CJio te^tc/^/'i niy\4 Columbia County at the End of the Century Volume Columbia County THE END OF THE CENTURY A Historical Record of Its Formation and Settlement, Its Resources, Its Institutions, Its Industries AND its People VOLUME II Published AND Edited under the auspices of the Hudson Gazette The Record printing and publishing Co. HUDSON, NEW YORK. IVl C M -§ 5 in THE TO IV N OF GERMANTOWN. 609 here added lists of persons liable to highway labor, as follows: In Dis- trict No. 1 — John Acker, Henry J. Miller, Philip P. Clum, Philip Clum, John Harder, John Jacobus, jr., James Johnson, David Barringer, Minna Fisher, Adam P. Clum. District No. 2— Peter Lasher, Philip Shultis, Barent Shultis, Barent Sipperly, George Shulders, Conrad I. Lasher, William Rockefeller, Casper Smith, John Shulders, Frederick Waring, Barent B. Shulders, Christopher Lawyer, John Harder, jr., John Best. District No. 3 — John N. Taylor, Philip C. Lasher, Henry Rockefeller, Peter N. Blass, Diel Rockefeller, Conrad Lasher, William Fritz, William Becker, John D. Rockefeller, Philip Rockefeller, Philip Fritz, Banjamin Hover, William Hart, Conrad C. Lasher, Bastian C. Lasher, Peter Herder, Jacob Barringer, Frederick Rockefeller, John Salspaugh, jr., David Gutry. District No. 4 — Peter Sharp, Moses Wood, Philip Salspaugh, Peter Snyder, John Salspaugh, William Sny- der, William Demott, Samuel Waters, Walter Winans, John Cook. District No. 5 — John Hover, Jacobus Kline, Peter Kline, Jacob A. Turk, Philip Staats. District No. 6 — Peter Hyser, Herman Rocke- feller, Henry Dick, Philip L Rockefeller, Simon Rockefeller, John Fuhr, Jacob Smith, Philip Salspaugh, jr., John Blass, David Barringer, jr., Jacob W. Rockefeller. District No. 7 — Peter Philip, John Staats, Jacob Philip, John Kortz, George Cammel, Peter H. Miller, Philip Staats, Zachariah Holsapple. District No, 8 — Derick Johnson, George Snyder, Jacob B. Lasher, Conrad Fingar, Christopher Kortz, Jacob Finger, Adam A. Clum, Elias Finger. District No. 9 — -John Moor, Marks Lasher, Abraham Kisselbrack, Adam Rifenburgh, James Boucher, Joseph M. Lasher, Peter Staats, William Funk, Peter D. Rockefeller. District No. 10 — William Shepmoes, William Snyder, Conrad S. Snyder, John W. Rockefeller, Henry Snyder, Samuel Sny- dey, John Sheffer, Samuel S. Snyder, John Finkle. District No. 11— Henry Ashley, Andrew Hover, Rufus Lathrop, Henry Heermans, Josiah Nash, jr., Josiah Nash, Roger Bissell, Allen Nash, John Heer- mans, Joseph F. Ludwick. Among the families of early settlers in Germantown territory none has been more numerous and respected than that bearing the name of Rockefeller. The pioneer of the family was the first Tiel Rockefeller, who was the father of eleven children, six of whom were sons. His will, on file in the office of the clerk of the Court of Appeals in Albany, is dated September 9, 1769, and names the children as follows: Chris- 39 CIO COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. tian, vSimon, Peter, William, Tiel, Philip, Elizabeth, Gert, Marie, Eve and Margaret. The witnesses were Pieter Heiser, Petrus Philip and Christian Philip. The first provision of this ancient document gave the eldest son "for his Birth Right and Privilege the sum of five Pounds York money." The wife, "Anna Gert shall be Lord and Master of all my Real Estate during her life, and while she is a widow, and shall have the one-half of my shop for her use as long as she lives and is a Widow." She was given also the use of the furniture, and "my negro Wench Nannie forever and twenty pounds York money," the use of the homestead, etc. The daughters' share in the estate was Warehouse, Coal and Lumber Yard of Isaac P. Rockefeller, Germantown Station. mostly in money, while each of the sons received certain parcels of real estate. This pioneer was a man of importance in early times. He carried on blacksmithing and in his will says that "my son Peter shall have my Smith's tools which I have yet." He was a miller, also, for the same document states that "my son Philip shall have my house, Harn & Mill," etc.; he gave also, "so much meal out of the mill as she shall want for the use of her family and ten pound of cleansed flax and a fat hog, but she shall first buy the hog lean and my son Philip shall fatten it." This latter was to his widow. Among the prominent male members of the Rockefeller families may be mentioned Philip W., Ed- THE TO WN OF GERM A NTO IVN. 61 1 mund R., former merchant, George H., proprietor of the Central House, Isaac P., present county clerk, and others whose names appear on other pages. John Fingar was one of the Palatines who settled in what became the town of Livingston; he had five sons — Conrad, Jacob, David, Michael and Peter, and one daughter. Of these Conrad settled in Ger- mantown, and the daughter married Peter M. Blass. Thomas Fingar, of Germantown, was a grandson of Conrad. James C, son of Thomas, resides in the town at present. The pioneer in this town bearing the name Philip was father of six sons; four of these, George, William, Henry and David, moved to Claverack, the other two remaining in Germantown. A number of the descendants of the latter have lived and are now living in this town. The Kniskern family dates back to the coming of the Palatines, with whom were four brothers of the name; one of these, John Peter, has been mentioned as Master of Hunterstown, but he removed within a few years to Schoharie. His children were Henry, John and Abram, all of whom settled in Schoharie, where they were prosperous land- owners. Henry Kniskern had a son Peter, who was father of Josiah, a well known merchant at Germantown village, who had a son Frank. Combined with and to a great extent dominating the primitive con- trol of the colony of Palatines by the Masters, there existed for many years the powers and privileges granted to the Lord of the Manor, and under the administration of those powers and the functions of the Mas- ters the people lived down to the year 1775, when Germantown was erected into a District, in common with others in this county elsewhere described. Of public proceedings during the existence of the District there are no known records. The District continued until the enact- ment of the general law of 1788, when it was recognized as a town. Unfortunately the book of town records is lost, covering the period down to 1808. In that year the principal town officers were as follows: Assessors, Andrew Hover, William Becker, William Rockefeller; poor- masters, Conrad Lasher, Peter Sharp; commissioners of highways, William Fritz, Henry Dick, Jacobus Kline; constables, Jacob Fingar, Jacob A. Turk; fenceviewers, Adam Rifenburgh, William Snyder, John B. Shultis; poundmaster, Peter Hyser; roadmasters Philip Staats, John W. Rockefeller, William Becker, John Acker, Adam Rifenburgh, Peter B. Lasher, Peter Sharp, John Hover, Roger Bissell, Philip S. 612 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. Rockefeller, Adam A. Clum. At that date in the eleven road districts in the town there were assessed for highway labor only one hundred and fifteen persons; of these twelve were Rockfellers, nine were Lash- ers, and eight were Snyders. As this road list should have included most of all of the male inhabitants over twenty-one years of age, it will be seen how the population had dwindled in numbers since 1711 through the removal of Palatine families and other causes. The list of officers above given adds somewhat to a knowledge of the town residents in the early years of the present century, and a list of freeholders of 1811 and their occupations, further supplements the record, as follows: William S. Snyder, John W. Rockefeller, William Sayder, yeomen; John Saul- paugh, jr., carpenter; Noah Shepard, Henry Ashley, farmers; Joseph F. Lodewick, mason; Philip S. Rockefeller, Peter H. Miller, John Kline, Jacob A. Turk, Jacobus Kline, farmers; Frederick Rockefeller, black- smith; Andrew Hover, farmer; Henry Rockefeller, merchant; John Rockefeller, physician; George Rockefeller, Conrad I. Lasher, Peter Lasher, William Rockefeller, Philip W. Rockefeller, John Harder, jr., Henry I. Miller, Peter L Harder, Philip P. Clum, farmers; John Acker, ferryman; Herman Rockefeller, farmer; John Fuhr, shoemaker; Philip C. Lasher, William Becker, William Fritz, Philip Fritz, farmers; Jacob D. Barringer, carpenter; Philip Staats, jr., shoemaker; Benjamin Hover, Conrad C. Lasher, Jacob Lasher, Elias Fingar, Jacob C. Fingar, farmers; Peter D. Rockefeller, blacksmith ; Frederick Barringer, John Staats, Jacob Philip, farmers. Here we have, doubtless, the names and occupations of the greater part of the community ninety years ago. Farmers, tradesmen, and mer- chants were among them, sufficient for the local need, and the simple public affairs of the town were moving forward under the adminis- tration of capable and honest officers. At the annual town meeting of 1809, which was held at the house of Philip Rockefeller, out of the seventeen elected, six were of the Rocke- feller name. The proceedings of the early meeting show the gradual progress of the simple town government and are seldom of much his- torical importance aside from their occasional quaintness. In the year 1808 $70 was voted for the support of the poor, and the usual measures for restraining animals from running at large, offering bounties for killing obnoxious animals and birds, etc., were adopted. It was then customary to record the birth of slaves, many of which were set down in the old book, of which the following will serve as examples: THE TO WN OF GERMANTO WN. 613 "Germantown, Jan. 0, 1808. "I do hereby certify that a male black child was born of my negro woman, named Nan, who is called or named William Jackson, on the above day. "Philip Rockefeller." "Germantown, Sept. 29, 1805. " We do hereby certify that a female child was born of our negro woman, a slave, named Zian. "Marie Delemater, "Catharine Ten Broeck." In some instances there were added to these certificates of birth, the words, " which I do hereby abandon." In 1810, $75 was voted for the support of the poor, and the following were chosen roadmasters: John Staats, Frederick Rockefeller, John Harder, jr., George Snyder, John Hover, William Schapmoes, Marks Lasher, Henry Dick, Henry I. Miller, Philip Salspaugh and William Chapman, jr. In 1812 the money voted for supporting the poor was $100, a sum that was increased twelve years later (1824) to $400; but for what reason this large amount was necessary does not appear. In 1828 the amount was only $200, while in 1830 it was only $40. In the senatorial election of 1812, which was held April 28, 29 and 30, Ed- ward P. Livingston received sixty-two votes, while Martin Van Buren, the future president of the United States, received only six. The assessment roll of the town for 1826, containing the names of one hundred and fifty-three taxpayers, is an interesting document. Of this number, twenty-two were Lashers and fourteen were Rockefellers. Those of the list assessed for $1,000 or more were as follows: Widow of Henry Ashley, Thomas N. Brodhead, William Chapman, Adam P. Clum, Adam Clum, Henry Dick, George Deninger, Philip Fritz, Conrad Fingar, Elias H. Fingar, John L. Harder, John Harder, Jr., Jeremiah Hover, John Hover, Andrew Hover, Jacobus Kline, Peter Kline, Peter B. Lasher, Garret H. Lasher, Walter Lasher David Lasher, George C. Lasher, Marks Lasher, Jacob Lasher, Con- rad C. Lasher, Bastian C. Lasher, John Lasher, Abraham I. Moore, David Moore, John Moore, Peter H. Miller, Allen Nash, Peter M. Blass, Wilhelmus Philip, Simon R, Rockefeller, George Rockefeller, Henry Rockefeller, Peter D. Rockefeller, the widow of Philip Rouse, Philip I. Rockefeller, John W. Rockefeller, Rev. John Rudy, John Staats, William and Samuel Snyder, Peter Sharp, Peter Snyder, Philip I. Salspaugh, John B. Shultis, George B. Shultis, estate of Philip Sals- paugh, Cornelius Toby, Seth Ten Broeck, Wesel Van Orden. 814 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. There is little further of importance in the old records. In 1853 $350 was voted towards building the Block Factory bridge and other road expenses. The act annexing part of Clermont to Germantown was passed March 2, 1858, the clause describing the territory annexed being as follows : " All that part of the town of Clermont in the county of Columbia lying northerly of the south line of the town of Germantown, in said county, to be extended easterly to the Roeloff Jansen's Kill, so as to embrace all the territory lying Northerly of said extended line, from the Hudson river to the Roeloff Jansen's Kill, shall be and is hereby taken from the town of Clermont and annexed to and constitutes a part of the town of Germantown." The most important improvement in this town made in many j'ears was the construction of the dock situated west of North Germantown vil- lage, which was done under authority of an act of the Legislature passed in the winter of 18G6-7. On February 23, 1866, the question of raising $5,000 for this purpose was voted upon by the people and carried by 126 to 75. The work was finished in the ensuing season in a satisfac- tory manner. About $1,100 was contributed by citizens to the project. The dock has been maintained to the present time and is of great bene- fit to the people. The establishment of a church and a school was not long neglected by the pioneers of Germantown. We have already seen that in the grant of forty acres of land to the church for the use of a Palatine min- ister, it was provided that he should " likewise teach a school." It is believed that a school was opened in 1711, the next year after the ar- rival of the Palatines; in any event, the first school house stood on the southwest corner of the street and next to the site of Edward Rocke- feller's store. For many years church and school were intimately as- sociated and the minister frequently combined with hiscalling the teach- ing of children, with the Bible as his principal text book. With the enactment of the school law of 1812 (see Chapter X ) requiring towns to raise money for educational purposes in order to obtain their share of the so-called public school money from the State, better educational facilities were at once provided. In September, 1813, this • . as divided into four school districts: In No. 1 there were forty-eight taxable inhabitants; in No. 2 there were forty-three; in No. 3 the number is not given in the records; in No. 4 there were twenty-four. For that year the school inspectors were Frederick Rockefeller, Isaac THE TO IV N OF GERMAN TO IVN. Sanford, John Staats, and Jacobus Kline. The school commissioners were Peter Sharp, Simon Rockefeller, and Philip P. Clum. Inspect- ors and commissioners were chosen down to 1843, when those offices were abolished and town superintendents were elected to 1856, when that office was abolished. The superintendents were as follows: 1844-5, Charles De Witt; 1846-7, Jacob C. Ashley; 1848, Valentine Fingar; 1850, Lewis C. Lasher; 1853, George W. Calkins; 1854, Charles DeWitt. Germantown has six school districts, and in 1898 employed nine teachers. The total number of children attending school that year was 293, and the value of the school property was $7,150. The assessed valuation of the districts was $670,105, and there was received of public Residence of William B. Plainer, M. D., Germantown. money from the State $1,137.34, and raised by ta.x $3,106.33, for the support of the schools, a total of $4,233.67. The Riverside Seminary was established at Germantown Station in 1864, through the enterprising efforts of Philip W. Rockefeller, who snnolied the means to carry out the undertaking. The institution Oponea with Rev. H. R. Schermerhorn, principal, with three assist- ants. The school continued four years, during part of the time having sixty to seventy students, and many young men and women obtained there a better education than they otherwise would. But interest in GIG COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. the success of the institution was not manifested by the public as had been expected by Mr. Rockefeller, and various causes operated to de- crease attendance. Mr. Rockefeller therefore closed the school and opened in the building the Mountain View House, which has been successful as a first class public house, particularly for summer guests. The site of this hotel is a historic one. There Peter F. Rockefeller lived at the beginning of the century; he was a son of Frederick and grandson of Tiel Rockefeller, a captain in the Revolutionary army. Philip W. Rockefeller, who established the Mountain View House, was a grandson of William, who was father of five sons — Philip W., Jonas, John, Jerry, and Walter, and two daughters. Philip Rockefeller still resides at the old place above the railroad station; here Henry Rocke- feller kept one of the early stores of the town, probably before the be- ginning of the centery. Philip Rockefeller kept a tavern adjoining the site of the Mountain View House many years, in which town meetings were formerly held. He was followed in it by George Rockefeller, who lost his life JIarch 27, 1845, while in a boat returning from Hud- son with his wife, daughter, Mrs. Rifenburgh, her son-in-law, Rufus Lasher, Philip Salspaugh and daughter, Mrs. Trombour, Conrad Sals- paugh, Andrew Hover, and Albert Rockefeller. The boat was run over by a scow in the darkness and then by the steamboat South Amer- ica, crushing the frail craft and throwing its occupants into the water. They were all drowned. Of the small villages in this town Germantown is the largest. It lies about a mile back from the river and the railroad station. There has always been a small business interest here, represented in stores and the usual shops. At the present time there are three general stores, a harness store, wagon and blacksmith shops, and besides the Moun- tain View Hotel, there is the Central Hotel. Dr. William B. Platner is a practicing physician here. The Germantown and Clermont Insurance Company (mutual), was organized several years ago and has been very succesfully managed. The president of the company is Nathan Dick; secretary and treasurer, Erastus Coons; directors, Jacob P. Fellar, George W. Fellar, William H. Lasher, Robinson Moore, Freeman Boyce, Samuel S. Sheffer, and Jonas J. Hover. There are now in force policies amounting to about $70,000. Nothing but farm property is insured and losses are paid by assessments. THE TO WN OF GERMANTOWN. 617 North Germantown is a post hamlet situated a short distance east of the steamboat landing; it has two stores, one by Kline Brothers and the other by Arthur Denegar; apart from these it is without important business interests. East Camp is a hamlet in the extreme southwest corner of the town and preserves the name it has borne since Palatine days. A store and hotel has been generally kept here and it has been a shipping point for farm produce. Aside from an early mill or two that may have been operated in this town, there has been no manufacturing, water power being absent. Central Hotel, Germantown. The Reformed Church of Germantown was organized in either 1728 or 1739, by Rev. Johannes Van Driessen, the first pastor, who minis- tered also to the churches of Claverack and Kinderhook. This church was for many years independent of ecclesiastical connection, but in 1837, while under the pastorate of Jacob W. Hangen, it was received under the care of the classis of Poughkeepsie. It was subsequently transferred to the classis of Hudson. The first church building stood about a quarter of a mile from the river, and the present edifice, situ- ated half a mile east of Germantown village was built in 18 li, and has 618 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. since been improved and repaired. Certain lands were conveyed to this society in 1741, as shown by the deed in possession of the church officers. The title page of the old church book contains the following : The Register. Church Book of the High Dutch Congregation in the East Camp, Seventeen hundred twenty-eight. This is one of the oldest religious societies in Columbia county that has had a continuous existence. The Lutheran Church of Germantown, it is believed, is the oldest religious organization in the town; but its records do not furnish infor- mation back of 1746, in January of which year there was baptized " Pe- trus, son of John and Maria Heiner. " From 1746 to 1760, Christian Hartwick was pastor of this church and was followed by Rev. Johannis Reis. Dr. Augustus Wackerhagen was pastor thirty-five years. Rev. Mr. Quitman from 1810 to 1816; Rev. William B. Askam seven years, and others. The date of erection of the first house of worship cannot be fixed, but it was very early; it stood on a hill near where J. Fingar has recently lived. The second one was built nearly on the site of the present edifice on the south line of the town. The second building was erected in 1812, and the present one in 1867. Among the many valua- ble papers in possession of this society is the following inventory of the property of the church on February 24, 1802: "1st. A parsonage, house, stable, and eight acres of land; 2d. One hundred and forty-four pounds due by Jacob Salspaugh at seven per cent, interest; 3d. One hundred and seventeen pounds due by John Hyser and Peter Hyser, at seven per cent interest; 4th. Twelve pounds rent for the above parsonage; 5th. Alms money received the past year, three pounds and four shillings; 6th. Forty-five acres wood lot." The trustees who signed the inventory were Jacob Salspaugh, George Lasher, and Parent Shultis. The certificate of incorporation is dated April 22, 1799, when the trustees were Barent Shultis, Peter B. Lasher, and John Kortz. The first Methodist class at Germantown was connected with the West Taghkanic circuit. In 1840 James II. Snyder was class leader. THE TO WN OF GERMANTO IV N. 619 and Hiram Reeves, steward. There were then twenty-eight members. Among the ministers who served previous to 1849 were Revs. Lewis Mc- Kendree Pease, John Campbell, Lorin Clark, Jeremiah Ham, Samuel M. Knapp. The meeting-house was erected on a pleasant site soon after the organization of the society. Near by is a burial ground. The earliest public burial ground is one laid out near the site of the Reformed Church, and another was laid out near the Lutheran Church. Nearly all indications of these old resting places of the dead have disappeared. A later cemetery of the Reformed Church is situated on a hill east of Germantown village and is carefully kept; the same is true of the later burying ground near the Lutheran church. Agricultural conditions in this town, as in most others of the State, have greatly changed since early years. The soil of the town is mainly productive and has been carefully cultivated. Grain raising in early times was the principal farming industry, especially wheat; later on other grains were successfully cultivated. From these the change was gradually made about twenty-five years ago to hay and fruits. In still more recent years and at the present time fruit growing is the princi- pal industry. Grapes, pears, apples, cherries, berries of all kinds are produced in large quantities for market. Among the leading farmers of the town, past and present, may be named the following: John H. Hover, Walter J. Fingar, Peter H. Dick, George Phillips, Erastus Ho- ver, Warren Lasher, Clarence Lasher, William Rockefeller, Edwin Rockefeller, jr., Lewis Smith, Jerry Lasher, Charles E. Hover, John P. Miller, Morris Miller, William Ashley, Silas Lasher, Edgar O. Sny- der, Clarence Snyder, Evander Kline, William H. Coons, Eugene De Witt, Clement Potts, Arthur Denegar, Perry Rockefeller, Clyde Lasher, John Petsel, Webster Coons, Stephen Moore, Frank Rivenburg, David C. Moore, Arthur Moore, John J. Snyder, Benjamin Lasher, Harmon Lasher, Jonas J. Hover, Ambrose Lasher, Crawford Rockefeller, Amos W. K. Dick, Rueben Fingar, Jacob P. Fellar, Morris Tompkins, A. W. Hover & Brother, Silas E. Miller, Crawford Platner, William H. Lash- er, John Disher, Robert R. Moore, Henry Fingar, Jacob R. Gale, Eph- raim Lasher, Frank Fisher, George E. Lasher, Charles H. Coons, Hen- ry Sheffer, Samuel S. Sheffer, Brogan C. Snyder, Curtis Fingar, An- drew T. Bronk, Erastus Coons (attorney), and Walter Miller. According to the census reports the population of Germantown from 1825 to 1892, has been as follows: 1825, 920; 1830, 967; 1835, 979; COLUM/ilA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. 1840, 969; 1845, 991; 1850, 1,023; 1855, 1,131; 1860, 1,353; 1865, 1,388; 1870, 1,393; 1875, 1,445; 1880, 1,608; 1890, 1,683; 1892, 1,689. The succession of supervisors of the town of Germantovvn, with the dates of their election, is as follows: 1787-89. John Kortz. 1790-93. Nicholas Kierstead. 1793. Peter Scharp. 1794. Nicholas Kierstead. 1795-98. Philip Rockefeller. 1799. Peter Sjharp. 1800. Philip Rockefeller. 1801. John N. Taylor. 1802-04. Garret Click. 1805-06. Peter Scharp. 1807-13. Fred Rockefeller. 1814 20. Simon Rockefeller. 1821-22. Andrew Hover. 1823. Simon Rockefeller. 1834. George Rockefeller. 1835. Simon Rockefeller. 1836. Andrew Hover. 1827-28. George Rockefeller. 1829-30. William S. Snyder. 1831. Simon Rockefeller. 1832-33. Adam P. Clum. 1834-35. George Rockefeller. 1836-37. Andrew Hover. 1838 39. Samuel Snyder. 1840. Adam P. Clum. 1841-42. S. S. Rockefeller. 1843-44. Philip Rockefeller. 1846-47. 1848 49. 1850-51. 1853-53. David Moore. J. W. Rockefeller. David Philips. Elias Becker. 1854-55. Edward Philips. 1856. Hiram Rockefeller. 1857. Samuel W. Snyder. 1858-59. P. Rockefeller, Jr. 1860. Elisha Fingar. 1861. George Philips. 1862. Elisha Fingar. 1863-64. Josiah Kniskern. 1865-66. Reuben Fingar. 1867-68. Edmund Rockefeller. 1869-70. C. C. Lasher, Jr. 1871-72. John A. Kniskern. 1873 74. Amasa P. Lasher. 1875-76. P. H. Rockefeller. 1877-78. Erastus Coons. 1879-80. P. W. Rockefeller. 1881. George E. Lasher. 1883. Philip W. Rockefeller. 1883. George E. Lasher. 1884 85. P. W. Rockefeller. 1886-88. Josiah Kniskern. 1889 95. George H. Rockefeller. 1896-1900. Erastus Hover. 1845. Adam P. Clum. The following is a list of the town clerks: 1787-1807. Records lost. 1831-23. George Rockefeller. 1808-10. Philip Rockefeller. 1833-34. J. W. Rockefeller. 1811-13. Simon Rockefeller. 1835. Seth Ten Broeck. 1814-15. Jacobus Kline. 1836-37. John P. Clum. 1816-30. P. W. Rockefeller. 1838-39. Thomas Fingar. THE TO WN OF CLERMONT. 631 1830. David Sturtevant. 1831. Walter Lasher. 1833. Samuel Lasher. 1833 34. S. S. Rockefeller. 1835. Samuel Lasher. 1836. Elias Lasher. 1837. Thomas Lasher. 1838-39. W. T. B. Van Orden. 1840-41. P. W. Rockefeller. 1843-43. C. C. Lasher, Jr. 1844-45. Edward G. Lasher. 1846-47. Andrew Lasher. 1848 49. Jeremiah Philips. 1850-51. Stephen Rockefeller. 1853 53. Philip P. Rouse. 1854-55. Gilbert L. Lasher. 1856. Edmund Rockefeller. 1857-58. George Philips. 1859. Minard Clum. 1860. Augustus S. Lasher. 1861-63. P. H. Rockefeller. 1863. Lewis E. Dick. 1864. Harmon Lasher. 1865-66. Philip H. Potts. 1867. Philip A. Coon. 1868-69. German Rockefeller. 1870-71. Amasa P. Lasher. 1873. Jacob Cipperly. 1873 74. Ambrose L. Philips. 1875-76. George E. Lasher. 1877. Charles H. Hover. 1878-79. Leonard Hover. 1880. Jonas J. Hover. 1881. Henry W. Miller. 1883. Edwin C. Coon. 1883. Ed. Rockefeller, Jr., 1884. Webster Coon. 1885 86. Erastus Hover. 1887-88. William E. Lasher. 1889. Arthur Moore, appointed to fill vacancy through the death of W. E. Lasher. 1890-91. Alexander W. Hover. 1893. Arthur Moore. 1893. Homer P. Rockefeller. 1894-95. Silas E. Miller. 1896-97. Charles E. Hover. 1898-1900. Edgar DeWitt. CHAPTER XXVn. THE TOWN OF CLERMONT. This town, indissolubly connected with the name of Livingston in its earlier days, is a very irregularly formed territory. Two-thirds of its northern boundary line separates it from Germantown, while the other third is a narrow tongue, running to a point in a northwesterly direction between the towns of Germantown and Livingston, following the course of the Roeloff Jansen's Kill, to the extreme southeast corner, where it leaves the kill for about a mile and again meets it at the boundary line Ol'l COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. between Livingston and Gallatin, and follows it to the line of Dutch- ess county, thus bringing Livingston and Gallatin on the northeastern and northern side of the triangle ; the entire southern side adjoins Dutch- ess county, while the Hudson River and the town of Germantown form the western boundary. Clermont was setoff from the Livingston Manor on March 12, 1787, and erected into a town the following year. Its original bounds included all the territory of Columbia county southwest of the Roeloff Jansen's Kill excepting Germantown as originally constituted. In 1858 the north- west part of Clermont was annexed to Germantown, reducing the area of the former to a little over 11,000 acres. The whole surface of the town is an undulating plateau. There are no conspicuous hills, no broad valleys; and the entire town, except a few small marshes and an occasional rocky cliff, is susceptible of culti- vation. Of late years much attention has been paid to the culture of fruits and berries, the sunny hill slopes proving exceptionally well adapted to their production. The soil is mostly of sandy loam, with occasional blocks of loamy clay. There are no streams of importance in the town, and aside from what may be obtained from the Roeloff Jansen's Kill, no water power is available. The interests of the Livingston family were so intimately interwoven with the pioneer history of this town that a brief sketch thereof is in- serted here, compiled from Clarkson's "Clermont Manor." In the reign of David II (1329-70), Sir William Livingston, Kt., marrying Christian, daughter and heir to Patrick de Callendar, lord of Callendar, in the county of Sterling, received that barony with her. His grand- son, John, had, besides his eldest son Alexander, two others, Robert, the ancestor of the earls of Newburgh, and William, progenitor of the viscounts of Kilsyth. Sir Alexander Livingston, of Callendar, was, on the death of James I, in 1437, appointed by the estates of the king- dom joint regent with Crichton during the minority of James II ; he not long after yielded to the formidable power of the young earl of Douglas; his property was confiscated (but subsequently restored), and his son brought to the block. His other son, James, who succeed- ed his father in the barony of Callendar, was created Lord Livingston. He died in 14G7. William, the great-grandson of the above-mentioned James, and fourth T/ord Livingston, married Agnes, daughter of Sir Patrick Hep- Judge Robert R. Livingston. From an Old Painting. 624 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. burn, and from him the Livingstons of this country are descended, through his son Robert, who was slain at the battle of Pinkifield. He was the grandfather or great-grandfather (probably the latter) of John Livingston, the parent of the first American emigrant of the name to America. This latter was John Livingston, or Mess John, as he was called in the ballads of those days. He was appointed a com- missioner, with others commissioned by Parliament, to negotiate with Charles II for the terms of his restoration to the throne. Being a dis senting minister of much ability, he was persecuted on account of his nonconformity, and many of his hearers and himself took passage for America. After encountering a great storm in which they were nearly shipwrecked, and which they could only avert by fasting and prayer, they returned again to Scotland, and he was afterwards exiled to Rot- terdam, where his son learned the Dutch language. This son was Robert Livingston, the first proprietor of Livingston manor. He was born at Ancram, in Teviotdale, Roxburghshire, Scotland, Dec. 13, 1654. He was ambitious, shrewd, acquisitive, sturdy and bold, his whole career illustrating the motto upon a scroll of his ancestors' coat of arms, "Si je Puis." He emigrated to America in 1674, and married in 1679 Alida, widow of the Reverend {sometimes called Patroon) Nicholas Van Rensselaer, and daughter of Philip Pieterre Schuyler. We find him in 1676 in responsible employment at Albany, under the colonial administration, and in 1686, established by Governor Dongan in possession of the territorial manor of Livingston on the Hudson, ac- quired by purchase of the Indians, which large tracts were all incor- porated in Livingston manor. Robert Livingston, the first lord of the manor, sold and conveyed on October 26, 1694, to Dirck Wessel Ten Broeck,' an early immigrant from 'The descendants of Uirck Wesselse Ten Broeck have just had completed a monu- ment of Quincy granite. sarcophagu.s in style, to be erected in the old family bury- ing ground on the Harold Wilson farm m Clermont to mark the burial place of their illustrious ancestor, who died in 1717. The old headstone had crumbled in pieces and the inscription cut on it nearly 300 years ago has long since been obliterated, but through the efforts of one of his descendants his name is to be kept green in memory by the monument soon to be erected and which is now at Hector's granite works in Hudson ready to be set up when ordered. With the erection of the monu- ment there will be a family gathering of the descendants of the illustrious Wesselse Dirck Ten Broeck from widely separated parts of the country. The face of the monument bears this inscription: THE TO WN OF CLERMONT. 635 Holland and at the time of the purchase a merchant in Albany, twelve hundred acres of land on the south side of Roeloff Jansen's Kill. In the deed for this land it is stated that Janse Shipper, Janse Agonstran and Jacob Vosbourgh were living on it on the flats along Roeloff Jan- sen's Kill. Whether they were squatters before the grant was made to Livingston, or tenants under him, does not appear; however this may be, they were undoubtedly the first settlers in what now constitutes the town of Clermont. Ten or twelve years after this sale, the son of the purchaser, also Dirck Wessel by name, and mayor of Albany in 1G9G- 98, came and lived on the land until his death in 1717. He had two sons — Tobias and Samuel. The latter settled in Claverack and was the progenitor of the Ten Broecks of that town as well as of several branches of the same name who in later years lived in Clermont. To- bias Ten Broeck died in 1724, and his interests were sold by his son John to Derick Wessel Ten Broeck of Claverack. John removed to New Jersey, and was the ancestor of the Ten Broecks of that State. The Dirck Wessel Ten Broeck just mentioned had a son Samuel who was born in Clermont in 1745, who was a Revolutionary soldier and DIKCK WKSSEI.SK TKN BROECK. Born Dec. 18, 1638. Died at his Bouwerie Hovise, on Roelof Jansen Kil, Sept. 18, 1717. This monument is erected by his de- scendants in the year 1900. On the back of the monument there is this inscription, giving a brief history of the deceased; DIECK WESSF.LSE TEN BROECK. Appointed Magistrate Commissary of Albany in 1676. Recorder and twice Mayor of the City. Mayor of Militia of Colonial New York. A Member of the Provincial Assembly. An Indian Commissioner and Envoy in the Colony and Canada. The Government and the Dutch Church esteemed him an honorable man and a loval son. Chancellor Robert R. Livingston. From an Old Painting by I. Vanderlyn. THE TO WN OF CLERMONT. 627 held the rank of general in the militia. He lived in the " old Ten Broeck house," now in the town of Germantown. He had a brother Leonard, also a soldier in the Revolutionary army; his home was near what has since been known as the Tinklepaugh place. His son, Leon- ard W., was a prominent man in politics and public affairs generally — was a general in the militia and served as sheriff of Columbia county. The will of the lord of the manor, executed February 10, 1732, and which went into eflfect at his death in 1738, devised to his second son, Robert Livingston, jr., all that portion of the manor south of the Roe- lofif Jansen's Kill, except the 6,000 acres held under the crown by the Palatines, the Dirck Wessel Ten Broeck tract above mentioned, and the lease-hold farms held by Jacob Vosburgh, Jacob Houghtailing, Hend- rick and John Chissim, Cornelia widow of Brom Docker, and Capt. Johannes Dyckman. These, with several families of Palatines in the western part of the town, constituted the settlers in 1723, so far as any existing records disclose. There having arisen considerable confusion in statements of histor- ical and other writers, as to what constituted the estate of Robert Liv- ingston, jr., son of the first lord of the manor, and as to the identity of the mansion to which the name "Clermont," should properly belong, the following succinct history, prepared under the approval of living members of the family, and published in the Tivoli Times, is inserted here as of value in preserving the interesting history of this notable family: Robert Livingston, first Lord and Proprietor of the Manor of Livings- ton, died in 1738, leaving him surviving three sons, Philip, Robert and Gilbert. Philip, the eldest, became the second Lord of the Manor and received the greatest portion of his father's estates. To his second son, Robert, he bequeathed all that portion of the Manor lying south of the Roeloffe Jansen's Kill, containing nearly the whole of the present Township of Clermont and the northerly portion of the present Township of Ger- mantown, about thirteen thousand acres. This second Robert Living- ston built his house in the southwesterly portion of his estate, which he intended to called "Callendar," the name of the Estate of the Earl of Linlithgow, the head of his family in Scotland. The elder brother, however, objected to the younger assuming a name of such dignity. Yielding to this demand and, after another fruitless effort, he chose the THE TO WN OF CLERMONT. 629 name of "Clermont," the French City, where one branch of his family was living; for the relations between Scotland and France were in those days very close, and many Scottish families left their homes and settled in France. Clermont was sanctioned by the elder brother and became the name of the younger's estate. It descended intact to his son, Judge Robert R. Livingston, and his grandson of the saine name, afterwards the first Chan- cellor of the State of New York, who administered to Washington his oath of office, as first President of the United States; whose energy, talents and perseverance, solved, together with Robert Fulton, the problem of steam navigation, and through whom the immense country, then known as Louisiana, was purchased from France. This first Robert Livingston of Clermont was a firm and ardent American and foresaw the separation of the Colonies from Great Britain. In the Autumn of 1773, as the evening was closing in, the old man with his son. Judge Robert Livingston, his grandson Robert, and Montgomery, the husband of Janet, his eldest granddaughter, were sitting around the fire talking of public affairs, when he made the prediction which has often been quoted but seldom quite correctly, " This country," he said, " will be independent, but I shall not live to see it, neither will you Robert;" this was addressed to his son the Judge. Then turning to his grandson, Robert (afterwards the Chan- cellor) he added, "you, Robert, will and Montgomery may. " When he heard that hostilities had commenced, he told the Judge that he wished to go to Boston. The Judge answered, "Father, what could you do there?" He replied, "If I stopped a bullet, I might save a better man." Upon hearing the first unfavorable account of the battle of Bunker Hill, his grief was too keen to survive and upon the 37th of June, 1775, ten days after the battle, he died. His son, the Judge, lived less than six months longer, leaving him surviving, his widow and ten children. Then his estate, which was entailed upon his eldest son, became the property, as said above, of the future Chancellor, Robert R. Livingston. Owning the whole estate he was nevertheless naturally unwilling to disturb his widowed mother, in her old home at Clermont. He, there- fore, built a few hundred yards to the south of the old house, another and smaller one for himself and his wife. Being in 1776 an active mem- ber of the Continental Congress, sitting in Philadelphia, and one of 630 COLUMIilA COUNTY AT THE END OE THE CENTURY. the committee of five appointed.to prepare the Declaration of Independ- ence, as well as being busily engaged in framing the Constitution of the State of New York, he had little leisure for amusement or for the enjoyment of a quiet home. About two years later, the heretofore happy home at Clermont was destined for a short space of time, at least, to be broken up. An English expedition was sent up the Hudson River with a view of joining Burgoyne, who was at Saratoga. These troops burnt Kingston and then advanced to wreak vengeance upon the " Rebels." John Henry Livingston. The home of the arch rebel Robert R. Livingston could not escape and both the house at Clermont and his own smaller one were de- stroyed, 'the latter entirely, the former retaining its north and south walls, which are still standing and were found in 1874, when the pres- ent third story was added, to be in better condition than the newer ones, erected very shortly after the attack. Rebuilt in 1777, exactly as it was originally, one may now see how advanced were the ideas of the first Robert of Clermont. In this house built upon the ruins of. 632 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTUR Y. but within two of the old walls of the former one, Mrs. Judge Livings- ton (often called the "Old Lady") lived twenty-three years longer. About 1783, probably just after the recognition of the independence of the United States, her son, Robert R. Livingston, built for himself another house, now existing and having passed out of the family, has been known for over forty years as "Idele. " This has tended to cause some confusion, as he owned the whole Clermont estate and probably having at that time too much of importance upon his mind to pay great attention to names, both houses were known as "Clermont." This continued when the two houses became the property of his two daugh- ters and their respective sons. However, finally, the two places became absolutely separated by the sale of the one, which is now "Idele." This property now belongs to the estate of the late Mrs. A. A. V. Liv- ingston and Miss Emily Clarkson. It is now unoccupied. Ere many years pass, there will be none who can recollect that Clermont ever included " Idele " except as part of that once proud estate, which gave its name to the Township, which it practically formed and to the Post Office, through which still very many letters are sent to the owner of Clermont. Hence to the question, " Where is Clermont " a ready answer is fur- nished. "It is the house built about 1730, by Robert Livingston, second son of the first Lord of the Manor of Livingston and the lands belonging thereto bequeathed by his father to him in 1728 and from him descending as shown above to his only son. Judge Livingston and to his eldest son, Chancellor Livingston and thereafter to his eldest daughter, Elizabeth Stevens, wife of Hon. Edward P. Livingston ( a distant cousin), to their eldest son, Clermont Livingston, and to his only son, John Henry Livingston, whose only child is the seventh of her name, living within the old walls of Clermont. Mention is made above of the settlement within the bounds of this town of some of the Palatines. As early as 1715 several Palatine fami- lies bearing the names of Ryfenbergh, Rockefeller, Haver, Sagendorph, Kilmer, Minckler, Kun (Coon), Gardner, Ham and Lasher were resi- dent here. Of the latter there were three brothers, Conrad, George and John, whose location was just over the line in Germantown as now existing, where they built houses near together at the points of a tri- angle. The one erected by Conrad, a substantial stone structure, became a historical landmark, having been erected in 175"2. This THE TO WN OF CLERMONT. G33 family name is now numerously represented in Germantown and also in the southern part of Clermont. The Kun (Coon) family settled in the extreme southeastern part of the town in the vicinity of Elizaville. The family is still represented in this and neighboring towns. Coming down to 1790, there are existing records to show that in the northwestern section of the town there lived Peter Herder, J. Canroe, J. Minckler and families named Proper, Gardner, Gyselbergh and Loveman. At Clermont and in its immediate neighborhood were H. Best, M. Cooper, P. Ham, the Ten Broecks, Dr. Thomas Brodhead and Dr. William Wilson. Dr. Wilson was the family physician of Chancellor Livingston, who, in 1784, had induced him to come to America from Scotland. He was a man of rare ability and thorough education; he served as first judge of the county, and after a long life of usefulness, died in 1828. His son, William H. Wilson, also a physi- cian, served as a hospital surgeon in the regular army before at- taining the age of twenty-two. vSouth of Clermont village lived Rev. A. Romeyn, P. D. Rockefeller, Ira Gale, James Haines, Andries A. Bortel, Jan Ham and H. Blass; and between them and the Hudson were A. and J. Minckler, I. Fingar, Philip H. Clum, N. and W. A Sag- endorph, G. Denninger, John Cooper, H. Coon, M. Smith and Peter Feller, and Jacob Feller east of the post road. Near the Hudson were the Collins, Clum, Lawrence, Meyer and Van Valkenburgh families. In 1800 road districts were established in the town to the number of twelve and their boundaries defined, with the following named citizens as pathmasters: David Winans, Gerrit B. Lasher, Jacobus Ryphen- burgh, Philip D. Rockefeller, Peter P. Herder, Ira Gale, John Sisson, Isaac Burnham, Jacob C. Ham, Adam Minckler, Benjamin Pitcher, Philip C. Moore. The old post road crossed the town, passing through Clermont vil- lage and has always been the chief thoroughfare north and south. At one time, and for a number of years, the Highland Turnpike Company had toll-gates on this road. In the western side of the town there is a north and south highway, known as the "Telegraph" road. The only railroad facilities enjoyed by the town are those offered by the Hudson River road, which has a station at East Camp, just over the Germantown line, and a loop of what was originally the Rhinebeck and Connecticut Railroad with a station called Eilerslie. Clermont is a purely agricultural town, no manufactories of any kind 634 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. existing within its borders. However, it is a thrifty division of the county, the farmers being progressive and thorough in their methods, producing from their lands as good crops as are raised anywhere in the county. Of late years considerable attention has been given to the cultivation of small fruits, and next to Germantovvn its output is prob- ably the largest in the county, in proportion to its area. Antedating the establishment of the common school system of the State, a school was in existence in Clermont, authorized by a special act passed in 1791; this was the germ of the schools later established. In 1833 Dr. Augustus Wackerhagen had a select school in the "Chris- tian chapel," which was incorporated in 1834 as an academy, and in 1837 taken under the charge of the Regents; it was successfully con- ducted for many years, but eventually, like many others, died out for want of support. The building was afterwards used for a public school. In 1899 there were five districts in the town, with school houses and sites valued at $3,165. The whole number of children at- tending school was 144, and the sum of public money and that raised by tax for the support of the schools was $1,909.83. The assessed valuation of the districts was $058, 458. Clermont village is pleasantly situated and at one time was a trade center of considerable importance, but the railroads on each side have turned the current of business elsewhere and it is now only a quiet ham- let. Apart from those mentioned in the earlier part of this chapter as settlers in this vicinity, it is known that before the Revolution Derick Jansen was a resident here and had a store in one of the two or three buildings that constituted the settlement. In 1800 Dr. William Wilson built a storehouse in which Elisha Miner did a mercantile business. Later merchants were Cyrus Capron, Bones.eel & Broadliead, A. Wack- erhagen, Levi Leroy, and George D. Poland. For more than twenty- five years Martin Williams was in trade, and was succeeded by his son Harry, who now carries on business at the same location. About 1878 a co-operative store was started, but did not long exist. Before the Revolution a tavern was kept on the '• Wilson corner;" in 1808 Ira Gale was the proprietor. This house was standing until 1825, when it was superseded as a tavern by a new one erected farther down the street by Cyrus Capron. Later landlords were Peter and Elias Smith, Charles King and William McGill. In 1852 a new and spacious house was erected on the site of the one just mentioned THE TO WN OF CLERMONT. 636 by Capt. Eliakim Littell ; Alexander Coon was the first occupant and his house became famous. Later landlords of this hotel were William Hurd, Abranr Potts, Horatio Plank, and Reuben Van De Bo- gart. The present hotel is kept by William H. Fraleigh. The post-office of Clermont was established on July 31, 1792, with William Wilson as the first postmaster. In 1820 he was succeeded by his son, William H. Wilson, who held the office thirty-two years. His successors have been Levi Leroy, Horatio Plank, Joseph Shirtts, Mar- tin Williams and Harry Williams, the present incumbent. The first physician of whom there is record to settle in Clermont was Dr. William Wilson, although it is said that a Dr. Thompson preceded him. Dr. Wilson came in 1784, was in active practice many years, and died in 1828. About 1790 Dr. Thomas Broadhead became a resident physician; he died in 1830, and was succeeded by his son John and his son-inlaw, Peter Van Buren. Dr. Philip H. Knickerbocker came later, and Dr. Thomas, a grandson of the original Dr. Broadhead, was his successor. Dr. Rensselaer Platner has practiced in recent years. Religious services were held in the town quite early in the century by the Methodists, supposedly by Rev. Freeborn Garretson, the pre- siding elder for this section. In 1829 Rev. John B. Mathias labored here for a time, and some nine years after his departure, about 1833, steps were taken to build a house of worship, which resulted in the erection of the " First Christian Chapel in Clermont," in the village, " for the use of all sects, and to be free for any man of good moral character who may wish to preach the gospel." At first this property was under the control of the " First Christian Society of Clermont," formed in 1834, and the building has been used by pastors of churches in neighboring towns, but no organized body has been formed. St. Luke's Episcopal Church of Clermont was organized on July 2, 1859, with W. H. Wilson, Peter R. Livingston, Robert Dibblee, Walter Livingston, Harold Wilson, Henry De Koven and Robert H. Dibblee as trustees. The house of worship, a modest little chapel, was erected in 1859, and Rev. Henry De Koven was the first rector. The church property with the parsonage is valued at about $5,000. The Clarkson Episcopal Chapel was erected in the western part of the town in 18G0, through the generosity of Mrs. L. Clarkson, who also provided for the support of the service. There has never been a regu- lar organization, although services are still maintained there. COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. The population of Clermont as given in the various census reports from 1826 to 1892 has been as follows: 1825, 1,146; 1830, 1,203; 1835, 1,166; 1840, 1,231; 1845, 1,131; 1850, 1,130; 1855, 1,058; 1860, 968; 1805, 942; 1870, 1,021; 1875, 937; 1880, 918; 1890, 798; 1892, 803. The following lists give the names and dates of election of the su- pervisors of the town from the time of its organization to the present: 1787-92. vSamuel Ten Broeck. 1793. Martin J. Cooper. 1794-97. Samuel Ten Broeck. 1798-99. William Wilson. 1800. Samuel Ten Broeck. 1801-04. William Wilson. 1805. Thomas Broadhead. 1806. Samuel Ten Broeck. 1807-12. Thomas Broadhead. 1813-16. Garret Cuck. 1817. Thomas Broadhead. 1818. Garret Cuck. 1819-22. Thomas Broadhead. 1823. Robert L. Livingston. 1824-25. John T. Broadhead. 1826-27. Thomas Broadhead. 1828-32. William H. Wilson. 1833-34. John Sanders, jr. 1835-36. John I. Potts. 1837-38. Henry H. Feller. 1839-40. Jeremiah Proper. 1841-42. John I. Traver. 1843-44. Peter Robinson. 1845-46. Seymour Smith. 1848-49. Alexander Potts. 1850-51. P. H. Knickerbacker. 1852-53. Peter Potts. 1854-55. H. L Rockefeller. 1856-57. Jacob H. Moore. 1858-59. Philip H. Potts. 1860-62. Robert Washburn. 1863-64. Uriah Feller. 1865-66. H. L. Rockefeller. 1867-68. Jacob H. Moore. 1869-72. William H. Fraleigh. 1773-75. Uriah Feller. 1876-77. Harold Wilson. 1878-79. Jacob H. Moore. 1880-81. W. H. Rockefeller. 1882-84. Nathan Dick. 1885-86. Henry W. Sheldon. 1887-88. Horace Fingar. 1889. George W. Feller. 1890-91. Horace Fingar. 1892-93. Charles C. Moore. 1894-97. Frederick A. Lasher. 1898. Horace Fingar. 1899-1900. Nathan Dick. 1847. George W. King. The following is a list of the town clerks: 1800-07. Seth Curtis. 1830-31. Jacob Lynk. 1808-11. Peter J. Cooper. 1832-33. Henry H. Feller. 1812-24. Jacob Cooper. 1834. Jonas Denegar. 1825. John S. Cross. 1835 36. J. O. Broadhead. 1826-27. Jacob Lynk. 1837-38. Alexander Potts. 1828-29. Jacob Cooper. 1839. Robert Clow. THE TO WN OF STl'YVESANT. 637 1840. Alexander Potts. 1841-43. Peter Fingar. 1843-45. Peter Potts. 1846. George W. King. 1847. Uriah Feller. 1848-49. Andrew Sagendorph 1850 51. Jacob H. Moore. 1852 53. David Coon. 1854-55. Thomas Broadhead. 1856. Philip H. Potts. 1857. Robert Coon. 1858-59. Jacob Elkenburgh. 1860 61. Levi LeRoy. 1862-63. Albert Potts. 1864. Ephraim Denegar. 1865-66. Levi LeRoy. 1867-68. Harold Wilson. 1869-70. H. L. Rockefeller. 1871-72. Harrison Lasher. 1873. George W. Blaco. :]. 1874 75. Wm. H. Rockefeller. 1876-77. Egbert Potts. 1878-79. Levi Decker. 1880-81. John H. Feller. 1882 84. Charles C. Moore. 1885-86. Wallace Poucher. 1887-88. Horace W. Seism. 1889-91. H. S. Williams. 1892-97. Fred J. Moore. 1898-1900. Raymond Potts. CHAPTER XXVin. THE TOWN OF STUYVESANT. This town is situated in the northwest corner of the county, and is bounded on the north by the town of Schodack in Rensselaer county, on the east by Kinderhook, on the south by Stockport, and on the west by the Hudson River. Its area is 14,396 acres. The town was set off from Kinderhook on April 21, 1823, and at that time extended south to Major Abram's or Stockport Creek. In 1833, upon the erection of Stockport it was reduced on the south to its present boundary. The first town meeting was held on May 6, 1823, when the organiza- tion of the town took place and the following officers were elected : Supervisor, Peter I. Vosburgh; town clerk, Arent Vosburgh; asses- sors, John J. Sharp, Barent Van Deusen, John A. Staats; collector, Samuel Vanderpoel ; commissioners of highways, Richard I. Goes, Michael Kuffi, John Mynderson; constable, Samuel Clary; commis- sioners of schools, Oliver Beaumont, William Sutherland, Stephen W'^ndover; inspectors of schools, Russell Potter, Walter Butler, John 638 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTUR V. T. Wendover; overseers of highways, Cornelius Smith, Henry Ham, Oliver Beaumont, Abraham P. Van Alstyne, Moses M. Gilbert, John Bame, Teunis Smith, Lucas I. Van Alen, Wm. Manton, Lambert Vos- burgh, Peter Paddock, William Stephenson, Abraham Van Alstyne, William Witbeck, Albert Goes, Albert Witbeck, Garret Burgert, Isaac Staats, John M. Van Hoesen, George Chittenden, Joshua Vosburgh, Truman Hurd, John Hoffman; overseers of the poor, William Dickie, Martin Van Alstyne; poundmaster. Evert L Van Alen. The natural features of the town are less pronounced than those of its sister towns on the east and south. A line of low hills ranges along the shore of the Hudson, quite abrupt on the river side, but presenting a comparatively level aspect to the eastern boundary. The Kinder- hook Creek courses across the southwestern corner of the town, and the "Saw Kill" — the early appellation — is formed by the combined waters of several small streams, and flows westward and empties into the Hudson near the center of the town. Another small stream is in the southern part. The soil of the uplands is generally of an argillaceous character, ex- cept along the eastern line, where it is a light loam with considerable sand — which, before settlement, was covered with a heavy growth of pine forest. There is but very little land in the town that is not sus- ceptible to cultivation. / Settlement began on the territory now forming Stuyvesant very / early, certainly soon after 1650, when a body of Hollanders and Swedes / took up locations under the charter or grant of the Kinderhook patent. ' A few of those family names have been verified as among tlie first comers, such as Scherb, Scherp, Pietersen ( Swedes), Van Alen, Van- derpoel. Van Valkenburgh, Vosburgh, Van Alstyne and Schermerhorn. Some of these names are yet represented in this and other towns of the county. As early as 1765, there lived on the hill east of Stuyvesant Landing (now vStuyvesant) the families of Scherbs and Sharps; of the latter there were many branches, so many that the locality where they lived was known locally as Sharptown. Near the Landing Jacob Vosburgh had his home; at Nutten Hook, now Coxsackie Station, Andreis Wit- beck lived, and along the river northward to the point called Swate Hook (Stuyvesant) in the order named were Jacob Van Valkenburgh, Gerrit Van Hoesen, Abraham Wingaart, and Gysbert Clow. North of THE TOWN OF STUYVESANT. 639 the Landing Peter Van Buren resided on the river bank, as did also Peter Vosburgh. North of the upper landing, then called Kinderhook Landing, was the home of Adam Van Alen, and above him were Jacobus, Barent and John Vanderpoel. At Stuyvesant Falls were the Van Alstynes and Van Hoesens, on the indentical lands now owned by their descendants. John W. Van Hoesen, son of William, and of the seventh generation of the family in this country, is now living at Stuy- vesant Falls, at the age of eighty-two, hale and hearty, with a memory replete with incidents of early times. To this point at a later day came families named Van Ness, Van Dyck, Van Slyck, and Schermerhorn. Descendants of nearly all of these old families still reside in the town, and, like them, are worthy and leading citizens. The names of others who filled important roles in the settlement and development of the region at later periods, will be found in the sketches of the villages and elsewhere in subsequent pages. There is a tradition that in 1680 a saw mill was in operation at Stuy- vesant Falls; if such was the truth, no positive evidence of the state- ment can now be gleaned. But there is good authority upon which to base the claim, that as early as 1665, a saw mill was located on the little stream two miles north of the Landing and owned by a man named Pieters Clavers. This claim is substantiated by the references made to it in the first patents granted of the lands in this tract, and marks it as undoubtedly the first improvement of the kind in the town, if not in the county. Very early mills were also located on the Saw Kill, and though no remains or records of them exist, it is safe to pre- sume that primitive mills for grinding the grain of the settlers existed on the few streams in the town before the opening of the seventeenth century. On Kinderhook Creek, in the southeastern corner of the town, is the village of Stuyvesant Falls, for many years a manufacturing point of considerable proportions. The site of the village is elevated and its natural surroundings are quite picturesque. The Kinderhook at this point makes a descent by two natural falls of forty-five feet and twenty- six feet respectively, at a distance of about forty rods from one another. At the base of the lower and greater fall is a rocky point which rises to the height of a hundred feet, separating the stream in two, and forming an island containing twenty acres. About 1800 William Van Hoesen erected a building for a cloth-dress- THE TO WN OF STUYVESANT. 641 ing shop, and constructed a dam on the east channel near the foot of the island, to obtain power to operate it. At a later period he manufac- tured satinets, using hand looms; when power looms were introduced, he immediately installed them, and did a large and prosperous business. He was a progressive man, and as the demands for his goods increased he enlarged his facilities, and took his sons Isaac and Abram W. into partnership. The extended credit system in vogue in those days brought on a financial stringency during the panic of 1837, and the firm was crowded to the wall, but not ruined. Abram W. Van Hoesen as- sumed control of the business, and soon released it from the financial shoals upon which it had been nearly wrecked, introduced new and improved machinery, and turned his attention to the manufacture of the finer grades of cassimeres and silk-mixed goods. The entire product of this mill was taken by A. T. Stewart & Co. of New York, to the amount of ten thousand yards per month. In 1872 Mr. Van Hoesen retired from the business and the mill was run for two years by Stewart & Co. and discontinued owing to changes in the firm and changes in the wool tariff. The site and privilege has lately become the property of the Albany & Hudson Railroad and Power Company, who demolished the old buildings, and at this writing are erecting an immense electric plant for operating cars on their railroad from Hudson to Niverville by the third rail system. On the mill seat at the lower falls, on the east side, Martin Van Al- styne and Jacob Rossman had saw, grist and plaster mills. The prop- erty was purchased by Coventry & Mandeville who erected a paper mill near the grist mill and conducted both for many years. It passed to William Dingman, and in 1863, while in his possession, it was destroyed by fire. What has been claimed as the first paper mill in the county was started in 1801 at the upper falls by Pitkin & Edmonds, who trans- formed the grist mill there for that purpose. After a year George Chittenden became the owner, and operated it successfully until 1806, when he removed to what is now Rossman, and continued in business as detailed in the history of Stockport. The head of water at the upper fall has been increased by the addi- tion of a dam eight feet high, and the whole power is now used to drive the machinery of Mill No. 1 of the Van Alen Cotton Mills. This mill, on the east side of the stream, was erected in 1827 by A. A. Van Alen 642 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. &. Co. Mill No. 2 was erected at the lower falls on the west side by Jamesand John Waddell; it is a large stone structure, in front of which and connected with it, A. A. Van Alen & Co., in 1888, erected a much larger brick building. Mill No. 3 is below and near the latter, and was erected in 18-45 by the same company. This property is now owned and operated by Mrs. Alice G. Frisbie, and is devoted to the manufac- ture of print cloths exclusively, its 16,000 spindles and 400 looms pro- ducing 100,000 yards a week. Probably the first merchant in this village was Matthew Coventry, about 1820. He occupied the building which was later used by Abram W. Van Hosen for the same purpose, and is now a hotel ; it stands un- der the bank on the east side of the stream a little way beyond the bridge. In 1837 A. A. Van Alen began mercantile trade here, and had a store for a number of years. Many have been engaged in trade since then for short periods of time, but only in a small way. The present merchants are Frank Stevens, Edward Thomas, J. R. Hughes, W. J. Yagula and Matthew Connor. Matthew Connor has a large cold storage plant near the village, which was erected in 1882, mainly for preserving fruit. He also con- ducts a general store. The first hotel at Stuyvesant Falls, was kept by Peter Acker, which occupied the site of the present one built in 1876, now kept by William Cullen. The Milner House was formerly a private dwelling and was converted to its present use in 1891. Dr. Scovel is credited with being the first physician in the village, but his stay was short. Dr. H. B. Salmon came in 1836 and was the only physician identified with the place for many years; he died about 1880. Dr. Glover is the only one in the place now. Linden wald Lodge No. 509 F. &. A. M., was instituted in 1860, with John W. Carhart, W. M., and E. M. Coventry, secretary. It is still in a flourishing condition. The post-office was established here in 1835. The first postmaster was Edwin Coventry, and among his successors were Peter Van Alen, W. G. Mandeville and Dr. H. B. Salmon, who held the office nearly twenty years. The present incumbent is Edward Thompson, who has held the position six years. The village of Stuyvesant Landing, a station on the Hudson River Railroad, is, as before stated, one of the earliest settled points in the THE TO IVN OF STUYVESANT. 643 town. In early days it bore the name of Kinderhook Landing-. The old, or lower, landing was first improved, but owing to the river form- ing a new channel, the landing place was changed to its present place as far back as 1800. At this lower landing Medad Butler kept an inn, and the firm of Butler & Van Valkenburgh had a store there. But when business was removed to the upper landing, the place lost its prestige, and to-day it is but a cluster of houses. The upper landing is now the seat of business. The first store at this point as far as can be ascertained was kept by Van Valkenburgh & Pruyn, who were succeeded by Alexander McMachem and by Butler & Vosburgh. Vosburgh was heavily interested in real estate, his inter- ests finally passing to Abel S. Peters, one of the leading business men of the section. The present merchants are Henry A. Best, who began as Best & Bray about 1880, but has been alone since 1891 ; E. Murrell, who began before the great fire of 1880 — noted further on — was burned out, rebuilt and continued five years, and was succeeded by Anson Pratt and others to Albert Van Hoesen, who took the business in 1900; Hiram Clapp with a partner, John Albertson, began in 1822 and con- tinued ten years, when he purchased his partner's interest and carried on the business until 1882, when his son Aaron succeeded him until 1889; since that date Edwin W. Clapp has conducted a successful mer- cantile trade at the same location. At one time freight transportation was an important item in the in- dustries of Stuyvesant Landing. In 1816 Abel S. Peters, Walter But- ler and Stephen Wendover owned sloops that made fortnightly trips to New York. About 1836 the " Kinderhook and Stuyvesant Steamboat Association," put the steamboat "United States" into service under the management of Walter Butler. After several years, on account of financial difficulties, the business was suspended. Wendover & Son had a line of propellers about 18G0 and later, but their boats were sold to the government during the Civil war, and barges were employed in their stead. In 1868 Henry A. Best & Co. succeeded to Wendover's businets and are still interested in it, although it is much reduced in volume. Captain Davis was in the business from 1833 to as late as 1880. In 1870 thepropellor " Andrew Harder " was used as afreighter, and other boats, running to New York, were the " Walter Brett," the " Escort " (burned about two years ago), and the " Charlotte Vander- bilt. 644 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. But little manufacturing has been done here. In 1853 Backus, Smith & Sargent started a stove foundry on the dock, and later erected a larger foundry. In 1878 the works passed to the possession of the " Stuy vesant Stove Company," an incorporated body, who did a suc- cessful business until 1880 when the disastrous fire of that year swept the works away and they were not rebuilt The steam flouring mills, built by Peter and Thomas Houghtaling and George B. Shultz in 1856, were burned in 1880 when in the pos- session of Best & Wilcox. In 1880 a disastrous conflagration occurred in that portion of the village occupied by business concerns of one kind and another. None of the original buildings escaped, and the whole river front was a mass of ruins. The loss was very heavy, and in some cases ruinous. Most of the tract covered by the fire has been rebuilt. Four miles north of the Landing is the extensive brick manufactur- ing plant of E. Brosseau; twenty-five thousand brick per day is the output. One of the first, if not the first, hotel kept at the Landing was that conducted by Peter Acker. It stood where the railroad track now runs. A large house was erected on the site of the present hotel and burned in 1880; J. E. Furber is the proprietor at present of the house erected on the site of the one burned. The post-office at this place was established as Kinderhook, which name was afterwards changed to Stuyvesant Landing and is now known as Stuyvesant. Past postmasters have been Walter Butler, Alexander Bidwell, Peter J. Houghtaling, P. L. Schermerhorn, George B. Shultz, E. J. Smith, Baltus P. Van Slyck, E. J. Murrell, jr., and others. J. Emmett Acker is the present postmaster. Among the physicians who have practiced here may be mentioned Dr. Stevens, the first, and Dr. Nelson Rusk, who practiced forty years. Drs. Hollister, Van Aken and Van Slyck were here for brief periods. Dr. P. K. Pomeroy is the present physician. Coxsackie Station is but a hamlet and important only as the terminus of the ferry from Coxsackie. South of the station a short distance is the immense brickyards of Walsh Bros, of Hudson, covering many acres of ground, and supplied with all modern machinery. Among the prominent agriculturists of the town the following may be named as worthy of mention: Jacob Van Alstyne, Charles Frisbie, THE TOWN OF STUYVESANT. 645 James Hogan, Matthew Connor, Reuben Drumin, Silas Dick, Edward Van Alstyne (of high repute as a lecturer upon agricultural subjects), another Edward Van Alstyne and Henry Kanitt. The schools of Stuyvesant have always been well maintained and rank well with those of other towns in the county. The means of edu- cation have been restricted to district schools. In 18G0 there were six districts with a school house in each, wherein were taught 849 children. In 1898 there were still the same number of districts and school houses, but the attendance had fallen off to 371. The value of the school property in the latter year was $9,475, and the assessed valuation of the districts was $1,337,655. There was apportioned to the town of the public money in 1898 $1,185.79 and there was raised by tax $5,41 1.03, for the support of the schools of the town, a total of $0,596.81. At Stuyvesant Falls village, which comprises District No. 3, there is an excellent graded school, and a good school building. The vStuyvesant Dutch Reformed Church, at Stuyvesant, was organ- ized in 1827 by Rev. Asa Bennett, with sixty-five members. In 1831 a frame meeting-house was built at a cost of $1,800, and in 1868 this was greatly enlarged and improved. A parsonage, purchased in 1853, stands near the church. The property is valued at $10,000. Rev. Dewitt G. Rockefeller is the present pastor. The German Evangelical Lutheran Church at Stuyvesant was organ- ized in 1871, as the result of missionary work performed the year previous. A neat chapel was erected at a cost of $3,200, and the society is in a prosperous condition. The pastor resides in Hudson, and holds services every other Sunday. The Dutch Reformed Church at Stuyvesant Falls was legally organ- ized on October 9, 1859. It occupied a church building erected by the Lutheran body that existed there from an early day to about 1857 until 1872, when extensive repairs were made to it. The first consistory was composed of Bartholomew Van Buren Abram J. Mesick, William Hoes, Alfred Ostrom, Cornelius Plass and B. L. Van Buren. The succession of pastors has been as follows: Revs. Elisha D. Bates, Miner Swick, Isaac L. Kip, William E. Bogardus (stated supply), Ransford Wells, William C. Fowler, H. B. Schermer- horn (stated supply), Elbert Nevins, Louis Hieber, A. W. Hopper. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Stuyvesant Falls was first organ- ized in 1830, and became an incorporated body in 1858. The meeting- COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. house of the society was erected in 1859 at a cost of $4,500, and has since had minor repairs made to it. The membership is about forty, and the present value of the property is $5,000. The church is served by Rev. David H. French of Stuyvesant. A Methodist Episcopal Church is in active existence at Stuyvesant, organized in 1883, which has a house of worship erected in that year, and valued at $6,000. Rev. David H. French is the pastor. In 1873 the Roman Catholic Church of the Nativity and St. Mary's Chapel were opened for worship. They have a money value of $4,000, and belong to the parish of Valatie. The Rev. Father Looney, of Cas- tleton, officiates. The population of Stuyvesant town, as given in the census reports from 1825 to 1892, has been as follows: 1825, 1,889; 1830, 2,331; 1835, 1,736; 18^0, 1,779; 1845, 1,718; 1850, 1,766; 1855, 1,937; 1860, 2,366; 1865, 2,234; 1870, 2,263; 1875, 2,393; 1880, 2,097; 1890, 1,953; 1892, 2,110. The following list gives the names of the supervisors of Stuyvesant since its organization : 1823-26. Peter I. Vosburgh. 1827-28. George Chittenden. 1829-30. Richard I. Goes. 1831. Garret Burgert. 1832-33. William Wight. 1834-35. A. I. Van Alstyne. 1836-37. John S. Vosburgh. 18.38 39. John R. Hoes. 1840 41. William Strever. 1842-43. Garret Z. Stickles. 1844 45. Edwin M. Coventry. 1846-47. L. R. Schermerhorn. 1848. Alexander Bidwell. 1849 51. William Best. 1852 53. L. R. Schermerhorn. 1854. Jacob P. Stickles 1855. Gilbert Clapp. 1856. Edwin M. Coventry. 1857. Wilson Ham. 1858. Hugh Van Alstyne. 1859. Henry A. Best. 1860. Gilbert Clapp. 1861-62. Levi Milham. 1863-64. Wm. G. Mandeville. 1865. Samuel A. Fowler. 1866. George W. Bayly. 1867-68. Hugh Van Alstyne. 1869. Simeon Bryant. 1870. James Crandell. 1871. Thomas M. Wheeler. 1872. P. Edward Van Alstyne. 1873. Hugh Van Alstyne. 1874. Henry H. Gibbs. 1875. Henry A. Best. 187G. Mathew Connor. 1877-81. A. L. Schermerhorn. 1882 86. Mathew Connor. 1887. James J. Clow. 1888-91. A. L. Schermerhorn. 1892-93. George B. Shultz. 1894-98. James P. Hughes. 1899- 1900. Edward Van Alstyne. THE TOWN OF STOCKPORT. The following is a list of the 1823. Arent Vosburgh. 1824. Richard I. Goes. 1825-26. William Dickie. 1827. William A. Whitbeck. 1828. Richard I. Goes. 1829-30. John P. Vosburgh. 1831-32. Augustus Whiting. 1833-38. John P. Vosburgh. 1839. Stephen F. Wheeler. 1840-43. P. Acker, jr. 1844. John P. Vosburgh. 1845-47. Alexander Bidwell. 1848-49. Benjamin Shultz. 1850-52. Alexander Bidwell. 1853-54. George B. Shultz. town clerks: 1855. Wilson Ham. 1850. Peter A. Vosburgh. 1857. Abram G. Sharp. 1858-59. Hoyt Z. Bayly. 1860-65. Henry B. Hall. 1866. Clarence Peters. 1867-73. Henry B. Hall. 1874-81. Rodolphus Clapp. 1882-90. Aaron W. Clapp. 1891-92. Dudley Van Alstyne. 1893. Clarence A. Stickles. 1894-98. J. Emmett Acker. 1899-1900. Harold M. Michael (J. E. Acker, deputy.) CHAPTER XXIX. THE TOWN OF STOCKPORT. This town was erected from parts of the towns of Hudson, Ghent and Stuyvesant, pursuant to an act of the Legislature of April 30, 1833. It is one of the smaller towns in the county, with an area of about 6,000 acres, and is the second from the north in the western line of towns, its northern boundary being Stuyvesant, with Ghent on the east. Green- port and Claverack on the south, and the Hudson River on the west. The topography is marked by a range of abrupt hills along the shore of the Hudson, which declines gently to the valley of the Kinderhook Creek, forming a tableland varying from one to three miles in width. East of Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks the surface is broken into ridges running north and south, of moderate altitude. No other town in the county is so well watered, in proportion to its size, as Stockport. Entering the town from the northeast, Kinderhook Creek, with a course a little east of the center, forms a junction with fi48 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Claverack Creek, coming in from the southeast, a little south of the center of the town, forming Stockport Creek, which pursues a westerly course to the Hudson, discharging its waters at Stockport Station. All three of these streams are noted for the waterfalls at different points in their courses, the descent aggregating nearly two hundred feet. These natural water powers are treated in later pages in connection with the industries established on their banks. The soil in the valleys is a fertile loam, and on the hills a loam inter- mixed with disintegrated slate. Along the Hudson the hillsides have proved well adapted for fruit culture, particularly for grapes, many ex- tensive vineyards covering their sunny slopes. The southern portion of the town as now constituted belonged to the lower Rensselaer manor, and members of that family were the first set- tlers of the locality. The leasehold system was in practice here as else- where in the county, the result of which in general was that many of the early actual settlers did not long remain on the farms they had selected. However, the records show that the territory was taken up by many of the Dutch immigrants, the names of the Van Valkenburghs, Vosburghs, Van Alstynes, Van Alens, Van Burens, Vandecarrs, Scher- merhorns. Clows, Burgarts, Kittles, Harders, Hoeses and Wrights, be- ing prominent in the Rensselaer records. The upper or northern section of the town is a part of the grant made to one Powell and the Kinderhook patent, with the patents granted to Abram Staats, the first of which he received in 1667 and a later one in 1685. Staats was a licensed fur dealer as early as 1657, and it is be- lieved that he lived in the territory now forming the town before the date of his first patent. Be that as it may, he was certainly one of the first settlers, and one whose record is in evidence. On the land in- cluded in his first patent he located a "bowery," and erected a stone house on a small elevation at the mouth of the Stockport (for gen- erations called Major Abram's) Creek. Its walls were three feet thick, and the roof covered with tile brought from Holland. It is supposed that the massiveness of its construction was for defensive purposes, as he used it for a store house for his trading goods as well as a residence. Numerous evidences of Indian occupation of the immediate vicinity have been found, and it is stated in an old historical work that twenty- five bushels of Indian relics, in the form of axes, arrow heads and other utensils have been picked up there. THE TO WN OF STOCK FOR T. 649 The early comers as a rule selected locations near the points where the water power was available, and thence settlement spread gradually into the borders of the wilderness. The sons of Abram Staats, named Jacob, Abram, Samuel and Joachem, spent their lives on and in the vicinity of the grant of land made to their father, and their descend- ants for many years were identified with that part of the town. The old map of 1767 indicates the Staats homestead, and also that Isaac Staats was located at what is now Rossman, earlier known as Chitten- den's falls. Many of the names found in the list of the pioneers of Kin- derhook, Ghent and Hudson were residents of the present Stockport. The first meeting for the organization of the new town was held, in pursuance of the act of erection, and by its terms, "at the house of Casparus C. Hoes, May 7, 1833," and Garrett Burgert, Jeremiah Man- deville and Ezekiel Butler, or any two of them, may preside at the first meeting in said town, with power to appoint a clerk and keep the polls in said town at such meeting." Among other things the act provided that "an act concerning Colum- biaville, supplementary to an act concerning the Columbia Manufact- uring Society, of Feb. 21, 1812, passed April i:!, 1827, and all acts amendatory thereof, so far as this incorporates the village of Columbia- ville, are hereby repealed." This is in allusion to the "Columbia Man- ufacturing Society," which was formed at Hudson and incorporated in 1809, and which act of incorporation, no doubt, gave the society civil powers in the village which were in conflict with the laws relating to the town government. The first town officers elected, many of whom represented prominent families of early settlers, were as follows: Supervisor, George Chittenden; town clerk, Charles W. Bentley; justices of the peace, Jehoiakim A. Van Valkenburgh, P. B. Backus, Ezekiel Butler; assessors, Lewis Whitlock, Jeremiah Mandeville, Abraham Burgert, Adolphus Hay ward, John Van De Carr; collecter, Jonathan Warren; commissioner of highways, J. A. Van Valkenburgh, Wm. F. Butler, Russell Judson; commissioners of schools, William H. Power, George W. Cook, James Van Alen; inspectors of schools, John S. Gould, Horatio N. Dryer, Joseph W. Allen; overseers of the poor, Thomas Whitlock, John A. Staats; constables, Jonathan Warren, John S. Gould, John J. Rossman; sealer of weights, Ezekiel Butler. Of other early settlers, and of those who were later residents, should G50 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. be noticed Ezekiel Butler, Bartholomew Vosburgh (the early mer- chant) and other members of that family, Josiah Barber, Vrooman Van Rensselaer and others of that name, Jeremiah Mandeville, Casparus Hoes, Jonathan Stott and descendants, Joseph and Benjamin Marshall, pioneers on the site of Stockport village, members of the Macy family, early cotton manufacturers, James A. Harder, George Chittenden, early paper maker, the Rossmans, and many others who have contrib- uted to the development of the town. The waterways in the town necessitate an unusual number of bridges. While the highways have always been kept in excellent condition at considerable cost, the people have never been backward in the expend- iture of money in making their roads available by erecting excellent bridges where needed. The streams that cover the length of the town are spanned by iron bridges of the best construction, which are not per- mitted to deteriorate for want of care. The one erected at Columbia- ville over the Stockport Creek is a single span of two hundred and forty- five feet, and the one at Rossman over the Kinderhook has a length of one hundred and seventy feet. All the smaller tributaries of the main streams are equally as well bridged, and the town may well feel proud of its enterprise in thus perfecting its road system. There are four post villages in the town of Stockport, namely: Stott- ville, Stockport, Columbiaville and Rossman. Stottville is situated in the extreme southeastern corner of the town, and is on the Claverack Creek. In early days there was considerable manufacturing done here, all of which with exception of the woolen mills has passed away. The Van Rensselaers, who at one time owned the whole of the water power, had grist and saw mills here. There was a fulling mill, which passed to the possession of Jonathan Stott, and a small woolen factory, run by Josiah Barber, which also became the property of Mr. Stott. The only manufacturing industry now in the place, apart from a few small shops, is the woolen mills carried on under the firm name of C. H. & F. H. Stott, the former of whom is deceased. These mills are four in number, and were founded by Jonathan Stott in 1838, the water power of fifty-eight feet head being entirely used for their operation. Jonathan Stott was an energetic business man, and before his death in 1863 had placed his enterprise upon a stable foundation. His first mill was a small one with only two sets of cards and twelve looms, which were devoted to the manufacture THE TO WN OF STOCKPOR T. 651 of flannels. Mill No. 1 was built in 184C and destroyed by fire in 1861 and immediately rebuilt; No. 2, which stands on the site of Jonathan Stott's original mill, was erected in 1865; No. 3 in 1859, and No. 4 in 1876. The product of the mills is from twelve to fifteen thousand yards of woolen dress goods and flannels annually. J. M. Pearson is the manager of the business. The Van Rensselaers kept the first stores in the village. Bartholomew Vosburgh succeeded them. After him came Vrooman Van Rensselaer, who was in business for forty years; he served as town clerk in 1857-58, and as supervisor in 1864-65. The business is now carried on by his son, Charles B. Other present merchants are James H. Burdick, Charles Z. Ham and Duane Warner. The post-office was established in 1870 with C. H. Stott, postmaster, who was succeeded by A. C. vStott, the present incumbent. There are two hotels in the village, one recently built and kept by Arthur Trebilcox, and the other by William R. Conine. Stockport, the second village in size and importance, is located at the junction of the Kinderhook with the Claverack Creek. This village like most of the other manufacturing centers of the county, has seen many of its industries die out or remove to other points during the last fifty years. In 1828 Joseph and Benjamin Marshall made a purchase of a large tract of land at this point, including all the water power of the Claverack. Here in a building which earlier had been used for a woolen factory by the Macy family, they engaged in printing cotton cloth (calico), and their product was the first made in the county. This undertaking was the fonndation of the "Hudson Print Works" (the village was then in the corporate limits of Hudson city), and for a few years an extensive business was carried on, employment being given to hundreds of operatives. But the great financial crisis of 1837 brought the works to a close, and the population of the village was suddenly depleted nearly one-half. The buildings subsequently were devoted to other purposes, one to a tobacco factory run by Edward Roome, which was suspended in 1850. At present such of them as remain standing, are used for storage, etc. In 1882 Reynolds & Benjamin purchased one of the old Hudson Print Works buildings — that occupied by Edward Roome as a tobacco factory — and began the manufacture of the Empire loom, an invention of Mr. Reynolds. In 1858 fire destroyed their works, entailing a loss of $35,000 in machinery and patterns. The 653 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. works were rebuilt on another site with facilities greatly increased. Mr, Reynolds died in 1872, after which the manufactory was carried on by his sons, G. Byron, R. Burns, Frank A. and Joshua Reynolds. The business was closed up some years ago, and recently James A. Hover, proprieter of the knitting mill at Columbiaville, purchased the building, which he is converting into a yarn mill, for the production of the finer yarns used in his manufactures. The Eureka Paper Mill was established in 1862 by Henry S. Vande- carr, on the site of a bleaching factory operated at one time by Thom- as Piling. In 1869 a freshet nearly destroyed it, necessitating rebuild- ing, which was done the same year, in a substantial manner of brick. The mill operates two large machines and three five hundred pound engines, employing thirty men and producing six tons per day of special light wrapping paper for the export trade. The property be- longs to the estate of Henry S. Vandecarr, and is now operated under the charge of his son, Charles R. Vandecarr. The Vandecarr mattress works, operated a good many years in a building across the stream from the paper mill, for the manufacture of mattresses from husks, has been removed to Albany, and in the building is now carried on the making of rolls used in printing cotton goods, and other mechanical work. The power is furnished for these industries by a dam, eighteen feet high, across the Claverack. On the site of a grist mill long con- ducted by Jacob Center, is the knitting mill of the Rossmans, fully noted in the sketch of that firm. There was also a grist mill in a part of the old print works, which was run by a small stream coming from the east. The dam was carried away a few years ago, and the building is now used as a tenement. " Phillips's spiral corn husker " was man- ufactured here by a company organized in 1871. For a time the tool met with considerable success, but though the company still exists, little, if any, sales are made of its product. The first store kept in the village of Stockport was that owned by the Hudson Print Works. The building was used afterward for the same purpose by Philip Van Valkenburgh, Edward Roome and others, and was burned in 1891. Jacob Kittle, also a merchant, died recentlj'. The present merchants are Edward Tinker and William Crandell. The post-office here was first established at Columbiaville, but was removed to this village and Henry S. Vandecarr made postmaster. His son, Charles R. Vandecarr, is the present incumbent. THE TO IV N OF STOCKPOR T. 653 On the site of the present Brookside Hotel, a tavern was kept from the time of settlement of the place for many years. A beautiful cemetery, surrounded by picturesque and imposing scenery, on the hill to the west of the village, requires more than passing notice. The burial ground of the old abandoned Presby- terian church had been so neglected that it was looked upon as a disgrace to the village, and measures were set on foot to establish a more fitting place for a resting place for the dead. Under the impulse of the Rev. George Fowler, Henry S. Vandecarr and Ezra B. McCagg, a former resident, but now of Chicago, the present beautiful cemetery was started, and after years of labor and the expenditure of large sums of money, the result is most satisfactory. The spot is naturally fitted for the purpose, and the careful and tasteful landscape work done up- on it has greatly enhanced its beauty. One mile west of Stockport village, on the Stockport Creek, is the hamlet of Columbiaville, now prominent only as the seat of the knitting mills of James A. Hover. In the beginning of the century it was a manufacturing point of considerable prominence, and as, at that time, the creek was navigable for sloops from the Hudson to the falls, it was a convenient point for shipping produce, etc. The first manufacturing industries here were the usual saw and grist mills, owned by Marks Barker and others. In 1809 the "Columbia Manufacturing Society" was organized at Hudson, and the following year the mill site and water privileges were purchased by the company. The officers of the company were: Thomas Lawrence, president; John F. Jenkins, sec- retary; Seth Jenkins, treasurer. In 1813 the building on the north side of the stream was erected by James Wild, an English machinist, who had contracted to put up the building and supply it with machinery for the manufacture of cotton goods. (This building was burned a few years since.) The enterprise met with unexpected success, an inven- tory of the property in 1815 showing assets to the value of $85,520. This society was peculiarly empowered; apart from the privileges of an ordinarily incorporated body, it possessed under its charter the powers and functions usually accorded to incorporated villages. These powers were not abrogated until the erection of the town of Stockport, although the society had disbanded nine years before. In 1824 the building on the south side of the creek was erected (now Hover's knitting mill) and was carried on by James Wild, while the opposite mill was run by the THE TO WN OF STOCKPORT. 655 Jenkins brothers. Later Mr. Wild and members of his family carried on both mills until 1877, when James A. Hover became proprietor, and made cotton cloth until a few years ago when it was transformed into a knitting mill and as such is now conducted by him, the product being what is known to the trade as fleece-lined underwear. As before men- tioned, Mr. Hover has recently come into possession of the old Empire Loom Works, which he is fitting up for the manufacture of the finer grades of yarn for use in his knitting mill — yarn that he has heretofore purchased to the extent of 10,000 pounds per week. James Wild at one time manufactured cotton- weaving machinery here, and supplied much of the first machinery used in this State. William Golden made surgical instruments here for the trade. The first merchant here was James Wild, who carried on a store in connection with his cotton mill. He occupied the building at the forks of the road on the north side. James Van Alen w^as later in trade, also C. W. Bentley. William Crandell, now in trade, has been in business in Columbiaville since 1877, and has been postmaster since the re estab- lishment of the office at this point in 1889. Tiiere is a tavern on the road north of the hamlet kept by Mr. Hoes. What was for many years known as Chittenden's Falls, but now called Rossman, is a small hamlet, owing its existence to the waterfall there of thirty feet, on the Kinderhook Creek. This excellent water power was first improved by George Chittenden, a practical paper maker. He was connected with the first paper mill built in the county at Stuyvesant Falls in 1801, and in 1809 erected the second mill in the county at this point, on the west side of the stream. His location here gave the place its name. Here he manufactured different kinds of paper, and particularly bank-note paper, the machinery to produce which he devised himself, and his wares soon won the name of being the best. The mill was several times enlarged and its capacity increased. In 1880 it became the property of Jacob W. and Leonard J. Rossman (father and son), who conducted it as a paper mill until 1892, when it was changed into a tapestry mill, and as such continued untill 1899, when the Rossman Woven Wire Fence Company was organized and oc- cupied the mill building. This company is capitalized at $2,000,000, and controls the patents on its fence and the machinery making it. It turns out about ten miles of fence a day, which is sold all over the country. The officers are Leonard J. Rossman, president ; Matthew 656 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Connor, vice-president ; Edgar J. Rossman, treasurer and secretary ; B. F. Haigh, superintendent. On the opposite, or east, side of the stream is the paper mill now owned and operated by Leonard J. Ross- man, who succeeded his father, Jacob W,, in 1892. The property is valued at $75,000. On the site of this mill once stood a bleachery and white lead factory. The present building has been used as paper mill since 1846. Twenty-five hands are employed, turning out daily fifteen hundred reams of light wrapping paper. One mile below Rossman, near the village of Stockport, is the mill of the Rossman Knitting Com- pany, manufacturers of men's underwear. The mill is on the site of the early grist mill of Jacob Center, and was started in 1887, and incorpo- rated in 1899 with a capital of $75,000, and the following officers : L. J. Rossman, president; E. J. Rossman, secretary and treasurer ; B. F. Haigh, vice-president and superintendent. Its annual production is about $100,000. The post office at Rossman was established in 1899, chiefly through the efforts of Edgar J. Rossman, who was made postmaster, and who has also secured there a station on the long distance telephone; he has, since 1891, had a general insurance agency, which has proved of much convenience to the surrounding country. At the small hamlet about a mile west from Stottville, formerly known as Whitlock's Corners, but now as Stottville Corners, are a half- dozen houses and a few shops. Of late years there have been established in this town several cold storage plants, for the keeping of fruit and other perishable products. Near the center of the town James A. Haynes has one, and near him Isaac Smith has another. At Rossman, Martin Burch also has one. Among the prominent farmers of the town who are recognized as successful agriculturists are Martin Keep, William F. Butler, James W. Dingman, Mrs. Jennie Van Buren, George Morris, Richard Martin and David Smith. Near Stockport Station is an extensive vineyard conducted by the sons — Harry and Joseph — of Theodore Hoes. The stone house on the place dates back to early in the sixteenth century. The Columbia White Sulphur Springs, a short distance east of Stock- port village, have been more or less renowned since early in the cent- ury. About 1855 Charles B. Nash purchased the land whereon are the springs, and opened a house for the accommodation of visitors. THE TO WN OF STOCKPORT. 657 The Columbia Springs House is now run there by F. G. Babcock as a summer retreat, with a small number of guests who seek benefit from the water. A gallon of the water submitted to analysis gives the fol- lowing results: GRAINS. Chloride of sodium 84.719 " potassium 1.193 " magnesium 31.430 Carbonate of lime 21.794 Sesquichloride of iron 3.418 Sulphate of lime 64.941 Phosphate of soda 2.140 Hyposulphite of soda 8.149 Loss 841 215.598 Hydrosulphuric acid 4.491 cubic inches. In 1835 David Smith and others took the preliminary steps to found a manual labor school in Stockport town. A large tract of land was purchased by Smith near the mouth of Stockport Creek and in 1836 a commodious brick structure was erected by a joint stock company and opened the same year as a seminary. It started with two hundred students, and no doubt would have prospered — for a time, at least — had not the financial crisis of 1837 shut off the funds that had been promised for its help, and after a year it was closed. The building be- came the property of Joseph Wild, and in 1852 was demolished. Upon the organization of this town in 1833 it took with it four of the school districts of the parent towns, which number has been main- tained until the present time, with four school houses, in which, ac- cording to the report of the superintendent of public instruction for 1898, 395 children were taught by six teachers. The value of the school property in the last named year was $6,550, and the assessed valuation of the districts was $1,029,046. The town received in that year of the public money $868.44, and there was raised by tax $2,424.- 51 for the support of the schools. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Stockport began its organization as early as 1828, when Benjamin Marshall conveyed to trustees a lot at at the " Hudson Printing Works" for the use of a church building. In 1829 a plain meetinghouse was built at a cost of $1,200. This modest building served its purpose for a good many years when it was enlarged 42 658 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. and improved in various ways. In 186G a dispute arose over the owner- ship of the lot, which resulted in its being moved to its present location. It has been further enlarged and now bears the name of the "Cent- enary Church." The present pastor is Rev. Lorenzo E. Robbins. The First Presbyterian Church of Stockport was first organized as the "Second Presbyterian Church of Hudson," in 1831 (at that time the northern part of the corporation of the city of Hudson extended to near the center of the present town of Stockport), and in 1832 a neat meeting-house was built near where the present building stands. Rev. Alfred Scovel was the first minister. Owing to the suspension of the Hudson Print Works, thereby causing the removal of the greater por- tion of its members, the society ceased active existence, and in 1873 it was removed to its present site and rearranged for the use of the public school of Stockport village. The Church of St. John the Evangelist (Protestant Episcopal) was organized in 1845, and a church edifice erected in 1847 at a cost of $13,000, in vStockport village, which was dedicated July 3 of that year by Bishop DeLancey. A rectory was purchased the same year for $3,000, which has been much improved since. The church has a neat chapel at Stottville, which was built in 1865 at a cost of $7,000. A parish school under the auspices of the church was successfully main- tained and did much good. The present rector is Rev. George D. Silliman, who also holds services at St. James Episcopal Mission at Rossman, where there are about fifty communicants. The population of this town, at various periods from 1835 to 1892, as taken from the census reports, has been as follows: 1835, 2,033; 1840, 1,815; 1845, 1,661; 1850, 1,655; 1855, 1,631; 1860, 1,445; 1865, 1,355; 1870, 1,438; 1875, 1,648; 1880, 1,980; 1890, 2,345; 1892, 2,326. The following list shows the names of the supervisors from the organ- ization of the town to 1900: 1834. George Chittenden. 1855-56. M. C. Van Alstyne. 1835-36. Garrett Burgert. 1857-58. H. S. Vandecarr. 1837. Thomas Sedgwick. 1859. George Chittenden. 1838. Garrett Burgert. 1860. James Dingnian. 1839-41. George Chittenden. 1861. John Smith. 1843-44. Garrett Burgert. 1802-63. Andrew Moore. 1845-53. H. W, Reynolds. 1804-65. V. Van Rensselaer. 1854. James Dingnian. 1866. James Dingman. THE TO WN OF GRKENPOR T. 659 1867-60. Andrew Moore. 1870-74. Alfred Ostrom. 1875. John Van Buren. 1876-78. James Dingman. 1879-86 Henry S. Vandecarr. 1887-88. Vrooman Van Rensselaer. The following have been the town 1834-36. C. W. Bently. 1837. P. Van Valkenburgh. 1838-42. H. N. Dryer. 1843-44. H. W. Reynolds. 1845-46. James H. Wild. 1847-50. John H. Philip. 1851-53. A. W. Heermance. 1853. John Hoes. 1854-55. Andrew Moore. 1856. H. S. Vandecarr. 1857-58. V. Van Rensselaer. 1859. James E. Kent. 1860. Philip L. Ham. 1861. Andrew Moore. 1862. James E. Kent. 1863-64. William R. Bennett. 1865. Charles Gardner. 1866-68. William R. Bennett. 1869. Jacob Pultz. 1870-71. Charles Sheldon. 1889. William R. Bennett. 1890. Henry S. Miller. 1891-93. Henry S. Vandecarr. 1894-95. William R. Bennett. 1896-97. Jacob E. Hermance. 1898-1900. A. R. Ostrom. clerks: 1872. Andrew Moore. 1873. A. W. Ham. 1874. Fred A. Buss. 1875. R. L. Ham. 1876. John McLean. 1877-79. William Dardess. 1880-81. Watson Jerome. 1882. T. S. Mickle. 1883-86. Edward B. Harder. 1887-88. Albert E. Heard. 1889. Hiram Helmer. 1890. A. E. Heard (resigned and Edward B. Harder appointed.) 1891. Thomas S. Mickle. 1892. John W. Vick. 1893. George L. Lobdell. 1894-95. Jacob Kroll. 1896-97. Henry Hogeboom. 1898-1900. Joseph A. Tanner. CHAPTER XXX. THE TOWN OF GREENPORT. This town is the last one created in Columbia county and is situated on the Hudson River and is bounded on the north by Stockport; on the east by Claverack, and on the south by Livingston. It surrounds the city of Hudson, of which it was formerly a part, on three sides. To 660 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. the southward of the city is a range of hills, beginning at their northern extremity with the bold elevation of Mount Merino and rising to a still greater height a little farther south. To the eastward rises Becraft Mountain, which is moderately precipitous on the western side. Be- tween these elevated ranges lies a broad and fertile valley which spreads in the southern part to nearly the width of the town. Claverack Creek forms the eastern boundary, draining a large part of the town; the valley of the creek is productive. North of the city the small section of the town possesses no striking features. There are several small streams in different parts of the town which give sufficient drainage to their respective localities. The territory of Greenport was a part of the old town of Claverack and its early history forms a part of the record of the older town organ- ization. The Van Hoesen family were among the early settlers, Kaspar (or Casparis) Van Hoesen having been one of the signers of the original compact for building the Claverack church; this was in 1726. Descendants of this name still live in this vicinity. In Dr. Porter's address delivered at the centennial celebration of the Claverack church, bespoke thus of another early family: "The Van Deusen family is among the oldest, tracing its beginnings back to an ancestor who built the brick house near the creek, on the South Shoulder of Beighcraft's tnountahi, the present place of Alexander Van Rensselaer." This quotation, it should be remembered, was written in 1867 and the words in italics were quoted by Dr. Porter from some older source. The old building referred to is still standing. Six persons of this name (spelled apparently "Van Duse") appear in the church compact before men- tioned. Another very old house stands on Claverack Creek on the east side of the mountain, called the Van Deusen house, which is the property of William M. Brownell. On the road south from Hudson and a little beyond South Bay is a venerable building, erected with ancient masonry and heavy oak tim- bers, which is owned in the Wilson Family. Beyond this house on the road from Hudson towards the Reformed church is what has been known as the old Plass homestead. The late Jonathan Plass, who died there at an advanced age, stated that his father and grandfather both occupied this house. Doubtless there were other families living on Greenport territory nearly or quite as early as these, but their settle- ments cannot be chronologically given. THE TO WN OF GREENPORT. 661 John R. Hollenbeck opened a tavern and established a ferry before the Revolution, at the well known point where he was succeeded by his son, Peter I. Hollenbeck, who died in July, 1834; the widow of the lat- ter continued the public house down to about 1855. Matthew and Michael Hollenbeck also were early residents. Descendants of this family are still numerous in this section. Jacob R. Hollenbeck was a son of Matthias Hollenbeck, and he a son of the elder Matthias. Other sons of the elder Matthias were Jacob, Michael N., and Jeremiah. A sister of these married Abraham Ten- Eyck. Ezra Reed, Dirck Delamater, and John Ten Broeck were very early settlers in the town and all three were members of the City Council in 1785 ; the last two were elected several times to that body. H. I. Van Rensselaer was a member in 178G-7, and resided outside of the present city limits. Claudius I. Delamater was in the Council in 1791. About a mile from Hudson city on the Livingston road lived Samuel I. Ten Broeck on a place that still remains in the family. Jonathan Becraft, from whom the mountain took its name, was a member of the City Council in 1803-4. Seth G. Macy settled early in that part set off to Stockport on the Lathrop place; John Hardick, also, whose name ap- pears frequently in the early civil lists, settled in what is Stockport. Nicholas Ten Broeck resided on the Parrel farm. Charles and Jacob Everts were in the Council early; the Everts place, lying just outside the city limits, became what is known as the Henry Ten Broeck farm. Among other early settlers may be mentioned Thomas Whitlock, a member of the Council in 1809, R. H. Van Rensselaer, John Tompkins, who located in the southern part, William Woods, George Coventry and Abraham Hardick, the last three in the part set off to Stockport. Jonathan W. I. Race kept an early tavern in the southeast corner of the town, which is still a public house and kept by Walter Kells. Cornelius Benham was one of the early assessors of the town and lived on the place now owned by Dr. Ferguson; Ansel McKinstry re- sided on what has always been known as the McKinstry place; Ezekiel Butler on the Butler farm that has since remained in the family; and James I. Morrison in the south part of the town. One of the most prominent citizens of the town in the early years was Oliver Wiswall, whose homestead is situated on Mount Merino, the property still remaining in the family. Mr. Wiswall held the office of mayor of the city in 1827 and 1838, and held other positions of honor 662 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Among residents of this town in more recent times were Hugh McClellan, the first supervisor, who lived on the Columbia turnpike ; Jonas H. Miller, who also held the office of supervisor, resided where Jonas R. Miller now lives; Zachariah Bush, the first town clerk; John J. Vandenburgh, who lived on the place now owned by Martin Vincent; James Hollenbeck resided on the farm owned by John E. Gillette, near Catskill Station ; Jonas R. Delamater lived where Henry Delamater recently resided. Other prominent citizens whose influence in the town in various directions has been conspicuous were Ezra Doane, John J. Vandenburgh, John V. Deuel, John T. Van Deusen, Abraham T. Van Deusen, Jacob Rockefeller, Peter Vandenburgh, William Van Deusen, Robert Thomas, Peter E. H. Plass, Jacob Traver, John Weeks, Peter Ham, Neil McNeil, and others. The town of Greenport was erected on May 13, 1837, from territory formerly included in Hudson city. The separation was the result of long-continued opposition on the part of residents of the outlying region to sharing the financial burdens of the compact part of the old city. These residents did not value at their true worth the various improve- ments made within the city and succeeded in obtaining a greatly re- duced taxation after the division was made. The first town meeting was held at the house of Jacob R. Hollenbeck on June 6, 1837, where the following officers were chosen: Hugh McClellan, supervisor; Zach- ariah Bush, town clerk; Jonas H. Miller, Ezra Doane, John J. Vanden- burgh, assessors; James Hollenbeck, John \^. Deuel, John T. Van Deusen, commissioners of highways; Abraham T. Van Deusen, Jacob Rockefeller, overseers of the poor; Peter Vandenburgh, Jacob R. Hol- lenbeck, William Van Deusen, commissioners of common schools; Robert Thomas, Peter E. H. Plass, Jonas R. Delamater, inspectors of schools; Jacob Traver, John W. Hollenbeck, John Weeks, Peter Ham, constables; Neil McNeil, sealer of weights and measures, and also poundmaster. The second town meeting was held at the house of Zachariah Bush. The town was divided into fourteen road districts, and a pathmaster chosen for each. There were four school districts created, which is the number at the present time. With the creation of the office of town superintendents of schools in 1844, William E. Heermance was chosen to the office, and his successors down to 1857 (when the office was abol- ished) were Jacob Avery, James McGiffert, Philip II. (Jroat, and James THE TO WN OF GREEN FOR T. 663 A. Farrell. The value of school buildings and sites in 1899 was $3,550; the assessed value of districts, $671,127; the whole number of children attending school, 145. The town of Greenport has very little municipal or business history. Catskill Station is a hamlet on the river where passengers take a ferry to Catskill. What was formerly for many years known as Stone Mills, and now Humphreysville, is in the extreme southeast portion of the town, where mills have existed from early times. They are still running by L. C. Avery & Co. and owned by Henry C. Spengler. A post-office is main- tained with the name Humphreysville, and small business interests have existed in past years. Greendale, a post hamlet, is situated in the southern part of the town; it has no business interests, except a hotel, the Barry House, kept by David J. Barry. The same is true of Jonesburgh, located at the point where quarrying has been extensively carried on. Green- port Center is a hamlet just outside of the city where a public house has long been kept and a small mercantile business carried on. The only industrial enterprise of account in the town is the extensive quar- ries now operated by Shute & Rightmyer and F. W. Jones. These quarries are situated about two miles southeast of the city, and yield a superior quality of marble for architectural purposes, which is suscep- tible of a fine polish. These quarries were operated a number of years ago by the New York Shell Marble Company, which was formed with a capital $100,000, and Frederick W. Jones president. The company introduced extensive improvements for transporting the stone to the river by means of a short line of railroad, and for working the marble. The following description of this stone is derived from " Appleton's Encyclopedia" : " Lumachella, or fossiliferous marbles, are those which contain petri- fied shells. These are sometimes so crowded upon one another that they compose the whole mass of stone; sometimes single shells are seen scattered throughout the block. A dark marble, from Kilkenny, in common use for mantels and hearths, often presents a section on its polished face, of the nautilus shell. The white spiral lines of the shell on the dark ground have exactly the appearance as if a rough-nailed heel had been carelessly spun around upon its surface; and many a nice housewife, unskilled in paleontology, has tried in vain to rub out the vexatious spots. These marbles are very abundant in Europe, and also throughout New York and the western States. Handsome man- 664 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. ties are made of American varieties, which are composed entirely of fossil shells, but they are rather to be regarded as curious than beauti- ful. They lack the high colors of the brecciated and variegated mar- ble, and though they take a good polish, they are from their plain colors comparatively dull and sombre. Some of the best of this kind are from Becraft's mountain, back of Hudson, New York, which is noticed by Prof. Silliman." The soil of this town is productive and yields the farmers satisfac- tory returns. In the early part of the century sheep raising was fol- lowed to some extent, and when the excitement over high prices for fine wool was inaugurated between 1812 and 1820, a large flock of Merino sheep was kept on the Wiswall farm, giving that name to the mountain. In course of time this industry was superseded by the usual mixed farming of this region. In more recent years fruit production has been successfully taken up in some parts of the town, and milk for the city market has been produced to a considerable extent. The Protestant Reformed Dutch Church of Greenport in its history extends back to the earliest days of settlement. The whole of this portion of Columbia county along the Hudson River from South Bay at Hudson down the river to the vicinity of the Palatines and extending eastward to Claverack Creek, was included in the parish. From the time of its organization in the early days of the manor down to 1814, church services were held continuously at Linlithgo. That society re- moved to Johnstown, taking the meeting house with it, and thereafter until about 1838, the people of the southern part of Greenport went to Johnstown to attend religious services. In the last-named year a house of worship was built at Greenport, on the site of the present one, on land donated by Sturgiss Sloan, at a cost of $:),500, wherein the Rev. Edwin Holmes, the pastor of the Linlithgo church at Johnstown, preached every Sunday afternoon. In 183(J the church society com- pleted its organization, although a collegiate connection with the church at Johnstown was maintained, of which Rev. John H. Van Wagenen was then the pastor. The first officers of the Greenport church were Henry Plass, Peter Benham and Michael Plass, elders; and John E. H. Plass and Wilhelmus Miller, deacons. In 18-41 Rev. Mr. Van Wagenen severed his connection with the Greenport church; and was succeeded on March 10, 184:2, by Rev. Jacob D. Fonda, who remained until April, 1848, and with the termination of his period of service the collegiate connection with the Johnstown church ceased. Rev. Polhamus \'an THE TO IV N OF GREENPORT. Wyck came on October 10, 1848, as the first sole pastor of the church, and resigned September 23, 1851. His successor was Rev. Jacob Voor- his, jr., who came January 28, 1852, and remained until July, 1856, succeeded by Rev. Horace W. Finch in September, 1857, who preached his closing sermon to the church on the last Sunday in April 1861. He was succeeded by Rev. John S. Himrod, whose pastorate was an ex- tended one. The present church structure was built in 1869 at a cost of $11,000. Its sightly location, and its tall spire, make it a conspicu- ous object for a long distance around. The church has been prosper- ous, and has a good membership, while its activity in Sunday school and other christian work has been well rewarded. The population of Greenport, as given in the census reports, from 1810 to 1893, has been as follows: 1840, 1,161; 1845, 1,182; 1850, 1,300; 1855, 1,383; 1860, 1,431; 1865, 1,130; 1870, 1,325; 1875, 1,354; 1880, 1,275; 1890, 1,247; 1892, 1,224. The supervisors of this town, with the dates of their election, have been the followinir: 1837-38. Hugh McClellan. 1839. Jonas H. Miller. 1840. Hugh McClellan. 1841-43. J. R. HoUenbeck. 1844. Jonas H. Miller. 1845-46. J. R. HoUenbeck. 1847. Chancellor Snyder. 1848. Neil McNeil. 1849-50. Jonas H. Miller. 1851. William E. Heermance. 1852. James Van Deusen. 1853. James A. Farrell. 1854. Neil McNeil. 1855. Peter Van Deusen. 1856. John McKinstry. 1857-59. J. R. HoUenbeck. 1860. James A. Farrell. 1861-62. J. R. HoUenbeck. 1863-64. Richard Becker. 1865-66. Richard HoUenbeck. 1867. John W. Coons. 1868. Philip H. Lambert. 1869. Henry A. Du Bois. 1870-71. S. T. B. Heermance. 1872. Jacob HoUenbeck. 1873. Thomas Berridge. 1874. Richard Becker. 1875-76. John E. Gillette. 1877. John W. Coons. 1878. John E. Gillette. 1879. Neil McNeil . 1880 81. Frederick W. Jones. 1882. William M. Brownell, 1883 84. Frederick W. Jones. 1885-86. S. Augustus Du Bois. 1887-90. Frederick W. Jones. 1891 92. Richard Miller. 1893-95. Abram D. Piester. 1896-1900. Clarence Rightmyer. 606 COL UMBIA CO UNTY A T THE END OF THE CENT UK Y. The following have been town clerks: 1837. Zachariah Bush. 1868. 1838. Jacob Van Deusen. 1869. 1839-40. Philip P. Groat. 1870. 1841-13. John W. Race. 1871. 1843. Joseph R. Delamater. 1872. 1844. Jacob Van Deusen. 1873. 1845. Seth T. Elting. 1874. 1846. Philip P. Groat. 1875- 1847. DeWitt Hollenbeck. 1880. 1848-49. Harmon Hollenbeck. 1881. 1850. Seth T. Elting. 1882. 1851. William P. Snyder. 1883. 1852. William H. Race. 1884- 1853-55. Seth T. Elting. 1886- 1856-57. Jacob Hollenbeck. 1888. 1858. P. B. Hollenbeck. 1889- 1859-60. Amos C. Macy. 1891. 1861. Seth T. Elting. 1892. 1862-63. Robert McNeil. 1893. 1864-65. Jacob Hollenbeck. 1894- 1866. Willim H. Fleming. 1897- 1867. Myron Wheeler. Thomas Berridge. John H. Wilson. Thomas Berridge. Robert V. Noble. Thomas Berridge. Robert V. Noble. Morris N. Miller. 79. P. A. Hollenbeck. James McNeil. Evarts Ten Broeck. James McNeil. Clarence Becker. 85. Robert Storm. 87. Frank S. Delamater. Alfred Hollenbeck. 90. Robert Storm. Robert J. Delamater. William H. Coon. Lewis J. Elting. 96. Robert J. Elting. 190(1. William H. Sheldon. CHAPTER XXXI. THE TOWN OF NEW LEBANON. Originally a portion of King's district, the town of New Lebanon as now defined was set off from the town of Canaan by act of the Legisla- ture on April 21, 1818. A small part of its territory, in the beginning, belonged to the Rensselaerwyck; there is no existing evidence, how- ever, that any settlers under that jurisdiction made homes there, for the rea.son, probably, that the forbidding hills of the section offered less attractions than more eligible lands that were available. The town occupies the extreme northeastern corner of the county and con- THE TO WN OF NE IV LENA NON. 667 tains 20,955 acres. The eastern line is marked with the Taghkanic range of mountains, and while the whole town is characterized by high hills, there are several valleys, notable for their beauty and fertility. To-day the summits of their higher elevations are covered with forests, mostly of hard woods, while a half or two-thirds of their sides are under cultivation. The soil is a loam, varying in character in different sec- tions — sometimes clayey, again gravelly, and on the hillsides mixed with disintegrated slate. The town is well watered with springs, and several small tributaries of the Wyomanock Creek, which is the only stream of note in the town, and which discharges its flow into the Kinderhook Creek. As stated above a portion of the town mainly in the western part was a part of the Rensselaerwyck. In 1743 a grant of this territory was made to Stephen Bayard, John B. Van Rensselaer, Cornelius Van Schaack, Johannes Vosburgh and Jacob Van Rensselaer. Some time after the close of the Revolution Van Schaack sent a surveyor into the section to define the boundaries of the grant, and found scattered parcels of it, particularly along the Wyomanock, occupied by squatters. The surveyor and his party were driven off and their instruments broken and made useless. This was the beginning of a contention which re- sulted in carrying the matter to the Legislature, which appointed a commission consisting of Henry Oathouts and Jeremiah Van Rensselaer to inquire into and adjust the claims of the disputants. Concessions were made to some of the squatters, and some were ousted. The lands unclaimed by the settlers were sold in 1788, in favor of the grantees, to Eleazer Grant, Samuel Jones and John Darling. These men, who were in reality agents for the grantees, disposed of the lands to actual settlers at a fixed price of fifty cents per acre. In 1758 Asa Douglas had made a purchase of the so-called "Six- Miles-Square " tract of the Stockbridge Indians, the boundaries of which extended into and overlapped the lands above described; Doug- las's claim was not recognized in the final disposition of the lands, and it is not known that his claim thereto was afterward advanced. The " Massachusetts Bay Colony" also laid claim to a strip along the eastern boundary, including Lebanon Springs. Some friction arose over this claim before the adjustment of the State boundary line between New York and Massachusetts. The territory had been granted by the Gen- eral Court of Massachusetts to Jarvis Mudge, Charles Goodrich, Eph- 668 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. raim Keyes and Gideon King. Keyes's grant included the property of the Springs, and later the latter came into the possession of Charles Goodrich, who laid it out into small lots. Andrew Shumway was one of the first to build upon these lots. The date of the first settlement of the town is hidden in obscurity. It is a matter of record that one James Hitchcock, who was an invalid British captain stationed at Hartford, Conn., through representations made bj' the Indians, was induced to come to the Springs for the bene- fit of his health. But while he may have been the first white man to make a home in the town, he should not be counted as a permanent settler. The healing properties of the waters of the springs induced others to come at various times thereafter, but it is not known that any one of them remained as a permanent settler. The honor of first settle- ment must be given to John Wadhams, so far as the neighborhood of the Springs is concerned, and he was also one of the first in the terri- tory that now comprises the town. While hunting for strayed cattle he passed through the locality of the Springs, and was attracted by its features; in 1764 he removed from the home he had made in Berkshire, Mass., and settled on the 300 acres which was afterwards granted to Ephraim Keyes. Acknowledging the validity of Keyes's grant, he purchased the property and retained it for some years. The following is quoted from an old work, relative to Wadham's action when the boundary settlement was accomplished between New York and Massa- chusetts: "It is said that when the Massachusetts boundary was adjusted, Wadhams found his house a few rods across the line in that State. Vow- ing that he would not live outside of New York, he summoned his neighbors to his aid and moved his house into the Empire State." Jarvis Mudge, who was one of the grantees of the Massachusetts General Court, made a settlement near by and built a saw mill near the Springs. He was a stirring business man, a lieutenant in the patriot army, and in the early days of King's district took a leading part in public affairs. He had several children, who, in later years became members of the Shaker community. Near what was long known as Adgate's mountain, in the southern part of the town, Matthew Adgate settled before the Revolution. He was conspicuous in the afl:airs of King's district, and represented it in the Provincial Congress in 1776. He had children, but record of all but THE TOWN OF NEW LEBANON. 669 one is lost, and that one was a daughter who became the wife of Major Lord who lived in what is now Canaan, descendants of whom are yet living in the county. In what is now Lebanon Center Elisha Gilbert made a settlement about 1770, where he had a large farm and established mills and was a prosperous and prominent man. At the outbreak of the Revolution he organized a company and did excellent service, receiving promotion to the rank of major. He was supervisor of the town of Canaan in 1792, and some of his descendants were long active in town affairs. In this eastern section, on the Wyomanock Creek, John Darling set- tled and built mills, presumably a grist and saw mill, which long ago passed away. A Revolutionary veteran named Bogardus Hatch, soon after the war settled near Darling; he was remembered as the father of six sons, all of whom were over six feet in stature. Near where Elisha Gilbert settled, not far from Lebanon Center, Elijah Bostwick located. He was an officer in the Revolutionary army, and left five sons, William, Levi, Elijah, Ichabod, and Daniel. John C. Bostwick, late of New Lebanon, was a son of Elijah, jr. Descend- ants are still residents of the town. Jacob Cole lived on " West Hill "; he died at the age of one hundred and six years in 1849. He at one time had a farm in the eastern part of the town. Abner Doubleday, grandfather of Gen. Abner Doubleday of the Civil war, together with Jonathan Murdock, both in the attacking column at Stony Point, settled in the eastern part of the town. Others who in later years settled and cleared farms near the Massa- chusetts line were Freeborn Mattison, Daniel Green, Joseph Bailey, Celah Abbott, Spencer Carr, John Smith, Jonathan Mott, Ichabod Rowley, Jonathan Owen, Flavel Booge, David Horton, Eleazer Wells, Amos Broad, Peleg Spencer, Abram Seward, Abel Wright, Samuel Hand, jr., and Nathan Farrington. In the western half of the town, and in the locality long known as New Britain, one Van Deusen settled on the small creek that flows through that section. Two or more Bigelows — one named Gale — set- tled in the same vicinity. The ancestor of the Lowdens now living in the town, one Giles, was one of the early comers. Norman Sackett, a con- temporary of Lowden, settled in the same locality. He has numerous 670 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. descendants now in the town. Other prominent pioneers were Andrew Snyder, Moses Cowles, the brothers Samuel and Joseph Sails, Joshua Fellows, a justice of the peace, Samuel Wheeler and Samuel Mofiatt. Later comers were William S. Herrick, Roger S. Sherman, J. Spier, John Wadsworth, Stephen Saxton, Nehemiah Gale, John Budlong and Haight and Davis families. Descendants of most of these are scat- tered through the county, although the family name in some cases is extinct. Eastward from New Britain and north towards New Lebanon were William Gay, who had the distinction of erecting the first frame house in the town, George Cornwall, who was supervisor in 1824-35, Aaron and Uriah Betts, Zalm:in Skinner, Thomas Avery, Thomas Bowman, and several Pattersons, one of whom — Erastus — was town clerk in 1831-32. At Lebanon vSprings, about 1790, Gideon King, one of the grantees under the Massachusetts grant, disposed of his land to Samuel Hand, the ancestor of numerous families of that and other names, who still reside in New Lebanon and other parts of the county, and have held positions of honor and trust almost continuously. Samuel Hand, tra- dition says, was a peculiar man in many ways, but withal a prominent one. John Bull, in 1806, came from Connecticut and became a permanent settler at the Springs. He served as a lieutenant in Col. Knox's regi- ment of artillery early in the Revolution, and superintended the manu- facture of the ammunition used at the time of Burgoyne's surrender. He was a man of strong character, and exercised a potent influence up- on the early settlement. A son, John, settled at the Springs in 1798, after a career as a sailor. He was supervisor in 1827, 1833-34 and again in 1836, and was appointed a justice of the peace and served from 1821 to 1831, and it is said that his office was a "Gretna Green" for parties seeking marriage, and that during his term he united at least five hundred couples. He was elected judge in 1834, served three terms, and, although not educated in legal science, is said to have made an excellent judicial officer. Hampton C. Bull, one of his sons, died in the town a few years ago, leaving descendants bearing the name. Another settler at the Springs who achieved considerable local promi- nence was Eleazer Grant. One of his sons went to the western part of the State, where he represented his district in Congress. THE TO WN OF NEW LEBANON. 671 Another Revolutionary lieutenant who served in the company raised by Capt. Elisha Gifford, was John Gillett. He removed to Vermont in 1800. He had sons Freeman, Nathan and Jeremiah, and a grandson, Ransom H., who achieved some literary notoriety as the author of a life of Silas Wright, and political eminence as congressman from the St. Lawrence district. In his old days he returned to New Lebanon where he died. Others who were prominent in early times were Dr. Moses Young- love, Joseph Meachem, Rev. Silas Churchill, Samuel Johnson, Caleb Hull and his son Henry who lived his whole life in the town. Merchant Ives, Noah Wheaton, Aaron Kibbie and David Darrow, all worthy citizens, most of whom through their descendants are yet identified with the town. On the site of New Lebanon village one of the first settlers, if not the first, was Moses King. He had a son John, who became promi- nent in politics, and was the district's representative in Congress. He erected the residence afterwards known as the Henry A. Tilden home, which is yet standing occupied by the latter's descendants. The most prominent family in New Lebanon village has been and is that of Tilden, the first representative of which came about 1785. John Tilden, the progenitor of the family here, had a son Elam, who was married to a daughter of Samuel Jones, another prominent early settler, and became the leading business man of the place. He was enterpris- ing, industrious, forceful and of marked integrity. His sons were Moses Y., Samuel J. (the well known governor of the State and leading politician), and Henry A. The present extensive business of the Til- den Company, noticed elsewhere, was founded and built by Elam Tilden. The names of other pioneers and later settlers, may be found in the civil list and later village history appended to this chapter. The first town meeting held in pursuance to the act erecting the town of New Lebanon, was held on April G, 1819. On this occasion the fol- lowing officers were elected: Supervisor, John King; town clerk, Robert M. Bailey; assessors, Abial Mosher, Isaac Everest, William Bailey; collector, George Lan- don; constables, Norman Sackett, George Landon ; overseers of the poor, William Spiers, Peleg Spencer; commissioners of highways, Henry Hull, Peter Barker, John Budlong; commissioners of schools, 672 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Larry Patrick, William Bailey, Isaac Everest; inspectors of schools, Harry Pierce, Jeremiah Gillett, Robert M. Bailey, Norman Sackett, Edward A. Beach, John Budlong. The manufactures of New Lebanon, while not numerous, have been of a rather unique character, particularly for an inland country village. Like all newly settled country, the first demand was for saw and grist mills. Of these there were many, almost all of which have now passed away. Heavy growths of pine in the valley of the Wyomanock led to the erection of an unusual number of saw mills along that creek and its tributaries. Probably the first one erected was that at Lebanon Springs, built by Gideon King, who sold it in 1790 to Samuel Hand. Asahel King had a saw mill near New Lebanon, and Elisha Gilbert one at Lebanon Center. At West Lebanon John Darling operated one and Gale Bigelow another. Where is now the settlement of New Britain two saw mills existed, owned by Nathan Hand and the Wadsworths. Also on the brook joining the Wyomanock from the north was a saw mill and cabinet shop operated by Andrew Schillinger. None of these mills is now running, and what lumber is cut in the town is done by an occasional portable mill run by steam. Of the early grist mills, one of the first was established by Jarvis Mudge at Lebanon Springs, which was operated by water from the " warm spring; " in its day it was very successful, and in 179-1: the old mill was removed and the present building erected by John Tryon, which was used as a grist mill some years, and later for different me- chanical purposes. It is now occupied by Daniel Crow as a hotel, hav- ing been thoroughly altered. At the base of Mount Lebanon the Shakers had an excellent grist mill, which for many years did a thriving busi- ness. At present, though much of the mill machinery remains in the building, it is used only for the manufacture of patent bed springs. At the Springs, as early as 1806, there was a woolen factory con- ducted by a man named Perry, and later Fellows & Williams had an ex- tensive cloth making factory, both of which enterprises were abandoned many years ago, the buildings demolished, and their sites are now oc- cupied by cottages. One of the important manufacturing operations carried on at New Lebanon village for many years was John Kendall & Co.'s Thermom- eter Factory, which was established by Thomas Kendall in 1820. He was succeeded by his son, John, in 1835. In 1859 Edward Kendall THE TO IV N OF NEW LEBANON. 673 began the manufacture of aneroid barometers. Both the thermometers and barometers manufactured here won favor, and until recently the business was an extensive one. In 1897, however, owing to the death of the proprietor, the business was sold to another manufacturer and the equipment removed. In 1873 the New Lebanon Glass Works were established at New Leb- anon village, for the manufacture of bottles. When running its ca- pacity was from five to six thousand green and blue bottles a day. The business was discontinued in 1876, and the buildings are going to ruin. The most important manufacturing industry that has ever existed in the town is the present pharmacal and chemical laboratory of The Tilden Company, manufacturers of standard medicinal preparations. This ex- tensive business had its inception in a small extract factory started about 1847 by Gilbert & Tilden. Mr. Gilbert had gained a knowledge of making extracts with the Shakers; Elam Tilden was a business man of unquestioned sagacity and enterprise; and the result of their partner ship was the founding of a house whose fame has spread over the world Elam Tilden was succeeded by his sons, Moses Y. and Henry A. Til den, who constantly increased the number of their preparations and im proved their quality until they took rank with the best in the world Moses Y. Tilden died September 9, 1876, and his brother, Henry A. in March, 1884. The sons of the latter continue the business with the same energy and skill that had characterized their predecessors, and with increasing fame for their productions. On January 1, 1893, the firm was incorporated as The Tilden Company, with the following officers; President, Samuel J. Tilden; vice-president, T. B. Glazebrook; secretary and treasurer, J. Harry Cox; and these officers with A. H. Tilden and H. W. Wright form the board of directors. In November, 1899, the establishment was removed to a new build- ing erected especially for the purpose, and enlarged facilities were in- augurated. Their catalogue of fluid extracts, elixirs, syrups and special preparations contains over four hundred and fifty different preparations, which are known the world over, the name " Tilden " being a sufficient guaranty of their purity. Apart from the business transacted at New Lebanon, the company has a house in New York city, and an extensive branch at 1718 Olive street, St. Louis, whence the trade west of Colum- bus, Ohio, is supplied. 674 COLUMlilA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. There are five post-offices in the town as follows: New Lebanon, Lebanon Springs, New Lebanon Center, West Lebanon and Mount Lebanon. Lebanon Springs is the largest village in the town, and has attained this prestige mainly through the springs there existing. The medicinal properties of the waters of these springs were first brought to the no- tice of the public through Captain Hitchcock, who visited the place in 1756 upon the advice of the Indians, who had used the spring as a bath. The land at this time belonged to Charles Goodrich, who had a small house with a bath room attached erected for Hitchcock's use, and in 1778 leased the same to the latter, the only consideration named being "the love of God, the public good, as well as benevolence towards said Hitchcock; and, also, the miraculous virtues of the waters upon the health of said Hitchcock." Here Hitchcock remained until 180G, re- ceiving a small support from fees charged for the use of his bath room. The reputation of the springs as a curative medium became wide spread, and a number of cottages and bath houses were erected to accommodate the growing patronage. On the south hillside, three hundred feet above the valley and twelve hundred above tide is located Columbia Hall. It is the outgrowth of a building erected in 1794 by William Nichols, who passed the property in 1800 to Caleb Hull and his son Henry. These latter instituted improvements and additions which re- sulted in the present Columbia Hall. In a court yard of this building is the spring, where the waters rise from a basin four or five feet deep at a temperature of 73", which never varies. It discharges 500 gallons a minute, furnishing an ample supply for bathing. "The water of this spring is unique in every respect. It is one of the inimitable combinations from Nature's own laboratory, whose opera- tions def}' human comprehension. An analysis of the water, herewith subjoined, made by Professor Dussuance, chemist to the Conservatoire Imperial des Artes et Metiers, Paris, is convincing to the scientist of its valuable constituents, but no analysis can grasp the inexplicable phenomenon of combination which here cures by some agency never revealed to the microscope and scales:" Oxj'gen 200 Cubic In. Carbonic Acid. .0.00 Cubic In. Nitrogen ..350 Cubic In. Sulphuric Acid. Traces. THE TO IV N OF NEW LEBANON. 675 FIXED MATTERS. Sulphate of Sodium 0.03 Grains — 1.298 per cent. Carbonate of Soda 3.41 " 15.649 Sulphate of Potash ..1.04 " 6.753 Chloride of Sodium... 0.96 " 6.233 Carbonate of Lime 4.05 " 36.393 Sulphate of Magnesia 1.06 " 6.883 Alumina 0.45 " 3.639 Oxide of Iron ..0.94 " 6 103 Silicic Acid 3.25 " 31.100 r. n (Glarine 0.75 " 4.870 Org. Com. J g^^._^^ Q^^ .. 3^gQ .. 