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 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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 PV 1 
 
 ANALYSES OF THE WATERS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS 
 
 By J. K. HAYWOOD 
 
 AND 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SKETCH OF HOT SPRINGS, ARKANSAS 
 
 BY 
 
 WALTER HARVEY WEED 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1912 
 
.HtU 
 
 This publication may be purchased from the Superintendent of 
 Documents, Government Printing Ofiice, Washington, D. C, for 10 
 cents. 
 
 \ 
 
 0. AF % 
 
 1 
 

 CONTENTS 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 1 1 istorical notes 5 
 
 The reservation 6 
 
 The pay liathhouses G 
 
 The Army aii(i Navy General Hospital 7 
 
 The Government free baths 7 
 
 The character and action of the waters 8 
 
 Physicians 8 
 
 Railroads 9 
 
 The city of Hot Springs 9 
 
 The chemical composition of the waters of the Hot Springs of Arkansas, by 
 
 J. K. Haywood 11 
 
 Introduction II 
 
 Methods <>i examination 13 
 
 Temperature 13 
 
 Flow 13 
 
 Ilvdmgen sulphide 13 
 
 Xitn)gen and oxygen 14 
 
 Carbon dioxide (in excess of that necessarj* to form normal carbon- 
 ates) 15 
 
 Carbon dioxide (given off from the bicarbonates when they are 
 
 evaporated to drv'ness ) 16 
 
 Bicarbonic acid 17 
 
 Nitric acid - 17 
 
 Nitrous acid 17 
 
 Free ammonia 17 
 
 Total ammonia 18 
 
 Oxvgen-consuming capacity 18 
 
 Total solids 18 
 
 Chlorine 19 
 
 Iodine and bromine 19 
 
 Arsenic acid 20 
 
 Boric acid 20 
 
 Iron, aluminum, and manganese 21 
 
 Silica 22 
 
 Calcium and magnesium 22 
 
 Sulphuric acid, potassium, sodium, and lithium 22 
 
 Ph< isphoric acid 24 
 
 Fluorine 24 
 
 Barium and strontium 25 
 
 Strontium 25 
 
 Medicinal value of the various salts and gases usually present in mineral 
 
 waters 26 
 
 Carbonates and bicarbonates 26 
 
 Sodium car1)onate and bicarbonate 26 
 
 Potassium carbonate and bicarbonate 26 
 
 Lithium carbonate and bicarbonate 26 
 
 Magnesium carbonate and bicarbonate 26 
 
 Calcium carbonate and bicarbonate 27 
 
 Ferrous and manganous bicarbonates 27 
 
 Chlorides 27 
 
 Sodium chloride 27 
 
 Potassium chloride 27 
 
 Lithium chloride 27 
 
 3 
 
4 CONTEXTS. 
 
 The chemical composition of the waters of the Hot Springs of Arkansas, Pag©- 
 etc. — Continued. 
 Medicinal value of the various salts and gases usually present in mineral 
 waters — ( "ontinued. 
 Chloride.^ — Continued. 
 
 Magnesium chloride 27 
 
 Calcium chloride -1 
 
 Ferrous chloride 17 
 
 Ammonium chloride 17 
 
 Sulphates 13 
 
 Sodium and magnesium sulphates £3 
 
 Potassium sulphate 13 
 
 Calcium sulphate 23 
 
 Iron and aluminum sulphates 28 
 
 Iodides 28 
 
 Bromides 28 
 
 Phosphates 28 
 
 Borates 29 
 
 Nitrates 29 
 
 Silica 29 
 
 Gases 29 
 
 Nitrogen and oxygen 29 
 
 Carbon dioxide 29 
 
 Hydrogen sulphide 29 
 
 The medical value of thermal waters 29 
 
 Acknowledgments 30 
 
 Analyses 30 
 
 Summary of the results of analyses 44 
 
 Geological sketch of Hot Springs district, Ark., by Walter Ilai'vey Weed 47 
 
 Geographical location 47 
 
 Relation of Hot Springs district to rest of the State 47 
 
 Topography 48 
 
 Rocks of the district 48 
 
 The rock structure 49 
 
 Igneous rocks 51 
 
 Fossils 51 
 
 Occurrence of the hot springs 52 
 
 The hot spring tufa deposit 52 
 
 Geologic relations of the hot springs 54 
 
 Are the hot springs dying? 54 
 
 Temperatures 55 
 
 Amount of outflow 55 
 
 Amount of mineral matter carried in solution by the waters 55 
 
 Source of heat 56 
 
ANALYSES OF THE WATERS AND (JEOLOGICAL SKETCH 
 OF THE HOT SPlllNiiS OF AIIK.VXSAS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The matter containod in this ])ul)Hoation was orifj^inally issued as 
 Senate Dooiimoiit 2S2, Fifty-sovonth Con<;ross, first session. It is 
 reprinted here without material chan^^je in content, the analyses being 
 printed in slightly difTerent form in order to save s])acc. The intro- 
 ductory nnitter has been added. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTES. 
 
 The Arkansas Hot S]>rings have been known since tlie early settle- 
 ment of Louisiana. Although it is only a legend that they were visited 
 by De Soto on his trij) to the Mississippi, there is no doubt that they 
 were used by the Indians before the advent of Columbus, as abun- 
 dant evidence was found in early days that the Indians quarried the 
 dense rocks near the Hot Springs for arrowheads and spearheads and 
 utilized the s]ning waters for bathing. 
 
 In 1804 two nu'mbers of the Lewis and Clarke exj)loring expedition 
 visited the place and found that white visitors hacl already used the 
 watei-s for bathing. In 1818 the lands on which the spruigs are 
 located were cetled to the General Government by the Quapaw Indians 
 and became afterwards a part of the Territory of Arkansas. The 
 ground about the s])rings was located by various claimants before the 
 organization of the Territory of Arkansas, but by act of Congress the 
 springs and the ground alxMit them were reserved in 18.34 for the 
 Lnited States Government, thus making the first national park reser- 
 vation of the country. Owing to the claims made bv various parties 
 to a ])rivate ownerslii]> of the s]>rings they remained in the j)ossession 
 of such claimants until the United States Supreme Court decided in 
 favor of the Govermnent in ls77. 
 
 The act of Congress of March .3, 1877, provided for the appointment 
 hj the President of three commissioners, whose duties are defmed by 
 said act as follows: 
 
 Sec. 3. That it .«hall be the duty of paid commiseioners, after examination of the 
 topograi)hy of the reservation, to lay out into tonvenient equare?, blocks, lot.<!, ave- 
 nue.'', street.", and alley.'", the lines of which shall ctirres])ond with the existin<» boundary 
 line.s of occunant.s of paid reservation as near as may be consistent with the inlerest.s 
 of the United f^tates, the following described lands, to wit: The south half of section 
 twenty-eii,'ht, the south half of section twenty-nine, all of sections thirty-two and 
 thirty-three, in townshij) two south and ranpe nineteen w<sl; and the north half of 
 section four, the north half of section fi\e. in township three south and range nineteen 
 west, situate in the county of Garland and fcjlate of Arkansas, and known as the Hot 
 Springs Reservation. 
 
 6 
 
6 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 Sec. 4. That before making any subdivision of said lands, as described in the 
 preceding section, it shall be the duty of said board of commissioners, under the 
 direction and subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, to designate a 
 tract of land included in one boundary, sufficient in extent to include, and which 
 shall include, all the hot or warm springs situate on the lands aforesaid, to embrace, 
 as near as may be, what is known as Hot Springs Mountain, and the same is hereby 
 reserved from sale, and shall remain under the charge of a superintendent, to be 
 appointed by the Secretary of the Interior: Provided, houever, That nothing in this 
 section shall prevent the Secretary of the Interior from fixing a special tax on water 
 taken from said springs, sufficient to pay for the protection and necessary improve- 
 ment of the same. 
 
 In the year mentioned a commission was appointed and recom- 
 mended a permanent plan of improvement. Under that phxn the 
 land not needed for permanent reservation was platted in streets and 
 alleys, and lots were assigned to various individuals. The original 
 reservation consisted of 2,529 acres, of which 700 acres were awarded 
 to individuals for business and residence piu"poses, 358 acres were used 
 for streets and alleys, and 570 acres were platted in town lots reserved 
 for future disposal. 
 
 In 1876 the town of Hot Springs was incorporated, and in 1881 the 
 General Government donated to the city the ground platted for 
 streets and alleys. The congressional enactment of Jime 16, 1880, 
 provided as follows : 
 
 Sec. 3. That those divisions of the Hot Springs Reservation, known as the moun- 
 tainous districts, not divided by streets on the maps made by the commissioners, but 
 known and defined on the map and in the report of the commissioners as North 
 Mountain, West Mountain, and Sugar Loaf Mountain, be, and the same are hereby, 
 forever reserved from sale, and dedicated to public use as parks, to be known, with 
 Hot Springs Mountain, as the permanent reservation. 
 
 THE RESERVATION. 
 
 Under the two acts mentioned above the mountains adjacent to the 
 springs are permanently reserved. The Hot Springs Reservation 
 contains 911.63 acres, and includes Hot Springs Mountain, North 
 Moimtain, West Moimtain, Sugar Loaf Mountain, and "\Miittington 
 Lake Park. The springs are all grouped about the base of Hot 
 Springs Moimtain, their aggregate flow being 826.308 gallons per 
 day. The hot water is supplied to the various bathhouses, and the 
 receipts from this source are all expended under the direction of 
 the Secretary of the Interior in improving the service and in develop- 
 ing and beautifying the reservation. There are more than 11 miles 
 of well-built roads and footpaths over the moimtains. 
 
 The Government is represented at the springs by a superintendent 
 and a medical director, both aT)j)omted by the Secretary of the 
 Interior. The superintendent has supervision over all general 
 matters coimected with the Government's interests, is disbursing 
 officer, and enforces the rules and regulations of the department. 
 The medical director has charge of sanitation, liydrotherajiy, the 
 bathing of ]iatients, the Government free bathhouse for the indigent, 
 the instruction and sujHM-vision of bath attendants, and the deter- 
 mination as to their fitness for employment. 
 
 THE PAY BATHHOUSES. 
 
 There are 23 pay bathhouses operated inider rules and regulations 
 approved by the Secretary of the Interior. Eleven are on the reser- 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 7 
 
 vation at the base of Hot Sprinpjs Mountain, constituting what is 
 known as "Bathhouse Kow, and 12 arc localcd at various points 
 in the city. Eleven are in connection with liotels, liospitals, or sana- 
 toria. Tlie water is the same in all, hut the ])rices cliari^ed for \\u) 
 baths vary in the difVercMit houses in accordance with the e(|uipments 
 and accommodations furnished. The rates arc fixed in each instance 
 by the Secretary of the Interior. The charges for the services of the 
 attendants are the same in all, and include all the necessities of the 
 bath excejit furnishing and humderiiig towels, hath robes, and mitts, 
 rubbing mercury, and haniUiiig helpless invalids. 
 
 THE ARMY AND NAVY GENERAL HOSPITAL. 
 
 The Army and Navy General Hospital is also suppHed with water 
 from the springs. It is administered by the War Department for 
 the benefit of ofhcers and enlisted men of the military and naval 
 service of the Ignited States, cadets at the United States Military 
 and Naval Academies, oflicers of the Revenue-Cutter Service, oflicers 
 of the Public Health and Marine-Hos]>ital Service, and honorably 
 discharged soldiers and sailors of the Regular and \'olunteer Army 
 and Navy of the United States who are suffering from such diseases 
 as the waters of the hot springs of Arkansas have an established 
 reputation in benefiting. 
 
 Admission to this liospital of all such cases regardless of their 
 severity is not, however, contemplated. Its facilities ^^^ll not be 
 extended to mild and transient cases which should yield to ordinary 
 treatment, but are reserved for those of a serious and obstinate 
 character, which, though resisting ordinary methods of relief, promise 
 a rapid and permanent recovery from the use of the waters of the 
 springs. 
 
 Application for admission to this institution should be made to 
 the Adjutant General, United States Army, at Washington, D. C. 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT FREE BATHS. 
 
 The Government free bathhouse for the indigent was esta])lished 
 
 Eursuant to act of Congress of December IG, 1S78. The number of 
 aths given to the ])oor during the year 1910 was 200,04.S. 
 
 The act of March 2, 1911, ])ro^^des that an applicant for free baths 
 shall be required to make oath that he is ^\^thout and imable to 
 obtain means to ])ay for baths, and a false oath as to Ids financial 
 condition makes him guilty of a misdemeanor and subjects him, uj)on 
 conviction thereof, to a fme of not to exceed S25, or 30 days' impris- 
 onment, or both. 
 
 Tickets are issued only to those who, after examination, are found 
 to be sulfering from diseases that may reasonably be expected to be 
 benefited by the baths. Children are not allowed in the batliliouse 
 unless they themselves are patients. 
 
 Those who int<>iul making ai)j)licatiou for these baths are advised 
 that no other treatment is provided. There is no hospital attached, 
 and they nuist provide their own board and lodging. There are no 
 hospitals in the city of Hot Springs to which patients axn be admit- 
 ted free of charg(», nor are any funds availahle from which relief can 
 be afforded or railroad transportation furnisheil to their homes. 
 
8 HOT SPEINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 This statement appears necessary, as many destitute invalids come 
 each year from other aiul distant States in the behef that the Gov- 
 ernment maintains a pubHc institution at wliich they ^^•ill be cared 
 for free of charge. 
 
 THE CHARACTER AND ACTION OF THE WATERS. 
 
 The source of the heat is boheved to be great masses of igneous 
 rock intruded m the earth's crust by volcanic agencies. Deep-seated 
 waters converted into vapors by contact with this heated mass 
 probably ascend tlirougli fissures toward the surface where they meet 
 cold springs, which are heated by the vapors. 
 
 The waters are radioactive in a marked degree, and to the pres- 
 ence of this rare element in gaseous form is now generally attributed 
 their salutary effects. The batlis create a reaction accompanied 
 by an elevation of body temperature, accelerated heart action 
 with diminished blood pressure in the arteries, and a stimulation of 
 the nutritive chan.gcs in the tissue cells, especially those composing 
 the organs of elimination and those concerned m the formation of 
 the blood. The mineral constituent is very low, and when the waters 
 are taken internally, combined with the sweatmg produced by the 
 baths and packs, elimmation by all the emmictories is greatly 
 increased. 
 
 The hot waters may reasonably be expected to give relief in the 
 followmg contlitions : In gout or rheumatism after the acute or inflam- 
 mator)'" sta^e; in neuralgia when depentlent upon gout, rheuma- 
 tism, malaria, or metallic poisoning; m the early stages of chronic 
 Bright 's disease; in catarrhal cttnditions of the gall bladder; m 
 certain forms of disease of the pelvic organs, and in sterility in women; 
 in chronic malaria, alcoholism, and <h'u^ addictions; in many chronic 
 skin diseases; in some forms of anemia; in syphilis; hi gonorrheal 
 rheumatism; in toxfemias and conditions of defective elimination; 
 and in some forms of cardiovascular disease with mcrcased tension 
 in the blood vessels. 
 
 The general tonic and recuperative effects are marked in conditions 
 of debility and neurasthenia due to the strain and fatigue incident 
 to social and busuiess cares and responsibilities, and m manv other 
 conchtions the baths and climate are useful aids to medical treat- 
 ment. The reservation parks afford opportunities for out-of-door 
 life, driA'ing, riding, automobiling, and hiil climbuig. Much impor- 
 tance is attached by local physicians to the possibilities for out-of- 
 door life. 
 
 The baths are contraindicatcd in tuberculosis of the throat and 
 lungs and in all forms of cancer. 
 
 PHYSICIANS. 
 
 The only physicians who are allowed to ])rescribe the waters of 
 the hot springs are those licensed practitioners of the State of Arkan- 
 sas who have been examined by a Feck^ral board of medical exam- 
 iners appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Visitors are warned 
 that })hysicians who have not ])asseil the Federal board and been 
 registered hi the supermtemk'nt's office, are not permitted to make 
 use of the baths hi the treatment of their patients. This rule is for 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 9 
 
 the protection of visitors who. if they (k'sire tlie batlis, should hcfore 
 employiiif^ a |)hysi('iaii, ])roeiire from the sujjerinteiKleiit of the 
 reservation a list of the f|ualirie<| practitioners. 
 
 While the hatlis may he taken without the advice of n |)hysician 
 by procurii'^ a jx-rmit at the ollice of thesu|)erintendciit. this practice 
 is not reconunended. Patients who assume to determin(^ tlu^ nature 
 of their ailmen.ls, and to ])rescril>e for themselves, often fail to obtain 
 the desired relief. The waters are not b«Mie(icial in all diseases and in 
 some are harmful. It is a useless expenditure of time and money to 
 take the baths for a disease that will not be benefited by them/and 
 such ]iroceihn'e can only result in delayii>«^ proper treatment. 
 
