to hold such complete sway that one may see a transaction involving thousands of dollars made and closed, simply on the crook of a finger. 19 Stock Exchange Viewing the floor of the Stock Exchange from the visitors' gallery, it is sometimes difficult to im- agine, that there must be method in the mad tur- moil below. Some six or seven hundred men, are wildly waving, in a frenzy to make themselves heard. "One thousand steel, one eighth! — five thou- sand, one fourth — ! " Hats are knocked off; clothes disheveled, and still the strange calls and gestures continue, as white numbers appear and dis- appear on a huge blackboard. At times, the like- ness of it all, to the antics of certain occupants in the zoo, becomes so striking as almost to arouse laughter. Yet, when it is realized, that many of these same gestures, involve millions of dollars, a new respect is created for a body of men, whose integrity is so high, that dealings of such magnitude may be done on honor alone. The privilege of doing business upon the floor of this building, which is a model one for its purpose, is valued at nearly one hundred thousand dollars. In the lunch room upstairs, sometimes planning a new campaign with their brokers, while eating a frugal meal, may be seen those giants of the Ex- change, whose operations in the market are of such magnitude as to make them always of interest to the whole financial world. Wall Street To many, Wall Street is but a name — and not one to conjure with at that. However, if one will but review its stirring history and people it, in imagination, with the figures of men who have loomed colossal in the annals of world-wide Fi- nance, this short, narrow canyon, holds more of interest than perhaps any other street on the face of the globe. Stand, for a moment, on the steps of the Sub- Treasury, and let the thrill and excitement of this, the richest and most powerful section of the world, creep into you, as the great loom of Wall Street stirs under its shuttle of hurrying messenger boys. At every moment, fortunes are being made and lost, on this financial battleground, where all the panics that have rocked the nation, have been met and overcome. Yet, it is but one hundred and twenty years since the historic figure of Washington stood here while he proclaimed the first establishment of our gov- ernment. The Sub-Treasury itself, holds one in amazement at the marvelous accuracy of hand and eye through- out all the intricate processes of counting and stor- ing the coin of the realm. And outside, trucks filled with gold and silver ingots, arrive with so much un- concern, that one can hardly realize that this is the shimmering metal, for which men have fought and died since the Beginning of the Ages. 23 24 Singer Building At different times in history treasures have been amassed, and always the methods of safeguarding them have been devious and intricate. But the days of the Pharaohs or Caesars are not those of hurry- ing New York. The modern treasure — almost beyond man's counting — is also placed far underground, — but in two steel vaults, which cost two hundred thousand dollars, and are today the strongest ever built! The rusty key or secret counter-weight has been superseded by four electric timelocks, each acting independently of one another on the ponderous forty-thousand-pound doors, — for chance may not figure in guarding the entrance to where has lain five hundred million dollars! Above these beautifully fitted vaults, is one of the most modern of office buildings. Its forty-eight electric elevators are in constant telephonic com- munication with the ground floor, besides having their position alw^ays indicated by means of an elec- tric indicator-board placed in front of the " starter." The unusual illumination of the tower at night, which has made it famous, is accomplished by twenty-nine eighteen-inch projectors, besides one of thirty inches, the duplicate of which is used at Sandy Hook, and is capable of throwing a beam of light up in the air to be visible for sixty miles. The combined illumination from these projectors is estimated at the enormous figure of three and one-half million candle power. 25 World Building Somebody once said that a city is only as good as its newspapers, and while this may be far from true, certainly no one will deny that an insight into the work of a great organization, which spends a million and a quarter dollars a year, gathering news, is inspiring to say the least. From the dome, on a clear day, the horizon stretches away twenty miles distant, while in the near foreground stand some of the most beautiful and trem.endous monuments of engineering skill ever erected. The Metropolitan Tower; the Brooklyn Bridge; the Singer Building; the East River Bridge; the Pennsylvania Terminal. Throughout the fifteen stories below the dome, the whirl of life in a city of nearly five mil- lion inhabitants is being recorded, and the rushing, rumbling sound of it all makes the building seem like a thing alive. Under the green-hued glare of the Cooper-Hew- itt lights a great newspaper is forever in the throes of the latest edition, — printing one thousand tons of paper a week! Two thousand people are at work — trying to do something just a little quicker than it was ever done before. The smoking, pungent atmosphere of the photo- engraving rooms, is perpetually agleam with the fitful flicker of a fifty thousand candle power print- ing-lamp; incessant, the rattling clamor of fifty-six linotypes fills the long composing room, while far 27 downstairs, ponderous electric presses, — the largest ever built, — scream and sob under the feverish pres- sure of nine hundred thousand copies an hour. Everywhere, there is convulsive haste, — for the latest edition is going out! Even the fierce light of modern science, can never pale the eternal miracle of the single slender wire, which leads the power five miles, to turn every cog in this throbbing activity where forty thousand pounds of molten metal are being shaped into the living stories of the day, — " tales of the bad, the sad, "and the glad, — the regular quota of news "! The Post Office Only a short span of one hundred years lies be- tween the soap-box nailed to a tree, on the edge of the clearing, and the twenty million dollar Post Office, in the heart of the greatest metropolis of the Western Hemisphere. But it is a far call, nevertheless, from the dusty, galloping pony-express, to the soughing, clanking gurgle of the electricity-driven pneumatic tubes that carry the mails deep under the city, to be finally distributed by an army of men, among the homes of the present generation. More than one billion pieces of mail pass through this building every year, so that, even with the most up-to-date mechanical devices, a force of seven thou- sand people is needed to handle them with the quick accuracy which modern business methods demand. Night and day, a legion of gray-coated men are patrolling the streets, making thirty-two separate collections and deliveries, from four thousand scat- tered letter-boxes. A remarkable sight and one which can not be du- plicated, even in this interesting branch of Uncle Sam's service, is that of sorting the mails. For hours at a time, men stand before serried rows of narrow pockets and with a deadly accuracy, born only of life-time practice, faster almost than the eye can follow, they flick letter after letter, sometimes to a distance of twenty feet, into the exact pouch, which is to take them on their final destination, — whether Persia or West Twenty-third Street. 29 The age of hand-canceled letters passed away forever when an electric " pick-up table " came into being. This novel machine will cancel both " longs " and " shorts " at the same time. When in operation, the envelopes fly through it in two unbroken streams, — at the rate of seventy thousand an hour. Seventy thousand letters an hour — what messages of Hope and Grief, of Love and black Despair, flut- tering by, swifter even than the thoughts which wrote them. @^'" ,^, u^Vu^ ^ ^(M^^, 6*^ Cherry Street Playground, underneath the Brooklyn Bridge 30 Decayed Gentility Cherry Hill 31 Ye Olde Tavern Mayhap, since the days of seventeen hundred and ninety-seven, its solid oaken fittings with the copper nails, have acquired a darker tinge, and the row of pewter mugs a few more dents. But, call for a measure of musty ale, and it will be of the same quality which long ago caused men to stir in their sleep when the driver of the lurching stage called " Old Tavern,— First Stop! " Dim, inviting corners, are tucked away in unex- pected places and from some of these, occasionally, comes the soft rattle of shaken dice. Overhead, racks of long-stemmed, church-warden pipes, corn tassels and bundles of flax, help to cast misshapen shadows round about. Once within its low-hung doors, and the busy murmur of the city dies away — the world steps back a hundred years. 32 Brooklyn Bridge Hanging one hundred and thirty-five feet in the air from its stone piers, it swings out over the river in a single majestic arc, — this most famous suspen- sion bridge in the world ! It is anchored at each end in a bed of thirty-five thousand cubic feet of solid masonry, and, since eighteen hundred and eighty-three, w^hen it was finally completed at a cost of fifteen million dol- lars, its mile and one eighth of steel and stone has safely borne aloft the three hundred and fifteen thousand people who pass over it every day. A network of transportation lines above and far below the river-bed, bind it fast to earth, seeming to give its gray aloofness a more human touch. At night, from the raised promenade, may be seen the distant vagueness of the harbour, the great torch of the Statue of Liberty and the busy ship- ping on the river. And nearer, a fairy city, tow- ered and turreted, stands pricked out in twinkling lights against the dark. 34 China Town Very different it is now, from the days when Doyer Street was a black tunnel, w^hich led off from the Bowery, behind a single dingy gas-jet. For, " them times we could see 'em comin' in — but they couldn't see us! " True, the Joss-house is still there, under its garish, flaunting posters and Hop Wing's chicken chow-mien, with yuen sin chi, is just as good as it was ten years ago. But the plain-clothes squad, the tong feuds and the marvel of the incandescent bulb, have driven the old order of things to the wall. China-town is being scattered and some of its people are taking up new customs, though their hearts w^ill never change. Always, they will be the same inscrutable, slant-eyed, shuffling men, who had an art and a religion that was old, three thousand years before America was born. Yes, the old, true China-town has passed away! Woo Ling-soo claims that it went w^ith the last of the Coolie-houses on Donivan's Lane — and Woo Ling-soo knows, for he still carries his queue hung down his back and is one of the only three men in the city today, who can tell of Donivan's Lane. Donivan's Lane, of devious ways and many turn- ings; of hidden doors behind steep and crooked stairs, — the narrow^ rookerie-bordered path that once upon a time was known to open into Mott Street. 35 36 The Bowery Men and boys, women and girls, — afloat, drift- ing to and fro, on the dark tide of the city's under- tow. Every nation yields its flotsam, with the argot and the cant phrase from its streets. And under the hard lights, gape the ports of the dere- licts, — pawn-shops, saloons and lodging-houses, dime theatres and more saloons. The dreary, tuneless jangle from a dance hall is drowned for a moment in the thundering roar of a passing elevated, and from down the street comes the hollow boom of a Salvation Army drum. And nearer, standing very still amid all the play of light and shadow, stretches the long line of those who have lost hold on the bottom rung. Some of them have stood there through five weary hours — ■ w^aiting for a cup of coffee, and a bit of longed for bread. Hundreds of men, standing shoulder to shoulder in the great brotherhood of want! 37 38 Push-Cart Town The narrow, sunless streets, are filled with peo- ple from a thousand crowded homes. Everywhere, six and seven storied brick tenements are crowded to the eaves with humanity, for in this part of the town, one single square mile holds a quarter of a million people. And the sights, and the sounds, and the strange odors, seem not to belong to hurrying New York, but to the outskirts of some of the most ancient cities in Europe. Below the long line of smoking, flaring torches, Jews from every country under the sun, surge to and fro, laughing and gesticulating, as they bargain for everything from figs and bric-a-brac, to old lace and sheet-iron stove-tops. It is the market place of the Great East Side — the department store of the countless thousands, who know nothing of the city, five blocks from their own door. .^^ te^^ if 39 **>J -w ^^r^^ ^ 40 J^ Syrian Quarter Lower West Side 41 / ft J* i An East Side Playground A Recreation Pier Concert 42 ««^^SB«i. 0^^ ' f^^ • T>> i^Jh- '*|/-^i; m¥ ' ^fi ; IW^i/-. East Side Street. Vendors MM. r> 43 Little Hungary Follow the sign of the big electric cross, turn into East Houston Street, and there in letters of fire is " Little Hungary." Little Hungar}^ where more good wine some- times seems to leak from the ceiling of the old cellar than materializes in the strange, uncanny bottles; where the very air is charged with gay fri- volity and the brilliant Neapolitan singers are ac- companied by the swirling, swinging cadence of the Hungarian orchestra. It is here that the Ragged Edge Klub is known to meet, and it is also here, five j^ears ago, that President Roosevelt held the banquet which he had promised in the days when he was Police Com- missioner. Laughter and jest and song ripple easily from table to table, while the air is heady with a strange aroma which is to be found nowhere else, — for this is the heart of Bohemia! 44 :-4 's^: ^ ^^-'* ^^&^. A Corner in the Syrian Quarter Lower West Side 45 46 Francesca's A quaint little Italian restaurant, replete with the atmosphere of the old Latin Quarter. There is, perhaps, not its like to be found anywhere in the City. From the street, can be seen nothing more than a blue placard, bearing the legend " 64." Yet de- scend some worn stone steps, duck beneath a dark- ened, arching doorway, and one is on the sawdust strewn path that leads through the kitchen, out into a w^alled court-yard of the restaurant. Round about, at intervals, are pictures, painted on the wall itself, by hands, some of which are long since dust. And in one corner a tree stands half imbedded in the masonry. There is no orchestra; no carefully harmonized light effect and the radiators which do not radiate, stand out blatantly against the red brick wall. But then, where else may one have pink salad-dressing and the joy which comes of correctly deciding the great question of '' Banan' or ze apple "? Among its kind Francesca's stands unique. It's, well, it's, — just Francesca's. 47 48 Washington Arch When a nation is very young, its history, while perhaps carrying great significance, does not always permit of many relics which bear tribute to past achievements. Realizing this, the people of the United States of America caused to be erected, in eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, on the Centennial Anniversary of Washington's taking the oath of office, a marble arch which bears his name. The exquisite design of its creamy white stone, for all its massive solidity, seems to Idle In dreamy gentleness through long summer days against a green background of the park. Thirty feet w^Ide, it spans Fifth Avenue, and Is arched just under the famous carved frieze, at a height of seventy-seven feet above the pavement. It seems fitting that the one hundred and twenty- eight thousand dollars of Its cost was borne by the people themselves, for on It are shaped the words which closed the Inaugural address from the First President of the country. " Let us raise a standard to which the wise and honest can repair. The event Is In the hands of God." 49 so Sc he ffel- Halle *' Ich griisse dich, du stolzes Haus, DIch traute ' Scheffel-Halle ' ! " It was in this old-time " Bierstube " that was forged a great part of the present strong chain of good-fellowship between American and German New York. The fame of its true German dishes; its " Ha- sen-Pfeffer " stew with potato-balls; its rare old " Culmbacher " beer and Bretzels, has spread far indeed. For in that subtle atmosphere of " Gemiith- lichkeit " there seems to be a friendly tinge on everything, from the iron scroll-w^ork of the en- trance to the stained-glass ceiling in the old hall itself. When the ancient clock, up among the steins on the carved oaken mantel of the fire-place, slowly chimes that magic hour in which the spirit of the poet is supposed to stir abroad, the dim panels il- lustrating his many adventures, seem to gather up new life. And then, just as they have done here every evening for more than thirty- years, the four old German musicians w^ill bend over their instruments for an " Abend-sang." " — Fest steht, und treu die Wacht, — die Wacht am Rhein! " SI Washington Irving' s home 17th Street and Irving Place 52 Castle Cave Under its smoke-darkened rafters, have been en- tertained many a famous person, for nowhere else in the city may one have delicacies, such as Mr. Bardusch himself broils beside the fragrant hickory- wood fire. The shining meat-ax hangs against the wall, near the piled up hickory, and it catches the golden tints in the glow from the hot coals, when they are raked out and spread under the sizzling roasts. By far, the most unique dish to be found in Castle Cave, is oysters on the half-shell, grilled, and brought, all steaming, to the table on a platter of live coals. 53 Metropolitan Tower The long, swift rise of an electric express ele- vator — forty-four stories without a stop ; two turns in a narrow stairway, and one is out on the bal- cony of the second tallest structure in the world. Within sight lie the homes of one sixteenth of all the people in the United States. Here, one may toss a penny nearly seven hundred feet sheer, down into a pigmy city which has dropped so far away that, but for a distant mur- mur, it seems to carry on Its work in perpetual silence. Vast, nebulous, smoke-hung New York, — the land that Peter Minuit once bought for twenty-four dollars' worth of trinkets! Somewhere, of course, steam riveters are thundering as they fling up new sky-scrapers; fire-gongs are ringing and whistles blowing; crimes and brave deeds are being her- alded. But no sound of it save that steady under- tone of traffic ever reaches up beyond the sun-gilded banners of steam, for at this height even the whim- pering winds seem to pause for a moment as if in doubt. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the tower is the tremendous, electric four-dial clock. It is the largest that has yet been built, with a minute hand seventeen feet long and weighing half a ton. Strange, Indeed, It seems, to hear the old, his- toric Cambridge chimes, ring out on the quarter hours at a height of nearly fifty floors above the sidewalk, and to know that two-hundred-pound elec- 55 trie hammers are striking them on seven-thousand pound bells. Within the building, — a small city in itself — five thousand people are at work keeping the rec- ords of the biggest life in- surance business ever de- veloped. The walls are made of pure Tuckahoe marble and exquisitely chased bronze. And it took six- teen years before they were finally in place, — on this compeer of the distant Tomb of Agra by the broad w^hite road to Delhi. 56 Overlooking Madison Square Park 57 The Martha Washington Its duphcate is not to be found anywhere, for it is the only hotel of its kind in the world. This original project was financed by the Wom- en's Hotel Corporation, which designed and erected it exclusively for women. There are women clerks and girl " bell-bojs." No matter how unprotected a young girl may be who comes alone to town, with " Martha Washing- ton " for a chaperon, she is considered as safe as in her own home. Not even brothers or fathers may stay over-night within its sacred portals or penetrate above the parlor floor. The four hundred and fifty rooms, accommodate six or seven hundred guests, and on the top of its twelve stories, there is a fine roof-garden. Situated, as the Martha Washington is, in the very center of interesting activities, from its door- way one might shoot an arrow into several of the big women's camps w^ithout stirring. The Women's University Club with a member- ship list of seven hundred lies close by, and slightly farther aw^ay, the head-quarters of the Women's Suffrage movement which is now^ over sixty thou- sand strong; the Colony Club; the Women's Municipal League and the exhibit of the Con- sumer's League which demonstrates by means of models and photographs, the evils which arise from sweat-shop work among the tenements. 58 Madison Square Garden from the Park 59 6o Pennsylvania Terminal He stands looking gravely down on the people who hurry by, — the people who are too busy even to gaze about them on the work to which he gave his life. A slender bronze statue of Alexander Cas- sat, holding an open book w^ithin one hand. His was the vision and the force necessary to carry this gigantic project through to its present conclusion. It was a long fight and a hard one, but he never wavered. Insurmountable difficulties arose; traf- fic and organization problems presented themselves that had never even been heard of before, and he conquered them all — though at what cost to himself no one will ever know ! In due time he extended the railroad, of w^hich he was president, to nine acres of valuable land in the heart of New York City. He accomplished the ideal for which he had dreamed and striven, — and the price of the accomplishment, was one hundred and fifty million dollars! But far greater than this is the fact that the vis- ible result, with its vaulted arches and sweet-sound- ing echoes, is a thing of stately beauty from the genius of McKim, Meade and White, and one of which the city may always well be proud. 6l gS?!'" 'fr ^^^r< {n 62 A Great Retail Business It Is very hard, when stepping into this modern colossus of the selling world, to realize the years of patient, plodding toil which lie beneath It, — the hopes and dreams of men who have been planning this Ideal of theirs for more than a generation. Away back In the early forties, when transporta- tion was by wagon and French money was used west of the Ohio, Adam GImbel was already a lead- ing merchant In the little town of Vincennes, In- diana. Here, beneath the flaring lanterns In his small two story *' Trade Palace," he exchanged, among other things, plug tobacco and calico for pelts. And this Is a far cry from the most modern of great retail stores with Its twenty-seven acres of space. Its six thousand employes, Its six million dol- lar building, Its thIrty-sIx elevators, one thousand telephones, and miles upon miles of electric wiring. Yet, throughout all this, there runs a pleasing thread of simplicity, — the stately simplicity of solid mahogany, white marble, and perfect arrangement. Figures carry little meaning when they compass such quantities as are beyond human experience, but it can be readily seen how the tremendous vastness of such an enterprise would be overpowering were It not for clever architectural handling of space. In this regard the Tea Room stands preeminent. Here, the entire population of some New England 63 towns might be seated and be far from crowded. Still, in some miraculous manner, the impression of quiet cosiness remains. It is very safe to say that Gimbel's is the last whisper in the evolution of the science of selling. Rest rooms; silence rooms; a fully equipped hospital with a physician and nurse in charge ; a luxurious waiting room; concerts of grand opera; all these and more, show the fullest realization of the policy of making the customer comfortable. But greater than all this material growth is the stupendous fact that Gimbel's was the first store to advertise that its social conscience had awakened. Before it opened, there appeared in huge letters, with its other advertisements on the outside of the building, the pregnant w^ords, *' We will not carry either Child Labor or Sweat- shop goods! Everything will be Economically as well as Physically clean ! " 4 64 Rector's And who has not heard of Rector's! The salle-a-manger in this Aladdin's palace of crimson and marble and gold has the name of be- ing among the most beautiful rooms ever designed. Rare mosaics of stained glass, paintings and mar- bles, sometimes half-hidden behind green palms, all lend a subtle, unobtrusive splendor. While two great chandeliers hanging near either end, and made from thousands of tiny pieces of hand-cut, rosy- tinted glass, are forever glowing, a-quiver with whimsical lights. But it is more interesting to see the place from whence emerges that miraculous Filet of Sea-bass and the Vol-au-vent which has made this restau- rant famous across two continents. It presents, with its equipment of every known implement, a remarkable scene of well-ordered, adroit activity; comparable only to the decks of a warship before going into action. For the first time in history, French art has been combined with American silent speed and efficiency. And the result? Ah! — cela se laisse manger! 65 I — ^ I — 8 B 66 Canfield's Bronze Door The evening, four years ago, when Commissioner Jerome swung his ax, — and broke it, — on the fa- mous twenty-eight thousand dollar bronze door of Canfield's gambling house, was a memorable one in the police annals of the city. The marks are there yet, — only two tiny gashes — for the hardened metal, which, in fifteen hundred and thirty, used to guard the wine-cellar of a great palace, is some four inches thick. What strange scenes, through all the passing years, must the playful cherubs, which decorate its massive front, have looked upon ! Yet, now that the place has become a restaurant, they behold noth- ing more startling than a throng of city-dwellers, bent on taking dinner upstairs, where the tables are set under the most expensive ceiling in New York. The famous mahogany railing on the stair-case is upheld by many dancing nymphs, each of which was carved in different form from a solid block at an enormous cost. Downstairs, drinks are now served in the same room where, formerly, the chips were bought or cashed in, and where it is rumored a well-known millionaire, one evening, left one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 67 "And Now Let Us Conserve Human L i f e " The great bound with which the question of " So- cial Insurance " sprang into prominence of late, has brought the American Museum of Safet}^ within the spot-light of public interest. This exhibit, includes protecting devices for the safeguarding of human life, in almost every field of labor, from the turning of a grindstone to the mov- ing of a freight train, — yet, unusual and interesting as it is now, bewildering, in an array of strange appliances, it gives but a conception of how far this new movement may some day be carried. On one side, the demonstrator is explaining the use of a valve-lock which prevents a man who is cleaning the inside of a boiler, from being grilled alive by someone carelessly turning on the steam. Passing on, he picks a can of gasoline from a rack and setting fire to it, calmly pours a flaming stream from one container to another, in proof of his state- ment that this high explosive is now no more dan- gerous than water, — when protected with a small device. Safety-exits, which open automatically on contact with a person's body ; devices for protecting punches and presses; safety-scaffolding; and protection for life at sea; respirators, for use in mine disasters; to- gether with innumerable machines, models and pho- tographs, form a collection of intense interest even to the ordinary observer and of incalculable value 68 to manufacturers in general. For at present, annu- ally in the United States, over five hundred thou- sand men are being wiped out from the ranks of the wage-earners, — a loss to the cash wealth in the country of two hundred and fifty million a year! And so it is, that this museum is fast becoming the protecting bulwark at the top of America's in- dustrial precipice. It is heading the momentous change w^hich is sweeping so rapidly over the coun- try at large — the change from inadequate and costly Compensation to the cheaper and more humane Pre- vention. Residence of J. P. Morgan 36th Street and Madison Avenue 69 JO Murray's A myriad many-colored lights; glowing, reflected again and yet again, deep-set in a sea of mirrors; the soft splash of a tumbling fountain which bursts from beneath the feet of a marble goddess; the subdued hum of soft laughter mingled with the tinkle of silver and crystal and under all the voice of the singing, wailing violins — this is Murray's ! Entering the " Roman Garden " directly from the street we are translated, as if by Mahomet's carpet, from the prosaic influence of Times Square to the luxurious, indolent atmosphere of Rome at the zenith of the Caesars. The scheme of decoration produces an outdoor effect, which is heightened by a blue sky, twinkling with electric stars, and overswept by moving arti- ficial clouds. Around the rooms, behind columned panels, have been painted views in keeping with the style of decoration and which lend an enchanting sense of perspective to the scene. IVIany of these are of the renowned White collection and go far towards up- holding that remarkably artistic tout ensemble, w^hich, from the entrance to the roof-garden, has made Murray's famous as far as the Pacific Slope. 71 Sherry's Every name carries with it some association. Sherry's, to the New Yorker, has long, among other things, meant especially that place where the fashionable bride-to-be may entertain her friends, either at dinner or in the afternoon over a cup of tea, while continually past the spacious w^indows, flows the ever-changing kaleidoscope of the Avenue. Here, in the evening, under the soft lights, may be seen many fair women and noted men, for from farewell bachelor suppers of the Smart Set, to the exclusive Patriarch Ball, many different note- worthy entertainments have given Sherry's the reputation it now bears of being, perhaps more than any other place, the favorite resort of the elite. 72 Delmonico's When " Delmonico and Brothers " opened a cof- fee, cake and confectionery shop in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-eight at Number Twenty-three William Street, " they and the female members of their family dispensed coffee, liquor, pates and con- fections." Undoubtedly, they little dreamed of such an organization as was later to spring from this single small room. When, in eighteen hundred and forty-two John Delmonico, then the head of the house, passed away, his family had printed in a local paper this unique notice, so filled with the atmosphere of sev- enty years ago. " A CARD : The widow, brother and nephew Lorenzo of the late much respected John Delmon- ico tender their heartfelt thanks to the friends, benevolent societies and Northern Liberty Fire En- gine Company, who accompanied his remains to his last home. The establishment will be re-opened to-day, under the same firm of Delmonico Brothers, and no pains of the bereft family will be spared to give general satisfaction. Restaurant, bar-room, and private dinners. Number Two South William Street; furnished rooms Number Seventy-six Broad Street, as usual." And so it has, — but evidently always a little better than " usual " ! For from " dispensing bon- bons, coffee and liquor " it has risen gradually to be " Delmonico's " — the most famous restaurant in ex- istence to-day! 73 Ritz-Carlton While it could hardly be said that the phrase " one finds one's warmest welcome at the inn " would ever apply to any part of such a tremendous organization as the Ritz-Carlton hotel-chain, yet strangely enough, for all its modernity, this very feeling has been here in part preserved. True, the superb appointments of the halls and dining rooms, with their artistic reflected-lighting effects, conjure up very different visions from the gooseberry pie and rare roast beef which made famous the inns of Hawthorne's and Dickens' time. There are travelers who know fine hotels the world over and yet will stay in none which does not bear the crest of the Ritz-Carlton, whether they happen to be in New York or London, Madrid or St. Petersburg. 74 7S iimym Plaza 76 The Plaza The Merchant Princes of mediaeval Venice, with their open-handed patronage of art, could hardly boast of higher attainments in interior architecture, than the modern hotel-palaces for which New York is noted. Like Ashley House in London and the Madeleine in Paris, the Plaza is in possession of a situation which will never retrograde, no matter where fol- lowing decades may carry the city's limits, for it stands at the barrier of Central Park, — the broad expanse of green trees and sparkling lakes which stretches three miles Northward from its door. It is hard to conceive of an hotel, so immense as to require a complete silversmith, upholstery plant and corps of mattress makers within its walls. Yet for all its sixteen million dollar building and countless servants, the Plaza has always retained that indescribable something which brings its guests back year after year. Perhaps it is the sheer physical beauty of its fit- tings as in the famous tea room, with its Patio-like spaces and dome of softly tinted glass; its column- ade of Fleur de Peche marble and golden-bronze columns. Or then, again, it may be the charm of the music on the terrace-gardens — such music as may be only purchased for the sum of sixty thou- sand dollars a year! But whatever the reason, nothing can dim the fact that the Plaza has rightly earned for itself the name of a wonderful and magnificent hotel. 17 ^: ! ^ '''-l ') 78 Central Park The March to Victory Is ever an entrancing sub- ject, but perhaps never more so than In St. Gau- dens' masterpiece, under the shadows of which one steps within the magic eight hundred and forty acres of Central Park. It Is at Its best early on a spring morning, — so early as to create the feeling that It belongs with all Its freshness to one human alone. Then, the sheep are out with their little lambs; the squirrels seem more tame, and gaze In friendly fashion ; w^hlle the white swans In their stately splendor have al- ready established title to the lakes. Myriad sweet- voiced birds hold council up In the foliage, for this Is the chosen resting place of winged wanderers as they pursue their way North and South within the year. Many of the trees have been brought from under foreign skies, to be planted here by distinguished vis- itors. But when Cleopatra made her needles, four thou- sand years ago, she little thought that one would be taken from the Temple of the Sun, lost at sea, and found again, to stand at the Temple of Art in a New World, where soon, among its other treas- ures. It Is hoped to find Rembrandt's half-million dollar Mill. All through the Park, sometimes half-hidden amidst the trees, stand guardian statues of those patriots who have served the republic well, while at night the Harlem Meer recalls King Arthur's legends, quivering light-reflections In the lakes, dream-palaces of old. 79 8o Fire Department Up in the telegraph room at headquarters, an officer's terse report is coming in over the tele- phone to be put on record, — though it is but seven minutes since the first gong was struck, — " Ten- sixty-five, First Avenue, — Sub-basement, — Two Companies" and that is all! A man holds his finger on a chart for a moment while he makes a few notations and the quick scratching of his pen is distinctly audible in the uncertain pause, before the swift, steady menace of the alarm breaks in again. Headquarters has been known to receive more than one hundred and fifty calls in one day, which is a higher number — except for some great disaster — than has been rung up in any other fire depart- ment ever organized. It is known that New York City spends seven and one half million dollars every year putting out thirteen thousand fires, but much of this undoubt- edly is paid for being ready to put out untold more, which possibly might have occurred. And it is just this point of being ready, which has contributed per- haps more than anything else to making the New York Fire Department, with its one hundred and sixty engines, sixty-five hook and ladder companies, seven fire boats, and training school, what it is to- day — the most efficient on the globe. The American Museum of Natural History What the " Zoo " is to the Londoner, this Mu- seum of Natural History is to the dweller in New York. He may w^ell be proud, for in its possession are many specimens w^hich can be seen nowhere else. Neither expense nor trouble is spared in sending expeditions of scientific men to all quarters of the globe, to study, and collect new specimens; while citizens of the republic also donate objects which they acquire in every country. So it happens, that, among other interesting things, one finds here, Peary's sledge which reached the Pole ; the animals Roosevelt shot at the equator; the Tiffany collec- tion of gems; Meteorites fallen from among the stars to be found and brought home out of the Northland ; butterflies, so beautiful as to almost make one believe they were captured by a magic net in Fairyland, and that miraculous substance called Radium, whose powders are not yet even understood. Primitive peoples, from almost all climes and all ages, are resuscitated in their natural surroundings. The prehistoric and those who have perished since their contact with civilization, — Aztecs and Cllff- Dwellers; Incas from Peru, and Cannibals from the Land of Fire. But It Is the skeleton of the Dinosaur, hanging In the main hall, which Is always the center of interest. Being the only one In existence, men have traveled some ten thousand miles merely to gaze upon the figure of this monster creature, which ruled upon earth ten millions of years ago. 82 rV H t,^ "^--' '--^ ■ J 83 The Speedway. Washington Heights 84 Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument Riverside Drive 85 JiaBI«toSiL.uJiulffi!, Riverside Drive 86 Riverside Drive What La Cornichi is to the old world, Riverside is to the new. But the beauties of Riverside are not easy things to see, for across the Hudson lie the Palisades, — the Palisades that will never grow old, while sun- light and shadow play their many fancies among the castled battlements and towers. The individual character of the drive is hardly paralleled by any of the world's most famous ave- nues, for even though it is faced with some of the handsomest residences in America, still, at many places the woods have been left undisturbed in their native charm. A temple, sometime to be the greatest ever built, stands close upon its path, and nearby is Columbia College which in seventeen hundred and sixty- four was granted to " The City of New York in America " by King George the Third. Two tombs, and only two, are given honor upon this parkway. They stand near together upon the bluf¥, and each, with a touch of noble dignity, carries its separate message to the world. Upon the first, which has stood here more than a hundred years, there reads the simple words ** To an amiable child — aged five." And on the second, the words of him who, when still in the flush of a victory, which had welded fifty million people, could only say, " Let us have peace! " 87 .^ " ^ 88 College of the City of New York St. John The Divine on Cathedral Heights 90 Churches of New York Despite America's reputation for commerciaHsm, her principal city might ahnost be called a City of Churches, — a town w^here it is easily possible for one to attend both morning and afternoon services every day for a year and yet never set foot twice in the same building! About fifty years after the advent of the Pil- grims, Old Trinity was built. It stands at the head of Wall Street on what is undoubtedly the most valuable piece of Church land in the world, and many a time have its sweet bells rung out the old and in the new-born year. Further up town, Grace Church, with its open- air pulpit, its lawns and shrubbery and its atmos- phere of peaceful quiet, suggests somehow, even in the roar of the traffic along Broadway, the placid tranquillity of old England. But the list might be extended almost without end, from the enormous St. Patrick's which in pur- ity of st3de and beauty of material is hardly sur- passed by any in the world, down to the " Little Church Around the Corner," with its vine covered walls, its Ij^ch-gate and drinking fountain. Many churches, stately and beautiful, has New York. But it is this Little Church Around the Corner which perhaps lies nearest of all to the hearts of the people, for ever since it came into existence, it has been the refuge of the stricken and the wearied, the homeless and oppressed. wmm Little Church Around the Corner 29th Street and Fifth Avenue 92 Bronx Park " — Where winds the Bronx!" for what other cities have a river, w^hich rises, flows and empties, within their gates? Upon the four thousand acres of this great breathing space of New York, where is intended room for all the millions still to come within her borders, one may do many things. There is a river to row upon; a magnificent golf course; the Sound to swim in; woods to walk among; or the Botanical and Zoological Gardens to visit. And eons ago a rocklng-boulder of some thirty tons, was left in this natural park to be a plaything of Man w^hen the Great-Ice departed. 93 94 Coney Island " Come! — see-e the big show — big show! Only five cents! — half a dime! — the twentieth part of a dollar! Step right up! — men, women and little children! See-e dreadful Emo, the Turtle-Boy! Writhing, twisting, turning, all the times! — Cap- tured in the wilds of Africa I What childhood memories does not the place re- call, with its indescribable sound of blaring bands and booming drums; shrill-voiced venders and shouting " barkers " over the steady murmur of laughing crowds. "Soda! Cider! Sas'parilla — all y' wan'er drink fer fi-ive cents! " A wheezy, gurgling hand-organ is trying to make itself heard, while the monkey in its little red jacket and bells, crouches half-defiantly upon its perch. From a-far off comes the shrieking joy of children on the shute-the-shutes and the smell of new-made candy is everywhere. Above is the warm sky and time seems made to spend with lavish hand, for the same old spirit of adventure is in the air, which used to thrill at cir- cus time! 95 Navy Yard When Universal peace shall come to rule, un- doubtedly this birthplace of olden time " Ships of the Line," shall pass away. But always by the Wallabout there will remain the marble censer from the hand of Macmonnies, for it symbolizes the resting place of those who perished on the Jersey — the prison-hulk of the Revolution. At present, in the Basin, lie sturdy transports; slender, venomous " destroyers " ; submarines and torpedo-boats — the fighting machines that guard a nation's honor. Trophies of the prowess of the Navy are every- where. Among them, mortars and captured guns; fragments of shells and historical curiosities. But it is the old wooden frigate Verjnont, which seems to embody the atmosphere of departed con- flict. Its great yellow bulk is housed over, and moored for the last time; its fighting days gone by, — for it has seen the game played out. Once, it shook under the thunder of smoking guns while its decks ran slippery with blood. Yet now, still faithful, it serves with the rest of this station as a place where men may live in peace and learn the art of war. 96 Looking Across the River 97 A Trip Up the Hudson Why America hstens with complacency whem her Hudson is called the American Rhine, is hard to understand. For, from the great city by the bay, " singing like a forest of stone in the breath of the Atlantic," far up to the Old Crow's Nest, near which Washington Irving has thrown a mystic thrall, it needs no Lorelei to enhance its ever- changing charms. The same sheer Palisades, at which Hudson mar- veled from his tiny *' Half-Moon," as he pushed sturdily Northward towards the goal of his ambi- tion, are there today; Indian Head still looks down upon the river; Storm King beckons to the thun- der clouds, as they did in sixteen nine. " Its morning and evening reaches are like the still lakes of a dream! Yet no river is so lordly in its bearing — none flows in such state to the sea"! 98 "The Royal and Ancient" One used to be told that all good Americans were to visit Paris when they died. But now it has come to pass that all good golfers are promised a visit to New York hejore they die ! In all directions, lie some of the most noted links of the country. The nearest, perhaps, is in Van Cortlandt Park, which is so accessible as easily to permit of a round before dinner. Slightly farther out of town lies the Montclair Golf Club, having in addition to its fine course, perhaps, the most re- markable view of anywhere about. Mention might be made of the Oakland, on Long Island, with its hills and almost impossible gullies; the easier and more beautiful Briarcliff overlooking the Hudson, and the Garden City Link, — that '* maker of experts," — near which Travis and Alexander Smith have their homes. Then too, not to be forgotten, is the Nassau Golf Club at Glen Cove with its springy turf and velvety greens; the up-and-down concealed-hole course at Fox Hills on Staten Island, where is found the dreadful " Hell's Kitchen "; and on the slope of the Orange Mountains the Baltusrol of Short Hills, New Jersey, a difficult, sporty course where from a beautiful club-house may be had a fine outlook upon the surrounding country. There is also the Apaw^anis, a long, narrow and difficult eighteen-hole course, which is known to try severely the caliber of any amateur. 99 But he who can run up even the most miserable score upon the famous National of Long Island, may consider himself skilled indeed. Neither time, trouble nor expense has been spared in making this the hardest, as well as the most original course, to be found anywhere. For here, in every green, is found an exact copy of the difficult hole in each of the eighteen remarkable courses of Europe. Electrical New York The New York High Pressure Water System There is probably no more impressive sight in the every-day life of New York than that of on? of its monster glittering fire-fighters dashing along an avenue drawn by a trio of handsome plunging horses, belching forth smoke and leaving in its wake a glowing trail of embers, while all traffic halts and flat-dwellers rush to their windows. This picturesque method of fire-fighting is now becoming extinct and in its place is the modern effi- cient high-pressure system: in fact it is the present purpose of the Fire Department eventually to dis- card all portable pumping engines and to rely en- tirely upon high pressure. The power necessary to drive these pumps of lOI heretofore unheard of capacity is electrical and is supplied by The New York Edison Company at 6,600 volts from Waterside Station. The high pressure zone on Manhattan Island is bounded by the Hudson River on the West ; Tw^enty- third Street on the North ; Broadway to Fourteenth Street, Fourth Avenue and Bowery on the East; and Chambers Street on the South. There are two pumping stations, one located near the Ganse- voort Market on the North River, the other on the corner of Oliver and South Streets, near the East River, both being outside of the district of high risk which they were built to protect. Both of the pumping stations have a capacity of 15,000 gallons per minute, aggregating for both 43,000,000 gallons per day. This amount is equal to two-thirds of the total quantity of fresh water used by the Borough of Manhattan for fire ex- tinguishing purposes during the year 1903. Each station contains five pumping units, consisting of Allis-Chalmers multi-stage, centrifugal pumps, each driven by an Allis-Chalmers eight-hundred-horse- power induction motor. All of the pumps are capable of delivering 3,000 gallons per minute, against a discharge pressure of 300 pounds per square inch when operating at 750 revolutions per minute. The controllers and motors are so designed that they can be brought up from a standstill to full speed in approximately thirty sec- onds, while the high-pressure system will reach 300 pounds pressure within one minute from start- ing the pumps. There are high-pressure hydrants within 400 feet of any building in the danger zone, and there are enough hydrants so that sixt)^ streams of 500 gal- lons per minute can be concentrated on a block, with a length of hose not exceeding 400 to 500 feet. It is easy to comprehend what a dreadful dis- aster would result were this high-pressure system to be suspended for any period of time when seriously needed. In order to offset the possibility of such a catastrophe The New York Edison Company has taken every precaution known to science and skill to fortify its service against trouble, while in its contract with the city it agrees to forfeit $500.00 per minute for any interruption of its service of over three minutes at the pumping stations. 103 104 Broadway at Night If, at any time since the beginning of history, Commerce has been touched with the magic wand of Romance, it is when *' Broadway is a-blaze under the stars." Far reaching, intricate campaigns of publicity are now mapped out and executed, by high-salaried spe- cialists, in much the same manner that generals lay their plans before manoeuvering into battle. Every penny of the appropriations, some of which often soar near the million mark, is spent only with full knowledge of the exact effect it will have upon the public mind, — and pocket book. It presents the last and most fascinating aspect of psychology car- ried to its fullest development. Literally, some ten years ago, night was com- pletely driven from a large section of Broadw^ay, — probably never to return. The New Custom House The changeful lights throw a glamour over the faces in the hurrying crowds, — the crowds that the men, who are spending fortunes in advertising, are trying to reach. Faces in joy, in sorrow and in pain; and faces that Death has traced his finger upon, for here there is every tjpe of civilization — the Froth and the Dregs rub elbows. Over all, a perpetual brilliance reigns, for no sooner do the first shadows of evening attempt to re- capture their own, than countless electric signs, of every hue and description, spring into being. A huge eagle, with a fluttering ribbon caught in his beak, begins to flap on his nightly journey towards a five-foot bottle of beer; a kitten, to tangle and untangle herself in a spool of well-known silk. And soon, far skyward, down the dazzling thor- oughfare, a chariot race begins, — the Great White Way is a-stir again ! Central Park, Looking toward Columbus Circle 1 06 The Edison Electric Illumi- nating Company of Brooklyn Brooklyn, the descendant of the old Dutch burgh of Breukelen, with its quaint Dutch traditions and multitude of churches and homes, is the home of one of the five largest lighting companies in the country. The Brooklyn Edison Company. Since it was organized in 1888 the population it supplies has increased from 600,000 to 1,700,000, and all the while the Company has developed and extended in even greater proportion. The Brooklyn Edison Company supplies a fan- shaped territory seventy-seven square miles in area. At the apex of the imaginary fan is Brooklyn Bridge and at its zenith is Coney Island. On January 1st, 1890, the Company's load w^as 6,600 fifty-watt equivalents and on January ist, 191 1, 2,050,000 fifty-watt equivalents, the capacity of its two gen- erating stations being 50,000 kilowatts. The busi- ness runs along the usual lines, except that The Brooklyn Edison Company has been more fortunate than others in having been able to develop a tre- mendous load at Coney Island which fills in the Summer " valley," so that the July and December peaks are nearly the same, a condition which exists in probably no other central station. Thus It happens that the annual peak does not occur In the two or three weeks prior to Christmas, but in September, when the great Coney Island Alardl Gras trade and the load due to the beginning [07 of the city season cross. This peak is still higher than the Christmas holiday peak. Coney Island has the most massive show of decorative lighting of any amusement resort in the world. It is the original example of the use of light as the chief attraction and has been imitated the world over, bringing busi- ness to thousands of central stations throughout the country. The Brooklyn Edison Company under the lead- ership of its president, Mr. Anthony N. Brady, has gained prominence in the electric lighting fraternity of late for its pioneer work in the employee profit- sharing scheme. It was also one of the first com- panies to take up the company section work for the National Electric Light Association, and has been active in that organization for a number of years. Madison Square Park. The Flatiron and Fifth A\enue Buildings io8 Central Park New York and Queens Electric Light and Power Company A tract of land a mile wide and extending from City Hall, New York, to the steps of the Capitol at Albany is an area equal to that served by The New York and Queens Electric Light and Power Company. In this Company's territory could be placed Manhattan, Brooklyn and half of the Bronx. It extends from the East River to Jamaica Bay and from the Brooklyn boundary to Long Island Sound. This great area was once composed of number- less little independent municipalities, which in 1897 were consolidated and became a part of Greater New York. The existing lighting company was organized in 1900 and represents a consolidation of more than a dozen smaller companies. The district is one of the most cosmopolitan any- w^here outside of the metropolis itself. Within it 109 are the magnificent residences of the very wealth5% the modest homes of the middle class, and the hum- ble dwellings of the very poor. There are the great factories where thousands are employed, as well as small factories of every description. The power and street lighting loads are the largest. On the latter is one of the biggest systems of series incandescent street lighting in the country. Owing to the vastness of the territory covered by this lighting company there is necessarily a tre- mendous investment in cable, poles, wires, etc. During the year 1910 there w^ere erected 2,200 new poles, 82 tons or 1,500,000 feet of copper wires were strung, and 150,000 feet of cable were laid. All of this was simply additional to the existing in- stallation at that time, the total capacity of the gen- erating station being 7,500 kilowatts. City Hall Park. The World Dome in the Background IIO Flatbush Gas Company Back in the good old days, now hardly to be con- ceived from the rapid changes making us alive with wonderment, when the old town of Flatbush w^as quite isolated from Breukelen, the inhabitants thought well of the old tallow dip made by the thrifty housewife, and only with some misgiving passed on from this primitive method to the more practical kerosene oil lamp. This was indeed an awakening, but a still bolder step was taken in 1864 when such prominent representatives of the com- munity as John A. Lott, John Lefferts, John J. Vanderbilt, Henry Wall, Homer L. Bartlett and Abraham Lott formed The Flatbush Gas Com- pany. These gentlemen saw that progression was lead- ing them to the time when to be without their own gas, electric and water plants meant that they were not giving their children the benefits of enhanced values of real estate by the introduction of such commodities, and so they acted. Previous to 1894 The Flatbush Gas Company manufactured nothing but gas, but in that year an electric generating station was built. For a long time the current was used only for street lighting, but in the last ten y^ears resi- dential lighting has had a continuous growth due mainly to the large number of fine types of homes that have been erected in this exclusive section. The capacity of the generating station is rated at 4,500 kilowatts. In 1636 a sturdy little band of voyagers imbued with the traditions of Old Holland, their mother country, selected " Midwout," now Flatbush, as the ideal place for their homes on the new continent. Midwout was the most central of the '* Five Dutch Towns " and was early made the county seat of Kings County. The spirit of the early settlers still proves true of the enterprising men and women of today who live amid the attractive environments of Flatbush and its stimulating force is felt in the varied social and religious activities of the one-time Dutch Village. Queens Borough Gas and Electric Company A territory eighteen miles long by about a mile and a half w^ide, a large part of which was sand dunes and marsh lands less than twenty-five years ago, is that served by the Queens Borough Gas and Electric Company of Far Rockaway. Part of this is the beach property of the Rockaways, where a great Summer business is done, while the Long Island towns in the western part of Nassau County are included in the area. Twenty-five years ago Rockaway Beach was un- heard of, except as a fishing or clam digging place, and the towns on the adjacent mainland were not known to fame. In those days, the " natives " reached the city only after a tedious journey by stage to the town of Jamaica, where they boarded the trains of the Long Island Railroad. With the extention of the railroad lines to the beaches, began 112 "3 the boom of the resorts, and now the\^ rank with the most popular of New York's watering places. Electricity was first used in the late eighties, with hardly enough customers to pay the expenses of the generating plant. In the Summer of 19 lO there were in use 3,070 meters, more than double those in use at the same season five years ago. The generating plant of the Company is at Far Rocka- way, with sub-stations at Rockaway Park and Lyn- brook. Its equipment consists of two 300 kilowatt generators, one 600, one 1,500 and a 2,500 kilowatt generator which has just been installed to meet this year's demand. There are eighty-five miles of pole line. On the beach properties where it has been necessary to use oil barrels, the poles are set in the sand. More than seventy-five percent of the gas mains are laid below the high water mark. Richmond Light and Railroad C o m p a n y The Richmond Light and Railroad Company, established in August, 1902, is the result of a com- bination of two other companies, the Staten Island Lighting Company and the Staten Island Railroad Company, the former of which in its day was a union of two or three smaller concerns. This Company has from the start furnished cur- rent for the whole Island, or a territory of seventy- five square miles with a population of 85,000. Much of the country is rural, comprising miles of unset- tled farm land. 114 Use of electricity, however, is pretty general, many of the farm houses even being connected. There is one instance of an entire dairy being operated by electricity, with electric milkers, separa- tors, and so forth. All the ship yards with one ex- ception, and nearly all the factories, together with the ferry and municipal buildings, are supplied by the Richmond Light and Railroad Company. During the last five years there has been an in- crease in the lighting of 300%. Practically every new^ house is wired for electricity. The railroad end of the business, comprising thirty-one miles of road, shows a slight increase; and although a steam road runs on a parallel line, the electrics get their share of the trade. In Summer there is enough travel to keep both exceedingly busy. This Com- pany operates in addition the Midland Railroad with a mileage of 29. The total power generated for both light and railroad during the past year was 13,658,769 kilo- watts. The Summer load is carried for South Beach and a portion for ]\Iidland which has a small plant of its own. The United Electric Light and Power Company The United Electric Light and Power Company was the first electric lighting company to extend its service north of Fifty-ninth street and at present is the only one serving the territory north of 135th street. This Company supplies alternating current exclusively within the Borough of Manhattan from its underground mains widely distributed from the Battery to the Harlem Ship Canal. The service is of a frequency of 60 cycles, single phase and two- phase in character. The three-phase, 7500 volt generating apparatus is located at Waterside Stations No. i and No. 2 and transmitted over three-conductor 250,000 c. m. cables to the two sub-stations, w^here transformation is made from three-phase to two-phase, three-w4re, and to the distributing voltage of 2100 volts across each phase (3000 volts across the outer conductors). The sub-stations are located at 208-210 Elizabeth street, covering the lower section of the city, and at 519 West 146th street, supplying the central and upper sections. These two sub-stations are similar in most respects except as to capacity. Transforma- tion is by air blast, transformer sets, and motor generators. The general offices are located at 11 70 Broadway, with branch offices and display rooms at 138 Hamil- ton Place, near 143rd street. The maximum load of the Company is in excess of 12,000 kilowatts, with a connected load of 940,000 50-watt equiva- lents, of which power installations, both single and two-phase, approximate 15,000 horse-power, cover- ing a wide field of operation. More than 500 ele- vators are operated from the two-phase power mains. The service of the Company covers about 150 miles of streets, and occupies 320 miles of duct in the subway system of The Consolidated Telegraph and Electrical Subway Company, with a total of 920 miles of conductor of all classes. The northern part of the territory supplied by The United Electric Light and Power Company is fraught with historic interest. Back in Revolu- tionary times it was the scene of a hot conflict after- ward known as the Battle of Harlem. General Washington at different times defended certain strategic positions on this rugged part of Manhat- tan Island. One of the old forts, Fort Washington, still stands, bearing the name of its founder. The famous Jumel Mansion is located at 155th street. The Bronx Gas and Electric Company The Bronx Gas and Electric Company covers a territory which has developed with unusual rapidity. When the Company was organized in 1893 with an oflice in a story and a half wooden shack in the site of the present attractive oflice building, it was to light the old township of Westchester. And the work was accomplished by means of a few arc lamps. In 1895 Westchester became a part of Greater New York. A trolley was put through in 1900 and the subway in 1903, with the result that what was then a thinly settled country township has grown into a prosperous suburb. The Company's territory comprises 16 square miles, with a population of some 30,000 ; it was only 4,000 back in 1893. By far the greater part of the 117 district is residential, nearly 9,070 commuting into the City. This population is largely transient, houses usually being rented only for the season, and in the case of ownership, the party remaining until the property is sold. There are some few factories and store yards and some mill works, for which this Company supplies light and power. The power generated during the past year was 2,558,000 kilowatts. This marks an increase in business of something over 5,000% since the Com- pany was established. The biggest seasons were 1905-6, the years, it w^ill be remembered, of the great coal strike. During this time there was an increase in the use of various electrical heating and cooking apparatus, which has to a large extent fallen ofiF since. The new transit facilities doubtless had a great deal to do with the surprising growth of the business through that period. How^ever, the use has continued on the increase, the gain of the past year having been 15%. 118 119 TheYonkers Electric Light and Power Company Should Frederick Philipse, the first lord of the Manor of Philipsburgh, return to his ancient home, the Manor House of Yonkers, what a transforma- tion would meet his ejes! Instead of approaching his stately residence from the river and disembark- ing from a sailing craft, he would now, perhaps, run up from his office in Wall street via the elec- trically equipped lines of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. Two hundred years of progress and development have changed Yonkers from a mere hamlet, h. col- lection of the log cabins of pioneers, into a progres- sive manufacturing city of 85,000 inhabitants. The old manor house, erected in the early part of the Eighteenth Century still stands and has received within its walls many prominent men. It is a long way from the chaise and post to the modern con- vej'ances, but now in the very door yard of his lordship's manor house pass trolley cars and auto- mobiles. A number of years ago this aristocratic old man- sion descended from its exclusive atmosphere and entered upon a political career, becoming the office of the mayor and other city officials. In this ca- pacity it served until the recent opening of a new and imposing City Hall, which is located on a site commanding a beautiful view of the Hudson River and Palisades. Since 1887, when the Yonkers Light and Power Company opened shops, wonderful advances have 120 been made in the use of electric current. Today there are burning within the city 100,000 incandes- cent lamps. Electric current is furnished to the small consumer as well as to the occupants of the magnificent residences further back on the beauti- ful hills, where besides having current for light and power, it is used extensively for heating and cook- ing. Curiously enough electric household apparatus was widely used in these handsome old houses, be- fore it came into favor among the ]\Ianhattanites. Looking East Along ^id Street from Times Square 1 122 The Westchester Lighting Company The Westchester Lighting Company, with its subsidiary companies, supplies all of Westchester County with the exception of Yonkers, with elec- tricity and gas. Westchester County covers some 296,320 acres and has a population of approximately 200,000. The executive offices of the Westchester Lighting Company are at Mount Vernon, but branches have been established in a number of geo- graphical centres and the general distribution work is taken care of from these several points. To facilitate the handling of business, display rooms are located in such centres as Yonkers, Mount Vernon, New Rochelle, Port Chester, White Plains, Tarrytown and Mount Kisco. The county is developing rapidly and is a most promising field for the lighting industry. The prin- cipal electric generating station is situated at New Rochelle. It is a w^aterside station, located on Echo Bay of Long Island Sound. The capacity of this plant is about 7,600 kilowatts and from it current is transmitted to sub-stations at Mount Vernon, Port Chester, White Plains, Tarrytown and Mount Kisco. Mount Kisco and Tarrytown have emerg- ency steam plants with a total capacity of about 700 kilowatts. Current is generated entirely by steam, there be- ing no available water power for such a purpose in the County. The Mount Kisco sub-station is tied in w^ith the Ossining power-house of the Northern 123 Westchester Lighting Company, a subsidiary of the Westchester Company, by means of a high tension transmission line, and can be supplied either from New Rochelle or Ossining, or in case of emergency can generate its own current. This applies also to the Tarrytown sub-station. Aside from the Peekskill and Ossining equip- ment, the distribution system consists of 1,700 miles of wire, 17,750 poles and about 2,500 transformers. The street lighting system carries about 1,000 arc and 4,500 tungsten lamps. The Company is furnishing power for the White Plains, Mamaroneck and Tarrytown Trolley Com- pany, and for the Pittsburg Contracting Company, which is now engaged in building a section of the new Catskill Aqueduct near White Plains. Other " long hour users " on the lines are several of the iron foundries in the City of Port Chester, these making a practically even load throughout the day in the Port Chester district. The district taken as a whole is a residential one. On the Company's books December 31st, 19 10, were about 9,000 meters with a connected lighting load of 20,000 kilowatts, approximately 2.2 kilowatts per con- sumer. 124 -q i: 3 O tiO c/: c to s o -^ o ^ 126 Waterside — Where is generated that mysterious force which serves to make a city light and clean and liv- able. Within sound of the hoarse, dry moan of two gigantic fourteen thousand kilowatt steam turbines, how very far away seems the little Pearl Street Sta- tion of eighteen eighty-two, which, with its his- torical " Jumbos " formed the base for *' almost fif- teen miles of mains and feeders! " The present Edison System, covering twenty-one square miles, supplies current on a three-phase sys- tem to over ninety-one thousand customers through countless, delicately adjusted meters. And the coal consumption alone, of a plant enormous enough to furnish this amount of power, runs into a total of two thousand tons a day. Considering such figures as these, it is easily per- ceived why Waterside with a capacity of five hun- dred thousand horse-power, — supplying connections to nearly five million lamps, — is today the largest of its kind in the world. Even against the background of twentieth cen- tury understanding, how portentous of an un- dreamed era are the three copper strands, no thicker than a man's wrist, which leave here to do their part in lighting a city of close on five million souls. In addition, the Edison System embraces thirty- three sub-stations, six branch offices and a working force of five thousand, who make over five million telephone calls a year in conducting the business of the Company. 127 Probably no form of modern engineering meets more of the difficult and unexpected as this of il- luminating a big centre of industry, where the size of " load " must necessarily always remain an un- controllable factor. In recent illustration of this is the afternoon of March second, when occurred a sudden flurry of snow. In the growing dark throughout the city, people simply snapped a button and never gave the matter a second thought. But at Waterside, on the signal of hooting whistles, men jumped in swift and practiced haste to their stations, — for the slen- der finger of the indicator was rising at the rate of fifty thousand kilowatts in five minutes! Never for a single moment, did the lights grow dim — which was one of the rewards born of the years of unresting, vigilant alertness these men ex- ert, who work steadfast always confronted with strange, as yet unheard of problems and still, for all a thousand difficulties whose boast it rightly is, that since eighteen eighty-three, except for the brief time taken in the erection of a new station, the cur- rent has never left the mains! 128 The Western Union Telegraph Company " What hath God wrought? " These were the words flashed by Morse from Baltimore to Washington that wonderful day back in 1844, over the first telegraph line ever con- structed. Perhaps the mind of the great inventor as he sat at the instrument and ticked ofi the now famous first message, was piercing the veil of the future, and before his eyes came the momentary vision of the transcendent glories of another cen- tury clustering about his invention. Were not these words the inspired utterance of a great dreamer, as to his ears sounded the roar and rumble of the transmission of millions of messages a day? Now that we can view in retrospection the 66 years of marvelous progress of the telegraph Industry It would seem that this were so. During the seven years that followed the con- struction of the first line more than fifty different telegraph companies sprang up In various parts of the United States. In 1851, however, began the history of The Western Union Telegraph Com- pany, when articles of association of The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Com- pany — the original name of the Company — were filed at Albany. Local consolidations of the various companies In the East followed, and one by one, by lease, by purchase, or by exchange of stock, the 129 companies In the West came into or were absorbed by the new company, which by an act of the New York Legislature in 1856 had its name changed from The New York and Mississippi Valley Print- ing Telegraph Company to The Western Union Telegraph Company, indicating the union of the Western lines into one compact system. In 1 86 1, the next important step was taken, when a line was constructed across the plains con- necting the Eastern and Western systems. So rapid was the Company's growth in the years that fol- lowed, that in the year 1876 there were 18,729,567 messages transmitted over its wires. In 19 10 the number of messages sent over the 1,429,049 miles of Western Union wire was 75,135,405, while the Company's receipts for the same year were $33,- 889,202.93. The Sheridan Statue, Central Park 130 Perhaps the most interesting if not the most im- portant event of recent years in The Western Union was the introduction of the " night letter " and later of the " day letter." The night letter, which has become immensely popular, was insti- tuted to give the public the benefit of the night hours, when business on the lines is light, by send- ing a fifty-w^ord message at the usual ten-word day rate, subject to delivery in the morning. The day letter can be sent at a lower rate than the regular message, but the message is given the precedence over the day letter. This gives the Company the opportunity of filling in the valleys between its peaks with day letters, keeping its vast force and equipment always busy. The New York office of the Western Union Telegraph Company, at 195 Broadway, is with one exception, the largest telegraph office in the world. .0' --.. --,4^-' -^ "'^ ■ ^wf^uMf/^ Broadway, Looking North from Times Square 131 Looking South from Times Square ^i Looking North from Times Square 132 The Postal Telegraph-Cable Company The thousands of miles of wire which comprise the great system of The Postal Telegraph-Cable Company in the United States have for their fo- cusing point the large and adequately equipped operating room of the Company in the Postal Tele- graph Building at 253 Broadway, opposite City Hall, New York. Here they connect with the At- lantic system of the Commercial Cable Company, and radiating from New York, reach every place of importance in the United States, making con- nection with the Commercial Pacific Cable at San Francisco, and at Montreal with the extensive sys- tem of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with which a close working arrangement is maintained. The trunk line wires are brought into New York from the West under the Hudson River by sub- aqueous cables, and thence by underground cables to a terminal room in the basement of the Postal Telegraph building. The wires from the North and East are brought under the Harlem River to the same point, and after passing through the neces- sarv protective devices all wires reach the operating room on the twelfth floor, where they are connected directly to the switchboards. Each switchboard is arranged to contain fifty line wires, w^hich is the maximum number that it is possible for two chief operators to supervise. The switchboards are connected w^ith the various ex- changes and branch offices by underground cables. 133 Directly in front of the switchboards are located the automatic repeaters which perform the function of forwarding through from one w^ire to another, or from branch offices through to a distant city, without the intervention of receiving or sending operators. The Postal Telegraph Building was erected specially for telegraph purposes, and its conveniences and arrangements are unexcelled. The wires are operated exclusively by the American Morse sys- tem which is upon the simplex, duplex or quadru- plex plan, according to the exigencies of the traffic. Chemical batteries, which at one tune were exclu- sively employed for furnishing current for the operation of main wires, have, during the last twenty-five years, been almost entirely replaced by motor generators and transformers. Forty-volt currents are used for all local purposes and for short branch wires in cities. The higher potentials are used for the operation of the apparatus upon the main wires, 200 volts being used for very long, high resistance single circuits, and also for duplexes, while 375 volts is used exclusively in the operation of quadruplexes. Direct circuits are worked daily from New York to San Francisco, a distance of 3,250 miles; to New Orleans, a distance of 1,334 miles; to St. Louis, a distance of 1,048 miles; to Atlanta, a distance of 882 miles; to Chicago, a distance of 900 miles; and to many other points. 134 135 "Cortland , — T welve Thousand!" When the late E. H. Harriman once complained that he could not get good service over a certain long-distance line, an expert was sent to inquire into the trouble. On his return, he reported that nothing could be done, as Harriman wanted the impossible. " Well," said the chief, calmly, " if he wants the impossible, I guess we'll have to give it to him ! " This illustrates the telephone engineer's point of view — a point of view it is given to very few to un- derstand, for looking at the question from the out- side, there is little or nothing to suggest the baffling problems, and heavy responsibilities of his profes- sion. Nothing, except a familiar little desk-instru- ment that can be held in one hand, — but which happens to be the sensitive end of a vast system, embodying some million-one-hundred-thousand- miles of underground wire! Fifty-four exchanges; five thousand men; six thousand girls, making two million connections a day. Cables, aerials, submarine wires, batteries and intricate switchboards! Could anyone have im- agined, that a business of such staggering magnitude was to spring up almost over-night in a single city! In thirty-five years, it has grown with such strides, — at the rate of almost one hundred tele- phones a day, — that at present, the New York City Telephone Company alone, is connecting as many instruments as there are in all Great Britain and Germany combined, for nowhere else in the world 136 Is there such a metallic nerve-system as among the skyscrapers of Manhattan. Several hundred experts are continually at work on unwonted problems, and at the present moment these people have strung a line from New York City to Denver, trying to make It carry conversation ! It Is more than a two-thousand-mile job with a corps of experts through nine states; another im- possibility, of course, — but presently It will be done, and then this same crew will push the wire on out to 'Frisco. They are reaching steadil> towards truth. In the great question "What is Electricity?" — and some day they will solve it, just as once before they solved by a marvel of wire-wizardry, that uncanny question of the " phantom circuit," whereon three messages may travel along two pairs of wires. Always against them, has been pitted the im- possible and unknowable, yet they have never wav- ered In this business of theirs, — the transporting along tiny copper wires a force that is swifter than light, and feebler than a sunbeam. 137 138 The Interborough Rapid Transit Company The largest subway system in the world, with its hundreds of miles of track, tunnels under two rivers, and other marvellous engineering feats, together with all of the elevated roads now in operation on Manhattan Island and in the Borough of the Bronx — this is the great Interborough Rapid Transit Company of New York. Perhaps the most interesting part of the Inter- borough system is the subway. This is one of the foremost examples of present-day skill and ingenu- ity, and has demonstrated that underground rail- roads can be built beneath the congested streets of the city, making possible in the near future a com- prehensive system of sub-surface transportation ex- tending throughout the wide territory of Greater New York. The difficulties confronting the constructors of the subway were well nigh appalling. Towering buildings along the streets had to be considered, the streets themselves were already occupied with a complicated network of sewers, water and gas mains, electric cable conduits, electric surface railw^ay con- duits, telegraph and power conduits, and vaults from the abutting buildings extended under the streets. The completed subway is a tribute to the master mind of Its builder the late John B. McDonald. For a five-cent fare It Is possible to ride from Brook- lyn to either Van Cortlandt or Bronx Park or to 139 any Intermediate point. There is a separate express service, with its own tracks, and the stations are so arranged that passengers may pass from local trains to express trains, and vice versa, without delay and without payment of additional fare. Special precautions have been taken to prevent a failure of the electric power and the consequent delays of traffic. An electro-pneumatic block signal system has been devised which excels any previous system, and is unique in its mechanism. The third rail for conveying the electric current is covered, so as to prevent injury to passengers and employees from contact. Special emergency and fire alarm signal systems are installed throughout the length of the road. At a few stations, where the road is not near the surface, escalators and ele- vators are provided. The powder house for the subway is located at Fifty-ninth street and the North River and has a capacity of approximately 100,000 horse-power. It covers an area of 190,792 square feet. The ca- pacity of the coal bunkers at this station is 18,000 tons. The boiler room contains seventy-tw^o boilers arranged in pairs or batteries. The power for the operation of elevated trains Is generated at Sev- enty-fifth street and the East River. The area there Is 114,340 square feet, while Its capacity Is 64,000 horse-powder. 140 •a B Oh « u u « SI t r^ ^#! ./ , .: .war ^ .^^ aW^ --*-?* Canarsie M^ ^^^ i I 'j,^^fy^0^^^^S'^'^ ^.r. ,-.^^- ^^'l' Index PAGE Liberty Enlightening the World — Boats leave from the Battery every hour I Ellis Island Permit may be obtained from Commissioner of Immigration 8 Governor's Island Permit may be obtained from Com- manding Officer — boats leave from the Battery every half hour • 1 South Street Subway to South Ferry 12 Battery Subway to South Ferry 1 4 Fraunces Tavern loi Broad Street — near Pearl. Sub- way to Bowling Green, and walk South-East ... 1 5 Curb Exchange Broad Street, below Wall Street . . I 9 Stock Exchange Broad Street near Wall .... 21 Wall Street Subway to Wall and Broadway. ... 23 Singer Building — 149 Broadway — Subway either to Wall or Fulton Streets 2.5 World Building Opposite City Hall 27 The Post Office Below City Hall 29 Ye Old Tavern Duane Street — near Hudson Street. . 3 2 Brooklyn Bridge — Subway to Brooklyn Bridge Station . 3 3 Chinatown — Mott, Doyers and Pell Streets. Best '-eached from Chatham Square 35 The Bowery — Chatham Square to Astor Place ... 37 Push- Cart Town — Rivington and nearby cross-streets — reached by Grand Street surface cars 39 Little Hungary — 257 East Houston Street — Take 14th Street Crosstown Car to Essex Street 44 Francesca's — 64 West loth Street — Take Sixth Avenue Cars 47 Washington Arch 49 Scheffel Halle 17th Street and 3rd Avenue . ... 5 I Castle Cave 7th Avenue — near 25th Street . ... 53 Metropolitan Tower — 23rd Street and Madison Avenue — Subway Local to 23rd Street 55 The Martha Washington Hotel — 29th Street — near Madison Avenue. Subway local to 28th Street ... 5° Pennsylvania Terminal — 7th to 9th Avenues — 31st to 33rd Streets. Take 34th Street Crosstown Car ... 6 I A Great Retail Business — GimbePs — At the corner of Broadway, 6th Avenue and 33rd Street 63 Rector's Broadway and 43rd Street — Times Square . . 65 Canfield's Bronze Door — 33 West 33rd Street — between 5th and 6th Avenues 67 •'And Now Let Us Conserve Human Life" — Safety Museum Engineering Building — 29 West 39th Street 68 Murray's 42nd Street, West of 7th Avenue — Subway local to Times Square 7 ^ Sherry's — South-West Corner 5th Avenue and 44th Street — Take 5th Avenue 'bus "] 1 Delmonico's North-East Corner 5th Avenue and 44th Street — Take 5th Avenue 'bus 73 The RitZ Carleton Hotel Madison Avenue and 46th Street — Madison Avenue Cars 74 The Plaza Hotel 5th Avenue and 59th Street — 59th Street Crosstown Cars, or 5th Avenue 'bus. ... ']'] Central Park 59th Street — from 5th to 8th Avenues . 79 Fire Department Headquarters — 156 East 67th Street — near Third Avenue 8 1 Natural History Museum — Central Park West and 77th Street — open every week day and Sunday afternoon. Take Subway to 79th Street, or 8th Avenue surface cars . . 82 Riverside Drive — 'Bus runs from 72nd Street to iioth . 87 Churches of New York — St. John's Cathedral — iioth Street and Morningside Park 9 1 Bronx Park— Lenox and West Farms Subway Express to i8oth Street 93 Coney Island — Take Elevated from Brooklyn Bridge . . 95 Navy Yard — Take Flushing Avenue Car at Brooklyn Bridge 96 Trip Up Hudson — Day boats go to Poughkeepsie, West Point, and Newburg 98 ** The Royal and Ancient " — Golf Grounds in the vicinity of New York 99 The High Pressure Pumping System . . . . 10 1 Broadway at Night 105 The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Brooklyn 107 The New York and Queens Electric Light and Power Company 109 The Flatbush Gas Company i 1 1 The Queens Borough Gas and Electric Company of Far Rockaway 112 The Richmond Light and Railroad Company . . 114 The LTnited Electric Light and Power Company . 115 The Bronx Gas and Electric Company . . . 117 The Yonkers Electric Light and Power Company i 20 The Westchester Lighting Company . . . . 123 ** Waterside" 127 The Western Union Telegraph Company . . . i 29 The Postal Telegraph-Cable Company. . . . 133 The New York Telephone Company .... 136 The Interborough Rapid Transit Company . . 139 The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company . . . 142 Public Service Electric Company of New Jersey . 144 WAY 29 1911 )ne copy del. to Cat. 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