15.40 100.000 On May 1, 1900, Columbia Hall passed into the possession of the Columbia Hotel Company, under whom many radical improvements have been made, and others are in contemplation. A large bottling house has been erected, a porcelain pipe laid from the spring to the house, and the water is now being put on the market. The coming season the Hall will be under the management of C. W. Barker, re- cently of Kenilworth Inn, Ashville, N. C, the Chamberlain, Old Point Comfort, and other noted resorts. William B. Musser is treasurer and general manager for the company. A treasured old register of the guests from 1830 to 1830, which is freely shown to visitors, displays the autographs of John Quincy Adams and Martin Van Buren, Marquis de Lafayette and his suite, Daniel Webster and his antagonist, Robert Y. Hayne; the ex-King of Spain, Joseph Bonaparte; the Ministers from England, France, Spain, the Netherlands, etc.; Henry Pinckney, Lewis Cass, De Witt Clinton, Chancellor Kent, Charles Francis Adams; all the army and navy celeb- rities — Major-General vScott, Commodores Hull, McDonough, Dale, Biddle, etc. ; Longfellow and N. P. Willis, Albert Gallatin and George Peab.dy, Alfred Conkling "and son Roscoe," together with all the historic names in the polite society of that period in New York, Phila- delphia, Boston, Baltimore and the South. Cyprian Bigelow erected one of the first houses for lodging visitors, and Caleb Hull erected another, nearly opposite Columbia Hall, both of which have been devoted to other uses. Field's Hotel, built by Jarvis Mudge about 1780, and remodeled and 67(i COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. much enlarged since, is still doing duty as a house of entertainment, under the management of Mr. Kennedy. There were during the mid- dle half of the closing century other hotels, but none has survived to the present day. One of the first merchants, if not the first, was John Tryon; contem- porary with him, or a little later, Gillett & Harris and William Clark kept stores. In the eastern part of the village Stephen Hall carried on a store on the second floor of a building over a distillery. Later mer- chants have been N. Nichols, P. Smith, E. T. Tanner, E. E. Griggs and Gay & Pierce, succeeded by Mr. Gay who died recently and the store is now closed. The present merchants are Calvin T. Hemenway, who for many years has been town clerk; Haight Bros., and several groceries. The first post-office was in charge of John Tryon, and was removed to New Lebanon. But the growth of the Springs demanded postal facilities and another office was established and called " Columbia Hall," with Henry Hull postmaster; the name, however, was soon changed to Lebanon Springs. Later postmasters have been John Bull, jr., H. C. Bull, Henry D. Gay, and the present incumbent, Cornelius J. Rich- mond. New Lebanon village lies about twomiles to the southwest from Leba- non Springs in the center of the beautiful Lebanon valley. Apart from the works of The Tilden Company, there is to day but very little business done there. Major Samuel Jones was one of the first settlers at this point, and if not the first, was certainly the most prominent. He opened the first store, and kept the first tavern, which was a famous stopping place for travelers on the Boston and Albany route. His daughter became the wife of Elam Tilden. He was followed in the tavern by Aaron Betts and he by John Lewis. The Moses Y. Tilden residence now stands on the site of the hotel. Contemporary with this tavern Abner Doubleday kept one on the opposite corner; he was fol- lowed by Thomas Peirce. The building was finally sold to the Shakers and on its site S. J. Tilden, jr., erected the residence where he now lives. In 1874 Henry A. Tilden erected a spacious hotel, which was occupied as such one year, when it was taken by the Misses Delevan who had revived the Wyomanock Seminary. The school failed for want of support after a few years. The building is now unoccupied. There is now a small tavern in the village. THE TO WN OF NEW LEBANON. 677 As stated above, Major Jones had the first store in the place. He was succeeded by Elam Tilden, who carried on the store until his death, when he was succeeded by his son, Moses Y. Others followed him at brief intervals and the store was finally burned about 1870 while car- ried on by David Spier. Peabody & Sweet, P. E. Leonard and others have had stores since, and Sanford B. Hemenway and John McGrath are the only present merchants. The first postmaster was Elam Tilden, succeeded by Moses Y. Til- den, Philander Leonard, W. A. Whittlesey, C. W. Bacon, Martin Sack- ett, Amos H. Peabody (long supervisor), and perhaps others. The pres- ent incumbent is John McGrath. Two miles west of New Lebanon village is the hamlet of New Leba- non Center. At one time a grist mill here brought some trade from the surrounding country. A store was kept by Nathan Hand and his sons, and later storekeepers were G. B. Cornwell, F. W. Everest, Clarence Bacon and one or two others for short periods. Simeon H. Richmond is the only one in trade now, and is also postmaster. Isaac Everest at one time had a tavern near the main settlement, as also did Norman Williams. The hamlet is now but a straggling station on the railroad. New Britain was at one time a postal hamlet but the office has long been discontinued. Kenneth M. Davis once had a store there. All business has disappeared. West Lebanon is a scattered hamlet on the main road through the town. It first bore the name of Moffatt's Store, from the man who did a mercantile business there. Paul Roberts, Lewis Lester, O. Finch, Ezra Waterbury, and C. H. Ball have had stores there. The present merchant is G. W. Carpenter, who has been in business about twenty- five years. In 1819 a post-office was established there, with Paul Rob- erts in charge. The present postmaster is George W. Carpenter. The first tavern was built by Joshua Bigelow. Another tavern was built by Andrew Snyder, who kept it many years, followed by H. Har- rington and Michael Bacher. It is now owned by the town and is kept by a man named Whipple. At one time harness was quite extensively manufactured there by A. D. Gale, followed by C. Etman. Charles Delevan now has the business. 678 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. SHAKERS.' The history of Columbia county would be incomplete if it did not in- clude an account of that singular and interesting people called Shakers. Called out from the world, by the light within them, to be a distinct and separate people and spend their lives in a perpetual spiritual con- secration and mutual serving, to give an adequate description of them will require somewhat of their religious beliefs to be set forth, to which a sketch of material progress is deemed subordinate and second- ary. In New Lebanon and other places, they have organized success- ful communities after the example of the Primitive Christians at Jerusalem, which have stood the test of experience for more than a hundred years. They testify that Christ has made his long and anxiously awaited second appearing in Ann Lee and her successors who constitute his Witnesses and Messengers, down to the present time; and that he will continue coming in this manner till all are reached and convinced of his actual presence. He has come to fulfill the prophecies and com- plete the work begun in his first appearing in Jesus of Nazareth. He has come to bring the world to an end in all who receive him, to make an end of sinning, to raise the dead, and to judge the dead and the liv- ing according to what is written; to separate between wheat and tares, between truth and error, between precious and vile, light and darkness, the righteous and the wicked ; to harvest the world, and establish on earth his everlasting kingdom of righteousness and peace. This esoteric work has been progressing in Columbia county for 120 years past, yet who hath believed our report ? A few have believed and received knowledge sufficient to keep alive the succession of Wit- nesses, while the spirit of our institution from which light issues to illuminate the nation is revolutionizing and transforming the ideals of leading Reformers throughout the nominally civilized world. Some readers may scout this testimony as unworthy of record, but we have evidence to prove it, which we shall be glad to furnish to honest seek- ers who wish to investigate. When the esoteric has become exoteric, it will enhance the value of any history containing it in days to come. How eagerly is sought for every scrap of information pertaining to the early disciples of the first christian church ! ' Prepared and contributed by A. G. Hollister. THE TO IVN OF NEW LEBANON. 679 A copy of our first publication was sent to President Jefferson. He wrote back that he had read it carefully three times through. " I pro- nounce it the best church history that has been written. If its exeg- esis of christian principles is maintained and upheld in practice, it is destined eventually to overthrow all other religions." There cannot be but one true christian religion. Where that is practiced, it were needless to question : Which is it ? Who ordained this way so contrary to the pride and passions of the carnal life in man that very few are willing to walk in it, though its fruits are both pleasant and wholesome and its goal is life eternal ? It must be the same Overruling Wisdom that guided Jesus and his Apos- tles on the hills of Judea, and predicted a second revelation of the Son of Man, with all the holy Angels; for the fruits whan tested by the record, are the same as those produced by his first revelation. We have learned that the Son of Man is a character reproduced in many, and is not limited to any particular individual. It is the regenerated New Man and New Woman also; for a man is not without the woman in the Lord, nor is woman without the man. Multitudes of these, baptized by a Holy Spirit into one interest, de- sire and purpose, made homogeneous in feeling and action, like the particles of a cloud, are the clouds of Heaven in which the Son of Man is seen coming, or forming. Heaven is the empire of mind, of reli- gion. By their fruits ye shall know them. That the Holy Angels have come also, all may perceive evidence in the vast and continued spread of those manifestations from the invisible, which, since the " Rochester Spirit knockings," are forcing on the attention of people in all conditions of life, incontrovertible evidence of life after death. And man is learning through the channel of intelligent communica- tion opened between the visible and invisible, that he makes his own conditions there, happy or miserable, according to the use he makes of the gifts and opportunities granted him here. No one can escape the just law; as we sow we shall reap. God will bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, and will reward every one as his work shall be, whether good or whether evil. Communications com- ing from every variety of character and stamped with the personal peculiarities of each, are revealing the states of the dead to the view of the living, and proving to the latter that there is no break in the con- tinuity of life, and no interruption in the moral more than in the 680 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. physical world to the law of sequence in the relation between cause and effect. In 1844, it was told us from a high spiritual source, it is the will of God that mankind shall be enlightened by degrees concern- ing states of the dead till the mystery is done away, and the world is clothed with a right understanding; that they may know of things in- visible, even as they know of things visible. This is confirmed by the declaration of Jesus: There is nothing covered that shall not be un- covered ; neither hid, that shall not be known and come abroad. The Prophet Joel, speaking for Jehovah, 2,700 years ago, said: In the last days I will pour out from my Spirit upon all flesh created in my likeness. Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy. Your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions. And upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out my Spirit. Observe the daughters as well as the sons, are to prophesy, which means to teach, preach, exhort, and interpret the will of God to men. The last days meant to a Jew, the reign of Messiah. That had a beginning in the sons, when the Apostle Peter applied the foregoing prediction to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost, baptizing the disciples with the faith, courage and con- fidence which is inspired by knowledge and understanding of spiritual gifts and principles. The New Testament record proves that the in- troduction of Christianity was conducted entirely on the basis of con- tinuous revelation. The daughters apparently have very little share in this, and are given no show in ministration, down to the time of George Fox and Ann Lee. Yet, a Daughter is commanded. Arise and thresh, O Daughter of Zion, for I will make the horn, i. e. power, iron, | forasmuch as iron is strong, and breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things, Daniel]. And I will make thy hoofs brass, [in allusion to the eastern mode of thresh- ing with the feet of cattle], and thou shalt beat in pieces many people [by dissolving all flesh and blood ties], and I will consecrate their gain unto Jehovah, and their substance to the Lord of the whole earth, in a united and consecrated interest. And Jesus, when about to leave his disciples for a season, promised to send them another Comforter, who would abide with them to the age everlasting, and guide them into all truth. The natural creation is a type of the spiritual creation. It re- quired a male to reveal the Divine Fatherhood of the Infinite Spirit, — it requires a woman to reveal the Divine Motherhood. THE TO WN OF NEW LEBANON. 681 Mother Ann Lee, the founder, after Jesus Christ, of the movement in which we are engaged, and Revealer of the Comforter, the Spirit of Truth which Jesus promised, abounded in spiritual gifts and revelations from a high spiritual source, as proved by the life she lived, and the doctrine she taught, said she saw a thousand in the world of spirits for every one she saw in the body. Her right hand helpers, William Lee and James Whittaker, testified the same. Visions, revelations and spiritual gifts have been common among the followers of the present time. Ann Lee was born in Manchester, England, February 29, 1736. Her father, John Lee, was a blacksmith, of moral, industrious habits, and being poor, his family of eight children were brought up to work. Ann could neither read nor write, but learned habits of industry and thrift, and at suitable age, was married to Abraham Stanley, a blacksmith. By him she had four children, all of whom died in infancy. At the age of 32 she joined a society of separatists, led by James and Jane Ward- ley. They were very strict in deportment, and possessed the Apostolic gifts of vision, revelation and prophecy, in an eminent degree. They also practiced oral confession of sins, one by one, before a Witness. They held forth a powerful testimony against all sin — said the second appearing of Christ was at hand — that the Church was rising which would effect the final downfall of Antichrist — the work of the great Day of God was then commencing and would increase till every promise of God is fulfilled. They adopted no creed, no rules of faith nor worship, but gave them- selves up to be moved as the Spirit of God might direct them. The agitations of their bodies under the operations of the spirit that inspired their meetings, caused them to receive the appellation of Shakers. Not inappropriate, since the Spirit that inspired them, said the shaking of their bodies was a sign that He is now going to do what He has foretold in His word, and what they were sent before to warn of. To wit, He is coming to shake terribly the earth — to shake not only the earth but the heavens also. And to make the hearts of sinners to shake and tremble, more than the bodies of His Messengers do now. This testimony can be read in Pamphlets 3516, N. Y. State Library, P. 43, printed 1708, Paternoster Row, London. Are not the heavens of all creedal religions now being shaken, and their errors exposed to the judgment of rational principles that is entering into the people 682 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. more and more. The shaking must continue till error and falsehood are sifted out, and Truth alone becomes the Rule and Standard of Judgment. China is having her turn, and the nations gather to bat- tle, to chastise and be chastised. But steady advance is made through all the shaking, as when this nation abolished African slavery. Ann travelled beyond the light she received from the Society and became leader of the band. In the summer of 1770, in an interview with the Lord Jesus Christ, in answer to prayers, she was shown the foundation cause of man's loss from God, and how the restoration was to be etfected. Her testimony from that time forward aroused bitter enmity and keen persecution that for two years put her life in peril. But the evidence of a Divine Power sustaining her, caused violence against her to cease. In 1774, the persecution had ceased, for nearly two years; seeing no prospect of the further spread of her testimony in England, she was directed by Divine revelation to come to America. Her party of eight souls landed in New York August Gth of that year. There Stanley forsook her and the cause to which he had for a time professed adherence. John Hocknell, whose means had enabled them to emigrate, returned to England to sell his place, and bring over his family. This accomplished, the party came together and settled in the woods, seven miles northwest of Albany. In 1779 a revival of religion in New Lebanon and neighboring towns, under the leadership of Joseph Meacham, Calvin Harlow, and others, wherein it was predicted that the coming of Christ to judge the world and to set up his everlasting kingdom was near at hand, prepared the way for its subjects to receive the testimony of the strangers who dwelt in the wilderness of Watervliet. Rumors having gone abroad, in the spring of 1780, the people desired Joseph and Calvin to go and see them and bring reports. They went, were convinced of the doctrine, em- braced the Faith, and advised the people to go and see for themselves. Many went, of all ages and classes — farmers and mechanics, preachers and laity — solid people, heads of families, that had experience in the ways of the world and its religion, mostly poor however, in this world's goods — young people recently married, and those expecting to be mar- ried, and even children, embraced the faith, to the number of thou- sands from different parts of the country, in course of four or five years. Among these were several families named Bishop, Darrow, Farring- THE TO WN OF XEW LEBANON. 683 ton, Clark, Hawkins, Turner, Meacham, Moseley, Matthewson, Har- low, Hammond, Hamlin, King, vSpier, Spenser, etc. Samuel Johnson was a college graduate who had preached two years to a New Lebanon congregation of Presbyterians. Joseph Meacham and Ebenezer Cooley had been successful Baptist elders, and were regarded by the people as men of good character and superior ability. In 1780, the people of this country being engaged in a struggle for freedom, so many converts were made to the gospel of peace and good will, it furnished excuse to those opposed to the work, for complaint to the authorities, that these foreigners were enemies to the country. Consequently, all the elders from England, and Joseph Meacham, David Darrow and Hezekiah Hammond, of New Lebanon, were arrested and imprisoned at Albany, from July till December, when they were released by order of Gov- ernor Clinton. People were allowed to visit the prisoners, and the work continued to spread, perhaps faster and further for the attempt made to suppress it. Mother Ann passed to the invisible, at Water- vliet, Sept. 8th, 1784, and was succeeded by Elder James Whittaker, who came with her from England. He passed on in July, 1787, and was succeeded by Joseph Meacham, of New Lebanon. He was born in Enfield, Conn., Feb. 10th, 1740. He passed on August 16th, 1796. In 1785, the first Shaker meeting house was built at New Lebanon, by voluntary offerings of the people. It is still standing, though changed in form and put to other uses. A new and much larger one was built in 1833. Though practicing communal principles from the start, the people did not begin to organize on that basis until September, 1787, under leadership of Elder Joseph Meacham, whom we designate the Father of church order. The first family at New Lebanon, first as- sembled to eat at one table, on Christmas of that year. It required time and experience to test the qualities of individuals, and prove their fitness for the various positions of care and responsibility. It was a travel into union and order, and not deemed complete and tested, till 1702. The first and highest authority is vested in the Ministry, consisting of four when the order is complete, two of each sex. They lived apart in the meeting house. Lucy Wright, afterward called Mother Lucy, was selected by the gift in Father Joseph and confirmed by other inspired Witnesses, to lead and guide the Sisterhood. Both Father and Mother were ably seconded by competent assistants, who formed a second order 684 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. of Ministry, or Messengers between the first Ministry and Ministries in other Societies, and between them and Elders of families in the same Society, during the time the various communities or families were being organized, the Ministry of New Lebanon being head over all. Father Joseph was a prophet, gifted in visions and revelations. Just after the exit of Father James, speaking of the views he had of the spirit world, he said he could not attend upon it long at a time, as it would take his life, and he felt that he had a work to do in this world. He said he expected in the first travel of the church, that Zion would arise in her glory. But after he had labored upon it, he found it would take seven travels of the church before God would set up His taber- nacle on the earth in its completeness. After then it would consist of twelve orders. After accomplishing all he was able to do, he saw that but one general order had been gained, and that is, the united and con- secrated interest as a foundation. By a travel of the church, is under- stood the period from one general opening of the gospel to another. He gathered into the first family, which was to be the center of union and example to others, those sound in mind and body, who were able to bear the severest discipline of self-denial, and mortification to a carnal nature, to help the Ministry bear. One of his sharp speeches, addressed to the Family in a season of wor- ship, ran thus — "Wake up, sleepy souls. Here the world are sinking in death all around you, and you ought to be able to help them. If you do not feel more for them then you do for yourselves, you are not fit to be here." Yet, his tender, fatherly spirit and wise ministration, caused him to be greatly loved by the people. Spiritual and temporal go together as soul and body. As soul has the care and direction of the body, so the spiritual has the pre-eminence and direction of the temporal. The head of a family consists of four Elders, when the order is full, two of each sex. They are assisted by Deacons, two of each sex, or more if need require, who manage and di- rect in temporal affairs, in union and counsel with the Elders. All buy- ing, selling and trading, providing, and general direction of members in their various employments, pertains to deacon's duties. But in some families, for many years past, the duties of elder and deacon have had to be combined in one person. David Meacham, natural brother of Joseph Meacham, was first Deacon and Trustee in the organization in New Lebanon. For upwards of fifty THE TO WN OF NEW LEBANON. 685 years, D. M . was the trade mark of the first Family, stamped upon all their manufactures for sale, and was accepted by buyers as a guarantee of first best quality of goods. After Father Joseph's exit, Mother Lucy guided the people till Febru- ary, 1821. She was born in Pittsfield, Mass., February 5th, 1760. She had been married but a short time to a trader, named Goodrich, when they both heard and embraced Mother Ann's gospel, which is the gospel of Christ in his second appearing, without sin, unto salvation, as proved by the fruits of obedience thereto. By the year 1800, the number pro- fessing the faith, had diminished nearly one-half, but under Mother Lucy's ministration, they more than doubled, and established four new societies, two in Ohio and two in Kentucky. In January, 1805, three missionaries, John Meacham, Issacher Bates, and Benjamin S. Youngs, were sent out by the Shaker Church, to labor in the field of the great Kentucky revival, among the people of southern Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and the territory now comprised in Indiana. In the course of five years, 35 Messengers male and female, mostly from New Lebanon, were sent on that mission, and $27,000 in money, with the results afore stated. In 1823 the population of this Society is set down at between five and six hundred, which figures were maintained for nigh 25 years. Since then, the outgoings, including those who have gone up higher, exceed the incomings, till we number less than 140 at present. After Mother Lucy's departure, the Ministry down to 1849, were El- ders Ebenezer Bishop, Rufus Bishop, and Eldress Ruth Landon, Eldress Ascenath Clark. During part of their time, Calvin Green was a very talented and successful Preacher and expounder of the faith. He was succeeded in that capacity in 1833, by Elder Richard Bushnell, of re- vered memory for his many virtues. The Trustees Stephen Munson, Jonathan Wood, and Deacon Daniel J. Hawkins, were well known characters in their day, respected for business ability, integrity, and honesty in deal, by all who knew them. Frederick William Evans suc- ceeded Elder R. Bushnell, and became famous as an inconoclast and advocate of reforms. Was born in Leominster, England, June, 1808. Was 12 when his father came to this country. Was converted from in- fidelity to Shakerism at the age of 22. He was ably assisted by Elders Antoinette Doolittle, and passed on, March, 1893. Mary Antoinette Doolittle was born in New Lebanon Sept., 1810. There was 686 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. mourning- in her father's family when at the age of 14 Mary decided to join the Shakers, that later on was turned to solace. She was an able and beloved Eldress for many years, and passed on Dec. 31, 1886. Was succeeded by Anna White, present Eldress at the North. In 1837, fifty years from the gathering of the Church into order, ten years before the era of the "Rochester knockings," a wonderful and important event occurred. There came to us a pentecostal wave of spirit influx, conducted for three and a half years by Mother Ann in person, aided by those who were co-workers with her in the body, and by their successors who had put off mortality, and continuing with more or less abatement, from seven to fourteen years. Mother Ann said she had come in answer to prayers, not to take the lead or to cen- sure Elders, but to help the Elders, and to purge out disorders and prepare the people for the gospel to go forth to the world of mankind. Think of it. Jesus remained with his disciples and conversed with them 40 days, after his body was dissolved in the tomb by spirit force. A fact that has been discussed from that day to this, as an unparalleled marvel and proof of his Divine mission. So let it be. What shall be done with this? Mother Ann, fifty-three years after her exit from mortality, and with troops of helpers, including Jesus and his holy Apostles, invisible to outward eyes, returned to the field other earthly toils while many of her disciples are yet living to bear witness, and in a work of 3 1-2 years, of familiar converse with her disciples, numbering many hundreds in widely separated families, purges the living temple of Jehovah from idols, from disorders and lapses of discipline, binds the spirit of opposition and unbelief, and baptizes with spiritual gifts, and with love and faith in her mission, a generation of people not born till after she had left the earth. The foregoing is fact, truly stated as recorded by eye and ear Wit- nesses, and its signification and importance will be better known and appreciated as time advances. It began in New Lebanon in 1838, and went through all families of Believers in the land. Its effects were most apparent on the younger portion of the community, operating entirely on the minds and bodies of its subjects, in tremblings, twitch- ings, shaking and turning, — in visions, trance singing, speaking and writing messages, addressed to individuals and to groups. It was a pride-staining, humiliating work, searching and cleaning the heart of its subjects, correcting errors, removing bad habits and establishing THE TO WN OF NEW LEBANON. 687 good ones, imparting knowledge of spiritual conditions, inspiring faith in spiritual guidance, gifts and communications. Inspiring also aspira- tions for purity of heart and holiness in life, through self-denial and perpetual consecration to mutual service. It established in the faith, numbers who afterward became pillars in the Society. It was by spirit direction, approved by our Leaders, that in 1844, Shakers abandoned the use of pork and tobacco, resulting in evident gain in health. No more of those long, tedious, exhausting fevers, wasting time and ener- gy, and causing much needless suffering, and sometimes death prema- turely. The Holy Messenger told us as early as 1838, that the spirit mani- festations would visit people outside of our communities and spread all over the world. This prediction was repeated at various times, through different instruments or mediums, and in 1842, a book called the Sacred Rolls, written by inspiration at New Lebanon, and printed at Canter- bury, N. H., in 1843, gave a particular description of the manifestations to occur. In Nov., 1843, Calvin Green, speaking in our meeting,said, "The hand of God is now stretched out in the earth, as it never was be- fore since this was a world. Those who wish not to believe, will be forced to believe. Whoever lives seven years will see the truth of this, else I do not know the voice of the Angel of God." The " Rochester Spirit Knockings " began to attract public attention, and to force con- viction of their cause on those unwilling to believe, in March, 1848. This was a month after a political tremor ran through Europe, like the shock of an earthquake, causing kings to descend from their thrones. Since that, many thousands have been forced to believe in continued life and a state of retribution after death, a portion of whom, according to their own statement, wished not to believe, nor to have any thought about the matter. " Behold I stand at the door and knock, saith the Amen, the faithful and true Witness. If any one hear my voice and will open the door, I will come in and sup with him and he with me." Observe, this intimation of the Holy Presence, is addressed to the hear- ing. These manifestations are as orderly and normal in their season, to the development of the race, as for a tree to flower and fruit, on ar- riving at maturity. Elder Ebenezer passed on, Oct., 1849, and in May, 1850, Eldress Ruth Landon followed. After various changes. Elder Daniel Boler, born in Kentucky in 1804, and raised in New Lebanon, entered the 688 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Ministry in 1852, and on the reisgnation of Elder Amos Stewart, Oct., 1858, had to bear the first burden, up to 1892, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Elder Joseph Holden, of New Lebanon, who now fills that station, assisted by Elder Ira Lawson of Hancock, Mass. Elder Joseph Holden was born in Shelburne, Mass., Sept., 1836. Has lived in this Society since 4 years of age. Elder Giles Avery, born Nov., 1815, entered the Ministry to live with Elder Daniel, in 18?9. He was a very able, efficient, and much loved Minister until he passed out. The same may be said of Elder Daniel Boler, who passed out in Nov., 1892. Eldress Betsy Bates, born June, 1798, entered the M. to live with Eldress Ascenath Clark, in 1852. In Dec, 1856, Eldress A. re- signed, and Eldress Betsy moved up, and Eldress Ann Taylor of New Lebanon, lived with her as second. Ann was born in England, July, 1811, but grew up in our Society from the age of eleven. Eldress B. passed on in 1869, and Eldress A. moved up, and took Eldress Polly Reed to live with her. Eldress Polly was born Feb., 1818, and passed on Nov., 1881. She was a talented and gifted Sister, greatly beloved. She was succeeded by Eldress Harriet Bullard, born Nov., 1821, and was old enough to choose for herself, when she came to New Lebanon. Eldress Ann resigned in Nov., 1891, and Eldress Harriet moved up, and took Eldress Augusta Stone to live with her. The order now stands, Joseph Holden, Ira Lawson, Harriet Bullard, Augusta Stone, born Nov., 1836. Benjamin Gates, born April, 1817, was for many years, leading Trustee, and a prominent and widely known, efficient and honorable business Agent. Levi Shaw, Elder of North Family, is another, loved and honored by all who know him, for his many virtues. Levi and Elder Timothy Rayson, are our present Trustees. Previous to the organization of the Church in New Lebanon (which was coeval with the adoption in 1789 of the American Constitution,) the worship of Shakers consisted in preaching, praying, singing, danc- ing and shaking, and an all time service of good works. When they became organized in large families. Father Joseph taught a beautiful form of worship that he learned in the vSpirit world, and was called the square order. It was much admired by beholders, and was practiced so long as we had numbers and character to preserve its beauty and impressiveness. Various other exercises have been made use of from time to time, and doubtless others will be, as we are not limited to any THE TO WN OF NEW LEBANON. 689 particular form and we believe in serving God with all our faculties, using the same members that have been used to serve self. Marching was started in the latter part of Mother Lucy's administration, first as an experiment, but proved to be so edifying that it is used more than all other forms except singing and speaking. We believe all the forms hitherto used among us will be revived when the new travel gets well started, and others will be added. We are now nearing the completion of the third travel. For many years our people did a thrifty business in raising and vending garden seeds; also in raising, collecting and preparing medicinal herbs, roots and bark, for market, which they sold to druggists in the cities. We also did quite a stroke at manufacturing brooms and brushes, tubs and pails, and tanning. But these branches have ceased to flourish. One family is engaged manufacturing chairs for sale, another makes medicinal extracts, and several of them engage in raising, cutting and drying sweet corn for market. We hold it a religious duty to be indus- trious with our hands, and it is taught in our inspired writings that every one must do as much for others as has been done for him, in any way shape or manner, before his obligations to the present economy of life are fulfilled, and he is prepared to advance higher. We are supposed to be immensely rich, but our wealth in this world is greatly overrated. Since our number has been reduced it requires the larger part of our earnings to pay the taxes and hired help. It is contrary to our laws to spend money before we have earned it, and as our principles debar all luxury, waste and extravagance, all we acquire beyond our needs is returned through various channels to the source or public whence it was taken. During the anti-slavery war some of the brethren were drafted for the army. It was found on investigation there was half a million dol- lars in the treasury due as pensions and interest to persons that on account of joining Shakers refused to draw their pensions, it being regarded as blood money. On application to the authorities in Wash- ington, the drafted Shakers were granted a furlough "till called for." Six were from Columbia county. Our people in Kentucky had to feed both parties as far as their provisions would go — being part of the time enclosed by one party, and a part of the time by the other; but though threatened with destruction by proslavery enemies, they were not seri- ously injured beyond having their horses and forage taken by irrespon- 690 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. sible persons and fences burned for fuel. Father Joseph testified that George Washington was raised up as really by the hand of God in the Order of Providence to establish liberty of conscience and to open the way for the Kingdom of Christ to arise, as he (J. M.) was raised up in the spiritual order to establish the foundation of the Church, which is the commencement of the Kingdom of the Saints. We say Abraham Lincoln was another instrument of Providence raised up to remove that barrier to progress, African Slavery. When New Lebanon was set off from Canaan, a reorganization of the school districts was effected, nineteen being established. As early as 1784 there was an academy at Lebanon Springs, and several select schools were conducted here in the early part of the century, and are remembered as having been very successful. In 1860 the number of districts had been reduced to fifteen, and 831 children were taught. According to the report of the superintendent of public instruction for 1898, there are now fifteen districts with the same number of school houses, and sixteen teachers, instructing 309 children. The value of school property in that year was $7,710, and the assessed value of the districts, $621,070. The public money appropriated to the town was $1,783.53, and there was also raised by tax for the support of the schools, $3,079.76. Wyomanock Seminary was established in 1858 near West Lebanon, as a boarding school for young ladies, by Miss C. E. Hatch. Miss Hatch is remembered as an instructor of unusual merit, and her ven- ture proved remarkably successful. In 1865 the institution was incor- porated, its board of trustees being composed mainly of influential citi- zens of the town, which added to its prosperity and usefulness. On January 6, 1869, the building was burned, but the school was soon opened in the Pelton mansion at New Lebanon village under the name of "Sunnyside," and was there continued by Miss Hatch until 1870, when the same well known causes which about that period affected the progress and in most cases the life of rural academies, menaced the ex- istence of Wyomanock. For a few years it was carried on by the Misses Delevan as a day school; and as Wyomanock Seminary, it was re- vived by the Misses Wood, in 1875, in the fine hotel building erected by Henry A. Tilden. But the graded, union and high school systems THE TO WN OF NEW LEBANON. 691 were destined to occupy the places of the numerous academies which had flourished for a century, and Wyomanock passed out of existence with the others. This town has furnished many men of prominence in the professions and politics. First among those was Samuel J. Tilden, with whose record all are conversant. Attorney-general Williams was a native of the town, and R. H. Gillett, Edwin Doolittle, R. B. Andrews, Phineas Hitchcock and Fred T. Best have left records of distinction to which the town may point with pardonable pride. Among the lawyers who have practiced in the town were Alanson King, George J. Bull, Flavel J. Booge, and William H. Tobey. Among the prominent and successful farmers of the present day may be named without invidious reflection upon others, Horatio Hand, Martin Sackett, Andrew Clark (mainly fruit), George Hall, Allen B. Davis, Herbert and Rupert Sanford, and Mrs H. A. Pierce. Throughout the town the farms bear evidence of careful cultivation, and almost all of them compare favorably with the better ones in other towns in the county. The beautiful Lebanon valley is not excelled in the State in attractive picturesqueness, and the neat farm houses and smiling fields add to its natural charms. The Congregational and Presbyterian churches of New Lebanon had their birth in a series of meetings held about 1770 by a few Congrega- tionalists. About 1773, as near as can be traced. Rev. Samuel Johnson preached to the people in a log meeting house a short distance west of Lebanon Springs, and preliminary steps were taken for the organiza- tion of a church. However, the excitement caused by the Shaker move- ment in 1780 disintegrated the embryo organization and an almost total suspension of services followed. About 1700 the church organization was revived through the efforts and services of Rev. Silas Churchill, and in 1795 he was ordained as pastor of the church known as the " Church of Christ of New Lebanon." To preserve the names of the pioneers of that period the following list of the first membership is given : Nehemiah Fitch, Ami Doubleday, Samuel Grigg, Asahel King, Andrew Hackley, John Hubbard, Lucy Pease, Anna Hubbard, Olive Hatch, Truelove Fitch, Louis Doubleday, John Hackley, Sarah Gilbert, Simon Hackley, Oliver Hitchcock, Sylvia Davis, Esther Hill, Silas Lincoln, Olive Tilden, Olive Bingham, Celia Chapin, Daniel Howe, John Johnson, Elisha Gil- bert, Eleazer Grant, Nathan Hand, John Butler, Asa Hubbard, Moses 692 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Benedict, Royal Payne, Zalmon Skinner, Noah M. Wells, Benjamin Abbott, Cynthia Tilden. A few years later were added Joseph Corn- well, Elnathan Beach, Cooly Gray, Isaac Sails, Peter Plum, Joseph Davis, Rufus Abbott, Abram Seward, Seth Hill, Ezra Gates, and many others. A new meeting house was built in the village of New Lebanon, which stood near the site of the present house of worship. It was an awk- wardly arranged affair and by the godless was termed " God's barn. " The present structure was built in 1860 at a cost of $10,000, and has been kept in good repair. In 1820 the church adopted the Presbyterian form, with a stipulation that those so desiring might avail themselves of the Congregational system, and the church joined the Columbia Presbytery, a connection existing for twenty years, when a portion of the membership formed a Congregational society, occupying the same church building and employing a minister conjointly with the Presby- terians. The present pastor is Rev. J. C. Langford. The Baptist Church of New Lebanon at Lebanon Springs had its origin in the preaching of Rev. Joseph Meachem before 1776, who soon organized a church body. Meachem joined the Shaker following with many of the Baptist society, and the church was practically suspended. It was not until 1820 that successful efforts were made to revive the society, when Elder Nathaniel Otis was the active medium, and through his labors a society was formed in 1825, which was recognized by the council in 1826. In 1827 a modest meeting house was built at Lebanon Springs, and in 1868 was rebuilt at a cost of $6, 000 and dedicated in the autumn of the same year. The present pastor is the Rev. Mr. Twit- chill. In 1820 the Methodists began holding services in New Lebanon in school houses and private buildings. In 1835 a legal organization was effected and a meeting house was erected south of West Lebanon, which was remodeled in 1861:, and represents a value, with the parson- age, of about $5,000. Rev. Mr. Lawrence serves as pastor at the pres- ent time. The Protestant Episcopal Church of New Lebanon sprang from the holding of services by Dr. David Butler of Troy, during the summers from 1835 to 1845. Desultory services were held in the intervening period until 1869, when a society was formed, a room was secured in the public school building at Lebanon Springs and fitted for the purposes of the so- THE TO IV N OF XKIV LEBAXON. 693 ciety. Rev. E. L.Wells of Pittsfield, Mass., was invited to the rectorship. So successful was the movement that Bishop Doane created New Leb- anon as a mission, with Rev. Mr. Wells rector in connection with his Pittsfield parish. The mission became a parish in 1871, and an effort was made to build a house of worship to be located between Lebanon Springs and New Lebanon. This succeeded so far as laying the founda- tions, and no further progress was made till recent years, when the building was completed and a neat rectory erected. The Rev. Wilber- force Wells is the present rector, and the church is in a healthy condition. The Roman Catholic Church of the Immaculate Conception was founded about 1808, and a year or two later the brick church structure was erected at a cost of $1-1,000. The church is served by priests from other parishes. There is a small body of Christians at New Britain, where they have a modest church. The Cemetery of the Evergreens on the road and midway between New Lebanon and the Springs, is a tract of eight acres, tastefully laid out and neatly kept. It is controlled by an association organized un- der the State law. It is one of the most attractive burial places in the county. There are several other cemeteries in various parts of the town, but not noteworthy in their character. The population of this town, as taken from the census reports, from 1835 to 1892, has been as follows: 1835, 3,638; 1830, 3,695; 1835, 3,713; 1840, 3,536; 1845, 3,382; 1850, 2,300; 1855, 3,339; 1860, 2,187; 1865, 2,086; 1870, 2,124; 1875, 2,459; 1880, 2,245; 1890, 1,765; 1892, 1,872. The supervisors of the town in the order of their service from the date of organization to the present are as follows: 1819-33. John King. 1836. John Bull, Jr. 1824-25. George Cornwell. 1837. Harry Harrington. 1826. John King. 1838. John Murdock. 1827. John Bull, Jr. 1839. Benoni Sherman. 1828. William H. Tobey. 1840. Ezra C. Spier. 1829. John King. 1841. Jabe Peirce. 1830. John Kirby. 1842. William Ashby. 1831-33. Harry Cornwell. 1843. Frederick W. Everest. 1833-34. John Bull, Jr. 1844. John Bull, Jr. 1835. Harry Cornwell. 1845. Horatio N. Hand. 694 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. 1846. Mathew A. Patterson. 1867 1847. Charles W. Hull. 1868- 1848. Harry Cornwell. 1870. 1849. Elihu Kirby. 1871. 1850-51. Benoni Sherman. 1872. 1852-55. Ira Hand. 1873- 1856. Ezra Waterbury. 1875. 1857-59. Horatio N. Hand. 1876. 1860. Charles W. Hull. 1877- 1861. Horatio N. Hand. 1882. 1862. Allen B. Davis. 1883- 1863. Samuel P. Skinner. 1889- 1864-65. Marvin Sackett. 1891- 1866. Nelson Tanner. 1899- The town clerks have been as follows : 1819 21. Robert M. Bailey. 1857- 1822-23. George Cornwell. 1859. 1824. Harry Pierce. I860- 1825. Peter Barker. 1863. 1826. Isaac Everest. 1864 1827. Peter Barker. 1867, 1828. Harry Pierce. 1868- 1829. Peter Barker. 1870. 1830. Sylvester P. Gilbert. 1871. 1831-32. Erastus Patterson. 1872. 1833 37. F. W. Everest. 1873, 1838. Fortius F. Dean. 1874. 1839-40. Benjamin A. Hall. 1875, 1841-42. Thomas W. Sloan. 1876, 1843-45. David L. Finch. 1877, 1846-47. Henry W. Dean. 1878, 1848. Reuben A. Wilbor. 1879 1849. Erastus B. Jones. 1883, 1850. Henry W. Dean. 1884, 1851-52. Silas Spier. 1885 1853-54. George L. Barker. 1891- 1855. Joseph Adams. 1893 1856. Reuben H. Wilbor. Andrew R. Clark. 69. U. M. Hazard. J. E. Rowley. Ransom H. Gillett. A. D. P. Sacket. 74. William Sherman. Joseph H. Clark. Allen B. Davis. 81. Franklin Hand. Simeon H. Richmond. 88. Samuel J. Tilden, Jr. 90. Pardee Carpenter. 98. Amos H. Peabody. 1900. J. C. McGonagle. 58. David B. Campbell. Robert Bigelow. ■62. S. H. Richmond. Charles H. Bull. 66. Amos H. Peabody. Alonzo D. Gale. ■69. Charles H. Bull. P. E. Leonard. David Bigelow. Charles H. Bull. . . George B. Kendall. Silas P. Campbell. , Silas W. Gillet. . Silas P. Campbell. , Charles H. Bull. , Henry D. Bostwick. -82. Silas P. Campbell. , Calvin T. Heminwaj'. Charles T. Heminway. -90. Calvin T. Heminway. ■92. Silas P. Campbell. -1900. Calvin T. Heminwav, THE TO WN OF A USTERLITZ. CHAPTER XXXII. THE TOWN OF AUSTERLITZ. This town is north of the center on the eastern border of the county, and is bounded en the north by Chatham and Canaan, on the east by Canaan and the Massachusetts line, on the south by Hillsdale, and on the west by Ghent. Its superficial area is 27,792 acres, making it the fourth in size of the towns of the county. A considerable portion of the territory is yet covered by timber, par- ticularly on the summits of some of the less arable hills, where the com- mon varieties of hardwood prevail, occasionally interspersed with a little pine and hemlock. The surface of the whole town is hilly with narrow valleys and ravines, and in the north part of the center the summits of the hills are rocky and barren. The Green River is the principal stream passing through the town, and stretches along the foot hills of the Taghkanic Mountains, which define the eastern boundary; west of the valley of this river a line of irregular hills separates it from the val- ley of Punsit Creek. The soil is of various loamy formations, and is generally fertile, even to the summits of the hills. Until recent years agriculture has been devoted to the usual mixed crops, while dairying and the shipping of hay and rye is carried on to some extent. "No-Bottom Pond," so called from a tradition that soundings in a certain portion failed to reveal a bottom, is of about twenty acres in ex- tent, and lies in the extreme northern boundary of the town. Its waters are discharged through the Green River. An artificial pond near Mount Pleasant, in the north center of the town, is the source of "In- dian Brook," which pursues a crooked course in that section, its waters finally reaching Kinderhook Creek; this brook is one of the streams that unite in Ghent to form the "Kline Kill." Green River, Punsit Creek and the brook just mentioned are the chief water courses of the town. The Green River, issuing from "No-Bottom Pond," ilows in a southerly direction across the east end of the town, through a valley 696 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. noted for its natural beauty and picturesque scenery, to finally merge with the Housatonic in the town of Great Barrington in Massachusetts. Punsit Creek (once called "Grist Mill Brook") has its source in the southwest part of the town, and flowing northerly across the town, joins Indian Brook, before mentioned. On each of the two tributaries that flow into it from the east is a waterfall of some note. Among the prominent elevations of the town are Harvey Mountain (twenty-five hundred feet in altitude), Mercer Mountain and Fire Hill. The territory comprised in the town of Austerlitz consists of two dis- tinct tracts. The eastern part was mainly a purchase made by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut men from the government of the Massachu- setts Bay Colony; while the western part belonged to the Van Rens- selaer Patent. It will be remembered that, up to the final settlement of the question about 1790, Massachusetts and New York claimed juris- diction of the territory lying between the Connecticut and Hudson Rivers. It was through a grant from the Massachusetts government of the tract before named that the first general and stable settlements were made in the town. A few squatters from the east came about 1750; apart from these, the first settlers were the company who ob- tained the grant noted above of six miles square bordering on the Green River. In 1757 this tract was divided into two divisions, the eastern portion being called the first, and the remainder the second division. A survey was made, beginning at the south line, dividing the territory into lots of one hundred acres each, sufficient in number to supply each settler with one in each division, which were afterwards apportioned by lot. The remainder of the land was to be divided equally among the com- pany. About one and three fourths square miles of this grant belonged to a remnant of the Mohicans. This the proprietors decided to pur- chase and appointed a committee to negotiate with the Indians for the land. As these purchasers were the pioneers of Austerlitz, and include a majority of the first settlers, a record of their names possesses great historic value. They were as follows: Ezekiel Baker, Nathan Beers, Jethro Bonney, Obadiah Brainard, Benjamin Brown, James Cary, Benjamin Chittenden, Joseph Chittenden, Rev. Jesse Clark, Nathaniel Culver, Hosea Curtis, Nathaniel Darrow, Ensign John Dean, Samuel Doty, Jedediah Graves, Cornelius Hamblin, Elisha Hatch, Abner Hawley, Job Hawley, John Hawley, Samuel THE TO WN OF A USTKRLITZ. 697 Hutchinson, Samuel Hutchinson, jr., Abner Johnson, widow Mary Johnson, Ephraim Kidder, Stephen Kinne, Amos Lawrence, Joseph Lawrence, Judah M. Lawrence, Peter Lockwood, James Mead, Noa- diah Moore, Benjamin Palmer, Isaac Palmer, Elijah Powell, Joseph Powell, Martin Powell, Seth Powell, Truman Powell, Truman Powell, jr., Peter Powers, Azariah Pratt, David Pratt, Joseph Prindle, Benja- min Richmond, Edward Richmond, Lemuel Roberts, James Sexton, Micah Skinner, Thomas Skinner, Thomas Skinner, jr., Abner Spencer, Ahimaaz Spencer, Benjamin Spencer, David Spencer, Ithamar Spencer, Spencer, Israel vSpencer, James Spencer, Jeremiah Spencer, Joel Spen- cer, John Spencer, Nehemiah Spencer, Phineas Spencer, Simeon Spen- cer, Joseph Taylor, Ebenezer Tyler, Ezra Tyler, Zebulon Walbridge, Ebenezer Warner, Reuben Whitmore, John Williams. The proceedings of the first meeting of the proprietors, which was held at "Spencers' Town," May 31, 1757, will give the reader a fair idea of the methods then employed in the division of large land pur chases by bodies of colonists. A portion of the records of this meeting reads as follows, proper regard being shown for the orthography, etc., of its clerk : "Then past the following Votes, Viz. : "Istly. Mr. John Williams, Moderator. " 2dly. Seth Powell, Proprietors' Clerk, and Sworn to the faithful Discharge of Said office. " 3dly. Voted that one hundred acres be laid out to Each Selling Lot, and So in Proportion. " ithly. Voted that Sd. Hundred Acre Lots Be Laid out to each original Grantee's Right, and Not to Be Divided. " 5thly. Voted that Ensign John Dean, James Sexturn, Truman Powell, Joel Spencer, and Ephraim Kidder Be the Committee for Lay- ing out the Setling Lots. " 6thly. Voted that it shall be Left to the Committee to Lay out the Land and Size it in quantity and quality to Non- Possessors of the place as they shall see fif> " 7thly. Voted that meetings of said Propriety shall Be Called for the future By five or more of the proprietors applying under their hands to the Clerk, Setting forth the Time, place and location of said meeting, the Said Clerk Notifying Said meeting according to Law." The proprietors, soon after the division of the tract, made provision for the laying out of two roads through their purchase, one running from north to south and the other from east to west. The surveys for 698 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OE THE CENTURY. these roads was made early in November, 1757, by Samuel Doty, sur- veyor, and Ahimaz Spencer and Edward Richmond, highway commis- sioners. A large portion of these roads was laid out eight rods wide, but after a few years the width was reduced to four rods. As a result of the conflicting claims to these lands by the colonies of New York and Massachusetts, difficulties soon arose over the posses- sion. About 17G5 the trouble culminated in meetings being held by the settlers to advocate measures for establishing the integrity of their titles under their contract with the Massachusetts Bay government. Ensign John Dean was appointed an agent to represent the proprietors in urging their right to the lands. On May 17, 1767, at a meeting held to adopt decisive action in the matter, the following resolutions were passed: " Voted that a memorial be forthwith sent to Boston by the Committee with Noble town and tockonock. Requesting the protection of the Government of the massachusetts Bay. Voted to join with nobletown in sending a man to see mr. Ingorsal as an atorney." Wil- liam Kellogg, of Nobletown, was delegated to represent them at Boston, and a petition was prepared to the king of Great Britain pray- ing for confirmation of their titles. Evidently no satisfactory results came from these efforts, for again, but a little time before the Revolu- tion, Nathaniel Culver and James Savage were sent to England to lay the matter before the crown. But the growing uneasiness and fears then existing, prevented the envoys from securing a confirmation of their titles. Finally, when the dispute between New York and Massa- chusetts was settled, the proprietors secured their titles under the act of the Legislature of March 22, 1791. Apart from the list of Massachusetts and Connecticut settlers hereto- fore given, there is little knowledge to be gained of other settlers. The lists of town officials in later pages record the names of many early residents, who were doubtless prominent and influential people. The first actual settler of the terrritory of Austerlitz is believed to have been Judah M. Lawrence, who was later one of the purchasers of the six mile square tract. He was a Connecticut man, and settled near Spencertown on the farm long known as the Mead place and now occu- pied by A. S. Wass, who came from New Jersey and purchased the property in 1891. Lawrence achieved more than usual prominence, being a man of marked integrity and broad, well-balanced intellect. He was for many years a justice of the peace, and in 1812 was made THE TO WN OF A I 'STERLITZ. 699 associate judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was the father of three sons, George, Jakah and Uel, who, like their father, became prominent in town affairs. George lived and died in Spencertown; Jakah removed to the West; and Uel, a man well beloved by his fellow townsmen, died at an advanced age at Spencertown in the early seven- ties. Neither of the brothers ever married. Abner Havvley, another of the Massachusetts colony, built the first grist mill and sawmill in the town, which were located on Punsit Creek south of the present saw and custom grist mill now owned and operated by F. G. Oles, which were built on the site of a grist mill destroyed by fire. About 1773, John Griswold, a young woolen manufacturer, came from the East and purchased of Abner Hawley a small piece of land with a water privilege, and established a carding machine and fulling mill and began the manufacture of cloth. He was successful and soon established a reputation for manufacturing fine broadcloths, supplying the surrounding counties. He eventually became wealthy and in 1795 erected a fine mansion, which is still standing and owned by a Mr. Peterson. Lucian Griswold is the only surviving descendant of the pioneer, in a direct line, now living in the town. Another early settler of this locality was Samuel Pratt, whose location was near the residence of John Griswold, just mentioned. The Spencers, who, it will be seen by the list of purchasers, were a numerous family, located chiefly on and around the site of the village that now bears their name. In 1773 Turner Calkins bought and settled on a tract in the southeast part of the town, and achieved some notoriety as the father of twenty- one children, eight by his first and thirteen by his second wife. The Powells, of whom there were several families, formed homes in the north center of the town. Edward Cadman, son of Christopher, a native Englishman who had emigrated to Connecticut, selected a location in the neighborhood of Mount Pleasant before the beginning of the Revolution. He was quite prominent, and raised a family of nine children, who all became useful and worthy citizens, two of them, Edward and Joseph, giving their lives to their country in the Revolutionary war. His son John was married to Phoebe De Wolf and resided on the homestead. He was the grandfather of Ex-Judge John Cadman of Chatham. He has numerous other descendants in the county. 700 COLU,\fnTA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. A prominent man of his day was Jacob Ford, who selected a home on the mountain side in the eastern part of the town. He served as justice of the peace for many years, was associate judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1795 and later was made first judge. It is not known that he has descendants in town. About 1778 Jabez Hamlin came from Connecticut and purchased a partially cleared farm on the lower part of Harvey Mountain. His son, Jabez, who was a Methodist minister, succeeded him in the ownership, and his son, E. S. Hamlin, followed. The latter changed the residence site to a commanding position on the farm, whence an enchanting view of the Berkshire hills may be had. The first blacksmith in the town, and one of the earliest settlers was Eliada Cole. Reuben Whitmore settled early near the " dugway, " near what was formerly known as the W. Vincent place. Roselle Lee lo- cated on the place now owned by E. Hamm of Dutchess county, and long known as the Vincent farm. Joseph Chamberlin, whose grand- daughter became the wife of Samuel C. Ingersoll, settled on the farm afterwards occupied by the latter. The Dean family made a home in the Punsit Creek valley a mile northwest of Spencertown. Storey Gott, a Revolutionary veteran, prominent in the Spencertown Presby- terian Church, was a settler near the center of the town, where one of his descendants, Harvey W. Gott, long resided. In the locality long known as "Shingletown" in the north part of the town, were the Blinn and Jenkins families, while in the vicinity of "Macedonia" John Bur- rows and a family of Woodruffs were pioneers, and John Morse selected a location a little to the southwest of them. These pioneers, mostly of New England origin, were of that vigorous, adventurous class, who carved out of the wilderness the pathways of civil- ization, established homes and institutions which were the foundations of the next century's progress and enlightenment, and nourished the spirit of manly independence that afterward made its strength felt in the struggles of the Revolution. The later civil list and history add the names of many other settlers. The town of Austerlitz as it now exists, was formed from the towns of Hillsdale, Chatham and Canaan, on the 28th of March, 1818. The greater portion of its territory — about five-sixths — was derived from Hillsdale, which portion of the latter town was generally called "Spencer's Town," from the unusual number of families of that name THE TO WN OF A USTERLITZ. 701 in that locality, and eventually the village alone became known by that appellation. "NewUlm" was suggested as an appropriate name for the new division, but when the bill authorizing the erection was before the Legislature, the present name was adopted under the circumstances which we quote as follows: "When the bill erecting it passed the Legislature, however, Martin Van Buren, then a State Senator, and who being an ardent admirer of the great Napoleon, was somewhat incensed at one of his political op- ponents ( Elisha Williams, if we mistake not), who had succeeded in having a town in Seneca county christened 'Waterloo,' leaped to his feet and moved to amend by calling the new town ' Austerlitz. ' Hav- ing carried his point, he retired to his seat, saying 'There's an Auster- litz for your Waterloo.' " The first town meeting held under the act incorporating the town of Austerlitz was held on April 7, 1818, at the house of Elisha Mur- dock, in Spencertown. Under the supervision of James Piatt, Timothy Reed, David Leonard, Jesse Ford and Jonathan C. Olmstead, justices of the peace, with John Tibbitts as moderator, the organization of the town government was inaugurated. The usual town by-laws were en- acted, regarding fences, poor fund, the control of domestic animals running at large, and the quite unusual regulations that the fees of the tax collector in excess of $,5-5 should be devoted to the care of the poor, and that the town board should render annual reports of their doings, became a part of the town code. Completing this part of the inaugural business, they proceeded to elect the following named officers: Jonathan C. Olmstead, supervisor; Darius Cole, town clerk; Joseph P. Woolley, Aaron Brown, Sanford Tracy, assessors; James W. Shaw, collector; George Lawrence, Bartholomew Williams, overseers of the poor; Elias Downing, John Morris, Jakah Lawrence, commissioners of highways; Erastus Pratt, Judah Swift, Azariah Pratt, commissioners of common schools; Timothy Reed, Chattuck Childs, John Tibbits, Rich- ard Barnes, Jonathan C. Olmstead, Albert Cole, inspectors of common schools; Luther Chace, Lewis Bristol, James W. Shaw, Allen Hanor, constables; Judah Swift, Josiah Russell, David Morehouse, Nathan Osborn, Theodore Curtis, poundmasters; and thirty-seven overseers of highways or pathmasters. The second meeting was held at the house of Lewis Bristol, in Green River (Austerlitz). The custom of holding the annual elections alter- nately in the two villages has been continued till recent years. 702 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. To the list of early settlers already given, the above names may be added, at least as residents at the beginning of the century, and, pre- sumably from the fact of their selection for posts of honor and confi- dence, as men of influence and good standing. The first vote taken in the town on the question of licensing the sale of intoxicating liquors, which occurred on April 27, 1847, was in the negative and ever since the town has voted " no-license." The old custom of permitting the cow of the poor man — and his hogs, if he had any — to pasture in the highway was favored in Auster- litz in early days, but several restrictive acts governed the privilege, one of which should be judged by its intended meaning instead of its phraseology, viz.: "Voted that no Cattle run in the Highway except the mail ivliich has but one Cow." In 1818 when the town was erected, it was divided into seventeen school districts, with an aggregate of 334 families. It is probable that the cause of education was one in which the settlers were much inter, ested, for the establishment of seventeen districts would indicate that every portion of the town was supplied with school facilities. In 1860 the number of districts had decreased but two, leaving fifteen, with school houses in each, wherein 574 pupils found instruction. According to the report of the superintendent of public instruction, in the year 1898 there were only seven districts and school houses, with eight teachers, who taught 306 children; the value of the school property being $3,- 495. The amount of public money apportioned to the town towards the support of the schools was $920.37, to which was added $1,958.46 raised by tax for the same purpose. Spencertown Academy was incorporated May 13, 1845, chiefly through the efforts of Rev. Timothy Woodbridge, pastor of the Pres- byterian church at Austerlitz and at Spencertown. After a reasonably successful existence of thirty years it was converted into a union school with an academic department. It is further noticed in Chapter X. The principal village in the town is Spencertown, which is pleasantly located in the valley of Punsit Creek. Its surroundings are attractive, and during late years it has acquired some note as a resort for people seeking quiet and good air during the summer months. As already mentioned, the site of the village and the surrounding territory was settled by the Spencer families who were among the orig- inal proprietors of the six-mile purchase. THE TO VVN OF A USTERLITZ. 703 In 18i2 Rev. Timothy Woodbridge came to the village, and mainly through his efforts the Spencertown Academy was established. He served as pastor of the Presbyterian church in Spencertown from 1843 to 1852, having previously served the Congregational church in the vil- lage of Austerlitz for twenty-five years. The career of this ^worthy man is made doubly interesting by the pathetic fact that while pursu- ing his theological studies he became totally blind, and that his long and useful labors were pursued under this severe affliction. J. T. Headley, the historian, also lived in this village at one time. Col. Matthew Scott kept the first hotel in the village, and among those of its early residents who had more than a local reputation was the lawyer, Elisha Williams. It was in this village that the first ma- chine for cutting grass was invented by Matthew Beale, and although not a perfect success, led to the development of the present mowing machine. The present business interests of Spencertown are not many. The general store of L. R. & C. D. Higgins, and that of Palmer & Sawyer constitute the mercantile part, and the usual shops found in small vil- lages complete the list. The Messrs Higgins succeeded Aaron Bell, and he Dr. Ebenezer Reed, who was one of the first merchants in the place. Palmer & Sawyer have been in business twenty-five years, suc- ceeding Niles & Clark, early dealers. W. S. Higgins is the present postmaster. One hotel is kept by Charles D. Chace. There is no manufacturing. One of the older church organizations of the county is that of the Presbyterian church at Spencertown, which, it is claimed, was organ- ized as such in 1750. In the proprietors' minutes of April 16, 1760, is the following: "Whereas, there is a Right and a half in Spencer's Town Ship that is without any owner in particular, but is owned by the propriety in general, by a grant for taking one general Deed of the natives, it is now voted, that one Right of said right and a half shall be given to the first gospel minister settled in said propriety." And also, "Voted to give a deed to Mr. Jesse Clark, provided he settles here in the function of a minister." Mr. Clark accepted the proposal, and on March 31, 1761, a meeting was held which voted to give Mr. Clark ^50 for his services during the year 1761, ^55 for the next year, ^60 for each of the succeeding three years, and ;^65 annually thereafter. It was also voted to give 704 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. him _^C0 towards the erection of a house. The first meeting-house was built in 1771; it stood near the site of the present church building on the east. It was repaired in 1789, and extensively remodeled in 1825, and again in 1853, the original frame being retained. " Priest " Clark, as he was commonly known, served as pastor of this church about thirty years, and was succeeded in 1790 by Rev. David Porter. He was fol- lowed by Rev. Alvin Somers in 1805, Rev. Joel Osborne in 1826, Rev. L. H. Van Dyck, Rev. Timothy Woodbridge in IS-tS. Since 1852 the pastors have been Revs. Samuel N. Steele, William H. Clark, James A. Clark, J. H. Goodell. H. P. Bake is the present pastor. The membership is about forty. The first trustees as given in the records, were Col. David Pratt, Col. Matthew Scott, Capt. Joel Pratt, Dea. Moses Chittenden, Lieut. Abra- ham Holdridge, Dea. Jabez Pierson, Lieut. Joseph Niles, William Powers, Esq., and Major Beriah Phelps. Military titles were plentiful at that time (1789) and certainly were well represented in the board of trustees of this church. The church was incorporated May 10, 1803 as "St. Peter's Church." In 1824 the church, which so far had been Congregational, entered the Columbia Presbytery and in 1827 adopted the discipline of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in America. The following, taken from the church records of a date before 1800, is indicative of the customs of those days: " Voted that wiming should have one-half of the Galery (viz.) half the frunt seet, and the Pews on the North Side of the meeting-house to the wiming." Certain pews were assigned "for widows and others," and "the northwest corner pew in the galery" was "given to the Blacks." The Methodist Episcopal Church of Spencertown, as near as can be ascertained, was organized about 1834. The church building was erected in 1836 and dedicated on October 12 of that year. It was thor- oughly repaired and a basement added in 1860. Those prominent in the establishment of the church were Zadock Knapp, William Sawyer, Stephen Willis, William P. Clark, Harvey Niles, and Ebenezer Soule. The membership of the church is about one hundred, and the present pastor is Rev. Grenville E. Kerr. Austerlitz Grange No. 819, P. of H. was organized at Spencertown, N. Y , in May, 1895, with thirty charter members. A large hall in one of the old hotels, now owned and occupied as a dwelling by F. Kuhn, THE TO WN OF A USTERLITZ. 705 was leased for a term of j'ears, fitted up and furnished for a Grange Hall. Senator Henry S. Ambler was elected the first Master, holding the office till January, 1898, when he was succeeded by the present in- cumbent, Henry W. Niles, who is now serving his second term. The Grange is in a very prosperous condition, both financially and as a social organization. The membership has increased to one hundred and twenty-six (126). It is a live, up to date institution, and the work ac- complished since its organization has been of great benefit to the farm- ing community. Besides its local membership its rolls contain the names of many distinguished men who have journeyed to Spencertown to be initiated into the order of Patrons of Husbandry. Among them are Lieutenant-Governor Timothy L. Woodruff, Hon. J. H. Durkee, G. L. Flanders, Hon. A. V. S. Cochrane, Edward Van Alstyne, J. R. Powell and several others who do not reside in this vicinity. The village of Austerlitz lies near the east center of the town, along the course of the Green River, near the head of the valley, and is surrounded with natural scenery of more than common interest. It was once known as "Upper Green River," but that title was later given to a hamlet near the Hillsdale line. Its present business con- sists of a store and hotel conducted by A. A. Harvey, with a few small shops. The Congregational church in Austerlitz dates from March 31, 1793. when Rev. David Porter of Spencertown, and Rev. John Stevens of East Chatham, formed the organization. The first building for the use of the society was built in the summer of 1792 on land donated by Judah Swift. In 1828 and again in 1873 extensive repairs and altera- tions were made to the structure. The first pastor. Rev. John Morse, began his service on May 6, 1792, and was regularly installed on November 7 of the same year. Owing to loss of membership and non support, in 1886 the society' became practically extinct, and the church property was turned over to the Presbytery, and it is now sup- plied by the pastor of the Presbyterian church at Spencertown. Its membership does not exceed twenty. The "First Christian Church in Green River Valley" was organized on October 30, 1851, by Revs. S. B. Hayward, G. N. Kelton and A. Hayward of the New York Eastern Christian Conference, with about forty members. The first house of worship was built at Green River in the town of Hillsdale in 1852, and the second in the village of Aus- 45 706 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. terlitz in the spring of 1853. For many years the church was active in good work, was incorporated in 1852, and maintained an excellent Sun- day school. But for reasons not easily traced interest in it has been lost, and at the present time no services are held, nor have there been for nearly two years. Until recent years but little system was employed in providing burial places for the dead. Scattered hamlets and neighborhoods, for con- venience, set aside small parcels of land for the purpose, and in many cases families had burial plots of their own. Many such are yet in ex- istence in Austerlitz, often neglected and a reproach upon the living. Spencertown, however, has a neat burial ground of two or three acres at the Presbyterian church, which is well cared for. It is owned by the Presbyterian and Methodist churches, is neatly fenced, and con- tains many monumental memorials which are a credit to the taste of the erectors. The Austerlitz Cemetery is an incorporated organization, founded in 1858. The cemetery grounds are about half a mile south of the village and were the gift of Mrs. Hannah Lane. The population of Austerlitz, as given in the census reports from 1825 to 1892, has been as follows: 1825, 2,217; 1830, 2,245; 1835. 2,092; 1840, 2,091; 1845, 1,812; 1850, 1,873; 1855, 1,618; 1860, 1,889; 1865, 1,443; 1870, 1,442; 1875, 1,388; 1880, 1,341; 1890, 1,142; 1892, 1,119. The following is a list of the supervisors of the town from the date of its organization, with the dates of their election: 1818. J. C. Olmstead. 1838-39. Justin Niles. 1819-22. George Lawrence. 1840. Major M. Tyler. 1823. J. C. Olmstead. 1841. Harvey W. Gott. 1824. A. P. Holdridge. 1842. Charles B. Butcher. 1825-26. George Lawrence. 1843. George M. Soule. 1827. Isaac Ford. 1844. Ebenezer Reed. 1828. George Lawrence. 1845. Sill Niles. 1829. Ebenezer Reed. 1846. Uel Lawrence. 1830-31. George Lawrence. 1847. Uriah L. Davis. 1832. Sherman Griswold. 1848. Albert Brown. 1833. Erastus Pratt. 1849. Nelson Martin. 1834-35. Justin Niles. 1850. Ebenezer Reed. 1836. Ebenezer Reed. 1851. William P. Clark. 1837. Uriah Mallory. 1852-53. Samuel D. Dean. THE TO WN OF A USTERLIT/.. 707 1854. Anson U. Mallery. 1867. 1855. Elisha C. Osborn. 1868. 1856. William Dickerman. 1869- 1857. Wright H. Barnes. 1871- 1858. Charles Hanor. 1875. 1859 Aaron Bell. 1876- 1860. Aurelius M. Tracy. 1878- 1861-63. George C. Mercer. 1881- 1863. Wright H. Barnes. 1883. 1864. Edwin J. Ford. 1884- 1865. Isaac E. Clark. 1893- 1866. John S. Moore. 1898- The town clerks have been as follows: 1818. Darius Cole. 1848- 1819. William Niles. 1850- 1820. David C. Osborn. 1852- 1821. Milton Niles. 1854. 1822. Levi Whitman. 1855. 1823. Milton Niles. 1856. 1824. Charles Winslow. 1857. 1825. Albert Cole. 1858. 1836. Ebenezer Reed. 1859. 1827. Jakah Lawrence. 1860. 1828-30. Noah Rossiter. 1861. 1831. Stephen H. Ambler. 1862, 1832. Albert Cole. 1863. 1833 34. David C. Osborn. 1864. 1835. William Calkins. 1865. 1830-37. David C. Osborn. 1866. 1838. William Calkins. 1867. 1839. Lyman C. Gleason. 1868. 1840 41. Charles H. Skiff. 1869. 1842. Anson Brown. 1870. 1843. Alonzo Chamberlin. 1871. 1814. Edwin J. Ford. 1872. 1845. Elisha B. Kellogg. 1873. 1846. William C. Bell. 1874. 1847. Benjamin Ambler. 1876 William Dickerman. D. L. Westover. 70. Samuel D. Dean. 74. George C. Mercer. Charles Adsit. 77. Henry C. Pierson. 80. C. Gamewell Varney. 82. Henry S. Ambler. James M. Lamphere. 92. Henry S. Ambler. 97. Ira Palmer. 1900. J. Thorne Clark. 49. William Calkins. 51. Aaron Bell. 53. Standish L. Kellogg. Jacob Chamberlin. Michael Cook. David L. Osborn. Aaron Bell. C. J. Varney, Jr. John M. Niles. Guy P. Sweet. James S. Griswold. William Dickerman. Harvey G. Kinney. John F. Davis. C. Gamewell Varney. James S. Griswold. Edward P. Osborn. Lucien S. Griswold. Martin New. William S. Higgins. J. Edwin Ingersoll. George W. Higgins. William S. Higgins. 75. William G. Palmer. J. E. Ingersoll. 708 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE EXD OF THE CEXTURV. 1877. D. L. Spaulding. 1882-92. Ira Palmer. 1878. Ira Palmer. 1893-05. Lewis R. Higgins. 1879-81. Ira Z. Palmer. 1896-1900. C. D. Higgins. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE TOWN OF ANCRAM. This town lies in the southeast corner of the county, with Copake and Taghkanic on the north, the towns of North East and Pine Plains ( Dutchess count}') on the south, and Gallatin on the west. Reference to the outline map in this work shows that Ancram includes a triangular tract of territory at its northeast corner. This tract formerly belonged to Massachusetts. The Taghkanic Mountains extend along the eastern side of the tract, constituting a sort of barrier between it and the town of Mt. Washington, in Berkshire county, Mass. Being thus in a meas- ure isolated from the seat of civil authority, the locality became years ago a resort for fugitives from justice and a rough element, includ- ing prize fighters ; the notorious contest between Yankee Sullivan and John Morrissey was fought here. In order that peace and protection to property might be inaugurated and maintained, a change in the boundary line of the town was made in response to a petition from the inhabitants, asking for annexation of the tract to the State of New York, under date of December, 1848 The consent of Massachusetts to the change was obtained in May, 1853, the cession was accepted by New York on July 21, of that year, was confirmed by Congress January 3, 1855, and the tract was annexed to Ancram on April 13, 1857. This tract contained about 1,000 acres of land and had been given the name of Boston Corner, and the hamlet that came into existence there, with a post-ofEce, took the same name. Another change in the Ancram boundary was made by which the line between this town and Tagh- kanic was straightened, taking about 1,000 acres from Ancram and an- nexing it to what is now Copake. As before related, the territory of Ancram was formerly a part of the Livingston Manor. What is known as Chestnut Ridge, in the town of North East, Dutchess county, extends into the eastern part of Ancram, where it is THE TO \VN OF A NCR A M. 709 called by the various titles of West Hill, Card's Hill, East Hill, as well as Chestnut Ridge. The Taghkanic Mountains occupy the extreme northeast part, the highest point of which is Monument Mountain. In the southwest part a broken range of hills has a general northerly di- rection, and terminates in what is called Mill Hill east of Ancram village. There are high and gradually sloping hills in the northwest part, while along the principal streams the land is flat and in some places swampy. In the north part of the town are several small lakes or ponds, the mure important of which are known as Woodworth Pond, Lower Rhoda Pond, Miller's Pond, and Long Pond ; the first two are partly over the Copake line. Roeloff Jansen's Kill ( known locally as Ancram Creek in this town), crosses the town in a southwesterly direction, passing through Ancram village. Punch Brook flows north across the town until it empties into the kill a mile and a half from the town line. The soil of Ancram is mainly gravelly loam, intermixed with clay. In the eastern and southeastern parts there is limestone soil, and along the kill is an intervale of alluvial soil. The agricultural operations of the town have been of a varied character, as noted farther on. The town became noted in the early years of settlement for its large deposits of iron and lead ore, both of which have been profitably worked. Boston Corners is a station on what was formerly the New York and Harlem Railroad, built through this town in 1853. What was formerly the Poughkeepsie, Hartford and Boston Railroad enters the town from the southwest part, extends northeasterly with a wide detour to avoid Chestnut Ridge, and reaches Boston Corners where there is a station, and another at Ancram Lead Mines. This road was opened in 1872. In aid of building it the town was bonded for $30,000, the bonds running thirty years at seven per cent, interest. The Rhinebeck and Connecti- cut Railroad follows the course of Roeloff Jansen's Kill through the town, passes in a part of a circle through Copake, re-enters Ancram at Weed Mines, and thence parallels the Harlem road to Boston Corners. This road was opened in May, 1875. The reader has already learned in early pages of this volume, that Ancram territory, long before the formation of the town, was the scene of active and exciting events connected with the troubles between Massachusetts and New York in relation to boundaries. One one oc- casion a number of men, most of all of whom were employed by Mr- 710 COLUMBIA COUXTV AT THE EXD OF THE CENTURY. Livangston, were arrested and carried away from the town by agents of what was called the New England Company. This action called forth the following letter, addressed to Mr. Livingston: "Manor Livingston, May 6, 1755. "HoNLE. Sr. : "On Monday Mr. Connor went to Warn the people to Assist on Tuesday Morning at Taghkanick, and as he Arrived to Anchoram about Sun Down, he Was Informed that there Was a proclamation from ye Lieutenant- Governour of Boston Nailed upon Dirck Spoor Door, and Mr. Conner being Uneasie to know what Was Meant by the proclamation being put up there, he went to Dirck Spoors, and When they seen him Coming towards the house they took it of and Locked it up in one of their Chest. But Mr. Conner insisted upon Seeing the paper that was Nailed to the Door, and After Some Dispitte Got it out of the Chest, Which is Now Inclosed and sent to You for Your Better Information, and as Mr. Connor was in Comeing Whome he Came by Anchoram, Where he Stayed till Ten O'clock at Night; he Likewise or- dered the people of Anchoram to keep together in one house, and to be Sure to Make Deffence, But in Steed of Defifending Themselves they fled after a Base Manner, and Made No Resistance at all. "Inclosed you have the Number of Men Which were taken this Morning out of Anchoram By the New England Company, and your Servt., Jacob Knight, Who Was among them, and call'd out to the New England People to ty the Anchoram, and as Mr. Connor Informed me that the New England Sheriff Come up to Mr. Deeker and Shook hands With him, and said he Would not take him, and Mr. Deeker never offered to make any Ressistance and all against him, and its said thev- are to Come and take Mr. Conner and the Rest of the Anchoram People, and We are Going there Now With a Company of men to As- sist him as far as We Can. "I am, bond. Sy., your most "Obedient & faithful! Servt., " Dirck Swart." "The Number Taken From Anchoram." "James Elliott, the Clarke; Neil MacArthur, Founder; Hugh Mac- Cay, Filler; Jacob Showers, Founder; Samuel Herris, Do.; Charles MacCarthur, Morris When, Angus MacDuffey. "The number took there were "Robert Noble, Thomas Whitney, Jacob Spoor, Cornelius Spoor, Andries Reese, Jonathan Derby. Francis Balviel, a Soldr belonging to Albany Garrison, Ebenezer Pain, John Van Gelden, an Indian, Joseph Van Gelden, an Do., Joseph Kneght, Mr. Livingston's Servant, 103 ye Whole Number." THE TO IVN OF ANCRAM. 711 But in spite of the troubles the town was settled by a hardy and in- dustrious class of immigrants, in addition to those who had come in and who are named in the above communication. What may be termed permanent settlement was made by Scotch families, and the town has always been called by many, "Scotchtown. " They located in the cen- tral part of the town. Other pioneers came on from Xew England and settled in the eastern part. Among these was Zacheus Owen, who lo- cated on a farm a little east of Boston Corners about 1760; he was father of Charles Owen, and the latter was father of Hermon The farm was ultimatelj- divided and occupied by John Silvernail and Arch- ibald Mclntyre. Peter Owen, a grandson of Zacheus, died in Ancram at an advanced age. John Strever was a German who settled on a farm near Ancram Lead Mines; he was father of four sons and two daughters, all of whom settled near by. Jacob, the second son, married a daughter of another pioneer named Hoysradt. Hans Adam Miller, a German set- tler as early as 1765, located on the west side of Chestnut Ridge. He had three sons and six daughters, and his descendants named Miller, McArthur and Wilkinson, are still among the residents of the town. Hans Adam Miller had two brothers, Benjamin and Matthias, who set- tled in Ancram and Copake. The former was grandfather of Ben jamin B. Miller, a later resident near Copake Flats. Neil McArthur was a pioneer of an early date; he was father of John McArthur and great-grandfather of Peter McArthur, a well known cit- izen of Copake. Henry and David Wentworth settled earh' near An- cram village, and Isaac Williams, long agent for the Livingstons at the iron works there, was supervisor in 1805. A family named Steward settled near the site of the village, and William Lott and David Eggle- ston were pioneers. Other early settlers were Jacob Kiefer, John Tweedy, Reuben McArthur, John W. Pulver, Martin Miller, John Woodward (near the Woodward Pond), Isaac Rogers, Duncan Mc- Arthur, Archibald and Duncan ^Iclntyre, and families named Burch, Thompson, Fritts, Tanner, McDonald, Belcher and Brandt. Among other enterprising citizens of the town of a little later date were Nicholas Kline, Allen Sheldon, Isaac B. Smith, Josiah Holly, Henry P. Mink, Walter Patterson, Elias Reynolds, Frederick I, Curtiss, Ebenezer Kingman, Thomas T. Loomis, James Finch, Christian C. Shultz, John P. Feller, Josiah D. Covey. All of these were men of 713 CO LU Ml! I A COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. prominence before the close of the first quarter of the present century. Augustus Tremain, William H. Smith, Joseph Halstead, James K. Van Ness, Thomas Delamater, John S. Harris, Joseph Reeves, John P. White, Philip Johnson, David K. Tripp, Henry Van Deusen, Selleck Osborn, Richard Moore, Solomon Johnson, Edson Card, Richard Moore and others were progressive citizens before 1850. This town was formed from Livingston, with the name of Gallatin, on March 19, 1803. This name was retained until March 25, 1814, when the present town of Gallatin was erected from Ancram territory, and the name adopted from the old home of the Livingston family in Ancram, Scotland. The first town meeting was held April 5, 1803, when the following officers were elected: Nicholas Klyne, supervisor; Ebenezer Kingman, clerk; Henry Huffman, Jacob L Strivel, Thomas Lumas, assessors; Rubin McCarter, Henry A. Hoisrod, Silas Davis, commis.sioners; Allen Sheldon, collector; Christopher Shults, Henry Huffman, overseers of the poor; Peter Marks, Aaron Sheldon, Daniel Palmer, constables; George Row, Hans Peter Shoemaker, John Bates, fence viewers; Isaac Williams, poundmaster. The only other proceedings of that meeting was the voting of $150 for the support of the poor, the regulation of the height of fences to four and a half feet, and restricting rams from running at large from the first of September to the first of November, under forfeiture of the animal. The water power on Roeloff Jansen's Kill near the western line of town led to the founding at that point of the village of Ancram, contain- ing about three hundred inhabitants, where most of the business inter- ests of the town have always centered. It has already been stated in this work that this town became the scene of early mining operations by Robert Livingston near the site of Ancram village in 1748; this was the first and for many years the only iron works in the colony of New York. The old furnace stood on the site of the modern paper mill. There were four forges erected at different times — one near the furnace, one nearly opposite across the kill, one near the dam on the west side, and the other about eighty rods down the stream on the west bank. The one near the dam was carried away in a flood in 1839, two were ultimately torn down, and the lower one was afterwards con- verted into a dwelling. Ore used was brought from Salisbury, Conn., until the local mines were opened. The iron works remained in the THE TOWN OF ANCRAM. 718 hands of the Livingston family until 1845, when they were sold under mortgage foreclosure to Peter P. Rossman and Joseph D. Monell. When the works were operated with full force from seventy-five to one hun- dred men were employed in the several branches of the labor. In 1847 Mr. Rossman sold his interest to Mr. Monell, and in 1853 the latter sold to George W. Platner. In 1854 the furnace was demolished and a paper mill was erected by Mr. Platner and Elizur Smith, of Lee, Mass. This property passed to Stephen H. Platner and Peter G. Conkling, who sold it in 1859 to Peaslee & Carpenter, of Kinderhook. During the succeeding four years the several mill buildings were erected and in 1864 they built the dam in a substantial manner. In 1868 George H. Peaslee succeeded to the ownership of the property. It is now owned by S. D. Rosenbaum and is operated by New York men, with Henry McArthur, local manager. The daily output is one and one-half tons of manilla tissue paper. In 1892 new machinery was installed, and wood pulp is now largely used in the manufacture. The first grist mill at Ancram was in existence in the first quarter of the century, and Philip Coon was one of the early proprietors. A saw mill stood on the same side of the stream as the grist mill, but it ceased operation many years ago. The first store kept in the village was managed by Isaac B. Williams, agent of the Livingstons, early in the century. Augustus Tremain was a later merchant. John Porter built a store in 1858-59, and has ever since been connected with the business which is now conducted by his sons, S. A. and W. H. Porter. Martin L. Hills built the store occupied by W. J. Edelman, who succeeded Finch Brothers. Other merchants were James E. Strever, and Mr. Hills. The first hotel, which stood on the site of the later Ancram Hotel, was built in 1845, by John Seism. The present Sunnyside Hotel had many proprietors, among them Edward Lasher, Edward Card, Peter Miller, Geo. Kisselbach, G. Rossman, A. Friss, James K. White, James Blakeman, Kilmer Bros., William Neeley, and Edward Tripp, the present landlord. The hotel stands on the site of a store which was burned in 1858. The present Ancram Hotel has been conducted for thirteen years by Daniel Kisselbach; former proprietors were Sheldon Waldorph, J. Van Benschoten, G. Rossman, and Edward Lasher. The usual shops of the country village were established here, but previous to 1840 there was little more than a hamlet here for the dwell- 714 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. iiijj place of employees of ihe furnace and forges, with the Livingston mansion. This was demolished in 1843 and rebuilt on the same site by the heirs of Henry I. Livingston. The later importance of the village was due mainly to Messrs. Rossman and Monell. The present business interests of the place are the paper mill, hotels, the stores, four blacksmith shops, three wagon shops, the shoe store of P. Holmes; the creamery operated by R. F. Stevens &Co. , which takes in and bottles from fifty to one hundred cans of milk daily; the hard- ware and tin business of George Miller, established in 1880, and the barber shop of Edward Bloss. Other operations in connection with mining in this town were begun at what became known as Weed Mines on the north line of the town about a mile and a half from the Massachusetts boundary. Mining was begun here about 1775 and 1780, the ore going to Ancram and to Salis- bury. The business done was comparatively small many j^ears but finally the mine was purchased by Capt. Weed, of .Salisbury, Conn., and from that date forward was more actively worked, by the Columbia County Iron Company, the Weed Iron Company, the Weed Ore Com- pany, and George Williams, the last lessee. The mines have been idle about twenty years. The ore is a hematite of fine quality, yielding about fifty per cent of metallic iron. What has been known as the Reynolds ore bed is situated about three miles south of the Weed mine, near the foot of Chestnut Ridge; it was opened by Elias Reynolds about 1855, who finally sold a mining lease to James W. Wilson of New York City. The operations were carried on to some extent by a number of individuals and companies, among them the Empire Company, the American Iron Company (Francis A. Palmer, president), and under lease on royalty to James M. Winchell & Son. The mine was not worked after 1875. It is now owned by the BarnumRichardson Co. The mines of the former Columbia Iron and Mining Co., adjoining the Reynolds mine, have recently passed into possession of capitalists and are being developed by tlie Ilalstead Iron and Mining Co., on a large scale. Two miles east of Ancram Lead Mines was situated the Morgan Iron Mine, which was discovered about 177() by Mr. Livingston. It was not worked until after about 1850, and has been idle since 1870, except- ing a .short time in 1896-97. Ancram Lead Mines is a hamlet with the post-office of the same THE TO IVN OF A NCR AM. 715 name, situated a little south of the center of the town, with a station on the railroad. The place has long been locally known as Hot Ground, and also to some extent as Punch Brook ; the first of these titles was probably derived from the presence of ore in the vicinity, and the latter from an incident in which a man returning from Hudson with a cask of liquor, lost it from his wagon in traveling the rough road, and the fluid ran into the creek. The place lacked business importance excepting such as was given it by the discovery of lead ore. This discovery was made in the early years of the century by Henry Keefer, who had leased a farm of Mr. Livingston and called his neighbors to a "stone bee," in which they aided him in clearing a field of stone. Mr. Keefer saw a metallic lustre on a piece of the rock which was proved to be lead ore. When Mr. Livingston heard of the discovery he bought Keefer's lease interest and built a small smelting furnace; this he operated about ten years, when he abandoned the work. About 1837 the lease was bought by a New York company who worked the mine about two years In 1848 Harmon Mclntyre bought the land and in 1850 the mine was leased for twelve years to Josiah Sturgis, who sold it three years later to Alexander C. Farrington. About 1864 a stock company was formed and large expense was incurred in fitting the mine for extensive opera- tion. The work was carried on about two years, when it was aban- doned, and has remained idle. Experts declare that large quantities of silver and lead exist in these mines. The business interests of Ancram Lead Mines are the general store of A. C. Niver, begun in 1871; general store of Barton & Hoysradt, in business many years; the Pulver Hotel, built in 183*;, formerly called the Phoenix Mines House, kept by W. N. Pulver since 1886; a cream- ery, with Perry Stiles manager; Philip Edelman, blacksmith for twenty- three years; Charles Card's cider mill, three miles north of the village. C. M. Hoysradt is the postmaster. Former merchants were Barton & Beers, F. W. Shuttuck, Henry Rockefeller, John A. Rockefeller, F. I. Curtiss and Asa Hoag. The hamlet of Boston Corners, in the northeast corner of the town, has been mentioned. Its principal importance is as a junction for the railroads which have been noticed. A store and hotel was opened here by a man named Albison, the building standing on the site of the later hotel; it was torn down about 1858 and rebuilt by Abram I. Vosburgh, whose son, M. B. Vosburgh, was the succeeding proprietor. Other 716 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. proprietors were Jason Grey, Duncan Pulver, J. T. Lee, and Charles Burch, present proprietor. John Vosburgh sells coal and produce. Albison also built a grist mill, a saw mill, a carding and fulling mill, all situated on the brook near the site of the railroad station. The last of these structures was demolished in 1853 by the New York and Har- lem Railroad Company. Others who were interested in this property were Horace Langdon, Jacob Decker, Andris Van Deusen, James Freeman, and Milo Barnum. David Williams was the first blacksmith here, as early as 1818, and Smith Vosburgh kept an early store near the station. A small settlement near the center of the town formerly existed under the names of Acnram Center, or Scotchtown, taking the latter title from a number of vScotch pioneers who located in the vicinity. A brook supplied small water power here and Mr. Livingston built a mill about 1775, for Mr. Mabey, father of the late Henry Mabey of this town. Robert Van Deusen afterwards owned the property, and still later during eighteen years John Rockefeller was the owner. In 1865 it was purchased by Eason Card, who now uses it for grinding feed. Under the law of 1812 establishing free schools, this town was divided into districts, and at a special meeting held May 29, 1813, Allen Sheldon, Henry P. Mink, and Rowland Sweet were chosen school commissioners; and John I. Holley, Elisha Wilcox, and Herman Vedder, school in- spectors. During many past years there have been eleven districts, which were in existence in 1860, with 757 children attending school. According to the report of the Superintendent of Publiclnstruction for 1898, there are ten school districts in the town; and the whole number of children attending school for the year was 226. The value of the school property is given at $5,600, and the assessed valuation of dis- tricts, $955,187. There was apportioned to the town $1,178.18 public money by the State, and $2,076.57 was raised by taxation, making the sum of $3,25-4.75 devoted to the support of schools, in which ten teach- ers were employed. The organization of the earliest Methodist church in this town dates back to vSeptember, 1844, and had its inception in a grove meeting held by Rev. Lewis McK. Pease of the Copake Church. Many converts were made and the East Ancram society was organized April 12, 1845. The first trustees were John W. Pulver, Tallmadge Pulver, Andrus THE TO IV N OF A SCRAM. 717 Lyke, Alexander Smith, David Downs, Alanson Shumway, Duncan McArthur, and Elias Reynolds. A meeting house was built in that summer, which was repaired in 1873 at a cost of $800. It was the first meeting house built within the town limits. After 1856 the church was connected with the Ancram Church. The Janes Methodist Church was organized in 1854, and connected with the Copake Church. The meeting house was built in 1855 at a cost of about $3,500; and an addition to the rear was erected in 1868. A parsonage valued $1,100 was donated to the society by Arthur Mc- Arthur; this was sold about 1870 and the present one purchased. The first trustees, elected at a meeting held May 3, 1855, were Henry Hoys- radt, Freeland McDaniel, William Belcher, John Van Benschoten, Ed- ward H. Sheldon, Andrew Scott, and Isaac Miller. Among the pastors have been J. B. Heroy, H. L. Hoag, C. C. Miller, C. S. Oakley, J. S. Ladd, and T. R. Wallace, incumbent. The church was enlarged in 1860, and has been improved some, and a parsonage built. In this charge is a church at East Ancram. The St. John's Evangelical Lutheran church was organized at a meet- ing held at the house of Adam Coon, on November 31, 1846. The society as thus formed numbered twenty-five members. A subscription was opened to raise funds for building a house of worship, and when something over $1,300 was raised, Peter P. Rossman, Jacob F. Suydam, and Henry Silvernail were appointed a building committee. A build- ing was erected at a cost of $3,400, on which improvements were made in 1854 costing $1,000; the parsonage was built in 1853 at a cost of $1,500. The first deacons were Cornelius Silvernail and Franklin Hoysradt; the first elders, Jeremiah Williams, Jacob Lasher, and Abra- ham A. Vosburgh. The society was incorporated July 15, 1847, when seven trustees were elected. This society has accomplished much good by maintaining several Sunday schools in different parts of the town. Among the pastors have been Smith Deal, A. N. Daniels, John Kling, G. W. Fostry, W. E. Traver, C. L. Barringer, J. W. Lake, and W. F. Whittaker, incumbent. What became the Ancram Lead Mines Presbyterian Church was built as a union edifice, the Lutherans being entitled to the use of the build- ing one-fourth of the time. The edifice was erected on land donated by John and Adam Hoysradt in the summer of 1847, at a cost of $3,500; it is situated about two and a half miles northwest of Ancram Lead COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Mines. In the fall of 1859 the building was taken down and removed to its present site in Ancram Lead Mines. The society was a branch of the Pine Plains church until 1877; its incorporation took place in 1867. This church edifice was extensively repaired in 1899. Rev. G. W. New- man is pastor. The population of Ancram as given in the census reports from 1825 to 1892, has been as follows: 1825, 3,126; 1830, 1,533; 1835, 1,617; 1840, 1,770; 1845, 1,705; 1850, 1,569; 1855, 1,801; 1860, 1,720; 1865, 1,651; 1870, 1,793; 1875, 1,715; 1880, 1,602; 1890, 1,332; 1892, 1,403. The following list shows the supervisors of the town since its organi- zation to the present time, with the dates of their election ; 1803-4. Nicholas Kline. 1805. Isaac Williams. 1806. Allen vSheldon. 1807. Isaac B. Smith. 1808. Josiah Holley. 1809-12. Allen Sheldon. 1813. Henry P. Mink. 1814. Isaac B. Smith. 1815. Josiah Holley. 1816-17. Isaac B. Smith. 1818. Issac B. Williams. 1819. Isaac B. Smith. 1820. Isaac B. Williams. 1821. Walter Patterson. 1832. Elias Reynolds. 1823. Walter Patterson. 1824. Frederick I. Curtiss. 1825 26. Isaac B. Williams. 1827-28. John Coons. 1829. Augustus Tremain. 1830-31. William H. Smith. 1832-33. Joseph Halstead. 1834. James K. Van Ness. 1835-36. Duncan Keefer, 1837. David K. Tripp. 1838 41. Joseph Halstead. 1842. John A. Rockefeller. 1843. Alexander Smith, jr. 1844. Arthur McArthur. 1845-47. Henry Van Deusen. 1848. Seleck Osborn. 1849. Abr. A. Vosburgh. 1850. Seleck Osborn. 1851. Conrad Niver. 1852. Peter P. Rossman. 1853. Henry H. Hoj'sradt. 1854. Abr. A. Vosburgh. 1855. Peter McArthur. 1856-57. Harmon Mclntyre. 1858. Peter P. Rossman. 1859-60. Asa Hoag. 1861 62. Arthur McArthur. 1863. Willis Hoag. 1864. Asa Hoag. 1865. John M. Smith. 1866-68. H. H. Hoysradt. 1869-70. James Hoag. 1871. Archelaus Brandt. 1872-76. Jacob Miller. 1877-79. William Hoag. 1880-84. Jacob Miller. 1885-87. Lewis M. Hoysradt. 1888. Obed Finch. 1889. William H. Peck. 1890-98. Jacob H. Hoysradt. 1899-1900. Obed Finch. THE TO IV N OF A NCR AM. 719 The town clerks have been as follows: 1803 09. Ebenezer Kingman. 1855. 1810-11. Thomas T. Loomis. 1850. 1812-16. Isaac B. Williams. 1857. 1817. John Coons. 1858. 1818. James Finch. 1859. 1819-20. John Coons. 1860. 1821. Thomas Delamater. 1861- 1822. John S. Harris. 18G3. 1823. John Coons. 1864 1824. Henry Delamater. 1860. 1825. Jacob Coons. 1867- 1820. John B. Strever. 1869. 1827. Abraham F. Miller. 1870. 1828. Benjamin 1. vStrever. 1871. 1829. William H. Smith. 1872. 1830. Duncan Keefer. 1873. 1831. George W. Barton. 1874. 1832-33. Duncan Keefer. 1875. 1834. Henry I. Strever. 1876- 1835. Stephen Decker. 1878. 1836. David K. Tripp. 1879. 1837. John Silvernail, jr. i^ 1880- 1838. Duncan Keefer. 1884, 1839. Richard Moore. 1885. 1840 42. Alexander Smith, jr. 1886. 1843. William F. Roraback. 1887. 1844. David K. Tripp. 1888. 1845. Caleb Wolcott. 1889. 1846 47. Edson Card. 1800 1848. Josiah Reynolds. 1892- 1849. John Lyke. 1894- 1850. Archelaus Brandt. 1896- 1851. Ambrose Dennis. 1898. 1852. John A. Simmons. 1899- 1853-54. Eli Loomis. William H. Barton. Warren Tripp. Ambrose Dennis. John W. Keefer. Smith Vosburgh. John A. Simmons. 02. Robert Bachman. Grosvenor B. Rossman. 65. Jacob J. Shook. Frederick C. Barton. 68. Artemas S. Barton. Egbert Pulver. Talmadge Pulver, jr. Albert C. Niver. Arthur Miller. Jacob J. vShook. Obed Finch. Alexander Card. 77. Duncan K. Pulver. Albert L. Hoysradt. Duncan K. Pulver. 83. Jacob H. Hoysradt. William H. Porter. George H. Finch. Edward Knickerbocker. L. M. Brandt. Homer Miller. Lebbeus B. Finch. 91. Robert H. Stickles. 93. William V. Pulver. 95. Lebbeus B. Finch. 97. Willis Hoag. Asa Hoag. 1900. Frank Lampman. COLUMBIA CO U STY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE TOWN OF TAGHKANIC. Bounded on the north by Claverack and Hillsdale, east by Copake, south by Gallatin and Ancram, and west by Livingston, Taghkanic is an interior town, south of the center of the county. It contains an area of 22,950 acres of land, and is seven and a quarter miles long from east to west and six and a half wide from north to south. The surface is extremely, hilly with narrow valleys. The soil is a slaty loam and fairly fertile, most of the hills being tillable to their summits. The only stream of importance is Taghkanic or Copake Creek, which has numerous tributaries within the limits of the town. At New Forge the waters of this creek have a fall of a hundred feet in a distance of fifty rods, creating a valuable water power. The territory of this town was a part of the old Livingston manor, and the occupants of the lands held them under lease until about ISli, when sales were begun to be made with absolute title, which practice continued until at the present time there is but little if any of the land under lease. Although the first settlements in the territory now comprising this town were probably made soon after 1700, when the proprietor induced Dutch and German emigrants to lease farms from him, general settle- ment did not begin until about 1750. On an old map, made in 1714, are printed the names of Witbeck, Class and Brusie, as residents on the lands of the manor; the Witbecks, however, were located on the territory that afterward went to form a part of the town of Copake. No doubt the feudal system adopted by the proprietor had much to do in retarding settlement, as tenants were constantly giving up their leases for one tract to remove to another, and more often than other- wise, when possessed of the means to do so, removing to localities where lands could be purchased in fee simple, thus securing more per- THE TOWN OF TAG HK A NIC. 721 raanent rewards for their toil. One result of this changing and flitting was that but few became permanent residents, whose children and chil- dren's children remained on the soil, establishing a pioneership worthy of historical mention. The first settler whose record is traceable through his descendants was George Smith, a native of Germany, who emigrated to America about 1755, or soon after. He leased about 240 acres of land in the east part of the town, and was one of the few who thrived under the leasehold system. He had two sons, Killian and John; the former suc- ceeded his father on the homestead, and the latter leased an adjoining farm. In 1838 the lease of the homestead farm was cancelled by the purchase of the property by Adam, a grandson, and Killian A. Smith, a great grandson of the settler. Killian I. Smith, another great-grand- son, was a blacksmith by trade, and settled near New Forge, where he practiced his calling. Other descendants of the worthy pioneer still reside in the town. One of the most prominent men of the town, and a settler of 1790, was Henry Avery, a native of New London, Conn. He was a black- smith and carried on his trade at Taghkanic for five years or so, when he leased a farm of 252 acres at West Taghkanic, where he lived the remainder of his life. While the territory of Taghkanic yet constituted a part of the town of Livingston he was collector of taxes and held other positions of trust; when the town of Taghkanic was set oflf and organized in 1803 he was elected supervisor and held the office until 1814, and served two terms in later years. He served as justice of the peace for twenty-four years in all — fair proof of his standing in the town. He raised a family of thirteen children, and the family name is still represented in the town and county. Henry Avery died in 1850, venerated and honored by the community where he had so long lived. To what is now known as West Taghkanic Fite Miller came at a very early day and kept a tavern. From him the place was called Miller's Corners, and lay upon the direct road from Salisbury to Hudson, a thoroughfare much traveled in those days, as the product of the iron furnaces at Ancram, Salisbury and New Forge was all transported over it in wagons for shipment at Hudson, and hundreds of emigrants from the east who were seeking homes in Middle and Western New York, found the accommodations and entertainment of his inn so satisfactory that his fame as an ideal landlord became widespread. It is not known that any of his descendants are now in the town. 46 722 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. Another early and prominent settler was Friend Sheldon, who made his location just north of Henry Avery's farm. He was long a justice of the peace, and also served as supervisor. The first tavern at Taghkanic village was kept by William Rocke- feller; many of the name are now residents of the county. Jonas I. Miller succeeded Rockefeller in the tavern and conducted it many years. In the south part of the town the Shaver family settled early, and at least one of its members became prominent — Adam I. Shaver, who was supervisor several terms, justice of the peace, and member of as- sembly in 1836. Gilbert Oakley moved into the town before the Revolution and set- tled near the Copake line. He had six children, descendants of whom are residents of the county. Adam I. Strevel came early in this century and made a home in the southern part of the town. He was locally prominent, being a justice of the peace for fifteen years and serving several terms as supervisor. In the northeastern part Jeremiah Shufelt had a farm, and in the eastern section were John Brusie, John Bain, and the Miller and Schurtz families. Along the southern side Thomas Coons and Alex- ander Tanner settled quite early, and among those who located on farms in the western half of the town were Nicholas Van Deusen, Whiting Hinsdale, Andrew Decker, John Best, Wendell Ham, James Decker, and others. In various parts of the town were the farms occupied by Jacob Royce, Joseph Bachman, David Riphenburgh, Jacob Haner, Philip Coons, John Nichols, Jacob I. Miller, Jonas Bortle, Henry S. Miller, John Waldorph, John Lown, John Friss, Philip Ringsdorph, Coonradt Silvernail and Wilhelmus Row. The spelling of the above names is as given in the records, though many of them have been changed in later years. In 1803 the territory included in the present towns of Taghkanic and Copake was set off from Livingston and organized on March 19 of that year as the town of "Granger." In 1814 the name of Taghkanic was legally applied to the town. Copake was set off as a separate town in 1824. From the preserved records of the town it is learned that the first town meeting was held at the inn of Jonas I. Miller, at what is now Taghkanic village, where they were continued to be held annually for THE TOWN OF TAGHKANIC. 723 twenty-seven years. Since 1830 the meetings have been frequently held at West Taghkanic, the practice of each meeting fixing the place for holding the next being adopted. The following from the records of the town embodies the proceed- ings of the first town meeting, worthy of insertion because of the names of early residents contained therein: Page I. " Granger, April 5th, 1803. — At the first anniversary town-meeting held in said town, at the dwelling-house of Jonas Miller, in said town, on the day and year first above written, present: Thomas Trafford, Daniel Toucray, justices of the peace. At which meeting the follow- ing persons were duly elected to the following offices, to wit: Jacob Decker, town clerk; Henry Avery, supervisor; Fite Miller, Phillip P. Rockefeller, Nicholas Robinson, assessors; Jacob Feller, Tiell Rocke- feller, Moses Rowle, commissioners of highways. Philip P. Rockefeller, Jacob Feller, overseers of the poor; Phillip P. Rockefeller, collector; Calvin Lawrence, Michael Wheeler, constables; Jonas Miller, pound- keeper; John Washburn, Peter Bain, Fite Miller, fence-viewers. "At the above meeting the freeholders and inhabitants of said town voted to raise $125 by tax on said town for the support of the poor the ensuing year. " Recorded by me, "Jacob C. Decker, Totvn Clerk." In the early days, although the town voted in favor of licensing the sale of liquors, it was as difficult for the penniless toper to gratify his desires as it is to day, probably more so. The following extract from the town records shows that one man at least was successful in obtain- ing what he desired, charitably presuming that it was used as a medi- cine: " To John Bain & Peter W. Ham, Overseers of the Poor of the Town of Taghkanic: You are hereby ordered to Get for Cornelius Dougherty one-half a Gallon of Gin, or Give the means to him to Git it; he says he wants it to fix medicine for the Gravel, & by so doing this vShall be Your Voucher. Dated at Taghkanick, 33d day of October, 1834. " Adam Strevel, Justice Peace." The following are samples of town charges: "April 31, 1833. paid Miles Avery for Doct. Bolton, on acct of peter alien's head, 85. , which said Bolton is to have ; if he cures the head three more, — if not, no more. $1.00." 724 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. For articles furnished a " pauper with family," the account reads: "to trouble, milk, tatoes, apples, and other iiecessaryes, $8.00." The obsolete and objectionable custom of " letting out " the town poor to those who would pay the most for the services of those able to work, or take the helpless at the lowest price prevailed in this town for many years. John I. Decker agreed for one hundred dollars to care for one Isaac I. Decker for a year, pledging himself to "keep said Isaac in Victuals, clothes and lodging during said term (and if necessary) pay Medical and Surgical aid, as far as a puke, purge or bleeding." The following tells its own story: "Jan. 18, 1816. Paid to Lawrence J. C. Decker, for Isaac I. S. Decker's funeral, in April, 1815: During the anti-rent troubles in 1844, there was much excitement in this town, and though no overt acts of personal violence occurred, some property was destroyed. One organization was formed of those known as "anti-renters," but it is not known that its members participated in the reckless acts perpetrated in some localities. Time, the law and conces- sions removed the excitement and its cause. There are two post-offices in Taghkanic, namely, Taghkanic and West Taghkanic. Of the villages. West Taghkanic, once known as Miller's Corners, is the most important. Its settlement was inaugurated by the building of the tavern long conducted by Fite Miller. The first merchant was Jacob Miller, who was followed by Jonathan Lapham about 1808. There was formerly a grist mill at the place, and the usual village shops. Charles Wheeler was long a merchant here, and was succeeded by S. S. Simmons, who has been in trade about twelve years. A store is kept also by Perry A. Decker, who succeeded Mrs. Louisa Miller, whose late husband was long in business. A wagon shop is conducted by James Dunbar, succeeding Robert Roraback, who carried on the same busi- ness many years. William B. Cole has a blacksmith shop. The pres- ent postmaster is William H. Hawver, jr. What is called the Grant House was built thirty or more years ago and has had various propri- etors, among them Charles Snyder, who was followed b}' Silas Miller, and he by Mrs. Sarah J. Coon. Sunnyside Hotel, Mrs. M. Near, pro- THE TOWN OF TAGHKANIC. 725 prietress since May 1, 1900, was previously kept many years by Sylvester Miller; it stands on the site of the old Globe Hotel, which was burned in 1893. Douglass Smith was one of the former landlords. Taghkanic is a post-office and little hamlet near the center of the town, containing the usual shops, a store and inn, sufficient for the conven- ience of the people of the vicinity. Jonas I. Miller kept the first tavern in the place, which before the division of the town, was the headquar- ters for town business. The tavern has since had inany proprietors, until it came down to Isaac Halstead, who was succeeded by Ernest Lown. The store here is now kept in the old tavern building, said to have been erected about a hundred years ago. It is conducted by George H. Finch, who succeeded Harmon Scott, each of whom were in business about ten years. A steam cider mill has recently been estab- lished by A. H. Bashford. Louis Marshall is the village blacksmith. George H. Finch has been postmaster about ten years and succeeded Peter Woodward, who had the office many years. Prior to the Revolution the Livingstons established an iron works at what subsequently received the name of New Forge (to distinguish it from "Old Forge" at Ancram). About 1790 the manufacture of iron was abandoned. Afterwards buildings were erected for a grist mill, blacksmith shop and feed and plaster mill. The Livingston residence, which was at one time the home of Robert vSwift Livingston, stood on an eminence near the forge. None of the former industries of this lo- cality is in existence, although the water power is a good one. The manufacturing interests of the town are small. About 1830 a plow and wagon shop was established on the outlet of Chrysler's pond by John C. Wheeler, and had several owners. The works are now con- ducted by John L. Tanner, who succeeded Milo Decker. About six styles of plows are made, combining valuable improvements on the old implement. Ham's Mills, on Copake Creek in the western part of the town, had their inception in a carding mill, built by William Gardner about 1825. In 1850 Peter P. Ham came into possession of the property. Mr. Ham was a practical mechanic, and two years after his purchase built a grist mill. In 1868 he erected a three-story building which for some years was used as a flouring mill, and afterwards converted into a hub and miscellaneous woodworking shop. In 1877 Mr. Ham built and carried on a circular saw mill, and later a cider mill. The power to operate 726 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. these industries was derived from three turbine water wheels of an ag- gregate of eighty- five horse power. In course of time the dam here was destroyed and the mills are now in a state of decay, having been abandoned about five years ago. The property is owned by the Milton Sherman estate. The Taghkanic Fire Insurance Company was incorporated in 1857. The first officers elected were: John I. Johnson, president; William H. Hawver, secretary; Jacob Conklin, Samuel L. Myers, Solomon Avery, appraisers; and these, together with Killian A. Smith, Rensselaer Plainer, Abram D. Miller and Peter C. Wheeler, were directors. It began operations with thirty-seven members, holding policies repre- senting buildings and personal property insured to the amount of $51,- 155. This company is still in prosperous existence, the only losses suffered during eight j'ears past having been two fires in 1900 involving loss of about $1,500. The officers are Ezra Link, S. F. Avery and J. H. Miller. When Copake was set off from Taghkanic, a rearrangement of the school districts became necessary, which was accomplished, and the work of education went on as before the separation. In 18G0 there were eight districts, and 656 children taught in the schools. From the report of the superintendent of public instruction for the year 1898 it is learned that there were six districts, in which only five teachers were employed, giving instruction to 10-4 children. The value of the school property was $1,775, and the amount of money available for school purposes was $1,441.67. The Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Church of West Taghkanic was formed in 1842. For a year meetings were held in the school house, and in 1843 a meetinghouse was built on land donated by Mrs. Julia C. Livingston. This building was in use twenty years, and was then sold and removed and a new house of worship erected at a cost of $6,500 and dedicated in 1863. The first class leaders of this society were Hen- ry Sheldon, Robert A. Roraback, and Fite Rockefeller. Through the generosity of Isaac Shaurman, a member of the church living at Glenco Mills, a neat chapel was erected at that place and donated to the Ebe- nezer church, together with a trust fund of $4,300, the income of which was to pay for the services of a pastor to hold services at the chapel. This society is active and has kept the church property in good con- dition. A parsonage has been added, and the membership is 125. Rev. John Wesley Bohlman, is pastor and preaches also at Glenco. THE TOWN OF TAGHKANIC. 737 T ghkanic Center Church was organized December 18, I800, by a body of Evangelical Lutherans. The church building was erected in 1856 at a cost of $2,000, and was extensively improved in 1898. Under the pastorate of Rev. Chester Traver, the congregation has consider- ably increased in number. The population of the town of Taghkanic, as given in the census re- ports from 1825 to 1892, has been as follows: 1825, 1,693; 1830, 1,654; 1835, 1,589; 1840, 1,674; 1845, 1,524; 1850, 1,539; 1855, 1,665; 1860, 1,717; 1865, 1,472; 1870, 1,485; 1875, 1,401; 1880, 1,308; 1890, 1,06-2; 1892, 1,076. The following list gives the names and dates of service of the super- visors of Taghkanic: 1803-14. Henry Avery. 1815-16. Friend Sheldon. 1817. Henry Avery. 1818-23 Adam I. Strevel. 1824. Henry Avery. 1825. Adam I. Strevel. 1836-28. Jonathan Lapham. 1829-32. Isaac Sheldon. 1833-35. Adam I. Strevel. 1836-39. Hiram Lapham. 1840-41. John L Waldorph. 1842. H. P. Hermance. 1843-44. Stephen H. Platner. 1845-46. John \. Johnson. 1847. George L Finkle. 1848. Fite Rockefeller. 1849. Jacob Conklin. 1850. Elias Decker. 1851. William Yager. 1855. J. W. Rockefeller. 1856-57. Samuel L. Myers. 1858. Christopher Miller. 1859-60. Sheldon Waldorph. 1861. Samuel L. Myers. 1862-65. Allen S. Miller. 1866-67. John McNeill. 1868-69. Samuel L. Myers. 1870. William Sheldon. 1871. George Finkle. 1872. Andrew Avery. 1873-74. Cyrus Lynk. 1875-77. Samuel L. Myers. 1878-81. John McNeill. 1882-84. Andrew Avery. 1885-87. John H. Miller. 1888-92. William H. Hawver 1893. William Sheldon. 1894-95. Samuel Myers. 1896-1900. George H. Finch. 1852-54. Whiting Sheldon. The town clerks have been the following: 1803-16. Jacob C. Decker. 1824. William T. Trafford. 1817. William T. Trafford. 1825-27. John C. Wheeler. 1818-20. Jonathan Lapham. 1828-29 Stephen H. Platner. 1831. William Murray. 1830 George W. King. 1822-33. E. H. Reynolds. 1831-32. James Yager. 738 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. 1833-35. Hiram Lapham. 1863. 1836. John I. Johnson. 1864. 1837. William H. Barringer. 1865. 1838-39. Amos W. Austin. 1866- 1840-41. Killian I. Smith. 1868- 1842. William Gardner. 1870. 1843-44. John K. Smith. 1871. 1845-47. Fite Rockefeller. 1872- 1848. Jacob Conklin. 1874- 1849. J. W. Rockefeller. 1877- 1850. Christopher Miller. 1880- 1851. J. Knickerbacker. 1882- 1852. Rensselaer Platner. 1885- 1853-54. Christopher Miller. 1888- 1855. Rensselaer Platner. 1890- 1856-57. Adam Barringer. 1893. 1858. Hiram K. Smith. 1894- 1859. Julius Snyder. 1897- 1860-61. John McNeill. 1899- 1862. Jacob F. Rossman. Harmon V. Finkle. F. W. Benjamin. John McNeill. 07. Hiram K. Smith. 69. Nelson Hollenbeck, Philip W. Shufelt. Nelson Hollenbeck. 73. W. W. Rockefeller. 76. Edwin Scutt. 79. Edgar Smith. 81. Allen Roraback. 84. Samuel Myers. 87. Newton J. Miller. 89. Samuel Myers. 92. Homer Leach. Frank Simmons. 96. Perry A. Decker. 98. Charles Raught. 1900. W. H. Hawver, jr. CHAPTER XXXV. THE TOWN OF COPAKE. Copake is bounded on the north by Hillsdale, east by the Massachu- setts line, south by Ancram, and west by Taghkanic, and is the most eastern in the second tier of towns from the south. It contains 22,868 acres, of which three-fourths or more is under or susceptible of cultiva- tion. It is the ninth town in the county in superficial area, is nearly square in form, being six miles from east to west and seven from north to south. Like most of the territory in this section, the surface is broken into hill range and valley, the former often abrupt and rugged and the latter varying from mere ravmes to comparatively broad stretches of level land. The Taghkanic Mountains on the eastern border contain the highest elevations in the town; the "Alander" in the Taghkanic range, "Pond THE TO IV N OF CO P. IKE. 729 Hill," on the shore of Copake Lake and "Old Tom's Hill," near the center of the town, are the most pronounced in altitude. Of the val- leys, that l}'ing on the west of the Taghkanic range, varying in width from two miles at its southern extremity to a mile at its northern end, and shut in on the west by a high range of hills, is one of sur- passing beauty and generous fertility. The vale of the Copake Creek in the extreme northwest part of the town is also notable. The largest body of water is Copake Lake, a beautiful expanse of about six hundred acres in area and nine miles in circumference, and of varying depth to thirty-five feet. Its waters are discharged through one outlet a mile in length into Copake Creek. On the western side of the lake lies what is called "The Island," although it is in reality a peninsula, which contains about twenty acres of diversified knoll and dell, covered with a luxuriant growth of chestnut. On one of the pigmy hills are ruins of what was once a residence of some of the Livingston family, built in 1809. It was demolished at the time of the anti-rent troubles, to prevent its being used as a resort of the Indians who, through the machinations of the anti-renters, were induced to contest the title of the Livingstons to the land. Robinson's Pond is a small body of water near the center of the town, and is an expansion of " Roeliff Jansen's Kill ; " a dam at its lower ex- tremity has increased its natural area to about one hundred acres. Other bodies of water are Rhoda, Snyder, Chrysler, Miller or Porter, and Woodward's Ponds, the latter two lying partly within the bounda- ries of Ancram. All of these ponds except Chrysler, which empties into Copake Creek, discharge their waters into Roeloff Jansen's Kill. These waters at one time abounded with fish, especially bass. The only streams of any importance in the town are Roeloff Jansen's Kill, Bish-Bash Creek, and a brook, which flows from the south and empties into the Bish-Bash near Copake Flats. The Bish-Bash traverses a remarkably picturesque gorge, especially where it makes its way through the mountains near Copake Iron Works, producing a fall of ex- ceeding beauty. The glen below the falls and the surrounding hills have been improved and beautified by private owners, making it one of the most attractive and pleasing spots in the county. Copake Flats is the broad intervale along the Kill and Bish-Bash, be- low Robinson's Pond, and is understood to be the location of the six hundred acres named in the Dongan Patent to Livingston, granted in 730 COLUMBIA COUSTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. 1686, and therein called " Tachkanick." Further mention of this will be found in the history of the town of Taghkanic. No records exist from which may be learned the date of the first set- tlement in this town. This, however, is known, that the pioneers were descendants of the Dutch and German emigrants of the sixteenth century, but there is nothing by which their names and locations can now be verified. General settlement began about 1750, but it is well settled that there were a number of residents in what now constitutes the town of Copake long before that. A map made in 1714 shows the residences and names of some of that well-known family, the Whit- becks, who may be set down, without other evidence to the contrary, as of the earliest, if not the earliest, comers to this locality. They made their homes along Copake Creek and in the vicinity of the lake, and to this day their descendants have been worthy and substantial people. In the south part of the town the Brusies made locations, and their descendants were numerous. A family named Spoor, of whom little is known, settled near the center of the town. From 1750 on settlement became general and energetic pioneers pushed their way farther into the wilderness, but many of the families who thus paved the way for future generations have become extinct and their names are lost in the obscurity of past years, while most of those names that may be recalled are unaccompanied by dates of settle- ment. It is related, probably without much departure from the truth, that, in 1753, a Dutch vessel about to sail for America, advertised a free "excursion." Among those availing themselves of the offer and par- taking of the generous feast, accompanied with an unstinted supply of liquors, furnished on board the vessel by the liberal captain, were Peter Rhoda, Peter Swart, Abraham Decker, Jacob Haner and William Dinehart. When the effects of the feast and the heavy libations had passed, the "excursionists" found themselves on the broad ocean, and, as the captain told them, bound for New York, where, after a long passage, they were landed. They had no means to pay for their pass- age, therefore, according to the laws and usage of that time they were sold as "apprentices" to the highest bidder for a length of time suffi- cient to liquidate the claim of the tricky captain. Livingston, to whom they were "apprenticed" for four and a half years to satisfy the cap- THE TO WN OF COPAKE. 731 tain's claim of seven pounds passage money, brought the men to An- cram, where they served out the time laboring at the furnace. Upon the expiration of their servitude Livingston offered each a favorable lease of any unoccupied farm he might select. All accepted the proposal. Jacob Haner made his selection in Taghkanic. William Dinehart set- tled on a farm on the north side of Copake Lake, married and reared a family of ten children, some of whose descendants are still residents of the town. Peter Rhoda chose a farm on the south side of the pond that bears his name. He had two sons, Peter, jr., and David. Peter Swart made his home on the farm owned in recent years by John Stickles. Abraham Decker located on what was long known as the Benjamin B. Miller farm, where he lived for many years. It is but just to say that no stigma attached to these men because of their "apprenticeship," for instances of this kind were common in those days. Daniel Toucray was an early comer and lived on the mountain side southeast of Copake Iron works. Tradition relates of him that he was very eccentric, a believer in witchcraft, but considered of sufficient common sense to hold the office of justice of the peace for many years. In the west part Thomas Trafford was a pioneer. He had two sons, William T., who lived and died in the town, and Robert, who went West. John Van Deusen, one of the earliest settlers in the south part of the town, had a son Bernard, who married Phoebe Hollenbeck. The son leased 200 acres in the north part of the town, where he raised a family of seven sons and four daughters, who all settled in the vicinity and became estimable citizens, and whose descendants are still residents of the town. Near the foot of the pond which was named after him, Nicholas Robinson settled and built a mill at a very early day. He is repre- sented by descendants in Copake and Hillsdale. George and Christopher Niver, native Germans, emigrated to Amer- ica previous to the Revolution. George settled in the southwest part of the town. He was twice married, his first wife bearing him John, Michael and Henry and three or four daughters, and his second George, Philip and Frederick. The children all remained in the county, and a number of their descendants still reside in Copake. Christopher Niver 732 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. died soon after his arrival in Copake, leaving two sons, Michael and Christian. The latter married Polly Ryter, and many of his descend- ants are now residents of the town. Among the earliest pioneers in the Copake Flats neighborhood was the Vandebogart family, who settled on the west side of the fiats. The first settler had a son Philip, who was the grandfather of Weslej' Van- debogart, who for some years was the proprietor of the " Peter Miller" hotel at Copake Flats, and of Ward Vandebogart, who was a merchant at the same place. About l'(70 Cornelius Conklin came from Fishkill and leased a farm of 225 acres on the north side of Copake Lake. Of his nine children James onlj' remained in Copake; he married Martha Covert, and lived on the homestesd. John Langdon came to the town about 1765 and settled a little north of Copake Iron Works. He had been a soldier in the French war. It is told that when he began labor on his farm, which had before been cultivated in an imperfect way, he did his plowing with a yoke of oxen and three horses, attached to one plow, cutting his furrows deep and thoroughly stirring the soil. This thoroughness in preparing the soil excited the ridicule of his neighbors, but when the harvest came they saw the benefits arising from it, and acknowledged the superiority of Langdon's methods. He had fourteen children, all of whom save one spent their lives in the town. Just previous to the Revolution Cornelius Lampman, a native of Holland, and his son Peter came to Copake. Peter married Margaret Cook, and leased a farm of 272 acres in the northwest part of the town. He had two sons, Caspar and John, who divided the homestead farm between them, and lived upon it all their lives. The family name is still represented in the town. Aaron Williams, a son of a Welshman, William Williams, who came to this country before the French war and, enlisting in the colonial army, was a member of Braddock's expedition and never returned, cleared a farm on the eastern side of Copake Lake. He married a sister of Peter Lampman, above mentioned, and reared a family of fourteen children, many of the descendants of whom are now living in Copake and other parts of the county. In 1760 Cornelius Vosburgh emigrated from Holland and selected a location in the northern part of the town. At the time of his death his THE TOWN OF CO PAKE. 733 farm contained 550 acres, which was divided between his four sons and four daughters. Many of his descendants removed to the West, but there are several of them in Copake and neighboring towns. William Link, who came to the town in 1785, and leased a farm about a mile south of the lake in the western part of what is now Copake, had a family of fourteen children, of whom eight were sons. Four of his sons settled in Copake, three in other parts of the county, and the re- mainder emigrated to western New York Among others who constituted the pioneers of Copake were the Pul- vers, David Snyder, Frederick Van Tassel, Jacob Hagerman, in the northern portion of the town, and James Decker and Thomas vSpade in the western part. It should not be understood that the names as here given are intended to cover all the early settlers of the town; while, perhaps, many more might be ascertained, the list would prove but a simple catalogue of names, unaccompanied with dates and locations. Those we have given left the impress of their labors and characters in their descendants now living in the town and in the cleared farms and institutions of which they were the founders. On March 36, 1834, the town of Taghkanic was divided, the eastern half being set off to form the new town of Copake. No clearer history of the organization of the town government can be given than the rec- ord of the proceedings of the first meeting held for that purpose. The following transcript from the town records is sufficient to indicate the simple regulations deemed necessary in those days: "record of copake, 1834. "At the first Town-meeting held at the house of Catharine Williams, in the Town of Copake, on the first tuesday in April, 1834, "Voted to raise Eight hundred Dollars for the Support of the poor the ensuing year. "To raise one hundred and fifty Dollars for the support of Bridges. "To continue the Bye-Laws this year that were in force in Tagh- kanic last year. Viz. ■ (Copied from the Record of Taghkanic). " BYE-LAWS. " Entered by the freeholders and inhabitants of t lie Town of Taghkanic, Aprils, 1819. " That no Ram Shall be allowed to run at large after the 10th day of September until the 10th day of November following. 734 COL UMBIA CO UNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTUR Y. " And if any person or persons shall suffer his, her, or their Ram or Rams to run at large between the said 10th day of September and the said 10th day of November he, she, or they shall forfeit the sum of Five Dallars to the person or persons aggrieved, to be recovered, with costs in any Court in the County of Columbia having cognizance thereof, in like manner as other damages are sued for, recovered, and collected. And further, that no Boar Shall be allowed to run at large after three months old under the same penalties as Rams. " Voted, To elect two constables. "Voted, To elect one collector, and to allow him three per cent, on the Tax for collecting. " And the following persons were elected to the following offices re- spectively. Viz. : William Murray, Supervisor; William Elliott, Town Clerk; Caspaurus P. Lampman, Cornelius Vosburgh, Gideon Sheldon, Assessors; William Groat, George Niver, Jr., Jabob Snyder, Commis- sioners of Highways; David Langdon, Jacob Schafer, Overseers of the Poor; John Langdon, Jr., Augustus Reed, James Knickerbacker, Com- missioners of Schools; Benjamin Hamlin, Peter Sturges, Russel Everett, Inspectors of Schools: George I. Rossman, Collector; William W. Turner, Evert Whitbeck, Constables; Isaac Oakley, Harvey Mallory, Fence- Viewers; Frederick Van Tassel, Pound- Master. " Jacob Shafer, Benjamin Hamlin, ''Justices of the Peace and Inspectors of Election. " Recorded by me, " Wm. Elliott, Town Clerk." The first licenses for the sale of liquors were granted the first year of the town's existence, and were issued to Peter Vandebogart, Peter Sturges, Elisha Wilcox, John Parsons and Catharine Williams, all of whom were keepers of public houses. Ever since then licenses have been granted. At the second town meeting the antipathy to the Can- ada thistle was shown by the passage of an ordinance, fining every oc- cupant of land $3, for the benefit of the poor fund, who permitted the noxious weed to go to seed upon his land or the roadways adjoining. The town meetings for many years were variously held at Copake Flats, Copake Iron Works, and at Craryville. In 18G6 the town was divided into election districts, and since that year the elections have been held for the first district at Craryville, and the second at Copake Flats. There are five post-offices in the town — Copake, Copake Iron Works, West Copake, Craryville and Weedmines. Copake Iron Works had its genesis in the establishment of the iron works which gave the village its name. In 1845, when there was not THE TOWN OF COPAKE. 735 a dwelling on the site of the present village, Lemuel Pomeroy & Sons, of Pittsfield, Mass., who had carried on for a few years the old Livings- ton furnace at Ancram, came to this point, attracted by the extensive bed of iron ore and available water power, and decided to establish a blast furnace. Labor was immediately begun upon the necessary build- ings and early in 1846 the first charge was put in. The capacity of the furnace at that time was from fifty to sixty tons a month. There have been many changes in the ownership of the works ; in 18i8 the ' ' Copake Iron Company" was formed by the admission of new members to the firm of Lemuel Pomeroy & Sons, and at different periods other changes were made until in 1863 the plant was sold to Frederick Miles. He re- tained the property until his death, November 20, 1896, at the age of eighty-three years. With the exception of a little " mixing ore," they mined all of their ore at the home mines and at a mine in Dutchess county which was purchased in 1883. William A. and Frederick P. Miles succeeded to this property upon the death of their father. Fred- erick P. died in 1898, and his widow and two children succeeded to his interest. Early in 1895 work at the furnace was discontinued, owing to depression in the market, and so remained until leased for three years, the lease to expire July 15, 1901, to the Salisbury Carbonate Iron Co., of which J. J. Morehouse is president and treasurer. The Columbia Plow Works, owned by William Miles and the heirs of F. P. Miles, are still in successful operation, and about five hundred plows are turned out annually, besides a large quantity of extras. Eight different styles of plow are made. Nearly all of the ore used at this furnace is shipped from Amenia, thirty miles south of Copake Iron Works on the Harlem branch. The remainder is obtained from the mines at Pawling and New Milford, Conn. The home mines are not operated. • • ^ In 1847 a forge was erected for the conversion of the cast iron into wrought iron, which was in operation until 1854. In 1852 the comple- tion of the Harlem Railroad through the section greatly improved the shipping facilities for the product of the furnace, as previous to that time transportation by carts and horses had been the only method. The only other industries of the place which are of historicalinterest, was the grist mill, built by the proprietor of the manor many years ago for one of his tenants; a saw mill, and a carding machine and ful- ling mill. The latter was abandoned many years ago. 736 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. The various interests of this place now comprise the Barnett Hotel, built by J. S. Barnett, who conducted it many years and was succeeded by his son, of the same name. Mr. Barnett also has a livery. The Ta- conic Inn, kept for twenty-three years by Lot Cook, now by Fred Hols- apple, who also has a livery. The flour, feed and grain store of H. L. Weed. The general store of Thomas B. Keating, established by him over twenty years ago. The blacksmith shop of James Marston, and the meat-market of F. J. Oakley. A milk station is operated by William H. Collins, who takes in about 100 cans daily, most of which is shipped to New York in bottles. Piatt Rogers is postmaster. Copake village, near the center of the town, is located on a main road through the county from north to south. It is pleasantly situated on the level ground which from the early days has been known as Copake Flats. Among those who were the earliest settlers here may be named William Murray, a merchant, and Nicholas Robinson, who had a grist mill a short distance to the north of the settlement. Other early and prominent residents were Francis, Cornelius and Nicholas Brusie, Wilhelmus Viele and a family of Millers, of whom Peter Miller was a noted innkeeper. The village has grown slowly, but its growth has been of a substantial nature. The character of the homes erected and care taken of their surroundings makes the village a desirable place of residence for those seeking a quiet life. A general store is kept here by Frank Wilkinson, who began trade in lS'.t2. Mclntyre & Hedges keep a general store and sell farm im- plements and supplies, occupying the building in which trade has been carried on many years. Jeremiah S. 'Miller was one of the early mer- chants and was followed by Bain Bros., H. Bain, Mclntyre Bros., and the present firm. In November, 1899, I. L. Hedges succeeded to the interest of his brother Frank in this firm. G. D. Langdon, and Martin & Fellows were former merchants of the village. The Langdon House has long been open to the public, and among the proprietors have been John Miller, Homer Miller, Wesley Van de Bogart, G. D. Langdon, who gave the house its present name, Benja- min Johnson, and F. E. Miller, the present proprietor. The Holsapple House has also been long a hotel, and has been kept by A. Decker, H. Sweet, Homer Briggs, Lee Chamberlain, Decker & Garney, Sidney Sweet, and Mrs. M. Holsapple, the present pro- prietress. THE TO IV N OF CO PAKE. 737 A hardware and tin store is kept by Ward N. Langdon, who also does plumbing, roofing, etc., and has been in business twenty years. Walter Langdon has a wagon shop and C. Witchman a blacksmith shop. West Copake, in the southwest part of the town, is a small hamlet, and was at one time known by the name of " Anderson's Corners." It has gained some note as the location of a " splendid residence " erected by Henry Astor in 1875, and still occupied by him. Its business in- terests have not been large and now comprise the general store of Henry Phelps, who fourteen years ago succeeded Thomas Decker; the latter succeeded G. Kisselbach. The blacksmith shop of Anthony Drum, who has been in business fourteen years, and the wagon shop of Adam Wilkinson. Craryville, in the northwest corner of the town, was settled by Jacob Hagerman, who was the owner of nearly all the land comprising the village site. At one time the settlement was known as "Bain's Cor- ners," from Peter Bain, who kept a hotel there and owned considerable surrounding property. In 1870 the Bain interests passed to Peter Crary, when the name of the place was changed to Craryville. It is a station on the Harlem Railroad. William Fick & Co. were merchants here many years, and were succeeded by C. S. Williams & Co., who are still in trade. The general store of S. M. Spaulding was built by him in 1893. A milk station was in operation for a time, but was abandoned. The Mitchell House stands on an old hotel site and was built before 1880. The present proprietor, John Mitchell, succeeded W. R. Coon. Philip H. Young deals in meat, and George Crick, John McEvoy and W. N. Simmons have blacksmith shops. Albert Williams, postmaster. The Parker House was built in 1893 and first conducted by John Mitchell. Joseph Rogers is the present proprietor. The grist mill and saw mill are operated by John Barringer. Copake is in the First School Commissioner District of this county, and when set off from Taghkanic was divided into school districts to accom- modate the inhabitants. In 1860 there were nine school districts, and 542 children were taught in the schools. According to the report of the superintendent of public instruction for 1898, the town had ten school districts, and employed ten teachers. The whole number of school children for that year was 278, and the value of the school build- ings $5,425. The assessed value of the districts was $966,060, and the 47 738 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. amount of money devoted to the support of the schools was $3,G51.70, of which $3,455.55 was raised by tax. As a result of a series of "grove meetings" held at various points in the southwest part of the town in the summer of 1832, a Methodist class was formed, mainly through the efforts of Revs. Richard Hayter and Edward S. Stout. The next conference appointed these men as preachers at this place. The grove meetings were continued in the summer of 1833, bringing in additions to the class, increasing its influ- ence and resources, and creating the desire for and necessity of a house of worship. On June 19, 1834, a meeting was held "at the barn of Peter Miller," to incorporate the society. John Porter, John Shaver, jr., George Niver, William T. Trafford and Richard L. Vosburgh were elected trustees. George Niver and William T. Trafford were the first class leaders. Money was raised by subscription and the first church building was erected on lands donated by Elisha Wilcox at the " Upper Corners," probably in 1835. It was. a modest structure, but served its purpose for twenty years, when it was sold and removed to the "Lower Corners" and converted into a store. A new building was erected in 1853-54, which cost about $3,500. Soon after a parsonage, costing $1,400, was purchased. The present pastor is Rev. J. S. Fredinnick. About twenty years ago the old church building at Copake village was extensively improved. In 1890-91 a church was erected at Copake Iron Works, and in 1896 another at Boston Corners, these are included in one charge, with a membership of 159. St. John's Protestant Episcopal church was organized in 1853, with the following officers: Lemuel Pomeroy, senior warden; Isaac C. Ches- brough, junior warden; William L. Pomeroy, Lemuel Pomeroy, jr., S. H. Plainer, Lee Chamberlain, Sylvester Melius, John D. Groat, Julius Snyder and J. G. Palen, vestrymen, and on June 17 of that year it was incorporated. A church building was erected at a cost of $3,000, on a site donated by the Copake Iron Company, which was consecrated on June 39, 1853. Rev. W. B. Reynolds has been pastor a number of years. St. Bridget's Roman Catholic Church is the outgrowth of services held at Copake Iron Works from 1855 to 1867 by Rev. James S. O'Sul- livan of Hudson. The church structure was completed in 1867, and dedicated in 1873. The Reformed Protestant Dutch church, in the western part of the THE TO WN OF CO PAKE. 739 town, was an offshoot of the church at Gallatin, and is generally known as the " Lyall church," from Rev. William Lyall, who was its pastor for many years. It is now served by the pastor from Philmont. The Baptist Church of Craryville is an old society, the church having been rebuilt about fifteen years ago. Rev. Mr. Pruyn is now in charge. There is also a Methodist society here of small membership under pas- toral care of Rev. George H. Johnson. There are several old "town cemeteries" in Copake. One is known as the Copake Flats burying ground, contains about two acres on the lot of the M. E. Church, and has been in use for over a century, many of the time-worn slabs bearing dates from 1757 to the end of the cent- ury. Another burial plot is at the "Lyall church," its use dating from about 1794. The third cemetery is at Craryville and is called the " Niver burying-ground." The oldest stone in this plot upon which the lettering can be deciphered, bears this inscription : " E. W. , Born Gune 1 1753 died April 10 1785," and is supposed to commemorate one of the Whitbeck family. A small plot called the " Williams bury- ing-ground," is located in the southeast part of the town. The population of this town at different periods from 1825 to 1892, as given in the census reports, has been as follows: 1835, 1,639; 1830, 1,675; 1835, 1,616; 1840, 1,505; 1845, 1,607; 1850, 1,653; 1855, 1,620; 1860, 1,839; 1865, 1,738; 1870, 1,847; 1875, 1,884; 1880, 1,905; 1890, 1,515; 1893, 1,506. The supervisors of Copake, with the dates of their election, are giv- en in the following list: 1824-27. William Murray. 1855. William L. Elton. 1828. Jacob Shafer. 1856. William I. Holsapple. 1829-36. William Murray. 1857-58. William M. Elton. 1837. William T. Trafford. 1859. Orville H. Wilcox. 1838-39. Abram Bain. 1860 63. Peter P. Pulver. 1840. Horace Culver. 1863. Fyler D. Sweet. 1841-43. Peter Decker. 1864-67. John D. Langdon. 1844 Walter Shafer. 1868-69. Wm. I. Holsapple. 1845-47. Chas. Van Deusen. 1870. E. Van Benschoten. 1848-49. Calvin Williams. 1871. John D. Langdon. 1850. John D. Langdon. 1873 74. Hoffman Sweet. 1851-53. John Miller. 1875-76. Nicholas Robinson. 1853-54. David Rhoda. 1877. John D. Langdon. COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. 1878. Theodore Lampman. 1879-84. William Dinehart. 1885-86. William A. Miles. 1887-88. Wesley Vandebogart. The following is a list of town 1824-25. William Elliot. 1826. Jacob Shafer. 1827-30. William T. Trafford. 1831. Wilson Bates. 1832. Russel Everett. 1833-36. Peter Decker. 1837. Horace Culver. 1838-40. Ira Williams. 1841. Ransom Rogers. 1842-43. John D. Langdon. 1844. John A. Bain. 1845-46. Orville H. Wilcox. "^847. Martin Holsapple. 1848. Lee Chamberlain. 1849. Gilbert Langdon. 1850-51. W. Van Benschoten. 1852-53. Nelson Williams. 1854. Freelin Van Deusen. 1855. Nelson Williams. 1856-57. P. G. Kisselbrack. 1858-59. Lester Van Deusen. 1860. Freelin Van Deusen. 1861. Norman A. Nooney. 1862 63. M. Van Deusen. 1889. Almond Shufelt. 1890-98. Edward Westover. 1899-1900. Almond Shufelt. clerks: 1864. Nicholas Robinson. 1865. Robert E. Trafford. 1866. Piatt Rogers. 1867. Porter Van De Bogart. 1868. Hoffman Sweet. 1869. Gilbert Langdon. 1870. Hoffman Sweet. 1871. Sidney Shufelt. 1872. Artemus Austin. 1873. Spencer T. Wolcott. 1874-75. Jerry S. Miller. 1876 77. Almond Shufelt. 1878-80. W. Van De Bogart. 1881-82. Elam H. Ten Eyck. 1883-85. Jerry S. Miller. 1886-87. Charles H. Burch. 1888. Charles H. Boice. 1889-90. Hiram M. Drum. 1891-92. Ransom Rogers. 1893. Willard Holsapple. 1894-95. F. C. Bain. 1896-98. Grant D. Langdon. 1899-1900. F. D. Cordes. CHAPTER XXXVL THE TOWN OF GALLATIN. The territory comprised in the town of Gallatin was originally a part of the Livingston Manor. When the town of Livingston was divided in 1803, that part which was later called Ancram was named Gallatin, in honor of Albert Gallatin, who was United States secretary of the THE TO IV N OF GALL A TIN. 741 treasury at that time. In 1814 the name was changed to Ancram, which was retained until 1830, when a north and south line was estab- lished across the town near the center, that portion on the western side of the line constituting a new town; the name Gallatin was revived and given to this town. Gallatin is the central town on the southern border of the county. It is bounded on the north by Taghkanic, on the east by Ancram, on the south by Milan and Pine Plains in Dutchess county, and Clermont, and on the west by Livingston. It contains an area of 23,739 acres, of which fully one-fourth is uncultivated. The whole surface of the town may be characterized as extremely hilly. Generally the hills are susceptible to tillage to their summits, although in many instances the primeval forest has not been removed. A range of rocky, barren hills of considerable altitude enters the town in its northeastern corner and extends south westwardly to the southern part, ending at the valley of the Roeloff Jansen's Kill. The valley of this kill and that following the outlet of Lake Charlotte in the northern part of the town are the only level tracts of land worthy of mention. The Roeloff Jansen's Kill is the only stream of importance in the town, enters the town from Ancram near the center of the eastern boundary, and running in a generally southwest direction makes a loop into Dutchess county of four or five miles, returning again to form the boundary between Gallatin and the narrow tongue of Clermont that extends eastward along the the south bounds of the county. The outlet of Lake Charlotte is only a small stream which, after flowing south for a mile or so, makes a right angled turn to the west and discharges its waters in the Roeloft" Jansen. Lake Charlotte is in the northern part of the town near the boundary, and is the only body of water in the town. It is in form almost a right angle, with the angle to the west, from which point its outlet starts. It is said to be very deep in places, but the average depth is not over twelve feet. The hill slopes descend gently to the shore and are tillable to the water's edge. The lake was named for a slave of Robert S. Livingston, who built a house on the shore of the lake, of which she was the housekeeper. As may be inferred from the topography of the town above given, agriculture is the main employment of its inhabitants. The soil, while not remarkably fertile, returns good crops when properly culti- vated. The usual cereals are raised, rye having the predominance, and 743 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. considerable dairying has been carried on of late years. Among the leading farmers of the town may be mentioned Charles and Jacob H. Duntz, George Younghance, A. D. Scott, Wesley Bathrick, Andrew Scott, H. A. Van Valkenburg, William Hedges, Norman Stott, D. G. Hedges, Albert Rockefeller, Chas Rudd, Henry H. Stickles and others. This section of the Livingston manor was settled, it is supposed, to some extent before 1700, but there is no record and but little tradition as to who the pioneers were. The seekers of homes generally followed the course of the Roeloff Jansen's Kill, or its tributaries, and selected their farms in the intervales or on the flats, rarely going on the hills. It is supposed that the first inhabitant to make an actual settlement on the territory now constituting the town was a Hollander named Hans Dings. The story of his arrival and settlement is told by a former historian as follows: " Following the course of the kill to find a location, he at last came to an Indian wigwam standing in a lovely glade, and stopped there to rest and refresh himself after his toilsome journey. The Indian seemed very friendly, and finally invited Dings to come to that point and make a settlement. Returning to the manor-house. Dings related his adven- tures, and Livingston sent a messenger to bring the Indian to him. A consultation was then held, which resulted in the drawing up of a lease satisfactory to all parties, and Dings immediately entered upon his possessions and cut a boundary line around them. Here the Dings family lived through several generations, until finally the proprietor of the manor suspecting that the farm boundaries included more land than the lease called for, caused it to be resurveyed, and thus cut oft" a par- cel of land on which was situated a fine mill-privilege. This incensed the occupant of the farm, and he sold out his lease to Livingston, and removed to Pennsylvania." The Livingstons retained possession of this farm until it was pur- chased by John G. Silvernail, from whom it passed to his son, Egbert Silvernail. It is now owned by Jacob H. Duntz, jr. The old Dings house was constructed of very heavy timber, some of it twenty inches square. When it was being torn down, during the first quarter of the present century, several old documents were discovered secreted in secure hid- ing places, some written in Dutch and some in English. Among them was one, an article of indenture of a young girl, an emigrant, who was bound out for six years to pay her passage money. Near this old house, while excavating for the foundation of a building, several skele- tons were unearthed, a number of years ago, one of them of gigantic THE TO WN OF GALL A TIN. 743 Stature. Other Indian relics found in the vicinity lead to the conclu- sion that the spot was once an Indian burial ground. The first to make a settlement in the north part of the town were two men named Coon and Wheeler, brothers-in-law, who came with their families, at a date unobtainable. Both men enlisted in the army during the Revolution, and Coon was killed, while Wheeler returned and remained a resident. Coon's widow married Hendrick Young- hance, who retained the lease, which was inherited by one generation after another until 1860, when Henry Younghance (grandson of Hen- drick) became the owner of the soil by purchase. From him it passed to Robert Younghance. East of Roeloff Jansen's Kill, on the farm occupied in recent years by Egbert Silvernail, Hendrick Hoysradt was a pioneer. Matthew George settled on the place now occupied by Abram Sigler. He kept a blacksmith-shop there, and also did something in the line of selling liquor. The place now owned by William J. Knickerbocker was first settled by Andris Coons. That of William J. Ham by John Harris. That of the widow of Caleb Wolcott by Christian Duntz. That of Edward Smith by Heinrich Shook, who is said to have been a fat and rosy Dutchman, whose chief occupation was trying to keep on the shady side of the house during the hot days of summer, and endeavoring in winter to secure an equable distribution of the heat of the fire to every portion of his body. John Nicholas Duff was the name of the man who first settled on and cleared the farm now owned by Mr. Pitcher. Cornelius Miller was the first settler on the farm now occupied by Abram and Edward Smith, and Frederick Fingar was the first on that occupied by Sidney Link. In the northeast part of the town the finst settler was Oliver Gris- wold, who located about five miles north of Gallatinville. Nicholas Miller made his home in Gallatin south of Ancram village, on the farm still known by his name. John Kilmore and Peter Johnson were also early settlers. In addition to the foregoing, the names of many of the early settlers of this town may be found in the history of the town of Livingston and of the Livingston manor. Reference may be had to the civil list ap- pended to this chapter and the church histories for names of residents after 1830. 744 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Upon the organization of the town, the first town meeting was held on the 6th of April, 1830, "at the house of John P. Killmer," when the following officers were elected: Abraham F. Miller, supervisor; Marks Piester, town clerk; John A. Hoysradt, Jacob Teal, jr., and William I. Coon, assessors; John L. Duntz, Cornelius Van Benschoten and John R. Loomis, highway commissioners; George Rowe, Job D. Tanner and Adam Hoysradt, commissioners of schools; Isaac T. Loomis, Robert N. Van Deusen and Henry Younghanse, inspectors of schools; John P. Killmer, Philip H. Mink and Lodowick Snyder, overseers of the poor; Job D. Tanner, justice of the peace; James H. Miller, collector; James H. Miller, John Smith, John A. Smith and Humphrey Crary, constables; Duncan Thompson, poundraaster; Andris Colpaugh, inspec- tor and sealer of weights and measures; and thirty overseers of high- ways. The town meetings are held either at Gallatinville or Snyderville, which are the polling places of the two districts into which the town is divided for general elections. There are four post-offices in the town, namely : Gallatinville, Sil- vernails, Snyderville and vSuydam. Gallatinville, the largest settlement in the town, is but a hamlet of perhaps fifteen dwellings and the shops and business usually found in such places. The first store at this point was kept by Adam Hoysradt, fifty or sixty years ago. In 1866 Henry W. Van Benschoten was in trade here. Upon his death he was succeeded by Melius Link. The latter was followed by Miller & Van Valkenburg, and Miller & Brandt. In 1880 Mr. Brandt sold out to W. J. Edelman, who continued five years and resold it to E. J. Brandt who is still in trade. The hotel here is kept by David R. Bush, who has been proprietor since 1891. The grist mill here was built by the Livingstons for one of their ten- ants, John C. Schultz. It passed from the Livingstons to Abram F. Miller, who kept a store in connection with it. Later owners of the property have been William W. Hoysradt, William H. Chadwick, Peter Wheeler, Henry W. Van Benschoten and Hoysradt A. Van Valken- burgh. It is now the property of Henry Buerman. A furnace was built about a mile and a half southwest of Gallatin, about 1840, on a small tributary of the kill, by Moses Spaulding, for the making of plows and general repair work. Owners subsequent were Jay Van Benschoten, John Spaulding, John Mackey, William H. THE TO WN OF GALL A TIN. 745 Snyder and Milton Van Benschoten, who purchased it in 1872 and en- larged and improved it to a considerable extent. The power is fur- nished by an overshot water wheel eight feet in diameter. It subse- quently passed to the firm of Hicks & Bruce, and is now owned by Jasper A. Hicks. Snyderville (formerly known as Weaver Hollow ), is situated on the outlet of Lake Charlotte, and is only a small collection of houses. Henry P. and Philip H. Mink were the first residents here, and gave the place the name of "Mink Hollow." The proprietor of the manor built a saw mill here for their use. In 1851 Peter and Joseph Weaver purchased the property, when the name of the place became "Weaver Hollow." In 1869 it was sold to Adam and Germain Fingar and Wil- liam H. Snyder, who later, in 1870, bought out the Fingars, and in 1876 sold the same to his son, William H. Snyder, jr. For a good many years the mills were valuable property. Millard Rockefeller owned them for a time and sold to Louis Fingar, the present owner. Mr. Fingar also has a general store and hotel combined and is post- master. There is no business interest remaining at Suydam, where Charles Harrison is postmaster. The old tavern is still standing, a token of the prosperity of former coaching days. Elizaville, in the southeast corner of Livingston, lies partly in this town, as does Jackson's Corners in Dutchess county. In 1860 Gallatin had seven school districts, and 673 school children were taught. According to the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1898 Gallatin had six school districts and employed six teachers. The number of children attending school was 173, and the value of the school property was given at $2,390. The assessed valua- tion of the districts was $335,377, and the amount devoted to school purposes was $1,994.84. There are two cemeteries in Gallatin, the oldest one of which is that near Silvernails, called the Dings burying-ground. There are many headstones upon which the inscriptions have been worn away by the elements, and many are almost illegible. But from those that can be deciphered it is known that it was in use long before the Revolution. The most important cemetery in the town, as well as the largest is the one connected with the Reformed Protestant Dutch church, known as the "Vedder church." It contains about three acres of ground, fine- 746 COLUMBIA COUNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTURY. ly situated, on which the church is built. The oldest date legible on the tombstones is 1770. One of the older inscriptions reads: " Kat- rina, Weib Von Johannes Ham, IS ge Storben Sep 14, 1770 Im 27: Jahr Iber Alther." A fine monument stands here, erected to the mem- ory of Rev. Herman Vedder, pastor of the church for a lifetime. There are numerous private burial grounds throughout the town. The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in Gallatin dates back to certainly 1748, in which year the first entries are made in the church records. It is believed that the church organization was effected about this time under the labors of the Rev. Johannes C. Freyenmoet. This society was first called the " Stissick church "(undoubtedly " Stissing,'' from the mountain of that name to the south) and later, before the divi- sion of the town, it was known by the name of " Ancram," and after that event it took and has since borne the name of " Greenbush church," although the popular and generally used title is the "Vedder church." The first structure erected for the use of the society was a plain, square building, with a "hip" roof, and stood a little south of the present house of worship. In consonance with the style of that day, it had a barrel- shaped pulpit and a broad sounding board over it. This building was in use until 182.3, when it was condemned, and the present one erected; it was dedicated in February, 1824. In 1872 an addition was built at the rear of the church, forming an arched room, for the reception of an excellent pipe organ. During the next year extensive alterations were made to the interior at a large outlay. In 1874 the parsonage was thoroughly repaired and renovated at a cost of $1,000. The pastors of this church have been Revs. Johannes C. Freyenmoet, Lansing, Herman Vedder, F. M. Bogardus and De Witt B. Wyckoff. The pas- torate of Rev. Herman Vedder was a remarkable one, not only in the amount of good work he accomplished, but in the length of his term. He assumed the charge and continued in active service until 1864, a period of sixty-one years. He was a graduate of Union College, a man of great ability, and well beloved by his people. He died at the par- sonage in 1873. The later pastors of the church were Revs. W. N. Todd, John M. Raynor, B. A. Barton, and A. J. Walters. West Gallatin Methodist Episcopal Church was formed by Rev. Thomas Ellis, pastor of the West Taghkanic, probably about 1857, at Weaver Hollow (Snyderville). Those composing this class were the following named men and women: John L. , Angeline, Abigail E., THE TO IV N OF GALL A TIN. Catherine, EH, and Delia Duntz; Peter J., John E., and Rachael Phil- lips; Levina Benton, Philip R. Wagoner; Deborah, Henry, Robert, and Catharine Younghance; Catharine M. Kellerhouse; David and Elizabeth Coler; Jane Stott ; Jeremiah P. Decker; John Lawrence; William J. Dykeman ; and David Ham. In 1858 the meeting-house was built by Henry Younghance, and together with the lot on which it stands, was presented by him to the society; the cost of the building was about $7,000. The first officers of the church were Henry Young- hance, John E. Phillips, Eli Duntz, John Leonard, trustees, Henry Younghance, steward; and Andrew Lawrence, class leader. This society is still in e.xistence and occupies the old house of worship. The population of Gallatin as given in the census reports from 1830 to 1892 has been as follows: 1830, 1,588; 1835, 1,655; 1840, 1,644; 1845, 1,676; 1850, 1,586; 1855, 1,517; 1860, 1,533; 1865, 1,392; 1870, 1,416; 1875, 1,361; 1880, 1,352; 1890, 1,016; 1892, 1,028. The supervisors of Gallatin with the dates of their election, have been as follows: 1830. Abraham F. Miller. 1831. John Coons. 1832. Henry Younghance. 1833. Philip H. Mink. 1834. John Coons. 1835-30. Adam Hoysradt. 1837-38. Lodowick Snyder. 1839. Abraham F. Miller. 1840-41. Walter Hutchings. 1842-43. Abram Lyle. 1844. John S. Fulton. 1845-46. Jacob F. Suydam. 1847-48. Eli Loomis. 1849. Jacob F. Suydam. 1850. Milton Smith. 1851. John H. Duntz. 1852-53. John S. Fulton. 1854-55. Charles Hinsdale. 1850 57. A. Van Benschoten. 1858-59. Henry Strever. ISeO, H. Van Benschoten. 1861-62. Isaac Smith. 1863-66. Jacob H. Duntz. 1867. Isaac Smith. 1868-09. Henry Younghance. 1870. William W. Hinsdale. 1871-72. Jacob H. Duntz. 1873-74. R. Younghance. 1875. William H. Snyder. 1876-79. Jacob H. Duntz. 1880-81. George Younghance. 1882-85. Jacob H. Duntz. 1886-87. George Younghance. 1888. E. J. Brandt. 1889. Robert H. Hinsdale. 1890-1900. Jacob H. Duntz. The town clerks have been the following: 1830-31. Marks Piester. 1834-35. Henry P. Mink. 1832-33. Adam Hoysradt. 1836-37. Marks Piester. COL UMBIA CO UNTY A T THE END OF THE CENTUK Y. 1838. Ambrose Smith. 1867 1839-40. Chris. Hoysradt. 1869 1841. Henry P. Mink. 1871 1842-43. John S. Fulton. 1873 1844-40. Eli Loomis. 1875 1847-48. Adam Duntz. 1877. 1849-50. H. Van Benschoten. 1880, 1851 William Wheeler. 1881 1852-53. Philip Shook. 1883 1854. H. W. Van Benschoten. 1884 185.")-50. John Lasher. 1886 1857. Marks Piester. 1888- 1858-59. John Gray. 1890 1860. Daniel O. Smith. 1893 1861. William H. Miller. 1893 1862. Norman Magley. 1896 1863. Norman Weaver. 1899 1864-66. William H. Snyder. 68. William Fingar, jr. •70. Eli Weaver. •72. H. Van Valkenburgh. 74. John M. Feltz. ■76. Norman Weaver. 79. Millard Rockefeller. E. J. Brandt. ■82. Charles Wheeler. Edward Bruce. ■85. Henry Kellerhouse. 87. John H. Warner. 89. Charles H. Hinsdale. 91. Wesley Bathrick. Harry Gray. 95. Norman Palmatier. 98. Lewis Fingar. 1900. Charles Rockefeller. Part II. Appendix. [In fulfillment of their pledge, the editors and publishers of this work, here insert Mr. Miller's book of Hudson sketches. It is repro- duced entire, with the exception of those pages which would sub- stantially repeat what is printed in the Hudson historj- in the body of the book, and is given verbatim, preserving the .spelling of names, etc., as written by Mr. Miller.] HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF HUDSON, EMBRACING THE SETTLEMENT OF THE CITY, CITY GOVERNMENT, BUSINESS ENTERPRISES, CHURCHES, PRESS, SCHOOLS, LIBRARIES, &C. BY STEPHEN B. MILLER. HUDSON: BRYAN & WEBB PRINTERS, 1882. INTRODUCTION. The t'olk'ctiou of the facts einbodieil in tlie followin.ii' Sketclies was undertaken as a matter of amusement. That they appear in the present extended form of a Series, is due to the interest manifested in their preparation by those to whom tlie writer has necessarily looked for assistance. The task has l:)een a pleasant one, yet attended witii difficulties. Besides the recollections of the few old citizens living, few sources of information were available. Nothing has been at- tempted, lieyond a plain and connecting statement of facts relative to the .settlement of Hudson, (to some extent connecting tliem with the present,) undertaken in a desire to preserve much wiiicii a few years hence could not be collected. Tiiey are pulilislicd in tiie hoj)e that tliey may prove of interest, and, altimugli ]ii'rlKips incomplete, may, at least at some future day, serve as the foundation for a more perfect work. The AurnoR. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. CITY OF HUDSON. The City of Hudson was originally embraced within the limits of tlie town of C'laverack, wiiieh until the year 178G, continued to be a portit)n of Albanj' County, the County of Columbia having been formed in that j'ear. C'laverack was settled In- Dutch, for the most part from Holland, at a very early date; the organization of the first Reformed Dutch Ciiurch dating as far back as 1716, in which the services continued to be in the Dutch language for nearly a century after. We have two different versions of the meaning of its name. One is that the bluffs fronting upon the river were called the " Klauvers" or Clovers, and as the limits of the town extended to these bluffs, it was called " /iT^aw-yer-rac/i," meaning Clover-reach. The other, which is given by tiie late Judge Miller, of Claverack, who should be deemed good authority, is that upon the river were four cliffs, or "Klaufs" in Dutch, and upon the easterly limits of the town were four more, hence it was called " Klau(fer-acht," meaning eight cliH's or hills. It remained the county seat of Columbia County until the year 1805, when it was changed to Hudson, under an act entitled: "An act altering the place for holding the Courts in the County of Columbia." The present fine residence of Peter Hoffman, Esq., in Claverack village, was at that period the Court House, and in its immediate vicinity stood the County Jail, a somewhat small structure of heavy, squared timber, strongly bolted with iron. Hud.son was at the date of its settlement known as Claverack Jjanding, and among the names of the residents here at that time, we find mention made of Peter Hoge- 6 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. boom, John Van Allen, Justus Van Hoesen, Peter Van Hoeseu, Cas- per Huyck, John, Jacob, Jonathan and Leonard Hardick. There were two stores kept, each having a sloop landing connected with it. One of these stood where now is the freighting establishment of Messrs. Haviland, Clark & Co., kept by Col. John Van Allen, whose dwelling, a brick house with the high pointed Dutch gable of that day, stood where now is the residence and store of Mr. George C. Hub- bel. The other, kept by Peter Hogeboom, was upon the site of the present freighting establishment of Messrs. Power, Bogardus & Co., his house being nearly opposite, a short distance to the south, upon what was then the County road, afterwards Ferry street. There was a canoe ferry, kept by Conrad Flock, starting from the site of the present ferry dock, and running to Loonenburg, now known as the " upper purchase " of Athens, which was also a Dutch settlement of a very early date, mention being made of a tannery in operation there in the year 1750. A single canoe was used for passengers, and two were lashed togetiier when teams were to cress, the wagons being fastened upon the canoes, while the horses were tied to them and compelled to swim. The inhabitants at the landing were accustomed to attend religious worshij) at Loonenburg; some of them were officers in the Lutheran Church at that place. One individual is still living in the city who, when a boy, regularly crossed upon the Sabbath to attend service there. The landing of the ferry upon the west side was in the vicinity of the rock, now known as the "Swallow rock." The "County road" referred to commenced at the ferry, running up the present line of Allen street, to a point near the District School house, thence over to and up the line of Partition street, to the pres- ent head of the city, then crossing the scjuare and out of the city. BURIAL GROUND. \'ery near the site of the sclioo] house in tlie I<'irst District, was tlie private burial ground of Justus \'an Hoesen, whose death, with that of liis wife at the same time, from being poisoned by arsenic, a few years after the settlement of the city, occasioned great excitement. It was also used for interments, by the families living at the landing SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 7 but with the opening of a new one at the liead of the town shortly after the purchase, its use was discontinued. A few interments were also made by the new settlers, upon the hill on the north side of the city, where now stands the residence of F. Farrand, simply as a mat- ter of convenience, until selection of a suitable spot for general use could be made. The bodies were subsequently removed. The ground for a new burial place was given to the proprietors by Col. John Van Allen. Daniel Paddock and Cotton Gelston, having been appointed by the proprietors a committee to make selection of a lot for that purpose, called upon Col. Van Allen for advice and a.ssistance. After viewing several different localities they settled upon the site of the present ground, and asked Col. Van Allen his price for four or five acres. He replied that he would give that quantity to the proprietors, to be used as a burial ground forever, and for no other purpose. Additions have since been made, and the ground is now of much greater extent than as originally given. We credit modern times with the custom of choosing for the burial of the dead quiet and secluded spots, amid the beautiful surroundings of nature. It is a little remarkable, that at that early day a spot made so attract- ive by the hand of nature, and so far from the scenes of active life, should have been selected. A portion of the ground was set apart, to 1)8 used exclusively bj' the Society of Friends or Quakers. The first person buried in the new ground was Phebe, the wife of Benjamin Folger. The first man buried, was Col. Van Allen himself, who died in the year 1784. He returned from the funeral of Mrs. Folger, and in conversation with his wife relative to it remarked, "poor Mrs. Folger lays there alone." He was then in good health, but within ten days was placed very nearly by the side of " poor Mrs. Folger." A substantial monument to his memory has been recently erected by the City, bearing the following inscription : "He was a man of strong mind and liberal heart. He took an active part in the first settlement of Hudson, was the donor of the original burying ground, and the third person buried therein." The original ground is that portion first entered from the small gate. Very near tlie entrance well preserved stones point out tlie 8 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. resting places of the Jenkins's, Geiston and others, with whom we shall become familiar in the progress of these Sketches. Standing by their graves, it seemed to the writer but a brief period since they first entered the waters of the beautiful river, glittering in the distance. They are resting, and borne upon the stillness of the morning air, came the shrill whistling of the steam, the sound of bells upon the water, mingled with the noi.se of the city wliich will long remain a monument, less perishable than marble, to their virtues and enter- prise. Beyond their tombs is an open space, where there is but little more than 8liglit elevations of ground, and a few scattered remmmts of crumbling lirown stones, covered with the mosses of age, tottering, ready to tall beneath the hand of time, to tell where sleep many who three .score years ago were active in these streets. What, sixty years . hence, will perpetuate the memory of those who, to-day, are the busy, moving throng? It lias been truly said, that in the appearance of a burial ground can be read the character of any communit}', and that inditterence to the resting place of its dead, is an evidence of lack of enterprise among the living of any place. For years, when Hudson was depressed, the burial ground bore evidence of the fact. Witli a returning spirit of enterprise, it was enlarged, beautified and td-day is pointed to with pride by its citizens, and sought l>y crowds, w lio love to linger in its pleasant, shaded walk,s, and drink in tlie loveli- ness of the views it affords. In addition to the two stores mentioned, Peter Hogeboom also kc^pt a gri.st mill in the hollow now known as " Spaulding's Hollow." Of the remainder of the inhabitants, some were farmers and others were engaged in fishing, principally fur liening, wliicli found a ready market in Now York. Such was Hudson, or "Ciaverack i>au(ling," fi-oni all tlic informa- tion we have been abli' to gather t'onccrning it, at tlie lime of its purchase by the colony li'om Nantucket and Providence. PROPRIETOR.S' ASSOCI.XTION. At an early period of liic Revolution, the whale fisheries of Nan- tucket were broken up by the English Marine. In the year 17s;>, a SKETCHES OF UUDSON. 9 cousidemble number of the inhabitants of the island, desirous of bet- tering their fortunes, determined to leave it and make a settlement somewhere upon the Hudson River. The enterprise doubtless orig- inated at Providence, but was joined by others from Nantucket and Martha's \'^ineyard. Thomas Jenkins, to whom more than any other individual it owed its success, although a native of Nantucket, was at the time a resident of the city of Providence, and a wealthy merchant. In the Spring of 1783 he formed an association, to consist of not more than thirty members, all of whom should be merchants, or "concerned in navigating the deep." It was joined in Providence by Thomas and Seth Jenkins, David Lawrence, Hezekiah Dayton, Nathaniel Greene, Samuel Mansfield, William Wall, John Thurston, John Alsop and Cotton Gelston. In July, 1783, Cotton Gelston proceeded to Nantucket, where it was joined by Stephen Paddock, Joseph Barnard, Charles Jenkins, Deborah Jenkins, Gideon Gardner, Reuben Folger, Alexander Coffin, Benjamin Huissey, Shubael Worth, Paul Hussey, Benjamin Folger, Reuben Macy, Walter Folger, Benjamin Starbuck and John Cartwright. The two last named did not, however, come with the others. On his return Mr. Gelston stopped at Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, where Marshal and Lemuel Jenkins, Peleg Clark and John Allen, also united with the enterprise. At Newport it was joined by William Minturn. Ezra Reed and Titus Morgan joined it after they had purchased Claverack Landing. [The articles of agreement made by the proprietors will be found in the preceding chapters of Hudson History.] Where these articles of agreement were executed does not appear. It is said the original were dated at Providence. All the proprietors do not appear to have signed them. This is explained by the fact that two or three did not continue members, and the shares of some were included and covered by the signatures of the other proprietors. For the purpose of selecting a suitable site, a committee was chosen by them, and sent, probably in the summer of 1783, to sail up tlie river and examine different localities. Thomas Jenkins and Cotton Gelston were a part of that committee, with two others whose names we do not know, nor do we know whether they were empowered to 10 SKETCUE8 OF HUDSON. effect a purchase, or to what extent they proceeded in a negotiation, before reporting to the Islanders. We have not been able to get back of the fact of such committee being sent. The}' were urged at New York by Col. Rutgers to make a purchase upon the East River, and came near doing so. They tarried, too, at Poughkeepsie, with a view of purchasing, but desirous of making a full examination of the river, proceeded, and finally made selection of Claverack Landing, as the site of the "future city." The purchase when made was in the name of Thomas Jenkins, and by him the lands deeded to the other pro- prietors. Five hundred pounds was paid down as part of the pur- chase money. What decided them in their selection does not appear — probably the natural beauty of the position, connected with the fact that it was in the vicinity of a tolerably thickly settled and thriving farming population and at the head of ship navigation. Notwitlistanding the early success of the enterprise, the selection in after years proved not to have been judicious. It has always been contended by many, that had the location of the settlement been upon the west side of the river the career of its prosperity could not have been checked, and Hudson could not have failed to become what Albany now is. Of the correctness of this view it is not in the prov- ince of the writer to speak. Whatever may bo said of the position in a business point of view, it is not surpassed by any upon the river for healthfulness and the beauty of the scenery surrounding it. The sagacity of those "men of old," may have been at fault, but let us be grateful to them, at least, that they have made us a "city upon an hill," with the beautiful and grand in nature upon every side of us. In the fall of 178;3, two families arrived here from Nantucket. It would be interesting to know who those "first fi\milics" were, but we have been able to ascertain only one of them, tiiat was the family of Seth Jenkins. The first child l)orn after the purchase wa.s Elizabeth Bunkei', wiio dicil wliile young. She belonged to a family who appear to have left Nantucket some years jircvious and settled in Dutchess County, coming to Hudson as .soon as they iieard of the purchase. In the Spring of 1784, the other proprietors followed with their families, bringing with them several vessels, and in some SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 11 instances the frames of dwellings, prepared at Nantucket, for erection upon their arrival. One of those houses, at least, was standing in the lower part of North Front street until within a very few years since, and its frame is believed to be still a portion of a dwelling since erected upon the spot. It was brought by Stephen Paddock. When Mr. Paddock arrived with his family, Col. Van Allen went on board of his vessel and offered them the hospitality of his house which they accepted, Mr. Paddock remarking "if that was a sample of the Dutch, they were in a happy land." The proprietors afterwards found in Col. Van Allen a warm friend. He was a man of noble feelings and a well cultivated mind. In stature he was large and well formed, and true to his Dutch taste, wore at that time a bright red coat. After his death and the purchase of his land was completed with his widow, the proprietors presented to her a house lot upon the South- erly side of Main street, where she built a house and resided until 1787. It was then occupied by Ambrose Spencer and in it John C. Spencer was born. Its precise locality cannot be fixed. It is said, at first the proprietors encountered opposition from indi- viduals in Claverack and Kinderhook, who endeavored in various ways to hinder their progress, probably foreseeing that one result of the new settlement would be to take from Claverack its position as tlie seat of the County buildings. Not understanding the Dutch lan- guage, the proprietors employed in the double capacity of bookkeeper and xpij, an individual who did, that they might be able to counter- act all etforts made to injure them. It is related "that they found warm friends in the Ten Broecks, Delematers, Huyck and Elting, and the Millers and Hogebooms were not hostile." PROPRIETORS' MINUTES. From the minutes of the pi'oceedings of the })roprietors, we gather the following facts, not without interest, it is thought, as showing their progress, and the labors and duties put upon individual propri- etors. Each seems in some way to have borne his sliare of the toil necessary to a successful fulfillment of the enterprise : 1784, May 14tli. The proprietors held tlieir first meeting at the 12 SKETCHES OF nUDSON. house of Seth Jeukiiis. and voted to proceed to elect such officers as were necessary to reguhite their internal measures, so far as their land extended. David Lawrence was chosen Moderator of the meet- ing; Reuben Folger, Clerk for one vear. Seth Jenkins, John Thurs- ton, Daniel Paddock, Joseph Barnard, Thomas Jenkins, Gideon Gard- ner and David Lawrence were appointed a committee "to regulate streets, and to attend in a particuhir manner to the fixing the build- ings uniforml}'." It was also voted, "that no person should fix his house without such direction from a majority of the committee as they miglit think proper;" and that " no person should extend his steps more than four feet from his door or seller ways." Samuel Mansfield, Gideon Gardner and Jolm Thurston were appointed a committee to view fences. 1784, May L5th. Alex. Coffin, David Lawrence, Clias. Jenkins and Hezekiah Dayton were appointed a committee " to lay out, sell or lease to David Bunker and Redwood Easton, a convenient lot for a tan yard." They reported, that tliey had sold one-quarttT of an acre near Peter Hogeboom's grist mill, with beuetit of the mill stream, for §40, pay- able $10 per annum. 1784, May 17th. Cotton Gelstnn was voted Treasurer. Five pro- prietors were authorized to call a meeting by making application in writing to the Clerk. 17.S4, June 2d. It was voted that a number of persons should be employed "to dig on the hill in the direction of Main street, in order to open a way to the river, and procure stone for the proprietors." This was prol)al)ly the opening of South Front street. Gideon Gardner was appointed "to superintend tliat business." The portion of the city first occupied, was tliat nearest the landing. Tlie Hrst houses built, were the old building, for many years known as the Swain house, standing upon the north side of Fi'anklin Sipiare, and the house adjoining. These were built l)y Seth Jenkins and John Alsop. The first house in .Main street was Iniiit by Peter Barnard, upon SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 13 the site of the present residence of Ansel McKinstry, Esq. Below it were corn-fields and orchards. It is recorded of Peter Barnard, "that he was one of the kindest hearted, best tempered and happiest men that ever lived. Though poor and earning his bread by the sweat of his brow, no prince was richer and no king ever sat \\\)0\\ his tlirone more contentedly than Peter sat upon his trucks." The first store was opened by Cotton Gelston. 1784, .June 28th. They voted that a house be immediately built at the expense of the proprietors, 20 feet by 30, to be appropriated for a Market House and that Daniel Paddock superintend such l)uilding. This was the establishment of the first or lower market. 1784, Sept. 2d. It was voted " that the three wells be stoned and masoned up." Gideon Gardner, Cotton Gelston, Daniel Paddock appointed committee "to superintend that business." The "three wells" were probably three reservoirs, then commenced, one of which is afterwards spoken of as "the well in Third street," anotln'i- in the vicinity of Second street and the third near the mar- ket house. They continued to term them "wells" for many years afterwards. 1784, Oct. 24th. It was voted, "that a bridge be built over the great hollow in Main street, with stone Ijuttments." Seth Jenkins was ajipointed to superintend the work. The Ijridge was located in front of the present store of James Clark. 1784, Oct. 24. They voted, "that Thomas Jenkins have privilege to erect a hay scale at his own cost on Market Square (lower market), for five years, he promising not to exact more than Is. 6d. per load for weighing." 1784, Nov. 14th. It was unanimously agreed by the proprietors that "infuter it should be called by the name of Hudson." We have no account of any debate on the change of name, or the suggestion by the proprietors of any other name than that given. Gov. Clinton suggested and was desirous that the settlement should be called Clinton, and was displeased that the name met with no favor among the proprietors. 14 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 1784, Nov. 23d. Thomas .leiikins, David Lawrence and Gideon Gardner were appointed a committee "to wait on Col. John Van Allen, impowered by the proprietors to purchase his real estate for £2,500, and one-thirtieth interest in the first purchase made." It would seem from this that all the property at the landing was not included in the first purchase. Col. Van_AlIen having died, the same committee were appointed "to ascertain from the widow Van Allen whether her late husband had left her power to ratify the bar- gain, if so to get writings drawn and executed immediately." This property was the house and store and landing before referred to, with all the land lying between Ferry street and the bay, and running easterly to Front street. INCORPORATION. 1785, Feb. 17th. It was voted tliat a "petition be draughted to be laid before the Legislative authority of the State, for the purpose of getting ourselves incorporated, with city privileges." Ezekiel Gilbert, John Thurston, Ezra Reed, and Seth Jenkins were appointed a committee to draught the same. Seth Jenkins, Gen. Van Rensselaer, John Thurston, Ezekiel Gil- bert were appointed to repair to New York as soon as convenient and present the same before the CJeneral Assembly then in session, and use their utmost influence to get it passed immediately. On the 22d day of April, 1785, the Act of incorporation passed, and Hudson became a city, the third in the State. The territory of the city, as chartered, extended from the line of the town of Livings- ton on tlic South, to Major Abraham's (Stockport) creek on the North, and Chivenick creek on the East. A portion of the town of Stockport was taken off in 1833, and the town of Greenport in 1837, leaving Hudson with but very little more territory than that now embraced within the compact portion of the city. The news of the passage of the act incorporating the city, occa- sioned great joy. On the 4th day of May, Mr. (iilbert arrived from New York, bringing with him the charter of the city and the appoint- ment of Seth Jenkins h\ the (iovcrnor and Council as Mavor. Its re- SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 15 ception was attended with the firing of cannon, raising of flags, and every other possible demonstration of gratification, by the citizens. On the day following the arrival of Mr. Gilbert, Seth Jenkins issued liis proclamation announcing the incorporation of the city, his appoint- ment as Mayor, and calling upon all the freemen within the limits of the city, to meet at the school house, a small frame building tlicn standing upon the county road near the river, on the Monday follow- ing, (the 9tli day of May) to choose necessary officers and to transact other important business. This was Hud-son's first charter election, but it was conducted without a contest. We can find no statement of the vote cast, nor do we know the population at that time, but the city grew with great rapidity, and from 1785 to 1786, one hundred and fifty dwellings, besides wharves, barns, shops and out-hou.ses were built. 1785, July 25th. They voted "that one house lot on Main street should be given to Ezekiel Gilbert as a free donation for his essential services done the proprietors in bringing about the incorporation of this city." The lot given was number 62 Warren street, as at pres- ent numbered. 1785, April 8th. It was voted that Thomas Jenkins and David Lawrence be a committee to name the streets; also that Diamond street be put in a passable condition, and that the proprietors should send as many men as convenient, until there were a sufficient num- ber to work them, and on producing a certificate to Titus Morgan they should be entitled to receive Jour sJiiUings per day. 1785, April 19th. They voted that a lot 50 by 120 feet on Dia- mond street should be granted to any person or persons who would build a school house, not less than 40 feet by 24, such persons not to receive more than nine per cent, on the cost of the building for the use of it, and to have the power to sell it to the corporation at large, for their own use, whenever they had opportunity so to do, and that it should continue to be used for a school house for every description and denomination of people then settled or wliich sliould thereafter settle here. Shortly after its erection Joseph Marshall, who styled himself the 16 .SKETCHES OF HUDSON. "public's humble servant," gave notice that he designed opening a school in the Diamond street School house, from 5 to 7 o'clock P. M. each day, for the instruction of "Misses" in writing, cj'phering, com- position, English grammar and geography. The old school house, no longer a nursery for the young ideas of "Misses," is still standing, moved to the lower part of Chapel street. 1785, June 19th. A committee was appointed to conclude upon a plan for a proprietor's school house on Market Square. 1785, June 9th. Land was granted to the corporation for the erec- tion of a Gaol "on the N. E. corner of the northcrmdst square on Fourth street." The Gaol was constructed of logs, with iron grates at the windows, and stood very nearly upon the site of the present blacksmith shop of Thomas Tynan. It was reached by a foot path through the field from Main street, Fourth street not yet having been opened. It is said of this Gaol, that almost the first prisoner confined in it concealed an auger upon his person, bored through the logs and escaped. The City Hall was erected nearly opposite the Gaol, upon the present site of the Presbyterian Churcli, which was then called the "upper end of Main street." It was commenced in the year 1786, but remained for years unfinished, the lower part being used at one time for the storing of hay, and was not completed until there was a certainty that Hudson would become the seat of the County Courts. It was a square brick building, in the very plainest style of architecture, two stories in height, the upper part capable of accommodating four hundred people, being used for public purposes, and the lower part for offices, and for some years a school room. In the year 1805, when Hudson became the County seat, the Conmion Council appro})riated it to the County to be used as a Court House, voting also the sum of $2,000, and a lot of land, for the erection of a new jail, which was ready for the reception of prisoners in the month of October, in that year. The present office of the Hudson Gazette was the building then erected as the "County prison." The Court House was occupied by each religious oi-ganization in its infancy, and still continued to be used for nil puhlir gatherings until its purchase by the Presbyterian SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 17 Society, from which time until tiic erection of the present fine struc- ture, Hudson was destitute of a room for public use, in the least degree comfortable or adequate to the wants of its citizens. 1806, Jan. 11th. Benjamin Birdsall was voted by the Common Council forty dollars for his services as connnittee-man in procurinii' a change of the County seat. The pre.sent Court House and Jail were erected in the year 1835, at a cost of $85,000, under the direction of James Mellen, Henry C. Mil- ler, Jolni W. Edmonds, .John P. Mesick, Jehoiakim A. Van ^^llken- l)urgh. 1785, June 9th. A committee was appointed to lay out plot, &c., of the city. The plot embraced Union, Main, Diamond and State streets, with Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth streets crossing them. First street was not opened until many years after. 1785, Dec. 30th. One house lot was voted to Cotton Gelston for his troul)lc in laying out plot of the city. PARADE HILL, ETC. 1795, ]\hirch 9th. It was voted "that the certain piece of land, known by the name of the Parade, or Mall, in front of Main street, and on the banks fronting the river, should be granted to the Com- mon Council forever, as a public walk or Mall, and for no otlier pur- pose wiiatever." The "Mall" remained in an unimproved condition for many year.s, e.\cept the erection upon it of a house for the .sale of "refreshments." This was octagon in shape, the lower part used as a saloon for "re- freshments," the upper part surrounded by a covered piazza, affording a i)cautiful lookout upon the river, and a flag staff surmounting the building. It was called the "Roundhouse," and the hill until its iuipruvemcut in 1834, was called the " Roundhouse hill." It was in that year enclosed, laid out into walks, the house, which had become a nuisance, removed, and after the suggestion through the press of many very fanciful names, was given its pre.sent name of " Parade Hill." Near the southern end of the hill, visitors cannot have failed to 18 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. notice a small circular grove of trees, called "lovers' retreat." These were planted, it is said, to mark the location of a rock known in the early days of the city as "Love rock," and the spot, where by "moonlight alone," a large proportion of the marriage contracts of our (Quaker ancestors were "made and entered into." During the improvement of tlie hill, the rock was levelled. In 1795, the proprietors, upDii the jx'tition of Marshal .lenkins and Sanniel Edmonds, granted a lot of land upon the corner of Union and Third streets to the Society "called Free Masons," for the purpose of erecting a building suitable for their u.se. It was to be built upon within two years or the land ".should devolve to the ('ouncil for tlie use of the corporation." The building was to be fifty Ijy twenty-tive feet in size, and it was a condition of the grant that it should never be used as a tavern. "The Lodge," as it was called, was deemed an "ornament" to the city, as originally erected. It was partially de- stroyed by fire about thirty-five years ago, on the 4th of July, and tlie present St. John's Hall built upon the ruins. As early as ITST, we finil the Masons celebrating the festival of St. John by a dinner and an oration. Previous to the erection of the "Lodge'' it was the custom to hold their meetings at some one of the public houses. In the war of 1812, the lower part of the Hall was used as barracks for soldiers who enlisted under Capt. Smith of the U. S. Light Drag- oons, and Lieut. Theophilus E. Beekman, recruiting officers. It was this .service that tirst brought Jfr. Beekman to this city, of whirl i he was long a resident. During a row among the soldiers at the barrack.s, which he endeavored to ipuli, lie received an injury for which he afterwards drew a pension. 1795, March 9th. Proprietors deeded to the Common Council the lots upon which the Gaol and City Hall stood, other lots in dilfeicnl ])arts of the city, all the streets and lands not theretofore a])propriate(i, ti) he opened liy them at their discretion, whenever it wnuld heiietit the})ublic: also the hui'ial ground presented to the jn'oprietois. ex- cepting such ]iart as was eiielused by the Society of I'lii'iids and to he conveyed to them. ISlO, I\ray 2;?d. The last iiieeting of the proprietors was held, SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 19 Stephen Paddock, Moderator, Erastus Pratt, Clerk. Provision had been previously made for the delivery of the proprietors' books, plot of the city, etc., to the Clerk of the city, and for a passage of a law by the Legislature, for a confirmation of all the divisions made by them. Their meetings had been more frequent than these extracts indicate, but tiie proceedings related principally to the disposition and exchange of tiieir lots or "puljlic S(iuares" as they termed them, and to the laying out of the "public roads," or streets. In all the proceedings we find mention but two or three times made of their financial condition, but it is evident, from these, that the " wheels of finance" did not run perfectly smooth, as they speak at one time of being considerably pressed, and advised the disposition of certain lots for relief We have as yet had no glimpse of the government of the city, whicli at the date we take leave of tlie proprietors, already boasted of a population of nearly 5,000. It had attained a position which they had liardly looked or hoped for, although they had brought to bear all their energy and influence to secure its prosperity. THE PROPRIETORS. No place can claim more for the character of its founders, than can Hudson for its original proprietors. All of them were men of influ- ence, intelligence and activity, and arc described, physically, as "stout, well formed, noble looking men." Nearly all of them were possessed of considerable pecuniary means, which they at once em- ployed in such ways as would most encourage the business interests of the place. It is said of tlie .Jenkins family, that they alone brought with them more tlian a (juarter of a million of dollars. They were regarded as the moving spirits in the enterprise, and every species of trade and commerce was for many years successfully carried on by them. Thomas .Jenkins is described as uniting the stately, dignified, princely air of an old school gentleman with the address and energy of a man of business, and few like him, it is said, are to be found at the present day, even in the great metropolis itself. Wiien standing at his wliarf, witli his gold headed cane in his hand, watching and 20 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. directing the preparations for the sailinir of liis ships, his air and manner were autlioritative, l)ut in feeling lie was not in the least degree hauglity. His residence, bnilt innnediately after the settle- ment of the city, was that now occupied i)y P. S. Wynkoop, Escj., as a residence and by the Misses Peake as a Seminary. At the time of its erection it was considered palatial, and as his means enabled him to live in a corresponding style, and which doubtless presented a strong contrast to primitive Quaker simplicity, it is not strange that he was thought even somewhat aristocratic. Long after emigration had added greatly to the population of the place, and many to the number of its public spirited and enterprising citizens, they continued to exercise a great influence in all affairs. For over thirty yeai-s, with the exception of the short period of two years, the office of Mayor of the city was filled by some member of the .Jenkins family. Numerous and influential however as it was at that time, scarce half a dozen of its descendants are residents of the city, to whose early prosperity they so largely contributed, and with whose early history its name is so inseparably connected. Thomas Jenkins died in New York in the year 1808, leaving four sons, Thomas, Gilbert, Frederick and Elisha, and four daughters. His remains were brought to this city upon a sloop, and buried according to the rites of the Quaker society, in the ground belonging to them. No tombstone was ever placed upon his grave and it cannot now be iilentified. Another proprietor of whom we find very frecjuent mention made is Cotton Gelston, who seems to have been a man of very great activ- ity and energy. He was first treasurer for the proprietors, first post- master, launched the fii^st ship, opened the fii"st store, was the first surveyor, made the first plot of the city, drew their fii-st deeds; in short seems to have been the "chief scrilje" and man-of-all-work, for the proprietors, and from the time he was sent by Thomas Jenkins to Nantucket, to carry out the plan of his as.sociation, until his death, was the servant of the city in some capacity. We have Ijeen shown a deed, supposed to have been drawn by him, which, although some- thing of a curiosity, being drawn upon a sheet of paper about four SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 21 feet in length by one in width, as a j)iece (if pennian^;liiji, would In- eonsidered creditable at the pivscnt day, and is remarkable fur lis pai'ticularity of de.seri})tion. Mr. (Jclstun was a man of medium iieiiibt. rather stout, with little in his eounteuani-e indieative a.rnard, Nathaniel Greene and Alexan- der Cothn are also prominently sjioken of as energetic, active citizens, lieside the Jenkins's and Gelston, but few of the propi'ietors at fh'st engaged in mercantile pursuits. Several of them were "sea-faring" men, others shortly after tlieir arrival settled upon farms iuthe vicin- ity, and some early left the settlement. It has sometimes been re- marked, as not a little singular that of some of the proprietors there have never been any since, among the residents of the city, bearing their names. The fact that some of them did not long remain hei'e, will probably explain it. In giving the credit we do to the proprie- tors for the early prosperity of Hudson, we siiould not forget tlie fact, that their eH'orts were seconded by many, not only from the immedi- ate vicinity but from a distance, who were at once attracted to the enterprise iiy its bright prospects. l<]/.ekiel Gilbert, who seems very eai-ly t(i have taken an active interest in it, was at that time a resi- dent (if ( 'hiverack, from which place he moved his law-ofRce in 1785, thus becoming Hudson's first lawyer; first not only in order, liut f(ir many years first in ability. Mr. Gilbert was not a man of great talents, but made himself of great service to Hudson, in its early 22 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. days. He was Representative in Congress about the year 1790, and through his efforts Hudson was made a port of entry. About the year 1800 he occupied a pknisant country residence standing very nearly upon the site of the pul)lic iiou.se of S. S. Martin, and gave to tlie city a portion of tlie ground for tlie upper public .square, with the intention of having it laid out as a park. He died about twenty j'ears ago, at an advanced age, very infii'iii, and in somewhat reduced circumstances. Of the firms who were shortly after the .settlement so largely engaged in business, the greater part were of those who immediately followed the proprietors. [Mr. Miller then notices the first meeting of tlie Common Council, May 8, 1785, and gives a list of all of tlic first otficers, wliicli nccil not be repeated here.] PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCIL. From the early minutes of the Council we make the following extracts : 1785, June 7th. Nathaniel Greene, William Wall and Marshal Jenkins were appointed a committee to erect a gaol w itliiii the city limits 30 feet long, 20 feet wide, and one story high. This is the log gaol before mentioned. 1785, July 26th. Abimelech Riggs was ajipointed keept'r of gaol. 1785, July 2()th. Benjamin Folger, Thomas Jenkins and Ezra Reed were apjiointed a committee to regulate and rent the ferry, which appears still to have been in the hands of Mr. I'^lock. The canoe had given place to a boat twenty feet long and very narrow, and sharp at both ends. In order to carry teams across, the horses were placed one at each end of the boat and timbers laid across it, upon which the wagon rested. Tlio ferry did not pass fully into the control of the city until about the year 171*0, wIumi the boat descrilied gave way to a scow with sails, so construrtcd that teams could enter from either end, and the following rat^s and it'gulations hail been established : SEETCnES OF HUDSON. 33 "For every single person, except sucking cliild, Is. Gd. For every man, horse, ox, cow, Is. (Jd. " loaded wagon or ox cart, 2s. (jd. " empty " " Is. 6d. " hog or pig under SO ihs. dead, 4d. " " " alive, (id. " dead sheep or lamb, 3d. " live " calf, 4d. " barrel of rum, sugar and molasses, 6d. " pail of butter, 1 penny, firkin or tub, 2d. " bushel of wheat, peas or grain, 1 penny." One half more was charged when com])elled on account of low water to go around the flats. For every neglect to pay, treble the amount of ferriage was to be forfeited. Before sunrise and in the evening, the ferryman was enti- tled to double rates. lie was to keep two scows, with four able hands to each, and to run constantly from sunrise to sunset, wind and weather permitting, or forfeit twenty shillings for every neglect. On the arrival of the boat at Loonenburgh landing, it was the duty of some one of the ferry- men to blow a shell or trumpet, in order to give immediate notice of such arrival, and to remain there fifteen minutes. 1803, April 14th. Mayor, Recorder and Mr. Power were appointed a committee to confer with the citizens on the west side of the liver, respecting a "Canal through the flats." The " Canal" was not con- structed until many years after. In the year 1816, the work was done under the direction of Robert Jenkins, Oliver Wiswall and Judah Paddock, a committee appointed by the Common Council. The use of scows continued until the spring of the year 1816, when tliey gave place to the horse-boat, which was built by William .John- son, at a cost of six thou.sand dollars. Its introduction was a great event in the history of the city, and considered a very decided step forward. The Mayor and a portion of the Council made a trial trip in it around the flats, when the pilot, not yet accustomed to the manage- 24 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. inoiit of his new craft, came in collision with a vessel so forcibly as to bring the official party down to a level with the deck. It continued to run, with the exception of an unsuccessful attempt some years ago to sustain a steam ferry, until the present steamboat did away, we trust, forever in these waters with horse flesh as a piopelling power for ferries. IT'S.'), .Inly •■)th. It was resolved, "Tiiat a Stocks and W'hiiiping Post l)e made and erected nigh the market in tiiis city, and that William Wall, Esq., cause the same to be completed, :inv the Justice passing the sentence. Its cost was £'i 4s. lid. The punishment of whipping was inflicted for petty offences. In addition to the whipping, the oUV'uder was sometimes sentenced to l>e driven out of tlic i-ity. In that case he was tied to the tail of a cart, and eomniencing at tlie lower end of Main street, received a certain luiiuljer of hishcs at eacli corner until the head of the street was reached, where he was .set at liberty and directeil to leave the limits of the city. The officer inflict- ing the punishment was called a " whi[)ping master," and received his appointment from the Common Council. Elisha Foote officiated in this capacity for many years. 1785, Aug. 2(1. It was ordained "that it sliould not he lawful for any person or pei"sons whatsoever, to run or gallop his, her or their Horse or Iloi-ses through any of the Streets of the said City, and that if any pcrsun or iiei-sons should 1h' c()n\ict('(l df niiiiiing or galloping his, her or tluiir horses through any of the .Streets i)f said City, he, she or they should, for every such offense, forfeit and pay the sum of six shillings, current money of th(> Stat(> of New Ymk, tn he recovereil before the Mayor, Recorder. oz., one shilling. " " " 1 " 14 " sixpence. " llye " ;> " 4 " sixpence. Walter .lohnson was the principal Ijaker, and carried on the Imsi- ness quite extensively for the supply of ships, upon the corner of Front and Ferry streets. Mrs. Newherry, who kc]it a small shop further up in Front street, was his i-ival in the di-partment of c-akes and buns, most of which were sold through the streets in baskets. The old lady knew liow to protect as well as support herself. An individual once ventured to say something in her shop which she consti'ued into an insult. Stepping up to him she ejected him by a gentle a[)[)lication of her foot, sending a loaf of bread after him in close proximity to his head. He was doubtless after that a brttcr bre(a)d man. In somewhat later years in the lower i)art of Union sti'eet e shut at tlu' hour of ten o'cNick on Sunday moiiiing. That the Council would aid and assist the Count i-y .Magistrates in su[)prcssing all disoi-dcrly liflia\ior on Sunday, .lustus \'an Iloesen, Tliouias Frothiugliam and Cornelius Tobey had previously been ap])ointed a connnittee"to superintend the execution of the law against Sabbath breakinir." SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 31 1801, August 5th. Mr. Hathaway was authorized to purchase Daniel Allen's house on State street for the reception of the aged and other poor of the city, for a sum not to exceed $480. This hou.se is .still standing in State .street, known ns tlie Underwood hou.se, and was used for the purpose nu'iitioncd, until the completion of the build- ing now occupied l)y tlie \U'\. .lohn B. Hague as a Seminary for young ladies, which was erected as a City Poor House in the year 1818, l)y Ephraim Baldwin, under the direction of John Tallman, Judge Paddock and Barnabas Waterman as building committee, after a plan drawn by Robert Jenkins. Its cost was hve thou.sand seven hundred dollars. In 1832 it was given up as a poor-house, and a lunatic asylum was established in it by Doct. Samuel White, which contin- uned until the opening of the State Asylum, having received during its continuance three hundred patients. The first Over.seers of the Poor in the citj' were Cotton Gelston and .John Al.sop. iSOl, August 15tli. Erastus Pratt and Reuben Folger were aj)- pointcd a conunittee to procure a suitidjle clock, with three dials, to l)(' [)liiccd in the steeple of the Presbyterian Meeting House, and were authorizeil to loan not exceeding $200, to be applied with the sum already subscribed and deposited in the Bank for that purpose. The same clock is now placed in the steeple of the old Episcopal church, where "still it moves, but never speaks." 1801, December 9th. Daniel Burnap was paid $20 in addition to tlie sum agreed for clock, for additional work. The committee re- ported that they had placed the clock in the meeting house and had made provision to pay DeJjorah Jenkins $200 for borrowed money. 1802, Jaiuiary 3d. Overseers of the Poor were authorized to allow Pliebe Cummings $2.50 per month, if siie would take her.self and three children out of the city. 1803, April Lst. It was resolved that any member of the Council not appearing within fifteen minutes after the hour of the meeting, should pay to and for the use of the Council tlie sum oi fifty cents ; the time always to be determined by the city clock. Mr. Parkman's time- }>iece had ceased to be the standard. 32 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. GROWTH OF THt CITY. Wlicii till' city was fir.st settled the Imlk of eiiii,t,n-iitioii was from Nantucket, einhi-aciuf;' the families so iuimei't)us in tlie early popula- tion of Hudson, of Bunkei's, Fol.<;ers. Coftins, Macys, Colenian.s, &c. Shortly after, a steady population llowcd in from various points in the Eastern States, principally, liowcNcr. from Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The growth of tlie city in wealth and population was rapid. The following list which was first published some years ago, contains the names of such of the inhabitants as were asse.ssed £100 and upwards, in the year 1797, taken from the "ta.x book" for that year, which was certified to as fcdlows; "This Tax Book contaiTis tin' value of each man's estate, lioth ical and personal, within the city of Hudson, to the best of our know ledge. according to the usual way of Assessment. JACOB DAVIS, ) JONATHAN BECRAFT, ' Asses.sors. ISAAC NORTHROP, ) Hudson, 27th ^hiy, 17!t7. Arthur, iMcArtbur, - £140 Cofhn, Alexander, - - .'500 Allen, Benjamin, - 100 Coffin, Jared, - - l;5o Allen, Howard, - - "JOO CotHn, David, - - - :540 Alsop, John, - - 400 Cofhn, Uriah, - - l'2(l Ashley, William, - - 2(;o Coventry, William, - - .".(lO Barnard, .loscpb ivst., - 210 Comstock, Thomas, - 170 I'.arnard, .\bisba, - - l.'iO Clark, George, - - 105 Bunt, Jacob, - - 250 Clark, Daniel, - - 170 I'.unkcr, Solomon, - - 1;50 Cheanee, Abicl, - - 190 Bunker, Silas, - - 150 Delamater, Dirck, - 550 lUinker, Barsilla, - - 120 Delamater, Claudius I., - 470 Bunker, f^lihu, - - l:iO Dcliimatcr, Claudius, - 150 Becraft, .louatban, - - 2:;o Dakin, I'aul, - - - KiO Bolles, John R., - - 120 Decker, (ieorge, - - 225 BoUe.s, Jeremiah, - - lliO Dayton, He/.ekiah, - - 205 Burk, James, - - 100 Dayton, Isaac, - - 100 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 33 Elting, James, - - 300 Everts, J. & Sons Est., - 180 Erust, John T., - - 120 Edmonds, Samuel, - ISO Folger, Reuben, - - 225 Folger, Benjamin, - 100 Frothingham, Thomas, - 140 Frary, Giles, - - 300 Greene, Nathaniel, - - 820 Gelston, Cotton, - - 415 Gilbert, Ezekiel, - - 160 Gardiner, William, - 120 Goldthwart, Thomas, - 180 Gunn, John, - - 140 Hardiek, John F., - - 280 Harder, Jacob, Jr., - 250 Harder, John M., - - 120 Hoydorn, Adam, - - 225 Hosmer, Prosper, - - 135 Hyatt, James, - - 230 Hubbell, Levi, - - 100 Hannnond, Abner, - 110 Haxtun, Iknijamin, - - 130 II(igel)ooni, Peter, - 540 Hallenljeek, William, - 320 Hallenbeck, Robert, - 320 Hallenbeek, Mathias, - 200 Hallenbeck, John R., - 180 Hallenbeck, William G., - 140 Hathaway, John, - 500 Hoxie, Christoi)her, - l60 Huyck, Casper Estate, - 300 Irisli, Jonathan, - - 100 Jenkins, Thomas, - 2660 Jenkins, T. &. Sons, - 1150 Jenkins, Seth, Estate, - 850 Jenkins, Marshall, - 750 .Jenkins, Marshall & Son, - 310 Jenkins, Charles, - - 270 Jenkins, Lemuel Estate, - 200 Jenkins Deborah, - 195 •Jenkins, Robert & Co. - 200 Johnston, Walter, - 120 Kellogg, Ru.s.sell, - - 270 Lawrence, David, - 325 Le.scure, Hj'acinth, - - 115 Mooklar, James & M. - 230 Morgan, James, - - 105 Morton, Reuben, - - 115 Macy, Capt. Reuben, - 450 Morrison, .James, - - 170 Moores, Reuben, - - 130 Nixon, James, - - 200 Nichols, Samuel G., - 150 Northrop, Isaac, - - 125 Olcott, Josiah, - - 225 Paddock, Stephen, - 425 Paddock, Daniel Estate, - 130 Plass, John, - - 435 Power, Thomas, - - 233 Parkman, Thomas, - 100 Reed, Ezra, - - - 900 Rand, Peter, - - 190 Race, Jonathan, - - 135 Riley & Storrs, - - 100 Schermerhorn, John, - 100 Spencer, Ambrose, - 180 Sears, Nathan, - - 100 Stoddard, Ashbel, - 100 Slade, William, - - 100 34 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. IL'O \'aii Reiissolaer, William, 430 llllll \'an Deusen, Tobias, :iOO .J5(» N'aii Allen, Adam, ■ 260 l;',() ^'an(lel• Ik'rgii, Peter, 16.5 .'VJ.) X'aiiiirr TxTLili, .lames. . 1 (1.-) l-^o Whittaker, Ephraim, 210 701) White, Mrs., - - 140 l!)(l Whitlock, Thomas, 14.5 2^)0 Worth, Shubael, - 225 1(1.-. Worth, 'riidinas, '2n(l, 100 Kill Wcl.l., .Inh, - 140 am WartI, Samuel, 200 Thurston, .John, Ten Broeek, .h)hn I']state, Ten Broeek, .leremiah. Ten Broeek, Samuel, Tohey, Seth, Tallman, .fohn, \'an Iloesen, .1. II. Est., Yaw Hoesen, Abraham, Van Hoesen, I'eter, Xnn Hoesen, .lenny, \'an Hoesen, Peter, Estate, Van Rensselaer, Henry I., In the year 1800, the city numbereil 4,048, inehnlinn eiglity-ei>i;lit slaves, ranking third in the State in eonmien-e, and Inurtb in manu- factures, (^impared with the growth of many plaees w itiiiii the last quartiT of a eentury, this increase of population for a period ofsi'ven- teen yeai's may not seem gi-eat. It nuist be l)orne in mind that at that early day there was no foreign emigration to swell the popula- tion, and very few of the facilities for travel of the present day then exi.sted. When the question of a removal of the seat of legislation from New York came uj) in the "General Assembly," Hudson needed but one more vote to have been designated as the location for tlie new ca})ital. Albany secured that "one vote" and became thenceforth the "capital city." In l.SO;} the tbllowing vote was thrown at a charter election, "not warndy contested and not a full vote:" Fcdenil. For Supei'visor — Cotton (ielston, 2."'>2. Drmocraiic. 1*^)1' Super\'isor — .larcd Collin, ISO. In 1800, at a charter election, a v, hy .Icnkins and (lelston ; a ship of three huinlred tons, callcil tlu' Hudson, and commanded hy ('apt. Kohcrt I'\)l,-;-er. The c,\tensi\'e conmierce of the city L;ave ureal life to I'Vcry hrancli of husiness connected with the huildiiiL; and littinu, out of shi|)s. Sail-niakiiiu, lilacksmit Iuiil;, paintiiiL;, ropc-makiiiL; and many other branehes of industry, fiirnislii'(l employment to a lai'^c iiumher of men. In l7So 'I'liomas .Icnkins, .losiali Olcott and others. Imilt a ro|ic- waik six hundreil feet Ioiil;', on the westerly side of Third and North of State street, the laiiil liasinL; hecn ^rantcil hy the proprietoi-s for that |iurposc. The makiiie of ropes for many years was successfully carrii^d on hy Mr. (>lcott, and about the year I S.">(), the works jiasscd into the hands ol' Mi-ssrs. |)urfec, May it Co., who foi- .se\-cral years iiiannlactunMl rojics of ereat leiiL;tli and size, for the use of inclined jdanes upon railroads. Many of these ropes were of such wcii^ht as to reipiire se\i'ral yoke of oNcii to conxcy them to the ri\'ei'. to he shipped. The rope-walk was e\-er, w it li the hoys, a fa \ orite Sat II rday resort, tiie i)roeesses of spinniiie' and t w islin<;' aniusiiie them, while its great length aUbrded an ample tield i\>y (ji/nLuaHlics, chief of which SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 37 was the foot-race. Many a staid citizi'ii of to-day, proved himself there a "fast young man." In 178G a l)re\very was estal)lished Ijy Jienjamin Faulkins, who stated in the (lazdtc "tliat he had been regularly brought uji to this philosophical branch of business in England, and he did not doubt liis brewery nught liecome of great utility to Hudson, bj' giving his ale the name of Hudson Ale," the prices of which were: stock ale five dollars, and mild ale three dollars per barrel. This brewery was upon the North side of the city in the vicinity of the river. In 1787 Seth Jenkins and Stephen Paddock built a hemp and ducking factory on Third street, upon the rear of the lot upon which stands the residence of the late Robert Rainey. Of the articles man- ufacture(l a ])ortion were sent to New York, liut the greater part were used by the sail-lofts here. In 1789 Joseph Barnard built a wind grist mill upon Prospect Hill. The site undoubtedly furnished the motive power in abundance, but "carrying grist to mill," must have been far from a desirable task to his customers. The mill was octagonal in shape, two stories in height, built of heavy oak timber, sides shingled, and the wings, which were very strongly constructed, were nearly seventy feet from the ground. In all the approaches to the city it was a very prom- inent object and visible many miles distant. It remained there sev- eral years and finally gave i)lace to a house erected as a saloon for refreshments, with the design of making the hill a place of pulilic resort. The undertaking did not succeed, and the building is now occupied as a dwelling at the foot of the hill. The grist mill gave to tlie hill the name of "Wind-mill hill," by which it was known for many years. In 1784 the first store was built and ojiened by Cotton Gelston, u[i(in the site of the jiresent residence of Garret Dej^o; his dwell- ing being the house now occupied by Mr. Hiram Morrison. The store \\as a small two story frame building, in the upper part of which he kept the Post OfiSce, which was first established here about the year 1790. up to which time, for all their mail matter, the people of Hud- son had been obliged to go to Claverack village. He continued in the SKETCHES OF HUDSON. office until the election of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency, when he was removed and Alexander Coffin appointed in his place. Stores were opened shortly after (4elston's, by the Jenkins's, Frothingliam, Dayton, Worth and others. The jiortion of the city at first most rapidly l)uilt up, was tliat near- est the river; Water and Ferry streets being the hrst opened. Until the fires in late years, this part of the city (that now occupied by Franklin Square, with that lying South of it, now occupied by the buildings of Messrs. Hunt & Miller, and the Hudson River Railroad Co.) remained very compactly built, and longer than any otiier re- tained its primitive Quaker aspect. Main, Union, Diamond, State, Front, Second and Third streets were immediately laid out and opened by the committee chosen by the proprietors at their first meeting; but were at first little more than rough roads. In 1792, after all tlie machinery of a city guvernnieiit was in ojier- ation, the work of grading and widening tlie streets, and tiieliuilding of sewers was actively entered upon. 1793, September 1st. An ordinance was passed directing the com- mencement of the paving of the side-walks in Main street. Cotton Gelston, Ambrose Spencer and Jared Coffin were appointed a com- mittee to superintend the work. Previous to this, there was no attempt at uniformity in tlie walks; some were stone, others were plank, and a great portion were naked ground. It used to be saiil in wet weather, "tliat it cost two shillings to get a woman out of the mud." I'^ront street, between Main and Union, re(|uired mucii iii'avy blast- ing and digging near its junction with Union street [and] was crossed by a deep hollow, over which was built a bridge. Through this hollow flowed a stream of water, which was entered by another, where the County road cros.sed the street, thence emptying into the South bay. Main street was opened upon a ridge which sloped upon eaib side towards the bay, and as far as Third street presented nearly a level SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 39 surface covereil with fields witli a very few trees scattered tlirough them. Upon the hills on the North hay were woods, wliile tliose upon the South were covered with Ijeautiful and extensive orchards. Commencing nearly midway lietween Third and Fourth streets was a deep hollow ovei- which at a very early date was a hridgc, the remains iif which were found, during tlie construction of a sewer many years after. At this jioint, the street or road was so narrow as to att'ord only i-oom for the pa.ssage of one conveyance, and so low, tliat the entrances to the first iiouses erected were many feet ahove it, recpiiring plank leading from the street up to the doors, in order to enter them. At the corner of Fourth street was the "great iiollow" over whicli in 1784 was built the "bridge with stone buttments." This was a broad, deep hollow, recjuiring a bridge of consideraljle length. The work of filling it was innnediately undertaken, and .so far accomplished that the bridge was in a few years removed; the labor having been done mostly with hand carts. It remained for several years in a bad condition, loaded wagons from the country fre- quently requiring assistance in getting through it. Above this, the street a.scended somewhat unevenly, to the head of the city, with ravines upon either side, so near, that when graded in after years, the side-walks in some places required the support of plank and timbers. About midway between Fifth and Sixth streets it was crossed by another hollow of considerable extent. Fourth street was the upper end of the city, and to the City Hall was consid- ered a very lengthy walk. For many years there was but a single dwelling above it, and in 1798 but one store, kept by Lsaac Northrop, where the store of Mr. Solomon Wescott now stands. A few years after, Mr. Northrop purchased a farm including the land upon which the village of Athens now stands. Nearly all the stores were below Second street, while Front street was occupied for the most part by shops devoted to different mechanical branches. In a few years after, however. Front street was built up with stores and residences of a substantial character, and became a fair rival to Main street in ap- pearance. Many of these are still standing, but are the abodes of a far different class of citizens. Business graduallv followed the growth 40 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. of the city "up town," until at the present time the greater part of the principal stores are located there. The road up the Academy hill was opened hy the Columbia Turn- pike Company in the year 1800. The Company was chartered in 1799, and was the first Turnpike Company in the State. Not long after, the road leading out of Main street in u Southerly direction, was opened by the Branch Turnpike Company. The South Bay road was opened in 1806, by the Highland Turnpike Company, the Presi- dent of which (Mr. Howland) resided in New York City. Tlic opera- tions of this company extended from New York to Albany. In 182;J and 24 the road connecting Third street and the Bay road was con- structed. Previous to this, there was nothing but a cow patli leading up the hill. In 1827 the road entering the city by Underliills I'ond was completed. The two last roads were built l)y the city, and met with opposition by parties whose interests suffered by their construc- tion. It was thought that each road helped to divert trade from the idwei- })art of the city. Allen street was opened about the year 1835, called after Lieut. William H. Allen. A portion of it, that between Second and Third streets, was opened at a much earlier date, and known as Federal street. Hudson became a port of entry in 1790, the first Government officers being Doct. Joseph Malcolm and Isaac Dayton. It was then rapidly growing in commercial importance and seemed destined to Ijecome the second city in the State. Some of the statements relative to the business of the city at that ])eriod seem almost ineredililc, but there is no reason to doubt their accuracy. Ill 1802, on the first day of March, twenty-eiglit imii.livd loadrd sleigiis entered the city. We find this fact stated in tlu' Columbia Balance of that date. It is said to liavc been frequently the case, that a continuous line of teams from tlie I'ivcr extending into Main street, would be kept waiting, to disdiarge in (irdcr tlicir Innds at tlic different freighting establishments. 'I'lie large brick store-houses near the river, built at a very early date, and some of which are still SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 41 standing, confirm these stuteuicnts. Fifteen vessels, heavily laden, were often known to depart at one time. The articles exported were beef, pork, shad, herring, staves, head- ing, hoop-poles, leather and country produce generally. The packing of beef and pork was very extensively carried on, a large number of cattle and hogs coining from Berkshire County in Massachusetts. The slaughtering and packing establishments were located chiefly upon the North side of the city. A gentleman engaged in business in that day states that he has sold and shipped in a single day as many as one thousand barrels each of beef and pickled herring. Herring were much more abundant than at the present time. A vessel of one hundred tons was known to have been filled, in the vicinity of Rog- ers' Island at one tide. In addition to the pickling of herring, shad were to some extent put up and great quantities of herring were smoked and boxed. Staves, heading, lumber and hoop-poles were largely exported to the West Indies, the vessels in return bringing valuable cargoes of rum, sugar and molas.ses. The only ve.ssel from the "old world" ever known to have entered this port, was a Dutch ship from Amsterdam, consigned to William Wail, which loaded with lumber and returned to Holland. During its stay it was visited by a large number of the Dutch people in the vicinity, delighted to see a vessel from their "father land" and a crew who could s^jcak their own tongue. The English language was at this time scarcely ever used by the inhabitants of this region. There were a few who could speak it, but their religious services were in the Low Dutch tongue and in all their intercourse with each other they used no other. It is said that the "Yankees," as the proprietors were called, found great amusement in listening to the broken English of their Dutch neighbors. One old citizen states that the}' frequently drew him out in conversation, sim- ply to have a laugh at his expense, but he thinks he always had the advantage, for he •■knew what they said about him but they couldn't tell what he said ai)0ut them." It is said that for years, the proprie- tors found their inability to understand the Dutch language, a diffi- culty in all their business transactions. The Dutchmen would liear 42 SKETCUKS OF HUDSON. their propositions in English, and discuss them among tliemselves in Dutch; hence the proprietors eoiild never anticipate the decision tliev were coming to. We have the following amusing incident connected with a voyage of one of the vessels to St. Domingo, loaded with lumher, which had heen rafted down the river very late in the fall, and shipped after the heginning of cold weather, considerably covered with ice, some of which was found, upon her arrival out, still clinging to it. It was the first ice the negroes had ever seen, and so terrified were they l)y its touch upon their naked backs that they plunged overboard when- ever the sailors applied it. The crew enjoyed the sport so long and heartily, that some severity was necessary upon the part of the Cap- tain before he could put an end to it and finish unloading. During the winter months considerable trade was carried on with some of the Southern ports of the United States, principally with Charleston. It was a custom also for many of the mechanics of the city to seek employment South during the close of navigation. Many branches of industry were directly dependent upon the commerce of the city, and gave employment to a much larger number of men dur- ing the warm season than in winter, and those who did not choose to remain idle sought employment South, returning in the Spring. The articles of commerce with the South were provisions and general country produce, in return the vessels bringing cargoes of cotton and rice, a portion of which found a market at New York, i)ut of the for- mer article the greater part was consumed here, ^'cry few woolen goods were then used, most families spinning, dyeing ,iiid manufac- turing cotton into yarn and clothing. We have heard much w ifliin the la.st year of "Charleston" and "cotton :" our ancestors were (|uit(' as familiar with both, but in a decidedly more pleasant way. The early whale fisheries were very successful, the vessels usually returning valuable cargoes of sperm oil. In ITHT the ship American Hero, Capt. Solomon Bunker, returned from the Pacific Ocean with a cargo of sperm oil, wliicii at that time was the largest that had ever l)een brought into tiie rnited States. Capt. Alexander .Jenkins was the last living member of the crew who made the voyage. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 43 In Diamond street, between First and Second streets, were the oil and candle works of Thomas Jenkins, and on the Nortiieast corner of Second and State streets were those of Cotton Gelston. Tiiese works were as extensive as any then existing, but the amount manu- factured in one year was not as hirge as the oil works of later years manufactured in one month. This was ascertained upon examination, as a matter of curiosity. When Tallyrand was travelling through the States, he visiti'd Hud- son and was shown through the oil works of Thomas Jenkins, exam- ining thoroughly into all the mysteries and details of the manufacture of sperm candles. Up to about the year 1800 the seal fishery was carried on to a con- siderable extent. Five or six vessels were constanth' engaged in it, bringing from the Falkland and other islands in the South Atlantic, large numbers of fur and hair seal skins, and usually with them, a quantity of (.sea) elephant's oil. Many of the skins were sold in New York, but the greater part were tanned here, the leather being very generally used for shoes. The last voyage for seals was made in the year 1799, in the ship Ajax, Capt. Pinkham, Zephaniah Coffin first mate. Some of the Captains engaged in the seal fishery were accus- tomed to tell wonderful stories of the islands which they visited ; among other things, they boasted that they lived upon turtles so large, that one man could not turn them over, and .some of the eggs which they boiled were little less in size than a man's head. There were also several extensive tanneries located both in the North and South Bay. Robert Taylor, Nathan Sears, Marshal .len- kins, Giles Frary and David Bunker, each manufactured large quan- tities of leather, for a great portion of which they found a market in New York. Upon the site of the stove foundry of Messrs. Hunt & Miller stood a large distillery. Two or three others, at difi'erent periods, were also in operation, and the business of distilling was for many years suc- cessfully and profitably carried on. In addition to the brewerj' of Mr. Faulkins, l)efore mentioned, there was another owned by Auchmoody, standing very nearly in the rear 44 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. of the residence of Mr. L. G. Guernsey, and one oilier in tlie vicinity of the Nortii Baj'. Near Auchmoody's brewery was also a pottery of some extent carried on by Josepb Shove. The amount manufactured at these different establishments compared with similar establishments now, would appear very small, none of the breweries turniiit;- out more than five barrels per day. Tliere were, however, few more extensive than these any where to be found at that day. In 1815 Hudson ceased to be a port of entry. During the revolu- tionary struggle in France, and long protracted war in Europe, there was a great demand for neutral vessels. Large prices were paid for freight, and many of the vessels owned here were engaged in the car- rj'ing trade. British orders and French decrees swept many of them awaj' from their owners, others were lost by shipwreck, and tiic war. embargo and non-intercourse gave a finishing stroke to the connnerce of Hudson. The losses at sea produced great embarrassment and many tailure.s, and with the failure of the Bank of Hudson in 1819, brought losses upon many of the neighlioring farmers, and the decline of the prosperity of Hudson began. In 1830 there were but twelve sloops and scows, varying from forty to one hundred tons burthen, owned here, and engaged in trade with New York and Alliany. In 1829 the whale fishery was revived. Believing tliat Hudson ofFei'ed equal advantages, possessed equal enterprise, and tuuld fairly rival those eastern cities which the whale fisheries liad built u]i, a company was organized and commenced operations at a tinic wiicn the business of Hudson was in a most languishing conditimi. Tiie return of their first ships animated their hopes, and the liusincss was largely entered into; as nianj' as fourteen ves.sels being at one time owned and fitted out here. The most valualile cargo returned by a single vessel was valued at eighty thousand dollars. As many as eight thousand barrels of sperm oil were retui'ncd in a single ycai- by the diflcrent vessels. An act was jiasscd in Is:!:; iiy the Lrgisjaturc, incorporating the company, under the name of the " Hudson Whaling ('ompany." Laban Paddock was President, but all its business was for many years transacted under the superintcudc nee of I\r)b('rt \ Barnard, Es(|. Three vessels were owned by the cdniiiany, the SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 45 remainder by imliviiluals, and for many years the fishery was carried on successfully, with a prospect of its becoming a source of permanent prosjierity to the city. In a few years after, however, from causes beyond the control of those engaged in it, it declined, and in the year 1845, after bringing heavy losses upon many individuals, it was abandoned. The last ship, the Martha, was sold in that year. Then it was that Hudson was called "a finished city." SLOOPS, &C. Until the year 1S07, all of tlie freighting and carrying of passengers was by sloops, of which there were several lines, owned by Hathaway, CoHin, Hogeboom, Edmonds, Folger, Hyatt, Van Hoesen and others, all previous to 1800. Mr. Edmonds was a clerk to Col. Van Allen when the settlement was made, and succeeded him in his business after his death. Capt. John Hathaway advertised that his sloops had better accommodations than any other upon the river. In 1790, the Captain advertised that he would be pleased to have any body to whom he was in debt, "call upon him and get their pay if they wished it." A trip to New York was made by sloops, under the most favorable circumstances of wind and tide, in twenty-four hours, but oftener occupied four or five days. An average trip occupied from two to three days. The usual rate of fare was three dollars, the company finding "board and lodging," or one dollar and fifty cents, passengers "finding themselves." In the year 1806, two packets were built and run exclusively for passengers, not even a package of goods being allowed to . be carried upon them. They were each of one hundred tons burthen, with "three lengths of berths in their after cabins, five in their great cab- ins, the forecastle being occupied l)y their hands." They sailed from Hudson and New York alternately, on the Sunday and Weduesda}- mornings of each week, and made the trip in time varying from ten to thirty hours, charging five dollars fare and finding everything. They were called the Experiments, and were commanded b}^ Capt's. Laban Paddock and Elihu S. Bunker, by whom they were built and 46 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. owned, aiul are saiil to liave Ijeen tlie first vessels ever l)uilt in tliis country for the carry hit;- of passengers only. In speaking of them a New York paper at that time, commented upon the utility of such a line, and hoped their success would "induce its adoption in every town of consequence upon the river. No competition need be feared from anything which sailed upon the river." Shortly after the estab- lishment of this line, a steamboat commenced to run regularly and the "Experiments" were not found to be a profitable investment ami were put to other uses. STEAMBOATS. On the 17th day of August, isdj, Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, passed here, through the Western channel, making the pa.ssage from New York in thirty-three hours, "without the use of sails or oars, being propelled by a common water wheel which was moved by the assistance of machinery with steam." On her return trip ne.\t day she gratified the citizens of Hudson by making her passage through the Hudson channel. Every spot which afforded a view of the river, was crowded with people eager to get a view of "the great curiosity." Her average rate of travel was between five and six miles an hour. Not long after her first trip slie came from New York in twenty-seven hours, landing here with one hundred and twenty pa.s.sengers, which fact was considered worthy of a special notice. Al»out the same time, the Hudson Bee made the following announcement, doubtless a very pleasant one, to its readers: •HERE'S YOUR BEAUTIES OF LOBSTERS." "These with sea bass, cod and black fish, jumping and ali\H' in Hud.son market, afford quite a dainty to an epicure one hundred and twenty miles from the ocean. They are l)rougbt here on the Sicamhoat, and sold in the brick market fresh and in good order, every time she arrives from New York." We find in the Bee of .lune, ISUS, the following curious advertise- ment : STEAMBOAT. Fur the Iiifrirniation of tlic I'uliUe. The .'-Jteamlioat will leave New York for Albany every Saturday afternoon, cxaclly at (! o'cdock — and will pass SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 47 West Point about 4 o'clock Suiulay morning. Newburgh, 7 do. Poughkeep.sie, 11 do. Esopus, 2 in the afternoon. Redhook, 4 do. Catskill, 7 do. Hudson, 9 in the evening. She will leave Albanj' for New York every Wednesday morning, exactly at eight o'clock, and pass Hudson about .'5 in the afternoon. Esopus, 8 in the evening. Poughkeepsie, 12 at night. Newburgh, 4 Thursday morning. West Point, 7 do. As the time at which the Boat may arrive at the different places above mentioned may vary an hour more or less according to the advantage or disadvantage of wind and tide, those who wish to come on l)oard will see the necessity of being on the spot an hour before the time. Persons wishing to come on board from any other landing than here specified, can calculate the time the Boat will pass, and be ready on her arrival. Inn-keepers or boatmen, who bring passengers on board, or take them ashore, from any part of tlie river, will be allowed one shilling for each person. Prices of Passage — From New York. To West Point, -------- $2.50 Newburgh, ---...-. 3.0O Poughkeepsie, ------- 3. ,50 Esopus, - - 4.00 Ptedhook, 4.50 Hudson, - 5.00 Albany, - 7.00 From Albanj'. To Hud.son, ----..-. 2.OO Redhook, ----...-. 3.OO Esopus, ..--.-.- 3.50 Poughkeepsie, -.---..- 4. 00 Newl)urgh and West Point, . - - - . 4.50 New York, -------- 7.00 All other passengers are to pay at the rate of one dollar for every twenty miles, and a half a dollar for every meal they may eat. Children from 1 to 5 years of age to pay one-third price and sleep with the persons under whose care they are. 48 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Young ])ersoiis from "> to 15 years of age, to pay half i)riee, iiro\'iik'd the)' sleep two in a berth, and whole price for each one who requests to occupy a whole berth. Servants who pay two-thirds price are entitled to a berth : they pay half price if they do not have berth. Every person paying full price is allowed 00 lbs. of baggage; if less than whole price, 40 lbs. They are to pay at the rate of three cents a pound for surplus baggage. Store-keepers who wish to carry light and valuable merchandise, can be accommodated on paying three cents a pound. Passengers will I ireakfast before they come on Imard ; dinner will be served up exactly at 2 o'clock ; tea, with meats, which is also supper, at eight in the evening; and breakfast at 9 in the morning; no one has a claim on the steward for victuals at any other hour. The first steamboat owned here was the Legislator, purchased in the year 1828, by the "Hudson Tow Boat Company." Previous to this a company, consisting of Messrs. I'luuib, Hammond, W'iswall and Reed had built barges for the transportation of freight, which were towed to New York by steamboats running from Albany. The Hudson Tow Boat Companj', succeeded the freighting firm of .ludah Paddock & Co., established by Capt. Judah Paddock in 1818, doing business in the l>uilding still occupied for that purpose by Hav- iland, Clark & Co. It was at this period that the business interests of Hudson were in a depressed state. Power, Jjivingston A Co., were a firm also somewhat extensively engaged in the freighting business, about the year 1812. They carried on an innnense mercantile busi- ness in the store for many j'ears past known as the hardware store of Mr. Israel Piatt. A gentleman states that from that store in 1813 he conveyed to Boston for them, a wagon load of Hour, for the use of the army. The princijial members of the firm were Capt. John Power and Moncrief Livingston. Capt. Powei' throughout his life was an ac-tive, enterprising citizen, alive to everything which would promote the prosperity of the city. Dui'ing tiie close (if navigalion jiassengi'rs were cunvcyrd !)y stages, running from New ^'ork to Alliany; we lind niciitidu made ol' a line of stages as early as 17S7. There was also a line cniiucct ing Hudson \\ itli I la rt lord, ( 'on n., and a weekly line between 1 ludsmi and Alliany, at the same time. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 49 TIic fare from New York to Albany by stage \va,s ten dollars, two trips being made in a week. The stopping place in Hudson was at the tavern of Russel Kellogg, which pointed itself out to the traveler by a huge sign, upon which was conspicuously painted a portrait of (ieii. Washington in full uniform on horseback. This was the second public house erected in Hudson and stood upon the site of the Worth House. It was kept in later years by Samuel Bryan, " whose good coaches, excellent horses, skillful drivers, strict attention to the wants, comforts and convenience of his visitors, obtained for his house the emphatic title of the Traveller's Home.'' Mr. Bryan's was also the "stage house," and it was to accommodate the great amount of travel ))y stage, that the Hudson House (now the Worth House) was built, in tlic year 1837. It was not an uncommon thing at that day, for two iiundred passengers to stop here daily for meals, during the win- ter months, and of tlic large number of visitors to the Springs at New Lebanon during the Sununer, the greater part were sent there by stages from this place. With the construction of the various railroads, this source of prosperity to Hudson was also cut off. The first public houst' in Hudson was kept by Col. McKinstry, upon the site of the residence of Robert W. Evans. This house held out for its sign a portrait of the King of Prussia. Most of the public houses in the vicinity were at that time designated by a sign bearing the portrait of some crowned head of the old world. In the year 1793 a number of tlic "fast young men" of that day, to whom these signs were dis- tasteful, made a visit to most of them and demolished them. On tiicir ivtiirn they paid a visit to the tavern of Joseph Horn, standing upon the site of the public house of Mr. S. S. Martin, which was then quite out of town, and converted the lower rooms of the house in a very short space of time into one. The King of Prussia next received their attention and sliared the fate of the others. Their proceedings were jjrought to a close by honoring Mr. Kellogg's sign of Gen- Washington with three cheers; "a tiger" probably not j'et having been heard of. They were subsequently prosecuted and made to pay heavy damages; Horn recovering about three hundred dollars. 50 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. BANKS, ETC. 'I'lie lir,st bank was cliaikTed in 1792. Tliis was tlie IJaiik of Co- luiiiljia, and was the tliird chartered in the State, one other being located at New York and another at iVlljuny. The Ijuihling known in later years as tiie "llosnier liouse," and for many years tiie resi- dence of Mr. Prosper llosaier, staniliiig near tlu' foot of Warren street, was bnilt exclusively for the use of this Bank. It was afterwards, about the year 1803, moved to the corner of Second and Main streets, and occupied the second story of the buildin.i; now used by -lames Best it Co. as a meat market, going thence to the building occupied at present by the Hudson River Bank. Its first President was Thomas Jenkins. James Nixon first Cashier. It failed in 182(t. The .second Bank was organized in 180.8, called the Bank of Hud- son. It occupied, at first, the rooms on the corner of Second ami Main streets, until the building now occupied as a residence by lion. Henry Hogeboom, was erected for its use. Its first President was John C. Hogeboom, and Gorham A. Worth first Cashier. It failed in 1819. The tliird I'ank, the Hudson River, was organized in 18;;(t, occu- pying the building (if the present bank of same name, and eontinuing under the pi'csidency of Oliver Wiswall, until its charter ex|iireil in the year 18");"). In that year the present Hudson i;i\-ei' liank cnm- menced oi)erations under Robert A. Barnard as its first President. The Farmers' Bank was organized in the year 18:55, Elihu (HHord its first and present President. The Hudson Savings Bank was instituti'd in the year is.'d). Niobe Nixon, a lady whose remains were biMUnlil here lor inter- ment during the [last w inter, was for many yeai's a clerk in the l>ank of Columbia. It was nnich more customary at tiiat day than at the present, for women tn lill positions of that naturi'. and in the early days of Hudson, places of business conducted by wnnn'u were far more numerous than now. Particularly was this the case among the Friends or Quakers. \\'itliin the early recollection of the writer several such still existecl, two or three of which, although smidi, bad quite a local rei)utation. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 51 111 Union street, near tlie corner of Second, was the store of Eliza- beth Stratton; she the embodiment of Quaker neatness, and her store and stock partaking of it. This was a favorite trading place with Friends. Her judgment and taste were thought to make up for a somewhat limited stock, and it was always remarked, "that somehow Elizabeth Stratton managed to suit everybody." Near the lower end of Warren street was another store noted among Friends, that of Mary J. CofRn, who offered a greater variety than Elizabeth Stratton, but was always said "to charge more." There was still another in the lower part of Warren street, quite as well known as the two former, kept Ijv a worthy Friend, who is still a resident of the city. Idleness was not tolerated by tlie early (Quaker creed. Even the celebrated Hannah Bain;ii'd did not deem it beneath her to do some- thing to iielp on tiie world: so she gave to it a "soothing balm for every wound:" "Cousin Hannah's salve." Hundreds to-day call lier blessed, who remember and of old rejoiced in its relief-giving vir- tues. Its use was extensive, scarcely a family being without it. We have been kindly favored, for ]iublication, with the old lady's recipe for making it, in the hope that as one of the early "institutions" of Hudson it may be restored. It has long been numbered among the "lost arts:" "Take 2 oz. Burgundy pitch, 1-2 oz. of beeswax, and melt them with one even tablespoon of pig's lard. Spread it when used on a piece of old nankeen or cotton cloth; Itetter than leatiier. Compress it close on the part wounded." FIRE DEPARTMENT. Of the first pul)lic movement in relation to tlie protection of the city against fire, we have the following facts : As early as 1792, considerable anxiety was felt upon the subject, and the press urged ui)on the citizens great caution, picturing the terrible suffering which must result from a conflagration. As there was to be considerable building in that year, it suggested, as a matter of safety, that the buildings should not be placed too near together, in the niontli of November, 1793, a number of citizens, deeming it 52 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. necessary for their safety to purchase an engine, circaihited a suhscrip- tion for that purpose. Twenty citizens, it is said, "inuiietliately showed themselves forward enough to sign it," and the necessary amount was secured to purchase sucli an engine as might sul)sequently be agreed uj)on. They petitioned the Common Council that they might 1)6 privileged to form themselves into a company. Robert Jenkins, Erastus Pratt and Laban Paddock were appointed a commit- tee to organize tlie Company and wait on Benjamin Cady to contract for an engine, to be completed in three months. It was to cost ilDH, iiold one lunuh-ed and eighty gallons, be constructed with four pumps, to throw three hundred feet ! also, to "be fixed with a suction and do good execution." The engine not lieing tinislied as soon as was expected, liefore its completion another comjiany had l)ecn foniied and an engine \i\\y- c based by them. [The names of men wiio constituted fire companies Nos. 1 and "_', as here given by Mr. Miller, include ;]8 persons, many of wiioni were ])rominent citizens.] 1794, Nov. lOth. A Company was organized for the engine before referred to, calling themselves Company No. 2. They resolved to meet monthly, on tlic last Saturday of every month, and adopted as their uniform "ii wliite jacket and trowsers," with a leather cap. The uniform of No. 1 was at first a green llaniifl jacket with leatiier eaj). Ill ITiib tlie Common Council directed two houses to lie built, "suitable fur tiie wants of tiie companies and the protection of tlirir engines." They were located one in 'I'hird street and diu' mar llic lower market, and were of very small dinu'nsions, but tlicy nianagid, nevertheless to acconniiodate companies of considiTablc iiuinbcrs. The "wants" of the Firemen of that early day were comparaliN-ely few. Tlie engines were both very small, No. '1 being the largest and most powerful. No. 1 in after years was called the "pocket ma- chine," and "sausage stulier." and tinally became a plaything for the juveniles in lier vicinity. Ill 1803, Company No. 3 was formed, and in l.Sds a petition was SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 53 presented to the Council for the organization of Company No. 4, l)ut we have nothing further relative to either Company. In July, 1785, "Chimney Viewers" were appointed, and many reg- ulations were established for the jjrotection of the city, and for the prevention of fires. It was required by an ordinance, that the owner of every house with three fire-places should provide two leather buckets, and every hou.se with more than three fire-places, three leather buckets, sufficient to contain at least two gallons of water. Brewers, bakers and tavern keepers were required to furnish them to contain three gallons. They were to be marked with the owner's initials and kept hanging up in some conspicuous place in the entry, near the front door, ready to be used for extinguishing fires. They were to be furnished by the owner of the dwelling, or, if by the tenant, the jirice was deducted from his rent, and for every month after notice he failed to provide, he was to forfeit six shillings for each bucket. \n 1794, the Overseers of the engines were required after a fire to cause all the buckets to be collected and carried to the Market House, that the citizens might know where to find them, and if injured to cause them to be repaired at the expense of the city; and if any were lost, they were replaced, upon proper proof of the fact, by the city. Any person detaining them from the owner aljove twenty-four hours after any fire, forfeited for every one so detained twenty shillings. I'irc Wardens were appointed, whose duty it was, immediately u[Mjn a cry of Hre, to rejiair to the jtlace, to direct tiie inhabitants in forming themselves into ranks, for handing the liuckets to supply the engines with water. The citizens were enjoined to comply with the directions of such wardens, and it was expecteil tiiat all other jK'rsons would refrain from giving orders or directions, and cheerfully obey sut'h as were given by authorized persons. It was customary for the women to aid in the lines for passing the buckets, they usually pass- ing up the empty line, while the men returned them filled. The Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen, upon such occasions, were to carry a wand five feet, at least, in length, painted white, with a gilded flame at the top. The Fire Warden was to carry a speaking 54 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. trumpet in his hand, painted white, and each Fireman was required to provide himself with a leatlier cap, with the crown painted white, or forfeit the sum of six shillings for every month he neglected to do so. It was enjoined upon all the citizens, in case of a fire in the night, to place lighted candles in their windows, in order that the inhabit- ants might pass through the streets in safety, and to throw their buckets into the street, that there might not be delay in obtaining them. 1799, Nov. 9th. Paul Dakin was appointed to procure four small fire-hooks, chains, ropes, poles, and six ladders, from twelve to six- teen feet long, with hooks and brads, to be used at tires in pulling down buildings. Robert Folger and others wi're a[)pointed "bag-men," to preserve and secure property at fires, and were directed to jirocurc bags and other implements neces.sary for that purpose. Simple and curious as these regulations may seem at the present day, they were doubtless effective at a ]ieriod when fires were nuich less frecjuent than now, and a lire de))artmcnt as etticient as that of which Hudson now boasts, was not known in the country. The first fire in the city was the Ijookstore and ])iinting otlice of Ashbel Stoddard, in 17S7 or SS, of which we lind the folldwing account; "The organization of the fire department being extremely deficient, there being no engines, no buckets, no water, no firemen; the fire was left to take its own course, and it accordingly raged not only un- checked, but unmolested. Fortunately the night was calm, and the flames ascended directly upwards, to the very skies, carrying with them innumerable fragments of pa])ers and burning books, blazing as they flew; filling the whole air with their fiery forms, mid then de- scending in every direction, covering the town as with a shower of falling stars. Such a scene, so beautiful, was not easily to be for- gotten." The first fire of magnitude was in l.S2o, commencing in the alley South of Warren street, near l''irst. extending tbroiigli Warren to Diamond, destroying in its I'apid progi'css a large ninnber of buildings. First street was opened innnediately after this lire. In later years SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 55 U'w ])lace.s have suftered more frequently niid heavily from fires than llmlson: that portion of the city nearest the river havinti' nmlergone LIU almost entire change from that cause. MILITARY. TlK're seems to have C-visted in tlu' early days of irudson a much greater military spirit tlian in later years, and we find a military company in existence almost as soon as the city was incorporated. The first organized was prohably in tlie year 1786, a company of artil- lery, under the command of Capt. Daniel Gauo, called Gano's Artil- lery, of a parade of which we find mention made in 171S7, l)ut have no account of its numbers or ofhcers. In 1788 mention is also made of another company, under the com iiiand of Capt. Thomas Frothingham, called Frothingham's Artillery, numbering about fifty members, but beyond an allusion to their ap- [learance upon several public occasions, we have no further account iif tluMii. They aided in "duly celebrating" the 4th of .July in that vear, of which celebration we have the the following report: "Frothingham's Artillery ushered in the day with a salute of thir- teen guns, on tlie eminence near the river, which with three cheers I'nlivened the countenances of the very numerous crowd present. At three o'clock in the afternoon an elegant dinner was provided at Uussel Kellogg's tavern, at which was present a large number of the most respectable inliabitants of the city. Patriotic toasts were drank, which were announced by a discharge of cannon. The day closed with a most beautiful exhibition of tire-works, at which were present a great many ladies and gentlemen from the adjacent country, who seemed to retire extremely pleased with the evening's amusement." This was the first general celebration of the day in Hudson, It was celebrated annually with nuich spirit afterwards, and as the bitter- ness of party strife increased, [>olitical celebrations were introduced, and we have freijuent accounts of two celebrations, and occasionally the mechanics of the city, apparently disgusted with both parties, added a third. One party had its orations in the Presbyterian church, the other in the C!ity Hall, and upon one or two occasions, the Epis- copal chvn'ch was used. 56 SKETCffm OF HUDSON. In 1786, Ezekiel Gilbert is spoken of as Brigade Major, and in 1 788 Marshal Jenkins as Adjutant of the Regiment. In tlic montli of August, in the year 1788, the two companies of (iano and Frothinghani, appeared in Chiverack for inspection l)v Gen. Fisli, and were lnghl\' complimented upon their " neat and sol- dierly ap2)earauce," each wearing the continental uniform. On the fourth day of .July, 1792, intelligence was received that the Hon. John Jaj^ tliat day intended to stop at Hudson, on his way from the village of Kinderhook, where he had been upon a visit. 8teps were immediately taken to give him a "fitting reception." A caval- cade of two hundred gentlemen was formed, who met and received him at the village of Claveraek, and after calling upon William H. Ijudlow, Esq., at his residence, "where they regaletl themselves with a glass of wine," escorted him into the city. Upon his arrival he was received with a salute from Frothingham's Artillery, and after "pro- ceeding through the various streets, was taken to Kussell Kellogg's tavern, where an elegant entertainment had been provided," his Honor, Seth Jenkins, then Mayor, presiding. Mr. Jay drank to "///c •prosperity of Jfinlnoii," which called out the Mayoi- in a speech, con- chiding witii a toast to " tlic 3fan of the daij," to which Mr. Jaj' replied at .some length. During the evening he was waited upon Ijy a large number of citizens, and upon the morning follow lug lie sailed on boa 1(1 of the sloop I'ompey for the residence of (low Lewis, lea\ing amid the cheers of the people and the firing of cauiKni. in 1793, a third company of Artillery existed, under the ciiiiiiiiand of I'enjamin Haxton, called JIaxton's Artillery, and shortly after, a (■iiii]|iauy 111' Iiil'aiitry, under the ediiiiiiand ol' ('apt. Nielinhis Ilath- aw;iy, ciilliiig tbcniseK'es Ilatliaway's Infantry, wearing a black cocked bill, blue coiit faced w itb red, and white or blue pantalnons. [Mr. .Miller then gives .-m aeeounl of the proeessioii and cerenKHiies upon the (le;itb (if Wash inglon, in wbieli these (•(unpanies, ;nid the Hudson (ireens took part.] Both the Wigton Artillery and lludsdii (ireens were ordered dll' in the w:ir of 1812 and stationed at New ^'oi'k. In this connection, it may lie an interesting fact to ineiilion, that sborlly after the opening SKETGHES OF HUDSON. 57 of tliiit: war, Gen. Scott, with seven luiinlicd men, encamped over niglit in tiiis city, upon the open green then lying upon the easterly side of the present Court House. Under the lead of Capt. John Hath- away, the General and his men were supjilied with wood, coffee and an alnindance of the best of provisions. The lia;htcd camps were vis- ited by a largo nuiiiber of citi/.cus, and upnu the following morning Gen. Scott proceeded ui)on his way North, passing up Main street, himself the admiration of the liundreds crowding the sidewalks. Ciipt. Hathaway was a generous hearted, public spirited man, at the same time extremely close and particular in all matters of business. He was an ardent supporter of the war of 1.S12, and gave largely in various ways in aid of the soldiers. In 1802 a companj' called the Hudson Rangers is mentioned as heading the funeral procession of Gen. Robert Van Rensselaei'. They were commanded by Nicholas Hathaway, Samuel Canoll and Joseph D. Monell, wearing as their uniform short blue coats, trimmed with red, wliitc pantaloons and bear skin caps; they cannot, however, properly be said to have belonged to Hudson, most of the members residing in the vicinity and in the town of Claverack. After the Wigton Artillery and (ireens, came the Hudson City Guards and Scotch Plaids, both eing carried without any at- tempt at uniformity. After a short drill by their Chief, they were marched around for the benefit of the spectators, to the inspiring strains of " Dan Tucker," played upon a single fife, accompanied by a small drum, and were tiien addressed by Big Thunder, who dwelt upon their wrongs, the justice of their cause, counselling them to stand firm by their motto "down with the rent," and resist any attempt to collect it by the strong arm of the law; to all of which the tribes I'esponded by a whoop of the genuine sort and a terrible brandishing of weapons. After this speech a song was sung, the chorus of which ran as follows: "(lit out of the way, big Bill Snyder, — We'll tar your coat and feather your hide. Sir I" Before the adjournment of this interesting meeting, the writer who had been sent there, if possil>le to discover who participated in its proceedings, had taken the advice given to "l)ig Bill Snyder," and was a respectable distance "out of the way." On the 12th day of December, 1844, the first forcible resistance to tlie Sheriff, Henry C. Miller, was offered in the town of Copake, where he attempted to serve pi'ocesses and make sale of property be- 64 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. longing to (lisairected parties. It was deemed advisalde that lie should undertake the duty without an aceoniiianying foree, and he proceeded to the spot with a single individvud. On their a]iproaeli pickets were discovered stationed along tlie i-nad, and iijion arrixing at Copake they were met by a force of three hundred "Indians" and a concourse of about fifteen hunered people not in disguise. He was taken into a room of a public house in the vicinity, by Big Tliunder and six other Chiefs, who stated that he would not be permitted to proceed in the discharge of his duties. Swords were drawn, pistols placed at his breast, his papers demanded and given to them, which were subsequently burned in the presence of the crowd. The return of the Sheriff and the report of his reception produced the most intense excitement in the city. It was evident that force would have to be met by force, and a general determination was manifested upon the part of the citizens to uphold and vindicate tiie law at any sacrifice. On the 18th of Decemljer Big Tlnnider was advertised to addi'css a meeting of the tenants of the lands under the Van Rensselaer title, at Smokey Hollow, in the town of Claverack. The fame of the "orator of the day," and the curiosity to see the Indians drew together an immense concourse of people. The Indians appeared in force, and during their antics a young man among the spectators by the name of W. IT. Rifenburgh was killed by the firing of a pistol, whetlier in- tentionally or not could not l)e clearly established. News of tiie oc- currence Ix'ing received in tiic city, u]>on consultation, the Siierilf determined to proceed to the spot and attempt an arrest of Big 'f bun- der. .Toseph I). IMonell volunteered and was the only individual wlio acconipanied him. 'i'iiey reached Smokey Hollow towards evening. after the meeting had broken up and most of the Indians had laid aside their disguises. Big Thunder was found sitting very uncon- c(>rnedly, in conversation w itli sexcial individuals, in a back room of the tavern, and was witiidut cereniony made a prisoner by the Sheriff. He offered no resistance until reai'hing the front iloor, whei'e, sur- rounded by a nundirr of ids Ibllowi'is, he di'ew his jiistol and at- temj)ti'd an esea})i', and probably would ha\'e succeeded but for the SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 65 intrepidity of John S. Anable and Deputy Sheriff Thomas Sedgwick, who were present at the time. During a severe struggle in which the clothing of the parties suffered severely, he was overpowered and secured. Little Thunder was also arrested and with his fellow chief lirought in and confined in .Jail. Upon their arrival in town they were followed to prison by an innnense crowd, who gave vent to their feelings in the most vociferous cheers. On the day following, an examination was commenced before Judges Wilcoxson and Peck, at the Court Hou.se, conducted by Theodore Miller, Escp, then District Attorney, upon the part of the People, Henry Z. Hayner, of Troy, and James Storm, Escp-s., appearing as counsel for the prisoners. Upon the arrest of Big and Little Thunder, the excitement was no less intense in the country than in the city. INIeetings private and l)ublic were h6ld and threats so freely thrown out, that if men and money could accomplish the rescue of the prisoners they should not be wanted, that it was deemed advisable to take immediate steps for the protection of the Jail and safety of the prisoners. Arms and am- munition were procured from Albany, and the fullest preparation made to meet any attempt at rescue. On Thursday following the arrest, a public meeting was held at the Court House, which was ad- dressed by E. P. Cowles, Henry Hogeboom and Josiah Sutherland, Esqrs., urging upon the citizens the importance of taking a bold stand in favor of law and order. A committee consisting of Col. Charles Darling, E. P. Cowles, Killian Miller, Rufus Reed and War- ren Rockwell, was appointed to report some plan of organization for the protection of the citj^ at night, fears being entertained that an attempt to fire it might be made. A patrol for each night of twenty citizens in each ward was established under the control of tlie com- mittee mentioned, and the Hudson Light Guard, Capt. Cowles, were ordered to rendezvous with loaded muskets and twenty rounds of ball cartridge, at the Court House instanter, in case of an alarm, of which notice would be given by ringing the bell of the Presbyterian church. On the Saturday following Attorney General Barker visited the city and advised the immediate enrolment of one hundred men, to be ai-nicd ami equipjied, and in the pay of the State, subject to the 66 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. SliorilV's order, to aid and assist liim in the exercise of his official du- ties. The suggestion was immediately acted upon, and one Imudred men were enrolled, under the connnand of Capt. Henry Whiting, late of the U. S. Army, with four pieces of artillery. From information received from the country, and indications within the city, the opinion was entertained hy the authorities that an attempt at rescue would be made on that day or the following night. The examination of the ]irisoners was suspended, men were stationed at the diifereut clnncli Kells td give tlie alaiiu, the Home Guard and Light (luard were under arms, and tlu' city, in conse- quence of the rumors, in a state of general connnotion. Aid was also sent for from the village of Catskill. Tol. Darling was sent there and after calling the citizens together at tlie Court House hy the ringing of the bells, stated to them the condition and the fears of tlu; people of Hudson. A large number volunteered and returned with Col. D., who was joined liy another force at Athens. They reached Hudson late on Saturday night, returning on Monday morning. A second meeting of citizens was held on the evening of the 21st of December, which was addressed bj' John Gaul, Junior, Esf|., and others, and a committee consisting of Rufus Reed, John Gaul, Jr. and Matthew Mitchell appointed to report some plan for the organization of the citizens. It was resolved to raise a volunteer companj' of five hundred men, to be called the "Law and Order Association," to hold themselves subject at all times to tlie call of the Sheritf of the County. A Committee of Safety was also appointed, authorized to call ujion the authorities of the State for a supply of not less than live liumlred stand of arms for their use. The Association was innnediatcly lilled up and placed under the command of the following officers: Charles Darling, Colonel. John S. Anable, Charles A. Darling, Aids. Leonard Freeland, Lieut. Col. Win. W. Hannali. Adjt. Isaac Griffen, Major. Joseph Goodwin, Quarter Ma.-^ter. Robert G. Frary, Surgeon. The force was divided into four companies, uny (Jov. Bouck, and at the request of the Common Council, tiie Albany Burge.sses Corps came down to remain until the excitement should subside. The following proclama- tion was then issued by the Mayor of the city : CITIZENS OF HUDSON : Deeply must all good citizens deplore the exigency which now demands, for the first time in our histor}', the gathering of a standing armed force, in this city ; but, no alter- native is left. The Supremacy of the laws must be maintained, or tlie tyranny of Anarchy reigns triumphant! We have witnessed in our County a Rebellion ; an armed resistance to Law; the personal safety of the Sheriff violated, and life sacrificed. Tlie Sheriff of the County, supported by the determined energy of a handful of individuals, chief among whom ranks our most respected fellow-citizen, Joseph D. Monell, Esq., has arrested persons charged with being the ringleaders of the rebellion. Information which can be most explicitly relied on has been received, that their aiders and abettors in this and other counties have threatened to rescue these prisoners at any and all hazards; and, if necessary to accomplish that purpose, to fire the city ! An express sent by the Sheriff of this ( 'ounty, to the Attorney General of this State, at Albany, was inter- cepted, and for a time detained in the county of Rensselaer. A con- templated rescue of these prisoners was discovered on Saturday last, and prevented only by a prompt and general rally of the friends of Law and Order under arms at the Court House. The design of effect- ing a rescue, we are informed, is not yet abandoned. Self-respect — Our own reputation as friends of just laws and good order — every consideration of patriotism and duty demand that all such designs should be frustrated, and imiiartial justice adminis- tered. 68 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Sucli considerations should be our ruling motive; but, our pecun- iary interest is also at stake. l\emenil)er. Citizens, that no Policij of Insurance, will cover Losses by Fire, when caused by " Invasion, or Insvr- rection or Civil Commotion." So far, Citizens, we have done our duty; thus setting a noble example, which it is hoped, our sister cities and counties will emulate. Energy, resolution and vigilance are all that are required. At the invitation of the Recorder of this City, the State Attorney General has visited us, who highly commends the course taken by our Judicial and Executive officers, and strongly urges a perseverance, pledging aid from the State if needed. The Executive of the State has furnished us with 500 stand of ai-ms and a large supplj- of ball cartridge. An efficient force of One Hundred armed men enlisted for thirty days with four pieces of artillery, and all under the command of Capt. Henry Whiting, late of the United States Army, is stationed at the Court House. The Hudson Light (Jaaril, under command of Capt. E. 1'. Cowles, are fully supplied with ammunition and ready for duty at a moment's warning. The Albany Burgesses Corps, a gallant band of citizen soldiery, by the invitation of our Common Council, arrived here yesterday, under the command of Maj. Franklin Townsend, and reported themselves to me for duty. They have in charge one piece of artillery, and 300 stand of arms, forwarded by the Commander-in-Chief for the defence of our City. By the hands of the (iovernor's Private Secretary, I have received official information from the Commander-in-Chief, through the Adju- tant General of the State, that a large body of troops, consisting of mounted artillery, cavalry and infantry will bold themselves in readiness for actual service, and will be orderee uuiKt tlie command of Col. Charles Darling; and in case of alarm, will iciidcz- vous at Davis's City LLill. Arrangements have been made by wliicb the appi'oach of a hostile force will be known and repoi'ted long before its arrival, and notice given to the citizens by ringing the l)ell of tiie Presbyterian church. An efficient city patrol is also conshuilly kept up. And now. Citizens, let us do our duty; prompt action \\i>\\ may, and no doubt will, eventually save nmch treasure and many livi's. fliven under my hand and seal of the City of Hudson, the Jllth day of Lkc&inbcr, ISU- CYRUS CURTISS, Mayor. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 69 An address signed by a large number of the leading citizens of Hudson was sent to the tenants, warning them of the penalties they were bringing upon themselves, and appealing to tliem to cease their attempts to obstruct the administration of justice; but without any good etfect. Bands of disguised men continued to fire upon and ar- rest officers, taking from them their papers, and it was found neces- sary for the Governor to send here an additional military force, con- sisting of the Emmet Guards, the Van Rensselaer Guards, Albany Republican Artillery. Washington Riflemen, and a German Company of Cavalry from New York, under the command of Capt. Krack. These were cpiartered at the various public houses and upon the boats then wintering at the wharves. Hudson presented the appear- ance of a military encampment. Cannon were planted in front of tiie Court House, the streets resounded with martial music and the tramp of soldiery. Sentinels walked "their lonely round" night and day. and at all times their bright uniforms were seen in every part of the city. Aided by detachments of military, arrests were made in rapid suc- cession, and in a very short time comparative quiet was restored and the military force gradually withdrawn, having remained here about one month. They left for their homes with ranks not in the least thinned by the enemy they came to meet, of whose fire, we believe, the nearest aiiproach was upon the sentrj' of the Emmet Guards sta- tioned at the Hudson (Worth) Iiou.se, at whom a ball was fired upon a very dark night, about the midnight hour, b}' a "solitary man on horseback." The .sentry escaped, a column upon the .stoop receiving the charge intended to put an end to his "military career," which still shows the spot where it entered. Not the slightest clue to the individual who fired it was ever obtained. With the exception of a few midnight excursions for the purpo.se of making arrests, their .stay was marked by very little adventure, and was a lengthened holiday to the military ; and after the di.sajapearance of the panic which at first pervaded the city, aff'orded a pleasant excitement to the citizens. The officers of the various companies were entertained at the resi- dences of the ^hlyor, Sheritt' and other citizens. A ball was given by to SKETCnES OF HUDSON. the Light Guard at the Hudson House, and every attention -vvhich could relieve their visit of its monotony was bestowed upon them by the grateful citizens of Hudson. In the month of January a review of the whole force by the Mayor took place, including the Home Guard, Light (hiard and \'olunteers, after which a parade, the whole forming a lengthy procession, the like of which Hudson will not soon again look upon. Big and Little Thunder were both indicted and the former brought to trial in the month of March before Judge Amasa J. Parker. Great interest was manifested throughout the trial, and the court room was densely thronged. John Xan Buren, Esq., the State Attorney Gen- eral, and Theodore Miller, Esq., conducted the prosecution, Ambrose L. .lordan and James Storm, Esqrs., appearing for the prisonei's. The result of the trial, after occupying nearly two weeks, was the disa- greement of the Jury. In the month of September he was again tried before Judge Edmonds, the same interest as before being mani- fested in the trial, which resulted in his conviction and confinement in the Clinton County State Prison, from which lie was shortly after })ardoned by Gov. Young. During this trial a personal encounter took place between Ambrose L. Jordan and John Van Buren, Esq., growing out of a heated debate. Little Thunder was not tried, but after a year's confinement in the county jail was discharged. ( )f the other parties arrested and indicted, some were subsequent!}' discharged, others followed Big Thunder into retirement, and |)eace was finally restored throughout all tin' ••infected district," although for some time it was not deemed safe for otlicers to venture into it unarmed or without an armed escort. Looking back to all tliis military ])n^pai^ation, it is often remarked that it was wlmlly unnecessary. It may ha\'e been so. It is ililii- cult to tell to what length of outrage the misguided tenants, calling themselves Indians, undei- the lead of wicked men, might not have gone, had not this force been arrayed against them. THE PRESS. INCIDENTS, &C. .\shhel Stoddard was the pioneer juinter of Hudson. Two years after it was founded, in comiiany with Charles \{. WehstiT, who had SE ETCHES OF HUDSON. 71 been ail apprentice with him at Hartford, in the office of the Con- necticut Courant, he commenced the publication of a weekly paper called the Hudson Gazette, on the corner of Warren and Third streets. The first number was issued on the seventh day of April, 1785. In it he points out to the public the many advantages which would result to "our already flourishing place," from the establishment of an impartial newspaper. "To the curious," he says, "it will afford a rich fund of entertainment, it will bring chaps to the merchant, customers to the mechanic, show the husbandman where he can best disitose of his produce, to the poor man who has l>ut a penny where he can best lay it out to advantage, and will point out to the world in general the method of obtaining riches, by commerce and agriculture." " Being deprived of so many })rivileges, must be seriously felt by Hudson," therefore he had conunenced the publication of the Hudson Gazette, to be issued weekly at the rate of twelve shillings per year ; money to be refunded to subscribers who were not satisfied with the paper. It was small, being about fifteen inches square in size, printed upon coarse paper of a 3'ellowish tint, but in very fair type. It seems at first to have received a poor support, very few adver- tisements, save Mr. Stoddard's own, being found in its basiness col- umns, now and then an item of local interest finding its way in. The number of communications upon the subjects of "slavery," and "human freedom," is particularly striking. Poetical contribu- tions of the same nature were frequent. An early number contained a poem of two hundred lines in length on the ^^ Miseries of Slavery and the happiness of Freedom." Advertisements of the sale of negroes, and rewards offered for run- away negroes were numerous. Cotton Gelston advertised a negro "as having walked away, being too lazy to run." We give the substance of a few other curious advertisements and communications in its columns : In the winter of 1785, Mr. Rol)ardet, from Connecticut, advertised that he would open a class, for "instruction in the polite accomplish- ment of dancing after the most approved method." Scholars would l>e taken from seven to fifty years of aye. A Connecticut dancing mas- ter, advertising for scholars fifty years old, in a Quaker city ! n SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Ambrose Liverpool advertised that he would open a Seniinarv. "where he would teach all the Euglish branches, also Latin and Greek classics; also at convenient times the principles of several musical instruments, and that he had also several dozen strong English beer which he tvished to dispose of." In 178(j, Mrs. Hussey notified tiie hulies of Hudson that slie would be happy to wait upon their commands in millinery and mantua making, after the most approved fashions regularly received from New York City, at her house on the hill near the wharf Monsieur Hyacinth Le.scure stated that he kept a '■clniire lot of Essences near the Market House," also, that he would furnisii "cush- ions to ladies, and quieus to gentlemen of excellent human hair," for wliich he would take his pay "in wheat and indian corn." Monsieur Lescure liad been a drummer under Burgoyne and was barber to the corporation, there being no other at this time in the city. He is de- scribed as having a frizzled head, broad low forehead, little black eyes, high cheek bones, wide mouth and triangular visage, accustomed to walk backward and forward before his little shop door, humming a tune and snapping his fingers. His dress was in keeping with his person and profession ; a long broad striped calico gown, a short white apron, tight nankeen small clothes, ruffled shirt, completed with silk stockings and 3'ellow slippers. On the 15th day of August, 1786, Mr. Pool advertised the exhiiii- tion of a circus "on the green," stating that he was the first American wild iiad cvci- attcmi)t('d wonderful feats of equestrianship, and among (itlicr WdudiTful tilings wliicli lie wdiild cxiiiliit, were two horses which at wdrd of comman to within a few days of his death his silvered head and trembling bent form, were seen in personal attention to his business. In 1801 the publication of the Balance and Cokunbian Repository was commenced by Ezra Sampson, George Chittenden and Harry Croswell, in the upper part of a store which then stood upon the spot now occuj)ied as a garden connected with the residence of Mrs. Eras- tus Patter.son, in Warren near Second street. Mr. Sampson was a Presbyterian clergyman, who in tiie simjilieity and force of his style, was said to resemble Dr. Franklin, i le was for a short time, previous to 1800, settled over the Presbyterian eliureh in ibis city as a temj)orary sup{)ly. He died at an advanced ngi' in the city of New York, and was buried in Hudson. Mr. ('hittenden was a book-binder, and for some years carriecj on his business in the small building so long known as "old Mr. Leslie's tailor shop," which stood ujjon the site of the present residence and store of A. Behrens. Shortly after, Mr. Chittenden went into the manufacture of pajier in tlu' town of Stockport, then a wilderness, in wliicii he continued Ibr iienily iialf a century, dying tlu're in the year 1840, aged sixty-nine years. Mr. Crossweli was a jirinter, and not long afterwards lieeame nn Episcopalian minister, and was settled for a great many years in New ilaveii, where lii' dieil ;il nil aihaueed age. The liahmce was tirsi puMislied as a neuti'al papi'r, hut liefoi'e tiie expiration of its first year iicenme liie organ of the l'\Mleial paity. the proprietors refunding to such of the subscril)ers as did not like liie change, their due pro])ortion of sid)scription money. It was piinted in small i|uai'ti> foi'ni. ujxni cdni'se, dingy pajier, but being e(liled with I SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 75 ability, had a large subscription and circulated tlu'ougliout the United States. In 1808 it was removed to Albany, and in 1811 was discon- tinued. In 1802 the publication of the Bee was commenced by Mr. Charles Holt, in the upper part of the store of Judge Dayton, which stood upon or very near the site of the present residence of Mrs. Peter G. Cottin ; the lower part of the store being u.sed for many j'ears as the headquarters of the Democratic club. " There 'round a red hot stove, in an atmosphere blue with tobacco smoke, seated upon old i>ine benches and wooden-bottomed chairs with tlie dust and cobwebs of twenty years remaining undisturbed upon the shelves, met the great Anti-Federal fathers of the city." Prominent among them were Robert Jenkins, described as "abrupt and decisive in his tone and maimer" — Judge Dayton, "a good citizen and upright man, fond of argument; never convinced and never convincing" — Robert Taylor, " well-dressed, portly-looking, a little obstinate and a little crusty," — David Lawrence, "a man of great respectability, keen observation, strong sense and ready wit," — John Hathaway, "a woi"- thy citizen and honest man," — 'Scpiire Worth, "a man of integrity, good sense, but excessively odd; short, round-shouldered and red- haired! who once quarreled with an artist for making him look, in his portrait, he said, like a one-story house with the chimney on fire," — and, lastly, Capt. Alexander Coffin, "frank, generous, warm-hearted and brave." Mr. Holt, with .some interruptions, had pulilished the Bee for the previous five years at New London, Conn. Having incurred a fine and imprisonment there, under the sedition act, it became necessary for him to seek another location, and being invited by the Republicans of Hudson, transferred his printing materials and pa]3er to this city. Its ciriulation was about one thousand. On the appearance of the Bee in Hud.son, a small paper less than a letter sheet in size was issued from the office of Mr. Croswell, called the Wasp, edited b}' "Robert Rusticoat, Esq." Its object was indi- cated by the following couplet : "If perchance there comes a Bee, A Wasp shall come as well as he." 76 SKETCHES OF HUDSON: It was pubiislu'il but a short time, and both Wasj) and Bee stung with personal abuse. There was much violent controversy between Messrs. Holt and Crosswell. and tlie cohnnns of the Bee and Balance were filled with harsli personalities, which led the editors into frequent diftioulties. Both papers were ably conducted and warmly supported by their re- spective parties. Wliile the Republican or Democratic club was com- posed of citizens of the " more rougli and honest sort," the Federal club was made up of "lawyers and men of distinguished ability," and it was said had among its members, the wit, talent and gentle- iiK'ii of the city. Elisiia Williams, one of the most influential poli- ticians in the .State, was its acknowleged leader, but prominent among its members were Bay, Grosvenor, McKinstry, Hyatt, Hosmer, Hub- liel, r.elston and many other of the leading citizens of that day. Tiu'ii- meetings were always lu'ld in the best furnished room of some one of the i)ublic houses. Ill addition to the clubs, each party maintained a large and well- trained instrumental band, composed exclusively of members nf tlie party. The uniform of tlie Republican band was wiiite; that of the Federal was a red coat with white pantaloons. Party strife at tliis time and long after was l)itter to a degree not exceeded, if etfualled, at the |)reseiit day. Not only in the press did this manifest itself, but in the social and Imsiiiess circles, indeed everywhere. Personal eoUisions were not uidVei|uent. .\ii article apjH^ireil in the Ik'c wliieh bore heavily upon l^lisha W'illiaiiis. Mr. Williams, taking with him t wo or three of his politi- cal friends, whom he stationed in the cellar of an unfinished build- ing, that they migiit by tiieir aid secure hiiu lair play, if needed, waiteil near Mr. Holt's office, and upon his appeai'aiiee in the street knocked him down. The aifaii: fidiii the })ositioii of the parties en- gaged in it, created a great excitement in the political ranks, ('apt. Alexander Collin, who was a n()ble-hearteolitical difficulties was not adopted, but he undoubtedly meant it. He was a man of strong political prejudices, fiery temperament, and always readj^ for a fight. At the polls upon an election day, a dog unfortunately passed between his legs, causing him to fall. Upon arising, ignorant of the cause of his misfortune, and attributing it to some political op- ponent, he turned in a belligerent attitude, shouting, "Come on, I can whii) the whole d — n lot of you." Upon another occasion, it is related of him, that a young man wishing to explain some matter then in dispute, laid his hand upon the Capt.'s shoulder and re- quested him to step to the dooi'. Mistaking the object of his recjuest, he replied, "Yes, sir — fist or pistols; don't care a d — n which." The absurdity of the thing brought down a hearty laugh, in which the Capt., perceiving his mistake, readily joined. He was at that time over eighty years of age, and throughout his long life was a man of great personal respectability, possessing many noble cjualities. His portrait, after his death was placed by the City in the Common Coun- cil room, where it still remains. In LSlO Mr. Holt sold out his establishment and went to New York, Mr. .Samuel W. Clark becoming his successor in the publication of the Bee. Mr. Clark was its proprietor until 1821. It was the or- gan of that portion of the public who justified the war of 1812, and numbered among its contributors Martin Van Buren, Benj. F. Butler, •fohn W. Edmonds, and others of equal talent and position. Its next proprietor was .John W. Dutcher, who changed the name to that of Columbia Centinel, and two years thereafter united it with the Co- lumbia Republican. Mr. Holt died not many years since in Jersey City, having in his old age obtained a remission of his fine, with an allowance of interest by the Government. Mr. Clark died in this city in 1832, aged 53 years. In 1807 a paper in the interest of the Lewisite portion of the Dem- ocratic party was established, but shortly afterwards discontinued. It was called the Republican Fountain. In 1808 Francis Stebbins connnenced the Northern Whig, and was 78 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. succeeded by Win. L. Stone, (afterward of the N. Y. Commercial Ad- vertiser), from 1811 to ISKl. Mr. Stone's successor was Richard L. Corse, a writer of aliility, who continued it till 1821, when it passed into the hands of Win. 1!. Stel)l)ins. son of the original i>roprietor, who discontinued it in 1824. Its circulation was large, and it was considered one of the ablest Federal papers in the State. It num- bered among its regular contributors Elisha Williams, William W. Van Ne.ss, Thomas P. Grosvenor, James Van Derpoel and others of that stani]). In 1817 a literary jiapcr, called tlie Spirit of tlie Forniii and JJrief Remarker appeared, but seems to have had a short existence. The Columbia Republican commenced its existence in lS2it. under the charge of Solomon Will)er as a Democratic paper. In 18'24. through the efforts of Ambrose L. Jordan, by whom it was purchased, its political character was changed. From 1824 to 18;)4, it was at different times published bj' Amlirose L. and Allen Jordan, Charles F. Ames, and Samuel Curti.ss. From 1834 to 1843 its proprietor was Lawrence Van Dyke, P, Byron Barker was next, for about one year, its owner, wlien it was disposed of to Messrs. Palen & Jordan, Mr. Barker remaining editor. In 1845 it was purchased by Messrs. Bryan & Moores, Mr. Moores retiring in 18.")1. It is now published by Messrs. Bryan & Webb. It has been since 1824 the organ of tiie Whig party, and in later years of the Republican, and is ably and judiciously conducted. After the purchase of tlu' Kcpulilican by Mr. Jordan, the Hudson Gazette, (2d) was established, mainly tliruugh the efforts of Oliver Wiswall and Solomon Wescott. It was connnenced in the year 1824 by Peleg Stuitevant, in the upper part of the store of Reuben Folger on the North-east corner of Warren and Second streets. There was a Democratic reading room also in the same building. Mr. Sturtevant a few months afterwards transferred it to Hiram Wilber. Mr. Wilber continued its publication until the yeai'18:!4, when it passed into the po.sse.ssion of P. Dean ('arrique, who was its j)roprietor for near a quarter of a century, in the year 18r)4 it i)assed into the control of S. L. Magoun, I^s(|,, as A.ssignee, anil after a sui'cession of changes of SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 79 ownership it wns puirliaseil by Messrs. Williams & Brother, in 1859, hy one of whom it is now neatly published and ably edited. It has always been tlie organ of the Democratic party, or some one of its divisions. The Columbia Washingtonian under J. S. \'an Vleet was commenced in 1842, as an advocate of "total abstinence." In 1843 it was trans- i'erred to Warren Rockwell. In 1847 Mr. Rockwell sold the estab- lishment to Alexander N. Wehl), wiio, in the year 18")0, changed its name to the Hudson Weekly Star, and still continues to publish it. In 1847 Mr. Webb also commenced the publication of the Daily Evening Star, and still continues it as the Hudson Daily Star. In 1824, a semi-monthly literary i)aper, called the Rural Reposi- tory, was started by Wm. B. Stoddard, neatly printed, in quarto foi-m. It was discontinued in the year 1851, to the great regret of the large number of families in wliicli for so long a time it bad been a regular and welcome visitor. The Columbia & Greene Co. Envoy was connnenced in 18;>1 by Edward Ct. Linsley, and continued two years. The Diamond, semi-monthly, was published in 1833 by George F. Stone. The Magnolia, a semi-montidy, was published by P. Dean Carri(jue in 1834. The Flail and the Thrashei' were political cam[)aign papers, in the Tippecanoe times of 1840. The Temperance Palladium was |iulilished by .lohn W. Dutcher in 1851. The Democratic Freeman, an organ of the Free Soil Democracy, was brought to this city from Chatham Four Corners in the year 1848, and under the editorship of Charles H. Collins, published until 1851. In that year it passed into the control of Wm. Caldwell, and was shortly after discontinued. The American Repository, a paper sujjporting Fillmore for the Presidency in 1856, was commenced in that year, but discontinued shortly after the election. Its editor was R. Van Antwerp, who, a short time previous to the Repository, also commenced the pulilica- tion of a Daily which coutiuued for two months. 80 SKETCHES OF HUDSON The ("olumbia County Family Journal, a semi-niontlily literary paper, was commenced in 1861, by F. H. Webli, !jut ilistontimuMl after the expiration of six months, Mr. Webb liavint; Ijecouie assoei- ated in the proprietorsiiip of the Republican. LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS &C. The first public Librar}' of which we find any mention made, was establi.shed as early as 1786. It was a circulating library of three hundred volumes which were furnished to suliscribers at the following rates: four dollars per year, one dollar and twenty-five cents per quarter, and to occasional readers at the rate of two cents per day. Subscribers were allowed to retain books as long as desired, except books which were new and in great demand, which must be returned within one week, and for the use of the librarj^ they could pay either in money or desirable books. W'v Mud nothing more concerning it, save a notice that persons desirous of subscribing, could do so by leaving their names at the printing oflice of the Gazette. Another library was founded shortly after this, by an association of gentlemen, called the "Columbia Library Association," but of its rules and regulations we liiiil im ai-cnunt. wuv of its officers, save that Sluibael Worth was for many years Librarian, and Henry P. Skinner Clerk. The Hbrary was at lirst and for a long time after kept in the store of Mr. Wortli, built by him on tiie N. West corner of Main and Second streets, l)etttr known in latei- yi'ars as ''Sprague's corner." It received a poor su])j)0i't and ni'xer was in a prosperous condition, but kept up an existence for many years; Robert A. Barnard, E.s(j., acting as its last President. Being constantly and considerably in debt, all their effects, including l)ooks, were finally sold, that the association might at least die honorably. In 1786 a debating .society was establisliril calling itself the " I'nion Debating Club." W'c have iKitbiiig in I'datinn to it. ,^a\-e that the following questions were discussed at its lirst meeting: First. "Will the cstal)lishmeiit of the Cnion i)cbating Society prove a bentlit to Hudson?" Second. ■• h the Slave trade consistent irith. principles of humanitij .''' SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 81 The Hudson Forum was established in the year 1826 and existed until about 1835. Its Otficers consisted of a President, Vice President, Secretary and Board of Directors, who decided upon the questions for debate, and at each meeting assigned the disputants for the next. It was supported by a membership fee of twenty-five cents per year, and having a large uumber of members, this afforded an ample fund for all of its expenses. The debates of the Forum were extremely pop- ular, and di'ew audiences quite as crowded as the lectures of the F. L. Association at the present day. Nearly all of the younger memjjers of the bar of that day, and students, many of whom are now eminent in tlieir profession, participated in them. In 1835 an association styling itself the "Hudson Association for mutual improvement," was organized with the following officers: Elisha .lenkins, President. Cyrus Curtiss, Rufus Reed, Joseph D. Monell, .lames Mellen, Vice Presidents. Edwin C. Litchfield, Secre- tary. The exercises consisted alternately of lectures, addresses and de- bates. It continued only through the first winter of its organization. The Franklin Library Asociation was organized in the year 1837. In the year 1834, a few young men, most of whom were connected by family ties, met at the tallow chandler's shop of William A. Car- penter, (then on Cross street, the lot being now occupied by the Hud- son River Rail Road as a wood yard,) and organized a debating club, which they called the Franklin Debating Society. Its design being that all should engage in debate, new officers were chosen at each meeting. The first meeting for debate was held in the Orthodox Friend.s meeting liouse in Union street, January 17, 1835. Robert Smith was chosen Moderator, Geo. W. Carpenter, Secretary, the fol- lowing individuals in addition embracing the entire membership at that time: Hiram Macy, James Batehellor, William A. Carpenter, Thomas Marshall, William R. Steel, Edward B. Macy, Richard M. Ifemington and John Hamlin. The question discussed was the fol- lowing : "Ought mechanical labor in state prisons to be abolished?" Hiram Macy and William A. Carpenter opening the debate and 82 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. choosing tlie disputants to follow. The chih continued to meet reg- ularly for dehate. declining to admit any new members during that winter. The method suhsec^uently adopted for admission of members was to ballot for the candidate jjroposed- for membership, without his knowl- edge, and if the vote was unanimous apprise him of the fact of his election and invite him to become a member. Its support was from individual contributions. The first annual meeting was held in the building then known as the Select Academy, in Third street; George \V. Carpenter, by ap- pointment, delivering the address, which was followed by brief re- marks from the members generally. At this meeting a proposition was made by \Vm. A. Carpenter to connect with the Association a library ami to take measures to secure a permanent location, 'i'bc projiosition was ado])ted and resulted in the erection of a small but convenient room in Union Street, upon the lot now occupied by Capt. George Barker; the building iiaving lieen since removed is now occupied as a Chapel by the Episcopal church. It was built by an a.ssociation of members of the debating clul) called the Franklin Hall Association, witii a cajjital of tlncc Iniiidrcd and seventy-five dollars in shares of live dollars each. The work of col- lecting a library was inune7 tiic Franklin Librarj- A.ssociation was regularly organized, with W in. K. Steel as President, James Batchellor, Secretary, and during the fol- lowing winter was incorporated with Wm. .\. Car]i('nter as President, Hiram ^bu-y, \'ice President, ('harb^s \. i):ii'ling. Secretary; the other otHcers consisting of a Treasurer, and a Hoard of Directors. It still acts under the same charter, the only original members now i>e- longing to it being Ilii-am Macy and William A. Carpenter. With the exception of Edward B. Macy, its founders are all living, five of them now i-esidents of the city. The first lecture before the Association was dcli\(Mcd by I'rof. I'ot- tci- (now r>isho]>) of I'nion College, in ls:!,S, in the old Episcopal church; his subject, "Truth." In 18;57 through the lilicral contriiiutitms of fiftv dollars each from SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 83 James Mellcii, (whose portrait the Association has placed in its Li- l)rary room,) Cyrus Curtis and Elihu Gifford, a philosophical appa- ratus was purchased, at a cost of about six hundred dollars, the re- mainder being made up by stock in shares of ten dollars each. This apparatus was in later years disposed of by the Association and is now in use in the Female Academy of Rev. J. B. Hague. The first lawyer admitted as a member of the F. L. Association was Theodore Miller, Esq., by whom the first annual report of its ex- ecutive committee was drawn. From this small beginning has grown an Association now uuml)er- ing a membership of nearly two hundred and fifty; posse.ssing a 11- l)rary of about twenty-five hundred volumes, sustaining annually a course of lectures, and with an income during the last year from all sources, of about fourteen hundred dollars. SCHOOLS. We find frecjucnt mention made in early years of the estalilisluiient of schools, the granting of various lots for the erection of school liouses, and the building of a Proprietors' school hou.se, but no pro- vision seems to have been made for free education until the year l.SlG. In the month of >Septen^ber in that j^ear, a number of gentle- men met at the Library room, for the purpose of taking into consider- ation the practicaliility of establishing a Lancaster School, for the gratuitous education of tlie children of the poor. Ezra Samp.son was chosen Chairman, Josiah Underbill, Secretary. Tlie result of the meeting was the organization of a Society called the "Hudson Lan- caster Society," which was incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed April L5th, 1817, with the following Trustees: Elisha Williams, James Strong, Robert Tajdor, Judah Paddock, Daniel Coffin, Samuel White, Thomas, Jenkins, Patrick Fanning, Robert Alsop, Prosper Hosmer, Samuel Plumb, Thomas Bay. Josiah Underbill, The erection of a building was commenced in 1817, the lot having been granted for that purpose by the Common C!ouncil, the other ex- 84 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. penses being defrayed by donations. Tlie first teacher employed l)y the Trustees was Josiah Underbill. It was not wholly a free school, one hundred scholars at first receiving gratuitous education, the num- ber afterwards being changed according to the financial condition of the Society. A committee of the Trustees visited the school monthly, and no scholar was admitted without the inspection of a physician, if required by the teacher, and none continued in the school who-se parents would not keep them clean in all respects and decently clothed. For its support it received from the Common Council the school money, the excise fund, and that from lottery licenses, the balance needed being raised by individual contributions. Not long after its establishment an effort was made to withdraw from it a por- tion of the fund received from the city. It was strongly opposed and did not succeed ; it seems, however, at one time to have seriously in- terfered with its successful operation, for we find Henry Dibblee and Cornelius Miller offering to become personally responsible for the ed- ucation of fifty children, until the Council should abandon the effort to take from the school the fund apjiortioned to it. In 1823, a com- mittee of the society reported the nundjer of cliililren in the compact portion of the city, between the ages of five and sixteen, to be 101 '2. In the same year steps were taken for the support of an "African St-bnol" in connection with tlic Lancaster. The committee ajipuintcil to rai.se funds, reported that the different religious societies would contribute annually to its supjiort as follows; Universalist, $25; Presbyterian, 125; Friends, $25; Episcopal, $20; Methodist, $12; Baptist, $12. Tlio Lanca.ster Society ajipropriated $25, and petitioned the Common Council for and received an annual donation of $5U. The school was immediately establisiied in the old or first Methodist Church in Third street, not now standing. The Lancaster School was .sustained until tlic year IslL but in its later years lind not an iucoinc adequate to its su|>i)iirt, tlic ladies at last coming to its aid witii the proceeds of a fair. In that year the Board of Trustees conveyed their school pnipcrty to the ('(ininion Council. In the same year the present public schools of tlii' city were organized. The last Trustees of the Lancaster School were: SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 85 Laban Paddock, Gayer Gardner, Charles Darling, Charles MeArthur, John Power, Israel Piatt, Cyrus Curtiss, A. V. V. Elting, Robert McKinstry. Charles Paul, Its earliest supiwrter and the niost liberal contributor to it, is said to have been Capt. .ludah I'addnck, witli whom it was a favorite jiroject. At his deatli he also left a fund to be devoted to its support. Capt. Paddock was a man of wi'alth, energetic and benevolent. He retired from the seas in 18(*7. Nearly every one is familiar with the narrative of his shijjwreck on the coast of Barbary and subsecjuent confinement among the Arabs, published many years ago, and re- cently republished in the columns of the Hudson Gazette. Previous to this he was engaged in trade with the West Indies, afterwards with Liverpool and Russia. He died in the year 1822. Both .Judah and Laban, who recently died, an old and greatly respected citizen, for almost four score years identified with the history of Hudson, were .sons of Stephen Paddock, one of the original proprietors. There is preserved in the ^Llsonic Lodge of this city, a sword presented prior to 1800, to .Tudah Paddock, by the Empress Catharine of Russia, for relieving a Russian man-of-war when iu distress, and by him pre- sented to the Lodge, of which he was one of the earliest members in in 1807, "as a token of his high regard for masonry." The Hudson Academy was chartered in the year 1807, witli the following Trustees: Ezra Sampson, Timothy Bal^cock, Noah Gridley, Peter Van Denbergli, William Frazer, William Whiting, Harry Croswell, Peter Van Rensselaer, Sam'l .J. Ten Broeck, .\o\\\\ Swift, William Ashley, William Shaw, Reuben Sears, Luther Dunning, Cornelius Tobey, Elisha Williams, Joseph Mosely, William Noyes, jr. Wm. W. Van Ness, Benjamin Miller, Oljcd W. Folger, Ebonezer Reed, .John Bennett. The erection of the building was commenced in the year 1805, the hind for that purpose having been given b}' Captain Seth G. Macy, another of that class of citizens so numerous in the earh' days of Hudson, who, retiring from the seas, became active in evervthinir 86 SKETOIfKS OF HUDSON. tluit could proinute the prosperity of the city. ("apt. Macy built and occupied the fine residence now belonging to Capt. Lathrop, in Stock- port, (then Hud.son) and established the works afterwards purchased by Josepii Marshall, and so extensively known a.s Marshall's I'l-int Works. The small collection of buildings on the Academy hill was at that time known as Unionville. 'i'he first hou.se erected there was by Capt. Wm. A.shley, now the residence of (4eorge McKin.stry, Esq. To the first individual who should erect a hou.se there, was to be given the privilege of naming the hill. Capt. Ashley claimed it, and after some disagreement with others interested, declared that be "iianuMl that hill Prospect bill, and Prospect hill it shall be." It bad pre- viously been called Windmill bill, but has ever since been known by the name given to it by Mr. .\sblcv. It could not have been more appropriately named, for it aflunls a prospect which for extent, beauty and variety, is rarely equalled. The first teacher in the Academy was Audicw M. ('arshore. lie remained but one year and was followed by Ashbel Strong. Among tho.se who subsequently filled the position were Amasa .1. Parker, now Judge of the Supreme Court of this State, and .Tosiab W. Fairfield. Escp, of this city. Among the many who havt,' studied within its walls, was one to whom all ej'es arc now directed and who fills a large place in the nation's heart: (icii. 11. W. Halleck. lie was con- nected with the iiistitut inn abcjut tluve ycai's undrr the name of his grandfather, to avoid the cruelty of an unnatural and tyrannical father. Tlie Hudson S(dect .\cademy in Third street, was built in 181.'), by an assnrialinn nf wliirii Sctli . Jenkins, who was cbielly interested in its establishment, «as I'nsidrnt. It ceased many j-ears ago to be used forthe])ur|)ose for which it was erected and was never deemed a success- ful inidcrtakiug. Mr. .lenkius made a great eftbrt to secure the passage of an .\ct l>y tlu' Legislature, granting to the Academy the fishing ground-; in the vicinity of Hudson, with the right to impose a tax ujion all [icrsons fishing ujion them, the income to go to the sujiport of the institution, lie was strou"'lv oniioscd and failcil in his at- SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 87 teinj)t, liut it gave to tlie building tlie name of tlie ''Sliad Academy," by which for many years it was known. The first School opened in Hudson was by James Burns, in the j'ear 1783, in a small building then standing upon the County road, near the river, \i\)0\\ the site of the present store of William Poultney, built by the inhabitants at Claverack Landing for a school house. It remained there until Front street was opened. During the blasting of rocks necessary in opening the street, Mr. lUirns always dismissed Ids school, seeking some place of safety until tlic firing was over. Laban Paddock, Seth Jenkins and many others, who were afterwards leading citizens, were pupils of Mr. Burns. Henry Harder or " old Doct. Harder" as he is now familiarly called, wlio is still living, was also a pupil, then seven years old. With the opening of Front street, tlie building was demolished, and the Diamond street school house, before mentioned, was erected. The system under which the Public Schools of the city are at pres- ent conducted was adopted in the year 1841. Thej' exist under a special act of the Legislature, and are under the control of Superin- tendents, wlio recci\i' tlicir appointment from the Common Council. The schools are four in number, three white and one colored. Ample provision is made for their support and they rank among the most efficient and thorough in the State. The first Superintendents were Oliver Bronson, Josiah W. Fairfield and Cyrus Curtiss. The present Superintendents are Robert B. Monell, Lorenzo G. Guernsey and Hi- ram Morrison. The average number of children in attendance is about seven hundred and fifty. The number of children in the city between the ages of four and twenty-one is twenty-three hundred and eighty-three. The present number of teachers engaged is seventeen. The amount expended for the support of the schools is about the sum of five thousand dollars. The nunilx'r of \'olumes in tlie public school library is twelve hundred and fifty. In private schools of a high order, Hudson has never been defi- cient. Those existing at the present day, the Rev. J. B. Hague's and the Misses Peake's for young ladies, the Rev. E. Bradbury's, Rev. J. R. Coe's and Wm. P. Snyder's, for boys, are among the very best in the country. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. MASONIC ORDER. We have Ix-t'ore alluded (i>ai:;e l.S) to tlie gi'aiit of a lot liy the pro- pietors and the erection of 8t. Johns Hall, by the ^lasonic Lodge of this city. Tlie Lodge was organized in the year 1787, three years after the settlement of the place. Tn the month of Marcli in tliat year, a petition signed hy Seth Jenkins, Thomas Frothingliam. Thomas Worth, Jared Coffin, Robert Folger, William Wall, Joseph Hamilton, Lemuel Jenkins, Daniel Gano, John McKinstry, Shubael Worth, David Lawrence, John Thurston, Joseph Olney, Benjamin C'hace, John Pennoyer, Isaac Bateman, Samuel Mansfield, was presented to the (irand Lodge of the State of New York by Dan- iel Gano, requesting that a charter might be granted them, ''for the purpose of making, passing and raising Free Masons." It was given them in the month of May, and in June the following individuals proceeded to Albany, and were installed the first officers of Hudson Lodge, by the Worshipful Senior Grand Warden : Worshipful Seth Jenkins, Master; Jared Coffin, S. W.: David Law- rence, J. W.; Samuel Mansfield, Treas'r ; Daniel Gano, Sec'y; Tiiomas Frothingham, S. D.; Simeon Stoddard, J. D.: Shul)ael Worth, Benja- min Chace, Stewards. The first celebration of the Festival of .lolm the Ecamjdlst, in tlie County of Columbia, took place at Hudson in 1787, under the direc- tion of Lemuel Jenkins, Shubael Worth and Paul IIu.sse^^ Ezekiel Giliicrt delivered "an elegant oration," fur which he received the thanks of the Lodge through David Lawrence and Levi Wheaton. After the oration the Lodge proceeded to a dinner at tlie Imusi' of Brother Joseph Gordon. The Festival of St. John the Baptist was first celebrated in 1788, under the direction of Ambrose Spencer, Sam- uel Mansfield and Joseph (iordon, "at w hich time a scnsiiile and well adapted oration," was delivered by Docf. Lrvi Wheaton. Prior to the erection of a ball, it was the custom of the Lodge to hold its meetings at some one uf the piiiilic houses. The first meet- ing was held at the bouse of .lobn McKinslrv, whom we have before SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 89 mentioned as the keeper of the first puhlic house in Hudson. In Stone's life of Brant, we find rehited the following interesting inci- dent in the life of Mr. McKinstry: He was an officer in the Revolutionary army, was engaged in the battle at Bunker's Hill, and during the Canadian campaign, com- manded a compan}^ at Cedar Keys on the iliver St. Lawrence, where his command was sharply engaged by a l^ody of Indians under Brant, Itefore whom bis troops were several times compelled to retire. Ral- lying however with spirit, the Indians were repulsed in turn, and the respective forces were thus successively driven by each otiier back and forth, according to the doubtful and varying fortunes of the hour, until the Americans were overpowered by luimbers and compelled to surrender. Capt. McKinstry being wounded, fell by the side of a tree and was taken prisoner by the Indians. He subsecjuently ascer- tained that he had been selected by them as a victim, and that the usual preparations had been made for putting him to death by the torture of fire. He remembered to have heard that Brant was a Mason, and gaining his eye, gave him the proper sign, and thus se- cured his release and subsequent kind treatment. Through the per- sonal exertions of Brant, in connection with some humane English officers, a sum of money was raised, and an ox purchased which was given to the Indians and by them roasted in the flames kindled for their gallant prisoner. Caj^t. McKinstry never forgot the kindness of Brant. He afterwards became a Colonel, and after a residence of a few years in this cit}', moved upon a farm in the Manor of Livings- ton, where he several times entertained Brant as his guest. Brant's last visit was in 1805, when, in company with Col. McKinstry, he visited the Lodge in this city, where his presence attracted great at- tention. The erection of a building was commenced by the Lodge in 179o, in which year it seems to have had a large accession to its numbers. Laban Paddock was an active member of the building committee. It was occupied in 1796, and we have the following account of the "PERFORMANCES of the dedication of Mason Hall, Hudson, Anno IaicIs 5796, corre- sponding to December 27, 1796. 90 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. PROCESSION, &C. On the inoniing of the Festival the Brethren convened at Brother Joseph Gordon's and moved from thence in tlie following order to tlie Lodge Room, viz. : Tyler w itli drawn Swdrd. Deaeons with Rods. Four Bretliren, supporting the altar, two and two. Six Brethren, two and two. A Brother with Pitcher of Wiieat. Three Brethren. A Brotlier with Pitcher of \\'ine. Three Brethren. A Brother with Pitcher of Oil. Nine Brethren, three and three. Stewards, with Wands. First LIGHT, carried by an Officer. Three Brethren. Second LIGHT, by an Officer. Three Brethren. Third LIGHT, by an Officer. Three Brethren. Wardens, with Jewels. ARCHITECT, with Square, Level and Plumb. Brethren, ^^'orkmen on Lodge, two and two with Instruments. Officer, carrying Bible, Square and Compass on velvet Cushion. Secretary, witii Bag and Jewels. Two Brethren. Treasurer, witii Staff and .lewels. Two Brethren. Chaplains for the Day, with Gown and Scarfs. Brethren of Hudson Lodge, two and two. Visiting Brethren of different Lodges, not in Office, two and two. Officers of Lodges not engaged previously, two and twn. with Scarfs and .lewels. MAS'l^Ki; of Iludsdii Lodge, with liook n\ ('(.nstitutions. Deacons of Hudson Lodge, witli Rods. In the above order the Procession arrived at the LODGI', IIOOM, wliere tliey were acco.sted by Brother Ernst and the Clioristcrs with the following Anthem, com|)osed and set to Music 1)V him, accompa- nied with instruments of Music, until the Procession had gradually walked three times round tin' Hall. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 91 Antlu'in.* Meditate: Mortal Creature! on Death Suuinioiis. Hesitate: Not one Moment on God's Judgment seriously to contemplate. Be in constant Readiness ; For without Pleasure and e'er thou dost guess, May'st thou experience a deadly Distress. How shall then Divine .Justness — on they Goodness — Sentence give — When contrary to his Statutes thou didst live? Shalt thou not in Anguish hover — Shall thy Heart within not shiver — When Reproaches thee do cover: at God's Bar? When to avenge Tran.sgre.ssion — God hears no Intercession — But makes a Declaration — just and fair. — Therefore, O Mortal, at present give Ear. For to die happy, be times thee prepare : Or thou wilt suffer eternally there. When the AIjTAR was placed in the center of the Hall on which were deposited the three pitchers, and the three great and three lesser IJGHT8, on pro})er Pedestals, and in ancient Form, the Masters and Past Masters took their seats; the rest of the Brethren standing and joining in the following Anthem : To Heaven's high Arciiitect all praise. All praise, all gratitude be given. Who deign'd the liunian Soul to raise, Bv mvstic Secrets sprung from Heaven. CHORUS. Sound aloud the GREAT JEHOVAH'S praise, To HIM the Dome, the Temple raise. The Anthem ended, the Architect, in behalf of himself and work- ing Brethren, advanced to the Master and ottered the return of the implements used in erecting and finishing the Building: The Mas- ter, expressing his approbation in behalf of the Society, requested his *The Words of this Anthem are but a feeble Display of its musical Excellences and variations, when properly performed. 92 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Officers to take the Implements and place them on a triangular Ped- estal, erected for the purpose; and all the Brethren then seated them- selves, and assisted in singing the following Anthem, composed by Brother Ernst. (Tune, "God save Great Washing I. O Thou great Architect. WE, who're yet full Defect, On Thee now call: In a rough State we are, Graciously US prepare. According to Th}' Square, Lord over all. II. There is a Day of Grace, Given the human Race: For them t' improve. Let u-s' do as the Wi.se: Pray, work and rest precise. Follow hut thine .Idvice LORD God of Love. in. Time flies on Wings away, Makes for us here no stay. But hastes in flight. L(3RD! may each Moment lie Improved carefully : For an Eternity Before they sight. IV. Signs of Mortality May teach Humility: Men as we are. LORD ! let not Death's diiv IMow Lay all our Prospects low, But teach as Thee to know And to prepare. ■ton.") V. As irii' advance in Light, So shall we more unite : In Bonds of Love. May every Hand and Heart, Unite in pious Art; To give the due Desert : To GOD above. VI. To an industr'ous Bee We condescend and see: Order and Wealtii. Maj' WE, while here in life. Be subject without strife; Sheltered by our Hive Have P.read and Health. Vll. In they great House O LORD ! Beauty and Strength accord. These ne'er give way. May strength and Beauty be : Pillars of Masonry And the Fraternity : Never decay. VITI. Let All exalt their \'oice. Let All at once rejoice : To sound thy Fame, Thou great! great Architect! Thy Children all connect With Love and ji)int Respect: To bless thij Nan if. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 93 IX. And may his sovereign Grace; From All Ijeneath the skies, ^hine upon every Face JEHOVAH'S Praise arise, And render Adam's Race His Name confes'd ; Happy and lilcs'd. After which, the Bretliren were called on to join the PRAYER of DEDICATION, by Brother GARDINER. The Master then ordered the Lodge tyled. The Lodge being opened, the Secretary informed the Master that it is the desire of the Society to have the Lodge dedicated; on whicli intimation the Mas- ter requested tlie Officers and Chaplains present to assist in that cere- mony. The Bretlu'en all standing. CEREMONY OF DEDICATION. The Master and Wardens advanced and took each a Pitcher; then the Officers and Master followed the Junior Warden with the Pitcher of Corn, who at the end after first round poured out the Corn: " WE do in the Presence of the Supreme Architect of Heaven and liarth DEDICATE THIS HALL TO ^MASONRY!" Which being pro- claimed by the Secretary : tlie Grand Honors were given by all present. The Master and Officers then followed the Senior Warden once round; who then poured out the Contents of the Pitcher of Wine, and "In the Name of Holy St. John" dedicated tlie Hall to VIRTUE; which being proclaimed by the Secretary, the (Jrand Honors were again given. At the end of the third Procession, the Master then poured out the Pitcher of Oil, and "In the name of all the Brethren present," dedi- cated the Lodge to UNIVERSAL BENEVOLENCE, when the Grand Honors were given. While the aljove ceremony was performing, solemn Music was given by Brother Ernst. Immediately after the Dedication the following Anthem was sung Ijy all the Brethren present. "Oh Masonry, our iiearts inspire." And warm us with the .sacred fire: Make us obedient to thy Laws, And zealous to support thy cause : For thou and virtue are the same, And ditier only in the name. 94 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. " riuck narrow notions from thf mind, And plant the love of Human Kind, Teach us to feel a brother's woe. And feeling comfort to bestow. Let none unheeded draw the sigh, No grief unnoticed, pass us by. "Let swelling pride a stranger be, Our friend, compos'd Humility, Our hands let steady justice guide. And Temp'rance at our boards preside ; Let Secresy our steps attend. And injur'd Worth our tongues defend. Drive Meanness from us; fiy Deceit, And Calumny, and rigid Hate: 0! may our highest Pleasure be. To add to man's Felicity ; And mav we, as thv Vot'ries true, Thy paths. Oh MASONRY ! pursue. The Anthem being finished, the Brethren proceeded to the Meeting- House in the following order. Tyler, with drawn >Sword. Deacons, with white Rods. Workmen on Lodge, two and two. Architect — (Brother Hathaway.) Bretliren of Hudson Lodge, two and two. A Brother with Bil)le on Cushion. Chaplains, or Orators of the Day. I'n'tiiivn of the neigh])oring Lodges, not in ottice. ,,T , I Officers of Hudson Lodge. W aniens, ■, .^u- *■ v i- i i ' I Orricers oi \ isituig Lodges. N'isiting Masters and Past Masters. M.VSTLI; of Hudson Lodge. Stewards with Wands, itc. When seated in the Mceting-I louse, tlie fi)lli)wing .Viitiicni. set to Music by l!nitlicr lOrnst, was |n'rf(irniei|, l)y tiie Choristers in the (iallery. \i/,.: "Solo. Praise tiiuu m\' Sdui, the most luigiitv and great Lord of Clorv." SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 95 After which the Brethren and Congregation received the Benefit of a Prayer by Brother ERNST. After the Prayer, the following (_)de wa.s sung by the Choristers. Set to Music by Brother Ernst. Blessed, who with constant Pleasure, Studies GOD'S revealed Will; Seeking there for heavenly Treasure, Day and Night, his soul to fill. He is like a living Tree. Which by gentle streams we see: Stretching forth its fruitful Branches 'Till the gath'ring Time advances. AN OPvATION by Brother GAPvDINER was then delivered. The ORATION being ended, a Collection was made for the suffer- ing Poor in the city of Hudson by Brother TEN BROECK ; and then the following ODE was sung Ijy the Brethren and Choristers of the Ciallerv jointly, viz.: Praise GOD from wlR'nce all Blessings How! Praise -HIM all creatures here below! Praise HIM all ye Angelic Host! Praise FATHER, SON and HOLY GHOST. Which concluded the Devotional Exercises of the Festival; when the Brethren returned in the .same order they came, to Brother .Joseph Gordon's to dinner. N. B. Brother Andrew Mayfield Carshore was appointed Master of the Ceremonies for the Day." The "meeting house" in which these services took place was the Pre.sbyterian, the use of which had been granted by the trustees, after much hesitation, and not until the Lodge agreed that an oration should be delivered instead of the preaching of a sermon, as at first intended. The Lodge was organized as No. I."!, l)ut was incorporated in tlie year 18'24 as Hud.son Lodge No. 7, the property being vested in the Masters and Wardens. From it have originated the following organizations connected with the Order: Hudson Royal Arch Chap- ter No. (3, Charter granted by the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the 96 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Northern States, dated 1798 and signed by He Witt Clinton, Deputy (traud High Priest; Thomas Frothinghani, Deputy Grand King; Jedediali Sanger, Deputy Grand Scribe. Charter members were Sam- uel Edmonds, High Priest; Thomas Frothinghani, King; Elisha Jenkins, Scril>e. Chapter is still in existence. Hudson Council No. 2, a lodge of Royal ^hlsters, was organized by a charter from the Grand Council of the State of New York in 1824. Charter members were Campbell Buslniell 1st officer, Charles Waldo 2d, Clark Smith 3d. The Council is not now in existence. Lafayette Encampment was chartered by the Grand Encampment of the State of New York in the year 1824, with Lionel U. Lawrence 1st, Orrin E. Osborn 2d, and Gordon Dickson 3d officer, and is still existing. Hudson Lodge, during the political excitement in the days of Anti- Masonry, kept up its organization through the persevering efforts of a few of its members. In 1841 the spirit of Masonry revived, from which period the Lodge has steadily grown in numbers and now has a membership of one hundred and fifty. The present officers are, Cornelius E.sselstyn, W. Master; H. II. Ciandall, S. Warden; Fred- erick Best, J. Warden; W. H. W. Loop, Sec'y; Theodore Snyder, Treasurer; J. ]\[. Houck, S. Deacon; Nelson Dutcher, J. Deacon. The Past Masters (who are honorary members for life, not subject to the payment of dues) now living, are (^yrus Curtiss, Stephen A. Coffin, George Barker, Cornelius Bortle, .Tames Batchellor and William A. Carpenter. Ricliard Carrii|ue, wiio died in 1S49, was at flic time of his . and occupied the huildinj;-, now the res- ilience of Henry MoCann, in Diamond street, .\hner Hammond paid the rent of the huildinn foi- the lirsl year, ami Mrs. Midxinstry Ial)ored uneeasin.yly to pro\idi' foi- its support and secure its estah- lishmont. In Die year ISIT the p|-esenl huildine- was erected, the lot beine iiiv'cn hy Mr. I himmond, ami the cost of the huildine;. six- thousand dolhirs, heinn paid hy indi\idual coni lahulions. Mrs. McKinstry iluiaiii; her life never ceasecl her acti\-e elldrts toi- tJie condort of its inm.-iles or for its support, \\hi(di lias heen ehielly hilherlo from donal ions, aided hy animal appi'opriat ions from the State and County. It was the desire and :iiiii of her life that it should hecome self-.sustainine;: a desire which she li\-e(l to see almost ac- complished. It has now .a pei'numenl fund of near litteen thousaed ted ami jewelry never tolerated. They were cheerful and hospitable at their homes, but in their interior arrangements and mode of living the same simplicity was to be seen. rerliaps nowhei'e was tbeii' ilis- like of show more noticeable than upon funei'al oceasious. Tntil within (|uite a recent period nothing but the plain w bite pine coflin was evei' st-en, unstained, unvarnished and most frei|uently carrieil without even the customaiy blaek |iall to bide it from public ga/.e. SKETCHES OF IIVDSoy. 103 It ma}' truly be said of them, they were a " peculiar people." Lovers of order, temperate, frugal, benevolent, regular in all their habits of life, industrious and peaceful in their pursuits, they were not only greatly respected as a class, but well calculated to increase the pros- perity of their new home. No sketch of Hudson would be complete without this tribute to the worth of the "Friend.s" of early days. There are at present, but few of the society left, and they to a great extent have laid aside the peculiarities which distinguished them in former days from the " world's people." It cannot be many years before the last plain Friend will have been seen in the streets of Hudson. PRESBYTERIAN. The second religious organization was that of the Presbyterian denomination, second in order, and at that time second in numbers and intiuence. In the year 1790. Marshal .lenkins applied to the proprietors for a grant of land u|M)n which the society might erect a place of worship. The lot given liy the })roprietors, was upon the Easterly side of Second street, South of Union, now lying between Partition and Allen street, then known as Federal street. The erec- tion of the building was commenced in the 3'ear 1790, and it was completed in 1792. It was a plain, but substantial brick building, capable of seating about five hundred people, and was surmounted by a spire of considerable height. The site of the church was a very beautiful one, commanding a full view of the river and mountains, and in an approach to the city from the South, the building was a very prominent object. The society was organized in 1790, by the election of Nathaniel Greene, Marshall Jenkins, Russel Kellogg and Thomas Frothingham as Trustees. Until the erection of their church edifice, they worshipped in the City Hall. For several years the society was weak, and \\as supported mainly by the contributions of its wealthy meml)ers, but about the year 1800 grew rapidly in wealth and numbers. Shortly after they entered their building, a writer signing himself " Selah," censured them through the eolunnis of the news[)a[)er for tolerating 10-1 SKKTCl/h'S OF IU'DSON. siK-li poor .siuiiinjj,. and urged them tfi jiatroiiize liberally a sinwiiig seliodl which was soon to be opened. They were at that time with- out a choir, which he explained l)y stating that it had disbanded probably "disgusted" with its own music, and that the congregation certainly were. The first pastor, Rev. .Jolin Thompson, was installeil in the Spring of 1792, at a .salary of one hundred and .seventy-five pounds, and dis- rai.ssed in the year following. In 1795 the Rev. Bildad Barney was settled as Pastor, for a short time only, the Rev. Ezra Sampson sup- plying the pulpit until the Spring of 1798, when the Rev. Chauneey Lee was settled, soon followed by the IJev. Reuben Sears, who re- mained its pastor until the year IsK). In that year the Rev. John Chester was ordained and remained until the year isl."), when the Rev. Benjamin F. Stanton was installed, who was dismissed in lcS24. Upon the installation of both Mr. Chester and Mr. Stanton, a dinner, in- direction of the church, was provided at Messrs. Nichols and Bement's, at which the Mayor and Corporation were invited to dine with the Presbytery. Mr. Stanton was succeeded by the Rev. William Chester, who remained its pastor until 18:52. In the S])ring of 1833, Rev. Jared B. Waterbury was .settled and remained until 1846, when he was succeeded by Rev. Henry Dai'ling. Its pi-esent pastor. Rev. William S. Leavitt, was settled in 1853. The edifice now occupied by the society was erected in the year ls;',(i, upon the site of the old City Hall, then generally known as the "old Court House," which at that time had stood just half a cent- ury. The present membership of the church is about three hundred and sixty. The number of families connectcvl with the society is nhi(ut two iiundi'CMJ. METHODIST. Thr tliii'd i-(digious society organized was the Methodist. On the 12th day c|i|c inilil tlu' year 182.'!. Tlic l'r<)|iiicl(>rs, liowc'vei-, seem nut \i< lia\c takrii ad vantage of the eoii- ditioii 111' the lirant. The suriety suH'ered heasily from tiie det'aica- linnui'an individual hy the ii e (if ( iai'duei', their lirst nnnistci-, w h(i held the i;i-eat<'r part of their huilding fund, and de<-aiu|ied with some three (ii- four tiiousand ilollars in his jiosst'ssion. In IS(Il! tlie\- ado|,led the title of Christ ehlireh. I'i'evidUS to the ereetion of their eliureh ediliee they \\(irshi|i|ied in the Diamond Sti'eet school-house. ( )f the fiT'st (ii-eani/.ation of tin' soeiety oi' of its eai'ly strength \vc have no account save thai amon^ its su|i|)ortcrs are found the names of seN'eral of Ihi' most |iroiinnenl cil i/.ens of I halday. 'rheeinirch wasconsecrated h\' iii^hop Mo(ire in ( )etolier, I S(l:',, hut the hrst sei-\iee in it was u|)on ( 'hi'ist mas day, in t he yea i' previous, and at the same lime the lirst renting of the |iews took place, amount- ing to nearly Ihi'ce hundred dollars. I'pon the lirst visit of Hishoji Moore to Hudson, liefore the completion (if t he l)uilding, f lie trustees of the I'resliytci'ian (•hur(di ollei-ed to the f'.piscopal soeiety for the ser\ici' (if the I'd shop, the use of t he i r new (m I i lice, then Just completed. It was not accepted, Uev. r.elhid .ludd was Ihe lirst Kector settled, after M r. ( ianlner. reeeixing a sal.ary of tlii'ce hundre(l dollars, olliciating escry other Salihath, .lohn Malchci- was the lirst sexton, receiving for his ser- vices ten dollai's a year, afterwards increased to sixteen. In |S(t;', ,1 charity school was estahlishod in counectioii with the cliui-ch nnmhering al one time foi'ly schol.-irs. In itshehalf, a seiinon was |iicaclied mdulhly hy the lectoi, and a (■ollectioii taken up for its support. It is said that the llisl ,S;d il lat h-school in the State of New York (prohahly outside of the city of New ^'oi-k) was estahli^hc.l hy Christ chur(h of Hudson, how early we do not ki;o\\. in ISII. their lirst or^an was ereeteil, at a I'ost of four hundre(| SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 107 ami fifty ilollars. 'Ilie olil cliiinh was occupied until the month of Octohcr in the year 1857, when their new and beautitul edifice upon the corner of Union and East Court streets was consecrated by Bishop Potter. After tlie Rev. Mr. .Judd, its rectors have been Rev. Messrs. Pren- tice, Cooper, Croswell, Bedell, Stebbins, Andrews, Cairns, Pardee, Babbitt, Tuttle and Watson. We have before spoken of Mr. Croswell as one of the editors of the Hudson Balance and Repository. After his entry upon the mini.stry his first sermon was preached in Christ church in this city. The oc- casion drew out a large attendance of his former political friends and acquaintances. Mr. Croswell .solemly addressed them, telling them, "the}' had seen how well he had .served his political masters, and should bear witness liow much more faithfully he had followed the new master upon whose service he had entered." The present rector is Rev. George F. Seymour. The society num- bers one hundred and ninety-one communicants and one hundred and forty-eight families. In the year 1810, on the fourth da\' of August, a number of indi- viduals of the Baptist persuasion met at the house of II. P. Skinner for the purpose of forming them.selves into a Baptist society, under the direction of Elder Daniel Steers, a Missionary from New York. On the •28th day of August delegates from .several churches in the vicinity met in the Court Hou.se to deliberate upon a constitution to be adopted by them, and after the examination of twelve individuals, as to their qualifications for membership, orgaized them as the First liaptist church of the city of Hud.son. Their first pastor was Rev. Ilarvey .Jenks. For a short time they worshipped in private houses, and in the year 1811, lea.sed the school-house, owned by Thomas Power, in Union .street near Second, at a rent of fifty cents per week, as a regular place of worship. Increasing in nundxjrs, they occupied the Mayor's Court room, in the Court House, and in 1818 on the 7th dav of .lune, entered and dedicated the church which they have re- 108 SKETCHES OF HUDSON ceiitly vucutcd. It was described as "new, iietit and commodious." The sooietj- was then under the pastoral care of Rev. Avery Briggs, who preached the dedicatory sermon, from Exodus :39th chapter, 30th verse, to a nunicrdus audiciu-e. The- cost uf thi' huildiug or room was fifteen hundred dollars. The society at this period numbered one hundred members. Mr. Briggs was succeeded by Rev. Howard Malcolm, of Philadelphia, who remained with them many years, an able and successful preacher. Their present church edifice was dedi- cated in the month of October, 1861. The society is now under the pastoral charge of Rev. (1. W. Folwell and has a membership of one hundred and fifty-nine. Tlic number of families connected with it is about one hundred. Its pastors since Mr. Briggs, have been Rev. Messrs. G. Ogilvie, Howard Malcom, Ebenezer Loomis, William Richards, Israel Robords, Moses Field, .John W. Gibbs, E. D. Towner, T. G. Freeman, Leroy Church, G. W. Hervey, Wm. B. Smith. William C. Ulyat, G. W. Folwell. UNIVERSALIST. The Universalist society was organized in the year 1817. In the the winter of the previous year, Capt. John Hathaway, who was one of tlie founders of the Presbyterian church in this city, recjuested Al)- ner Kneeland, a Universalist minister of considerable reputation, to visit Hudson and preach, ('apt. Hathaway personally invited a large number of families and individuals to hear him at the Court House, made all necessary arrangements for the meeting, bore all the expenses and secured for Mr. Kneeland a large audience. The result of the meeting was the immediate organization of a society, and the taking of .steps to build a place for worship. Cajit. Hathaway gave to them a lot of land and contributed liberally to tlu' erection of the building, which was completed and occui)ied in the same year, 1817, being the l)uilding occupied by the society at the present time. Until its comj)lcti and Richard Sluyter, as the First Reformed Protestant Dutch church of Hudson. A sermon was preached on the occasion by Rev. Peter S. Wynkoop. Their services were held in the old Court House, and the first .ser- mon was preached by John B. Hardenburgh, D. D., then of Rhinelieck, now of N. Y. Cit}'. The first consistory ordained consisted of the fol- lowing persons: Elders. — John Watrous, A. \'. \'. Elting, Jonathan Stow, Thos. F. Mesick. Deacons. — Robt. D. ^'an Deusen, Jacob C. Everts, Jacob \'an Deusen. The first pastor, Rev. (ieorge H. Fisher, was called from the First Reformed Dutch church of Fishkill, and installed October 2nth, 1835. A sermon was preached by Rev. Christopher Hunt, from John ii. 110 SKETCHES OF UUDSON 17: "The zeal of thine house hath eaten me up." The form was read and charge to the pastor delivered by Rev. Andrew N. Kittle. The charge to the congregation was delivered by the Rev. Richard Sluyter. Mr. Fisher was dismissed, to become pastor of the iJroome street church in New York, December 28, 1841. After the sale of the Court House, the congregation met on several Sabbaths, in the Baptist church. St. .John's Hall was then occupied, until the completion of the church edifice, which was built in the 3'ear 1836, under the direction of a iHiilding committee composed of Stei)hen W. Miller, Joseph I). Monell, .James E. Delemater, William E. Heermance, Abraham \'. V. Elting. It was dedicated December 18, 183(), when a sermon was preached Ijy Rev. Jolm II. \'an Wag- enen, pastor of the church at Linlithgow, from .John x. 'I'l: "And it was at Jerusalem, the feast of the dedication, and it was winter." The Lord's Supper was administered for the first time on the last Lord's Day in Januar}^ A. D. 1836. At that time there were seven- teen communicants, and at the first renting of pews, the society num- bered about fifty families. The second pastor. Rev. John (losman, D. I)., was called from the Reformed Dutch churches of Coeymans and New Baltimore, and in- stalled May 15th, 1842. The installation services were performed by Rev. Andrew N. Kittle. Dr. (iosman was, at his own request, wiiirli the state of ins iiealth compelled him to make, released from tlic pastoral cliargt', April 2()th, 1852. Tiio third and present pastor, licv. l)a\id 1). Demarest. I). D., was calird from the Second Reformed Dutch clmivii of New Brunswick, N. J., and installed August 1st, 1.S52. A sermon was jireached by Rr\'. .loliii (I. .lolnisou. tVoni (Jai. \i. 14: ■■l'.n( (iod forbid tliat I shouM glory," ^-c. The form was read liy Uc\'. Ira < '. lioicc. Tiic ciiargc to tlic pastor was dclivcivd Ijv Rev. Cornelius 1*1 Crispell. The charge to the congregation was de- livered by Rev. Jacob N. A'^oorhis. The present number of mend)ers is two hundred. nunil)cr of families about one hundred and sixty. SKETCHES OE HUDSON. CATHOLIC. St. Mary's Church, Catholic, was established as a mission about twenty years ago, under the charge of a pastor at first from Sauger- ties, afterwards from Albany, who held occasional services here, occu- pj'ing the lower part of St. John's Hall. The congregation growing rapidly, a church was erected in 1848, at a cost of about ten thousand dollars, including additions subsequently made to it. It was conse- crated b}' Bishop McCloskey, was then untlcr the charge of Father Howard, and numbered about one hundred communicants. Its pres- ent pastor is Father (3'Sullivan, and it numbers about one thousand communicants, and two hundred families, with an income of fifteen hundred dollars from pew rents. In connection witli tlie clmrch, a free day .school is sustained, numbering two hundred and forty-seven scholars, with an average attendance of two hundred. There are at present two African churches in existence, which have organized, dis-organized, and re-organized so often, as to make it im- possible to fix their beginning They occupy, one the old Episcopal church, the other the old chapel connected with it, and together em- brace nearly the entire colored population of the city, a very few being connected with the other churches. They are rival organiza- tions, and both look for their support to the white population, through the medium of fairs and strawberry festivals. THE PROFESSIONS. Among her early native born citizens there have been many to whom Hud.son may point with pride, who have risen to distinction, some in professional life, others in mercantile pursuits, unaided by the advantages of wealth or power. Among her residents, also, there have been many, alike distinguished for political eminence and pro- fessional ability. To more than mention them would be to open a field which we dare not enter. Gen. William J. Worth, Lieut. William H. Allen, Martin Van Buren, Elisha Williams, ^^'illiam \\. Xaw Ness, .lohn C. Spencer, 112 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Ambrose L. Jordan, Ambrose Spencer, Amasa J. Parker. Daniel B. Tallmailuc', Jdlm \\ . Edmonds, Tbomas P. ( Irosveuni-, .loscpli 1). Monell, Killian .Miller, Elislia Jenkins, Tlios. W. olcott, inakt' up a list, the equal of wliicb, without mentioning others little less prom- inent in a public point of view, few phices can furnish. From those whii have at different periods been connected with the legal profession in this city, ten have occupied the bench of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, William \V. \-m\ Ness, Ambrose Spencer, Daniel B. Tallmadge, John W. Edmonds, Amasa J. Parker, Edward P. Cowles, Henry Hogeboom, Josiah Sutherland, Theodore Miller and Claudius L. Monell. Among the early physicians of the place were several eminent for their skill and ability. Doctors Hamilton, Wheaton, Tallman, Mal- colm and White are particularly mentioned. All of them were here previous to the beginning of the present century. Dr. Wheaton vvas the earliest, and is spoken of as a careful, judicious physician. His first residence was near the foot of Warren street, upon the Southerly .side, but he afterwards built the large brick dwelling, in Union street, recently occupied by Mr. Israel Piatt. In the year 1791, he entered into partnership with Dr. Younglove, cel- ebrated for his successful treatment of the siuiill \)0\. Dr. Hamilton is described as "an original in mind and manner as well as practice, whose three great remedies were calomel, bark and brandy. He was nevertheless a well educated, strong-minded man : but fond of hearing himself talk, careless of time, and often rendered himself disagreeable by his long visits and still longer stories." His residence was in Diamond, between Second and First streets. Dr. Tallman enjoyed a large practice and was called one of the finest looking men in the city : "large, ]ioi1ly, always well dressed and of the most [lulislied auil nculleiuanly manners."' When a])- ])ointed to the office of Mayor, it was saiil his good looks secured his appointment. He was "in personal appearance, air and manner, the heau ideal of the medical faculty." His practice was larger than that of any other physician. His first residence was upon the northwest corner of Ihiion and Second streets; in later years lie oei^ujiied the present residence of the Misses Peaki>. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 113 Dr. Malcolm, it is said, was a "gentleman in the highest sense of the word, a man of education, talent and science, who literally starved in his profession." Dr. White also enjoyed a large practice. In .some branches of his profession he was superior, and has left behind him a reputation equal to that of any other phj'sician in the State. We have before mentioned the Lunatic Asylum established by him, and for years so successfully conducted. Doctors are proverbial for disagreeing. We have an illustration of this truth in the practice of two of the most eminent of these old physicians of Hud.son. A son of Cotton Gelston returned sick from sea ; one of them pronounced his di.sease scurvy and treated him ac- cordingly. Not improving, he placed him.self under the care of an- other, who called his difficulty incipient dropsy. A little feeling grew out of the affair, ending in a dispute, which found its way into print, and finally in a six months' controversy of the bitterest char- acter, carried on through the columns of the Bee, in which such epi- thets as "country booby," "smutty doctor," itc, were freely used. The doctors exhausted themselves, and the patient died without a settlement of the question. The controversy to the parties doubtless seemed important, but at this distant day ap])ears trivial and amusing. It was early said that Hudson was "noted for the eminence of its phj'sicians." From the days of the old physicians mentioned, the medical faculty of the city has always embraced many educated, skill- ful], gentlemanly physicians. Of their present number, one, (Dr. R. (4. Frary,) who has long been eminent for his ability, laboring under the weight of years, must soon cease from his active duties, missed by a lai'ge circle to whom his presence has brought comfort and healing. Speaking of the ministers of Hudson, prior to 1800, the author of "Random Recollections" says: " Hudson, though she has figured greatly on the bar and on the l)ench, even in the Senate, and the Executiue chair; though she has added to the laurels of the Army and Navy, and performed won- ders in the political world, yet she has contributed nothing to the splendor and but little to the comfort of the church." 114 SKKTf'IlKS OF HUDSON. IJttIf call he saiiety. His sermons were excedingly dull, hut not exceedingly tedious, fiir they had one redeeming admirable (juality, they were siiort. In tliis they were in excellent keeping with his compensation and tlie patience of his hearers. Four hundred dollars was the amount ofoiie, and lif- teen minutes the extent of the other." Of the Episcopal church he says, "for many years it was without any regular or established minister." The first allusion we find to any is to the Rev. Mr. Judd in 18():'>, who is spoken of as a "man of education and a faithful minister." Samuel Wigton seems to ha\e been the only minister of tlic Meth- odist church, up to the period mentioned. His strength lay in his voice, and his pul}>it efforts were mostly contined to singing. We think we do not err in saying, that since the year iSfll), the pulpits (if no city of the same population as Hudson, have been tilled iiy a iiigher oriler of talent or men of greater purity of cliar- acter, than tho.se of Huilsoii. ODDITIES. We turn to a iliflei-eiit class of per.sonages, a few of whom are found in every eoiimiiiiiity. and are too prominent to lie oiumited from any picture drawn of it ; a mixture of " vagrant, loatV'r and lunatic." We sliall call tiieiii vililllics. We cannot do bt'tti-r, and we take the Iibei1\- of drawing from the SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 115 pages of "Raiiiloni Recollections" descriptions of several of that species, belonging to Hiulson in early times. There flourished in the city about the same period three Johns, the first "a crazy, wild, fire-eyed fellow known by the name uftild John Willod, whose wife, it was said, had turned his brain, and whose relations, it was believed, had picked his pockets. He was a sort of erratic meteor in the moving world; sometimes mild and sometimes mischievous. He sung psalms and catches upon the hills, threw up his arms into the air, and cut such terrific capers as fright- ened the boys out of tlieir wits, and even attracted the attention of the cattle in the field. At the sound of his voice in the sti'eets, the housemaids ran in and hasped their doors, while the youngerlings dropped their marbles and fled like quicksilver. He seemed to take especial pleasure in frightening the smaller boys whenever he came across them either in the town or fields." The second was familiarly known as "old Brooks." " Brooks be- longed to the antiquities of the old woi'ld. He certainlj' had all the appearances of an antediluvian. Yet I never could learn that his history had been traced further back than to the period of the Van Troomps of the Netherlands. He came, it was said, from Amsterdam, in or about the year 1652, and was supposed to be at the time some- where in the vicinitj' of one hundred years of age. But I do not vouch for the accuracy of these traditions. I first saw him in 1788, and after the lapse of eigliteen or twenty years, he still appeared in all respects unchanged. His habits were unaltered, his faculties un- abated, and the light of his eye undimmed. Time, in that interval at least, seemed to have made no impression u[iiin him. There was, indeed, no place left for a new twist or a new wrinkle. As for the ordinary signs of age, he had long since ran through the catalogue, and exhau.sted their number. His head, his hands, and his voice had been shaking, as if with the palsy, for half a century, and were shaking still. His little twinkling eye and tlie tip of his nose were all that could be seen of his face. His language was a dialect com- pounded of three other dialects — high dutch, low dutch, and broken English, and to those unused to it, utterly unintelligible. His out- 116 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. side giiriiient, wliicli was always the same, winter and summer, was composed of as many colors as Joseph's coat. The original texture had long since been lost and covered under a cloud of patches. His shoes were festened to his feet by thongs and fibres of bark. He wore a little cocked hat, banded and braided with divers colored strings, which might, from its form and fashion, luive been worn by De Ruy- ter himself. His pipe, black with the smoke of a thousand years, still answered the ends for which it was created, and gave to his fig- ure on a frosty morning an additional sign of vitality. He lived about three miles from the city, to which he traveled on foot, twice or three times a week, the year round. He carried a wil- low basket strapped upon his back, filled with roots and lierbs, mostly of a medical character. These simples he gathered with his ow n hands, and it was by the sale of these he obtained his livelihood. Old and poor as he was, and lone and miserable as he .seemed, yet he was never known to beg or complain. On the contrary, he seemed to enjoy good health, was always cheerful and apparently contented." Hudson in later days furnished an almost exact counterpart, in ap- pearance, at least, to old Brooks, in tlie person of "Bill Morris, the root digger," as he was generally callcil. No more accurate descrip- tion of his "external" man could be written of Morris, than that fur- nished of Brooks. His knowledge of roots and herbs was extensive and he frequently made it his boast that no root grew within ten miles of Hudson which lie did not know. Morris was a man day time, and into a Ijarn at night. But John was in no sense a responsible person. His intellectual pitcher was cracked, and the vessel was therefore unfit SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 117 for use. Yet he possessed great bodily strengtli, and was certainly capa- able of some things if not others. He could split wood and fetch water ; he could beg, too, but not like a beggar; he could work, but not like a man ; he was in size a giant, but huge and strong as lie was, he nevertheless submitted to any show of authority, and put up with any kind of treatment; hence, he was always in the hands of the boys, who played him an endless variety of tricks; they did him some good and much evil; they forced him to work, and learned him to drink, though he had no great taste for either. lie had a natural antipathy to cats, wliicli the boys soon found out, and .Tohn, to liis horror, every now and then, found one attached by a cord to tiie tail of his coat. His first impression on these occasions, was to run and roar — the cat had no choice but to follow his example; and sucli a roaring on the one side, and sucii a t'aterwauling on the other, was never heard before in &n\ civilized town. The boj's were in fact John's best friends and worst enemies. Tiiey were liberal in their gifts, (his whole wardrobe indeed came from them,) but they made him pay for their liberality in various and most annoying ways. They contrived, without his perceiving it, to tar the inside of his hat; they even put powder in his pipe, and ipecac and ginger in his gin ; all of which he bore like a philosopher — nay, the medicated gin he swallowed without making a wry face. l)Ut that which most particularly distinguished .lohn from ail other loafers, cracked or uncracked, was his passion for coppers; and as he was never known to part with one, it was believed that he hid' them in holes, or Imried them in the ground. He would take no other coin, not even as a gift, and lience iiis name of Copper John. He loitered about the town and its vicinity for some ten or fifteen years, without any occupation, home or common resting place ; and yet, was never seen in a suffering condition. He was, seemingly, proof against all diseases, winds and weathers. Though he readily comprehended whatever was said to him, yet ids mind was little better tiian a tabula rasa. At length, however, John disappeared; and, as he came, no one knew whence, so he went, no one knew" whither; and but for this 118 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. incidental notice, the knowledge of his existence on earth, might have been lost forever." The writer can bear jiersonal testimony to the accuracy of the foregoing sketch. In liis earliest recollection "Copper John" w"as still the butt of all the jokes of the older and the terror of the younger boys, anil many a coin he has laid in the old man's palm. In future days should a vein of copper ever be found in this vicinity, it may be set down as old Copper .John's bank. It would be safe to .say that a quarter of the jiresent adult population of Hudson were threatened in early life with being passed bodily over to old John for l)ad behavior, it i-aii ni'ver be known \\o\\ many "lioniM'able citizens"' of to-day, are such from their fear of becoming the property of the old man when young. " I'll give you to Copper John," was the standing menace of provoked mothers to bring back their rebellious juveniles to good conduct. Cotemporary with Copper John was another, always held up as a terror to youthful evil doers, an old half-breed, called "Indian Harry." Tradition said that this individual had for many years lodged in the barns in the vicinity, from which at midnight he made excursions to the neighboring gardens for his subsistence, milting cows in a clam-shell, and now and then as a relish "eating tip" sotne verij imiiijhtij Hull one. Tliis might or niiglit not have all been true of him, but it is certain that the appearance of his long locks in tiie dista^ice, was always seen to put an end to all sport, and send every juvenile "homeward bound" at a rapid rate of speed. Tiii'ce otiici's tiicrc were, a Frenchman, Helgian and Hessian, who had all .served under Burgoyne. The Frencbnian. Monsieur Lescure, we have before mentioned. "The Belgian commenced his career in lludsdu, (ami ended as he begun), by jjeddling clams and white .•<(niif. wliieh lie eairied about from door to door, in an old ricketty one horse wagon, taking his pay in ashes. His appearance in the streets was a subject worthy of the study of Teniers, or even of Rubens himsell'. His liorse was as blind as a beetle, and every bone in bis body migiit lia\e lieen counted as easy as the spokes in the wheel of the wagon to which he was at- SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 119 taclied. As foi' the old Belgian himself, he was, if possible, more of a wreck of bones than his horse; almost as blind and twice as much of a scarecrow. His frame seemed to be a mere complication of angles. There was nothing about him curved or round, save his head. His dress, if dress it might be called, was composed of sundry specimens of ancient costume, .seemingly selected liy the hand of taste to set him off to advantage. His coat, which had probably been in more wars than one, came down to his very heels — at least one tail of it: the other, it was said, had been left on the Plains of Abraham. A part of one sleeve, too, was missing. That was Ije- lieved to have been lost at Saratoga. The ailor had been originally blue, but had gi'own grey, partly through age, and partly tlirough the mystifying inflluence of sand and ashes. Its buttons had shared the fate of the tail and sleeve; they had been detached and left be- hind in the wars. His nether garment stopped short at the knees, and all below that point was in a state of nature. To crown all, his hat was crownless — that is to say, entirely open at the top. It was, moreover, minus two-thirds of the brim. Such a team, man, horse and wagon, no human eye ever beheld before, or will ever behold again." " Human eyes " in Hudson, since this subject passed away, have seen twii, very nearly answering the above description. One is still living, and to his calling as "ashman" has added that of collector of bones. The other was one who for years provided with clams the lovers of thai delicacy: who passed, with bis establishment, long since from these streets, Imt wlmse song is fresh in the recollection of many : He vers Yer fine clams ter be sold. Co me a 11 Ye gentlemen and ladies. For you've all got money. And I haint got none. Come and buy my fine clams And let me go home. H e y e rs Yer fine clams ter be .sold. 120 SKETCHES OF nUDSON. Sung in a clear musical voice, it never failed to waken numerous echoes, or bring him numerous customers. John Little had a lilack skin, but he deserves to go on record witli the Belgian. " The Hessian was a surly dog, and though cowardly, kcjjt the boys at bay ; few of them were hardy enough, when they saw liim passing, to set up their usual shout of ' there goes one of Burgoyne's men.' And yet a sly egg from an unseen hand occasionally overtook him in turning a corner, and left a mark sufficiently evident to more than one of the senses." Jemmy Frazer has appeared in these sketches before as an early " official " of Hudsou. He was familiary known by the name of Jemmj' — though on the list of the civil dignitaries of the town, he was written down James Frazer — for Jemmy had found favor in the eyes of the Common Council, and liad received the high and lucra- tive appointment of town crier. But Jemmy loved a glass of grog, and was happier, it is .said, with two than with one. Be this as it may, he was popular in the lower wards, and his office gave him influence at the polls. Hence he was looked up to, as one dog does to another who wears a collar. His evening levees were generally held in and about the market-place, and were numerously attended by the boys, who encored his speeches and applauded his gyrations, .sometimes by shouts, and sometimes h\ a volley of eggs, which Jemmy to often discovered were none of the sweetest. Of the style in which he performed his official duties, the following may be taken as a specimen : Mr. Nixou, ( 'asliicr (if the r>ank ^\\ ('(iknuliia, in noing latt' in tiie evening from tlie office to his house, lost the key of the Bank : but it was near midnight before he missed it. Not wishing to create an alarm by a searcii at that late hour, be edueluded to say nothing about it until morning; but the searcii in the morning proved un- successful, and as the last resort. Jemmy was sent for. The partic- ulars were related and Jennny was directed to cry the lost key through the streets, wilii a icward of two dollars to the fiiidei-, but specially charged to let no one know that it was tin krij nj lh< lUnik. So, a little after sunrise, Jemmv eonnnenced his round, bell in band SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 131 — cling-ding ! cling-ding! Hare ya ! hare va ! But early as it was, Jemmy had been up long enough to get pretty well corned, and as the boys were collecting and shouting at his heels, his memory be- came somewhat confused, and the several particulars of time and place, with his instructions what to say and what nol to say, got somehow or other all jumbled together; but, ringing his bell stoutly, as if to clear up his ideas, he began again, ' Hare ya ! hare ya ! Lost between Jamy Nixon's and twelve o'clock at night a large kay !' Here the boys interrupted him with — 'What sort of a key was itV 'Go to the devil !' cried Jemmy, turning short upon them, 'and I tell ye that, ye'll be after getting into the Bonk tvith it." For this very nat- ural and judicial answer, Jemmy lost his commission. ■■Old Miner," as he was called, "city crier" of Hudson at a later period, in two particulars, his love of "opulation was ."i.-'J^'i. (ireenport and Stockport (in [lait) were then taken from it. and we still liml instead of lieing diminished it had a population increased SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 125 to (5,286, ill 1850; showing most satisfactorily that the statement in " Recollections" is erroneous. In fairness, it should also have heen stated that Hudson was just then suffering, not so much from lack of enterprise, as from unsuccessful enterprise. The capital of its citizens, invested in the Hudson & Berkshire Rail Road, the whale fishery, the erectiini uf the Hudson House and other enterprises, had nearly all heen sacrificed, and two destructive fires had just brought additional loss to many of them, and thus under an accumulation of misfortunes every business interest had become depressed. But that period has passed, and we are glad to know that the days of its prosperity have in a measure returned, notwithstanding we still liear it persistently asserted abroad that "the place is about used up." Not unfrequentlv, too, we liear it remarked by visitors, that they "cannot see that Hudson has changed in the least: everything is just as it was tliirty years ago." Tiiis seems passing strange to us, in view of the fact, tiiat in that jwriod almost everj-thing al)out it has changed. Let us walk through it, and see if we do not discover, not only evidences of change but of prosperity. We take our stand upon Parade Hill. Looking off, the same un- e(|ualled view of river and mountains, which nothing human ever can change, still meets us; but around us all is different. Tlie hill itself, instead of a naked rock, has heen transformed into a pleasant and shaded resort, where the lover of the beautiful or the seeker after pleasure or health my comfortably linger in their search. From its l^ase, instead of the gentle dashing of the waves, we hear the heavy rumbling of trains, and the shrill wiiistle, whose echo comes back thrice repeated by the opposite hills. Across the river's breast, in- stead of the liorseboat, the butt of so many jokes, the ruin of so much horseflesh and the unconscious cause, we fear, of so many "hard words," flits like a bird, one of the neatest and swiftest steam ferry boats upon the river. For this change, made in 1858, we are in- debted to the enterprise of Messrs. Morton & Edmonds, of Athens. Should it be the latter part of the day, we shall see entering her wiiarf, returning from her daily trip to Albany, a fleet, beautiful little steamer, the "City of Hudson," owned by Messrs. Power, ]\Iar- 126 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. till tt Co., witl: t^M-onjis of |>:»sseii,u;erf< upDii her pleasant decks. At the same lioiir we sliall sec a splendid steamer, either the Oregon, owned hy Messrs. llaviland, Clark it Co., or the Connectient, hv Messrs. Power, Bogardus & Co., l)oats in no particuhir second to any upon this or any other river, leaving tur New York, and with a weiglit of freiglit and passengers which would call for the comhiued capacity of all the sloops of olden Hud.soii. Who shall say that in facilities for travel and business Hudson is not enjoying the advant- ages of great change? Looking from the southerly end of the hill, we .see little heside tiie large store houses, to remind us of the ancient order of things in that |)ortion of the city. Heavy fires, with the construction of the Hudson River Ivailroad, ha\-e produced an entirel_y ciianged appearance. In- stead, however, of "decayed wharves, ship-yards overgrown with grass," and "emj)ty store-houses," we see a net- work of railroad tracks, trains constantly passing, depots, foundries, furnaces, etc;, from wiiich come sounds quite as indicative of life as the "song of the rope- maker," or the " ring of the hammer." In the distance are the ex- tensive works of the Hudson Iron Company, oi-ganized in lS4!t, with a capital of $.'550,000 — nearer to us are those of the Coluini)ia County Iron Company, organized in 1857, witli a capital of |75,000, now carried on hy Messrs. J. A. Griswold & Company; the depot of the Hud.son & Boston Railroad Company, organized upon the failure of the Hudson & West Stockbridge Railroad Company, ami imw in suc- cessful operation; the extensive stove foundry of ^le.'^srs. Hunt iV .Mil- ler ; the depot nf the Iludsun Kivcr Railroad Company: the works of the Hudson (las Company; the freiglit ing establishments ol Messrs. Haviland, Clark it Co., Power, .Nhirtin tt Co., Power, Bogardus & Co., while upon the north sid(> of the city stands the extensive brewery of Messrs. \\. \\ . Kvans ^V- Co., and that of Messrs. Mdlanl it I'.arnard — all giving employment to a large number of men, and furnishing good i)roof that this end of Hudson, although greatly changed in its busines, is not (Mitirely "ilead," Passing through Warren street, we find it dillicult to point out a residence or a place of business which has not been modernized. SKETCHES OF HUDSON. 127 greatly iiiipri>\'i'i|, or wiiolly clian^ril in oxtornal apjiearances. The same is true of Union, while the beautiful residences of Allen street and vicinity, and at the head of the town, have all been built within a few years. Turning to what is generally termed the business end of the city, wr notice the extensive establishment of Mr. Jaines Clark, for the manufacture of clothing; that of Messrs. Charles White & Co., for the manufacture of boots and shoes: the machine shop of C. H. Prentiss; the extensi\e furnace and adjoining works of Messrs. E. Gifford & Sons — all in ordinary times furnishing employment to many individ- uals. We find many spacious stores erected and scarcely one re- maining not greatly enlarged and improved, indicating, and all of them doing, in times of general prosperity, an amount of business which, if statiMJ, would not be believed by those who assert that "there is little or nothing done in Hudson." Looking at our pul)lic buildings, we note still a gi-eater change. The " shaky" houses of worship have all disappeared, and we see four new edifices erected within a few years, and two but a short time pre- vious, so that every congregation now enjoys increased and comforta- ble church accommodations. The census of 1860 puts the valuation of the churches of Hudson at $120,000 with accommodations for six thousand people. The old Court House, deemed so disgraceful thirty years since, has given place to a fine marble structure, and we have added a City Hall at the cost of $27,000, capable of accommodating twelve hundred heople, of which we justly have reason to be proud. We have in that period also erected a public house, an ornament to the city, and which, although for a while not meeting tlie expectation of its originators, is now in succes.sful operation. We find the Press of the city all established with greatly enlarged and improved fecilities for doing business ; we see our streets well paved and well lighted with gas; we enjoy greatly increased water privileges; we have a Fire Department full and efficient, the pride of the city ; and in every respect the equal of any other city ; and in every particular, the Hudson of to-day, instead of being the "same old," is a very different and greatly improved place, from the Hudson of a quarter of a cent- ury ago. 128 SKETCHES OF HUDSON. Vet, in spite of all tliese evidences of a coiiifurtalilc degree of pros- peiity and sure growtti, although it may Ije slow, we find many con- stantly .speaking of it as the "same old place," " /(o change" "dead" and "finished." Much more than it is, Hudson indeed might be, but we claim for it, and especially from those who have gone from among us. the credit due it for Just what it is: a healthy, pleasant, improved, living and growing place, neither dead, deserted. half-dei)opulated, nor in the midst of melancholy surroundings. We can never know how much of capital or wealth has been turned from Hudson by this false impression given of its condition; but wo believe it is rapidly being corrected, and it is gratifying to those in- terested in its welfare, to hear frequent expressions of pleasure and surprise at its thrifty and prosperous appearance from visitors who have come among us ])repared to see nothing but decay and dilap- idation. In 1S55 the number of dwellings was given at nine hundred and six: the real estate valued at about one and a iialf niilliiration of its charter. Mr. Wiswall is now the only resident of Hudson who was in any way connected in business with the Proprietors and early settlei-s, and the oldest citizen living vvlio came here after its settlement. A nephew of one of the Proprietors, connected with many others, and in constant intercourse with them all, he is familiar with eveiylhing relative to that period of the history of the city. Familiar, too, with all the eai'ly business interests of the city. aeti\-e for many years in [iromoling tbi'ni, early entering warndy into political life, and thus coming into contact witb tbe jiolitieians of tliat day, bis recollection is stored witb [lersonal incidents and anecdotes, full of interest to one desirous of bearing of "by-goni' days." lie bas served tbe city as Mayor, Alderman, Supervisoi' ami Member of Assembly, and in IS-IS was nominated as an (^lector upon the (_'a.ss ticket. Until disaMed by an accident during tbe past winter, he was remarkable for bis energy and activity. iMifeebled somewhat by confinement, he still possesses a clear and active mind, . and imich contained in these sketches must have been lost to Hudson but Ibr bis re1enti\e memoi'y. In his de- pai-tui-e from tbe city wliieb bas known ami w here be bas dwell for nearly tbree-i|uarters of a century, will pass away tbe last living rep- resentative of its earliest business men and interests. SKErCllES OF livihsoy. 131 Judge Banianl is aiiuiiit;', if not tlie uldest of tlie native-horn citi- zens of Hudson, lie is a doseendaut of Stephen Paddock and Joseph Barnard, two of tlie Proprietors of the city. He was hoi'n in the _year 17ears the best testinmny. May it he long vet, before lie sliall l)e called to give up liis position as King in the " Reeliix e," or his active step be missed from these streets. In liringing these sketches of Hudson to a conclusion, it is due to himself tluit the writer should again state that w hen undertaken, there was no thought in his mind of their attaining the form of a book, or the facts they contain might have been pre.sented with a more systematic and careful arrangement. From a general sketch prepared without particular reference at first to the order of events, they have been changed to a series, embodying iinuh more and covering a nnich wider field than at first intended. Mudi may be hereafter biought to light which ought to have found a place in them, but all the in- formation from sources availalile to him lie has given, and they are submitted in the hope that they may prove of value, and not without interest. F*ARX III. FACTORS IN COLUMBIA COUNTY HISTORY. And they assembled all the congregation together, and they declared their pedigree after their families by the home of their fathers. — Numbers Now when William had come to Yarrow he sent forth men into all his domains to gather into one volume the names of all those in the land, showing their kinship among themselves, their intermarriages, dates covering births and deaths, and times of those given in wedlock. This did he not alone for himself and his own day and period, but that pos- terity might know of a certainty concerning those who had gone before them. And the list made a noble and goodly array in a bulky volume. — Hume's History of England. (2) FACTORS IN COLUMBIA COUNTY HISTORY. To enumerate all of the old and prominent families in Columbia county would in itself make a large and pretentious volume, while it would be practically impossible to give a genealogical sketch of each family. We have been compelled, owing to lack of space, to limit these references to those only who have felt and manifested an interest in preserving the records of their ancestors. Sketches of many of the early settlers will be found in connection with Part I, containing the history of the county and its respective towns. In this section bio- graphical notices have been collected and printed of those whose de- scendants to-day form the business and social life of the stated localities. Ackley, Calvin, was born at Kinderhook, November 26, 1833, a son of Amos Ackley, born in Madison county, N. Y., June 7, 1799, died March 7, 18^7, and Catharine Westfall, his wife, born in Claverack. May 3, 1795, died February 25, 1875. Calvin Ackley attended Kinder- hook Academy. Nash's School at Pittsfield, and the Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute at Troy, from which he was graduated as a civil engineer in 1854. He served as deputy sheriff from 1856 to 1862; deputy collector of internal revenue from 1866 to 1883; supervisor of the town of Kinderhook in 1875 ; cashier of the National Bank of Kin- derhook from 1885 until its final closing up in 1897, and trustee of the village and school district of Kinderhook. Ahern, Thomas J., of Hudson, N. Y., was born in Albany, N. Y., July 16, 1865, son of John, a native of Ireland, who came to Albany in 1835, and was one of the first engineers on the Northern railroad, now a part of the Delaware & Hudson. Thomas J. Ahern attended public school No. 13 and St. Joseph's, Albany, and completed his studies at the Christian Brothers' Academy. In 1890 he entered the employ of Nelson Morris & Co., of Chicago, and was stationed at Kingston, N. Y., (3) 4 COLUMBIA COrXTV AT THE EXD OF THE CENTURY. where he remained until i8y6. when he removed to Hudson, wliere he has since been manager of the business of Nelson Morris & Co. Mr. Ahern is rated among the best business men of Hudson, and his course in life is governed by intelligence, integrity, and charity. In 1892 he was married to Mary J-. daughter of Thomas Burns, of Albany. They are the parents of two daughters, Helen May and Marion. Aitken, Richard .\., of Hudson, is a native of New York citv, born May 8, 185 1. His father, A\'alter .\itken, was born in Hawick, Scot- land, and emigrated to New York in 1847, and for many years was engaged in merchandising. He was married to Margaret E. Atwill, daughter of Richard Atwill, of Hudson. In 1856 he removed to Hud- son and purchased what was known as the Hawthorne farm. Here he resided until his death in 1885. Richard A. Aitken was educated in the public schools, and soon after leaving school, in 1869, embarked in the dry goods business in New York city, where he remained until 1883, when he reurned to Hudson and took up his residence on the home farm. Mr. Aitken has been always much interested in musical matters, and upon coming to Hudson became actively identified with the lovers and students of the art, and is recognized as a capable critic and refined connoisseur. Mr. Aitken was the first junior warden of All Saints' Church, Hudson, N. Y., when it became an independent parish in 1887; was chairman of the board of assessors in the town of Greenport for three consecutive terms, and is a member of .\quila Lodge No. 700, F. & A. M., of Hudson Chapter No. 6, Lafayette Conimandery No. 7, and of St. Andrew's Society of New York. Aken, Charles E., of Claverack, was born in Sand Lake, N. Y., Au- gust 23, 1869, a son of James F. and Mary L. (Davis) Aken. He at- tended the public schools at Sand Lake and the Averill Park Seminary at Averill Park, N. Y. At the age of sixteen he came to Philmont and engaged with his uncle, Nelson P. Aken, in the mill. He started at the bottom and by industry and perseverance soon worked his way up- wards and it was not long before he was made superintendent of the lower mill. He held this position three years, when he was made gen- eral superintendent of the entire plant. He is a member of Hudson Chapter No. 7, F. & A. M., Cascade Lodge No. 197, K. P., and was president of the village trustees in 1898. In November, 1890, Mr, Akeu FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. S married Elizabeth Schenk, of Mellenville, a daughter of Jacob Scheiik; they have three children : Raymond L., Charles \W, and Harold E. Alvord, Cornelius L., p. o. Columbiaville, N. Y., was born in Lansing- burg, Rensselaer county, N. Y., October 30. 1821, son of Elisha and Helen (Lansing) Alvord, who were the parents of Thomas G., Cornelius L., Charles B., Helen E., wife of Andrew C. Burgess, and Mary C, wife of A. D. Hull, M. D. Cornelius L. Alvord received a good education, and when about nineteen years of age began his business career, remov- ing to Syracuse, N. Y.. where he entered the Salina Bank as discount clerk, remaining with that institution five years as clerk, teller, cashier, and finally president. He then engaged in the manufacture of salt and also carried on an extensive lumber business ; with these two enterprises he was connected for twenty years. In 1855 he entered the present Salt Springs National Bank as cashier, remaining in that connection until 1859. In i860 he removed to Stockport, where he has since resided. While in Syracuse he was active in political circles, was alderman of the Second ward, and served as supervisor. In 1866 he was appointed ware- house inspector in the custom-house in New York ; this office he held for twenty years, resigning in 1886, since which time he has lived as a retired farmer. On the 9th of July, 1845, Mr. Alvord was married to Lydia, daughter of Russell Judson. Their children are three, as follows : Cornelius L., Jr., William J., in the shipping business at Stockport Land- ing, and Fannie. Mr. Alvord has not been as prominently before the public as his brother, the late Lieut.-Gov. Thomas G. Alvord, of Syra- cuse ; he has, nevertheless, been a factor in the political movements of the last half century, and has an untarnished record in all positions where he has filled public trusts. Arkinson, Marks, was born in Ireland, May i, 1842, and came to the United States with his parents in 1852. In 1855 '^^ went to sea, at which occupation he remained until 1861, when, wishing to do his share towards upholding the honor of his adopted country, he went to the front when the Civil War broke out, and attended to the blacksmithing at army head- quarters, remaining until the end of the war in 1865; he was at Grant's headquarters at the surrender. Upon returning to Hudson he followed contracting until February 19, 1872, when he received an appointment in the New York city fire department. He retired from that position in li COLOMBIA COVKTV AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. 1895, returned to Hudson and engaged in the hotel business, which lie still continues. In 1868 he married Rosa McCann. Mr. Arkinson is a self-made man and highly respected by all who know him. Bachman, Lewis \\ ., of Hudson, was born in the town of Livingston, Columbia county, N. Y., May 20, 1844. His great-grandfather, Joseph, and his grandfather, Jacob, were numbered among the early settlers of the town of Taghkanic, where his father, Jacob L Bachman, was born. The latter was married to Maria Potts, and died in 1874. Lewis W. Bachman was educated in the public schools and began his business life in the employ of Samuel Ten Broeck, near Blue Store. In 1861 he re- moved to Hudson and engaged in merchandising, in which he continued alone until 1888, when he became a member of the firm of Miller & Bachman, which continued until 1890, when it was changed to Bachman & Co. In 1895, under the name of Marsh & Bachman Co., the firm was incorporated, and Mr, Bachman is secretary and treasurer of the same. In 1866 he was married to Libbie M. Gardiner. Mr. Bachman was a director in the Building and Loan Association, a charter member and trustee of the Hudson City Hospital, treasurer for twenty-five years of the Odd Fellows Lodge, and charter member of St. John's Lutheran church, which was organized in 1866. He is eminently a worthy citizen. Bailey, Horace, of Austerlitz, was born near Brewster, Putnam county, N. Y., November 3, 1849, a son of Hachaliah Bailey (born in 1821) and Sarah A. Reynolds, his wife (born in 1821). Mr. Bailey was educated in the common schools and has always followed farming, moving to Austerlitz in 1875. O" November 18, 1874, he married Hannah A. Tompkins, who bore him eight children: Flora J., Norman, Alice M., Mamie E., Ruth E., Sanford H., Oscar, and Esther. Hachaliah Bailey was a farmer, the farm having been in the family for three generations. Levi Bailey, grandfather of Horace, was a captain in the State militia and was known as the largest real-estate speculator in his section. He was also interested with Daniel Drew^ in many business ventures. One of the family traditions is of his paying $2,200 for the John Knox farm in silver; at that time, owing to the scarcity of currency, it was considered the heaviest money transaction that had taken place in that locality. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 1 Bailey, Myron C, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in Rensselaer county, N. Y., November 7, 1854. His father, Orry Bailey, was a native of the same county, and a farmer. His wife was Mary N. Strait, a sister of Judge Strait; their children were Myron C, William H., and A. Jane (Bailey) Dibble. Orry Bailey died in December, 1859, and Mrs. Bailey in 1857. Myron C. Bailey, after receiving a common-school education, was a clerk in a general store for five years, and for three years was in mercantile business in Troy. In 1892 he removed to Chatham, and, in association with William C. Woodward, engaged in the manufacture of shirts, which enterprise they are now conducting. He is a member of Rensselaer Council, Royal Arcanum, of Troy, and was town collector of Stephentown one year. He was married to Lib- bie, daughter of Lester Gorton, of Hancock, Mass. They have three children : Clarence L., Mabel L.. and Howard W. Barnes, Robbins D., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Canaan, N. Y., in June, 1844, son of D. D. Barnes, a native of the same town, who was a farmer and served as member of Assembly ; his wife was Lydia Douglass, who bore him two children : Sarah and Robbins. Mr. Barnes died in 1885. Robbins D. Barnes was educated in the com- mon schools and at Fort Edward Institute. His first venture was in the millinery goods business in Chicago, was afterwards engaged in brewing at State Line, and later carried on a grocery trade in Springfield, Mass., and hardware in Pittsfield, Mass. He is now a dealer in antique furni- ture. He was married to Mary Heath, daughter of Henry Heath. Their children are Grace, Nellie, and Harry. Bartlett, George, of Claverack, was born in Dutchess county, February 16, 1839, a son of Samuel and Susan (Haight) Bartlett. In his early life he attended the public schools and at the age of twelve began working for his father on the farm. After a little he started to learn the carpen- ter's trade, which he followed for three years, when he gave it up and went back to farming, which he has followed to the present time. In 1888 he moved to Claverack, where he has since resided. On January 7. 1862, Mr. Bartlett married Catharine, daughter of John and Eliza Sophia (Clapper) Raught, who bore him three children: Charles, born June 6, 1864; Susan E., born July 24. 1866; and Mary L., born July 18. 1883. Charles Bartlett married December 14, 1892, Minnie G. Pulver. and they « COLUMBIA COrXTV AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. have two children: Sarah E.. born December 3, 1893, and Stephen C, born August 3, 1897. Susan E. married, November 3, 1887, Samuel Hoftaling. Barton, Stephen K., of Claverack, was born in Kinderhook, May 6, 1826. a son of Solomon C. and Amy (Green) Barton, and was edu- cated in the district school. His father was a miller and Mr. Barton was brought up to follow the same trade, and runs to-day a general custom and merchant mill ; also operates a farm of 100 acres. He came to his present location in 1832, when he was six years old, making sixty-eight years in one place. Mr. Barton married Mary Neally, of Steuben count}', daughter of William J. and Polly (Avery) Neally, and they had two children: Annie A., born in 1866, and ^^'illiam S., born in 1870, married Pauline Marshall, of Philmont, a daughter of Charles Marshall. Bauer, Augustus W., was born in Albany, April 13, 1859, a son of Lewis Bauer, a native of Voaksburgh, Germany, who was a professor of languages and a chemist, and came to Kinderhook in 1867. In 1876 he engaged in the barber business, which he still continues. He was elected trustee of the village in 1898 and still holds that office. Mr. Bauer was married to Mary Kelly, and they have one son, Augustus \V. He is a member of P>lue Lodge No. 362, F. & A. M. Bashford, Byaly, was born in Claverack, June 21, 185 1, a son of James and Elizabeth A. (Decker) Bashford, one of a family of ten children, of whom seven are now living. He was educated in the dis- trict school and remained at home on the farm until 1874. He followed farming for two years and then went to Hollowville in 1876, remaining there until 1880, when he went to Martindale and worked the Columbia turnpike for fourteen years. In 1894 he came to Snydertown, where he has since remained and operates a farm of 180 acres. On September 4, 1878, Mr. Bashford married Ida Neefus, daughter of David C. and Sarah (Blakeman) Neefus, who bore him three children: Ruluf Neefus. born June 14, 1879; Florence, born .-Xugust 12. 18S0. and Mabel Laura, born May 22. 1886. Beal. Sidney C p. o. Canaan Four Corners. N. Y.. was born in the town of Canaan. N. Y.. August 21. 1827. son of Chester and Clarissa FACTORS IN ITS H/STOR]\ 9 (Wainwright) Beal, whose chiklrfii were Samuel, Eliza Jane, Jane Eliza, I'rances L., Ciiarles L., and Sidney C. Chester Beal was born in south- east Connecticut, was graduated from Union College, and studied law in Hudson. He came to Canaan in 1818 and engaged in mercantile trade and farming. He died February 15, 1866, and his widow died in No- vember, 1877. Sidney C. Beal was educated in the common schools and engaged in farming. He was a justice of the peace six years, and a member of the order of Odd Fellows. Beale, Charles F. T., of Hudson, was born in Kinderhook, N. Y., June 15, 1857, one of the many prominent sons of Columbia county, whose birthplace was the storied old town. The family of Beale is traced in England back to 1350, and in this country to George Beale, who emi- grated from County Kent, England, to Willington, Conn., in 1725. Capt. Mathew Beale, one of his descendants, settled in Spencertown in 1795; he had served in the Revolutionary War and later in life was the inventor of the first mowing-machine constructed in the United States. His son, Capt. Chester Beale, while a student in Union College in his junior year, left that institution to enter the army in the War of 18 12. and, after serving his period of enlistment, returned to college and was graduated in 181 5. He read law in Hudson and with Elisha Williams, and became one of the leading men of the town of Canaan. His son, Charles L. Beale, was born and received his preliminary education in Canaan, and was graduated from Union College in 1844; he studied law with Tobey & Reynolds in Kinderhook and was admitted to practice in 1849, snd through his life was an eminent member of the Columbia county bar. He was united in marriage with Katharine, daughter of Asaph Wilder, of Kinderhook. In 1858 he was elected to Congress, was presidential elector in 1860-64, and served as register in bankruptcy from 1866 to 1880. Charles F. T. Beale obtained his elementary edu- cation at Cheshire, Conn., prepared for college at Phillips Exeter Acad- emy, and was graduated from Harvard in 1880. He studied law with his father, and was admitted to the bar in 1882. He began active prac- tice in Hudson, where he was a prominent member of the bar, and where he remained until 1892, when he removed his office to Washington, D. C, where he is at present practicing his profession. Mr. Beale served as captain of the Twenty-third Separate Company. N. C. S. N. Y., from 1888 to 1892, and was a member of the board of education of Hudson 10 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. four years. He has passed the chairs in all the Masonic bodies of Hudson, N. Y. On Februar\- 9. 1883, Mr. Beale was united in mar- riage with Margaret, daughter of Henry A. Du Bois, of Hudson, N. Y., and they are the parents of one son, Du Bois Beale, now preparing for Harvard University at Phillips Exeter Academy. Beckwith, Charles D., p. o. Chatham Center, N. Y., was born in Still- water, N. Y., October 22, 1838. His father was Franklyn C. Beckwith, who spent the early part of his life in connection with railroads and afterwards engaged in the manufacture of iron in Paterson, N. J. His wife was Esther Ann Clarke, and their children were Charles D., Joseph A., and Julia Frances Beckwith. Mr. Beckwith died in 1875. Charles D. Beckwith attended the district schools and New Haven Military School. After leaving school he engaged with his father in the iron business. He was a prominent man in Paterson, serving two terms as mayor of the city, and one term as member of the Fifty-first Congress. He is a member of Columbia Lodge Xo. 98, F. & A. M., is a Knight Templar, and a member of the Royal Arcanum. He was married to I'rances C. Jac|ua, daughter of Sherman Jatjua. of Connecticut. Their children are Charles E., Fanny J., George A., Claude S., Marion C. and Florence C. Bedlow, Henry, p. o. New Concord, X. Y.. was born in New York city, December 21, 1821, son of Henry and Julia ( Halsey) Bedlow. His first ancestor in .\merica was Isaac Bedlow, one of the earliest Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam, and son of Godfrey Bedlow, physician to William Prince of Orange, who emigrated from Leyden, Holland, in 1639. In 1668 he acquired by purchase the historic Bedlow's Island. Another descendant of Godfrey was William Bedlow, who was one of the government commissioners to make surveys for the military acad- emy at West Point ; he was also postmaster at New York under Wash- ington. He married Catherine, sister of Col. Henry Rutgers, and had two children, a son and a daughter. Henry Bedlow, father of the sub- ject of this sketch, who inherited estates from his father and uncle, was a celebrity, quite as much on account of his distinction of person as of his prospective wealth, being heir-at-law to his uncle's vast estate, com- prising the greater part of the Seventh ward of New York. Henry I'edlow, his son, and the subject of this sketch, was educated under PACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 11 private tutors and at Yale College, and was graduated from Harvard Law School in 1842; he was admitted to the bar of New York. He afterwards studied medicine in Utica and Paris, but never practiced either profession. He was appointed attache to the American Legation at Naples, where his familiarity with the court language of Europe and court etiquette enabled him to be of the utmost service to the Charge d'Afifaires at this the most ceremonious of European courts. In 1848 he accompanied Lieut. W. F. Lynch in his explorations of the Dead Sea and the River Jordan. For many years Mr. Bedlow has resided during the summer season at Newport, R. L, and has been active in the affairs of the city. From 1875 he has served three terms as mayor, and he won universal approval by his efficient and business-like administration. As a writer he deserves more than passing notice. His poems have been issued in a volume, entitled " The White Tsar and Other Poems." Socially he is very popular, and is a member of the Players' and Union League Clubs of New York, and of the Casino, and Harvard Club of Newport. Mr. Bedlow was married on March 2, 1850, to Josephine Maria de Wolf, daughter of Fitz Henry Homer, of Boston, Mass. They have two daughters : Mrs. Harriet Hall Morris and Mrs. Alice Prescott Meyer. Bell, Mrs. Abby J., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., is the daughter of Sherman C. and Eliza A. (Reed) Dickerman. of Spencertown, N. Y., whose only other child is Mary E. (Dickerman) Hand. Abby J. Dickerman was married to C. H. Bell, son of Aaron Bell, of Austerlitz, N. Y. For some years Mr. Bell was in mercantile trade, but during the later years of his life he was connected with the State Bank. He was a member of Columbia Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M., of which he was master. Mr. Bell was well and favorably known, and died in 1897, regretted by a wide circle of friends and associates. His life record was one of un- sullied integrity and praiseworthy usefulness. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Bell are Mary A.. Camilla (Bell) Pulver. and Charles R. Bell, William H. D., of Claverack, was born in .-Xlbany county, N. Y., April 3, 1862, a son of Robert W. and Sally Ann (Wetherwax) Bell, and was educated in the district school. He remained at home until after he was married, then went on to the Parson place in Hudson ; here he remained for a year, then took a position as watchman in the House of 12 COLVMBIA COUXTV AT THE EXD OF THE CEXTURV. Refuge. After four years there he tilled the position of assistant freight clerk and baggage master on the B. & A. R. R., but, soon tiring of this, tried hotel-keeping at Churchtown, and not making a success of it he returned to Hudson and worked for the railroad in tower No. 86. In April, 1893, he came to Martindale and bought the old James Miller farm of 104 acres, where he has been since, following general farming. He was married October 4, 1882, to Katie Althea Knickerbocker, of Copake, who bore him six children : Cornelia Parkman, born December 16. 1883; Edith May, born October 5, 1885; W. H. DeWitt, Jr., born January 7, 1887; Lulu Althea, born July 4, 1889; Harold Wetherwax, born February 14, 1893, and Alice Knickerbocker, born March 11, 1898. Bellows, E. Goodman, of Hudson, N. Y., was born in the town of Coxsackie, Greene county, N. Y., July 16, 1843. He is a son of Melantho and Maria (Brownell) Bellows, who were for many years residents of the said county, coming originally from Massachusetts and descendants of the Puritan settlers. Mr. Bellows received a limited education at the district school, for at the age of thirteen years, or after the death of his father, he sought to earn a livelihood for himself. At the age of sixteen he was engaged as a clerk in a general store in Chatham, N. Y., and followed this occupation until 1871, when the partnership of Miller & Bellows, general merchants, was formed in Athens, N. Y. In 1875 they removed to Hudson, N. Y. In December, 1885, Mr. Bellows pur- chased the interest of his partner in the business, and to-day is one of the leading merchants of Hudson. By his undaunted eftorts and strict attention to business he has risen to his present standing, and his reputa- tion for honorable dealing and strict uprightness is untarnished. In mat- ters afifecting public welfare his influence is always upon the side of progress and improvement. He is an elder of the First Presbyterian church and active in church work. Bender, Richard \\'illiani, was born September 9, 1829. in .\ltenstadt. near Frankfort-on-the-Main. Germany, and was educated for a mining and chemical engineer. He came to the United States in 1852 and engaged in his profession at St. Louis, Mo., but being taken with ma- larial fever in one of the mining camps, he felt obliged to look out for another occupation, and in due time entered the employment of William H. Belcher, who accorded to him unusual opportunities to become fully FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 13 acquainted with the practical details of his large sugar refinery. The valuable information thus acquired made him an expert in this specialty and brought him in 1865 to New York and in 1868 to Boston in con- nection with sugar-refining companies. In 1878 he went abroad for some years, and in 1888 he made Hudson his place of residence, where he erected a modest, but beautiful, home and where he spends the even- ing of a rather eventful life quietly and given over to meditations on scientific and philosophical subjects. Mr. Bender married in 1862 An- gelina King Stebbins, who died in 1884. survived by one daughter. Marguerite Beatrice; another daughter. Helena, died in 1883. Beneway, George Washington, p. o. Claverack, N. Y., was born in the town of Hudson, N. Y., January 24, 1861. His parents were Jeremiah and Jane Ann Beneway. He attended the public schools of Hudson, assisting his father in the meantime on his farm. He lived at home until he reached his majority, when he took steps to establish a home and business for himself. On December 20, 1882. he was married to Miss lola Wentworth, daughter of John and Mary (Ham) Wentworth, of Elizaville. He is a member of Hudson Lodge No. 1221, Royal Arcanum. For the past six years Mr. Beneway has entertained at his farm the children sent by the New York Tribune Fresh Air Fund ; he has received about 100 in all, they being sent in classes of twent\'-five each in charge of a teacher, who has the care and control of them dur- ing their vacation. Benson, Alexander R., was born in Hudson, May 5, 1849. ^^ is a son of Joseph Benson, a native of Yorkshire, England, who came to Hudson in 1830; he was a carpenter and builder, and for many years was in the employ of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company, as master car repairer; his wife was Helen, daughter of Alexander Ross. Alexander R. Benson received his education in the schools of Hudson, and as a boy began service in the First National Bank on April 16, 1866, where he has ever since been an employee, being appointed assistant cashier in 1898. He has served as president of the board of civil service commissioners, president of the board of education, president of the cemetery commission, and upon two different occasions — 1896 and 1899 — was elected city treasurer; he is also engaged in manufacturing in the town of Greenport. Mr. Benson is a man naturally qualified to 14 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. fill positions of a public character, where good judgment, a knowledge of human nature, and of what is best for the public welfare are necessary adjuncts to the proper execution of such trusts. These elements in Mr. Benson's character have been and are fully appreciated by his fellow citizens, and in no case has he disappointed them. In 1876 Mr. Benson was married to Julia V. Webster, who died in 1883. He married, second, Helen M. Chapel. His children are two sons, Lloyd R. and Alexander R., Jr., and two daughters, Helen R. and Emily Freeman. Best, Edward Alexander, of Claverack, was born in Livingston. Columbia county. May 5, 1834, a son of Linus and Lavina (Doane) Best. In his early life he attended the public schools and the seminarv at Amenia, N. Y. After completing his schooling he assisted on the farm until he was twenty-two years of age, then started in for himself. In a short time he went to his grandfather Doane's and remained with him four years, or until 1863, when he came to Claverack and bought what was then known as the Sagendorph farm of 100 acres and has operated this and lived on it ever since. Mr. Best has been a member of the town board of assessors and also one of the school trustees for a number of years. On January 29. 1863, Mr. Best married Elizabeth, daughter of John Sharp ; they have one son. Frank Best, who is mar- ried, and at present has one child, Bertha. Best, Henry J., of Hudson, N. Y., was born in Hillsdale. N. Y.. Feb- ruary 18, 1854. son of Sylvester Best, a native of the same town. Henry J. Best was educated in the public schools and at Qaverack Academy. At the age of eighteen years he began his lifework in the mercantile business, which vocation he followed until 1884, when he engaged in shipping hay. grain, and produce, which he still carries on. There is not a man in Columbia county who has more attached friends and is more generally esteemed than Mr. Best. Always ready to lend his influence and assistance to any measure of public benefit, and in private life a good neighbor, he is recognized as a citizen of worth and influence. In 1899 Mr. Best was elected sheriff of Columbia county, a fact sufficient in itself to establish his popularity. In 1881 he was married to Julia F. Vosburg. Tliey have a family of five children : three sons, Harry S., Edgar C. and William R.. and two daughters. Frances A., and Lula. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 16 Best, Mervin, was born in the town of Greenport, N. Y., April 28, 1845. His father was Jacob Best, a native of the same town, and his grandfather, also named Jacob, was one of the early settlers. Jacob Best, Jr., was interested in river transportation and also devoted more or less attention to farming. He was united in marriage with Maria Hermance, and died in 1880, universally respected. Mervin Best ob- tained his education in the district schools, after which he engaged in farming, which has been his lifework ; he has paid particular attention to dairying and the growing of fruits, and in both undertakings has won merited success. He has served his town six years as assessor, and is recognized as a useful and trustworthy citizen. In 1863 he was married to Madeline, daughter of Patrick Campbell. Best, Willis James, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Chat- ham in 1858. His father, Jared Best, was a native of Kinderhook, born in 1825, and was engaged in the manufacture of paper and in mercantile trade in Chatham. He was married to Melinda Holmes Paul ; their children were Lizzie A., Lucius E., Frank J., Marie L., and the subject of this sketch. Willis J. Best attended the public schools and Eastman's Business College at Poughkeepsie, and after leaving school was a clerk in a bank in Chatham for a year, and also served in the same capacity in a bank in Forest City, Iowa. Following this he engaged in railroad business in Chicago two years, and for two and a half years in Denver, Col. He is now interested in ocean transportation and largely in mining and smelting in Mexico. He is an extensive breeder of Jersey and (lUernsey cattle at his Highland farm in Chatham, which has a reputa- tion far and wide for the superiority of its stock, and is noted for its fine butter product. Mr. Best is a stirring, thorough-going business man, gifted with keen foresight and fearless enterprise. Bidwell, Charles, of Claverack, was born in Mellenville, February 8, 1871, a son of Daniel and Catherine A. (Shufelt) Bidwell. Daniel Bid- well died in 1881, leaving a widow and five children. Mr. Bidwell was educated in the common schools and took a two years' course in Hart- wick Seminary, then returned home to help in the management of the place. His father bought the farm of Walter Ten Broeck, consising of sixty-eight acres, and followed market gardening successfully. Mr. Bid- well is a member of Cascade Lodge No. 197, K. of P., of Philmont. 16 COLI'MBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Mr. Bidwell has a sister, Carrie A., who married James Westervelt, now living in Tenafiy, N. J., and a brother, Frederic D.. in the office of the State tax commissioner in Albany, and one sister, Alice C. who is at home with him and his mother. Rirckmayer, John, was born in Kinderhook, September 6, 1849, a son of Philip Birckmayer, a native of Germany, who came to Kinder- hook about 1832, and Catherine Van Valkenburgh, his wife. Their children are William J., of Hartford, Conn., Mary Birckmayer Wilkins, and Eliza. Mr. Rirckmayer died in 1881, and his wife February 2, 1894. John Birckmayer was educated in the common schools and was engaged in the furniture and undertaking business with his father. Mr. Birck- mayer married Mary Tobias, and their children are Philip and Bessie. He served his village as trustee for three years and is one of Kinder- hook's representative business men. Birge, E. Pratt, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Chatham in 1839. He is a son of Elijah Birge. born January 22. 1792, a farmer and native of Chatham, who was married. November 28, 1815. to Mary Richmond, born May 10, 1796, and they became the parents of these children: Mrs. Lydia B. Stearns, George R., Chester D., Josiah R., Linneus Dwight (deceased, March 6, 1826), Warren E., Edward D., Mary E., Harvey M. (deceased, August 11, 1856), and E. Pratt. Mr. Elijah Birge died on March 24, 1876, and his widow survived until March 18, 1879. E. P. Birge was educated in the public schools and at Spencer- town Academy. He is a farmer, a worthy citizen, and a member of Columbia Lodge No. 98. F. & A. M. He was married to Sarah A. Ashley. December 16. 1868. daughter of Henry Ashley. They have had rwo children: Wallie P. (deceased. August 13. 1888"). and Henry Edson. Blakeman. J. D., of Hudson, was born in Litchfield. Conn.. November 26. 1843. His father, James D. Blakeman. was a native of Stratford. Conn., and the family were among the pioneer settlers in that place. Rev. Adam Blakeman was one of the first clergymen, and it is recorded that he led the colonists from the New Haven colony to settle in Strat- ford. At the celebration, held 250 years thereafter. James D. Blakeman led the procession, he being the leading living representative of the origi- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 17 nal settlers. He married Amy Lane and throughout his Hfe was a farmer; James D., his son, in 1863 enlisted in Company F, First Con- necticut Volunteer Cavalry, under Capt. Morris, which was assigned to the Third Cavalry Division under Gen. Kilpatrick, later Gen. James Wilson. Still later Gen. Geo. E. Custer took command and held it until the close of the war, during which time Mr. Blakeman took part in sixty-four engagements, having two horses shot under him and his knee injured. He was in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Winchester, Cedar Creek, Five Forks, etc. At the close of the war he received an honorable discharge with the rank of corporal. Mr. Blakeman came to Ancram, Columbia county, in 1879, and engaged in the hotel business. -He moved to Greenport in 1885. In 1887 he built the Blakeman House in Greenport; in 1892 he came to Hudson and leased the St. Charles, retaining control until 1896. In 1897 he purchased the Curtiss Hotel and livery attached. Mr. Blake- man served as coroner many years, has been a member of the Ceme- tery Commission, and for eight years acted as deputy sherifif. In 1870 he married Carrie Todd, who passed away in 1876. Mr. Blakeman was afterwards married to Ruth, daughter of Hon. Noah Hatch ; they have one son, William S., and one daughter, Vera A. Blunt, Stephen H., of Hudson, was born in Hudson, November 25, 1852. He is a grandson of Henry Blunt, who was an early resident of the town of Stuyvesant. where his father, Robert M. Blunt, was born. The latter was married to Sarah Hait, and was by occupation a car- penter and builder; he was a member of Company K. 128th Regiment, N. Y. Vols., and died while in service at Port Hudson in 1863. Stephen H. Blunt was educated in the public schools of Hudson, and after finish- ing his studies he was employed in the book store of Stephen B. Miller, where he remained until 1868, when he went to New York city and engaged in the dry goods trade. He later went to Colorado, where he spent five and a half years, and in 1892 returned to Hudson and entered the employ of Bachman & Co. ; when this firm was incorporated as a stock company in 1894 as The Marsh & Bachman Co., he was made vice-president and manager, in which position he still continues. He is a deacon in the Reformed Dutch Church, secretary and treasurer of its Sunday-school, and was president of the Y. M. C. A. in 1898-1899. In 1881 he was married to Emily J. Jefifries, of Jersey City, N. J. They 2 18 COLUMBIA COrXTY AT THE EXP OE THE CENTURY. are the |)arents of one son and two daughters, nanielv, Charles R., Mabel, and Gertrude. Bogardu.s. .-Vbram Frank, son of Abram, and grandson of Richard Bogardus, was born in Hudson, November 25, 1865. Richard Bo- gardus was one of the pioneers of Claverack, where he was a lifelong farmer, and where his son Abram was born August 6, 1826. He was married to Helen Ten Broeck, and for thirty years, from 1855 to 1885, was one of the foremost business men of Hudson, carrying on a mer- cantile and river transportation business to a large extent. He died February 6, 1885. A. Frank Bogardus received his education in the public schools of Hudson, and began his business career in 1885 as a member of the firm of Van Wyck & Bogardus, who were engaged in the wholesale and retail coal trade, which they conducted until 1894, when Mr. Bogardus purchased the interest of J- B. Jones and joined the latter's partner in the firm of Downing & Bogardus in dealing in flour, feed, hay, grain, and straw, doing a very extensive retail and wholesale trade. Mr. Bogardus is vice-president of the Columbia County Agri- cultural and Horticultural Association, is an ex-member of the Twenty- third Separate Company, N. G. S. N. Y., a member of Hudson Lodge No. 700, F. & A. M., of the Lincoln Republican Club, and the Hudson Masonic Club. In 1890 he was married to Phoebe Bussey, who died in 1897. Mr. Bogardus is a young man of sterling character, active and honorable in business, and interested in every movement that promises to benefit his native city or its institutions. Boright, John W., p. o. Chathaiu, N. "S'., was born in the town of Chat- ham, N. Y., December 16. 1836. His father was Ralph Boright, a native of Chatham, a farmer and a captain in the militia. His wife was Sally Hunt: thev had the following children: fTannah, .\ndrew, .Samuel, John \V., Eunice, and Lydia. Mr. Boright died in 1883. and his wife in 1861. John W. Boright, after securing his education in the common schools, engaged in farming. In t866 he removed to Chatham village and went into the lumber business. By the aid of his own industry and natural ability he has achieved success, and is looked upon as one of the substantial citizens of Chatham. He has been a trustee of the village seven years and was president one year. He is a director of the State Bank, and a member of Columbia Lodge No. 98, F. & A, M., and has FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 19 been master of the lodge. He was married to Jennie L., daughter of Hosea R. Parsons. They are the parents of WilHam P., a civil engineer, and Julia L. Bostvvick, C. W., of Hudson, is the son of William Bostwick, and was born in Great Harrington, Mass., December 25. 1853. William Bost- wick was born at Pine Plains, N. Y., Ma)- 6, 1826. a descendant of John Bostwick. born in England in 1638 and who emigrated to America. Wm. Bostwick was married to Amelia Gibson, at Great Barrington, in 1850, while teller of the Hudson River Bank. In 1852 he went to Great Barrington and became cashier of the Mahaiwe Bank, where he re- mained seven years. He then went to New York city, thence to South America, continuing on to California. He returned to Hudson in the spring of 1868 and in April, 1869, was appointed teller of the National Hudson River Bank, and later was made cashier, which position he re- signed in May, 1895. Charles W. Bostwick, after receiving his educa- tion at the Hudson Academy, at an early age entered the National Hud- son River Bank as a clerk and was successively promoted to bookkeeper and teller, and in 1895 was made cashier, succeeding his father in that position. Mr. Bostwick has served as city treasurer, president of the City Hospital, and as a vestryman of Christ Church. In 1876 he was married to Mary E., daughter of Peter Bogardus. Both father and son have been long and intimately connected with financial business in Hud- son, and both are well known as financiers of ability and honor. Years of service in one of the leading banks of the city, with records unques- tioned, is sufficient evidence of their trustworthiness and integrity. Boyce, James, p. o. Schodack Landing, N. Y.. was born in Monroe, Orange county, N. Y., June 10, 1847, son of John and Julia (Webb) Boyce, who were the parents of seven children, namely : Mary, wife of Emery S. Turner, of Denver, Col.; Samuel W., who died at the age of eighteen years ; James, the subject of this sketch ; Emma, wife of Solo- mon S. Denton, of Vernon, N. J. ; Amelia, wife of Rev. William Hamp- ton, of Chatham, N. J. ; and two who died in infancy. Mrs. Julia (Webb) Boyce was the daughter of Col. Samuel Webb, who was born in 1784 and died at the age of ninety-four years at Monroe, N. Y. He was a man remarkable in many ways, a striking figure in military life, a great horseman, and has been known to make 100 miles in one day in the 20 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. saddle. He entered the army as an ensign, was promoted to captain and later to colonel ; after his military life he served in the Assembly at Albany. James Boyce spent his early years in attending the district schools and assisting in a store which his father carried on in connection with a wagon-manufacturing business at Monroe. He later attended Eastman's Business College at Poughkeepsie and the Bryant & Stratton College at Baltimore, Md., and at the age of twenty-two years began his business life as a coal dealer in Washington, D. C. He removed thence to Brooklyn, N. Y., where he remained but a short time, and in 1871 came to Stuyvesant and settled on a farm near where he now lives. After two years there he purchased the farm he now owns and occupies, and has since followed fruit raising and general farming. He has taken the intelligent citizen's part in public affairs and is deeply interested in school and church work ; he has been an elder in the Reformed church at Schodack Landing for six years. In 1873 he was married to Susan, daughter of Samuel Gale, vice-president of the Pine Island branch of the Erie railroad at the time of his death, and for many years previous, and Mary M. Gale. They have two sons, Samuel G. and John, who were educated at the Albany Academy under Dr. Warren, and were graduated from Yale College in 1899. James Boyce, of Baltimore, Md., who made a fortune in coal lands of Maryland and West Virginia, and for whom the subject of this sketch was named, was an uncle of his. Bradley, Otis Howard, M. D., a native of Hudson, N. Y.. where he resides, was born September 27. 1863. His father. Col. Leman W. Brad- ley, was a native of Connecticut. His grandfather, Leman Bradley, was one of the pioneers in the iron industry, owning mines and furnaces in both Connecticut and New York; the family home was in New York city during the winters. Col. Leman \Y. Bradley was also interested in the production of iron, and came to Hudson about 1855. Early in the Civil War he enlisted with George Macy and others, of Hudson, in a company in which he was lieutenant, and was transferred to the Sixty- fourth Regiment, New York Volunteers, of which he was promoted colonel. During his service he was wounded in the arm, and after his recovery he returned to his command, and while acting as brigade com- mander received a wound in his other arm and was left on the field for dead. He was discharged from the service in 1864. His wife was Catharine Livingston Northrup, a descendant of Nathaniel Evarts, who FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 21 was a captain in the Revolutionary army, and a son of Nathaniel Evarts, who also held the rank of captain in Washington's army, and prior to that in the colonial forces. Dr. O. Howard Bradley received his prelimi- nary education at the Hudson Academy, pursued a course of study at Williston Seminary, at Easthampton, Mass., and was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons (medical department of Colum- bia College) in 1889, and immediately began practice in Hudson. He is a member of the Columbia County Medical Society, the New York State Medical Association, and in Hudson was a member of the board of health and former health officer, and is now a member of the board of education. In 1894 he was married to Sarah G., daughter of Charles C. Hubbell. Brandow, Theodore, of Greenport, N. Y., is a native of Greene county, N. Y., where he was born September 18, 1825. His father, Jacob, was a native of the same county; his grandfather, William, and his great- grandfather were early settlers of Greene county. Jacob Brandow was married to Olive Groon, April 4, 1813; she bore him five sons and one daughter. During the greater part of his life he was in the grocery business ; he had tw-o stores ; also, he had two sloops for freight and passengers, plying between Athens and New York; one sloop, the Adlenis, he built himself in Brandow's bay ; he loaded her with the first cargo of ice that was taken out of the Hudson river, which he took to New York, but failing to sell it, he threw it overboard. He was also connected with the fishing industry on the Hudson. He died in 1871. Theodore Brandow was educated in the district schools, and in 1857 he was married to Sarah Allen, who bore him two sons and one daughter; she died in 1863. In 1862 he came to Columbia county, where he has been engaged in fruit growing, not only proving himself a successful culturist, but winning a reputation for honesty, uprightness of character, and good judgment. In 1865 he was united in marriage with Delia Allen, who has borne him one son, Theodore Brandow, Jr., born in 1872 and educated in the public schools, and bearing the highest reputa- tion, like his father, for honesty and uprightness of character and good judgment. In 1894 he married Ella M. Lawrence who has borne him one son, Albert O. S. Brandow. Brandt, Ellsworth J., of Gallatin, was born in the town of Ancrani, May 5, 1854, son of Archelaus and Martha Marilla (Hoysradt) Brandt, '22 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. who had three children: Christopher, Ellsworth J., and Agnes Amelia. Archelaus was born in the town of Ancram and was a son of Andris and Elizabeth Johnson Brandt. Ellsworth J. Brandt spent his early life in the town of Ancram and was educated in the common schools of the town and his advanced education was received at Amenia. When eighteen years of age he started in life for himself as a clerk in the store at Gallatinville, in the employ of Miller & Van Valkenburgh, where he remained one year and then returned to the farm. In 1874 he purchased the interest of Mr. Van Valkenburgh and formed a copartnership with W. H. Miller, which continued seven years, when Mr. Brandt assumed entire control of the business, which he continued until 1890. In that year he sold out to W. J. Edelman, and in 1895 again purchased the store where he still carries on general mercantile business. He is also interested in farming and controls about 710 acres of land. He is a member of the wagon firm of Brandt & Weaver. On October 17, 1872, Mr. Brandt was married to Ida, daughter of Henry W. and Ella (Turner) Van Benschoten, who bore him three children : Angle E. and Alma May (both deceased), and Nellie A. Mrs. Brandt died in 1892, and in 1894 Mr. Brandt married Luella, daughter of William H. and Maryette (Rhoda) Tripp. Mr. Brandt has been active in town and county affairs and has served as town clerk and justice of the peace, also represented his town in the board of supervisors. He has served as postmaster of Gallatinville many years and is a liberal contributing and supporting member of the Lutheran church at Ancram, and is one of its trustees. He is also active in school and educational work and has been connected with his school in an ofiticial capacity many years. Brigham, Antipas, of Hudson, was born in Plymouth, Mass., Au- gust 6, 1828, a son of Antipas and Melissa Sampson (Morton) Brigham. His father was a native of Waterford, Me., where he was well known as a wholesale grocer. Antipas Brigham (Jr.) enlisted in 1861 in Co. B, First Vermont Cavalry, and was in active service in the field until taken prisoner in 1864. While in the hands of the Confederates he was confined in seven different prisons, one of them being the notorious pen at Andersonville. He was honorably discharged from the U. S. service in 1864, and in 1865 came to Hudson, where he spent a year in regaining his shattered health. In 1866 he became connected with the Gazette and Recorder, of Hudson, and for twenty-three \ears his labors PACTORS in its history. 23 were identified with that newspaper office. His long service in this capacity brought him to the acquaintance of the majority of the business men of Hudson, among whom he has maintained relations of confidence and esteem. Mr. Brigham, for thirty-five years, has been interested in the churches of Hudson, and probably no man in the city has a better knowledge of the history of the ecclesiastical bodies of the city than he. Bronk, Charles, of Hudson, is a native of the town of Stuyvesant, N. Y., and was born April 22, 1836. He is a son of Henry, and grand- son of Henry, who was one of the early settlers of that town. Henry, the father of Charles, was a shipper of grain and other produce from Stuyvesant, and was an active business man in that town for many years ; he was married to Ann Sharp, and died in 1842. Charles Bronk was educated in the district schools and soon after his school days, in 1854, he came to Hudson and served an apprenticeship at the black- smithing and carriagemaking trade. In this line of work he has been actively engaged for nearly half a century, pursuing " the even tenor of his way," an industrious, prudent, unassuming man, whose life record is a history of duty well performed, without ostentation or egotism. It is by such men as Mr. Bronk that sturdy, honest, patriotic American- ism is generated and fostered, uprightness inculcated, and an elevated moral plane established. In 1861 Mr. Bronk was married to Julia F. Saulpaugh. They are the parents of two sons, Charles Henry and Frank L., and two daughters, Mrs. Lillie M. Green and Mrs. Ella L. Nicholson. Mr. Bronk has been long a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and is a trustee of that body. Brousseau, Edward, p. o. Schodack Landing, N. Y., is a native of Can- ada, born April 19, 1819, one of twelve children born to John Baptist Brousseau. Until he was twenty years of age Edward Brousseau re- mained with his parents. At that age he came to Coxsackie and ob- tained employment as a laborer in a brickyard. He afterward removed to Hudson, where he made brick by the thousand. Saving his earnings, he later had sufficient means to purchase a yard, which he conducted for fifteen years. In 1870 he removed to Stuyvesant and located where he now resides. Here he carries on an extensive brick manufacturing plant, employing thirty-five men, and turning out from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 brick per year. This is in striking contrast to his situation 24 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. when he first came to Coxsackie with but $1.50 in his possession. By industry and prudence he has achieved success and has gained a fair competency. He has one of the finest homes in this section of the State, situated on the Hudson river, one and a fourth miles south of Schodack Landing, where, after his long life of toil, he may enjoy that rest and comfort due to a life of industry. He is a member of the Masonic order. In November, 1850, Mr. Brousseau was married to Lettie C, daughter of Jonas Parker, who died May 16, 1898. They have had six children, as follows : Marie Louise, Hanna Parker, Samuel W., Edward, Emma, and Minnie. Louise died July 22, 1896; Samuel married Cassie M. Welch ; Edward, Jr., married Julia Randerson ; Emma married Frank B. Anderson, and the other two remain at home. Brosseau, Samiuel W., of Hudson, is a native of Coxsackie, N. Y., where he was born, October 24, 1857, a son of Edward and Lettie C. (Parker) Brosseau. Edward Brosseau was a native of Canada and came to Hudson in 1847, and engaged in the manufacture of brick. Samuel W. Brosseau was educated in the old Hudson Academy, and, after com- pleting his education, became interested in his father's business, and has since been continuously engaged in the manufacture of brick, being one of the larger producers on the upper Hudson. The capacity of his yards at the present time is 55,000 bricks daily. Mr. Brosseau is counted among the up-to-date business men of Hudson, and by industry, hon- orable methods, and strict integrity has merited and received the confi- dence and esteem of his fellow citizens. In 1885 he was married to Cassie M., daughter of John RL Welch. Brown, Henry N., M. D., of Hudson, a native of Rhode Island, born of honest parents who taught him that to do unto others as he would be done by was the highest type of education, which he has endeavored to make practical. He was graduated from Harvard Medical College in 1869, and, after a few years in general practice, concluded he had special adaptation for certain branches in the profession. Without special attraction for surgery and recognizing that the greatest sufferers of mankind were those afflicted with chronic diseases and, above all, the most neglected by the general practitioner, he decided to fit himself for that special work. But to be a specialist in so broad a field required special study and work, not only of allopathy, init of homeopathy. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 25 eclecticism, hydropath\', dietetics, electricity, metaphysics, and the more recent sciences. He was determined to follow that line regardless of expense, personal comfort, and in opposition to the advice of his many professional friends ; so for a few years he applied himself arduously to the extra practical study of the principles and practice of these various schools, finding that no one had all the truth and each had some ; travel- ing extensively, he visited the hospitals and institutions of specialists both in this country and in Europe, searching for the best and most im- proved methods in the healing art. He visited the different altitudes of Colorado, observing the effects upon the thousands who seek relief for their various diseases, but especially the consumptives, also different parts of California, and the extreme north and south. And after twenty years' devotion to this special branch, at the end of a lengthy vacation, he located in Hudson as a partial retirement to enjoy a more quiet life and have more time for reflection and devotion to the sciences he best loved. Hfs merits were soon discovered ; his business steadily increased and he became recognized as a specialist in chronic diseases, as well as a man of broad, liberal views, with charity to all and malice toward none ; never satisfied with the present, but always looking for something better. Brown, Waterman Elias, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born June 14, 1851. His father was James R. Brown, son of Robert, born in 1812, and was a prominent veterinary surgeon of the States of New York and Massa- chusetts. His wife was Mahala J. Crego. They had the following named children : Rev. George J., a graduate of Wesleyan University ; Dr. Elliot A., veterinary surgeon of the First New York Mounted Rifles; James R., Jr., master mechanic of the Mobile and Ohio railroad ; Water- man E., veterinarian at Chatham ; Samuel W., and Fanny M. Dr. James R. Brown died in 1876, and his widow in August, 1897. Water- man E. Brown was educated in the public schools, and received his certificate as veterinary surgeon from the Regents, and came to the village of Chatham on April i, 1898. He is a member of Housatonic Lodge No. 61, F. & A. M., of Canaan, Conn. He was married to Car- rie L., daughter of Mrs. Cornelia Hand, of Lebanon. They have one daughter, Nellie L. Bryan, William, was born at Harpersfield. Delaware county. New York, on April 24. 1820. He was a grandson of Zachariah Bryan, of ■if> COLUMBIA COrXTV AT THE END OF THE CENTURV. Watertown, Conn., who, with his wife, settled as a pioneer farmer in Delaware county. At the age of seventeen Mr. Bryan went to Catskill and entered the office of the Catskill Messenger, receiving for his first year's wages $40 and a suit of clothes. He remained in this office for four years and, at the end of that time, with the aid of a few friends, he purchased the paper and condvicted it imtil 1845, when he sold out and removed to Hudson, where he formed a copartnership with John Moores and purchased the Columbia Republican, a weekly Whig paper, which was established in 1820. He subsequently purchased the Daily and Weekly Star, which were merged into the Republican, and as the Columbia Republican and Hudson Republican, are being conducted at the present time. Mr. Bryan was married in 1845 to Jane Frances, daughter of Barnabas T. and Sally Rogers, of Catskill. His first wife died in 1861, and he subsequently married Eliza, widow of Henry Ary. Politically Mr. Bryan was at first a Whig, but he became a member of the Repub- lican party at its organization, and always adhered firmly to its prin- ciples. For sixteen years he was clerk of the city of Hudson and of the common council. He took an active part in all political movements, and represented this county in many of its State and district conventions. For about fifteen years he was commissioner of loans for Columbia county, and from 1877 until 1885 he was postmaster in the city of Hud- son, receiving appointments from both Presidents Hayes and Garfield. For over thirty years he was a trustee of the Hudson City Savings Insti- tution and a director of the National Hudson River Bank. Mr. Bryan was always active in promoting the best interests of the community and was regarded with favor throughout the county. His education was not classical, but w^holly practical, having been acquired by hard work in the printing and editorial rooms. His opinions were not merely theoreti- cal, but always carried the evidence of sound judgment and good sense. He always held an honorable place in the newspaper world, and, at his death, closed a useful if not brilliant public service. His death occurred September ii, 1897. Buckley, John, was born in Greenport, N. Y., where he has always resided, on April 24, 1845. His father was Timothy Buckley, who mar- ried Emeline, daughter of John D. Rockefeller, and through life pur- sued the calling of farmer. John Buckley was educated in the district schools and in Hudson, and has all his life devoted his attention to FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY . 2? agriculture, earning and sustaining the reputation of being an intelli- gent, progressive and successful farmer, and a citizen of unblemished reputation and high moral character. In 1888 he was married to Elver- etta Van Valkenburgh, and they are the parents of two daughters, Nel- lie M. and Ethelyn M. Buerman, Henry, of Gallatin, was born in Hanover, Germany, No- vember 28, 1843, son of George and Frederecka Buerman. His early life was spent with his parents and his education received in the com- mon schools. When a young man, he learned the miller's trade under the instruction of his father in Germany, where he later superintended a mill. When twenty-six years of age, he came to Columbia county and worked on a farm for one year as a laborer, then started in the milling business, at first working for H. A. Van Valkenburgh, and afterward running it on shares. He purchased the mill, July 6, 1878, which he now owns, and deals in grain, flour and feed, also coal. When thirty- two years of age, he married Martha C., daughter of John Keeler (de- ceased) ; they have three children : George H., Charles A., and Nellie E. George H. is associated with his father in the mill and Charles is station agent on the C. N. E. R. R. at West Winsted, Conn. Mr. Buerman is interested in town and county afifairs, though he has never aspired to political honors in the way of holding ofifice. He also takes an active interest in school and educational work and has been a mem- ber of the \'edder Reformed Church of the southern part of the town of Gallatin for about twenty-five years. Mr. Buerman and his son George are members of Stissing Lodge No. 615, F. & A. M., of Pine Plains. Butler, Fayette M., a resident of Hudson and vicinity during his whole life, was born in North Guilford, Conn., in 183 1, son of Ezekiel and Loise Bartlett Butler, of Stockport and Hudson ; Ezekiel served in the War of 1812; his father was also Ezekiel Butler, of Hudson, who was born in 1761, at Branford, Conn., and was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. His discharge with a badge of merit was signed by General Washington personally, and is still preserved in the family. F. M. Butler was educated at Hudson Academy, and received private instruc- tion in philosophy and in the classics under Rev. Mr. Scoville. a gradu- ate of Yale. He studied law in the offices of Hon. Killian Miller and 28 COLUMBIA COVKTY AT THE END OF THE CESTURY. Hon. John Gaul, jr., at Hudson, and was admitted to the bar. In April, 1861, when the echoes of the guns at Sumter had hardly ceased, he enlisted in Company K, Fourteenth Regiment, N. Y. Vols., and was elected second lieutenant, under Captain Seymour of that com- pany. In the fall of 1861, as the result of his exposure to night dews and malaria, he was attacked with jaundice, broken bone fever, and a low malarial fever of twenty-two days' continuance, and was sent to the Union Hospital at Georgetown, D. C, and convalescing without hope of recovery, he was granted leave of absence, came home, and returned to his regiment before complete recovery. Immediately after the battle of Hanover Court House, he was promoted to first lieutenant and transferred to Company E, and immediately after the battle of Gaines' Mill he was promoted to captain and transferred to the command of Company C of the same regiment. .\t the last-named battle, on June 26, 1862, he was severely wounded and taken prisoner. For four- teen days he was detained in the stench and horror of the battlefield, and during the first three days the enemy furnished him no food or supplies. He was taken to Libby Prison in Richmond, but, protesting against confinement at that place, he was taken to the Eighteenth Street Prison. After four days he secured his release on parole, and was taken to Bellevue Hospital, New York. From there he came to Hudson and remained till the latter part of September, when he returned to his regi- mfent, far from being fit for duty, as he was sufTering from fever and his unhealed wound. Although his lameness continued, he manfully and heroically fulfilled his duties with his regiment until he was dis- charged on May 26, 1863. In January, 1862, he was appointed judge advocate, and thereafter almost continually performed the duties of that office at corps and division courts-martial until he was discharged. His detail as judge-advocate at different times exempted him from all other duties, but, notwithstanding that, he voluntarily, as commander of his company, participated in the siege of Yorktown, the battles of Hanover Court House, Gaines' Mill, first Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and numerous minor affairs. He was brevetted major and lieutenant-col- onel for gallant and meritorious services. He has never fully recovered from the effects of the hardships he endured. Tn a letter dated at camp near Harrison's Landing, Va., July 5. 1862, Capt. Wm. H. Seymour wrote to the editor of the Star, then published at Hudson, as follows : " I wish to say that Lieut. Fayette M. Butler was wounded in the foot. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 29 * * * He was taken to the rear, to a house used as a temporary hospital, and was well cared for. The rebels made a sudden dash upon the place and captured him, with others. * * * And here I wish to say his behavior on the field was heroic in the extreme. His praise is on every tongue of those who witnessed his conduct." See the " Hudsonian," page 211. After his discharge, he was offered the lieu- tenant-colonelcy of a regiment raised in New York, with promotion upon the first vacancy to colonel, but his ill health, resulting from ex- posure on the field, prevented his acceptance of it. In 1865 he accepted an appointment to a position in the Adjutant-General's office in ^Albany, and was placed in charge of the war claims of the State against the United States, which position he filled for eight years, settling accounts amounting to nearly $2,000,000, as State agent and assistant inspector- general, assigned to duty in the Adjutant-General's department, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1866, by appointment of Governor I""enton, as colonel commanding in Columbia county, he superintended the taking of the military census therein. Mr. Butler mav well be proud of his military career, and the honors conferred upon him were thor- oughly merited. In 1876 he returned to Hudson and resumed the practice of the law. Cady, Nicholas W., of East Chatham, N. Y., was born in Rayville, town of Chatham, N. Y., August 11, 1852. He is a son of William H. Cady, who was a farmer until 1862, when he entered the employ of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company at East Chatham. His wife was Elmira Wilbor, and their children were Mrs. Elvira (Cady) Bradley, Allen P., and Nicholas W. Cady. The latter gained his education in the common schools, after which he engaged in farming in Michigan for a time. April 12. 1876, he returned to East Chatham and became an employee of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company, and is now a foreman. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and of Columbia Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M., and has been school trustee for seven years. His wife was Ella Kipp, who has borne him one daugh- ter, Ada May. Cady, Jonathan Rider, of Hudson, was born on July 31, 1851. in the town of Chatham. His father, Perkins F. Cady, was one of the most prominent and substantial citizens of the county ; he was twice elected 30 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. to the Assembly ; was nominated (but not elected) to the office of sheriff ; was for several years harbor master of the port of New York, and six- teen times elected to represent his town in the board of supervisors. The father of Perkins F. Cady was related to Judge Daniel Cadv, for- merly a judge of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, and the father of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. His mother was Ann M. Rider, the daughter of Jonathan and Mary Rider, of Rider's Mills, in Chatham. At an early age Judge Cady was sent to the Friends' School at Provi- dence, R. I., where he remained until his academic education was com- pleted, when he at once entered upon the study of his profession in the law office of Messrs. Gaul & Esselstyn, of Hudson. Here he spent three years of hard work, as clerk and student in one of the busiest offices in the county. He then took a course in the Albany Law School, gradu- ating in 1872, with distinction, in a class which comprised, among others, Alton B. Parker, the present chief judge of the Court of Appeals. The next fifteen years were years of unremitting toil, spent whoUv in the practice of his profession. But if to young Cady these were laborious years, the labor was a labor of love, for to him no diversion or mere amusement could ever afford the keen enjoyment to be found in un- raveling some intricate question of law ; in formulating a pleading in- volving some delicate question of fact : in delving among the books for some precedent or judicial expression with which to elucidate a prin- ciple or fortify a position ; or, which was to him the greatest delight of all, to engage with a worthy adversary in the actual clash of forensic combat in some hotly-contested trial. During these fifteen years, be- sides the rapidly-increasing practice, the constantly-enlarging profes- sional clientage of the lawyer, there was growing up around the man a steadily-widening circle of personal admirers and warm friends, eager for some fitting opportunity to express their loyalty and good-will. .\nd so, in 1889, his friends insisted that he should take the nomination for county judge. He was elected to this office, which he held for the term of six years, when, declining a renomination, he once more applied him- self unreservedly to his practice. He was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1894, where his abilities received prompt and conspicuous recognition at the hands of his associates. He served in that body as a member of the committee on the judiciary. He also acted upon a subcommittee of four with Elihu Root, Louis ALirshall, and John M. Bowers, who were charged with the duty of making the FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 31 final draft of the amendments to the judiciary article of the Constitution. He was chairman of the committee on canals. In 1896, at the State convention of the Republican party, of which Judge Cady has always been a consistent and active member, he had the high honor of being chosen to make the nominating speech which placed the name of Governor Frank S. Black before the convention. And in 1898 he was again selected to present the Governor's name for renomination, and, although the " organization " of his party was successful in its plan to defeat a renomination, Judge Cady's speech before the convention re- ceived the highest commendations of the press of both parties through- out the State. Even those Republican journals which were hostile to Governor Black praised the judge's speech for the unanswerable logic with which he presented the arguments in favor of his renomination. In 1899 Judge Cady found that his business in New York city and vicinity had reached such proportions as to require that he should have an office in the metropolis. He accordingly opened an office there in connection with H. C. Henderson, Esq., of that city, at the same time associating with himself a partner, Mr. Allen W. Corwin, of Middle- tovm. N. Y., who had read law with him, in the business of the home office at Hudson. The next year the home firm was enlarged by the addition of E. D. De Lamater, Esq., of Hudson, so that the Hudson firm is now Cady, De Lamater & Corwin. From 1882 to 1892 Judge Cady had as a partner Albert Hoysradt, whose health failed in the last- named year, and who died in 1895. In 1873 Judge Cady married Miss Sarah C. Burger, of Hudson, a woman of charming personality, who throughout her married life was a recognized leader in society, as well as in all the philanthropic and charitable work of the community in which she lived. Mrs. Cady died on September 3d, of the present year, leaving one son, Perkins F., 2d, now a student in his father's office, and one daughter, Miss Elizabeth B. Cady. Besides considerable practice in the Federal courts and in the State courts of other counties, it may be said that for the past fifteen or twenty years Judge Cady has been retained on one side or the other in most of the important litigations at the Columbia bar. Judge Cady's name has been frequently mentioned by the press in connection with the office of justice of the Supreme Court, as well as that of Attorney-General of the State, and it is safe to pre- dict that the day is not far distant when his party will insist that he accept a nomination to one or the other of these high offices. 32 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Carney, Michael, of Claverack, was born in Ireland, March i, 1850, a son of John and Catherine Carney. His parents came to this country, settling in Hoosick, N. Y. In 1880 Michael came to Philmont and worked for George Baker for eleven years and in 1891 started in the hardware and plumbing business for himself. Mr. Carney has been twice married, first, to Ellen Connolly, of North Adams, Mass., and, second, to Mary Canavan. of Philmont : they have two children : Wil- liam and Helen. Carter, Rev. George Galen, S. T. D., a descendant of good old New England stock, was born in Brooklyn. N. Y., on the 8th of November, 1840. His father was Rev. Lawson Carter, who was pastor for many years of Trinity Church, New Rochelle, where he gave the best efforts of his life for the benefit of his fellowmen. The founder of the family in America was Rev. Thomas Carter, who landed in Boston in the year 1635. Rev. George G. Carter was graduated from Kenyon College and in 1867 from Berkeley Divinity School. For twenty years he taught in the Theological School at Nashotah. .Kfter spending one year in Europe he came to Hudson in 1891, becoming rector of .\11 Saints' Church. Under his charge the church has prospered and occupies an enviable position in the community. In 1S71 Dr. Carter married Susan M. Cowman, daughter of Augustus T. Cowman. Chace, A. Frank B., attorney-at-Iaw of Hudson, N. Y., was born in Hillsdale, N. Y., February 13, 1837. His father, John McGonegal Chace, was a native of the town of Austerlitz, N. Y., where he was born January 20, 1800, the son of John Chace, whose father was Abraham Chace, a pioneer and a soldier in the Revolutionary army. John M. Chace was married to Eliza A. Becker; he was a farmer and well known throughout the county. A. Frank B. Chace was educated at the Spencer- town Academy and at Charlotteville Seminary. He read law with Martin H. Dorr, of Hillsdale, and was admitted to the bar of Columbia county at the December Term of 1863. On April 23, :86i, eleven days after the first gun was fired upon Fort Sumter, he enlisted as a private in Com- pany K, Fourteenth Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry. He saw severe service in the battles of Hanover Court House, Mechanics- ville, Gaines' Mill, Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, and at Malvern Hill, where, on July i, 1862, he was wounded, being shot through the A. Frank B. Cliacc. 33 34 COLUMBIA ror/A'TJ' AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. thigh, breaking the bone; he lay on the battle-field twenty-four hours, and was then carried to a barn, where he lay six days, a prisoner in the hands of the enemy ; he was taken to Libby Prison in Richmond, and after fourteen days was exchanged and taken to a hospital in Baltimore : there he remained until he received his discharge on October ii. 1862. with the rank of scroeant. He returned to Hillsilale, and, after recover- AHied Bruce Chace. ing from the cfifccts of his army experience, and after his admission to the bar, practiced law until July, 1867, when he removed to Hudson and formed a partnership with Judge Newkirk. This relationship continued until 1889, from which time until 1896 he practiced alone. In the latter year he associated with himself his sons, Alfred B. and J. Frank, to which partnership his youngest son, W^illiam Wallace, was admitted as a nuMulier in 1900. For over thirty years Mr. Chace has been one of the leading members of the Columbia county bar, and has won an eminent position therein by his ability, industry and straightforward course in professional and civil life. On the i6th of August. 1865, Mr. Chace married Mary Z., only daughter of Alfred Bruce, a merchant of Hillsdale. N. Y. Frank Chace. William Wallace Chace. 35 ■M COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Chesterman, James, p. o. Valatie, N. V., was born in New York city in 1842, son of George and Caroline P. (\'an Valkenbiirgh) Chesterman. George Chesterman was a native of New York city, where he was en- gaged in real estate business. His children were Caroline (deceaseil April 7, 1894), George, Rosalie, and James. Mr. Chesterman died January 12, 1883, and his wife on November 6, 1886. James Chester- man received his education in the public schools of New York. He was engaged there as an importer of woolens and principally in the wholesale auction business. He removed to New Concord, and in July, 1898, he came to ^'alatie. He served two years in the army during the Civil War, as a member of the Twenty-second Regiment. N. Y. \'ols. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias. Clark, Charles H., p. o. East Chatham, X. Y., was born in the town ot Chatham, N. Y., December 21, 1859, son of Martin B. Clark, a native of Dutchess county, N. Y., a carpenter and contractor, who was married to Louisa Allen, and had children : Laura and Elizabeth (both deceased), Mary and Charles H. Martin B. Clark died in 1863, and was survived by his widow until i8go. Charles H. Clark was educated in the public schools, and began his business life as a clerk in a hardware store in East Chatham in 1890 ; in 1894 he purchased the establishment and is now conducting the business. He has been school collector for a number of years, and is a substantial and successful business man. Clow, David E., p. o. Stuyvesant, N. ^'. The first nf the Clow family to settle in Columbia county was John, who located in the town of Stuyvesant near to where David E. now resides: he was a shoemaker by trade. His children were Abraham. Jacofi, Henry. Ephraini. Gil- bert, and llannaii. Most nf these children lived in Columbia county and ac(|nired considerable jjroperty at farming and shoeniaking. Ephraini Clow was born in 1786 and died. March 6. 1S77: he was mar- ried to Maria, daughter of John Sharp; she was born in 1771 and died April 7, 1880. They had two children: Agnes, wife of Peter Bogardns. and John E., who was born May 8. 1816, and died December 22, 1870: the latter was married to Carnline T.. daughter of Benjamin and Thank- ful E. (Sanford) Cheeseman. They had but one child, David E., the subject of this sketch, who was born l\l)ruar\ 'j, 1853. Peter and Agnes (Clow) Bogardus had one child, Mary Jane, born August 22, FACTORS /A' ITS HISTORY. 37 1836. She became the wife of Peter Schennerhoni, on September 6, 1876, and died July 5, 1881. David E. Clow remained at home, assist- ing his father and grandfather on the farm, until the death of the latter in 1877, when he inherited the farm where he now resides, consisting of ninety acres. He has devoted his time since then to the cultivation of his land, and has been more than ordinarily successful. On the 20th of May, 1874, Mr. Clow was married to Mary, daughter of John W. and Polly (Jeffers) A'an Hoesen. They have had four children : Theresa A., John E., Fred, and Russell, who died November 18. 1890. The three surviving children live on the homestead. Clowe, Rev. George \\'., of Hudson, was born near Boston, Mass., March 17, 1842. He attended the grammar school of Chelsea and Waterville Academy, and was graduated from Colby University in 1865. He pursued his theological course at Newton Theological Seminary, from which institution he was graduated in 1868. The same year he came to Hudson as pastor of the Baptist church, in which capacity he officiated four years. In 1872 he accepted a call from the White Plains church, where he served twelve years, going thence to the People's llaptist church in New York city, where he remained seven years. He then returned to Hudson and has devoted his time to farming and literary work. In 1871, he was married to Hannah Wiswall Waldron. daughter of Charles P. Waldron. Mr. and Mrs. Clowe are the parents of two sons — Charles W., a lawyer, of Brooklyn, N. Y.. and Oliver W., electrician — and two daughters. Bertha Wyman and Alary Redman. During the Civil War, and while a student at Colby University, Mr. Clowe was prominently identified with the work of the Christian Com- mission in the Union army. Clum, Philip H., Jr., of Clermont, was born in the town of Hunter, Greene county, N. Y., December 4, 1855, a son of Philip H. and Harriet B. (Jones) Clum, who had five children as follows: Malinda J., Philip H., Stephen, Hattie (deceased) and William, all residents of Columbia county. Philip H. Clum, Jr.. is the fifth generation of the family of Clums who have lived in Columbia county, the eldest son of each being- named Philip H. When about three years of age Mr. Clum's parents moved from Greene county to Columbia county and settled in the town of Clermont, where thev have since resided. When twenty-one years '38 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. of age Mr. Cluni started in life for himself as a wagon maker, carpenter and farmer, which he has followed to the present time. He is a self- made man, and all he has accumulated is through his own industry. When about twenty-four years of age he married Fannie E. (deceased), daughter of Erastus Gardner. He takes an active interest in town and county affairs, though he has never aspired to political honors in the way of holding ofSce. He is also interested in school and educational work, and has been connected with his school in an ofificial capacity as trustee, etc.; he is a member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church. Cochran, Frank T., M. D., of Hudson, N. Y., was born in Coxsackie, N. Y., October lo, 1852. His father, Edwin Cochran, was a native of the same place, and through life was a farmer; his mother was Maria, daughter of Jacob P. Clow. The grandfather of Dr. Cochran was Tunis, a native of the North of Ireland, a man of strong character and a leader in the town of Coxsackie. Frank T. Cochran received his non-profes- sional education in the public schools and academies, and began the study of medicine with Drs. Green and Barnet, which reading he sup- plemented with a course of lectures at Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege in New York city. Thence he went to JefTerson Medical College at Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1872. He immediately began practice in Freehold, Greene county, where he remained until 1876, when he came to Hudson. Here he has built up a gratifying practice, and has won the confidence of the people, not only as a physi- cian, but as a public spirited, intelligent citizen. He has served as city physician a number of years, as coroner one term, and as health officer is now filling his second term. In 1872 he was married to Susie Backus, who died July 7, 1884. He was married, second, to ^lary DufTy ; she died on April 19, 1900, survived by two daughters, l)oroth\- and Mary K. Coffin, Charles Coleman, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in Chatham. October 27, 1854, son of William B. and Caroline (Coleman) Coffin. William B. Coffin, was a native of Old Chatham, was a merchant for a time and an employee of the government on the Pawnee Reservation, in Nebraska. He invented a machine for boring wells and was a broad- minded, active and intelligent man. He was married to Caroline Cole- man, who died in 1858, survived by three children — Charles C, John D., and Joseph R. He afterward was married to Susan F. Robinson, FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 39 who bore him one daughter, Lucia. He is deceased. Charles C. Coffin, after receiving his education in the common schools, was in the emplo} of the government for three years in Nebraska. He returned to Chatham in 187 1 as superintendent of a farm. He was married to Sarah E. Rob- inson, and they have one son, George H., who is in the employ of the Boston & Albany Railroad. Cole, Peter Jacob, of Claverack, was born in the town of Claverack, N. Y., near the village of Mellenville, January 26, 1828, a son of Peter and Mary (New) Cole, one of the third generation from and named for Peter Colle, one of the Palatines who were sent to this country by Queen Anne, and who settled in what is now the town of Germantown, N. Y. After the death of Peter Colle 2d, the subject of this sketch was adopted by his brother, Henry Cole, who removed to Cairo, Greene county, N. Y., in 1853. Peter Jacob Cole returned to his native town the last year of the Civil War, and was employed by the heirs of Frederick Mesick as coachman and gardener, which position he held twenty-eight years, when Mrs. Elseffer, owner of the place, desiring to dispose of it, he purchased it. The house was built in 1750, and was one of the first hotels in Claverack, known as the Traveler's Rest. It was rebuilt some time in the 'so's and changed into a private house. On December 4, 1894, Mr. Cole was married to Mrs. S. J. S. Evory, widow of Peter Snyder Every, of Cairo, N. Y. Mrs. Cole is a daughter of Joseph Woolley and Elizabeth Storey (Bradshaw) Slater. She was the eldest of five children, and is a direct descendant of Berkeley Slater, who was a grandson of Lord Berkeley, of Berkeley Castle, on the Severn river in England, and can trace her genealogy back to Borland Slater, who was born in the city of London, England, July ig, 1607. Mrs. Cole's mother was descended in a direct line from Sergeant General Bradshaw, who signed the death warrant of a king of England ; she was also a grand- niece of Governor Young, one of the early governors of this State. Gov. Daniel B. Tompkins was also related to Mrs. Cole, being first cousin of her grandfather, James Roosevelt Slater, great grandson of Governor Fletcher of New York. Collier, Casper P., was born in Coxsackie, Greene county, N. Y., on November 21, 1820. The Collier or Collyer, or Kalyer family were early innnigrants to New Amsterdam, and a branch of the family afterward 40 COLUMBIA COUXTV AT THE END Of THE CESTURY. settled in Greene county. Theirs was one of the many Huguenot famihes that were driven from France to Holland by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. It is said the name of the Collier who left I'^rance was spelled Coliere. Descendants of the Collier who went to Holland from France emigrated to the New World in the early days of the Dutch supremacy. One branch of the Huguenot family went from France to England, from whom, it is said, descended the Rev. Robert Colly er. of New York, and others of the same patronymic or surname in this country. The paternal grandfather of Casper P. Collier was Major Collier, who married Anna Bronk, and was a soldier in the \\'s.r of 1812. His son Philip, father of Casper P., was born in 1795, and married Christina Hallenbeck, daughter of William Hallenbeck. whose wife was a descend- ant of the old Dutch family of \^an Vechten, then of Catskill, Greene county, N. Y. They had nine children, seven daughters and two sons, of whom Cas])er W. was the oMost. Casper P. Collier obtained his education at the academies of Coxsackie and Tvinderhook, and was grad- uated from l^nion College. He began the study of law in the office of John Gaul, Jr., at Hudson, and completed his legal studies with Bush- nell & Bliss in New York city. He was admitted to the bar in 1845. and immediately began practice in Hudson. At this writiu'^-. for fifty-five years Mr. Collier has been an active member of the bar of Columl)ia count}-, and now at the age of 80 years he can ])oint back to a record unstained and Ijright with professional honor and personal integrit\. After three years of practice alone he formed a partnership with Hon. Henry Hogeboom, which continued until 1854. when ^[r. Hogcbooni was elected judge of the Supreme Court, and shortly thereafter took into partnership his brother, Isaac N. Collier, which continued until Isaac N. was elected .Surrogate. The business of the finii li;is been general, and its clientage large, including several monetary and manufacturing cor- porations. In 1872, Mr. Collier was nominated by the Democrats for Congress, but was defeated, his party in the district being largely in the minority. In 1875 he was a prominent candidate for the bench of the Supreme Court, but, while his fitness for the high honor was freel\ acknowledged, the question of location had a bearing on the appoint- ment, and he did not receive it. In 1M48, .Mr. Collier was married to Miss Mary, daughter of Coert Du l'>ois. Their children living are one son, Du Bois Collier, and two daughters, Mary and Anna. Casper P. (Collier. 41 42 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Collier, Rev. George Zabriskie. of Claverack, was born in Freehold, N. J., April 9, 1862, a son of Rev. Ezra Warren and Elizabeth (Zabriskie) Collier. His mother was a sister of Rev. F. N. Zabriskie, D.D.. who for many years was pastor of the Reformed Church of Claverack. In early life Mr. Collier attended Rutgers Grammar School and after gradu- ating from that institution entered Rutgers College, from which he was graduated in the class of 1883: he then entered New Brunswick Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1886. His first charge was the Reformed Church at Stuyvesant Landing, where he re- mained from 1886 to 1889, and then removed to the Reformed Church at Alexandria Bay. He stayed there until 1896, then moved to Grand Haven, Mich., as pastor of the Second Reformed Church, and was there until 1900, when he came to Claverack and located in Mellenville. Mr. Collier comes from a family who were all ministers, his uncle, Edward Collier, being located in Kinderhook, where he has been pastor of the Reformed Church for thirty-six years, and his uncle, Joseph, was in the ministry for twelve years, or until his death in 1864. On June 4, 1890, Mr. Collier married Delia Wilson, of Stuyvesant, daughter of Elijah and Eliza (Vought) Wilson; they have four daughters, Elizabeth Zabriskie, born September 27, 1891 ; Florence Wilson, born April 15. 1894; Delia Wilson, born September 29, 1897, and Katharine Frances, born October 30, 1899. Collier, Gerrit Sager, was born in Coxsackie, N. Y., July 15. 1843, ^ son of Jonas Collier and Hannah (Sager) Collier. Mr. Collier was pre- pared for college at the Hudson River Institute (Claverack), and was graduated from Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., in June, 1868. He read law in the office of C. P. & I. N. Collier, of Hudson, N. Y., and was admitted to the bar of New York in June, 1870. In September, 1872, he entered upon the practice of law in Kinderhook, N. Y., and is still engaged in the practice of his profession at that place. He was elected a director of the National Union Bank of Kinderhook in July. 1882, vice-president in 1886, and president in 1892, which position he still holds. On October 4, 1876, Mr. Collier married Miss Lydia M. Hain, of Kinderhook, N. Y. Their children are Guy B., born July 12, 1877, who is now a member of the senior class at Harvard University, and Maude W., born October 16, 1882, who is now a senior at Dana Hall School, Wellesley, Mass. Mrs. Collier died August 31, 1883, and FACTORS IN ITS HISTORV. 43 in October, 1886, Mr. Collier married Miss Ella G. Sweet, of Kinder- hook, N. Y. Their children are Chester W., born September 21, 1887, and Charles S., born September 21, 1889. Mr. Collier is a member of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity, Theta Chapter, of Union College, and also of the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Union. Conkey, Mrs. Georgiana S., of Coxsackie Station, N. Y. — Charles Franklin Conkey was born at Amherst, Mass., May 8, 1819. He was a son of John and Eunice Conkey, natives of Massachusetts. When he was four years old his parents removed to Troy, N. Y. Here he attended the public schools, and being of a studious nature and ready perceptive faculties, he perfected himself in several advanced studies, particularly in nuisic, to which during his whole life he was ardently devoted ; he was organist at St. John's Episcopal Church in Troy for many years. He was a man of naturally broad intelligence, of a kindly nature, sympathetic and of high moral character. He was well and widely known for his charitable work, which he carried on without ostentation, actuated solely by his innate sympathies and desire to better the condition of his less fortunate fellow men. When a young man he engaged in banking, which he followed a number of years. Later he became interested in malting and owned one of the largest malt houses in the State. In all his busi- ness relations his honorable methods and strict integrity were marked characteristics. On the 31st of March, 1868, he was married to Georgiana S., daughter of John and Mary C. Stockman, of Boston, Mass. They became residents of Troy, but had a summer residence in Stuyvesant. They had three children : Georgiana, Charles F. (deceased), and Mary R. (deceased). Mr. Conkey died February 28, 1891, and his loss was keenly felt in Troy and throughout Columbia county, where he had a wide acquaintance. Cook, Abijah Perkins, M. D., of Hudson, was born in Hyde Park, Dutchess county, N. Y., December 2, 1808, and was a son of Dr. George Whitfield Cook. After pursuing his studies in English he, during the early years of his life, entered the Hudson Academy, from which he was graduated with credit. In 1832 he began medical study with his brother. Dr. George W. Cook, in Hudson, and in 1835 was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Fairfield, Herkimer county, N. Y. His practice began in Chatham, Columbia county, N. Y., where he re- 44 COIAMBIA COLXTV AT THE BSD OF THE CEXTURV. niained four years, removing to Kiiiderhook in .\pril. 1839. In May, of the following year, he located in Hudson. Here he investigated the merits of homeopathy and finally became a convert to that school of medicine. TYevions to this change in his life's work he was honored with the presidency of the Columbia County Medical Society. M a meeting held in Boston in June, 1847, he was elected a member of the .American Institute of Homeopathy. In 1865 he was chosen president of the New York State Medical Society, and was elected a permanent member of that body in 1866. At the beginning of the Civil War he was appointed one of the United States pension examining surgeons, and held the position many years. He also filled the office of physician on the board of health in Hudson, and other local positions of honor and responsibility. Dr. Cook achieved a marked degree of success in his profession, and, as a citizen, was respected by the entire community. Cookingliani, h'rederick .\lbert, of Claverack. was hnru in C'laverack, iJctober ly, 1854, a son of Peter F. and Elizabeth (Wheeler) l.'ooking- ham, one of a family of eleven children, of whom nine are living at this writing. In early life Mr. Cookingham attended the district schodl, at the same time helping his father with the work on the farm. He remained at home until nearly twenty-one years of age, when he was employed tor a time by Walter W. .Merrifield. On January 19. 1876, he married iMuilie Shufelt, daughter of John 1. and Henrietta (Jacobie) Shufelt. .Mr. ('(lokingham then wnrked f(ir .Vndrew Hallen- beck, of (ireenport, for a season. In the sjiring of 1877, moved to Mellenville and worked the farm he is now on, on shares for eleven years, and ui)c)n the death of John I. Shufelt purchased the farm, which consists of 150 acres. In llie spring of 1880 Mr. Cookingham adopted a girl named Jennie Smith, who resided with them until her marriage with ( leorge Shafer in 1893. Mr. and Mrs. Cookingham have two children, Mary E., born July 1, 1S87, and Thonias .\.. born November ID, 1890. Cook. Charles I'erkins, M. 1)., of Hudson, \. \'., was i)orn in that city March 17, 1845. He is a son of Dr. .Miij.ih Perkins Cook, of Hud- son, a sketch of whose life accompanies this notice. His grandfather was Dr. George Whitfield Cook, and his great-grandfather was Col. Abijah Perkins Cook. 45 4« COLVMRIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Ellis Cook, of Hanover. X. J., who was a distinguished soldier of the Revolutionary War. Having completed his early education. Dr. Cook entered Williston Seminary, at East Hampton, Alass., where he graduated with honor. Following the traditions of his immediate ancestors he studied medicine with his father, beginning in 1864. Later he entered the ofifice of Dr. H. M. Paine, of Albany, N. Y., and subsequently studied with Dr. Jacob Beakley, formerly professor of surgery in the Homeo- pathic Medical College of New York. Dr. Cook's studies extended over a period of four years. He attended lectures in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Albany, and graduated with distinction from the Homeo- pathic Medical College in the spring of 1868. Dr. Cook's long period of practice in his native city has been one of continuous and marked success. His attributes as a man and his good citizenship have brought him a large circle of friends, while in his profession he has been repeatedly honored. For thirty years, from 1868 to 1898, he was physician to the Orphan .\syhim in Hudson ; he has been a member of the American In- stitute of Homeopathy, and is now a permanent member of the New York State Homeopathic Society. He was appointed Assistant Surgeon- fieneral of the State by Governor ^Morton, and at the same time became a member of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. He served several years as health officer of the city, and has received other evidences of the confidence of the community. He now enjoys a large practice and the respect of his fellow citizens. Coons, Charles H., of Germantown, was born in the town of Ger- mantown, a son of William H. and Maria (Miller) Coons, whose chil- dren were Marilla, Margaret, Philip, Mary, Charles H., George, Jan- ctte. William, Catherine, all natives of Columbia county. William H. was a son of Henry and Maria Coons, and their children were Henry, Philip, William, Betsey, Margaret, Saucher, and Lina. Charles H. Coons, the subject, was educated in the common schools of the county. When twenty-four years of age he purchased the farm where he now resides and now owns about 225 acres of land. He makes a specialty of fruit-farming, and each year puts up about 2,000 barrels of fruits and from 70 to 75 tons of grapes, and is said to be one of the largest fruit growers in the State. On September 8, 1879. Mr. Coons mar- ried Augusta M., daughter of William Tompkins, and they have five children: Clara M., Sanford H., Parker W.. Gussie May, and Tomp- Charles l^erkins Cook, M. D. 47 48 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. kins Co., who married P>eulah M., daughter of Cornelius Bathrick. Charles H. takes an interest in town and county affairs and is active in school and educational work, having served as trustee of the school many terms. His family are active in church work and are members of the Lutheran church located near his residence, and of which Mr. Coons has been an oiTicer for the past twenty-five years and at the ])res- ent time one of its trustees. Corwin. Allen W'., of Hudson, was born in .\nderson, Ind.. June i8. 1870, son of John E. Corwin, who was a native of Orange county, N. Y, The family trace their descent from Matthias Corwin, who settled at Ipswich. Mass., in 1634. John E. Corwin was married to Alvira, daugh- ter of Allen Makepeace, member of a New England family, who went to Indiana in early days, where he became a prominent trader with the Indians, and also as a merchant. Allen W. Corwin was graduated from Princeton College in 1895, and from Harvard Law School in 1898. He then entered the ofifice of Hon. J. Rider Cady, and was admitted as a ])artner in the firm of Cady & Corwin in 1891), which became Cady, De Lamater & CtM-win in i<;oo, by the admission of E. D. De Lamater. Mr. Corwin has his life's work before him, and, judging from his natural abilities and excellent attainments, there need be no fear that his record will not be a clean and successful one. Crandell, iuhvin A., p. o. Chatlinni Center, N. Y.. was born in the town of Chatham. N. Y.. November 27, 1835. His father, Jesse Crandell. was born in the town of (ihent, N. Y., in 1800, and was a prominent farmer and a man of influence in the town, holding the ofifices of super- visor, assessor, and justice of the ])cace. Ills wife was Harriet Hall, and their cliildren were James |.. died in January, 1848, and Edwin .\. ^^r. Crandell died in 18S8, and his wife in i88j. lulwin A. Crandell received his education in the district schools anil t'hathain Acadeinv. He has always followed farming, and was connnissioner of highwavs for nine years. He has been twice married. His first wife was Sarah M. Davis, who died in August, 1872, survived by one son, James A. Crandell. iJis second wife was Emogene, daughter of Jason L. Clifford; she has borne him one daughter, Frances B. Crandell. Crego, Charles Sackett, of Claverack, was born May 28, 1858, a son of David and .\nn H. (Sackett) L'rego. In his early life he attended FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 49 the public schools and the Hudson River Institute. He remained at home until twenty-six years of age, when he bought the place he now occupies. On December 21, 1881, Mr. Crego was married to Mary Burroughs Nelson, daughter of Cornelius and Susan (Burroughs) Nel- son, who bore him seven children, as follows: David N., Stanley M., Ernest, Percy D., Charles B., Arthur Van B., and Ralph. Cure, Charles B., of Hudson, senior member of the building ana contracting firm of Cure, Mont Ross & Fitz Gerald, was born in Hud- son, N. Y., October 24, 1845, son of Walter G. and Mary E. (Foster) Cure, and grandson of Walter G. and Lucretia Cure. His father was a native of Nantucket, and removed to Hudson with his parents in 1827; he was a mechanic and for many years was connected with the Giflford foundry; his death took place in 1898. Charles B. Cure was educated in Hudson, and for twelve years was steward of the State House of Refuge in Hudson. He has, however, been more widely known as a contractor and builder, among his larger contracts being the original county armory and some of the better private residences of the city. The firm with which he is now connected is the contractor for the new county courthouse, which will be completed the present year (igooV Mr. Cure served as alderman in 1876-79, and has been a member of the board of police commissioners and the board of excise ; he is a trustee of the Universalist Church, and in every respect a worthy, enterprising and respected citizen. In 1865 he was married to Emily L., daughter of Gorham Winslow. Daley, Charles C, p. o. East Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of New Lebanon, N. Y., October 20, 1854, and is a son of Daniel Daley. He attended the public schools, and began work as a farmer. He after- ward studied law, and was a justice of the peace eight years. He was united in marriage with Maria C. Palmer, daughter of Warren Palmer. They are the parents of Herbert E., Norman C, Arthur K., Eugene R., Harold B., and Mary E. Daley. Daley, William B., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in Chatham, N. Y., May 2, 1872, son of William C. and Kittie (Bailey) Daley. William C. Daley was born at East Chatham, N. Y., November 8, 1839. As a boy he attended the district schools in summer and worked in his father's 4 50 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. shop in winter. He taught school for a time, employing his leisure hours in studying law. Later he read law in the office of Van Schaack & Beale, in Kinderhook, and with A. C. Benton of Valatie. In 1863 he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of his profession in the village of Chatham, where he always was a prominent figure in public affairs. He gave conspicuous service in preparing the charter of Chatham village, and served as the first police justice under its pro- visions ; he also served as trustee and later was president of the village. He rendered his party excellent service as chairman of the county com- mittee and was a member of the State committee. He was appointed supervisor in his district when the last National census was taken, and was congratulated upon the efficiency of his work. He was elected State Senator from his district in 1895, declining a renomination at the expiration of his term in 1898. He was prominent in Masonic circles, having been past master of Columbia Lodge No. 98, and district deputy grand master. His whole professional and public life was one of spot- less integrity. He was married to Kittie, daughter of Dr. W. C. Bailey. They had the following children : Mrs. F. E. Moore, of Williamstown, Mass.; W. B. Daley, Dr. Robert M. Daley, of New York city; Mrs. Fletcher Williams, of Chatham Center, N. Y., and Misses Blanche and Pauline, and De Witt Daley. William C. Daley died on the 6th of July, 1899, leaving a vacancy in the circle of Chatham's best citizens. William B. Daley received his preparatory education in the schools of Chatham, and was graduated from the Law School of Cornell University with the degree of Master of Laws. He began practice in Chatham in 1893. He holds membership in Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M., and in the Knights of Pythias. He was married to Agnes, daughter of Charles Bell, of Hillsdale, N. Y. They have one son, William B. Daley, Jr. Decley, Richard Arthur Measom, of Hudson, N. Y., was born August 3, 1861, in England, of American parents. His father, Richard J. Deeley. formerly of the United States navy (ship " Vandalia," Captain, afterward Admiral, Gardner), was married to a sister of Sir George Samuel Measom, J. P. & F. R. G. S. Richard A. M. Deeley was educated in Brussels, Belgium, and thoroughly mastered the science of brewing in Europe. In 1883 he came to Philadelphia, and in 1888 to Hudson, as superintendent of the well known brewing firm of C. H. Evans & Sons. Mr. Deele\' has proved the value of his citizenship in Hudson by serving for nearly FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 61 five years as a member of the board of health, president of the board of trade, and from January i, 1897, to May i, 1899, as mayor of the city. He is quite prominent in Masonic circles, a member of Aquilla Lodge, No. 700, F. & A. M., past high priest of Hudson Chapter No. 6. R. A. M., served five terms as eminent commander, Knights Templar, and at present is grand representative of the Grand Commandery of Colorado, K. T. ; also a member of Mecca Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and a trustee and secretary of the Masonic Hall Association. He has held several positions in the National Guard of the State of New York, having served on the staffs of the Eleventh Battalion, the First Battalion, the First Regiment, and is now on the stafT of General Robert Shaw Oliver, Third Brigade. From August, 1898, to April, 1899, he was de- tailed commanding ofificer of the Twenty-third Separate Company of Hudson ; he has been manager for nine years of the Hudson Players' Club, is a charter member of the University Club of Hudson, of the building committee of the Hendrick Hudson Chapter House, D. A. R. ; a vice-president of the Columbia County Agricultural and Horticultural Association ; a vestryman of Christ church, and a trustee of the Hudson City Hospital. In 1879 he was married to Mary Theresa Wyld. Decker, Fred, of Livingston, N. Y., was born in that town, October 29, 1864, the only child of Nicholas and Rachel (Seism) Decker. Nicholas was the only son of Rufus and Catherine (Bortle) Decker. Rufus was the son of Nicholas, and his father was the first of the family in this country. He came from Germany and purchased a large tract of land which was divided into four farms and given to his different sons. Fred Decker's great-grandfather was on the building committee of the Lutheran Church at Churchtown. The farm where he now resides is known as the Decker homestead, upon which some one of the family has lived since it was taken up six generations back. Fred Decker was educated in the public schools and at Troy Business College. After his graduation from the latter institution in 1883 he was employed by J. M. Warren & Co., of Troy, as bookkeeper, where he remained nearly six years. In 1888 he returned to the old home, where he is associated with his father in farming, making a specialty of small fruits ; they have 140 acres, thirty of which is devoted to fruit culture. In 1889 he was married to Minne B., daughter of Calvin and Martha Avery, and they have one daughter, Ruth A.. Fred Decker has been connected with 52 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. schools officially, is a member of the Royal Arcanum of Hudson, the Royal Templars of Troy, and with his father and other members of the family is an active supporter of the West Taghkanic M. E. Church, of which he is steward. Delavan, Rensselaer H., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in New Leb- anon, N. Y., October 19, 1851. Jeremiah Delavan, his father, was a native of the same town, where he worked as a mason. His wife was Juda Crego, and their children, besides Rensselaer H., were George, Percy, Lida (deceased), Charlotte (deceased), Charles, and John. Mr. Delavan died in 1893 and his wife in 1896. Rensselaer H. Delavan, after receiving a common-school education, worked on a farm for a time, and then learned the harness-making trade. He established him- self in business at Maiden Bridge in 1872, where he continued for seven- teen years, going thence to Castleton for seven years, and settling in Chatham in 1896, where he now carries on the leading shop in the vil- lage. He is a prominent and influential citizen. Mr. Delavan was married to Alice iMenbert, daughter of Walter and Anna Menbert. They have the following-named children: Nellie, Arthur, Walter, Edith, and Ralph. Denegar, Edmund, of Hudson, was born in the town of Clermont, N. Y., August 31, 1833. He is a son of George and Elizabeth (Law- rence) Denegar, and grandson of George Denegar, who at the age of sixteen, when living in the town of Germantown, entered the Con- tinental army, and at one time was an aide on Gen. Washington's staflf. George, the father of the subject of this notice, was a carpenter and builder, and a man of more than ordinary capacity ; his career was one of industry and frugality; he died in Clermont, May 21, 1842. Edmund Denegar attended the common schools during his youth, and his first labors for himself were devoted to farming, which occupation he pur- sued for fourteen years. In 1854 he discontinued farming and entered the ranks of the contractors and builders. In 1865 he removed to Hud- son to pursue the same calling. He has erected many of the finest resi- dences in the city, and some of the public buildings, among the latter being the State A'^olunteer Firemen's Home, three cottages and the chapel at the State House of Refuge, St. John's Hall, and the Hudson City Hospital. Among the numerous large and expensive residences FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 53 which he has biiih, those of Hon. Levi P. Morton at Rhinebeck, and Mrs. John L. Aspinwall at Barrytown, are excellent examples of his skill and resources. Mr. Denegar has established his high reputation and extensive business by his own unaided exertions, and no man in Hudson is better entitled to the rewards attendant upon success than he. In i860 Mr. Denegar was married to Ann Earl, at Hyde Park. Dutchess county, daughter of William and Ann Johnson Earl. They have one son, George, who was born July 3, 1865, in Clermont; he was married to Jennie Rockefeller, October 23, 1890, daughter of John D. and Rebecka (Ellsworth) Rockefeller, of Madalin, Dutchess county. Devoe, Tunis, p. o. Kinderhook, N. Y., son of John Devoe, Jr., and Anna Isbister, his wife, was born in the town of Kinderhook, N. Y., May 7, 1834. His parents devoted their lifework to farming; their children were as follows : George H. (died in 1889) ; Catherine M. (died January 24, 1894); John E. (died March 20, 1900); Elizabeth A. (died in 1872); Tunis; Allen, now in Minnesota, and Harriet. John Devoe, Jr., died in 1839, and his wife in 1883. Tunis Devoe was educated in the district schools. He is engaged in business as a builder and con- tractor, is a member of Valatie Lodge No. 362, F. & A. M., Kinder- hook Chapter No. 264, and Lafayette Commandery No. 7 of Hudson. His wife was Caroline AL, daughter of Capt. Henry McAllister, who died in 1884, and their children were Earle (died January 11, 1895), Frank T., Mildred and George C. De Witt, Edgar R., p. o. Cheviot, N. Y., was born in the town of Germantown, N. Y., October i, 1866, son of John R. and Margaret C. (Lasher) De Witt. John R. De Witt was born in Stanhope, N. J., and came to Cheviot in 1861. Edgar R. De Witt was educated in Grammar School No. 3, New York city. In 1886 he began the retail coal business in Cheviot, which he still continues ; he also manufactures cider and vinegar, his product being marketed in New York, Brooklyn and Jersey City. He has seven acres devoted to fruit culture, and is manager for his mother of the Cheviot Hotel (formerly the East Camp Hotel) ; this house was conducted as a hotel by his grandfather and father, and has been in the family for four generations. Mr. De Witt was elected town clerk in 1898 and re-elected in 1899 for two years. He is a Republican, was noble grand of Hudson City Lodge Xo. 142, I. O. O. F., from 54 COLUMBIA COIXTY AT THE END OF THE CEXTURV. January i to July i, 1900, and is a member of (jermantown Lodge No. 202, A. O. U. W. He is an enterprising business man, and makes easy work of the multitude of cares upon his hands. He was married to Hannah Rockefeller, and they have two children, CIvde H. and Sher- man E. Dick, Nathan, of Clermont, was born in the town of Germantowii, December 15, 1835, ^ son of Henry and Catherine (Becker) Dick, the parents of eight children, four now living, as follows : Nathan, ]\Iar\ (wife of Elias Rockefeller), Lany (wife of Caleb Link) and William. Mr. Dick's early life was spent with his parents on the farm in the town of Germantown and received a common school education. When twenty- two years of age he started in life for himself as a farmer, purchasing the farm where he now resides and follows general farming and fruit raising. In November, 1857, Mr. Dick married Harmonah, daughter of Henry .Stall; they have these children: Margaret C, wife of John Wright; Lewis, Martha, Annie, wife of Frank Coons, and Alvena, wife of William Wheeler. Mr. Dick is active in town and county afifairs and at the present time represents the town of Clermont on the board of supervisors, now serving on his third term ; he also served as assessor many years. He is interested in school and educational work, and has been trustee of the school many terms ; he is also a contributing and supporting member of the Lutheran Church, of which he has been deacon. Dick, Peter H., of Germantown, was born in that town, October 16, 1837, a son of Jeremiah and Sarah (Yager) Dick, both of whom were natives of Germantown. The father died at the age of sixty-four years and the mother at eighty-two. His grandfather was a Revolutionary soldier and an early settler in Germantown. At the time of the British invasion they melted their pewter spoons and other utensils for bullets to aid in repelling the invaders. Peter H. Dick was one of a family of four sons and four daughters, viz.: Lewis, Peter H., Silas W., John A., Elizabeth, Katherine, Elsie and Adalade, who all survive save Lewis and Elizabeth. Peter H. attended the common schools, completing his education at Stockport. In May, 1857, he married Mary A., daughter of Henry and Almira Smith ol Fishkill, X. Y., who are both deceased. They have one son, Alfred H. Dick. For three years after leaving Factors in its history. ss school Mr. Dick was employed in a paper mill at Chatham Four Corners. In 1857 he secured a position as fireman on the steamboat St. Nicholas, plying between Stuyvesant and New York; during his second year he was promoted to assistant engineer, and in 1862 he was made chief engineer of the H. H. Farington, of the Cornell line. In this capacity his duties were chiefly in New York harbor, where he was considered one of the best engineers at that port. As evidence of his ability and faithfulness the fact that the company retained him in their service until 1897 is sufficient. In the latter year he resigned his position and returned to Gerniantown, where he purchased his father's old homestead and where he is now living, identified as one of the most extensive fruit culturists of the county. This homestead farm comprised originally 500 acres, but the repeated disposals of parcels have reduced it to ninety-three acres, which is now devoted entirely to fruit of various kinds ; over 2,000 fruit trees of different varieties have been planted on the farm during the past two years. It is situated one and a half miles east of Gerniantown village on the direct road to the Blue Store and Hudson, and is beautifully located on rising ground, with extensive and entrancing views of natural scenery in all directions. The house is a large and substantial structure, with spacious and pleasant rooms and a more attractive home cannot be found in the section. Here Mr. and Mrs. Dick have retired for that rest and con- tentment which comes after a life of labor and duty well performed, where the hand of hospitality is cheerfully extended, and where peace and comfort prevails. The farm buildings have been repaired and put in excellent condition ; all neatly painted and trimmed, forming a picture of thrift and good taste. Mr. Dick has in contemplation the erecting of a cold storage warehouse, for the purpose of keeping his apples and pears in good condition for favorable markets, and as he ships a large portion of his product to Continental Europe, he will thus be more enabled to take advantage of the higher market prices at all times. His son, Alfred H. Dick, was born in Stuyvesant, March 6, 1862, and educated at New York. At the age of nineteen he went on the steam- boat with his father for two years, when he was made assistant engineer and took full charge of the Valentine for the Newark Company; he was afterward made engineer and was called to the office of the Cornell Line and given the charge of a boat. He remained with this company twelve years. In 1893 he became part owner in the firm of the Vierow *> COLUMBIA COi'XTY AT THE ESD OF THE CEXTURV. Towing Line, owning five boats : this company did a heav}" business and was ver^- successful. In April. 1898. at the repeated solicitation of his parents, he disposed of his interest in the company and returned to Germantown. to be the " chief engineer " of his father's charming estate. Alfred H. is a hard worker, and possessed of excellent business faculties : he is socially a favorite with all. and on November 28. 1900. he was married to Qara M.. daughter of Charles H. and Augusta (Tompkins") Coons. Mar\- A., the wife of Peter H. Dick, the subject of this sketch. was bom at Fishkill, X. Y., a daughter of Henn.- and .\lmira iMc- Cain Smith. She is a daughter of Robert, a graduate of \\est Point, who was in the War of 1812, was a general, and was killed in the service of his country. Dingman. James, p. o. Columbiaville, was bom at Greenbush, X. Y.. Januar>- 8, 18 17. son of Jacob and Jane (Van Buren) Dingman: their children were Eliza Thorp, Jane, Margaret McDowell, Abram, Asa. Isaac, James. Jacob and John, all natives of Rensselaer count].". Jacob ■was a son of Abram Dingman. James \V. was bom November 18, 1843, son of James and Hannah (Platner) Dingman. whose children were Alice (wife of Jacob Pultzi, James W'., Walter, Russell (deceased). George, Agnes, Stewart. Charles 1 deceased", and Royal Frederick, gen- erally called Fred. I>inehart, H. A., of Hudson, was bom in West Copake, N. Y., July 26, 1877. His father, Delbert Dinehart, is a retired business man, now li^-ing in Hudson, and his mother was Hattie L. Niver. H. A. Dine- hart received his elementan. education in the public schools, and com- pleted his studies at Seymour Smith Academy and Hotchkiss School at Lakeville, Conn. In 1898 he began his business life as a clerk in the Farmers' National Bank of Hudson, and the same year enlisted in the Two Himdred and Third Regiment New York Volunteers for ser- vice in the Spanish War, and was mustered out in 1899. In 1900 he was married to Edith, daughter of Ira Rider. Mr. Dinehart is a young man of more than orditiary capabilities, and in the career he has chosen he has before him a bnoad field of usefulness and prominence, and it is not doubted by those who know him best that he will achieve success. Donnelly, Rev. Peter J., of Hudson, was bom in Greenbush. N. Y.. September 20, 1865. His father was Thomas Donnelly, a native of FACTORS I.\ ITS HISTORY. 67 Albany, where his whole life as a man was devoted to railroad business, he having been in the employ of the X. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. for forty years. His wife was Mary Murray. Peter J. Donnelly, after complet- ing his preparatory education, entered Manhattan College in New York cit\-. whence he was graduated in 1887. He was ordained to the priest- hood at Troy, N. Y., in 1892, and was appointed to St. Hilary's Church at Little Falls, N. Y., where he remained five and a half years. In 1897 he was transferred to Hudson, where he has already established a monu- ment to his industry and zeal in the new St. Mary's Academy, just com- pleted, at a cost of $25,000. This thriving school is fully treated and illustrated elsewhere in this work. Father Donnelly is emphatically a worker - — one of those men who. wherever they are placed and what- ever the nature of their duties, cannot rest quietly under the lead of circumstances, but with strong arms and stout hearts, and with a pre- determined object in view, push steadily on, overcoming or thrusting aside obstacles, patiently laboring in a defined course, until the accom- plishment of their purpose proves the reward of their labors. Father Donnelly is a young man to have established so praiseworthy a record. In a few years he has organized a thri\-ing school, and built the finest parochial school in the State, and, though placing but a modest estimate upon the work he has done, he has a pardonable pride in the excellent school that owes its being to his unremitting labor and common-sense methods. May he long enjoy his well-earned honor ! Donnelly, ^^'illiam D., of Greenport, was born in Albany, X. Y., in March, 1837. He is a son of Lawrence Donnelly, a native of Ireland, who came to the Lnited States in 1798 and settled in Albany ; he was a blacksmith by trade and pursued that calling for many years in Albany, spending the latter years of his life, however, in Greene county, where he died in 1882. \Villiam D. Donnelly was educated in the common schools, and in 1877 came to Columbia county. In 1892 he purchased what was knowTi as the Gilbert Plass place in Greenport, and has since made a specialty of fruit-growing. In 1859 'Sir. Donnelly was married to Catherine Craft; they have one daughter, Mrs. Edward Coons, who has two children, William Edward Coons and Xellie Coons. Douglas, James, of Hudson, is a native of Ireland, where he was bom in 1829. He emigrated to America and came to Hudson in 1865. In 58 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. 1873 he embarked in business for himself. estabUshing an ice plant, which he has continued to conduct until the present time. Mr. Doug- las, through industry and close attention to his affairs, has been reason- ably successful, and such success as he has achieved is due to his habits of prudence, unremitting labor, and sterling honesty. He is one of that valuable class of men who make their way in the world unaided by ex- traneous assistance, and solely upon their native energy, foresight, and industry undertake and carry to completion enterprises, however great or small, that inure to the advance of the public welfare. The term " self-made man " may be aptly applied to Mr. Douglas. In 1875 '^^ was married to Jane R. Rainey. Downing, Daniel B., of Hudson, was born in Harlemville, Columbia county, N. Y., October 18, 1856, grandson of Elias Downing, an early settler, and son of Joseph P. Downing, a farmer, residing on the farm he inherited from his father, and who was married to Elizabeth Mead; they were the parents of ten sons and four daughters. Daniel B. Down- ing was educated at Spencertown Academy and the State Normal School at Albany. In 1877 he came to Hudson and was employed by Groat & Allen to 1882. From 1882 to 1891 he was manager of the American Express office in Hudson. In the latter year he became a member of the firm of Jones & Downing, dealers in flour, feed, hay, grain and straw. In 1894 A. F. Bogardus purchased the interest of Mr. Jones in the business, the firm becoming Downing & Bogardus, which still continues the business. In 1880 Mr. Downing was married to Annie, daughter of Peter Snyder. They have one son, Lloyd Austin Downing. D. B. Downing is secretary of the American Raveler Com- pany of Philmont; is one of Hudson's most worthy citizens, and enjoys the highest esteem of his business and social acquaintances. Downing, Mrs. Mabel, of Chatham. Major A. Downing was born in Hillsdale, N. Y., in 1838. During the Civil War he enlisted in the Seventh New York Cavalry, and was honorably discharged with the rank of lieutenant. He was engaged in business in New York city. He was married to Mary Brooks, and their only child was Mabel. Major A. Downing died in 1870. Mabel Downing became the wife of Forrest S. Downing, who afterward died. They had the following children : Helen, Margaret, Florence and Silas. Silas Downing, uncle of Mrs. Mabel FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 59 Downing, was born in Hillsdale in 1829, and is engaged in the woolen trade in New York. Drew, George H., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in Chatham, Febru- ary 6, 1848. His father was John Drew, who was born in Rensselaer county, N. Y., in 1806, and was a farmer; his wife was Melissa Law- rence, daughter of Isaac Lawrence, and their children were Martha Mary (deceased), and George H. Mr. Drew died April 23, 1889, and Mrs. Drew on July 2, 1887. George H. Drew received his education in the public schools and at Fairfield Seminary. He taught school two terms, and has since been engaged in farming. He is one of the sub- stantial agriculturists of his native town. Drumm, Frank E., p. o. Niverville, N. Y.,was born at Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y., March 15, 1867. His father, Reuben Drumm, was a native of Gallatin, N. Y., and by occupation is a farmer and wagon maker; he is prominent in his town, and held the office of assessor a number of years ; he married Harriet Herrick, and they were the parents of Orville, Charles H., J. Wesley, Sylvester and Frank E. Drumm. Mrs. Drumm died on January 30, 1898. Frank E. Drumm attended the common schools and was graduated from the State Normal College at Albany in 1888, and in 1889 came to Niverville and taught school for eight years. He is now engaged in farming, having under his charge 400 acres. He makes a specialty of rye, corn, hay and sheep. He married Jessie M. Raeder, daughter of the late John Raeder of Niverville. They are the parents of four children, viz. : John, Cornelia, Willard and Harold. Mr. Drumm is numbered among the substantial and trust- worthy citizens of Kinderhook. Drumm, George Edward, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in Chatham, August 22, 1845. His father, George Drumm, a foundryman, was married to Louise Page in 1844, and, besides the subject of this notice, they had a daughter, Josephine, who died in 1855. Mr. Drumm died in 1894, and his wife in 1857. George E. Drumm, after attending school in his native town and in New York, at the age of twelve years, began his apprenticeship to the foundry trade. In i860 he went to Albany, where he was engaged at his trade until 1865, when he went to New York and took charge of the Hudson River Railroad foundry 60 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. there; thence again to Albany, where lie was employed by J. Page, and in 1868 to Scranton, Pa., where he was superintendent of a foundry, finally returning to Albany in the employ of J. Page & Co. In 1870 he came to Chatham, where he is now carrying on a foundry. Mr. Drunnn is recognized as an exemplary citizen, hence has been honored by his fellow townsmen with positions of trust. He has been president and a trustee of the village, and for eighteen years has been a member of the board of education, of which he is now the president. In 1897 he was appointed postmaster, which position he now fills. On May 10, 1871, Mr. Drumm was married to Eva A., daughter of Nelson Mar- tineau. They are the parents of five children : George E., who died in 1889; Mary, Sophia C, Eveline, and Wright C. Drumm, Orville, of Hudson, N. Y.,was born in the town of Stuyvesant, N. Y., December 25, 1854. He is a son of Reuben Drumm, also a native of Stuyvesant, a well known wagon manufacturer and farmer, who was married to Harriet Herrick. The family trace their descent direct to an ancestor, Mathias Drumm, who came from Holland in 1763. Orville Drumm received his preliminary education in the public schools, and was graduated from the State Normal School at Albany in 1876. He followed school teaching for six years, and served as school commis- sioner from 1888 to 1894. In 1879 he started his fire insurance business in Stuyvesant, which he transferred to Hudson in 1900, when he was appointed deputy sheriff by Henry J. Best, sheriff elect. For this position he is eminently qualified. In 1882 Mr. Drumm was married to Ruth A. Hanford. They are the parents of seven children, as follows : four sons, Edgar H., Walter Scott, Orville Freneau, and Mark Hanna; and three daughters, Harriet, Ruth May and Hazel. Drumm, Reuben, of Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y., was born in the town of (lallatin, Columbia county, N. Y., and is a son of William and Han- nah (Rowe) Drumm, who were the parents of seven children, named as follows: Elijah, George, Sylvester, Catherine, Deborah Ann, Reu- ben, and Edward, who are all deceased except the last two. Reuben Drumm received his education in the district schools, and until he was sixteen years old remained at home with his parents. At the latter age he was indentured as an apprentice to Gen. William G. Manville to learn the trade of wagon-making ; in this capacity he worked about FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 61 three years, when he entered the employ of Jacob W. Rossmaii, with whom he completed his trade. At the age of twenty-three he was married to Emma, daughter of Henry Bradt, of Chatham, N. Y. ; she died, survived by one son, Evan. Later he was married to Harriet, daughter of Martin Herrick fa veteran of the War of 1812). The chil- dren of the latter union are Orville, Charles J., Wesley, Sylvester, and Frank, the last four born on the farm where the family now reside. In i860 Mr. Drumm began farming, which vocation he still pursues. He, as well as his sons, have always been active in the affairs of their town and county, particularly in educational matters. J. Wesley is a teacher in New York ; Frank and Orville are graduates from the State Normal School at Albany. Mr. Drumm is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Stuyvesant Falls, of which he has been a trustee for many years. In all the relations of social life and citizenship, Mr. Drumm and his family have maintained a high standard of excellence. Du Bois, John C, M. D., was born in Rhinebeck, N. Y., on August 10, 1831, the only son of Stephen A. and Rachel A. (Schryver) Du Bois. Stephen A. Du Bois was also a native of Rhinebeck, and was a descend- ant of a Huguenot ancestor, who emigrated from Holland to America about the middle of the seventeenth century. He was a prominent citi- zen of Rhinebeck, where he was a merchant many years, and one of the founders of the Rhinebeck Academy. In 1851 he came to Hudson, where, in 1855, he became connected with the Hudson River Bank as a director and subsequently was chosen president, which office he filled until his death on the last day of December, 1869. In 1859 he spent six months in Europe, and with his son, Dr. J. C. Du Bois, who had been pursuing his studies in Paris, visited Holland, Belgium and Switzerland, also making an extended tour through the British Islands. He was beloved for his many worthy characteristics, and was known as a careful and honest financier. Dr. Du Bois received his preparatory education at the Rhinebeck Academy, and in 1849 entered Yale Col- lege as a member of the sophomore class, with which he was graduated in 1852. He began the study of medicine with Drs. John P. Wheeler and E. Simpson, and in 1854 became a student in the University Medi- cal College of New York, under the private instruction of Professors John A. Swett and William H. Van Buren. He was graduated in 1856, and until 1858 devoted his time to hospital service. In the latter year ti2 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. he went to Europe and continued his medical studies in the schools and hospitals of Paris, returning^ to Hudson in i860. In 1862 he was ap- pointed surgeon in the sanitary commission corps, and assigned to dutv on a hospital transport, and in September of the same year was com- missioned acting assistant surgeon, U. S. A., and served at De Camp General Hospital, David's Island, Long Island Sound, Beaufort. S. C, Elmira, Willett's Point and Washington, and was honorably discharged at the close of the war. Since that time he has not been in active prac- tice of his profession. Dr. Du Bois is too well known in Hudson and Columbia county to need in this place an extended rehearsal of the events in his life that have won for him the confidence, respect and esteem of his fellow citizens. He may safely let his lifework stand as his monument. Dr. Du Bois was married on May 25, 1869, to Evelina P., daughter of E. W. and Julia A. Kimball. Their children are two sons, Julian and Coert, and three daughters, Rachel, Florence S., and Ger- trude H. His wife died December 12, 1881. Du Bois, Samuel Thorn, of Greenport, N. Y., was born in Rhine- beck, N. Y., May 29, 1817. His father was Coert Du Bois, a native of Fishkill, N. Y., who died in the town of Livingston, N. Y., May 15, 1854. S. T. Du Bois was educated in public and private schools. In 1857 he came to Columbia county and purchased of Dr. .\ndrew C. Getty the place which has ever since been his home. During his resi- dence near Hudson Mr. Du Bois has been numbered among the active and progressive men of the county, and his career has been characterized by strict integrity, honorable citizenship and courage in promoting and defending all measures which he believed to be right. He has been a director and vice-president of the First National Bank and a trustee of the Hudson City Savings Institution. In 1854 he was married to Celia, daughter of Samuel P. Judson, of Indiana. Their children are two sons and three daughters, namely: Louis Coert, Paul lliorn. Lilian, Helena and Katherine. Du Bois, Stephen Augustus, of Hudson, M. Y., wa.s born in the town of Livingston, Columbia county, N. Y., on April 22, 1842. He is de- scended from Peter Du Bois, an immigrant from Holland in 1676, who settled at Fishkill. N. Y., and where several generations of the family have lived, Henry A. Du Bois, father of the subject of this notice, and FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 63 son of Coert Du Bois, was a native of Fishkill, but early in life came to Livingston, where he was prominent in many ways. By vocation he was a merchant, and served as member of Assembly, and was super- visor of Livingston and also of Greenport. He was married to Evelina, daughter of John Van Deusen, and died in 1879. Stephen Augustus Du Bois was educated in the common schools and at the academy at White Plains, N. Y. In 1880 he established himself in association with Peter A. Breusie in the hardware business in Hudson, which relation continued until 1892, since which date he has carried on the business alone ; he is one of the most extensive hardware dealers in the county. In 1885 and 1886 he served his town as supervisor. Mr. Du Bois is well known as an energetic business man and as a citizen of unques- tioned enterprise and moral worth. Duntz, Mark, district attorney of Columbia county, was born in the town of Gallatin, N. Y., in 1856, son of Adam I. and Sally (Ham) Duntz, and is descended from one of the older and well known families of Colum- bia county. His preliminary studies were pursued in the public schools of Hudson, to which city his parents removed when he was a child, after which he attended the Hudson Academy, then noted as one of the best institutions of its grade in the State. At the age of seventeen he left school and entered the office of ex-District Attorney John M. Welch, to begin his initiatory studies in the science of law ; here he remained until 1875, when he was received as a clerk by Hon. Charles L. Beale. In this position he early exhibited that natural understanding of, and insight into, the fundamental principles of law that characterize the true legal mind, and by industrious application, and a determination to master the science of the profession, he accomplished in two years what often occupies the student double that time, the result being that in 1877 he was admitted to the bar, when but twenty-one years of age. His pre- ceptor, :\Ir. Beale, readily discerned the ability of his clerk, and ap- preciating the worthy ambition of the young man, immediately after the latter was admitted to the bar invited him to become his partner. The partnership thus formed was continued until May i, 1880, when, Mr. Beale desiring to take his son as a partner, it was dissolved, and Mr. Duntz was appointed assistant deputy county clerk under Charles Whit- beck. In this capacity he served for two years, and resigned to form a law partnership with Nelson F. Boucher. In 1885 Mr. Boucher re- 64 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OE THE CENTURY. moved to Dakota, thus discontinuing: the partnership relation, leaving Mr. Duntz to practice alone until 1892, when the firm of Duntz & Ald- croft (Richard B. Aldcroft) was organized; this connection existed three years, to 1895, when the junior member removed to New York. In the meantime, in 1892, he was nominated by the Republicans as their candi- date for district attorney. This was a " Democratic year," and although Mr. Cleveland received a majority of 484 on the electoral ticket in the county, Mr. Duntz came within four votes of an election. In the city of Hudson, a Democratic stronghold, Mr. Duntz's opponent had a majority of 222, while Cleveland carried the city by 556. These details are im- portant in that they show the appreciation and popularity of the Repub- lican candidate. In 1895 he again received the nomination for district attorney, and at the election led his ticket by 100 votes, and received in the county the flattering majority of 547. In 1898 he was again nomi- nated and elected by 487 majority. In the administration of the office of district attorney Mr. Duntz has made an enviable record, winning praise from the public as well as from his professional brethren for his fairness and legal acumen. Mr. Duntz is a versatile lawyer. While he may have a choice in the different branches of practice, he has not made any one paramount to the others. He has proved an efficient prosecutor and a faithful conservator of the county's interests. In 1883 Mr. Duntz was married to Ada \''., daughter of James and Margaret Potts. They have one son, Mark, Jr. Dunspaugh, Cyrus V., of Claverack, was born June 6, 1846, a son of Henry I. and Jane (Groat) Dunspaugh, one of a family of seven children, all now living. In early life he attended the district school and assisted his father in the work on the farm. In 1871 he started out for himself on a farm in Ghent, where he remained until 1898, when he bought the place he now occupies, of 135 acres. In 1866 Mr. Duns- paugh married Cornelia Van Deusen, daughter of Nicholas and Eliza- beth (Niver) Van Deusen : they have four children : Lillian, Cora, Grace, and Milford. Dunspaugh, Henry, p. o. Kinderhook, N. Y., was born in the town of Ghent, N. Y., January 28, 1849. His father, Henry I. Dunspaugh, was also a native of Ghent, a farmer by occupation and served as collector of his town ; he married Jane Groat, and they were the parents of Henry, FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 65 [ohn, Cyrus. Theodore, Arthur, Angette and Frances Dunspaugh. Mr. Dunspaugh died in 1896, and his wife in 1884. Henry Dunspaugh at- tended the common schools, and began his business career as a farmer, which vocation he still follows. He married Emma, daughter of Joseph Drew. They are the parents of two children : Florence May, and Ethel. Eaton, Albert M., p. o. Stiiyvesant. N. Y., was born in Stuyvesant. N. Y.. June 24. 1850. Ira Eaton (born in 1800). grandfather of Albert M.. was one of four brothers who came to this country from England in 1820 and settled in Connecticut. He and one of his brothers embarked as partners in the hotel business. When he was twenty-five years of age he disposed of his hotel interest and removed to the town of Stuyve- sant, where he engaged in farming. Soon after his arrival in Columbia county he was married to Catherine Like, who bore him seven children, named as follows: John, Peter, David, Ira, Margaret, Catherine and Harriet, all of whom were born in Stuyvesant. John Eaton, oldest son of Ira, was a farmer and a public spirited man. He took an active pan in the affairs of the Reformed Church and was a member of its consistory for many years, and all his life stood high in the esteem of the com- munity in which he dwelt. .\t the age of twenty-five years he was mar- ried to Roxana. daughter of Cornelius and Ann (Nichols) Miller, by whom he had two children, Alary and Albert M., the subject of this notice. After her death he was married to her sister Harriet, and they had six children, as follows : Sylvia, Ira. Amasa. John Henry. Isabelle. and Dwight. all natives of Stuyvesant. Albert M. Eaton spent his boy- hood at home, attending school and working on the farm, until he reached his majority, when he began farming on his own account. He continued at this until 1891, when for a year he engaged in the coal and lumber business at Pine Plains, Dutchess county. Thence he returned to Stuyvesant, where he purchased the farm he now owns and occupies, which is considered one of the best on the river, and devotes his attention chiefly to the cultivation of fruits and berries. Mr. Eaton performs the part of the intelligent and progressive citizen in town and county affairs, is interested in schools and educational work generally and is prominent in the Reformed Church, being its treasurer and a member of the consistory since 1892. In 1871 he was married to Susie J., daughter of William L. and Caroline Pitcher, a native of Schenect.ady, N. Y. 5 tiO COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Eaton, Martin B., of Hudson, was born in the city of Hudson, Ma\ 3, 1865, a son of Martin Eaton, a native of Ireland, who came to Hud- son in 1 86 1, engaged in merchandising, and died in 1866. Martin B. Eaton was well educated in the Hudson public schools, and began his business career in the employ of Henry Baker, with whom he re- mained sixteen years, faithfully working for his employer's interest and gaining that experience which has served him well in later years. In 1891, with his brother, P. H. Eaton, he established a business in paints, oils, wall paper, etc., which was a success from the beginning. In 1899 he purchased his brother's interest in the business, and is now conduct- ing it alone, carrying one of the largest and most varied stocks in the city. Mr. Eaton's characteristics are those of the successful merchant. Close attention to the details of his business, constant study of the wants of the public, and strictly honorable dealing, have brought their reward in a thriving trade and the respect and esteem due to a man of enter- prise and integrity. He served four years (1894-1898) as alderman of the Second ward, carrying into his service for the city the same prin- ciples that actuate him in his private affairs ; he is also a member of the cemetery commission. In 1889 he was united in marriage with Fannie Kane, who died in 1891, survived by one daughter. Edwards, Judge Samuel, though so long a resident of the county as to make it seem that he must be a native of Columbia, was born .\pril 24, 1839, on a farm in the county of Schenectady. He was graduated from Union College in 1862, and in September of that year entered the office of Stephen L. Magoun as a law student. At that time this office, besides having a large general practice, was in the enjoyment of, per- haps, a larger real-estate practice than that of any other office in the county. This is a branch of the law which imperatively demands the utmost care, the most patient and thorough investigation, the highest possible degree of accuracy, and there can be little doubt that the cau- tious, painstaking deliberation with which Judge Edwards always ex- amines and considers important questions, before deciding them, is largely the result of the habit of critical, analytical scrutiny formed in searching titles, prcjjaring abstracts, tracing descents, studying the ob- scure provisions of wills and construing doubtful covenants in deeds while in the office of Mr. Magoun. Judge Edwards was admitted to the bar in 1864, and thereafter opened an office and entered upon the lull. Samuel Edwards. 67 fiS COLVMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. practice of his profession. His fidelity to the interests of his clients, his studious habits, his clean and upright life, the industry and ability which he displayed in the conduct of all business intrusted to him. soon attracted attention, and within a few years he was in possession of a substantial clientage and a lucrative practice. From this time on, while his advancement in his profession was constant and rapid, his growth in the esteem and confidence of the community was no less so. In 1875 he was invited to form a partnership with Hon. Robert E. An- drews, who had for years conducted, alone, the largest litigated practice of any lawyer at the Columbia bar. Judge Edwards, then in the prime of youthful vigor, threw himself into the larger field of activity, which this connection opened to him, with the zeal and ardor of a true lover of his profession, and the next twelve years were years of strenuous, but congenial, toil. .\t the end of that period, upon the almost unanimous request of the bar of the county. Governor David B. Hill appointed him to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court, occasioned by the death of Judge Osborn, of Catskill, and in the year following he was elected to a full term of fourteen years as a justice of the Su- preme Court. Upon the bench Judge Edwards has achieved a most enviable reputation, not only for an integrity beyond all possibility of suspicion and an exalted sense of the high requirements of his office, but for great industry, sound judgment, and ripe learning. In the present year (1900) he was assigned by Governor Roosevelt to the Appellate Division of the Third Department, where he is sure to be a most valuable member of this, the next to the highest court of the State. A lucid and logical writer, nice and discriminating in his choice of words, compact and forcible in assaying facts, his opinions will not fail to sustain the high reputation in which the utterance of this court are universally held. The term for which Judge Edwards was elected will expire next year and, unless he should positively decline further service upon the bench, his renomination and re-election are as certain as anything in ])olitics can be. Edchnan, William J., of -\ncrani, was born in the town of (lallatin. X. Y.. August 4, 1866, a son of Jacob and ^laryette (Wheeler) Edelman, who had two children : Libbie and William J. Jacob Edelman was born in Baden, Germany, and came to this country in 1848, when a young man, and settled in Ilillsda'e, where he worked at his trade of black- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 89 smithing and wagon-making until 1852, when he moved to Ancram, where he remained till 1854, removing thence to Gallatin, where he lived until 1895, when he, with his son, returned to Ancram. He died May I, 1896. William J. Edelman, after leaving school, and when about fourteen years of age. began clerking in a general store in Gallatinville, where he was employed for nine years, and then purchased the store of his employer, Ellsworth J. Brandt. This business he carried on until 1895, when he sold out and purchased the general store at i\ncram, of which he is now the proprietor. He was postmaster while at Gallatin- ville, and is now deputy postmaster at .Ancram, is a member of Masonic Lodge No. 615, at Pine Plains, N. Y., a member of the Masonic Pro- tective Association of Worcester, Mass., and of the Methodist Episcopal church, Ancram, N. Y. On August 7, 1889, he was married to Cora B., only daughter of John S. and Agnes Williams, and they have two chil- dren : Floyd W., born in 1892, and Florence C., born in 1894. Eitelman. Peter, of Claverack, was born in Germany, March 17, 1838, educated in the public schools of his native land, and learned the black- smith's and machinist's trade, which he worked at for four years. At the age of eighteen he came to America and landed in New York in 1856. He came at once to Claverack and engaged with Matt Marshall, staying with him four years, when he went to Gallatin and worked in different places. In 1866 he came to Claverack, locating in his present place in 1870, where he has since been in active business. ]Mr. Eitel- man married Barbara Christman, of Hillsdale, and they have had ten children, seven now living. Elkenburgh, Eugene, of Hudson, is a native of the town of Livingston, N. Y., and was born October 24, 1844. He is descended in the third gen- eration from Nicholas Elkenburgh, who settled in what is now Livings- ton the early part of the eighteenth century, where he spent his life as a farmer. Nicholas' son, William, father of Eugene, was born in Living- ston, and was married to Maria Magley. He was a farmer, and also was engaged in milling for many years. He is remembered as an up- right, industrious man, who was a credit to the community in which he lived. He died in 1871, leaving to be emulated by his children a reputation unspotted by word or deed. Eugene Elkenburgh attended the common schools, where he obtained the foundation for the educa- 70 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. tion of experience to come in after life. Under his father's instruction he became a proficient miller, and after the death of the latter he re- moved to Hudson in 1872. There he entered the employ of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company, in which capacity he remained over six years. In 1879 he started a grocery in Hudson, which he carried on with a fair degree of success for fifteen years, finally, in 1894, engaging in the wholesale fruit and vegetable trade, which he is conducting at present. Mr. Elkenburgh has the keen faculties of the born business man, constantly awake to details and opportunities, and with a fore- sight that rarely fails him in the enterprises he embarks in. He has been " the architect of his own fortunes " in the business world, and bears a reputation in the commercial circles of his adopted city of being a man in whom confidence may at all times be placed. In 1862 Mr. Elkenburgh was married to Anna S. Coons ; they have a son, John, and a daughter, Mrs. Georgia Scovell. Engel, Peter, of Ghent, was born in llavaria, (lerniany, June 20, 1847, ^ son of Philip and Mary Ann Engel, who emigrated to this country in 1852 and to Columbia county two years later. They had five children, viz. : Barbara, Frederika, Philip A., Peter, and Margaret. By occupation Philip was a miller and a millwright, which he followed until his death in 1877, at the age of seventy-two years. Peter Engel was educated in the schools of Stockport and Ghent and assisted his father in the mill. At the age of seventeen he entered the employ of his brother Philip, with whom he was five years, then took charge of the mill, which he has conducted to the present time (1900). In 1890 he purchased a farm of 100 acres, and has greatly improved the saw- mill; has also added a cider and vinegar mill. He is president of the Town of Ghent Insurance, of which he has lieen director five years; was highway commissioner one term, and town clerk one \ ear. Mr. Engel is a member of Hudson Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M., and Chapter and Lafayette Commandery No. 7. September 13, 1870, he married Eliza C, daughter of Jacob and Josephine Gearing; they have four children: Ida Annie, wife of Wilson V.. Tipple; Margaret, wife of C. Ward Ostrander; Edwin T., and Henry. Esselstyn, Cornelius, was born in Claverack, Ma\ 31, 1846. a son of Martin and Cynthia (Garner) Esselstyn, the eldest of three children. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. VI He was born and brought up on the farm he now Hves on and in early Hfe attended the district school and the Hudson River Institute, and finished his education at Burnham's Business College in Springfield. Mass. He then returned home and helped his father, and as he had a natural taste for agriculture, remained at home until his father moved to Claverack, when he took the farm and has operated it since that time for himself. He owns about 300 acres of land and follows a general agricultural business in stock, hay, grain, and produce. On October 23, 1872, Mr. Esselstyn married Ida Eleanor Groat, of Ghent, daughter of John Calvin and Mary (Shufelt) Groat, who bore him two children : Cora May, horn September 12, 1874, married Charles D. \'osburgh, of Ghent, and Louise Groat, born October 16, 1878. Esselstyn, William Martin, of Claverack, was born in Columbia county, April 12, 1851, a son of Martin and Cynthia (Garner) Esselstyn, one of a family of three children, all living at this date (1900). Martin Esselstyn was born in 1810 and was one of a family of nine children born to Cornelius and Clarissa Esselstyn. William M. Esselstyn was educated in the district school, Hudson River Institute, and the college at Amenia, N. Y. He assisted his father with the work on the farm in his younger days, and stayed with him until 1877, when he, with his brother, bought the farm he now occupies of his uncle, William Essel- styn, consisting of 550 acres. For two years the farm was worked by outside parties, and in 1879 he came to live on it himself, where he has since remained. In 1885 he bought his brother's interest and has been sole owner up to the present time. October 23, 1878, Mr. Esselstyn married Emma F. Lawrence, of Hudson ; they have one son, Lawrence, born March i. 1885. Evans. Cornelius H., the head of the noted Evans brewery, of Hud- son, N. Y.. was born in that city on June 22, 1841. His father was Robert \\'. Evans, who was born in the town of Livingston, Columbia county, N. Y., in 1818. He removed to Hudson, and for eighteen years was engaged in the dry goods business. In 1856 he purchased from George Robinson the brewing plant, known at the present time as the Evans Brewery. He was married to Harriet E., daughter of Solomon Wescott, and they became the parents of one son, Cornelius H., and two daughters, Mrs. William C. Dornin (deceased), and Mrs. 72 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Arthur C. Stott. Mr. Evans was a man of much public spirit and was accorded the highest esteem and confidence of his fellow citizens. He was a director of the Hudson River Bank, and died May 30, 1868. Cornelius H. Evans was educated in the public schools, Hudson Acad- emy, and at Bradbury's private school. When he was nineteen years old he entered his father's office as clerk and in 1865 became a member of the brewing firm. Upon the death of his father in 1868, he pur- chased the interest of the latter in the business and, with J. L. Phipps, formed the firm of C. H. Evans & Co. In 1878 the firm was dissolved, Mr. Evans assuming control of the business, Mr. Phipps retiring. In 1888 Mr. Evans took his two sons into partnership in the business. Mr. Evans is not only one of the leading business men of his native city, but in public service has won the confidence of the people. He succeeded his father as a director of the National Hudson River Bank, and has been president of the institution for a number of years, and is a trustee of the Hudson Savings Institution. He acted as one of the superintendents of schools one year, was a member of the board of education six years, served as president of the board of public works three years and as president of the Hudson Aqueduct Company. His four years' administration as mayor of the city of Hudson was marked by intelligence, care for the public interests, and progressive methods. He was a member of the State Democratic committee from 1875 to 1877, ^"fl was president for four years of the State Brewers' Association. In all of these positions Mr. Evans has acquitted himself with honor. In 1863 Mr. Evans was married to Imogene, daughter of A. H. Groat, who died in 1896. His second wife was Mrs. Ella S. Dickinson White. He has two sons : Robert W. and Cornelius H., Jr. Robert W. Evans was born in Hudson, N. Y., January 21, 1865, and was educated in private schools, Hudson Academy, and De Garmo Institute at Rhine- beck. In 1884 he entered his father's ofifice as clerk, and in 1888 be- came a partner with his father. He is a director of the National Hud- son River Bank, of the Hudson and Chester Granite Company, and of the Hudson Aqueduct Company, and succeeded his father as com- missioner of public works, of which board he has been president. In 1887 lie was married to Carrie Stephens Brown, daughter of J. Thomas Brown; they have three sons: Harold B., Cornelius 3d, and Robert \\'., Jr. Cornelius H. Evans, Jr.. was born in Hudson, \. Y., October 26. 1S66. He received his education at private schools, Hudson Acad- Cornelius H. Hvans. 73 74 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. emy. and De Garmo Institute. In 1885-1886 he studied brewing in Philadelphia and continued his studies in his father's brewery. In 1888 he became a member of the firm. A detailed history of the Evans brewery and its products is given in another part of this work. Fab\an. \\'illiam De Forest, p. o. Philmont, was born in Lancaster. N. H., January 8, 1858, a son of Horace G. and Luella (Cargill) Fabyan, and grandson of Horace G. Fabyan, a native of New Hampshire, and owner of the Fabyan Farm, on which is now the popular summer hotel, known as the Fabyan House, at Fabyan's, N. H., in the White Moun- tains. In early life Dr. Fabyan attended the public schools of his native village and in 1870 he went to Nebraska with his father and stayed on a ranch with him until 1874, when he returned to Brooklyn and took up the study of dentistry in the office of James H. Race. Here he re- mained twelve years, then removed to Philmont, where he opened an office for himself, and, with the exception of about fourteen months, which he spent in the West, he has been in active business ever since. Dr. Fabyan is a member of Hillsdale Lodge No. 612. F. & A. M., Cascade Lodge No. 197, K. P., and K. O. T. \I. No. 553. Fardy, William P., of Hudson, was born in Wexford, Ireland. Feb- ruary 12. 1862. and came to America in 1878. At that time his father, William A. Fardy. was located in Hudson. He was superintendent of the Hudson Gas Works from 1878 until his death in March, 1879. \\'illiam P. Fardy was appointed superintendent in 1887 and holds the position to the present day. He had learned the gas business of his father, also in Wexford of his grandfather, \\'illiam. Mr. Fardy has served one term as alderman, is a member of the board of trade, and is one of Hudson's conservative, public-spirited, self-made men. Fassett, Jacob Potts, of Claverack, was born in Castleton, June 27, 1850, a son of John and Adelia (Potts) Fassett, and can trace his an- cestry on his father's side back to the Revolution. He was educated in the district schools, and after leaving school worked for George Eckes. in East -Schodack, learning the harness-making and saddlery business. He remained with him three years and then went to Mellen- ville, where he was engaged in the same line of business with John Eckes for ten years. He next started in business for himself in the FACTORS IN FTS HISTORY. 78 block now owned by Mrs. Catharine Anderson, and was there for nine- teen years, and then moved to his present location, where he has been for two years. Mr. Fassett was appointed postmaster in 1884, by President Cleveland, and served four years, then retired and was re- appointed in 1892, serving tmtil the present administration, when he was deputized as assistant postmaster. He is a member of Hudson Chapter No. 7, F. & A. M., of Hudson. He married Emma Phillips, of Philmont, daiighter of Aaron and Ann (Fowler) Phillips ; they have three children : Grace Adelia, Laura Phillips, and Emma Gertrude. Feller, George W., of Clermont, was born on the farm where he now resides, December 15, 1832, a son of William and Catherine (Fraleigh) Feller, the parents of two children, George W., and Mary, wife of Alfred R. Westfall. Mr. Feller is a grandson of Jacob and Annie (Dillamater) Feller, who had five children: Rachel, wife of Caleb Washburn; Cath- erine, wife of Samuel Hoyt ; William, Sarah, wife of Peter Stickles, and Philip, all born at Copake Flats. Mr. Feller's early life was spent on the farm with his parents ; he was educated in the common schools of Clermont and Hudson Academy. His father died December 28, 1869. and his mother August 15, 1881. In 1862 Mr. Feller assumed charge of the home farm, which contains 171 acres, and follows general farming. On October 2. 1855, he married Barbara A. (deceased), daughter of Henry Younghans, and on June 8, 1869, he married Sarah E. (deceased), daughter of John I. Salspaugh. Mr. Feller is active in town and county afifairs and has been inspector of elections, assessor, and also repre- sented his town on the board of supervisors. He is also interested in school and educational work and has been connected with his school in an official capacity, as trustee and district clerk, many terms. He has been trustee and elder of the Germantown Lutheran Church many years. Feroe, Henry A., of Hudson, was born in Dutchess county, N. Y., May 19, 1845. f^'s father was Peter, and his grandfather was Henry Feroe, one of the early residents of Dutchess county. Peter was an undertaker and dealer in furniture at Tivoli, where he was married to Catherine Wilsey. Henry A. Feroe, after obtaining his education in the public schools of Tivoli, came to Hudson and entered the employ of Peter A. Miller. In 1864 he removed to New York city, where he was eight years engaged in the wholesaling of gentlemen's furnishing 76 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. goods. In 1872 he returned to Hudson and again was employed by Mr. Miller, with whom he remained until 1882, when he established his present business of men's furnishing goods, hats, caps, etc. Mr. Feroe is one of Hudson's most substantial business men, and has won a posi- tion of prominence among his fellow citizens by sheer force of character and progressive intelligence. He has served the city two terms on the board of health, two terms on the plumbing board, and as recorder of the city in 1894-95. He is not a seeker for office, and has accepted it only as a matter of duty. In 1869 he was united in marriage with Mary A., daughter of Rensselaer Grandy. They have one son. Robert H., and two daughters, Mrs. F. B. Lasher, and Miss Jessie. Fingar, Griffin, of Livingston. N. Y., was born in the town of Ger- mantown, N. Y., November 3, 1847, son of Adam and Maria (Moore) Fingar, who had seven children: Silas, Griffin, William B.. Christiana, wife of Charles Lynk, Emma Jane (deceased), Rosetta, wife of Charles Stickles, and Lewis, all natives of Columbia county. Adam Fingar was a son of Elias, he a son of Peter, who was one of three brothers who came from Holland. Griffin Fingar was brought to Red Hook by his parents when he was but a year old, and thence to Livingston in 1856, and has been since a resident of this town. He was educated in the common schools. At the age of twenty-six he purchased the farm where he now resides, and where he follows general farming and fruit culture. In 1873 he was married to Mary E., daughter of Edward and Mary E. (Rossnian) Stickles; they have had six children: Mary, wife of John J. Tinklepaugh, Jr., Frank, Rossman G., Edith, and Ed- ward and Jessie (deceased). All were born on the farm where Mr. Fingar now lives. Mr. Fingar has served as excise commissioner, and as school trustee many years, and has been a deacon in the Manor Church nine years, and a trustee for three years. Fingar, Henry, of Germantown, was born on the farm where he now resides, September 5, 1858, a son of Horace and .Mhertina (Weaver) Fingar, she a daughter of Harry Weaver. Horace and Albertina had four children, as follows: Henry, Annie, wife of Frank Rockefeller, Thomas C. and Franklin H., all born on the farm where Henry now resides. Horace Fingar was a son of Thomas and Julia Ann (Shultis) Fingar, and their children were Horace, James C, Margaret, and Sarah. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 77 Henry Fingar, the subject, was educated in the common schools of the town of Germantown and in a private school conducted by Erastus Coons. In 1880 the family moved to the town of Clermont, where they remained until 1883, when Henry's grandfather died, and soon after Henry purchased the old homestead, where he now resides and carries on general farming, making a specialty of fruit-growing and specu- lating in cattle and live stock. On January 16, 1881, he married Annie, daughter of Jacob I. and Amelia Moore; they have had three children, two living, Eva Maud and Hazel M., and one deceased, Floyd, who died September 4, 1899, at seventeen years of age. Mr. Fingar has been active in town and county affairs and has served as assessor of his town. He is also active in educational work, having been con- nected with his school in an official way for seven years in succession. He is a contributing and supporting member of the Reformed Church of Germantown. His father was supervisor of the town of Clermont several terms and represented the town of Clermont on the board of supervisors at the time of his death in 1899. Fingar, Jacob, of Ghent, was born March 22, 1843, ^ son of Elisha and Elizabeth (Statts) Fingar, who had five children : Charles, Mary Elizabeth, Jacob, Martha A., and Henrietta, all natives of the town of Germantown. Elisha was a son of Elias and Margaret (Clum) P'ingar, whose children were Thomas, Catherine, Hannah, Peter, Elisha, Adam, Valentine, and German. Jacob Fingar was educated in the schools of (iermantown, and assisted his father with the farm work until his father's death in 1871, when he purchased the home farm in the town of Ghent, which he has since conducted. September 11, 1882, Mr. Fingar married Emily F., daughter of William G. and Catherine Kittle, who bore him one son, Herbert S., at home on the farm with his father. Mr. Fingar is active in town and county affairs. Fingarr, Frank, of Madalin, N. Y. — Horace Fingarr was born in the town of Germantown, N. Y., July 9, 1836, a son of Thomas and Julia Ann (Shultis) Fingarr, the parents of four children, as follows : Sarah J., James C, Margaret E., and Horace. Horace Fingarr spent his early life in Germantown ; he received part of his education in the district school and graduated at Claverack College. His occupation was farm- ing, and he was a good, practical, up-to-date farmer, doing everything 78 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. in a very systematic manner. On February ii, 1880, he moved to the town of Clermont, and, in connection with his farm there, he had the freight dock in Germantown for a number of years. He was identified with all the public enterprises, and there he died on September 13, 1899. He held many positions of trust and represented his town in the board of supervisors for several terms, holding that office at the time of his death. He was also a very active worker in the Reformed church of Germantown ; in early life he was superintendent of the Sunday-school for a number of years and later on he served as elder for a term of eigh- teen years, taking the place of his father, who had served officially for nearly half a century, when the Lord saw fit to take him to his rich rewards. Mr. Fingarr married Albertina, daughter of Harry Weaver ; they had four children : Henry, who married Annie Moore ; Annie, wife of Frank Rockefeller; Thomas C, married Anna Fraleigh ; Franklin H., married Carrie Smith. Peaceful, uneventful lives like his leave but little for the chronicler to record ; but to have achieved a character like his is surely a virtue worth living for and a heritage of inestimable value to his descendants. Fish, Hugh I., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., is a native of Chathanf, born October 29, 1867. He is the son of I. A. Fish, who was born at Rich- field Springs, N. Y., and was a carpenter and builder. He removed to Chicago, where he was engaged in building, and was one of the first to enlist in the Union army at the breaking out of the Civil War. After the close of his military service he came to Chatham and estab- lished himself as a manufacturer and dealer in furniture. His wife was Margaret, daughter of Capt. Cornelius Shoefelt. Besides Hugh I., they had one other son, Pierre A., now a professor of anatomy at Cornell University. Hugh I. Fish attended the common schools and Harwick Seminary, near Cooperstown, N. Y. After leaving school for five years he followed teaching, and then engaged in the lumber trade in Mobile, Ala. In 1894 he returned to Chatham and established an in- surance business, which he is conducting at present. In November, 1899, he was elected school commissioner for the second district of Columbia county. He is a member of Arcadia Lodge No. yjy, I. O. O. F., at Philmont. He was married to Minerva, daughter of Pratt Tompkins, of Canaan, N. Y. They have four children. .Mice N., Helen E., Hamilton M., and Robert H. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. t9 Fisher, F'rank, of Germantown, N. Y. Among the old and distin- guished families of the county are the Fishers. Frank Fisher, tlie sub- ject, was born on the farm where he now resides, March 25, 1851, a son of Alexander and Eva (Clum) Fisher, the parents of two children, Frank, and Julia, wife of Ansell Walker, of New York city. Alexander Fisher was a son of Mathew and Helen (Clum) Fisher, whose children were Helen, Sturtevant, Xemenia, wife of Minard V. Clum; Helen, wife of Albert Sturtevant; Catherine, and Alexander. Alexander fol- lowed farming, making a specialty of fruit-growing, also speculating and exported fruit, and at one time was one of the largest exporters of apples in the country. Frank Fisher was educated in the schools of Germantown and by private tutor. When sixteen years of age he en- gaged in the fruit and produce business in New York, where he was located until 1885, when he returned to the town of Germantown to take charge of his father's business. His father died March 19, 1887, aged sixty-five years. Since that time Mr. Fisher has taken charge of his large estate, making a specialty of fruit-farming, and has thousands of fruit trees. October 11, 1871, he married Elizabeth Louise, daughter of Dr. Rivas, who was one of t he leading men of Bogota, South America. They have eight living children: Helen Eva Louise, Alex- ander Frederick, who married Emily Barber de Silva ; Irwin Franklin, Lillie Evelin, wife of Albert W. Frost; Bias Rivas, Arthur Chester, Mildred May, and Fayette Gordon. Mr. Fisher takes an active in- terest in all public-spirited enterprises and has now in project the build- ing of a large dock, ice and cold-storage warehouse at Cheviot. He also takes an interest in town and county affairs, though he has never aspired to political honors in the way of holding office. He takes an active interest in school and educational work and has given his children the advantages of an advanced education. His family are contributing and supporting members of the different churches. Fitz Gerald, James, was born in Ireland in 1832, and came to America in 185 1, settling in Charleston, S. C. He was a stone mason and did a large amoimt of work for the United States Government on Fort Sumter and other public buildings. He also did work on the old Cathedral at Charleston, S. C. .'Kbout 1855 he settled in Hudson, and became a contractor and builder. He built the Hudson city reservoir, the Farmers' National Bank, and many prominent buildings in Hudson so COLUMBIA COUXry AT THE END Of THE CEATUKV. and neighboring cities. In 1881 he engaged in the manufacture of brick at Hudson, in which business he continued until his death. Mr. Fitz Gerald's death, January 20, 1890, was a loss to the community as well as to his family. He was highly respected by all who knew him. He was survived by his wife, Catherine, daughter of Michael Conry, whom he married in 1861, and eight children. I'itz Gerald, John, of Hudson, is a native of Ireland, where he was born May 13, 1838. He emigrated to the United States, and in July, 1868, came to Hudson, where, for thirty-two years, he has been en- gaged as a contracting mason and builder. His sound reputation as a conscientious workman is based upon the structures the mason work of wiiich he has erected or superintended, among the more prominent of which may be cited the residence of Hon. Levi P. Morton at Rhine- beck, the Aspinwall building at Barrytown, the Oneonta Normal School building, the Sixth Street School building of Hudson, the State Volun- teer Firemen's Home, all the buildings of the State House of Refuge at Hudson, the engine-house at Tivoli, St. Mary's Academy, and Columbia County Courthouse at Hudson. This long list of prominent buildings is a testimonial to Mr. Fitz Gerald stronger than written phrases, however truthful and complimentary. In 1861 Mr. Fitz Ger- ald was married to Maria A. O'Donovan. Their children comprise two sons and three daughters : James, John, Agnes, Ellen, and Catherine. I'lanagan, I'rancis J., of Ghent, N. V., was born in Pittsfield, Mass., July 17, 1857, son of P. J. and C. E. (Ford) Flanagan. He was edu- cated in the public schools of Pittsfield, and when eighteen years of age entered the employ of S. N. & C. Russell, of Pittsfield, to learn the woolen business. After four years he moved to Monson, Mass., to take charge of weaving, where he remained for three years, then entered the employ of Ellis, Converse & Co., of Stafford Springs, Conn., as superintendent ; here he remained one year, then entered the employ of Hinsdale Hros., of Hinsdale, Mass., where he had charge of the weaving department for several years. In 1894 he moved to his pres- ent residence and purchased the Cutler farm. Although still managing his farm, Mr. Flanagan is a special agent for the Berkshire Life Insur- ance Company, of Pittsfield. Mass. On January 24. 1883, Mr. Flana- gan married Miss Belle C. daughter of Samuel and Sahrina Russell: FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 81 thev have six children: Eleanor, Aland, Rnssell, Walter, Francis, and Paul. Mr. Flanagan is active in public affairs ; has served as trustee of his district for several years ; is a member of the board of registration, and is also a member of the Ghent cornet band, which he helped to organize. F'oland, William G., of Ghent, was born at West Lebanon in 1826, a son of Henry and Elizabeth Ann (Finklej Foland, who had two chil- dren. William G., and John Henry (deceased). Henry F'oland was an only son of George F'oland, both natives of the town of Ghent. Wil- liam G. Foland was associated on the farm with his father until his father's death in 1880, at the age of eighty-two years. In 1852 Mr. Foland married Eliza S., daughter of Valentine and Sally Stupplebeen ; they have two daughters : \irginia, wife of Lafayette Winn, and Ida, wife of Andrew Kittle. Both daughters were born on the homestead, which consists of 150 acres, and has always been owned by the Foland family. Mr. Foland has always taken an active part in town and county affairs and in educational work. Folger, Frederick Fitch (deceased), was born in Kortright, Dela- ware county, N. Y., on December 24, 1812, son of Obed Worth Folger and Mary Mayhew Fitch, his wife. Both his paternal and maternal American ancestors were of excellent English stock, and down through the several generations to the subject of this article were substantial, honorable people. The first of the family to emigrate from England was John Foulger, who came to America, with his son Peter, from Norwich, England, in 1635. On his mother's side he was descended from Rev. James Fitch, who traced his descent from John F'ytche, of Fytche Castle, in the parish of Widdington, Eng. His mother was born in Horton, Nova Scotia, January 22, 1784, and was married to his father on December 13, 1801. She died in Hudson, December 21. 1884. About 1819 Obed \N. Folger returned with his wife, four sons and three daughters, from Delaware county to Hudson. Here the early life of Frederick was spent. He received his education at the old Hudson Academy, then a noted institution of learning, among his in- structors being the late Amasa Parker. After leaving school he evinced a remarkable predilection for business, which was gratified by his filling several mercantile clerkships, advancing all the time in the duties and 6 sii COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END Of THE CENTURy. responsibilities intrusted to him. While still a young man, scarce twentj-five years of age, he was offered a position in a mercantile house in New Orleans with liberal pay and an opportunity for advancement. The commercial crisis of 1837, which, a year after his arrival in New Orleans, caused a contraction in all business enterprises, compelled his employers to reduce their force of clerks; but Air. I'olger, having proved his ability and made himself of special value to his employers, was retained with increased salar} . About this time an attack of yellow fever paralyzed his efforts, but, by the aid of a naturally strong con- stitution and a temperate life, he survived the dread disease. In 1842, through a reorganization of the house with which he was connected, an interest therein was offered him ; but his keen foresight led him to decline the offer, whereupon a high position with a munificent salary was created and given him, in order that the firm might retain his ser- vices. However, the effects of the recent financial crisis were more than the house could overcome, and in 1842 it went into liquidation and all its interests were purchased by Mr. Folger. Thus he entered the hardware and ship chandlery trade, taking as a partner his brother, under the style of Frederick !•'. I-olger &: Co. In 1853, having ac- quired a satisfactory fortune, he returned to Hudson, purchased the " Bronson Place." which he named Glenwood, and sought the rest of retirement from active business, still retaining, however, a large interest in the New Orleans business. The Civil War nearly wrecked the busi- ness of the house and at its close he felt forced to leave the cjuiet of his Northern home and again put on the harness of active business life in New Orleans. In 1869 he finally gave up the cares of business and returned to Hudson. Mr. Folger, by nature, was not a man who could remain entirely inactive. He at once became interested in various public matters in Hudson, giving freely of his time, means and counsel for the improvement and development of public institutions. He was the main mover in advancing the old academy to a high grade school ; in improv- ing and perfecting the city cemetery to its present beautiful condition ; and, above all, in advocating and laboring for the establishment of the city water works system. For twenty years he was a director of tiie I'"armers" National Bank, and, declining after insistent ])ressurc the presidency, served as vice-president of that institution until the time of his death. Mr. Folger was a Democrat in politics, hut in 1896 found himself not in accord with the element that, being in the majority, he FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 83 believed would disrupt the party, and therefore, came near to supporting the measures of the Republican party ; his keen financial knowledge made hini a firm adherent to the gold standard, and when that wing of his party made its nomination for president and vice-president, he cast his influence and vote in its favor. He never held any political ofifice. He was a philanthropist and carried his generosity in an open hand; but modest, not given to demonstration, his beneficences were more often than otherwise unknown to all but himself and the recipient. In the brief space here available a full characterization of Mr. Folger's virtues cannot be enumerated and discussed. Those who knew him best need no mention of his high qualities ; and those who knew him only by report will find nothing in the record of his life at which to point the finger of reproach. Mr. Folger died at Hudson, on March 26, 1899, in his eighty-seventh year, survived by his widow, three daughters and two sons. Mrs. Folger was Harriette A., youngest daughter of the late Col. Elisha Camp, of Sackets Harbor, JefTerson county. New York. Fowler, D. Niles, of Spencertown, N. Y., was born in the town of Austerlitz, N. Y., where he now resides, June 18, 1872, the son of W. S. and Lucy M. N. Fowler, who were married in December, 1870. Dan Niles, father of Mrs. Fowler, was a native of Austerlitz, born February 2, 1801. He married Cynthia Dean, also a native of Austerlitz; they had five children. ]\Irs. Fowler's grandfather, Thomas Niles, originally came from Lyme, Conn., and took up the land whereon i\Ir. and Mrs. F"owler now reside. Fox, George Philip, was born in Ashland, Greene county, N. Y., April 26, i860, a son of Otto and Jane A. (Philip) Fox. His father was a professor of music and a native of Metz, Germany; he came to this country about 1855 and located in Ashland, N. Y., where he remained about six years, then removed to Brooklyn. Here he followed his pro- fession and was organist in St. John's M. E. Church, which position he held until his death. George Philip Fox received his early education in the public schools and at the age of fifteen was sent to Peekskill Military Academy, where he remained for two years, then came to the Hudson River Institute and completed his education. At this time he went to Philmont and was employed by his grandfather, George W. Philip, who built the first knitting mill in his town, and was with him up to the time 84 coir MB! A CUUXTV AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. of his grandfather's death. He then assumed charge of the mill, as superintendent, for A. B. Scott and his son-in-law, G. W. Mosle\ . which position lie held until 1900, when he resigned. In 1897 Mr. Fox was trustee of the village, and in 1899 president; during that year he suc- ceeded in having the building built for the fire department and the village hall ; he also has been a member of the board of health for three years and was a charter member and first commander of the K. O. T. M. Tent 553. In June, 1881, Mr. Fox married Carrie H., daughter of Lorenzo and Jane (Hallenbeck) Nichols, and they have two children : Jennie M., horn Ajiril 16, 1884, and George Otto, born Ma> 2~. 18(17. Fox, James J., was born in Hudson, March 8, 1857. His father was James Fox, a native of Ireland, who came to Hudson in 1850 and took up farming as an occupation. His mother's maiden name was Mary King. James Fox died in the prime of life, in the fall of 1856. James J. Fox was educated in the Hudson public schools. In 1896 he estab- lished the business of the Columbia Wine and Liquor Co., making a specialty of pure liquors for family use. In 1900 a branch store was established at No. 61 1 Warren street. Mr. Fox has served two years as supervisor, two years as water commissioner, three years as State marshal for the House of Refuge for Women. He was manager of the opera house and for many years has been identified with the growth and life of Hudson. In 1884 he married Ella Benzie. They have three sons and one daughter: James W., Paul. \\'ard J. and Anna Ruth. h'rank. Willis, was born in Mellenville, Columbia county, X. ^■., on Juno II, 1862. His father, James Frank, was a millwright and was married to Catherine Ham. Willis Frank was educated in the district schools and at Troy Business College. After leaving school he was engaged two years as assistant postmaster at East Kingston, N. Y., following which he engaged in farming in Greenport, N. Y., where he is one of the largest producers of hay and grain. Mr. Frank is looked upon as a man of worth and has the esteem of the community in which he resides. In 1892 he was married to Elizabeth Kipp, daughter of John Wessel Kipp. They have one son. Wesley Kijip Frank, and one daughter, .Anna ]\1 arietta bVank. Ganley, George J., was born in Hudson, October 7, 1868. His par- ents, James and .Ann (Lilly) Ganley. were natives of Ireland, coming FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 86 to America when very young, being later married in Pittsfield, Mass. They had ten children, four of whom are deceased, the oldest son, Michael, having died July 15, 1893, leaving one son. The six living are George J., Thomas F., James J., John P.. Elizabeth, and Anna L. Thomas F. and James J. are both partners of the subject of this sketch : John, for the past ten years, has been inspector of plumbing in the city of Hudson ; Elizabeth married James Hayes, junior member of the firm of John Hayes & Co., knit goods manufacturers of Philmont ; Anna L. lives at home with her mother. James, the father, was by profession a horticulturist. He died at his home on Worth avenue, Hudson, sur- rounded by his family, March 19, 1898. George J. Ganley obtained his education at the public schools of his native city, and upon leaving school obtained a position in the Hudson Gazette office, where, by strict attention to business and native ability, he learned every branch of the newspaper publishing business. On account of ill health he resigned his position with the Gacette in 1890, and, with two of his brothers, embarked in the book and stationery business. In 1896 the Register and Gazette became the property of the Record Printing and Puljlishing Company, and Mr. Ganley was invited to the management of the plant, being elected secretary and treasurer of the corporation at the same time. These positions he successfully filled during a period of four and one- half years, when he resigned that he might have more time to devote, with his two brothers, to their book business, which had become one of the principal mercantile houses in the city. Mr. Ganley is a member of St. Mary's Church, the Knights of Columbus, and the Royal Ar- canum, and for the past eight years has been a member of the Hudson board of health. On the 3d of January, 1895, he married Julia, daughter of Edmund Barton, a life-long resident of Hudson. They have two children : Mary and James. Gantley, Thomas H., of Hudson, was born in New York city, Janu- ary 7, 1820, son of Daniel W. Gantley, a dry goods merchant, and grand- son of Prosper Hosmer, who was one of the early settlers of the city of Hudson. Thomas H. Gantley came to Hudson in 1840, and has been engaged in farming and in railroading in the West. He served three terms as alderman in Hudson. For sixty years Mr. Gantley has been identified with the growth and progress of Hudson, and has always maintained a rejjutation for enterprise, integrity, and excellent common 86 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. sense, and now, in the ripeness of }ears, can look back upon a life of honorable efifort and worthy accomplishment. He was married to Martha A., daughter of John Weir, of Hudson, in 1844. He is a mem- ber of Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M. Gardner, Eugene, was born in Kingston, Ulster county, N. Y., June II, 1846, a son of Andrew and Elizabeth D. (Moore) Gardner. He received his early education in the public schools of Claverack, as his father moved to this town in 1853, and took the Samuel Rowley farm to work on shares, Eugene at this time being but seven years old. They lived on this place for three years, then moved to the Andrew Miller place, where they remained nine years and then went to Ghent for a short time. They moved back to Claverack and were on different farms until 1872, when he moved to Philmont and has lived here since that time. On November 4, 1874, Mr. Gardner married Efifie Decker, and at this time left home and engaged in the butcher's business, which he followed for two years. In 1883 he started a general store for himself, which he continued until 1899, then engaged in the grain and feed business, which he continues at the present time. Mr. Gardner has served one term as justice of the town and two terms as town clerk : at present he is postmaster of the village of Philmont. being appointed under President Cleveland for four years; he took the office March i, 1897. Gardner, William Sinn, M. D., of Claverack, was born in the city of I'hiladelphia, Pa., on August 28, 1865, son of William H. and Mary Jane (Guest) Gardner, of New York city. His education was begun at a private school known as Potter Hall (named after Bishop Potter and under his patronage), at Cornwell Station, Pa., and he was afterward ])repared for college at Shortlidge's Academy at Media, Pa. In 1885 he matriculated at Columbia College, and in 1889 was graduated there- from with the degree of M. D. The following year he spent abroad in completing his education. Returning to this country in 1890, he began the practice of medicine and surgery in New York city. He practiced there for six years, and in August, 1896, removed to Claverack, where he has since been in active practice. While in New York Dr. Gardner was a member of the County Medical Society, and after coming to Claverack was vice-president of the Columbia County Medical Society FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 87 during the \cars 1897 and 1898. Not alone as a physician has Ur. (lardner earned an enviable standing in the community where he resides, but as an active advocate of every measure calculated to benefit his fellow men and the institutions of his town and county, he has always been found prepared and willing-. He is in the front rank of estimable citizens, and is worthy of the place. On October 21, 1890, he was mar- ried to Anna Laura Goodwin, of Claverack, daughter of Manning Augustus and Jane Christina (Miller) Goodwin. They have one son, William Henry Philip Gardner, born September 3, 1891. Garvey, Peter Stalker, D. D. S., of Hudson, N. Y., was born in Chatham. Columbia county, N. Y., on November 4, 1850. His father. Allen Garvey, was also a native of Chatham, of which town his grand- father, Cornelius, was an early settler. Allen Garvey was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Jesse Stalker. His lifework was devoted to paper manufacturing and farming. Dr. Peter S. Garvey was educated in the public schools. He studied dentistry and received from the State Dental Society the degree of Master of Dental Surgery. He first practiced his profession in Lebanon, N. Y., but in 1883 removed to Hudson, where he occupies a prominent position in the ranks of the dental profession, his experience of nearh' a quarter of a century making him a skillful and thorough practitioner. He is a member of the Third District Dental Society of New York State, of the New York State Dental Society, and of Masonic Lodge No. 7, and past master of Unity Lodge No. 9. of Lebanon Springs. In 1878 he was married to Cynthia A., daughter of Ripley and Hila Hunt, of East Nassau, Rensselaer county, N. Y. ' Gifford, Elihu, was a native of Greenfield, Saratoga county, N. Y.. and was descended from Jonathan Gififord, who, with his brother Wil- liam, came from the north of England in 1630, and settled at Falmouth. Mass. He married in 1817, at the age of twenty-one years, Eliza Rob- inson Starbuck, whose ancestor, Edward Starbuck, emigrated from Devonshire, England, in 1640, to Dover, Mass., and, in 1662, removed to Nantucket, being associated with Tristram Coiifin and others in the purchase of that island from the Indians and the Crown. Tristram's daughter, IVIary, married Nathaniel, son of Edward Starbuck, and was a woman of great force of character, becoming a power in Church a,n6, 88 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. State, and familiarly called " Governor of Nantucket." Elihu ( '.ifford came to Hudson in 1823, and entered the employment of N. Starbuck & Co., iron founders, whose business had been established in 1814. Three years later he became a member of the firm, under the title of Starbuck, Gifford & Co., and. in 1831, he assumed the sole ownership, under the name of E. GifTord. In 1856 his sons, William H. and James, were taken into partnership, the firm name being changed to E. Gififord & Sons. In 1863 Mr. Gififord retired from business. He was an active participator in various other business enterprises, entered into for the benefit of Hudson, being engaged in the transportation business between this city and New York, in the construction of the Hudson and Berkshire Railroad Company in 1836, the organization of the Farmers' National Rank in 1839 (of which he was president for twenty-five years, when he resigned), and the establishment liere of the Hudson Iron \\'(irks. His fiualiti'es impressed all who knew him. Possessing a resolute and vig- orous spirit, he was gentleness and goodness, leading a kindly life, and endearing himself by unusual ties to his friends. He died in 1889. at the age of ninety-two years and ten months. His family was large — six sons and five daughters. ^Irs. Clifford was one of the founders of the Hudson Orphan Asylum. Their son, Sanford R., be.-anie d stin- guished as an artist, his reputation as such becoming national. James (jififord, the only surviving son of Elihu GiiTord. was born in lludsim, N. Y., in 1829. He was married to Almira S.. daughter of TlmnKis S. Readle, of Easton, N. Y., in 1855, and had four sons: Malcolm. Paul (who died in 1887), Arthur, and J. Edward. After four years' business experience in Boston, Mass.. and three years" travel in Kuroiic, Austra- lia, and East Indies, he. in 1856. joined his father and brother William in the foundry and machinery business until 1863, when Elihu GifTord retired. The firm of GifTord Bros. (Wm. H. and James) was then formed, and continued until 1889, when Malcolm and Arthur, sons of James, purchased the business. He served as alderman for one term. 1861-62, and was largely instrumental in the organization of the Young Men's Christian Association in 1866. Mr. Clifford's long business career in Hudson won for him the highest esteem of the community as an upright, conservative citizen, a man of sound judgment and unflinch- ing integrity. Malcolm GiiYord was born in Hudson, N. Y.. November 9. 1856. son of James, and grandson of Elihu GifTord. At the age of twenty years ("April 9, 1877), he left home and went West, where he FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 89 spent six years, mostly in St. Paul, Minn., Dakota, and Montana. Re- turning home in 1883, he entered the employ of Gifford Bros, (his father and uncle). In 1889 he joined, with his brother Arthur, in purchasing the business of the firm of Gififord Bros., and continued it under the same name. Mr. Gifford was married in Paris, France, August 12, 1885, to Marion F., daughter of John Howard Welles, of New York. They have had seven children, but three of whom are living : Benedict, MalcoTm:, Jr., and Flora Tevis. Mr. Gifford served as alderman from the Fifth ward of Hudson in 1888-89, declining a renomination. Arthur Gififord, son of James and Almira S., and grandson of Elihu Gifford, wis born in Hudson, N. Y., March 9, i860, and educated in the public schools and at Hudson Academy. In 1877 he entered the employ of Gififord Bros., and in 1889, with his brother Malcolm, pur- chased the business from James and Wm. H. Gififord, which firm retains the name under which the business has been conducted by three genera- tions of the family, having been established in 1814. In 1888 Mr. Gif- ford was appointed a member of the board of education, and in 1893, while president, was chiefly instrumental in obtaining the funds for, and erecting, the City High School at State and Fourth streets. On Feb- ruary I, 1893, he married Grace, daughter of Hon. I. N. Collier, and they have three children : Isaac Collier, Edith, and Helen. Gifford Bros, conduct a large business at tlieir extensive plant on Columbia, Greene, and State streets, which plant includes foundry, machinery, forg- ing, boiler, and pattern-making departments, and employ a large force of skilled mechanics. Their products are shipped to all parts of the United States, including Hawaii and the Philippines, as well as to Canada and Norway. The firm, since 1889, has been composed of Malcolm and Arthur Gififord, who purchased the plant from their father James, and uncle Wm. H. Gififord, who succeeded their father, Elihu Gifford. The establishment dates from 1814, being the third oldest foundry in New York State. The firm offers an example of what energy, persistence, and business integrity may accomplish. A further sketch of tliis con- cern may be found in the chapter on the city of Hudson. Gildersleeve, Charles E., p. o. Xi\'erville. X. Y., was born in Hillsdale. N. Y., September 15, 1838. His father was Allen Gildersleeve, a native of Dutchess county, who came to Columbia county in 1835, was a farmer, and married Lois Hart; their children were John P., Allen H. 90 COLUMBIA COVNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. and Charles E. The father died May 3. 1881, and the mother August 22, 1866. Charles E. Gildersleeve secured his education in the district schools and at Claverack Seminary, and since leaving school has fol- lowed the vocation of farming. He has been collector of his town, and in 1885 was elected supervisor. He is a member of Lodge No. 362, F. & A. M. His wife was Annie L. Champion, who has borne him one daughter. Lovina. Gillette, Hon. John E., was born in Colchester, Conn., October 4. 1828, of staunch Puritan ancestry. His ancestor, Jonathan, was one of a company of about 140 Puritans from the counties of Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and Somersetshire, England, who, with Rev. John War- ham and John Maverick, as pastors, sailed in the ship " Mary and John," March 20, 1630, and arrived at Nantasket May 30th following. After- ward Jonathan settled in Winsor, Conn. ; his daughter, Mary, married Peter Brown, from whom descended, in the fourth generation, John Brown, whose " soul goes marching on." Mr. Gillette's early life was spent on his father's farm, working in the summer and attending Bacon Academy in his native town in the winter. When seventeen years old he taught district school and fitted himself for college, intending to take the course at Yale. After four years' teaching, weakness of the eyes prevented this, and for a year he was in charge of a select school in Harlem, which, however, he resigned at the close of the year, as his taste and inclination led him to prefer a business career. In 1850 he moved to Philadelphia and began the publication of county maps, mak- ing maps of Dutchess and Columbia counties, which are yet seen hang- ing in many of the offices in both counties. After this, for ten years he made many maps in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and had in his employ as surveyors, draughtsmen, engravers, map mounters, and agents, more than fifty persons. Soon after the Civil War broke out. Mr. Gillette closed out his map business and for two years was not actively engaged in business. When oil was discovered in western Pennsylvania, he interested himself in developing territory there and aided in the formation of some of the largest companies that were or- ganized for that purpose. He was made president of two — the Dalzell, capital $2,000,000, and the McElhenny, capital $1,000,000 — which posi- tion he retained as long as he continued to reside in Philadelphia. In the spring of 1867 he resigned his business connection in Philadelphia John E. Gillette. 91 92 COl.VMhlA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY and removed to the place he now occupies at Catskill Station, which he had purchased several years previous. Here for several vears he de- voted himself to various improvements on his place, erecting new build- ings, putting in drains, and setting out fruit trees. In 1873 the Ameri- can Paper Car Wheel Manufacturing Companj' was organized, in which Mr. Gillette took stock. After running about two years it failed and went into the hands of a receiver; the property was sold at public sale and Mr. Gillette bought it and organized the Hudson Paper Car Wheel Co. The business prospered from the first and the company was merged into the Allen Paper Car Wheel Co. in 1880, with capital suf- ficient to take care of its greatly enlarged business, with works at Hud- son, and Pullman, 111. Mr. Gillette retained his connection with the various companies as president, vice-president, and director until the Allen Co. was taken over by the Steel Tired Wheel Co. three years ago (1897), since which time his connection with the company, except as a stockholder, has ceased. Mr. Gillette was supervisor of his town, Greenport, in 1875, 1876, and 1878. In the fall of 1879 he was nomi- nated by the Republican party of Columbia county as their candidate for member of Assembly and elected by a majority of 1,000; he was again nominated in 1880 and elected by 755 majority. It was during this second term that, by reason of the resignation of Messrs. Conklin and Piatt from the United States Senate, it became the duy of the Legis- lature to elect their successors. Mr. Gillette had been made a member of the House caucus committee, and with the other members of the committee united in a request to the Senate caucus committee to join in a call for a Republican caucus to nominate candidates. This the Senate committee declined to do, thus leaving every man free to vote for any candidate he pleased ; a large number were voted for, but for several weeks no election was reached. During this time Mr. Gillette voted for the return of Messrs. Conklin and Piatt, exercising his right so to do in absence of party caucus action. It soon became impossible for him to change his vote had he so desired, for the use of monev to influence votes was freely charged, and when a change of a vote was announced, instantly the query was, "How much did he get?" Xe one approached Mr. Gillette, however, until but two votes were necessary to secure the election of one of the leading candidates. Mr. Gillette was then told, he had but to name the sum to have it placed to his order. He did not change his - attended the common schools of Milford, Pa., until eleven years of age, when he began work in the cassimere mills of James Irving, at Shoemakersville, Pa. Here he remained five years and then for about a year worked as a farm laborer at thirty-five cents a day. At seven- teen years of age he entered the employ of Thomas Dolan & Co. as assistant carder, under the instruction of his father, where he remained 36 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. six years. On leaving this situation he engaged with M. A. l-"urhush & Co., manufacturers of card building machinery, for two years, follow- ing which he was employed by the James Smith Wool Machinery Co. of Philadelphia, at setting up their machinery. While with this cor- poration he superintended the equipping of a factory in the Missouri State Prison for the manufacture of cloth, and, in the execution of his duties, traveled over a greater part of the United States. He was sent to Hudson to reconstruct the Harder mill, and while there completed an arrangement with Mr. Harder by which he was made superintendent of carders in his mill. This business relation existed four years and in 1886 he removed to Stockport and, with L. J. Rossman, erected a knitting mill and has since been its superintendent. In 1899 he with others organized a stock company for the manufacture of wire fencing: their mill has a capacity of ten miles a day. In the various enterprises in which he has been engaged, Mr. Haigh has exhibited noteworthy enterprise, foresight and excellent business ability, and the success he has achieved is due to these elements of character, coupled with imtiring industry and inflexible integrity. On December 23, 1888, he was mar- ried to Carrie \'an Wirt: they have two children, Madge and Earl. Hall. Frank S., of Canaan, p. o. East Chatham, X. Y., was born in the town of Canaan, X. V., in 1857, son of Ralph and Emeline (Bar- rett) Hall, whose other children were Jerusha and William. Ralph Hall was born in Canaan in 1821, and was always a farmer; he served as commissioner of highways two terms, and was secretary of the Town Sunday-School Association; he died in 1892, and his wife, Emeline, in 1884. Frank S. Hall was educated in the public schools and at .\lbany Normal School. He followed teaching for seven years, and is now engaged in farming. He was married to Eva H.. daughter of Sylvester E. Lovejoy, and tlic\' liavc had two children : Lena C. and Harold R. Hallenheck, William .S., was born in Chent, on January- 11, 1839, and is a son of Richard and Sally (Holsapple) Hallenbcck. His father was a farmer by occupation, born in i8ti, and died in 1883. The subject was one of four children and passed his boyhood on the farm. .\t the age of fourteen he removed to Hudson, and there obtained his education. At the age of eighteen years he began teaching school at Stottville. and subsequently followed the same occupation in ( "ihent and Stuyvesant FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 97 Falls. After four years of this experience he went to Kinderhook, where he taught seventeen successive \ears, achieving a high degree of success as an educator. In 1861 his brother, who had remained at home until that time, enlisted in the army, and Mr. Hallenbeck was called home to take charge of the farm, following teaching in the winter seasons. In the fall of 1882 he was elected county clerk on the Democratic ticket and was re-elected in 1885. During a short period he had an interest in a shoe store in Hudson, which he sold out in 1893. In September. 1889, he began a period of service as superintendent of the city schools, a position which he filled to the entire satisfaction of the community. He was chosen president of the Columbia County Teachers' Association. and also held the office of treasurer of the Hudson Building and Loan Association. In 1895 he was appointed to the ofifice of city clerk, a posi- tion which he has ever since filled with marked ability. As a man and a citizen Mr. Hallenbeck enjoys the confidence and respect of the com- munity in which he has so long lived. His public spirit and progressive ideas have rendered him a useful factor in public affairs in Hudson, while his high ideals of citizenship have given him a wide circle of loyal friends. Mr. Hallenbeck married first Margaret H. Hermance, daughter of Dr. Henry Hermance, of Stockport; she died in 1878, leaving four children. He married in 1880. Emily G. Van Alstyne, who died in 1895- Hand, John H., of Austerlitz, was born in the town of Austerlitz, Feb- ruary 21, 1826, a son of Sylvanus Hand (born in Hartford, Conn., ih April, 1796, died in 1864), and Nancy Vincent, his wife (born in Dutchess county, N. Y., died in 1863). Mr. Hand was educated in the common schools and Spencertown Academy. After leaving school he taught for about three years, then took up the study of law in the city of New York, at No. 49 Wall street, and was admitted to the bar before the Supreme Court at a session presided over by Judge Edmonds, a former resident of Columbia county. Mr. Hand was closely identihed with the building of the Galveston, Houston and Henderson railroad, one of the first of any magnitude to be constructed in the Southwest ; and was a director and treasurer of said company from the time of its charter until it was finished and running from Galveston to Houston, and until the War of the Rebellion. On April 29, 1872, Mr. Hand mar- ried Helen Augusta Hendrickson, of Albany. 7 98 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Haines, Hon. Charles D., p. o. Kinderhook, N. Y.,was born in Medusa, Albany county, N. Y., June 9, 1856, the son of David Tompkins and Emma A. (De Maugh) Haines. Several generations of the Haines family have lived in Albany county, where the name has been prominent in the records of local history. A number of the early members of the family were participants in the Revolutionary struggle, and the name has always been the synonym of patriotism, integrity and progress. Ex- \'ice-President and Gov. Daniel Tompkins was of this family. Charles D. Haines, at the age of fourteen years, became a telegraph operator in the office of the N. Y. C. & H. R. Railroad at Hudson, which position he filled for four years, when he was promoted to dispatcher on the Eastern Railroad. At nineteen years of age he was made assistant superintendent, and in 1879 was elected to the superintendency. In 1880 he turned his attention to the construction of street and steam railroads, associating with him in business his four brothers, David S., John D., Elmer T. and Andrew G., under the firm name of Haines Bros., with offices at Kinderhook and New York city. In 1898 he held a controlling interest in the Kinderhook & Hudson Railroad. owTied the St. Catherine's and Niagara Central Railroad, the Lebanon Springs Railroad and the great Columbian Hall at Lebanon Springs, and the Hannibal Cave and the electric railways at Hannibal, Mo. He is president of the American Kaolin Co. and of the Rockaway Valley Railroad Co., and has been president of the Burlington and Winooski Railroad (Vt.), Rutland (Vt.) Street Railway, Orlando and Winter Park Railway (Fla.), The Macon City and Suburban Railway (Ga.), Danbury and Bethel Street Railway Co. (Conn.), Hoosac Valley Railway (Mass.), Newburgh Street Railway, Rome Street Railway, Ogdensburg Street Railway, Seneca Falls and Cayuga Lake Railroad, Seneca Falls and Waterloo Railroad, Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti Railroad (Mich.), Port Jervis, Monticello and New York Railroad, Jamestown and Lake Erie Railroad, Janesville Electric Railway Co. (Wis.), Fond du Lac Electric Railway Co. (Wis.), The Ithaca Street Railway Co., etc., etc. In 1896 he was Presidential elector, and has been a delegate to State and Na- tional conventions. In 1892 he received the Democratic nomination for representative in Congress from the Nineteenth N. Y. District, was elected and served through the Fifty-third Congress. Mr. Haines was married on April 14, 1875, to Lida, daughter of Judson Kingsley of Sandv Hill, N. Y. " FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 99 Hall, Francis (deceased), was born in the town of Greenport, N. Y., December 29, 1847. His father, John Hall, was a native of England, and came to Greenport with his parents, Isaac Hall and wife, about 1818. Francis Hall was educated in the district schools and at Hudson Academy. After leaving school he engaged in business with his father in the manufacture of glue, which occupation he followed until his death, August 2';^, 1892. Mr. Hall was a thoroughly good man in all ways, and his loss was sincerely deplored by all his acquaintances. In 1874 he was married to Carrie L. Van Rensselaer, daughter of Alexander H. Van Rensselaer and Maria Everts, of Claverack, one of the oldest families in Columbia county. Mr. and Mrs. Hall had two daughters and one son, Jennie Hamilton Hall and Frank R. Hall. Elsie Van Rensselaer Hall dying in infancy. Hall, Milton M., of Hudson, was born in Greenport, N. Y., January 24, 1865, a son of Martin Hall, a native of Germany, who came to Columbia county in 1852. Milton M. Hall was educated in the public schools of the city of Hudson. At the early age of fifteen he entered the law ofifice of Willard Peck, and afterward studied with Gaul, Essel- styn & Whitbeck and W. F. Holsapple. He was admitted to the bar in 1889, and was associated with Mr. Holsapple until 1893, when he began the practice of his profession alone. During the years 1893- 94-95 he served the city of Hudson as police justice, and at the city election of 1898 he was elected city judge. In these official capacities Mr. Hall has proved himself a consistent officer and it is but just to say of him that his knowledge of the law as well as his clean citizenship entitle him to the honor conferred upon him by his election. Mr. Hall was married in i888 to Lilly V., daughter of Joseph Hiscox. They are the parents of two daughters : Mabel D. and Helen M. Hallenbeck, Peter A. and Charles W., are the sons of Charles A. Hallenbeck, and were born in the town of Greenport — Peter A. on January 6, 1846, and Charles on August 3, 1857. Peter Hallenbeck. their grandfather, was one of the early settlers of Columbia county, being one of the first to operate the Catskill ferry. Charles A. Hallen- beck was married to Almira, daughter of Elijah Van Hoessen, and devoted his life to hotel keeping, ferrying and farming, and was a promi- nent man in Greenport for many years. Peter A., one of the subjects 100 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. of this sketch, has served as justice of the peace, high\va> commissioner and town clerk ; he was married to Margaret, daughter of Martin Smith. Charles W. was married to Kate, daughter of Andrew Hallenbeck. The brothers are numbered among the leading farmers of the county, devot- mg considerable attention to fruit culture, and in every way are worthy, upright men and valuable citizens. Halstead, Charles E., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Hillsdale, N. Y., July 28, 1850. His father, Isaac Halstead, was a native of Greene county and a farmer; he was married to Harriet, daughter of Elizur Lacey, who bore him the following children, namely : Joshua L., Sarah A., Efizabeth (died in 1869), Emma G., Charles E., and Kate (died in 1875). Isaac Halstead died in 1886, and his wife in 1871. Charles E. Halstead was educated in the common schools. His first business experience was as a clerk in the Internal Revenue office in New York city. Thence he went to New Orleans, La., where he served as a clerk in the post-office. In 1868 he was chief enrolling clerk in the Louisiana House of Representatives, following which he served as chief enrolling clerk of the State Senate for three years. In 1870 he was super- visor of registration and elector for the county of Iberville, La., and the same fall was appointed State and county tax collector. He assisted in organizing the first free schools and was the first president of the board of education. For two years he owned and published a news- paper, and was a member of the Republican State Committee and Pres- idential elector of the State at large in 1872. In all these positions of re- sponsibility, some of them trying and exacting in their duties, Mr. Hal- stead proved his ability, integrity, and broad intellect. In 1875 "^^ returned to the North and settled upon a farm in Chatham. He is now- engaged in agriculture, and the carriage and coal business. He is a charter member of the K. of P., and a member of the board of education, of which body he has been president two years. He was married to Carrie E. Westover. They have the following named children : Leroy W.. Frank J., Harry C. George P.., and Harriet H. A. Ham, James W., p. o. Glenco Mills, town of Livingston, was born in that town, September 23, 1834, son of Philip T. and Sarah (Wilson) Ham, who were the parents of four children: Nelson, Martha J., FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 101 Deborah and James A\\, the first two natives of Dutchess county, and the others of Livingston. PhiHp T. Ham was a son of Teal Ham, who was a native of Germany and a soldier in the Revolutionary War. James W. Hani was given a common school education and at the age of twenty-twci purchased the farm of 206 acres where he now resides, and follows general farming. In 1854 he was married to Jane Frances, daughter of Harry and Hannah Decker, of Livingston ; they have had three children: Sarah F., wife of Frank Bashford ; Frank D., and Stanley, who died at the age of twenty-four. Mr. Ham has represented his town on the board of supervisors, and, with his family, is an active worker in the Lutheran Church at Churchtown, of which he has been trustee. He owns a half section of land in Lamour county, North Dakota, on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Ham, Peter P., of Claverack, was born in Livingston, February 20, 1824, a son of Peter T. and Mar)- (Wentworth) Ham, and was educated in the district schools. He helped his father on the farm until twenty- two years of age, when he took up the carpenter's trade and followed it for five years. In 1852 he built a grist mill at West Taghkanic and bought grain and ground it and shipped flour to New York. This he followed until 1870, when he engaged in the manufacture of wagon hubs for nine years, then came to Claverack. He bought the old Akin mill property and built a feed mill and cider mill, which he has run as a custom and merchant mill ever since. On May 23, 1850, Mr. Ham married Caroline B. Herrmance of Claverack, and they have had five children, four now living: Sarah, Augustus, William and Anna Maria. Ham, Reuben, p. o. Claverack, N. Y., was born in the town of Living- ston, N. Y., April 29, 1844, son of Zechariah and Charity (Decker) Ham, one of a family of twelve children, of whom but three are deceased. He was educated in the district schools and until he was thirty-one years of age remained at home, assisting his father in his farm work. Upon leaving home he engaged in the butchering business in Livingston, which he carried on for eight years, when he removed to Claverack in :883. He has continued in the same business since. In 1899 Mr. Ham was elected supervisor of the town of Claverack for a term of two years, and is interested in all measures conducive to the welfare of the town 102 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OE THE CENTURY. and its people. He is a member of St. John Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M. He was married on January 22, 1874, to Helen A., daughter of Robert and Mary C. (Best) Rockefeller. They have no children. Ham, Sion, of Livingston. — Teal Ham was the first of the family to settle in this county. He came from Nova Scotia, and was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and settled here about 1780. His wife's name was Elizabeth, and they had children : Henry, Wandell, Philip, Peter T., Jacob and Elizabeth, wife of John Decker. Peter T. was married to Mary, daughter of Isaac Wentworth, and their children were John, Rachel, Reuben, Peter P., Sion, Jacob, Eve, Abraham and Corrielius. Sion Ham, born July 16, 1826, was given a common school education, and at the age of twenty-five years began working for himself as a farmer, and when about forty years of age he bought the farm adjoining the one he now owns, which he owned twelve years, when he purchased the farm where he now lives, and follows general farming and dairying. November 13, 1851, he was married to Catherine, daughter of Henry L Rowe, and they have one son, Orville S., who has been associated with his father on the farm. Orville S. was born in Berkshire county, Mass., April 13, 1856, and on December 16, 1885, he was married to Kate, daughter of George and Gertrude (Rouse) Best ; they have had two children ; Clara (deceased), and Florence B. With the exception of Orville the members of the family are all natives of Columbia county. Hamblin, Myron, was born in the town of Ancram, Is. Y., in wliich he now resides, on July 7, 1868, son of James and Frances (Collier) Hamblin, whose children were Myron and Marion, the latter born March 10, 1882. James Hamblin was born at Pine Plains, N. Y., May zy, 1841, and came to Columbia county with his parents when he was but three years old, and has always been a farmer. His parents were Myron and Rachel (Tripp) Hamblin, who had four children: James, David, Maryette, and Hiram. Myron Hamblin was educated in the common schools of Ancram and at the Seymour Smith Institute at Pine- Plains. He remained at home until he attained his majority, when he became a clerk in a general store at Ancram Lead Mines, where he re- mained for six years. He then purchased the farm where he now re- sides, which adjoins the old homestead. He conducts a dairy farm, having a herd of thirty of the finest cows in the vicinity, and owns about 200 acres of land. In 1892 he was married to .\letta, daughter of Eason t^ AC TORS IN ITS HISTORY. 103 and Mary Jane (Moore) Card; they have one daughter, Ruth. Mr. Haniblin is a member of Millerton Grange, of which he has been secre- tary, and is a member of the Presbyterian church at Ancram Lead Mines. Hand, Miss Ohve R., p. o. Lebanon Springs, N. Y., FrankHn Hand was a native of New Lebanon, N. Y., where he was born June 20, 1825, and was a farmer through hfe. He served as supervisor eight years. He was married to Lucy Jane Green, of Cayuga county, N. Y., on February 27, 1850, who died in April, 1852. He was married, second, to Alary M., daughter of John Spaulding, of Cayuga county. Their children were two daughters : Minnie Amanda and Olive Rose. Frank- lin Hand died July 9, 1892. He was highly esteemed for his intelli- gence, moral worth and energy of character. Haner, Martin L., p. o. Chatham, N. Y.,was born in Rensselaer county, N. Y., August 23, 1824, son of Jeremiah M. (a farmer) and Lena (Craver) Haner. Jeremiah M. Haner died in 1875, and his widow sur- vived until 1896. After receiving his education in the district and select schools, Martin L. Haner engaged in farming, but for the last twenty years has devoted his attention to the manufacture of paper as well as farming. While yet a resident of Rensselaer county he held the office of town clerk, and was appointed to take the census for the draft during the Civil War. In 1869 he removed to Kinderhook, where he has been supervisor fourteen consecutive terms, was nominated every time by acclamation, and at the last election received his largest ma- jority — a remarkable record, seldom if ever paralleled. He has been twice married. His first wife was Mary Hudson, who bore him four children, viz. ; Sanford C, Norman L., Emily R. and Caroline, who died in 1872. Mrs. Haner died in 1869, and he later married Harriet, daughter of Jeremiah Hess ; their children were Lillie S. and Freddie M., who died in 1878. Harder, Charles N., of Claverack, was born in the town of Ghent, November 20, 1854, a son of Philip M. and Caroline (Nash) Harder, and was educated in the public schools and Hudson Academy. After his school days were over he came to the village of Philmont and went to work for his father and brother, William A., Jr., in the knitting mill ; he applied himself diligently to the work which was assigned him, and in due course of time was admitted to the firm as junior partner, the 104 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. . firm being changed to P. M. Harder & Sons. A few years ago the firm name was changed to the High Rock Knitting Co. and Mr. Harder was elected vice-president and treasurer, and his brother William went to Hudson, where he is at the head of the Harder Knitting Co. At the time of Mr. Harder's death, which occurred March 21, 1898, he was president and treasurer of the board of water commissioners of the village, president of the Y. M. C. A., a director in the Hudson Savings Institution, and was engaged in several business enterprises in other places. He was an earnest worker in the Reformed Church, of which he was elder from its organization, and for seventeen years was superintendent of the Sunday-school. He took an active interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of the townsmen and town and village in which he lived, and also was an active worker in the cause of temperance. On April 15, 1880, Mr. Harder married Ida Frances Sagendorph, daughter of George Adam and Sarah Frances (Greene) Sagendorph. They had four children, as follows : Edward Lewis, born January 30, 1881 ; Sara Frances, born June 14, 1883; Clara Nash, born April 8. 1887 and Isabel Richmond, born April 27, 1889. Harder, Edson R., p. o. \'alatie, N. Y., a prominent lawyer of Kinder- hook, N. Y., was born in that town in 1848, a son of Abraham and Elizabeth (Mynderse) (daughter of John Mynderse) Harder. Abraham Harder was a farmer, and died in 1890. Peter Harder, grandfather of Edson R., was also a native of Kinderhook, as were all of his paternal ancestors since 1750. Harder, Edward ?>.. p. o. Stockport. N. Y.. was born in the town of Stuyvesant, Columbia county, N. Y., December 15, 1859, son of Robert and Catherine (Shufelt) Harder. Robert Harder is the son of Robert Harder, who was the first of the family of that name to settle in Columbia county. Robert had three sons, as follows : Richard, now living in New Jersey at the age of eighty-six years ; William, of Spring- field, Mass., aged eighty-four years, and Robert, seventy-six years of age, who has carried on blacksmithing and wagon-making at Stodvport for many years. Robert was the father of four children, viz. : Frank, George (deceased), Edward B. and Gertrude, wife of Edward Tinker. He is a member of Stuyvesant Falls Lodge, F. & A. M. Edward B. Harder was educated in the common schools of the town of Ghent, FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 105 and when about eighteen years old began the trade of blacksmithing and wagon-making with his father. This vocation he followed about fifteen years, when he purchased of L. J. Rossman what was known as the Brookside property and carried on a general store, under the style of E. B. Harder & Co. In 1898 he retired from business. He has served several terms as town clerk of Stockport, and in other ways has been a useful man in his town and county. He is esteemed as a citizen of integrity, modern ideas and general worth. Harder, Frank Bradley, of Claverack, was born in Kinderhook, July 22, 1861, a son of George M. and Mary E. (Tobias) Harder. He re- ceived his early training in the public schools of Philmont and Wesleyan Academy at W'ilbraham, Mass., receiving his diploma from that institu- tion. On his return to Philmont he engaged with his father, who at that time was conducting a general store ; here he remained but a short time, when he operated the A^alley Mill until 1882, then the Spring Needle and Machine business until 1884, and then went with the firm of P. M. Harder & Sons as superintendent of the finishing department. In 1885 he was made general superintendent of the entire mill, which position he held until 1899. In 1889 he began traveling for the com- pany as selling agent and has continued in that capacity until the date of his sketch. Upon the death of Mr. F. J. Harder, in February, 1890, he was elected secretary of the High Rock Knitting Co., who were the successors of the old firm of P. M. Harder & Sons, and upon the death of Charles N. Harder, in March, 1898, was elected to the office of vice- president, which position he now holds. Mr. Harder has been elected one of the village trustees and was secretary of the water commissioners from the time of their organization to the time he was elected president. two years ago ; he is also president of the Y. M. C. A. and an elder in the Reformed Church. On April 24. 1884, Mr. Harder married Fannie E., daughter of Philip ]\I. and Sarah M. (Pulver) Harder ; they have four children: Philip M., Jr., born January 3, 1885; Laura Mary, born March 30, 1887: Lewis Frank, born June 4, 189T, and George Harold, born September 6. 1892. Harder, George Latten, was born in Claverack. July 5. 1832, a son of John and Gertrude Maria (Becker) Harder, and was educated in the district school and a select school in Mellenville and Valatie. He 106 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. assisted his father on the farm until he was eighteen years of age. and then went to West Troy. He returned home for a short time, then went to Churchtown for a season and back home again, where he stayed four years. He sold out all his interest in the estate to his brother and was with Cornelius Clum on his farm for two years. In 1876 he bought the farm he now occupies of the heirs of Philip Clum and operates a farm of no acres, carrying on general farming and stock raising. In 1858 Mr. Harder married Mary Clum, daughter of Philip and Jane Clum ; they have three children : Jennie, Frank L.. and Philip T. Frank L. married Loda Pulver, and have one son, George Albert. Philip T. married Winifred Blake and have one son, Philip. Harder, George Mandeville, was born in Kinderhook, July 14, 1833, a son of William N. and Jane Eliza (Horton) Harder. He received his early education in the district schools and the Charlotteville Academy. He remained on the farm with his father until 1856, when he bought the homestead in Kinderhook of 180 acres, where he remained until 1865. In 1866 he came to Philmont and engaged in the manufacture of straw paper machinery with his brother, where he continued a year, and after- ward with George Tobias for three years, then dissolved partnership. A little later Mr. Harder started a general store in Philmont, which business he continued for ten years, then bought the place he now occupies of 280 acres; he also has 130 acres in Philmont. Mr. Harder has been twice married; first, to Mary E. Tobias, in 1855; ^'i^Y ^'^^^ f"'-"' children. Mrs. Harder died in 1888 and in 1890 Mr. Harder married Ellen Elizabeth McHugh, of Claverack ; they have no children. .\bby Reed married Perry C. Miller, and have two children, Clinton and Bertha ; William G. married Mary Glover, and has two children, Mabel L. and Charles Nicholas ; Frank B. married Fannie Harder and has four children, Philip M., Laura, Louis and Harold: Bertram G. mar- ried lola Wymbs and has three children, Mary Elizabeth, Raymond and Kenneth. Harder, John, of Claverack, was born in Hollowville, November 18, 1857, a son of Allen and Jane Sophia (Clum) Harder, one of five children, of whom three are now living. In early life he attended the public schools of his native village and in a select school at Philmont, FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 107 where he completed his education. He helped his father on the home farm for a while, then rented a farm of P. M. Harder, which he operated for two seasons and in 1883, in partnership with Mr. Charles N. Harder, engaged in stock raising on the farm he now occupies. After the death of his father, September 2, 1890, he purchased the old homestead, which had been owned by his father and grandfather, the late John Harder, for many years, which farm he still owns. This they followed with varying success until 1897, when they closed out all horses and engaged in raising fancy poultry and general farming, which he follows at the present time, operating 207 acres. In January. 1880, Mr. Harder mar- ried Mary Ella Sagendorph, of Mellenville, daughter of Harmon D. and Derinda (Kettle) Sagendorph; they have two children, Harmon D., born September 22, 1883, and Mary Etta, born October 22, 1891. Mr. Harder and his family are members of the Reformed Church, of which he has been an elder and deacon for the past twenty years. Harder, Nicholas W., p. o. Kinderhook, N. Y., was born in Ghent, N. Y., on February 14, 182 1. His father, William N. Harder, was a native of Ghent and through life was a farmer. His wife was Jane Eliza Horton, who bore him these children : Nicholas W., Horton, Tunis S., George M., Wi^iam W., John, James E., Margaret A. and Sarah J. Both parents are dead, Mrs. Harder dying in 1882. Nicholas W. Harder, after the usual period of study in the common schools, com- pleted his education at the Kinderhook .Academy. He has been engaged at farming since beginning his business career. He married Mary A., daughter of Ryer Hermance of Nassau. They have had the following named children : Hermance, Willis H. (deceased), Ezra G. (deceased), and Mary A. Harder, William A., manufacturer of Hudson, N. Y., was born in the town of Ghent, N. Y., the son of P. M. and grandson of Jacob M. Harder. Tlie latter was an early settler in Ghent, a charter member of the Farmers' National Bank, and a prominent man in the town and county. His son, P. M. Harder, a native of Ghent, was married to Caroline, daughter of Isaac (grandson of Sir Tliomas Nash, who came to the United States in 1742), and Calista Nash. His life was devoted to farming and to manufacturing interests at Philmont. William A. Harder received his education in the district schools and at Claverack i08 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Academy and Hudson River Institute. In 1873 he became connected with his father at Philmont, where they conducted a factory for the manufacture of underwear. This factory was burned in 1874, when William A. engaged in business alone at Mellenville until a new factory was erected and equipped at Philmont, when he again became asso- ciated with his father and brother, the firm name being P. M. Harder & Sons. In 1883 William A. withdrew from the partnership and erected the mill in Hudson which bears his name. Here he has done a success- ful business, employing 300 workmen, and his trademark is well known and is a synonym for honest goods throughout the country. Mr. Harder is a thorough business man, upright in his dealings, of unim- peachable integrity and a progressive, patriotic and substantial citizen. He has been director of the Farmers' National Bank for several years, and in 1899 was elected vice-president of that institution. In 1873 he was married to Sarah E., daughter of Friend and Sarah Miller ; she died in 1884, and for his second wife he married Claudine S., daughter of H. C. and Mary A. Sherman. They are the parents of one son. William Sherman, and two daughters, Carolyn M. and Helen S. Harder, W'illiam G., of Claverack, was born in Kinderhook, August 26, 1859, a son of George M. and Mary E. (Tobias) Harder. He was educated in the district schools and the academy at Lansingburgh, N. Y. In 1874 he left school and went to work for his father, who was then keeping a general store in Philmont. He remained with him six years and for a few months was engaged in the gent's furnishing business for himself, but finally sold out to go to Valley Mills to learn the trade of knitter; here he stayed for some time, then went to Cohoes and finished his trade in the Globe Mills at that place. His father at this time was engaged in the manufacture of straw paper machinery, and Mr. Harder went in business with him and was with him for three years, then went to Chicago and sold goods for a firm who manufactured steam specialties. He remained west one year and then returned to take charge of the finishing room of the P. M. Harder & Sons' mill and has remained with this concern c\er since. Since Mr. Harder came with the firm, in 1885, it has been changed to the High Rock Knitting Co., and upon the death of the vice-president, Charles N. Harder, in 1898, he was elected secretary. In September, 1880. Mr. Harder mar- ried Marv E. Glover of Philiunnl. a daughter of William and Marcella FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 109 (Kellcv) (.ilover; tliey had three children: Bessie A., born in 1881 and died in 1883 ; Mabel L., born in 1890, and Charles Nicholas, liorn in 1900. Harder, Wilson L., p. o. Ghent, N. Y., was born in the town of (Ihent, March 31, 1859, ^ ^o''' o^ Jacob W. and Catherine Amanda (Kittle) Harder, who were the parents of five children, as follows : Sarah Jane, wife of Delmer Kisselburgh ; Wilson L. ; Elizabeth, wife of Lester Miller; Albert and Frank, all natives of Ghent. Wilson L. was educated in the common schools and assisted his father on the farm until twenty- two years of age, when he started out in life for himself as a farmer. In 1898 he received the appointment of assistant superintendent of the l)oor under John H. Rivenburgh, which position he now holds in 1900. In 1882 Mr. Harder married Cintha Louise, daughter of Aaron C. Garner, who bore him two children : Sarah and Catherine. Mrs. Harder died May 12, 1892, and Mr. Harder married second, Margaret, daughter of Michael Grady, a resident of the town of Copake. Harrigan, Rev. Patrick F. — As a rule the Catholic lait)- cherish i strong regard for their clergy, and this is especially true where the pastor is so well fitted for his place and profession as the priest whose name stands at the head of this article (a fine looking and compactly built man, who keeps himself in the best of health by frequent out- door excursions). Rev. Mr. Harrigan was named for his father, Patrick F. Harrigan, for many years a grocer in Albany, where this son was born and where the father died in the prime of a successful business career. Patrick F. Harrigan, Sr., was born in 1829, in County Cork, and came to America while yet a boy of eighteen. Fie had a little money and he readily found employment in the car shops of the New York Central Railroad. In Albany, in 1855, he married Catherine Moore, who also came to this country in her girlhood. Mr. Harrigan soon after his marriage entered the business in which he passed the remainder of his life ; two sons were born of this marriage : Rev. Father Harrigan, and James Harrigan, connected with the Knickerbocker Press in Albany. He is married and has one child, and with them the widowed mother makes her home. Rev. Patrick F. Harrigan attended the public schools in Albany and the Albany Academy, after which he studied in the Theological Seminary at Troy, from which he was grad- 110 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. uated in 1883. His first ecclesiastic charge was in West Troy, with the parish of St. Patrick, but after a while he was transferred to his present parish in Philmont, where he has the pastoral care of 200 families, including a thousand souls. Father Harrigan's paternal grand- mother was Hannah Dean ; her husband was a carpenter in County Cork, where they were married, and where their five sons and three daughters were born. One of the sons, Michael, uncle of Rev. Patrick F., was a volunteer in the Albany Artillery and, serving in the \\"ar of the Rebellion, had the misfortune to be taken prisoner, and finally died in 1867 ^s a result of exposure during his service. In concluding this sketch, necessarily brief, because the Rev. Father Harrigan's work has been with the invisible things of the spirit, it can only be said that he is respected by Protestants as well as Catholics, as a clergyman who, in the poet's words, " Allures to brighter worlds and leads the way." His cheerful face may be seen wherever duty calls, and is a perpetual bene- diction in the sickroom ; and the parish under his administration has grown rapidly in strength and vitality. Harrison, William Henry, p. o. Lebanon Springs, N. Y.. was born at Lebanon Springs, July 24, 1840, son of Noah and Susan (Morey) Har- rison, whose children were William H., Edmond H., Hannah L., Abram C, Frances C, John J., Mary L. and Sarah C. Noah Harrison died September 18, 1863, and his widow on July 5, 1876. William H. Har- rison received a common school and academic education, and has been engaged in farming and nursery business. He has been commissioner of highways, justice of the peace, and in January, 190Q, was appointed supervisor. He was married to Marietta, daughter of John H. Kenyon. Their children are Walter H., Arthur K. and Annie E. Hart, William H., of Hudson, N. Y., was born in South Egremont. Berkshire county, Mass., January 25, 1836. His parents, Newton and Martha (\i inchell) Hart were also natives of the same town, where his grandparents were early settlers, and all of English ancestry. His grand- mother, Sarah (Adams) Winchell, was a first cousin of President John Adams. His father served in the War of 1812, doing garrison duty at Forts Trumbull and Griswold, New London, Conn. William H. Hart was educated in the public schools, Sheffield High School, and St. James .School in Winsted, Conn. In October, 1850, he went to .\e\v Jersey, PACTORS IK ITS HISTORY. Hi where he taught school until May, 1859, when he went to Philadelphia to learn dentistry, which he has continued to practice from that time. He located in Hudson May i, 1866. September 14, 1864, Dr. Hart was married at Millerton, N. Y., to Mary E. Brown, who died February 18, 1868. He was married, second, at Hudson to Maritta W. Cheney, June 8, 1870, who lias borne him two children, viz. : Richard Cheney Hart, D. D. S., of New York city, and Mabel L. Hart. Dr. Hart has been a prominent figure in the municipal afifairs of Hudson, in which he has been a factor of unquestioned benefit to the city. While not a politician or an office-seeker in the generally accepted meaning of the terms, he has accepted positions of trust and responsibility in consonance with his patriotic sense of the duty of all good citizens who seek the welfare of the community in which they dwell. In 1887 and 1888 he served as alder- man, and in that body was chairman of the finance committee, where he opposed extravagance and reckless expenditure. He was a member of the board of education for five years, 1881-85, in which he labored zeal- ously in the organization and establishment upon a secure basis of the public school system. In 1894 he was nominated for mayor, but de- clined the nomination. His public service throughout has been char- acterized by honesty, intelligence, and an earnest desire for the public good. Harvey, Hon. Charles S., mayor of the city of Hudson, N. Y., was born in that city on October 28, 1855. His father was Capt. Asahel Harvey, who came to Hudson from Taunton, Mass., where he was born, and from that time forward was connected in one way and an- other with river transportation. His wife was Rhoda Rossman, who was born at Cairo, N. Y. Charles S. Harvey received his education in the public schools and the Hudson Academy. He began his busi- ness life as a manufacturer of cigars, which vocation he followed for nine years. Mr. Harvey has been, since arriving at his majority, an active factor in local politics, by his consistent and honorable methods therein, winning the confidence and respect of his party. In 1888-1889 he was elected a member of the board of supervisors of Columbia county, his last election to that office, and without oppositior, and in 1889 was appointed postmaster of the city of Hudson by President Cleveland, discharging the duties of that office to the complete satis- faction of all citizens. From 1890 to 1896, inclusive, he served as ofiice 112 COLUMBIA COUXrV AT THE END OE THE CENTURY. deputy sheriff under Sheriff Rockefeller and Sheriff Conner. He was elected mayor of the cit\ in 1899 and 1900, and it is no flattery to sav that his administration of the office meets with the hearty and unquali- fied approval of the people. He is progressive, energetic, with clear ideas on public questions, and possesses the manly courage to stand by his convictions. He has proved himself a thoroughlv competent and faithful official. Harvey, Henry C, of Burden, N. Y., was born in the town of Liv- ingston, N. Y., wherein he now resides, on January 9, 1844, son of John and Mary C. (Hover) Harvey, who were the parents of eight children, as follows: Henry C, Jeremiah J., William E., Aletta (deceased), Al- vira, Amos W. (deceased), Elenor .\., and Fred H., all born in the town of Livingston. John, father of Henry C, was a son of John, who was a native of Germantown and a blacksmith, whose father mi- grated from Germany ; the former was a farmer, and removed from Germantown to the town of Livingston when about twenty-one years of age. Henry C. Harvey was educated in the public schools and at Eastman's Poughkeepsie Business College. At about the age of twen- ty-three he began life for himself as a farm laborer, and two years later purchased a farm near where he now lives, following general farming and dealing in live stock. In 1883 he bought the farm where he now lives. In 1870 he was married to S. Amelia, daughter of Robert and Susan (Jordan) Morrison. They have five children, as follows : Mary, Alma, Benjamin C, Laura A., and Cleveland M., all born in Livings- ton. Mr. Harvey has served as poormaster of Livingston two terms ; was justice of the peace many years, and has been supervisor for the ]jast three years. Haviland. F. Carroll, cashier of the Farmers' Bank of Hudson, was born in Hudson, N. Y., on November 2, 1842, son of John T. and Caro- line (daughter of Philip and Ann Clarke) (White) Haviland, and grand- son of John T., who was one of three brothers : John T., James and Ben- jamin. John T. Haviland (2) was born in Athens, N. Y., and crossed the river to make his home in Hudson in 1825. He was a founder and pro- moter of steamboat and transportation interests, and died in 1878. F. Carroll Haviland secured his education in the public schools of Hudson and at the well known Hudson Academy. When eighteen years of age. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 113 on June 2, i860, he entered the employ of the Farmers' Bank as a clerk, in which capacity he sers'ed until 1866. when he was appointed teller. He performed the duties of this responsible position until September 4, 1888, when he was made cashier of the bank, and now fills that ofifice. During his long connection with this prominent financial institution, Mr. Haviland has devoted himself to the development and prosperity of the bank, and while so earning the confidence and friendship of his superiors in the institution, has at the same time won the esteem and respect of the patrons of the bank, and made for himself a worthy reputa- tion among financiers as a careful, conservative and trustworthy mana- ger. It is not often that one is found who has for forty years served in one institution, with the commendation and confidence of his employers. It is a record of which Mr. Haviland pardonably may be proud. In 1865 Mr. Haviland was married to Mary G., daughter of Robert H. and Martha Burns. They are the parents of two daughters : Mrs. F. D. B. Stott, of Stottsville, and Airs. Lucien E. Torrey, of Grand Rapids, Mich. Hayes, John, of Claverack, was born in Ireland, in September, 1833, a son of Cornelius and Honora (Bluet) Hayes, and was educated in a private school. His mother died while he was }'et a boy, in 1848, and he, with his brothers and sisters, came to America, all coming direct to Philmont. He secured employment with George P. Philip, who was running a small woolen mill on the site that is now occupied by the High Rock Co., and remained with him until 1862, when Air. Philip failed and went out of business. Mr. Hayes continued at the old place until the plant was bought by Mr. A. L. Clark, and he continued with him until 1868. Mr. Clark sold the property to W. .\. Harder, and, upon the failure of Mr. Harder, Mr. Hayes branched out for himself and conducted the Valley Mill for five years for P. M. Harder. In 1876 he engaged with James Aken, remaining with him until 1886, when he once more started in for himself in the same location that he is to-day, and in the same line, the manufacture of cotton and woolen underwear ; the product of his mill is carried to nearly all parts of this country. On September 30, 1854, Mr. Hayes married Catherine, daughter of Harry Ouinn, of Hudson, and they have had a family of ten children. lU COLUMBIA COVS'TY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Haywood. John, of Claverack, was born in Taghkanic, January i, 1827, tlie eldest son of Stephen and Jane (Burdick) Haywood, who had a family of three children : John, \^'illiam, and Salonia. Mr. Haywood lost his father when he was but eleven years of age, and his mother depended upon her own efforts, with what help she could get from the boys, to run the place. John and his sister remained on the old home farm with their mother, who lived to the advanced age of ninety-four years. When the sister became of age they divided the property, and William left home and bought the place now owned by David Lane Nash. He married Martha D. Lane, of Otsego county, and they had seven children, of which only one is living, the wife of Frend Michael. William died in his seventy-first year. Hearn, W. H.. of Hudson, X. Y., w'as born in Stillwater, Saratoga county, X. Y., on September 6, 1856. His father was William Hearn, a native of Ireland, who came to the United States in 1845, ^"^ was well known as a contractor, etc. W'. H. Hearn, after attending the public schools, came to Hudson in 1876, and was employed by the firm of Pierce, Kane & Co., manufacturers of knit goods. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Hearn & McArthur, which existed but six months and was dissolved. Later in the same year he was one of the organizers of the L'nion Knitting Company ; this corporation he has served as vice-president and superintendent ever since its organiza- tion ; it employs 600 people and manufactures underwear. Mr. Hearn is an energetic, clear-headed business man, and is recognized as a prominent factor in the manufacturing interests of Hudson. In 1881 he was married to Miss Alary Connor. Hemenway, Calvin T.. p. o. Lebanon Springs, X. Y., was born in East Nassau, N. Y., September 18, 1854, son of Thomas and Phoebe A. (Hoag) Hemenway, whose children were Calvin T., Alice (died, 1871), Lucy M. and William. Thomas Hemenway was born in Bethlehem, N. Y., was a mason and contractor, and a member of New Lebanon Lodge No. g. F. & A. M. ; he died June 3, 1891. Calvin T. Hemenway was given a common school education, and for a time worked with his father. Later he was clerk in a store at Lebanon Springs, and in 1874 bought the store and stock, and is still continuing the business. He has been town clerk for fifteen years, and was appointed postmaster in 1885. He was FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 115 married to Eva, daughter of \\'illiain Shiimway. They have had two children: Clayton, who died September 30, 188", and Earl S. Herbs, Magnus D., of Hudson, X. Y., was born at Helmsdorf in Holstein, Germany, on November 10, 1842, the son of Frederick Herbs. In May, 1863, he came to the United States, his brother, Frederick C, having arrived here the year before, and in 1867 they formed the firm of F. C. & M. D. Herbs, for the manufacture and sale of cigars ; in 1872 they erected their factory and added to their business the manu- facture of different brands of tobacco. Their venture proved highly suc- cessful, their goods being favorably known throughout eastern New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. The}' also do an extensive job- bing trade in the goods of other manufacturers. Magnus D. Herbs is an excellent example of the self-made successful man. He has won the confidence and esteem of the citizens of his adopted city, who have not been backward in recognizing his worth in various ways. He has served as supervisor of his ward for seven years, is an ex-member and com- missioner of the board of public works, and a director in the Farmers' National Bank, and vice-president of the C. D. & R. Insurance Com- pany of this city. In 1873 ^^^ ^^'^^ married to Emma E., daughter of Henry and Louisa Kay, vyho is one of the lady managers of the City Hospital. They have one son, M. William Herbs. Herrick, Nathan, p. o. Muitzeskill, N. V., was born in the town of Kin- derhook, N. Y., July 22, 1870, the son of John and Sarah M. (Fisher) Herrick. They were farmers, and the parents of Clarence A., Martha E. (Lantz), Chester and Nathan. Nathan Herrick was educated in the public schools and has followed the vocation of farming, and also runs a steam-threshing machine. He has been collector of his school dis- trict. January 4, 1898, he married Hattie, daughter of Conrad Kline- hans. He has always been a Republican. Hess, Myron.p.o.Claverack, N. Y., is a native of the town of Claverack, born April 9, 1838, one of a fainily of six children, of whom two survive, born to Jacob and Christina M. (Teal) Hess. Fle attended the district schools when a boy, and after leaving school began working on a farm, and has been a farmer all his life. At present he conducts a farm of 275 acres and is notably successful. On I'ebruary 11, 1862, he was 110 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. married to Jane A. Shutts. a daughter of John and Eleanor (\an Deusen) Shutts. The\ liave one son, \'ernon J., horn Fehrnary 28, 1879. Hicks, Phihp R.. of Hudson. N. Y., was born in the town of Living- ston, Columbia county, N. Y., on January 2, 1849, son of Elias P. and Juliet (Sheldon) Hicks, and grandson of Elias Hicks, an early settler. The family trace their descent from Robert Hicks, who came from England about 1620. Elias P. Hicks was engaged in the stove busi- ness and was also a dealer in real estate. Philip R. Hicks was educated at the Hudson Academy, and after leaving school, in 1880, engaged in the bakery and confectionery business, in which he continued until 1885, when he entered the employ of Francis H. Leggett & Co., of New York city. In 1876 he was married to Matilda Malcher. They are the parents of one son, William E., and one daughter, Mabel L. Hinsdale, Mrs. Amelia H. — Charles W. Hinsdale was born in the town of Claverack, N. Y., on May 21, 1832. He came to Hudson in 1862, where he engaged in the drug trade, for which he was particularly well adapted, having studied for the profession of medicine ; in thi.> vocation he was engaged for twenty years. But it was in public life that he was better known. For ten years he served Columbia county as its treasurer, sufiticient evidence in itself of the confidence placed in him by the people. He was also sheriff at the time of his death, dis- charging the duties of that office with fidelity and with proper regard for the rights of all who had relations with his office. He was prominent in the Masonic fraternity. His death, which occurred on .\pril 19, 1887, was a public loss, and was felt, not only by his family and imme- diate friends, but by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, that a worthy and valuable cilizen had been taken away. He is survived by his widow, Mrs. .\niclia II. (Shepherd) Hinsdale, and one daughter, Mrs. Augusta -Speed. Hobbie, Charles Uiirdwin, was born in Hudson. X. ^'.. where he now resides, on May 10, 1852. His father, Walter Flobbie, son of Caleb Hobbie, was a native of Johnstown, Columbia county, and during his life was connected in various capacities with railroading. He was killed accidentally in i8C)4; his wife was Delia, daughter of Jesse Burdwin. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 117 Charles B. Hobbie received his education in the Hudson public schools, and in 1876 started his present business of contracting painter and deco- rator, and later added a line of wall paper to his stock. Mr. Hobbie bears the reputation of being a careful and e.xcellent workman, and by his in- dustry, intelligent methods and honorable dealing has achieved the suc- cess that always rewards such attributes. In 1880 Mr. Hobbie was mar- ried to Mary, daughter of Calvin Weldon. They have one son, Robert C. Hodge, Edward ].. one of the landmarks of Columbia county, and more especially of Hudson, was born in Hudson in 1833. While just in his teens, he entered the Gazette office and filled the position allotted to the youngest apprentice. For a period of fift\- years he emploved Edw;ird 1. Hodiie. his time in various branches of the printing business in that establish- ment, and upon retirement in 1896, was one of the best newspaper men along the Hudson, and filled the city editor's chair of the Daily Register, as well as of the Hudson Gazette. He was educated at the Hudson Academy, and was married June 24, 1854, to Miss Matilda S. Ostrander, 118 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. of Kinderhook. He has ever been a Jeffersonian Democrat, and has held many official positions of trust and responsibility. He has been successively alderman, city clerk and assessor, and was one of the organizers of the local Civil Service Commission of Hudson, and its first clerk, and at the present time is president of the Columbia County Equalization Commission. He is a prominent fireman. Free Mason, an Odd Fellow and a Knight of Pythias. Among important enterprises which he pushed is the Hudson Street Electric Railway, organizing the company in 1890. He was its secretary for six years. For a long time he was local representative of the United and Associated Press, and corresponded with numerous metropolitan and capital city newspapers. He has filled a unique niche in the history of the city, and figured promi- nently in nearly every movement inaugurated for the city's prosperity and advancement during the last forty years. His advice in business matters was accepted as cheerfully as given. While seeking rest at present, the daily papers and magazines show his journalistic pen has not been laid away entirely. His position as a printer and newspaper man covered a period of over fifty years. Hoes, William .\., p. o. Columbiaville, N. Y., was born Xovember 25. 1825, son of Albert and Peternelne (Winnie) Hoes, whose family of children were named Lawrence, John, Matthew, William A., Esther .\nn, Maria, Elsie, Jane and Margaret. Mr. Hoes has always been a farmer. In 1866 he purchased his father's entire estate, both real and personal, and has since devoted his time and labor to its care and im- provement. He has always shown an active interest in town affairs and has served sixteen years as justice of the peace of the town of Stuyvesant. In church affairs he has been deeply interested ; he first joined the Reformed Church of Kinderhook, later transferred his mem- bership to the church at Stuyvesant Falls, but is now a member of the Kinderhook church. .\ man of high moral character, alive to the wel- fare of his communit\. he exerts an influence tor good in his town. Iliigan. James, p. o. Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y., was born in the tnwn of Stuyvesant, N. Y., November 11, 1856, a son of Patrick and Mary (Malane) Hogan. He was educated in the common schools, and his earlier years were spent with his parents. In 1885 he was appointed a member of the New York police force, in which capacity he served two FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. lift vears and resigned. He then engaged in paper manufacturing in Ho- boken. as a member of the firm of Barnes & Hogan ; at this business he continued three years until 1890, when he removed to the town of Stuvvesant, N. Y., where he has since resided and followed farming. He has taken the good citizen's interest in public affairs and has served two terms as highway commissioner. On October 6. 1897, he was mar- ried to Helen J., daughter of the late Capt. Michael and Mary Cosgrove ; they have one child, Aloysius Joseph. He and his wife are comnnmi- cants of the Roman Catholic church of Stuyvesant Falls. Mr. Hogan's brothers and sisters were as follows : Mary, wife of Jeremiah Scully : Helen, wife of the same: James, the subject of this notice; Michael, who was a member of Company C. One Hundred and Fifty-ninth New York \'olunteers, last heard from on board a ship at Hong Kong, China, and supposed to have died at sea ; Patrick Henry, a member of Company E, Forty-seventh New York Volunteers, a resident of New York city, and a lawyer; Edward, died in New York; John, traveling salesman for a New York woolen house. Holsapple, W. Frank. — Among the prominent families of Columbia county, who have been largely identified with business interests, agricul- ture, and public affairs, is the one bearing the name of Holsapple. The pioneer of the family in this county was John Holsapple, who was born in Germany in 1710, came to this country and settled in what is now the town of Ghent ; he died in the very early years of the present century. He had a son, also named John, born in 1752, died in 1836, who passed his life in the town of Ghent, where he was a successful farmer. He married Hannah New, and among their children was William Holsapple, born in 1804, died in 1849, whose wife was Eva Christina Rossman, a member of another well-known an'3 honored Columbia county family, and a daughter of John I. Rossman. Their son, John W. Holsapple. was born in the Ghent homestead in 1836, but in his early life served for a period as a clerk in Hudson. At the age of twenty-five years he enlisted in Company K, of the Fourteenth Regiment, New York Volun- teers, and served in the Civil War with credit. Returning home he became connected with the railroad mail service. He married Alida Van Deusen, a native of Claverack and a member of the old and highly respected family of that name. Of the five children of John W. and Alida Holsapple, W. Frank Holsapple was the eldest. He was born 120 COLl'MBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. on January ii, 1857. At the age of eighteen years he entered the law office of the late John B. Longley, of Hudson, N. Y., and after the usual period of study, was admitted to the bar in January, 1879. In 1879 he married Lottie T. Burdwin. Mr. Holsapple began practice in his profession in Hudson, and his native ability, persistent industry, and high ideals of what is demanded of the attorney who would not only succeed in business but obtain the confidence and esteem of his fellows, soon gave him a large practice. But his marked qualifications for the conduct of extensive business enterprises gradually led him away from the bar, and at the present time most of his energies are devoted to the varied interests with which he is connected. The Union Knitting Com- pany, which was incorporated in 1881, and which is noticed in another place in this work, is one of the most noted industries of Hudson; of this organization Mr. Holsapple is president, and under his immediate direction it has been brought to the front rank of Columbia county manufactures. Mr. Holsapple is a public-spirited citizen, and no project is advanced that merits approbation, and is designed to promote the general welfare of Hudson city, that does not receive his cordial support. He is a Democrat and, had his business interests permitted, could have received distinguished honors from his party. At the age of twenty-one years he was elected a civil justice of Hudson, a position which he filled with credit eight years ; later he received the nomination for county judge, but suffered defeat with the rest of his party ticket. The family home is the beautiful Rossman homestead, where hospitality is bestowed upon a large circle of friends of the family. Hopkins. Thomas, was born in Brooklyn. X, Y.. a son of Michael and Margaret (Kinney) Hopkins. His mother died when he was small and he came to Philmont to live with his uncle. He attended the public schools in this village and at the close of his school days was employed by George W. Phillips for a short time, then engaged vi'ith N. P. .-\ken in the mill. He was employed there for about ten years, when he came to Stottville and worked for C. H. & F. H. Stott for seven years. He returned to Philmont and engaged in business for himself; he bought the property he now owns eleven years ago and has conducted a hotel in the village since that time. On May 20, 1884, Mr. Hopkins married Maggie Canavan, daughter of Thomas and Mary Canavan ; they have three children: Lauretta. Claude and Clara Margaret. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORV. 121 Horton, Jacob, M. D.. of Livingston, N. Y., was born in West Tagh- kanic, N. Y., December 25, 1820, son of Michael and Hannah (Best) Horton, who had five children : Jacob, Christina, John, Wilson, and Mary Jane. Michael was a native of Columbia county and a son of Jacob and Grisella (Shutts) Horton. The last-named Jacob was one of three brothers who came from New England and settled in Columbia county. Dr. Jacob Horton was educated at Elizaville. Columbia county, and in Wayne county, N. Y. He studied medicine with Dr. Robert Treat Paine, of Clyde, N. Y., and was graduated from Castleton (Vt.) Medical College, November 25, 1845, ^"^ soon after located in Livings- ton, where he has since resided and practiced his profession. Septem- ber 15, 1846, he was married to Desiah, daughter of Henry and Christi- ana (Potts) Dunspaugh. They have had three children: Charles L., Fred B., and Harry D. (died October 25, 1875, at twenty years of age). Dr. Horton has always shown his interest by active participation in all public measures worthy of support, and is a member nf the Dutch Re- formed congregation of Livingston. Horton, William H., of Claverack, was born in Mellenville, April 2, 1846, a son of Mandeville and Sarah (Miller) Horton. His early edu- cation was received in the district school, the Hudson River Institute and the Academy at Hudson. At the age of fifteen Mr. Horton was appointed station agent of the Hudson branch of the B. & A. R. R. at Mellenville, and held that position till 1900. Mr. Horton is a member of Hudson Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M., also Lafayette Commandery No. 7. He married Dora, daughter of Frederic and Margaret (Oster- hout) Lampman, who bore him three children: Louise (deceased), Charles M., born June i, 1875, married Kathryn Redmond, of Philmont, and John M.. born December 13, 1887. Hosier, Isaac, of Claverack, a son of John and Charity (Parmenter) Hosier, was born in Pine Plains, Dutchess county, N. Y., December 30, 1850. He attended school when a boy and worked on a farm; he left home at the age of thirteen, and worked for Peter H. Fraley at Red Hook a year ; worked for Joel S. Winness about a year and a half, and worked and superintended farm work for Harmon Pulver at Pulver's Corners six years, then opened business for himself in a market in Pine Plains and later in Copake ; he sold that out and went to Curtisville, Mass., in a 122 COIA'MBIA COUNTY AT THE END OE THE. CENTl'RY. iiuuliiiu' sli(i|), wIk-ic- 1k' liccami- |)n iluiciit in \\\v iiso of macliiiicrs . and stayed llurc Iwn years and a lialf, when lie returned to I'ine Plains for a visit at the old home, and while there he went to woik for Horace S. Kclscy, remaining with him until his death in 1882; after that he worked for Miss Kelsey until 1886, as superintendent, lie then hired a farm at Hoston Corners, and for three years operated ii. then returned to Mrs. Kelsey Lindsay and has been in her employ since. He has also o])erate(l a dry goods and grocery store for himself in IMiilmont, N. Y., for four years. He has traveled much in the Western and Southern States, having been to California eight times, and he has operated a large tourists' hotel there. On May 9, 1898, Mr. Hosier married Lucie i)iiniulh. of 1',-iris, l-'rance. Housman, Mrs. Anna, p. o. New Concord, N. Y. — James A. Housman was born in 1846, a son of William, a man of much prominence in New ^'ori< city. James A. Housman was an active business man and one of the worthy citizens of Chatham. He was married to .Anna C. Doty, daughter of John l)ot\. 'I'Ik-v had two sons: William II., born in 1879, and Walter 1'.. l)oin in 18S2. Mr. Housman died in .\'o\end)er. 18S8. Hover, luastus, of (iermantown, was born on the farm where he now resides. .Scj)Uinl)er S, 1845, a son of I'eter and Mary (Kimballl Hover, one of three children, as follows: F.rasttis, Mary Elizabeth, wife of Erastus Coon, and John 1'. Mr. llo\er was educated in the conmion schools of (iermantown, and when :diout twenty-four years of age he purchased the homestead, wlurr he has since liwd ,ind carries on gen- eral farming and fruit-growing. On October 14, 1869, he married Alice, daughter of John and Gertrude Patten; they liave two children: Morence, wife of Melvin M. Rivenburgh, and Elizabeth, wife of Webster Smith. In 1881 and 1882 Mr. Hover served as town clerk and since 1896 has represented his town on the board of su])ervisors. He is a member of .\. 1'". .\. M. No. 7. of Hudson. N. ^'. Hover, James A., ]i. o. Columhiaville. N. "N., was born in the town of (ihent, N. \' ., and removed thence with his |).ireiits to Columhiaville. where he attended the district school .unl at odd times worked in the cotton mills. Thence he went to .Stuyvcsant I'.ills. where he attended school and wa5 occasionally employed in the \an .Men cotton mills. Factors in its history. 123 Later he removed with his parents to Kinderliook and was em[jloyed in Chrysler's cotton mill, of which he became superintendent. Return- ing to Stuyvesant Falls, he was made superintendent and became part owner of the Van Alen mills. While engaged at Stuyvesant Falls he purchased the cotton mills at Columbiaville and removed to that place in 1877. In 1886 the mill on the north side of Stockport creek was de- stroyed by fire and the mill on the south side was converted into a knit- ting mill, which has been enlarged and improved. His business has constantly increased and to that extent that the Empire Loom Works was purchased in 1900 for a yarn mill, wherein to manufacture the yarn necessary for his knitting mill. Mr. Hover has developed excellent business ability, and hTs noteworthy success is due to careful manage- ment, keen foresight and a judicious employment of the opportunities that come in his way. He was married to Rachel Hinman ("deceased) ; they had two children : Mary (Mrs. Charles H. Hatheway), and Anna Laura. Howe, Edwin Dewey, was born in Albany, N. Y., July 1 1, 1865, a son of John Alonzo Howe, a native of East Poultney, Vt., born October i, 1834, and Delia Ann Rice, born at Cambridge, N. Y., January 12, 1834, and their children are John A., Jr., born in Albany, N. Y., November 8, 1859; Mary E., born September 7, 1861 ; Edwin D., as above; Daniel R., born March i, 1873, died November 23, 1881, and Lillian E., born October 28, 1874. John Alonzo Howe was a son of Alonzo Howe, of Poultney, Vt., born July 11, 1797, died April 15, 1866. He married November 15, 1825, Elizabeth Horr, born September 2, 1799, died January 20, 1892, a descendant of Benjamin Warren, a near relative of Gen. Joseph W'arren, who fell at Bunker Hill. Alonzo was a son of John Howe of Poultney, \'t., born May 2, 1763, died April 3, 1834, and Comance Parker; he married second, December 22, 1829. Anna Lusk. He was captain of a company of scouts doing service on the borders of Canada during the Revolution. He was a son of Nehemiah Howe, of Poultney, Vt., born in Marlboro, Mass., in 1723, and moved to Poultney, Vt., with Ethan Allen in 1771, and was present with him at the capture of Ticonderoga. He was a member of the committee of safety appointed March 1 1. 1777, for the town of Poultney, a delegate to the Dorset con- vention July 24, and September 25, 1776, and to the Westminster con- vention which adopted the Vermont Declaration of Independence (see 124 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. History of Poultney). His widow. Beulah, with the other women and children of the town of Pouhney, fled through the wilderness before the Indians of Bnrgoyne and were at Pownal, Vt., during the battle of Ben- nington and helped nurse the wounded after the battle. Nehemiah was a son of Peter Howe, born in Marlboro, Mass., in 1695 ; he married (irace . and died there in 1754. Peter was a son of John Howe, born in Marlboro, Mass., in 1671 ; married Rebecca , and died in 1754. His father, John Howe, was born in Sudbury. Mass.. August 24, 1640, and was killed by the Indians at Sudbury, April 20, 1676; he married Elizabeth . January 22, 1662. His daughter Elizabeth was burned at the stake in Salem, Mass., with other maidens. He was a son of John Howe, of Hodenhull, Warwickshire, England, and a connection of the family of Lord Charles Howe, Earl of Lancaster, in reign of Charles I., who came to Watertown, Mass., in 1635 ; he married at Sudbury, Mass., in 1638, Mary ; took the freeman's oath in 1640; served as selectman in 1640 and as marshal in 1642. In 1657 he moved to Marlboro, Mass., being the first white settler in the place and was surnamed " The Just " by the Indians, and died there in 1687. He was the son of John Howe, of Warwickshire, England. (See History of Framinghani, Mass.) Edwin D. Howe was educated in the public schools of Albany, N. Y., and was graduated from Middlebury College (Vermont) in 1887 and from the Albany Law School of Union University in 1889. He studied law with the Hon. Alden Chester of Albany, N. Y., and came to Valatie, N. Y., in 1889, where he has since practiced law. In 1893 he purchased the coal and lumber business of Irving M. Miller. On June 4, 1894, he was married to Margaret Helen, daughter of Samuel Benson and Sarah J., his wife. They have one son, Joseph Warren, born July 9, 1896. Mr. Howe is a member of the Sons of the .'\merican Revolution ; president of the board of education ; vil- lage clerk and with Frank S. Beeker wrote Beeker & Howe's Justice Court Practice, Village Laws, Digest of Fees for comity, town and village officers. Excise Laws and several other works. Hoysradt, Jacob Warren, was born in the town of .Vncram, X. \.. March 8, 1824. When a young man he came to Hudson, where through life he was an active business man. He was closely connected with the Hudson Iron W'orks during the existence of that industry. In public life he was a power and a worthy example. He served as mayor of the FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 125 cit\ of Hudsdii, was a member of Assembly and State Senator. In [853 he was married to Caroline, daughter of Charles and Caroline Mc- Arthur, one of the old Hudson families. They were the parents of two sons. Albert and Warren J., and three daughters, Mrs. Grace Gleason. of Newburgh, and Miss Jessie Hoysradt and Mrs. Florence Rossman. Mr. Hoysradt died November 15, 1890, a public loss not to. be estimated. Hudson. Henry, of Hudson, was born in the town of Stockport (now Stuyvesant), N. Y., on August 10, 1852. He is the son of William Hudson, who came to that town with his father, Richard, a discharged English soldier, who had settled in Valatie in 1825. William Hudson was connected with the textile trade; he was married to Julia Van Keuren of the town of Ghent, N. Y., and died in 1888. Henry Hudson obtained his education in the common schools and at the Stottville Academy. He began his business career in the employ of C. H. & F. H. Stott. of Stottville, and later was with Titus Sheard at Little Falls. N. Y., and S. K. Wilson, Trenton, N. J. In 1881 he engaged with the James Smith Woolen Machinery Company, of Philadelphia, as sales- man and mill expert on machinery, and is one of the best known textile machinery men in this country, in which company he retains an interest. In 1893 he organized and established the Hudson Fibre Company, of which he is president and treasurer. Mr. Hudson bears the reputation of being a sagacious and enterprising business man, and has achieved success by close attention to his enterprises and deserves the returns his industry and foresight have brought him. In 1877 he was married to Annie, daughter of Simeon Atherton. They have one son, Charles H., now manager and secretary of the Hudson Fibre Company. Hughes, Edward T.. p. o. Chatham. N. Y., was born in Sandy Hill, Washington county. N. Y.. April 7, 1846, a son of Charles Hughes, who was one of the leading lawyers of Northern New York, and who was a member of Congress and clerk of the Court of Appeals, provost mar- shal Fifteenth Congressional District, headquarters at Troy, N. Y.. during Draft riots of 1861. State Senator, etc.; his wife was Lucy A. Stone ; he died in 1887 and his wife in 1852. Edward T. Hughes ob- tained his education in the district schools, a private school and the Fort Edward Collegiate Institute. His first business enterprise was as a manufacturer of paper sacks, at Akron, Ohio, following which i26 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. he went to Michig-an and engaged in the kmiber business, and at Flint, in that State, carried on a hardware trade. Returning east he was engaged on the Croton aqueduct for a time. In 1892 he came to Chatham, where he has since been engaged in the manufacture of paper. His wife was Frances L., daughter of Horace ^^'. Peaslee, of Maiden Bridge. They are the parents of Jessie, Grace L., Fdward T., Jr.. and Constance Hughes. Hughes, James R., p. o. Stuyvesant Falls, X. Y., was Ixirn in Ireland and was brought to this country by his parents when he was a small boy. He attended school for a time in New York and began labor as a cash boy in the store of Jones Bros, in New York. After two years in that capacity, he removed with his parents to Columbia county, where he completed his schooling at Maiden Bridge. After leaving school he was employed for eleven years as a clerk by Smith & \'edder, at the expiration of which service he engaged in business on his own account in company with his elder brother Patrick. They opened a general store in Brainard, Rensselaer county, under the firm name of Hughes Bros. This continued for two years, when Patrick sold his interest and the firm of Vedder & Hughes was organized. Five years later Mr. Hughes dis- posed of his interest in the firm and purchased the store of J. A. Dick at Stuyvesant Falls, where he has since conducted a thrifty, successful business. Mr. Hughes is an outspoken Democrat in politics, and has held several town offices. He is a pushing, progressive business man and sustains a reputation for thoroughness, honesty and good sense. In 1885 he was married to .Mice A., daughter of Patrick and Mary Flynn of New York city. Hunt, Alfred, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Chatham, in 1840, son of Ira and Elizabeth (Clark) Hunt. He is engaged as con- tracting carpenter and builder. He served as excise commissioner one year, and one year as trustee of the village of Chatham. He was united in marriage with Catherine D., daughter of Henry and Fanny Ashley, of Germantown, X. Y. Their children are Charles R., Elmer A., of Chatham; Alfred, Jr., of .Albany, and Oris, of Chatham. Mr. Hunt's father was a farmer of Chatham: he died in 1895, and his wife in 1862. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 127 Jaquins, Reuben W., is the son of Chauncey Jaquins, a native of (ireat Barrington. Mass., and grandson of Jason Jaquins, who was a soldier in the Continental army during the Revolution, and died in Hudson in 1842. Chauncey Jaquins became a resident of Hudson about 1825, and was well known as a mason and builder; his second wife was Catherine Winegar, of Westerlo, Albany county, who was the mother of Reuben ^^^ Reuben W. was born in Hudson, N. Y., on May 4, 1844, and was educated in the public schools of the city. In 1866 he entered the employ of M. Parker Williams, editor and pro- prietor of the Gazette, where for several years he devoted his thoughts and time to newspaper work. He then engaged in the dry goods and notion trade, which he has conducted to the present time. Mr. Jaquins has long been a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, devoting his service to its welfare. He is an unobstrusive man, but one whose quiet influence is felt and to whose judgment and advice questions of right and wrong may be safely submitted. In 1868 he was united in marriage with Sarah Elizabeth Carter, who has borne him one son. George E. Jessup, John H., of Hudson, was born in Hudson, N. Y., on Sep- tember 20, 1849, son of Capt. John D. and Elizabeth (Best) Jessup. and grandson of A\'illiam Jessup, a native of Hampstead, N. Y., who settled in Hudson in 1820. Capt. John D. Jessup was a lifelong mariner, en- gaged in whaling. He retired from his seafaring life and died in Hud- son on the 9th of November, 1859. John H. Jessup was educated in the public schools of Hudson, and for some years was engaged in the ice trade. In 1896 he was elected sherifif of Columbia county and served the usual three-year term, performing the duties of that office intelligently and for the public's interest. At the expiration of his offi- cial term he entered into the meat and provision trade, in which he is engaged at the present time. He has served as alderman two terms. Mr. Jessup was married in 1887 to Anna Hannon, and they have one daughter, Ruth L. Jenkins, Robert, the son of Seth Jenkins, one of the founders of Hud- son, N. Y., was born March 29, 1772, at Nantucket, Mass. Early in the Revolution the whale fisheries of Nantucket, at one time the largest in the world, were broken up by the English marine, and in 1783 a number 128 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. uf the inhabitants of the island determined to leave and make a settle- ment upon the Hudson river. The leaders of the enterprise were Seth and Thomas Jenkins, brothers, merchant princes who for many years carried on successfully every species of trade and commerce. They formed an association of merchants and navigators which was to consist of niit more than thirty members, and in the spring of 1783 the Jenkinses left to reconnoitre the Hudson river for a new place of settlement, taking with them $100,000. They selected Claverack Landing as the site of the future city, and purchased the lands, Thomas Jenkins signing the deeds. In the fall of 1783 two families arrived from Nantucket, one of them, that of Seth Jenkins, consisting of his wife, Dinah Folger, four children, one of them Robert, a boy of eleven years, and Dinah Coffin, the mother of Dinah Folger. Seth Jenkins' house was the first to be built and during its erection his family lived on the ship. In the spring of 1784 the other proprietors followed with their families. Nearly all were rich men and brought with them several vessels and in some cases the frames of dwellings prepared at Nantucket for erection on their arrival. May 14, 1784, the proprietors held their first meeting at the house of Seth Jenkins, who was one of the committee appointed to lay out the streets of the town. In 1785 he and three others were members of a committee to draft the petition to the Legislature to incorporate Hudson as a city, and he was also appointed one of the committee to go to New York and present the same to the General Assembly. Seth Jenkins was appointed the first mayor of Hudson and enjoyed the dis- tinction from 1785 until his death July 30, 1793. For thirty-three years, with the exception of two years, the office of mayor was held by some member of the Jenkins family. Seth's son, Robert Jenkins, held many positions of honor and of trust, and at the age of nineteen years was at the head of the first cotton mill in the State. He was assessor, 1795. secretary of first Turnpike Company. 1799, supervisor, 1799 to 1802, chamberlain 1802, county treasurer, 1802-1809, alderman 1807, and mayor of Hudson ten years, 1808-1813, 1815-1820, Presidential elector r8i2, and one of three on Canal Company, 1812. He also took a prom- inent part in military affairs, and was major of the Fourth Regiment Columbia County Artillery in the War of 1812. Robert Jenkins married Christian Dayton on December 19, 1793, the issue being one child, Caroline Mary Jenkins, who was born February 20, 1803, and who mar- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 129 ried, June 29, 1825, Dr. Samuel Ponieroy White, a physician and surgeon of note. Christian Dayton was born in Providence June 13, 1774, and was the daughter of Judge Hezekiah Dayton, son of Lieut. -Col. Isaac Dayton and one of the original proprietors of Hudson. Robert Jenkins' house, built in 181 1, has been presented by his granddaughter, Mrs. Marcellus Hartley, to the Hendrick Hudson Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The dedication exercises were held May 15, 1900, and were attended by many prominent guests. The house con- tains a public library and reading room, an atiditorium, museum, the chapter room of the society and a large dining room and kitchen. It retains the Colonial lines and is papered and decorated accordingly. Robert Jenkins died November 11. 1819, in the forty-eighth year of his age. His funeral was attended by the largest assemblage of persons ever before witnessed in Hudson on a similar occasion. He lived an honored and useful life and was a worthy representative of a family who numbered among their ancestors three of the chief magistrates of Nan- tucket, including Thomas Macy, the hero of Whittier's poem, " The Exiles." Johnson, Benoni S., of Hudson, N. Y., was born in New Lebanon, N. Y., June 23. 1842. His great-grandfather, Richard M. Johnson, was a pioneer of New Lebanon, whence he enlisted in the army in the Revolutionary War, and his grandfather. Prentice Johnson, and his father, Jason H. Johnson, were natives of that town. The latter was a farmer all his life : his wife was Sally, daughter of Benoni Sherman : he died in 1864. Benoni S. Johnson was educated at the Claverack .\cademy, and in 1869 settled in Hudson, where he engaged in the wholesale and retail coal trade, which he has followed since, and is con- ducting at the present time. He served four years as commissioner of public works ; is a director of the National Hudson River Bank, and vice-president of the Harder Knitting Company. In 1877 he was mar- ried to Annie W.. daughter of the late John Stanton Gould, the well known lecturer upon agricultural topics. They have two daughters, Hannah G. and Hilda S. Johnson, Charles H., p. o. East Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of New Lebanon, N. Y.. April 6, 1849. son of William Henry Johnson, a native of the same town, born July 30, 1821, a farmer and merchant. 9 r.iO COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. who was married t(i Mar\- S. (Sale and had these children: Charles H.. Eugene (deceased), Carrie E., born August 5, 1857. and David, born May 27, 1862. Mr. W. H. Johnson died in i88fi, and his wife Mary in 1867. Charles H. Johnson, after obtaining his education in the public schools, came to East Chatham in 1865 and engaged in the mercantile trade with Mr. E. G. Palmer. He has been town collector, notary public fifteen years, and in 1890 was appointed postmaster at East Chatham and is still in oiifice. He was married to Hattie E. King: they had one son, Edward C, who is a clerk in his father's store, and who was married to Alice E. Bradley ; they have one daughter, Gladys May, born March 18, 1899. C. H. Johnson and his son are both mem- bers of Columbia Lodge, No. 98, F. & A. M.. and the latter is assistant postmaster and v\'as elected town collector of Chatham in 1899. Johnson. Henry Warner, M. D., of Hudson, N. Y., was born in .Still- water, Saratoga county, N. Y.. January 10, 1867, son of Rev. William M. Johnson, D. D. The latter was a native of Washington county: for the past thirty-four years he has been pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at Cohoes, .Mbany county, N. Y. ; he married .\nna Elizabeth, daughter of Jonathan and Maria Simpson Warner of Washington coimty. N. Y. The Warner family trace their descent from soldiers in the Revolutionary army and in the War of 1812. Dr. Henry W. John- son received his preparatory education at Granville Military .Academy in Washington county, and was graduated from Hamilton College in 1880. Selecting the medical profession for his lifework, he entered the medical department of Union l^niversity, from which he was graduated with the usual degree in 1801. He settled in Hudson and began a practice which has been highly satisfactory, making a specialty of throat dis- eases. He is a nienibcr of tlie board of health, and surgeon to Company D, First Regiment, N. G. N. Y. Dr. Johnson has earned a high stand- ing in his profession, and as a citizen has performed with zeal those duties which devolve upon all true .\mericans. Tn 1898 he was married to .Anna Elizabeth, daughter of Robert F. and Sarah Groat. They are the parents of one son, Robert Groat Johnson. Robert F. Groat (de- ceased), was born in the town nf Ghent. \. Y., .\ugust 6. 1819. The homestead where he was born has been in possession of the Groat familv for four generations. The family came from Holland about 1720. Hendrick Groat being the ancestor of the subject of this notice FACTORS !N ITS HISTORY. 131 and the first of the family to settle in Ghent. His son Peter was a participant in the Revohitionary \\^ar and received therefor a pension. He was succeeded by his son William, father of Robert F. Robert F. Groat was educated in the common and private schools, and until 185 1 devoted his time to farming. In the year last mentioned he removed to Hudson and engag^ed in the wholesale and retail grocery trade, in which he continued until 1891, when he retired, with the reputation of a good business man, industrious, honest, frugal, and an exemplary citizen. In 1852 he was married to Sarah J., daughter of Jacob and Hannah (Harder) Foland, of Oneida, Madison county, N. Y. They had one daughter. Anna Elizabeth, wife of Dr. Henry Warner Johnson. Mr. Groat died on November 13, 1893, leaving a record of a long life of worthy acts and upright conduct. Jones, J. Wesley, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in Wappinger's Falls, N. Y., January 4, 1835. His father was John W. Jones, a native of Dutchess county, born in 1800, and a carpenter and farmer; he settled in Chatham in 1845. ^is wife was Nancy Burtis, and their children were John Wesley and Mary A. Mr. Jones died in January, 1867, and his widow survived until 1884. John Wesley Jones was educated in the common schools. His entry into business life was as clerk in a mercantile house, later serving in the same capacity in Hudson ; and returning thence to Chatham, he engaged in the seed business. In 1862-63 he devoted his time to recruiting men for the army, enlisting 600 in the service. After the close of the war he organized the Chatham Mercantile Association, of which he was president four years. In 1870 he engaged in the insurance business, and was the organizer of the Columbia County Insurance Co., and is president of its committee. For twenty-five years he has been president of Chatham Seminar}-. Mr. Jones has been a busy man all his life, and the results of his labor have been beneficial to his town and county. He is a man of unimpeachable integrity and extremely popular in the community where he resides. He was married to Minnie E. Tyler and they had two children. Carrie E. and .Mice M. Mrs. Jones died in T863, and he afterward was mar- ried to Mary J., daughter of Rev. Samuel Uterly. who has borne him three children : Bessie L.. Arthur E.. and Florence M. W. Jordan. Benjamin S.. of Claverack, was born in Hillsdale. May 8. 1837, a son of Abram I. and Mary (Snyder) Jordan, one of a family of 132 COLVMBIA COVNTY AT THE END OP THE CENTURY. eight cbikiren. of whom five are now living. He was educated in the district school and attended the Hudson River Institute for two years. His health not being very good, he was sent to his uncle's in Illinois, where he attended school and helped on the farm ; he remained there three years, then came back and finished his studies in the Hudson River Institute. He helped his father on the farm and for two winters taught school. In 1859 he went west again, taught school there and assisted on the farm until 1865, when he came east and was married December ig, of that year, to Christina Pecktel, daughter of Abram and Margaret fMiller) Pecktel. Mr. and Mrs. Jordan are the parents of one son, DeWitt C born .September, 1866, and is now employed as cashier in one of the leading hotels in New York city. DLA\Mtt C. married Carrie May New, of Claverack. a daughter of Edwin A. and Matilda (Nash) New. l\Ir. Jordan served on the board of assessors from t866 to t86q. Joslen, Charles E., of Hudson, was born in Salisbury, Conn., Decem- ber 22. 1836. He is a son of Elias Joslen. through life a farmer in Salisbury, dying at the age of nearly eighty-five years, and his mother was Electa Hollister. They were worthy people and in t!ie town where they spent their lives were respected and esteemed for the modest virtues that go to make an honorable life. Charles E. Joslen received a public school education and began his business career in Hudson in 1862. In 1874 he established his present bakery and confectionery business and has carried on since that date a successful and profitable business. Persistent industry and unflinching honesty have been rewarded in his case with that success w'hich is a crown of honor to any man in business. He sustains an unblemished reputation as a business man, and as a citizen none has moved on a higher plane of respectability and moral rectitude. He has bren :i faithful and influen- tial member of the Methodist Episcopal church for twenty-three years, and has served the society as steward. He was united in marriage in 7857 with Julia M., daughter of Miles Miner. The fruit of this tmion is one son. Crranville M. Kennedy, Dennis H., nf Hudson, \. Y., was horn in the town of .Ancram. N'. Y., on Novcnil)er 15, 1856. H^- i.s a son of ricrnanl Ken- nedy, who came to the T'nited States frnni Trt'laiul in 18^0. The latter FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 133 for a number of years was engaged in railroad building, filling con- tracts on the Boston and Maine. Harlem and New York Central Rail- roads. In 1858 he came to Hudson and engaged in the grocery trade, froiii which he retired in 1875. Dennis H. Kennedy obtained a good English education in the public schools of Hudson, and in the Hudson Business College. He liegan his business life in the grocery trade and Dennis H. Kenned \ is now engaged in a general mercantile, produce shipping and ice business. He is a man of energy and excellent business ability, and lias been reasonably successful in his business undertakings. He early took an active interest in local politics, and soon acquired a large degree of influence in the councils of the Democratic party. His general knowledge of local public afifairs. his recognized business capacity, and his well-known integrity, led to his election or appointment to several positions of responsibility. He served five years as supervisor of the First Ward of the city, and during nine years was a member of the excise commission of Hudson, in which positions he has proved him- self worthy of the honor conferred upon him and the trust and confi- 134 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. dence placed in him. Air. Kennedy for several years past has been at the head of the company which publishes the Gazette and Register. the leading Democratic newspaper of Columbia county. In 1885 he was married to Alice, daughter of Patrick Clark. They are the parents of two sons and one daughter, Raymond, Harold, and Anna. Kennedy, Bernard H., was born in Hudson, September 14, 1859. His father was Bernard Kennedy, a native of Ireland, who came to Hudson in 1858, and was a railroad contractor and builder ; his wife was Rachel, daughter of John Harlowe. Bernard H. was educated in the public schools and Hudson Academy. With his brother Mathew, he has been engaged in the catching and wholesaling of shad and her- ring for twenty-five years, supplying the trade in Western Massachu- setts. In 1895 they erected a large brick building for cold-storage pur- poses. In addition to the fish business, the Kennedy Brothers handle thousands of barrels of fruit yearly for the New York and Boston mar- kets. Mr. B. H. Kennedy has given much of his time and labor to public duties, in all cases winning the approbation of the public. He has served as president of the board of civil service commissioners, and for eight years — 1893-1901 — has been a member of the board of edu cation, of which he was president several terms. He was a member of the Twenty-third Separate Company for fifteen years, serving as quar- termaster, and at his retirement in 1899 was the ranking quartermaster in the National Cuard of the State. He is a grand knight of Hudson Council, No. 31C). Knights of Columbus. Ketner, l-Vank \\ ., D. D. S., of Hudson, X. \'.. was born in the town of Cherrytree, \'enango county. Pa., October 23, 1865. He is a son of D. A. Ketner, a native of Center county, Pa. In the year 1830 the family moved to Venango county, Pa., where he assisted in clearing the land purchased by his father, William Ketner. D. A. Ketner was married to Harriet Cauvel, and during his life was a farmer ; he died in 1897. Dr. Frank W. Ketner received his education in the public and high schools of Saegerstown, Pa. After leaving school he was for two years engaged in the drug trade. In 1889 he began the study of den- tistry with Dr. T. J. Thomas, and in 1892 was graduated from the Phila- delphia Dental College. The same year he settled in Hudson, N. Y.. and began the practice of his profession associated with Dr. W. H. Trabaud ; this association terminated in 1893, since which date he has FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 135 practiced alone. In 1899 he erected his present home and offices. He is a member of tlie Third District Dental Society of New York, and has received special diplomas for papers on anatomy, anaesthesia and anaesthetics; he is also a member of the Garretsonian Philosophial Society of Philadelphia. In October, 1896, he was married to Carrie, daughter of Oscar \'incent. In the few years that Dr. Ketner has been a resident of Hudson he has established a worthy reputation, not only as a skillful dentist, but as a valuable member of society. Kilmer, Alfred C, p. o. Kinderhook, N. Y., was born in the town nf Milan, Dutchess county, N. Y., July 21, 1845, son of William I. and Anna Maria (Duntz) Kilmer, natives of Dutchess county, and parents of three children: Angelina E., who died at twelve years of age, Alfred C. and William H. About 1850 the famil\- removed from Dutchess to Albany county, and in 7867 to Columbia county, where they have since resided. Alfred C. Kilmer was educated in the common schools and at Hudson River Institute at Claverack. He is actively interested in the welfare of his town and has the full confidence of his townsmen. He is at present one of the assessors of the town and performs the duties of the office to the satisfaction of the people. He is a member of the Kinderhook M. E. Church and participates in its work. When he was twenty-two years of age he was married to Martha, daughter of Jasper and Mary Ann Whitbeck. The\ have five children, as fol- lows: Ida, wife of .Asa J. Gage, Charles W., .\nna E.. wife of (leorge R. Merwin, William J. and Edward E. Kipp, Edward, is a native of the town of Greenport. of which In- has always been a resident, and was born June 16, 1843. -His father. John P. Kipp, also a native of Greenport, was married to Caroline Smith, and all his life was a farmer, dying January i, 1892. His grand- father, Peter Kipp, was a pioneer of Greenport. Edward Kipp received his education in the district schools, and began farming in Greenport, which occupation he has successfully followed through life. He is a well-esteemed citizen, worthy of all respect and confidence, and for many years has been a deacon in the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1876 he was married to Cornelia L., daughter of Mathew and Mary L. Marshall. Their children are one son, Horton J. Kipp, and two daugh- ters, Mrs. Minnie M. Hallenbeck and Miss Almira Kipp. 130 CULLMBIA CULXrV AT THE END UT THE CENTURy. Kisselbrack, I'eter, of (iallatin, was born in the eastern part of the town of Ancram, September 22, 1816, son of George and Elsie (Blass) Kisselbrack, who had eight children, as follows : Jacob, Betsey, George, Maria, Zachariah, John, Michael, and Peter. George Kisselbrack was born in Dutchess county and settled in the town of Ancram. Peter Kisselbrack received his education in the common schools and was as- sociated with his parents until their death, when he took up part of the estate and carried on farming until 1848. At that date he moved to Dutchess county, where he remained twenty-one years, and then pur- chased the farm where he now resides. On December 27, 1845, '^^ married Catherine, daughter of Samuel Prayer, and have children : Henrietta, Ward, Elizabeth, Annie, Frank, Ella, and Steward (deceased). Mr. Kisselbrack takes an active part in town and county afifairs and represented the town of Milan, Dutchess county, on the board of super- visors. He is also active in school and educational work, and has been connected with his school in an ofifiicial capacity many terms. He is a liberal contributing and supporting member of the Methodist Episco- pal church of Pine Plains. Kisselburgh, George A., p. o. Ghent, N. Y.. was born December 11, 1829, son of William H., born in Gennantown, N. Y. His great-grand- father was a native of Holland. Mr. Kisselburgh always has been prominently connected with public afifairs of his town and county. For sixteen years he served as justice of the peace, two years of which he was justice of sessions ; was supervisor one term and was census taker in 1890; in 1876 he was postmaster of the Assembly at Albany; and for twelve years was the secretary of the Ghent Mutual Fire Insurance Company. In all these positions he has manifested his ability, integ- rity and broad intelligence. Mr. Kisselburgh was born and has resided upon his present farm of 135 acres of fertile land, whereon he has been rewarded with the success due the industrious and skillful farmer of seventy years. Mr. Kisselburgh has been twice married. His first wife, whom he married in 1856, was Jennie E. Shaver; she died three years after marriage, survived by one son. He married, in 1866. Josephine Gardiner, who has borne him three children, two daughters and one son. Kittle. Clarence, p. o. Stottville, was born in the town of Ghent, August 9, 1865, a son of Nicholas and Catherine (Sickles) Kittle, who were FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 137 the parents of four children: Andrew, Ina (deceased), Clarence and John E., all born on the old homestead near Omi, where six genera- tions of the Kittle family have lived. Nicholas was a son of Andrew and Margaret (Philip) Kittle, a son of John and Margaret Kittle, a son of John and Margaret (Duyker) Kittle, whose children were John, Henry, Andrew, John I. and Nicholas. Clarence Kittle attended the common schools and assisted his father on the farm. When nineteen years of age he purchased the farm where he now resides and started out in life for himself. October 24, 1884, he married Ada, daughter of Harmon D. Sagendorph. Mr. Kittle is a member of Hudson Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M., and takes an active part in the Reformed Church, of which he is treasurer and elder. Kittell, Martin M., M. D., was born in Ghent, in October, 1866, a son of George H. Kittell and Mary Jane Mesick, his wife , their children being Thomas M., Martin M., Minnie, John I., Nellie E. and Grace He spent his boyhood days on the farm. Dr. Kittell was graduated from the University Sledical College, New York city, and settled at Kinderhook in 1891, where he began his practice. He is president of the board of health and village treasurer of the village of Kinderhook, president of the Columbia County Medical Society, has three times been elected coroner, and in 1899 was elected member of the Assembly. In 1894 Dr. Kittell married Eleanor Southard, who died May 8, 1898, and on October 25, 1899, he married Carrie O. Davenport. He has two children, Harold S. and Donald. Kline, Evander, was born in the town of Germantown, September 15, 1852, a son of Sylvester and Catherine (Lasher) Kline, who had nine children, as follows : Alice, Evander, Arthur, Ida, Wilber, Carrie, Luther, Frank and Fred, all born in the town of Germantown. Syl- vester was a son of Peter and Gittie (Coons) Kline, and their children were Thomas, Walter, William, Maggie, Mary, Gittie and Sylvester. Evander Kline, the subject, was educated in the common schools of his town and was associated with his father until twenty-four years of age, when he started in the commission and fruit business in New York city. In 1896 he returned to the town of Germantown and engaged in farming, making a specialty of fruit growing; he also speculates in fruit. He raises about 2,000 barrels of apples and pears, also carries ■138 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. on a cooper shop for the manufacture of barrels for packing his fruit. On December 31, 1879, '^^ married LilHe, daughter of C. W. Fisk, of Kingston, N. Y., and they have had seven children, six living: Charles S., Raymond E., Harold B., Bennie L., Foster Morgan, Alice E., and one deceased, Ernest. Mr. Kline is interested in town and county affairs, though not an aspirant to political office, and is a contributing and supporting member of the M. E. church of Germantown. Kline, Ephraim M., p. o. Valatie, N. Y., was born in Columbia county, Pa., January 2, 1841. His father was Elijah Kline, a native of Penn- sylvania, and was a farmer and lumberman. His wife was Mary Styles, who bore him these children: John, Martha, Josiah, Ephraim and Alinus, who was shot on the picket line in front of Petersburg in the Civil War. Ephraim M. Kline attended the common schools and was graduated from Starkey (N. Y.) Seminary, and was valedictorian of his class. For fifteen years he taught school, succeeded by five years as a traveling salesman. In 1862 he enlisted in Company E, One Hun- dred and Thirty-second Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and after the expiration of his service in that regiment he enlisted in Company I, Eighth New York Heavy Artillery, from which he was honorably dis- charged on account of wounds received at the battle of Cold Harbor. He located in Kinderhook and has since been engaged in farming. He married Pauline L. Seeley, and they have one son, Roscoe C. Kline Bros. — Both of these brothers were born in North German- town, N. Y., W. S. in 1859, and F. H. in 1872, sons of Sylvester and Catherine (Lasher) Kline, both of whom are living in North German- town. They had nine children, as follows: Evander, Arthur F... \\'ilbur S., Luther V., Frank W., Fred H., Alice, Ida and Carrie (who died in 1888). They all live in the county, with the exception of Arthur E., who has been a commission merchant in New York for the last twenty- two years. The subjects of this sketch were both educated in the dis- trict schools of North Germantown. After his school days, Wilbur S. went to New York, taking an interest in the business of his brother, Arthur E., under the firm name of E. & A. Kline. Fred H. remained on the home farm until he was twenty-one, and was then with his brothers in New York until 1897, when, returning to North German- town, he formed a partnership with liis brother Luther, and they en- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 139 gaged in general merchandising. From this business Luther retired in 1899 and was succeeded by Wilbur S., thus constituting the firm of Kline Bros. They carry a large stock in their store near the North Germantown docks. Fred H. is chief clerk of the post-office ; Wilbur S. is a member of the Royal Arcanum. They are pushing business men, stand high in commercial circles and fully deserve the confidence and good-will of their townsmen. Lahr, Peter, of Hudson, is a native of Germany, born in Hesse-Darm- stadt, May 24, 1843. He received his education in his native land, and emigrated to the United States in 1867, settling in Hudson, where he began a meat and provision business. In 1871 he established his present market on Main street, where for nearly thirty years he has done a suc- cessful business. He rebuilt and remodeled the building at 523 Main street, adapting it to the necessities and conveniences of his business, and by care and devotion to the little things that go to the making of a successful trade, and winning the good will and confidence of the people, he has established a patronage of which he may well feel proud. After so many years of assiduous labor, he may look back with satisfaction upon his career and envy none their success. In public positions Mr. Lahr has been conspicuous, few men in the city having been selected for a greater number of places of trust. He has served as alderman of the Third ward, as excise commissioner and police commissioner; has been a trustee of the Masonic Association, treasurer of Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M., for eighteen years, and twice elected high priest and treasurer of Lafayette Commandery, and president of the Hudson Mannerchoir six years ; protector and district deputy of the Knights and Ladies of Honor, past noble grand of Odd Fellows' Lodge No. 142, and a mem- ber of the Knights of Pythias. In 1869 Mr. Lahr was married to Phoebe Conrad, who died in 1871 ; he married, second, Magdalena Maisenbacher. His children number seven, three sons and four daughters, namely : Peter, Fred, George, Mary Etta, Marie. Elizabeth and Magdalena. Lament, James P., was born in Ulster, Greene county, N. Y., March 12, 1822, a son of Solomon and Esther (Pettet) Lament. He attended the public school and learned the trade of mason and builder. When a young man he went to Pittsfield and engaged in business for himself there, where he remained for thirty years, and during that time erected 140 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. several of the larger public buildings in the town, such as the jail, the reformatory and many private buildings. He then moved to Mellen- ville, where he resided for a number of years, and during that time erected numerous buildings in the village and vicinity, among which are the High Rock Mills, the Upper Aken Mill, the schoolhouse at Ghent and tlie ITnion Free School at Chatham, the latter being his James P. Lament. last work. Mr. Lament also dealt largely in horses for many years, going west at intervals, where he purchased fine animals for the eastern market. In 1885 he removed to Newark, N. J., where he had charge of the stables of the United States Express Company ; he remained there until 1888. then moved to Washington, D. C. and remained there until 1890, when he retired from business and came to Philmont, where he resided until his death, which occurred September 14, 1895. Mr. Lament was married twice, and left two children by his first wife and his widow, Sarah Fowler, daughter of Edward and Sarah (Reed) Fowler. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. l4l Lambert, Philip H. (deceased), was born in Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1828. In 1848 he removed to Columbia county, where he was a farmer through life. He was an estimable man in all respects, having the full confidence and respect of his fellow-citizens, who deemed him worthy of positions of public trust and responsibility. He served as a justice of the peace of the town of Greenport from 1861 to 1865, and was supervisor in 1868. His integrity, charity, and morality were unquestioned. In 1849 he was married to Eliza A., daughter of Fred- erick D. and Caroline (Kipp) Gardner. Their children are one son. Fraleigh G. Lambert, and one daughter, Mrs. Emma Patrie. Lampman, Theodore, of Claverack, was born in Craryville, Columbia county, N. Y., January 21, 1840, a son of John C. and Sally (Miller) Lampman. He attended the district schools of his native village and the Hudson River Institute. In 1857 Mr. Lampman engaged in busi- ness for himself, buying and selling hay, grain, straw and produce. This he continued for a good many years and was very successful in it ; he finally opened an office in New York to dispose of his purchases and took in a partner to attend to the business in that city. In July, 1884, he came to Claverack and bought the Red Mills, tiien owned by Peter S. Pulver, and operated them in connection with his other business until his death, which occurred in August, 1894. On February 19, 1868, Mr. Lampman married Alice M., daughter of Peter S. and Sarah Ashley (Shufelt) Pulver; they had four children: May, born May 9, 1872, died July 30, 1883; Maud P., born July 9, 1874; John Theodore, born December 5, 1876, and Sarah E., born October 23, Lane, James J., chief of police of the city of Hudson, was born in that city June 20, i860, a son of John Lane, a native of Ireland, who came to Hudson in 1854 and became connected with the building of the Hud- son Iron Works, and with which industry he was engaged until his death in 1896. James J. Lane was educated in the public schools of Hudson, and his first business engagement was as bookkeeper in the grocery store of Van Bergen & Thomas, where he was employed about thirteen years. At the age of twenty-four he served with credit as alder- man of the First ward, and in 1892 he was appointed sergeant of the police force of Hudson. When Capt. Almon Snyder retired from ser- 142 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. vice in 1893, Sergeant Lane was promoted to fill the vacancy, and was reappointed by the board of police commissioners created by the new charter of 1895. Probably there is no city of its size in the State more orderly than Hudson, and it is generally conceded that this enviable James j. l.ane. state of affairs is due, in a great measure, to the good judgment, active zeal, and constant watchfulness of Chief Lane and his subordinates. But it is not alone in protecting the people against evil-doers that he is interested ; in every movement tending to advance the welfare of his native city he is outspoken and ready to give his influence and service. All in all, Chief Lane is a model officer, and Hudson may be well proud of him. Lasher, George E., of North Germantown, wa."^ born in Clermont, N. Y., in 1839, son of Sebastian G. (born May 3, 1793, died January 18, FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 143 1866) and Hannah (Lasher) Lasher (died February 3, 1869). The ancestors of the family were among the pioneers of the county. George E. Lasher is one of a family of ten children born to his parents — four sons and six daughters, viz.: Edwin. Leonard, James H., George E., Delia, Christina, Matilda, Olivia, Margaret and Catherine. Of this family only George E., Catherine and Matilda survive. George E. Lasher was educated in Public School No. 3 in Jersey City, and after leaving school was a teacher in No. 6 school in Germantown. In 1862 he enlisted in the volunteer service and served three years ; at the siege of Port Hudson he was wounded ; he was made corporal, and later was promoted to sergeant, acting as orderly sergeant the last five months of his service. He was mustered out at Albany, July 25, 1865. After his return from the army he engaged in fruit culture, and at present has twenty-seven acres of fruit, known as Riverside Fruit Farm. He has also been in mercantile trade for twenty years. He has been town clerk two years, justice of the peace two terms, supervisor two terms and was highway commissioner five years. For twenty-one years he was superintendent of the Methodist Sunday school at North German- town and eighteen years superintendent of the Cheviot Methodist Sun- day school, which office he now holds. He has always been an active worker in the Methodist church. He was appointed postmaster at North Germantown on May 11, 1897. George E. Lasher married Mary E. Winans, who has borne him three children : Stanley W., Clark D. and Fanny E., who are all living. Mr. Lasher is a member of R. D. Lathrop Post, No. 13S, G. A. R., and is a notary public. He is dis- tinctively a citizen of worth in all respects, and among his townsmen none is looked up to more than Mr. Lasher. Lasher, Remus E., p. o. Valatie, N. Y., was born in the town of An- cram, N. Y., on October 27, 1858, son of Edward and Catherine S. (Card) Lasher. He received his education in the Hudson High School, and after leaving school was in the employ of C. E. Butler until 1879, when he came to Valatie and started in the jewelry business. In 1889 he became general agent in the New England States for the Whitney Wagon Works. He has been one of the trustees of the village of Valatie for five years, president two years and re-elected to the same office in the spring of 1900. Mr. Lasher was married to Lavinia, daugh- ter of John and Katherine Randerson ; their children are Henry B., 144 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Edward C, James S., Matie C. and Frances V. Edward Lasher, father of Remus E., was a native of Ancram, N. Y. ; he built there a hotel and through life was in the hotel business. He married Catherine S. Card, who bore him two children : Remus and Emma C. (Lasher) Day- ley. Mr. Lasher died in 1889. Leggett, Charles E., p. o. Omi, N. Y., was born in the southwestern part of the town of Ghent, August 29, 1839, a son of John T. and Maria (Vosburgh) Leggett, who had five children, as follows : Abram, Frank- lin, Elizabeth, Alidia M. and Charles E. John T. married, second, Maryette Sargent Hermance, who bore him one child, Willis S. John T. Leggett was born in the town of Ghent about 1800, a son of John and grandson of Capt. Henry Leggett, of Holland descent, and who settled on the old Leggett homestead about 1750. Charles E. Leggett was educated in the schools of Ghent and Claverack Academy. He was associated with his father on the farm until 1861, when he enlisted in the Fourteenth New York Militia as a private and attained the rank of corporal. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Gettysburg and was detained at Belleisle prison from July, 1863, until the following November; he was discharged in 1864. Mr. Leggett is a member of the Veterans' Association of Brooklyn, No. 14. In 1869 he married Julia M., daughter of George and Catherine (Smith) Kittle; they have three children : Francis E., Alma G. and Clarence C. Mr. Leggett has been active in town and county affairs and educational work ; he has been deacon and elder in the Second Reformed church and is a member of Lindenwald Lodge, F. & A. M. Limbrick, Daniel, was born in Catskill, N. Y., September 8, 1815, a son of Thomas Limbrick, and died in Hudson, December 18, 1892. He was educated in the common schools, and in early life became an apprentice to the butcher's trade; after serving his apprenticeship he worked for a time for Abbott & Kellogg, meat dealers. On April i, 1841, he removed to Hudson, and in partnership with Edwin Abbott engaged in the butchering business. After a partnership of a few years Mr. Abbott returned to Catskill and Mr. Limbrick continued the busi- ness alone, gradually engaging in buying live stock and selling the same to the butchers of the various towns along the river. Finally this became his sole business, and it is said of him that he was the best Daniel Limbrick. 145 146 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. judge of cattle who frec|ueiitc'(l the ^^'est Albany stock yards. He was very successful in business, and accumulated a snug fortune, but every dollar of it earned honestly. It was written of him at the time of his death by one who knew him well, " There was nothing sinister or uncer- tain about Daniel Limbrick. He was always the same, and the impress of virtue and integrity and honor was so deeply stamped on his character that no one could fail to see them. He had many kindly traits in his nature, and many acts of unostentatious charity and generosity are to be recorded to his credit. He was a man of more than average ability, a keen observer of events, kind-hearted and companionable, and a cer- tain playfulness that was always characteristic of his ways shed around him a pleasant influence." He was a temperance man in practice as well as principle, to which fact he ascribed in a measure his generally excellent health and long years. He was seventy-seven years of age when he died. He was married to Hannah Van Hoesen, a member of the family of that name prominent in Dutchess and Columbia counties, in 1840. They had only one child, Amanda Limbrick. of Hudson. Lindsay, Frank B., of Claverack, was born in Sheffield. Mass., August 17, 1861, a son of Luther and Mary E. (Smith) Lindsay. In early life he attended the public schools and was graduated from the Sheffield High School in 1878; he fitted for college with a private instructor and entered Amherst in the class of 1882, where he remained two years, then went to Canaan, Conn., and studied law in the office of Alberto T. Rorabach, and was admitted to the bar in the State of Connecticut. June 7, 1883. In that year he went to Mill River, Mass., and was ad- mitted to the l)ar of Massachusetts, March 3, 1884. On January r. 1885, he came to Hudson and entered the office of Andrews & Edwards, where he stayed until October of that year, then came to Philmont and opened an office for himself, where he is now conducting a general law business. From 1893 until 1897 he was justice of the peace and has also been police justice of the village since 1893, having been elected twice. On February 9, 1886. Mr. Lindsay married Mary A. Kelsey. of Salisbury, Conn., a daughter of Horace S. and Mary Ann (Reed) Kelsey. Mr. Lindsay is a Mason of high standing, belonging to the following branches of the order: Aquilla Lodge, No. 700, F. & A. M.: Hudson Chapter, No. 6, R. A. M.: DeWitt Clinton Council, No. 22. R. & S. M.; Lafayette Conunandery, No. 7, K. T. ; .\lbany Sovereign PACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 147 Consistory, 32°, S. P. R. S. A. A. S. R., and Oriental Temple, Troy, N. Y., A. A. O. N. M. S. Link, Uscar J., p. o. Claverack, \. V., was born JNlay 30, 1863, the son of Morgan and Lydia (Miller) Link. He attended the district schools and, like most farmer boys, when not in school was busy at home on his father's farm. After leaving school he was engaged in farming with his father until 1885, when he settled upon the farm which he now owns and operates. He is up to date in his ideas of practical agriculture, and has been successful in his calling. He is recognized as a meri- torious citizen and commands and receives the respect and confidence of his townsmen. Mr. Link was married on January 7, 1885, to Sarah E. Hess, daughter of Lawrence and Eliza Ann (Kipp) Hess. They have two sons, Clarence L., born April 30, 1891, and John E., born December 13, 1898. Lisk, Edward H., was born in the city of Hudson, where he has always lived, on November 6, 1855, a son of Solomon Lisk, a native of Preston Hollow, Albany county, N. Y., who came to Hudson when a boy in 1830, and was a contractor and painter; he married Ann Jeanette, who was a granddaughter of Tobias Ostrander, a principal of the old Hudson Academy in early days. Edward H. Lisk was educated in the schools of Hudson, and at the age of fifteen years entered the employ of R. B. Benedict. In 1877 he became connected with the Hudson Stove Works, then under the proprietorship of Hunt & Miller, and has continued with the concern and at the present time is general manager of the corpora- tion. He has been coroner for the past six years, and has been re-elected for another term of three years, and is president of the C. H. Evans Hook and Ladder Company. Lockwood, George Ambrose, of Claverack, son of Daniel H. and Hannah (Tator) Lockwood, was born in Martindale, April 15, 1850, one of a family of five children, of whom only two are now living. He was educated in the public schools and the Delaware Literary Institute at Franklin, N. Y. He taught school for one season, and then entered the store of Charles Crow at Hillsdale, where he stayed until 1873, then came to Philmont and went into business with his brother. Dr. Jordan W. Lockwood, starting in the drug, paint and oil business. This part- 148 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY'. nership was continued until 1900, when Jordan W. retired and George A. carries on the business alone. Mr. Lockwood was for a number of years a member of the board of education of the village and has been supervisor of the town of Claverack for three successive years; one of the trustees of the village of Philmont, and is now one of the trustees of the public library. He is a member of Cascade Lodge, No. 197, K. of P., and of Lockwood Division, No. 23, U. R. He married Mary E. Wiley, now deceased. Levi F. Longley,* the son of Dr. Samuel M. Longley and Lydia A. (Fiske) Longley, was born in the city of Hudson, where he now resides, on May 5, 1846. Doctor Longley, his father, a native of New Hamp- shire, was a man of much mental energy and force of character, who prosecuted many business and professional enterprises in various sec- tions of the State. He died at Hudson in 1874, at the age of seventy- two years. His wife was Lydia A. Fiske, of Providence, Rhode Island, a daughter of Sheldon Fiske, Esq. She died at the home of her daugh- ter, Airs. Henry W. Race, in the city of New York, in 1888, aged eighty- four. Their children were John B. Longley, who was one of the most prominent and able lawyers of the Columbia bar for many years, who served twice as district attorney of the county of Columbia, as recorder of the city of Hudson, and for three terms as member of Assembly from one of the districts of Kings county, and who died at Brooklyn in 1892 ; Eugene A. Longley, a merchant of St. Louis; Anne Frances Longley, the widow of Lemuel Hotchkiss ; and M. Louisa Longley, the wife of Henry W. Race, of Albany. Judge Longley was educated in the public schools of his native city, and in Bradbury's Classical Institute, a well- known preparatory school, where he fitted himself for college with the intention of matriculating at Brown LTniversity. This project he aban- doned in order to enter the law ofifice of Robert E. Andrews, where he studied for the bar, to which he was admitted in 1867. The close rela- tions thus formed with Mr. Andrews were subsequently renewed when Mr. Longley formed a copartnership with him in 1888, succeeding Mr. Samuel Edwards, who had been elected a justice of the Supreme Court. After holding the position of deputy county clerk for several years, in 1876 he was elected county clerk, in which responsible office he served three years. During the year 1880 he practiced alone in Hudson. In • This sketch was prepared by Hon. J. Rider Cady . FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 149 i88i he accompanied his brother, John B., to the city of New York, where they estabhshed a firm that continued in business there until 1883, when he returned to Hudson. In 1890 Mr. Longley was elected mayor of Hudson, which office he held for two years from January i, 1891. Under his administration of the city government, several important re- forms were inaugurated, notably the removal of the control of the streets from the common council and placing the same in the hands of a com- mission. In entering upon this office, Mr. Longley announced his de- termination to enforce a strict economy in every branch of the city gov- ernment, and so well was this policy carried out that in place of the deficit which had been for a long time customary in the city's finances at the end of each year, Mayor Longley had the satisfaction of retiring at the close of his term with a substantial balance in the treasury. In 1885 he married Mary D. Andrews, the daughter of his preceptor and partner. After a happy union of nearly eight years, Mrs. Longley died in December, 1892. One child, Gretchen Fiske Longley, was born to them on September i, 1890. Under the shadow of the great sorrow that had fallen upon his life, he pressed steadily forward in the path of duty, devoting himself to the care and education of his daughter and to the labors of a constantly widening and increasing practice. In No- vember, 1895, he was elected county judge, and ascended the bench on January i, 1896. These are the outlines of a busy and distinguished life, whose years have been full of toil and achievement. The man, as his friends know him, is a most attractive and engaging personality. The social side of his nature is well developed, and he has none of the characteristics of a recluse. Fond of outdoor life and rural scenes, he has been occupied for several years in the development of his property at Copake Lake, where he has recently erected a summer residence upon an eminence that overlooks the whole of that beautiful sheet of water and its winding shores. It is needless to say that its doors are never closed to the hosts of friends who seek the hospitable owner amid the charms of that sylvan prospect. He has always been an active and con- sistent member of the Democratic party, and has long been one of its trusted advisers and leaders in the Hudson river valley. He is a per- suasive and eloquent platform speaker, and his services in that capacity are sought by his party associates in each campaign. He has made addresses of a literary character at Hudson and elsewhere, and he was chosen as the orator of the day upon the occasion of laying the corner- 150 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. stone of the new Columbia County Courthouse on August 14, 1900. His discourse at that time was replete with interesting reminiscences of the bench and bar of the county, and forms a valuable addition to the annals of our local history. Judge Longley has long been deeply con- cerned in the elaboration of a plan to rescue and preserve the rich materials of the social, political, and legal history of Columbia which lie scattered and undigested in the county clerk's ofifice, in the offices of the town clerks in the towns, in the records of churches, and in the memories of aged men who are fast passing away. The project de- serves encotiragcment. and it is hoped that the recent establishment of a chapter house for the Daughters of the Revolution, at Hudson, may give it a strong forward impulse. Judge Longley's professional career has been useful, honorable, and distinguished, and identified with a very large proportion of the important litigations that have arisen in the county since its outset. Its cardinal feature is that strict observance of a high standard of professional ethics, without which talents and learn- ing avail but little. While the law frequently bestows high rewards upon its practitioners, it exacts from them in return a stern and severe obedience to duty and morality, and imposes a swift and heavy penalty upon those who forget or disregard that mandate. Judge Longley has always been peculiarly sensitive to those obligations which the lawyer owes to society, to the bench, and to the bar. The result is that no one enjoys to a greater extent than he the confidence and respect of the judges, of his brethren, and of the community. He has achieved many forensic triumphs, of which all were fairly and honorably won by a sharp mental conflict in the trial and appellate courts. His suc- cess has never engendered jealousy. A warm and kindly nature, grace- ful and dignified bearing, and a genial temperament, coupled with un- varying courtesy to his adversaries, serve to make his presence in the trial of a cause a source of pleasure to all concerned. He is industrious and painstaking in the preparation of his causes, and wary, sagacious, and bold in their trial, .\ggressive and militant in prosecution, stub- born, tenacious, and slow to retire in defense, ingenious and plausible at all times, master of a robust and vehement diction, he is an antago- nist worthy of any foenian's steel, and the man who has engaged with him in the stress of a long trial is not likely to soon forget the experience. The writer of these lines has fought with him on many da\s in the sombre light of the lofty and storied old courtroom, which none of us FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 161 shall enter more, and he looks back upon each of them as an essential element in his education as a trial law\er, while the recollection of them always brings to mind the lines in which Heron, the Master of Norham, said to Marmion : " The Scots can rein a mettled steed, And love to couch a spear; — St. George ! a stirring life they lead That have such neighbors near." Judge Longley's devotion to his clients is sufificiently illustrated by a reference to his long and persistent struggle in the defense of Beckwith, who was charged with and convicted of the murder of Vandercook in a rude and lonely cabin on the bleak hills of Austerlitz, near to the Berk- shire line. He failed, and Beckwith paid the penalty for the crime with his life, on March i, 1888, but these facts in nowise obscure the brilliancy of the effort made by his counsel in a thankless and losing cause. Judge Longley has discharged his judicial duties as county judge with dignity, learning, and unquestioned impartiality, and he is thoroughly equipped for any other position of trust and honor to which the people of his county or district may elevate him in the future. Loomis, Eli James, p. o. Claverack, N. Y., was born in Gallatin, N. Y., January 26, 1828, the son of John R. and Mary (Belcher) Loomis. He received the usual common school education accorded to farmers' boys in those days, and when not in school lent his assistance in the working of his father's farm. He lived in Gallatin until 1867, when he removed to the town of Livingston, where he resided seventeen years. In 1884 he bought the farm he now occupies in Claverack. Mr. Loomis is one of the restricted number who has made farming reasonably profit- able, and his well-tilled fields and comfortable buildings attest his ability as an agrfculturist. Mr. Loomis believes in treating his land gener- ously if he expects a liberal return, and his practice proves the truth of the precept. On December 3, i860, he was married to Eliza Ann Peaster, of Gallatin, a daughter of Zachariah and Sarah Maria (Niles) Peaster. They have had seven children, all of whom are living, as fol- lows : Leavitt R., Clotilda M., Sarah C, Edgar Z., Mary E., Anna B., and Almina E. 152 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Loos, John Nicholas, of Claverack, was born in Germany, July 28. 1840, and at the early age of six years came to America with his parents, settling in Ancram. Here he attended the public schools, and at the age of nineteen was apprenticed to Marcus L. Bagley. of Delaware county, to learn the wagon-making and blacksmithing trade. He was with him five years, when he came to Hillsdale and worked a year for Mr. E. Shaver. He married Anna Mary Petry, a native of Germany, and after his marriage he returned to Delaware county for a short time, then came to Claverack and located at the Brick Tavern, where he started in for himself and has remained in the same locality since 1867. Mr. and Mrs. Loos had eight children, as follows: Charles H., William S., John H., Caroline, George W., Bertha, Lulu and Mabel. His chil- dren are all married except George, Lulu and Mabel, and Mr. Loos at the present time has eleven grandchildren. Luff, J. Homer, veterinarian, of Hudson, was born in the State of Delaware, on May 16, 1869, son of J. B. Lufif, an undertaker, of Felton, Del. He was educated at Felton Seminary, and was graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy in 1891 and the New York Vet- erinary College in 1896, when he came to Hudson and established his present business. In 1897 he was married to Clara S., daughter of Harrison Johnson, of Philadelphia. They have two daughters, Eliza- beth and Gertrude. Dr. Luff is rapidly winning his way to success, and is highly esteemed in the circles of his acquaintance. Macy, Aaron C. (deceased), was a native of the town of Ghent, N. Y.. where he was born, December 12, 1801, a son of Abraham and grandson of one of the pioneers of the town of Ghent. He early in life entered mercantile business in Ghent ; but his ambition urged him to seek broader spheres, and in 1822 he removed to Hudson, at that period when the city was experiencing its most rapid and promising growth, and engaged in the dry goods trade, which he carried on for many years, building up a reputation for commercial integrity and manly honor not surpassed by any. He was a man fitted by nature to be trusted — to be selected to assume the care of estates of deceased per- sons, and perform duties of that character which only men of scrupulous honesty, conservative judgment and shrewd foresight can conscien- tiously and adequately fill. His long life of seventy-eight years was FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 163 marked by deeds and duties of uiiseltisliness and kindness, and his memory is cherished, not only by those of his family who survive him, but by the business community of Hudson in general. The lives of such men as Mr. Macy do not close when the mortal remains are con- signed to the tomb ; long after, kind words and respectful praise of the good man gone testify stronger than marble shaft of the esteem and love which he had earned in life. Mr. Macy was a member and ac- knowledged minister of the religious Society of Friends, and through life did honor to the humble faith of that society. He was one of the founders of the Hudson Orphan and Relief Association, and served as president of its board of trustees for many years, and was always per- sonally active in promoting and carrying out the charitable work of the body. Mr. Macy was three times married; first, to Sarah Clapp ; second, to Jane A\'illiamson ; and third, to Eunice Browning. Macy, Charles W ., was born in Hudson, N. Y., where he resides. December 23, 1840. His family is of Quaker antecedents. Robert C. Macy, his grandfather, was a pioneer of Ghent, and bviilt the stone house near the tollgate on the Columbia turnpike, where he had a quarry and limekiln. Hiram Macy, father of Charles W., also a native of Hudson, established a lumber business in that city in 1832, and was also a builder and contractor. He was a director of the Farmers' National Bank, and a member of the board of trustees of the Hudson Orphan and Relief Association. He gave much of his time to public service. In 1843, 1845, 1846, 1848, 1852 and 1853 he was a member of the board of alder- men of the city; in 1849-50 he was assessor and in 1873 was one of the board of water commissioners ; in all these positions his devotion to the best interests of the city was unfailing. His wife was Ann, daugh- ter of Isaac Hall. He died on July 5, 1884, and his loss was memorial- ized by resolutions expressive of worth and sympathy for his family, passed by the various bodies of which he was a member. Charles W. Macy was educated at the Hudson Academy, and entered the employ of the Morgan Iron Works in New York city, where he was engaged as a mechanical engineer from 1858 to 1862. Flc then returned to Hudson and entered into partnership with his father under the firm name of H. Macy & Son. In 1883, owing to his father's failing health, he assumed control of the business, making a specialty of building materials and insurance, and still continues the same. He has been 154 CVIAMHI.-I COrKTY .-IT THE END OF THE CEXTrR)'. president of the Hudson Building and Loan Association since its organ- ization, president of tlie Electric Light and Power Company, secretary of tiie Colnnibia Agricultural Association, member of the ^common council one term, and was elected president of the First Xational Bank in 1898, which position he now holds: also vice-president of the Gold Coin Stove Co. of Troy. In 1865 he was married to Sarah A., daugh- ter of James \'an Deusen. They are the parents of one daughter, the wife of Esek Bussey, Jr., secretary and treasurer of the ( lold Coin Stove Company of Troy. N. Y. Macy, l^rank A., was horn in Hudson, \. V.. where he has always resided, on September 18, 1839. He is the son of Alexanilcr W. Macy. a native of Hudson, born in 1803, and grandson of William R. Macy, who came to Hudson from Nantucket in 1798. Alexander W. Macy was a manufacturer of tobacco ; he married Mary Jessup, and died August 4. 1863. I'rank A. Macy was educated in the public schools of his native city. He began his business life in 1866, in partnership with his brother, under the firm name of F. A. & G. H. Macy, dealers in tobacco. This partnership existed until 1894, when it was dissolved. In 1895 the Hudson Stove Works was established, of which organiza- tion Mr. Macy was made president. Also, in the same year, he organ- ized the firm of Macy & Redlinghouse, dealers in stoves, furnaces and hardware. Mr. Macy has taken an active part in local politics, although not a ]iolitician in the ordinary sense of the word, lie serxcd as ,in alderman for two terms, and has been supervisor of the tnwn unc term. He is a director in the lUiilding and Loan Association. In iHhj he was married to Margaret, daughter of Montcrief L. Ten I'lyck. I'ive children have been born of this union, viz., three sons, Alexander \\".. Frank R. and Harold (1.. and two daughters, Eleanor Ten Eyck and Mary Jessup. Macy, George H., a well-known citizen of Hudson, was born there on May 27, 1841. The Mac\- family is one of the oldest and most re- spected in Columbia county. Thomas Macy, a native of England, came to America about 1635 and settled at Salisbury, Mass., where he lived until 1659, when he removed to Xantucket, and was one of the ten men who bought that ocean-swept island : some of his descendants still reside there. He had a son John, who was born in Salisbury. July A^ Geor2;e H. Macv- 155 i"''i COU'MBIA COUNTY AT THh END ()!■ THE CENTURY. 14, 1635, married Deborah Gardner, and died at Nantucket, October 14, 1691. His son Thomas was born at Nantucket in 1^87. married Deborah Coffin, and chetl (jn tlie island in i75y. 1 hey had a son Robert, who was l)orn there November 20, 1710, and died November 23. 1771 ; his wife was Abigail P'arnard. Robert, Jr., a son of Robert, was born March 18, 1746, removed to New York and passed the last years of his life in the town of Ghent ; he died September 28, 1828, hav- ing married first Anna Jones, and second Phoebe Jenkins. William R. Macy was a son of Robert, Jr., who was born at Nantucket, August 21, 1779, and became one of the early settlers of Hudson. He was a tobacconist and for many years pursued that business among the indus- tries and trade of the infant city. He married Eunice Bunker, and died January 15, 1867. He was succeeded in his business by his son, Alexander W. Macy, who was born in Hudson, December 5, 1804, and died August 4, 1863, after a long and reputable business career. His wife was Mary Jessup. They had four children : William A., Cornelia, Frank A., and George H. Macy, who was born in Hudson, May 27, 1841. The boyhood of the latter was passed in obtaining his education and aiding in the tobacco manufacturing business, which had descended through the family from its early foundation in Hudson. Very soon after the beginning of the Civil War he joined with many young men of Hudson in enlisting in Company K, Fourteenth Regiment of Infan- try, and served with credit in the Peninsular campaign, at Malvern Hill, Chancellorsville, F'redericksburg and other important engagements. He was honorably discharged May 25, 1863, returned home, and in turn succeeded to his father's business, which he still carries on. This is, perhaps, the oldest continuous industry in Hudson. Two years after his return from the army he took his brother Frank A. as a partner. Mr. Macy is a thoroughly respected citizen, public spirited, honorable in business, and has a host of friends. A Republican in politics, he was elected city treasurer of the city of Hudson in 1892 for two years, county treasurer for three years in 1894, re-elected at the termination of that period, and recently re-elected for a third term to the same office. He has long been a member of R. D. Lathrop Post of the G. A. R., and has held the office of quartermaster for several years. He is also a Mason and a member of Hudson Lodge, No. 7, and Hudson Chapter, No. 6. Mr. Macy married, in November, 1886, Alice B. Little, daugh- ter of the late George L. and Cornelia Rose Little. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 157 Magley, John, of Claverack, was born January 13, 1842, a son of George F. and Catharine Magley, one of a family of five children, four now living. He attended the district school and at the same time helped his father with the work on his place until he was twenty-one vears of age, when he commenced in life for himself. In 1881 he came to the town of Claverack and located in Philmont. Mr. Magley was elected town clerk in 1898 and served with so much satisfaction that he was re-elected in 1899 for two years. In politics he has always been a Republican. In January, 1863, Mr. Magley married Catharine Van Tassel, daughter of Philip H. and Maria \'an Tassel. They have six children. Malone, William H., was bom in Pliilmont, N. Y., November 2j. 1858. His father was Roger Malone, who was born on Compass Hill, County Tyrone, Ireland, and came to America about 1835. He settled in Canada, and from there moved, first, to New Hampshire, and then to Columbia county, N. Y., where he settled in 1852. Throughout his business life he was a contractor for canal and railroad companies. After taking u]) his residence in this county, at Philmont, he became interested in the building of the Harlem railroad. He marrjed Ann, daughter of Tliomas Connor. William H. Malone was educated in Hudson and then learned the molder's trade, having been for fifteen years in the employ of Gififord Brothers. In 1891 he went into the hotel business and in 1899 established the Fifth Ward Hotel. Mr. Malone has acceptably served as supervisor for eleven years, one year of which he was president of the board. In t88o he married Mary E. Malloy. They have three sons: Roger F., William Emmett, and John H. Marshall, Theron R., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., is a native of Columbia county, where he was born, December 20, 1832. His father, Samuel Marshall, came from Dutchess county, where he was born, to Columbia county, where he was a farmer, served as commissioner of highways, and was a member of Columbia Lodge, No. 98, F. & A. M. ; his wife was Sarah M''agoner, and their children were James W. (deceased), Anna Eliza, Julia M. (deceased, 1899), Theron R., and Samuel. Theron R. Marshall, after obtaining his education in the public schools, fol- lowed farming until 1858. when he went to California and was con- 15S COLVMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. nected with a water company for six and a half years. In 1865 he re- turned to Chatham and entered the employ of the Boston and Albany- Railroad as yardinaster, in whch capacity he served thirty-three years. His wife was Ella, daughter of Herman Knickerbocker. They have three children: Fred A.. Charles H., and Louise G. .Mc(.irath, John H., p. o. Xew Lebanon, N. Y., was born in New Leba- non, August 25, 1862, son of Patrick and IVlary (Donnelly) McGrath, who had children : John H., Mary (died 1892), Bridget, Helen, Richard (died 1893). Frank, Rose, Peter, Elizabeth Barthole, and Agnes. Patrick McGrath was horn in Ireland in 1842, and early in life came to New Lebanon, where he was educated and was a farmer; he died in 1877. John H. McGrath attended the common schools and business college, taught school for a time, and was in a store at Lebanon Springs for nine years, and a traveling salesman for two years. He returned to New Lebanon and engaged in mercantile trade. He was collector of the town, deputy sheriff, and was appointed postmaster February 4. 1899. McXulty, William B., of Hudson, was born in Dalton. Berkshire county, Mass., .-\pril 8, 1866. He is a son of Bernard McXulty, a native of Ireland, who came to Canada in 1837, where he worked as a tanner and currier; he died in Owego, N. Y., in 1890. William B. McXulty was educated in the public schools of Adams, Mass., and at the age of eighteen years entered the employ of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company, since which beginning he has striven successfully to master the science of railroad transportation. For sixteen years Mr. McNult% ha.s been the trusted employee of this gfreat corporation, wliich is known to i)f exacting in the character and ability of its agents, and has con- tinually advanced from one position of trust to another — sufficient evi- dence of his fitness for the confidence placed in him. In 1893 he was ap])ointcd the company's agent at Hudson, in which position he is still serving, to the satisfaction of his employers and the business public. McLCirmick, Edward F., of Hudson, is a former district attorney of Columbia county. X. Y., and a young lawyer of marked ability. He was born in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Mass., April 3, 1864. a son of Edward and Tiotsey (Condon) McCorrnick. He has one brother, who is a railroad man and resides in Great Barring-ton. Mass. The father FACTORS IK ITS HISTORY. 159 is now seventy-one years old and is engaged in farming, and was for- merly employed as superintendent of roadbeds on the railway. His mother is now sixty-nine years old and a woman possessing fine quali- ties of mind and heart. Edward F. McCormick obtained his elementary education in the common schools, which was supplemented by a course of study in the .Shefifield High School, from which he was graduated, standing well in his class. He then engaged as bookkeeper in the flouring and feed mills of Shefifield, known as the " Marble Mills," and continued thus occupied for about three years, being next engaged in teaching school in the village of Shefifield and later in Ashley Falls, a suburb of Sheffield. He did not expect to follow any of these avoca- tions as the business of life, having for years been determined to study law, and was only awaiting the opportunity to make a suitable begin- ning. An excellent chance was afforded him through the interposition and effort of H. Hadley Smith, M. D., a resident physician of Hudson. Columbia county, N. Y., who secured him a place in the office of .Andrews & Edwards, the leading attorneys in this city, in February. r886. He remained under their excellent instruction for one year, when the firm was dissolved, Mr. Edwards having been appointed to the Supreme Court bench of the Third Judicial District. Mr. McCormick then became clerk of the Surrogate's Court, continuing his law studies under Isaac N. Collier, the surrogate, where he remained imtil Novem- ber, 1892, when he was elected district attorney. He was admitted to the bar in the city of Albany, N. Y., November 30, 1889. He has been secretary and treasurer of the Columbia, Dutchess and Rensselaer Fire Insurance Company of Hudson, N. Y., since 1892. Politically Mr. McCormick is a Democrat, and one of the bright young men of that party, interested in the best government and the most faithful adminis- tration and enactment of wholesome laws. He has been a inember of the Cowles Guard, the Twenty-third Separate Company of the National Guard of the State of New York, in which company he served eight years. Religiously he adheres to the Roman Catholic faith : and socially he stands well in the coi/imunity, having the esteem and confidence of those who know him best. He did not consider his legal education finished when he commenced the practice of his profession, but from day to day still adds to his knowledge, thus following the path of sure success, uf liigher and higher achievement. He is a member of Hudson Club; charter member of Hudson Council. No. 316, Knights of Colum- ItiO COLUMBIA COlWrV AT THE E\'D OF THE CEXTCRV. bus; First Grand Knifj^ht of Council; a member of C. H. Evans Hook and Ladder Company. In the fall of 1900 Mr. McCormick was nomi nated for Congress in the Nineteenth Congressional District of New York on the Democratic ticket. McKittrick, Thomas Alexander, of Claverack, was born in Greenport, Columbia county, April 2, 1856, a son of \\'il1iam and Isabella (Was- son) McKittrick, and was educated in the district school. He remained at home and helped with the farmwork until his father's death, which occurred November 13, 1898. Air. McKittrick lives in one of the most historical places in the town; it was built by Isaac Van Hoesen in 1700. On June 26, 1889, Mr. McKittrick married Elizabeth Van Buskirk, a native of Saugerties, N. Y., and a daughter of John and Eliza Ann (Miller) Van Buskirk. McShane, James, was born in the city of Hudson, April 9, 1861. He is a son of Peter McShane, a native of Ireland, who came to Hudson in 1845, where his life was spent as a blacksmith. James McShane was educated in the public schools of his native city, and was graduated from the Hudson Business College in 1877. He began his business career at once as a clerk in the employ of J. C. Rogerson, dealer in hardware, iron, steel and builders' supplies, and in September, 1899, became a member of the firm. He has been quite a prominent figure in local politics, having held the office of city clerk and clerk of the council from 1890 to 1896, and was a member of the board of health in 1897-99. He is fraternally a member of the Knights of Columbus and the C. B. L., and also of the Twenty-third Separate Company, N. G. N. Y. Mr. McShane is a public-spirited, patriotic man, foremost in all movements promising progress, and whose record is that of an upright, useful citizen. Melious, -Alien. — The first of the Melious family to settle in Columbia county was Anthony and his wife. Maria fHydorn) Melious. They were of Holland descent and settled in the central part of the town of (^ihent, taking up 245 acres of land. Their children were .\dam, Polly, Elizabeth, Attie and Henry. Anthony willed the farm to his two sons. .\dani and John A. .Adam married Sally Waltermire, and John A. married Hannah Teal, and had children as follows: Elizal)etli, Maria FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 161 Catherine and David. David"s children were John H., Ellen, wife of William Adams ; Mary Jane, wife of John Holsapple ; Cyrus, Allen and Alden, all born on the homestead. Allen Melious was born Decem- ber 8, 1853. He lived at home with his parents until his marriage, October 19, 1887, to Georgiana, daughter of George and Marilla White, of Philmont. They have two children : Ethel Augusta, born August 8, 1888, and Alfred John, born March 27, 1897. Melious, John H., of Ghent. — The first of the Melious family to settle in Columbia county was Anthony and his wife, Maria (Hydorn) Melious. They were of Holland descent and settled in the central part of the town of Ghent, taking up 245 acres of land, which is known as the upper and lower farm. Their children were John, Adam, Polly, Elizabeth, Attie and Henry. When Anthony died, he willed the upper farm to Adam, who married Sally Waltermire, and the lower farm to John A., who married Hannah Teal ; their children were Eliza, Maria, Catherine and David. David's children were John H., Ellen, wife of William Adams ; Mary Jane, wife of John H. Holsapple ; Cyrus, Allen and Alden. John H. Melious was born December 18, 1838, and educated in the common schools of Ghent and William Snyder's private school at Hudson. He was associated with his father on the farm until his father's death in 1895, at eighty-one years of age. His father willed the farm to John H. and Allen, and in 1899 John H. purchased his brother's interest and is conducting the farm alone. Mr. Melious is interested in town and county affairs and takes an active part in school and educational work ; he is a liberal contributor to the different churches in the vicinity. Melious, Luther, of Ghent. — The first of the family of Melious to set- tle in Columbia county was Anthony L. and his wife, Maria (Hydorn) Melious. They were of Holland descent and settled in the central part of the town of Ghent, taking up about 245 acres of land, which is desig- nated as the upper and lower farm. Their children were John, Adam, Polly, Elizabeth, Attie and Henry (who died when a young man). After the death of Anthony the two sons took up the property, Adam taking the upper farm and John the lower. Adam's children were Syl- vester, Sarah Maria, Michael Anthony and Catherine Elizabeth. John's children were Maria, Catherine, Eliza and David. Sylvester married Millena, daughter of Chilon Howard and had children as follows : 1H2 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE EXD OF THE CENTURY. Luther, Sarali, X'irginia, Eva. Minerva and Mar\- Jane, all deceased. Luther Melious was born in the western part of the town of Ghent. September 21, 1840. He was educated in the common schools of the town of Ghent and Hudson Academy. He was associated on the farm with his father until his father's death, in February, 1893, at the age of seventy-seven years. November 18, 1862, he married Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of Richard D. and Catherine Maria (Harder) Link; they had two sons, Myron L. and Milton P., who died at the age of twelve years. Myron L. lives in the town of Copake. He married Jennie, daughter of Alfred Curtis ; they have one daughter, Mable. who is the sixth gen- eration to live on the homestead. Luther Melious died October 4, 1900. Melius, William H., p. o. Claverack. X. Y.. was born in the town of Claverack, December 10, 1835, son of John W". and Clarissa /Turner) Melius. He attended the district school and for a time was a student at the academy, which he left for a situation as clerk in the general store of Erastus Stannard, where he spent some time in learning the methods of business, when he returned to the academy and completed his studies. On finally leaving school he engaged in the business of painting, with his father, continuing until about 1865, when he and his brother Charles as partners opened a general store in Claverack. They carried on the busi- ness until 1 87 1, when they disposed of the business to Mr. Hermance. with whom William H. remained as clerk for a period of seventeen years. He always has been quite prominently connected with town affairs, having held several town offices. Under President Arthur's adminis- tration he was appointed postmaster, to fill the unexpired term of George Neefus. At present he is one of the justices of the peace in the town of Claverack, which position he has held six years. Menick, Sebastian, late of Hudson, was born in 1823 in Ravaria. Germany, and came to the United States in 1842. He first engaged in the dry goods trade in Ghent, and later removed to Chatham, whence he came to Hudson in 1856, where he was engaged in the dr\ goods business for thirty-six years. In 1859 he was married to Mary, daughter of Jacob Falk, of Albany, who, in 1874, engaged in the millinery busi- ness in connection with the firm of Menick & Falk. Mr. Menick died July 3, 1893. '*"f' '"^ '"^ss was sincerely felt in the community where he FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 163 was so long known, and regarded as a conscientious, upright man. In 1893 Mrs. Menick established her present millinery business, which is considered the leading establishment in the city. Merrifield, Peter W., p. o. Claverack, N. Y., was born June 10, 1843, son of Walter W. and Ann Eliza (Pulver) Merrifield. He was educated in the public schools. He always has been a farmer, and at present conducts one of the best farms in Columbia county, containing in all about 400 acres of land, on which he keeps a large quantity of live stock. He is recognized as one of the progressive agriculturists of the county, employing modern and advanced methods of cultivation and stock raising. He is a man of good repute and well known in town affairs. He held the office of assessor from 1886 to 1893. In September, 1868, he was married to Augusta Alooney, daughter of Davis P. and Magina (Philip) Rlooney. They have three children, as follows : Chester W., born in 1877; Louis, born in 1879, and Clara Louise, born in 1882. Merwin, Eugene, p. o. Kinderhook, N. Y., was born in Valatie, N. Y., lune 14, 1838. His father, Daniel E. Merwin, was a native of Kinder- hook ; he was a dentist and jeweler, and served his town as poormaster for a number of years. He was married to Mary Ann Shufelt, and they were the parents of the subject of this notice, John W. of Valatie and Mary W. (Merwin) Keeler of Brooklyn. The father died in 1865. Eugene Merwin was educated in the district schools and at Bingham- ton, N. Y. His first business enterprise was in the jewelry trade ; later he was bookkeeper in a sutler's store in Washington, D. C, for eighteen months, and then came to Columbia county and was engaged at farm- ing for a year and a half. He next went to Sand Lake, N. Y., where he was engaged in paper manufacture for eleven years. In 1876 he came to Kinderhook and began farming, which he has followed since. He has been ballot clerk since the establishment of the office. He is a member of dreenbush Lodge No. 337, F. & A. M., and a member of the Knights of Pythias. He married Augusta C. Proseus, who bore him four children, as follows : Henry C, Mary, Sarah P. (deceased, 1877), and Charles E. Mrs. Merwin died December 29, 1898. Mesick, Benjamin S., is a son of Abram Jordan Mesick and Margaret Christina Shultz Mesick, his wife, and in early life attended the district 164 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. schools of his native village and finished his education in the Rhine- beck Academy. In 1868 he came to Claverack and remained with his parents until he was thirty years of age, when he bought the Andrew Miller place and engaged in farming for himself. In 1888 he bought the place he now owns. Mr. Alesick is a member of Hudson Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M. On February 21, 1877, he married Caroline Livingston Lockwood. a daughter of Ambrose and Julia Frances (\'an Rensselaer) Lockwood: they have seven children: P'rancis I.. Alargaret S.. IVederic N., Mary (deceased"), Peter, Harriet Louise and John. Mesick, Edgar Eugene, of Claverack, was born in Hudson, januar\ 2, 1847, a son of Peter H. and Magdaline (Truax) Mesick. He attended the district school in his younger days and at the same time helped in his brother's cigar factory. He soon learned to make cigars and pre- pare the tobacco for that purpose and he remained with them until he was twenty-one, when he removed to Mellenville, on to a part of the old Mesick farm, and has been there ever since. Mr. Mesick manu- factures a medium grade cigar and always has more orders than he can fill. Just before the Raines Law went into effect he was elected one of the excise commissioners, but served only two months. On February 25, 1869, Mr. Mesick married Mary Jane Graham, daughter of Christo- pher and Sarah lEwart) Cjraham ; they have two sons: Frank E. and George G. Mesick, Jacob P., of Hudson, was born in Claverack, August 26. 1848. His father, John, and his grandfather, Jacob P., were also natives of Claverack, where his great-grandfather, John, settled about 1740. For four generations the family have been farmers. John Mesick, father of the subject of this notice, was married to Jane E., daughter of Peter Sagendorph ; he was well known as an upright man of unimpeachable character; he died in 1897. Jacob P. Mesick secured his education at the Claverack Academy. He is known as one of the progressive and successful farmers of Columbia county, is a director of the Farmers' National Bank and a trustee of Claverack Academy and Hudson River Institute. In 1869 he was married to Jane E. Miller, who passed away in 1890, and who bore him the following named children: Mrs. Anna Myer and Misses Maude, J. Louisa, Bessie and Catherine N. He was married, second, to Ella Fritts. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 165 Mesick, Nelson H., M. D., of Livingston, N. Y., was born in Valatie, N. Y., October 8, 1845, son of James and Martha J. (Ham) Mesick (she a daughter of Philip T. and Sarah [Wilson] Ham), who had four chil- dren: Sarah, Nelson H., Ophelia and Willie, all natives of Columbia county. Dr. Nelson H. Mesick obtained his preparatory education in the public schools of Valatie and at Kinderhook Academy. When about eighteen years of age he began the study of medicine with Dr. Stephen H. Talmadge. of \'alatie, and later on took two courses of lectures at Albany Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1868. Soon after his graduation he located at West Taghkanic, where he remained five years, removing thence to Glenco Mills, where he since has practiced his profession. He is a member of the County Medical Society. In 1 87 1 he was married to Annie S., daughter of Whiting and Caroline .Sheldon. Mesick. Thomas, p. o. Kinderhook, N. Y., was born in the town of Chatham, X. Y., January 23, 1821. His father, Martin Mesick, was a farmer and served his town as poormaster a number of years ; he was married to Chrisnah Van Valkenburgh, who bore him the following named children: Fiet, Barnt, Martin, James, Thomas, John A., Edward 1). and Catherine M. He died in 1847, a"cl ^i^ wife the year following. After obtaining his education in the public schools, Thomas Mesick learned the carpenter's trade, afterward removing to Ghent and engaging in farming. In 1 861 he removed to Kinderhook, where he has con- tinued farming to the present time. He was married to Helen Shults, and they have had the following children : Mary F., Catherine (deceased). Martin T., and John W. Mary F. was married to Dr. Frank C. Maxon, ]jracticing physician of Chatham. Columbia county. They have two children : Frank C. and Fay Irving. Catherine married Daniel H. An- gell, of Chatham; her children were Amy (deceased), John Manton and Ethel F'irdie (John Manton married Elenora Kipp. Ethel Birdie mar- ried William Diefendorf; they have two children: Evelin and Helen). Martin T. married Elizabeth McDowell, of Valatie; their children are Thomas H., Isabell, Paul and Charles. John W. married Evanah Ham; thev have two children : Catherine Irene and Clarence. Martin T. is now living in Syracuse, N. Y., having moved there four years ago to educate his children. 1«6 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURV. Michael, Frank L., of Hudson, was born in tlie town of Claverack, N. Y., November 14, i860. His great-grandfather, Antliony jNIichael. was one of the pioneers of the town, holding a lease of land from the proprietor of the Livingston Manor. His father, Anthony C. Michael, was a farmer, and closely identified with the church history of Martin- dale Depot ; he was married to Charlotte Ham. Frank L. iMichael was educated in the district schools and at the Hudson River Institute at Claverack. He studied law in the office of Smith & \\'ellington. of Troy, N. Y., and was graduated from the Albany Law School and ad- mitted to the bar in 1885. After his admission he spent five years in Lockport, N. Y., and then came to Hudson, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession and in conducting a real estate business. Mr. Michael is an energetic man, keenly alive to his oppor- tunities, ranks well at the bar, and is a worthy citizen. Mickle, John P., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Canaan. N. Y., September 20, 1845. He is a son of Daniel J. Mickle and grand- son of John Mickle, who was born April 27, 1773, died December 10, 1848, and was one of the pioneer farmers of Columbia county. Daniel J. Mickle was a native of Columbia county, born March 12, 1819, and was a farmer. He came to Chatham April i, 1859, where he served as deputy sheriff. His wife was Malinda AL Clarke, who bore him two children: John P. and Anna E., who died in 1859. D. J. Mickle died November 6, 1883, and his wife in 1873. John P. Mickle attended the common schools and finished his schooling at Chatham Academy. Since March i, 1863, he has been connected with railroading, and is now a conductor on the Harlem Division of the New York Central Railroad. He has been president of the village of Chatham one year, and a trustee for five years, president of the Columbia County Agricul- tural Society, member of school board nine years, and is now president of the Chatham Water-Works Company. He has been a member of Columbia Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M., for twenty-eight years, and is a member of Friendship Lodge No. 95, K. of P. He was united in mar- riage with Minnie Deleyer, and they have had the following children : John D., Theodore B. (died in 1876), Harry (died in 1876), Minnie T., Anna E., and Mary A. Mickle, William A., p. o. \'alatie, N. Y., was born in the town of Chatham, N. Y.. on January i, 1840, son of Simeon A. and Catherine FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 167 (Simmons) Mickle, whose children were, besides the subject of this notice, Mary, CaroHne, Sylvester, Simeon and Ida. Simeon A. Mickle was a blacksmith, born in Hillsdale, N. Y., and died October 25, 1882; his widow's death occurred on March 16, 1883. William A. Mickle's education was obtained in the district schools ; after leaving school he worked at blacksmithing for a time and then learned the carpenter and wagonmaker's trade. He came to Valatie in 1892, and is now conduct- ing a general store. He held the office of excise commissioner for three vears. His wife was Ermina W'estfall. Miller, Adam, p. o. Kinderhook, N. Y., son of Philip and Anna Van Valkenburgh Miller, was born in Greene county, N. Y., in 1829. His father, who was a farmer, was born in Germantown, Columbia county, but was long a resident of Greene county, where he served as collector and poormaster. His children were as follows : Helen, Cynthia, Catharine, Lydia, Jane, Martha and Henry (died in 1870). Philip Miller died in 1890 and his wife in 1880. Adam Miller's education was obtained in the common schools ; he has always been a farmer. His wife was Catharine Hollenbeck, who has borne him the following chil- dren : Anna (died in 1884), Dwight, Maggie, Herbert, Eliza, and Philip (died in 1862). Aliller, Cornelius E., p. o. (jhent, X. Y., was born in Ghent, where he has always lived, on December 14, 1845. His ancestors were from Holland, and his father was a native of the town of Claverack, N. Y., but died in Ghent, where he had lived for forty years, October i, 1898. Mr. Miller resides on the farm of 170 acres which was bequeathed to his wife, Sarah Crapser (born January 31, 1849), daughter of David and Elizabeth A. (Harder) Crapser. David Crapser was of Holland descent; he died October 30, 1899, ^nd his wife in 1892. Mr. Miller ])ursues general farming, is prosperous in his business and thoroughly respected in the community in which he dwells. Mr. and Mrs. Miller liave four children, three daughters and one son. Miller, Gordon S., p. o. Claverack, N. Y., was born in Claverack, Octo- ber 14, 1861. He is a son of Obadiah and Mary (Stickles) Miller, who were the parents of eight children. At the age of fourteen years Gordon S. left home and was employed on the farm of Friend Miller for two 168 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. years, at tlie expiration of wliich time he engaged with Reuben S. Miller, with whom he remained six years. In 1883 he was married to Frederica A. (Pultz) Decker, and began farming on his own accoimt. Mrs. Miller bore him one daughter, Beulah, and died in 1895. He afterward was married to Mary Bennett, daughter of Robert and Phoebe (Miller) Ben- nett. They have two children, Ethel, born in 1897. 3"^' Clarence, born in 1899. Miller, Madison, of Hudson, was born in the town of Claverack, N. Y., October 9, 1841. His grandfather was Samuel Miller, a descendant of one of the earliest settlers of the town, and his father was George L., who was married to Lavina Michael, and was through life engaged in merchandising and dealing in live stock ; he was a prominent and useful man in Claverack, and died in 1893. Madison Miller was educated in the district schools, and in 1858 came to Hudson, where he became con- nected with mercantile trade, with which he was identified for thirty-five years. In 1893 he entered the service of the Hudson Light and Power Company as secretary and treasurer. In this capacity, as well as that of former merchant, Mr. Miller commands the confidence of the business public. His long residence in the city, supported by a life of integrity, manliness and good works, has drawn around him a host of friends, not one of whom has aught to say of him but commendation. He is a trustee of the Universalist church. In 1867 he was married to Cathe- rine I'artle, who has borne him one daughter. Miss Albertine B. Miller. Miller, Reuben S., of Livingston, N. Y., was born in the town of Claverack, N. Y., February 4, 1833, son of Samuel M. and Elizabeth (Bachman) Miller, who were the parents of eight children : Allen S., Catherine, Eliza, Emeline, Harmon, Reuben S., Jacob F., lawyer of New York, Peter, and Chester, all born in the town of Claverack. Samuel M. Miller was a son of Mathias, and a farmer. Reuben S. Miller was educated in the common schools, and when thirty-one years of age purchased the farm of 215 acres where he now lives. In 1859 he was married to Laura, daughter of Whiting and Caroline Sheldon : they have two children : Mary L., wife of Elmer Myres, and Harry W. Mr. Miller has served as supervisor two terms, and is an active worker in the Lutheran church at Churchtown, of which he has been treasurer and a trustee for a long time. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 168 Miller, Granville, was born in Claverack, June 24, 1857, a son of Obadiah and Mary (Stickles) Miller, and was educated in the district school. He helped his father about the farm until twenty years of age, when he learned the wagon maker's trade with Fred Habener. He re- mained with him four years, then tried farming again in the town of Livingston ; from Livingston he went to Roxbury and from Roxbury to Martindale, where he took the Mary Jacobia farm, which he has operated for the last ten years ; he now has 275 acres in addition to that and carries on a sticcessful business in wagon making and carriage blacksmithing as well. On January 19, 1879, Mr. Miller married Fannie Ham, daughter of Zachariah and Charity (Decker) Ham ; they have two children. Miller, Harry C, was born in Hudson, N. Y., September 25, 1856, son of Cornelius H. Miller, born in Hudson in 1821, and grandson of Harry C. Miller, at one time sherifif of Columbia county, and born in Claverack in 1801. The family of Muller or Miller, came from Nan- tucket and acquired lands west of the Livingston Manor, and were prom- inent in the early days of the county. Cornelius H. Miller was married to Mary Van Wagenen, and was a hotelkeeper through life ; he purchased the Worth House in Hudson in 1858, and died in 1870 in his forty- ninth year. Harry C. Miller, the subject of this sketch, was educated in Hudson, at Poughkeepsie Military Academy and at Williston Seminary, graduating from the latter in 1875. For twenty-five years he has been connected with the hotel business and has been manager of the Worth House for twenty years. In 1887 he was married to Elvah, daughter of Byron Parker. They have one son, Harry Parker Miller. Mr. Miller has always taken an active interest in the city's fire department, and served four years as chief engineer. Miller, Homer J., p. o. Claverack, N. Y., was born in the town of Clav- erack, October 22, 1855, the son of Friend and Sarah Ann (Bain) Miller. He attended the public schools of Claverack and completed his studies at the Claverack Academy. He has always resided at one place, on the farm purchased by his grandfather, Jacob M. Miller, upon whose decease it passed to his son Friend, father of Homer J., from whom the latter inherited it. Mr. Miller's farm gives visible evidence of his skill as an agriculturist and of his thrifty habits and persistent industry. 170 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. He has made a success of his vocation, and stands high in the estima- tion of ]iis community. Mr. Miller has been twice married. His first wife was Henrietta, daughter of William and Sarah (Fellows) Smith, who bore him one son, Carroll S., born September i6, 1880. Mrs. Miller died November 13, 1889. On January 15, 1891, he was married to Mary Etta Fellows, a daughter of Lewis E. and ]\Iaria (Smith) Fel- lows. They have no children. Miller. Hon. Theodore. — A man whose life and memory call for greater reverence, perhaps, than those of any other member of the bar and judiciary of this county, was Theodore Miller, who rose to a position on the bench of the highest court in the State. He was born in Hudson, May 16, 1816, a son of Cornelius Miller, who was an eminent lawyer of his time and for a period in partnership with Martin Van Buren, but died at an early age. After Theodore Miller was educated, he studied law and was admitted to the bar when twenty-one years of age, and immediately entered upon an active practice of his profession. In 1843 he was appointed district attorney for this county, and during his admin- istration was compelled to face and dispose of many serious difficulties connected with the anti-rent movement. So well did he perform his duties during this stormy and trying time in the criminal history of the county that he came out of the ordeal with unlimited approbation. From that date he followed his profession with the most gratifying success until 1861, when he was chosen one of the justices of the Supreme Court in the Third Judicial District. For this lofty position he was eminently fitted by his long period of active practice and his rare qualifications as a lawyer. Although this county had gone Repub- lican by 1,000 majority the previous year. Judge Aliller received 2,500 majority as a Democrat. On the bench he won the same high estimate of his ability, integrity, and thoroughness that was placed upon his career as a lawyer. After eight years of service in this capacity. Judge Miller was re-elected in 1869 without opposition, and in 1870 was appointed presiding justice of the General Term of the Third Judicial Department, including twenty-eight counties. In this broader field he gained the universal approval of the public and of his brethren. In the fall of 1874 he was placed in nomination by the Democrats for associate judge of the Court of Appeals, the highest judicial position in the State. His nomination called out favorable editorial notice from Democratic and FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 171 Republican journals alike, and he was elected by a majority of about 50,000. His career on the Court of Appeals bench was brilliant, and his labor unremitting. His opinions are very numerous and are considered by the profession as remarkable for clearness and simplicity of style, deep research and profound knowledge. At the breaking out of the Rebellion Judge Miller espoused the cause of the Union, and delivered the first speech in this county in favor of the war. He was a devoted Democrat all his life and until his elevation to the bench an active par- ticipant in politics. He established a reputation as an orator of great popularity and convincing eloquence in the many campaigns in which ne participated, and of which he was ever ready to share the burdens. During the years in which he was active in politics he exercised a potent influence in the councils of his party, and his advice was sought by the Democratic leaders in the State and Nation. Although wielding political power he never sought office, and although frequently solicited to accept places on the ticket he refused all such nominations except those in the line of the profession in which by his talents and industry he attained such eminence. Having on May 16, 1886, attained the age of seventy, he retired from the bench December 31 of that year, under the limitation as to age fixed by the Constitution. He survived until August 18, 1895, spending most of the time after his retirement at Hudson, in the county to which he had added honor, and among the people by whom he was held in such great respect. Until the very end he retained an active interest in the affairs of the day, and spent his time in reading and in- forming himself in regard to public matters, looking after his estate and in corresponding and associating with the members of his family and a large circle of friends. Miller, Peyton Farrell, the only son of Theodore Miller, was born in Hudson, March 21, 1846. He was graduated from Williams College in 1867, and was admitted to the Columbia county bar in 1869. He prac- ticed law at Hudson until 1872, when he moved to Albany, where he continued the practice of his profession until in 1895, when, upon the death of his father, he returned to Hudson, having retired from active practice. He now resides in Hudson, spending a good part of his time in travel and literary work. Mont Ross, James A., of Hudson, of the firm of Cure & Mont Ross, of Hudson, was born in Saugerties, N. Y., January 3, 1850, a son of Rob- 172 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. ert and Hannah Mont Ross. Robert Mont Ross was a native of Sulli- van county and was a descendant of John Mont Ross, who emigrated from Scotland about 1700; the former was a millwright and mechanical engineer, and was well known in Ulster county and vicinity as a skillful mechanic and a man of unblemished reputation. James A. ^font Ross received his education at Saugerties and followed his father in his busi- ness, being the fourth generation identified as builders, millwrights and engineers. Mr. Mont Ross can point to many of the prominent build- ings in Saugerties as examples of his handiwork, including the principal public buildings, the opera-house and paper-mills. In 1898 he came to Hudson, where the present firm of which he is a member was formed. This firm, in 1899, were awarded the contract to erect the new Columbia County Courthouse, which at this date (1900) is nearing completion. He also erected many of the public buildings at Catskill ; he was con- nected with the construction of the draw-bridge. Planned and built Thomas Bell's mill at Castleton. Planned and erected the opera-house and Fort Orange Paper Mills ; has also served the State in several in- stitutions as chief engineer for a number of years. In 1871 he was mar- ried to Evlena, daughter of W. C. Niblette, superintendent of water- works ; they have two sons : Sanford and J. Walter. Moore, Alvin, p. o. Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y., was born at Germantown, January 13, 1856, a son of Edward and Lucinda (Smith) Moore, who had six children, as follows : Alvin, Laton, \''ioletta (wife of Charles Tipple), Foster, Lizzie (wife of Edward Lyke) and Edward B. Edward Moore was a native of Columbia county and moved to the town of Ghent about 1867 ; he was a son of Sebastian Moore, who was of Hol- land descent. Alvin Moore spent his early life on the farm with his father, working summers and attending school winters. He was asso- ciated with his father until his father's death, November 16, 1881, when with his brother Laton, he took charge of the estate and in 1884 pur- chased the farm of the heirs, where he has since lived and carried on general farming; his farm consists of 218 acres. December 16, 1885, Mr. Moore married Annie, daughter of Soloman and Christiana Sharp ; they have three children : Warner A., Harvey S. and Edna S. Mr. Moore is a public spirited man, taking an active part in educational work and town and county affairs. He is at present (1900), serving as school trustee and has taken an active part in the development and growth of the Stuyvesant Falls creamery. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. IW Moore, Charles Nelson, was born in the town of Livingston, July i8, 1848, a son of Philip H. and Mary Ann (Van Wagoner) Moore. He received a common school education and began when quite young to learn farming, which he has followed all his life. In 1880 he bought the place he now occupies, and it is one of the best located farms in the county. On September 20, 1871, Mr. Moore married Mary Van Dusen, daughter of George and Hannah (Baringer) Van Dusen ; they have four children: Lula May, born September 6, 1875; Jessie, born November, 1878; Augustus P., born September, 1881, and Benjamin C, born January, 1884. Moore, Laton, p. o. Stottville, N. Y., was born in the town of German- town, N. Y., March 4, 1857, a son of Edward and Lucinda (Smith) Moore, who had six children : Alvin, Laton, Violetta (wife of Charles Tipple), Foster, Lizzie (wife of Edward Lyke), and Edward B., all natives of Columbia county and by occupation farmers. Edward Moore was born in the town of Clermont, a son of Sebastian Moore, who was of German descent. Sebastian's children were Jeremiah B., Walter, Ed- ward, Catherine (wife of Reuben Fingar), Maria (wife of Adam Fingar), and Lewis. Laton Moore was educated in the common schools and was associated with his father on the farm until his father's death in 1 88 1, when he and his brother Alvin took charge of the estate, which they conducted in partnership until 1889. At that date Laton purchased the farm where he now resides, which consists of 151 acres, and carries on general farming and stock raising. March 25, 1886, Mr. Moore married Annie, daughter of Peter and Catherine Philip ; they have two children : Florence and Homer. Mr. Moore is interested in town and county affairs and active in educational work. He is a member of the .Second Reformed church, of which he has been deacon and elder for several years. Moore, Robison,of Clermont, was born in the northern part of the town of Clermont, November 26, 1851, the only son of John H. and Catherine (Robison) Moore. John H. was a son of Christian and Catherine (Mil- ler) Moore, who had seven children, as follows: Christian, John H., Margaret, Betsey, Jacob, Serena and Adaline, all born in the town of Clermont. Mr. Moore's early life was spent with his parents on the farm and he was educated in the schools of Clermont, Hudson Academy 174 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. and Eastman's Business College at Poughkeepsie. He was associated with his father until his father's death in 1891, since which time he has carried on the farm alone, making a specialty of fruit growing. On January 21, 1880, Mr. Moore married Mary, daughter of German Fingar, and they have two children, Elizabeth and Floyd. Mr. Moore is interested in town and county affairs, and takes an active part in school and educational work. He has held the position of truant officer since the office was created and also has served as clerk of the district many terms. He is one of the supporting members of the Lutheran church, and at one time held the position of deacon. Moore, Lucius, of Hudson, N. Y., was born in Leverett, Mass., on February i, 1827. The progenitor of the Moore family was an early settler of Leverett. Lewis Moore, father of the subject of this notice, was a miller and wheelwright ; he died in 1847 in his fifty-fifth year. Lucius Moore left his Massachusetts home when a boy and came to Hudson, where be began his business career as a clerk in a dry goods store. For forty-five years he has been actively engaged in business in Hudson, achieving success and establishing a reputation for integrity, sound sense, progressive methods and honorable dealing. He has been twice married. His first wife was Phoebe A. Jenkins, and his second was Harriet F. Clark. His children are two sons, James C. and Lewis H., and two daughters, Sarah A. and T. Grace. Morey, Robert H., M. D., p. o. Old Chatham, N. Y., is a native of Rhode Island, and was born March 3, 1835. His father was Robert Morey, a farmer, born in Connecticut in 1798, and his mother was Hannah Gardner, born in Rhode Island in 1798. Mr. and Mrs. Morey 's children were Gardner P., Hannah (deceased), and Dr. Robert H. Robert Morey died in 1889 and his wife Hannah in 1866. Dr. Robert H. Morey was educated in the common schools and Williams College, and pursued his medical studies at the Berkshire Medical Institute. He practiced for a number of years in New Jersey, removing thence to Old Chatham in 1870, where he has successfully pursued his profession. In 1863 he was married to Frances Harrison, and their son is R. W. Morey, who is connected with the Chatham & Lebanon Valley Rail- road. Mrs. Morey died in 1888, and he afterward was married to Sarah, daughter of Hitchin Holland, who died in 1896. Lucius Moore. ^75 176 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Morrell, George, p. o. Stuyvesant, N. Y., son of Edward and Annie (Lloyd) Morrell, was born July 9, 1843, one of a family of eight chil- dren, named as follows : Mary E., deceased wife of Joseph C. Jones ; Edward, Jane, wife of George W. Upham ; John, George, Joseph, Henry and Rose, wife of Thomas Wiley. George Morrell was educated in the district schools and Ballston (N. Y.) Academy, which latter institution he attended two years. After leaving school he was employed two vears as a clerk in a general store in Cohoes. In 1862, at the age of nineteen, he enlisted in Company G, One Hundred and Twenty-eighth N. Y. Volunteer Infantry, and served three years and was discharged as first lieutenant. His record in the military service proves him to have been a faithful, brave and active soldier. Returning from the army, he purchased the hotel property at North Chatham, which he conducted for two years. In 1869 he removed to Kinderhook, where he established a general merchandise business, which he conducted for five years, dis- posing of the same in 1874. He then located in Stuyvesant, where he opened a general store, which was destroyed by the disastrous fire of May 13, 1880, together with his entire stock of goods. He then en- gaged in the livery business and also dealt in wagons, sleighs, car- riages, horses, agricultural implements, etc., up to 1899, when he dis- posed of his interests and at the present time (1900) is living as a retired farmer on the farm formerly occupied by Jacob G. Sickles — one of the finest locations and best farms on the river — half a mile south of Stuyvesant village. Mr. Morrell is considered one of the best business men of the town and since coming to Stuyvesant has won the good will and respect of the entire community. He was married to Kate, daughter of Isaac and Sarah A. (Pickett) Acker of Stuyvesant. She is deceased. Mr. Morrell is a member of Lindenwald Lodge No. 509, F. & A. M., and Kinderhook Chapter No. 264, R. A. M. Mossman, Phillip, of Hudson, was born in the town of Copake on September 21, 1861. His father was Jacob Mossman, a native of Ger- many, born July 24, 1824, who came to Copake in 1846, where he was engaged in the farming business. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Philip Young, born September 25, 1828, and died October 4, 1877. Phillip Mossman obtained his education in the district school. In 1885 he learned the carpenter's trade. In 1892 he purchased the Worth House livery, which he still conducts. Mr. Mossman is what the world FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 177 calls a self-made man, highly respected by all who know him — the class who are the bone and sinew of the nation. In 1886 he married Relle, daughter of Jacob Miller; they have one daughter, Ethel B., born February 22, 1893. Moul, Henry S., of Hudson, was born in Victor, N. Y., April 7, 1857. He is a great-grandson of John Moul, one of the pioneers of the town of Ghent, Columbia county, N. Y., grandson of Richard Moul, and son of Cornelius Moul, all of Ghent. The latter was a contracting mason, and was married to Lydia Skinner. Henry S. Moul received his educa- tion in the public schools. In 1875 he came to Hudson and served an apprenticeship at the carpenter's trade with James E. McClure, devoting his evenings to the study of architecture, and having charge of his em- ployer's business for five years, which he purchased at the latter's death. In 1896 he disposed of the contracting branch and since has devoted his attention to architecture. The new courthouse erected in Hudson in 1900 was designed by him, as well as some of the finest residences in the city. Mr. Moul has served as supervisor for the Third ward of Hudson for five years, and as chairman of the board one year. He has been steward of the Methodist Episcopal church for fifteen years. In 1880 Mr. Moul was married to Anna M., daughter of Asel Harvey. They are the parents of two sons, James E. and Cornelius M., and two daugh- ters, Rhoda L. and Marion K. In an unobtrusive way Mr. Moul has exercised a lasting influence in Hudson in many ways. In all his public and private life his aim has been to elevate the minds and aspirations of those with whom he has been associated, and to set an example of up- right living and pure character worthy to be followed by both young and old. Nash, Morehouse, p. o. Martindale, was born in Hillsdale, June 30, 1840, a son of David Lane Nash and Sarah Rosalind Johns, his wife. Mr. Nash was educated in the district school, the Spencertown Academy and the Hudson River Institute, and finished his commercial education at Eastman's Commercial College at Poughkeepsie. His first business that he engaged in was trading and raising live stock in connection with his farming operations, and has followed this for a number of years ; he has also invented what is known on the market as The Great E. Liniment, an article of great merit. In addition to the liniment and 12 178 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. stock business he works about 600 acres of land. August 19, 1873, Mr. Nash married Alicetine Molyneaux, daughter of Rev. .\. N. and Mary Frances (Boehn) Molyneaux ; they had four children : Maud, born in 1874; Matilda F., born in 1877; David Lane, J., born in 1879, and Sarah Rosalind Juliett, born in 1883. Mr. Nash's father, David Lane Nash, is one of the oldest residents of the town of Claverack. He was born August 7, 1813, a son of Francis and Charlotte (Morey) Nash, whose ancestry is traced back to 1742, to Sir Thomas Nash of Lincoln- shire, England. He received his early education in the public schools and at the close of his school days engaged in a country store, which, not finding to his liking, he sold out and started in farming and stock raising. He was also an auctioneer, which he followed until 1881, when he retired from active life. November 9, 1837, he married Rosalind Johns, and they had two children. Morehouse and Matilda. Neal, William Henry, was born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., March 19, 1857, a son of Emerson Harwood and Marietta (Smith) Xeal. His father died when he was small and his mother moved to Troy, where William H. finished his education and then was employed in a bakery for a year and a half. He was next employed by Hildreth & McCune four years, with Knowlson & Kelley four years, and then went with Curdette, Smith & Co. as engineer, but was only with them a short tiiiu- when his health failed him, and he went west. Returning from the west he engaged with Knowlson & Kelley, but was only with them a short time when he engaged in business for himself; not caring to con- tinue his business he returned to his old employers again, Knowlson & Kelley, this time remaining with them seven years. In 1887 he came to Philmont and engaged as machinist in the Aken Mill, which position he filled for three months, when he was promoted and had charge of the entire machinery; in 1897 he was made superintendent of the mill and has held that position ever since. In 1897 Mr. Neal was elected trustee of the village, and in 1900 re-elected to the same position, and this year was made president of the board. He is a member of Aquilla Lodge, No. 700, F. & A. M. On November 26, 1880, Mr. Neal married Emma G. Aken, daughter of Robert and Emily (Hilton) Aken ; they have four children, as follows : Estella, born in 1881 ; Emma Grace, born in 1884; William Earl, born in 1889, and Ernest Avery, born in 1892. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 179 Neefus, David C, Jr., was born in Hollowville, in the town of Clav- erack, N. Y., May 3, 1864. His father was a native of the same town, and the family trace their line back to one Nevius, who came to this country early in the seventeenth century. D. C. Neefus, Jr., was edu- cated in the district schools and the Hudson River Institute at Claverack, and in i88i came to Hudson and entered the post-office as a clerk, in which capacity and as deputy postmaster he served eight years. In 1890 he entered the employ of C. A. Van Deusen, with whom he re- mained until April i, 1900, when he assumed the duties of bookkeeper in the Hudson City Savings Institution. Mr. Neefus has earned and merits the confidence placed in him, he having served with unquestioned integrity in all the positions he has held. He is a member of Hudson Lodge, No. 7, F. & A. M., and of Hudson City Council, No. 1,221, Royal Arcanum. In 1890 he was married to Abbie P., daughter of Benjamin F. Raught; they are the parents of two daughters, Roselyn and Laurie. Neefus, David Carshore, of Claverack, was born in Claverack, Sep- tember 9, 1818, a son of Ruluf and Ann (Carshore) Neefus. He attended the district school from the time he was four years old until sixteen years of age, when he left and went to Hudson to work as a clerk in the drug store of W. & G. Storrs. Here he remained about a year and returned to Claverack, where he was apprenticed to the firm of Herrmance & Skinkle, carriage blacksmiths. From 1835 till 1838 he was with this firm, then went to Hudson as clerk in the post-office under Postmaster Wescott. In 1841 he started a grocery business and in 1842 moved to what was then called Smoky Hollow, which, by Mr. Neefus' efTorts, was later changed to Hollowville. Mr. Neefus fol- lowed blacksmithing until 1853, when he was elected county clerk, which office he held until 1859; he was succeeded in this position by Cornelius Bortle and remained with him as his deputy for three years. In 1862 Mr. Neefus gave up active business and in 1865 was appointed postmaster, which position he has held continuously since that time, making thirty-five years of service. In 1866 he ran a general store in connection with the post-office, and in 1897 sold out to the present proprietor. Mr. Neefus was clerk of the board of supervisors for two terms and has been justice for several years, as well as notary for the past eight years. He is a member of Hudson Lodge, No. 7. Novem- IHO COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. her lo, 1840, he married Sarah, daughter of Pliilo and Abi (Johnson) Blakeman ; they had a family of seven children: Jane C Ruluf, Emma. Rachel. Ida, Antilla and David C, Jr. Neefus, Ruluf, was born in Claverack on the 24th of September, 1843. His parents were David C. and Sarah Blakeman Neefus, and were both natives of Columbia county and of Holland descent. Ruluf Neefus obtained his early education at the district schools of his native town and in the Hudson Academy. His first business position was that of a copyist in the county clerk's office, w-hich position he held during the years 1859, i860 and 1861. After four years of farming in Sparta, Wis., he took up his residence in Hollowville and entered his father's mercantile establishment at that place, with which he was con- nected until 1883, when he withdrew to accept the assistant postmaster- ship of the city of Hudson. In this capacity he served under Post- masters Bryan and Cady. Mr. Neefus next became bookkeeper in the Hudson City Savings Institution, remaining seven and one-half years ; then bookkeeper for C. H. Evans & Sons, which position he still holds. Several corporations have honored him with official positions, he having been secretary and treasurer of Hudson Light and Power Company, Hudson and Athens Ferry Company, Hudson Aqueduct Company and secretary of the Columbia Turnpike Company. In political and public affairs Mr. Neefus has been prominent for years. In 1870 he was census enumerator for the tow-ns of Claverack, Greenport, Copake and Hills- dale; in 1869, 1870 and 1874 he w-as clerk of the town of Claverack; in 1873, 1875 and 1880 he was clerk of the board of supervisors, and from 1873 to the present time, with the exception of one or tw'o years, he has assisted the clerks of the board of supervisors in levying the taxes ; in the years 1878 to 1881, during the legislative sessions, he was clerk in the New York State Senate and Assembly. Mr. Neefus is a member of Hudson Lodge, No. 7, F. and A. M., and was worshipful master of that lodge during the years 1897 to 1899, inclusive; and of Hudson City Council, No. 1,221, Royal Arcanum, of which organization he was for many years secretary. In the year 1884 Mr. Neefus was united in marriage to Ada Hallenbeck, of Greenport. and they have one son, Wen- dover, who was born in 1885. Niles, Charles H., was born in Austerlitz, May 20, 1832, a son of Sill Niles (born July 28. 1795) and Lovisa H. Olmstead, his wife (born FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 181 in Hillsdale. N. Y.). He was educated in the common schools and Spencertown Academy. He has been engaged in farming throughout his life, with the exception of four years, from 1865 to 1869. when he conducted a general store at Kinderhook. He resided at Sand Lake, Rensselaer county, for twenty years, and has been on his present farm for about thirteen years. October 16, 1867, he married Emily Averill, daughter of James G. (born at Flatbush, L. I.) and Clarissa (Sluyter) Averill (born at Sand Lake, N. Y.). Mrs. Niles' grandfather, Clement Sluyter, was one of the first settlers of Sand Lake. To Mr. and Mrs. Niles was born one son, Frank Averill Niles, born October 26, 1868. died May 12, 1884. Thomas Niles (born July 2, 1760, died December 25, 1844) and Rhoda Phelps, his wife (born September 27, 1765, died 'November 21, 1819), grandparents of Charles H., had children as fol- lows: Harvey, born December 18, 1788, died December 14, 1862; Mil- ton, born October 21, 1790, died November 9, 1853; Rhoda, born July 6, 1792, died March 23, 1835; Sill, born July 28, 1795, died March 7, 1872; Melissa, born November 7, 1797, died December 19, 1849; Dan, born February 2, 1801, died December 22, 1871 ; Miranda, born August 17, 1803, died January 28, 1848; Lucy, born November 11, 1805, died April 12. 1891 ; and Thomas P., born June 6, 1808, died October 10, 1895. Niles, Henry W., of Spencertown, N. Y., was born in Spencertown, N. Y., in 1852, and was educated in the public schools, Spencertown Academy and Amenia Seminary. During the years 1872-73 he was engaged in the manufacture of straw paper, as a partner with his uncle, William C. Niles, at the Ghent Paper Mills, Ghent, N. Y. He has smce been principally engaged in farming, and has been located on the the farm where he now resides for the past twenty-seven years. The farm has been in the possession of the Niles family for four generations. He was married in 1873 to Florence W. Dickerman, daughter of Wil- liam Dickerman, merchant, and postmaster at Spencertown for sixteen years. They have the following children: Carrie W., born in 1874, married to T. Frank Niles, of Spencertown, in 1897; M. Frances, born in 1876, married to Geo. M. Angell, of Ghent, in 1896, now located at Shelton, Conn.; John D., born in 1878, is a telegraph operator, located at East Chatham, N. Y. Mr. Niles has held the office of assessor for twelve years and is the present incumbent. He became a member of 182 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Columbia Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M., in 1885, and for ten years held various offices in the lodge, holding the office of master during tht years 1895-96. He is a charter member of Austerlitz Grange No. 819, P. of H., organized in 1895 at Spencertown, N. Y., and for the past two years has held the office of master. His father, John M. Niles, was born in Spencertown in 1815, and resided there till the time of his death. He was married to Charlotte P. White, of Sandy Hill, Washington county, N. Y., in 1843. He conducted a general store for several years but was afterward engaged chiefly in farming. He also owned and operated a sawmill for many years. He held the office of town clerk for several terms and was a prominent and highly-respected member of the M. E. Church for over forty years. He died in 1893, and his widow, Charlotte P. Niles, died in July, 1900. Olcott, Edmund H., was a native of Hudson, where he was born in 1807. He early in life became connected with the hardware trade, and for sixty years his name in this line was a synonym for honor and integrity in business, as well as in social matters. Mr. Olcott went to learn his trade at the age of fifteen. In his nineteenth year he went to sea ; was gone three years, returned and went the second time on another three years' voyage. Upon returning again he married Anna H. Wells, and at the outbreak of the California gold fever he left for California and returned after a year's stay there, leaving, while gone, his wife in charge of his store. He returned and continued the business until he retired. It is seldom that an instance is afforded of a man conducting the same business for so long a period, and retiring with a record of unquestioned uprightness and commanding the esteem and unqualified confidence of all who knew him. In whatever sphere Mr. ( )lcott was called to act, he invariably acquitted himself with honor and with credit to the judgment of those who placed their confidence in him. Hating falsehood in any form, despising misrepresentation or trickery in business affairs, he stood out in all his sturdy integrity as a repre- sentative example of rectitude and unflinching honor. Mr. Olcott was twice married ; his first wife was Ann Wells, whom he married Sep- tember 8, 1832, and who died August 30, 1879. ^^ afterward was mar- ried to Mrs. Mary J. Castle, daughter of John Winslow. of Schoharie. November 11, 1885. Mr. Olcott died January 31, 1891. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 183 Packman, Charles E., p. o. Valatie, N. Y., son of Jacob P. and Caroline (Dakin) Packman, was born in the town of Kinderhook, N. Y., Janu- ary I, 1857. His father was a lifelong farmer and served his town nine years as assessor. He was the father of two children, the subject of this sketch, and Mary Packman Smith, of Schodack. Mr. Packman died in 1880 and his widow survived until 1896. The district schools and Kinderhook Academy furnished Charles E. Packman his educa- tion ; he has always been a farmer and has filled the office of assessor for six years ; he is a Mason, a member of Lodge No. 362. His wife was Anna, daughter of Albert Demyer, who has borne him two chil- dren, Carrie and J. Jay. Panigot, Charles G., of Hudson, was born in New Orleans, La., in May, 1837, son of Pierre, who was a native of France; he became in many ways a leading man in New Orleans, where he spent his active life, returning to France in later years, where he died in 1862. Charles G. Panigot received his education in St. Louis, Mo., and in i860 took up his residence in Hudson, where, in 1868, he embarked as a contractor and builder, in which occupation he still continues, meeting with appre- ciation and success. Examples of his skill and the character of his workmanship may be seen in the residences of Col. C. S. Rogers, W. S. Hallenbeck and many other of the finer homes in the city. Mr. Panigot may well be proud of the high reputation he has earned, for he has sought it only through the channels of industry, perseverance and strict probity. In 1868 he was married to Anna M. Phillips. The fruits of this union are three sons and two daughters, namely, Charles W., Julius, Lamont, Mrs. Grace Harding and Mrs. Mary B. Traver. Park, the Rev. Charles, of Hudson, is of Scotch and Dutch ancestry in the maternal line, being a descendant of Teunis Jans Covert, who was an elder in the First Reformed Dutch church of Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1690. Charles Park was born in Pittsburg, Pa., December 16, 1862, son of William Park and Harriet Morgan Covert. His father was a native of Pennsylvania and was for many years a Presbyterian elder. The Rev. ]\Ir. Park was graduated from Hamilton College, Clinton. N. Y., in 1885. His theological studies were pursued at LTnion Theo- logical Seminary, and he was graduated therefrom in 1888. His first charge was the Presbyterian church of Astoria, Long Island. In 1898 1K4 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. he came to Hudson as pastor of the Dutch Reformed church of that city. During his residence in Hudson Mr. Park has not only won the respect and esteem of his parishioners, but in all circles of the city where he has become acquainted he is spoken of approvingly and has won the high regard of all. In 1891 he was married to Emeline Ivison Hollister, daughter of John Buell Hollister and Eleanor Crane, of Rutherford. N. J. They are the parents of three daughters : Eleanor Hollister, Katrina and Gratia Buell Park. Parker, Byron, of Hudson, N. Y., was born in Coxsackie, N. Y., on August 28, 1830. His father was Jonas Parker, a native of Vermont; he was married to Hannah, daughter of Allen Breed, whose ancestor came to America from England in 1630. Byron Parker secured his education in the public schools, and after leaving school he devoted his attention to river navigation in various capacities until 1865, when he settled in Hudson and established a plumbing, gas and steam-fitting business, which he has since continued. He has been successful in his efforts, and sustains the reputation of an honest, industrious, and in every way valuable citizen. He was a charter member of the Hudson Building and Loan Association. In 1854 he was married to Mary L. Hollenbeck, who has borne him five sons and four daughters, all worthy children of worthy parents. The first Breeds in this country came from England in 1630 with Winthrop and landed in Massachusetts. This family of Breeds are the same whose ancestor owned the land called Breed's Hill (Ebenezer Breed). Allen Breed and father took active part in our American Revolution, Allen rising to rank of lieutenant. Parton, George, was born in England, in 181 2. In 1833 he emi- grated to Hudson, where he established himself as a cabinet-maker, and where, in 1834, he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of John and Lois Woodbridge, of Mystic, Conn. Mr. Parton was a man of action, pro- gressive in his ideas and methods, ready to seize and develop oppor- tunities for the betterment of himself and the public welfare, and never backward in lending an assisting hand to any object that met the ap- proval of his convictions. In 1849 he joined the throng of adventurous gold-seekers who that year left home and civilization for the wilds of California: in 1851 he returned to his home, only to go back to the western Eldorado again in 1852, this time remaining three years. In FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 185 1855 he returned to Hudson and purchased the bookstore of Charles P. Nash. In this business he continued until his retirement in 1870. During his business life in Hudson he won the respect and confidence of those with whom he had trade relations, and socially none had a larger circle of friends. Unassuming and free from ostentation, he lived a gentle life and left behind him an unsullied record. He died October 26, 1872, and his widow survived him until September 6, 1896. Mr. and Mrs. Parton were the parents of twelve children, six of whom survive : three sons, Arthur and Ernest, both artists of note, and Henry Woodbridge. of Yonkers, X. V., an artist and designer; and three daughters. Mrs. Joseph Gibbons Hill and Misses Gertrude and Eliza- beth Parton. Patrie. Thomas A., of Greenport, was born in the town of Living- ston, N. v., July 3, 1845. He is a son of Alexander Patrie, and grand- son of Christian Patrie, of French Huguenot ancestry. The latter was one of the early settlers of Livingston, where his son Alexander was born. He married Clarissa, daughter of Thomas Benham, who was a practitioner in medicine in the town of Ashland, Green county, N. Y. He was a farmer all his life. Thomas A. Patrie was educated in private schools in Hudson and was graduated from Rutgers College. He is one of the leading farmers of Greenport, devoting his land and attention chiefly to berries and fruit. In this undertaking he has been remarkably successful, and his skill and industry are subjects of common remark. Withal he is a citizen of estimable and untarnished reputation, benevolent, intelligent and trustworthy. In 1875 he was united in marriage with Enmia, daughter of Philip H. and Eliza (Gardner) Lambert. They have two daughters, Misses Grace L. and Emma Clara. Paul, Fulton, was born in Hudson, on the 17th of April, 1841. He was the son of the late Charles Paul, who traced his genealogy to Rich- ard Paul, a Puritan settler who came to this country in 1636. Fulton Paul came by his rather uncommon first name by being named for his mother, whose maiden name was Catherine Fulton. She died in 1850. After receiving a liberal education in the schools of the city he was sent to W'illiston Seminary. Easthampton, Mass., where he finally fitted for college, but being threatened with consumption, and by advice of his physician, he started when twenty years of age on an East Indian voy- IHti COLUMBIA COrXTV .-IT THE END OF THE CEXTURY. age, and after a trip of seven months landed at Hong' Kong, China, where he remained several years, and returned home very much bene- fited in health. After attending to business affairs for a year with his father, he went to the front when the Civil W'ar broke out as provisional paymaster for the re-enlisted soldiers then at Harper's Ferry, Va., thence to Cedar Creek. While with the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Regiment of New York Volunteers there was a delay of orders and he was compelled to remain until just prior to the battle of Winchester, when he, with the other paymasters, were recalled to Washington. In 1865 Mr. Paul was elected alderman of the Third \\'ard of this city on the Republican ticket, being the youngest alderman ever elected up to that time. In 1870 he was aboard the first train through to Cali- fornia from ocean to ocean in company with the Union Pacific Railway officers and representatives of the Boston board of trade. In 1872 he became connected with the State Department at Albany, and the next year Hon. John A. Dix, then Governor of Xew York, appointed Air. Paul Deputy State Treasurer. In 1875 Mr. Paul received from Presi- dent Grant an appointment as consul to Trinidad, in the West Indies. In 1882 he was transferred by President Arthur as consul to Odessa, in Southern Russia, and so well did he attend to his important duties that in 1884 President Arthur again honored Mr. Paul by appointing him consul-general to Roumania. He remained there until the consolida- tion of Roumania into one district with Servia and Greece, when the office of consul-general was abolished. Mr. Paul returned home and resumed the care of his personal affairs, remaining most of the time in New York city. At the time of his retirement he was one of the oldest consular officers in length of service, having served under five Presi- dents — Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur and Cleveland. During his lifetime Mr. Paul took many extensive trips to the West and South and made many European and other sea voyages. His career was one of rare activity, varied experience and patriotic service in every position he was called upon to fill. His public spirit was self-sacrificing and his reputation was unblemished. Hudson was proud to class among her native citizens a man of such distinguished and widely-used talents, and his death is generally deplored. During the five years Mr. Paul served as a cemetery commissioner he was untiring in his efforts to give to the city one of the finest cemeteries to be found along the Hudson river, and the new Cedar I'ark cemctcrw which adnrns the hillside east of Fulton Paul 187 1H« COLUMBIA COLA'TV AT THE EXD OF THE CEXTURV. the city proper, attests to what he did. as he laid out, fostered and cared for it, and with a judicious use of the pubHc moneys, more than anyone else made it what it is to-day. He died at his home in Hudson on June 1 6, 1900. Payne, Richard Clark, eldest son of Horace Payne and Harriet Hall Macy, was born in the city of Hudson, November 26, i860. His early education was obtained at the famous public school, " Old Xo. 3." under Professor Wilcox, and later at the Hudson Academy. At the com- pletion of his school life, he entered the employ of his father, who was engaged in the grocery business, but soon resigned to make a business connection with S. C. & G. P. MacArthur, dealers in mill supplies. In this line of trade he is still engaged, at the present time being a mem- ber of the firm of E. W. Murphey & Co. In August, 1884, he enlisted in the Twenty-third Separate Company, X. G. N. Y., and has served successively as private, corporal, sergeant, second lieutenant, first lieu- tenant and captain, which office he holds at the present time. During the Spanish-American War he was in command of Company I, Two Hundred and Third Regiment, New York Volunteers, and was stationed at Camp Black, N. Y., Middletown, Pa., Conewango, Pa., (ireenville. S. C. He was mustered out at the latter place on the 25th of March. 1899. Mr. Payne is a member of Xo. 700, F. & A. M.. and is a past eminent commander of Lafayette Commandery, K. T.. having been elected in May, 1899. Peck. Horace Robinson, attorney-at-law of Hudson, X. Y.. was horn in that city on December 9, 1839. He is descended in the ninth gen- eration from William Peck, one of the founders of the Xew Haven Colony in 1638. Darius Peck, father of Horace R., was born June 5. 1802, in Norwich, Chenango county. X. Y. He was graduated from Hamilton College in 1825, and took up his residence in Hudson, where he read law with Ambrose L. Jordan, and later with William Slosson, of New York city. He was admitted to the bar in 1828. and in 1829 opened an office in Hudson, where he began a practice that extended over a period of more than fifty years. In February, 1833, he was appointed by the Governor and Senate of the State of New York to the office of recorder of the city of Hudson — then a judicial office — which he filled until 1843. In the latter year he was appointed judge of the Court of FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 189 Common Pleas of Columbia county h\ the (iovernor and Senate, and in November, 1855, was elected county judge, and re-elected in 1863 and again in 1867. In 1836 he was married to Harriet M., daughter of Horace and Sarah (Robinson) Hudson, of Troy, N. Y. Judge Peck was also for several years superintendent of schools and a master in chancery. Horace R. Peck received his preliminary education in the public schools of Hudson and in Rev. Elbridge Bradbury's private classical school, and was graduated from Hamilton College with the class of 1859. He took up the study of law under his father's instruc- tion and was admitted to the bar in 1863. He has practiced for thirtv- seven years in the office opened by his father in 1829. His life record needs no comment here. His standing among his professional brethren and in the conmiunity where he has so long resided requires no written support to enhance its high character. On November 14, 1867, Horace R. Peck was married to Anna, daughter of the late Peter Van Deusen. of Greenport, N. Y. : they are the parents of one son. Bayard L. Peck, who is a practicing attorney in New York city, and who gradu- ated from Hamilton College with the class of 1891. Horace R. Peck has two brothers who are lawyers, viz. : John Hudson Peck, of Troy, N. Y.. and Willard Peck, of Hudson, N. Y. Peck, Hon. \\'illard. was born in the city of Hudson, N. Y., where he has always resided, on ]\Iarch 2, 1844. He is a son of Hon. Darius Peck, a sketch of whose career is given with that of his son, Horace R. Peck, in this work. W'illard Peck's preparatory education was received in private schools. He was graduated from Hamilton College in 1864, and, following in the footsteps of his father, selected the law for his life- work. He studied law under his father's instruction, and was admitted to the bar in 1867. He has held the offices of police justice, postmaster and school trustee. He made an enviable record as a member of the board of education, where his efforts were zealously exerted in reform- ing the school system of his native city. In 1888 he became a member of the legal firm of Cadman & Peck, which has been in successful prac- tice since that date, and is to-day recognized as one of the strong legal firms of the county. In 1869 Mr. Peck was married to Mary Langford, daughter of Edward Curran, of Utica, N. Y. Their children are two sons, Philip C, an attorney practicing in New York city, and Darius E., 100 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. now attending the Albany Law School, both graduates of Yale Col- lege, and one daughter. Mary L. Peck, a student at Smith College. Philip, Jordan, «}f Hudson, was born near Mellenville, Columbia county, N. Y., January 2, 1866. His grandfather, James Philip, was an early settler in the town of Claverack, and for him the village of Philmont was named. He was one of the first carpet manufacturers in the country. His father, Jordan Philip, was born in Claverack, and married, first, F.niily Ailing, and second, Helen Pitcher. He was an agriculturist, and also conducted an extensive insurance business; he died in 1892. Jordan Philip, the subject of this notice, was educated in Hudson, and in 1881 entered the employ of the First National Bank, and is now bookkeeper in that institution, continuing his father's insurance business. j\Ir. Philip is a descendant of a prominent family of Claverack, who did much in building up the manufactures of the town, and inherits from them those strains of character which raise men above the common level. Pierce, John K., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in New Lebanon, N. v., .\ugust 10, 1834, son of Jabe and Ann Mary (King) Pierce. He was educated in the common schools and at Kinderhook Academy. In 1847 he removed to Kinderhook, where he has since followed the vocation of farming. He was married to Elizabeth C, daughter of Aladison J. Tuck, of Hallowell, Maine. Jabe Pierce, father of John K., was a native of Plainfield, Conn., and removed to New Lebanon in 1814, and in 1847 removed to Kinderhook where he spent his life as a farmer, and served his town for a number of years as supervisor. His wife was Ann Mary King, and their children were John K. and Rebecca (deceased. Decem- ber, T894). Mr. Pierce died in 1883. I'ierson, 1 lenry C.,]). o. t'hathani, X. V.,is a nativeof Columbia county, born January 24, 1845. His father, Charles Edwin Pierson. was born in Bridgehampton, Suffolk county, N. Y., and through life was a farmer. He was married to Marietta Halsey in 1844, and Henry C. was their only offspring. Charles Edwin died in April, 1867, and his widow in April, 1895. Rev. Abraham Pierson of Yorkshire, England, who came to America in 1640, landing at Boston, was the first American ancestor of this family, and his son, also named Abraham, was the first president of Yale College. The latter married Abigail, daughter of George Clark, of Milford, and they had two sons, Abraham and John. John was the FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 191 father of Abraham, of Bridgehanipton, L. I., who was born in 1755, died in 1825, and who married Phebe Hunting. Their son, Samuel Hunting, of Canaan, was born in 1789; he married Mary E. Pierson in 1815, was the father of Charles Edwin, referred to in the foregoing, and the grand- father of the subject of this sketch ; he died in 1867. Henry C. Pierson was educated in the common schools of his native place and at the Albany High School. In September, 1873, he established a hardware business in Chatham, which, after a time, he sold, and engaged in the coal trade; at present he deals in coal, wagons and agricultural implements. He was elected supervisor of Austerlitz in 1876 and served two terms, and is a member of Columbia Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M. His wife was Clara E., daughter of Daniel Clark. Piester, Abraham D., was born in the town of Gallatin, N. Y., Nov- ember 22, 185 1. His father was Thomas Piester, and was born in the town of Hillsdale, N. Y., and was married to Margaret, daughter of Abram Bush. He followed farming all his life and died in 1889. The grandfather of Abraham D. Piester, named Peter, with two brothers, came from Holland and were among the pioneers of Hillsdale. Abraham D. Piester received his education in public and private schools, and has devoted his life to farming. He is a man of more than ordinary promi- nence and influence in his adopted town of Greenport, having held the offices of highway commissioner three years, and supervisor for a like period, and is ever awake to the best interests of the public welfare. In 1875 he was married to Ella, daughter of Richard and Deborah (Hollen- beck) Becker. They are the parents of two sons, Richard T. and John C, and one daughter, Gertrude A. Plainer, Martin, son of Jacob I. and Catherine (Gridley) Platner, of Claverack, was born October 15, 1842. He was educated in the district school and Hudson River Institute. His father was proprietor of the Hollowville Hotel for about thirty years, and at the same time was carry- ing on the business of drover, and Mr. Platner soon became interested with his father in driving sheep and cattle. When his father retired from the hotel, he bought the place across the road and lived there for a number of years. In 1862 Mr. Platner enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-ninth Regiment of New York and started for the front, but being under age he was sent home. When he was twenty-one he en- 192 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. listed in tlu- Ninet}-first Heavy Artillery, of New York, and served in this until the close of the war; he received his discharge in Baltimore in 1865 and then returned home. The company he was attached to was taken out of the regiment and given three months' drill in heavy artillery practice and then sent on a cruising expedition, the regiment being engaged in the attack on Richmond on the south side of the railroad, and was there when Lee surrendered at Appomattox. He is a member of Byron Lockwood Post, No. 118, G. A. R., of Philmont, and is senior vice-commander. Upon his return home he took up his old business of driving for a time, and then assumed charge of one of his father's farms, which he conducted for fifteen years, and then went to Hollo\vville, where he lived for a time, then traded the property he had there for the place he now owns, consisting of 240 acres. In 1865 Mr. Platner married Ellen Hart, of Grecnport, daughter of William H. and Cornelia Hart, who bore him six children : George, Maggie, Warren, Gertie, Clarence and Ralph. Platner, William B., M. D., was born in Taghkanic, Columbia county, N. Y., in i860, son of Dr. Rensselaer and Helen L. (Boensteel) Platner. Dr. Platner received his nonprofessional education at Claverack Col- lege and Hudson River Institute, and was graduated from the Albany Medical College in 1882. He acted as physician at the Swinburne Dis- pensary in Albany three years, at the expiration of which time he began the active practice of his profession in Germantown. His practice ex- tends through the towns of Germantown, Clermont and ^ladalin, and he bears the reputation of being one of the leading physicians and sur- geons in the county. He is a member of the County Medical Society. Dr. Platner's wife was Charlotte M. Whiting, a sister of Capt. William H. Whiting, of the United States navy, and daughter of William H. Whiting, the founder of the American Bank Note Company, and the inventor of important and valuable improvements in the process of bank- note printing. Dr. and Mrs. Platner have no children. They have a beautiful home, surrounded by seven acres of land, nearly all of which is devoted to fruit culture. The house overlooks the Hudson river, with enchanting views of the Catskill mountains and the intervening valley, and is considered one of the most attractive locations in Germantown. .\part frtim the respect and confidence which the doctor has won in the community as a physician, he takes a commendable interest in the ques- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 193 tions of the day and is in all respects an estimable, patriotic and pro- gressive citizen. Pomeroy, George P. K., M. D., p. o. Stiiyvesant, N. Y., was born at Clarksville, Albany county, N. Y., October 2, 1856, a son of Thaddcus and Catherine (Wiltse) Pomeroy. He attended the common schools un- til he was thirteen years of age, when he entered Spencer's High School, of Clarksville, ftom which he was graduated when he was seventeen. For three years he taught school, studying medicine during his leisure hours. He matriculated at Albany Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1878, and the same year settled at Stuyvesant, where he has since resided and practiced his profession. Dr. Pomeroy has won a high place in the esteem of the people of his community, not only as a ph\sician but as a public servant. He has always taken an unusual in- terest in matters pertaining to the education of the young ; he is one of the most active members of the board of education, and was appointed super- intendent of the erection of the new schoolhouse in Stuyvesant. He was one of the incorporators of the " Firwood " Cemetery Association of Stuy- vesant and is its president. He is a member and has been president two years of the Columbia County Medical Society, a member of the State Medical Association and has been a health officer of the town of Stuyvesant since its organization in 1880. He is a member of the Demo- cratic County Committee and also chairman of the Town Committee. Potts, Charles W., was born in the town of Clermont, December tS, 1844, a son of Jonas and Jane Eliza (Denerly) Potts, who were the parents of three children, as follows: Margaret, wife of John H. Hover; Charles W. and Henry, who died at the age of three and one-half years. Air. Potts was educated in the common schools of the town of Clermont, and was associated with his parents until his father's death in 1877. His mother died September 8, 1886. After the death of his father Mr. Patts carried on the farm to within about five years, since which time he ITvS lived a retired life. He has a pleasant home in the village of Clermont, ad- joining his farm of 130 acres. On November 14, 1866, Mr. Potts married Ella, daughter of John Fingar, of West Camp, who bore him six chil- dren : Hattie, wife of William L. Fraleigh, Jr.; Raymond, town clerk of the town of Clermont, and married to IMarion Sheldon ; Chauncey, married Fannie Barringer Feller; Jonas F., married Bessie Rockefeller; 13 194 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Charles H. and Wesley. Mr. Potts has taken an active part in town and county affairs, though he has never aspired to political honors. He is a liberal contributor and supporter of the Manor church in the town of Livingston. Powell, Jonathan R., p. o. Chatham Center, N. Y., was born in the town of Chatham, N. Y., February 2, 1828. His father was Henry J- Powell, a native of Dutchess county, who came to Chatham in 1824, and married Judith, daughter of Jonathan Rider, who bore him the following children: Maria, Jonathan R., Louisa (died in 1876), Henry J., Jr. (died in 1842), Wilson M., a lawyer in New York, and Albert C, of California. Henry J. Powell died in 1888, and his wife in 1868. Jonathan R. Powell was educated in the common schools and at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he was graduated as a civil engineer, with the degree of Bachelor of Science. For a time he was professor of natural sciences in the Mt. Airy Agricultural Institute at Germantown, Pa., also was employed as civil engineer on the Albany and Suscjuehanna Railroad, after which he engaged in farming. He has served three years as supervisor. He was married to Elizabeth A. Starks, of Troy, and they had one son, Henry A., a practicing lawyer, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Mrs. Powell died in 1852, and he later was married to Anna Morrell, of Brooklyn, who has borne him three children : Lcf- ferts M., J. R. Powell, Jr., practicing physicians in Boston, Mass., and Anna M. Towell, "Wilson M., p. o. Old Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Chatham. N. Y., December 7, 1834. (See sketch of J. R. Powell for biography of parents.) He graduated at LTnion College in 1859, and studied law in Utica. Was admitted to the bar in Xew York in 1861, where he has practiced his profession ever since. He was married to Sarah H., daughter of Sanniel Brown, of New York. Their children are Rachel H., Wilson M., Jr., and Elsie. Power, Hon. George H. — The history of Hudson would fall far short of completeness were not due recognition made of the many interests connected with and thousands of dollars invested in ferries and river transportation. The development of its various lines of river transporta- tion and of its ferries was largely due to John Power and his son. George FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 195 H. Power. John Power was a native of Adams, Mass., whence he camt- to Hudson about 1790, and was one of the city's eariiest merchants. He first became connected with the transportation business in 1827, and until his death was an active factor in the business. He became con- nected with one of the old county families by his marriage with Mary, daughter of Paul Hussey ; she died in 1809, and for his second wife he was married to Phoebe Hussey, sister of his first wife ; her death took place in 1820. In 1824 he contracted his third marriage with Eunice Jenkins, who survived him after his death in 1833. George H. Power, son of John and Phoebe (Hussey) Power, was born in Hudson, Sep- tember 4, 1817. He was educated in the public schools of the city, and early in life became connected with river transportation, and, sur- prising as it may seem at this day, at the age of seventeen was master of a vessel, in the employ of Jeremiah Bame. About 1842 he formed a partnership with Colonel Darling in the lumber business, which was profitably conducted until the stock and fixtures of the yard were burned in 1848. In 1850 and 1851 he was interested in the steamboat lines run- ning between Hudson and Albany and Newburgh and Albany, and dur- ing the Civil War had a financial interest in a number of steamboats em- ployed by the government, and in transportation between Hudson and New York. In 1853 he organized what would to-day be called a syndi- cate, which purchased the rolling stock of the Hudson and Berkshire railroad, securing a lease of the road for thirty days, which was extended until the final sale of the property to the Boston and Albany Railroad Company, covering a period of twenty-two months, during which time the road was operated under his sole charge; after the sale, he con- tinued in the same capacity until his resignation in 1862. In 1880 he became the owner of the ferry between Hudson and Athens, and in 1883 established the ferry between Hudson and Catskill. When the Hudson City Savings Institution was founded in 1850 he was made one of the trustees, in which position he still continues. Mr. Power has never been classed as a politician, but has felt it his duty to submit to the importunities of his friends and accept public office, though pressed with the cares of active business. During the Civil War he was elected to the Assembly, and at various periods has served the city of Hudson as mayor, supervisor and alderman. In 1838 he was married to Adeline E., daughter of Peter G. Cofifin. Ripe in years and rich in experience, Captain Power is a monument to that forceful energy and sound judg- 196 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. ment that builds great works from small beginnings, and exhibits to the world the results of industry, integrity, foresight and a well-trained in- tellect. No man in Hudson possesses a larger fund of reminiscences, and now, in the evening of his life, he can rest content with a retrospective view of a life well spent. Pratt, Frank B., p. o. Chatham, N. Y.,was born in Essex county, N. Y., August 23, 1868, son of William R. Pratt, who was born in New Con- cord, N. Y., and is a postal clerk on the Boston and Albany railroad. William R. was married to Fanny Belknap. Frank B. Pratt, after at- tending the common schools, was a clerk in a store in East Chatham for seven years ; he then came to Chatham as clerk in the post-office. In 1892 he entered the employ of Mr. Palmer, where he continued until 1899, when he was admitted as partner in the firm of E. G. Palmer & Co. He was married to Blanche Tripp, daughter of Elijah Tripp. Proper, David S., was born in the town of Livintjston, N. Y., where he now resides, on January 8, 1846, the only son of Jacob H. and Mary Ann (Stall) Proper. Jacob H. Proper was also a native of Livingston and a son of David and Helen (Weaver) Proper, who had four children : Jacob H., Ursula, Rensselaer and Norman S., all born in Livingston. David was a son of Jacob, and was born in Milan, Dutchess count\ . N. Y. The family settled in Columbia county, where David was mar- ried in 1823, and they have all been farmers. David was active in the anti-rent rebellion, working with the Livingstons. Jacob H. Proper served as supervisor many years, refusing, however, to take the " iron- clad oath," but nevertheless, serving his term. He served in the As- sembly two terms, and one term as sheriff. David S. Proper was edu- cated in the schools of Livingston and at the Hudson Academy. He was associated with his father until the latter's death in September, 1899, at the age of seventy-five years. He served under his father as under-sheriff. He was twice married ; his first wife was Mahala, daugh- ter of John P. Smith, who died, leaving one son, Jacob. His second wife was Madeline, daughter of Samuel Ferguson, of Virginia. They have four children : Edith C, Miles G., Madeline F., and Irving F. Mr. Proper is a member of Widow's Son Lodge, No. 335, of Livingston, and Royal Arch Chapter, of Great Barrington, Mass. He resides at present on the old Livingston place, operating as a general farmer, and controlling the Linlithgo Mills. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 107 Purcell, Laban, of Claverack, was born in Carmel, Putnam county, N. Y., February 17, 1842, a son of Piatt and Arabella (Pinkney) Purcell. His father died when he was nine years of age, and he went to live with his uncle ; he stayed with him until twenty years of age, then went to Bedford Station to work as a clerk in the general store of H. H. & T. W. Fowler. He remained with them four years, then returned to Carmel for a year in a store in that town. He was next employed by W. Ketchum at Brewster, N. Y., as clerk in a hardware store, for eight years, then went to Purdy's Station for a short time and back to Bedford as baggage master for the Harlem Railroad. After two years he was pro- moted station agent of the town of Ghent, and was employed as such for eight years, when he gave up railroad life to try farming. He went to Catskill, Ghent and Austerlitz and, not finding what suited him in these places, came to Philmont in 189 1 and bought the place he now occupies, where he has since lived. He was elected justice in 1897 and commissioned to serve in 1898 for four years, and during the time he has had the position he has transacted a great amount of civil business. On December 26, 1864, Mr. Purcell married Phoebe J. Griffin of Bed- ford, a daughter of John and Amanda (Moseman) Griffin. They have one son, Fred A., born February 2, 1867; he married Ada Spellman, of Catskill, on September 18, 1889, and they have twins born to them, Alma Grace and Alice Ada. Putnam, Howard B., of Hudson, professor of music, was born in Woodbury, Conn., January 2, 1850. His father was Luke S. Putnam, and his mother was Emeline Tompkins; the former was a native of East Montpelier, Vt., and through life was a hotel-keeper, and died in 1880. The father of Luke S. Putnam was John Putnam, born in 1764, who at the age of eighteen enlisted in the Continental army and later became a Revolutionary War pensioner. After the war he was a farmer at Montpelier, Vt. He was descended from John Putnam, who came to America from England in 1634. Howard B. Putnam was educated at Amenia and Poughkeepsie, N. Y. His musical education was re- ceived in New York city, under such noted instructors as Dr. William Mason and S. B. Mills. Mr. Putnam came to Hudson in 1898, and is prominent in the musical circles of the city. He has made music his life-work, and has reached a high plane of excellence in his profession, his devotion to his art being characterized as that of a lover instead of l'J8 COLl'MBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. a servant. In 1882 ^Ir. Putnam was married to Miss Kate Layman; they have one daughter, Ethel. Rainey, Samuel R. (deceased), was born in the city of Hudson, Sep- tember 9, 1838. His father was Robert Rainey, a native of Scotland, who came to Hudson early in the eighteenth century, and engaged in the woolen goods trade ; he married Mary, daughter of Jonathan Perse, who bore him three sons, namely: William H., who is cashier of the National Union Bank of Kinderhook, N. Y. ; David A., who was a business man of Hudson and New York, and who died in Hudson in 1874; and Samuel R., the youngest. Samuel R. Rainey was educated at the Hudson Academy. In the beginning of his business career he was the junior partner in the firm of Benedict & Rainey, hardware deal- ers ; following which he was a member of the firm of Rainey & Tilley, in the clothing business, and later was secretary and manager of the Clapp & Jones Manufacturing Co., builders of steam fire engines, and was also manager of the Hudson Iron Works. He was one of the first board of water commissioners, and devoted his best energies to the duties of the office. As secretary of the board of managers of the Hud- son House of Refuge for Women, he served several years, and in financial circles his services were always in demand ; he was a director of the Na- tional Hudson River Bank, and in 1882 was elected secretary and treas- urer and a trustee of the Hudson City Savings Institution, which posi- tions he retained up to the time of his death. His ability as a financier was recognized not alone in his native city, but was well known in other places, as was evidenced by his selection for chairman of the executive board of the State Savings Bank Association. His acumen was such that he was employed to look after all the laws that were inimical to savings banks in this State, and he fulfilled the task with signal ability. As agent of the bondholders of the Kinderhook and Hudson Railroad, he preserved the company from bankruptcy, and managed the financial part of the business of the company until prosperity was secured. His judgment in regard to investments and the general policy of the banks he was connected with was sought and freely given, and was uniformly conservative and well considered. His opinions were always well de- fined, and while considerate of the views of others, he maintained his opinions in his own gentle but convincing manner. The solidity and soundness of his judgment, his wide knowledge of men and afYairs, and FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 199 his large experience, enabled him to fill every position which he occu- pied with a degree of ability and success, the value of which it is im- possible to over-estimate. His exemplary Christian character, cheerful- ness of disposition and pleasing address will long be remembered. In 1 868 Mr. Rainey was married to Helen C, daughter of Alexander C. and Cornelia H. Mitchell. They had two sons and two daughters born to them : S. Mitchell, Arthur P., Mary C, and Edith L. Mr. Rainey 's death occurred on March 17, 1900. S. Mitchell Rainey was born in Hudson, N. Y., February 13, 1871, and received his education at the Hudson Academy. His first business employment was as bookkeeper in the old Hudson Iron Works. In July, 1893, he was appointed book- keeper in the Hudson City Savings Institution, and was promoted to the position of teller in 1895 ; in this capacity he served with entire satisfaction until the death of his father in March, 1900, which occasioned a vacancy in the responsible office of secretary and treasurer, and to which he was appointed. In 1884 Mr. Rainey was married to Ida M., daughter of A. Eugene and Anna E. Miles ; they have one son, How- ard E. Arthur P. Rainey was born in Hudson, January 13, 1876, and received his education in the public schools of Hudson and at the Hud- son Academy. In 1896 he entered the service of the National Hudson River Bank, where he now fills the position of bookkeeper. In 1898 he was married to Alice E., youngest daughter of Philip L. and Emma Ham. They have one son, Arthur Perse Rainey, Jr. Rainey, William H., of Kinderhook, one of the oldest and most suc- cessful bankers of Columbia county, was born in Hudson, January 29, 183 1, a son of Robert Rainey, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. Mr. Rainey obtained his education in the Hudson schools and Hudson Acad- emy, after which he was employed in the sperm oil and candle manu- factory of Barnard, Curtiss & Co., as bookkeeper. A few years later he entered the Hudson River Bank in the same capacity, from which posi- tion he was promoted to teller, continuing to 1853. At that time he removed to Kinderhook, where he organized the Union Bank of Kinder- hook and took the position of cashier. From that time to the present, a period of nearly half a century, he has filled that office, and under his direction the institution has gained a widespread reputation for financial stability. Mr. Rainey is a Republican, but has never held public office. He married, in April, 1855, S. Elizabeth Waterman, of Hudson, a daugh- 200 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. ter of Joshua T. Waterman. They have two cliildren, a son and a daughter. Raynor, Jacob, of Livingston, N. Y., was born in that town, No- vember 22, 1845, son of William Walter and Catharine (Van Deusen) Raynor, who were the parents of four children : Elethea, wife of Daniel H. Link, Jacob Amidee, and Mary J. (deceased). The father was also a native of Livingston, and a son of Jacob and Sarah (Rosecrans) Raynor, he coming from Long Island and she from New Jersey. Jacob Raynor was educated in the public schools, and remained at home with his parents until he was thirty years of age, when he engaged in business as a produce dealer — mainly hay — with locations in New York and Brooklyn ; this he followed for fifteen years, a portion of the time deal- ing in live stock, and then returned to Livingston, and since has followed farming on the old homestead, making a specialty of fruit, having 155 acres and 1,700 trees. On February 10, 1886, he was married to Frances Emily, daughter of Ira H. Coleman; they have two children: Thaddeus W. and Everett J., both born on the old homestead. Mr. Raynor was elected supervisor in 1894 by a majority of 108, the largest majority ever given a candidate in the town, and held the office by re-election until and including 1897. He is deeply interested in all matters per- taining to the welfare of his native town. Reid, William R., is a native of Hudson, born April 15, 1855. He is a son of John Reid, who came to Hudson in 1845, 'i'^*^ was married to Ann McArthur. He served three years and three months in Company A, One Hundred and Fifty-ninth Regiment, N. Y. Vols., during the War of the Rebellion, and died in 1888. William R. Reid was educated in the public schools, and when yet a 6oy became engaged in the fish and oyster trade, under the supervision of Stephen B. Newcomb ; remained with him until 1875, then went to New York; was there until 1S92, when he returned to Hudson and established his present thriving fish and oyster house, the most extensive in the city. In 1900 he extended his operations by purchasing an adjoining building and introducing a stock of foreign and domestic fruits. By unremitting industry and close at- tention to the details of his business, Mr. Reid has built up a lucrative trade, and his honorable and up-to-date methods of doing busmess meet with the approbation of the people. He is a member of Hudson Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 201 Reynolds, James Adger, was born at Kinderhook, N. Y., February 4, 1852, a son of John H. and Margaret A. (Whiting) Reynolds. He is teller of the National Union Bank of Kinderhook, also a manufacturer. Mr. Reynolds is a member of the Empire State Society Sons of the American Revolution. Richmond, Cornelius J., p. o. Lebanon Springs, N. Y., was born in the town of New Lebanon, May 12, 1843, son of Elias and Lucenia (Boughton) Richmond, whose children were Jeremiah B., Simeon H., Lester B., Cornelius J., Ophelia A., Mary L., Eliza A., and Frances E. Elias Richmond was born in Grafton, Vt., came to New Lebanon in 1829. was married in 1830, and was a cooper by trade; he died in 1871, and his wife died in 1893. C. J. Richmond, after attending the common schools, engaged in the harness-making business, which he has carried on at Lebanon Springs since 1868. In 1898 he was appointed post- master. He is a leading Mason, a past master of Unity Lodge No. 9, and is past high priest of Lebanon Chapter No. 13, R. A. M. He was married to Elizabeth Hungerford Fields in 1873, and they have one daughter. Flora E. Richmond, Robert P., was born at Valatie, N. Y., on February 24, 1862. His father was Jeremiah B. Richmond and was born at New Lebanon, N. Y., and removed to Valatie about 1858, where he conducted a general mercantile business. He has been supervisor of the town two terms — 1880 and 1881. Has been treasurer and president of the vil- lage of Valatie and is now a trustee. He married Mary A. Penoyer, of Valatie, N. Y., by whom he had three children : Jessie, Robert P. and Clara L. (Richmond) Rowe, of Hudson, N. Y. Mrs. Richmond died in 1896. Robert Penoyer Richmond attended the public schools and the Kinderhook Academy, after which he was connected with his father in mercantile trade. Being in poor health in 1887, he, with his family, went to California and spent a year; returning, he engaged in the paper manufacturing business with Cassander F. Davis (now deceased), and continues the business. He is the president and manager of the Valatie Electric Light Co. ; has been treasurer of the village several terms ; a water commissioner for five years, and several times a member of the board of health. He is also president of the board of trustees of the Presbyterian church. He was married in 1885 to Miss Efifie A. Davis, 202 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. who bore him two children : Ralph Davis, who died in 1892, and Mar- jorie L. Richmond, Simeon H., p. o. New Lebanon Center, N. Y., was born in New Lebanon, N. Y., in 1833, son of EHas and Lucenia (Boughton) Richmond, whose children were Jeremiah B., Simeon H., Ophelia A., who married Jeremiah Chandler; Mary L., who married Hiram Leonard; Lester B., who married Harriet B. Hicks, and are the parents of one son, Bernard ; Cornelius J., Ann Eliza, who married Oscar J. Herrick, and Frances E., who married Geors^'e W. Carpenter. Elias Richmond was born in Vermont, December 16, 1789, and was a barrel manufac- turer; he came to Columbia county and was married to Lucenia Bough- ton, of Nassau, Rensselaer county, born February 21, 1806. Mr. Rich- mond died in October, 1871, and his wife in February, 1893. Simeon H. Richmond was married to Adeline, daughter of Hiram B. Hicks. Their children are Eva A., wife of .Mbert Moore, and Isabelle H. Rider, Thomas Benjamin, was born at Rider's Mills, N. Y., Septem- ber 4, 1823, and was the son of Jonathan and Marcy (Wilson) Rider, who came to Rider's Mills from Bristol county, Mass., in 1802. In 1845 he graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with the degree of C. E., after which he entered Harvard College at Cambridge. Mass. ; graduated in 1849, receiving the degree of LL. B. Was admit- ted to the bar, and practiced law in New York city four years, when he returned to Rider's Mills, where he remained until his death, which occurred February 6, 1888. He was married in 1852 to Lucretia LefTerts Morrell, of Brooklyn, N. Y., who was born January 20, 1830, and died November 23, 1883. They had the following named children : John M., Francis V., Helena M., Thomas B., Lucretia A., who died April 2j. 1876, Edward W., and Jane M. Rightmeyer, Joseph C, was born in Conesville, Schoharie county. N. Y., December 23, 1853, and came to Grcenport, Columbia county, N. Y., in 1867, where he has been engaged as a farmer, contractor and fruit grower. He has maintained a prominent standing in Grcenport, where he has served six years as supervisor — very good evidence of his trustworthiness and of the confidence of the people in his ability and intelligence. In 1877 ''^ was married to Anna Richmond Storm, daugh- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORV. 203 ter of Stephen and Elizabeth Skinner Storm, wliose ancestors were among the earliest and prominent families of Claverack, N. Y., Richard Storm, father of Stephen, being one of the first millers in that town. Mr. and INIrs. Rightmeyer are the parents of two sons, Arthur and Stephen B., and two daughters, Rachel S. and Anna Storm. Riphenburg, S. Richmond, p. o. Maiden Bridge, N. Y., was born in the town of Chatham, N. Y., October 28, 1874. His father is Samuel H. Riphenburg, born in Taghkanic, N. Y., May 11, 1832, a farmer; he has served as assessor nine years and was collector one year, and is a mem- ber of Nassau Lodge, F. & A. M. ; his wife was Eliza Richmond, and their children were Jennie J., Margaret M. (died on May 7, 1894), and S. Richmond. Mrs. Riphenburg died March 11, 1897. S. Richmond Riphenburg was educated in tlie common schools and at Albany Busi- ness College. He is engaged in farming and is a representative busi- ness man of his native town. He has been a school trustee for two years, and in various ways has earned the confidence and respect of his fellow men. Risedorph, Edward, was born in Greenbush, June 25, 1868, and takes his name from his grandfather, who was a carriage-builder by trade, carrying on a good business for many years in Kinderhook. The earlier Edward Risedorph married Margaret Lodewick, who was a native of Greenbush ; he died in Kinderhook in 1888. His son, Franklin Rise- dorph, father of the present Edward, is a native of Kinderhook and is a harness-maker and is now engaged in business in Kinderhook. He mar- ried Sarah J., daughter of John and Sarah Van Loan, and their children are Edward, Nellie and Charles, who died in 1892. Edward Risedorph, son of Franklin, was educated in the academy of Kinderhook. He then secured the position as bookkeeper with R. Alexander for six years, and in 1892 he went to Stuyvesant as bookkeeper for Henry A. Best. Re- turning to Kinderhook- November 21, 1892, he purchased the business of his late employer, Mr. Alexander, and still continues the business. Mr. Risedorph is a member of Valatie Lodge No. 362, F. & A. M., a member of Kinderhook Chapter No. 264, R. A. M. ; has been recently elected president of the village of Kinderhook, and is president of the board of education. ]\Ir. Risedorph married Minnie L Mandeville, daughter of Griffin and Sarah (Decker) Mandeville, of Kinderhook ; they have two children: Florence E. and Marion. 204 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Ritchie, James Hanna. of Claverack, was born in Greenport, N. Y., December 22, 1847, a- son of Robert and Jane (Hanna) Ritchie, who had a family of seven children. Mr. Ritchie was educated in tlie district schools at Stottville, and assisted in the work about the home farm until he was eighteen years of age, when he left home and went to Hudson to learn the blacksmith's trade with Peter S. Burger. He stayed with him but a short time, then returned home until fall of the same year, when he went to Mellenville to work in the paper-mill of H. W. Rogers. After two years in that place he was with his brother Robert, in Chatham, two years learning horse-shoeing, then returned to Mellenville and fin- ished his trade with Edward Gernon. He was with him four years, when he engaged in business for himself, which he carried on for six years, then sold out and went to work for James Aken. remaining with him eight years. At the end of this time he opened the shop he now occupies and has been in business for himself ever since, as a general machinist and blacksmith. Mr. Ritchie has been twice married, first, to Jennie Greason, of Cohoes, who died in 1880, leaving three children, and, second, to Julia F. Nichols, of Philmont; they have two children. Rivenburgh, John H., was born in the town of Ghent, August 28, 1854, a son of Jacob M. and Charlotte S. (Tipple") Rivenburgh, grandson of Jacob and Maria (IMiller) Rivenburgh, and great-grandson of John H., who was of German descent, and came to Columbia county about 1790, settling in the town of Ghent. John H. Rivenburgh was educated in the common schools of Ghent and .Amenia Seminary. When about seventeen years of age he engaged in the hardware business at Ghent, which he followed for about seven years, then engaged in the produce and forwarding business, dealing in hay, straw, live stock and general farm produce. This business he followed until 1897, when he was elected superintendent of the poor of Columbia county, which position he still holds (1900). In 1874 Mr. Rivenburgh married Sarah J., daugh- ter of Henry R. and Hannah (Simmons) Coburn ; they have one son living, Willard T., and two deceased. Mr. Rivenburgh has been trustee of the school for ten years, town clerk, and has held several other ofSces. Rockefeller, Claudius, of Hudson, was born September 4, 1849, in Germantown, Columbia county. His father was Phillip H. Rockefel- ler, Jr., a native of the same place. Tlie family came from the Pala- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 205 tinate, Germany, and settled in Germantown about i/io, the pioneer being Tiel Rockefeller. Phillip H. Rockefeller, Jr., married Elizabeth, daughter of Peter H. Miller, and throughout his life followed the farm- ing business. He died in 1893. Claudius Rockefeller received his early education at Riverside Seminary ; was graduated from Rutgers College in 1873 ^nva, born November 9, 1759. Asahil, the father of Robert E., was one of the pioneers in introducing manufacturing into the county of Columbia. At about the time the Stott woolen mills were started at Stottville, Asahil Andrews, with others, started a woolen mill at Stephentown, Rensselaer county. At the end of five years the mill there was destroyed by fire and Mr. Andrews moved the business to this county, where he carried on the woolen manufacturing business, first, in the town of Livingston, and then in the town of Taghkanic. until 1837, when he retired from the manufacturing business and re- moved to Genesee county, where he resided for a short time and then purchased a farm in Wyoming county, where he died in 1868, at sev- Robert Emmet Andrews. 280 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. enty-seven years of age. He and his wife Maria had eight children, of whom Robert was the eldest. Robert received his education at public school, at Claverack Academy, and at the Clermont Academy. At sev- enteen he began teaching school, and continued teaching until he was admitted to the bar in 1843. His legal studies were begun in the office of Moulton Farnham, at Attica, Wyoming county, in 1840. He re- mained there one year, returning to Columbia county in 1841, and en- tering the office of Wesley R. Gallup, of Clermont, where he pursued his legal studies until his admission to practice. Upon his admission he immediately opened an office at the village of Johnstown, in the town of Livingston, where he remained until he came to Hudson, in 1862. During his nineteen years of practice at Johnstown, Mr. Andrews had built up a most enviable reputation as a careful, painstaking and suc- cessful lawyer, and when, in 1862, Theodore Miller, of Hudson (after- ward associate judge of the Court of Appeals), was removed from the bar by his election as justice of the Supreme Court, Mr. Andrews took advantage of the opportunity to remove to the county seat. Here he at once stepped into the front rank of trial lawyers and his services were from that time on in constant demand, not only in most of the important legal business of Columbia county, but in niany of the most important cases in the neighboring counties, especially in Rensselaer. Crecne and Ulster. For more than twenty years prior to his retirement in 1897 he was the recognized leader of the Columbia bar, ranking, with such men as Elisha Williams. Ambrose L. Jordan. Killian Miller. Henry Hoge- boom, Theodore Miller, among the great lawyers who have given the Columbia bar its high standing throughout the State. Tn 1874 Mr. Andrews associated with himself as a partner in business Samuel Ed- wards, and the firm of Andrews & Edwards continued until 1888. when Mr. Edwards was made a justice of the Supreme Court for the tliird judicial district. About a year later he took into partnership his son- in-law, Levi F. Longley. and the firm of .Andrews & Longley continued until 1897. when, by reason of failing health. Mr. .\ndrews retired from practice. In politics Mr. Andrews was always an ardent and active Democrat, and for more than a quarter of a century was a controlling force in the politics of his county. Although too busy to take office himself, it is not too much to say that no one in his party during those years sought any important office in the county without consulting him. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 281 In 1847, soon after his admission to practice, he was elected to the office of district attorney, and this was the only public office ever held by him. He was, however, frequently chosen as a delegate to the State and judi- cial conventions of his party, and he also received the high honor of being chosen a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of 1864, 1872 and 1876. Mr. Andrews was married in 1846 to Matilda Fonda, daughter of Rev. Jacob D. Fonda, a clergyman of the Dutch Reformed Church. Her mother was Cornelia Scudder, a native of New Jersey, and a member of the famous missionary family of that name. Mr. Fonda was an active preacher of the Gospel for thirty-five years, and died in the harness March 3, 1856, at the age of sixty-two. Of this union ten children were born, four of whom died in infancy; of the remain- ing six all are now living, except Mrs. Longley, the wife of her father's former partner, who died in 1892. For thirty years Mr. Andrews was local counsel for the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, not only trying all the cases arising in the county in which that company was interested, but also arguing all appeals in such cases in both the General Term and the Court of Appeals. He was also local counsel for many years, and up to the time of his retirement from prac- tice, for the Boston and Albany Railroad Company. He was one of the original members of the State Bar Association and was early one of its vice-presidents. Although not of a robust physique Mr. Andrews was always possessed of an immense capacity for work. For more than twenty years he carried on, alone, a business which, in the number of causes upon the trial calendars, and the number of cases actually tried each year, exceeded the business of any three offices in the county to-day, and that at a time when there were neither stenographers nor typewrit- ers, nor that other great time and labor saver of the modern office, the telephone ; and, while no longer able to sustain the labors and cares of active practice, he is still in the possession of such a degree of health and strength as warrants the expectation that his life may yet be continued for many years. Angell, Sarah K., p. o. Chatham. — Edwin Angell was a native of Chatham, where he was a prominent farmer, business man, and manu- facturer of paper, and a director in the National Union Bank of Kin- !i82 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. derhook. He was universally respected, and his many estimable quali- ties secured him a legion of friends. He was married to Hannah Gardi- ner; they were the parents of one daughter, Sarah K. Angell. Mr. Angell died July 19, 1888. Arnold, Asa H., p. o. Boston Corners, N. Y., was born in Dutchess county, N. Y., August 6, 1872, son of Henry and Mary (Mellet) Arnold, who were the parents of five children, as follows: Annie, wife of Wil- liam Jackson; Frank, who married Minnie Tabor; Charles, married to Hannah De Garnio; Emma, wife of Emmet Heermance, and Asa H., all natives of Dutchess county. Henry Arnold was a son of Thomas and Lydia (Pulver) Arnold, and was a farmer. Asa H. Arnold was educated in the public schools of Dutchess county, and at the age of sixteen years started his business life as a photographer, working at dififerent places, and finally locating at Monroe, Orange county, N. Y. In 1894 he sold his business to his brother, and removed to Boston Corners, where he engaged in merchandising two years. In 1891 he purchased the farm where he now resides and devotes his attention to stock raising, making a specialty of fine driving horses. October 18, 1894, he was married to Edith, daughter of Joseph T. and Elizabeth Lee. They have one child, Mary, born in October, 1895. Mr. Arnold was postmaster at Boston Corners in 1894-1895, and is interested in the public affairs of town and county. He has served as school trustee several years, and is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church at Boston Corners. Ashley, Chauncey S., p. o. Old Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Chatham, N. Y., in 1857, son of Henry A. Ashley, a native of Germantown, N. Y., a farmer, who was married to Fanny Snyder, and had children : Chauncey S., Wallace, William, Norman, Mrs. Katharine Hunt, Mrs. Harriet M. Sibley, Mrs. Sarah A. Burdick, and Susan A. Chauncey S. Ashley was educated in the common schools, and has al- ways been engaged in farming. lie was united in marriage with Sarah Van Valkenburgh, daughter of George W. \'an Valkenburgh, who has borne him one son, George H. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 283 Austin, Millard G., was born in the town of Copake, N. Y., on the farm adjoining tlie one on which he now resides, on September 17, 1848, son of Capt. Artemas and Clara (Killmer) Austin, she a daughter of Peter A. Killmer; they had seven children, namely: Sarah, wife of Spencer T. Wolcott; Millard G., Alida, wife of George B. Sweet; Hat- tie, wife of Marshal E. Hulbert; Ada, wife of Charles A. Nooney, and Emma and Loda, deceased. Artemas Austin was a son of James and Polly Austin, and was a captain in militia, and a farmer. His father was for many years agent for the Livingstons in this vicinity, residing at Copake Flats, on what is known as the Cook farm. Millard G. Austin was educated in the schools of Copake, and was associated with his parents until his father's death, September 9, 1896, his mother still residing with him. He conducts a farm of 210 acres, doing general farming. December 27, 1877, he was married to Mary E., daughter of Andrew and Charity (Dinehart) Whitbeck ; they have three children : Blanche, Artemas Elmer, and Allen J., all born in Chatham. Mr. Austin is interested in the public institutions of his town, showing an active zeal in educational and church matters. Bachman, Robert, of Ancram, was born in the town of Gallatin, N. Y., April 10, 1834, son of Fite and Charity (Baker) Bachman, who were the parents of nine children, four of whom survive, namely : Peter, Lyman, Robert, and Amelia Wolf; Eliza, Sylvester, John, Harmon, and Mary are deceased Fite Bachman was a son of Jacob F., a native of Taghkanic and a blacksmith by trade. Robert Bachman was educated in the common schools of Gallatin. When fifteen years of age he began for himself as a farm laborer, continuing as such three years, when he went to Jackson's Corners, where he devoted three years to learning the blacksmith trade. From there he went to Union Corners, where he worked one year as a journeyman, going thence to Spaulding's Fur- nace for a year, and then working at his trade thirty years at Ancram, when he formed a partnership with his brother Sylvester and purchased the shop in which he had been employed, and carried on the business until 1870, when he purchased the farm where he now lives, located near the village of Ancram, and containing 244 acres. Mr. Bachman has served as town clerk six years and assessor three years, and was formerly ii»4 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. a member of Stissing Lodge No. 615, F. & A. M. In 1866 he was mar- ried to Alaryette, daughter of Benjamin Miller; they have had two chil- dren : Emma and Annie. Barton, Fred C, of Ancram, was born in the town of Ancram, N. Y., where he now resides, May 24, 1841, son of George W. and Elizabeth (HofTman) Barton, who were the parents of the following-named chil- dren : William, George, Leonard, Anthony, Artemus, Fred C., Maryette, Catherine and Rachel, all natives of Ancram. His father, George W., was a farmer and speculator in farm products, live stock, etc., for ship- ment; he was born in Dutchess county and was the son of Leonard Barton, M. D. Fred C. Barton received his education in the common schools of his native town, and, upon the death of his father in 1872, purchased the interest of the other heirs in the old homestead and car- ries on general farming. He also has a farm in Dutchess county, and, altogether, owns and controls 615 acres of land. He is the senior part- ner in the firm of Barton & Hoysradt, general merchants, at Ancram Lead Mines, and also deals in farm products, hay, straw, coal, and agri- cultural implements. In October, 1865, he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Hoysradt ; they have six children, as follows : Annie, graduate of Poughkeepsie High School, and wife of Herman Miller; Elizabeth, Charles, Floyd, graduate of Eastman's Business College ; Harry and Frederick, attending Pine Plains High School. Mr. Barton has served as town clerk of Ancram, and is a member of the Presby- terian church of Ancram Lead Mines. Bashford, Lester J., was born at HoUowville, April 21, i860, son of Chauncey and Mary Frances (Miller) Bashford. His education was received at the public school in his native town, supplemented by the benefits of two years' teaching in district schools. His father died when he was eight years of age, thus depriving him of many advantages that most boys have ; but, by making the most of every opportunity, has placed himself in the position which he occupies to-day. He is the owner of one of the best farms in the county, upon which are found various breeds of thoroughbred animals. He has been identified with FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 285 local politics for some time. In 1891 was elected justice and has served continuously in that office since ; has represented his town in the board of supervisors two years and his county in the State Legislature one year. Mr. Bashford is a member of Hudson Chapter No. 7, F. & A. M. Bates, Milford L., ]\I. D., of Canaan, was born in the town of Fair- field, Maine, October 3, 1846. Thomas Bates, grandfather of Milford L., was a native of West Waterville, Me. ; he married Fanny Stillman, of Petersburg, N. Y., and carried on an extensive agricultural business until his death. Asa S. Bates, father of Dr. Bates, was born and edu- cated in ^^'est Waterville, Me. He worked on the farm and for three years served an apprenticeship with J. M. Frost as blacksmith. Be- coming proficient in his trade, he established himself in business at Fairfield, Me., where he remained for four years, then moved to Pownal, Vt., and worked at his trade until 1850. In that year he came to 286 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Columbia county and bought a farm in Canaan Center, where he built a blacksmith shop adjoining his house, and there successfully carried on farming and blacksmithing until his death in 1888. For many years he served as town clerk and held other offices of trust. He was three times married, first to Abbe Lyford, of St. Albans, Vt., who died when her son, Dr. Milford L., was three years old. He married, second, Amy L. Corey, of Hancock, Mass., who died in 1875 ; his third wife was Emeline E. Blinn, of Canaan. Milford L. Bates was educated in the schools of Canaan and the academy there, and taught school for three years. He began the study of medicine with Dr. Noah Cres- sey, of Canaan, and W. W. Green, of Pittsfield, IMass. ; later he at- tended lectures at the Berkshire Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1867; he attended the Harvard Medical College (Boston) and practiced at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1868 Dr. Bates began his professional career in Canaan Center, where he built up a large practice and remained there five years. In 1878 he spent some time in Bellevue Hospital, New York city, receiving private in- struction ; the following year he resumed practice in Columbia county, settling in Canaan Four Corners, where he is still actively engaged. In 1870 Dr. Bates was married to Augusta G. Pierson, of Canaan, who died in 1888, leaving four children, two now living: Arthur P. and Nellie F. In 1890 the doctor married, second, Mrs. Nellie Barton, of Canaan. Dr. Bates has served his town as supervisor for fourteen consecutive years, and was chairman of the board for three years. He is a member of Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M. ; the Columbia County Medical Society, of which he has been president and secretary, and is a permanent member of the Medical Society of the State of New York. Bathrick, Cornelius, of Clermont, was born in the town of Gallatin, January 9, 1841, a son of Henry and Fannie Bathrick, now deceased. They were the parents of three children, now living: Cornelius, Cath- arine, and Charles. Henry was a son of Frederick, whose children were Christina, Henry Frederick, Jacob, Almira, Hannah, Phoebe Ann, and Caroline. Frederick was a son of William, who came from Penn- sylvania and settled in the town of Gallatin. Frederick's children were Jacob, Thomas, Frederick, Jonas, Margaret, and Catharine Bathrick. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 287 Cornelius Bathrick was associated with his parents on the farm until fifteen years of age, when he started in life for himself as a farm laborer. This he followed until twenty-one years of age, when he started to learn the wagon-making trade at Glenco Mills, which trade he followed until 1886, when he purchased the farm where he now resides, and follows general farming, making a specialty of fruit-growing. His farm con- tains forty-six acres. Mr. Bathrick has been married twice — first, to Mary, daughter of Thomas Best, who bore him one son, Byron, and, second, in 1873, to Christiana, daughter of Major Henry L. Rockefeller, who bore him one daughter, Beulah, wife of Tompkins Coons. Mr. Bathrick is a self-made man, starting in life with $2, which was given him by his mother, and, through industry and economy, has amassed a competencv. He is interested in town and county affairs, though he has never aspired to political honors. He is interested in school and educational work and is a contributing and supporting member of the Lutheran chuch, of which he has been an officer. Bathrick, Wesley, of Gallatin, was born in the town of Gallatin, Au- gust 2, 1859, son of William and Catherine (Shafer) Bathrick, who had two children : Ward and Wesley. Mr. Bathrick received his education in the schools of his town, and when twenty-two years of age he started in life for himself as a farmer, locating on the farm where he now re- sides, which he afterward purchased; he has about 411 acres. When twenty-one years of age he married Phoebe, daughter of Abram Link, who bore him four children : Willis A., Florence, and Lulu, living, and William EIroy, deceased. Mr. Bathrick is actively interested in town and county afTairs and at the present time is justice of the peace. He also has taken an active part in school and educational work. His father and grandfather were both very active in the Methodist Episcopal church at Jackson Corners and Mr. Bathrick is a worker in the Meth- odist Episcopal church at Elizaville. Becker, Albert M., of Hillsdale, was born in the town of Hillsdale, October 12, 1852, son of Norman and Anna Maria (Carpenter) Becker, who were also the parents of Mary, Franklin F., and Ida M. Mr. Becker died in 1887, and his widow in 1888. Albert M. Becker was educated in the common schools and after leaving school engaged in 288 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. farming. He married Mary F., daughter of David Disbrow; their chil- dren are Louis R., Ernest H., Ehner T. and Ray. Mr. Becker served as trustee of the schools for some time. Mrs. Becker died March 9, 1891. Beebe, Amos Starks, was born in the town of Canaan, February 5, 1835, son of Calvin E. (born in the town of Canaan, October 4, 1805), and Prudence M. (Starks) (born October 23, 1807) Beebe, who were the parents of otiier children as follows : Lineus D., born October 12, 1828; Alanson E., born August 16, 1830, died in 1900; Ruth C, born October 26, 1833, died on June 12, 1853; Calvin W., born Novem- ber 10, 1837, died March 9, 1839; Calvin, born February 20, 1840, died January 5, 1859; Cady VV., born February i, 1842, died March 9, 1859; and Sarah E., born January 14, 1844, died December 30, 1858. Calvin E. Beebe died January 30, 1879, and his widow July 21, 1889. Amos S. Beebe received his education in the common schools and learned the carpenter's trade; he is now engaged in the lumber business and is owner of a saw mill. Mr. Beebe married Margaret J., daughter of Harvey H. and Margaret S. Wilson, of Iowa, who has borne him three children: Carrie E., born November 15, 1863; Mollie P., born August 24, 1870; and Eri S., born December 8, 1877. Mr. Beebe has served his town as assessor for nine years. He is a member of Berkshire Lodge, No. 57, L O. O. F. Benedict, Napoleon T., was born in the town of Hillsdale, in Sep- tember, 1851, a son of Isaac and Hannah (Hunt) Benedict. After re- ceiving a common school education Mr. Benedict engaged in farming, in which he is still engaged. He has served his town as collector and is a member of Hillsdale Lodge, No. 612, F. & A. M. Mr. Benedict married Lavina Sweet, daughter of Martin J. and Altliea Sweet, and their children are Ray M. and Carrie A. Best, Edgar, was born in the town of Hillsdale, February 8. 1856, son of Sylvester (born in Taghkanic, October 26, 1818) and Ann M. (Moore) Best, who were the parents of Henry J., born February 18, 1854, and Edgar, as above. Mrs. Best died October 18. 1890. Edgar Best was educated in the public schools and Claverack Academy. He was manager of a general store for a number of years and is now en- gaged in farming. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 289 Blinn, Aaron Carter, was born in Austerlitz, in 1817. His father, Aaron, was born in the same town in 1784; married Sarah Carter, of Cornwall, Conn., and died in 1858. He was the son of Elisha, born in 1754, who married Lois Wilcox, and died in 1834, whose father came from Connecticut, in 1729, with an ox team, and took up land known as the Ashley Blinn farm in that town, which land remained in the possession of the family for nearly 170 years. Aaron Carter Blinn received his education at the Spencertown Academy, entered the store of his uncle, Amos, in Denmark, Lewis county, in 1839, and was en- gaged in the commission business in Boston from 1842 to 1852. He married in 1845 Caroline E. Davenport, of Lowville, Lewis county, who died in 1890. His wife was a daughter of Charles and Anna (Cole) Davenport, whose father, Charles, was a pioneer to that town in 1797, having been a captain in the Revolutionary Army, and a descend- ant from Thomas, who settled in Dorchester, Mass., in 1640. Their children are Emma L., who married William Whiting of Canaan, and Carrie P., who married Edwin B. Williams, of Canaan. Bostwick, Frederick C, p. o. Canaan Four Corners, N. Y., was born in West Stockbridge, Mass., son of Charles E. and Frances (Tanner) Bostwick. Charles E. Bostwick was a native of Massachusetts, and was a dealer in coal at West Stockbridge. Frederick C. Bostwick was educated in the common schools and at Albany Business College. He entered the employ of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company, where he has been engaged for eighteen years, and is now depot master at Canaan Four Corners. He is also engaged in the manufacture of fine paper. He was married to Hattie B., daughter of L. S. Spragiie. Bristol, Miss F. M. — Stephen Bristol, father of Miss Bristol, was born in New Haven, Conn., in 1787, and was a cabinet maker by trade. He served in the War of 1812, and in 1820 married Cynthia Coy. Their children are George, died in 1868; Flavia M., Jane, and Sherman S., died in 1876. Mr. Bristol died in 1874 and his wife in 1869. Jane married Ephraim Leach, who died in 1895. George was engaged in mercantile business in Troy at the time of his death, which occurred at Hillsdale, at the old home founded in 1820. Sherman S. married Isa- belle Battershal, of Troy, who, after his decease, removed to Kansas and married Y. C. Beauchamp. G. B. Bristol, the artist (now of New York), son of Abner and Lydia Bristol, was born in Hillsdale. 19 290 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Brown, William H., p. o. Canaan Center, N. Y., was born in the town of Canaan, October 9, 1865, son of Leroy L. and Amanda (Hutchinson) Brown, whose other children are George L., of Troy, and Mrs. Jane M. Cady. Leroy L. Brown was a native of Canaan, born in 1819; was a farmer, and was justice of the peace thirty-two years and supervisor two years. William H. Brown was married to Alice E. Bristol, who died in 1897, leaving children: Catherine A., Alice C, and Faith S. George L. was married to Mary Jackson, and their children were Walter J., who died September 15, 1882; Fred L., Mabel E., and Lelia, who died May 8, 1884. Browning, Charles, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in the town of Livingston, N. Y., IMarch 8, 1825. He was educated in the public schools, and has always followed the occupation of farming. He came to the town of Ghent in 1845, where he has since resided. He was mar- ried to Mary L. Harrison, of Lebanon Springs, N. Y. They had the following children : Noah H., Charles, Orrin F., Mary, and Frederick. Mrs. Browning died September 13, 1899. Mr. Browning is one of Ghent's most worthy citizens. Mr. Browning's father was Jeremiah, a native of Rhode Island, whence he removed to Columbia county and followed farming. He was married to Martha Foster, and their children were Hannah, Perry M., Jeremiah H., Ethan, Eunice, Mary, John F., and Charles. Jeremiah Browning died in 1865. and was survived by his widow but a year, she dying in 1866. Browning, Noah Harrison, son of Charles Browning and Mary L. Harrison, born at Chatham, N. Y., June 30, 1863. Mr. Browning is of English and Huguenot descent on the paternal side and of English descent on the maternal side, the ancestors on the part of the father having settled in Rhode Island and on the part of the mother in Con- necticut, long prior to the Revolution. The paternal ancestors for sev- eral generations have been Quakers or members of the Society of Friends. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools at Chatham, N. Y., at Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Penn., and in the law department of the University of Michigan, and was admitted to the bar of the State of Michigan in June, 1886. In October, 1886. he re- moved to Hudson, N. Y., where he entered the law office of C. P. & F. J. Collier, and was admitted to the bar of the State of New York in Feb- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 291 ruary, 1888. He immediately commenced the practice of law at Hud- son, and remained with the firm of C. P. & F. J. Collier until January, 1893, when he became a member of the law firm of Collier, Collier & Browning, and has since that time continued in business with them. The firm is engaged in the general practice of the law, and the firms of C. P. & F. J. Collier, and of Collier, Collier & Browning, its successor, have always maintained a high professional reputation. Mr. Browning became secretary of the Columbia Agricultural and Horticultural Asso- ciation in 1892 and has since been continued in that office and has taken an active interest in the affairs of the society. He has not been active in politics, but has always been a consistent Republican. He is a mem- ber of the University Club of Hudson, of the Lincoln Republican Club, and of Hudson Lodge No. 7, F. & A. M. Mr. Browning, on July 27, 1893, married Sarah Macy Rivenburgh, of Hudson, N. Y., daughter of Jacob M. Rivenburgh and Elizabeth Macy. Mr. and Mrs. Browning have one child, a son, Philip Macy Browning, born March 15, 1899. Bryant, Martin, was born in the town of Livingston, N. Y., October 29, 1857, son of Milton and Lucinda (Miller) Bryant, who were the parents of eight children, namely: Henry, William, Matilda, Almond, Edgar, Emma, Martin, and Horton, all natives of Columbia county. Martin's early life was spent on the farm with his parents in Livingston, where he was educated ; he remained at home until he was twenty-four years of age, when he worked one year as a farm laborer ; then worked a farm in Taghkanic two years, when he removed to Livingston, where he operated one of the old Livingston farms, now occupied by David Proper, about three years ; the next four years he spent in the vicinity of Churchtown, and in 1895 he purchased the farm of 140 acres where he now lives. For the past five years Mr. Bryant has served as a school officer, and is a member of the Lutheran church and at present one of its trustees. In 1881 he was married to Loretta, daughter of Samuel L. Myers, who died, leaving one child, Carrie Loretta. He married, second, Annie, daughter of John H. and Anne E. (Brown) Moore ; they have two children : Harold and Milton. Annie Brown Moore was educated at Claverack Academy, and began teaching school at the age of seventeen, which employment she followed for thirteen years, eight years of which she taught in the district where she now lives. Her father, John H. Moore, was born in the town of Kinderhook, N. Y., in 292 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. which IMartin ^^^n Buren lived at one time, and was known as tlie \'an Ness homestead. He lived -many years at Claverack, wliere he was proprietor of the Columbian Hotel. P.ullock, Gcornfe M., was born in Hillsdale. November 27, 1S39, and educated in the public schools of Hudson. He adopted farming as a vocation, returning to and settling in Hillsdale, where he is at present located. In 1867 he engaged in the lumber and coal business, which he is still operating under the firm name of Bullock & Herrington. December 31, i860, Mr. Bullock married Elizabeth S. Downing, daugh- ter of William H. Downing of Hillsdale, and the following children have been born to them: William C, born in 1862; Mary A., born in 1865, died in August, 1898; Grace M., born in 1867; Major M., born in 1876, died November, 1894, and George M., Jf-, born in 1884. Mr. Bullock is one of the political leaders of the town, having held the following offices: Commissioner of highways in 1862; supervisor in 1872 and 1873, '"id represents the town in the board of supervisors at the present time (1900). He has held several important positions in the Assembly, being chief clerk of the engrossing department and deputy clerk from 1879 to 1887. Mr. Bullock is a charter member of the Hillsdale Lodge, No. 612, F. & A. M., of which he was the first master. Mr. Bullock's parents were Major M. Bullock, born March 20, 1805, and Sally Ann Rodman, his wife, born January 17, 1810, and died January 16, 1890. They were married March 27, 1829, and had children as follows: Car- oline (deceased), Mary A. (deceased), and George M., as above. Mr. Bullock, Sr., was engaged in the lumber business in Hudson for a number of years ; was a member of the board of aldermen ; a member of the building committee which erected the city hall; also held a com- mission in the old State militia. After disposing of his business in Hudson he returned to Hillsdale and took up farming. Bushnell, Elisha W., of Hillsdale, was born in tlie town of Hillsdale, in 1818, son of John and Loxea (Lay) Bushnell, who were the parents of George (deceased), Elisha W., John, Lay, Ely, Julia Ann, Caroline, Doxie and Abbie. Elisha W. was educated in the public schools and has always followed farming. In 1855 he was elected member of As- sembly; was president of Columbia County Agricultural Association at Chatham and cast the vote (tie), which moved the fair from Hudson FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 293 to Cliatham. Mr. Bushnell married Emma House, daughter of Dr. Benjamin House, who bore him children as follows : Sarah, died in 1881; George H., died March 7, 1845; Mary V., died May 2, 1848; Clayton, died in 1859, and George V. Mrs. Bushnell died November 16, 1859. Cady, Perkins F., p. o. Chatham Center, N. Y., was born in the town of Canaan, N. Y., June 18, 1822. His father, Allen Cady, was a native of the same town, was a farmer, and a soldier in the War of 1812; his wife was Elvira Parish. Perkins F. Cady received his education in the public schools and at Columbia Boarding School, and taught school for several years, after whicli he engaged in farming. Mr. Cady has been quite prominent in the political circles of Columbia county, and has been chosen by the people to serve in positions of importance. For twenty years he was supervisor of his town, and served two terms as member of Assembly, followed by four years as Harbor Master at New York city. He was married to Ann M., daughter of Jonathan Rider, of Rider's Mills, N. Y. iMrs. Cady died in 1889, survived by two sons: J. Rider and Allen. Campbell, Peter N., was born in the town of Mt. Washington, Mass., in December, 1831, son of Robert (born in Mt. Washington in 1806) and Dorcas (Mead) Campbell, whose children were Darius, Robert, Peter N., Stephen. Mr. Campbell died in October, 1884, and his wife in 1833. He married, second, Clarissa Mclntyre, who died August 19, 1S94, their children being John, Levi, Stanton, Warren, Edgar, George, James T., Clarissa, Helen. Peter N. Campbell was educated in the district school and the academy. He taught school for eleven winters in succession ; was a salaried employee of Frederick Miles, at Copake Iron Works, for twenty-nine years; he came to Hillsdale in 1886. Mr. Campbell married Ann Vosburgh, daughter of Adam (born August 1, 1805) and Betsey (born January 28, 1808) Vosburgh, of Copake, their children being Bertha A. and Charles B. Adam Vosburgh died March 26, 1881, and his wife February 23, 1878; their children were Jane, George, Ann, Althea, and Sellick. Card, Eaton H., of the town of Ancram, N. Y., was born on the Card Farm, April 18, 1826, son of Eason and Charlotte (With- 294 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. erell) Card, who were the parents of the following named children : Ed- son, Emma, Catherine, Mary, Eaton H., William, Eason, Charlotte, Sarah, and two who died in infancy. Eason, Sr., was a son of Stephen and Esther (Bicknell) Card, and their children were George, Stephen, Eason, Myra, Sarah, and Loranda. Stephen was the first of the family to settle in Columbia county, coming from Rhode Island when a young man. Eaton H. Card was associated with his brother Edson in the management of the home farm after the death of their father, which oc- curred when Eaton H. was but fourteen years old, until the latter was nineteen, when he began as a farm laborer, continuing until he was twenty-five. When he reached the age of twenty-eight he bought a farm in Dutchess county, on which he lived eight years ; returning to Ancrani he purchased a farm, where he lived another eight years, when he bought the farm where he now resides, containing about 500 acres, and follows general farming and stock raising. At the age of thirty-two years he was married to Dorcas, daughter of Everett and Phoebe (Rob- inson) Decker, and they have two children : Colvin and Adelbert. Mr. Card has been justice of the peace twenty-four years, has served as school trustee, and is an active worker in the Presbyterian church. Carpenter, Miss Frances C, p. o. Lebanon Springs, N. Y. — Edwin A. Carpenter's grandfather, Joseph Carpenter, was one of the first settlers of Stephentown, Rensselaer county, N. Y. His five sons purchased each a farm within a radius of three miles of what is now known as Stephentown Depot ; were all well-to-do farmers and upright men. His father, Benjamin Carpenter, married Asenath Pardee, daughter of Dr. Ario and Rachel Johnson Pardee, of Old Stockbridge. His father purchased 300 acres of land and built what was for those days a fine house at the junction of the Hancock, Stephentown and Lebanon Springs roads. His maternal grandmother was noted in all the vicinity as a woman of rare intellectual ability, strong convictions of right, and an enthusiastic patriotism. During the War of 1812, she secured every newspaper possible (there were no dailies then), had a stand at her side arranged to hold them, read, rocked the cradle, and knitted socks for the soldiers (all at once) till the blood oozed from her finger tips ; bind- ing them up, she read and knitted on. Edwin A., the fifth son, and next to the youngest child, was born at the homestead, August 25, 1812, remaining there until the age of sixteen. Soon after the death of his FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 296 father, about this time, he went to Hoosick Falls, as clerk in the store of his brother-in-law, Mr. N. L. Bishop, remaining three years. Here he resolved to become a merchant, and to this end secured a situation in one of the dry goods stores of Troy, N. Y., and there, under the preaching of the renowned Rev. Dr. N. S. Beman, was laid the founda- tion (already inherited) of true nobility of character. Remaining there one year, he then accepted a more lucrative position as head clerk in a leading wholesale dry goods house in Albany, where, at the expiration of another year, in acknowledgment of his integrity, correct habits and business ability, he was offered a partnership. But the close confine- ment of a store and assiduous attention to business had meantime under- mined his health, and, consulting a physician, was informed he must live permanently in the country, or die. This was an intense disap- pointment, and he returned to his native town. In 1834, at the age of twenty-two, he married Miss Caroline Carr, daughter of Spencer Carr, of New Lebanon, N. Y., who was a lineal descendant of Oliver Crom- well. One of his ancestors, Caleb Carr, came from England in 1624, became Treasurer of Rhode Island Colony in 1667, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor in 1678, and Governor in 1695, and died while occupying that office. Miss Carr was a lady whose remarkable beauty was only equaled by her loveliness of character. Soon after their marriage, Mr. Car- penter was offered a position as traveling salesman through the principal cities of the South, at a salary of $1,200 a year (at that time considered a large one), and, for the sake of his health, bade adieu to his bride and started for New Orleans with his own conveyance. There were then no railroads or telegraphs there and a letter was en route from one to two weeks, with a postage of twenty-five cents. Traveling through the " Sunny South " in those days was fraught with many dangers, and Mr. Carpenter had several narrow escapes. His wife died June 2, 1845, leaving two little girls : Frances C. and Ella N. He never married again, devoting his life to them. After a time he became financial man- ager of the " Young Ladies' Institute," at Pittsfield, Mass. (Mr. Wel- lington Tyler, principal), where he educated his daughters. He traveled extensively North and West and settled at Lebanon Springs, where he lived most of the time for more than forty years. The Pittsfield Sun- day Record of March 21, 1894, speaks of him thus: " It is pleasant to see such a young old man as E. A. Carpenter, of Lebanon Springs, who won his suit last week, for $10,000, against the Pittsfield National Bank. 296 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Mr. Carpenter was born way back in a time tbat seems to most of us as far distant as the landing of the Pilgrims. Yet here he is to-day, step- ping briskly into court and relating clearly and intelligently to a jury the story of his dealings with the late cashier, Francis, whom he had known, as he expressed it, since he was ' so high.' Mr. Carpenter is still vigorous in mind and apparently in body, and his sight and hearing are yet remarkably good. At eighty-two, without baldness, and only partially gray hair and beard, he looks to be scarcely sixty-five." He was a man of strong will, indomitable energy, deep convictions of right, and courage to maintain and adhere to them ; an abolitionist, and un- compromising opponent to the liquor traffic. He died March 26, 1895, in the Christian faith, which he had professed for sixty years. His daughter, Ella, died April 11, 1900, leaving but one surviving member of the family. Carpenter, George W., of New Lebanon, was born in Chatham, Sep- tember 22, 1840. His father, Anson S. Carpenter, was born in Columbia county and through life was engaged in farming; he married Lucinda Curtis, whose other children were Martin P., Charles H., Calvin A., Edwin J., Eliza J. Mr. Carpenter died in December, 1889, and his wife in March, 1889. George W. Carpenter received his education in the common schools and after leaving school engaged in farming for a number of years. He is now engaged in the mercantile business and was appointed postmaster in 1897. Mr. Carpenter married Franc E., daughter of Elias Richmond ; they have one daughter, Emma. Clark, J. Thorn, p. o. Spcncertown, N. Y., was born at Chatham Center, N. Y., in 1847. He was educated in the public schools and at Suffield (Conn.) Institute. In 1877 he was married to Allie Tremain, daughter of Russell and Aimira (Woodin) Tremain, one of the oldest families in Columbia county. Mr. Clark has been active in political circles and has held the offices of commissioner of highways, justice of the peace, two terms, and is now serving his second term as supervisor. He has followed farming all his life, and is now living upon the farm which has been in possession of his family for four generations, having been originally acquired by land warrants. Mr. Clark's father, Elisha Clark, was born at Spcncertown, N. Y., in 1816. In 1845 '^c was mar- ried to Sarah Keese .Angell, and the following children were born to FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 297 them: Mary L., born in 1846; J. Thorn, born in 1847; Emma A., born in 1850, and Clara P., born in 1859. Mr. Clark is still strong mentally and physically, and resides in the town of Ghent, N. Y. Clark, William H., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in New Concord, N. Y., January 7, 1830. His father, Harry S. Clark, a native of Colum- bia county, born in 1795, was a manufacturer of leather and boots and shoes. He was a charter member of Columbia Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M., and assisted in the organization of Lebanon Chapter. His wife was Susan Beebe, and their children were Bartlett B., Caroline, Syl- vester, Mary, \\''illiam, Ludlow V., William H., Elijah B., Eveline, and John. William H. Clark attended the common schools. He learned the trade of machinist and for a number of years was in business in Cleveland, returning to Chatham, where he has conducted business for thirty-three years. He is a member of Columbia Lodge No. 98, F. & A. M., and is one of the oldest members of that body. He was married to Catherine Tompkins Niles, daughter of David Niles. They have two sons : Harry and Harvey. Clarkson, Robert R. L., son of Lavinas (died 1861) and Mary Liv- ingston (died 1889) Clarkson, was born on that part of the old Livings- ton estate now called Midwood. He has one brother, Edward L. Mid- wood, two and a half miles from Tivoli, was devised to Robert's mother ; it consists of 120 acres, and, since it was set ofif from the old estate, has been used and occupied as a residence by the Clarksons. Mr. Clarkson was married to Mary Ludlow Otis, who has borne him four children : James Otis, Mary Adelia. Elizabeth, and Pauline. Cleland, Thomas J., M. D., p. o. New Lebanon, N. Y., was born in Council Bluffs, la., in 1868, son of Rev. T, H. and Lucia (Mitchell) Cleland. Dr. Cleland, after obtaining his preparatory education, at- tended Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and was graduated from that institution in 1893. He practiced for two years in the New York City Hospital, whence he came to New Lebanon, where he has achieved well- merited success. He is health oiificer of the town. ( Coleman, Minnie H.- — John Cronk, after the Revolution, came from Westchester county, where he was born, and located in the vicinity of 298 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE RKD OF THE CEXTURV. C'opakc in the year 1785. After working around for the settlers, he married Sarah Crystler and took up some land on a life lease from the Livingston Patent in Taghkanic, near what is now called the New Forge, to distinguish it from the old forge at Ancram. He cleared the land and built his house, the forge being then quite a settlement, hav- ing a grist, saw and carding mills and forge. Mr. Cronk lived Rere some fifty-three years and was a prosperous farmer. He had a family of twelve children, all, with the exception of three, settling in Yates county. Two sons remained in Taghkanic. Samuel lieing a storekeeper at the forge and Jeremiah remaining on the farm. Farm land was then very fertile, and the only drawback was the distance to market. New York city, or Hartford, Conn., being the nearest to them. Mr. Cronk made many trips each fall to Hartford with ])ork and t)ther farm products, occupying several weeks on each trip. The land seemed to be well adapted to rye, and the flour made at the forge had a wide repu- tation. Later in the season, when sleighing was good, New York was the market. In 1840 Air. Cronk moved to Penn Yan with his children and died there in 1889. Jeremiah, the youngest son. still occupies the farm, and, on the sale of the Livingston ]iatent, purchased the farm. During the anti-rent troubles lie remained lu-titral, thougli his lands were often occupied by tlie noii-rent-pa\ing neighbors. Hi.- managed to pay his rent as usual, which was $50 a \ear, five bushels of r\e and one i>ig. The forge settlement is now in a decayed condition: thi- manor house is destroyed and the Ibu- water power not in use: having no railroad facilities, the place is asleep. Charles Harrison, grandson of John Cronk, and Martin L. Cronk are the only male descendants of the family. Charles has one son, Charles, Jr., and one daughter. Min- nie, wife of Dr. Flenry H. Coleman, of Mount \^ernon. N. Y. Collier. Isaac .N.. of Hudson, son of Phili]) and ( "lu-istina (Hallen- beck) Collier, was born in Coxsackie, Greene count}-, .\'. Y.. October IQ, 1834. His father was also a native of Coxsackie and through life was a farmer. The Collier, or CoUyer, or Kalyer, family were early immigrants to New .-Kmsterdam and a branch of the family settled in Greene county. They were one of the many Huguenot families that were driven from France to Holland by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and who emigrated to the New World in the early days of the Dutch supremacy. One branch of the Huguenot family went to Eng- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 299 land, whence was derived the American ancestor of the Rev. Robert Collyer, of New York. Major CoUier, grandfather of Isaac N., mar- ried Anna Bronk and was a soldier in the War of 1812. His son, Philip, father of Isaac N., was born in 1795 and married Christina Hallenbeck, daughter of William Hallenbeck, a descendant of the Van Vechten family of Albany ; they had nine children, seven daughters and two sons, of whom Isaac N. was the youngest of the sons. Isaac N. Collier ob- tained his early education in the public schools of Coxsackie and pur- sued his collegiate course at Union College, from which he was gradu- ated in 1S50. He took up the study of law in the office of Ten Broeck & \'an Order, and was admitted to the bar on May 26. 1857. In 1858 he removed to Hudson and for forty-two \ ears has been in active prac- tice in that city. He has served as recorder of the city of Hudson, and for eighteen years was surrogate of Columbia county. He is vice- president of the First National Bank. Isaac N. Collier has inscribed his life's history upon the scrolls of Hudson city and Columbia county in letters of iron. The record of nearly half a century in the practice of the law, quite one-half of that as a public servant, without a smirch on the escutcheon of his character, is a higher and worthier reward than all the insignia of royal orders can confer — a man of rectitude, sterling integrity, unquestioned ability and comprehensive intelligence, with a love for his profession that has made him one of its brightest lights. Isaac N. Collier may be counted with that body of worthy men who have given to the cit}' of Hudson more than a State reputation. Collier, Frederick Joseph, of Hudson, is one of the firm of Collier, Collier & Browning, No. 609 Warren street, Hudson. They not only liave an extensive general law practice, but give special attention to a great amount of corporate and probate business which falls to their share, Mr. F. J. Collier being peculiarly well versed in such matters. On both his father's and mother's side he is descended from professional men, lawyers and preachers predominating in every generation. He be- longs to the Huguenot Society of America ; and this indicates his pride in his heritage from a refugee who sought these shores in the exile of over two centuries ago, when the grand Edict of Nantes, which had hitherto guaranteed religious toleration, was infamously revoked by Louis XIV, thus paralyzing some of the most prosperous regions of La Belle France by driving out thousands of her best families. The steps of the Collier 300 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. descent have thus been traced. John Collier came over among- the Huguenot immigrants to New England, settled in Cambridge, Mass., and married Hannah Cutter. John Collier had a son James, who was in Framingham, Mass., in 1696, and, seventeen years later, in 1713, be- came one of the early settlers of the town of Oxford, in the central part of the State, where he died in 1749. About the time of his removal to the new home, James' son Jonas was born, 1713; and there he married Susanna Pratt 1740, and died in 1795, near the close of the eighteenth century. This Jonas Collier had a son Jason, born in Oxford in 1744, where he died in 1790. Jason Collier's son Ezra lived in Boylston, near Oxford; was born in 1774, just before the Lexington Massacre; mar- ried Fannie Warren in the last year of the century, and died in 1844. This Ezra Collier had a son bearing the same name, who was born near Boylston in 1799, married Mary Shaw Atwood in 1823, became a New York publisher, and died at Williamsburg, L. I., in 1854. This second Ezra had a son, Joseph Avery Collier, the father of the special subject of this sketch, who was born in the Pilgrim town of Plymouth, October 26, 1828, was graduated at Rutgers College in 1849, studied in the Dutch Reformed Theological Seminary at New Brunswick, N. J., was ordained to the ministry over the united churches in Bronxville and Greenville, was afterward settled in Geneva from 1855 to 1859, when he took charge of the Second Reformed church in Kingston, wherewith he was still connected at the time of his death, this sad change occur- ring in Chatham, August 13, 1864. Though only thirty-six years old. the Rev. Mr. Collier had accomplished a great deal of literary work apart from his pastoral labors, as is shown by this list of his works : " The Right Way, or the Gospel Applied to the Intercourse of Indi- viduals and Nations," 1854; "The Christian Home," 1859; "Young Men of the Bible," 1861 ; " Little Crowns and How to Gain Them," 1862; "Pleasant Paths for Little Feet," 1864; his last book was not published until 1865, the next year after his decease, but bears the ap- propriate title, " Dawn of Heaven," and is prefaced by a biographical sketch, prepared by his brother, the Rev. Ezra Collier. The wife of the Rev. J. A. Collier was Eliza A. Rowley, the daughter of James Rowley, of Hudson, N. Y., where she still resides. Frederick J., the only child of the Rev. J. A. Collier, was born September 23. 1856, while his father was preaching in Geneva, and was only three years old when they re- moved to the Kingston pastorate. His first mental training, apart from Frederick J. Collier. 302 COLUMBIA COiXTV AT THE EXD 01' THE CEXTURV. home, was in the private schools of that town; but, after his fatiier's death, when Frederick was only eight years old, the widowed mother came to Hudson and there her boy attended the public schools from his ninth to his fourteenth year. He was fitted for college in the Hud- son Academy, as it was then called. At seventeen he entered Rutgers College (where his father also had studied) in New Brunswick, N. J., and was the valedictorian of the class of 1878. During his course he won several college prizes, and belonged to two of the Greek letter societies — the Delta Phi and Phi Beta Kappa. Having decided upon law as his profession, young Collier began its study with Hon. I. N. Collier, of Hudson, the surrogate of Columbia county, for whom he acted as clerk. Two years later, in 1880, he was admitted to the bar, and, serving a while as clerk in the office, became a member of its present firm. Like most college men, he is thoroughly interested in college work, and in June, 1891, was chosen a life trustee of his Alma Mater. In 1886 he was elected a member of the Hudson board of education, and has been its president : and it is partly through his eiiforts, begin- ning with his first term of public school service, that the time-honored Hudson Academy, with its valuable property, was transferred to the city as a public high school. His marriage took place in 1884 to Mar- garet Mulford. Her father was James Mulford, a Hudson lawyer, who, like Mr. Collier's father, died in the prime of his career, and whose wife was Mary, the daughter of Henry A. Du Bois. Though never a par- tisan politician, Mr. Collier is well known as a Rei^ublican. and has often been a delegate to the jjarty conventions. In religion he holds the faith of his fathers, and belongs to the Reformed church. His legal training has naturally led him into various enterprises outside of his regular profession, and, besides being a director in several other cor- porations, he is vice-president of the Hudson and Chester Granite Com- pany, whose works are in Chester, though the business office is in Hud- son. He is attornev of the Firth Carpet Comjiany, and has the over- sight of many shares belonging to Fnglish owners. Collin, Mrs. Lucy. — John I'.inghani Collin was bnrn in the town nf Hillsdale, in .\pril, 1S40. .\t the Ijcginnini; I'f the Civil War he w.is the first volunteer in his town to enlist in the army as a private, and served - — all natives of Columbia county except Delbert. When Delbert was nine years old his parents removed from Orleans count \ to i\ed Hook. I>inchess count}', where they lived nine years, and then came to Copake and settled on a farm at West Copake. Delbert was educated in the schools of Orleans and Dutchess counties and W^ashington. D. C, and at tlie age of nineteen entered the employ of Henry .Astor. with whom he has contiiuicd to the present time, as business manager. In i8'^a-~, - ikb= :u3£: immaer if ne TfTrrgg ix ~aT-.saT of ~ -: at ^^ '"=»='^- jiirsE jffg-= r.- ; — snier zf Cammba I-hqoe. • ? & A "W ^-^ s DIT\ -rrvr; zmr Tia~i-mr - -t — nT* XDT ;r;r -TTT— At7> - i .ji "^^Trrtrvrri-rr g-: - : - — r;~ ~TTr»» I; ~mv^ s ■°nr- ar»=»n a: iie Parmss ~'^ i ■■■^ imof^ iiit mrsrnai: jc -ns: Bnr- ar if Sczii ir«i iitfr=^ ~^T« nrt-^ Hs -teas nsmsf ir Heist 2>il.. naTi|rnT~- :f jisair Z TorL ami -mrr miirr-gt ars ^rHra. "^tfr. snt Bnrrot '^•tttt^ mint > Tv. ~E^ in "?*»-'; a ^»rrn- jf Tr-rregpr T^ttttt- I.dcX ic — '^T l"s=;T^7'Vf- HTir TJLt.ii^ i?ainEr izsL nnrr it Hilscairr^ T:TrTsfT ~Trrr oee. it Jarn}- arj. ifed. ^iTb "— Z.^ ~ ri Tn :me pniilir 5~Ti:»i"ff nf iiH Sjjmas. am: a* Zev^- . _r insiif°= 2iit £r i. iarmsr- ■li ' i r f I Tii -^L^^ Iz. ~^_ y—. —tTTTT- Tfras tiiri "tfrr ir "VI3 — r ~ _:. . _" 31! t Z^ll~^ -r ^TTT V'— TT TTH- J^IV-J. IX T/n— T- "-Jiir" ~ >-.^v ■ -r--TTT— - T^Tii-rr ~\~illJ£: i_. "■ysTf 5_. anf I-: - -' Z>f~°Tn"Tgr i2. 1 1^ ■ M- r xt ±ji2aii5±ii i-fflJt CwEE Jwcrw^mMT' li- iftjD/, tE agjir/ ca"*: FACTORS IS ITS HISTORF. 3S» daugliter of John (bom in 1800), and Egie (bom in 1801 Ls.ce 3:± of the latter died in 1880. Mr. and Mrs. Irish have had three crTdren ; Harrie M., bom in 1858; WiDiam, died in 1862; and Mrs. Egie M. Van .\lstyne. Johnson, Frank, was bom in Hillsdale, Jime 2, 1857. His father. William Leonard Johnson, was bom in the town 01 H£lls and Sarah tLat- ting) Johnson, who were the parents of children as follows : Wesley R., bom January 6, 1845 ; Jane M., bc»n Febmary 4, 1847 : Hiram W„ bom January 23, 1849; Pavala, bom December 12. 1850: T.fFTie EL. bom August 14. 1S55 : Ouincy, bom as given above : and Theophihis, Ixhh November 18. 1859. John O. Johnson died in 18&4 and his widow in November. 1895. Ouincy Johnson, the subject, received a good coni- mon school education and is now engaged in farming. He married Alvina M.. daughter of Martin J. Sweet, who bore him die following children: Grace E.. bom in iSSo: P.oyd Q., bom in 1887; Harry C, bom in 1890. died November 13. 1890: Florence M., bora January ao, 1892: Hazel M.. bom May 29, 1894, and Howard G., born September 9. 1897. Keating. Thomas B.. of Copake. was betsey (Tanner) Smith, who were the parents of four children: Sarah, wife of Lewis M. Hoysradt; William N., Ward C, and Mary, wife of Charles H. Cook, all natives of An- cram. John M. Smith was born in Ancram, the son of Nicholas and Polly (McArthur) Smith, and through life was a farmer. William N. Smith was educated in the common schools of Ancram, and was asso- ciated with his father in farming until the death of the latter in 1895, when he came into possession of the farm where he now resides and follows general farming. On November 18, 1874, he was married to Alice, daughter of William Howland ; they had one child, Willard, who was married to Mary, daughter of William Dean, and Clara Belle, a daughter by second marriage with Anna Potter. Mr. Smith is an active member of the Presbyterian church at Ancram Lead Mines, of which he is at present, and has been for many years, a trustee. Stickles, Charles L.. of .Vncram, was born in the town of Hillsdale, N. Y., January 31, 1856, son of Jacob and Elizabeth >L (Lown) Stickles, who had six children, namely: John J.. Orlando H., Charles L., Carrie B., wife of Charles W. Niver, Oren J., and William B., all born in FACTORS IX ITS HISTORY. 361 Hillsdale. Jacob Stickles was a son of Hawley P. and Dorothy B. Stickles, and early in life was a speculator in produce, but during the latter part of his life was engaged in farming. When Charles L. Stickles was about four years old his parents removed from Hillsdale to Gal- latinville, where he attended the district school. When he was twelve years of age the}' came to Ancram, and he remained with his parents until he was twenty-four years old, when he worked for a year as a farmer, and then moved to the farm where he now lives, and which was formerly owned by his father-in-law; it contains 174 acres and is devoted to dairying, ^^'hen about twenty-five he was interested in a threshing machine, during the fall and winter, doing threshing for different farmers. At the age of twenty-three Mr. Stickles was mar- ried to Bernice, daughter of Henry and Catherine Hoysradt, and they have one daughter, Nina H. Stickles, Hiram, of Taghkanic, was born in the town of Livingston, near Churchtown, February i, 18 18, son of Frederick F. and Elizabeth (Snyder) Stickles, who had nine children, as follows : Harry, Jane, wife of Rufus Patrie; Edward, Hiram, Betsey (deceased), John, Herman (deceased), Serene and Margaret, wife of Henry Wagoner, all born in the town of Livingston. Mr. Stickles spent his early life on the home farm in the town of Livingston, where he received a common school education. When twenty-three years of age he started in life for him- self as a farmer, and purchased a farm in the town of Livingston about one mile north of Glenco Mills, where he remained six years, then traded for the farm where he now resides, which contains about 200 acres. Mr. Stickles married !Mary C. Myers, who bore him six children : Laura, wife of Edward Lasher; Cornelia, wife of Charles R. Decker; Mervin, who married Mary E. Bush, daughter of David Bush ; Kate E., wife of Courtney B. Post; Jennie, and H. H., who married Carrie Cookingham, daughter of John H. Cookingham. Mr. Stickles has been active in school and educational work, having been connected with his school in an ofificial capacity as trustee, etc., many terms. Mrs. Stickles' parents were Abram and Kate (Decker) INIyers. Samuel Alyers, her grand- father, served in the Revolutionary War and the War of 181 2. Sweet, H. P., of Hillsdale, was born in Austerlitz, June 30, 1859, son of Gay P. (born in Connecticut in 1827) and Emily (Palmater) Sweet, 362 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. the parents of Emma G. (Sweet) Slater; Elizabeth (Sweet) Varney; Jennie L. (Sweet) Holmes, and Xellie M., who died in 1884. Gay P. is a painter by trade and has been town clerk and justice of the peace for a number of years. H. P. Sweet is a member of Hillsdale Lodge Xo. 612, F. & A. ^I. He was educated in the common schools and after leaving school engaged in the painting and paper business. For two years he served as clerk in the custom house in New York city and in 1894 came to Hillsdale and bought the Hillsdale House, where he is now engaged in the hotel business. He served as town clerk for one year. Mr. Sweet married Charlotte L. Dexhcimer and they are the parents of Raymond E. and Doris L. Ten Broeck, Rensselaer, was born in the town of Copake, in 1838, son of Austin M. (born in Claverack) and Margaret (\"an Hoesen) Ten Broeck, who were the parents of children as follows : Walter B., Andrew E., Jay D., Rensselaer, Catharine Jane. Charlotte and Lydia. Mr. Ten Broeck is deceased. Rensselaer Ten Broeck received his early education in the common schools and Claverack .Academy. After leav- ing school he was engaged as a clerk in a store at Hudson, and in 1859 went to New York, where he engaged in the commission business. In 1865 he engaged with the railroad company and is now general eastern agent for the I'nion Pacific. Mr. Ten Broeck was married to Phoebe, daughter of Ira Wilson, who bore him Charles W., Xellie Edna and Jennie (deceased). Mr. Ten Broeck is a member of Bunding Lodge No. 655, F. & A. M., of New York; Colonial Club, and Ark- wright Club. Traver, Mrs. John B., p. o. Chatham. X. V. — John B. Traver (de- ceased) was born in the town of Ghent, X. V., in 1832 and was a mer- chant in Chatham for a luuiiber of years ; lie was a member of Columbia Lodge, Xo. 98, I". & .\. M. He was united in marriage with .Mida J. Spengler, daughter of Jacob and Sarah Spengler. of Ghent. Their children were John B., Laura S., Mary L., and George J. Mr. Traver died February 22. 1878. Tripp. Dcwitt, of .\ncram. was born in the town of Ancrani, X, V., on the farm where he now resides. September 15. 1836, sun nf John and Hannah (Thomas) Tripj), who were the parents of four children, FACTORS JN ITS HISTORY. 303 namely: William Henry, Dewitt, Frances and John, all born in Ancram. His father was a son of John and Cynthia Tri])p and was a farmer. Dewitt Tripp was educated in the Ancram schools, and remained at home associated with liis father in fanning until the death of the latter, when he purchased of the heirs the homestead of 150 acres, where he has since resided, following general farming. \\'hen he was about twenty years of age he was married to Julia Ann, daughter of Thomas Carl, and they have had five children, as follows : Edward, Frances, wife of James Shufelt of Copake ; Ellsworth, Henrietta (deceased), and Warren (deceased). Air. Tripp is a member of the I^utheran church of Ancram village, and a worthy man. Tripp, John H., of .\ncram, was born in the town of Ancram, N. Y., on the farm now occupied by John Al. \Villiams, June 24, 1842, son of David K. and Betty (Hoysradt) Tri]:)p, who were the parents of seven children, as follows: Mary, Warren D., Harriet, Almira, David, John H., and Sarah, all natives of Ancram. David K. Tripp was a son of John, and through life was a farmer. John H. Tripp received a common school education and remained at home with his parents until he was twenty-three years of age, when he started in life for himself as a farm laborer, continuing as sucli until 1884, since which time down to 1899 he rented different farms, and in the last named year bought the farm of 300 acres where he resides ; he follows general farming. On Decem- ber 23, 1863, he was married to Kate, daughter of Thomas A. Carl. They have seven children : Emery, Stewart, Carl, Elsie, Fred, \\'arren and Hyatt, all natives of Ancram. Mr. Tripp has served his town as assessor for eleven years, has been school trustee, and is steward of th.e M. E. church of ."-Vncram. Tripp, William H., was born in the town of Ancram, K. Y., which is now his place of residence, on April 10, 1834, son of John and Hannah (Thomas) Tripp, whose children were William H., Dewitt, Frances Eliza, and John, Jr., and grandson of John and Cynthia Tripp, all farmers of Ancram. William H. Tripp attended the district schools, and remained in association with his father in conducting the home farm, until he was twenty-five years of age, when he rented the farm of his father and operated it for fourteen years, at the end of which period he purchased the farm of 336 acres where he now lives and 364 COLUMBIA COrXTV AT THE liXP OF THE CEXTURV. follows general farming. He is a useful and worthy citizen, and a member of the Lutheran church at Ancram and one of its deacons. On July 9, 1857, he was married to Maryette, daughter of Herman and Elsie Rhoda ; they are the parents of six children, namely : Elsie, wife of Ward C. Smith; John E., Luella, wife of E. J. Brandt; Kate M., Jennie, wife of Chauncey Feltz, and Florence, wife of Everett Rocke- feller, all of whom are natives of Ancram and Gallatin. Van Benschoten, William M., of Ancram, was born in the town of Gallatin, N. Y., September 17, 1823, and died July 20, 1886. He was a son of Tunis \'an Benschoten, whose other children were Egbert, John, Henry, Emeline, Jane, Martha, Maria, and Harmon. Tunis was a shoe- maker. William M. received the common school education and re- mained home with his parents until he reached manhood, when he began business life as a clerk at Hillsdale, in a general store, and later went to Copake as clerk in a store. In 185 1 he purchased a store prop- erty there and engaged in mercantile business for himself on the cash system. Disposing of his business at Copake, he located at Boston Corners, where he carried on the only store. In 1854 he purchased a farm at Boston Corners, turning his attention to farming, which occu- pation he successfully pursued for fourteen years. For thirteen years thereafter he was station agent at Boston Corners, his services with the Harlem railroad dating from 1868 to 1881 ; with the Poughkeepsie, Hart- ford and Boston (now called the Poughkeepsie and Eastern Railroad), and the Rhinebeck and Connecticut (now called Central Xcw England Railroad), from the time they commenced operation in iSji. At the time of his death was assistant station agent for the difTercnt railroads centering at Boston Corners. He held the office of postmaster at dif- ferent times. The latter part of his life he lived mostly retired from active business, devoting his attention to his landed property, which was quite extensive. He was a man (if domestic taste and his leisure hours were always spent at hi.^; linnif. Ho was a prominent actor in town and county affairs, never aspiring, however, to political office. He was active in the interest of the schools and served them in an official capacity many years. He was a working member of the Methodist Episcopal church and a member of the order of Odd Fellows. Novem- ber 8, 1845, he was married to Maria Langdon, who died August 11, 1871, and who bore him two sons: William B. and Charles. William FACTORS IX ITS HISTORY. 365 B. died December 15, 1870, aged twenty-four years; he was a graduate of Eastman's National Business College ; had been ticket agent at Ford- ham upward of four years, from which place he was transferred to Twenty-sixth Street, occupying that position at the time of his death. Charles married Gertrude, January i, 1872, daughter of Henry Wilber, and has two daughters : Blanche, born at Boston Corners, January 4, 1873, now the wife of Landon Ostrom, and Grace, born at Boston Corners, March 23, 1876, now the wife of William Schryver, of Rhine- beck. Charles died October 25, 1876, aged twenty-six years. Mr. and Mrs. Ostrom have two daughters : Grace, born at Rhineclifif, May 16, 1895, and Helen, born at Rhinebeck, February 22, 1897. O^'' September 16, 1874, he was married to Carrie L. (born at Boston Corners, April 20, 1844), daughter of Chauncey and Fanny (Bissell) Vosburgh. Mrs. \'an Bcnschoten now lives at Boston Corners. Van Buren, Bartley L., M. D., p. o. Lebanon Springs, N. Y., was born in the town of Ghent, N. Y., in 1840, son of Mathew and Catherine (Phillips) Van Buren, whose children were John H., Peter J., George M., Sarah C, Bartley L., and Barent S. The father died in Kinderhook in 1886, and the mother in 1866. Dr. B. L. Van Buren was educated at Kinderhook Academy and Claverack Institute. He studied for the ministry and was ordained October i, 1861. He later took up the study of medicine under private tutors, and began practice in 1880 in New Lebanon. He has been twice married. His first wife was Maggie J. Williams, to whom he was married in i860; she died in 1896, leaving one daughter, Hattie C, and one son, Frank B., who died in 1866. His second wife was Augusta C. Clark, of Lebanon Springs, to whom he was married in 1898. \"an De Bogart, Albert R., p. o. Canaan Four Corners, N. Y.. was born in the town of Livingston, N. Y., February i, 1833, son of John and Eliza (Raynor) Van De Bogart, whose children were Jacob, Maria, John, Albert (deceased), and Albert R. John Van De Bogart, the father, was a native of Livingston, born in 1789, and was a farmer; he died October 20, 1832, and his widow in 1884. Albert R. Van De Bogart was educated in the common schools. He was in the boot and shoe trade in Hudson for eight years, and came to Canaan in 1872, where he has 3GG COLUyiBlA COUNTY AT THE EXD OF THE CENTURY. been engaged in farming. He was married to Harriet House, and they have had the following children : Jacob, Mary A., and Hattie, who died November 7, 1892. Van Deusen, f'red, of Copake, was born in the town of Copake, N. Y., on the farm where he now resides, on April 17, 1868, son of Free- len and Catherine (\MlliamsJ \'an Deusen, who had two children, Frank and Fred, both born on the homestead where Fred resides. Freelen \'an Deusen was a son of Jacob L and Catherine Wolcott \'an Deusen, and was a farmer and speculator in live stock, buying in northern and western New York and in Vermont, and driving to the New York market. He held the office of town superintendent, town clerk and was also assessor for a number of years. Fred \'an Deusen at- tended the conmion schools and assisted his father in his business until the latter's death, and has since been associated with bis mother in the conduct of the farm of 306 acres, devoting their attention to dairying. Frank Van Deusen was married to the daughter of Jacob Makeley, and has been superintendent of different large farms in New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. He was also a conductor on the West Shore Railroad one year. Van Ness, Sherman. M. D.. p. o. Chatham Center, X. Y., was born in the town of Chatham, N. Y., March 13, 1859. His father was Sher- man Van Ness, born at Maiden Bridge, N. Y., in 181 7; he was sheriff of Columbia county three years, city engineer of Hudson fifteen years, and supervisor twenty-five years ; his wife was Clarissa Rich, da'-ighter of Henry Rich, and their children were Mary, Anna. De Lamater, Lucinda and the subject of this notice. ^^Ir. \"an Xess died March 26, 1885. Dr. Sherman \'an Ness received his education in the puljlic schools and at Rutgers College, and was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. After his graduation he trav- eled for two years in Europe, following which he began practice in New York, where lie remained four years, and then practiced four years in Omaha, returning thence to Chatham Center in 1895, where he has maintained a successful practice. In 1899 he was appointed coroner. He is a member of Columbia Lodge, No. 98, F. & A. M. He was united in marriage with Frances M. \^edder, dauglitcr of Dr. Ransom and Emily A. \'eddcr. They have three children, Emily, Clara and Gertrude. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 3f,7 Van Valkenburgh, Barent H., of Ancram, was born in the town of Gallatin, N. Y., January 29, 1866, son of Hoysradt and Mary Elizabeth (Washburn) \'an ^''alkenbu^gh, who had two children, Barent H. and Jennie Maria. Hoysradt was a son of Barent, and born in Columbia county. Barent H. \'an Valkenburgh attended the common schools and completed his studies at Pine Plains and Rhinebeck, N. Y. He has always been connected with his father in farming operations, also buying produce for shipment to New York, and dealing in coal. He is a member of Stissing Lodge, No. 615, F. & A. M., of Pine Plains. In 1890 he was married to Frances Elizabeth, daughter of Peter A. and Mary (Rankin) Decker. They have two children, Barent Hoysradt and Eva Matilda. Wade, Edwin W., p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in Shelburne, Vt., May 7, 1853. His father, Rev. Richard T. Wade, was a native of Westport, Ireland, and emigrated to this country in 1837, settling in New Jersey, where he taught school four _\ears. He read medicine for a time, but altered his intention and prepared himself for the min- istry, and was admitted to the Troy Conference in April, 1841. He was engaged actively in his chosen work up to April, 1882, when he was placed upon the supernumerary list of the conference. He was twice married ; his first wife was Eleanor Wakeman, who died in July, 1S59, survived by a son and daughter, Edwin W. Wade and Mrs. Richard Peck. His second wife was Fanny R. Hamilton ; she died March 19, 1892. Rev. Mr. Wade died March 5, 1883. Mr. Wade had been a preacher for more than fifty years, and he was honored and beloved by all who knew him. Edwin W. Wade received his educa- tion in the public schools and at Fort Edward Institute. After leaving school he went to New York city, where he spent four years in learning the watchmaking and jewelry business, after which he was, for a time, with the Harlem Gas Light Co. (now the Consolidated Gas Co.), his uncle, Burr \^'akeman, being president of the company at that time. He spent a few years in the west, being in Deadwood during the gold excitement in the Black Hills, and was within twenty miles of Gen. Custer when he was killed on the Big Horn Creek. He returned east and in 1892 married Esther Feller, daughter of Henry Feller of Nevis, Columbia county, N. Y., and they have one son, Roland W., born 308 COLUMBIA COUXTV AT THE EXD OF THE CEXTCRV. June lo, 1893. ^''i ^^93 'ic came to Chatham, wliere he is engaged in the jewelry business, and is the leading jeweler of the town. Mr. Wade is an honorary mcniljcr of the Harlem Yacht Club. Wagoner, Shadic, of Copake, was born in the town of Taghkanic, N. Y., September 4, i860, only child of John and Annie (Shadic) Wagoner. John was a son of Peter and Maria (Simpson) Wagoner, all natives of Columbia county. Shadic Wagoner's mother died when he was an infant, and his father when he was four years old. He was reared by his grandparents, and, after obtaining a common school education, at the age of seventeen years began his own support. He purchased the farm of 165 acres where he now resides — a very attractive place on the shore of Copake Lake. He is an energetic man of good judgment and excellent character. He attends the West Copake Reformed church. In 1880 he was married to Maryette, daughter of Henry W. and Catherine (Bashford) Miller. Washburn, Frank, of Livingston. — Robert Washburn was born in the town of Clermont, N. Y., near Blue Store, February 6, 1819, a son of Caleb, who died March 8, 1846, and who was the father of four children, namely : Annie, Jane, Robert and William, all born in the town of Clermont. Annie became the wife of Morgan Lynk ; Jane the wife of Peter Shutts ; William was married to Frances Platner, and Robert made Margaret Miller his wife. The children of the latter were Charles, who was married to Jane Pinder; Reuben, married to Eliza Gott ; William, married to Nellie Rosencrans ; Edgar, married to Mary Wiltse ; Delia, wife of Oscar Ford (deceased) ; Frank, married to Delia Queen, and Philip. Mrs. Robert Washburn died, and he married, second, Cornelia A. Leroy, who bore him one child, Leroy W^ashburn, who was married to Mary Jackson. Robert's early life was spent at Blue Store, assisting his father in the conducting of his hotel and caring for his landed inter- ests in Livingston and Clermont. L^pon the death of his father (Caleb) the property was divided, and Robert's share was the farm in Clermont and some other interests. He followed farming until 1876. Upon the death of his son Reuben he removed to Washburn Dock, where he was interested in property which he purchased in 1869, consisting of a gen- eral freighting, shipping and merchandise business, where he remained until his death, February 12, 1898, since which time the business has FACTORS I\' ITS HISTORY. 369 been carried on by his sons Philip and Frank, who were actively inter- ested in the business previous to the death of their father. Robert Washburn was given a common school education ; he was a trustee of Clermont Academy many years, and served the town as supervisor. Frank Washburn, at the age of fourteen, entered the employ of Levi Leroy, where he remained two years, when he returned home, and at- tended school until he was eighteen, when he went to Washburn Dock, which was at the time the business was destroyed by fire, on May 2, 1872. \Mien the store was rebuilt he took charge of the mercantile trade, and as the business was extended he had charge of the different branches. The members of the present firm are Edgar, Frank and Philip Washburn. Edgar is the salesman of farm produce in New York, and the foundry interest of Washburn & Co. at Catskill. W'ashburn, Isaac C, M. D., was born in Xorthumherland, Saratoga county, N. Y. His father, George Washburn, was a native of Wash- ington county, X. Y. He was of Scotch and English descent, and most of his life was spent in Saratoga county, where he died at the age of eighty-eight years. He served his town as supervisor for several years ; was justice of sessions for twelve years, and held the ofifice of justice of l)eace for forty or more consecutive years. In 1844 he married his second wife, Frances \"iele, daughter of Piatt C. and Phoebe \'iele, who were both Hollanders. Si.x children were born to them : Archibald S., Uavid. Isaac C, Piatt V., Phoebe B., and Mary, four of whom are liv- ing, David and Mary dying in childhood. Isaac C. Washburn received his education in Schuylerville High School and Oberlin, Ohio, where he spent two years. He was a student of the late Prof. Jacob S. Masher, M. D., Ph. D., of Albany, N. Y., for four years. Took a three years' course in the Albany Medical College, where he graduated. He came to Chatham, N. Y., in 1882, where he has practiced medicine ever since. He served the village of Chatham as trustee for four years and presi- dent one year ; is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and a Knight of Pythias. In 1885 he married Carrie M. Barnes, daughter of the late Wright H. Barnes, M. D.. and Henrietta Barnes. They have one child, Wright Barnes Washburn. Weed, Darius, of Copake, was born in Pound Ridge, Westchester county, N. Y., November 25, 1830, son of Willard and Teressa (San- ders) Weed, whose children were Mary Jane, John, Jared, and David. 370 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE EXP OF THE CEXTURY. Willard \\'eed married, second, Catherine Piatt, by whom he had two children, John P. and Catherine. Darius Weed was educated in West- chester county, and at the age of fifteen years began working at the carpenter trade, and as carpenter and builder was engaged until he was twenty-six years old, when he and his brother Tared removed to Spen- certown, N. Y., and purchased a farm; after four \ ears he sold his interest to his brother and went to Chatham, X. V., remaining there one year, and removing thence to Hillsdale, where he followed farming for eleven years, when he removed to Copake and was engaged in teaming several years. His next business venture was in mercantile trade at Copake Iron Works, where he remained until 1884, when he purchased the farm he now occupies, containing 200 acres, devoted to dairying. He has sixty-two head of cattle and delivers more milk to the creamery than any other dairyman in Copake or Hillsdale. He has been assessor in Copake, and a man respected and trusted by a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. November 24, 1850, he was mar- ried to Lucretia, daughter of James and Lydia Dann ; they have tliree children : Frances E., Herbert L., and Ernest. Westlake, H. G., M. I)., was born in Winsted, Conn., Feb- ruary 9, 1828, a sun of Thomas Westlake, born in Newburgh, N. Y., and Sophia Goodwin, his wife, born in Xew Hartford, Conn., who were married in 1817. They had three children, of which Dr. H. ('i. Westlake was the youngest. Dr. Westlake received his early education in the academy of the town and finished his professional course at the niedical department of New York University in March, 1850, receiving his diploma at that time. He began his practice in Hillsdale in October, 1850, which practice he has maintained to the present day. He was married April 15, 1851, to Henrietta Foster, daughter of Seymour and Madeline (Truesdale) Foster, of Hillsdale. They have had one child, Henrietta F., born March 3, 1854, died P'ebruary, 1898. The father of Dr. Westlake was engaged in the manufacture of refined iron. The mother of Mrs. Dr. Westlake came from a line of farmers, her grand- father being one of the earliest settlers of Hillsdale, being identified with the farming industry of this section between 1770 and 1780. Dr. Westlake, at the present time, owns part of the land on which Mrs. Wcstlake's grandfather made the original settlement. Dr. Westlake has been in continuous practice of his profession in Hillsdale for over fifty FACTORS IX ITS HISTORY. 371 years and has had the longest continuous practice in one place of anv physician in the countv. Wheeler, John Thorne, the only son of Joseph Thome Wheeler and Mary Ann Backus, was born in Alban\-, December 30, 1850. The Wheeler family was of English descent. William Wheeler, the grand- father of John Thorne Wheeler, was born and li\-cd in Dutchess county, and afterward lived in Westerlo, Albany county, where Joseph Thorne \\'heeler was born. Later William Wheeler came to Chatham, where he died in 1850. His wife, Martha Thorne, daughter of Joseph Thorne, was born in Dutchess county, and was likewise of English descent, the Thornes tracing their lineage directly to Governor John Winthrop, and also to John Bowne of Long Island. Mary A. Backus, the daughter of Harry and Philena Backus, was born in Chatham and came of New England stock, the father having come from the vicinity of Norwich, Conn., early in the century. The mother, I'hilena Patrick, was the daughter of Andrew Patrick, of Lebanon, X. V.. who emigrated from Connecticut about 1790, and here, evidently, comes in a strain of Irish blood. The father of John Thorne Wheeler was an inventor and a practical mechanic, and was associated with his brothers in the firm of Wheeler, Melick & Co. in Albany, in the manufacture of agricultural machines. The Wheelers were known quite generally among farmers throughout the county as the original inventors of the railway horse power and of threshing and winnowing machinery. He moved with his family to Chatham in 1856. John T., after serving a year as clerk in the Columbia Bank at Chatham, fitted for college (1866-1869), at Claverack and Amenia, graduating from the latter with valedictory honors. He entered Yale in the class of 1873, but his study was inter- rupted by ill health, and he completed his course at Cornell. He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. He graduated in medicine from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York city, in 1876, with some hospital experience in Albany as assistant city physician. He located in Chatham and has practiced his profession there ever since. The only interruptions have been three winters spent in study in New York city and a short time abroad. He has given some special attention to diseases of the eye. He is a member of the Columbia County Medical Society, the Medical Society of the State of New York, the New York State Medical Association, the American Medical 372 COLVMBIA COUXTY AT THE EXD OF THE CEXTrRV. Association. He is at present president of the Second Division of the State Medical Association, inckiding in its territory eleven counties. He is a frequent contributor of scientific papers to these societies and occasionally to journals. A paper read before the State Society in 1898, giving twenty-three years' experience in cold water bathing in typhoid fever attracted considerable favoralile comment. Dr. Wheeler was married in i88i to Gertrude Lake of Chatham, and they have one son. He is a Alason, a member of the Cornell and Aldine Clubs of New York city, and is vice-president of the State Bank of Chatham, N. Y. He has been a member of the Chatham board of education for twenty years, and neither tires nor loses interest in the development of the Union School, the academy and the public library. He has never held any other public office. W'ilsey, Zachariah, of Copake, was born in the tcjwn of Ancram, N. Y., September 9, 1822, son of George L. and Maria (Kisselbrack) Wilsey, who had eleven children, as follows : George, Zachariah, Elsie, Maria, Lydia, Jacob, David, Eli, Levi, Peter and Catherine. George L. Wilsey was a son of Conrad, who was a native of Holland. When Zachariah was four years old his parents removed from Ancram to the town of Livingston, where he was educated in the district schools. He was associated with his father until he was twenty-four years of age, when he went to Rensselaer county and was engaged in farming for two years. He then returned to Ancram, where he lived three years, and then for eleven years was associated with his father-in-law in Tagh- kanic, at the end of which time he bought the farm of 182 acres he now owns and operates. He is a member of West Copake Reformed church. When about twenty-four he was married to Maria Wilkinson, who died in 1848, leaving one son, George. In 1852 he was married to Erviett Sheltus, and they have nine children: l>ank, Ada. Henry, Arthur, Peter, Annie, Herbert, Sarah and Ward. Woodward. Jay. of Ancram, was liorn on the farm where he now resides in the town of Ancram, N. Y., October 31, 1866, a son of James and Maryette (Griswold) Woodward, who were the parents of five children : Rosa, Jay, and three .vvho died in infancy, and a grand- son of Alexander and Catherine (Yorker) Woodward. James Wood- ward was a man who was looked up to by his townsmen, and was FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 373 interested in all public enterprises, especially school and church mat- ters, to which he gave freely of his time and means, serving the schools officially and the church as trustee many years; he died January ii, 1893. Jay Woodward, after attending the district schools, was asso- ciated with his father in the conduct of the homestead until the death of the latter, when he took charge of its 390 acres. He has since pur- chased another farm, containing 170 acres, and makes a specialty of dairying. Like his father, he is a public spirited man, and a worthy citizen. Woodworth, Rufus H., p. o. Flat Brook, N. Y., was born in the town of Canaan, N. Y., September 18, 1863, son of Charles P. and Evelyn (Hewitt) Woodworth, whose other children were William S., George H., and Florence, deceased. Charles P. Woodworth was born at Flat Brook in 1835, and was engaged in mercantile trade there and in farm- ing; he was assessor for several years, and has held the office of justice of the peace for the past seven years. His wife died December 9, 1898. Rufus H. Woodworth was educated in the public schools and at a pri- vate academy. He taught school for five years, and went to Chicago and engaged in railroading for two years. In 1892 he was appointed a mail agent on the Boston and Albany Railroad, and holds that posi- tion at the present time. He is a member of Wisdom Lodge, F. & A. M., of West Stockbridge, Mass. His wife was Anna L., daughter of William Warner, of Albany, N. Y. Whitbeck, James F., of Taghkanic, was born in the village of Clav- erack, February 12, 1828, son of Jacob and Nancy (Miller) Whitbeck, the parents of eight children, as follows : Doratha, wife of Henry H. Brown; Cornelius, John, Mary, Henry M., Rachel, wife of Rev. William Ostrander; Harman B. and James F. James F. Whitbeck was edu- cated in Claverack Academy, and when twelve years of age entered the employ of John Van Deusen as clerk in the general mercantile store at Johnstown, where he remained five years. He then entered the em- ploy of Henry A. Dubois, who purchased the store and was with him three years ; he was next employed by his brother Cornelius, who ran a general store at Taghkanic, remaining with him three years, when he purchased the farm where he now resides, which contains 214 acres. He has purchased land from time to time until now he owns 800 acres 374 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. and follows stock raising, making a specialt}- of fine horses and Jersey cattle. Mr. Whitbeck contributes liberally to the different churches. His father was an active worker in the Dutch Reformed church at Claverack and was one of its elders many years. Whiting, Henry Carter, of Canaan, was born there July 6, 1876, and married Clara A. Hopkins, of the same town, March 14, 1900. His father, \\'illiam Whiting, was born in 1846, and married Emma L. Blinn, of Canaan, in 1875. His grandfather, Henry J. Whiting, was born in 1816 and died in 1883. He was a brother of Rev. George R. Whiting, missionary to Syria from 1830 to 1855. Henry J. married in 1845 Alida R. Warner, daughter of Col. Daniel Warner, of Canaan, formerly a soldier in the Revolutionary War, whose continental uniform is now in the possession of Mr. Henry Carter \\'hiting at his home in Canaan. Through a previous matrimonial alliance between the Whit- ing and Warner families, both Henry J. Whiting and Alida, his wife, were equally related to the distinguished authoresses, Susan and Anna Warner, of " Wide, Wide World " and " Queechy " celebrity, .Abigail, sister of John Whiting, and Jason, brother of Daniel Warner, being their grandparents. Henry J.'s father was John Whiting, born in 1764, and died in 1844, who married, first, Lydia Lefifingwell and, second, Ruah Aylsworth. He filled the offices of supervisor, member of As- sembly, and county judge, and was also captain of cavalry. His father was William Tlradford Whiting, born in 1731, died 1796, who came from Norwich, Conn., having married Amy Latlirop in 1757, and set- tled at Canaan in 1765, near Whiting's I'ond, from whom it took its name — which was afterward changed to Queechy Lake in honor of tlie book written by Miss Susan Warner. He built, about 1775, just below the lake, the first grist mill ever erected in this town, which, stored with grain belonging to the government, was burned by the Tories during the war. It was afterward rebuilt, and now, in its ruined condition, is a well known landmark. Mr. Whiting served as colonel in the Revolutionary Army, conmianding a regiment of militia during the whole war, and was present at the battle of Saratoga and the sur- render of Gen. Burgoyne. He was State Senator for twenty years, and also county judge. His father, Charles Whiting, of Montville, Conn., born 1692. died 1738, married Elizabeth Bradford, a direct descendant of Gov. Bradford of the l^lyniuulh Colony. His father, William Whit- FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 375 ing, of Hartford, Conn., born 1659, married Mary AUyas. granddaugh- ter of William Pynchon, who came to America in 1630 with Governor Winthrop, and was treasurer of the Colony of Alassachusetts Bay. William Whiting was a representative to the general court from 1710- 1715, Speaker of the House in 1714, served in the old French War as captain, colonel and major, commanded troops at Port Royal in 1710 and in the expedition against Canada in 171 1. His father, Rev. John Whiting, born 1635, died before 1700, married Sybil, daughter of Deacon Edward Collins, of Cambridge, Mass., and, after her death, Phoebe Greyson. He was a graduate of Harvard College, a tutor in the college, member of Assembly, pastor of the First Congregational church of Hartford in 1660, and chaplain of the troops in King Philip's War in 1673. Pie was the son of William Whiting, who married Susanna ; a merchant, who had been engaged in a patent for lands at Swampscot with Lord Say and Lord Brook. He came from England about 1633 and settled at Hartford in 1636. He served as a member of the First House of Representatives in 1641, was assistant and treasurer of the Colony of Connecticut from 1643 to 1647, and was called " Major " at the time oi his death in 1647. Williams, Edwin Mather, was born in Canaan, in 1889. His father was Edwin B. Williams, born in 1819, whose death occurred in 1800, and who married Carrie P. Blinn of Canaan, in 1883, dauohter of Aaron Carter Blinn (whom see). The father of Edwin B. was Uri Williams, born in 1774 and died in 1865, who came to Canaan from Torrington, Conn., in 1783, with his father, Jacob Williams, who had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and his mother, Elizabeth Merrill. P'ri married, in 1796, Naomi Mather, a direct descendant of Timothy Mather, a brother of Rev. Increase Alather, who has been aptly styled " the father of the Xew England clergy." It is from this Timothy that all who now bear the name of Mather trace their lineage through an unbroken line of male descent from Rev. Richard, the emigrant, who settled in Dorchester in 1635. Tradition states that the founder of this branch of the Williams family came originally from Rhode Island, where there was an entailed estate from eldest son to eldest son, all hope of which he, being the sixth son, relinquished and thus lost communication with his family. Edwin Mather W'illiams is now the only living representative of the line in Canaan, and is also 37G COLUMBIA COUXTY AT THE EXD OF THE CEXTrRV. the last of Uri's descendants who bears the family name. He, with his mother, occupies the old homestead there, which has been in the possession of the family for about one hundred years. Williams, Wesley S., of Copake, was born in the town of Copake, N. Y., on the farm where he now lives, August i8, 1845, son of Samuel and Louisa (Wolcott) Williams, who were the parents of four children, as follows : David S., Ward, Wesley S., and Orilla, wife of Langdon Curtis. Samuel Williams was a son of David and Sophia Williams ; his grandfather settled on the homestead in the northeastern part of the town, and it has remained in possession of the family ever since, nearly two centuries, and is the birthplace of four generations. Wesley S. Williams lost his father by death when he was three years old ; he at- tended the common schools, and remained with his mother until her death in 1888. In 1885 he became the owner of the homestead of 165 acres and follows general farming. In 1868 he was married to Emma E., daughter of William and Clara Curtis; they have four children, namely : Raymond J., S. Jordan, D. Edward, and Emil E. He is a member of the Episcopal church, and is active in school and church work. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 377 Bull, Hampton Champlain, was the youngest son of Judge John Bull, Jr., and Anne Fitch Bull, and grandson of John Bull, Sr., who was a lieutenant in the Revolutionary War. Hampton Champlain Bull was born in New Lebanon, N. Y., at the old homestead of the Bull family at Lebanon Springs, on the i6th day of September, 1814, just five days after the battle of Lake Champlain. He came into the world amidst the rejoicing over the splendid victory achieved by Commodore Mc- Donough over the British flotilla. Perhaps that is the reason his parents added Champlain to his name when he was christened. He was a delicate and frail little boy, but was more than usually bright, and early evinced a disposition to study. At school he devoted his time to digging into all branches of science which would be useful in the after- transactions of his life. He had a wonderful memory. Before the age of nine he had his Latin grammar by heart, although he looked as if a breath of wind would blow him away. He was capable of performing mental labor far beyond the capacity of many of his schoolmates. As a student, his tastes were exacting and refined ; his recitations displayed a most thorough mastery of the subject in hand. When quite a young man he studied law and intended settling in Detroit, Mich., with his oldest brother, George Gitclf Bull, a talented lawx'er, who was admitted to the Columbia county bar in 1832 (that the Columbia county bar can justly be proud of). But in 1843 their father's (old Judge Bull) health began to fail. It was deemed necessary for one of his sons to return home to care for him. Mr. Hampton Bull gave up what was quite evident would have been a brilliant career in the West and returned to New Lebanon ; but he manfully and willingly shouldered the respon- sibility and expense of the old homestead and family, devoting himself to the care of his dying father. He never applied for admission to the Columbia county bar, yet, being well versed in law, was chosen for justice of the peace in New Lebanon in 1851. He was retained in that office almost continuously up to the time of his death, or for a period of forty-six years. He dignified the office in New Lebanon, and his court was always one in which the decisions were consistent with the law and the judgments always tempered with mercy. In all acts of his public life he manifested a generous largeness and statesmanlike quality of mind which naturally led him to measure fairly the material interests of all classes of his fellowmen. The day laborer, the poor widow, the thrifty farmer as well as the capitalist, all were sure of unbiased de- 378 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE EXD OF THE CENTURY. cisions. He was elected judge of sessions in 1865. He was a man who kept constantly in touch with the affairs of State and Nation, and, moreover, being of a literary turn and a ready writer, he preserved his observations and opinions in writing and kept interesting records of events and happenings. He has compiled documents that have great value in history. He was a poet of no mean order and an author whose pen never tired and whose voluminous productions in essays, articles and papers have had a wide publication. Mr. Bull married Miss Frances Lodemi De Lano, eldest daughter of Major Amos Wendel De Lano and Marthe Goodrich De Lano, of F'ittsfield, Berkshire county, Mass. Mrs. Bull was a fit mate for her talented husband — an earnest Christian, finely educated, beautiful and accomplished, with an exceed- ingly sweet disposition that endeared her to all who knew her. She was born January 5, 1818, and died at Lebanon Springs, X. V., June 5, 1879; she came from a distinguished family also. Her father. Major De Lano, was an officer in the United States army during the War of 181 2. He was a distinguished Christian gentleman of the old school. He had a fine mind and inventive genius, and was the inventor of the first screw propeller for steamboats, although he was defrauded of his patent. His model is still in existence and on exhibition in Pittsfield, Mass., his birthplace. He was born February 7, 1788, and died November 22, 1871. Mrs. Bull's mother, Martha Goodrich, was born May 15, 1790, and died October 30. 1865. She was of true Puritan stock. Her grand- father, Daniel Hubbard, born June 3. 1738,- was one of the eight gentle- men who founded the village that is now the city of Pittsfield, Mass. Another ancestor, (.'h;irles (inodrich, owned what is known as the " Keyes Grant," which lays partly in Massachusetts and partly in New York State, in tin- western portion of the "Keyes Grant" a warm spring, alwa_\s standing at a temperature of seventy-three degrees Fahr- enheit, bubbles up continuously. This is now widely known and cele- brated as the Lebanon Springs that has never failed to yield 500 gallons of water each minute. This wonderful healing spring Charles Good- rich willed to the town of Xew Leljanon in "the hnr of Cod and the public good." forever. Many of Charles Goodrich's old papers and leases, with his signature, some dated in 177S. are treasured among the valuable papers of Judge Ihill. Mr. llanipton Hull was a member of the Protestant I'^piscopal chiux-h and took great interest in the building of the little stone church at Lebanon Springs, called " The Church of FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 379 Our Savior." He was one of tlie vestrymen. Mr. Bull was also a member of the Masonic fraternity and stood high in the counsels of the order in the county. For many terms he was Master of Unity Lodge No. 9, F. & A. M., of Lebanon Springs, and he served many terms as High Priest of Lebanon Chapter No. 13, R. A. M. He died December 21, 1897. aged eighty-three years and was buried with Ma- sonic honors. In appearance Mr. Bull was tall and fine looking — a man of commanding presence and kindly manners. " He was beloved by all who knew him, and when death claimed him his loss was mourned as children mourn for a father taken from them." Mr. Bull had five children that survive him. Bushnell, Elisha W., after having been for many years extensively engaged in farming in the town of Hillsdale, Columbia county, is now living, retired, at his pleasant homestead one and a half miles from Hillsdale village. He was born on the adjoining farm, December 27, 1818, and is now in his eighty-second year. His birthplace was the same as that of his father, John Bushnell, who also died about the year 1842, at fifty-two years of age. John was the son of Capt. George Bushnell, a farmer, who came to this State from Saybrook, Conn., when eighteen years old, at about the close of the Revolutionary War. George came here alone, with a few dollars in his pocket, which he had earned by working out on a farm, and applied this sum to the purchase of 100 acres of land, or very near that number. Returning to Con- necticut, he brought back his vv-idowed mother and his brother and sisters, six in all. They moved with an ox team and covered wagon ; on arriving, set up housekeeping in a log cabin, and then went to work to clear and cultivate the land and make a home in the wooded wild. He purchased his land of the Van Rensselaers, and, before his death, gave to his son, John, the farm of 250 acres ; he also owned in this farm, now the property of his grandson, Elisha, 180 acres. The large brick house, which is the home of the latter, was built by him in 1812 out of brick made in this county. The grandfather was an officer in the State militia, in which he commanded a company, and was known as Capt. George Bushnell. The young pioneer made a second trip to Connecticut and brought home a wife, Julia Griswold, by whom he had four sons and two daughters. George Bushnell, Jr., died at the age of eighteen; Walter and William, quite young boys, died within three :i80 COLVMBIA COUXTV AT THE EXD OF THE CEXTURV. weeks of small-pox, John being the onl_v one to recover of the dreaded disease. John Bushnell married Loxea Lay, of West Brook, Conn. ; she was the daughter of Robert and Abby (Wolcott) Lay, and came of an educated family, one of her brothers, Dr. Zina Lay, being an emi- nent physician at Rensselaerville, Albany county, N. Y., and Dr. Josiah Lay, another brother. a physician of Chesterv'ille.in the same county. Mr. and Mrs. John Bushnell reared ten children, Elisha being the fifth child of the group and the second of the five sons ; all were married. Only Elisha and three of his sisters are living. The father, John Bushnell, died in 1842, at the age of fifty-two years ; the mother died in this house, at the home of her son Elisha, at eighty-four years of age. in 1873 ; the burial place of herself and husband is on the farm. Elisha W. Bushnell was brought up on the farm and early began to do his part of the farm work. He attended the district school and there acquired such book learning as was needful to fit him to carry on business and intelligently perform his duties as a citizen. He remained at home until he was twenty years of age, and in his twenty-second year married Emma House, of Hillsdale, who was born in 1820, a daughter of Dr. Benjamin House. Her mother's family name was Van Derburgh. Mrs. Emma H. Bushnell died in November, 1859. ]Mr. Bushnell was married, Feb- ruary 12, 1862, to IMrs. Frances L. Wickham, nee Orton, who died August I, 1865. ]Mr. Bushnell had five children by his first wife, Sarah E., Mrs. Arthur F. Park, of Otsego county, who died in Hillsdale in 1881, at forty years of age, leaving two children. George \'. Bushnell, the only one of the five now living, is living at Richmond Hill, L. L, a business man in New York city, married Miss Edna Carman, of Free- port. L. L. and has three children, two daughters and one son: Georgia, Mabel, and Elisha W. Bushnell, Jr. Mr. Bushnell is a staunch Re- publican. He was elected to the State Assembly in the autumn of 1854, and served one term at Albany. He was president of the county agricultural society from 1851 to 1855. Mr. Bushnell took nnich in- terest in the education of his children, as soon as they were old enough to attend school, and gave them excellent advantages for study. His daughter became skilled in music ; his son, George D.. who is a graduate of Yale College, taught school on Staten Island and Long Island sev- eral years and later was superintendent of schools in Columbia county. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 381 Drumm, George Edward, p. o. Chatham, N. Y., was born in Chatham, August 22, 1845. H's father, George Drunim, a foundryman, was born 1818 and died in 1894. He was the son of William Drumm, of Gal- latin, who was born in 1793, married Hannah Row in 1815, and died in 1848. William Drumm was the son of Matthias Drumm, who came from Holland in 1763 and died about 1820. George Drumm was mar- ried to Louisa Page in 1844, and, besides the subject of this notice, they had a daughter, Josephine, who died in 1855. George Edward Drumm, after attending school in his native town and in New York, began his apprenticeship to the foundry trade. In i860 he went to Albany, where he was engaged in his trade until 1865, when he went to New York and took charge of the Hudson River Railroad foundry there, thence again to Albany, where he was employed by J. Page & Son, and in 1868 to Scranton, Pa., where he was superintendent of a foundry, finally returning to Albany in the employ of J. Page & Son. In 1870 he returned to Chatham and engaged in the foundry business. Mr. Drumm is an exemplary citizen, hence has been honored by his fellow towns- men with positions of trust. He has been president, and a trustee of the village ; and for eighteen years has been a member of the board of education, of which he is now the president. In 1897 he was appointed postmaster, which situation he now fills. On May 10, 1871, Mr. Drumm was married to Evelyn Ada, daughter of Eliza Coates and Nelson Martineau, of Albany. They are the parents of six children : Mary Louise, Sophy Carrier, Grace Elizabeth, George Edward, who died May 8, i8c;o; Evelyn Ada, and Wright Barnes. Mallery, William A., was born in Troy, N. Y.. June g, 1844, son of Anson L^. and Sarah A. (Sawyer) Mallery. Anson L'. and his brother were engaged in the grocery business in Troy until 185 1, when Anson U. returned to Austerlitz and bought the old homestead ; he died in 1846. William A. Mallery was educated in the common schools and Spencertown Academy. He was engaged as a clerk in Troy for several years. In 1872 Mr. W. A. Mallery moved to Hillsdale, and in 1880 bought the old Hillsdale Foundry ; in 1887 his furnace was destroyed by high water, and after that he moved to the village and rebuilt the furnace and grist and saw-mill. Mr. Mallery married ]Mary A., daugh- ter of Col. Ambrose Lockwood, who bore him children as follows: William A., Jr., now serving as town clerk ; Charles L., and Mabel. :}82 COLVMBIA COVSTY AT THE EXD OF THE CEXTURV. William A. Malk-ry. Jr., was Ixirn in Hillsdale in 1875; after leaving school he engaged in the manufacture of plows and the coal business. In 1898 he was elected town clerk and re-elected in 1899. He married Clara E., daughter of George B. Sweet. The second son, Charles L., who works and lives on the home farm at Hillsdale, married Clara E., daughter of Wm. Miller, East Chatham, N. Y. Mabel, the daughter, married Geo. N. Morrow, of .Montgomery, Orange county, X. Y., where she now lives. In the early history of England, mention is made of Sir Thomas Malory, born about the year 1430, on the authority of Le Land, the antiquary. He is believed to have been a Welshman. The name appears in a variety of forms, including those of Mallorie and Maleore. Sir Thomas was the author and compiler of the "' Morte D'Arthur." He translated, from French into English, the five romances of the Round Talile; he finished the work in the ninth year of Edward 1\'. (1470), and it was printed by William Caxton ; he is known to have been a knight, and the description of himself as a servant of Jesus both day and night would lead one to infer he was also a priest. In 1628 Peter Mallery arrived in Boston from England. It is a matter of history that in 1644 one or more of the name came from Yorkshire, England, to Boston, Mass., and afterward followed Roger Williams to Rhode Island, but, not liking the country, removed to Connecticut, their children subsequently settling in dii^'erent parts of the State. Maj. Samuel Mallery was a descendant of one of these Mallerys; there were seven sons: Major Samuel, Oliver, William, Peter, Uriah, Eli, and Ebenezer. Major Samuel was born in Saybrook, Conn., 1744. William removed to the then far West, to some point now unknown, probably to some place in the western part of the State. He had a son, William, who was a judge many years in Cortland county, X. Y. Samuel and Oliver were in the latter part of the French and English W ar, the former driving a team during the time through the ]\[ohawk valk\. Both served in the Revolutionary War, and were held in high esteem by (General Washingtnn, who intrusted them with some im- portant commissions. June, 1777, when General Burgoyne occupied Crown Point, Washington sent them out as spies, disguised as drovers. They went through the country, ostensibly to buy cattle, but really to ascertain as much as possible of the plans and movements of the British. They arrived at Crown Point just at nightfall and found the British officers were going to have a l)all at the tavern where they stopped. FACTORS IN ITS HISTORY. 383 The country drovers found the barroom full of them and appeared much awed by the presence of these uniformed men and kept in a dark corner, with eyes and ears open, thereby gaining and obtaining much valuable information. After the dancing had commenced they went to the room above, but were refused admittance, because they were not in uniform. In vain were their protestations that they were farmers' sons and had never seen anything of the kind, were fond of music and dancing, would keep very quiet, and would stay in the background. Two or three officers came to the door and ordered them to leave at once ; angry words ensued, when Oliver picked up one of them, " a light-built man," who had made himself particularly ofifensive, and threw him down the stairs. In the confusion which followed, both made their escape from the house and concealed themselves in the woods by day and traveled by night until they reached Washington's headquarters. They were in the battle of Saratoga, and were present at the surrender of Burgoyne to Gates. Samtiel was called JNIajor Alallery ; he was given the rank by brevet in the Revolutionary War. In 1767 he married Mary Caley, and in 1775 he built a log house in what is now called the town of Auster- litz. In 1795 he built a frame house two stories high, the materials for which were all prepared by hand ; the nails were made by the blacksmith of wrought iron ; the brick for the chimney were made from clay dug from the swamp ; kilns were made for burning them ; as they were made by hand, they are all sizes. Major Samuel died December 19, 1827. Shuniway, John B., was born at Lcljanon Springs, Novemlier 5, 1822, and has always resided at that place. He was educated at the public school, and until within three years of this writing has been em- ployed as a carpenter and contractor. At the age of fifty he united with the Baptist church, with which he has ever since been identified, officiating as deacon for the last seventeen years. Though never ac- tively engaged in politics, JMr. Shumway has always been in sympathy with the Republican party since its formation. The subject of our sketch has been twice married. His first wife, Jane M. Rich, to whom he was married October 13, 1850, was born April 18, 1829, and died May 29, 1853. In 1856 he married Mrs. Caroline Elizabeth Williams, daugliter of Thomas and Eliza (Gillet) Wolcott, who was born in Litch- field, Pa., October 13, 1831, and died December 9, 1884. Mr. Shum- way has had born to him five children ; by his first wife, one son, Charles 384 COLUMBIA COUNTY AT THE END OF THE CENTURY. Frederick, born May 30, 1852, and married to Olive R. Goodrich, of New Lebanon, June 23, ]88o; he died April 9, 1889, leaving two chil- dren: Jennie Ethel, bom April 30, 1882; and Cora Orcelia, born Au- gust 18, 1884, died March 25, 1895; and by his second wife, three daughters and one son, viz.: Clara Eliza, born August 13, 1862; Julia Edith, born August 21, 1870; George Thomas, born July 26, 1874, and Mabel Jane Elizabeth, born January 25, 1878. George Thomas was married June 27, 1900, to Julia Marjorie Stillman, of Pittsfield, Mass., and resides at Great Harrington, Mass. John B., son of Paul, of Leb- anon Springs, born 1781, died 1849 (married, 1804, Mercy Gates); son of Abner, of Lebanon Springs, born 1748, came from Oxford, Mass.; son of Oliver, of Lebanon Springs, born 1724 (married Elizabeth Hol- nian); son of Oliver, of Oxford, born 1701 (married, 1724, Sarah l^ratt) ; son of Peter, of Oxford, born 1678 (married Maria Smith) ; son of Peter Shumway. Peter Shumway, the ancestor of the above- mentioned six generations, and his wife, Frances, were settled at O.x- ford, Mass. He was born about 1635, and, serving in the Indian War, was present at the taking of Fort Narraganset, 1675. He was of Huguenot descent, and the original name was probably Chamois, a family of this name being mentioned in a list of fugitives from the neighborhood of Saint Maixent, France, beford the revocation of the Edict of Xantes. INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Almshouse, County, Vol. I. 91. Anable, Samuel, portrait of. Vol. I. 410. Andrews. Robert Emmet, portrait of, Vol. II. Part III. 281. Bashford. Lester J., portrait of, Vol. II, Part II, 287. B. Bachman, Samuel, portrait of, Vol. I, 416. Bashford, Lester J., portrait of. Vol. II, 287. Birthplace of General James Watson Webb, Claverack, Vol. I. 480. Bryan, William, portrait of, Vol. I, 278. Bullock, Major M., portrait of. Vol. I, 578. Burger, Peter S., portrait of. Vol. I, 414. C. Catskills, The, from Promenade Hill, Hudson, Vol. I, 296. Central Hotel, Germantown, Vol. II, 617. Chace, .Mfred Bruce, portrait of, Vol. II, Part III, 34- Chace, .A. Frank B., portrait of. Vol. II, Part III, 33- Chace. J. Frank, portrait of. Vol. II, Part III. 35. Chace, William Wallace, portrait of, Vol. II. Part III, 35- Chatham High School, Vol. I, 531. Claverack Free Library and Reading- Room, Vol. I. 491. Clermont, built by Robert Livingston, Vol. II, 631. Coffin. Alexander, portrait of. Vol. I, 408. Collier, Casper P., portrait of. Vol. II, Part III, 47. Collier. Frederick J., portrait of. Vol. II, Part III, 303. 25 3! Cook, Abijah Perkins, portrait of. Vol. II, Part III, 45- Cook, Charles Perkins, M. D., portrait of. Vol. II, Part III, 47. Cook, George W., portrait of. Vol. I, 412. Courthouse, The First. Claverack. Vol. I, 494- Courthouse. The. Hudson, demolished in 1900, Vol. I. 86. Courthouse, The, Hudson, erected in 1900, Vol. I, 89. Cowles. Colonel David S.. portrait of. Vol. I, 68. Curtiss, Cyrus, portrait of. Vol. I. 412. D. Darling. Charles, portrait of, Vol. I. 412. Deeley, Richard A. M.. portrait of. Vol. I, 420. Dormandy. John C, portrait of. Vol. I. 414- Du Bois, George W.. portrait of. Vol. I. .S12. Du Bois, Samuel T.. portrait of. Vol. I, 356. Du Bois, Stephen .A., portrait of. Vol. I. 354- Dutch Reformed Church. Old, Clave- rack, Vol. I, 508. Edwards, Hon. Samuel, portrait of, Vol. II. Part III. 67. " Elm Cottage." residence of Mrs. S. P. Du Bois. Claverack, Vol. I. 496. Esselstyn, Charles, portrait of. Vol. I, 363- Evans, Cornelius H.. portrait of. Vol. I, 416. Evans. Cornelins H.. portrait of. Vol. II. Part III, 73- INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Falls in the Village of Cliatham, Vol. I, 525. Forshew, Frank, portrait of. Vol. II, Part III. 313- Frary. Robert G. portrait of. Vol. I. 416. Gaul. John, Jr.. portrait of. Vol. I. 203. Gazette, The Hudson Weekly, fac-sim- ile of first page of first number of, Vol. I. 272. Gillette. John E., portrait of. Vol. II, Part III. 91. Gregg, Henry L., portrait of, Vol. I, 418. H. Harvey. Charles S., portrait of. Vol. I, 420. Hendrick Hudson Chapter House. D. .■\. R.. Hudson. Vol. I. 378. Hodge. Edward J., portrait of, Vol. II, Part III. 117. Hover. Mill of James A.. Columbia- villc. Vol. II. Part III. 654. Hogeboom, Henry, portrait of. Vol. I. 199. House of Cornelius C. Mdler. Clave- rack. Vol. I. 483. Hoysradt, Jacob W.. portrait of. Vol. I, 3,36. 416- Hudson Avenue. Chatham. Vol. I. 524 Hudson. City of. from Reservoir Hill, Vol. I. 292. Hudson Citv Hospital. Vol. 1. 384. I. Ichabod Crane School-House. The Re- modeled. Kinderhook. Vol. I, 444. Idele, former residence of Chancellor Livingston, Vol. II. 628. James Purcell Hose Company, Valatie, Vol. I, 460. Jenkins, Robert, portrait of, Vol. I, 408, and frontispiece. Vol. II, Part III. Jordan, Allen, portrait of. Vol. I, 410. Jordan, Ambrose L., portrait of. Vol. I, 191. K. Kennedy, Dennis II., portrait of. Vol. II. Part III. 133- Kittle, Nicholas, portrait of, Vol. II, Part III, 3i3. L. Lament. James P., portrait of. Vol. II, Part III. 140. Lane. James J., portrait of. Vol. II, Part III. 142. Limbrick. Daniel, portrait of. Vol. II, Part III. 145. Lindenwald. Vol. I. 440. Lindenwald from the Post Road. Vol I. 448. Livingston. lohn Hcnrv. portrait of. Vol. II. 630. Livingston, Robert R.. Judge, portrait of. Vol. II. '123. Livingston. Robert R.. Chancellor, por- trait of, V^ol. II. 626. " Locust Grove," Claverack. Vol. I. 482. Longley. Levi F.. portrait of. frontis- piece, Vol. I. and 420. Ludlow House. Claverack, Vol. I. 485. M. McClellan. Hugh, portrait of. ViA. I. 412. McClellan. Hugh W.. portrait of. Vol. I. 208. McKinstry. Robert, portrait of. Vol. I, 410. Macv. .\aron C, portrait of, Vol. I, 418. Macy, Cyrus, portrait of. Vol. I, 418. Macv, George H., portrait of. Vol. II, Part III. 155. Map. Chorographical, Vol. I. xii. Ma]), Early, of Livingston Manor, Vol. I. 16. Map. Outline, of Columbia County, Vol. I. 4. Map, The Guy Johnson, of 1768, Vol. I. 13. Map. The William Trvon. of 1771, Vol. Masonic Building, Chatham, Vol. I, 528. Mesick. Frederick N. and Peter, resi- dence of. Claverack, Vol. I. 477. Mill of James A. Hover (two views), Columbiaville, Vol. II, 654. INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 3S7 Miller, Cornelius C, house of. Clave- rack. Vol. I, 483. Miller. George G., portrait of. Vol. I. 420. Miller, Theodore, piortrait of. VoJ. I, 201. Mitchell. Matthew, portrait of. Vol. I. 412. Monument to Martin Van Buren, Kin- derhook. Vol. I, 473. Moore. Lucius, portrait of. Vol. II, Part III, 175. N. National Hudson River Bank. Hudson. Vol. I, 315. O. Old Church, White Mills. Vol. I. 534. Old Jail Building, The. Vol. I, 3^5. Old Mill, Hudson, Vol. I. 434. Paul. Fulton, portrait of. Vol. II. Part III. 187. Peaslee. Horace W., portrait of, Vol. I. 522. Peck. Darius, portrait of, Vol. I. 205. Platner. Dr. William B., residence of, Germantown. Vol. II. 615. Power, George II., portrait of, Vol. I, 414. Preshyterian Clnirch. Old. Hudson. Vol. I. 390. Promenade Hill, looking north. Hud- son, Vol. I, 304. Q. Quaker Church, Ghent. Vol. I. 561. Quaker Church, Rayville, Vol. I. 537- R. Rainev, Samuel R., portrait of, Vol. I. 358.' Reed, Rufus. portrait of. Vol. I. 408. Reformed (Dutch) Church. Hudson. Vol. I. 400. Residence of Dr. William B. Platner, Germantown. Vol. II. 615. Residence of Frederick N. and Peter Mesick. Claverack, Vol. I, 477. Residence of F. H. Webb, Claverack, Vol. I, 487- River Front and Mount Merino, look- ing south from Hudson, Vol. I, 298. Rockefeller. Isaac P.. warehouse, etc., of. Germantown Station. Vol. II. 610. Rogers. Charles S.. Colonel, portrait of. Vol. I, 351- Rogers. Harper W.. portrait of. Vol. I. 416. Rowles. Samuel G.. portrait of. \'ol. I, 418. S. St. Mary's Academy. Hudson, Vol. I. •403. St. Mary's Roman Catholic Clnircli. Hudson. Vol. I. 401. St. Matthew's German Evangelical Church, Hudson. Vol. I. 405. Scene on Kinderhook Creek. Vol. I. 446. Seymour. William H.. Captain, por- trait of. Vol. I. 431. Smith. H. Lyle. M. D.. portrait of. Vol. II. Part III. 22},. State Volunteer Firemen's Home. Hud- son. Vol. I. ^?<2. Stoddard, Ashbel. portrait of. Vol. I, 268. Stuyvesant Falls. Vol. II. 640. T. Talman. John, portrait of. Vol. I. 408. Tator. George H., portrait of. Vol. I. 420. Ten Rroeck. Jacob, portrait of. Vol. I, 416. Tilden. Samuel J., portrait of. \'oI. I. 195- Townsend. James N., portrait of, Vol. I. 418. Travcr. William H.. portrait of. Vol. I. 418. Twenty-third Separate Com pan v. Part of the, Vol. I, 386. U. Upper Park. View of. Hudson. Yo\. I. .338. V. Van Men House. The Old. Kinder- hook. Vol. I, 443. Van Buren. Martin, portrait of. Vol. I, 181. 388 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. \'aii Biireii, Martin, momiincnt to. Kin- derliook. Vol. I, 473. Van Vleck. William B.. portrait of. Vol. II. Part III, 249. W. Warehouse, etc.. of Isaac P. Rocke- feller, Gerinantown Station, Vol. II. 610. Water Power at Chatham Center. Vol. I. 536. Waterman. Joslnia T.. portrait of. Vol. 1. 414- Webb, F. H., residence of. Claverack. Vol. I, 487- Webb. James Watson, birthplace of General. Claverack. Vol. I, 480. Whitbeck. John V., portrait of. Vol. II Part III. 259. White, Samuel, portrait of. Vol. I. 410 Wilkinson. Hiram F.. portrait of. Vol II, Part III, 263. Williams. Elisha. portrait of. Vol. I 186. Williams. ^I. Parker, portrait of. Vol II, Part III, 265. Wiswall. Oliver, portrait of. Vol. I. 408. Wynkoop. Peter S.. portrait of. Vol. I 414. INDEX TO TEXT. Abbott. Alexander, Dr.. Vol. I. 456; Austin, Vol. I, 210. Abelson, Hendrick, Vol. I, 465. Abrams, Alpheus, Dr., Vol. I. 218- David, Vol. I, 218. Acker, J. Emmett, Vol. II, 644, 647: John P.. Vol. I. 233; Peter. Vol. II. 644; Peter, Jr., Vol. II, 647. Ackley, Calvin, Vol. I, 454, 474; Myron, Vol. I, 320. Adams. Amasa, Vol. I, 260: John, Vol. I. 344; John M., Vol. I, 264; Joseph, Vol. II, 694. Adgate, Matthew, Vol. I, 58, 106, 107, 124, 127, 128, 167, ■;74, Vol. II. 668. Adsit, Charles, Vol. II, 707. Agricultural and Horticultural Associa- tion, Columbia County, Vol. I, 254; Association of Dutchess and Colum- bia Counties, Vol. I, 253; Society, Co- lumbia County, Vol. I, 253. Agriculture in early days. Vol. I, 247- 252; retarded by fur trade, Vol. I, 21; the effects of the inanorial system upon. Vol. I, 247, 248. Aitkin, Richard A., Vol. I, 257, 259, 381. Aken, Charles E., Vol. I, 503; Janus, Vol. I, 500, 501; Nelson P., Vol. I, 500,501, 514; Robert, Vol. I, 493. Albany and Hudson Railway and Power Co., Vol. I, 360. Aldcroftt, Richard B., Vol. I, 258 423 Alden, Harry W., Vol. I, 212. Alger, Charles C, Vol. I, 344; John, Vol. I, 258. Allen, Benjamin, Vol. I, 256, 319; George B., Vol. I, 411; Henry T., Vol. I, 136: Hiram, Vol. I, 136, 266, 532; Horatio A., Vol. I, 504; James G., Vol. I, 137; John, Vol. I, 300; J. H., Dr., Vol. I, 220; Jonathan O., Vol. I. 576; Lothrop, Vol. I, ^2: Oliver H., Vol. I, 419; R. N., Vol. I, 345; William, Vol. I, 231, 232; Wil- liam Howard. Lieutenant, Vol. I, 132. .•\lley, Richard, Vol. I, 389. Alsop, John, Vol. I, 299-301, 307, 361, 389, 409- Ambler, Benjamin, Vol. I, 153, Vol. II, 707; Henry S., Vol. I, 126, Vol. II! 707; Stephen H., Vol. II, 707. .American, or Know-Nothing, party, Vol. I, 119. Ames. Charles F.. Vol. I. 277; David J.. Vol. I. 502; Stillman E., Dr., Vol. I, 219. Anable, Henry, Sr., Vol. I, 342: Henry, Vol. I, 419; John S., Vol. I, 123, 336, 353, 421; Samuel, Vol. I, 78, 121. 260, 271. 3,S2, 357. 392. 407, 417, 419- -\ncram, town of. Vol. II, 708-719; anti-rent troubles in. Vol. II, 709, 710; Boston Corners in, Vol, II, 715; churches of, Vol. II, 716-718; civil list of. Vol. II, 718, 719; Lead Mines, village of, in. Vol. II, 714, 715; min- ing industry in. Vol. II, 712. 714; or- ganization of. Vol. II, 712; pioneers of. Vol. II, 711. 712; population of. Vol. II, 718; schools of. Vol. II. 716; topography of. Vol. II, 708, 709; vil- lage. Vol. II, 713, 714. Andrews, Edward, Rev., Vol. I, 396; Robert E., Vol. I, 169, 211, 212; Rob- ert H., Vol. I, 598. Angell, Edwin A., Mrs., Vol. I. 520; William and Augustus, Vol. I, 552. Anti-Masonic crusade, the. Vol. I, 113. Anti-rent troubles, the, Vol. I, 36-43. Anti-rentism as a political factor. VoJ. I, 115, 116. Anspah. Baltis. Vol. I. 26. Arkison. Michael, Vol. I, 433. Arms, Walter and Sylvester, Vol. I, 244. 390 IXDEX TO TEXT. Armstrong, James C, Vol. I, 257-260, 287, 33-J. 423- Arrowsmith, James R., Vol. I, 287. Ashley, Abram, Vol. I, 261; Abram, Jr., Vol. I, 261, 532. 533: Chauncey S., Vol. I, 520: Chester, Vol. I. 210; John, Vol. I, 38; Nathan S., Vol. I, 2!;3; Noah. Vol. I, 538; Norman, Vol. I, 520: Richard H., Vol. I. 576; William. Vol. I, 319. 374, 413, Vol. II, 619. 693. Assembly, the. Vol. I. 126, 127. Associate judges. Vol. I, 164. Atwood, William H., \'ol. I, 64. 211, 463- Austerlitz, town of. Vol. II, 695-708; cem.eteries of. Vol. II, 706; churches of. Vol. II, 703-706; civil list of, Vol. II, 706-708; conflicting claims of Massachusetts and New York in, Vol. II, 698; organization of. Vol. II, 700-702; pioneers of, Vol. II, 698- 700; population of. Vol. II, 706; schools of. Vol. I, 153, Vol. II, 702; " six-mile square tract " in, and list of purchases of. Vol. II, 696, 697; Spencertown, in. Vol. II, 702, 704; territory comprised in. Vol. II, 696; topography of. Vol. II, 695. Austin. Abner, Vol. I, 133, 409; Amos W., Vol. II, 728; Artemus, Vol. II. 740; Seth, Jr., Vol. I, 320. Averill, Isaac, Dr., Vol. I, 215, 570. Avery, Andrew, Vol. I, 492, Vol. II, 727; Henry, Vol. I. 59, and children. Vol. II, 721, 727; Henry C, Vol. I, 422; John, Vol. I, 136; Solomon, Jr., Vol. I, 81, 212, .385: Stephen A., Vol. I, 212; Stephen F., Vol. I, 212. Aylesworth, William, Vol. I, 574. B. Rabbit. P. T.. Rev.. Vol. I. 396. Babcock. Gcrshom, Vol. I, 260; Lodo- wick S.. Vol. I, 53; Theodore, Rev., Vol. I, 396; Tiniotliy, Vol. I, 374. Bachman, Edward, Vol. I, 432; Edwin. Vol. I, 604; I-ewis W.. Vol. I, 265: Peter I,, Vol. I, no, 402, 432; Peter L., Vol. I. 604; Robert, Vol'. II, 719; Samuel, Vol. I, 35-?, 407, 422. Backu.s. E., Vol. I, "532; Rufus, Vol. I. 320, 413. Bacon, A. B., Vol. I, 31. Bagg. Elijah. Vol. I, 130. Baglev Edward. Vol. I, 587; John, Vol. I, 172; John H., Vol. I. 136. Bailey, H. E.. Vol. I. 461; John M., Vol. I, 527; M. C, Vol. I, 527; Rob- ert M., Vol. II. 694: William C, Dr., Vol. I, 136, 219. 220. Bain, Abraham. Vol. I. 130, Vol. II, 739; F. C, Vol. II, 740: Hugh, Vol. I, 455; Isaac, Vol. I. 520; Isaac E., Vol. I, 455; James, Vol. I. 455, 520; John, Vol. I, 116, 4S4, 455: John A., Vol. II, 740; Peter, Mrs.. Vol. I, 455; Peter H., Vol. I, 94. 466, 474. Baird, David C. Vol. I. 263. Bates, Joseph. Dr., Vol. I, 220. Baker, Abe! W., Vol. I, 421, 422; Dan- iel, Jr., Vol. I, 53: Edwin. Vol. I, 263: George, Vol. I. 503; Henry, Vol. I, 603, 604; Capt. John, land grant to. Vol. I, 14; Tlionias K., Vol. I, 210, 588. Baldwin, Daniel, \'ol. I. 115; Dudley, Vol. I, 151. Baley, William C. Dr. Vol. I. 529. Ball, Jonathan, \'ol. I, 260; William, Vol. I. 423. Bame, Charles, Vol. I, i.?6: Jeremiah. Vol. I, 231, 232, ,392, 419. Bank, Farmers' National, ^'ol. I, 353; First National, of Hudson, Vol. I, 355; Hudson City Savings Institu- tion, Vol. I, 355; National Hudson River, Vol. I. 352; National, of Kin- derhook. Vol. I, 454; National ITnion. of Kinderhook, Vol. I, 455; of Columbia, \'ol. I, 236, 314; of Hudson, Vol. I, 236. 352; State, of Chatham. Vol. I, 527. Bannon, William C, Vol. I, 259. Bar. list of members of. with dates of admission. Vol. I. 209; present mem- bers of the. Vol. I, 212. Bardel, Henrig. Vol. I. 27. Baringer. George W., Vol. I, 421; Henry J., Vol. I, 261. ,357. 411, 422. Barker, George, Vol. I, 256. 258, 352, 421, 428; George L.. Vol. II. 694; Marks. Vol. I. .•?oo: Peter, Vol. II. 694; Peter B.. Vol. I. 419: P. Bvron, Vol. I, 277: Zenas. Vol. I. 264. I^arncy. Bildad. Rev.. Vol. I. .^91. Barnard. Curtiss & Co.. Vol. I. .^43; Enoch. Vol. I. 320; Hannah. \'ol. I. 389; H. B.. Vol. I. 211; Joseph. Vol. y INDEX TO TEXT. 391 I. 299-301; Peter, Vol. I. 302, 389 Robert A., Vol. I, 121, 126, 135, 167 320. 336, 339, 352. 355. 357. 417. 419 427, 430; Stephen B., Vol. I, 347. Barnes. Daniel D., Vol. I, 131, 575,576 Henrietta, Vol, I, 261: Henry C. Vol. I, 130, 575; James H., Dr., Vol 1,- 219, 563; John M., Vol. I, 575 ■Wright H., Dr., Vol. I, 74, 131, 222 261, 527, 529, 532, 563, Vol. n, 707 Barrett, Bartholomew, Vol. I. 32 Charles E., Vol. I, 212, 529; David, and sons. Vol. I, 566. Barringer, Adam, Vol. H, 728; Wil- liam H., Vol. n, 728. Barry, David, Vol I, 423, 424. Barstow, Allen, Vol. I, 575; David F., Vol. I, 210; Samuel A., Vol. I, 575. Barteau, Stephen B.. Vol. 1, 588. Bartel, Andries, Vol. I, 27. Bartholomew, James, Vol. I, 152, 530. Barthrop, William, Dr., Vol. I, 214, 218, 464. Bartlett Bros., Vol. I, 350; Ebenezer F., Vol. I, 514; Richard H., Vol. I, 262. Barton, Artemas S., Vol. II. 719; Fred- erick C, Vol. n, 719; George W., Vol. n, 719; James, Vol. I, 167, 409; Stephen, Vol. I, 490; Stephen K., Vol. I, 490, 505; William H., Vol. H, 719. Bashford, Lester, Vol. I, 490; Lester J., Vol. I, 131, 514. Bassett. Ebenezer, Vol. I, 135; L V., Vol. I, 115. Batchellor, James, Vol. I, 256, 258 260, 265, 376, 377. A22. Bateman. Isaac, Vol. I. 255. Bates, Asa S., Vol. I. 576; Joseph, Dr., Vol. I, 219, 571; L. M., Dr., Vol, I, 220; Milford L., Dr., Vol. I, 137, 219, 261, 570, 575; Wilson. Vol. n, 740; X. T., Dr.. Vol. L 220. Bathrick, Wesley, Vol. U. 742, 748. Bauerhyte, Charles A.. Vol. I. 211, 409, 425. 529. Bauman, Abraham, Vol. L 173. Bay. Harmon, Vol. I, 133; John, Vol. I, 106, 107, 121, 124, 127. 128, 172, 179, 209, 307, 409, 497: Thomas, Vol. I, 85, 129, 169, 209, 361, 407, 415, 430: William, Dr., Vol. I, 215, 217, 218, 497. Bayard, Stephen, land grant to, Vol. I, 18; William, land grant to, Vol. I, 18. Bayly, George W., Vol. H, 646; Hoyt Z., Vol. n, 647; Sarah, Miss, Vol. I, 223- Beale, Cliarles L., Vol. I, 121, 122, 211, 455. 46.3. 464; Charles F. T., Vol. I, 212, 257-259, 368, 385; Charles F, T., Mrs., Vol. I, 380; Chester, Vol. I, 210, 576; John R., Vol. I, 475; Mat- thew, Vol. I, 545. Beardsley, Aaron, Vol. L 54; E: J., Vol. I, 290; W. H., Vol. I. 495. Beaver Knitting Mills Co., Vol. I, 349. Bebee, Hosea, Vol. I, 152,. 167, 173, -218, 530, 538; John, and sons. Vol". I, 566; Justus W., Vol. I, 461; Martin, Vol. L 58 note, 115, 574; Rhoderick, Vol. I, 534. Becker, Charles H., Vol. I, 258; Clar- ence, Vol. II, 666; Elias, Vol. II, 620; Frank S., Vol. I, 212, 463; George S., Vol. I. 262; Peter, Vol. I, 580; Philip, Vol. I, 246, 262,. 263; Richard, Vol. 11, 665; Sylvester, Vol. I, 134, 461, 464. Beckley, Samuel, Vol. I. 415. Beckwith, Charles, Vol. I, 520; Benja- min, Vol. I, 534; MontilHon,' Dr., Vol. I, 219. ... Becraft, Jonathan, Vol. I, 415. 425, 426. Bedell, G. F., Rev., Vol. I, 396. Bedford, C. V. W., Rev., Vol. I, 561. Beecher, Charles M., Val. I, 136. Beekman, Cornelius, Vol. I,' 209; Fletcher M., Vol. I, 409, 427; John I., Dr., Vol. I, 214, 464; John P., Dr., Vol. I, 85, 126, 151, 214, 218, 352, 453. 454. 464. 465. 474; P-> Vol. I, 464; Thomas. Vol. I, 210, 454. Behm, Andrew. Vol. I, 572. Behrens. .Augustus, Vol, I, 422. Belden, Charles A., Vol. I, 261. Belding. Chester, Vol. I, 419, 427; Henry S., Vol. I, 419. Bell. Aaron, Vol. I, 532; Abbie J., Vol. I, 261: Aaron. Vol. II, 707; Charles H., Vol. I, 261; Charles M., Vol. I. 131, 170, 211, 263; George P., Vol. I, 137; J. Donald, Vol. I, 212. 263; Rob- ert. Dr., Vol. I. 220; R. W.. Dr., Vol. I, 598; William C. Dr., Vol. I, 219, Vol. II, 707. 392 INDEX TO TEXT. Belton, Thomas, Dr., Vol. I. 218. Beman, C. W., Dr., Vol. I, 219. Benedict. Charles S.. Vol. I, 406; Rus- sell B., Vol. I. 97, 223. 355. 357, 404. Benham, Cornelius, Vol. I, 427; John C, Dr., Vol. I, 21Q, 220. Benjamin, F. W., Vol. II, 728. Bennett. Arthur T., Vol. I. 265; John, Vol. I, 320. 374; Joseph, Vol. I, 355; Robert. Vol. I, 574; William R.. Vol. II, 659. Benson, Alexander R., Vol. I. 266, 355, .36S, 383, 385, 411: Charles B., Vol. I, 212; George E., Dr., Vol. I, 210, 222, 459- Bentley. C. W., Vol. II, 6s9; William N., Vol. I, 54- Benton. Caleb. Dr., Vol. I, 128, 216, 582; W. C, Vol. I. 211, 459 Berier. Jacob, Vol. I. 27. Bernat, Olrip. Vol. I, 27. Bernert, Pfilibs. Vol. I. 27. Bcrridge, T. P., Vol. I, 260. 257; Thomas, "Vol. I. 137. Vol. II. 665. 666. Bessac, Henry, Vol. I, 427; Henry W., Vol. I, 417. Best, E. A., Vol. I, 490; Frederick M., Vol. I, 256: George. Vol. I. 147; Henry A.. Vol. II. 643. 646: Henry J.. Vol. I, 170; Herbert. Vol. I, 424; Herman, Vol. I, 604: Hiram. Vo'. I, 266; James. Vol. I, 422; John, Vol. I -s^. 173: Thomas. Vol. I, 603. 604: William, Vol. I, 170, Vol. II. 646; Willis T.. Vol. I, =120. Belts. W. W., Dr., Vol. I, 220. Betzer. Herman. Vol. I. 27. Bidwell. .Alexander, Vol. II. 646 647; Alfred G., Vol. I. 262; David. Vol. I. 1.15- " Big Thunder " (Smith A. Rough- ton"), Vol. I, 4T-43, 177. Bire'ow David, Vol. II. 694; Robert, Vol. II. 694. Bill. Tames J.. Vol. I. 210. Billingham. J. R., Prof.. Vol. I. 381. Billis. John. Vol. I. 136. Bingham. Jefferson B., Vol. I, 262. Birch. George A.. Vol. I. 527. Birckmayer. John. Vol. I, 262. Birdsall. Benjamin. Vol. I. 124. 128; George. Dr., Vol. I. 217. 218. Birge, Hosea. Vol. I. a. Bishop, I. H.. Vol. I, 531; Peter, Vol. I, 603; Philetus W.. Vol. I. 130. 529. Bixbv. Jonathan. Vol. I, 32. Blackman. Joel. Vol. I, 262. Blaco. George W.. Vol. II. 637. Blain. P. B.. Tr.. Vol. I. 289. Blair, Arthur, Rev.. Vol. I, 398. Blake, Crawford, Vol. I, 332; Samuel N.. Vol. I. 419. 421: S. E.. Vol. I. 332. Blakeman. James D.. Vol. I. 137. Blanchet. Clement T., Rev.. Vol. I, 513- Blank, Thomas. Vol. I, 258. Bias. Johannes. Vol. I, 27. Blatner, Marks. Vol. I, 147. Blinn. George. Vol. I. 572; Philo B.. Sr.. Vol. I. s^V. Philo B.. Jr.. Vol. I, 5.33: Philo B., Vol. I. 576. Blunt, John W.. Vol I. 520, 532. Bogardus. Abram. Vol. I. 422; Peter. Vol. I. 134. 254. 422. Boice. Charles H.. Vol. II. 740; E. B.. Dr.. Vol. I. 220; Ira C. Rev.. Vol. I, 152: Peter. Vol. I. 253. Boies. William. Vol. I, 211. Bolles. John R.. Vol. I. ,W5. Bonesteel. David. Vol. I. 31; Peter. Vol. I. 155. 211; Philip H.. Vol. I. 211. Booth. Stephen. Vol. I. 320. Borden, Thomas. Vol. I. 258. Boright. Amos J.. Vol. I. 530; John W.. Vol. I. 2Cm. 532. Bortle. Cornelius. Vol. I. 133. 256-258. 430. Bos'wick. C. E.. Vol. I. 69: Charles W.. Vol. I. 222, 223, 353, ,381, 411; Elijah, Vol, II. 6f9; Flias W . Dr., Vol. I, 219, 220; Elisha W.. Vol. I. 131: Henry D.. Vol. II. 694: Icha- bod. Vol. I. 135; William. Vol. I. 257- Boucher. Anthony. Vol. I. 85, 129, 513; Nelson F.. Vol. I. 212. 257. 425. Bought. J. W.. Vol. I. 253. Boundary dispute between Massachu- setts and New York. Vol. I. 36. Bounty proceedings during the Civil War. Vol. I. 74. 75. Bout. John. Vol. I, 26. Bower. Peter. Vol. I. 437. Bowles. Richard. Vol. I. 305: T. R.. Vol. I, 305. INDEX TO TEXT. 393 Boynton. Theodore A.. Vol. I, 359. Bradbury. Augustus U., Vol. I. 67. Bradley, A. C, Vol. I. 254; Francis W., Vol. I. 455: Leman W., Vol. I. 121; O. H., Dr.. Vol. I. 220, 22^, 368. 372; 0. H., Mrs.. Vol. I. 381: Sarah Guernsev. Vol. I, 381. Bramhall.' Charles H., Vol. I. 211: Moses. Vol. I. 93. 575. Brandt. Archelaus. Vol. II, 718, 719; E. J., Vol. II, 747, 748: L. M., Vol. II, 719. Bray, Giarles M.. Vol. I, 212, 463. Brebner. James, Vol. I. 12S, 464, 535, 545. Breman. Isaac. Vol. I, 33. Brennan, John F. X., Vol. I, 424. Brewford, George D., Vol. I, 137. Brewster, Joseph, Dr., Vol. I, 215, 5,38. Brig-gs. Alonzo M.. Vol. I, 257. Brink, Peter, Rev., Vol. I, n'5. Bristol, Louis A., Vol. I. 514. Brockwav, Jacob. Vol. I, qis: James, Vol. i: SIS- Brodhead, John T.. Dr.. Vol. I, 217, 218, Vol. II. 636; J. O., Vol. II, 6.36; Thomas, Vol. I, 12R, 129, 217, 218, Vol. II, 635637: W. B., Vol. I, 210. Bronk. .'\ndrew T., Vol. II, 619. Bronson, Oliver, Vol. I, 355, 357. Broose, Gabriell, Vol. I. 26. Brosseau. S. W., Vol. I, 3W. Brown, Albert. Vol. I, 261, Vol. II, 706: Anson, Vol. I, 130. Vol. II. 707: Charles H.. Vol. I. 60^: Chester, Vol. I. 575: Cornelius J., Vol. I. J24; Derrick. Vol. I, 260: George H., Vol. 1. 262. 471^; Henrv. Vol. I. ^4: Henry H.. Vol. "I. 575:' Henry N.. Vol. I, 258: Lerov L., Vol. I. 575. 576: Louis K.. Vol. I. 211, sag: Thomas, Vol. I, 515: Waterman L.. Vol. I, 546: Wil- liam, Vol. I. 421. Browne. Ezra. Vol. I, 374 Brownell, William, Vol. I, 232: Wil- liam M., Vol. I. 212. Browning, Noah, Vol. I, 254: Noah H.. Vol. I. 212. Bruce. Edward. Vol. 11. 74S: Hortense v.. Dr.. Vol. I. 383. Brush. Benoni. Vol. I. 428: Cornwall, Vol. I, I.3S. "Br-usie, Peter A , Vol. I. 423. Bruyn. Jacobus S., Vol. I, 107; Jan Hendrik De, land grant to, Vol. I, 17. 437- Bryan. H. R.. Vol. I, 223. 279, 284, 337, 353. 357, 381: James, Vol, I, 56, 173, 262, 587: John, Vol. I. i2q: William. Vol. I, 277, 283, 284, 337, 409. Bryant, Simeon. Vol. II, 646. Buck. John H., Vol. I, 424. Buckley, William E., Dr.. Vol. I, 219. Buckman, Cortez L., Vol. I, 257, 260. Budlong. Charles B., Vol. I. 264. Bugle. Daniel W., Vol, L 424. Bulkeley, George W., Vol. i. 210, 459; Gershom. Vol. I. 170, 210. 4^9, 464. Bull. Charles. Dr.. Vol. I. 219: Charles H., Vol. II, 694: George G.. Vol. I. 210: John, Vol. I, 33, Vol. II, 670: John, Jr.. Vol. I, 167, 264, Vol. 11, 670, 603: William. Vol. I, 36. Bullis, Robert A.. Vol. I, !;46. Bullock, Abel, Vol. I, 428: George M.. Vol. I. 132, 263. 588: Major M.. Vol. I. 422. Bump. Jacob S., Vol. I. 153: Richard H.. Vol. I. ,=;,32. Bunker. Barzillai, Vol. I, 305. 389; David. Vol. I, 246. .342; Elihu.'Vol. I. 179, 227, 316. .389: Latham. Vol. I. ,305: Silas, Vol. I, 179, 389; Solomon, Vol. I, 246, ,342, 4t5. 426: Tristram. Vol. I. 305. 389: William M.. Vol. I. 130. 562. Burch. George, Vol. I, 415. Burchsted. Henry. Vol. I, 415. Burdwin. John T., Vol. I, 257. 260, 421, 423, 429: Theodore, Vol. I, 421. 422. Burgaert. Coonrodt. Vol. I. 26: John, Vol. I. 26. Burghart, Conradt, grant of land to. Vol. I. 18. Burger. Philip K.. Vol. I. 411. 421, 428. 4.30: Peter S., Vol. I, 407, 428-4.30. Burgert. Garret, Vol. II, 646, 658. Burgess, Volney, Vol. I, 534. Burlingame. Eugene. Vol. I. 21 r: Reu- ben, Vol. I, 515. Burns, James. Vol. I. 233: Robert H., Vol. I, 422. Burrel, Joseph, Vol I. 319. Burrill. G. H., Rev.. Vol. I, 51a Burrows, Charles M.. Vol I 261- Eliza F.. Vol. I. 261: Frank. Vol. I. 289: George C. Vol. I, 532; George 394 INDEX TO TEXT. E., Vol. I, 546; Phoeba M., Vol. I, 261; Talcolt R., Vol. I, 527- Burt, Charles A., Vol. I. 64, 72; James, Vol. I, 210; Moses, Dr., Vol. I, 218; Thomas M., Vol. I, 454- Busby, John, Vol. I, 461. Bush, A., Vol. I, 258; Zachariah, Vol. II. 666. Bushnell, Alice M., Vol. I, 38,1; Camp- bell, Vol. I, 210, 258, 417; Elisha \V., Vol. I. 130, 253; George V., Vol. I, 155 ; Stephen G., Vol. I. 253. Buss, Fred A., Vol. II. 659. Butler, Benjamin F., Vol. I, 123. 171, 204, 210, 391, 463; Ezekiel. Vol. I. 417, 426, 427; Fayette M., Vol. I, 132, 211, 212; Jolm, Vol. I, 264; Lydia, Miss, Vol. I, 380; Medad, Vol. I, 129, 167, 260; William F., \^ol. II, 656. Butts, Levi M., Vol. I, 534; Seneca, Vol. I, 430. Byrne, George C, Vol. I, 137. 257, 266, 4 4- C. Cabinet officers from Colimibia county. Vol. I, 123. Cadman. Edward, Vol. II, 699: John, Vol. I, 168, 207, 211, 212, 261, 529, 532. Cadv, .Austin E.. Vol. I, 533: Benja- min, Vol. I, 318: Daniel, Vol. I, 206; Daniel B., Vol. I. 166, 210: Eben- ezer. Vol. I, 566; J. Rider, Vol. I. 124, 168, 171, 212, 223. 337, 385; Pal- mer, Vol. I, T28, 173, 260; Perki,iis F., Vol. I, 123, 131, 134. 54.=5- 546; Russell, Vol. I, S7S; S. V., Vol. I, 210; William. Vol. I. 572. Cairns. William D., Rev., Vol. I, 396. Center, Amasa K., Vol. I, 54. Caldwell, James. Vol. I, 136: T. A. E., Vol. I, 423: William, Vol. I. 211, 409. Calkins, Alvin, Vol. I. 422; A. M., Vol. I. 529; Turner, Vol. II. 699: T. T., Dr., Vol. I. 221, 222. 368; William, Vol. II. 707. Callender. Leroy E., Vol. I, S?^?>- S47 Cameron. John M., Vol. I, 135. Camp. John, Vol. I. 260. Campbell, C. C. Vol. i; 254; David B., Vol. II. 694; Silas P., Vol. II. 694. Canaan, town of. Vol. I, 564-576; ag- X riculturc and agriculturists in, Vol. I, 572; as King's District, Vol. I, 566-568; Canaan (p. o.) in. Vol. I, 571; Center, Vol. 1, 571; churches of. Vol. I, 573, 574; civil list of, Vol. I, 574-576; early physicians in. Vol. I, 215; Flat Brook in. Vol. I, 57i; Four Corners in. Vol. I, 570, 571; manu- facturing in. Vol. I, 569, 570; organ- ization of. Vol. I, 569; pioneers of. Vol. I, 564-566; population of. Vol. I. 574; Queechy in. Vol. I, 571; Red Rock in. Vol. I. 572; schools of. Vol. I, 572; topography of. Vol. I, 564. Canady. George, Vol. I, 466. Canfield, Charles B., Vol. I, 288. Cannon, R. L., Vol. I, 263. 588. Canoll, Samuel, Vol. I, 324- Cantine. Matthew, Vol. I. 209; Moses J., Vol. I, 210; William, Vol. I, 128, 314- Capron, Cyrus, Vol. I, 53, 135. Card. Alexander, Vol. II, 719; Edson. Vol. II, 719- Carfield, Elijah. Vol. I, 465- Carhart, George R., Vol. I. 212. 598. 605; John W., Vol. I, 265. Carley, Abram. Vol. I. 47. Carpenter, Amos. Vol. I, 419, 427; Da- vid. Vol. I, 492; Edward H., Vol. I, 424; George. W., Vol. I, :i77\ Jacob, Vol. I. 419; Jeremiah, Vol. I. 4.56; J. C. Vol. I, 261; Pardee, Vol. II, 694: Samuel W.. Vol. I, 131. 4f'4; William A.. Vol. I, 95, 130, 134. 254, 256. 376. 377. 419. 422, 430. Carric|ue, Paul D., Vol. I. 336; P. Dean. Vol. I. 271, 273. 280; