Mmmk |NW|Wi V ^ •Si 1*° ~ s °/. * « • > " \* , 6* ,y 6 o v % ^ V? «&'« *fe6 ■^ V J C. .V ^ ^ V>\ <"> .V ^ <$ / v * s ' ^4 s >' r> ..* < -. ■^p ,0o *'#& ; w ■ 77 i/t.ll JritivJ.iOi .J2 * 24 H'*rr*n ' X) A TREATISE ON MARKS' PATENT ARTIFICIAL LIMBS WITH RUBBER HAIDS AND FEET. / A. A. MARKS, 701 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY, Copyright, 1888, by A. A. Marks. ^4 PEEFACE. The labor expended in the preparation of this treatise has been much greater than apparent. The subject has been elaborated with a scrupu- lous regard for originality and a conscientious purpose of presenting the truth shorn of every vestige of exaggeration. Context, illustrations and plates have been especially prepared with the purpose of imparting the subject in its simplicity. The work has rested principally with the undersigned, who for the past ten years has devoted his energies exclu- sively to the advancement of prothesis. Having made a tour abroad, visiting the principal cities of Europe and studying thoroughly the methods and peculiarities of the manufac- turers of those cities, he feels himself fully competent to cope with the subject from comparative, scientific and prof essional standpoints. The name A. A. Marks is the title of the firm, which consists of A. A. Marks, Geo. E. Marks, and Wm. L. Marks. Although the senior member has for a number of years Avithdrawn from an active position, his judgment is consulted on matters of peculiar importance, and the principles which his labors have so thoroughly established, and which have become such an essential and distinctive part of the profession, are rigorously followed. The undersigned could not resist the impulse of paying a compliment to him in the first pages of this book, being mindful of the self-sacrificing constancy which has marked his years of devotion to the profession. About thirty editions of pamphlets and abstracts in English, German and Spanish precede this book ; in order to avoid confusion in the enu- meration of cuts, privilege has been taken of beginning with the number 101. It will thus be seen that any correspondent can refer to any particular cut by simply mentioning the number, and there will be no danger of mistaking his reference with numbers in former editions. The testimonials are of four classes, in numbers as follows : Awards, 15; press, 50; profession, 140; and wearers, over 700. In all very nearly one thousand. This number may be regarded as super-abundant. An invitation to our friends to express themselves in regard to our work struck such a responsive chord that in a brief time we found ourselves in possession of these glowing evidences of confidence and esteem. The testimonials from wearers are arranged under eight headings, enumerated in the table of contents. These eight classes are each subdivided into states. The object of this arrangement is to enable one to find a case similar to his own very near his own door, with whom he may confer. The table of contents on page 2 should be consulted for guidance to any particular subject. The undersigned begs to call the attention of the surgical profession to his article on page 100, and invites criticism on the views therein expressed. A few pages devoted to statistics may be found of interest to those who attach importance to the subject. Geo. E. Marks, A.B. April 3, 1888. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Preface .-.---... A glimpse at the past ------ How I came to invent the rubber foot - Argument -------- Economy .---.... Why an ankle-joint leg is not strong .... Comparative weight ------- Required weight ------- How long will an artificial leg last - Shoes and stockings - • - An indisputable fact ------ Artificial legs ------- The new patent foot --.-.. Accessories ------- Legs for thigh amputations - Lock attachment for knee - Hip joint and waist belt ------ Laced thigh ------- Knee-joint amputations ------ Knee-bearing artificial legs - Legs for extended and anchylosed knees - Legs for below-knee amputations - Legs for below-knee amputations with knee bent and contracted Legs for below-knee amputations without thigh support "Water-proof legs ------- Xatural-crook legs ------ Legs for amputations in or below ankle joints Legs for amputations in or below ankle joints with thigh supports Artificial toes - - - - - - - Peg legs ------... Legs, apparatus and extensions for shortened legs, deformities, etc. - Rubber feet attached to artificial legs of other manufacture Directions for taking measurements for artificial legs, apparatus, etc. Suspenders, roller ___.-_ Old style ------- belt - ------- " for women ------- for double amputations ----- Artificial arms -------- Rubber hand .-----.. Ball and socket wrist joint - Natural color --.--... Arms for shoulder- joint amputations .... Arms for above-elbow amputations - Arms for elbow-joint amputations - Arms for below-elbow amputations ---.-•- Arms for wrist-joint amputations .... Arms for any amputation without hands - Apparatus for amputations in the hands - - - - Accessories -•_-.____-. Parts of hands - - Apparatus for malformations, distortions, exsections in arms Rubber hands applied to artificial arms of other manufacture Suspenders for artificial arms ------ •Combined knife and fork -._.-_ Page 2 7 12 14 18 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 23 23 24 27 28 29 30 33 36 37 39 39 40 40 41 45 47 47 50 59 60-65 70 72 73 74 77 78 78 79 79 80 80 83 84 85 85 s: CONTENTS. Directions for taking measurements for artificial arms - - - 89 How to order an artificial leg or arm - - - - 91 How to to take a plaster cast - - - - - - 92 Artificial limbs made and fitted from measurements without the presence of the patient ...... 93 Calls made to residence - - 94 Lady attendant - - - - - - - 95 Branches --------- 95 Information for strangers visiting the city - 95 Terms of payment ----*---- 96 Payments on the installment plan - 97 Guarantee ------- 97 Artificial limbs supplied to pensioners of the U. S. at government expense 98 Amputations, desirable points, and the kind of operations most suitable for the use of artificial limbs - - - - - 100 How soon after amputation should artificial limb be applied - - 106 Dr. Cook's opinion on the subject _.._.. 107 Children ... - - 108 Letter from Dr. Brady - - - - - - 112 Difficulties overcome ------- 113 Our foreign trade - - - - - - 116 Certificate - - ------ 117 Socks for stumps - - - 118 Supplies for artificial limbs - - - 120 Webbing, buckles, rollers, check straps, lacings, bolts, spiral springs, knives, forks, brushes and hooks, screw drivers, oil cans, grease and felt - - - 121 How to remit -------- 122 Crutches - - - 122 Crutch ferrules - - - - - - - - 124 Crutches, rubber bottoms - - - - - - 125 do ice spikes - - - - - - - 1 26 Statistics Legs and arms ------ 127 Males and females - - - - - - - 127 Points of amputations - - - - - - 128 Causes for amputation - - - - 129 Ages at which amputations are made - - - 130 Occupations of wearers - - - - - - 131 Letter writing ------- 133 Awards, American Institute .-..-- 135 to 139 Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia - - 140 Centennial, American Institute ----- 141, International Cotton Exposition, Atlanta, Ga, - 142 World's Industrial & Cotton Centennial Exhibition, New Orleans, La. 143 Notices from the press ----- 144 ' Practical test of artificial legs • - - 144 Artificial legs on skates - - - - - - 145 Substituted humanity - - - - - - 149 Art practically exemplified - - - - - 149 Patched-up humanity - 150 Lecture by Lewis A. Sayre, M.D. - - - 152 On his legs again - - - - - - 153 A remarkable coincidence ----- 153 A dark cloud with a silver lining - 153 A wonderfully successful result, etc. - 154 Cripples with improved feet ------ 155 Development of stumps by the use of artificial limbs - 156 Translations from the foreign press - - - - 158 and 160 False legs and arms ------ 158 Rubber hands and feet ------ 159 Deft rubber hands - - . - - - 162 A survivor from Stoneman's raid - - - - - 165 Literary amenities on artificial limbs - - - - - 168 A part of Stewart's body - - - - - - 169 CONTEXTS. 170 171 173 184 185 to 207 207 to 254 254 to 262 262 to 361 361 to 368 368 to 371 371 to 376 376 to 394 395 A wooden joke - Cork legs - Endorsements from the medical and surgical profession Letter from Gen. Geo. A. Sheridan . . . . Letters of commendation from wearers of artificial limbs Double amputations ..... Above-knee amputations .... Knee-bearing artificial legs ... . . Below-knee amputations ..... Ankle-joint and below amputations Apparatus ....... Arms, above elbow ------ Arms, elbow joints and wrist joints - Cost of transporting an artificial limb to any part of the world ENDORSEMENTS AND COMMENDATIONS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO STATES AND COUNTRIES. Alabama. 176. 183. 207, 262, 263, 371, 376. Arizona, 178, 182, 208. Arkansas, 185. 377. California, 179, 185, 263 to 265, 377. Colorado, 178, 183, 208. 209. 254, 265, 266 to 270. 378. Connecticut, 175, 180, 185 to 187, 210, 211, 255, 266, 361, 368, 369, 372. Dakota. 178, 183, 187, 270, 378. District of Columbia. 211, 255, 271, 378. Florida. 212. 271. 272. Georgia, 176, 182, 187. 213, 273 to 277, 362, 372, 375. Idaho. 177. 178. Illinois. 176. 177, 182, 188, 213. 214, 255, 277. Indiana, 176, 188, 214, 215. 278. 279, 362, 379. Indian Territorv. 214. 280. Iowa, 177, 181/189, 215, 216, 280 to 282, 372, 379. Kansas. 178. 216 to 218, 256, 282 to 285, 362, 372. Kentucky. 218. 285, 286, 379, 380. Louisiana, 286. Maine. 219. 286 to 289. Maryland, 189. 220. 221, 289, 380. Massachusetts. 175. 221, 222, 290 to 294, 362, 363, 369, 373. 380. Michigan, 177. 182. 223, 256, 294 to 296, 373, 381. Minnesota, 177. 182, 294, 297. Mississippi, 223. Missouri. 176, 190, 224, 257, 297 to 299. Montana. 257. 299. Nebraska, 178, 180. 224, 225, 257, 299, 370, 373, 381, 382. Nevada, 300. New Hampshire. 175. 183, 190, 225, 300, 301. New Jersey. 174. 175, 180, 181, 191, 192, 225 to 228, 258, 301 to 306, 363, 364, o~o Q"""J. QflQ New York, 173. 174, 179, 181, 185, 192 to 200, 228 to 240, 259, 260, 307 to 327, 364 to 367, 370, 371, 383 to 387. North Carolina, 175. 240. 327, 328. Ohio. 176, 200 to 202, 240 to 242, 328 to 332, 375. 387 to 389. Oregon, 178, 242, 243, 261, 333, 390. Pennsvlvania. 175, 181, 183, 202 to 204, 243 to 245, 260, 261, 333 to 344, 368, '371. 374. 375, 390, 391. Rhode Island. 204, 246, 344, 345, 368. South Carolina, 246, 261, 345. Tennessee, 178, 181. 205, 346, 347, 391. Texas, 176. 205, 347 to 349, 392. Utah. 178, 349. Vermont, 247, 349 to 351, 375, 392. Virginia, 247, 248, 392. "Washington Territorv. 178, 179, 182, 183, 248, 351, 352. 376. CONTENTS. West Virginia, 175, 181, 206, 261, 352, 353. Wisconsin, 177, 181, 182, 206, 207, 248, 249, 353 to 356, Canada, 179, 183, 249, 250, 356 to 359, 394. Newfoundland, 250, 251. England, 251. Ireland, 360. Germany, 394. Holland, 252. Denmark, 252. New Zealand, 252. Mexico, 252, 253, 360. San Salvador, 253. Peru, 254. Cuba, 262. Porto Rico, 262. St. Thomas, 359. Chili, 361. Costa Rica, 376. A GLIMPSE AT THE PAST. Nearly two score years of labor and thought devoted to the development of an industry, calculated to ameliorate the conditions of the crippled and rescue them from a life-long condition of dependence is the boast of Mr. A. A. Marks. Looking back on those years he has every reason to be proud of them, freighted as they are with tributes to his incomparable genius. Few in this world have the privilege of bearing such honors. Enterprise and thrift alone can not always secure them. An active ingenuity, a soul filled with sympathy, and an indefatigable devo- tion to his purpose are the attributes to which his success can be ascribed. Mr. Marks engaged in the artificial limb business in the early part of 1853 in a small and unpretentious way, when but two manufac- turers were known to the American people, and at a time when the call for an artificial leg or arm was a matter of very rare occurrence. There was no encouragement for a man whose aspirations for wealth prompted his actions, as nothing but an existence could be assured in exchange for the devotion of a life of thought and toil ; pecuniary emoluments could not be expected ; the uncertain " bub- ble reputation" of having restored the cripple to a condition in which he could walk, labor, and thrive was the reward for the sacri- fice. This, indeed, was great, for no aim in life can be more laudable than that of ministering relief to those whom misfortune has placed in a dependent and deplorable condition. But the bent of human ambition is for the acquisition of money instead of a few plaudits from the world ; for this reason we pre- sume genius concerned itself so little with the advancement of the prosthetic art, and as a consequence the unfortunate cripple was for ages an object of pity, neglected, and entirely at the mercies of the charlatan or the unskilled. He hobbled about in a distress- ing manner, appealing fruitlessly for amelioration. The grotesque peg of Peter Stuy vesant times offered him the best substitute for the member he had lost. The iron hand of an ancient warrior and the leg of the Holland nobleman were fancies of the imagi- A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. nation ; the golden leg of Miss Kilmansegg, that brilliant creation of Hood, proved to be a murderous instrument as much as a fasci- nating perambulator. ' ' But hark ; — as slow as the stroke of a pump Lump, thump ; Thump, lump ; As the giant of Castle Otranto might stump." The history of artificial limbs begins with very remote times. We have evidences that the Romans and the Greeks improvised some sort of substitute for the limbs lost in battle and the vicissitudes of life. Herodotus tells us of a prisoner who amputated his own foot in order to free himself from the shackle, after which he escaped and returned to his friends, who made him a wooden foot. The treasure-trove that turned up at Capua in 1885 in a tufa tomb is probably the most valuable and indisputable evidence that artificial legs were made in early times. The relic is now on exhibi- tion in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. The official catalogue describes it thus : " Roman artificial leg ; the artificial limb accurately represents the form of the leg. It is made with pieces of thin bronze, fastened by bronze nails to a wooden core. Two iron bars, having holes at their free ends, are attached to the upper extremity of the bronze. A quadrilateral piece of iron, found near the position of the foot, is thought to have given strength to it. There was no trace of the foot, and the wooden core had nearly crumbled away. "The skeleton had its waist surrounded by a belt of sheet bronze edged with small rivets, probably used to fasten a leather lining. "Three painted vases (red figures on a black ground) lay at the feet of the skeleton. The vases belonged to a rather advanced period of the decline in art (about 300 years b. c.)." Gen. H. IT. Maxwell in commenting on this further says : " It is important to add from other sources that the upper third of the leg was hollow, while the lower two-thirds were filled with wood." From those early times to about the beginning of the present cen- tury little or no advance was made in the art ; and, as no evidence exists to prove to the contrary, it is quite reasonable to suppose that for many centuries the manufacture of artificial legs was one of the lost arts. In the early part of the present century the Duke of Anglesea, being in need of an artificial leg, and possessing an inventive faculty, suggested to an English instrument-maker, what proved to be a very answerable substitute, a decided improvement on the primitive peg of the doughty Peter. The leg received but little improvement until the venturesome Selpho introduced it into this country with A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 9> some admirable modifications of his own ; here it met with Ameri- can enterprise and began to thrive. Palmer, one of the. pioneers, grasped the opportunity, and with a mind rich with ideas labored creditably ; his inventions were meri- torious, and we can well understand why Holmes went into ecstasies over his achievements, in his essay entitled " The Human Wheel, Its Spokes and Felloes." Unfortunately Palmer exhausted his ideas at an early date, and on account of his tenacious hold on old principles was soon superseded by his more energetic rival. The demand for artificial limbs was noticeably increasing ; the field was growing larger ; the cry for something more durable and more approximate to nature came from every quarter. Railroad systems were multiplying in all parts of the country ; machinery for the rapid production of wares, the tilling of the soil, and the harvesting of crops were making great inroads in the econ- omy of labor. . War-clouds were gathering and conflicts threatening ; all these augured the recurrence of accidents and the dismemberment of the human body. Surgery was awakening from its lethargy. Escula- pian powers were to be vouchsafed to the new generation. The problem of the preservation of life while undergoing perilous opera- tions promised to be capable of solution by the diligent and thoughtful. Lister was laboring with the antiseptic problem. Symes, Pirogoff, Markoe, Wood, Sayre, and an army of other brilliant minds were evolving methods which removed diseased parts and gave life and comfort to the suffering. All these conditions augmented the demand for prosthesis, and induced Mr. Marks and others to consecrate their lives to the work. The early experiments of Mr. Marks were trying. No one could have worked harder or thought more industriously. At first all the movements of the natural leg were imitated and put in intricate mechanism ; movements lateral, anterior, posterior, astraguloid, were introduced in detail ; modifications and re-adjust- ments were indulged in, until the structure passed through all the possible stages from the leg-automaton to the leg-practical. In 1858 Mr. Marks formulated his ideas and constructed a leg with antero-posterior ankle movement, the lateral ankle move- ment having been abandoned a few years before by not only himself but other manufacturers, as practically needless. The peculiarity of his ankle joint was its adjustability ; the angle of articulation was susceptible of change at the pleasure of the wearer ; the tension of the spring was likewise adjustable, and the wear of the joint by attrition was compensated for by the turning of 10 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. screws. This unique ankle combination was ingenious and met with great favor ; the press and the surgical profession commended it highly, and at the American Institute exhibition in 1859 it received the award of a silver medal. Presumably the ankle joint had been perfected ; it seemed to have supplied every requirement ; and for several years the Marks leg was made with that characteristic feature. Mention should here be made of early experiments in endeavor- ing to utilize some substance aside from wood for the socket. In 1854 Mr. Marks adopted the flexible leather socket, somewhat similar to the method used in France. That part of the socket which encased the stump was composed of leather, so arranged that by tightening up several straps the diameters of the socket could be diminished so as to accommodate a reduced stump. In theory this socket was excellent, but in practice it was found inferior to wood ; it did not possess the necessary rigidity to per- manently oppose the weight of the wearer ; the leather or its lining would absorb the perspiration and become offensive, and worse still, by reducing the socket, the joints would be thrown out of line. The leather socket was then abandoned and the rawhide socket experimented with, which met a similar fate. Vulcanite rubber was afterward used, but that proved to be too friable. Thus convinced by experience that wood possessed the greater advantages, Mr. Marks adopted it, and has since used it to the exclusion of all other material for that part of the leg that surrounds the stump. Nearly all the older manufacturers can recount a similar experi- ence. In 1861 the ankle joint, which had been the inventor's idol, began to show weakness, although it was calculated to withstand as much strain as ordinary walking and toiling required ; yet every now and then some mishap or little thoughtlessness on the part of the wearer would bring undue strain on the working parts, and either break or disorder them ; no matter how strong the joints were made, there invariably appeared to be some weakness, always threatening unpleasant consequences ; if not a break, there would be a squeak or a grinding noise ; some part needed lubricating or some cord needed " taking up," or some spring needed replacing or stiffening ; always some little annoying or perplexing matter to aggravate or embarrass the wearer, or exhibit his condition to those from whom he wished to conceal it. From 1853 to 1863 it is safe to say that most of the time of the shop was given to the repairing of ankle joints, either on limbs of Mr. Marks' construc- tion or those of other establishments ; a new cord, a new spring, or the bushing of a bolt was the every-day demand. The ankle A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. II joint had been reduced to its simplest and strongest form, and yet it was not strong enough ; the lateral movement had been aban- doned, the antero-posterior movement had been reduced from an angular articulation of a hundred degrees to that of twenty, and still the invariable complaint of instability and lack of control. The poor man could ill afford the constant drain on his scanty means, and the man of affluence, weary from the burden of con- stant anxiety, craved for something better. An old patron of the ankle joint tells the following story, which we doubt not is in substance the repetition of the experience of many of the limb wearers who read this book : " I started from my house one morning to meet a pressing engagement. I had not gone far when the ankle joint of my artificial leg began to call for grease. My first impulse was to disregard it, but the noise increased and became so noticeable that I was afraid I might attract attention, which to a nervous man is something indescribably unpleasant. " I entered a drug store where I had a passing acquaintance and besought the proprietor to admit me to his private room and furnish me with some oil and a screw-driver. I passed an hour in disjointing the foot, lubricating the parts, and putting them together. I resumed my journey and got within a short distance of my destination, when I made a false step on the toes of my artificial foot and broke the heel cord ; this occurred at a moment when I was bearing heavily on the toes, and as a result splintered the front part of my ankle. " I hailed a carriage, and with the assistance of a passer-by I succeeded in hobbling in the vehicle. The thoroughfare in which this happened being a thickly traveled one furnished a crowd of the curious that looked piteously upon me, much to my mental dis- comfort. Instead of pushing on to meet my engagement, I dis- patched a message of explanation, and directed the driver to take me to my home. Here I was obliged to remain for three weary days until my leg could be repaired and returned to me." The recurrence of incidents of this kind convinced Mr. Marks that ankle joints were far from perfection, and that improve- ments of a very decided character were necessary. Several years were spent fruitlessly in experiments. It was possible to make the ankle joint strong, but in doing so the weight would become so greatly increased that to wear it would be burdensome. An increase in strength incurs an increase in weight, is one of the inexorable laws of physics, and no amount of human ingenuity has been able to change it. The addition of weight in the ankle joint was not admissible ; here were antagonizing conditions which put 12 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Mr. Marks in a dilemma from which the abandonment of the ankle joint made his escape possible. The rubber foot was the outgrowth of many months of thought ; surrounded in its inception with dubious prospects, few had faith in it, and Mr. Marks himself was somewhat apprehensive of its future ; the necessity of an ankle joint had ground itself so firmly in his ideas of the requirements of an artificial leg that to discard the joint altogether was to him more revulsive than otherwise. In former editions of his pamphlet he replied in the following manner to the often asked question, " HOW I CAME TO INVENT THE RUBBER FOOT." " The reader will first impress in his mind that I had made arti- ficial legs for some ten years after the old style, with ankle joints, wooden feet, etc., before I produced the rubber foot. " I had during the last few years of this time become disgusted with the mode of constructing a wooden foot with mechanical joints at the ankle and toes, and had conceived the idea of a rubber foot, as many to whom I revealed my ideas can attest ; but I was in a quandary as to a suitable plan for attachment, clinging as I did to the notion that an ankle joint was indispensable. While thus endeavoring to solve the problem, an old patient of mine called upon me and wanted me to construct a leg for him after a notion of his own. The patient had long been suffering from an irritable and diseased stump, which exuded a substance that saturated and destroyed the cords, joints, and springs of every artificial ankle joint he had ever used. He asked me rather bluntly if I would make him a leg all solid at the ankle, at the same time saying that he was poor and could not afford the expense attending the renew- ing of cords, springs, and joints in his artificial ankle joint. ' O yes,' I replied, ' that can be done by placing the cords on the outside of the leg and sheathing the joint.' He quickly rejoined, ' I mean, make me a leg without any cords or ankle joint whatever, perfectly stiff at the ankle.' To this I made answer ' No, sir, it would be of no use to you.' " He persisted in arguing with me and finally got me to consent to make the experiment. While I was constructing the leg I was con- tinually reasoning with myself, and recalling the fact that my best operators persisted in tightening their heel cords until they had practically destroyed all movement in the ankles. This being the case, I began to question the utility of an ankle joint. The leg was made for this man after his own ideas. The manner in which he walked, the ease and certainty attending every step, the ecstasy A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 13 he manifested in the realization of his hopes, — the possession of an artificial leg that would withstand the severe tests of his diseased stump, — convinced me that, with the rubber foot attached, the great problem of constructing a leg strong, light, reliable, and com- fortable was in my power of solution. " I immediately applied myself to the development of the rubber foot, and forthwith put them in operation ; first, by substituting them for old wooden feet on legs needing repairs. In every case I met with success which convinced me that the rubber foot was the desideratum. The success which has attended its use is now unquestioned and stands unparalleled as well as defiant against the arrogance of its ' old fogy competitors.' " The rubber foot in its earliest days was somewhat crude ; it possessed merits, but more were undeveloped ; nearly a score of years elapsed before all its virtues were patent'. During the period of experiments, many rubber feet were applied to legs of other manufacturers, replacing the complicated ones and rendering the legs of greater utility. In every instance in which the wearer had tried the foot sufficiently long to overcome the novelty, the rubber foot succeeded in winning his admiration and the promise of his life-long patronage. Manufacturers did not fail to observe the extensive inroads the rubber foot was making in the esteem and confidence of the crippled world, and the disaster the new departure threatened the old methods ; they looked with fear and trembling on the mul- titudes fleeing from their patronage, and seeking the advantages of the new idea. They have at times stemmed the tide temporarily by circulating base rumors and false reports calculated to dissuade those whose fickleness makes them susceptible of being turned from their inclinations. Continuing to print reports from venal and questionable commissions who passed judgment on an undeveloped article years before many of the readers of this book were born is one of the tricks resorted to by some pretentious manufacturers even in this late day, and for the lack of something more recent and tangible we presume they will continue to do so to the end of their time. Like Xerxes commanding the sea to recede, they stand in danger of being engulfed by their own folly. Xot withstanding the predictions of failure, and in defiance of the bitter opposition the rubber foot has always had to contend with, it has succeeded in making thousands of converts among the wearers of the old style. Men, women and children walk, run, skate, dance, and toil to the amazement of others ; performances regarded as impossible are daily being performed with naturalness. The farmer follows his 14 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. plow on a rubber foot ; the blacksmith works at his forge on a rubber foot ; the sailor climbs the rigging, the builder erects houses, men and women of every vocation attend to their affairs with little concern as to their crippled condition ; they all feel the assurance that the rubber foot is firm and reliable and will sustain them in their work, no matter what test may be brought to bear. No cords to stretch or break ; no springs to weaken ; no joints to squeak or make a hideous noise. Evidences of the advantages of the rubber foot were accumulat- ing, and had already reached such proportions as to command atten- tion from the press, medical profession, and the scientific world ; those who in earlier times were pronounced in its disfavor were fast coming to realize their mistake and gracefully acknowledge their errors. This they do by commending the rubber hand and foot to all in need of artificial limbs. ARGUMENT. The movements of the rubber foot more closely approximate to those of the natural foot in walking or running than the movements of a mechanical ankle joint leg with wooden foot. This may seem paradoxical, but if we study thoroughly the ac- tion of the natural ankle joint in walking or running under varied circumstances, we will be convinced of the statement, for we will observe that the amount of movement in the ankle joint is in all cases very limited and becomes more so the faster a man walks, until he reaches a very rapid speed, such as running, when the movement of the ankle joint is only such as to throw him from the toes of one foot to the toes of the other, i At all times the natural movement is under the control of, and regulated by the mind. The eye telegraphs to the mind just the peculiarity of the surface on which the foot is to be placed. The mind responds by commanding certain tendons and muscles to operate, and the man walks grace- fully, naturally, and with safety. Destroy the sympathy between the mind and the foot, and it will not be possible to achieve such results. Suppose a man be blindfolded and told to walk a cer- tain distance on an unknown road ; he will instinctively walk slowly, with a measured and feeling tread, and unless he meets with obstacles he will reach the end after much anxiety and concern. Require him to walk fast or run ; if his foot strikes an irregularity in the ground he will in all probability fall and injure himself. A man with an artificial leg with an ankle joint can be compared with the man walking rapidly in the dark, or with one who has lost A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. control over his foot ; every time he places the foot on the ground he does it with fear and uncertainty, because he has no will-power over the movements of his foot ; a pebble or an uneven surface will throw him off his equilibrium ; but with the rubber foot and rigid ankle every step is made with assurance — no rolling or wab- bling about in order to conform to irregularities. \Vatch a man walk on his natural feet at an easy ^ait ; Fig. 101. Fig. 102. As he advances on his left, he elevates on the toes of his right. (See Fig. 101.) He barely touches the heel of his left to the ground when he gives his body an impetus with the toes of his right (see Fig. 102); the ball of the left foot does not reach the ground until the propul- sion given by the right foot has carried the body nearly vertically Fig. 103. Fig. 101. Fig. 105. over the left foot, at this point (see Fig. 103) his right foot having risen from the ground, is in the act of passing the left ; it being carried well in advance of the left, the heel is placed to the ground at the moment the left is well raised on the ball (see Fig. 104); and the right foot rests flat on the ground when the left is taken from the ground and about to pass the right (see Fig. 105.) 10 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. This is repeated as the walking continues. It should be observed that during these movements the plantar surface of the foot is on the ground but a short interval, and only at such times when the body is nearly and directly over the leg. The cuts used to illustrate these five positions have been carefully prepared from instantaneous photographs taken from men while walking at a moderately rapid speed on natural feet. They reveal very curious positions, such as one would scarcely dream of, and appear more grotesque than natural ; they are nevertheless true, and present very striking illustrations of the theories embodied in the principle of the rubber foot. They show that on natural feet there is a time when the man stands on the heel of the advanced foot and on the toes of the receded foot, and that the plantar surface of the advanced foot does not reach the ground until the body is carried nearly over the advanced leg ; as soon as the body is over the advanced leg, the heel of the receding leg begins to rise and the force of propulsion is obtained from the toes of that leg. Let us contrast with these pictures the movements of a man wear- ing an artificial leg with a mechanical ankle joint. Advancing on his artificial leg, he strikes the heel to the ground ; the toes almost im- mediately drop with a thud, and the plantar surface remains on the , ground during the entire interval that the body is passing over the foot ; the heel does not rise immediately, and the wearer has to exert himself to " get off " the foot ; this exertion is an additional tax; it produces an awkwardness and a limp, and tires the wearer more than any other feature of the leg. Some makers of the ankle joint leg remedy these difficulties in a measure by tightening the cords, thus making the ankle joint practically rigid. When they do this they unquestionably improve the conditions ; but why not dispense with the movement entirely if it is not to be used ? Having thus made plain the movements of the natural foot in walking, and having contrasted the movements of the mechanical foot, we are now prepared to show that the movements of the rub- ber foot with rigid ankle more closely approximate those of the natural foot. The wearer advances on his rubber foot; he touches the heel to the ground first ; the weight of the body being gradually applied to the rubber foot causes the rubber heel to compress sufficiently to bring the plantar surface to the ground at the moment when the body is nearly over the leg ; as the body is thrown forward the weight is carried from the heel to the toes ; the heel being relieved of its weight, its elasticity causes it to resume its shape ; this assists in urging the body forward and throws the entire weight on the toes ; the heel then elevates and continues to do so until the step is nearly A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 1 i completed, when the wearer is simultaneously placed in such a posi- tion as to throw his weight forward of and heavily on the ball of the foot ; this gives the body a propulsion and urges the walking. A comparison of the two methods in artificial legs, with and with- out an ankle joint, will show that with the artificial ankle joint the interval that the plantar surface rests on the ground is greater than that of the natural foot, while with the rubber foot and stiff ankle the interval is approximately the same, or possibly a trifle less ; hence the argument. If the reader will carry out this thought in detail, he will com- prehend fully the many advantages possessed in our method of con- structing artificial legs ; he will understand why a man on a rubber foot can walk farther and faster than one who has an ankle- jointed leg which allows the plantar surface to remain on the ground longer intervals than nature allows her own ingeniously contrived foot. In running, the contrast is still more striking, for with either the rubber or natural foot the plantar surface is never on the ground ; it is the repeated act of springing from the toes of one foot to the toes of the other ; but with the ankle- jointed foot, running is exceed- ingly awkward and unnatural, as there has to be a slight halt in every step in order to recover from the action of the springs. In standing on the rubber foot the plantar surface rests on the ground ; and as there is no articulation in the ankle it supplies a large, balancing surface ; hence, men with two rubber feet can stand in an easy, graceful manner, with perfect security and with restf ill- ness ; it is not necessary for him to place one foot at right angles to the other in order to brace himself. The rubber foot affords the laborer a good substantial substitute on which he can rest and relieve his other leg, unaccompanied by un- certain or treacherous movements. One of the patrons of the rubber foot, a painter by occupation, says : " I can climb a ladder or stand on a scaffold with perfect security. I can give my mind entirely to my work, and forget that I stand on an artificial leg, without risking my life. An ankle-joint leg would make me tottlish, and were I on a ladder I would have to depend more on my grasp than on my foot ; but on the rubber foot and rigid ankle I feel absolutely safe." The farmer who toils in the field can plod along over cobbles and clumps on a rubber foot with perfect safety ; the accumulation of mud on his shoe will not cause the toes to drop and trip him ; uneven surfaces will not throw him from his balance or bring vio- lent jerks to his stump. These arguments, we contend, are overwhelming in favor of the 18 A. A. MAKES, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKK CITY. rigid ankle and rubber foot. We submit them to the consideration of the careful and thoughtful reader. A matter of importance to the greater number of artificial limb wearers, those who are not overstocked with the bounties of this world, is that of ECONOMY. A leg or arm which requires frequent repairing is not a very de- sirable article, even for those who can meet the expense without feeling the drain on their purse ; to them it is a loss of time, a tax on their anxieties ; but to the man whose daily toil is his only means of livelihood, the occasional buying of a heel cord or an ankle spring materially affects his finances. It not only robs him of comfort, but deprives his family of many of the good things of this life. A few dollars every month, added to the already large demands, allows the wolf to get nearer his door. We doubt that there is an artificial leg with an ankle joint made that will not require from $5 to $25 a year to keep the ankle in re pair. We do not say this from any prejudice of our own, but from a careful survey of the complaints made by those who have worn them. A rubber foot without springs, cords, joints, or complicated attachments is absolutely free from even the possibility of such annoyances. WHY AN ANKLE JOINT LEG IS NOT STRONG. The conditions in an ankle-joint leg are such that weakness in and about the ankle is inseparable. Let any candid mind think of the matter for a few moments and he will arrive at this conclusion. In the first place, the ankle of an artificial leg ought, for appearance and convenience, to be reduced to approximately the size of the natu- ral ankle. In the second place, the weight at and about the ankle must be reduced to the minimum. It matters little if a pound of weight be added to the thigh of a leg ; it is scarcely felt ; but an ounce added to the foot, which, being removed some distance from the stump, will be burdensome and feel many times its actual weight. Now, in order to have any machinery compact enough to be enclosed in the narrow limits of an ankle, either weight or strength must be sacrificed ; for, if made strong enough to resist the enormous strain and weight of the wearer it must necessarily be made of heavy and strong material ; but this weight being objected to, the maker is compelled to rob those parts of its required strength. We have seen artificial legs constructed with very strong ankle joints, and when placed on the scales would not balance more than the conventional weight ; but examination A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 19 would show that, in order to get* the total weight of the leg reduced to that amount, the thigh piece, joints, and socket had been robbed of their substance and the ankle made heavy. COMPARATIVE WEIGHT. Unscrupulous manufacturers of the complicated ankle-joint artificial legs, in their arguments against the rubber foot, compare rubber with wood, and say the ratio which exists between the specific gravities of wood and rubber exists the same between artificial legs made with wooden feet with ankle joints and those with rubber feet. We do not hesitate in branding this as an unwar- ranted falsehood. We admit that rubber is heavier than wood, but notice should be taken of the iron hinges, bolts, cords, glass balls, screws, and the many trappings required in the attachment of the wooden foot and composing the ankle joint ; these attachments are heavier than rubber and add considerably to the weight of the leg, all of which are absent in the rubber foot. In every case where feet with ankle joints have been removed from legs of other manufacturers and rubber feet applied in their stead, the total weight of each leg has never been increased, but, on the contrary, in nearly every case the total weight has been diminished by the change from one to eight ounces. It should be noticed that this reduction of weight has been made entirely in the foot and ankle, which, being removed so far from the stump, becomes a matter of favorable concern to the wearer. Our artificial legs with rubber feet, for ordinary adults, weigh from three and a half to six pounds, depending upon the size and requirements of the leg. A leg for a delicate lady of ordinary size should not weigh over three and a half pounds ; but for a large, robust, laboring man it can not be made of lasting strength and weigh less than six pounds. These weights are of the leg alone. The disposition of the weight of a leg can be so made that a leg weighing six pounds will feel lighter when in use than another weighing half as much with the weight otherwise disposed. If the thigh part and knee of the leg are made strong and heavy, as they should be in severe cases, and the foot made light, better results will follow than if the weight is disposed conversely ; although the legs in either case may weigh the same, there will be a great difference in the apparent weight when operating. The use of the rubber foot with rigid ankle renders it possible to dispose of the weight in an advantageous manner. A strong, heavy thigh piece, with heavy knee joints and a light 20 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. foot will make the leg lasting, and give the wearer more control over it, and at the same time feel light and secure. REQUIRED WEIGHT. The ideas of those wearing artificial legs in regard to weight are variable and can not be taken as a criterion. Some say, " Make the leg as light as possible ; if you can reduce the weight to a pound so much the better." Others say, " Do not make my leg too light. I have worn them light and heavy, and I find I can walk more steadily and step more naturally with a leg of moderate weight than with one extremely light. The leg should act like a pendulum, so that in raising it after taking a step its weight will be sufficient to cause it to swing beyond the center of the body without an exertion on the muscles of the stump." These ideas being antagonistic with each other, and both being tenable, throws one in doubt on the subject, and we are compelled to ask the experienced wearer to choose for himself and instruct us accordingly. When left to our judgment we always make an effort to reduce the weight to the minimum, taking into consideration the sex, weight, age, and the occupation of the wearer. If a man asks us to make him a leg to last him twenty years, we will endeavor to accom- modate him, but he must expect to receive a leg more or less heavy, large, and staunch. HOW LONG WILL AN ARTIFICIAL LEG LAST? The question is frequently asked, How long will an artificial leg last ? Our reply is invariably, " That depends on the care that is given to it." We can boast of patrons who are now wearing, and have continuously worn, an artificial leg made for them twenty-five years ago, and bids fair to last many years longer ; but this is exceptional, and should not be mentioned as a criterion, no more than some of our patrons who, through abuse and recklessness, wear their artificials out in a very short time. An average made of the frequency with which our patrons renew their substitutes fixes the intervals at about every eight years. Renewals are made as a general thing, not because the artificial is worn out and dilapidated, but because the wearer wants a new one, the same as he wants a new coat before the old coat is worn out. Men become as proud of their artificials as they do of any article of apparel, and those with abundant means frequently supply them- selves with several, and keep them in reserve for changes or emergencies. Then again, changes sometimes take place in the stump, and require a new leg. Taking all these facts into consid- A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 21 eration and fixing the average at eight years is actually depriving the leg of much of its deserved credit. The United States government with its usual liberality has fixed the interval for the issuing of artificial limbs to pensioners at five years. SHOES AND STOCKINGS. All artificial feet should be dressed with stockings and shoes or boots the same as the natural. Ankle-joint feet on account of the ankle movement will " chew " a stocking and wrinkle a shoe in a very brief time ; they not only wear out a greater number of stock- ings than the natural foot, but in a short time give the shoe a slovenly and ungainly appearance. The rubber foot operates quite the opposite ; there is no ankle articulation to wrinkle or break the boot or tear the stocking ; at the toes the wrinkling is perfectly natural, giving the entire shoe an agreeable appearance. We have heard wearers say that in five years the rubber foot had saved them, in the cost of stockings and shoes, a sum of money nearly sufficient to buy a new leg. AN INDISPUTABLE FACT. The most overwhelming argument in favor of the principles involved in the rubber foot leg is the fact that at this writing over eight thousand are in use, distributed in all parts of the world ; this vast army of restored cripples testify to the world the satisfac- tory use and the astounding performances their rubber feet render them capable of doing. The most enthusiastic of our patrons are those who have worn the ankle-joint legs of various patterns ; they invariably say that when the rubber foot and the ankle-joint foot are contrasted with respect to their capabilities of meeting the wants of the wearer the rubber foot possesses overwhelming advantages. Over eight thousand cripples, representing every nationality, every possible vocation, both sexes, and every grade of life and society, operating with rubber extremities, with naturalness and comfort, with perfect concealment of their loss, make a prestige the rubber foot and hand alone enjoy. Is it possible that the reader can ask for more striking testimony or more convincing argument than this simple fact ; is not such evidence conclusive, 22 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. and sufficient to dispel every vestige of doubt ? If it is not, then indeed has reason succumbed to prejudice. Nearly seven hundred letters of commendation will be found in this pamphlet ; each is a witness testifying in favor of our claims ; this vast number we regard sufficient to establish our points beyond cavil. We hope the reader will do this book the honor of reading these testimonials and drawing his own conclusions from them. Each testimonial is a story by itself, interesting in portraying bits of individual history. ARTIFICIAL LEGS. Ease and comfort to the wearer in the adjustment, naturalness and elasticity in the movements, durability in the construction and safety in the operation, are the paramount requirements of an artifi- cial leg ; any artificial leg devoid of any one of these qualities is deficient and should not be worn. We claim that our artificial legs with rubber feet possess every one of these conditions in the high- est degree, in contradistinction with those manufactured upon the old principles with complicated ankle joints. The leg is in the first place made to fit the stump so as to secure the greatest degree of comfort ; the knee-joint and elastic foot enable the leg to oper- ate with freedom and elasticity ; these conditions are so combined as to secure great durability. No. 106. Cut No. 106 represents the rubber foot as originally invented and patented in 1863. It was mostly made of rubber of a very spongy, light, and elastic character. A piece of willow wood nearly filling the foot at the back and top furnished the medium by which the foot was secured to the leg ; this core extended down about two-thirds the distance from the ankle to the bottom of the heel, then downwards and forwards to a point corresponding to the toe movement of a natural foot as shown by the dotted lines. After a number of years it was discovered that, in cases where the wearer bore heavily on the toes, the toes would not always spring back to their proper position ; to overcome this objection strips of strong duck were attached to the block as represented in cut No. 107. A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 23 On either side of these strips of duck, rubber is chemically attached and vulcanized with the remainder of the foot. THE NEW PATENT FOOT. No. 107. The object of this improvement is not only to add to the great durability of the foot, but give greater spring to the toes and cause them to return to the proper position with certainty. A little consideration will show that in consequence of these layers of duck two forces are created at every movement of the toes, one operating at right angles to the layers, and the other longitudinal and coincident with them ; these two forces combine to make a resultant and a very powerful force which operates as designed. This improvement remedies effectually the only defect originally incident to the rubber foot and the one so much exag- gerated and contemned by some of our competitors. Special Let- ters Patent were issued by the United States for this feature. Artificial legs herein described are made to fit the person with great care ; either with the presence of the wearer, or from meas- urements supplied by him. In either case each leg when completed and delivered will be accompanied, without extra charge, by the following ACCESSORIES. Above the knee or knee-bearing leg: The necessary suspenders attached, one sock for the stump, screw-driver, box of grease, extra spring, and a book of instructions. Leg for amputation below knee : Necessary suspenders attached, one long and one short sock for the stump, pocket oil can, screw- driver, extra lacing, and book of instructions. Leg for ankle-joint amputation: Sock for stump, extra lacing. When desired the leg will be securely boxed and delivered to ex- press or freight office in New York City without additional charge. 