 Physicians' fees are from $25 a month up, according to the treat- 
 ment required. 
 
 Visitors are advised for their own j)rotection that solicit ii>g for 
 hotels, boarding houses, or doctors on the trains running in.to Hot 
 Springs is in violation of law, and are warned against heeding the 
 advice of irresponsible and unknown persons. 
 
 In the interest of the public it has been found neeessarA' to pro- 
 hibit the bathiii<^ of anyone stoj)j)ii'g at a hotel or boarding house in 
 which the solicitation of patromige for doctors is allowe(h Such 
 solicitation usually takes the form of advising the ])atient that the 
 doctor to whom he has b(^en reconunended by a friend at home is 
 out of town, but that Dr. X is as good a man and will treat him for 
 less money. The (h-ummer commoidy jxjses as a greatly benefited and 
 grateful patient of the doctor who employs him. Doctors who make 
 use of agents to induce patients to take treatment from them usually 
 divide their fees with the solicitors or drummers. 
 
 The moral res))onsibility of good citizen.ship demands that visitors 
 should make known to the superintendent of the reservation any 
 instance of soliciting for doctors, thus effectively aiding the depart- 
 ment in eliminating an obnoxious practice, and insuring to themselves 
 the full benefits of proper treatment at this resort. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 The railroads runiung into Hot Springs are the Chicago, Rock 
 Island it Pacific and the St. Louis, Iron ^hiuntain & Southern. 
 Through cars are operat<'<l from nnmy of the larger cities. Detailed 
 information can be obtained from local ticket agents. 
 
 THE CITY OF HOT SPRINGS. 
 
 The city of llot'Springs has exten<U'd beyond the narrow valley in 
 which the springs are located ami spread out over the oj)en j)lain to 
 the south and east. It is supplied with all the public utility services 
 of the larger cities. There are churches of ever\' denomimition, 
 public and ])rivate schools, hospitals and sanatoria, theaters and 
 other ])laces of amusemei't, a race track, and the State fair groumls. 
 The resiih'iit ])o])ulation is about 10. ()()(). 
 
 There are many hotels, the largest affording accommodations for 
 1,000 guests, and several hnn.dre(l |)oarding houses ranging in price 
 from 85 a week uj). (Vttlages and apartments for light housekeeping, 
 furnished or unfurnished, can be rented from 8fO a month up. The 
 cost of living is about the same as in average cities of like size. 
 
 36037°— 12 2 
 
10 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF AEKAXSAS. 
 
 Lists of liotels and boarding houces can be obtained at the Business 
 Men's League, which is located next to the }3ost office, and inquiries 
 of a general nature not related to the administration of the baths 
 will be answered by its secretary. 
 
 The climate is good througliout the 3-ear. In the earlier days Hot 
 Springs was exclusivelj^ a summer resort, the hotels being closed from 
 October to !March. In later 3'ears, howexer, owing to the number 
 who come durin.g the winter months to escape the cold of the north, 
 the resort is patronized throughout the 3'ear. There is no malaria. 
 
 The elevation of the city is 600 feet, and that of the surrounding 
 hills about 1,200 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 « 
 
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE WATERS OF THE HOT 
 SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS.' 
 
 By J. Jv. Haynvood. 
 
 Cltuf of Miscellaneous Division, Bureau of Chenivitry. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Tho Hot Spriiif?? of Arkansas aro situated in Garland County inimc- 
 diatoly adjacont to Hot Snrin<;s City, on tlm wostcrn slope and at tho 
 base of Hot Sprinu:s Mountain, a sjmr of the Ozark Jiange. Orifrinally 
 there wove said to have been 71 of these sprinjrs, but on account of 
 improvements on the mountain, necessitating the mer<;ing of two or 
 more sprinfjs into one, also by reason of the natural changes in the 
 subterranean course of the water, this number has been reduced to 
 49. Forty-four of these aro either in use or can easily be usetl by 
 making some slight improvements. Five rise from the bed of the 
 creek sitiuited at the base of the mountain, and are consequently lost 
 in the cold water of the stream. Besides the hot springs mentioned 
 above, there are two cold springs in close juxtaposition on the north- 
 ern slope of the mountain. 
 
 In making the analyses of these waters, because of changes apt to 
 take place in certain constituents on standing, some of the (letermina- 
 tions were made directly on the ground within one hour after the 
 samples had been taken. The determinations mentioned arc nitrogen, 
 oxygen, carbon dioxiilc (free and as bicarbonalos), nitrites, nitrates, 
 oxvgen consuming cai)acity, and free and albuminoid ammonia. Be- 
 sitfes this, lO-gallon sami)li's of each spring were shipped to Washing- 
 ton, D. C\, where determinations of tlie various mineral constituents 
 were at once begim. Each day the temi)erature ctf the sj)ring then 
 under analysis was taken; linally at the end of the chemist's stay at 
 Hot Sj>rings the temj)eratures were retaken in a single day, as well as 
 the fl(nv of each spring. 
 
 The constituents determined in each of th(> 44 hot springs and in the 
 2 coUl springs include the following: 
 
 Oxygen, cnnsuniiriR capacity. 
 
 Albuminoid ammuuia. 
 
 Free ainniuuia. 
 
 Lithium. 
 
 Sodium. 
 
 Pota.ssium. 
 
 Mapnesium. 
 
 Calcium. 
 
 Iron and aluminum. 
 
 Manganese. 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 lodiiif. 
 
 Bromine. 
 
 Chlorine. 
 Horic acid. 
 Pho.><phoric acid. 
 Nitric acid. 
 Nitrous acid. 
 Sulphviric a<id. 
 Silicic acid. 
 Carbonic acid. 
 Bicarbonic acid. 
 Niiri)i;en. 
 Oxygen. 
 
 Hydroijen sulphi< 
 Total 8t)lids. 
 
 « Analyses performed at the Bureau of Chemistry, United SUtea Department of Agriculture, under the 
 dlrectlou of H. W. Wiley, chief chemist. 
 
 11 
 
12 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS, 
 
 Besides these substances, the following were determined in spring 
 No. 15 (Big Iron), which is not only the largest spring in the group 
 but will serve as an example of all the other springs, since the chemical 
 composition of all of them is so nearly alike: 
 
 Barium. 
 
 Strontium. 
 
 Fluorine. 
 
 In reporting the results of analysis, the bases and acids are' given in 
 patts per million of the positive and negative ions, except in the case 
 of silica, which, in the present state of our knowledge, we can only 
 report as such, not going into the question of how much is present as 
 the silicic acid ion and how much present as free silica. Iron and 
 aluminum are always reported together, because of the great difiiculty 
 in se])arating such small amounts of the two as appear in these waters. 
 Wherever iron and ahmiinum are involved in any calculation the 
 whole is considered as iron and given an atomic weight of 50. This 
 is doubtless practically correct, since a test of the residue from a large 
 volume of one of the springs showed that the iron-aluminum precipi- 
 tate consisted almost entirely of iron and contained aluminum, at tne 
 most, only in traces. 
 
 Because of the fact that these analyses will doubtless be referred to 
 by many who have had no chemical training, the author has thought 
 it best to combine the acids and bases in a hypothetical combination, 
 thus reporting them as salts. That such a combination has no basis, 
 in fact, is doubtless true, since we have every reason to believe that 
 where various basic and acid ions are present in solution no base unites 
 with any particular acid to the exclusion of all others, or vice versa, 
 but that all possible combinations are formed, to at least some extent, 
 of the various basic and acid ions present in solution. For example: 
 Suppose we have calcium carbonate in solution. It partly dissociates 
 into the positive and negative ions Ca and CO3 as follows: 
 
 CaCOa?^^ Ca + CO3 
 
 Again, if magnesium sulphate is in solution it partly dissociates as 
 follows : 
 
 MgSO.^+ + + SO- 
 
 Now, if these two solutions are poured into each other, part of the 
 calcium and sul])huric acid ions unite to form calcium sulphate, as 
 follows : 
 
 and part of the magnesium and carbonic acid ions unite to form mag- 
 nesium carbonate, as follows: 
 
 Mg+C^3^-^Igt'03 
 
 so that we have in solution not only the calcium carbonate, magnesium 
 sulphate, and magnesium, calcium, carbonic acid, and sulphuric acid 
 ions with which we started, but also some calcium sulphate and mag- 
 nesium carbonate. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 13 
 
 In CiiKulatino: the above-montionod hypothetical combination, 
 sodium is joined to the nitrous and nitric acid ions; ])otassium to 
 iodine and bromine; calcium to the piiosphoric-acid ion and sodium 
 to the motal)()ric-acid ion. Chlorine is assi<;ned to the buses in the 
 order XII^. Li, K, Xa; sulj)huric-a<id ion in the order Xll^, i.i, K, Na, 
 M«jf, Ca, and tbe residual bases are joined to bicarbonic-acid ion in 
 the order Xa, Mj;, Ca, Mn, Fe. In case the liicarbonic-acid ion is n(jt 
 present in lar<j:e enoujjh amounts to join with all tiie rcmainini^ liases, 
 the residual calcium is joined to silica to form calcium siHcate, and 
 manganese ami iron are calculated as MngO^ and FcoOj, respectively. 
 
 METHODS OF EXAMINATION. 
 
 Temperature. — Tlie temperature of each spring was taken with an 
 accurately standardized maximum thermometer on the date of the 
 sanitary analysis of the water. Finally the temperatures of all of the 
 springs were taken in one day. It will be noticed that these temjx'ra- 
 tures sometimes var}- quite a few degrees for the same sj)ring. This 
 seems to be due to two causes. In the first place the temperature of 
 the spring as it issues from the earth varies slightly from time to time; 
 secondly, the sjirings sometimes have (piite large basins, so that we can 
 not get the tenijierature just as the water issues from the earth, but 
 must take it as iniluenced by a com])arativelv large body of water, 
 which in turn has beeii cooled to some extent by standing in the air. 
 When these springs have recently been drained the tem|)erature is 
 nearly the same as where they issue from the earth, but when the basin 
 is full the tem})erature is (luite a few degrees lower. 
 
 Flow. — The How of each spring was measured by observing the 
 length of time taken to till a vessel of known capacity from a pipe that 
 drained the spring in question. In some cases such determinations 
 could not be made, so the How of the springs was estimatetl by com- 
 paring them with other s])rings of known flow. Such estimations 
 were made by the head waterman of the reservation, Mr. Ed Hardin, 
 who by long experience had arrived at such a point that he could come 
 very near the correct figure. 
 
 Jli/drogen sulphule. — The test for the presence of hydrogen sul- 
 ])hi(le was made both bv boiling a sample of water and noticing the 
 smell, and by jiassing the vapors over a piece of lead acetate paper. 
 In a few cases, as a check, an actual determination of the hycirogen 
 sulj)liide by the method given in Sutton's \'olumetric Analysis was 
 made. This is as follows: 
 
 About 0.5 c. c. of yr. iodine was measured into a oOO c. c. flask and 
 the water under examination run in till the color of the iodine disap- 
 peared. Five c. c. of starch water was added and jr iodine run in till 
 
 the blue color appeared. The flask was then fUled to the mark with 
 distilled water. The amount of water actually titrated was found by 
 subtracting the sum of iodine, starch solution, an<l tlistilled water 
 from 500 c. c. .Vs an excess of iodine solution was re(|uired to ]>roduce 
 the blue color, a correction was applied by making 5 c. c. of starch solu- 
 tion up to 500 c. c. with distilled water and adding — iodine until the 
 color of the solution was just as blue as that in the actual determina- 
 
14 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 tion. This figure subtracted from the first figure would give the 
 
 number of c. c. of ^n iodine used by the hydrogen sulphide. In every 
 
 case tried the correction was just equal to the original figure, and in 
 neither of the other tests was hydrogen sulphide found to be present in 
 any of the springs. 
 
 Nitrogen and oxygen. — Nitrogen and oxygen were determined by 
 making use of the Tiemann and Preusse modification of Reichhardt's 
 apparatus, the description of which is here taken from Hempel's Gas 
 Analysis (translated oy L. M. Dennis, Cornell University) : 
 
 This consists of two flasks, A and B (Fig. 1), each of about 1 liter capacity and con- 
 nected by tubes with the gas collector C. The flask A is fitted with a perforated rubber 
 stopper in which is inserted the glass tube a bent at a right angle and ending flush with 
 the lower surface of the stopper; a is joined by a piece of rubber tubing to the tube 
 fee, which in turn connects with the gas collector C C is held by a clamp, has a diam- 
 eter of 30 mm., is about 560 mm. long, and at the upper end is drawn out to a short, 
 narrow tube, which can be closed with the rubber tube and pinchcock g. In the 
 lower end of C is a rubber stopper with two holes through one of which the tube fee, 
 projecting about 280 mm. into C, is inserted. Through the other opening passes the 
 tube d, which extends only slightly beyond the stopper and connects C with the flask 
 B. B has a double bore rubber stopper carrying the tubes e and/; e ends about 10 
 mm. above the bottom of the flask and above the stopper it is bent at a right angle 
 and is connected with d. The tube/, which need not project below the stopper, car- 
 ries a thin rubber tube X about 1 meter in length and is provided with a mouthpiece. 
 A pinchcock for closing the rubber between a and fe is also needed. 
 
 The apparatus thus arranged is made ready for a determination by filling the flask 
 B somewhat more than half full of boiled, distilled water and remo-ving the flask 
 A by slipping the tube a out of the rubber connection; then by blowing into the rubber 
 tube X, water is driven over from the flask B into the gas collector C and the adjoin- 
 ing tubes until the air is wholly displaced. The rubber tubes at fe and g are now closed 
 with pinchcocks. The flask A is then filled to the brim with distilled water, the 
 stopper is inserted, water being thereby driven into the tube a and the flask is again 
 connected with fe, the pinchcock being opened. 
 
 The water in B is now heated to gentle boiling, and that in A is allowed to boil 
 somewhat more rapidly. The absorbed air is thus driven out, and the gases dis- 
 Bolved in the water which is in A and C collect in the upper part of C, from which 
 they are removed by occasionally opening the pinchcock at g and blowing into the 
 rubber tube X. 
 
 \Mien upon cooling the apparatus, the gases which have collected disappear, the 
 heating of the flask A is discontinued, the pinchcock between a and fe is closed and 
 A is disconnected and emptied. The water in C and B is now entirely free from 
 absorbed gases and air can not enter from without, because the liquid in B is kept 
 continually Ixnling. The apparatus is now ready for a determination, which is made 
 as follows: The cooled flask A, whose capacity has been previously determined, is 
 filled with the water to be examined and the stopper is pressed in so far that the air 
 in the tube a is completely driven out; a is then connected with fe, care being taken 
 that in so doing no air bubbles are inclosed. The pinchcock between a and fe ia 
 opened and the water in A is heated to gentle boiling. The dissolved gases are 
 hereby driven over into the gas collector C. Steam is formed at the same time. The 
 heating of the flask A must be so regulated that the gas and steam evolved never 
 drive out more than half the liquid in C, otherwise there is danger of gas bubbles 
 entering the tubes (/and e and thus escaping. 
 
 After heating for about 20 minutes the flame under A is removed. In a few minutes 
 the steam in A and V condenses, and water passes from B to C and A. If a gas bubble 
 is observed in A which will not disappear when the neck of A is cooled by applying 
 a wet towel two or three times, the flask A must again be heated and cooled in the 
 manner just d<>scribed. The operation is ended when the hot liquid flows back and 
 completely fills A.' The rubber tube g is then connected with a small piece of ther- 
 mometer tube which is filled with water, and gas standing over the hot liquid in C i.s 
 driven over into a modified Winkler gas burette by lilowing into the tube X and open- 
 ing the pinchcock g. 
 
 * It ha-s been ob.sen'cd in waters rich in bicarbonate.s that it is nearly impossible to drive off all the COi 
 by this means, but the O an(l N and part of the C'Oj are driven otT in the course of a half hour's boilinp. 
 Therefore the author did not continue Doiling A, even though a small bubble of gas was present, more than 
 one-half an hour. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 15 
 
 The gases in the burette were allowed to coo^for about 10 minutes, 
 and then passed into a simple absorption pipette fdled with potassium- 
 hydrate sohition (one j)art KOII to two parts of wator). The j)ipetto 
 was shaken two or tlu'ee times to absorb the carbon dioxides, and the 
 residual gases |>assed back into the burette. The burette was allowed 
 to stand for a f<^w minutes and the volume of the gas read off. This 
 gave the v<»lume of oxA'gen + tlu» volume of nitrog<Mi. The gas was 
 then passed into a (l()ul)l<'-Ml)sorption pipette filled with |)otassium 
 p>Togallate. prej)ar< d by mixing o gi-ams j)yrogallic acid and lo c. c. 
 oi wator witli 120 grams of potassium hydroxide and SO c. c. of watej-. 
 After being sliaken with this solution for about four minutes the gas 
 was passed back into the bujette, the burette allowed to stand for a 
 few minutes, and the reading taken. The last reading gave the num- 
 ber of c. c. of nitrogen j)resent. and the dilTerenco between the hi-st and 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 last reading, the number of c. c. of oxygen. A tem])erature and baro- 
 metric pn'ssui-e r<'ading were also taken, to coiTect the gas volume to 
 0° C. and 700 mm. j)r<*ssure. Numerous j)recautions as to temi)era- 
 ture, saturation of r«>agents, etc., not mentioned in the above brief 
 sketch, were taken, all of which can be foimd in any standard work on 
 gas analysis. 
 