24 A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. LEGS FOR THIGH AMPUTATIONS. No. 108. Cut No. 108 presents a side view of a leg, designed for any amputation that has been made at any point above the con- dyles of the femur, or, as usually denominated, for amputation above the knee. The body of the leg is constructed of willow wood, both upper and lower sections. The leg is firmly attached to a rubber foot at the ankle. The thigh section is hollowed to accommodate the stump comfortably ; it is then dressed down on the outside until it assumes a comely and natural appearance, of as near the dimensions of the natural leg as possible. The calf is but a shell of such character as to combine strength and comeliness. The end of the stump in cases where the femur has in part been amputated is not allowed to come in contact with either the bottom or the walls of the socket, except in exceptional cases in which the periosteal covering of the extremity of the femur has been pre- A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEE CITY. 25 served, the tissues ample and non-adherent to the bone, forming a comfortable and safe cushion to bear upon. It is unreasonable to think of bearing on the end of a stump in which these conditions do not prevail. Generally, the weight is carried on the back section of the rim of the thigh piece, which is left thick and chamfered to receive com- fortably a section of the ischium or buttock of the wearer. Some manufacturers fit the socket for thigh amputations so as to carry the weight on that edge of the thigh piece that contacts with the perinaeuni or crotch. We are opposed to this method, because, in the first place, it is a very irritable place to take weight ; in the second, the act of taking weight at that point tends to influ- ence the wearer to spread his legs and straddle in walking ; and in the third place it is not at all necessary. The seat is partially prepared by nature to bear this pressure, and it seems to us proper to take advantage of the privilege nature has so kindly offered. In cases w T hen the extremity of the stump is well protected with non-adherent tissue, and the wearer can bear his whole weight on the end without experiencing unpleasant sen- sations, we take advantage of the opportunity and place a soft cushion or pad inside the socket, of sufficient thickness to receive as much of the weight of the wearer as may be found prudent. Advantage should be taken of this opportunity whenever it is offered. No. 109. No. 110. No. 111. Cut No. 109 represents a back view of the knee joint of all No. 108 legs. Its arrangement is unique and possesses many advan- 26 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. tages, for which special Letters Patent have been issued by the United States. Cut No. 110 presents the same joint disconnected, with all the parts exposed. The joint has the shape of an inverted T, hence its name tee-joint. This joint is made of tough gun steel, forged from one piece of metal. The projecting arms rest in boxes and are held there by two hard wood caps, which are secured by steel screws passing through the leg into steel nuts. ,The wearer has command over this joint ; he can tighten or loosen the bearings at will, have the joints operate snugly orloosBly as he chooses, thus obviating the rattle incident to wear. The small steel lever with ball on end projecting from the back of the joint operates in the concavity of a hard wood piston ; this piston is inserted in one end of a steel spring about seven inches long ; this spring is encased with leather and placed in a drawn brass cylinder, the convex end of which rests on a bridge placed in the interior of the leg in the region of the calf. The spring, piston, cylinder, cap, and screws are illustrated in cut No. 111. The operation of the spring is two-fold ; it urges the lower leg forward in walk- ing, and, by the automatic reversal of its direction of force, holds the leg back when the knee is bent at right angles as in sitting. The power of the spring can be increased or diminished. If it is desired to increase the power, a little packing can be tamped in the cylinder, and if it is desired to diminish the power, a link or two can be cut from one end of the spring. If the wearer does not want to use a spring in the knee he can remove it from the leg with- out being required to disjoint the leg or mutilate some of its parts. When the leg is together and in working order the knee movement is arrested by the striking of the vertical shaft of the joint against a pad placed in the knee ; this pad can be increased or diminished by the wearer, and the knee movement caused to cease at any angle to suit the wearer or to accommodate a low or high heel on the shoe. The center of movement of this patented knee is placed back of the line of the center of gravity of the wearer when standing ; the purpose of this is to secure the knee against treacherous bending. Price of this leg, complete, with any style of suspender, each, $100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 27 Cut No. 112 represents a style of leg for amputation above the knee with a lock attachment in the knee. This arrangement is No. 112. calculated for persons who have become accustomed to a stiff knee leg and desire to have the knee locked when walking or ridings horseback. The button B placed on the end of a lever is operated by the hand ; when this lever is placed forward sufficiently to catch in the lever guide, the knee is locked, and can not move; and conversely, when the lever is placed back sufficiently to catch in a second place, the knee is unlocked and at liberty, and will bend naturally for sitting conveniences, as in cut No. 113. The button B is made large so that it can be readily found through the clothing and operated by the hand without attracting attention or causing inconvenience to the wearer. We do not apply this locking arrangement to every leg, as in most cases it is uncalled for and utterly useless ; we only apply it in cases where we are directed to do so by the ordering party. We have a Baptist clergymen who finds this locking arrangement •28 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. of peculiar advantage while performing the rites of immersion, on account of the buoyancy of the lower leg, and the weak knee spring he insists upon wearing; the leg will double under him at the first step unless some similar method is adopted to prevent the knee from yielding to the forces of the water. No. 113. In cases of extremely short or enervated stumps this locking arrangement will be found of advantage. We make no additional charge in the price of the leg for this knee attachment when actually required. The price and measurements required are the same as for leg No. 108. HIP-JOINT AND WAIST BELT. Cuts No. 112 and 113 show our hip-joint and waist belt attach- ment, designed to give the body control over the leg and relieve the stump of some of the burden. It is calculated to be used only where the stump is weak, or force required to overcome objection- able tendencies of the stump ; for example, a man going on one crutch for some years will influence his stump so as to hang off from a vertical line. An ordinary leg applied to a stump in this condition would straddle and give the wearer some annoyance ; but the hip- joint will force the stump to its proper line and hold it there while the leg is being worn. The socket of the leg is made of sufficient length on the outside to extend nearly to the hip motion; the steel joint is attached at A and works on a plate ; a belt passing around the abdomen holds the joint to its place. The hip-joint is applied only when ordered, as it is exceptionally required. We make no additional charge in the price of leg when the joint is actually required. In addition to measurements explained on pages 60 to 65, give circumference of abdomen. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 29 Cut No. 114 represents a leg with laced thigh piece calculated for thigh amputations in which bearing can be taken on the end. No. 114. The question may be asked, Why do we not make all sockets for thigh amputations so as to lace and adjust, thus provide for the emaciation that most always takes place in stumps after an artificial leg is worn ? Our reply is, that in cases where all the weight must be carried on the top edge of the artificial leg the laced thigh is not resistant enough to oppose the weight of the wearer; when weight can be borne on the end of the stump in whole or in part, it is not necessary to have the top edge so thoroughly resistant, and the leg represented in the above cut can be applied. Price and measurements required, same as for leg No. 108. The T-joint used in legs thus far described can not be used in legs for thigh amputations of great length. The mechanism of the T-joint occupies a space of about three inches above the center of the knee movement, if the stump is so long that it requires some of this space, it is either necessary to make the artificial thigh longer 30 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. than the natural, or to use the bolt joint (described hereafter) ; the former alternative being objected to compels us to resort to the latter. No. 115. Cut No. 115 represents a leg for thigh amputation in which the stump extends very nearly to the knee-joint. The knee movements are analogous to those obtained with the T-joint ; its mechanism is illustrated in cuts Nos. 119-120 and described on page 34 ; when compared with the T-joint it has some disadvantage ; for example, the adjustability of the bearings and the method of compensating for the wear ; these, however, are nominal, as the wearer can bush the bearing to obtain any desired movement or compensate for the wear. Price and measurements required, same as for leg No. 108. LEGS FOR KNEE-JOINT AMPUTATIONS. Knee-joint disarticulations are various ; some have the condyles trimmed, others have not ; some have non-adherent tissues and others adherent ; and as a result some can bear pressure on end and A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 31 others can not ; on account of these various conditions it is necessary to consider carefully each case and treat it accordingly. No. 116. Cut No. 116 represents a leg for knee disarticulation, one in which the articular surfaces of the condyles have been trimmed, but the tubercles or side projections untouched ; it is seldom possible to bear on the end of such an amputation. The bulbous sides give the stump a greater lateral diameter than just above them. In order to hold the stump firm in the socket and prevent irritation it is necessary to make the fitting so that the socket will compress the stump just above the condyles, and at the same time give the con- dyles absolute freedom from contact. In leg No. 116 the stump is inserted from the top and prevented from entering too far by the upper annular wooden socket coming in contact with the ischium and pelvis ; after the stump is inserted and in place the socket is laced tightly and the stump held firmly ; heavy shoulder suspension is unnecessary. Price of this leg, complete, with any style of suspender, each $100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 32 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Cut No. 117 represents a leg for ordinary knee disarticulation in which the condyles have not been trimmed, with the patella re- moved or not, and the weight of the wearer capable of being No. 117. carried in whole or in part on the end. The fitting is made to receive comfortably the end of the stump, so as to give abundant space for the sides of the condyles and hold the stump firmly just above. A soft cushion is placed in the socket on which the stump rests ; the stump is then laced firmly in place ; the tubercles on the sides of the extremity of the femur afford a means for hold- ing the leg without depending entirely on shoulder suspension. When but part of the weight can be borne on the end of the stump the thigh socket is made to extend well up to the body with flaring posterior top to be opposed by the ischium. Price and measurements required, same as for leg No. 116. Every peculiar condition of knee-joint amputation is taken advan- tage of and modifications of the various kinds of legs described in this book are made to meet cases to the greatest possible advantage. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. KNEE-BEARING ARTIFICIAL LEGS. The class of legs denominated knee-bearing, include all styles in which the weight is taken on the knee of the stump while the stump from knee down is in a flexed position. Any one of the following conditions will require the use of a knee bearing leg : Anchylosis of the knee-joint in a flexed position. Remediless contraction of the extensors, limiting the knee move- ment to not more than one half. Length of tibia insufficient to be of service in controlling the knee movement of an artificial leg. If there is a possibility of utilizing the stump from the knee down for controlling the knee movements of the artificial leg, advantage should be taken of it, and No. 123 leg, page 37, should be selected instead of the knee-bearing. We are aware that with inexperienced persons it is sometimes a difficult matter to determine which style of leg should be used, and that certain conditions of the stump make the choice problematic ; the conditions above mentioned will, as a general thing, guide one safely. It is very frequently the case that from long periods of disuse, or from carrying the stump in a flexed position a great length of time, that the knee extensors become contracted. The contraction is sometimes very great and the recovery of full movement without the aid of the knife a matter of serious doubt ; in such a case a knee-bearing leg should unquestionably be used, but it may be safely asserted, as a rule, that for all contractions of one half the natural movement or less, our No. 123 artificial leg will bring a gentle, constant, and painless tension on the extensors and by degrees force them to relax and thus ultimately reclaim the full knee movement. An artificial leg will almost invariably accomplish this without any assistance, and without occasioning confinement, hindrance, or suffering. If the length of the stump is a question of doubt in the selection of the style of leg the following test may be used : flex the stump and see if the projection from the back of the thigh or the distance from the popliteal space to the end of the tibia is sufficient to afford an opposing surface ; one and a half inches are usually suffi- cient. If the projection is less than that, a knee-bearing leg should be selected. 34 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Cut No. 118 represents a knee-bearing leg. The thigh piece is hollowed to accommodate the stump ; the natural knee rests on a No. 119 No. 118. cushion ; the weight of the wearer bears on the knee ; the projecting stump, if very long, protrudes from the back of the socket ; the stump is held firmly in place by a strong lacing. The cut represents the leg slightly bent at the knee, a slight pressure on the ball of the foot to show the yielding quality of the rubber. From the knee to the foot the leg is of wood, carved to as near the shape of the natural leg as the construction of the leg will allow ; it is hollowed to obtain lightness, and covered with parchment to secure strength. The mechanism of the knee may be understood by the following cuts : Cut No. 119 presents a rear view of the knee with all the parts together and ready for use. Cut No. 120 presents the same knee with all the parts separated. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 35 The bolt is the bearing surface ; it is made of fine steel ; passing through the lower extremity of the thigh, it is secured to the lower leg by steel strips ; one end of the bolt is flanged and the other squared ; both are received in steel plates, fitted tightly and held in place by a steel screw. It is thus seen that the bolt is held to the lower leg firmly and the thigh section of the leg caused to move about it. The length of this bolt in ordinary cases is four inches ; this secures a very large bearing surface, and increases its lasting qualities. The knee movement is stopped at the proper angle by an opposing brace secured to the lower leg ; this brace impacts against a rubber cushion ; a steel spiral spring assists the knee in its movements. The arrangement of the spring in this joint is similar in its action to that described on page 25 and posses- No. 121. No. 122. ses the same advantages. This method of constructing a knee-bear- ing leg secures very great strength and very excellent knee move- ment ; it has one disadvantage, however. On account of the mechanism of the knee being placed below the stump, the thigh is elongated from two to three inches. 36 a. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Most wearers do not object to this, as it is scarcely noticeable, and the advantage of its durability more than compensates that of appearance, which at the best is but critical ; when, however, the additional length of thigh is objected to, and the wearer is willing to sacrifice some of the strength, side joints can be used instead of the bolt ; as in Cut No. 121. The center of movement of the joint in this style of leg is placed above the plane of the lower extremity of the knee of the stump ; this admits of trimming off the end of socket to very near the knee of the stump, and to about the length of the natural thigh. The mechanism of the knee is fully explained in Cut 124. Knee-bearing artificial legs are very comfortable to wear, and with persons who take pride in operating their artificials, their movements become quite natural and the results are very flattering. It can not be expected that the knee movement is as sure and natural as when the stump from the knee down is utilized in con- trolling the artificial knee movement as in No. 123. The price of either No. 118 or 121 style, complete, with any style of suspender, each $100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. Cut No. 122 represents a leg calculated for an amputation a short distance below the knee, with stump extended and anchylosed. The thigh socket is made of wood and leather ; it is excava- ted to receive the thigh of the stump comfortably and to hold it firmly. All the weight of the wearer is carried on this socket by com- pression and by the top edge coming in contact with the ischium. The stump from knee down does not touch any part of the leg. When sitting the knee of the artificial leg bends naturally ; but the stump, being stiff and unyielding, protrudes beyond the leg. An auxiliary spring is attached to the front of the leg to assist the operations of the knee. Price, complete with suspender, each, $100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 37 LEGS FOR BELOW KNEE AMPUTATIONS. This class includes all conditions in which the amputation has been made between the knee and ankle, and the stump from the knee down used in controlling the knee movements of the arti- ficial leg. Any stump with half or more movement of the knee, and with projection when bent at right angles of one and a half inches or more, measured from the popliteal space to the end, can be properly fitted with a leg: of this class. No. 123. No. 124. Cut No. 123 represents a leg for amputation below the knee as above described. The leg from the knee to the rubber foot is made of tough kiln-dried willow wood hollowed to receive the stump properly and comfortably ; it is then dressed down on the outside to as near the shape and size of the natural leg as possible ; the leg is then covered with parchment or buckskin to give it strength. The thigh section is made of strong oak-tan russet leather covered with soft buckskin. The knee joints are made of steel of sufficient 38 a. A. MAKES, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE, CITY. strength to stand the wear of years. The cut represents the leg with considerable pressure on the heel to show the compressibility of the rubber. The interior of the leg both above and below the knee has the contours of the stump. The stump is inserted and laced at thigh piece sufficiently tight to hold it firmly in place. Weight is carried in part on the thigh and on the anterior, interior, and posterior surfaces of the stump just below the knee. In cases of hyperesthesia or extreme sensitiveness about these parts the weight is carried entirely on the thigh. It is rarely the case that pressure can be applied to the extremity of any stump in which amputation has been made in the shaft of the bone, unless the tissues are all well preserved and the end of the tibia provided with a good natural non-adherent cushion ; under these conditions only can weight be taken on the end with impu- nity ; when such favorable conditions exist advantage can be derived from bearing on the end ; we then place a soft pad in the leg. This pad can be increased, diminished, or withdrawn by the wearer as he finds advisable. Cut No. 124 represents the leg disjointed at the knee with all the parts exposed. The upper joints fit the slots of the lower joints ; a bolt passes through each, and held in place by a screw. The strap extending from the thigh piece downward is termed the check strap and is applied to the leg for the purposes of checking the movement of the knee, and avoiding the metallic sound which would result if the stops in the joints were alone depended on. This strap is secured firmly to the thigh piece at the uj)per end, and screwed to the calf of the leg at the lower end. This strap can be shortened or lengthened as may be desired. We have said that an amputation below the knee with knee move- ment of one-half or more should be supplied with a leg of this class. The object in view being to take advantage of the amount of movement that exists, with the intention of restoring full movement by the influence of the artificial leg. For contraction of not greater than one-quarter, an ordinary leg of this class will usually perform the work of restoration ; but for contraction of a greater degree it is necessary to make some modifications. Cut No. 125 represents a leg especially designed for such purpose. The leg is constructed so as to receive the stump in the position of its greatest extension ; the stump and thigh are firmly held in place by lacing ; the shelf on which the stump rests is capable of being inclined at different angles ; by changing the angle from time to time a gentle and increasing tension is exerted on the ten- A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 39 dons, which causes them ultimately to relax, and thus restore full movement. Price for No. 123 or 125 complete with suspender, each, $100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. No. 125. No. 126. Cut No. 126 represents an artificial leg for amputation below the knee without thigh support. Such can only be worn with long and powerful stumps. If the irregularities of the stump will not hold the leg sufficiently secure, straps are attached, to either pass around the thigh or pass over the shoulder, or both, as may be de- sired. Price complete, each, $65.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 40 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. WATERPROOF LEGS. Many wearers of artificial legs follow vocations that require them to stand or walk in water for a considerable length of time, and in consequence have been obliged to use peg legs, as there has never been an artificial leg made that would effectually resist this de- structive element. Joints, springs, and cords in the ankle would rust, break, or stretch, and all the glued parts would loosen and become detached. Our endeavor has been to construct a leg that would meet this want. No. 127. Cut No. 127 is a sectional view of our recently invented water- proof leg. The core in the foot and the body of the leg are cut from one piece of wood, with the grain in the foot at about right angles to the grain in the leg, and continuous with it ; this is done to give the leg strength. The rubber foot is secured to this core in the usual manner. It will be seen that there are no glued or attached parts whatever to be affected by water or perspiration. This leg is peculiarly suitable for long stumps, as exudations from the stump will not weaken or destroy it. This natural crook leg is secured by U. S. Letters Patent. The same principle can be used for any point of amputation. Price same as quoted. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 41 LEGS FOR AMPUTATIONS IN OR BELOW ANKLE- JOINTS. Amputations known as Symes', Pirogoff's, Chopart's, Lisfrance's, Hey's, etc., are performed with the purpose of bearing the weight on the end or remaining plantar surface, and with rare exceptions the stump is capable of doing so. The construction of artificial feet for this class of amputations has perplexed the maker more than any other. The limited distance from the end of the stump to the floor debarred the possibility of making an artificial foot light, neat, durable, and helpful, until the rubber foot and natural crook solved the problem. Most manufacturers who pretend to treat this class of amputations construct a very frail appliance, which merely restores the foot in appearance, but affords no assistance whatever in walking. A person must be able to raise his entire weight on the ball of his foot and elevate the heel in order to walk naturally, easily, quickly, and helpfully ; if the artificial foot has an ankle-joint that will not enable him to stand on the ball of the foot, it becomes a worthless appendage, hindering in all its operations ; this difficulty is an insurmountable one to all adherents of the ankle- joint. In order to make an ankle-joint foot sufficiently resistant about the ankle to oppose so much strain, the attaching contrivances must extend up the sides of the stump, and in doing this much objectionable weight and bulkiness will be added to the ankle ; all the attaching parts would furthermore be insecure and unreliable, as they would be contiguous with the stump, and consequently affected by the exudations of the stump. Our method of constructing this class of leg is in a very simple manner and meets the requirements in every essential. The socket which surrounds the stump and the core of the foot are carved from one piece of wood ; the grain in the core is approxi- mately at right angles with the grain in the socket ; the fibers are thus unbroken and in continuous lines, following the contours of the limb, as shown by Cut No. 127 ; consequently they are dis- posed in a manner the most advantageous to oppose the greatest strain. This is accomplished by cutting the socket and core from the root or branch of a tree in which the natural grain follows a favorable curve. The rubber foot is moulded about the core, and all are secured in the most substantial manner. It is thus seen that there are no attached, glued, or metallic parts to be affected by per- spiration. We have two methods of fitting these feet ; one receives the stump from the front and the other from the rear. 42 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Cut No. 128 represents the former. The fitting is made so that the stump is comfortably encased and secured by lacing. No. 128. The entire weight is carried on the end in all cases where there is a good flap and there are no objecting conditions. No. 129. Cut No. 129 presents a typical Symes amputation ; the flap is brought to the front, where it is sutured ; the cicatrix is anterior and lateral ; the end of this stump is as capable of bearing weight as- the heel of the companion foot. The extremity of the stump of any of these amputations is usually bulbous and considerably larger A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 43 than just above ; this condition is fortunate, as it affords a means of holding the foot without resorting to thigh support. No. 130. Cut No. 130 presents the same case with artificial foot applied and ready to be dressed with stocking and shoe. This method of inserting the stump from the front of the foot has some minor objections ; all the strain occasioned by rising on the toes is communicated to the sides and rear of the leg ; to oppose this strain effectually it is necessary to leave the wood at those places of considerable thickness ; this adds to the bulkiness of the ankle. Cut No. 132 represents the latest device to overcome this objec- tion. Cut No. 131 represents either a Synies or a Pirogoff stump. Cut No. 132 represents the artificial foot which receives the stump from the rear ; by this method we are able to place the resist- ing part of the leg to the front of the stump and nearer the ball of the foot, thus diminishing the leverage, and consequently allowing the removal of a proportionate amount of material. As there is no strength required at the sides of the extremity of the stump, the socket can be cut entirely away at these points, thus admitting of a lateral diameter of no greater dimension than the stump itself. This method also admits of a graceful and smooth curve to the front and the instep of the foot and reduces the dimen- 44 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. sions of the heel and instep to the minimum ; this alone is a very desirable advantage over the former method. No. 131. No. 132. No. 133. The fitting of the socket is such as to bear comfortably on each side of tibia of the stump ; the stump is held in place by a leather case which surrounds the body of the leg and laced in front as in Cut No. 133. In this condition it is ready to be dressed with stock- ing and shoe. No. 134. No. 135. No. 136. Cut No. 134 represents a Chopart stump ; which is fitted with foot No. 135, similar to those f or the Symes and Pirogoff, differing from A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 45 them only in the fact that the stump is placed nearer the floor, as it is required to be. The heel of the stump is held to position by a brace passing up the posterior of the stump ; this is done to coun- teract the tendency of the extensors from drawing the heel back- ward and the amputated surface downward. This style of foot can be made so as not to elongate the leg, as the stump is brought adjacent to the plane of the plantar surface. Lisfrance's and Hey's amputations are treated similarly. Fig. 136 presents the foot applied. Price for No. 128, 132, or 135 complete, each $50.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. It sometimes occurs that in any of the amputations in and below the ankle-joint the weight can not be carried on the end ; in such case side joints and a thigh piece are applied and the weight dis- tributed about the thigh and below the knee in proportions to meet the possibilities. No. 137. Cut No. 137 represents a double amputation at the ankle-joint ; the extremities of the stumps sloughed in healing and left the sur- faces of the bones poorly protected ; consequently it was not possible to bear any weight on the extremities. The wood of the upper part of the lower leg was left annular and surrounded the stump just below the knee ; side joints and thigh piece were applied and the weight carried at advantageous places. 46 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. Cut No. 138 represents the artificial legs in position and the wearer ready for walking. No. 138. Price of each of these, complete, $100.00, with suspenders if necessary. Measures required are explained on pages 60 to 65. There are many appliances made calculated to be worn on feet amputations, but unless they are so constructed as to hold the cicatrix free from contact, and at the same time capable of being held suffi- ciently firm to the remaining stump as to enable the wearer to rise on the toes, they are practically worthless ; it is impossible to treat any tarsal or metatarsal amputation and give the wearer any help with an appliance that does not extend well up on the leg. A simple leather inclosure laced about the ankle and instep, with toes to complete the foot, serves only as a filling for the shoe and does not in the least aid in walking. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 47 ARTIFICIAL TOES. The amputation of the toes, Cut 140, usually leaves a sensitive surface with an irritable cicatrix, which, if allowed to come in con- tact with wood, cork, or even the sole of the shoe is in danger of becoming excoriated and troublesome. No. 139. No. 140. Cut No. 139 is calculated to meet this difficulty. A hard wood sole, extending back to the heel, is formed to receive the bottom of the mutilated foot and fitted to protect all the tender points, it is strapped firmly in place and held free from the cicatrix. This appliance restores the appearance of the foot, and, on account of the retention of the metatarsal bones, enables the wearer to rise on his toes and receive help from that part of the foot while walking. Price each, $25.00. Measurements required are explained on page 65. Plaster cast also needed. PEG LEGS. We are prepared to make peg legs for those who are unable to buy the more perfect leg as described. "We do not advise the use of the peg leg, as it so poorly replaces the lost member, and besides, its use has a tendency to impair the movements of the stump. An artificial leg with rubber foot possesses so many advantages over the peg that we urge all to exhaust every possible endeavor to buy a good artificial leg with rubber foot, before concluding to wear the peg. Let the peg be the last resort. Peg legs here illustrated are made of tough wood, well finished, with or without knee-joints, as may be required, and with rubber bottoms, held by ferrules. With the exception of No. 145, they are calculated to be worn in the pantaloons the same as a regular artificial leg. 48 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Cut No. 141 represents a peg leg for amputation above the knee ; it has a knee-joint and will bend in walking or sitting. No. 141. No. 142. Price, without suspenders, well finished, $50.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. Cut No. 142 represents a peg leg for amputation above the knee. It is straight and without knee movement. Price, without suspenders, well finished, $30.00. " " " no covering, finished on wood, $20.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 49 Cut No. 143 represents a peg leg for a knee-bearing stump. No. 143. No. 144. No. 145. Price, without suspenders, well finished, $50.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 50 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Cut No. 144 represents a peg leg for amputation below the knee, with side joints and thigh piece. Price, without suspenders, well finished, $50.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. Cut No. 145 represents the cheapest form of peg leg, to be worn outside the clothing ; it is made of strong tough wood with cush- ioned bearing for the knee to rest upon. Price each, complete, $10.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. XEGS, APPARATUS AND EXTENSIONS FOR SHORTENED LEGS, DEFORMITIES, ETC. No. 146. No. 147. Cut No. 146 represents a case of malformation. The deformed member being a leg in miniature, with all the bones and articulations of a natural leg, but so much dwarfed and dis- torted as to be of no possible avail except in the control of an arti- ficial leg. The length of the deformed leg from the perinaeum to the most distant point did not exceed ten inches. Cut No. 147 represents the artificial leg constructed for the case ; the socket received and held the deformed limb in place ; A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY. 51 beneath was placed the knee movement, which operated the same as No. 108 leg. A rubber foot at the required distance completed the structure and supplied the deficiency in all its demands. The wearer was delighted with the results, and has now worn the same leg for at least a dozen years, and with it is able to conceal his deformity and walk naturally and comfortably. Price complete, with choice of suspenders, $100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. Plaster cast also required. No. 148. No. 149. Cut No. 148 represents a leg constructed for a club foot with shortened leg, caused by retarded growth in childhood ; the short- ness measured about eight inches ; knee-joint slightly weak, and entire leg atrophied. The leg was made to take weight on the bottom of the deformed foot ; the side joints and thigh piece strengthened the knee. The leg when applied dressed neatly and enabled the wearer to walk with comfort and naturalness with- out the aid of crutch or cane. We have made a pair of similar legs for a man who had both of his legs deformed, and by the use of the artificials was restored to his proportionate height and appearance, and was enabled to walk perfectly naturally Price complete, each, 8100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. Plaster cast also required. 52 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Cut No. 149 represents a leg constructed for a woman ; her case was the result of hip disease in childhood. From retarded growth and displacement of the hip joint her leg became ten inches shorter than the companion leg ; this deficiency was shared by the thigh and lower leg equally. The artificial leg received the affected leg and was under perfect control by it ; with this leg the wearer was enabled to lay aside her crutches, which she had depended on for over thirty years. In a very brief time she was walking as naturally as any one, and with that comfort and relief she had never allowed herself the hope of enjoying. Price complete, each, $100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. No. 150. No. 151. Cut No. 150 represents a leg similar to the above. The defi- ciency in length of the affected leg amounts to but four inches. These legs can be made for cases where the deficiency in length is but a fraction. Price complete, each, $100.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. In cases where there is no weakness of the knee joint and the knee can be depended on in operating the artificial leg it is not necessary to use side knee joints or thigh piece. Cut No. 151 represents a leg suitable for such a case. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 53 The natural foot rests on a shelf ; beneath it is a rubber foot at the required distance to extend to the ground. This leg is only suitable for a woman ; her dresses will conceal the projecting upper foot ; but for a man the appearance is objectionable ; in No. 152. No. 153. such cases we lit the leg to receive the foot of the short leg at a greater angle, as in Cut No. 152 ; the angle of the foot is as great as it is possible to have it and not torture the wearer. The weight is taken mostly on the heel and sole of the encased foot. The rigidity of the ankle in the artificial leg secures perfect safety to weak ankles ; the rubber foot supplies all the movement necessary. This leg will dress very neatly and will enable the wearer to walk naturally, comfortably, and with absolute safety. Price of No. 151 or 152, each, $50.00. Measurements required are explained on page 65. Cut No. 153 represents an artificial leg constructed for the pur- pose of extending a shortened leg, the results of anchylosis of the knee in a flexed position, as well as for utilizing the affected leg in walking. 54 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. The affected leg is received in the artificial leg from the rear ; the bottom of the foot resting on a surface prepared for it ; most of the weight is taken on this surface. A rubber foot beneath the natural foot, placed at the required distance, completes the leg. The rigidity of the natural knee renders it unnecessary to extend the artificial leg above the knee. This leg enables the wearer to walk without limping and without the aid of a cane. Price, each, $50.00. Measurements re- quired are explained on page 65. Cut No. 154 represents an artificial leg constructed for a malformation. The natural leg was perfectly formed in every respect, with the exception of the absence of the foot, from knee down it was six inches shorter in length than the companion leg. The appear- ance of the stump was that of an ankle- joint amputation. The artificial leg supplied the deficiency and restored the wearer in every respect. Price, each, $50.00. Measurements re- quired are explained on page 65. Cut No. 155 represents a child with the right leg malformed ; the thigh and knee were normal, but from the knee down the leg gradually tapered, and at the extremity a single protuberance similar to a toe pointed horizontally and inwardly. No. 154. No. 155. No. 156. Cut No. 156 represents the boy with leg applied and dressed. A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 55 Cut No. 157 represents (on an enlarged scale) the artificial leg constructed for the case ; the protuberance referred to was slightly displaced and received into a comfortable pocket. The leg from knee down was encased. When applied the lad was able to walk and run so naturally that detection was impossible. Price, each, $50.00. Measurements required are explained on page 65, in addition to which a plaster cast is required. No. 157. No. 158. Cut No. 158 represents an apparatus for exsection of the knee- joint, in cases where union of the bones have failed. This apparatus is also advantageous for weakness in the knee or loss of patella. Price, each, $50.00. For measurements required see page 65. Legs that have been dwarfed from hip-joint or other affections have until quite recently been treated by thick cork soles or iron frames attached to the bottoms of the shoes ; these methods are objected to, as they afford insufficient support, are unwieldy, uncom- fortable, and instead of concealing the deficiency make an exhibition of it. The apparatus herein described are calculated to overcome these objections in the greatest possible degree and render locomo- tion sure, natural, and more of a pleasure than a torture. 56 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Cut No. 159 represents a leg deficient in length only, caused by arrested development or displacement of the hip. Ankle movement full and under perfect control ; the amount of shortness, measured from the heel to the floor less than four inches. It is an ordinary case and often met with. No. 160. No. 161. No. 162. No. 163. Cut No. 160 represents a suitable extension. The body of which is of light wood, toes of rubber ; the bearing surface has a shape to receive comfortably the sole of the foot of the shortened leg; it is A. A. MARKS, AHTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 57 placed in a shoe; (Cut 161) made expressly for it, of strong leather with high top to come well up on the leg ; when the foot is placed in position, the shoe is laced tightly, as in Cut 162. Persons with these appliances walk naturally and comfortably, and after a very brief experience become very expert in their use. Cut 163 represents the same dressed. ■<:■:■' M No. 164. No. 165. No. 166. Cut No. 164 represents a similar extension to be applied to a leg that is short, atrophied, and partially or totally anchylosed in the ankle-joint, as in Cut 165. The subject walks on the ball of the foot ; the rigidity of the natural ankle renders lateral movement impossible. If in either of these cases the shoe insufficiently secures the foot to the extension, an additional strap can be fastened to the extension, and pass around the instep of the foot, and be laced securely in place. If this auxiliary strap can be dispensed with, it is desirable to do so. The weight in either of these cases can be taken on the heel or ball of the foot or both, as may be found most comfortable by the wearer. Price, each, with shoe and last, $30.00 ; without shoe and last, $20.00. For measurements required see page 65. If there is any lateral weakness in the ankle-joint, steel joints are required on the sides of the extension to give security to the ankle movement. Cut No. 166 represents an apparatus constructed with ankle braces. The point of movement is coincident with the ankle move- ment of the foot. Price, each, with shoe and last, $30.00 ; without shoe and last, $20.00. For measurements required see page 65. 58 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. If the shortness of the deficient leg is so great that more anterior- posterior strain is brought on the ankle-joint than the joint is capa- ble of controlling, it is then necessary to encase the heel, ankle and part of the leg, as in Cuts 151-152, thus secure perfect rigidity to the ankle. No. 167. Cut No. 167 represents a double shoe, calculated to be worn by a woman ; it is rarely made, only in cases where very strong ankle movement is retained or the ankle anchylosed with the foot at right angles to the shaft of the leg. The foot of the shortened leg enters the upper shoe and rests flat on a wooden sole ; it is there buttoned or laced securely ; beneath this, and at the required distance from it, a rubber foot is secured firmly. This rubber foot is dressed by an ordinary shoe, a mate to the one worn on the opposite foot. It will be seen readily that this foot is only desirable for women, as with them it can be concealed by their long dresses. Price, each, with shoe and last, $40.00; without shoe and last,, $30.00. For measurements required see page 65. If in any of the above cases there exists a weakness in the knee- joint, it will be necessary to extend the apparatus above the knee, with side joints to work in harmony with the knee, as in Cuts 149-150. These side-braces support the knee and prevent any side strain ; they can be made to fit sufficiently tight to compress the thigh enough to take all, or a part of the weight on the thigh, thus relieving the lower leg of its burden, — an important provision for cases of fracture or diseased leg. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 59 RUBBER FEET ATTACHED TO ARTIFICIAL LEGS OF OTHER MANUFACTURE. It has been shown that artificial legs with ankle-joint feet are more or less troublesome on account of their frequent need of repairs, as well as their uncertain movements, disagreeable noise, and unnatural " flop " in walking. We are aware that there are many who possess legs of this description, and who would gladly rid them- selves of the annoyance, if it did not entail considerable loss on their part. To such we desire to say that if the legs in other respects than the feet are good, and the fittings comfortable, it will be to their interest to have the ankle-joint feet removed and rubber feet put in their place. We have done this to a good many legs, and have invariably reclaimed them, and in most cases made them much better than they were originally. Many of the testimonials in this pamphlet bear us out in this assertion. Our charges for removing an ankle-joint foot of any style or manufacture, and replacing by a rubber foot, are in each case $20.00. Persons concluding to have rubber feet applied to artificial legs of any manufacture can be accommodated with a smaller or larger foot if desired, and can have the leg made longer or shorter. Changes of this kind are made without extra charge. This is a very important feature, especially to growing subjects. The success of the rubber foot depends in a great measure upon the manner and the position in which it is applied to the leg. Con- siderable experience is required to teach one the most advantageous conditions to be combined in this respect ; therefore rather than hazard the chances of a failure we shall decline to sell the foot separate and shall insist upon applying every foot to the leg our- selves. We can apply a rubber foot to any artificial leg, no matter on what principle the leg is constructed or the material of which it is made. Two days' time is all that is usually required to make this alteration. 60 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING MEASUREMENTS FOR ONE OR A PAIR OF ARTIFICIAL LEGS OF THE FOLLOW- ING NUMBERS : 108, 112,114, 115, 116, 117,118,121,122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 132, 135, 137, 141, 148, 149, 150. 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, Place a large sheet of paper on a smooth floor or table ; divest both leg and stump of clothing ; be seated on this paper with both limbs extended ; hold a long pencil against the bare person and perpendicular to the plane of the paper ; begin at about the hip- joint and carry the pencil down the exterior of the stump, around the end, up the interior to the perinseum, down the interior of leg, around the heel, up the exterior to the opposite hip- joint ; when passing around the heel endeavor to hold the foot in a position approximately at right angles to the leg, or in other words, so that the sole will be vertical. If this drawing is properly taken it will resemble Cut No. 168. No. 168. No. 170. No. 169. If the knee is contracted it will be impossible to have the poste- rior part rest on the paper when the patient is in a sitting posture ; by lying down, with back on floor, in all probability the entire stump will be able to rest on its posterior surface. Turn to and lie on the amputated side, with the exterior of stump resting on the paper with stump extended as much as possi- ble ; in this position draw a pencil from the abdomen down the anterior of stump, around the end, up the posterior to the body. If the leg is amputated below the knee, flex the stump as near right A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 61 angles as possible and take side profile of stump, thus showing the stump from body to end in two positions, as near straight as possible for one position, and flexed to about right angles for the other. This drawing should resemble cut No. 169. Turn to the opposite side and rest the sound leg on the paper with the knee in a position flexed to about right angles and the sole of the foot on a line parallel with the thigh ; draw the pencil around the entire leg while in this position. This drawing, if properly taken, will resemble cut No. 170. Be seated and place the foot on the paper and mark entirely around it ; it should resemble cut 171. Stand erect, perfectly plumb, supported with crutches No - 171 - or canes, and have some one take the following measurements of the sound leg. With callipers measure the interior-exterior, or lateral diameter of each knee at articulation of sound leg and of the stump (if ampu- tation is below the knee) ; measure the distance from the perina?um to the floor, from the perinseum to the end of stump, and from the end of stump to the floor. Measure the circumferences of the stump beginning on a plane with the perinaeum and repeating at intervals of about every two inches to the extreme end. Measure corres- ponding circumferences of the sound leg as far down as the knee. Measure circumference of leg just below the patella ; circumfer- ence of calf, ankle, heel-and-instep, instep, toe-joints, and length of foot ; be seated on a chair of proper height to have the leg bent at the knee to about right angles. Measure . the distance from upper edge of patella to the floor ; the distance from the popliteal space to the floor. If the leg is amputated below the knee measure the distance from popliteal space of amputated leg to end of stump. The following engravings are explanatory of the foregoing in- structions ; they are placed here as a guide for those who may regard the above as obscure. If the measurements have been taken according to above instructions, they should compare with those taken by the following, this should be done as a test to see that they are properly taken, and no omissions made. 62 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. No. 172. MEASUREMENTS OF SOUND LEG. Length from body, or perinaeum, to floor A Circumference around leg, close to body ..... A 2 inches from body B 4 " " C 6 " " D 8 " " E 10 " " F Lateral diameter through center of knee .... G I. e. the distance through the joint from the an- terior to the exterior. Circumference just below knee pan H calf of leg I smallest part of ankle J around heel and instep K " instep L foot at toe-joints M Length of foot N Be seated and take the following measure- ments, with the aid of a carpenter's square. Length from top of knee to floor (sound leg bent sitting, see cut No. 173) WW Length from popliteal space to floor (back side on line XX, measured when leg is bent at right angles, as in cut 173) ... . XX A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 63 IF THE AMPUTATION IS ABOVE KNEE or in the knee-joint, give in addition to the foregoing measurements of sound leg, the measurements called for as follows : Length from body to end of stump . . . A P Circum. around stump, close to body . . A 2 inches below B 4 6 8 10 Length from the end of stump to the floor C D E F QQ No. 174. IF THE STUMP IS A KNEE-BEARING, that is, contracted or too short to be used, to operate the leg, give the following measurements of the stump in addition to those (cut 172) of sound leg. Length from body to support of knee . A P Circum. around stump, close to body . . A " 2 inches from body B (( A « « p " 6 " " D " 8 " " E Circumference at the smallest place above the knee F Circumference around stump S S The distance the end of stump projects back of the thigh U Lateral diameter of knee joint G Length from knee to floor P O Length from upper end of knee-pan to end of stump R R NOTE. Give the " length from knee to floor (P O) " with great accuracy. No. 175. 64 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. | B_l i— - c ~ -X No. 176. IF THE AMPUTATION IS BELOW THE KNEE, and the joint can be used to operate the artificial leg, give the following measurements in addition to those (cut 172) of sound leg. Length from body to end of stump AT Circum. around stump, close to body .... A " 2 inches below B a ± « a /-i 6 " " , D " 8 " " E Circumference at the smallest place above the knee F Lateral diameter through center of knee Gr Circumference at the lower edge of knee pan O Circumference 2 inches below H " 4 " " j 6 " ' " J 8 " " K 10 " " L " 12 " " M Length of stump below knee, measured from back of knee (when bent at right angles) to end Distance from end of stump to floor T If both legs are amputated either above or below the knees, give profiles and drawings of both stumps as directed above, together with lateral diameters of each knee and circumferences from body to end, at intervals of two inches. If the patient is desirous of being elevated to a particular height, state the height desired and give the length from the end of stump to the top of head ; measured while lying on the*floor with stumps extended. Give the size of shoes desired to be worn on the feet, unless the patient is willing to leave that matter to our judgment. If the leg has been amputated in any of the articulations, or below the ankle articulation, a plaster cast of stump taken from the end upwards eight or ten inches will be of great help. If there A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 65 are any tender spots or peculiarities on either leg or stump, be care- ful to note them. Answer the following questions in all cases : Name of patient ? Post-office address 7 Occupation ? Age ? Weight ? Cause of amputation ? When amputated ? Which, right or left ? Has the patient worn an artificial limb ? Whose make ? How long ? Name of party ordering leg ? Post-office address of same '? MEASUREMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF APPLIANCES OF THE FOLLOWING NOS.: 139, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160, 164, 166 and 167. It is desirable to have the wearer present for the fitting and adjusting of appliances of the above Nos. In cases where this is inexpedient, we will do all we can to reach good results by fitting from measurements, profiles and casts. The measurements and profiles required are as follows : Side and front views of both legs, the sound leg in a standing position and the affected leg held in a position in which the inclination of the foot is the same as intended to be when the appliance is worn. These profiles should be taken by placing the leg against a piece of paper which has been tacked to the wall or some verti- cal surface, then marking around it with long pencil held at right angles to the wall. The patient is supposed to be standing erect on his unaffected leg with the foot of the affected leg resting on books or surface elevated and inclined to the desired height and angle. In addition give profiles of the bottoms of both feet. Measure the distance from the heel of the affected leg to the floor, also from the ball of the same foot to the floor ; then give circum- ferences of both legs separately, from the toes upward at intervals of about two inches, extending as far up as it is desired to have apparatus extend. If certain irregularities in the affected leg are not describable, a plaster cast carefully taken with the foot in the position in which it is to be worn, will be required. The most desirable angle at which the foot should be placed is the most comfortable one that will bring the toes the nearest the floor. Supply answers to the questions at the top of this page. 66 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. SUSPENDERS. The methods of suspension for any of the artificial legs thus far described are numerous, and each method seems to possess some advantage peculiarly adapted to the individual wearing it. Persons who have become inured to some peculiar method, and who have found that method to be satisfactory in every respect, are not advised to make a change ; by describing definitely just the kind of a suspender they are accustomed to, and by making their request known, they will find us willing to make such for them and apply them to a new leg without additional charge. When we are not instructed in this matter, we use our own judg- ment and apply suspenders to legs that appear to us to be most suitable. As the result of much thought on the subject, aided by the kindly suggestions of our patrons, we take pleasure in presenting the following devices and commend them as comfortable and secure. Cut No. 1*77 represents our new style, suitable for amputation above the knee. The shoulder straps are of two-inch non-elastic webbing. After passing over the shoulders, one strap passes through a loop, E, which is attached to the other shoulder strap ; this has the effect of holding the straps in place, and prevents the sliding from the shoulders, so bitterly com- plained of by wearers of the old style. The buckles at A (explained hereafter) receive and clamp the shoulder straps at any place to suit the wearer ; the snaps at the lower ends of the buckles receive the strong loops B, to which are attached leather straps ; these straps pass down the sides of the leg under guides to keep them in place, then through the pulleys D, which are secured to both sides of the artificial leg just above the knee, then passing up the back of the leg through other guides they attach to snaps on the back ends of the suspenders. The suspenders once attached to the clamp buckles always remain so, for in removing the leg from the body the leather straps are un- snapped, front and back, at B ; the buckles are not disturbed in No. 177. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 67 removing the shoulder straps from the shoulders ; one strap slips from the loop E, and then both are readily removed from the person. No. 178. No. 179. The above cuts represent front and back views of a pair of these suspenders applied to a leg and the wearer ; they show the relative position of the rollers, the effect of the front loop and back cross- piece. All the elasticity required for good results is obtained in the piece of elastic webbing extending from back cross-piece to the snaps. The action of the suspender is illustrated in a side view of the patient while walking. It will be seen that the leather straps move on the rollers very easily, and thus compensate the back and front pull without occasioning any movement of the straps on the shoulders. When sitting, the same effect is obtained ; instead of the suspenders being slack in front and uncomfortably tight on the back, as in the old style, the rollers admit of a uniform pull, both front and back, as seen in the following page. 68 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. No. 180. No. 181. When lying down a comfortable effect likewise results; the wearer has not his undergarments pulled out of place. He can throw himself down in an easy position and enjoy a refreshing sleep. Price per pair complete $4.00. Measurements required, distance from top of leg on back over one shoulder to top of leg in front. No. 182. Cut No. 183 represents our new buckle, made of strong rolled brass, nickel-plated, capable of receiving and holding firmly two- inch elastic or non-elastic webbing. The webbing is held by a toothed clamp which does not pierce the web to tear or wear it. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 69 This buckle as shown in the cut has a spring snap which holds the loop securely and can only be released by pressing on the spring. No. 183. Price each 25 cents. The rollers used with this Suspender, represented in cut No. 184, are made of strong brass with durable pulleys ; they are secured to the sides of the socket of the leg by ordinary screws. The pulleys are absolutely noiseless while in action and will last many years. .Price each 25 cts. 132 ; =::= : \ HfJ | : icwn No. 184. No. 185. Out No. 185 represents our old style of suspenders ; they do not 70 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. possess the advantages of the roller suspender, notwithstanding they have many admirers. The shoulder straps are of fine elastic webbing, two inches wide. The front straps, of two-inch non-elastic web, pass through a link and are buckled as represented. The suspenders are attached to the leg by means of screws holding the leather tags ; the webbing is fastened to these tags by plated steel Ds which admit of a direct pull, thus avoiding wear on one edge of the webbing. Price per pair, $3.00. Measurement required; the same as No. 177. No. 186. No. 187. Cut No. 186 represents a belt and suspender combined. The shoulder straps and waistband are of non-elastic webbing ; straps attached to leg are of 1}4 or 2 inch elastic webbing; they admit of all the elasticity necessary; are very neat, comfortable, and durable. Price $5.00. Measurements required are the same as for No. 177, in addition to the circumference of the body about the waist. Cut No. 187 represents suspender for leg for amputation below the knee, and knee-bearing legs where but one shoulder strap is required. The shoulder-strap is of two-inch elastic webbing. The front end is buckled to our new clamp buckle, snapped to a metal D fastened to the front upper edge of thigh piece ; the back end of shoulder strap is attached to a spring snap, to which A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 71 is secured a D, fastened to the back part of the thigh piece. This suspender can be adjusted by the buckle once for all time. On removing the leg the suspender can be unsnapped both front and back, thus simplifying the process of taking off and putting on. This suspender, passing over the opposite shoulder, does not have a tendency to slip from the shoulder, except in cases where the wearer has round shoulders. In such cases a piece of webbing should be attached to the back part of shoulder strap, and pass laterally across the back, around the body, under the opposite arm, and buckled to the front strap. Price $1.50. Measurements required same as No. 177. No. 188. No. 189. Cut No. 188 represents the old style of suspender for a leg for amputation below the knee. It is similar in material and pattern to No. 185 Suspender, except that it is to go over but one shoulder and adjusted to thigh piece by means of screw buttons which admit of direct pull. Price, each, without screw buttons, $1.50. Measures required, same as No. 177. Screw Buttons for suspenders No. 188, made of brass, nickel- plated, represented by cut 189, per pair, 50 cents. 72 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. SUSPENDERS FOR WOMEN. Cut No. 190 represents our roller suspender especially designed for women with amputation above the knee. It is provided with a broad yoke fitting the hips neatly. This yoke makes an excellent abdominal supporter, combined with a support for the leg, thus meeting a want very much felt by women. The leg and shoulder straps are attached to the yoke, and are adjusted by buckles ; where women are broad about the hips, the entire weight can be safely carried on the yoke, the shoul- der straps loosened or dispensed with. The movement of the straps on the rollers secures all the advantages possessed by style No. 177. The yoke secures the leg so firmly to the person that the appar- ent weight of the leg is reduced materially. No. 190. No. 192. Price $5.00. In ordering give waist-measurement, or, better still, cut a paper pattern to fit the waist and hips ; give measurement from top of leg on back, over the shoulder, to top of leg in front. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 73 Cut No. 191 represents a yoke suspender ; calculated for a woman wearing a knee-bearing leg or a leg for amputation below the knee ; it is similar to style No, 190, except in its connections with the leg, which the illustration clearly presents. Price $3.00. Measurements required same as No. 190. Style 192 is similar to above, except that shoulder straps are dis- pensed with. Price $2.00. Waist pattern only required. SUSPENDERS FOR DOUBLE AMPUTATIONS. Any of the suspenders described can be so modified as to be suitable for double amputations. Price, style No. 177 modified for double amputations, $5.00. " style No. 187 modified for double amputations, $3.00. C£ style No. 190 modified for double amputations, $7.00. style No. 191 modified for double amputations, $4.00. " style No. 192 modified for double amputations, $3.00. In ordering suspenders for artificial legs, designate the style by the number. Persons ordering artificial legs are entitled to any style of sus- penders without additional charge. A. A. MABKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. ARTIFICIAL ARMS. A German knight of the 16th century by the name of Goetz von Berlichingen is credited with having possessed an artificial hand which enabled him to engage in battle, and assisted him in many deeds of valor. The hand was of iron, of enormous weight, attached to his armor and operated by some ingenious mechanism which for its initial power, depended on the exertions of the opposite hand. It had a grasping power at such intervals as when the companion hand released certain springs after having placed the object to be held within its clutch. This hand may be regarded as the first, artificial hand of which we have any authentic knowledge. Pliny,, however, speaks of M. Sergius, 167 B. C, as having made and worn an artificial hand with which he was enabled to render heroic ser- vice. B. A. Watson, M. D., in his " Treatise on Amputations and Their Complications," quotes the original Latin : " M.. Sergio ut equidem arbitror, nemo quemquam hominum jure praetu- lerit, licet pronepos Catilina gratiam nomini deroget. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit, .... dextram sibi fer- ream fecit, eaquereligata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione exemit." This put in our vernacular reads thus : " I suppose every one would admit that M. Sergius, the great grandson of Cataline, had not diminished the fame of his name since he lost his right hand in his second campaign. . . . He made himself an iron right hand,, and, with this fastened on, having fought a battle, he released Cre- mona from siege." Pliny says : " He prostrated Placentia and took twelve of the enemy's camps in Gaul ; all this appears from the speech which he made on his praetorship when his colleagues wished to shut him out of the sacred rites as a mutilated man." (C. Plinii, Hist. Nat. 28, 104-106) (H. H. Maxwell, C. B. General R. A.) Unfortunately Pliny fails to describe the mechanism of that hand ; but from the fact that his colleagues interposed his misfortune as a sufficient reason for his preclusion, we feel justi- fied in concluding that the iron hand which he wore was of little or no value, aside from that for which it was especially designed, viz., the holding of the reins of his horse or assisting in guarding his person by a shield. The hand of Goetz von Berlichingen was in all probability patterned after that of M. Sergius, as it was designed for the same purpose. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMES, NEW YORK CITY. <5 Passing to more modern times, we learn of but little advance in this line. The mind of man has indeed devoted an abundance of thought to the development of this branch of prosthesis. We do not hesitate in saying that as much attention in the aggregate has been given to this subject as to that of any branch of invention, the steam engine and electricity not excepted. Pare, Lorrain, Sebastian, Wilson, DeGrafe, and a host of others have struggled with the subject and wrought ingenious contrivances which have merited much admiration, more for their mechanical arrangement than for their utility. If we give a thought to the mechanism of the natural arm and hand and study its peculiar arrangement we will readily see why so little has been accomplished by the minds of the past and what a gloomy future portends those who are now struggling with the subject. The anatomy of the human hand. What a marvel of mechan- ism, what a combination of movements, and what control man has over them ! Each finger has its three joints, with every joint under control. The hand has its wrist, enabling it to conform to any angle. The forearm has the ulna and the radius, controlling the hand. Withal, the marvelous strength each finger and joint commands, all operated by sinews and muscles. The parts of this wonderful machine are hinged together with such nicety that the engraver is enabled to etch the finest plate, or the brawny smith to wield the heaviest sledge. Think you that the hand alone does this variety of work, operates voluntarily by an intelligence of its own ? Sever the brachial nerve, and you will have a member as dead and limpsy as an old rag or an empty coat-sleeve. Remove the arm from the body and irritate the nerves or con- tract the muscles, and you will have a motion as awkward and spas- modic as you may observe in an artificial arm with jointed fingers. Hence, all the dexterous movements we observe in the normal hand depend upon some power outside of itself, and that power is the mind. If we look a little deeper in the physiology of the natural arm and hand we will observe that nature has made a curious pro- vision for one of its failings, that of attrition, and were it not for the provision of cushions and lubricating sacs the joints of the arm and hand would soon become loose and rattle as badly as worn-out gudg- eons. Every drop of blood that flows through the avenues of the arm carries with it fresh material to replace this waste. From the first beat of the heart of the child, until the being ceases to be, this human repair shop is in active operation and knows no rest. This cursory glance at the natural arm will fix in our minds the 76 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. following facts: That the hand is a delicate piece of mechanism of great strength; that it is in concert with and operated by the will ; that it suffers wear, but is constantly undergoing repairs by the action of the circulatory system. With these facts well impressed, we will do well to make a comparison with the artificial arm. What a disparity. It cannot have intimate relations with the mind, nor with the heart. If the joints of the fingers are made strong enough to withstand a small proportion of the strain of the natural hand, it must necessarily be made too heavy for endurance. If the springs are made stiff enough to have a grasping power of a pound, the exertion to operate them is fatiguing and renders them impracticable. These arguments are presented for the purpose of assisting the reader in thinking for himself and drawing proper con- clusions as to the possibilities of artificial arms when compared with the natural, and it is hoped that they will serve to make even the credulous suspicious of the advertisements of those manufacturers who promise to " restore the appearance in full and one-half the usefulness of the natural arm and hand." The disposition of all conscientious manufacturers has been to produce a hand that would approximate the natural to the greatest possible practical degree. Some have elaborated the ideas of their prototypes; others have ignored the earlier makers and formulated ideas of their own ; but when simmered down to actual serviceability we all stand but little in advance of our predecessors ; finger move- ments controlled by intricate mechanism avail little because of the impossibility of controlling their movements by the mind in order to give them delicate manipulation. Any manufacturer of ordinary ingenuity can make a hand that will hold firmly the reins of a horse in driving or that will carry a valise of some weight ; but if that hand is applied to other more or less delicate purposes its grasp will be either inadequate or too violent and unsuited for the purpose. In the beginning of our endeavors we naturally fell into the rut of our competitors and made a hand with much complication. By taxing the remaining arm we could cause the artificial hand to assume various positions, the fingers to flex and extend ; but it did not take us long to learn that it was like the arm of the German knight — an article more to be admired for its complication than for general utility. Until man becomes capable of duplicating nature and harmonizing the artificial member with the nervous system, in short, giving it life, he will fail in supplying the loss in all its detail. Machinery will not accomplish it, and the more compli- cation used the more distantly he approaches the most useful sub- stitute. After laboring hard in this work and expending much time and A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. I i thought in its development, and having passed through the most trying and varied experience, we have come to the conclusion that the rubber hand herein represented is the most simple, practical, durable, and useful the market affords. In 1863 the rubber hand was invented; it was attached to the forearm by means of a spindle held in position by a set screw, easily detached and replaced by a hook, fork, knife, or brush. The fingers were of soft elastic rubber molded to a graceful shape and yielding to pressure. Its advantages were its naturalness in appearance and to the touch, and its great durability. It might fall or strike anything without breaking or impairing. These advantages commended it to favor, and many of them were made. In the course of time an improvement was suggested — that of making the fingers ductile. By the assistance of the opposite hand, or by pressing the hand against any resistant surface, the fingers might be placed in any desired position, each one giving the hand a new appearance; thus obviating the monotony of the old style, and making the hand more available for light purposes. The fingers, when bent, are capable of holding a valise or package of considerable weight, or holding the reins of a horse in driving. This feature is secured by letters patent issued by the United States. No. 193. Cut No. 193 represents the rubber hand with ductile fingers ; the dotted lines indicate some of the many positions in which the fingers can be placed, through the agency of the opposite hand or the opposition of resistant objects. No. 194. Cut No. 194 represents the hand and part of the forearm detached. 78 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. The spindle D is received in the catch E and held securely, admit- ting of slight rotary motion ; pressure applied to the button C will release the hand, which can be laid aside, and a hook, knife, fork, brush, or any implement placed in its stead ; by using these imple- ments in the forearm they are brought nearer to the stump and consequently are under greater control. In this manner they will accomplish more dexterously the work of feeding with the knife or fork, washing with the brush, or operating with the hook. If, however, the wearer desires to have the hand in place while performing these services, he can do so by using the attachment in the palm, which is capable of holding, by a self-acting spring, any of the implements mentioned ; by pressing on button A the implements can be released. The wrist clamp contrivance is ingenious and practical, but on account of the great strain it must necessarily resist in the perform- ance of heavy work it is required to be made strong and conse- quently heavy. In all cases where the stump is short and weak, or the wearer does not wish to use the arm in heavy labor, by attach- ing the rubber hand permanently to the forearm, and dispensing with the wrist clamp, depending entirely on the palm thimble for the holding of implements, the weight of the arm can be materially lessened. It may be well to say that any of these implements in the palm of the hand are under good control and can be used to very great advantage. BALL AND SOCKET WRIST JOINT. We are able to attach the hand to the forearm by a ball and socket wrist joint, thus giving the hand the ability of being placed at any angle ; we do not, as a general thing, regard this of sufficient advantage to offset the additional weight, consequently we place this joint in the wrist only when advised. NATURAL COLOR. The hand is always gloved in order to present at all times the most natural appearance. We are frequently asked why we do not give the hand a natural color and avoid the necessity of wearing gloves. If one will consider for a few moments the peculiarities and imper- manency of the natural shade, he will not press the question. To be sure, we can paint the hand any shade that may be desired ; in fact the wearer can do that himself at any time, and in any manner to suit his taste, purpose, or complexion ; but a hand painted in the morning so as to match the opposite or natural hand with the most artistic and critical nicety will look very different to it in the after- noon after the natural hand has gone through some of the daily changes due to work, condition, temperament, or any of the many A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. '9 causes which are constantly changing the hues of the human com- plexion. Hence it is desirable to cover the hand with a glove which can be slipped on or off very readily by the wearer. ARMS FOR SHOULDER JOINT AMPUTATIONS. For amputations, in the shoulder joint an artificial arm serves its least utility. A sheath fitted to the shoulder, held to place by straps, secures the artificial arm. The arm, from the shoulder down, is similar to that represented in cut No. 195. Price and measurements required are the same as for No. 195. ARMS FOR ABOVE ELBOW AMPUTATIONS. No. 195. Cut No. 195 represents an arm for amputation at any point above the elbow joint. The arm is made of wood, excavated to make it light, and covered with parchment to make it strong ; the hand is of rubber, either permanently attached at the wrist or held in place by No. 196. wrist clamp or ball and socket joint, as may be desired by the wearer. The elbow joint is capable of flexion and extension, operated by a strap so arranged that a movement of the stump and shoulder 80 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. will pull the forearm up to any desired angle. This can only be done, however, on long and strong stumps. When the forearm is brought to about right angles with the upper arm, either by the agency of the stump or by a sudden movement given to it, a lock attachment in the interior of the forearm holds the forearm in position as in cut No. 1 196. When held in this position the wearer can carry a shawl, coat, or any loose article on the forearm ; thus presenting a very natural appearance when walking. By pressing on the button on the under-side of the forearm the lock can be released and the arm allowed to extend. The hook in the wrist or palm of hand will hold securely any article that may be placed in it. Price complete, with or without wrist motion, with Hook, Knife, Fork, Brush, 1 pair kid gloves and suspenders, each, $75.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 89 and 90. ARMS FOR ELBOW JOINT AMPUTATIONS. No. 197. Cut No. 197 represents an arm for amputation in the elbow joint, with the end of the stump larger than above. The upper arm is of wood and leather ; the lacing will secure the stump in place and hold the stump in a comfortable position. From the elbow down the arm is made similar to No. 196. Prices and measurements required same as No. 196. ARMS FOR BELOW ELBOW AMPUTATIONS. Cut No. 198 represents an arm for amputation below the elbow, and very close to the joint, so as to leave but a short stump that can be depended on for operating the forearm. The forearm is fitted to receive the stump ; steel joints, extending upward on either side A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 81 with leather socket attached, hold the stump firmly in place ; shoulder straps assist in holding the arm to the person and relieve No. 198. the stump of some of its work. The hand in such cases is usually permanently fastened to the forearm. Price complete, with or without wrist motion, with Hook, Knife, Fork, Brush, gloves and suspenders, each, $50.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 89 and 90. No. 199. Cut No. 199 represents an arm for amputation below the elbow, with stump of sufficient length to give control over its movements. 82 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. The forearm is fitted to the stump and held in place by the upper socket. The forearm and the upper arm are connected by adjust- able leather straps ; these are preferred to steel joints, as they admit of rotation of forearm and are more durable than steel joints ; they do not wear or rattle, require no oil, and are less liable to break from strain or concussion. In short stumps, however, the steel joints are necessary in order to hold the socket to the stump rigidly. In long stumps the stump itself can be relied upon for the necessary security. Shoulder straps are applied to assist the arm in lifting heavy arti- cles. The forearm is carved out of wood and covered with parch- ment. The forearm can be made of strong leather instead of wood, tout we prefer wood, as that material is lighter and not so likely to be made offensive by absorption of perspiration from the stump. Wood when covered with parchment is sufficiently strong for all practical purposes and is not in danger of collapsing. Notwithstanding, we are not arbitrary in this matter and will yield to the choice of the ordering party. No. 200. Cut No. 200 represents an arm and hand dressed with a glove holding a pen in the act of writing. This has been regarded as a wonderful accomplishment, when really it is less difficult than many services the hand is capable of performing. Price and measurements required same as No. 198. No. 201. Cut No. 201 represents an artificial forearm without the upper arm attachment. The arm is held on the stump by straps attached to the socket, passing over the shoulder and around the body. For persons who wear arms for appearance only and have good length of stump below the elbow this method of attachment is ample and will serve the purpose well. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 83 Price with wrist attachment, suspender, hook, knife, fork, brush, and gloves, each $35.00. Without wrist attachment, with suspen- der, hook, knife, fork, brush, and glove, each $30.00. Measure- ments required are explained on pages 89-90. ARMS FOR WRIST JOINT AMPUTATIONS. No. 202. Cut No. 202 represents a wrist joint amputation. These ampu- tations may be divided into two classes : the first in which the osseous processes of the ulna and radius in the region of the wrist are retained, presenting a flattened appearance to the stump, with the greater diameter some larger than above it ; second class includes those in which these processes have disappeared, leaving the end of the stump round and smaller than above. No. 203. Cut No. 203 represents an artificial forearm suitable for the first class ; the stump is encased by a leather sheath which is adjusted and secured by lacing. The processes which distinguish this class afford the means of securing the artificial forearm ; if these pro- cesses are prominent the arm will be sufficiently secured to enable the wearer to pull and lift heavy objects. The knife, fork, hook, and brush are held in the palm. Price, with implements complete, each $30.00. Measurements necessary are explained on pages 89-90. If the processes about the end or wrist are insufficiently prom- inent or are painful to the touch it will not be possible to depend on them for securitv. 84 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Cut No. 204 represents an arm for such cases ; the stump is encased and laced as tightly as can be endured. The pressure is No. 204. taken from the wrist and carried to the upper arm and shoulders as represented. Price, with suspenders and implements complete, each $50.00. Measurements necessary are explained on pages 89-90. In either of these cases it will not be possible to use the remov- able hand unless the wearer is willing to allow the arm to be one inch longer than the opposite or sound arm, the wrist catch requir- ing one inch of room. On account of this we attach the hand per- manently to the forearm and depend on the palm thimble for a means of holding the eating, toilet and laboring implements. The second class of wrist joint amputations, viz., those in which the ends of the stumps are round and smaller than above, are furnished with No. 199 arms and regarded the same as an amputation below the elbow, except that the hand is permanently attached to the forearm, for the same reasons assigned to the first class. No. 205. Cut No. 205 represents an arm for amputation below the elbow with hook inserted in wrist ; this arrangement secures more utility for the laboring man than any other we know of. If the ordering A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 85 party desires any of the foregoing arms without a hand there will be a reduction in the price of $10.00. No. 206. Cuts Nos. 206-207 represent an apparatus calculated to assist a stump amputated in the metacarpals to grasp and hold articles. No. 207. We made a pair of these for a man in New York State, some fifteen years ago ; the utility he derived from them was very grat- ifying ; he was able to hold a knife and fork and feed himself. He could grasp almost any farming implement and hold it to advan- tage. Price each $25.00. An order for any of the artificial arms herein described will cover without extra charge the following ACCESSORIES. Necessary suspenders attached, sock for stump, knife, fork, hook, brush, pair of kid gloves (except when the arm is ordered without a hand), also boxing and delivering to express or freight office in New York City when desired. 86 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW ^ORK CITY. PARTS OF HANDS. No. 208. No 209. No. 210. Cuts Nos. 208 and 209 represent amputations of the fingers and thumb. Cut No. 210 represents a rubber hand for the same ; the socket extends above the wrist and is held in place by lacing. The fingers are either ductile, rigid, or flexible according to the purposes for which the hand is to be used. If the wearer wishes to lift considerably, it will be desirable to have the fingers cast in the shape of hooks, and made strong and rigid by a steel skeleton. If the purposes for which the hand is wanted are for appearance and to serve for light work as well, the ductile fingers will be more desirable, and if the hand is for appearance only, and the party wants the rubber hand to be made of the minimum weight, the spongy, flexible fingers will meet his wishes. As these hands and sections of hands have to be modeled and molded expressly, they are quite expensive, costing $50.00. Duplicates, however, can be had at any subsequent time for the nominal price of $10.00 each. Plaster casts of both the sound hand and stump, taken well up on the forearm, are required in order to model and fit properly. No. 211. No. 212. Cut No. 211 represents an amputation of the fingers through the metacarpals, thumb remaining. Cut No. 212 represents a rubber hand for the same. It is attached and held as described in No. 210 ; the prices and required casts are the same as described for No. 210. Single fingers or thumbs are made of rubber to fit on the stump, and held in place by the glove or a leather sheath, as may be desired. Price each $15.00. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 87 APPARATUS FOR MALFORMATIONS, DISTORTIONS AND EXSECTIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. We are constantly called upon to make artificial arms and appa- ratus for malformations, distortions, and a great variety of affec- tions. An exsection of a part of the humerus, or the ulna and radius, or of the elbow joint, can be benefited by an apparatus as represented in Cut No. 213. No. 213. The arm is encased in a manner to give the affected section the necessary firmness to enable the muscles and tendons to act and control the lower sections of the arms. Price $40.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 89-90. No. 214. No. 215. Cut No. 214 represents an arm distorted by a burn in childhood ; the elbow joint fixed ; the stump terminated in a bulbous end. Cut No. 215 represents the arm in which the stump was secured. With this arm the wearer found much comfort ; was able to con- ceal her loss and perform many services. Price complete $30.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 89-90. In addition a plaster cast of stump required. RUBBER HANDS APPLIED TO ARTIFICIAL ARMS OF OTHER MANUFACTURE. Rubber hands can be applied to arms of any method of construc- tion at an expense of $20.00 for each hand, including all the imple- ments. We will not hesitate to sell the hand separate and allow the wearer to apply it himself. 88 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. SUSPENDERS FOR ARTIFICIAL ARMS. No. 216. No. 217. Cut No. 216 represents a suspender for an artificial arm, for any point of amputation. It consists of a shoulder-plate made of stout leather, to which is attached a one-inch non-elastic web strap pass- ing around the body immediately under the arm and buckling to the plate in front. The straps connecting the shoulder-plate with the artificial arm are of leather, adjusted by buckling ; if it is desired, these straps can be replaced by a lacing, as in cut No. 21V, which makes the adjustment neater though not stronger. Price for either, $2.00. A COMBINED KNIFE AND FORK FOR PERSONS HAY- ING THE USE OF BUT ONE HAND. Patented March 30th, 1886. No. 217.— The knife folded as carried in the pocket. No. 218.— Knife partly opened, showing the manner in which it is done. No. 219.— Knife open in position for cutting. No. 220. — Knife inverted and fork brought into position. The above engravings represent our new device for the conve- nience of those who have either temporarily or permanently lost A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 89 the use of one of their hands, and who do not use an artificial hand in eating. It consists of a knife and fork combined, capable of being folded and carried in the pocket. The knife blade is of a crescent shape which, by a rolling movement and a slight pressure given to it by the wrist, will cut meat or any article of food, with- out danger of sliding from the plate. By rotation of the wrist the fork can be brought into position and the morsels conveniently car- ried from the plate to the mouth, all accomplished by but one hand, with little exertion, and without attracting attention. The knife blade, in either the opened or closed position, is firmly secured by a locking arrangement which is under the control of the thumb ; thus the danger of closing on the fingers when in use, or of opening or cutting or piercing the clothing when carried in the pocket, is obvi- ated. This contrivance is without springs or complication, is simple and effective. The blade and handle are made of fine steel and heavily nickel plated. The knife can be immersed in hot or cold water for cleans- ing, without danger of cracking or rusting. Sent by mail on receipt of |2.00. DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING MEASUREMENTS AND PROFILES FOR ONE OR A PAIR OF ARTIFICIAL ARMS. Place a large sheet of paper on a table ; undress both arm and stump ; extend them on the paper about parallel with each other. Have fingers spread, palm flat on paper, with chest close against the edge of paper ; hold a long pencil close to bare person and perpendicular to plane of paper ; carry the pencil from the shoulder around each arm and stump to the chest, giving profiles of entire No. 221. length, including fingers. No. 221. This, if properly taken, will resemble cut 90 A. A. MABKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Bend the arm to about right angles at elbow and mark around it in that position as in cut No. 222. Measure the length from point of shoulder to point of elbow, also length from armpit to- bend of elbow, as indicated by the dotted lines in cut No. 222. J No. 222. If amputation is below the elbow, flex the stump at elbow to* about right angles and mark around it, as in cut No. 223. Take circumferences of each arm and stump separately, begin- ning on a line with the chest, and at intervals of about every two inches, continue as far down as the wrist of arm and extreme end of stump. Take circumference of hand midway between wrist and base of fingers ; take circumference of hand under the thumb around the base of fingers. These measuring places are represented in cut No. 221 by the dotted lines. If the amputation has been at any of the articulations or in any part of the hand, a plaster cast will be required of the stump from end up to the next joint. If there are any peculiarities or sensitive points note them. Answer the following questions : Name of patient ? Post-office address ? Occupation ? Age? Weight ? Cause of amputation } When amputated? Which, right or left ? Has the patient worn an artificial arm ? Whose make ? How long ? Name of party ordering arm ? Post-office address ? A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 91 HOW TO ORDER AN ARTIFICIAL LEG OR ARM. The data necessary to guide us in the construction of an artificial leg or arm, in the absence of the patient, with positive results, con- sist of measurements and profiles of both the amputated and sound limbs, as explained on pages 60 to 65 for legs, and pages 89 and 90 for arms. An additional formula with explicit instructions will be furnished upon request. We always send one of these formulae with every pamphlet ; in the event of its becoming separated the directions above referred to can be availed of. These directions should be thoroughly understood and rigorously followed. When correct measurements are furnished satisfactory results are sure to follow, and all subsequent annoj^ances of misfit averted. After these measurements and profiles have been made they should be duplicated ; the originals placed in a strong envelope together with a letter of instructions and a draft on some banking-house to the amount of the order, sealed securely, with necessary stamps attached to ensure direct carriage, and addressed as follows : A. A. Marks, Artificial Limbs, 701 Broadway, New York City. If the ordering party resides in a foreign country, and the mail service to New York is attended with the liability of mis- carriage, — the duplicate measurements, a copy of the letter of instructions, and a duplicate draft, " good if original is not paid," should be similarly enveloped, addressed, and forwarded by the fol- lowing mail ; one or both of these packets will surely reach us, and should one fail in transmission the other will save the ordering party any serious loss and much delay. If the patron desires to order through some commission house we suggest that he patronize none but such as are reputably estab- lished, and that he give positive instructions that the order be passed to A. A. Marks, New York City, and at the same time write us directly, stating the house or party to whom the order has been intrusted. When the limb is received, see that it has our stamp attached, and do not accept it unless it has. We desire to guard our patrons against any imposition which might be perpetrated on them by such middlemen as 'would be un- scrupulous enough to place their order with some charlatan in con- sideration of a large discount, and forward a limb which would neither bear the descriptions in our pamphlet or carry the guarantees of our establishment. 92 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. HOW TO TAKE A PLASTER CAST. Plaster casts are only required in amputations or deformities in which there are irregularities that can not be definitely communi- cated either by written descriptions or drawings. Usually amputa- tions through any of the articulations are of this character. Plaster casts are never required when the fittings are to be made with the presence of the patient. The method of taking a plaster cast is simple and can be done by any one of ordinary intelligence. The simplest plan for taking a cast is as follows : Procure about four or five quarts of the best, finely-ground, quick-setting plaster of Paris. Prepare the stump by divesting it of all covering and by shaving off all the hair. Rub a small amount of vaseline or grease upon it from the end up as far as the cast is to be taken. Put about a quart of plaster in a vessel and add one pint of water to it ; stir it up thoroughly. (The plaster in this condition should be about the consistency of paste.) Spread the plaster on all sides of the stump, from the end to as far as the cast is to be taken ; if one quart is not sufficient mix up more as quickly as possible and continue spreading it until the entire stump has a coating of about one-quarter inch thickness upon it. When this is done let it rest until it has become thoroughly hard. If the stump will not readily withdraw from the plaster, the mould may be broken in as few pieces as possible in order to remove it from the stump. After the plaster shell is thus taken from the stump the pieces may be put together and tied in their places ; oil the inside thoroughly. Mix more plaster, this time to about the consistency of cream, about one quart plaster and one and a half pints water, fill the mould with it, and let it rest for several hours ; the shell can then be taken from the cast, and a facsimile of the stump will be had. If the stump is very flabby it should be bandaged very tightly with thin cloth, one or two thicknesses only, and the plaster applied on the outside of the cloth. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 93 ARTIFICIAL LIMBS MADE AND FITTED FROM MEAS- UREMENTS WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF THE PATIENT. We claim to be the originators of this very convenient and impor- tant feature. At a very early date, after we had had the experi- ence of fitting the person in several hundred cases, we turned our attention to the feature of fitting from measures, chiefly for the accommodation of those residing at a distance and to whom travel- ing would be inconvenient. We collected all the data we had accumulated, and made ourselves thoroughly acquainted w T ith the anatomy of the extremities, and from them established certain inva- riable rules which, governed by carefully taken measurements and profiles, established a system by which fitting from measurements became a matter of certainty. This is an achievement for which we claim some consideration. Our competitors viewed our efforts with derision and characterized our motives as ulterior. We are glad, however, to say that results have justified us in our endeavors, and the system which we inaugurated has been a boon to thousands. It could hardly be expected that persons living in foreign countries, or in our own distant States and Territories, would willingly subject themselves to the fatigue of a wearisome journey in order to get an artificial limb. Such journeys not only incur expense but great sac- rifice of time, accompanied with more or less inconvenience. When these facts are taken into consideration the cripple is disposed to forego the purchase of a good leg and buy some make-shift obtainable near at hand, or else resign himself to crutches the remainder of his life. Our patronage extends throughout the entire world ; within the past few years we have shipped to the following foreign countries : Canada, British Columbia, Newfoundland, England, Ireland, Scot- land, Germany, France, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, Spain, Portu- gal, Italy, Turkey, Japan, U. S. of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Buenos Ayres, Patagonia, Brazil, British Guiana, Venezuela, Guade- loupe, Mexico, San Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Santa Domingo, Porto Rico, Trinidad, St. Thomas, Cuba, Jamaica, Bermuda, New Zealand and Australia. With very rare excep- tions the limbs for parties in these countries were made and fitted from measurements, and sent to them. The results which followed were generally very flattering. For evidence of our ability to fit- persons while they remain at home, we refer to the testimonials 94 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. printed in this pamphlet. Any one desiring further evidence on the subject can write to any of those parties and receive a written statement from them. It may be noticed that some of our pat- rons who reside within the short distance of one hundred miles prefer to have the fitting done by measurements, rather than spare the time or submit to the annoyance of coming in person. We are disposed to encourage fitting from measures, and in order to relieve the ordering party of any responsibility we assume all risks of fit and adaptability, the understanding being, — should a misfit result we will reconstruct the limb or make a new one after new and more accurate measurements ; this we do at our own expense, looking to the ordering party to pay expressages only.. Should cases arise in which two or more attempts at fitting from measurements prove unsuccessful, due to peculiarities or irregulari- ties in the stump, incapable of intelligent communication either by measurements, profiles, or plaster casts, then we reserve the privilege of asking the presence of the patient, and will reconstruct the limb to his entire satisfaction. We desire it to be understood, however, that for our own convenience it is preferable to have the patient with us for fitting, and if the patient chooses to come we will never offer the least objection, but will promise to give our earliest and undivided attention immediately upon his arrival. Persons ordering limbs to be fitted without their presence are required to take great care in measuring. Suitable blanks, with full instructions, are always sent for that purpose. When errors occur, they are usually discovered by a thorough examination before the limb is made, and new blanks returned for new and more correct measures and drafts. The system is such that one can not well make mistakes if he will adhere to the directions that are plainly given upon the blank, and strictly repeated in other parts of this pamphlet. There are some cases, where amputations are performed at the joints, where plaster casts are needed to insure more accuracy ; but all usual amputations are treated successfully from measure- ments only. Printed instructions are always sent with every limb, giving full directions for adjusting, wearing, and caring for the limb. CALLS MADE TO RESIDENCE. We will call upon any one. desirous of purchasing artificial limbs, residing within the limits of the city, for consultation, measuring, fitting, or advice — free of charge ; and upon any party without the city limits, provided they will pay the expense of traveling and a reasonable amount for extra time consumed. A. A. MAKKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 95 LADY ATTENDANT. A lady well acquainted with the various departments of the busi- ness is employed in the office to give attention to lady patients. BRANCHES. We are frequently asked if we have any branches or offices in other parts of the country than in New York City. To this question we reply, we have not. We have established branches, but have had unpleasant experiences with them ; conveni- ent as it would be for our patrons, we are nevertheless compelled to concentrate our endeavors at the headquarters ; by doing so we claim to be able to do a greater service to our patrons, give them a better article, and assure them the very best results. To take the place of branches our system of measurements is found to be sufficient and thoroughly satisfactory. We have agents established in many parts of the country, who are authorized to solicit orders, take measurements, and apply the limbs ; they are required to send all their orders direct to us for execution. INFORMATION FOR STRANGERS VISITING THE CITY. We are constantly receiving letters from persons asking for in- formation as to the proper course to take to reach our office, con- venient hotel accommodations, etc. In order to place this information in the hands of all desiring it, we will say that our office, 701 Broadway, is located near Fourth Street, second block above Grand Central Hotel ; less than two miles from Grand Central Depot, where the New York, New Haven & Hartford, Harlem, Hudson River, and New York Central railroads terminate in one immense depot. We are located but a trifle over one mile from nearly all the railroad, steamboat, and* ferry landings in the city. We mention these distances because the rate of fare to be charged by hacks is governed by a city ordi- nance, thus : For conveying one or two passengers for any distance not exceeding two miles, $1 ; for over two and not exceeding three, 96 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. $1.50 ; for over three miles and not exceeding four, $2. This makes it legitimate to charge $1 for conveyance from any of the railroad depots to our office. It is always best to make a definite bargain with the hackman before entering his hack, and then hold him strictly to it. The Broadway line of cars pass our doors. They can be reached by walking but a few blocks from any depot or ferry, or by taking intersecting line of cars. It is best to make inquiries of a policeman at the depot or landing as to the proper route to take — they are stationed there for the purpose of directing as well ^protecting strangers. Good hotel accommodations, with or without board, and also res- taurants and dining-saloons, are many and near to us, comprising both moderate and expensive rates. One can tarry comfortably in New York at from one dollar per day to any price above that they may choose to pay. It is often the case that persons upon leaving home wish to inform their friends how to reach them by mail or telegraph. If such com- munications are directed to them and to our care, with our address properly inscribed, the mail will come to us and will be received and held for them. Our patrons are also welcome to the accommodation of a fireproof safe for the depositing of valuable papers or money. All persons dealing with us and stopping in the city will find us centrally located, and are at liberty to use our premises for their head- quarters. TERMS OF PAYMENT. Payment is required with every order. If more convenient, one- half the amount can be advanced and the balance paid on comple- tion and delivery. Those who think it unfair for us to exact pay- ment in advance should bear in mind that an artificial limb is made to order and for but one individual ; it is not expected that it will fit or can be used by any one else. Thus is readily seen the necessity of advance payment, or part of it at least, as a guarantee of good faith. The patient can rest con- fident that just as good a limb and just as good a fit will be secured as though no payment were made until the limb is delivered. In case any mistake or bad fit occurs we hold ourselves strictly responsible, and will rectify the same with willingness, whether the error can be placed to the carelessness of our workmen or of the patient. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 97 The proposition to place the money on deposit with some busi- ness man or in some bank, to be paid to us as soon as the limb is received and found to be satisfactory, is frequently suggested by correspondents. We invariably decline such terms ; a little thought will assure any one of the necessity of our position. A new artificial limb, no matter how well it is made and fitted, or how perfectly well adapted it may be to the case, seldom impresses the wearer favorably at first ; there is most always a feeling of dis- appointment which nothing but perseverance and practice will over- come ; if the arrangements in regard to payment are subject to these impressions the maker is pretty likely to have all his labor for nought, and the ordering party, by his hasty conclusion, denied what would ultimately prove to be a blessing. Hence it is obvious that some obligation on the part of the ordering party must be imposed that will require of him the necessary exertion to over- come the novelty of a new limb. Advance payment is found to be the most efficacious. In view of these facts we shall always insist upon this method ; at the same time we obligate our- selves to furnish a serviceable and proper article, and will cheer- fully make any alteration that may be necessary to improve mat- ters, at no additional cost to the wearer except expressages. PAYMENTS ON THE INSTALLMENT PLAN. We are perfectly willing to allow any one any reasonable length of time in which to pay part of the money for their limbs, and will accept of small payments at periods to suit the convenience of the party, provided one-half the money be paid with the order and the balance be secured by some reliable business house, or by col- laterals. Under no consideration will we accept of any proposition that does not fully and amply secure us against any caprice or pos- sible injustice. We propose to deal with all sincerely and honestly, and place our reputation at stake in all transactions. We shall expect the same consideration from others. GUARANTEE. Every limb we manufacture and deliver is protected by the following guarantee: Material, workmanship, and adaptability warranted to be fault- less. Should any defects present themselves we obligate ourselves to make them good without charge, provided the limb is delivered to us as soon as such defects are known. This guarantee to be in force for a period of five years from the date of delivery of the limb. 98 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. We regard this guarantee consistent and satisfactory to any reasonable mind. It is well to note that we do not agree to keep the limb in repair for five years irrespective of accidents, improper treatment, or ordinary wear. Nor do we obligate ourselves to reconstruct any limb to meet changes that may take place in the stump. A written guarantee will accompany every limb when requested. This guarantee printed in our pamphlet will answer every purpose. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS SUPPLIED TO PENSIONERS OF THE UNITED STATES AT GOVERNMENT EXPENSE. Artificial limbs have been furnished by the Government to our Nation's defenders, who suffered amputations from injuries received while in service ever since the year 1862. The first law provided but one limb for each amputation ; but, in 1870, new laws were enacted which supplied new limbs immediately, and renewed them every Jive years thereafter. The fourth and present general issue commenced about June IV, 1885. The following information, taken from the Surgeon-General's circular, is printed for the benefit of those interested : "Every officer, or enlisted or hired man, who has lost a limb or the use of a limb in the military or naval service of the United States is entitled to receive once every five years an artificial limb or apparatus. The period of five years is reckoned from the filing of the first application after June 17, 1870, and no arrears accrue previous to each filing. "Necessary transportation to the manufactory and return, by the most usual and direct route, will be furnished to those desiring it for the purpose of having artificial limbs fitted, but will not be furnished except for this purpose." Sleeping-car accommodations will be given upon request. All manufacturers of Government limbs are required to furnish bonds of two sureties of five thousand dollars each, for the faith- ful performance of their work. Having satisfied this requirement, orders are (and have been for the past twenty years) issued upon us after a proper application has been made by the pensioner. The number of limbs we have made under these laws are in excess of the most extravagant boast- ing of any manufacturer, and as issue follows issue the applications are constantly on the increase. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 99 Blanks and instructions necessary for applying for government artificial limbs will be sent to pensioners who wish to apply ; also blanks for transportation to come and return from any part of the United States for the purpose of having the limb fitted. Plain common-sense people select plain common-sense articles. The uncomplicated instruments of war proved the most effectual and most serviceable, and the soldiers know it ; the same rule applies with equal force to artificial limbs. Our old soldier patrons need no assurance from us that they will be fairly dealt with, and those who have no practical knowledge of our limbs or of our reputation will do well to correspond with some whose names will be found in the pages of this pamphlet. Pensioners who reside at a great distance and do not care to travel so far, notwithstanding the fact that the Government will supply them with transportation, can have their Government limbs made from measures and sent to them, same as individuals who were not soldiers, and thus avoid the labor and time of a long jour- ney. Our system of measurements, together with long and exten- sive experience, insures the very best results. We preserve all our old measurements, as well as a full record of all the limbs made, in a fire-proof safe, thus are able to duplicate an order at any time. Many persons are availing themselves of our facilities and skill, and save their time and money by having their limbs made from measures. Every pensioner in need of an artificial limb should take advan- tage of the Government's generosity ; by so doing they secure the very best article and are protected by the Government. Some manufacturers endeavor to have the pensioner draw the money in lieu of the limb and afterwards buy the limb with the money. As an inducement to follow this plan they offer some rebate ; it should be understood that when this is done the manufacturer is relinquished of any obligation his bond has placed him under and the Government has no claims against him. 100 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. AMPUTATIONS, DESIRABLE POINTS, AND THE KIND OF OPERATIONS MOST SUITABLE FOR THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. An amputation that has been made with favorable results for the use of an artificial limb will greatly simplify the problem of sup- plying the want. On the other hand if the amputation is made regardless of prothesis, the patient is likely to be encumbered with a stump incapable of being supplied with an artificial limb to the best advantage. The latter condition always provokes unpleasant criticism on the ability of the surgeon, and is frequently exhibited as an evidence of his lack of skill. The surgeon, therefore, can not be too careful in the choice of operation and the point of amputation, not only for the interest of his patient but as well for the protection of his reputation. Our contact with thousands of amputations, embracing every character and school, ought to place us in a position to give the operator a hint or two that might serve him in the prosecution of his good intentions. We therefore beg to offer a few suggestions. In the first place the surgeon should acquire some knowledge of artificial limbs. He should know where the points of bearing c^an be taken in every kind of amputation. He should acquaint himself with the changes that take place in the stump after the application of an artificial limb, so that he can work the stump into a condition that will reduce these changes to the minimum. Under these three heads we propose to discuss this subject. 1st. The surgeon should acquire some knowledge of artificial limbs. This is essential because the successful use of an artificial leg depends in a measure upon the character of the work he has done, and then, too, the surgeon is the first man the patient consults on the subject. If he exposes ignorance the patient is thrown in a state of doubt and worry over the thought that possibly ignorance on the subject had led the operator into errors in his management of the case. And if, on the other hand, to conceal his ignorance, the sur- geon has given the patient some wild, fanciful notions concerning artificial limbs, the patient, if of a chimerical disposition, will never be suited with the appliances of the most ingenious maker ; he will always be in search for some Utopian limb that will bring him to the realization of his expectations, encouraged by his surgeon, who " knows every thing." A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 101 Any surgeon can acquaint himself with artificial limbs sufficiently for all practical purposes, in a very few hours ; if he can meet a maker who has had considerable experience, an hour's talk with him will suffice ; if this is denied, the perusal of the pamphlets of expe- rienced makers will inform him on the subject. 2d. He should know where the points of bearing are taken in every kind of amputation, so as to make the choice of amputation a wise one. An amputation through the shafts of the bones, or in other words any where between the articulations, leaves the end of the stump insufficiently protected to bear pressure ; consequently the weight is necessarily taken in part on the sides of the stump by compression, and in part by opposition of the artificial leg with the enlarging part of the stump. This means : for amputation in the thigh, that the weight is taken on the sides of the stump above the end and about the ischium. For amputations in the lower leg, the No. 225. weight is taken on the sides, above the end, and on the surfaces of the interior and anterior tuberosities of the upper section of the tibia. The exceptions to this rule are too rare to be mentioned. 102 A. A. MABKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. In disarticulations in which the articular surfaces have not been interfered with and the cicatricial tissues non-adherent, the entire weight of the wearer can be carried on the end with perfect safety and with great relief and comfort to the wearer. In amputations of the thigh it is a good rule" to save all the bone possible ; protect the bone with abundant periosteal tissue and carry the flap well to the posterior so as to have the cicatrix dis- tant from the end of the bone. Cut No. 225 represents an amputation above the middle of the thigh ; the stump is held in a horizontal position to show the mo- bility of the hip. The flap is well carried to the rear and the tissues about the end are free and yielding ; although this stump is quite short it can be relied upon for a great amount of work with less danger of irritation than if the femur were several inches longer and unprotected by abundant tissue ; this favorable condition may be attributed in whole to the disposition of the cicatrix and the non- adherence of the tissues. No. 226. Cut No. 226 shows an amputation above the middle of the thigh in which the tissues, although adherent to the bone, are supplied A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 103 with accommodating folds, which fortunately protect the cicatrix from danger of laceration. Without this abundant tissue the stump would be an unfortunate one. Amputations in the knee joints are very favorable and are pre- ferred to any point above. An unfortunate practice exists, however, among some operators of trimming the condyles in knee joint amputations ; we are very much opposed to this, as the trimming of the condyles in most cases removes the possibility of bearing on the end, as any interference with the condyles has a tendency to remove or impair the natural cushions on the articular surfaces and is likely to render them incapable of enduring the pressure of the Aveight of the patient. If the patella can be placed in the inter-condylic space and kept there without danger of slipping, it will be quite desirable to do so, but the advantages of having the patella retained are not sufficient to risk any chance of subsequent displacement. The flap for this amputation should be anterior, so as to bring the cicatrix well up on the posterior of the stump. If this can not be done, let the flap be selected from that part of the leg that will admit of enough tissue to allow the cicatrix to be placed well away from the end. We advise in all knee-joint amputations to take the weight on the end when it is possible to do so, and find that the best results follow when the wearer is able to take advantage of this condition. In amputations below the kne? it is desirable to save all the length possible down to about the juncture of the middle and lower thirds : between this point and the ankle-joint there can be no advantage in saving length of bone. In an amputation below the knee it is particularly desirable to have the end of the tibia well covered with periosteum, and the flap carried well over the end of the bone so as to avoid adhesion. Teale's method for the lower third amputation is unquestionably one that produces excel- lent results. The same may be said of his method for thigh amputations. The most favorable ankle joint amputation for the use of an arti- ficial foot is that known as Symes' ; this amputation leaves a stump that combines the greatest number of favorable conditions. In the Symes amputation there is no need of cutting any of the surfaces of the bones; the periosteum should never be interfered with and the cica- trix should be located on the anterior surface, a trifle above the end. The end of the stump carries the weight, and the patient can be supplied with a leg that fills the highest possible conditions and at the least cost. Cut No. 129. page 42, represents a model Symes stump. 104 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Pirogoff's amputation takes a second place to the Symes. There is but little choice between the two, but the preference favors the Synies. Either the Symes' or Pirogoff's amputation commands much respect. They are simple to treat and subject the patient to the least expense in the purchase of substitutes for the lost foot. Chopart's and Heys' amputations of the foot through the metatar- sals leave the most opprobrious of stumps ; contrary to the Symes-' they are difficult of prothesis; the most practical appliance devised can not compare in utility, comfort, or durability with legs con- structed for either of the above tibio-tarsal amputations. The condi- tions inseparable from the stumps of these amputations leave but little opportunity for the limb-maker. The natural length of the leg from the knee to the heel is retained, thus allowing no space for attachments or mechanism in the appliance. All the dimensions of the stump from the end to the ankle articulation are either normal or excessive, and as the appliance must encase the stump the diameters about and below the ankle are necessarily very much larger than natural ; this gives the appliance an uncomely and clumsy appearance. The stump from the ankle-articulation will not admit of a firm grasp, as the remaining bones and the neurological complications of the foot are such as to forbid continuous pressure ; on account of this the ankle-joint articulation can not be availed of, for, in order to secure an artificial foot to the stump sufficiently firm to enable the wearer to use the ankle joint and rise on the toes without exco- riating the stump, the pressure required about the stump would be so great that it would induce unpleasant consequences. On account of this it is necessary to carry the artificial above the ankle, encasing the leg very nearly as far as the knee, depending on the shaft of the leg for security, leaving the stump free and entirely disregarding the articulation of the ankle. The most serious objection, however, to these amputations, and which ought alone to debar them from license, is the disposition of the amputated surface pointing downward, occasioned by the sev- erance of the flexors, thus destroying all opposition to the extensors. The cutting of the tendo-achilles is occasionally the resort to coun- teract this tendency, but this is only partial relief at the best. The Symes' or Pirogoff's amputations secure so many advantages not possible to be attained in the Choparts', Heys', or any of the am- putations below the ankle joint, that really we can only see compli- cations and difficulties in retaining parts of the bones of the foot. Amputations of the upper extremities or arms can be safely gov- erned by one rule, — that is, to save all the length possible with a preference for disarticulations to amputations above. The utility of A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 105 an artificial hand compared with the natural is almost insignificant, therefore it is desirable to retain every thing possible. Exsection •of the ulna, radius, humerus, or of any of the articulations that will leave the hand or even a part of the hand in place and under mus- cular control, should by all means be preferred to an amputation. A single finger or even the metacarpals will be of more value than any artificial hand ever invented. Our prayer to the surgeon is therefore to save every thing possible in all surgical operations in the upper extremities. 3d. The changes that take place in a stump after the use of an artificial limb, and which in a measure can be obviated by the surgeon. The almost invariable tendency of a stump immediately after recovery from the amputation is to accumulate fat. This not only enlarges the stump but makes it flaccid. The effect of an artificial limb on a stump in this condition is to crowd out the fatty tissue and harden and solidify the stump ; this •change is desirable, as a stump can never control an artificial limb to the best advantage until such a change has taken place ; but un- fortunately this change when brought about by the use of an arti- ficial limb unfits the stump for the artificial limb — as the stump becomes smaller the artificial limb becomes looser ; it is true the wearer can add coverings to his stump or place linings in the socket of the limb, but both of these methods are objectionable, as they add weight and are more or less uncomfortable ; the better way, however, is to have a new socket applied to the limb and fitted to the reduced stump. The surgeon in most cases has it in his power to obviate the occurrence of these changes, by the simple method of bandaging the stump tightly from the end upward and continuing in the same, up to the time of the application of the leg. Tight bandages will not admit of undue growth, and have a tendency to reduce the stump to small dimensions. In addition to tight bandages, frequent rub- bing or massage, with occasional bathing with clear water, will keep the stump in a healthy condition. The frequent movement of the joints, sufficiently violent to bring a tension on the tendons, will preserve full movement and check the tendency to either contract or anchylose. It will be a fortunate day when the medical and surgical institu- tions of the land will add to their curriculums the subject of ampu- tations and the treatment of stumps with view to pro thesis. Up to the present time the practitioner has to learn from experience ; he is thrown entirely on his own resources, and, being usually an ■occupied man, can ill afford the time to devote to a subject that to 106 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. his mind is of little gravity. In consequence of this he is very likely to run into errors. To continue tight bandages after the stump is healed and sound, for the purpose of keeping the stump down to small dimensions, is so unnatural that his mind is slow to comprehend the importance of it ; and the opposite disposition is likely to prevail — that of encourag- ing growth so as to have the stump assume the proportions of the opposite or sound leg. HOW SOON AFTER AMPUTATION SHOULD AN ARTI- FICIAL LIMB BE APPLIED ? Experience shows that the most suitable time to apply an arti- ficial limb is as soon after the healing and recovery from shock as possible. A little thought will convince any one of the prudence of this. We have already called attention to the fact that stumps immediately after recovery from amputation tend to grow large and flabby, and that the joints become enervated and the muscles tend to contract. To counteract these tendencies we have prescribed bandages, massage, and frequent vigorous movements of the joints, to be persisted in until the artificial limb is applied. As soon as an artificial limb is applied the artificial limb controls these tendencies. We have applied limbs to stumps within one month after amputa- tion with very excellent results ; this period, however, for the usual case is too brief. A safe rule to govern this matter is, as soon after healing as possible. Patients are frequently advised to wait until the stump becomes hard and tough ; this advice is an evidence of a lack of knowledge on the subject. Nothing but use will make the members of the human body hard and tough. The bottoms of our natural feet are hard and calloused from constant walking upon them. The hands of a laborer are strong and hard from the constant use he puts them to, while those of the unoccupied are soft, tender, and effeminate ;, nothing but use keeps our joints strong and flexible. Allow a sound and healthy arm to hang uselessly by the side for a month and the consequence will be that the arm will become so enervated that it will require a great effort even to move it. A stump hanging use- lessly from the body undergoes the same enervating changes ; hence we say, apply a leg as soon as possible after the healing and recovery from the shock. The following correspondence on this subject will, we hope, be read with interest : Stephen G. Cook, M. D., New York City. Dear Sir — Your experience as a surgeon and physician, and more especially as United States Government Inspector of Artificial A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 107 Limbs, purchased by the Government for the disabled soldiers, en- ables you to exercise a practical as well as theoretical knowledge upon the important question of what constitutes a proper period to elapse after amputation before applying an artificial limb. Upon this very important question surgeons differ very widely, and I desire to obtain your opinions for publication, and trust you will contribute a full expression of your views upon the subject. Yours very truly, A. A. Marks. REPLY. Mr. A. A. Marks. Dear Sir — Your letter, asking my opinion as to the length of time to intervene between the amputation of a limb and the appli- cation of an artificial one, has been received, and in response I would say that I would allow just as long a time to elapse as is necessary for the thorough healing of the stump, and no longer. In my opinion there are at least three good and sufficient reasons why the interval should be brief, to wit : First. Because by disuse the muscles left by the amputation, and which in the future are to control the action of not only the stump but also the artificial limb thereto attached, become undisciplined / that is to say, they lose the nice co-operation there is naturally between them and the will-power. That muscles act under the strictest discipline needs no further evidence than to watch the skillful movements of any trained arti- san and compare them with the bungling efforts of the unskilled, the untrained, and the undisciplined. After an amputation the muscles left are necessarily for a time unused, and if left too long lose the power of responding to and being governed by the will. The application of the artificial limb is the first impulse that arouses them from their long period of inactivity ; hence, in my opinion, it should be applied just as soon as practicable after the stump has healed. Second. My second reason is based upon the old physiological law that " action increases strength." Compare the muscular develop- ment of the blacksmith, the boat-rower, the trained athlete and gymnast, with those of gentlemen of leisure and pleasure, and the adage needs no further proof. The muscles of an amputated limb not only become undisciplined, but they also become atrophied, shrunken, and effeminate, and the longer they are unused the more atrophied they become. The shrinking of the muscular tissues is supplemented by a deposit of adipose tissue (fat), so much so that sometimes when the manufacturer of artificial limbs is applied to, he finds, instead of a hard and firm stump, what has more the appearance of a mass of quivering jelly. Third. My third reason is applicable to the loss of a lower limb only, and refers to the use of crutches. Under the most favorable circumstances, it is a difficult task to learn to use an artificial leg skillfully and naturally, a task that some learn much more readily than others, the same difference existing between individuals in this respect as in learning a science or a trade. The patient who has learned to balance himself upon a pair of crutches, and to get 108 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. along as rapidly and almost as easily as before he was injured, is very apt to become both discouraged and disgusted when, on the application of an artificial limb, he discovers he has to learn the art of locomotion all over again. Under such circumstances, unless possessed of more than the usual share of energy and deter- mination, he is too apt to lay the artificial limb one side for inter- vals too long to enable him to become speedily accustomed to its use. For these and other reasons that might be mentioned, my expe- rience of over twenty years as surgeon both in civil and military life, as well as inspecting surgeon of artificial limbs for the United States Government, has led me to the conclusion that the period of time that should elapse between the healing of the stump and the application of the artificial limb can not be too brief. Yours very truly, S. G. Cook, M. D., Ill West 12th Street, New York City. CHILDREN. Children who lose one or both of their limbs before they attain their full growth are sometimes prevented from applying artificials on the ground that they will soon outgrow them. This appears at first glance sufficient reason, but a little reflection will show that it is ill advised. The child's growth and symmetrical development being paramount, the use of an artificial limb is the only method by which the child's growth can be governed and its develop- ment made uniform and symmetrical. An artificial limb can be lengthened at any time at an expense not exceeding five dollars, and sometimes much less. It may be well to here state that the limbs we manufacture possess a very important advantage over all others in this respect, on account of their being free from the internal complications of cords and springs, thus saving the largest part of the expense attending the operation of lengthening the limb to keep up with the growth of the patient. The most important point to be taken into consideration in this matter is, how shall we most benefit the tender sprig of childhood, whether by compelling him to use crutches and grow up round- shouldered, one-sided, or otherwise ill shaped, as frequently results from the long use of crutches, or at once to apply a substitute, and pay proper attention to the lengthening, and thereby avoid the unpleasant sight of a cripple, and the mortifying effect (to say nothing of the great inconvenience) to the patient. Another very important fact should be taken into consideration, and that is that a child- growing up without a substitute to exer- A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 109 cise the stump impairs the use of it, either by its becoming per- manently contracted or enervated. When an artificial limb is applied at the proper time, and the child grows with it, the child never seems to fully realize the loss, and becomes the most skillful of operators. No child that loses a leg at any age should go without a substitute for a single year after the stump is healed. Some are without means to secure limbs, and others will say that they can not afford it. Then call upon your friends for assistance, or do some thing to provide for the necessity of your child and avoid its growing up in your sight a deplorable spectacle of misfortune. "To clinch the nail of theory with a few blows from the hammer of experience," we present the following cases. No. 227. No. 228. Mabel Thompson, cut No. 227", had her leg amputated very close to her knee joint when she was but nine months old — before she began to creep. The stump, from disuse and for better protection, invol- untarily tended backward and upward. There was apparent ten- dency to anchylosis or stiffening of the knee. 110 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. On consultation with the surgeons it was decided that an artificial leg properly fitted, with joints to operate in harmony with the nat- ural knee, would swing and force the stump to move as the child was being carried, thus check anchylosis and restore the full amount of motion. We applied a leg to her when she was about one year old. In a short time she began to creep. A few months after her parents were surprised to find her standing alone. She soon began to walk, and at this writing the child is less than five years old, and walks, runs, and frolics about just like other children of her age. Cut No. 228 represents her with an artificial limb applied. The leg has been lengthened and enlarged to accommodate her rapid growth, at an expense not exceeding the renewal of crutches. Had this child been neglected in her infancy, instead of the cheer- ful, healthy, active little girl you see in the picture, in all probabil- ity she would now be a weak, helpless object of pity. On examina- tion you would find a stump, contracted, weak, and almost lifeless, which wonld be a burden to her all her life. As it is, her stump is a model of health, strength, and usefulness, and will never fail in controlling an artificial leg with advantage, comfort, and nat- uralness. No. 229. Cut No. 229 represents a little girl eight years of age, one view exposing her stump and artificial leg ; in the other she is dressed and ready for walking. This girl grew up, developed, and at this writing is a lady of graceful proportions. Would she now be so well-formed, healthy, and competent to occupy her proper sphere in life, had she grown up without the aid of this substitute ? Her picture, cut No. 230, shows clearly what she now is. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Ill It is very well understood that young ladies wearing artificial limbs are not over-desirous of having it publicly known ; this is not No. 230. an exception ; nevertheless her name and address will be given, when desired by persons giving satisfactory reasons. She resides in New York City. Cut No. 231 represents Mr. Thomas Kehr exposing his stumps. At the age of ten the lad was run over by the cars, which caused the amputation of both legs, one above, the other just below the knee. In December, 1875 (just about a year after the accident), we applied a pair of artificials as illustrated in the cut. In two weeks thereafter he was walking very well without a cane. Two months passed and he was walking and getting about, up and down stairs, and in fact everywhere he wished to go, without any assistance whatever, with such ease and comfort that it was abso- lutely wonderful for such short and unfavorable stumps as his. Cut No. 232 shows how he appears with his limbs on and dressed. This case is another which practically illustrates the great impor- 112 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. tance of applying substitutes to those who are maimed in tender years. No. 231. No. 232. Dr. Brady's letter on this case will doubtless be found of interest. Brooklyn, E. D., New York, May 16th, 1876. Mr. A. A. Marks. Dear Sir — I have thoroughly examined the case of the boy Thomas Kehr, of this city, who has been wearing a pair of your artificial legs for the past six months. About a year and a half ago he was run over by a train of the S. S. R. R. of Long Island, and both of his low^er limbs were so crushed that I amputated them, the one well above the knee, the other about one inch and a half below. At the time of the operation many expressed a wish that death would occur, as the lad being very poor it was thought that his future would not only be a burden to himself but that his future support, should he reach man's estate, would depend upon the char- ity of the public, as it was considered about an impossibility for him to serviceably use artificial limbs. I am thankful that I can say that you have made his future worth the living, by giving him the means of good locomotion. I saw him two weeks after he had put them on for the first time, and it astonished me greatly to see the remarkable use he had already acquired ; since then I have seen him many times, and A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 113 have each time seen marked improvement in the freedom of use in walking. Within the past week I saw him walking on the street without even the help of a cane, and so little lamed that any person seeing him would not for the moment have the least suspicion that he was using legs other than such as nature provided. I feel competent to say that in this case your artificial limbs have proved a grand success. I have never before seen artificial limbs which in action approached so near that of perfection. I attribute the wonderful success in this boy's case mainly to the superior results achieved by your inventions. Especially can attention be called to the use of the rubber foot, thereby dispensing with the ankle joint, thus giving the wearer an elastic, reliable, and sure footing, which must greatly relieve him from the care and watchfulness which must certainly be required by those who ,wear artificial limbs having jointed feet. Your plain and simple mode of construction of artificial legs is to my mind unquestionably the best, and when asked by legless persons as to whose make of artificial limbs would prove the best to secure comfort and utility, I most decidedly say, without any hesitation, Marks'. Yery respectfully, Samuel ?T. Brady, M.D. DIFFICULTIES OVERCOME. Amputations and deformities are frequently attended by compli- cations that make the adjustment of substitutes very difficult. We have given special attention to these matters and have always been able to cope with the most perplexing. This may be surmised from the very peculiar apparatus illus- trated in the fore part of this book. There are, however, anom- alous cases presented every day that require some unusual method of treatment. Cut No. 233 represents an amputation a little above the ankle joint. The conditions of the case were as follows : The foot and ankle had been mutilated by a railroad accident. The tibia about four inches below the patella had been injured so that a scale of dead bone of about two inches by one inch was by the slow pro- cess of nature disintegrating and separating itself from the living. The amputation was performed a little above the malleoli. There being scant material at this part of the leg to furnish a copious flap, the extremities of the bones were poorly protected. The dead scale remained on the tibia partly exposed with ulcerations about its border. Examination revealed the facts that no pressure could be taken either on the end of the stump or on the sides of the extrem- 114 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. ity, and further, that the tissues about the dead bone were sensitive and painful to the touch. No. 233. No. 234. Even slight compression on the calf would irritate the diseased part. The patient came to us in this condition and was very anxious that something should be done to enable him to get about and discard his crutches. The leg we constructed was provided with a laced front, adjustable so that pressure could be taken about parts where it could be endured. Cut No. 234 represents the leg applied. This gentleman found the artificial leg of great benefit. With it he was able to go about without crutches and attend to his wants. The following case is one worthy of special notice. The subject met with an accident on an ocean steamer, which mangled his left arm, left leg, and dislocated the left hip joint. The arm was ampu- tated in the shoulder joint, and hip dislocation reduced, but subse- quently the leg was amputated in the middle third of the thigh. A short time after, the subject was taken with an epileptic fit and fell out of bed. The fall redislocated the hip, which unfortunately was not noticed until about two months had elapsed. It was then deemed inadvisable to make any attempt at reduction, as the stump A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 115 had not thoroughly healed. The subject was confined to his bed for several months, when he was permitted to go about the hospital and the grounds in a rolling chair. His stump having become healed, he was placed under our charge. An examination revealed the following complications : Left hip still dislocated, stump about eight inches long, measured from the perinaeum ; on account of the hip dislocation the stump inclined interiorly several degrees. From disuse and long confinement the right leg became enervated, with considerable contraction of the knee extensors. The patient could not bear any weight on his natural leg. Even with the help of two attendants he was not able to stand erect. No. 235. Our first duty was apparent, that of restoring strength to his right leg, and full mobility to the knee of the same. With this in view we directed his attendants to apply massage and to work the knee vigorously ; this was continued for two weeks with little per- ceptible benefit. We then suggested the Dr. Meigs Case Apparatus, the purpose 116 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. being to hold the patient in a vertical position, suspended from all the available parts of his body, and at a suitable height to enable him to barely touch his one foot to the floor. Fig. No. 235 repre- sents the patient suspended in the chair. The suspension was easy, comfortable, and almost a luxury. Propulsion was obtained by the right foot touching the floor at intervals. In a brief time he had recovered sufficient strength to command the movements of the chair. Favorable results followed rapidly. Full extension of the knee was obtained, followed by restored strength and a very favorable tendency of the stump to hang vertically. The hip dislocation showed a disposition to reduce. We applied an artificial leg in due course of time with results that justified all our endeavors. The patient returned to his home soon after, and from the latest we can learn of him his progress is flattering. We commend the Meigs Case Apparatus for cases of unusual weakness and spinal troubles, and will supply them to parties at a reasonable price. OUR FOREIGN TRADE. This department of our business has increased rapidly and assumed proportions to require special attention. We have applicants from all quarters of the world, and are fill- ing orders for foreign countries constantly, more particularly for South and Central America and Mexico. No stronger testimony of the durable and satisfactory qualities of our work can be given than this, from the fact that these parties living at so great a dis- tance choose our work because they are denied access to the man- ufactory, and require an article that will keep intact and in good working order without frequent repairing. In view of these facts, we have found it necessary to publish an edition of our pamphlet in the Spanish language, which has been widely circulated and is bringing in large returns. To introduce us to those with whom we have had no dealings and assure them of our business standing and responsibility the following certificate was prepared and signed by the distinguished A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 117 men whose names are thereto appended. In addition to this cer- tificate, in other parts of this book we print a translation of some of the letters of commendation, together with a few abstracts from complimentary notices taken from the foreign press. We deem it not out of place to introduce this matter in our English pamphlet, as this book will, in all probability be circulated extensively in foreign countries, and doubtless it will reach some one who would prefer the Spanish edition, to whom it will be sent on application. CERTIFICATE. (Translated from the Spanish.) We certify that the establishment of A. A. Marks, of this city, is one of the oldest and most responsible in the manufacture of artificial limbs. This establishment is one that offers the best guarantees of any in the United States. HIPOLITO DE URIAKTE, Consul General of Spain, 1883. JOSE CARLOS TRACY, Consul of Peru. JACOBO BAIZ, Consul General of Guatemala and Salvador. HIPOLITO BILLIXI, Consul of the Republic of Dominica. FRANCIS SPIES, Consul General of Equador. MELCHOR OBARRIO, Consul Gen- eral of Bolivia, D. DE CASTRO & CO. F. PARR AG A. TELLADO GIBERGA & CO. A. G. DICKERSOX. JOSE G. GARCIA. R. & C. DEGEXER CO. JOHX OSBORXE, SOX & CO. P. E. DESYERXLNE. KAXE Nov. 11, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq.: Dear Sir : — Yours of Oct. 26 received. The limb you made for me about four years ago has proved satisfactory. My natural leg was amputated at the thigh, leaving only about one-third of its length. The rubber foot seems to be superior to any other. I am a mechanic and am obliged to stand at my work constantly. Yours was the first artificial limb I wore. Very respectfully, Augustine Lejenne, Plainville, Hartford Co., Conn. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Branford, New Haven Co., Conn., Oct. 27, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq.: Dear Sir : — The limb which I purchased from you recently is giving entire satisfaction, and is in every way as recommended. I am now doing my regular day's work, and am improving very fast in strength and gaining in flesh. I expect after a few months to be able to do any ordinary work with the aid of your artificial limb and will not feel the loss of the old one. Most respectfully yours, John Daley. LEG ABOVE KNEE. . Worn a rubber foot for twenty-two years. Marbled ale, Litchfield Co., Conn., Oct 31, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Kind Frlend : — I wish to say a few words in regard to your artificial limbs. I have worn them from childhood up. I can truthfully speak of their merits. The second limb you made for me was in November, 1863. That limb I wore until two years past. This was wearing a limb with a rubber foot for twenty-two years and doing ordinary housework. The rubber feet are the most durable. The cost of repairs for that limb was a trifle. Your rubber feet are a success. They are superior to the old style of wooden feet with heel cord. Respectfully yours, Mrs. A. Fleezer. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 211 FATHER AND SON— THE FORMER ABOVE THE KNEE AND THE LATTER BELOW THE KNEE. 869 Main St., Bridgeport, Conn., Nov. 2, 1887. Mr. Marks : Dear Sir : — I was in the employ of the Housatonic R. R. as switchman for sixteen years when I caught my right foot in a frog. An engine backed on me and crushed my leg. The amputation was made three and one-half inches above the knee. I had an artificial leg made by ; it seemed as though I was having it repaired all the time ; after a while I heard of your rubber feet legs, and had you put a rubber foot on the leg for me. I afterwards had you make me an entire new leg, which I am glad to say has given me great comfort and much satisfaction. I have taken great pleasure in recommending your legs to others, and have always been thanked for so doing. There is a saying, " It runs in the family." The wooden leg mania seems to have no exception, My boy Willie was ten years old when he lost his foot by the cars on the N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. The amputation was made three inches below the knee. He is now eighteen and works every day selling papers on the railroad. He runs and jumps on the trains, and is as active as any one with the naturals. He is frequently asked if it was not his brother that lost his leg. Through your great invention he is almost able to forget his misfortune. Willie says there is no one in the world that makes as noiseless a limb as you do. He and I both agree that your legs with rubber feet are without equals to build a poor fellow up after he has been mashed to pieces. Respectfully, Patrick Bray. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Applied when a Mere Child. Jan. 21, 1888. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — I desire to offer you a slight testimonial of my gratitude for the comfort that my daughter has derived from the use of the artificial leg which you adjusted for her in May, 1882, and to say here, for the enlightenment of many who are as ignorant in such matters as I once was, that no. one should ever'hesitate to have a limb adjusted in childhood, as it is by far the best plan, though many persons advise cripples to wait until they have attained their growth. My daughter lost her leg in 1879, about three months prior to her sixth birthday, and she has worn the artificial leg made by you constantly since 1883, when she first realized the advantage to be derived from its use. She is a powerful child in frame, and when her leg was removed no hopes were held forth that she would ever be able to wear an artificial limb, owing to the amputation being made so close to the hip joint. The trouble was caused by blood-poisoning after a severe attack of chicken-pox, and a double amputation was made, leaving about one and one-half inches of bone. The case is considered a remarkable one, and your success in adjusting a leg satis- factorily to so short a stump speaks volumes for your work, which can not be surpassed ; and not only has the leg given absolute comfort to the child, but she has grown to the age of fourteen years and developed to large and graceful proportions. Ever gratefully yours, Maggie V. Benner, 945 T St., Washington, D. C. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Oct. 31, 1887. My Dear Mr. Marks : It affords me great pleasure to add my testimony to the excellence of your artificial limbs. I know whereof I speak, not only having had an experience of over twenty years in wearing an artificial leg, but also being a close and 212 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. interested observer of the work turned out by other manufacturers in this branch of industry, and my experience and observation lead me to the con- clusion that for comfort, durability, and the many advantages (including the slight expense of repairs) arising from simplicity of construction, yours are pre-eminently the limbs for those so unfortunate as to need an artificial for the natural limb. Trusting that all who require artificial limbs may come to know as I have, by actual test, the boon your benevolent and indefatigable talent has conferred on suffering humanity, I remain, Yours very faithfully, William Griffin, Clerk Adjutant-General's Office, Washington, D. C. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Winter Haven, Polk Co., Fla., Nov. 2, 1887. Have worn artificial limbs for five years with an amputation two inches above the knee. Have been constantly walking as housekeeper and clerk in grocery store during this time. For nearly three years I have been wearing a limb made by you with rubber foot. I find it durable, noiseless, and light, needing no repairs except belt and shoulder straps, which are furnished by you at very low prices, and serve nicely as skirt-supporters as well as holding the limb in place. My limb is superior in every way to any I have tried, especially the rubber foot, being in shape and pliability similar to the human foot. Mrs. F. A. K. Harris. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Fernandina, Nassau Co., Fla., Nov. 2, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — Permit me to say that your artificial leg with rubber foot attached, which I have been using continuously since September, 1886, is all that you have claimed for it. I have but seven inches of thigh stump. My occupation is U. S. Light House Keeper, North Beacon Kanges, Amelia Island, Fla. , and I have to go up and down in one of the ranges 45 feet high, on iron-rod steps, at least twice a day ; so I have good reason to say your limbs are all you claim for them. You are at liberty to use this as you wish. Respectfully yours, John Miles. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Litesville, Bradford Co., Fla., November 10, '87. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — In 1875 I bought my first artificial leg from you. I am now wearing my second. Both were fitted from measurements, according to your instructions. I consider your make of artificial legs the best I have seen or worn, and with good usage would last eight or ten years. When I bought my artificial limbs I was living at Blackstock, S. C. South Carolina being my native home, I was the cause there of several getting your make, and since I have been here, nearly four years, several more, one by letter from Pittsburg, Pa. He selected me from your last pamphlet, as the length of our stumps were nearly equal, his being the longest, as you know I have only 5^ inches from hip joint ; therefore, you see, I must think your make go d, to recommend them so much. The rubber foot is a great improve- ment, and there is no clanking about the leg, which, if there was, would give me a case of the jim-jams, for I am very sensitive about my loss anyway. I A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 213 can stand as well as any of them, walk three and four miles without halting, ride horseback very well in any gait. I hope you will keep improving in your make until the poor maimed can forget that they are subjects of artificials. Yours truly, Jno. Carroll. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Newnan, Coweta Co., Ga., Nov. 14, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : I have used one of your artificial legs with rubber foot for two years. It is one of the best inventions of the kind. I can do any thing with this leg. After ten days it became natural to me ; it never troubles me any more. C. L. Cook. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Buena Vista & Ellaville Railroad Company, James M. Lowe, Vice President. Buena Vista, Marion Co., Ga., Nov. 24, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — Replying to yours of recent date, I do not know how to give you a stronger endorsement of the superiority of your limbs than to say I have used them constantly for twelve or fifteen years. I cannot say now how long. I lost my leg at the second battle of Manassas, in 1862, and for several years after I got well I used several other makes before I procured one of yours. Since then I have worn your make exclusively. During this long term of years I have had many business transactions with you, and it is a pleasure for me to express the uniform fairness which has characterized your dealings. Yours truly, Jas. M. Lowe. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Flo villa, Butts Co., Ga., Nov. 10, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, Broadway, New York : Dear Sir : — In the spring of 1876 I received from you an artificial limb, which you made for me by measurement. It proved a comfortable fit ; nearly eleven years' constant wear ; the india-rubber foot and every part of the limb are still in good condition. No repairs have been necessary, only a renewal of the suspenders once. It affords me great pleasure to offer my testimonial of its great merit. Very truly yours, A. E. Chandler, Presbyterian Minister. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Geneva, Kane Co., III., Oct. 29, 1887. A.. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I received your letter of Oct. 26. My business is manufactur- ing harness. I have worn artificial legs for twenty-three years. The first was a worthless patent. If all of the legs but yours are of the same style I would not take them as a gift. Point of amputation, seven inches from thigh. Cost of repairs on the one of your make, about three dollars. I have worn this 214 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. one over six years, and it is as good to-day as when I left your office six years ago. I have boarded with parties six months, and they did not know that I had an artificial leg ; the rubber foot fooled them ; men that have traded with me for fifteen years get deceived the same way. For ease and comfort give me the rubber foot. I wish every man that has had the misfortune to have lost a leg would try one of your make. I remain, yours, Edgar Cronk, Late private, Co. C, 21st Missouri Volunteers. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Harvard, McHenry Co., III., Oct. 29, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — For over nineteen years I have worn continually an artificial limb, of your make. I can cheerfully say that it has given perfect satisfaction. 1 am a dentist ; my stump is but five inches long. I can stand at my dental chair and operate six hours a day with comparative ease. The cost of repairs on my limb for nineteen years will not exceed $15 (sus- penders excepted). I most heartily recommend your limbs for comfort, dura- bility, and perfect fit from measurements. Yours respectfully, Robert F. Taggart. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Webber's Falls, Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter., Nov. 11, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I learn that you are going to print a new pamphlet ; if so I would like very well to tell my story. In July, 1884, I accidentally split my right knee joint with a chopping axe, which limb three days later was amputated four inches above knee joint, leav- ing me an eight-inch stump. In January, 1886, after looking around very thoroughly, I purchased my arti- ficial leg of you, by sending measurements taken by one of my neighbors and myself. I am now compelled to say that, after about two years of constant use, I feel confident I made no mistake in taking your patent. The repairs have been very small so far ; I often walk to church, over a mile, in company with others. My chief occupation is farming. I often saw wood all day, or I can pick a hundred pounds of cotton in a day, and that is about the amount I picked before my leg was amputated. To all persons who may wish to purchase artificial limbs by sending measurements, I will say that A. A. Marks' style of measuring, fif closely and carefully observed, is as good for a neat and easy fitting limb as a dime is for a ginger cake. Yours truly, J. D. Clark. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. 919 W. Ohio St., Evansville, Ind., Nov. 16, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir :— On my return home I found your letter, and in reply I will have to say that the artificial leg you made me from measurements fits as perfectly as possible. If I had come to the shop and you had taken the measurements yourself, I doubt that results would have been better. I have worn it for about ten months. I put it on the next day after I got it, and have worn it every day since, from early in the morning till late at night. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 215 My occupation is circular and baud saw filer ; I keep up all the saws for a large circular and band saw mill. I have to be on my feet most all day. I get around almost anywhere without a stick. As to the rubber foot, I think it is the finest thing out. Mine has only worn out two light socks in ten months, and it does not jar me when I make a misstep. I only have six inches of a stump, and I get around better than others I see that have worn other make of legs. James M. Pritchett. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Worn four different styles, and likes the rubber foot the best. Wolcott, White Co., Ind., Oct. 29, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — In reply to your letter of the 26th, I take pleasure in saying that your limb with rubber foot improvement is the best and most durable limb made. I had tried four different make of limbs before I procured yours, and your limb with rubber foot is the only one that has given satisfaction. I have given it a fair test for over two years, and during that time my total expense amounts to 75 cents for one yard of elastic webbing, while the limb I used before purchasing yours would either break at the ankle or snap the cords walking on the uneven ground in this locality, which kept me repairing it once a month at least. The principal advantage of your make over all others is its simple construction ; no cords or ankle joint to break, which causes me to feel perfectly safe in using it. I am considered hard on a limb ; my friends frequently remark that I get round on it as if I had not lost a leg. I weigh 154 pounds, and have what is called an upper thigh amputation, and my duties here require me to be on my feet an average of twelve hours a day. Limbs of other make may be all right for those who have no idea of the great improvement you have made in the manufacture of artificial limbs, but give me the limb with the rubber foot as the best substitute for the limb left on the battle-field. Respectfully, Jno. T. Brady, Co. C, 71st Regt. Pennsylvania Vols. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fairfield, Jefferson Co., Iowa, Oct. 28, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — As it has been some years since I purchased my leg of you, I think I ought to let you hear from me again. It is now about ten years since I got the leg that I am now wearing, and have worn constantly since (I think it was 1877 when I got the leg), and it appears to be perfectly sound and good yet, never having to be repaired, the rubber foot being firmly attached to the leg. The knee joint does not rattle or make any noise, and appears to be as good as when new, ten years ago. I own a small piece of ground in this city (Fairfield) on which I cultivate small fruit (strawberries, raspberries and blackberries, currants and goose- berries). I do all the hoeing, pruning, and a good part of the picking of the, fruit. I am a carpenter by trade, and work at the business when not engaged in my fruit garden. I climb up and down ladders when at work on houses. Point of amputation at the middle third (or eight inches from the body). My weight is about 132 pounds. The leg I am now using is the second leg of your make, and the third all told since 1864 ; my limb was amputated 1863. I am very well satisfied with your make of leg, especially the rubber foot, and if this one gives out before I do I will sure y have you make the next. R. Stephenson. 216 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY. LEG ABOVE KNEE. (A Coal Miner by Occupation.) Van Meter, Dallas Co., Iowa, Oct. 29, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir :— I have used one of your patent limbs for six years, and am well satisfied with it. I am a coal miner by occupation. I think that your rubber foot is a splendid success ; it suits me A No. 1 . I never tried any other, or do I wish to, as long as I can get one of your make. Mine is an upper amputation ; I have nine inches of a stump ; I can walk almost as fast as any ordinary man. 1 would advise persons needing artificial limbs to buy them from vou. S. T.'Akebs. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Salina, Saline Co., Kansas, Nov. 1, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your legs for the past two years, and it has given entire satisfaction ; it has never been out of repair and is now nearly as good as new. Its especial excellence is the india-rubber foot. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 217 I had worn four legs in the twenty-four years from 1865 to 1885, and although well made for their kind, not one of them ever lasted over two months without the ankle-cord giving way and the inside machinery breaking, leaving nothing hut a rattle-trap to walk on. Your india-rubber foot so completely remedies this that, although my leg is amputated within two inches of the body, people generally do not observe ^hat I wear an artificial leg. You made my limb from measurements I sent you from this place, and it fits me just as well as if the measurements had been taken by you in your office. I am in the abstract and loan business, and do a large amount of walking, and believe the ' ' Marks Leg " will stand twice the wear of any other leg made. Yours truly, Swatze T. Criss. LEG ABOVE KXEE. Sauna, Saleste Co., Kansas, Nov. 14, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am very glad to put my stump on to brighten the fire. After having worn one of your artificial legs with the rubber foot for more than fif- teen years I have no hesitation in saying it is the best leg in use, as it is simple and the most durable of any I have seen, and I have examined the , the , the , and worn one of the , but would not use any other now if I can get the rubber foot with stiff ankle, as it never drags at the toe No. 285. from weight of mud or other matter on the toes, and is so simple a child can adjust it. I can heartily recommend the rubber foot as the most durable and easy to handle, and to any unfortunate one in need of such appliance I would say by 218 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. all means try the rubber foot. I have worn artificial legs since 1862 and do all kinds of work. I am a blacksmith, and have shod horses, and I refer you to Mr. D. B. Pow- ers, Aug. Bellport, and a score of others. I have dug wells and quarried stone, and other heavy work. I can walk farther in a given time than any man can on any other kind of a leg with the same length of stump as mine ; it is only three inches from center of hip joint. Yours, etc., E. Lincoln, Late of Co. I, 12th, 111. Vol. Infantry. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Winfield, Cowley Co., Kansas, Nov. 7, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — It affords me much pleasure to bear testimony to the excellence* of your artificial limbs. I have worn an artificial leg for twenty-five years, having suffered an amputation at the thigh in June, 1862. I tried three differ- ent makes before using one of your make, and give yours the preference over all others. My experience with artificial legs having metallic springs in the feet was not satisfactory, for the reason that the springs became gradually re- laxed, letting the toe drop and catch on obstacles, causing an occasional fall and requiring frequent renewal of springs. Legs made with these springs may be said never to be in order after a few- days' wear. I have found your rubber foot sufficiently elastic, and there being nothing to get out of order, it stands hard and long service. Living on a farm and walking over rough and often ploughed land is a trying test to artificial legs, and none that I have used will compare with your make for strength and. durability. Yours respectfully, Arthur H. Greene.. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nicholasville, Jessamine Co. , Kt. , Nov. 8, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — This is to certify that I have been using your artificial legs for twelve years, and have also used two different patents before I commenced using that of yours. I think that the legs you make are superior to all others I have used or seen ; the rubber foot beats all the click-clack of other patents. My stump is only four inches long from the body ; weight 210 pounds. I have been superintendent of national cemeteries for eighteen years, and am now constable of this county. I can ride a horse as good as any man, and with perfect control. Trusting that the soldiers may use your limb, or give it a sat- isfactory trial, I remain, Yours truly, E. Schneider, Formerly of Co. H, 5th N. Y. Art. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Greenup, Greenup Co., Ky., Nov. 4, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial leg made by you for twelve years with- out having any repairs done to it. Having worn other makes of legs I consider yours far superior for comfort to any other leg made, and the rubber foot is far ahead of any I have ever seen. My present occupation is a farmer, and I A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 219 have done some plowing. My leg is amputated about five inches above the knee. Yours respectfully, Harrison Riggs. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Rangeley, Franklin Co., Me., Nov. 22, 1887. I have had considerable use for artificial legs, and will say that the A. A. Marks is the best and most durable that I have ever used. They are more easy and simple than any that I have tried. J. H. Orbeton. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Limerick, York Co., Me., Nov. 28, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have been using one of your patented legs with the rubber foot for something over four years. My step^is perfectly easy. I have been using the leg every day since I received it, and am well pleased with it. I go to school every day and walk over one-half of a mile. I play ball with the boys. I can skate, and in fact I can do any thing the other boys can do. I can get about so well I never notice but what I have got two sound legs, and in the future you may be assured of the heart-felt grati- tude I have for what you have done for me. Hoping you will continue as successful in the future, I remain, Yours truly, Freddie D. Holland. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Levant, Penobscot Co., Me., Nov. 2, 1887. Mr. Marks : Dear Sir : — A word to you in regard to your artificial limbs. Your first artificial leg I got sixteen years ago last March. I wore it constantly for ten years. Your last one I got in January, 1886, and have worn it with perfect ease every day. My weight is 180 pounds. My business is farming, driving teams, which is all laborious work. I am very sorry to say that once in a while I visit the ball room, and the ladies all wonder how I can get around so nicely on an artificial limb. What I have seen of other artificial limbs, it is my best judgment that yours are the best on earth. Yours respectfully, A. O. Wing. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Belfast, Waldo Co., Me., Oct. 30, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am glad to give my testimony in regard to your artificial leg, which I have worn for the last three years. I can say of its merits that it is one of the best the Government provides for its soldiers. My first leg was made by Dr. . The leg was a source of trouble to me. I was most of the time with a broken leg, and had to wear a peg leg of my own make. I have worn an artificial leg for 22 years. Three years ago when I applied 220 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. to Mr. Marks for a leg, Mr. Marks sent me blanks for measuring for one of his with rubber foot ; I took my own measurements and sent them to him. He made the leg without my presence, and sent the leg to me. As soon as I received it I put it on, and have worn it ever since ; that was three years and a half ago ; it fits me the best of any leg that I have ever had ; it is the best and easiest leg that I have ever seen. I can say that he can fit bet- ter from measures sent him than the others did when I went to their places. His leg is easy and safe. I am a farmer, and have some hard work which tries a leg. Yours truly, Wm. J. Brown, Private Co. D, 19th Me. Yols. LEG ABOYE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. N. E. Cor. Tremont and Patterson Aves. , Baltimore, Md., Dec. 2, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I will say as near as I possibly can what I know about your arti- ficial legs. Superiority over others I know nothing about, for I never wore any other but yours. I will say this, that I had my leg amputated above the knee 21 years ago. and directly after got one of your limbs, which lasted me 14 or 15 years with little •expense to me, only ten or twelve dollars in that time, which was my own fault for want of proper care. In fact I might say I have only had two of your limbs in twenty years, and it cost me but a trifle in that time for repairs or any thing else. As to the rubber foot, it can not be excelled. I would have no other, and never will have any other. I must say that as to measurements and fittings I have never had any trouble. Both my legs were fitted from measure- ments. My occupation for the last twenty years has been in the grocery busi- ness. This business is laborious for one who undertakes to load and unload wagons, as I am frequently called upon to do. In fact, I might say that I do every thing that is required of me, the same as others with natural limbs. It is no task for me to climb ladders, which I had to do when I had men building for me. Yours respectfully, Jeremiah Keadt. LEG ABOYE K^EE. No. 407 North Mount St., Baltimore, Md., Nov. 7, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in recommending your make of artificial limbs. I have been wearing one since December 10, 1880. It is an excellent fit, and well shaped, so that few are aware that I have an artificial limb. It has cost nothing yet for repairs, and seems to be as strong as the day I received it. I have been engaged at manual labor most of the time (repairing furniture and upholstering). My amputation is above the knee, with about six inches of stump. I am respectfully yours, P. J. Cole. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Altamont, Garrett Co., Md., Dec. 15, 1887. TMr. A. A Marks : Dear Sir :— Your letter of the 26th ult. to hand. I wish to say to my fel- low unfortunates I had my right leg mangled in a quarry ; it was amputated A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 221 above the knee in June, 1882. One year after I purchased one of Mr. A. A. Marks' patent limbs with rubber foot, I commenced wearing it shortly after getting it, and have worn it every day since. I was very prejudiced against the stiff ankle at first, but after a little patience I got along better than I ever expected to, as this was the first artificial limb I ever wore. The leg has far exceeded my expectations. It has proved to be just what Mr. Marks said was the beauty of the limb ; it does away with a lot of machinery that I have seen in other artificial limbs. It is not accompanied with rattling or an unpleasant noise when walking ; there are no springs, hinges, or bolts to get out of order. My leg has not cost me but twenty-five cents for repairs in four years. I have given my leg some hard trials ; I have done a great deal of walking ; I have been on my feet sometimes- from seven o'clock in the morning till eight and nine o'clock at night. My occupa- tion is a laborer. People have been surprised when I told them I wore an arti- ficial limb. Mr. Marks is worthy of patronage ; what he says can be relied on_ I cheerfully recommend his limb to all in need. Yours truly, P. Cline. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Mount Savage, Allegany Co., Md., Oct. 30, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Having lost one of my legs on the railroad some years ago, I applied to you for assistance, and received one of the most valuable limbs made. I consider Mr. Marks' limbs without a rival, and any person wishing to purchase a leg can not do better than give you a call. Any person wishing my testimonial can have it by sending a stamped addressed envelope to, Yours truly, John Henry Paul. LEG ABOVE KNEE. 717 Baker St., Baltimore, Md., Nov. 5, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in writing a testimonial for your make of legs. By occupation I am a stone-cutter and work every day at setting mantels, vestibules and tiles and wainscoting. I go up and down ladders. My leg is off above the knee. My stump is but eight inches long. I have to fare the same as all the men in the shop. As much is expected of me as the rest, and I get as much pay. I have seen all other makes of legs, and yours exceeds them all. The rubber foot leg can not be beat for durability. I am wearing your leg seventeen or eighteen years, and it has only cost me about $2.50 outside of straps. I would wear no other make if they were given to me. I remain, Yours respectfully, George Smith. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Plymouth, Plymouth Co., Mass., Nov. 4, 1887. Dear Sir :- I have used one of your artificial legs with the rubber foot, for amputation above the knee, for the last fifteen months, and it has proved satis- factory. I am also using a pair of your new suspenders, No. 4, which I think are the best that can be obtained. Very respectfully, John Washburn. 222 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. LEG ABOVE KNEE, GIRL SEVEN YEARS OLD. Fitted from Measurements. 14 Sudbury Street, Boston, Mass., Nov. 6, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — My daughter, seven years old, has been wearing the artificial leg furnished by you about seven months, and I am pleased to say that it has given entire satisfaction. Although the amputation was above the knee, and the little patient had not used the limb for more than three years previous to its amputation, she was able (greatly to our astonishment) to walk across the room without a cane within an hour after the application of the artificial. I consider the rubber foot the best substitute for the natural one that can be provided, and am happy to con- firm all that you have said in its favor. As you are aware, the leg was made by measurements, taken by myself and forwarded to you by mail. The fit was perfect, showing that your workmen were as careful in executing the order as I was in giving it. Shall be pleased to recommend persons desirous of pro- curing artificial limbs to patronize you, as I have found you as honorable in your dealings as the articles of your manufacture are satisfactory. Yours very truly, George C. Beckwith. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. 17 Exchange Street, Harrison Square, Dorchester, Suffolk Co., Mass., Nov. 8, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your artificial limbs for eleven years, and I feel as though I ought to thank you for your great invention. I had my leg amputated just above the knee, and thought I should be useless the rest of my life, but if you could see me go about my house and do the work for a family of five you would be astonished yourself. I have never worn any other kind of artificial leg, neither could I be induced to even try them, as I believe there can be nothing more natural than the rubber foot. I thought of course I should surely have to go to the manufactory, but was spared the journey by your excellent method of self -measurement. I believe I have just as good a fit as if I had gone to the manufactory. About two years ago I had it repaired after wearing it nine years, and it is now in as good repair as ever it was, and it bids fair to last nine years longer, if I live to keep it going. Long may you live to see your great invention walk, run, skip, dance, and skate. Yours, very respectfully, Mrs. I. Kierstead. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Mattapan District, 18 Richmond St., Boston, Mass., Oct. 27, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th inst. received this day. I must say that I am more than willing to testify in regard to your artificial limbs. In April, 1886, I was injured at Somerville, Mass., by a runaway horse so that amputation was necessary five inches above the knee. I sent for one of your pamphlets, and then started for New York, November, 1886, and that same month and year began to wear your artificial leg, and have not missed a day in wearing it since the first day I had it. I am a carpenter by trade, and in May, 1881, just twelve months after being hurt, began to work at the bench and have worked about all summer and am surprised to know that I ever could get around so well . I walk to my work, and stand all day, and am not any more tired at night than if I had both my legs. Without it I could do nothing, but with it can get along almost as well as before I lost my leg. My leg was very large when you A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 223 measured it, so I had to get a new socket, and thought I would try and save time and expense, and had it done in Boston, but have been sorry ever since, for I have taken very little comfort since, for Boston parties do not have such a line of business, and therefore do not understand fitting a socket, for I suppose you fit ten to their one, and the one that they made for me is just like putting my leg into a lard pail, for the edge is so sharp it almost cuts the flesh, but the one I got from you was very comfortable and fitted like a glove. Just as soon as I need to make another change I shall come to you, regardless of time or money ; for give me your leg and no other. Yours very truly, Chaeles C. Moulton. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Linden, Genesee Co., Mich., Nov. 7, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : With pleasure I endorse the rubber foot as the best artificial foot manufac- tured. In my opinion it has no equal for durability and stillness, and for my use is far ahead of any ankle joint limb I ever saw ; and I have seen a good many different men's make and worn one about two years which cost me $50 for repairs. The limb I am wearing now was made by A. A. Marks thirteen years ago last winter, and has been in constant use ever since, and has not cost more than one dollar a year for repairs. Yours truly, Wm. H. Meaker, Late of Co. G, 5th Mich. V. V. Inft. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Calumet, Houghton Co., Mich., Nov. 1, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — According to your request I pen you these few lines in the way of recommendation. This is to certify that I, John N. Fezzy, have worn Mr. A. A. Marks' artificial leg for over nine years, and can say it has given me per- fect satisfaction. I can highly recommend them to any person that is in need of an artificial leg. In regard to walking, I cannot speak as those who have a longer stump, for mine is but six inches from the body. I walk half a mile to and from my work, and I have never missed a day through the severest storms, and I have gone through some pretty heavy snow-drifts off Lake Superior. Dr. Niles of Calumet came to me for advice. I recommended to him your artificial limbs. There are three of us in this town wearing your legs, one machinist, one carpenter ; I am an engineer, and have been running the engine for the Calumet Mining Co. for'over twenty years, and get around the machines all right without the assistance of a cane. I can climb ladders without fear of slipping. From yours truly, John Fezzy. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Crystal Springs, Copiah Co., Miss., Nov. 14, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have been using one of your patent artificial legs for over six years, and I have found it to be all you claimed it to be. I have done a great deal of heavy work on my farm since I have been using your artificial leg ; as I have never used any but yours, I can not say any thing about any other, but I can recommend your limbs to any one as being good and durable legs. I 224 a. A. MAEKS, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. would not use any other, as I know the rubber foot is a great improvement on artificial legs. My leg fits well. It has given perfect satisfaction. My leg was amputated just above the knee. Thomas Graves. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Rolla, Phelps Co., Mo., Nov. 5, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City: Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in recommending your artificial limbs, especially for their durability and superiority of the rubber foot over all others! My left limb is amputated just above the knee joint. I have worn one of your limbs since April, 1884, and it has not cost me one cent for repairs to this date, I walk easily without a cane, and have no difficulty in following my profession. Your style of measurements is perfect, and by following your instructions any one can just as well be fitted at home as to go to the city. I have taken measurements for limbs, and among others when double amputation had been performed. In all cases perfect satisfaction has been obtained. Very truly yours, J. D. Carpenter, M.D. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fairbury, Jefferson Co., Neb., Nov. 13, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York: Dear Sir : — Yours of October 26 at hand. In reply would say I think the rubber foot is just the thing, as it is very durable, never getting out of repair. I am farming and have done some very hard work, but have not paid for or done any repairs yet, now over two years. I am yours, etc. , W. P. Squires. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Weeping Water, Cass Co., Neb., Nov. 19, 1887. Dear Sir : — As far as your limb is concerned, I am glad to recommend it, It is a delight to use it, After wearing a limb for nine or ten years I know how to appreciate it. The foot movement is so noiseless and easy that I'd not think of going back to my old style. At first I thought I never could use it, but in a very little while (a day or two) I found I could. It has grown better and bet- ter right along. And now rather than go back to the old style I'd pay you $50 a year just for the use of yours, and I'm not rich either. Again it pleases my friends ; they say I walk better, easier, etc. Then there is your new strap ; it seems to me it is of equal value with the limb- It is as much an addition to comfort in sitting, reclining, and walking, lifting, etc., as the limb itself. Oh, how straps used to drag, and how burdensome when hot and tired and hur- ried. But this is so no longer. Some one may think that I had a poor limb to start with. Well, last winter I wrote to the Scientific American asking them to recommend to me the best inventor of artificial limbs, and they sent me your address and the address of the manufacturer whose limb I already had. That limb was a good one as far as a limb can be, I believe, that does not infringe on your patents. I would not take that limb now as a gift, even though I had to pay $500 down for yours and $50 a year royalty. Now don't you raise the price because I say this. Your straps move so freely through the little pulleys on the limb that the strap is not dragged back and forth over the shoulders in the least. Only those who use your strap can appreciate its value. Yours truly, Rev. C. H. Dalrymple. A. A. MAJRKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 22, LEG ABOVE KNEE. Rogers, Colfax Co., Neb., Dec. 4, 1887. Dear Str : Your limb has given me good service. Respectfully, James Hill. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Bradshaw, York Co., Neb., Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks: m Dear Sir : Your letter of inquiry duly received. I am nappy to inform you that the artificial leg you made for me nearly four years ago proves perfectly satisfactory in every respect. I cheerfully recommend it to any one. My left leg is amputated above the knee, and I have worn the leg you made for me ever since I first got it. I have not paid out a particle for repairs yet, with the exception of a pair of suspenders. I think the leg is good for four years more. It is ffettins a little short now, because I have grown some in the last four years, but this is not the fault of the limb. I am a harness-maker by trade, and any one wanting information may write to me. Yours truly, Albert Broker. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Nov. 1, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial limbs nearly three years, and although I can not say how they compare with limbs made by others, as I have never worn any other kind, I think the rubber foot is a good thing, as it is per- fectly noiseless' and up to this time has not cost anything for repairs. I have had to have a new socket made, as my stump has shrunken since the limb was first applied. I can vouch for your success in fitting from measure- ments £i ven. My occupation is that of a carpenter, some parts of which have been very trying to an artificial limb. Point of amputation, half way between the knee and thigh. Yours very truly, Herbert W. Fickett. Errol, Coos Co., N. H. LEG ABOVE KNEE. 508 Grove Street, Jersey City, N. J., Nov. 3, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq.: Dear Sir : — I am well satisfied with your leg ; don't want any thing better, and don't think there is any thing better. I am now using limb made for me last summer ('86) ; this is the second one. The one previous was in continu- ous use for fifteen years, and with very little work could be fixed so it would go for several years yet. I never had any thing done in the way of repairs in all this time, only what I did mvself , which was very little. Yours, E. J. Buxton. 226 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Elberon, Monmouth Co., N. J., Nov. 2, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks: Dear Sir : — I can hardly find words to express myself in regard to the arti- ficial limb I purchased of you. I can go most everywhere, upstairs and down. I do for five in family, without crutches or cane. I can climb up step-ladders and wash windows and work as well as any other woman. Yours truly, Mrs. Reed. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Hackensack, Bergen Co., N. J., Oct. 28, 1887, A. A. Marks, Esq : Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in testifying to the satisfaction I have derived from the use of your artificial limb. About eight months ago I had my leg amputated above the knee, and have worn Mr. Marks' artificial leg now for three months with entire satisfaction. I wish particularly to recommend the rubber foot. It makes walking more natural and easy on account of its elasticity than a wooden foot, and more confidence can be placed in it. In my opinion it can not be too highly recommended . I am, yours, etc., Arthur Christie. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Newark, N. J., Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am pleased to give my testimony in regard to your artificial leg, which I have worn for the last four years. I have worked on it every day since, at my trade as Currier, in a leather factory, where I have worked over thirty years. I was greatly discouraged at first, thinking I would never be able to wear it. I can do as much work as I ever did. It is a strong, durable leg. Truly yours, Arthur Johnson. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 5, 1887. Mr. Marks : Dear Sir : — In regard to limb I have of your make, words cannot express the satisfaction it has given me. I have worn it five years constantly, and to- day can walk five miles, which is wonderful, I think, considering my limb is off above the knee joint. I have had no repairs except for lengthening in that time. The rubber foot has no worthy rival. I take great pleasure in recommending your rubber feet to those that use artificial feet. Yours respectfully, J. C. Green. Ticket Agt. D. L. & W. R. R., Rockaway, Morris Co., N. J. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Westpield, Union Co., N. J., Oct. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn your limb since 1867. I think the india-rubber foot is the greatest of inventions. It gives ease to the stump. No clicking in the A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 227 ankle. I have a seven-inch stump above the knee ; left leg. I walk eight miles a day. My occupation is a farmer. I can walk without a cane. Charles Henry Holmes. LEO ABOVE KNEE. Testimonial. 1st. Occupation since wearing your artificial leg : Book agent. Justice of the peace eight years ; township collector of taxes ; light ordinary work ; cutting wood ; gardening ; gathering fruit, etc. 2d. How long worn : Since July, 1879. 3d. Point of amputation : Left leg ; thigh ; eight inches below hip. 4th. Comparative cost of repairs : No cost except for suspenders. 5th. Other information ; Worn constantly with great comfort, because of its light weight and soft, flexible rubber foot. I can truthfully testify with pleasure as above. Yours very truly, James Hofp, QlTAKERTOWN, HUNTERDON Co. N. J. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Perth Amboy, Middlesex Co., N. J., Oct. 28, 1887. A. A. Marks : Sir : — Yours of the 26th inst. at hand. In reply would say it affords me great pleasure to testify to the durability of the rubber foot and the ease in walking, especially over rough roads. The artificial limb I now have has been in con- stant use nearly six years and is in good condition yet. I walk a mile and one- half to my place of employment, morning and night, and am on my feet the greater part of the day. The limb has at all times given the greatest satisfaction and there has been no cost for repairing, only for suspenders, etc. which must necessarily wear out. Of course the ease and comfort to be derived from an artificial limb is in the fitting of same to the stump. I can say you have well pleased me in this respect, which was done from measurements taken on but one visit to your office ; and as my limb is amputated eight inches above the knee, the fitting is all that can be desired. Thanking you for past courtesies, etc., I remain, Gratefully yours, Jno. P. Kenna, Train Runner L. V. R. R. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Oct. 31, 1887. I have been wearing one of A. A. Marks' artificial legs for twelve years and find it superior to any other in use. I wore one of — .• The simplicity of the springs and durability of the Marks leg places it above any that I have ever come in contact with. I am a man over 200 pounds and if not for its durability it would not last so long. I am a carpet weaver. Hugh Mulholland. Long Branch Village, N. J. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 28, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — A little more than twenty-three years ago I lost my right leg above the knee from a gun-shot wound. When the surgeon examined it and told me that it would have to come off, 228 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. my first word was, " I wish the ball had gone through my heart," for I thought I would be a dependent the rest of my life. Being in Washington, D. C, I went to the patent office and looked over the different models. I chose what I thought was the best. For three years I worried along with it, most of which time the leg was on the sick list, and you may well think that I had but little hope for the future. Twenty years ago next March, I think it was, I got one of your artificial legs with rubber foot. I had no faith in it at first. In 1870 I got another of the same kind, and I wore the two until 1885, with an expense of but a few dollars on both. In 1885 I got another, and am still wearing it, and I do nearly all kinds of work. I think nothing of starting out in the morning and spending the whole day gunning or fishing. I spent last winter canvassing and collecting as an insurance agent, but perhaps the best test was about two years ' working in a factory, when I made packing boxes, put them under a press (when packed), nailed down the covers, put them on the scale, weighed them and put them away. The cases weighed from 300 to 500 pounds each. And not only that, but there are scores of people with whom I have been acquainted for fifteen or twenty years who do not know that I have lost a leg. If any person can make me a better leg than yours I would like to see it. Respectfully yours, E. D. SCOFIELD. Passaic, N. J. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Oct. 28, 1887. A. A Makks, Esq. : I am still wearing the leg you furnished six years ago. I have worn it com- fortably with less than six dollars cost for repairs. My occupation (house painter) gives it a good test. I can and do work on scaffolds, ladders, in fact anywhere. I have but a three-inch stump. I am well satisfied. Yours truly, Robert H. Perry. Pamrapo, Hudson Co., IN". J. LEG ABOVE KNEE. 129 Liberty St. , New York City. Mr. A. A. Marks : I have worn your make of artificial leg ever since the rubber foot was in- vented, and gladly testify to its many superior qualities. Enrol me as one of your lifelong patrons. Joseph Trow. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 1, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — Your new kind of suspenders are of great comfort to me. Designer by profession, I can work easier while sitting, and get up without strain. I am so satisfied with them that I do not hesitate to recommend them to all afflicted as I am. My leg was amputated August 25, 1886, by the eminent surgeon, W.T. Bull, four inches above my right knee. I have been using the natural shaped arti- ficial limb you made for me in October, 1886, ever since. I thought to express to you my sincere admiration for your work. You can very well be proud of it. The rubber foot is in excellent order. It has kept its graceful original form, and usage has improved it. The joint above the toes being more flexible, its motion now is even more natural that it was when new. The mechanism under the knee is also in perfect order and as strong and sound as it was a year ago. Thanks to your successful manner for measuring and fitting with such a A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 229 small amount of trouble as I have experienced, I can say that you have given me almost another natural leg. Remembering with pleasure the courteous treatment I met with at your rooms, I remain, Sincerely yours, J. H. Sauer, 147 West 16th St., New York City. LEG ABO YE KNEE. 354 West 22d St., New York City. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir: — I talk the Marks leg every opportunity I have. I consider it by all odds the best, most reliable, and most durable leg made. Your truly, T. Clelland, M.D. July 7, 1877. LEG ABOVE KNEE. 532 11th Ave., New York City. Patrick J. Monaghan wishes us to write his endorsement of the Marks artifi- cial leg. He says he can testify to its many good qualities. The rubber foot and fit are perfect and highly satisfactory. M. Nov., 1887. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Oct, 27, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I had the misfortune to have my leg cut off by being run over by a train some seven years ago. I was recommended by a friend to get one of your artificial limbs, and I did so. I have worn the same for the past six years. It has given me perfect satisfaction. It has cost me but little for repairs. I highly recommend it to any one having use for same. As for me, I would wear no other. I am now employed on road and get around well. Yours respectfully, John J. Murphy, 859 11th Ave., New York City. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Oct. 27, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : About three years ago I had the misfortune to lose my left leg by amputation, to save my life, and for the space of three months I had to use crutches. My hands and arms became almost paralyzed, so that I could not lift them over nvy head. Then I thought I would try one of 3'our limbs, and since then I have the use of my hands and am able to do my work satisfactorily, or as near as can be done in the grocery business. I am working in the store from five a. m. to nine p.m. every day. I do not know what I would do without it now. I have seen the limbs with wooden feet, but I prefer Marks' rubber foot. It has not got that click-clack sound so often heard from others. Another ad- vantage it possesses is that it is so simple in its construction that a child can take \t apart ; consequently it is not so apt to get out of order. In the three years that I have worn your valuable limb it has cost me about two dollars for exchange of braces. William A. Kelly, 20 Bedford St., New York City. 230 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. Mr. A. A. Marks LEG ABOVE KNEE. A Boy 8 Years of Age. 321 East 117th St., New York City, Nov., 1887. Dear Sir : — At first I thought it impossible to be able to use one of your artificial limbs, but after six months' trial I now find it gives me entire satisfac- tion. I can now run and walk nearly to perfection without my stick. I earnestly recommend any one who should be so unfortunate as to lose a limb to get one of your artificial ones. Respectfully, Earnest Hesse. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Wearing a Leg Nine Years Without Repairs. Oct. 26, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir: — I have worn artificial limbs for the last twenty-five years. My right leg is amputated about six inches from the body. I have' worn legs of three different makers, but for durability and simplicity of workmanship I prefer yours above all others. It makes no noise in walking, and is very easily taken apart. I have worn one of your legs for nine years constantly, without spending a cent on it for repairs. Yours respectfully, Wm. A. Doyle, 754 8th Ave., New York City. LEG ABOVE KNEE. 218 E. 38th St., N. Y. City, Oct. 28, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am greatly pleased with my limb, and am improving very rapidly. I do not use my cane. Miss Rosa Eagan, who has one also, is in the same house with me. Miss Eagan walks splendidly. I shall walk as well in time. As a testimonial, I will gladly state all that is possible, that I am much Miss Mary A. Gibson. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Brothers Dare, American Pantomine and Specialty Company. Tony Pastor's Theatre, Fourteenth St., New York City, Dec. 8, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Allow me to say a few words in praise of your artificial leg with rubber foot. I consider it the best I have ever had. Having worn other makes for a number of years and as I thought the best, I was persuaded to have you make me a leg, and I am thankful that I did, for I can now walk with more ease and comfort and a greater distance with less fatigue than I ever could, with the other so-called best make of artificial legs. I consider the rubber foot a great advantage over the old style, as it makes a person walk with a nice easy motion. I believe my stump is as short as could be and wear a leg, amputation having been made two inches and one-half from the hip joint. I am a gymnast by profession, and known as Frank S. Dare of the Dare Brothers, and I do a great amount of walking'around, and use the leg A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 231 very rough, but I must say I have less trouble and less repairs with your leg than any other I have ever worn. Frank Melrose. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 1, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir :— I have been using one of your artificial legs for the past four- teen years, during which time they have given entire satisfaction. The last one I got about three years ago, and have not had to have it repaired in any shape since. The rubber foot acts splendidly. I think it is near perfection as any one could wish for. My occupation, that of gate-keeper, requires me to be on my feet pretty much all the time, and I do a great deal of moving around, which I am happy to say I can do without much difficulty. My leg was amputated about six or eight inches below hip joint, so I have but a very short stump to work on. I shall cheerfully recommend any one who is so unfortunate as to need an artificial leg to call on you. I remain yours respectfully, Cornelius Morrison, Gate-keeper Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Oct. 27, 1887. Mr. Marks: Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial legs for about seventeen years. I have a thigh amputation, a five inch stump. I have worn five other legs of different makes, and I would not accept of any other leg, if I had to wear them if they were given to me, They are always creaking and out of order and eating the stockings at the ankles ; also the shoes, and in a short time they eat themselves away at the ankle joint. I am a carpenter and work at my trade. I have worn one of your legs for ten years, and I could have worn it longer. They never get out of order. The first one I wore seven years. I am now wearing the third leg I have had from you, and I have always recommended your artificial leg in preference to all others. Respectfully yours, Abram D. Clark, 397 14th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 15, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — In May, 1882 ,1 was so unfortunate as to lose my right leg above knee. In September, 1882, I was advised to procure one ofyyour patent artificial limbs with rubber foot. It now gives me sincere pleasure to be able to inform you that the artificial leg which* you made for me has more than realized my expectations. The durability of your patent has, I think, been fully established. The foot appears to be as good now as when I first commenced to wear it, over five years ago. I cheerfully recommend your legs to all needing them. I remain, Dear sir, Leonard Manz. 115 Grand Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 232 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. LEG ABOVE KNEE. The First Artificial Leg Made to Supply the First Leg Lost in the Late Rebellion. 399 Fifth Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec., 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., Artificial Limbs, etc.: Dear Sir : — Having lost my right leg four inches from the hip joint in defence of the Union at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, as 1st Sergeant of Co. I, 79th N. Y. Vols. (Highlanders), and coming home a paroled prisoner of war from Richmond, Va., October, 1861, the Hon. Simon Cameron was then President Lincoln's Secretary of War, who, when he saw me, most feelingly authorized me to procure the best artificial leg made and send the bill to him. There was formed a committee of gentlemen, of whom Capt. H. A Ellis, late of the 17th U. S. Army, was one, who examined several artificial legs of the day, amongst them yours, , , etc., and wisely decided that I should have one of your make, as in their opinion best for my purposes. I was measured, fitted, and received the leg from you in December, 1861 (Gen. Simon Cameron sending his check in payment for same. This was before the Government provided limbs for its crippled defenders). Mine, I believe, was the first artificial leg made to supply a loss caused in the Rebellion. You remember that this leg, your own make, had an ankle joint ; well I remember its " clap, clap," every step I took. Your patent rubber foot came soon after. I had the rubber foot applied to my leg, and no person but those afflicted as I am can appreciate such a magical change. In fact, I felt like a whole man again. So much so that my friends, acquaintances, and strangers whom I met in my traveling would not be convinced until I exhibited your leg, so near was it to perfection and nature. I wore that leg for some twelve or more years, doing some " tall " walking, riding over rough roads, being attached to the 9th army corps, army of the Potomac, as sutler, etc., in that corps, campaign in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, etc., and in all those years I wore the rubber foot which was substituted for the ankle joint foot. I have had two legs from you since. I am now wearing the third with the same perfect satisfaction, and I am will- ing to testify to its usefulness in a two-mile walk with any wearer of a different make of artificial leg with the same length of stump. I have tried other makers' legs, hoping to better myself. This experience has convinced me that your rubber foot has no superior. My business is clerical, with a consid- erable share of standing and walking. It is with pleasure that I make the above statement and permit you to make what use you think proper with it. I am respectfully, etc., Jno. McKenzie. Late 1st Sergt. Co. I, 79th Regt. LEG ABOVE KNEE. George W. Pinckney, Attorney and Counsellor at Law. 26 Court St., Brooklyn, K Y., Oct. 28, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq, : My Dear Sir : — I have used one of your legs since 1868. It serves me well. I have become so accustomed to it that it has become a part of me. In 1866 1 used one of 's legs, but I got so " strapped " with that that I gave it up. Since you have allowed me to walk on your leg it has only visited you once a year, and that for the renewal of shoulder-straps. My leg is amputated above the knee. Your rubber foot is a great invention, and the longer I use it the more I wonder when I see people stumping along on one leg when they can use one of yours. I hope, for the benefit of the legless and footless, you may not fall short of a broad and extensive patronage. Yours, etc., Geo. W. Pinckney. A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 233 LEG ABOVE KNEE. " Your leg served me for seventeen years." 137 Walton St., Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov., 14, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : I, Peter Schwartz, invalid from the U. S. Army, 46th Regt. Co. F., N. Y. Vols., had my leg amputated four inches from hip, and am wearing one of your legs which has served me for seventeen years, I have found your rubber foot to be the best. I have had a great deal of walking to do in my former years through rain, snow, and ice, and have never had any trouble. I remain, Yours, Peter Schwartz. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Flatbush, Kings Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I think it but just as a tribute to your skill and ingenuity in the manufacture of artificial legs to state my experience of your make as compared with other manufacturers. I have worn artificial legs for fourteen years, previous to obtaining one of your make, and must say that yours far surpasses any thing I have ever had as to ease, durability, and comfort It is therefore with much pleasure that I assure all in need of help in that line that they will find it to their advantage to give you a call. I may state that I have worn your rubber foot now four years and it has not cost me any thing for repairs. * My occupation is that of barber and hairdresser, which necessitates a good deaf of walking and standing. Yours respectfully, John Stoll. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Oct. 29, 1887. T£r. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — While a policeman in New York City Aug. 26, 1874, I had the misfortune to have both of my legs broken while on duty at the French dock, foot of Morton St. After being in the hospital nearly a year, I had to have my right leg amputated four inches above the knee. In the spring of 1876 I got of you a leg with a rubber foot. I think the leg and foot are the best made. All the leg has cost me is for suspenders. I have been wearing the leg every day since I received it. I remain, Yours very truly, Jasper G. Terry. Asst. Postmaster, Riverhead, Suffolk Co., N. Y. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Woodside, Queens Co., N. Y., Nov. 4, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — In August, 1887, I lost my leg by an explosion in a drug store at Winfield, L. I. Being young and my stump very short, I did not think that I could wear an artificial leg at all. When I grew to be of age my friends and neighbors begged me to try one. In the spring of 1882 I received one of your full-length legs, which I now use and have been using every day since without .any trouble. My occupation is a flagman and gateman on the Long Island R. R. , which requires me to be on my feet walking across three railroads changing signals every three minutes for twelve hours every day. I must say your leg does not make the noise that I have heard from other kinds. In fact, 234 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. it has brought life back to me again. I would not be without one of your legs. Any body wishing any information of me I will cheerfully answer any letters addressed to me on the subject. I am, Yours respectfully, JOHN H. SCHAEFER. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Ozone Park, L. I., Oct. 29, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your limbs for nearly five years, and am fully persuaded that they are the best made. When I first wore one I was in the employ of the Long Island R. R. Co., as an operator, and very little on my feet, so did not have a good chance to test the merits of it as I have since done ; under the pressure of business I wore the leg for one week, day and night, without having it off. At present I am in the lumber business, and find not the least trouble in getting over lumber and on to the highest piles we have in the yard. My leg is off above the knee, and I have considerable collecting to do and find no difficulty in walking any distance. This summer I walked four miles in one hour and fifteen minutes, which I thought good for a one- legged man. Few who have known me since I am wearing your leg know that it is artificial, unless I tell them. My ease in walking is owing, in my opinion, to the rubber fooi. The amount I have paid for repairs does not amount to more that $5. You are at liberty to use this in any way you may see fit. I am, Yours truly, F. T. Newcome. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Mount Vernon, Westchester Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I had the misfortune to lose my right leg when I was six years old. At the age of eight I tried my first artificial limb. I do not remember the name of the maker, nor do I care to, inasmuch as it was worthless so far as usefulness is concerned. It would probably have been my last if my father's attention had not been called to the Marks artificial limb with the wonderful rubber foot. He decided, after considerable deliberation (for he had come to look upon artificial limbs as mere ornaments), to give your leg a trial, and I can testify to its merits. I am a photographer and my business compels me to be on my feet the greater part of the time. I feel no fatigue whatever. I can say this, that having once used the Marks artificial limb I feel that I can never get along without one. Yours respectfully, Wm. B. Davis. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Office of Dr. H. Pearce & Co., Druggists, Main St., Pawling, Dutchess Co., N. Y., Oct, 31, 1887. Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial leg for about twenty years, and one of Marks' patent for about fifteen years. I regard it far preferable to any other I have ever seen. My amputation is above the knee, and I don't meet any one that wears any uther leg that can walk as well as I can. It is so simple and durable that there is no chance for any thing to give out except the suspenders. So the cost of repairs is very trifling. Respectfully yours, Henry Pearce, M.D. A. A. MABKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY. 235 LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Chester, Orange Co., N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : In reply to your letter of Oct. 26, would say I purchased of you ten years ago last February an artificial leg which has been in constant use ever since. My work is in a creamery and cheese factory. The work is very heavy, and I am on my leg at least 12 hours every day. For straps, and all other expenses, I have not paid over $1 a year. My limb was amputated within six inches of my body. Before purchasing this limb of you, I had two of another manufacturer, which only lasted about four years each. The cost of repairs for the two first limbs was $49. I have been wearing an artificial leg for 19 years, and when I have worn the one out I purchased of you, shall give you an order for another. I am more than pleased with it. Very truly yours, John Roach. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Mount Livingston, Stillwater, Saratoga Co., N. Y., Nov. 4, 1887. Dear Sir : — I spent six weeks in Jersey City and was so thankful to find that I could take long walks, one in particular of forty-three blocks, get on and off boats, cars, etc. , without even the assistance of a cane, and the day I returned walked from Stillwater out to my home, a distance of two miles. While on Broadway I thought of you and would like to have called, but I could not. My limb Vas amputated above the knee about eight inches from the body. I have used one of your artificial limbs for six years and am perfectly satisfied with it. As it is my first and only one I cannot compare it with the limbs of other makers, but firmly believe that there is an ease and elasticity about the rubber foot that others lack. I know that the less machinery in them the better they are. My occupation is not laborious, as I live at home in my father's house, and only assist in the housework. With the exception of two yards of elastic for suspenders, the limb has cost me nothing so far, and is now in good order. I was fitted from measurements sent from my home . Hoping all your patrons are as well pleased, I am, Very respectfully yours, Eva S. Rodgers. LEG ABOVE KNEE. " Worn the leg nine years without one dollar's repairs." Cedar Hill, Albany Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — It gives me great pleasure to recommend your artificial leg, as I am conscious that in doing so I am not overestimating its value. I have given mine a thorough trial, having worn it every day for over nine years with- out one dollar expense. I can say I would not exchange it for any leg I have ever seen of other manufacture. The elasticity of the rubber foot is as natural as the real one, and the simple mode of construction makes the leg proof against getting out of order. I have never felt the need of an ankle joint. I can go up and down hill with- out the joint better than with it. I can walk on uneven ground almost as good as any one. My amputation is ten inches from body. I was fitted from measurements 236 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. sent to your manufactory. The fit is remarkably good. There has not been any alterations needed. The rubber foot is a grand invention. There is no jar in walking and no getting out of order. I can do almost all kinds of work with ease. My occupation is house carpen- ter, going up and down ladders, in fact doing all kinds of work, so that the durability of your patent has been fully tested by me. The rubber foot is about as good now as when I first commenced to wear it over nine years ago. I can cheerfully recommend your limbs to all . Yours respectfully, Wm. Selkirk. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Andover, Allegany Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in .recommending your make of artificial limbs to those in need, having worn one to my satisfaction for over two years, without any repairs. My work has been heavy, a carrier of mail from post office and transfer from one train to another at Malvern, Ark., sometimes lifting and carrying as heavy as 200 pounds. My leg is off near the hip, or a thigh ampu- tation. I weigh 240 pounds. My leg was made from measurements sent to the shop. I went to have it fitted. I tried the leg on and had it fitted in about 20 minutes. I have worn it continually, never chafing so as to have to leave it off for any length of time, as with other limbs I have worn. My kg is now to all appear- ances in good order. I will also say the rubber foot is a grand improvement, as it is easy in walking and does away with the thumping and clattering of all other kinds that I have tried. I can stand on my feet for hours with perfect ease. I can walk about houses, stores, etc., as still as a man with natural feet. My experience is that many do not believe I have a leg off, and if I ever need another I shall get a Marks if possible. Respectfully, V. D. Sackett. AH communications cheerfully answered. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Monticello, Sullivan Co., N. Y., Nov. 2, 1887. I have for the past three years used one of A. A. Marks' artificial legs with rubber foot. The finish, fit, and durability of these legs are, I have no doubt, superior to any other make, so much so that the expense for repairs during that time has been nothing, The amputation is above the knee, and although my work is rather laborious, so perfect is the fit and so suited the leg that I have had very little trouble. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Three-Inch Stump. D. M. SCRIBER. Nov. 15, 1887. Mr. A A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn artificial legs for about thirty-three years of different manufactures. My leg being taken off very close to the body, only three inches of stump, makes it very hard to fit a limb so that it can be operated at all (so manufacturers say). I was persuaded to try one of your make by a man wearing one, and sent measure to you. The limb you sent fitted and operated far easier than any other I have tried. My business is traveling agent, and is very trying to an artificial limb, but I find the Marks leg more durable, less liable to get out of repair, and far less A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 237 tiresome to wear than any I have tried ; in fact I would have no other, and think I am capable of judging the merits of the limb, having worn one for years. Yours truly, F. A. Webb. Academy St., Watertown, Jefferson Co., N. Y. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. McDonough, Chenango Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial legs for nearly five years, and am exceedingly well pleased with it. The rubber foot is a grand invention, no squeaking or getting out of order. It can be depended upon, and the knee joint is the strongest and best lever saw. No. 286! I am farming and do all of my work, such as plowing, sowing, cradling and every thing that a farmer has to do. I have a farm of 100 acres of land and do not keep any one to work for me. I can recommend you very highly in fitting from measurements. You could not have fitted mine any better if I had come there to have had it fitted. I use a cane so little that I forget it and often leave it in the field where I have been to work. Yours respectfully, Charles E. Webb. 238 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Chenango Bridge, Broome Co., N. Y., Oct. 30, 1887. Dear Sir : — In the month of June, 1874, you made for me an artificial leg above the knee with a rubber foot, I wore the leg for the first seven years, with only twenty-five cents expense for repairs. It is now fast approaching fourteen years since it was made, and during that time its use has been severe, constant, and protracted. With the exception of six weeks of illness in the spring of 1877 it has been in daily use. My occupation has been largely that of gardening, and that requires me to be moving about most of the time. Besides that, I have picked most of my apples, going into the tops of the trees on a ladder, and picking from 50 to 75 bushels every fall. I have worn artificial legs for 35 years, and ought to know something about them, and think that, excepting your improvements, there has been but comparatively little improvement made on the old Anglesea leg. It is true that for a short time some of the later styles worked well, but their mechanism is too complicated to last long, and their bearings would soon become worn and loose, and it seemed to the wearer as though they rattled, and made nearly as much noise as an old-fashioned horse-power threshing- machine ; and here is where your leg beats them all, — it has only one joint in the knee, and that never gets loose and rattles like other kinds, the rubber foot doing away with ankle and toe joints, thereby reducing the mechanism to a minimum, which in artificial legs is no small point in their favor. I would not knowingly lead any one wrong that was unfortunate enough to need an artificial leg or arm, but so far as my knowledge extends, and I have had some experience myself, besides noting that of others, I would say to unfortunates that I think they would consult their best interests by going to you for a leg or arm. Yours truly, To A. A. Marks, Esq. H. W. Parker. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Worn one leg over sixteen years. Oct. 27, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Having heard that you were about to prepare a new pamphlet, I wish to say a few words in behalf of your artificial limbs. I have been wear- ing one of your legs for over sixteen years, and I would recommend them to any one in need. With your rubber foot there is no rattle in the ankle joints as there is in every artificial leg that has an ankle joint. As for comfort and natural walking, they cannot be excelled, and for durability they certainly cannot be equaled. I have had but two legs in nearly seventeen years, and the one I am now wearing is good for four or five years yet, from all appearances. My limb is amputated four inches above the knee. I am on my feet about ten hours every day, and it never gives me any trouble. I have never laid out one cent for repairs on my leg. My occupation is an engineer. I am now chief engineer of the Wagner Palace Car Works, at East Buffalo, and if any one wishes to see one of A. A. Marks' limbs with rubber foot in use, let him call and see me or write for information. Respectfully, F. M. Palmatier, 381 South Division St., Buffalo, N. Y. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 7, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I would like to testify as to the merits or your artificial leg with rubber foot, if by so doing it would help one in like circumstances as myself. After wearing two different make of legs, each with ankle joint (one of them I did not get ten dollars' worth out of), I got one of your make with A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LDIBS, NEW YORK CITY. 239 rubber foot about seventeen years ago, and have worn it most of the time, and it is now about as good as ever. The amount of repairs on it has been light. I have worked at farming, pioneered on the western frontier, and hunted in'the north woods, and it has always stood by me. I seldom use a cane, and friends remark how well I get around with it. My occupation is wool-sorting, which requires constant standing. I consider your make of legs a godsend to any one who has to wear an artificial leg. For comfort and durability it has no equal . Chas. McDowell. Clayville, Oneida Co.. X. Y. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Piermont, Rockland Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. I am very well satisfied with the artificial leg you made for me and take great pleasure in recommending it to others. Jeremiah Hanglon. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 1, 1877. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Having worn your limbs for over twelve years, and being well pleased with them, I would not do without the rubber foot. I never saw a limb that equaled yours. I always got a good fit from you. My limb is amputated nine inches from hip joint. My business is traveling on the road selling stationery. I am on my feet a good deal and do lots of watking. There are three gentlemen living here with legs off, and I am doing more walking than the whole three of them. I haven't in twelve years seen but one gentleman with a limb off out on the road selling goods, and his leg was off below the knee instead of above the knee. I find it difficult to make men believe I have a leg off, they wont believe it until they have placed their hand on my artificial limb and felt for themselves. I hope that those requiring artificial limbs will find you and get them. The expenses for repairs can't exceed five dollars in ten years. All the expense I have is a s.pring, once in a while, and new webbing. You have my thanks and best wishes. Respectfully, Oneida, Madison Co., N. Y. Edgar S. Kellogg. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. South Otselic, Chenango Co., N. Y., Nov. 3, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial legs for about fifteen years, and they have done me first-rate service. They have all been fitted from measures. I have never been to your shop. My right leg was amputated at the thigh. I am a farmer and do all kinds of farmwork, except plowing. I mow, cradle grain, hoe, etc., on one of your make of legs. I think the rubber foot is better than any other leg or foot with an ankle joint. I shall always wear one of your legs as long as I wear any. Respectfully yours, Woodal Eastman. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Masonville, Delaware Co., N. Y., Oct, 28, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I willingly add my testimony to the merits of your artificial leg. I believe yours to be one of the best if not the best manufactured. My opinion 240 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. is based upon my experience in wearing one of your full-length legs with rub- ber foot from, I think, about 1867 to the present time ; previous to that time I had worn one manufactured by , of Baltimore, and repaired by , of Rochester, but it was continually giving out and its noise and rattle was a great annoyance. The rubber foot is much more durable, inasmuch as it does away with the necessity of so many cords and bolts and at the same time imparts a more natural and elastic step ; it also sounds more natural when walking on the floor or pavement. My business heretofore has been farming and harness making. As good a fit as I ever had was made by you entirely by measurements. My leg was taken off at the upper third, leaving a stump about 7^ inches in length from my body. The expense of repairs has been merely nothing, unless you take into account the wear of the suspenders. Yours, etc., J. A. Crawford. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York City : I have worn your make of artificial leg for little more than a year past, and I cannot speak too highly of the rubber foot. Although my work is not labori- ous I walk a great deal. I would recommend your make in preference to any other. Very respectfully, Hattie Brown. 79 Market St. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Newton, Catawba Co., N. C, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York 'City : Dear Sir : — The leg I purchased from you in 1876 has given me entire satis- faction. The fitting from measurements was perfect. My limb was amputated at the lower third of thigh. As I have used no other make of legs, I cannot speak comparatively, but were I to purchase another I would certainly give you my order. I think from experience and observation that the rubber foot is greatly superior to the old style. I am a farmer by occupation. The cost of repairs on my leg has been twenty-five cents since 1876. Yours truly, Geo. W. Robb. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Croton, Licking Co., Ohio, Nov. 20, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th at hand. I will say that I have been wear- ing one of your limbs for the past year and a half, and like it very much. The "rubber foot" is very natural and easy. My limb was returned from being lengthened, and I must say it was fixed much nicer than I had expected, and it worked as nicely as a new limb. My limb was fitted from measures and is a perfect fit. I am telegraph operator and am often compelled to handle heavy trunks and freight. My limb has cost me but a few dollars for repairs, and that was for lengthening and for a new pair of suspenders. I think the rubber foot is perfection. It is absolutely noiseless. I would cheerfully recommand your limbs to all who may need them. Very truly yours, Leonard Cowles. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 241 LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Smithyille, Wayne Co., O., Nov. 7, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I lost my foot by a mowing machine over seven years ago. My foot was amputated three inches above the ankle. I was induced to get one of your limbs with a rubber foot, which I did, and am wearing it yet, which has been about six years. It has cost me about two dollars for repairs. I ordered it from your measure- ment blank, and it was a perfect fit. I hope I shall be able to give you another order in the near future. I am, Yours truly, J. E. Crawford. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Gustavus, Trumbull Co., Ohio, Nov. 8, 1887. To Dr. A. A. Masks : My Dear Sir : — You desire a testimonial from me in regard to the merits or demerits of the Marks artificial leg. My opinion is based on actual observation by comparison with legs of different patterns in walking over rough and icy surfaces as well as on the smooth floor. The Marks leg is by far the safest and easiest managed. I do not fall any more in using it than I did when I had two good natural legs. There has been no repairs needed on my leg in the three years' constant use. And the simple construction of the leg leads me to think that it is going to be lasting. I am a farmer fifty years old. I can and do make a full hand most of the season. There are legs that cost much less than the Marks, but I look at it like this. The best artificial leg made is mean enough, and if one is so unfortunate as to need an artificial one, and is fortunate enough to have sufficient means to obtain a Marks leg, do it by all means ; then you'll own the best I've seen. Yours very truly, Frank A. Clisby. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Dayton, Montgomery Co., Ohio, Nov. 18, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — Yours of Oct. 29 at hand. I lost my leg at Chancellorsville May, 1863. June, 1864, I received and began to wear an artificial made by Mr. Marks. and wore it every day for ten years. During these ten years I worked as helper to a blacksmith at forge, as herder on the plains, as street car driver, etc. Repairs during the life of this leg were about $5. Dec, 1880, I received my second leg from Marks ; this leg lasted five years without repairs. Dec, 1885, 1 received a leg made by of N. Y., and have worn it nearly two years and find it much the worse for wear. If it reaches the end of five years "it will lie only by extensive repairs. My work for the last two years has been very light on the leg. If I live until Dec, 1890, I expect to ask for an order on Marks for another leg, who in my opinion makes the best leg offered to invalids in this or any other country for " general superiority," durability, natural sound of footfall, and ease to the wearer. An advantage beyond comparison with the iron-jointed styles, with all their side motion, double back action, and other infernal contrivances with which artificial leg makers afflict the poor fellows who survived the ravages of war, who with one leg are limping on toward the grave on some kind of support, the best of which after twenty-three years' experience I believe to be the Marks leg with the rubber fpot. I am, Very respectfully yours, Enos P. Robinson. 242 a. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your artificial legs for the last seventeen years. I have been working on a farm most of the time ; I can plow and do all kinds of work on a farm. I am well pleased with the rubber foot. I can walk over rough ground with ease. I am working from sunrise to sunset most every day. I get along wonderfully, considering that my leg was amputated six and one- half inches from body. There are some of my neighbors who will hardly believe that I wear an artificial leg. I think that the leg with the rubber foot is the very best that is made. My leg was made by measurements and it fits me perfectly. The expense of keeping the leg in repair is very small, considering how rough I have used it. Yours truly, Delaware, Delaware Co., O., Nov. 5, 1887. D. W. Pritchard. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Philo, Muskingum Co., Ohio., Oct. 30, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn artificial legs for twenty-two years, and think I ought to be a pretty good judge of them by this time. After wearing your artificial leg with patent rubber foot attached for over twelve years, it gives me great pleasure to recommend them to any person or persons wanting any thing of this kind. I have not had a cent's worth of repairs on my leg since I received it. There is one advantage this leg has over all other kinds. It never cries for grease like a dry wheelbarrow. The rubber foot saves all jarring. I walk with a great deal more ease and satisfaction to myself with your leg than any other I ever used. I expect to use your artificial legs as long as I shall need them. I would not exchange for any other manufactured in the United States. Hoping this may be of some benefit to you and your patrons. I am, Yours truly, Silas W. Fickel. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements^ Dec. 10, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — I received my leg in due time. I think after a few days it will be a splendid fit. I get along admirably well. With my sincere thanks I remain, your friend, Portland, Multnomah Co., Oregon. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fred Legler. Dec. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks : I have worn one of your legs ten years, and am still wearing the same one, and am well pleased with it. My weight is 270 lbs. Yours respectfully, F. P. Jones. Philomath, Benton Co., Oregon. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 243 LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. April 21, 1887. Mr. Marks : Dear Sir :— I have worn one of your artificial legs with patent india-rubber foot for one year and four months. My leg was amputated above the knee. I have walked five or six miles in a single day and could walk ten. I would advise any body who is so unfortunate as to lose his leg to go to Marks. Yours truly, Prinevtlle, Cook Co., Oregon. James R. Benham. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Buttonwood, Lycoming Co., Pa., Nov. 7, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have one of your legs, and have worn it three months, and am well pleased with it. I got it by measurements and it fits well. I can recom- mend it to any one. My leg is off above the knee. I can walk almost as well as ever. I am now doing all kinds of work and have had no repairing. Yours, Chas. Moyer. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 14, 1887. A. A. Marks : Have been wearing artificial limbs thirty-eight years. I wore out six in twenty-two years. Costing me from twenty-five to forty-five dollars a year to keep them in running order. Did not enjoy the rattling of them. Have been wearing a Marks leg sixteen years ; expense one dollar a year and all the com- forts a veteran could wish for in using a first-class leg. My limb is in as good running order now as when I first commenced to wear it. I expect it to last many years. Would not exchange for half a dozen of the best artificial limbs that I have seen. " Nufced." James T. Sample, Mexican Veteran. Sewicklet, Allegheny Co.. Pa. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 3, 1887. Mr. Marks : Dear Sir: — I received your letter, and will let you know that I can walk almost as well with my artificial leg as others with both natural legs. I am wearing your artificial leg for the last six months. I do not use a cane unless I go some distance, and I am moving about all day at barbering from early in the morning till late at night. My stump is only six inches long from the body. Respectfully yours, James Montz. Weatherly, Carbon Co., Pa. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Bethlehem, Northampton Co., Pa., Nov. 11, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your patent artificial leg for nearly two years, and am exceedingly well pleased with it. The rubber foot is a success. 244 A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. It maneuvers admirably, and moves soft and nicely as can be desired . I have a four-inch stump from the body. People are astonished that I can get around so well, and often say no one would think that I had a wooden leg. People often f sk which leg is the wooden. I walk every day to school, over a half mile. Yours truly, Ervin P. Miller, Cor. High and Geopp Sts. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Erie, Erie Co., Pa., Oct. 28, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York City : My Dear Sir : —In response to your letter of 26th instant requesting a state- ment of my experience as a wearer of artificial legs I will state : I lost my leg in front of Atlanta, in July, 1864, and came north with a stump but a few inches long, and the end of the stump poorly protected on account of the flesh being eaten away by gangrene. After worrying along for fifteen years, part of the time on crutches, and part of the time on the old style wooden foot legs, of which I had three kinds, I finally made a trip all the way from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to your office and got one of your rubber-foot legs. I was then mining and smelting at Bonanza City, N. M. , and the leg gave good satisfaction in that rough business and rough country. In 1881 I entered Uncle Sam's ser- vice and since that time have travelled over most of our territory, part of the Rocky Mountains, going in all kinds of weather, and in every conceivable con- veyance, as a special examiner of the pension office must of necessity do, and I have found your leg much better than you recommended it. The first leg I got in 1880 never had a cent's worth of repairs on it during the five years I wore it, and is now laid away ready for use in case of an emergency. The one you made me two years ago bids fair to equal the old one. Previous to getting your rubber foot I was constantly annoyed by loose joints and rattling sounds, and the ankle cords were especially aggravating, for they would stretch, break, or wear out just as soon as I got away from shops where repairs could be made. Now I walk several miles each day without any fear of a break-down, and without that unpleasant dead thud that follows that step of a wooden foot on a plank sidewalk or bare floor. Very respectfully, Mela'ille Davts, Vet. late of Co. E, loth Iowa Vols. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Meets u re men ts . Olivia, Blair Co., Pa., Oct, 31, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir :— I received one of your patent artificial legs with rubber foot fitted from measurements some two years ago, and from that time to the pres- ent writing I have worn it every day. I am a farmer living in the country, and have rough roads to travel, but I can walk five miles a day. I would advise all who want a good leg that will not get out of order to get one from you, as my leg has not cost me one cent for repairs yet. Yours truly, Miles Lewis. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Dec 1, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir: — I take pleasure in writing to you in reference to the " Marks Patent Artificial Limb " I received from you eighteen months ago. I have worn it constantly ever since, and have experienced no pain or inconvenience A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 245 from it. I can walk four or five miles without any trouble. The rubber foot is as good now as the first day. I travel up and down hills during the winter when they are very slippery, and never fall. I remain, yours respectfully, Jno. J. Crane. GlRARDYTLLE, SCHUYLKILL Co., Pa. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Mill Village, Erie Co., Pa., Oct. 27, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am a telegraph operator and live two miles from the office. I walk that distance every night and morning. I have worn one of your arti- ficial limbs for over two years, and I can cheerfully say that I think it has no equal. My limb was made from self-measurements and is a perfect fit. It is just as good to-day as it ever was ; in fact, there is nothing that I can see to wear out. My limb was amputated about six inches from the body. But I can walk almost as good as I could with the natural limb. The rubber foot is a success. Very respectfully yours, Frank Porter. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Oct. 27, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th to hand and contents noted. In reply would state that I will endorse any thing you wish to put in the pamphlet, for I think that the rubber foot is the best in the world. I am a segar-maker by occupation. I have stump 10 inches. I have worn leg nine years. I have walked as far as 20 miles in one day, and did not mind it as much as one of the men with me, for he had to go to bed and he had two good legs. Respectfully yours, 246 Hummel Street, Harrisburgh, Pa. J. F. Sourbeer. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. TYoodbury, Bedford Co., Pa., Oct. 29, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — The artificial leg which I received of you in October, 1885, with rubber foot is giving me perfect satisfaction in every respect. I have worn four different makes of legs iuside of twenty-two years with ankle joints, and can truly say that I would not have a new leg with the ankle joint as a gift since I have been wearing your rubber foot. The first experience I had in wearing your rubber foot was in 1878. It was attached to a leg which I wore for seven years before. Then you made an entire new leg in 1885. I always used to have trouble with the ankle joint. At one time it left me walking on the end of the ankle without a foot. I have often been put out of my wits by having to get the joint repaired, and in fact they are only rattle traps at the best. My limb is a full-length limb. Stump about ten inches long. I am on my limb about fourteen hours a day. My occupation is a barber. Around town I hardly use a cane except in winter time. I can say I am proud of my rubber foot. No flap at each step, and one hundred people gazing at my feet. 246 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. I hope this may be the means of many a poor cripple's choosing your rubber- feet limbs to replace those they have lost. They come as near to the natural limbs as can be made. I claim that from experience, which is the best schoolmaster. Respectfully your friend, E. E Rose. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Emanuel Rectory, Newport, R. I., Nov. 7, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — In answer to your letter I have nothing to add to the letter I wrote you some years ago, save that a larger experience has only served to make me more satisfied with the work that you have done for me. The espe- cial points that have given me satisfaction are three — viz : the leg fits well, it makes no noise, and needs no repairs. Truly yours, R. B. Peet, Rector. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Westerly, Washington Co., R. I., Nov. 30, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq.: Dear Sir: — I do not see why any one needs a testimonial to convince them that your legs are the best, when they need only to consider their construction to be convinced that it is so. Yours respectfully, O. S. Chapman. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. S. J Douthit, Master, Greenville County. Greenville C. H., S. C, June 22, 1885. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I received my artificial leg of your make, on the 6th inst., but have delayed acknowledging it, as I preferred to give it a trial. I have been using the leg every day since I received it, and am well pleased with it in every respect. It fits me perfectly; much better, in fact, than any I have had made by other manufacturers who had me present at the fitting. I think I can safely say that you may put me down as one of your customers from this on. I have three legs of other manufacturers, but I doubt that I shall ever use them after wearing yours. Very truly yours, S. J. Douthit. Judge of Probate. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. P. Monserrat, Fashionable Boot and Shoe Maker, Charleston, S. C, Nov. 9, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have much pleasure in stating that the artificial leg I bought from you over four years ago has given me entire satisfaction and I can heartily recommend any one so unfortunate as to require such assistance to you. I have never lost an hour since I put your leg on. I never use a cane unless A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 247 going a long distance from home. I wear your leg all day long the year around without trouble. Yours truly, Sebastian Monserrat. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Copperas Hill, Orange Co., Vt., Oct. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am a hard-working farmer, and have worn your artificial limb for over seventeen years, and still prefer it to any other make. I tried several kinds, but never found one that could compare with yours either in durability or comfort. I have never paid a cent for repairs, and if I were to have another I should not hesitate to send to you. My limb is amputated below the knee. I have always had a perfect fit. If I were to give any advice to the world I would say to all, get A. A. Marks' artificial limb on account of the rubber foot. Very truly, Charles A. Sargent. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Enosburgh Falls, Franklin Co., Vt., Nov. 28, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Prompted by a desire to aid any of my fellow-beings who may be afflicted like myself with the loss of a limb, I thought I would write you my endorsement of your artificial legs. During the past six years I have worn one. The point of amputation is about half way between the knee and hip, and although my occupation is very laborious, being that of a tanner, yet I experi- ence very little inconvenience from using an artificial limb, owing to the per- fect fit you gave me and excellent manner in which the leg works, especially the rubber foot. I would advise all who are in need of any thing of this kind if possible to get one of your make. You are at liberty to use the above in any manner you deem best in the interest of suffering humanity, while I remain Gratefully yours, Charles Lucia. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. London Bridge, Princess Anne Co., Va. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir :— I hereby testify that I have for a period of five years worn an artificial leg with rubber foot attached, manufactured by you for an amputa- tion above the knee, the fitting of which was from measurements. I claim it to be superior to any other for durability and comfort ; during said five years cost of repairs has been fifty cents for spiral springs. I am, sir, Yours truly, Occupation, Farmer. John F. Dozier. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Almond & Pitman, Importers, Manufacturers, and Dealers in Drugs and Medicines. 801 Main St., Lynchburg, Campbell Co., Va., Nov. 1, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir :— I am well pleased with your rubber foot, and find it easier to walk 248 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. on and less expensive in way of repairs than any limb I have ever seen. I have worn limbs of several manufactures. My limb was amputated at lower third of thigh. Occupation, Physician and Druggist. I am pleased with your new style of attaching suspenders. Yours, etc., W. E. Pitman, M.D. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Faulkner & Craighill, Druggists, Lynchburg, Va., April 6, 1887. A. A. Marks, N. Y. : Dear Sir : — I have waited to write until a fair report could be made on the artificial leg lately furnished through us for Lloyd Cheatham. It is question- able if in your whole experience you have ever succeeded more perfectly in satisfying in every particular than in this case. All the measurements were taken very carefully, and the proof of their accuracy is evidenced in the fact that the leg fitted perfectly in every way and was put on as soon as received and has been worn every day since. He had never worn an artificial leg, and as soon as he put it on started off, of course on his crutches, and walked to his home on the leg more than a mile away. This was on the 10th of February. I never saw him again until about three weeks later, when he walked in our house, having discarded one of his crutches. In the course of another week he had discarded the other, and used only a cane. He can walk now without that, and with almost imperceptible limp, and there is reason to believe that that will disappear in time. From his appearance in walking or standing any one would never for a moment suppose he had an artificial leg, and when it is remembered that his amputation is above the knee, and that he has worn his leg less than two months, and that he has never had to leave it offivom tender stump or other cause, his is a most remarkable case. He is perfectly delighted, and at his request this letter is written. Respectfully yours, Ed. A. Craighill, M.D., of Faulkner & Craighill. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Toledo, Lewis Co., Wash. Ter., Oct. 29, 1887. Dear Sir : — The artificial leg I received from you in 1886 when at Lititz to replace the one I lost at Pueblo in 1882 has satisfied me fully. I had little con- fidence in artificial legs, as my stump had been out of use for four years and had become weak and stiff. After a few attempts on your leg I found that I could do very well on it. At this date I never use a cane and travel long distances. In regard to the rubber foot, I am so attached to it I would not consent to wear any other ; its movements are all I can ask for. My leg is in as good condition as when I received it and to all appearances will last six or eight years. I am five feet seven and one-half inches high and weigh one hundred and eighty- nine pounds, and am thirty-four years of age. I heartily urge all in need of artificial limbs to patronize you. Respectfully, Wm. F. Duncan. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Boller & Kuoni, dealers in General Merchandise and Produce, Wool, Seed, Dressed Poultry, Butter, Eggs, Sauk City, Sauk Co., Wis., Dec. 8, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : Dear Sir : — In answer to your letter of Oct. 26th I state that I have worn A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 249 an artificial leg of your manufacture since 1881, and so far am well pleased with it. Respectfully yours, C. Kuoni. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fort Atkinson, Jefferson Co., Wis., Nov. 6, 1887. A. A. Marks : My Dear Sir : — Two years ago to-day I put on one of your artificial legs with rubber foot. My left leg is amputated seven inches from my body, and by occupation I am a carpenter. I have worn artificial legs for over twenty-two years of different makes, and I must say that your make of leg beats them all. I hesitated a long while about getting your leg with rubber foot, but after wearing it two years I can say it has given perfect satisfaction. I can go up and down hill or up a ladder with it with perfect ease. It is apparently as sound to-day as it was when I took it from the factory, and I recommend it most highly to all who need an artificial leg. Respectfully yours, M. S. Moses. Late Corpl. Co. E, 81st N.Y. V. V. I. LEG ABOVE KXEE. Fitted from Measurements. Belmoxt, La Fayette Co., Wis., Jan. 26, 1888. To Whom it may Concern : When but eleven years old I had my left leg amputated about four inches from the body, and soon as I was able I purchased a leg from A. A. Marks of N. Y. City. 'After using it for three years it gives me pleasure to testify to its wonderful utility. When not in school I work on the farm, doing any of the ordinary work found there to do, as chopping wood, pitching grain, etc. While attending school in Chicago I met many persons wearing different makes of artificiariegs, but I can truthfully say that none walk with the ease and agility that I do. Aside from the superior merits of his limbs I recommend Mr. Marks for his very prompt and fair dealings. Any letters of inquiry will be promptly and cheerfully answered. Respectfully, O. L. Trenary. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 12, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir and Friend : — I must drop you a few words of thanks. I have worn one of your artificial limbs for twelve years, and I consider it is the best leg made. My occupation is auctioneer and land agent, and some days I stand on my feet all* day. I can and do travel from ten to fifteen miles per day. I have been in company with men for years ; and they never knew my leg was off until I told them. My leg is off above the knee. I know of a man who has worn one of your legs for eighteen years. He has bought two since, but he falls back on the Marks leg. Whenever I see a man with a limb off, I advise him to get a Marks limb. I consider the rubber foot a great benefit and also the simplicity of the knee joint. I could say lots more about your legs, but it is not necessary, as your limbs are widely known. Ever your friend, J. O. CUSHMAN Mifflin, Iowa Co., Wis. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Lacolle, Canada, Nov. 14, 1887. A. A. Marks. Esq.. New York City : Dear Sir : — I have much pleasure in stating that the artificial leg bought 250 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. from you over two years ago lias given me entire satisfaction , and I can heartily recommend any one unfortunate enough to require such assistance to you. Yours very truly, Dugal Campbell. LEG ABOVE KNEE. St. Rosalie Junction, Quebec, Canada, Nov. 5, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your artificial limbs over three years with the utmost satisfaction. Point of amputation about six inches from the hip joint, and I weigh two hundred and sixty-nine pounds. I am a watch- man in the G. T. Ry. and work from 7 at night until 7 in the morning. My limb has cost me nothing for repairs in all this time. Respectfully, G. P. Hamel. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Nov. 3, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — It is now seventeen months since you fitted my son Edward (aged at the time eleven years) with one of your artificial legs above the knee. I desire to say that it has exceeded my expectations in every particular, not having had to use a walking-cane in twelve months. My acquaintances frequently express their surprise when they see him walking so well. He has never neglected your advice as regards the proper care and preserva- tion of the leg. It is as good now as it was the day you fitted it on. My wife and I shall always feel grateful to you for your marked kindness and attention to our boy during his stay at your establishment, and recommend you to any person desiring an artificial limb, as we know by the experience of our son that your rubber limbs are vastly superior to any other kind made. I remain, Yours very truly, William Walsh. 285 Brussels St., St. John, N. B., Canada. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Dec. 14, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Being among the many who have been so unfortunate as to have lost a limb, and tired of going about on crutches, I came to the conclusion to purchase an artificial leg. Having consulted several makers (you being one of the many) I concluded to give the "rubber f oot " a trial. It has since resulted that I made a very wise choice. My leg, as you are already aware, was amputated above the knee (four inches) nearly three years ago. About nine months after amputation had taken place I began to wear one of your patent artificial legs made from measurements sent you. I do not hesitate to state that I could not have had a better fit had I gone to the manufactory. During the two years which I have constantly worn the leg I have not had to leave it off one hour, and since I have been wearing it it has never rubbed me at the point of bearing. The advantages which your leg possesses over the other make of legs is, I think, in no small degree due to the rubber foot, because the graceful and almost natural movement is sufficient to deceive the most critical. Since I have been wearing this leg I have met other persons wearing different makes of legs. Before leav- ing them they wished they had one like mine. The noise made by them when walking was like a wheelbarrow being pushed over a pebbly walk. I am at St. Bonaventure's College, and indeed I think college life a pretty severe test for an artificial leg. I have to ascend over four flight of stairs every time I go to my room, and besides going through all the discipline of the college. I thought A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 251 when I had lost my leg I could never become a schoolboy again, but nature well knows " no prodigies remain," and, dear sir, to conclude, I can not but hope that your life may be prolonged for many years to come to be a benefactor to those who are so unfortunate as to be deprived of their limbs. I remain, dear sir, Yours truly, Richard Dwyer. River Head, Harbor Grace, Newfoundland. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Dec. 2, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I received your kind and welcome letter, and I am glad to hear from you any time, for when I hear your name I feel as though I would like to take you by the hand and call you my friend, for I once thought no man living could do as much for another as you have done for me. About two years ago I caught a heavy chill in my leg, and I tried every doctor near at hand for a remedy. All proved helpless. Doctor Anderson told me that the only chance for my life was to have my leg taken off ; I at once gave consent, giving up as I thought all the comforts of this life. I have since found that I was mistaken. While spending a few days in St. John I heard of a man that lost his leg and got another. I sought the man and found it was true, and to inform me further he loaned me one of your books, which I read for myself, and read to others what your artificial leg could do. I thought it was all a fable ; others told me it could not be that a man could skate and walk and jump with an artificial leg, but I have proved it to be true. I have been wearing one of your legs a little over twelve months, and I can do almost any thing but fly. I have walked twelve miles in a day. I go shooting, fishing, and I don't care for any man. I have heard so many complaining with corns and with chilblains ; I have one leg free from all this, I often wish I could tell to every body what a change I have had in my life since I have worn one of your artificial legs. I am not going to be like the fox who lost his tail and who wanted his brother foxes to cut off theirs ; no, just come and see me and you will see about one of the happiest men in the world, who was once one of the most miserable. I was speaking a little while ago to a man with a leg imported from England ; it was made in London ; when he saw what I could do he wanted to know how I got it ; he told me he was going to condemn his. Yours very truly, Uriah Burse y. Old Perticax, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Mount Pleasant, Runcorn, Cheshire, England, Nov. 17, 1887. Dear Sir : — In answer to your letter I have great pleasure in testifying to the merits of your artificial leg. I have now worn it for five years, and am very glad to say I am quite satisfied with it. Not having worn any other make I am not able to speak from experience of the merits of yours over any other. But from what I have seen other people wearing, I am convinced that it is far in advance of all . The india-rubber foot is quite a marvel to every body, and for neatness and durability of construction it cannot be surpassed. I was fitted from measurements taken by a resident surgeon of the Liverpool Royal Infirmary (Mr. McCormick), and received an artificial leg from you and found it fitted quite comfortably. The point of amputation to which I have been subject is about two inches above the left knee. My occupation is that of a grocer, in a co-operative store, and the longest hours I am on my feet are on Fridays, about ten hours, and on Saturdays, from about 11 a. m. till 10:30 p. m. I do not feel very tired after my work. I am glad to be able to say the cost 252 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. of repairing the limbs made by you is so little that I could not attempt to reckon it up. You are at liberty to make whatever use you like of this testimonial, and if it should prove an inducement to any unfortunate fellow- being to try one of your artificial limbs, I should be glad to think I have done something to help relieve suffering humanity. Yours truly, Walter Lacy. To A. A. Marks, Esq. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Shag Valley Station, Waihemo, Otago, New Zealand, July 10 , 1884. You may be pleased to hear that Mr. Trapski is successfully using the leg you made for him and can walk easily and quickly. He has every reason to be grateful to you for the trouble taken in his case, and will, I'm sure, readily recommend your firm to any one suffering from a like misfortune. In this recommendation I shall gladly join. Frank D. Bell. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Amsterdam, Holland, Nov. 23, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — In answer to your circular Oct, 26th, I take much pleasure in certifying that the two new legs you furnished me from measurements, give me great satisfaction in every respect. I have never seen legs of better construction, and I do not believe that any other kind would need less repairs. The rubber foot and the knee joint are far superior to all others I ever saw ; hence, I can strongly recommend your highly respectable firm to all others who need artificial limbs. I lost my left leg above knee, in the year 1872, crushed by an engine. Allowing you to publish the above, if agreeable, I remain, dear sir, Respectfully yours, Francis Herckenkath. LEG ABOVE KNEE— STUMP ONE AND SEVEN-EIGHTHS INCHES LONG. Fitted from Measurements. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — When thirteen years old, I lost my right leg and used a common wooden leg till I reached 44 years. By this time my attention was called to yonr artificial legs with rubber feet. I sent you my measure and got a leg from you which I have used ever since, now for about six years. I am very well satisfied with it. It fits me admirably, and has required no repairs worth mentioning. The new suspenders are a real improvement. The stump, though only one and seven-eighths inches, has never been sore since I used the leg, which was formerly a usual occurrence. Yours gratefully. Copenhagen, Denmark, Nov. 21, 1887. G. Helneman. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Translated from the Spanish. Private Correspondence of the Postmaster General. Orizaba, Mexico, Nov. 20, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : Dear Sir : — Five years ago I was afflicted with the necessity of having my right leg amputated four centimeters above the knee joint, and 'since that time A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 253 have used one of your patent artificial legs with rubber foot. Up to this time I have not only found it unnecessary to repair the leg, but can, with a few touches of" varnish, give it an appearance equal to new, in spite of the constant use I put it to daily, both on foot and on horseback. It is solid in construction, extremely light, perfect in form, and easily managed. It is difficult by mere sight to distinguish from a natural leg, as it possesses a close resemblance to nature, that is only rivaled by that extreme similarity between one drop of water and another drop. I walk perfectly with- out a cane every day, and every day congratulate myself more and more on having sent my order to you, because I believe that without any question you are unequaled by any other house in the world in the manufacture of artificial limbs. I constantly recommend your house on all available occasions, and I listen with pleasure to the praise "my leg elicits from persons who admire its sim- plicity and perfection of workmanship. In "making this statement (in a form suitable for publication) I am merely rendering due homage to the truth and to the indisputable merits of your establishment. I am, sir, Very respectfully yours, E. Guasp de Peeis. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Translated from the Spanish. Mexico, Nov. 27, 1882. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — I have taken pleasure in recommending your artificial legs to parties needing them, whom I have met in this city during my present sojourn here. I use the leg you made for me daily, and find it more firm and simple than any I have had" made elsewhere. I remain, Yours, Federico Larranaga, Consul General of Peru in Panama. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Translated from the Spanish. Mineral de la Encarnacion, Estado de Hidalgo, Mexico. Nov. 28, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : Dear Sir : — In compliance with your request I would beg to say the leg you made me is much more satisfactory than the one I used before. I can walk perfectly with it, although the ground is very uneven here. I feel very grate- ful to you, as all should be who have been relieved by you as I have been, after so much suffering. You are at perfect liberty to publish this if desired. Respectfully, Adolfo Perez. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Perez & Parraga. San Salvador, Central America, Jan. 24, 1883. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : Most Esteemed Sir : — I have been for a long time desirous of writing you and expressing my continued satisfaction with the artificial leg you made" for me, and now avail myself of the opportunity. It is six years since I obtained an artificial leg from you ; during this period I have not had an opportunity to find the least fault with it. I walk very much and without a cane or support. I suffer no pa«in or uneasiness from it. Since I have returned to Central America I find it necessary to make long journeys on horseback. In this the leg has assisted me very much. I pride my- 254 a. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. self on my easy and graceful movements and the facility with which I mount and dismount. The india-rubber foot which is on the artificial leg is a most excellent inven- tion ; without it I question my ability to walk with safety in this country, the streets are so very rough and stony. My leg is my best friend ; it is what I love the most, and without it my life would be miserable. I shall always feel grateful to the esteemed inventor, and, wishing him abundant business and a happy new year, I am, Your attentive friend, Manuel A. Parraga. LETTER FROM THE SON OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU.— LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Translated from the Spanish. Lima, Peru, South America, Nov. 25, 1885. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : My Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in assuring you that the artificial leg which I ordered of you, to replace the one I lost in the engagement of August 27, 1884, has proved to my entire satisfaction. It is just that I should recommend your work, since I have been enabled to avail myself of it to such advantage. In tendering to you this testimony of my gratitude I would add that you are at liberty to publish it if you desire. I am, Yours very truly, Absolon M. Yglesias. LEG ABOVE KNEE. Fitted from Measurements. Translated from the Spanish. Lima, Peru, S. A., Nov. 24, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — Words fail to express the gratitude I feel towards you for the great invention you have achieved in your "Patent Artificial Legs"; it would be impossible to conceive of greater perfection in the imitation of nature. The naturalness of movement, simplicity of mechanism, weight, and in fact, every thing render it possible to manage them with the utmost ease. I at first despaired of managing my leg, as has been done in some instances cited in your pamplet, but by dint of untiring perseverance I am convinced now that all you claim for them is true. And to-day no one not in the secret, could tell that I wear an artificial leg, the short time that I have had it notwithstanding. I should like this letter brought before the notice of all those persons who like myself have been unfortunate enough to lose a limb, and for which you are the only person competent to supply a substantial and perfect substitute. Renewing my expressions of gratitude, I take pleasure in subscribing myself Yours very respectfully, Miguel P. Bravo. WEARING KNEE-BEARING ARTIFICIAL LEGS. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. 2057 Delgany St., Denver, Colo., Nov. 3, 1887. A. A. Marks, 701 Broadway, N. Y. : Dear Sir : — Your note of inquiry as to the condition of my leg made by you in April, 1883, at hand. In reply will say the limb is in perfect condition. I A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 255 have worn it constantly since I got it and have not paid one cent for repairs except for the elastic spring. I thought I had made a mistake in taking my measure; at first (as I measured for it myself without any assistance) it seemed too lone;, hut when I became accustomed to it I found it all right, and still so find it. I am a builder (carpenter by trade) and have as many as twenty-four men in my employ at one time, and can clearly say the men who can do as much work as I can at the bench, or putting work up, are very scarce. Very few people know I have an artificial limb. I can throw my full weight on the limb and lift all I am able to without pain or inconvenience, thanks to the doctor who suggested the point of amputation enabling me to wear the knee-bearing leg. Very respectfully yours, M. L. Bell. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Oct. 28, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir: — I am writing to express my thoughts about your artificial limbs. I have worn one of them seven years continuously, and have not had it repaired once during that time. I cannot express my delight in having found so great a treasure. I have worked nearly all the time during the seven years, and can safely say that without the leg I could have done nothing. And also if I want another I shall know where to get a good one, and that at the place I got this one. I am, Respectfully yours, William Hickerson. Westport, Fairfield Co., Conn. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. /Seventeen years on a " Salamander" leg. P. O. Department, Washington, D. C, Oct, 27, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Esteemed Friend : — Your favor of the 26th (yesterday) received and read with extreme pleasure, and any thing I can say in regard to your Salamander leg will be said in a few words. You made one for me in September, 1870, and I have worn it with the excep- tion of about five months up to the present time. It has cost me about $2.75 for repairs, and I intend to wear it three years longer. The rubber foot is a grand success, and I do not want any better leg (except the natural one). I wore one of legs for five years, and it cost me fifty dollars for the grand improvement, and it cost me in the five years nearly sixty dollars for repairs, and I would not wear one of them for a gift. I am a clerk in the post office de- partment. My leg is off 1^ inches below the knee, and the leg is knee-bearing. Sincerely yours, Wellington Glenn. KNEE JOINT AMPUTATION. Wears No. 115 leg. Saybrook, McLain Co., III., Nov. 8, 1887. Mr A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial leg for about seventeen years. I am a shoemaker by trade. Knee amputation. Repairs amounted in the whole to about four dollars. I think that the rubber foot is better than any other kind. It is more pliable. Yours respectfully, R. C. Ciiainev. 256 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. « Oakley, Logan Co., Kansas, Nov. 19, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — In regard to my experience in using an artificial leg will say that I have worn an artificial leg 22 years. Two of , one , and one of A. A. Marks' rubber feet. The rubber foot I have worn for twelve years. Repairs and oil, 25 cents. It cannot be any more and be artificial. It gives a soft-like, safe step. I am a stone mason and builder. My work is on rough ground, with spall, frag- ments, and rubbish as usually seen about stone buildings while under construc- tion. This is the place to test an artificial leg. No other leg ever did so much good until I tried the rubber foot. I will give a few rough ideas of the com- mon sense of it. 1st, It has a stiff ankle joint which, though apparently a dis- advantage, is really its charm. I can stand on the heel or toe at will ; this gives me great advantage in turn- ing about and getting around lively. The joint will flap on all other legs as soon as a little weight is applied to them. They will then be flat on the ground, and it will be impossible to turn until the weight is relieved. If on a sidehill, roof, or ladder the joint is not safe, but the rubber foot is always safe. I got my leg on Government order. I have twice drawn com- mutation money, $75 each time ; total, $150. Mr. 's limbs cost me $25 to $50 every five years in repairs. I might say much more in favor of your limbs, but space forbids. Any person wanting to know about your limb I will cheer- fully answer all communications if a P. O. stamp is enclosed. Last year I accepted the foremanship on the Kansas division of U. P. R. R. I had" from forty to fifty men. This year I accepted the foremanship of the Pioneer Town Site Co., doing business at Russell Spring, Logan Co., Kansas. I built the court house. It is a fine stone structure, one of the finest buildings in Kansas. I directed all the building for the company, perhaps $100,000 worth. I now have the superintendence of 150 men. Any thing I can do for you in the loyal State full of old vets will be only a pleasure. Respectfully yours, Geo. E. Kerns. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 95 Madison Street, Grand Rapids, Mich., Oct. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq.: Dear Sir : — Your leg made for me fourteen years ago I am wearing yet ; it has given the best satisfaction. I have worn it continually and it is in good order yet. If I should want another leg I would send to you and get it. I am on the road continually and have given my leg some pretty hard trials. Yours very respectfully, Heman Blodgett. KNEE- BEARING AMPUTATION. East Gilead, Branch Co., Mich., Oct. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : I have worn artificial legs for twenty-two years, have during that time worn out two, and have had the third one now three years, this last one being of your make. I regard the one I am wearing now as being far superior in many ways to the other two. I wear what is termed a knee-bearing leg, it being so constructed that the superincumbent weight is borne by the bent knee in a socket fixed to receive it in that shape. Your make of leg gives me a better gait in walking than the others. I have had a great many people ask me why it is that I am not near so lame as I used to be. This leg does not give me near the trouble to keep in repair, as the others, the rubber foot doing away with need of machinery below the knee. I would state that I regard the rubber foot as being one of the greatest im- A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 257 provements iu artificial limbs. In point of durability, from what I can see now, it seems that this leg will outwear the others. I am a country merchant, and actively engaged in the details of my business. Charles Carroll. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Nov. 1, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — In 1874 I heard of your making rubber feet. I took my measure and sent it to you for one of your knee-bearing limbs. I have worn it every day now for 13 years without any repairs, and I think it will last 3 or 4 years yet. I have examined all makes of artificial limbs both in this country and feurope during the last twenty-five years that I have been wearing an artificial limb, and will say that for practicability, durability, and comfort they sur- pass any artificial limb made in the world. Yours truly, T. N. Weeks. Butte City, Silver Bow Co., Mont. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Brighton, Polk Co., Mo., Nov. 2, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks: Dear Sir : — After wearing one of your artificial limbs for six months and over, I am well satisfied with it and more than pleased with the rubber foot. It works like a charm, far superior to the old-fashioned wooden foot. I wore one of them for five years prior to yours. As to the durability of your leg I think it will last a lifetime. My leg was amputated at the knee joint and is a hard stump to fit, but your artificial leg fits superbly. I can now walk with ease and enjoy life. Yours ever, C. W. Sherman. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. W. W. English, The Celebrated Door Check. Lincoln, Neb., Nov. I, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn artificial limbs for twenty-three years. During that time I have had three different kinds. The leg that you made for me Is the boss ; I have worn it now for one year, and I like it better every day. The rubber foot cannot be excelled. There is no clank or clatter in the rubber foot, as there are no joints to be wearing out, or springs to break, as in the old style. I walk two or three miles every day, going to and from my office, with perfect ease. My limb is amputated below the knee, and I use a knee-bearing limb. It fits me splendidly ; I do not have to wear straps or suspenders to keep it on. A lady met me on the street to-day and said : "Why, Mr. English, you walk so well no person would hardly know that you wear an artificial limb." I heartily recommend your limbs made with rubber feet to every person in need, and especially to my old comrades in the late unpleasantness. Respectfully yours, W. W. English. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Omaha, Douglass Co., Neb., Oct. 30, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — I beg to add my testimony to the merits and superior qualities of your excellent artificial legs. Having worn one of them long enough to be able 258 a. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. to Judge, I will say that in my estimation they can not be surpassed in any thing that goes to make a perfect artificial substitute, to say nothing of their simple and common-sense construction, which alone should commend them to favor. I desire especially to speak for the rubber foot, which is truly a great dis- covery and a blessing to the wearer. The very fact of its being rubber, which is soft, ought to lead to its adoption by every one hearing of it or requiring it, approaching nature as it does more closely than a wooden foot ever can. I also desire to express to you my admiration for you as a skillful artisan, having made a leg for me from measurements only, which fits perfectly, is very comfortable, and enables me to walk about with an easy, natural step, notwithstanding that my case differs somewhat from most others, being an amputation in the knee joint and requiring a knee-bearing leg of special construction. I shall always take pleasure in recommending your house, and with best wishes for your prosperity, I am, Very truly yours, H. G. J. Lehman, 1619 Howard St. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Lakeview, Passaic Co., N. J., Oct. 27, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — In complying with your request of the 26th, I hasten to say I will give with pleasure my recommendation of your limbs. I will say that I have worn your legs for the last 25 years, and in that time put them to the severest test. Having worked at my trade, that of a machinist, up to a few years back, I have taken my part in handling the heaviest machinery in all con- ceivable positions both in marine engine building, locomotive work, and in pedestrianism. I have acted as a sewing machine agent in this and other cities, and would carry a machine on my back' two and more flights of stairs and think nothing of it. The lasting qualities of your leg without repair, in my experience, which I judge to be tougher than most other people's, is on an average seven years. The elastic rubber foot is one of the most charming features of your artificial limbs, doing away with the disagreeable clicking noise which ankle joints give to most legs, also giving a firmer step and more natural tread to the walking, so that you are not in constant dread of breaking down and becoming help- less on some lonely road, as I have been with some of the old-fashioned joint legs. So far as my judgment goes, your legs will last longer, give better satisfaction, and cost as little as any of the legs that are now made or before the public for the use of the unfortunates. Respectfully yours, James Rawson. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Nov. 4, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Having worn an artificial limb of your make, I would say that for comfort, ease, and durability they are far superior to any artificial foot I have ever used ; this is the second one I have had of yours, and it is in the neighborhood of 13 years that it has been in constant use, and it is much better than Dr. 's to-day. I have done all kinds of farming work, and all kinds of lumbering work, hauling logs, etc. , and also a great deal of hunting, which is hard on a wooden leg ; it is a very honest, upright leg, and as long a time as I have worn it there has been no rattling whatever. I do most heartily recom- mend them to all, or any one who may be in need of an artificial limb. I ex- pect to take the third one soon , if I am spared to need its use, as I do not intend to wear any other parties' make. Respectfully yours, Jonathan Burrell. Washington, Warren Co., N. J. A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 259 KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 347 West 16th St., New York City, Oct. 29, 1887. Dear Sir : I have neglected to keep the promise I made a year ago to inform you of my experience with your artificial leg. The result of our deal was both creditable to you and satisfactory to me. While the artificial limb has been found to be all you promised for it, it has also been the means of enabling me to resume my ordinary work, consequently I may look upon you in an especial manner as my benefactor. The socket of the' leg could not*be better adapted to my stump ; it fits the parts admirably, causes me no discomfort, and still is quite snug. The entire limb apparently remains in as good condition as when first applied, although since then it has been employed without one day's interruption. As far as durability is con- cerned, the leg shows no wear and bids fair to have as much longevity as the famous "one-horse shay," while the only expense it has entailed for a year has been the price of a couple of stump socks. You know that "he that is well hath no need of a physician." This may be the reason of my tardiness in making known my appreciation for what you have done for me. I am not ungrateful for favors, although often careless in returning thanks ; but had I not been perfectly satisfied with the leg I would have been troubling you long before now. I am employed in the Gas Works at 18th St. , North River, and to any person seeking such information I will be pleased to recommend your artificial limbs. In giving this advice I am not prompted by any motive except a wish to render a substantial service. The rubber foot is an invaluable and indispensable part of the leg. I cannot speak too highly of its many advantages. It inspires a certain confidence, a reliabil- ity which dispels all fear of falling, and like Davy Crockett one feels that, his position being safe and "all right," he has nothing to do "but go ahead." The application of motion at the ankle, which is at the mercy of a weak pivot of a screw, is only of advantage while the screw lasts. But I feel assured from observation that a movable ankle joint is really an impediment to good locomo- tion. It acts like a constant menace. A friend of mine bought one of 's limbs some time ago, and he says that ever since his perambulations might well be compared with those practiced by a raw recruit of the army who walks by count; that is to say, he goes along muttering inaudibly two words— one, two ; one, two: With his foot bobbing up and down, how can a person feel sure of his foothold or expect to walk naturally ? Besides, the fear of a misstep keeps his mind under a great strain, similar to that of the recruit who stands in fear of rebuke for his awkwardness. There was a fox once that lost his tail and then persuaded all the other foxes to have their tails cut off in order that they might appear to be in the fashion. But I do not want any one to forfeit a natural limb in order that they might enjoy with me the advantages of wearing one of your artificials. A lifelong residence in New York, with a sojourn of several months a couple of years since in Belle- vue, the largest hospital on this continent, would seem to qualify me to express an opinion and to use some judgment in the choice of artificial limbs. In con- clusion, I beg to state that after careful comparison of artificial limbs offered by four different makers in this city my preference must be awarded to the appli- ances patented and brought to such perfection by you. Dear sir, with assurance of my highest respect and esteem, I am, very truly yours, Dennis O'Keefe. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Oct. 26, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Having worn one of your patent artificial limbs for the past twenty years, I have no hesitation in saying that with the improvements made in my last limb, which I procured a short time since, the rubber foot far sur- passes any that I have ever used, one of which was that of the best of other 260 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. makers, the cost of keeping your leg in repair being but very trifling, as there- is nothing about them to require much expense in so doing. Respectfully yours, Mrs. Alfred Roberts. 506 Hudson St., New York City. P. S. You are at liberty to refer any of my sex in need of such aid as you can give, to me, and I will give them ocular proof of what I say. KNEE-JOINT AMPUTATION. Nov. 14, 1887. Dear Mr. Marks : I have worn the leg you made for me nearly six years and I have no fault to find with it. My limb is amputated in the knee joint. I never used any thing to help me to walk, a cane nor any thing else. My occupation was a dressmaker, but now I am housekeeping for myself. My address is 670 9th*Ave., New York City. Maggie Duffy. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Plattsburgh, Clinton Co., N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir :— In 1864 my right leg was amputated near and below the knee. I procured one of your knee-bearing rubber-foot limbs, one of which I used nearly fourteen years without repair and it is a pretty good limb yet. I walk considerable, and I think, judging from seeing others walk who use a different make of limb, I get around as well if not better than they. I would not exchange for any other that I have seen in use. Yours respectfully, J. Parmerter. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Cazenovia Seminary, Cazenovia, Madison Co., N. Y., Nov. 3, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial limb of your make for about fifteen years. Previously I had worn one of a different manufacture, but I did not like it. Since wearing one of your make I have walked more easily and with much less noise. The expense of keeping the leg in repair has been very little indeed, and I am confident that no other could have been more satisfactory. Very truly yours, I. N. Clements, Principal. KNEE-JOINT AMPUTATION. Oct. 28, 1887. Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your make of artificial limb with rubber foot for about nine years, and I must say that I consider them the best that are made for durability, elegance, fit, and movements. The expenses for repairs have been trifling. My limb was amputated in the knee, and the artificial limb assists me in doing my housework. I can do all my work as well as though I had my own natural limb. I can recommend your make of artificial limbs with rubber feet to be the best manufactured. Mrs. Ella E. Miller. 2113 E. Tioga St.. Philadelphia, Pa. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 261 KNEE-JOINT AMPUTATION. Walks up and down Stairs Three Stories High. Sublimity, Marion Co., Oregon, Nov. 19, 1887. jVIr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial limbs sixteen years, and I must say that I am entirely satisfied ; it is the most durable leg that I have ever had ; my leg is amputated at the knee joint, and must say that I have walked as far .as fourteen miles in a rough country. I have worked at haying and hoeing, and worked with a threshing machine. I have also been night watchman at the Oregon State Insane Asylum for one year, going up and down stairs in the "building, which was three stories high. I have had three legs from other makers before I tried yours, each one being of a different construction ; they were all unsatisfactory. I use a cane very seldom, because I leave it stand or forget when I go about. I recommend your limbs to all who are in need of them. Yours truly, Ernst Baker. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Mt. Pleasant Mill, Snyder Co., Pa., Ncv. 2, 1887. Having had the misfortune to lose one of my legs the 27th of September, 1886, amputated at knee joint with the patella retained, I can now wear one of A. A. Marks' artificial legs, and must say it gives me perfect satisfaction. I consider the india-rubber foot a great improvement. Dispensing with the machinery of the ankle joint, it also gives as much lateral motion on uneven ground as is necessary, and I am delighted to say that he has accomplished the difficult problem of enabling me to get support during progression on the end of the stump instead of entirely on the sides. His plain and simple mode of constructing artificial limbs is to my mind unquestionably the best, and when asked by poor legless persons as to whose make of artificial limbs would be the best" to secure "for comfort and utility, I most decidedly say, without any hesitation, A. A. Marks'. Yours with respect, Mar and Rothrock, M.D. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Blacks, York Co., S. C, Nov. 23, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., 701 Broadway, N. Y. : Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th to hand. I would say that I am very glad to recommend your artificial limbs to any one, as I have been wearing one of your knee-bearing legs for over twelve months with much ease and no ex- pense to me at all. I am a clerk in a retail store, and do a great deal of walking, but I find your rubber foot the very thing for walking all day on the floor, I can also say that my limb was fitted from measurements and is a perfect fit. I am willing to answer any letter of inquiry that may be sent to me. I am. Yours truly, W. B. Anthony. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Martinsburg, Berkeley Co., W. Va., Dec. 15, 1887. A. A. Marks: Dear Sir : — Now as to the merits of your rubber foot I will say they can not be excelled. The leg you made for me in 1870 was in constant use for fifteen years, and I know it did not cost me over one dollar for repairs. I neitherused shoulder straps or front strap on it. The leg you made for me in 262 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 1875 I only commenced to wear in 1885. I don't retract any thing I wrote you in 1875, which you will find in your pamphlet of 1884, page 52. When the time comes for me to receive another, I shall call on you to make it. Yours respectfully, William Dean Smith. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Translated from the Spanish. Santiago de Cuba, Dec. 12, 1885. Mr. A. A. Marks : Gratitude is one of the noblest sentiments of the human heart. My duty is not only to express my gratitude to you, but to pay a tribute of justice to merit, While at sea I was thrown from the walking-beam of an engine and lost my leg. During the period of convalescence I learned of your celebrity and pro- cured one of your legs. Thus I find myself with my left leg replaced by your skill to such remarkable perfection that I am actually restored to my usefulness. Your obedient servant, Joaquin Ricalo Muquercia. KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. Fitted from. Measurements. Translation from the Spanish. Arroyo, Porto Rico, Nov. 17, 1885. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in stating that the artificial leg you made and sent to me I have worn constantly. It gives me complete satisfaction. Four times daily I walk from one town to another, a distance of four miles, without fatigue. Jose Marie Lebron. WEARING BELOW-KNEE LEGS. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, Transportation Department, Montgomery, Ala., Jan. 9, 1888. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : Dear Sir : — It affords me great pleasure to add my endorsement to your already large list of testimonials. While employed as conductor on the L. & N. R. R., in Oct., 1886, I had my foot so badly mashed as to necessitate amputation about five inches above the ankle. Four months afterwards I called on you in your city, and was fitted up for duty again with one of your rubber feet, and after wearing it as I have I would have no other. I have now worn it for about one year, and have never lost a single minute on account of it. Two weeks after I left your office I could walk all day without the use of a cane. I have met several persons wearing other makes, and they pronounce my walking the best they have ever seen, and I have never seen any one who could equal it. Persons who have worn legs for years say I can walk better than they can. I meet people every day and associate with them in business for weeks before they find out I wear an artificial. I can keep a good A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 263 walker busy keeping up with me when walking. I can cheerfully recommend the rubber foot to any who may be so unfortunate as to have to wear them. Yours truly, W. K. Atkinson. BELO TY-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Troy, Pike Co., Ala., Nov. 3, 1887. Mr. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am well pleased with your foot. I have been wearing your leg fourteen months. I have been going to school and preparing for business. Mr. Marks, I walked twelve miles Wednesday night, serenading, all around the neighborhood. Yours truly, M. V. Thrasher. BELOW-KXEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Plano, Tulare Co., Cal., Nov. 15, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — The leg and foot that you sent for my son in 1876 lasted remark- ably well for such an energetic fellow, hardly still a moment, and when he goes he will get there as soon as the best of them. The limb performed to satisfac- tion in every respect and has lasted ten years. Respectfully, Wm. Thomson. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Tehama, Tehama Co., Cal., Dec. 26, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — My leg was amputated about three inches above the ankle joint. I have worn an artificial leg made by you for more than three years. It has given me entire satisfaction, inasmuch as I am enabled to attend to all my former duties without interruption. I frequently follow a plow all day, often twenty miles, run a header, and do other such arduous work. The cost of repairs during that time has not exceeded three dollars. I can conscientiously recommend your work to all persons in need of artificial limbs. J. T. Stillwell. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurement*. Dec. 2, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — The leg you made for me four years ago from measurements which I sent you has given entire satisfaction. I have seen a great number of people wearing artificial limbs, but I have not met with any one who can get around as well as I can. Have been in rough places in the mountains where any one would think it was impossible for a man wearing an artificial limb to climb around. Can ride horseback or walk long distances almost as good as any man who has two good legs. Therefore I can recommend it to any person as the best artificial limb made, as I have seen nearly all that are in the market. I am by occupation an engineer, and my leg has had pretty rough usage at 264 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. times, but has not cost me a cent in repairs for the four years I have been wearing it. Yours truly, Wm. Willougkby. Grass Valley, Nevada Co., Oal. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Nov. 3, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — After using one of your artificial legs for ten years I am glad to give a testimony to its merits — a good fit, perfectly easy, and for durability it has no equal. The cost of repairs is not worth mentioning, and the value of it for one who has lost a leg where I have, which is about eight inches from the foot, can not be estimated. Thousands of dollars could not give me the comfort that my artificial leg has. My occupation since I have had the artificial limb is keeping a clothing store. Yours very truly, John Farrel. Grass Valley, Nevada Co. , California. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Nov. 9, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — I have worn one of j^our artificial legs with a rubber foot (below the knee) for over seven years, for which I sent the measurement from this city. It proved a perfect fit, and never gave me any trouble during this time. I have given it a thorough trial, having worked in a hay and grain store and wood and coal yard, where there is heavy lifting, and it has only cost a trifle to repair the shoulder-strap once. I had worn the artificial leg for several years, and the springs and cords were continually breaking and needing repairs. I consider your leg with rubber foot far superior, more durable, easier, and more comfortable to walk with than any artificial leg made at the present time. I shall certainly recommend your legs in preference to any other as the best. Wishing you success in your business, I remain, Yours respectfully, Daniel W. Holmes. 390 Francisco St., San Francisco, Cal. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Santa Rosa, Sonoma Co, Cal., Dec. 11, 1887. To all those who are so unfortunate as to have to wear artificial limbs : I have been wearing A. A. Marks' legs for seventeen years. They have always given good satisfaction ; for durability they can not be excelled. I have been roughing on them for years, climbing mountains where neither horse or mule could travel, and intend to continue to wear them while I live. I can recommend them to any one that is so unfortunate as to need an artificial leg. I have been mining and prospecting in the Shasta Mountains, and it tries the metal of artificial legs. Yours, Benj. Speelman. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. " Run, jump, climb, and skate." Needles, San Bernardino Co., Cal., Nov. 10, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — My son John Jerome Booth, aged ten years, who had the mis- fortune to lose a foot about five years ago, has used one of your artificial limbs A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 205 for the past four years with complete satisfaction. Soon after procuring the Marks limb I concluded to try , and for that purpose ordered one with lateral motion. Here, then, I had a fair opportunity for competitive trial. As a result, the leg was returned for repairs in six months, while the Marks is at present in use, having been returned but once during the entire time, and that only for lengthening to suit the height of the growing boy. The little fellow runs, jumps, climbs, and skates as well as any of his companions, and the closest observers, when informed of his misfortune, are at a loss to determine which is the real and which the artificial limb. I would be ungrateful, too, if I did not refer to the universally prompt, polite, and obliging manner which has characterized your dealings with me. Heartily recommending the Marks artificial limbs to the maimed, I am, Your obedient servant, James P. Booth, M.D., Surgeon A. & P. R. R. Co. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Nov. 1, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am now wearing the leg that was made for me in September, and it fits me very well. As you perhaps remember, I purchased a leg from you in 1863, before you used the rubber foot, and since then I have worn the leg, and the leg, and, as you know, I have used the rubbor foot a great deal of the time, since you introduced it in the market, and I think it is far ahead of any leg that I ha ve worn, for durability and economy, and I always feel safe when wearing the rubber foot, as there are no springs or cords to break, no squeaking or clattering sound to attract the notice of people as I pass by, and there is nothing to oil, except the knee joints, which can be done in a few moments, and then my mind is easy, so far as the leg is concerned, for the next two or three days. As for repairs, I would state that I have worn the rubber foot for a straight seven years without spending a nickel, except for oil for the knee joints, and 25 cents will cover that item. My leg is amputated about four inches below the knee, and my occupation is a clerk. I do considerable walking every day. My weight is about 163 pounds. "Respectfully yours. Thomas Gibson. 561 Mission St. , Sax Francisco, Cal. X. B. You will perhaps remember that the leg I got from you in 1863 was a present from my comrades of Co. B, 5th New Jersey Yol. Infantry. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Office of County Coroner, Manitol Springs, El Paso Co.* Colo., Jan 14, 1888. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I wish to state to you that the last leg ordered from you for "W. C Allen, is in everyway satisfactory. He can work on his ranch, plow, cut timber, or any other work. Few would know he had an artificial limb. Yery respectfully, Isaac Davis. BELOW-KXEE AMPUTATION. 1533 17th St., Denver, Colo., Nov. 18, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — It affords me great pleasure to express my views regarding your most excellent artificial limbs with rubber hands and feet' I had the misfortune to lose my left leg while engaged in action in the late war of the rebellion, and received my first artificial limb of Mr. in X. Y. City in the fall of 1865. .At that time I knew nothing about the different limbs, their good or bad 266 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. qualities, but took the first one offered to me ; although it was a great improve- ment on crutches, it did not give satisfaction, and I soon threw it away. After examining the different kinds of limbs I could see or hear of in the United States, and some from Europe, I secured one of your legs, and have continued to use yours ever since. During the past 22 years, I have traveled around considerable, and met persons wearing all kinds of legs, but I have yet to see the colors of the banners of those that can walk better than I can, if they use any other limb than yours. Your limbs have given me perfect satisfaction, combining, as they do, easy, com- fortable, graceful, and natural motion and durability. I wore one for ten years constantly, and was engaged in rough outdoor work all the time in this mountain country. Several of my acquaintances who have lost their legs, and having seen my leg, sent in their orders and measurements, and have always been highly pleased with the result. Wishing you all the success you can possibly desire, and that your efforts to benefit the disabled may continue to be duly appreciated, I remain, Yours very truly, Richard McCloy, Formerly Private Co. A., 10th Regt., N. Y. Cavalry. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Platteville, Weld Co., Colo., Nov. 1, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have used artificial legs for over twenty years, and I think I ought to be a good judge. The first two or three weeks I thought I would not like the leg, but since I have got used to it I like it first rate. I can walk easier with your leg and rubber foot attachment than with any other leg I have ever tried," and I have tried four different kinds. I am a plasterer by trade, and work with your leg on the scaffold every day now, and can safely recommend your leg to any one who is so unfortunate as to need one in preference to any other make I have ever tried. It fits me better than any leg I have ever tried, and it was made from measurements. Any one wishing to ask any questions can write to me at Platteville, Weld Co., Colo. Very truly yours, James Dimmick. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Nov. 6, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — Your favor of the 26 ult. is received. In August 29, 1884, I lost my right foot, which was amputated ten inches be- low the knee. Having a large coasting vessel under construction at the time, I wanted to apply the best limb, one that would be the most suitable for my busi- ness. I therefore made a careful study of artificial limbs of different makes, and with advice of my doctor selected yours. I applied one of yours on the first of December, thirteen weeks after amputation, and in a short time I was able to walk so well that hardly ?my one knew I had lost my foot, I have not had any repairs made except what you have done free of cost. I work and do all my business now with all ease possible for any one with a false limb, and feel as well as ever. I think your artificial limb with the rubber foot is the best one that is made. There are no cords or joints to break down, and the rubber foot soon gives one all the movement in order to w T alk, and then one always knows there is no turn- ing-over motion of the foot. I like it better than any other I have ever seen. I have used this one nearly three years, and like it mbre and more. I always know where to find it. Hoping you will live many years to bless the afflicted with still other improve- ments, I am, Very truly yours, Lrcirs J. Stevens. Clinton, Middlesex Co., Conn. A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY. 267 BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. E. A. Nellis. Winsted, Litchfield Co., Conn., Nov. 8, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — In answer to your letter of October 28, 1 would say : In 1864 I lost my leg by amputation below the knee. In 1865 I procured, as I supposed, one of the best artificial legs in use, the wearing of which gave me much pain, and I was often obliged to go back on crutches until the irritated and swollen stump was again in condition to wear the leg. It also annoyed me very much by frequent rattling of the ankle joint. Repair bills were from $6 to $*8 a year. I was obliged to use a cane when walking, and walk only when obliged to do so. I wore fhis leg about two years. I met a great many wearing arti- ficial legs made by various firms, all of whom were laboring under difficulties similar to my own, the same chafed stumps, the same rattle of ankle joints, and heavy thud in walking which distinguished any one wearing an artificial leg with* wooden foot and ankle joint. I think it* was in 1867 or 1868, while in Watertown, N. Y., I met a gentleman wearing one of your artificial legs with rubber foot. I was surprised to see this man go up and down stairs actually on a run. He also moved about among the guests at the hotel noiselessly and quietly, with the grace and ease of natural motion. I have forgotten the name of this gentleman who advised me to get one of A. A. Marks' artificial legs with rubber foot. I at once wrote to you, requesting you to send me instructions and blanks for taking measurements. I received a prompt reply, followed instructions, sent in measurements and order for a leg. I soon received notice from you that the leg was ready to be fitted. I went on to New York, and when the leg was fitted and finished I put it on at your office and walked down to Fulton St., after eating supper walked down to Peck Slip, took boat for New Haven, feeling like a new man. I am now wearing the third leg made by you. I have worn your legs constantly from the time I first received one, never having lost an hour's time from its use. I go up and down stairs, up and down hill, through the brush, hunting and fishing. In fact, I go when and where I please with ease and comfort. I think my repair bills for the last two years amount to about $2.50. I can only say, as the gentleman in Watertown said to me, try one. Very respectfully, E. A. Nellis. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements Talcottville, Tollaxd Co., Conn., Oct, 31, 1887. Dear Sir : In response to your inquiry as to how I am satisfied with my leg, I would say that it has more than met my expectations. I am now wearing it my third year and have not had to have it repaired yet. I can play base-ball and other outdoor games, run, jump, climb trees, and skate as well and with as little fatigue as other 14-year-old boys. I spend most of my spare time in the woods hunting and trapping. My leg was amputated below the knee. As soon as I received the leg from the express agent I put it on and walked home. I can heartily recommend your legs to any one needing an artificial leg. Yours trulv, George G. Griswold. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Nov. 5, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — It is with pleasure I give my testimony as to the merits of your artificial limbs. Having had an experience of nine years with them I am com- petent to say that, for durability, easy movement, and excellent workmanship, nothing better could be desired. Although my case is rather a difficult one, 268 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. from the fact that the point of amputation is only three inches below the knee, yet, being of a rather restless nature, I walk on an average about four miles per day, and often a good deal more, without the slightest exertion or pain. In all these nine years I had only one occasion for repairs, and this being necessitated by an accidental fall. I have not the slightest hesitation in recommending the Marks artificial limb to any of my friends who may have to take recourse to a substitute for nature, and shall be pleased to answer questions in detail. Yours respectfully. NOKRIS E. RUTHER. 24 Hill St., New Ha vex, Conn. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. People's Line to Bridgeport — Steamer Eosednle. Dec. 18, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — On Feb. 3, 1887, 1 purchased an artificial leg from you. In four days after I commenced work on Steamer Rosedale. I am on my feet from 6.30 a.m. to 7.30 p.m., daily. I have lost no time, neither have I experienced any inconvenience in the use of it. I have not spent any thing for repairs, and it remains the same as when purchased. My leg was amputated one and one-half inches below the knee. I would be pleased to recommend them to any person who may be in need of one. I can be found on Steamer Rosedale, Pier 24, East River, N. Y., between the hours of 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., or in Bridgeport any evening or Sunday. I will only be too happy to give any information to any who will call and see me. Yours truly, Conrad Prutting. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. So. Norwalk, Fairfield Co., Conn., Nov. 2, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — The artificial limb that I have from you I have worn continually for five years, working in the children's carriage business at Five Mile River, Conn. I think that the rubber foot is a great improvement. The cost in that time has been nothing, no repairs being needed. Point of amputation, four and one-half inches below the knee. My work is rather laborious. Respectfully yours, Frederick A. Scofield. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. "Most substantial leg made." Nov., 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — It is fourteen years since I bought my artificial leg of you. I did not think I should ever walk as well as I do with it. I have done all the hard work that is to be done on a small farm, even to building a stone wall, of which there was nearly one hundred rods, and some of my neighbors said it was done better than they could have done it for themselves. I am walking and going somewhere all the time, driving the cows and going after them, a mile or more every day. I think your artificial leg with the rubber foot is the most substantial leg made. Charles E. Comstock. Wilton, Fairfield Co., Conn. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 269 BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Oct. 27, 1887. Me. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — In reply to your request I would say that my right leg was amputated four inches below the knee. I have been wearing one of your style of legs for about five years without any repairs whatever, except a new shoulder strap, and those I sweat out. The limb bids fair to stand me ten or fifteen years longer ; it appears to be as good now as when you made it. I am a laboring man, and have to walk one mile to and from my work, and walk so well that most folks don't know that I wear one. It is a smart walker with two legs that can get away from me. I think there is no artificial foot that comes so'near the natural one as the rubber foot, for this reason : it gives either way, and with a shoe or boot on it is hard to detect from the natural one. The boot don't look as if it had a last inside, as one does made of wood. I am an old soldier, and would recommend your artificial legs to all comrades in nry condition. Respectfully yours, L. C. Beckwith. Thomastown, Litchfield Co., Conn. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Branford, New Haven Co., Conn., Dec. 14, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — It is with a willing hand that I write you these few lines in praise of your artificial leg with rubber foot. Nine years ago I wrote to different firms in the United States, asking for catalogues for artificial limbs, and all responded. I compared them all, and thought yours would be the best, and I can con- fidentially say that your artificial leg with rubber foot is the best made in the world. I have worn the leg for nine years, and it has not cost me one cent to repair . it. My work is of a laborious character, standing all day and lifting heavy work. Nine years ago I went to your place of business and left my measurements, receiving the leg in two weeks, and have been wearing it ever since. By my telling of the good of the leg, I have sent five men to you, and they all speak of them in the highest terms. The amputation of my leg is four inches below the knee. Dear sir, if I live long enough to wear out this one, I will surely have another. This is the first letter that you have had from me since I bought the leg, and I am pleased it is not a letter of regret. I know of others whose artificial legs are breaking down all the time, which have cost them more than the first cost of the leg. If there is any one who disputes or does not believe the foregoing, please write to John B. Coakley, Branford, Conn., and all letters will be kindly answered. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Dec. 14, 1887. A. A. Marks : Sir : — In regard to my artificial limb, I got it ten weeks after the amputation and have worn it ever since. My limb was amputated six inches below the knee. I was five weeks in Hartford Hospital ; in eight weeks Dr. Parker of South Manchester took my measures for the limb I got from you. I had it in two weeks after, and I have worn it ever since. I can walk twenty miles a day. I work in the N. Y. & N. E. R. R., in New Britain, Conn. I can do any work that ever I did. Yours very respectfully, Tim Curtin. 64 Cleveland St., New Britaln, Conn. 270 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Oct, 29, 1887. I have worn one of the legs made by you for the last seven years, and it has not been out of order or caused me the loss of an hour from my work, which is laborious, having to lift coils of copper wire weighing as high as one hundred and thirty pounds. I consider the rubber foot by far superior to all others (having had experience with other manufacturers' legs) for durability and advantage to the wearer. I never dared do any thing outside of light employment while wearing the other style of legs. My leg was amputated four inches below the knee. I will be pleased to correspond with any body in this matter, and will consider that I have done a deed they should be thankful for to the end of their days for putting before them an article that in my experience ranks next to the human foot. I would not wear one of the previously worn legs if presented to me free, if there was one of A. A. Marks' in market selling for twice its present price. I am, in gratitude, A. A. Bridgeman. 84 Central St., Ansonia, New Haven Co., Conn. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 4 Franklin Block, Bridgeport, Conn., Nov. 8, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your patent artificial leg for the past fifteen years ; I had previously worn others ; but they were not satisfactory to me. In my opinion, your leg is far superior to any other artificial leg made. First, because of its ease, elasticity, and stillness ; these are obtained by the use of the rubber foot, and I think it is the only sensible thing to use for this pur- pose, as it is free from all complications of cords and bolts, such as are used in other legs, and which cause a continual rattling, and is very disagreeable. Second, because of their durability, which is no small item. I have used the one I am now wearing about seven years, and it is good for a long time yet, I am in the insurance and real estate business, and am continually on the go. There are few who walk as much as I do. My leg is amputated four and a half inches below the knee. The cost of repairs during the fifteen years will not exceed two dollars per year. During this time I have recommended them as the very best leg that could be obtained, and a large number of these parties to whom I have recommended have purchased, and are still wearing them, and in every instance to their entire satisfaction. Yours very truly, A. E. Bartram. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. East Haven, New Haven Co., Conn., Nov. 18, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — The undersigned parents of the child, Mabel, to whom some three or more years ago, when but a little more than one year old, you fitted a lower limb after an amputation, are not only willing but anxious to testify to its merits. The child uses the artificial limb without the least inconvenience, and we would also sincerely thank you for your attention to her needs. Mr. & Mrs. E. S. Thompson. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Wessington, Beadle Co., Dak., Oct. 30. 1887- Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I was unfortunate enough, nearly two years ago, to lose my leg, about five inches below the knee. As soon as it was thoroughly healed I received A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 271 an artificial leg from you, taken from measurements, and I have worn it every day since, without" the use of cane or crutch. My occupation is butchering. I do all kinds of shop work, and can carry a quarter of beef, without the least trouble. As for repairs, the cost has been little or nothing, as I have only paid fifty cents in nineteen months. I would not be without the leg for twice the amount it cost me. I can heartily recommend it to any one in want of such an article. I remain, as ever, yours truly, "Warren Hurst. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Nov. 8, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks . Dear Sir : — Hearing that you are about to publish a new pamphlet, I will cheerfully write a brief sketch of my experience, regarding the durability and advantage respecting ease, comfort, wear, and natural movement of your artifi- cial limbs. My leg was amputated six inches above the ankle, on the twelfth of June, 1884, and on the twenty-fourth of September, the same year, you fitted an artificial limb, and I have worn it constantly ever since, scarcely missing the loss of 'my own member ; not even the pleasure of skating and dancing is denied me. And, what is better still, the leg in practical use does not get tired or out of order. My occupation is a rough, laborious one, and I never favor the am- putated limb in the least ; in fact, when lifting bags of grain, or heavy boxes, I always place the strain of the load on the artificial limb. I run and jump as freely as before injury, and I can testify, for a certainty, that your limbs are very durable. Yours respectfully, Alvah E. Young. 1007 C St., S. W., Washington, D. C. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. U. S. Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C, Nov. 16, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — In reply to your favor of the 26th ult. I can state that I have worn an artificial leg ever since the war. I knew nothing of your leg until about 1868. I had then used two legs of different makes. One did not answer at all. The other I took to you, and had a rubber foot put on, and was so well pleased with the change that I have ever since used your leg. My experience indicates that your foot is superior in durability, at least to those I have tried. In my judgment, its great merits are its simplicity, durability, and its elasticity. The material and workmanship have always been good. Yours truly, R. Catlin, Deputy Gov. Soldiers' Home, late Capt. 5th U. S. Art. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Nashua, Putnam Co., Fla., Nov. 4, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — My leg is all right. I have been wearing it since June 4, about five months.* It has cost me nothing as yet for repairs, and I work with other men at farm work. Respectfully, John Crouch. 272 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Bartow, Polk Co., Fla., Nov. 10, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. , New York : Dear Sir : — I have purchased two artificial legs from you. The first, in 1881, while living in Albuquerque, N. M., which lasted me five years; the other, which I am now wearing, I purchased from you last year. I am highly pleased in every respect with your work. I can attend to my business, which is store and office work, nearly as well as I could before I became disabled. Very respectfully, D. Quinn, Clerk and Treasurer. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Tallahassee, Leon Co., Fla., Oct. 29, 1887. Doctor A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Your favor of the 26th to hand. In July, 1863, I lost a foot at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa., amputation just above the ankle. In 1864 I purchased an artificial limb made at Charlottsville, Va., used this limb until 1866, then made purchase of a of Philadelphia, which I wore until 1870, and then purchased a limb. In 1876 I purchased one of your limbs with a rubber foot. I therefore claim to be in a position to judge as to who is the best maker of artificial limbs. I unhesitatingly pronounce your artificial limbs the best I have ever seen, and had I the ear of every person needing an artificial limb I would advise them as strongly as possible to purchase one of the Marks limbs. Having worn your limb for over ten years I find the rubber foot as good now as the day when the purchase for the limb was made. During the past ten years I have had occasion to send for only knee bolts and shoulder straps. About two years ago, you will remember, I sent you an order for an artificial limb for a colored man at this place. His measurements were taken according to directions sent out by you. When the limb was received it was found that you had made a perfect fit, and the party has time and again thanked me for recommending your limb. My occupation is that of a cotton commission mer- chant, and am forced to do a great deal of outdoor work. I have often been told by acquaintances of ten years' standing that they had known me for some time and had only lately discovered that I was the wearer of an artificial limb, and then had to be told first of the fact. Nothing artificial can be made per- fect, but your limb, in my opinion, is the best that can be made. During the war I was captain of Co. M, 2d Fla. Regt. With my best wishes, I remain, Very truly, John Day Perkins. [From the Hon. T. W. Getzen.] BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Fort White, Columbia Co., Fla., Nov. 5, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing an artificial leg of different make for over twenty years, and I prefer yours to any I have ever worn. I especially like the rubber foot, as there is no rattling and squeaking, so disagreeable to sensitive ears, and there is plenty of elasticity. I have been wearing one of yours now for the last four years, and have paid out nothing for repairs. It was fitted from measurements taken by myself with instructions furnished on blank form from you. The leg when received had only to be cut in a few places where A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LDIBS, NEW YORK CITY. there was too much pressure. Of course I think it best to visit the factory for fitting, but that is not always convenient. My leg is amputated two inches below patella or knee-pan. My occupation is general farming, which I superintend and direct myself. Resuectfullv, t. TV. Getzex. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Henry L. Wilsox, Real Estate Affent, 28 Peachtree St., Atlanta, Ga., Jan. o, 1888. Mr. A. A. Marks : My Dear Sir : — I am so much pleased with my artificial limb that I feel like urging every one so unfortunate as to lose a leg to try one of yours. It is light and simple, never getting out of fix. During the seven years I have used mine it has never given me the" slightest inconvenience, but is always ready for use. I went to military school one year and beat the drum, marching in front of the company one hour every day. Coming home, I went into the insurance business, and was an insurance solicitor for over a year, keeping me on the go all day long in rain. >now. and sleet, and I never used a stick. After that I went into the real estate business with my father, and on one occasion walked sixteen and one-half miles on a railroad track, in the rain, to transact some business. In this walk I crossed two tressels over fifty feet high, and over a new road that was very muddy, it having rained for three or four days. I regard the rubber foot as the greatest invention of this century, it being noiseless and filling the shoe so perfectly it is almost impossible to say which is the artificial foot. I have gone with new friends for months, and they never once thought I had an artificial limb. I have been asked by people if my shoe hurt my foot, and when I would tell them I had on an artificial limb they would laugh at me, and I would have to let them feel for themselves before they would believe it. I can dance, act on the bar, skate on rollers, and even run. Yours, etc.. W. T. Wilson. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Auericus, Sumter Co., Ga., Nov. 4, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — I am happy to have an opportunity of contributing for publica- tion my experience with your patent artificial limbs. I have worn your patent, made from measurements for amputation below knee, for two years with great ease, and without any repairs excepting one suspender, which cost the small sum of $1.50. I consider the rubber foot the greatest wonder of the limb, giving as it does a life-like motion, and rendering the wearer capable of walking on uneven surface with ease and dispatch. 1 work on a farm, my occupation being a planter. I cheerfully commend your make of limbs for their durability, simplicitv. and comfort ; in fact, I am so highly pleased that I cannot'entertain the remotest'idea of ever purchasing any other than the Marks. Most respectfully yours, Jesse J. "Weaver. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Nov. 9, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., Manuf. of Artificial Limbs, New York City : Dear Sir : — It is with pleasure that I write you regarding your rubber limb which you applied to my leg. 274 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. My occupation is a pretty good test of its qualities, being a traveling pass- senger agent, and going all the time, and do not use a cane. I give it my hearty endorsement. Yours truly, R. A. Williams. T. P. A. M. & L. R. R., Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. A. A Marks, New York City : Dear Sir : — In answer to your letter in regard to artificial legs of your manu- facture, I would say that I regard them as the best, both in construction and durability. I am wearing the same one that I purchased from you four years ago, and I am pleased to say that it has always given perfect satisfaction. My occupation is that of a stationary engineer. While my duties are not laborious, I think I give your leg as severe a test as could be made, as I do a great deal of walking, having charge of eight engines, 14 pumps, four 125 H. P. boilers and two 40 H. P. boilers, all scattered over five acres of ground. Yours truly, Samuel E. Bixby, Atlanta, Ga. Care of Atlanta Cotton Mill. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Dec. 7, 1887. Dr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in recommending your rubber foot. The rubber comes nearer imparting the natural elastic motion to the step than any device yet invented. Yours with respect, Matthew Rice. 632 Broadway, Augusta, Ga. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Palace Farm, Augusta, Ga., Nov. 9, 1887. Dr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Ten years ago my leg was amputated below knee. I at once had a leg made and paid a large price for it. I was at the shop where it was made every day to try it. After it was made I could not wear it any length of time for reason of its paining me. I abandoned it in less than three months. In conversation with a friend he advised me to order a leg from you. I took the measure in Augusta, Ga. , sent it on to you in July, nine years ago. One month after I received the leg with rubber foot. I put it on without any- thing being done to it in the way of adjustment. I have worn it ever since, and have not paid a cent for repairs, and have not done any thing on it myself. I was in the grocery and butcher business three years, and have been farming ever since, and being a fleshy man, working hard, you know the test I put the leg to. I believe with my present experience in taking care of an artificial leg I could have worn one of your make fifteen years. I have recommended your rubber foot and hand to several. Without exception they have given perfect satisfaction. I ordered an arm with rubber hand for Miss Emma Beaver, who works in Augusta Cotton Factory, and she uses it for any work she has to do. I know one gentleman who wore (or tried to wear) five different make of legs and could not wear any of them. I recommended him to send to you for one. He did so, and now he says he wears it with perfect ease. It was a good day for the maimed when you put the rubber foot into use. You are at liberty to use A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 275 this as information to any one who might be in need of artificial limbs. Know- ing the value of them myself, it would be a source of comfort to me to know that I had been able to give my experience for the benefit of my suffering friends. Very respectfully, Geo. R. Dorsey. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Columbus, Muscogee Co., Ga., Nov. 1, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I purchased from you some time ago an artificial foot, having had my foot cut off below the knee. I can without hesitation recommend it for durability and advantage compared to the old style, and in particular your mode of construction. It causes me no pain and gives entire satisfaction, wherein the old style foot hurt me the whole time of five years I wore it. I am a boiler-make/ by trade. I do heavy flanging for the firm. I work and do repairs on boilers throughout the country. A few days ago I took a walk of ten miles across the country, something I never could do with the old style. Any person desiring further information I will kindly give, and recommend your artificial limbs to all persons desiring to purchase such. Respectfully, J. S. McBride. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Nov. 8, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I will tell you something about my artificial leg. I wore a leg fifteen years and liked it well. Seven years ago I got one of yours and liked it a great deal better. If I knew I could not get another no money could buy my leg. My occupation is keeping house, such as all country women have to do. You can use my name if you desire. Respectfully yours, Fannie Crittenden, Elberton, Elbert Co., Ga. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Exeter, Pierce Co., Ga., Nov. 5, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : Dear Sir : — The artificial leg received from you has given entire satisfaction. I have been using it for eight years, and can recommend to any one desiring the use of an artificial limb. My limb was amputated above the ankle, and I find the superiority of the rubber foot above all others, and their durability and advantage the same. Yours respectfully. Thos. Spikes. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Stapleton, Jefferson Co., Ga., Nov. 19, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — I wish to certify that I have worn artificial legs for twenty- three years, and never could wear one with any ease or comfort until I pur- chased one of your make with india-rubber foot, which I have worn for eight years with only ten dollars for repairs. My leg was amputated six inches below the knee. I am a farmer ; do not labor, though walk a great deal, and my weight is two hundred and ten pounds. I walk so well as to cause persons 276 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. to affirm that I have two good natural legs until they had examined. There is no noise whatever unnatural while in motion with one of your manufacture of legs, and I take the greatest pleasure in recommending them to the public, as I think there is no other that will compare with yours ; therefore I never expect to wear any other, as I would not accept of any other as a present. Yours, etc., B. A. Hook. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. " Eight years and not a cent for repairs." Jug Tavern, Walton Co., Ga., Nov. 3, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I beg leave to state that I have been wearing your rubber foot for seven or eight years, that previously I had worn three other different makes of artificial limbs, and that yours excels them in every particular, and that I shall never wear any other leg as long as I can get Marks' leg. I walked last Friday twelve miles on Marks' leg without inconvenience. It is now in good order. I have examined twenty different makes of legs and feet, and as for power, certainty at the ankle joint (a great desideratum), and durability yours far surpasses them all. The old style ankle joint and cat-gut accompaniments will have to take a back seat. Ours is an age of progress ; scientific development will always lay shoddyism in the shade. The two limbs I have worn of your make, though made from measurements, were perfect fits. Neither of the limbs purchased of you have ever cost me a cent for repairs. Yours truly, A. Louis Barge. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Monticello, Jasper Co., Ga., Nov. 2, 1887. I have used your artificial foot and leg continuously for three years, and it gives perfect satisfaction. The fit by measurements was perfect. I had no repairs done during the three years, although I was in active business, such as salesman in retail dry-goods and grocery store, and have walked the old field bird-hunting, for one-half day at a time. The rubber foot seems as good to-day as when first bought. Hoping that the above will be of some service to some maimed, and yourself, I am, Yours truly, Thos. Ezell. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Plantersville, Georgetown Co., Ga., Nov. 10, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing limbs of your make for the last sixteen years, and I most cheerfully state that they have given great satisfaction. I prefer your make of leg to any other, for noiselessness, durability, and perfect fit from measurements. The rubber foot surpasses all others, and wears well. I have had three of your limbs, and have given them severe tests, and recommend them to all who have been unfortunate in losing a limb, I have been wearing artificial limbs for twenty-two years ; I have worn one other make, but your make is far ahead. I have not paid one cent for repairs. My leg is amputated six inches below the knee. Very respectfully yours, John Ford. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Villa Rica. Carroll Co., Ga., Oct. 29, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks. New York : Dear Sir : — I wish to say a word of encouragement to you, in regard to your artificial limb. I have been trying one of your rubber feet, for nearly three years, and don't think that there can be too much said in their favor. I think that they are as near a success as can be. I must confess that when I first got my foot. I was very much disheartened with it. I thought that it did not fit. and that I never would be able to wear it at all, but after trying it for a while. I found that I was in fault, and not the foot. Now 1 can put it on in the morn- ing. I am in the mercantile business, and I have a good trade, and can attend to my sales myself, almost as though I had two natural feet. My foot was amputated just above the ankle. As to durability. I don't think it can be excelled. There is hardly any cause for it to wear out. There is no rattling or squeaking about it. and if I was not known to be a cripple, people would say that I had a corn on my foot or something of the sort. So I hope that you may live a long life and be able to relieve and comfort a great many in trouble and need your help. Wishing you all the success, I remain. Yours truly, YY. F. Strickland. BELOYY-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Dana, La Salle Co., III., Nov. 12, 1887. Mr. Marks : Dear Sir :— I have worn your make of artificial limbs three years, and like them very well. I am a farmer, and do a great deal of work. My limb was taken off half-way between the knee and ankle joint. I haven't had any re- pairs except a new suspender. Yours truly, TV. Henry Jones. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Nov. 18, 1887. Dear Sir : — I am very well pleased with the artificial leg you sent me. I was five years old when I had the first one, and I am now thirteen years old, and I thank you for it. Yours, very truly, Rosle May. Sibley, Ford Co., III. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measureinents. Wehona, Marshall Co., III., Oct. 29, 1887. My Dear Friend : — I received your letter on the 28th, and am very glad to hear from you. I am getting along very nicely with your artificial limb. I walk a half a mile every day to school. No matter how much I walk.' it never hurts me a bit. My leg is all right yet. From vour friend, Michael Mulcahey. 278 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Argos, Marshall Co., Ind. Oct. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : Dear Sir : — I purchased an artificial leg of your manufacture, with the patent jointless rubber foot, about four years ago, and must say that it far exceeds its representations. I have not had any repairs done on my substitute, but it is a wonder I have not required a new leg, considering the way I have used it. My leg was am- putated just three inches below the knee-pan, and I went so long on what is called a peg leg that my stump was shaped badly, but I go just the same, re- gardless of these drawbacks ; can skate on ice or roller skates. My occupation is not laborious, but I do a great deal. I think the rubber foot far exceeds any thing of its kind. I close, wishing you great success. Yours truly, Wm, H. Roberts. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Rook & Dennis, Brooms and Brushes. Jonesboro, Grant Co., Ind., Oct. 30, 1887. Dear Sir : — I write you in regard to the artificial leg you made for me nearly three years ago. I consider it superior to any other leg I have ever worn ; it has not been out of order since I got it. The lightness, easiness, and softness of the rubber foot far excels any other leg I have ever seen, I am a broom maker and our factory is one mile from town. I walk it twice a day and don't tire. I have worn artificial legs for twenty years. My leg was am- putated six inches below the knee. I can cheerfully recommend your artificial leg. Yours truly, A. Dennis. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Jonesboro, Grant Co., Ind., Nov. 20, 1887. Dear Sir : — My left limb was amputated March 10, 1884, four inches below the knee ; I was run over by the train near Marshalltown, Iowa. I wore a wooden peg that I fixed myself until March 10, 1887, when one of your artifi- cial limbs with rubber foot was received, made by sending the measurements to you. I had worn the peg so long, and not using my knee joint it became very weak, and I somewhat lost the use of it. I could not quite straighten the stump. For this reason, I could not wear the limb only a part of the time, but after a while I could walk without the use of a cane. I have been a farmer all my life until the past year. I am caring for my afflicted father ; he weighs over 170 pounds and is almost entirely helpless ; he can walk when he is helped. I can lift and care for him as well as any body. I would advise any one not to put off getting a new limb as long as I did, but advise them to go and get one with a rubber foot. Yours truly, Henry W. Elliott. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Kewanna, Fulton Co., Ind., Oct. 29, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn the artificial leg I received of you about foui en months ; have given it a thorough trial, and think it is the best artificial limb I have ever seen. I have had twenty-two years' experience with other patents, A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 279 and yours is superior to all of them. Your leg gives the wearer more of a life- like appearance when walking. I often walk five miles at one time, and can do it with ease and comfort. Yours respectfully, T. W. Patty. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. La Fontaine, Wabash Co., Ind., Jan. 13, 1888. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sib, : — Mr. Albert Thomas, the drawing of whose limb I sent you last fall a year ago, is well pleased with his limb, as it is a perfect fit and'enables him to walk with but little inconvenience. I have no hesitancy in recom- mending it as being superior to any with which I am acquainted. Yours truly, James L. Dicken, M.D. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Nov. 14, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks: Deab Sir : — I had an artificial leg made by measure, as you know. It fits all right, and has never cost me a dollar in over three years. I am a farmer, and do as much work as my hired men. I never use a cane to walk with. I have a boy seven years old.' He often wants to run me a foot-race, but I can beat him/ I wanted a friend of mine in La Porte to buy his leg of you. He got a Chicago leg, and it is not of much service. Yours respectfully, Ed. Hews. La Porte, La Porte Co., Ind., Box 868. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Nov. 5, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in testifying to the satisfaction I have derived from the use of your artificial limb. I have worn it nearly fourteen months, and have not missed a day of school on account of it. I have no hesitation in saying that as far as my knowledge goes they are the simplest and the most useful that are made. Others have expressed the same opinion as myself. My limb was amputated below the knee January 20, 1886, and in about six months afterward I sent my measure- ment for a limb, which was made without my presence. I have had no repairs. I consider that your appliances fulfill all the conditions called for in providing artificial support after amputation. Yours respectfully, W. Albert Thomas. La Fontaine, Wabash Co., Ind. BELOW-KNEE AMPLIATION. Nov. 19, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — The rubber foot you made me two years ago is perfectly satis- factory. I can use it just as well as I could the . I have strongly recom- mended it to every one I have met who needed anything of the kind, and hope I have been instrumental in sending you some customers. If I should ever need a new leg will have nothing but the rubber foot. Yours truly, H. B. Lawrence. Terre Haute, Yigo Co., Ind. 280 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. In the U. S. Service as Guide and Interpreter. Fort Supply, Ind. Ter., Nov. 15, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York City : Sir : — I take pleasure in stating that the artificial leg with rubber foot which I received from you has given entire satisfaction. I consider it near perfection, compared with others I have worn. My leg was amputated just below the knee, and with your appliance I can walk almost as well as I could with the natural limb. I am in the employ of the U. S. Government as guide and in- terpreter, and am in the saddle a great portion of the time. I have as yet had no occasion to have any repairs to the leg. Yours truly, Amos Chapman. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Chancy, Clinton Co., Iowa, Nov. 2, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn two different make of limbs, but neither gave me as good satisfaction as yours. I feel proud in recommending your limbs, as they are the best in the world. I am a great lover of sport, such as fishing and hunting, and can walk all day. My weight is two hundred pounds. I have worn one of Marks' limbs for over eight years, and it has never needed repairs. I had the measurements taken where I live. Yours truly, James Carter. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Mediapolis, Des Moines Co., Iowa, Nov. 3> 1887. A. A Marks, Esq : Dear Sir : — In complying with your request I take pleasure in recommend- ing your artificial limbs. I have been wearing your patent rubber foot for fifteen years, having been fitted from a plaster cast for leg amputated five inches below the knee. During the above time I have had two limbs ; during the preceding ten years I wore out four limbs made by other parties. Am engaged in commercial business, and am on my feet almost constantly, and perform all labor required and stand by my associates in business. Yours truly, S. D. Fulmer. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Eddyville, Wapello Co., Iowa, Nov. 28, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir —In reply to your letter I will say I have worn your artificial leg for seventeen years, and I regard your patent as first-class in every respect. I wore one leg fifteen years and it never cost me five cents. I should recom- mend A. A. Marks' legs above all others. My occupation is sewing-machine agent, and I am always on my feet, and the leg is never idle, I have gained from one hundred and thirty-five to two hundred and thirty pounds since I have been wearing the limb. Hundreds of people in this part of the country don't know that I wear an artificial limb. They are no Sunday leg, like some manufacturers' ; they are all A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 281 the week, the year around. I should advise all persons requiring an artificial leg or hand to* try Marks' patent above all others. Yours with respect, James M. Welch. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Cedar Falls, Black Hawk Co., Iowa, Nov. 9, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York : Dear Sir : — The artificial leg with rubber foot furnished by you for me, now nearly fifteen years since, has been in constant use during all that time, and has not at any time failed to give full and perfect satisfaction. I have been wearing an artificial leg for the past seven years, and had worn out and thrown away two of other makes before procuring one of yours. From my experience and close observation of others I am fully warranted in stating that your leg with rubber foot is in very many essential points superior to any other that has come to my notice. On the score of economy, my experience is that, the first cost be- ing the same, the expense of repairs on other legs, for a term, say of ten years, will increase the cost of their legs to at least double that of yours. During the fifteen years I have worn your leg I have expended in repairs not to exceed seven dollars, less than I often expended in a single year on the other legs. The absence of springs, cords, pulleys, and bolts in the foot is a great improvement, enabling the wearer to step softly without the jar and jerking movement so observable in the more complicated feet. My leg was fitted by you from meas- urements made by myself on blanks furnished by you. The fit was from the first complete, and I have never had occasion to make any change. I have known of several others whose experience in this respect is similar to my own. I have recommended your leg to a number of unfortunates, and in* no instance have they failed to be well satisfied. I am, respectfully, S. H. Packard, Atty. , etc. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Independence, Buchanan Co., Iowa, Dec 11, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I can very cheerfully comply with your request, and will state that I obtained my first limb of you in the fall of 1877, and wore it eight years, doing heavy farm labor the greater part of the time. It never cost me a cent for repairs. I have worn my second limb two years. Last year I farmed one hundred acres, fifty of wheat, forty of flax, and ten of corn, and did not hire in all one week's work. The leg is* made of the best material, the weight is light, and it is always ready for business. Both* legs were made from measurements and fit like gloves. The point of amputation is three and one-half inches above ankle joint. I would advise any one in need of an artificial limb to give Marks a trial. Very respectfully, W. A*. Rogers. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Spencer, Clay Co., Iowa, Nov. 7, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — The first artificial limb I had was in 1864, made in Chicago. It did not last over one year till I had to repair it. Since that time 1 have worn your limbs and have found them to be the most durable of any limbs I have ever seen. My leg is off eight inches above the ankle. I am a carpenter, and can climb 282 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. a ladder or go where any others can go ; as for me, I would not change it for any one I have ever seen. The one I have now I have worn three years, and it is as good as ever ; if any one wants any reference to your limbs direct them to me. I am, yours respectfully, Scott Case. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Nov. 2, 1887. A. A. Marks, New York City : Dear Sir :— On the 26th day of February, 1886, you know I wrote you tell- ing you that my leg was amputated two inches below the knee joint, and asking you if you thought you could make me a leg so that I could use the knee joint in walking. To this you promptly answered that you could, and sending me your formula for taking measure at home. This was done and returned to you with the order. In about ten days the leg arrived with instructions how to put on, etc., and I can say I have been wearing it with satisfaction every day since, not having required any repairs, as there is no machinery about it to become out of order, and no rattling noise to be heard when I walk, because the foot is made of rubber.' This not only makes the step silent and natural but also saves wear- ing out the socks. Yours truly, Helge Thompson, Postmaster. Dunbar, Marshall Co., Iowa. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Randall, Jewell Co., Kansas, Nov. 13, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — For the benefit of those who have been unfortunate like my- self, by the loss of a limb, I would say that I believe the limb with a rub- ber foot, manufactured by you, to be superior to any limb that I have any knowledge of. I have worn limbs of three different kinds. The limb you made for me by measurements I have worn for over five years, and it has not cost me one cent for repairs during that time. There are no cords, bolts, or other machinery in the ankle, to get out of repair, or cause annoyance. Any one desiring information further, and will write me, I will cheerfully answer. Respectfully yours, Manoah Stone. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Oct. 30, 1887. I had your feet applied to two of 's legs, which proved very satisfactory. I am standing or walking all the time. Respectfully yours, T. H. McLaughlin. Arkansas City, Kansas. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Conway Springs, Sumner Co., Kansas, Nov. 2, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn the limb made by you from measurements sent you by mail one year, and am well pleased with it. My limb is amputated four inches below the knee. I work as an operator, and have no trouble in performing my duties, so far A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 283 as the limb is concerned. I have been crippled ten years, and my greatest re- gret is that I was induced to wear a peg leg so long. I can cheerfully recom- mend your limb to any one having had the misfortune to lose a limb. I will answer any inquiries that may be made concerning the limb. I am, yours very truly, C. P. Hale. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Santa Fe Town and Investment Company, J. A. Grayson, President. Hutchinson, Reno Co., Kansas, Nov. 15, 1887. Friend A. A. Marks : I feel like saying a few words for your most elegant artificial leg. It seems to me there can be no better made. I have thoroughly tested them, to my greatest satisfaction, in all kinds of weather. Their durability can not be ques- tioned in my judgment, and your success in fitting and measuring has proven excellent. I can cheerfully recommend them to one and all. The present is my third limb, and you have improved on each one. My occupation has been, for a number of years, looking up good locations and buying o town sites. I do a great deal of walking. Yours respectfully, J. A. Grayson. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Can walk and, run uaith perfect ease. * Montana, Labette Co., Kansas. In February, 1886, my son, Louis S. Bauman, received from A. A. Marks, of New York City, a patent rubber foot, which up to date has given the best of satisfaction, and promises to continue to do so for a long time to come. Casual observers never detect but what the boy has his natural limbs. He walks and runs with perfect ease . My whole family feel it a duty to highly recommend to all in need of artificial limbs A. A. Marks' rubber feet, and in connection with that we feel it a duty to recommend the promptness with which Mr. Marks deals with his customers. Eld. W. J. H. Bauman. Nov. 3, 1887. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Havana, Montgomery Co., Kansas. State of Kansas, ) County of Montgomery, ) J. C. Blair, being duly sworn upon his oath, deposes and says as follows : I have worn artificial limbs about twenty months. I wore one manufactured by of Independence, Kansas, about eleven months, which was of but little service to me. It was too heavy, did not fit, and was continually getting out of order at the ankle joint, and was a great discomfort to me. I then sent measurements to A. A. Marks of New York City, and in a very short time received one of their artificial legs with rubber foot, which was very light, fitted like a glove. I have worn it about nine months, had no repairs, and it has given general satisfaction. I have no fault to find, and believe that the rubber foot is the best in the world, and can be surpassed by none. My leg is off four inches and a half below the knee. I am in the real estate business, at Havana, Kansas ; can take care of my 384 a. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW Y ORE CITY. horses, harness and hitch them to buggy. I have walked as far as four and one-half miles at one time, while wearing Marks' artificial leg. Signed, J. C. Blair. Witness, Capt. Geo. A. Peck, State of Kansas, ) County of Montgomery, f ' Subscribed and sworn before me, a notary public, in and for said county and State, this the thirty-first day of October, 1887. J. R. Blair, Notary Public. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Works on a farm. Kirwin, Phillips Co., Kansas, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I had a foot amputated March 19, 1885, and as soon after as possible I began to wear a peg, and continued to wear one until January 1, 1887. Since then I have worn one of your artificial legs with rubber foot fitted to measurements, and I have had no use for the peg. I have worn this leg ten months, and notice that my health is a great deal better than when I wore that strap around me, which belongs to a peg. I can do almost as much on the farm — for that is my occupation — as any one. The leg is as good as when I received it, and no money could entice me to be without one. As I consider your leg perfect, why should I not testify to its merits ? It has put me on my feet again. People that do not know that I have an artificial leg will hardly believe it when told. Wishing you success, I am, Elias R. Anderson. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Garnet, Anderson Co., Kansas, Oct. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq. : I avail myself of the opportunity to write you a few lines. In 1864 I re- ceived one of Dr. 's legs, and tried to use it for years, but could never wear it with any comfort, and finally laid it aside altogether and took to the peg leg. I then thought I would never try an artificial leg again. But a friend that was wearing one of your legs with rubber foot persuaded me to try your leg. So two years ago I got you'to make me a leg, and have worn it ever since, and have had no trouble with it ; it is the boss. I would not take a leg with ankle joint as a gift, unless I wanted a leg and music box combined. My leg is off five inches below the knee. I walk without a cane, and very few notice my being lame ; I think I do as much walking every day as any man in our little city, and my leg never gets sore and has never been out of re- pair since I got it. Very truly yours, J. A. Bell, Co. I, 22d Rest. Ind. Vol. Inft, BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Paradise, Russell Co., Kansas, Nov. 4, 1887. A. A. Marks : Sir : — It it is with pleasure I recommend your artificial leg, knowing by long experience that there is no other limb made that can give the satisfaction your artificial limb gives. I have been using your make for the last fifteen years and am well pleased with it. My occupation is farming. My limb is off from A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 285- one and one-half inches below the knee joint. It has never cost me ten cents for repairs since I have been wearing your make of a limb, and the rubber foot is just what makes your limb the best ; no jarring when walking. Hoping you success, I remain yours, S. B. Andrews. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Caldwell, Sumner Co., Kansas, Nov. 22, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial legs for one year and eight months. My leg was broken nine inches below the knee by falling off a load of hay on August 17, 1885. It was broken so badly that it had to be amputated. I received one of your legs March 9, 1886 ; put it on the next day, but could not make much headway with it ; but I kept trying and conquered at last. I am a farmer and am on my feet all the time ; I have attended forty-five acres of corn this summer, twenty acres of oats, and two acres of potatoes, and have not had any repairs done as yet. Yours truly, O. H. Benedict. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Caseytille, Union Co., Ky., Nov. 5, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Klnd Sir : — I sent my measurements to you for an artificial leg about three years ago ; it came in about two weeks after I ordered it. The fit was perfect. It has not cost a cent for repairs. I am more than pleased with the rubber foot, which works with perfect ease. It is far superior to the old style foot that has joints at the ankle and always rattling. My work is not very laborious. I have worn artificial limbs for seven years, but have found none to suit me half so well as the one I have now. My leg was amputated just above the ankle. Any one needing an artificial leg will do well to send measurements to A. A- Marks. Very respectfully, Dick Rudy. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Concord, Lewis Co., Ky., Oct. 3, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — Having worn one of your artificial limbs for three months I can inform you that I am more than pleased with it. I am a farmer and can do almost any kind of light work. I would not do without one of your legs for twice the value of it. The rubber foot is so natural ; there is no rattling noise and the step so soft and light. I recommend it to all in need of one as being the best. Yours truly, John Vance. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Maysvtlle, Mason Co. , Ky. , Nov. 14, 1887. A. A. Marks : Sir :— I have used your leg for eight years, and it is the best I ever had. had three others, but yours is the best of all. It cost me nothing for repairs. Yours, Martin Grimes. 286 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. • Fitted from Measurements. Wingo, Graves Co., Ky., Dec. 12, 1887. Dear Sir : — I am well pleased with your work, and am willing to testify to the merits of your limbs. I would advise every one in need of artificials to purchase of you. Your rubber foot has no equal. It is more durable than any I have ever tried. I have tried 's work, of Cincinnati ; he required me to come to Cincinnati to get a fit. I went, and his fit was nothing to compare with yours from measurements. I am a farmer ; I cultivated twenty-five acres of corn this year, and six acres of tobacco. I did my own plowing. I have been wearing an artificial leg for seven years. Yours truly, Geo. G. Carmen. BELOW KNEE AMPUTATION. New Orleans, La., Nov. 10, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — As soon as my foot was amputated I began to make inquiries as to an artificial limb. I wanted one that was light, noiseless, durable, and not always needing repair. After examining four different patents, I concluded that A. A. Marks' patent artificial leg was the one that came up to my wishes ; and I can add that it has far exceeded my expectations. As for the ankle joint movement, I was delighted to have a leg without it. The lack of this movement causes no awkwardness in my gait. I have met acquaint- ances on the street who, not having heard of my accident, were aston- ished when I told them I was using an artificial leg. Any one wishing to make further inquiries of me concerning the A. A. Marks artificial leg can obtain my address from you. I most heartily recommend artificial limbs manufactured by you to any one in need of them, as I feel that it is to the one I am using that I am indebted for being almost as active as before I lost my own limb. I remain, with respect, Mrs. S. Easton. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Office of Hurricane Island Granite Co. , Davis Tillson, Proprietor. Rockland, Knox Co., Me., Oct. 29, 1888. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial leg for the past thirty-six years, and have had experience in using limbs made by the most celebrated manufacturers. For the past ten years I have worn constantly one of your rubber feet, which has given me entire satisfaction. It very far surpasses all others in durability, absence of disagreeable noise, and freedom from unpleasant concussion in walking. I am, Yours respectfully, Davis Tillson. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Orono, Penobscot Co., Me., Nov. 9, 1887. Mr. Marks : I have to say in your favor that I have used your leg for twelve years and that it never cost me one cent for repairing. I am a laborer, and work hard all the time, and go up and down ladders, and it is in good shape yet. As soon as I want one again, I will have one of your make. I think it is the best leg made. I give you great credit for your work. I remain, Your friend, Thomas Kelly. A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 287 BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Does all kinds of housework and writes poetry. Saco, York Co., Me., Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. Marks : Having worn one of your artificial legs for twelve years, I can truly say they are the best that I have ever seen. They are very much better than those with ankle joints. The rubber foot is a marvel of neatness and durability, and I could not wear any other. I wear it with ease and comfort, and have paid but a very small sum for repairs. I do all my housework and go in and out of doors without canes, When I go any distance I take my canes, as my natural leg has broken in two places. People think that I get around remarkably well ; when I was hurt I did not think that I could ever walk again, and it is a great pleasure to me to get about my work. I cheerfully recommend you to all in need of limbs. HOW I BECAME A CRIPPLE, AND WET? I USE ONE OF A. A. MARKS' ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. As I was riding in town one day My horse got frightened and ran away ; Into the wheels my feet were caught, And now a poor cripple is my lot. For many rods I was dragged, they say, When a good Samaritan passed that way ; He raised me up with grief to see Each limb broken below the knee. To Doctor Warren's he carried me ; Amputation must be done, said he, A carriage get without delay ; She must be taken home right away. One leg was taken below the knee, The other with splints bound up, you see ; The Doctor said, " You will walk again, On a leg of cork, I think, without pain. " An Artist, Dr. Marks by name, Can fit from measure just the same As though you to him in person went." To New York, Broadway, I quickly sent. 'Twas made and sent without delay, By P's Express the seventh day. I tried it on ; it fitted neat, With rubber foot and straps complete. I now could walk around the room, Then o'er the house about my home ; Could cook and wash and iron too, And do all the work that others do. For twelve long years I've worn the leg With ease and comfort, and I beg That blessings fall from day to day On Dr. Marks of New York, Broadway, Yours very respectfully, Mrs. S. E. Silley. 288 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Congregational Parsonage, Waldoboro, Me., Nov. 3, 1887. Mr. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — It gives me great pleasure to assure you that the apparatus made by you in 1876 has answered my expectations, enabling me to walk in a natural manner and leave the crutch. My parish work calls for a great deal of walking, which I can do with great ease. As to durability, strength, and simplicity, I could not compare the same with other manufactures, as I have never had 'to do with them, but will say I am sure nothing more suitable for the purpose can be found. Hoping many others may find as I have the value of your great work, and that you may be spared many years to continue to benefit others as you have me,' I remain, Respectfully. Rufus P. Gardner, Pastor of First Congregational Church. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Eastport, Washington Co., Me., Oct. 30, 1887. Mr. Marks : Dear Sir : — The leg you made for me over two years ago is just as good as the day I got it. It is the best leg that I ever wore. I have been wearing artificial limbs since 1864, and have had many different makes, but I must say your make is the best. Your legs do not get out of repair as the others did. It used to cost me a great deal to keep the other different makes in repair. Since I have worn your new patent leg I have not been laid up with chafing one day. Of the other makes I never had but one that would not chafe my stump and lay me up. I like your rubber foot very much and would have no other make. I have the best fit from you that I ever had. I am a sealer by trade. I work in a sardine factory, and I can make my rubber foot get around with the best of them. I advise all those that are in need of legs to get one of your make. The rubber foot will never play out. Point of amputation, two and one-half inches below the knee. Yours, Hugh Thompson, Co. K, 6th Maine Vols. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION, Fitted from Measurements. Oct. 29, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in writing to you to inform you of the fact that your artificial limb with rubber foot has given me entire satisfaction. I can say for one that your leg is the best leg that is made. I have worn the ankle joint leg. Every little while I had to put in new cords. The noise it made was unbearable. But it isn't so with your rubber foot, which is firm and solid. I am a laborer, and I w T ork on my leg every day. I have worn an artificial leg for 24 years. Mine has not cost me a cent for repairs, or given me a moment's trouble since I began wearing it. It is a very decided improvement in artificial feet, and I heartily commend their use to all persons wearing artificial legs. Your fitting from measurements is good. I am, Yours respectfully, W< H. Thomas. Belfast, Waldo Co., Me. A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 289 BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Fitted from Measurements. Belfast, Waldo Co. Me., Nov. 6, 1887. Dr. Marks : Dear Sir : — I am pleased to speak in the highest praise of the foot you made for me, and which has heen in constant use for seven years, without repairs. I do my housework for four in the family, have now one little babe, work hard all the time, and have never used the crutch for the whole seven years. I go to dances once in a while. I do wish that those that have lost a foot could see me walk and dance, My foot was amputated four inches above the ankle. I would be pleased to write to any one that would like information concerning the foot. Yours truly, Mrs. C. H. Brier. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. Round Pond, Lincoln Co., Me., Nov. 31, 1887. A. A. Marks : Dear Sir : — I have worn your rubber foot two years, and like it so well I would wear no other. My business is that of a stone cutter, and I am obliged to stand all day. I am very hard on an artificial leg, yet this one has cost me nothing for repairs, and I walk very comfortably with it. My leg is amputated three inches above the ankle joint. I can recommend your make to any one in need of an artificial limb. Trulv yours, E. Y. Bryant. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION, Nov. 3, 1887. A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your legs for eighteen months with perfect satisfaction. I was one month learning to walk ; since that I have had no trouble. For the last six months I walk to and from work (three miles each way), and often as far at night, without feeling tired. I have had no repairing nor any alterations done since purchasing. Yours ever, R. E. Ward. Clerk B > c 00 V > ++ $ f+ .-