 Carbon dioxide (in excess of that necessary to form normal carbon- 
 ates). — The determination of the carbon dioxide existing in water 
 in excess of that j)resent as normal carbonates was made by a method 
 given in Sutton's Volumetric Amdysis and designed by Pett<>nkofer. 
 One hundn'd c. c. of the water was treated in a Ihisk with 8 c. c. of a 
 saturated solution of calcium chloride, 2 c. c. of a saturated solution of 
 ammonium chloride, and 4.5 c. c. of a saturatixl solution of calcium 
 hydroxiile, whose strength had |)n'viously Ixhmi determined in terms of 
 
 Y^ hydrochloric acid, using lacmoid as indicator. The flask was 
 
16 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 stoppered, the solution well mixed, and the whole set aside for 12 
 hours to allow the calcium carbonate to settle. At the end of tliis 
 time 50 c. c. of the clear solution was drawn off in a pipette and titrated 
 
 with yt; hydrochloric acid, using lacmoid as indicator. Tliis result 
 
 was multiplied b}'^ three and subtracted from the amount of — hydro- 
 chloric acid necessary to neutralize 45 c. c. of the calcium hydroxide 
 solution, thus giving the amount of calcium hj^droxide solution tliat 
 
 had been acted on by the carbon dioxide in terms of y^ acid. Multi- 
 
 ptying the number of c. c. so found by 0.0022, the weight of carbon 
 dioxide in 100 c. c. aboA'e that necessary to form normal carbonates 
 was found. Dividing the weight so found by the weight of 1 c. c. of 
 carbon dioxide at 0° C. and 760 mm. pressure and multiplying the 
 result by 10, the number of c. c. of carbon dioxide in a liter in excess 
 of that necessaiy to form normal carbonates was given. 
 !•* Carbon dioxide {given off from the hicarhonates iclien they are evapo- 
 rated to dryness) . — In making this determination the method of 
 Cameron^ for the "Estimation of carbonates and bicarbonates in 
 aqueous solution" was used. By this method the amount of bicar- 
 bonic acid ion (IlCOg) was determined, and from this we could easily 
 estimate how much of the bicarbonic acid would remain as the normal 
 carbonate and how much be given off as carbon dioxide. The 
 method is as follows: 
 
 To 100 c. c. of the water was first added a few drops of plienol- 
 phthalein. In case there were alkali carbonates present the usual red 
 color would be evident. The solution was now titrated with a solu- 
 tion of IIKSO^, containing 6.758 grams to the liter, adding the 
 HKSO4 solution at the rate of a drop every two or three seconds, 
 until the rod color had completely disappeared. The reading on the 
 burette was recorded, and to the clear solution was added one drop of 
 methylorange. A pure j^ellow color resulted. The titration was con- 
 tinuecl with the IIKSO4 without refdling the burette until the change 
 to a very slightly darker and reddish color was noted. The change 
 was faint and required practice to detect. The reading at this jioint 
 was also recorded. 
 
 The fu-st reading recorded gives the amount of alkali carbonates 
 present and must be multiplied by the factor 0.002979 for the result in 
 grams of CO3 ions. 
 
 For the number of gi-ams of HCO3 ions present the first recorded 
 reading is multiplied by two and the result subtracted from the 
 second reading, and this remainder is multiplied by the factor 0.003028. 
 In no case were carbonates found in any of the springs by the above 
 method, but only bicarbonates. 
 
 Having now obtained the weight of HCO3 ions in 1,000 c. c. of 
 water, we next calculate the weight of CO. pven off when a like volume 
 is evaporated to dryness, and dividing this result by the weight of 1 
 c. c. of carbon dioxide at 0° C. and 760 mm. pressure the number of 
 c. c. of carbon dioxide given off from the bicarbonates is the result. 
 Subtractmg the number of c. c. of carbon dioxide given off from the 
 
 ' ileport 04 U. S. Departtncut ol Agriculture; Ainerican Chemical Journal. 23,471 (1900). 
 
 I 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 17 
 
 bicarbonatos from Iho number of c. c. of carbon dioxide in excess of 
 tbat necessarv to form normal carbonates, we liave left the num])er of 
 c. c. exist iniij in solution in a free state. 
 
 Bicarhouic ac'ul. — The amount of bicarbonic acid j)resent in the 
 sprinj:: was estimat(Ml durin<^ the process of determining^ the amount of 
 carbon (lioxido pvcn olF from bicarbonates in the ])ara{ji-a])h above. 
 
 It will be noticed in several of the analyses of the different sprinj^s 
 that the amount of carbon dioxide (set free from bicarbonates on 
 evaporating to dr\'ness) and calculated from the bicarbonic acid does 
 not ajj^ree with the amount of l)ic:u-bonic acid found in solution. This 
 is because the sam])l('s ioY det(M-miiiin<::; the carbon dioxide and ])icar- 
 bonic acid were taken at widely iliU'erent periods, and the amount of 
 bicarbonic acid had evidently chan^'ed somewhat durin<; the interven- 
 int]^ time. This is easily ex])lained when we rememb<>r that many of 
 the si)rin»;s are su])])lied from two or three dilFerent s})rinp: hejids, 
 which doubtless vary from time to time both in their amount of How 
 and in the amount of bicarbonic acid beld in solution. 
 
 Nitric acid. — For tlie determination of nitric and nitrous acid, free 
 and albuminoid ammonia, and oxyfj;en consuminf; ca])acitv the metli- 
 ods as <i;iven in Mason's Examination of Water were followed in all 
 their princi])al details. In determinin<i^ nitric acid, 100 c. c. of the 
 spring water w^as treated with 2 drops of a saturated solution of so- 
 dium carbonate and evaporated to dryness on the water bath. The 
 residue was treated with 2 c. c. of phenol sulphonic acid (made by 
 mixino; 14S c. c. of pure suli)huric acid, 12 c. c. of water, and 24 grams 
 of phenol) , a little water addeil, and then an excess of ammonia. The 
 solution was transferred to a ItiO c. c. Xessler jar, the volume made up 
 to 100 c. c. witli distUled water, and the depth of the yellow color co;u- 
 pared witli that produced by treating diflerent measured amounts of 
 standard potassium nitrate (containing 0.01 milligram of nitrogen as 
 nitrate in each c. c.) in the same manner. 
 
 Aitrou.s acid. — For this <letermination 100 c. c. of the water was 
 placed in a 100 c. c. Nessler jar and treated with 1 drop of concen- 
 trated hydrochloric acid. One c. c. of sulphanUic acid (containing 1 
 gram in each 100 c. c. of water) was then added, followed by 1 c. c. of a 
 solution of napthylaminc hydrocliloride (obtained by boiling 0.5 
 gram of the salt with 100 c. c. of water for 10 minutes at constant 
 volume), and the whole well mLxed. Tlie Nessler jar was then set 
 aside for half an hour, along with several other Xessler jai-s containing 
 known amounts of a standard nitrite solution (containing 0.0001 
 milligram of nitrogen as nitrite in each c. c), made u]) to 100 c. c. with 
 nitrite-free water, and treated with hydrochloric acid, sulphanilic acid, 
 and na])f hylamine hydro(hlorid<' in the nnmrier just descriin'd. By 
 comparing the depth of ]Viuk color in the known and unknown solu- 
 tions the amount of nitrite could be determined. 
 
 Free ammonia. — A large flask of about 1 J-liter ca])acity was con- 
 nected to an n])rigiit bulbed condenser by means of a rather large glass 
 tube and soft, new, nibl)er-sto])])er connections. In this was ])laced 5 
 c. c. of a saturated solution of sodium carbonate and 200 c. c. of am- 
 monia-free water. The water was distilletl olF in 50 c. c. Nessler jai-s 
 until no more ammonia was shown, when the jars were nessleri/.ed. 
 Five hundre<l c. c. of the water under examination was now added and 
 36037°— 12 3 
 
18 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 the distillation in 50 c. c. Nessler jars continued till ammonia ceased 
 to be t^iven off. About four or five jars were usually necessarj". Tliese 
 jars were nesslerized and the depth of color compared with that in 
 other jars whicli contained known amounts of a standard ammonium 
 chU)ricle solution (containing 0.01 milligram of Xllg in each c. c), 
 made up to 50 c. c. with ammonia-free water and nesslerized in tlie 
 same maimer. 
 
 Total ammonia. — The same apparatus was used as that mentioned 
 in the ])aragrapli above. In it were jdaced 200 c. c. of distilled water 
 and 50 c. c. of alkaline permanganate solution (])repared by dissolving 
 200 grams of potassium hydroxide and 8 grams of potassium perman- 
 ganate in 1,250 c. c. of water and boiling tlie whole down to about 1 
 liter). The water was distilled off in 50 c. c. Xessler jai"s till ammonia 
 ceased to come over. Five hundred c. c. of water under examination 
 was now added and the distillation continued till ammonia ceased to 
 come off. Six jars were in all cases sufficient. These jars were ness- 
 lerized and compared with nesslerized jai-s of known strength just as 
 in the determination of free ammonia. From the total ammonia 
 thus found subtract the free ammonia and the result is the albuminoid 
 ammonia in 500 c. c. of water. 
 
 Many precautionary details of the two above methods are not given, 
 but can be found by consulting any good book on water analysis. 
 
 Oxygen-consuming capacity. — In making this determination two 
 solutions were first pre])ared: (1) A stanchird solution of potassium 
 permanganate C(3ntaining 0.3952 gram to the liter, each c. c. of wliich 
 has 0.1 milligram of oxygen available for oxythition; and (2) a stand- 
 ard solution of oxalic acid containingO. 7875 gram of crystallized oxalic 
 acid to the liter. Tlie value of the oxalic acid in terms of the perman- 
 ganate was determined by boiling 10 c. c. of oxalic-acid solution and 
 200 c. c. of distilled water with 10 c. c. of sulphuric acid (1-3) and 
 titrating the fluid while boiling with the standard permanganate solu- 
 tion to the appearance of a pink color. In the actual determination 
 200 c. c. of the water in a porcelain dish was treated with 10 c. c. of 
 sulphuric acid (1-3) and the whole brought to the boiling point. 
 Standard permanganate was run in until the water was quite red and 
 the boiling continued for 10 minutes, adding ])ernianganate every now 
 and then to keep the pink color about the same. The boiling was now 
 stopped, 10 c. c. of oxalic acitl run in, wliich destroyed the color, and 
 the solution titrated with the standard permanganate to the a])pear- 
 ance of a pink color. P>om the total number of c. c. of ])ermanganato 
 used was subtracted the number of c. c. equal to 10 c. c. of oxalic acid. 
 The result gives the number of c. c. of permanganate required for 200 
 c. c. of water. 
 
 Total solids. — Measured amounts of the water were evaporated to 
 dryness in weighed platinum dishes on the steam bath. The tlishes 
 were dried for 12 hours at the temj^erature of boiling Avater, cooled 
 in the desiccator, and weighed. The increase in weight of the dish 
 gives the amount of solids present in the volume of water used. 
 
 To determine chlorine, iron, and alumimnn, manganese, bromine, 
 iodine, arsenic, and boric acid large quantities of the water were evap- 
 orated to dryness after the addition of a small amount of sodium car- 
 bonate. The residue thus obtained was boiletl with distilled water, 
 transferred to a filter, and thoroughly washetl with hot water. The 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 19 
 
 residue in tlio |)ai)er was dried and transferred to tlie dish in \vliieh the 
 evaj)()rati()n was niaik\ the |)ai)(>r burned and aihled, nnd the whole 
 kept for the (U'terniination of iron, ahnuinum, and nian<;anese. The 
 filtrate was nuide to a definite vt)lunic and aliquot portions taken to 
 determine the constituents mentioned above other than iron, alumi- 
 num, and mantjanese. 
 
 Chlorine. — An aliquot portion from the above filtrate was treated 
 
 with afew<lropsof i)henolphthalein and ^| IIKSO^ added at the rate 
 
 of a drop every few seconds until the red color had entirely disap- 
 peared, thus showini; that all of the ciirbonates had chan^'ed to bicai- 
 bonates.^ A few drops of potassium ehromate indicator were then 
 added and the chlorides titrated with a solution of silver nitrate each 
 c. c. of which would precipitate 1 millifjram of chlorine. 
 
 Iodine and bromine. — The qualitative tests for the presence of iodine 
 and bromine were very much the same as those used in Fresenius. 
 Another aliquot portion from the above filtrate was evaporated to 
 dryness on the steam bath. -Two or 3 c. c. of water were added to 
 dissolve and soften up the residue and enou<;h absolute alcohol abided 
 to briiijLj: the jK'rcentas]:c of alcohol down to about !>() i)er cent. This 
 was boiled and filtered and the treatment with 90 |K'r cent alcohol 
 rej)eatcd once or twice. Two or 3 tlrops of sodium hydrate solution 
 were atlded to the filtrate and it was evaporated to dryness. The 
 same process of extracting \nth 90 per cent alcohol was repeated on 
 the new residue and the extract filtered off from the undissolved por- 
 tion. A drop of sodium hydrate was added to the filtrate and it was 
 evaj)orated to dryness. The residue was treated A\ith a little dis- 
 tilled water, dilute sulphuric acid atlded to acid reaction, the liciuid 
 transfeiTcd to a test tube, and a little carbon disulphide added. 
 Three or 4 droj)s of ])otassium nitrite solution were then added and 
 the test tube shaken. The ])resence of iodine was shown by a pink 
 color in the carbon bisulphide. Chlorine water was then added until 
 the pink color due to the iodine had disappeared, then a little more 
 chlorine water. 
 
 The presence of bromine was sho^\'n by an orange color in the car- 
 bon bisuli)hide. 
 
 In no case did a sample of spring water give nearly as distinct a reac- 
 tion for iodine and bromine as did a known sanq)le of water contain- 
 ing 0.2 milligi-am of both iodine and bromine, as iodides and bromides, 
 to the liter. 
 
 An attenqit was made to determine iodine and bromine quantita- 
 tively in spring No. 15 by evai)orating down a large volume of water, 
 but the attemi)t failed becau.se both these elements were present in 
 such minute traces. The method used Avas the same as that described 
 by (looch and Whitfield- and is as follows: The ioilides and bromides 
 were extracted with 90 per eent alcohol in the same manner as 
 described above. 
 
 The alcohol extract was evaporated to diyness, acidulated with 
 dilute sulphuric acid, mixed with a ferric sul|)hate solution, and tlis- 
 tillcd from a retort which was joined to a condenser sealed by a U-tube 
 filled with water antf carbon bisulphide. 11 a very -small amount of 
 
 I S«e Cameroa's paper in Amer. Cbem. Journal, £1, 481, 1900. * BuUetiu 47 of U. b. Ueological aarvey. 
 
20 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKAXSAS. 
 
 iodine had been present it Avould have colored the carbon bisulpliide 
 and could have been titrated with sodium tliiosulphate, but not 
 enough was present. 
 
 After the (Hstillation had been continued long enough to be sure 
 that all iodine had been volatilized, cyrstals of potassium permanga- 
 nate were added and the distillation continue(I the same as before, 
 except that the U-tube acting as a seal was now fUled witli water and 
 chloroform. The contents of the tube were treated with sodium 
 hydroxide and zinc in a breaker and the chloride and bromide solution 
 so formed acidified with nitric acid and precipitated ^\'itll silver nitrate. 
 The precipitate was dried and weighed. It was then dissolved in 
 potassium cyanide and the silver precipitated by electrolysis.^ In 
 this way data on the weight of the combined silver chloride and bro- 
 mide and the weight of the silver in same was determined. From this 
 the weight of the bromine could be calculated, whicli in this case was 
 notliing. 
 
 Arsenic acid. — An aliquot portion of the above filtrate was acidified 
 with h3^drocliloric acid, the solution heated to 70° C, and a current 
 of hydrogen sulphide passed tlirough for several hours. In case 
 either arsenic, copper, or lead were present they would be precipi- 
 tated. No precipitation took place in any of the springs. 
 
 Boric acid. — ^A test for boric acid was made in the foIloA\ing manner: 
 A part of the above filtrate was evaporated to dryness, treated with. 
 a cubic centimeter or two of water, and slightly acidified \\'ith hydro- 
 chloric acid. About 25 or 30 c. c. of absolute alcohol was added, the 
 solution boiled, and filtered. This was repeated. The fiiltrate was 
 made slightly alkaline \\\i\\ sodium hydrate and evaporated to dry- 
 ness. A VQvy little water was added, the solution slightly acidified 
 with hjalrochloric acid, and a strip of turmeric paper placed in the 
 liquid. The whole was evaporated to dryness on the steam bath, and 
 the heating continued until the turmeric paper had become entirely 
 dry. In case boric acid were present the turmeric paper took on a 
 cherr}"-red color. 
 
 A quantitative determination of boric acid was made in the case of 
 two s})rings to serve as an example of all the other springs. 
 
 The metliod used was tlie same as that described by Gooch,^ except 
 that a sliglitly diflerent form of apparatus M'as used. 
 
 The apparatus used by the author (Fig. 2) consisted of a round- 
 bottomed fltisk with a constricted neck joined to an upright bulbed 
 condenser by means of a glass tube slightly sloping toward the flask 
 instead of being bent at right angles. The fljisk was heated by being 
 immersed in a parafiin bath, and the distillate was received in a small 
 flask joined to the condenser by means of a grooved cork. The method 
 was as follows : 
 
 An aliquot portion of the above filtrate evaporated to dryness was 
 slightly acidified \\dth acetic acid and transferred to the round-bottomed 
 flask, 10 c. c. of methyl alcohol was added, the flask lowered in the 
 paradin bath, and distilled to dryness at a temperature of 130° C. 
 to 140° C, collecting the distillate in the flask attached to the conden- 
 ser with a grooved stopper. The paradhi bath was lowered, the flask 
 allowed to cool, and 10 c. c. more of mythvl alcohol added. This was 
 
 ' Aincrican Chemical Journal, vol. s. p. 421. s American f'heniieal Journal, vol. 9, p. 23. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 21 
 
 then distilled over and the same ])rocess repeated six times, exeej:)t 
 that after the fourth time a conjile of drops of aeetie acid were added. 
 A lan^je j)latiuum crucible nov,- received about 1 f^^ram of quicklime 
 and was blasted luitil it ceased t(i lose weijj^ht. The constant weif^ht 
 was recorded and the distillate transferred to the crucible. The 
 alcoholic solution of boric acid and the quicldime were stirred to- 
 gether for about 15 minutes with a platinum rod to be sure that all 
 Doric acid was fixed. 
 
 The volatile contents of the crucible were now evaporated ofT at a 
 low tem])erature. It was found necessary to grease the edges of the 
 crucible with vaseline to keep the solution from crawling over. After 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 the contents of the crucible had been evaporated to dryness the cruci- 
 ble was fully dried in the air bath and finally blasted. The increase 
 in weight o? the crucible gives the weight of boric anhydride (B.O3) 
 present. 
 
 Iron, aluminum, and manganese. — The residue spoken of previ- 
 ously that was reserved for the determination of iron, aluminum, and 
 manganese was treated with hydrocbloric acid and evajmrated to dry- 
 ness. It was thoroughly dried at about 120'^ C, again Xixkvw uj) witii 
 water and hydrochloric acid, and filtered. Tbeiiltrate waseva])orated 
 to dryness and dried at 1 20° C. It was then taken u]> with hydrochloric 
 acid and water and filtered agam. This filtrate was heated to the 
 
22 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS, 
 
 boiling temperature, and ammonia added, a drop at a time, until it 
 could be very faintly smelled coming off from the solution. The 
 solution was then fdtered and the precipitate well washed ^\'ith hot 
 water, bm-ned, and weighed as Fe^Og and Al-Og in the ordinary manner. 
 
 The ammoniacal filtrate from above was treated with a few drops 
 of bromine, more ammonia was then added, and the whole boiled after 
 stirring up. The vessel was removed from the source of heat, cooled 
 a httle, and a little more bromme and ammonia added. Tliis process 
 repeated once or twice precipitated all the manganese as the oxide. 
 The solution was made slightly acid with acetic acid, filtered, and 
 washed at once with hot water. The filter and contents were biu'ned 
 and weighed as ^IngO^. This is the method by wliich the iron, 
 aluminum, and manganese were determined in springs 24 to 46, inclu- 
 sive. In the first 2.3 springs these three elements were determmed in 
 the same portion that was used for the estimation of calcium and 
 magnesium. 
 
 Silica. — In tliis determination a large quantity of water was eva])o- 
 rated to dryness in platinum with the occasional addition of small 
 amounts of hydrochloric acid. After all the water had been evapo- 
 rated to dryness, the dish and contents were completely dried at 
 120° C. The residue was taken up with hydrochloric acid and water, 
 heated and filtered, washing the residue thoroughly with hot water. 
 This process took out most of the silica. The filtrate was then 
 evaporated to dryness, dried thoroughly at 120° C, again taken up in 
 hydrochloric acid solution by heat, and filtered. Tiie filtrate was 
 made to a definite volume, aliquot ])ortions of wliich were used for the 
 determination of calcium, magnesium, sulphuric acid, potassium, 
 sodiimi, litliiinn, and phosphoric acid. The two residues were trans- 
 ferred to a crucible, burned and blasted in the ordinary way, and 
 finally weighed as silica. 
 
 Calcium and magnesium. — An aliquot ])ortion of the above fdtrate 
 was first treated with ammonia and filtered, then treated with 
 ammonia and bromine water and filtered, and finally treated with 
 ammonium oxalate in the usual manner. Tliis was allowed to stand 
 overnight, the liquid filtered off, and the ])recipitate dissolved in 
 hydrochloric acid and rcprecipitated witli ammonia and a little extra 
 ammoniiun oxalate. Tliis was allowed to stand overnight and 
 filtered and washed on the same paper previously used. The i)re- 
 cipitate was dried, transferred to a crucible, i)urned and ])lasted in the 
 ordinary way, and luiaily weighed as calcium oxiile. Tlie combuied 
 filtrates were evaporated to dryness in platinum and the major part 
 of the ammonium salts driven off by the aid of heat. The residue 
 was dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered. The filtrate 
 was made slightly ammoniacal, enough sodium ])liosphate solution 
 added, a drop at a time, to preci])itate all magnesium, and 10 c. c. of 
 concentrated ammonia finally atlcknl, (h-oj) l)y (hop. The beaker was 
 covered and allowed to staiitl overniglit, filtered, washed with dilute 
 ammonia water, dried, blasted, and weighed as magnesium pyro- 
 phophate. 
 
 Sulj)Jiuric acid, potassium, sodium, and lithium. — ^Vnother por- 
 tion of the above filtrate was ])recipitated while boiling with hot, 
 dilute barium chloride and, after standing, filtered from the precipi- 
 tated barium sulphate, which was washed, dried, burned, ancl finally 
 weighed in the ordinary way. 
 
HOT SPRliSTCS OF ARKANSAS. 23 
 
 The filtrate was cvaporatcHl to dryness and taken up witli water. 
 This solution was preci])itated with a solution of barium hydrate and 
 filtered ofT from the insoluble mnp;nesium hydrate. The ma;j:nesium 
 hydratt ]>re(ij)itale was well washed and the et)mbined liltrate mid 
 wasliiiiiis treated with ammonia, ammonium earbonate, and a little 
 ammonium oxalate to ])reeij)itate barium and e:ilcium. This jirecipi- 
 tate was allowed to stand overni<;lit, iiltered o(T, and well washed. 
 The iiltralc anil washings were eva]>orated to dryness on the steam 
 bath, dried, and all of the ammonium salts driven ofT by o;cntle heat. 
 The residue was taken up with water, filtered throu<,di a small fdter, 
 usino; as little wash water as possible, evaporated to a small volume, 
 and fhially a<j:ain ]>reeipitated with a drop of ammonia and two to 
 three droj)s of ammonium earbonate andoxalate. If anv ])reei])itate 
 a]>])eared, which was not usually the ease, it was filtered ofT and the 
 same process re])eated. In any case, the solution was filtered from 
 the ma<2:nesium hydrate that had ])recipitated out on concentratin<j: the 
 solution. The fihrale was then evaporated to dryness and all ammo- 
 nium salts driven ofT by heating in ]>latinum to a little below redness. 
 The residue was taken up with a little water and filtered through a 
 small filter, again using as little wash water as possible, and agtiin 
 heated in })latuiuni to a jwint slightly below red heat. By this time 
 all of the magnesia should have been removed. The residue was 
 then taken u]) with a little water, filtered into a weighed })latimim 
 dish, treated with a few dro])s of hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to 
 dryness. This residue was thoroughly dried, heated to a little below 
 redness, cooled in a desiccator, and finally weighed as the combined 
 chlorides of jiotassium, sodium, and lithium. 
 
 The determination of lithium was then made according to the 
 method of Gooch ' — i. e., the combined chlorides were dissolved in 
 water and transferred to a small beaker, where they were again eva])o- 
 rated nearly to dryness. About 30 c. c. of amvl alcohol was added 
 ami the contents of the beaker boiled until the'temperature had risen 
 to a])j)roximatelv the boiling ])oint of the amyl alcohol, showing that 
 all of the water liad been driven ofT. The liipiitl was cooled slightly, 
 and a drop of iiydrochloric acid was added to reconvert small amounts 
 of lithium hydrate to lilhium chloride. The boiling was tiien con- 
 tinued to again drive olT all water, until finally the liipiid had reached 
 a volume of ai)OUt 15 c. c. The amyl alcohol was then filtered ofT in a 
 weighed jdatinum dish and the filter wasiied with a little amyl alcohol 
 that was also allowed to run into the dish. The amyl alcohol was 
 driven ofT from the filter and beaker in the air bath and these two 
 kejU for the determinations of potassium and sodium. The contents 
 of the ]>latinum dish W(>re evaporated to dryness, treated with a little 
 dilute sulj)liuric acid, and finally burned and weighed. This ga\e the 
 weight ot the lithium sulphate, from which was subtnuted 0.0(117 
 gram to correct for the solubility of the sodium ami j>otassium 
 chlorides in tlu> amyl alcohol. The residue was finally tested with 
 the si)ectrosco]>e for the lithium line. In every ca^^e the lithium line 
 was found, but in no case was any litliium sulphate left after aj)plying 
 the correction of 0.0017 gram. The lithium was therefore rej)orted 
 as traces. 
 
 The contents of the beaker and filter from which the amyl ah'ohol 
 
 ' American Chpinlcal Journal, vol. 9, p. 33. 
 
24 HOT SPRINGS OF AEKAXSAS. 
 
 had been driven were then used for the determination of potassium 
 and so(Uum. The contents of the beaker were dissolved in liot water 
 and f>assed through the filter, which was thoroughly washed. The 
 combined filtrate and washings were transferred to a porcelain dish, 
 treated wdth platinum chloride solution, and evaporated nearly to 
 dryness. The residue was treated with SO per cent alcohol and 
 thoroughly washed on the filter with this medium until all platinum 
 chloride had l)een washed out. The filter paper was dried at the 
 temj)erature of boiling water, and the residue dissolved in water and 
 passed into a weighed platinum dish from which the v.ater was evap- 
 orated off, the dish and contents dried at the temperature of boiling 
 water, and finally weighed as potassium platinic chloride. An addi- 
 tion of 0.0008 gram of potassium chloride to the weight of this sub- 
 stance found is necessary. 
 
 The weight of the sodium chloride is found by subtracting the 
 combined weights of the lithium chloride (in this case nothing) and 
 the potassium chloride (corrected) from the total weight of the three 
 clilorides. 
 
 Of course if the amyl alcohol in the determination of lithium above 
 is not evaporated to exactly 15 c. c, the corrections Avill be different 
 from those mentioned above.^ 
 
 rhosphoric acid. — A third aliquot portion from the filtrate men- 
 tioned above was treated with about 10 c. c. (con.) nitric acid and 
 evaporated in a porcelain dish nearly to dryness to drive off hydro- 
 chloric acid. The residue was taken up with water and if necessary 
 filtered. Ammonia was added to alkalinity and then nitric acid to 
 just bring back to acidity. Some ammonium nitrate was added and 
 the beaker heated in the water bath to 45° to 50° C. Molybdate solu- 
 tion was then added and the solution kept at a temperature of 45° to 
 50° C. for half an hour. The yellow precipitate formed at tliis point 
 appeared in most cases onl}' in traces, but in a few cases it was filtered 
 off and washed with cold water till it was entirely free of nitric and 
 molybdic acids. The precipitate and filter were then transferred to 
 a beaker, a little water added, and the paper and contents thoroughly 
 beaten into a pulp. The yellow precipitate was then dissolved by 
 the addition of a small amount of standard potassium hydroxide 
 solution (1 c. c. = 1 milligram of P.Og) ; phenolphthalein was added and 
 the solution titrated with standard nitric acid solution of exactly the 
 same strength as the alkaline solution. From tlie data so obtained 
 the amount of phosphoric acid ion in the water can be calculated.^ 
 For the determination of fluorine the same method was used as 
 described by Gooch and Whitfield.' For the determination of barium 
 and strontium a combination of Gooch and Whitfield's method along 
 with another was employed. They are briefly as follows: 
 
 Fluorine. — A large quantity of water was evaporated to dryness 
 and filtered off from the residue which was washed on the filter. The 
 filter and contents were dried, the contents placed aside and the filter 
 burned and the ash added to the contents. The whole was now trans- 
 ferred to a flask, which was so arranged as to allow a current of air to 
 pass through any liquid that might be in the bottom, and from there 
 
 • For the discussion of this, see the original article already mentioned. 
 
 1 Bui. 4() (revised edition), U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry. 1S99. 
 
 » Bui. 47, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 I 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 25 
 
 into au altachod U-tubc, partly tilled with dilute ammonia. Concen- 
 trated sulphuric acid was added to the contents of the flask, and a 
 current of dry air passed throu<;h the liquid, and from there into the 
 U-tube. The flask was heated to ir)0° C. If any considerable amount 
 of fluorine had been present it should have been volatilized as silicon 
 tetrafluorid and then decomposed by the dilute ammonia in the 
 U-tube, depositing silica in so doing. No silica appeared at this 
 point in the spring examined. The contents of the U-tubo was 
 removed and treated with zinc oxide dissolved in annnonia, evapor- 
 ated till annnonia ceased to come off, and filtered. The filtrate was 
 treated with calcium chloride, followed by sodium carbonate in boiling 
 solution, filtered, and washed. The residue was ignited and extracted 
 with acetic acid. Operating in this way no residue of calcium fluoride 
 was found. 
 
 Barium and strontium. — Tiie residue left in the flask from the above 
 determination was transferred to platinum, treated with enough 
 hj'drofluoric acid to volatilize all silica and with some sulphuric acid 
 and evaporated to dryness. Tiiis treatment was repeated. The 
 residue was fused with sodium carbonate, treated ^\^th water and a 
 few drops of alcohol, filtered, and washed. The contents of the filter 
 was digested with liot dilute acetic acid to dissolve barium, stron- 
 tium, magnesium, and calcium carbonates, and filtered. The filtrate 
 was then nearly neutralized with ammonia and about 50 times the 
 weight of the combined sulphates in ammonium sulphate was added, 
 which ammonium sulphate was dissolved in 4 times its weight of 
 water. The whole was allowed to stand overnight. In case barium 
 or strontium were present they would be precipitated here as the 
 sulphates. Only a slight nonweighable opalescence appeared, how- 
 ever, in the spring examined. For the sake of completeness, and to 
 be able to test the final residue Avitli the spectroscope, the process 
 was carried on just as in an actual determination. The precipitated 
 sulphates were filtered and washed with a concentrateci solution of 
 ammonium sulphate till no more calciinn was present in the wash 
 water, as shown by the ammonium oxalate test. The filter was 
 ignited and the residue evaporated to dryness with a drop or two of 
 sulphuric acid. The combined sulphates so obtained from a very 
 large quantity of water did not weigh over 0.5 milligram, and most of 
 this was calcium sulphate. The extremely small residue was fused 
 with sodium carbonate, treated \nth a very small quantity of water, 
 and filtered on a very small filter ])aper, washing only once. Dilute 
 hydrochloric acid was now passed through the filter and tlie filtrate 
 containing any barium and strontium as the chlorides was collected 
 in a platinum dish and evaporated to dryness. The minute residue 
 was tested by the spectroscope for the barium and strontium lines, 
 both of which were faintly seen. , 
 
 Strontium. — This substance was determined in a separate portion. 
 The oxide of calcium, which had been ol)tained by blasting tho 
 ammonium oxalate precipitate in tlie determiiuition of calcium, was 
 transferred to a small flask and dissolved in concentrated nitric, acid. 
 The acid was entirely evai)orated off by ni<>ans of a current of air and 
 heating in a paraffin })atli to l.S5° C. The flask and contents were 
 dried at 140° C, and tho completely dried nitrates were treated ^i^^th 
 the least possible quantity oi a nuxturo of equal parts of absolute 
 36037°— 12 i 
 
26 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 alcohol and ether, necessary to dissolve the calcium nitrate. The 
 flask was corked, allowed to stand over night, and the insoluble resi- 
 due, if any, filtered oil" on the smallest possible filter and washed with 
 the ether-alcohol mixture. The strontium nitrate on the filter was 
 washed with water into a platinum dish and evaporated to dryness. 
 The dish was blasted to change the nitrate to the oxide. Xo increase 
 in the weight of the chsh was noticed, yet upon treating the contents 
 of the dish with a little hydrocliloric acid, evaporating^ nearly to dry- 
 ness and testing with the spectroscope, the strontium lines were seen. 
 
 THE MEDICINAL VALUE OF THE VARIOUS SALTS AND GASES 
 USUALLY PRESENT IN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES. 
 
 One of the most important groups of mineral waters are the alkahne 
 waters, wliich are characterized by the presence, in predominating 
 quantities, of one or more of the alkaline or alkaline earth carbonates 
 or bicarbonates. These are the carbonates or bicarbonates of sochum, 
 potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium. In case iron is present 
 m large quantities as the bicarbonate we have a water belonging to 
 the chalybeate class. Since these waters are alkahne they are excel- 
 lent remedies in cases of sour stomach and in sick headaches wliich 
 arise from acid dj'spepsia. They act very markedly on the mucous 
 membranes, increasing the flow of the gastric juice and other digestive 
 fluids, and are consequently of use in many cases of inchgestion. In 
 conjunction Anth the sulphated salines they give excellent results 
 when used in the treatment of catarrhal conditions of the stomach 
 and intestines. Such waters correct acichty of the urine, markedly 
 increase the flow of urine and help to dissolve uric acid deposits. 
 They are therefore of value in cases of rheumatism and gout. 
 
 Sodium carbonate and hicarhonaie. — -Sodium carbonate or bicarbo- 
 nate appears as a normal constituent of the blood, lymph, and nearly 
 aU secretions of the mucous membrane. Where conditions arise that 
 cause these fluids to become acid, waters containing carbonate or 
 bicarbonate of soda are of value in counteracting the effect. Waters 
 containing either of these substances have been used with excellent 
 eftect in the treatment of acid dyspepsia and diabetes. 
 
 Potassium carbonate and bicarbonate. — Potassium carbonate and 
 bicarbonate arc readily soluble in water. The bicarbonate is the one 
 usually present in mineral waters. The properties of this salt are very 
 much the same as those of sodium bicarbonate. It increases the flow 
 of urine and corrects acidity of the bodily fluids. 
 
 Lithium carbonate and bicarbonate. — IJtliium carbonate is very 
 sparingly soluble in water, while the bicarbonate is quite soluble. 
 It is in the latter form that lithium is most often reported in mineral 
 waters. Tliis compound is most frequently used in cases of rheuma- 
 tism and gout, where it forms a very soluble urate which is easily 
 eliminated from the system. 
 
 Magnesium carbonate and bicarbonate. — Magnesium carbonate and 
 bicarbonate are mild laxatives and are ]>erhaps the best of all the car- 
 bonates and bicarbonates in correcting an acid condition of the stom- 
 ach, and curing sick headache caused by constipation. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 27 
 
 Calcium carhonafe and h'lcarhonate. — Calcium is usually prosont in 
 waters as the bicarbonate, l^oth of those compounds arc riuitediiFor- 
 ent in their effects from the other carbonates and bicarbonates men- 
 tioned. While the others are evacuant and promote secretions, the 
 calcium compounds constipate and decn^ase the secretion.s. Very 
 obstinate cases of clironic (harrhea have often Iuhmj cureti by a sojourn 
 at a sprin<.c rich in calcium bicarbonate. 
 
 Ferrous and manganous llcarbonates. — Neither iron nor man<;aneso 
 ever occur in mineral waters as the carbonate, but usually as the 
 bicarbonate. Both of these compounds have practically tne same 
 effect. When taken internally, they are dissolved by the pistric juice 
 and taken into the blood. They increase the apj^etite and the number 
 of red blood corpuscles, Tt will thus be svvn that sucii waters give 
 excellent results when used as a tonic or in cases of amemia. Too 
 long continued use of waters rich in bicarbonate of iron or manganese 
 result in constipation and derangement of the digestion. 
 
 CHLORIDES. 
 
 Clilorine occurs in waters as clilorides, in combination most fre- 
 quently with sodium, potassium, or lithium, and som<'times with 
 calcium, magnesium or iron. The chlorides form the basis of that 
 large group of mineral waters, the muriatcd salines. 
 
 Sodium cldoride. — Sodium chloride occurs in almost all mineral 
 springs to some slight extent, but in the muriatcd saline waters it 
 occurs in large quantities as a predominating constituent. Waters 
 containing large quantities of this substance are chiefly used in giving 
 baths, wliich increase the action of the skin, and by absorption throu^^h 
 the pores serve as a genuine tonic. Taken internally the flow of tho 
 digestive fluids is promoted and the appetite increased. Putrefactive 
 changes in the intestines are also prevented. In large doses sodium 
 chloride increases the flow of urine and the amount of urea present in 
 the same. 
 
 Potassium cldoride. — Potassium clilori(Je has very much the same 
 effect on the human system as does sodium cliloride. 
 
 Litliiuni cldoride. — Uthium cldoride has practically the same effect 
 as lithium carbonate and bicarbonate mentioned above. 
 
 Magnesium cldoride. — Magnesium cldoride is often used medicinally 
 as a cathartic and to increase the flow of bile. 
 
 Calcium cldoride. — Calcium chloride occurs in a number of muriated 
 saline springs. It is used in cases of general debility as a tonic. It 
 increases the flow of urine and ]iers|Mration and waters containing it 
 are used in the treatment of scrofulous diseases and eczema. 
 
 Ferrous chh)r\de. — The occurrence f)f feiTous chloride in mineral 
 waters is rather rare. ^\nien ])resent, however, it acts as a tonic and 
 in general has the same j)roperties as ferrous bicarbonate, already 
 mentioned. 
 
 Ammonium cldoride. — "\Mien used iTiternally, ammonium cldoride 
 has the stimulating ell'ect of ammonia. It is used in nervous cases 
 as ovaralgia, sciatica, and otluM* lu'uralgic <lisorders. In congestion of 
 tho liver its use has been beii(>licial. Externally it is used as a Wiish 
 for ulcers and sores. It, however, seldom occurs in springs in quan- 
 tities larire enou<:h to be of any value. 
 
28 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 SULPHATES. 
 
 Sulphates are frequently found in mineral waters, and when present 
 in large quantities give rise to that large class, the sulphated salines. 
 
 Sodium and magnesium sulphates. — Sodium and magnesium sul- 
 phates, or Glauber and Epsom salts, respectively, in small doses act 
 as a laxative, in large doses as a cathartic. They are both valuable 
 in increasing the flow of the intestinal fluids and in nicreasing the 
 flow of urine, accompanied by an increased elimination of m-ea. 
 Waters containing these salts are of great service in eliminating syph- 
 ilitic, scrofulous, and malarial poisons from the system, and in elim- 
 inating mercury and other metaUic poisons. Persons suffering from 
 obesity, derangement of tlie hver, and Bright's disease are perhaps 
 the most benefited by tliis class of waters. It must be borne in mind 
 that such waters should be used Avdth great care 1)y tlie feeble and 
 ansemic. 
 
 Potassium sulphate. — Potassium sul])hatc is frequently present in 
 mineral waters, but in smaller quantities than the magnesium and 
 sodium salts. Its action is practically the same as tliat of the other 
 two sulphates mentioned above. 
 
 Calcium sulphate. — Calcium sulphate occurs in a great many min- 
 eral waters, and is the component that gives to them the property of 
 permanent hardness. It is not used medicinally. 
 
 Iron and aluminum sulphates. — Iron and aluminum sulphates are 
 usually found associated with each other in mineral waters. They are 
 both powerful astringents. The waters containing iron sulphate are 
 also used as tonics, but this is not nearly as good a form in which to 
 give the iron as is the bicarbonate. Because of their astringent action, 
 waters containing these two substances have been used with success 
 in treating locally inflamed ])arts of the mucous membranes and 
 ulcers on the outside of tlie body. 
 
 IODIDES. 
 
 The iodides are usually reported in mineral waters as the potassium 
 or sodium salt. They are alterative in eftect and are consequently 
 used in the treatment of scrofula, rheumatism, and syphilis. While 
 drinking waters containing iodides the flow of mine is verv much 
 increased and mercurial and other metaUic poisons are ra})idly elim- 
 inated from the system. 
 
 BROMIDES. 
 
 Bromides act as alteratives in much the same way as iodides but to 
 not so marked an extent. They also act as sedatives. 
 
 PHOSPHATES. 
 
 Pliosphates in mineral waters are usually reported in one of three 
 forms, viz, sodium, iron, or calcium })lios})liate. The sodium phos- 
 phate acts as a mild laxative, the iron phos])hate as a tonic, and the 
 calcium j)h()spliate as a medicine in tliose conditions of the bod}' where 
 lime salts are deficient, as rickets, etc. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSA.-J. 29 
 
 BORATES. 
 
 Boric ncid is not a very coinmon constituent of nuiurid waters, but 
 is found us the sodium salt in sprinj^s of soutliern California in lar<^e 
 amoiuits. Applied as a douche in catarrhal conditions of the uterus 
 it is of value. 
 
 NITRATES. 
 
 Any nitric acid that may a])j)ear in a water is usually reported as 
 sodium nitrate. This compound <loes not usually occur in waters to 
 a marked extent imless they are contaminated. When present in 
 lar<;o enough amounts it increases the How of urine and acts as a 
 purgative. 
 
 SILICA. 
 
 Silica aj)j[)ears in mineral waters both as free silica and as silicates. 
 The medicmal value of silica has not been thoroughly investigated. 
 
 GASES. 
 
 The gases that usually occur in water are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon 
 dioxide, and hydrogen sulplnde. 
 
 Nitrogen and oxygen. — ^Nitrogen and oxygen are present in all 
 waters that have come in contact with the air. On account of the 
 limited solubility of both they can not occur in waters in very large 
 quantities. Neither of them when present in waters has any medici- 
 nal value. , 
 
 Carbon dioxide. — Carbon dioxide is present in all natural waters to 
 some extent, but m some springs tlie amount is very large, thus gi^^ng 
 rise to that large class of carbonated waters of which the Saratoga 
 springs furnisli a good example. Such waters are extremely palata- 
 ble, and large quantities can be drunk without the full feeling which 
 so often follows copious drinking of water. In moderate quantities 
 such waters increase the flow of the saliva, promote digestion, and 
 tend to increase the flow of urine. Obstinate cases of miusea can be 
 often reheved by the use of small quantities of highly carbonated 
 waters. 
 
 Hydrogen sulphide. — Hydrogen sulphide is present in many natu- 
 ral waters, giving to tliem the odor of deca^'cd eggs, and forming that 
 large class, the sulphuret(>d watei-s. When such waters are taken in- 
 ternally they act as an alterative, and are conse(|uently of value in the 
 treatment of syphilitic diseases. They increase the activity of the 
 intestines, kidneys, and sweat glands, so are of use in the treatment 
 of rheumatism and gout. Excellent results have been obtained when 
 these waters were used in treating many skin diseases and malaria. 
 
 THE MEDICAL VALUE OF THERMAL WATERS. 
 
 The curative effects of thermal waters are imdoubtedly due, to a 
 large extent, to their stimulating ell'ects on the excrelt)ry organs of the 
 skin and the kidneys. To fully imderstand this we have only tt) 
 examine the routine tlirough which a patient ])a.sses at tliese thermal 
 resorts. The j)ores arc first thoroughly oj)en(>d and sweating begun 
 by immersing the jiatient in hot water lor from '.i to 10 minutes. 
 'Tlie ])atient is then placed in the steaming room for about 5 minutes 
 and at the same time drinks coj)iously of hot water. This treatment, 
 of course, produces a profuse j)ei"spiration. .iVftcr tlds the patient is 
 
30 HOT SPRINGS OF AEKAXSAS. 
 
 ^\Tapped in blankets and passed on to a warm room for 20 to 30 
 minutes, wliere the pers])iration runs off in streams. After tliis the 
 patient is rubbed down and allowed to dress. A desire to urinate soon 
 comes. Thus we see that the system is thorougldy flooded \\-ith water 
 and washed out each day, and that tissue changes take place with 
 wonderful rapidity. It is no wonder then that uric acid, syphilitic 
 poisons, other materials of disease, and mercurial and other metallic 
 poisons are soon eliminated from the system. With such effects as 
 those mentioned above, hot baths then must be of value in the treat- 
 ment of rheumatism, gout, syphihs, neuralgia, etc. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 In wTiting the above pages on the medicinal value of mineral waters 
 I wish to acknowledge ni}' indebtedness to the following works: 
 
 "Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada," by G. E. 
 Walton; "Mineral Waters of the United States and Their Therapeutic 
 Uses," by J. K. Crook, and "Mineral Waters of Missouri, a Report 
 of the Missouri Geological Survey," by Paul Schweitzer. 
 
 ANALYSES. 
 
 In the following pages there appears first a list givmg the name and 
 location of each spring and the date on wliich the sample was taken 
 for analysis. This is followed by tables giving the temperature and 
 flow of the springs. Then follow tables giving the detailed results of 
 the analyses. On pages 34 and 35 is given the amount of morganic 
 matter present, by radicles; on ])ages 36 and 37 is given the per cent 
 of total inorganic matter m solution, by radicles; on pages 38 and 39 
 is given tlie amount of water used for each determmation; on pages 
 40 and 41 is given tlie amount of inorganic matter, by h}i)othetical 
 combinations; on pages 42 and 43 is ^iveii the per cent of total inor- 
 ganic matter present, by hypothetical combinations; on page 44 are 
 given the gases present. 
 
 List of springs and date on which sample was taken. 
 
 1. Egg Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis taken January 
 
 9, 1901. 
 
 2. Arsenic Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain under wall of Arlington Hotel; 
 
 sample for analysis taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 3. Arlington Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis taken 
 
 January 9, 1901. 
 
 4. Cliff Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, under wall of Arlington Hotel; 
 
 sample for analysis was taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 5. Avenue Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis was taken 
 
 January 9, 1901. 
 
 6. Boiler House Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, in cellar of Arlington Hotel; 
 
 sample for analysis taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 7. Imperial Spring (north), on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis 
 
 taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 8. Crystal Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis taken Janu- 
 
 ary 9, 1901. 
 
 9. Rector Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis taken Janu- 
 
 ary 9, 1901. 
 
 10. Cave Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis taken January 
 
 9, 1901. 
 
 11. IJttle Iron Spring (north), at base of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis 
 
 taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 1 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 31 
 
 12. Little Gcysor Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; nample for analysis taken 
 
 Januar}' 9, 19U1. 
 
 13. T>ittlo Iron Sjjriiig (south), at base of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis 
 
 takt'n Jiuuiary i), 1901. 
 
 14. llal Spring, on t^ide of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis taken January 
 
 9. 1901. 
 
 15. IJig Iron Si)ring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain; Kimplc for analv:?is tiik»>n Janu- 
 
 ary 9, 1901. 
 
 16. Imperial Spring (south), on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis 
 
 taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 17. Arsenic Spring (north), at base of Hot Springs Mountain, ju.«t back of Arlington 
 
 Hotel; sample for analysis taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 18. Hitchcock Spring, at base of Hot Springs ^lountain; sample for analvsis taken 
 
 January 9. 1901. 
 
 19. Suniiiter Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analv.^is taken Janu- 
 
 ary 9, 1901. 
 
 20. Superior Sjiring (north), on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis 
 
 taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 21. Alum Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, at edge of sidewalk on Central 
 
 Avenue; sample for analysis taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 22. Superior Spring (.«outh), on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis 
 
 taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 23. Twin Spring (north), on side of Hot Springs Mountain, in the roadway; sample for 
 
 analysis taken January 9, 1901. 
 
 24. Twin Spring (south), on side of Hot Springs Mountain, at side of road near Arling- 
 
 ton Hotel site; sample for analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 25. Old Hale Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, under Hale bathhouse; sample 
 
 for analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 26. Palace Sjmng, at base of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analvsis taken Mav 
 
 19, 1901. 
 
 27. Tunnel Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, in a cluster of springs; sample 
 
 for analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 28. Maurice Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, in a cluster of springs; sample 
 
 for analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 29. Dripping Spring,. at base of Hot Springs Mountain, flows from side of cliff; sample 
 
 for analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 30. Arch Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, in arch of creek under Central 
 
 Avenue; its level is so low that the water can not be utilized; sample for anal- 
 ysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 31. Havwood Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain, near road; sample for analvsis 
 
 taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 32. John W. Noble Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis taken 
 
 May 19, 1901. 
 
 33. Lamar Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analvsis taken Mav 19, 
 
 1901. ' ■ 
 
 34. II. \\. Wilev Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analysis taken 
 
 May 19, 1901. 
 
 35. Ed Hardin Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analvsis taken 
 
 May 19, 1901. 
 
 36. Ei.>iele Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analvsis taken May 19, 
 
 1901. 
 
 37. Stevens Springs, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analvsis taken May 
 
 19, 1901. 
 
 38. Horseshoe Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, under Horseshoe bathhouse; 
 
 sample for analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 39. Armv and Xavv Spring, on side of Hot Si)ring3 Mountain; sample for analysis 
 
 taken May 19i 1901. 
 
 40. W. J. Little Spring, on side of Hot Springs Mountain; sample for analv.^is taken 
 
 May 19, 1901. 
 
 41. Mud Spring, at ba.<e of Hot Springs ^fountain, under free bathhouse; sample for 
 
 analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 42. Magnesia Si)ring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, under Magnesia bathhouse; 
 
 sample f(jr analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 43. Re.s«'rvoir Spring, at base of Hut Springs ^^ountain, in back yard of ."uperintend- 
 
 ent'sotfice; sample for analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 44. Liver Spring (cold), on side of Hot Springs Mnuntain, abutting Fountain Street, 
 
 between entrance to mountain roadway and suj>erintendcnt's residence, now 
 known as the " General Kelley ' ' Spring; sample lor analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
32 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKAXSAS. 
 
 45. Kidney Spring (cold), on side of Hot Springs Mountain, abutting Fountain Street, 
 
 between entrance to mountain roadway and superintendent's residence, now 
 known as the "Colonel Hamblen" Spring; sample for analysis taken May 19, 
 1901. 
 
 46. Fordyce Spring, at base of Hot Springs Mountain, under Palace bathhouse; sample 
 
 for analysis taken May 19, 1901. 
 
 47.' Spring on the side of Hot Springs Mountain, above Arlington Hotel site; present 
 flow V3ry small. 
 
 48.' Spring on the side of Hot Springs Mountain, above Arlington Hotel site; present 
 How very small. 
 
 49.' New spring on Hot Springs Mountain, above Big Iron bathhouse site and drive- 
 way; has large flow and supplies a quantity of water for free l)athhouse. 
 
 50.' New spring on the Maurice bathhouse site, discovered during the reconstruction 
 of the Maurice bathhouse. 
 
 Temperature of springs. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1.. 
 2.. 
 3.. 
 
 4.. 
 
 5.. 
 
 6.. 
 
 7. . 
 
 8.. 
 
 9.. 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 2-1 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 /Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 Van. 
 
 (Nov. 
 
 \Jan. 
 
 Jan. 
 (Nov. 
 \Jan. 
 
 Jan. 
 (Nov. 
 \Jan. 
 (Nov. 
 \Jan. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Nov. 
 Van. 
 (Dec. 
 \Jan. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 (Dec. 
 Van. 
 
 7,1900 
 8,1901 
 
 8. 1900 
 8.1901 
 9,1900 
 8,1901 
 
 10, 1900 
 S. 1901 
 
 12, 1900 
 8,1901 
 
 13. 1900 
 8,1901 
 
 14, 1900 
 
 8. 1901 
 10, 1900 
 
 8. 1901 
 
 17, 1900 
 8. 1901 
 
 19,1900 
 8,1901 
 8,1901 
 
 22. 1900 
 8, 1901 
 8.1901 
 
 23. 1900 
 8. 1901 
 
 24. 1900 
 7,1901 
 
 20, 1900 
 8, 1901 
 
 28. 1900 
 8,1901 
 
 27,1900 
 8, 1901 
 1,1900 
 8,1901 
 3,1900 
 8,1901 
 4,1900 
 8,1901 
 5,1900 
 8,1901 
 (i, 1900 
 8, mil 
 7.1900 
 8, 1901 
 
 Degrees 
 cenli- 
 gratle. 
 
 01.9 
 01.7 
 51.9 
 53.9 
 01.7 
 01.3 
 55.9 
 52.4 
 01.4 
 01.9 
 57.5 
 58.3 
 00.1 
 00.8 
 35.2 
 
 30. 2 
 01.1 
 02.4 
 57.4 
 57.2 
 50.8 
 .36.2 
 30.2 
 50.3 
 60.9 
 02.8 
 03.9 
 63.9 
 60.8 
 00.9 
 55.4 
 50.4 
 57.3 
 hl.i 
 56. 4 
 56. 1 
 
 46. 3 
 44.5 
 43.3 
 46.0 
 57.1 
 5<i.5 
 62.0 
 02.4 
 02. 3 
 60.3 
 
 Degrees 
 Fahren- 
 heit. 
 
 143.4 
 143.1 
 125.4 
 129.0 
 143.1 
 142.3 
 132. 
 120. 3 
 142.5 
 143.4 
 135.5 
 130. 9 
 140.2 
 141.4 
 95.4 
 97.2 
 142.0 
 144.3 
 135. 3 
 135.0 
 134.2 
 97.2 
 97.2 
 133.3 
 141.6 
 145.0 
 147.0 
 147.0 
 141.4 
 141.0 
 131.7 
 133.5 
 135.2 
 135.2 
 133.5 
 133.0 
 115.3 
 112.1 
 109.9 
 114.8 
 134.8 
 133.7 
 143. 
 144.3 
 144.1 
 140.5 
 
 Number 
 
 Date. 
 
 Degrees 
 centi- 
 grade. 
 
 62.7 
 62.9 
 63.4 
 61.4 
 
 51.5 
 51.5 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Fahren- 
 heit. 
 
 144.8 
 145.2 
 140. 1 
 142.5 
 
 51.9 
 
 125.4 
 
 59.8 
 
 139.6 
 
 57.1 
 
 134. 8 
 
 57.8 
 
 136.0 
 
 53.9 
 
 129.0 
 
 51.9 
 
 125.4 
 
 51.4 
 
 124.5 
 
 51.4 
 
 124.5 
 
 46.0 
 
 114.8 
 
 46.5 
 
 115.7 
 
 48.3 
 
 118.9 
 
 49.2 
 
 120. 6 
 
 47.9 
 
 118.2 
 
 47.3 
 
 117.1 
 
 39.0 
 
 102.2 
 
 43.0 
 
 109.4 
 
 48.9 
 
 120.0 
 
 48.8 
 
 119.8 
 
 52.9 
 
 127.2 
 
 52.6 
 
 126.7 
 
 58.8 
 
 1.37.8 
 
 59.8 
 
 139. 6 
 
 01.4 
 
 142.5 
 
 01.4 
 
 142. 5 
 
 48.9 
 
 120.0 
 
 48.9 
 
 120.0 
 
 40.8 
 
 116.2 
 
 48.3 
 
 118.9 
 
 58.3 
 
 136. 9 
 
 46.3 
 
 115.3 
 
 46.1 
 
 115.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 46.4 
 
 13.0 
 
 55.4 
 
 124.7 
 124.7 
 
 ' Springs 47 to 50 were not running at the time the analyses of the waters were made by Prof. Hay- 
 wood.— Editor. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 Flow of springs. 
 
 33 
 
 Number. 
 
 Flow of 
 
 spriiiKS per 
 
 24 hours. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Flow of 
 
 springs per 
 
 24 hours. 
 
 1 
 
 Qallon*. 
 
 2S.8n0 
 
 10.800 
 
 19,9.'i8 
 
 3,000 
 
 17,280 
 
 32,400 
 
 18,514 
 
 » 2,000 
 
 51,840 
 
 18,514 
 
 624 
 
 «8,640 
 
 201,000 
 
 «.35,0OO 
 
 13, 292 
 
 3,077 
 
 1,152 
 
 1,723 
 
 10,800 
 
 "35,000 
 
 25,847 
 
 27 
 
 Gallon*. 
 800 
 
 2+17 
 
 2S. . .. 
 
 121.000 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 • 2,018 
 
 4 ... 
 
 30. 
 
 (') 
 
 5 
 
 31 +.33 
 
 7.200 
 
 6 
 
 32 
 
 28.800 
 
 7+10 
 
 34 
 
 28,800 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 2,4G9 
 
 9+11+13 
 
 30 
 
 « 9,000 
 
 10 
 
 37 
 
 5,700 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 « 40,000 
 
 14 
 
 39. . 
 
 35.000 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 « 4,320 
 
 18 
 
 41 
 
 '«4,000 
 
 19 
 
 42 
 
 50.000 
 
 20 
 
 43 
 
 »»20,000 
 
 21 
 
 44 
 
 659 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 511 
 
 23+24 
 
 40 
 
 > 25,000 
 
 25 
 
 Total 
 
 
 2G 
 
 4 826,308 
 
 
 
 
 'Estimated. 
 
 * Springs 14, 40, 41, and 43 am no longer flowing; .<!pring C6 goes dry when water from spring 39 is being 
 pumped by the Army and Navy Hospital.— Editor. 
 
 ' Could not be estimated. 
 
 * Excluding the two cold springs 44 and 45. 
 
34 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
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HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS, 
 
 35 
 
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36 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
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HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 37 
 
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38 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
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HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 39 
 
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 ooaoaoaTar ocoox'x'aox 
 
 
40 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 ^^ IC C^. ir:i —* X c: "JC o —* 
 
 •»0!S 
 
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 oi^i^oc oic^x*ri^ io»o^^os 
 
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 ! ocoeoo' oc CT 
 
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 OS 00 -^ f-t CO I-ICOCOM t-f^f^H-^r 
 
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 •(«ooh)bn 
 
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\ 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKA^'t^AS. 
 
 41 
 
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42 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 ( h-ec^MfO »o o as 30 o lo re o> r^ -^ n'^^c^t^ cr^c^>c«o Of-Hi-HMos "vowooio 
 
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 ^ rH rHi<— i-<r-i rH-H-H-^(N p»c-)MN« eMMNe>>e<3 nmnmn 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 43 
 
 
 O h-oo f*o -^ r^ 
 
 
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44 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 Gases in the waters of the Hot Springs in Arkansas. 
 [Number of cubic centimeters i)er liter at 0° C. and 700 mm. pressure.' 
 
 Spring 
 No. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Oxy- 
 gen. 
 
 Carbon 
 dio.x- 
 ide.i 
 
 Carbon 
 diox- 
 ide.2 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen sul- 
 phide. 
 
 Spring 
 No. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Oxy- 
 gen. 
 
 Carbon 
 dio.x- 
 ide.i 
 
 Carbon 
 diox- 
 ide.2 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen sul- 
 phide. 
 
 1 
 
 9.10 
 
 1.18 
 
 10.84 
 
 31.14 
 
 None. 
 
 20 
 
 8.84 
 
 3.02 
 
 8. CO 
 
 30.58 
 
 None. 
 
 2 
 
 7.97 
 
 3.34 
 
 9.15 
 
 29. 48 
 
 None. 
 
 27 
 
 9.00 
 
 3.71 
 
 8.00 
 
 30.58 
 
 None. 
 
 3 
 
 8.57 
 
 2.27 
 
 13.08 
 
 30.58 
 
 None. 
 
 28 
 
 8.73 
 
 2.40 
 
 10.58 
 
 30.27 
 
 None. 
 
 4 
 
 7.85 
 
 3.36 
 
 12.52 
 
 29.46 
 
 None. 
 
 29 
 
 8.18 
 
 3.93 
 
 3.86 
 
 30.28 
 
 None. 
 
 5 
 
 8.24 
 
 2.20 
 
 12.52 
 
 31.14 
 
 None. 
 
 30 
 
 8.55 
 
 3.52 
 
 5.55 
 
 30.27 
 
 None. 
 
 6 
 
 8.10 
 
 3.06 
 
 10.84 
 
 29.40 
 
 None. 
 
 31 
 
 9.98 
 
 2.21 
 
 14.75 
 
 29.45 
 
 None. 
 
 7 
 
 7.75 
 
 2.53 
 
 7.48 
 
 31.14 
 
 None. 
 
 32 
 
 9.10 
 
 3. 66 
 
 8.04 
 
 29. 47 
 
 None. 
 
 8 
 
 9.73 
 
 4.57 
 
 13. 13 
 
 32.21 
 
 None. 
 
 33 
 
 9.84 
 
 2.82 
 
 6.30 
 
 31.15 
 
 None. 
 
 9 
 
 7. 58 
 
 3.02 
 
 12.82 
 
 .30.84 
 
 None. 
 
 34 
 
 10.34 
 
 2.07 
 
 11.40 
 
 29.46 
 
 None. 
 
 10 
 
 7.80 
 
 3.13 
 
 11.95 
 
 28.35 
 
 None. 
 
 35 
 
 9.97 
 
 2.76 
 
 14.20 
 
 30.02 
 
 None. 
 
 11 
 
 8.31 
 
 3.56 
 
 1.88 
 
 30.58 
 
 None. 
 
 .30 
 
 8.61 
 
 3.02 
 
 8.04 
 
 29.47 
 
 None. 
 
 12 
 
 9.83 
 
 4.61 
 
 10.74 
 
 17.81 
 
 None. 
 
 37 
 
 10.84 
 
 2.17 
 
 13.04 
 
 30.58 
 
 None. 
 
 13 
 
 7.98 
 
 3.31 
 
 3.0<1 
 
 29. 46 
 
 None. 
 
 38 
 
 9.54 
 
 2.46 
 
 10.02 
 
 30.84 
 
 None. 
 
 14 
 
 7.90 
 
 2.81 
 
 1,=). .32 
 
 .30.02 
 
 None. 
 
 39 
 
 9.70 
 
 2.37 
 
 17.00 
 
 30. la 
 
 None. 
 
 15 
 
 8.80 
 
 3.79 
 
 6.92 
 
 30.02 
 
 None. 
 
 40 
 
 9.18 
 
 2.98 
 
 14.20 
 
 30.02 
 
 None. 
 
 16 
 
 8.39 
 
 2.49 
 
 5.24 
 
 28.34 
 
 None. 
 
 41 
 
 9.14 
 
 3.44 
 
 10.84 
 
 30.02 
 
 None. 
 
 17 
 
 7.82 
 
 3.21 
 
 10.84 
 
 29.46 
 
 None. 
 
 42 
 
 9.05 
 
 2.23 
 
 13.64 
 
 30.58 
 
 None. 
 
 18 
 
 7.94 
 
 2.m 
 
 12.52 
 
 29. 46 
 
 None. 
 
 43 
 
 9.14 
 
 3.94 
 
 8.59 
 
 28.92 
 
 None. 
 
 19 
 
 8.20 
 
 3.25 
 
 10. 44 
 
 28. 90 
 
 None. 
 
 44 
 
 14.30 
 
 0.24 
 
 21.83 
 
 2.24 
 
 None. 
 
 iO 
 
 8.97 
 
 3.75 
 
 13.58 
 
 21.68 
 
 None. 
 
 45 
 
 15. .30 
 
 5.29 
 
 28.55 
 
 2.24 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 (') 
 
 (») 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 
 None. 
 
 21 
 
 9.57 
 
 3.55 
 
 13.08 
 
 30.58 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 8.49 
 
 3.04 
 
 9.15 
 
 29.47 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 8.36 
 
 2.68 
 
 10.84 
 
 31. 14 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 8.03 
 
 3.19 
 
 4.12 
 
 31.14 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 8.72 
 
 3.01 
 
 9. 72 
 
 31.14 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Free. 
 
 2 Set free from bicarbonatos on evaporating to dryness. 
 
 3 Not determined. 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF AXAT YSIS. 
 
 On looking over the results of analysis of the various hot springs 
 it will be seen that the total mineral matter in solution is very nearly 
 the same in all excej)t springs 12, 20, 27, and 43. Spring 12 is nearly 
 cold, and contains only 170.1 parts of mineral matter per million; 
 spring 20 contains only 231 parts of mineral matter per milhon; 
 spring 27 only 258.7 parts of mineral matter per million, wliile spring 
 43 contains the relatively large amount of 310 parts of mineral matter 
 per million. The average amount in all the springs is between 275 
 and 280 parts per million, seldom falhng below 270 parts per million 
 or going above 290 parts per million. 
 
 As to the percentage composition of the mineral matter in each hot 
 spring the results are very much the same, except in springs 12, 27, 37, 
 41, and 43. Spring 12 has a higher percentage of silica and sulphuric 
 acid than the average, and a lower percentage of bicarbonic «cid and 
 calcium; spring 27, a higher percentage of silica and a lower percent- 
 age of bicarbonic acid and calcium; springs 37 and 41, a higher per- 
 centage of sul[)huric acid; and spring 43 a lower percentage of silica, 
 bicarbonic acid, and magnesium, and a much higher percentage of 
 sulphuric acid, potassium, and sodium. Although the springs men- 
 tioned above vary to some extent from the other springs in the amount 
 and composition of their mineral matter contained in solution, this 
 variation is not enough, in the author's opinion, to make any differ- 
 ence in their medicinal value except in the cases of springs 12 and 43, 
 the first of which is markedly weaker in medicinal constituents than 
 the other springs, and the second of wliich has much more of those salts 
 present which have a laxative effect. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 45 
 
 From what lias already Ix'cn said, comhinod with the analyses of 
 these waters, it will at once he seen why they have heen used with such 
 excellent results in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, sypliiUs, etc. 
 We may sum up under two heads: 
 
 (1) The waters are hot, and conse(juently possess the medicinal 
 value of all thermal waters, i. e., when used as a hath, in the ordinary 
 manner followed in such cases, they stimulate the flow of sweat and 
 urine, and tjuis j^ive the system a thorou<;h washing out each day. In 
 this manner uric acid and sy])]iilitic poisons are removed from the 
 body. Mercury and other metallic jioisons are also removed, in con- 
 sequence of which much larger doses of mercury can he given to the 
 patient than would otherwise he ])ossil)le. 
 
 (2) All of these springs contain <|uite large amounts of calcium and 
 magnesium hicarhonates. The calcium and magnesium salts of uric 
 acid are much more soluble than the uric acid itself. Taking these 
 two facts into consideration, it seems plausible to assume that some of 
 the curative effects of these waters is due to the formation of the more 
 soluble compounds, calcium and magnesium urate, which can more 
 easily be eliminated from the ststem than the uric acid itself. 
 
GEOLOGICAL SKETCH OF THE HOT SPRINGS DISTRICT, 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 By Walter IIarv?:y Wkkm. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION. 
 
 Tho Hot >>prinf:^ of Arkansas are situated in the gef)<n'a])hical center 
 of the State, 50 miles distant from Little Kock and about 75 miles east 
 of the Olvlahoma line. The location is 600 feet al)ove sea level and 
 lies at the easterly base of the mountain com])lex known as the 
 "Ouachita Range," the nearby peaks of wliich are oftentimes called 
 the "Ozark liange," although that name really applies to the moun- 
 tains in the northern part of Arkansas and the southern part of 
 Mssouri. 
 
 RELATION OF HOT SPRINGS DISTRICT TO REST OF THE STATE. 
 
 Central Ai'kansas consists of a low-lying, nearly level eastern ])or- 
 tion, and a western hilly or mountainous region. The fu-st region 
 extends from the Mississipjn River westward to Little Rock, Benton, 
 and Malvern, The hilly country of the Ouachita Mountain svst em 
 begins just west of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 
 where it has a width of 36 miles, and extends westward, gi'adually 
 narrowiii^ as it api)roaches Oklahoma. The eastern level country is 
 part of tlie Tertiary Mssissippi A'alley region. The western hilly 
 country consists of a central complex of hills, flanked by sharp s])urs 
 and ridges, wliich extend outward into a much lower countiy of 
 slight relief. This liilly country is dignified by the name of the 
 "Ouachita Mountain system," the ridges rising gradually in eleva- 
 tion westward. Near the Oklahoma line the general level of the 
 intermontane plain is 1,000 feet above tide and the crests of 
 some of the ridges attain elevations above 2,500 feet. Near Hot 
 Springs the mountain area seldom attains an elevation of more 
 than 1,200 feet above the sea, or 600 feet above the surrounding 
 countr}', yet, when seen from the lower countiy about it the liills 
 rise so abruptly that they ap])ear to deserve their designation. The 
 mountains near the Hot Sjirings are particularly imi)ressive, and tho 
 local sinnmits have received special designations, as "West Moun- 
 tain," "Indian Mountain," etc. These mt)untahis have been grouju'd 
 tt)gether by some Amters uiuhu- the name of the "Ozark system," 
 but they have been more fittingly ciiristened the "Zif^zag" Range by 
 Prof. Branner, of the State gi'ological survey. Tins raiiw has an 
 extreme length of 25 miles aiul a width of 6 to S miles. The general 
 trend of tho ridges is almost at right angles to the system. These 
 ridges are narrow and sharp, with a heij^ht of 500 to 600 feet, and 
 they arc particularly numerous in the vicinity of the Hot Sprmgs. 
 
 47 
 
48 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 TOPOGKAPHY. 
 
 The Hot Spnngs are situated in a valley between two wooded, 
 rocky ridges known as "West Mountam" and ''Hot Springs Moun- 
 tain." The water issues from vents in the old and gray hot-spring 
 dej)osit, or tufa, that covers the basal slopes of Hot Springs Moun- 
 tain east of Hot Sprmgs Creek. This location is on the outer bor- 
 der of the mountain system. To the east the country falls away 
 gently to the Ouachita River, and the city of Hot Springs has been 
 built partlv in the ra^'ine and the intermontane basin to the north and 
 partly in tlie eroded plateau lying south of the springs and outside of 
 the mountain area. The mountain slopes are rocky, and are often 
 ribbed vnth. abrupt cliiTs and rugged ledges with extensive slopes of 
 talus. They are generally thickly mjintled with a heavy forest growth 
 of oak, pine, chestnut, and other common forest trees, and they sup- 
 port a more or less abundant undergrowth. The ^a^^nes are generally 
 narrow and the streams swift running, but good exposures of the 
 underlying rocks are seldom seen, owing to the thick forest that 
 covers the slopes. There is an evident relation between the hard rocks 
 and the hills and between the softer rocks and the valleys, although 
 the streams do not accord with any definite geological structure, but 
 flow in synclines, in eroded anticlines, and across the strike of the beds 
 as well. Several gaps indicate old and now abandoned stream courses 
 and show a prolonged period of adjustment, in which the streams 
 shifted several times before reaching their present position. Although 
 the springs are on the borders of these mountains, this location is not 
 wholly outside of the mountain area, since the Trapp Mountain Range 
 lies south of the Ouachita River, so that the springs are on the north 
 side of a synclinal basin that forms an embayment between the main 
 Ouachita system and a small east-and-west spur on the south. The 
 region is well watered and well drained. In the immediate vicinity of 
 Hot Springs the Hot Springs Creek and Gulpha Creek, both of which 
 flow into the Ouachita River, drain the entire region, the former 
 stream flowing due south and reaching the river 4 miles below the 
 city. 
 
 The lower country near the springs, upon which a considerable part 
 of the city is built, is a dissected plain m which broad plateau levels 
 alternate with shallow drainage courses that are tributary to Hot 
 Springs Creek. 
 
 The climate of the region is a mild one, lacking both the extreme 
 heat of summer and the cold of winter. In the summer months the 
 air is tempered by the breezes from the mountains, and in winter the 
 average temperature is very slightly below that which prevails at New 
 Orleans and other southern cities. Flowers and shrubs of semitropical 
 character grow in the open air, but the occasional frosts of ^^dnte^ are 
 so sharp that a strictly semitropical vegetation will not exist, 
 
 ROCKS OF THE DISTBICT. 
 
 The rocks seen about the Hot Springs are chiefly of sedimentary 
 origin and were formed beneath the waters of a Paleozoic sea. They 
 occur in well-defined formations, which were folded when the moun- 
 tains of the region were formed by the compressive stresses of earth 
 movements, and these folds have subsequently been eroded by ordi- 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 49 
 
 nary atmospheric aji^encios. These rocks are cut hy a few narrow, 
 insicrnificant dikes of ijjneous rock, which are supposedly connected 
 with the hirjj^e masses of p'anite and other ifj^neous rocks now seen at 
 Magnet Cove and Potash Snl])lun- Spriii'rs. In a(hhtion to the rocks 
 mentioned there is a cousideraltU' area of (hn-k-^Tiiy and ])orous tra- 
 vertine, or calcareous tufa, formed hy the Hot Sj)rin<^. 
 
 The sethmentary rocks seen in the vicinity of the Hot Springs con- 
 sist of shales, sandstones, a few heds of inqmre limestone, and the 
 rock called novaculite. This last-named rock, of which the well- 
 kno^\Tl Arkansas whetstones are made, is the most consj)icuous and 
 important rock in the locality. It is the ty])ical rock of central Arkan- 
 sas, and. thoujj:h found over a lar}j:e area, the material ])ure enoujjh to 
 be used for whetstones is confined to the vicinity of the Hot Sprin<,'s. 
 It is this rock that has, by reason of its hardness and its resistance to 
 erosion, made the mountains about the sprinjjs, antl it forms the clilfs 
 and ])romin(>nt ledj^es seen in the district. The bedded rocks form a 
 series shown in the followimj: table, in which the yountjest i)eds are 
 placed at the top of the column and the oldest strata at the boitom. 
 
 (leolo^fal age. 
 
 '^ot^dT Character of rook. 
 
 
 Fed. 
 
 ( Shales; gray or black pjaphitic shales with fragments of plant 
 2QQ 1 ^ reniains, red and yello\y colored when altered. 
 
 Lower Silurian 
 
 250 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 38 
 
 200 
 
 230 
 
 2W 
 
 200 
 
 panusioiie, impure aiiu ciajcy, wiin souer lavers alternating 
 I with softer material. 
 
 Quartzose sandstones, passing at times into conglomerates 
 and well exposed along the basal slopes of Hot Springs 
 Mountain. 
 
 Novaculite breccia. 
 
 Impure novaculite, with iron and manganese. 
 
 Novaculite in thick and thin beds, with some lavers of sili- 
 ceous shales. 
 
 Sandstone passing info no\-aoulite. 
 
 Shale, siliceous, and par-sing into novaculite. 
 
 Massive novaculite. froni which whetstone is taken. 
 
 Shale, siliceous, with thin layers of novaculite. 
 flmpure novaculite. 
 
 J Shales, re<l and green and gray, with siliceous layers. 
 1 Shales, Mack, and carrying fossil re;uaii!s igraplolites). 
 [Limestone, thinly bedded, bluo, and generally argillaceous. 
 
 Sandstones. 
 
 THE ROCK STRUCTURE. 
 
 Near the Hot Sprino^s these rocks have been compressed into g^eat 
 folds wliich now form the mountains, and this conij^ression is so pjoat 
 that the folds have been pushed over, or overturned, and in the gorfje 
 of Hot 8]>rin<j:s Creek the section now exposed shows the youniier Ix'ds 
 restino^ beneath the oMer ones. In addition to this there has b(>en 
 some faultini; in Indian Mountain, by which an overthrust has jnished 
 up the olck'r beds over younger ones. For this reason the section, as 
 given above, is not always easily made out, but it can bo seen in the 
 slopes of West Mountain, althoujxh, as will be noted there, the voun<rcr 
 beds lie below the older and the rocks have a dip of from 25*^ to 70°. 
 The Carboniferous shales, which are the j^oungest rocks of the dis- 
 trict, arc W(>ll ex])osed on Malvern Avenue near the Park Hotel, where 
 the olive-colored, sandy shales have been found to contain ])laiit stems 
 and fra<i:ments of fern fronds. The shales are rarely indurated enough 
 to form slates, though a few cjuarries have been opened in them and 
 
50 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 slate of a poor quality extracted. Where the shales are slightly 
 altered they are sometimes valuable for brick and terra-cotta burning, 
 though most of the clay used for that purpose is derived from the 
 disintegrated material washed into the creek bottoms. 
 
 The sandstones are of variable texture and composition. The 
 coarser-grained rocks are nearly pure quartzose sand, but the inter- 
 mediate beds are quite clayey. The chief sandstone horizon seen at 
 the springs is the one lying just above the novaculites, and this rock 
 is the one which is so prominent on Hot Springs Mountain and West 
 Mountain. 
 
 The novaculites are the most interesting rocks of the region. They 
 consist of nearly pure silica, containing less than one-half of 1 per 
 cent of other material. The rock is very dense, homogeneous, of a 
 cream or white color, and fine grained, resembling in appearance the 
 finest Carrara marble. These rocks are used for whetstones, the iiner- 
 gi'ained form being called Arkansas stone and the coarser-grained rock 
 the Ouachita stone. This material has a marked conchoidal fracture 
 and resembles chert in its general appearance, although, as will be 
 shown later, tliis appearance is purely a superficial one and the mate- 
 rial differs markedly from cliert in its origin and composition. 
 Although brittle and lacking the tougliness of chert, it was exten- 
 sively used by the Indians, who quarried it by building fires upon the 
 outcrops until the stones w^ere heated and tlien quencliing the fire with 
 water, thus chilling the rock and causing it to split and spall into frag- 
 ments which were easily removed. In this condition it was readily 
 cliipped by the use of round stone hammers, great Cjuantities of which 
 have been found by tlie early settlers and which the wi'iter has seen at 
 some of the more remote quarries. The rock is finely jointed, and in 
 quarry faces this jointing is more conspicuous than the bedding planes. 
 These phenomena may be weU observed in almost any of the excava- 
 tions seen along the main street above tlie Government reservation. 
 Tiie fmer-grained material seldom forms good outcrops because of tliis 
 jointing and also because the rock contains a small amount of water, 
 which, when frozen during the frosts of winter, shatters the stone and 
 covers the outcrop with fine debris. Tliis debris is extensively used 
 as a road material, and wherever applied forms a most excellent 
 surface. 
 
 The novaculite formation is from 500 to 600 feet in thickness, which 
 includes some flinty shales, some soft shales, and some sandstones. The 
 novaculites proj^er are prominent members of this formation and 
 occur in beds a few inches to 12 or 15 feet thick. Wlien those bods are 
 less tliaii 4 inches thick the rocks lose the novacuhte character, and 
 are more like flinty sluilos. When examined under the microscope the 
 rock is found to present a very uniform a])pearance, and to consist 
 of extremely minute interlocking gi'ains of cryptocrystaliine sihca. 
 Chemical tests show that tlds silica is quartz and not amorphous sUica. 
 Thin sections also disclose the presence of numerous cavities in the 
 rock c[uarried for whetstones. Those cavities have boon found to 
 present a rlioniboidal outline, and they correspond in form and posi- 
 tion to included ]>atclies of calcite found in the same rock where the 
 bed passes beneath the creek levels. It has been assumed that these 
 cavities are formed by the dissolution and removal of the calcite, and 
 as the material from beneath the water level is of slight value as a 
 whetstone it has been reasoned that the abrasive qualities of the 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 51 
 
 Arkansas stone are due to tlie presence of these calcite cavities. The 
 orif]^n of the rock lias been the subject of considerable speculation 
 from the earliest times to the present. It has beiMi comiuoidy 
 asserted that it is a very iine-<^rained sandstone which has been indu- 
 rated and altered by hot-sprin<ij action. This explanation is not ade- 
 quate, however, since the same beds arc exposed on the ilaidcs of the 
 Ouachita Mountain system for a total lenf^th of several hundred miles. 
 MoreoA'cr, the character of the jj^ains does not permit of the assump- 
 tion that they were orij^inally rounded and that the spaces between have 
 been Idled by a secondary dejiosition of silica, as is commonly the case 
 ^vith manycpiartzites. The writer's belief is that the evidenresupports 
 the opinion that the rocks were formed as a chemical ])re(ii)itate in 
 the dee]) seas of a Silurian ocean, and that com])aratively little altera- 
 tion beyond induration has taken i)lace. Such a theory seems to 
 accord very well wuth the cliemical and ])hysical nature of the rock 
 and with the facts now known in rej^ard to the origin of some of the 
 early geological sediments. 
 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS. 
 
 Besides the sedimentary rocks just noted there are four narrow dikes 
 of igneous rock about one-half mile south of the mountain borders and 
 near the city limits. These rocka are dark-colored mica traj)s, a form 
 of rock called " ouchatite." They are chiefly interesting because they 
 show that there was some deep-seated body of molten material from 
 which the dike fissures were supphed. Small dikes are found north 
 of the city, east of the city, and m considerable abundance about Pot- 
 ash Sulpluir Springs and at Magnet Cove. These dikes have a gener- 
 ally ESE.-WNW. direction, showing that the fissures are parallel to 
 the mountain sides. They are from 1 to 4 feet wide and are gener- 
 ally much altered, so that the outcrop is inconspicuous, or is covered 
 by vegetation, and when the rock is broken black: mica in small flakes 
 is the only mineral seen. 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 The age of the sedimentary rocks is determined by the fossil remains 
 found in them. The black shales which underlie tlie novaculites con- 
 tain remains of a curious hydrozoa. These fossil remains are known 
 as graptoJitis, and the forms identified at the Hot vSprings belong to the 
 upi)er part of the Lower Silurian age (Trenton and I7tica). Xew 
 ty})es of these fossils peculiar to the Hot S])rings are illustrated in 
 the Novaculite re]iort issued by the Arkansas geological survey. 
 Besides these curious forms, a few shell remains (hrachiopods and 
 lamellibmnchs), corals, and worm trails have been found. The fjrap- 
 tolites occur on the north side of the hill on a small stream drannige 
 on the west side of the continuation of Park Avenue. They are also 
 seen in a very black shale forming the blulV on the west side of Park 
 Avenue above the Hotel Hay and below the Barnes House. Similar 
 fossils also occur on Whitington Avenue, one-fourth of a mile above 
 the head of Central Avenue, at a i)oint where the creek crosses the 
 street. 
 
 Plant remains of Lower Carboniferous age have been found in the 
 shales exposed in the excavation for a cellar on the western side of 
 Malvern Avenue, 100 feet north of the Park Hotel. The shales are 
 
52 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 varicolored, brown, red, gray, and black, but the fossils occur in the 
 olive-colored, sandv shales. Similar fossils were also found in Ouach- 
 ita Avenue at the Hot Springs. 
 
 OCCURRENCE OF THE HOT SPRINGS. 
 
 The hot waters issue from the base and lower portion of the slopes 
 east of the valley. This area is a narrow strip, a few hundred loet 
 Ande and a quarter of a mile long. In its general as])ect this area is dis- 
 tinguished from the rest of tlie mountain by its patches of barren gi"ay 
 tufa, the old hot-spring deposit, and the absence of forest growth. 
 From the descriptions given by earlier ^vTiters it is evident that this 
 difference in appearance and vegetation was formerly very marked. 
 To-day the springs are all covered, and mostly concealed beneath turf 
 and slirubbery. The old tufa deposit is in large part covered by soil 
 and plants. The creek is arclied over and sidewalks and roadways 
 are built on it. The space between creek and hillside is covered by 
 the bathing establishments, which, in many instances, are built 
 directly over large sj^rings. 
 
 The landscajie gardener has modified the old slopes, filled up the gul- 
 lies, and built roads and foot])atlis, until the hot-spring area is a beau- 
 tiful park and a fitting setting for the springs. 
 
 The springs occur at the southwest end or "nose" of Hot Springs 
 Mountain. There is nothing unusual or remarkable in this topo- 
 gi'apliic position, for it accords with that of many other s])rings of tlie 
 region — as, for example, Bonanza Springs and Big Chalybeate of the 
 plate. 
 
 It is difficult for the average visitor of to-da}^ to form an idea of the 
 natural apj^earance of the springs. The larger springs formerly' issued 
 abruptly from the tufa slopes and did not possess the bowls and basins 
 seen at the ^lammoth Hot Springs of the Yellowstone. An artificial 
 cutting made into the mound of the Cave Spring shows a section 
 of the hot-spring deposit, and if the door be opened the waters will 
 be seen flowing into the basin cut to collect them, and depositing 
 creamy alabaster-like tufa, and the brilliant emerald-green tufa, 
 whose color is due to the growth t)f hot-water algse. Man}- of the 
 smaller springs are mere oozes, with no well-defined channel. A con- 
 siderable number of these are gathered into one reservoir at the baso 
 of the tufa bluff between the Arlington Hotel and the Superior Bath 
 House. Another spring is seen near tlie Hale Bath House, where it 
 issues from a cavity in the tufa and flows into a basin. There is a con- 
 stant flow from the tufa wall back of this masonry platform, forming 
 the dripping spring, where thousands of visitors daily drink hot water 
 direct from the rock. At tliis place also the green algous growth may 
 be seen. 
 
 HOT SPRING TUFA DEPOSIT. 
 
 As already noted, the hot-spring area is characterized by a deposit 
 of calcareous tufa, or travertine, formed by the hot waters, and cover- 
 ing not only a large part of the mountain slope about the existing hoi 
 springs, but also extending westward to the Happy Hollow Ravine and 
 occurring far above any existing springs in the slope above the band 
 stand. Tufa dejwsits are connnon about both hot and cold wat<r 
 springs whose waters carry alkaline-earth bicarbonates in solution. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 53 
 
 Such materials arc j)i'ocii)itat<Ml wIumi tlio caj-boii dioxido of the watei-s 
 oscajjos u\n)n exposure of the water to the atmosphere. At tlie Arkan- 
 sas Hot Sprin.sz;s only mock^-ate quaiititi<'s of the alkahne earths are in 
 sohition in the waters, yet they are sufhcient to coat the hot-water 
 pipes and to fill woocUmi tr(ni<j;lis used to coiuhict the wat<'rs. In the 
 Cave Sjmng ami at the Drippinj^ Spring the tufa may be seen now 
 forming. It is then^fore not certain that the watei-s which formed tlio 
 great tufa deposits of the ph\ce were any richer in calcium than those 
 of to-day. This tufa is seen in its natural state at many places about 
 the springs, but is particularly well seen at the Cave Spring back of the 
 Arlington Hotel. It is of a gray color, and porous texture on the sur- 
 face, but when quarried is pure white, comj)act, and crystalline. 
 
 This tufa consists almost wholly of carbonate of lime, cariying very 
 small and varying amounts of manganese (oxide) and u'on oxide. The 
 manganese is frequently ])rominent as a black powder, or occui-s in 
 blackish layers through the rock. The analysis made for ()wen in 1859 
 of the material deposited in the pipe accords so exactly with that of the 
 deposit now forming that it is reproduced. 
 
 Analysis of hot-spring tufa formed iti pipes carrying hot voter to bath houses. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Carbonate of lime 92. G20 
 
 Sulphate of lime 085 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 3. 060 
 
 Carbonate of inui- • 210 
 
 Carbonate of manganese 190 
 
 Potassa ,*.. 107 
 
 SUica 119 
 
 Total 99. 391 
 
 In the Cave Spring the fieshly deposited tufa is tinted orange by the 
 algfe that live in hot water, and green by the species that flourish at 
 slightly lower temperatuies. These coloi-s are purely vegetable and 
 disai)j)ear if the deposit be heated. 
 
 This tufa deposit covers an area of approximately 20 acres, and 
 varies from a few inches to 6 or 8 feet in thickness. Its occurrence 
 shows tliat some of the springs formerly flowed to the west, and that 
 the watei-s covered a larger area than at present. 
 
 The broad area covered by the tufa does not mean that the hot 
 waters covered this entire area at any one time, for the jilgous growth 
 described as filling the hot-water streams causes a filling up of the 
 channel and a diversion of the water to a diU'erent ])lace. In two 
 instances the watej-s built u|) mounds about the springs. The n\<>st 
 noticeable of these is that of the Cave Soring, which has been artifici- 
 ally breached in the development of a larger water supply from the 
 spring. Above the music ])avilion another area of tufa mdicates the 
 former presence of springs at a level hi^jher than any now existing. 
 
 The thickness of the tula deposit is likely to be overestimated, as it 
 covers steep sloiies and even clilf faces. 
 
 The earliest (lescri|)tion of the place tells of its forming overhanging 
 masses alongsi(h> the creek, whose flood waters sw<>pt away its sup- 
 port. The natural exposures of conglomerate and sandstone outcroj)- 
 ping near the pavilion show that the tufa is there underlain by hard 
 rock. Farther west, however, the tufa overlies soft, shaly roeks, 
 which have been tligested by the hot waters and vapors for so long a 
 
64 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF AEKANSAS. 
 
 time that the material is as soft as ashes, and in the development of 
 new water supplies near Spring Xo. 1 a pipe was driven 38 feet down 
 into this material. Immediately beneath the tufa there is a breccia of 
 novaculite sandstone or shale fragments cemented by iron oxide, man- 
 ganese oxide, and carbonate of lime. This is seen under the tufa at 
 the Cave Spring and at the Dripping Spring. It merely represents 
 the old hillside debris cemented by the hot-water deposit and material 
 deposited later beneath the tufa mantle. 
 
 vegetation of tufa area. — The tufa area is described by all earlier 
 writers as being distinguished from the adjacent slope by its peculiar 
 vegetation. In the improvement of the reservation this distmction 
 has been largely obliterated, as flowers and shrubs have been freely 
 
 f)lanted. The tufa cliffs and rougher exposures show, however, the 
 imestone-loving ferns CTieilanthes alahamenms Kuiize and Adian- 
 tum capHlus-veneris L., which occur nowhere else in this region. 
 Owen mentions these ferns especially, besides numerous peculiar 
 mosses and algfe, and the stonecrop, sage, lobelia, and senna as char- 
 acteristic of the tufa area. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE HOT SPRINGS. 
 
 In the geological sketch already given the rocks from which the hot 
 waters issue are described as sandstones and shales of Lower Silurian 
 age, occurring in sharply compressed fokls. The hot waters issue from 
 the sandstones seen weU exposed back of the superintendent's office 
 and near the music pavilion, and from the overlying shales in the area 
 west of the pavilion. These rocks form part of a steeply dipping anti- 
 cline plunging beneath the surface toward the southwest. It may be 
 compared to the partly buried prow of an upturned boat. The rocks 
 arch around the mountain slopes, tlie different beds being revealed 
 very much as the scales of an onion bulb are exposed when it is partly 
 cut into. While the rocks are flexed into this great curve, the great 
 and thick beds of hard sandstone and conglomerate were cracked while 
 being flexed, and little sHps and breaks occur. The smaller cracks 
 form a network of fractures, which in some places are seen to be filled 
 with white quartz. The principal springs are arranged along a line 
 running about NNE., or parallel to the axis of the fold forming Hot 
 Sprmgs Mountain. This Ime is believed to be a fissure corresponding 
 to a fracture of the northwest fold, a fault fissure. Springs are com- 
 mon along such fractures in the novaculite region of Arkansas, and 
 there is no reason to believe there is anything unusual in this one. 
 The source of heat is discussed elsewhere. 
 
 ARE THE HOT SPRINGS DYINGH 
 
 The question whether the hot sjirings are changing in character 
 and will eventually either cease flowing or become cold sj^rings is of 
 both popular and scientific interest. The evidence seems to show 
 that tliere is a very small decrease in temperature since they were 
 first examined, now nearly a centuiy ago. The temperature recorded 
 by Dunbar and Hunter in 180-4 for the larger s})ring was 150° F., and 
 another had a temperature of 154°. In 1859 the springs were care- 
 fully examined by David Dale Owen, State geologist. A more 
 accurate map was published by William Glasgow, jr., in 18G0 from 
 careful instrumental surveys, together with records of temperature 
 and outflow. 
 
HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 55 
 
 Since then many chiin<^es have been matlc about the springs, all 
 of which have been du};!; out and inclosed in niasonty arches, with 
 the consoh(hition of two or more sprin<;s into one in some instances, 
 the development of new outflows ny (li<:;<i;in<; wells or sinkinjij ])i])es, 
 and the diyinjij up of adjacent natural outflows. For these reasons 
 all the sprino;s now exist in*^ can not be ])ositively identified with those 
 shown on the earlier mai)s, but a majority of them are so correlated 
 without doubt. 
 
 Temperatures. — The com])arison of the old records mentioned with 
 those recently made shows that the hij^hest temperature known 
 to-day is 147 F., as against 154° in 1804, and 150° oy Glasgow and 
 148° ll)y Owen in 1860. In a number of springs there is a dechne of 
 2° since the latter date. Such a slight diflerence might, however, be 
 due to differences in the manner or ])lace of taking the tem])eratures, 
 or the instruments used in the earlier years may not have been accu- 
 rate. It is noteworthy that Owen's highest tem])eratiire, taken in 
 1859 with a standardized thermometer, was 148°, antl that recorded 
 now is 147°. In other words, the temperature is decreasing so slowly 
 that the change is almost imperceptiole in half a century. In one 
 instance, that of the Alum spring, there is a very marked decrease 
 in temperature, and as this is the only spring on the west side of the 
 creek, there is no doubt of its identity. In 1804 this had a tem])er- 
 ature of 132°. In 1859 its temperature was 133°, according to Owen, 
 and to-day it is but 114.8°, 
 
 Amount of outflow. — The comparison of outflow is more difficult. 
 According to Dunbar and Hunter the largest spring had an outflow 
 of 11 quarts in 11 seconds in 1804, corres])onding to 22,100 gallons 
 per day, and the 4 largest s])rings had an outflow of 165 gallons ])er 
 minute, or 237,600 gallons per day. Dr. Owen gives no measure- 
 ments, but Glasgow gives the discharge of each s})ring — a total of 
 317 gallons per minute, or 450,480 gallons per day, as com])ared with 
 850,000 gallons per day at the present time. As the writer has shown 
 elsewhere, the spring water is of meteoric origin, like most spring 
 water, and probabh^ varies somewhat from year to j'car, corres])()nd- 
 ing to variation in annual rainfall at some ])re\'ious year, so that no 
 definite comjiarison can be made with the early records, exce])t to 
 state that tlie volume of water discharged is verv much greater. 
 Supposing a ])racticallv constant amount of heat a|)i)lied, this of itself 
 would mean a slightly lowered temperature. In this connection 
 attention should be called to the well put downi by Maj. Torney, 
 United States Army, in the Army and Navy Hospital, which is ca])able 
 of yielding the amazing amount of 350,000 gallons ])er day without 
 affecting but one veiy small sj)ring (Xo. 40 of the list). 
 
 From a consideration of all these facts it is concluded that the 
 springs are losing their heat so slowly that the loss is almost 
 mappreciable. 
 
 Amount of mineral matter carried in solution hy the waters. — Xo 
 essential difference in the composition of the waters can be detected 
 by a com])arison of the analyses made for Owen or Larkin (IS.^9) or 
 for Dr. Branner, of the State geological survey, in 1889, with the 
 elaborate and careful analyses made by the National Government. 
 The waters are remarkable more for their ]>urity than for their min- 
 eral contents. The material in solution consists maiidy of silica, cal- 
 cium, and bicarbonates. The total mineral matter discharged by all 
 
56 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 the springs amounts to about 250 tons a year. The annual removal 
 of this amount of material from the earth's interior to the surface 
 must ultimately result in the formation of large ca^'ities. 
 
 SOURCE OF HEAT. 
 
 "VMiile there have been many theories advanced to account for the 
 source of the hot waters, the only hypothesis that stands the test of 
 scientific inquiry is the one which ascribes the heat of the waters to 
 still hot but concealed bodies of igneous rock. It seems scarcely 
 necessary to call attention to the absurdity of the idea that either 
 slaking lime in the depths of the earth or chemical reaction of the 
 waters with the atmosi)here could be the cause of the heat. That 
 the waters come from a depth sufficient for their heating by the nor- 
 mal increment of earth heat (1° for every 50 feet) seems unreasonal)le, 
 since it would necessitate a depth of nearly 5,000 feet to give the 
 waters their ])resent temperature, even assuming that they were not 
 cooled in their course upward. The composition of the gases given 
 off by the waters shows that they contain atmospheric air as well as 
 carbon dioxide. That the heat of the waters is due to the heat devel- 
 oped by the folding of the rocks, which is the theory given to account 
 for the heat at the Virginia Hot Springs, is not probable, for the 
 folding at Hot Springs is not more intense than elsewhere in the 
 mountain regions of Arkansas, and no evidence of hot spring action 
 has been found at any other localities except where igneous rocks are 
 present. 
 
 It is believed that the heat comes from a great body of still heated 
 igneous rocks intruded in the earth's crust by volcanic agencies and 
 underlying a large part of central Arkansas. The existence of such 
 a mass is shown by the great bodies of granite seen at Potash Sulphur 
 Springs and Magnet Cove, where the rocks have been exposed by the 
 Wearing do\m of the overliving sediments, though the igneous rocks 
 seen were of course long since cooled. At Magnet Cove, moreover, 
 there are tufa deposits which show the former occurrence of hot 
 springs. 
 
 This hypothesis is strengthened by the occurrence of intrusive dikes 
 at various localities about the springs, and their trend and occurrence 
 indicate that the molten material which filled the fissures did not 
 come from the bodies of rock now exposed at Potash Sulphur Springs 
 or at Magnet Cove, but had some deep-seated source, whose location 
 is indicated by tlie dikes as being approximately under tlie hot springs. 
 Deep-seated waters converted into vaj)ors by contact witli this '" bath- 
 olith" of hot rock probably ascend through fissures toward the sur- 
 face, where they probablv meet cohl spring waters wliich are heated 
 by the vapors. As the igneous dikes near by are fissures reaching 
 down to this great mass of igneous magma which have been filled by 
 it to form dikes, it is not unreasonable to suppose that fissures extend 
 down to the now solid but still hot igneous mass. 
 
 o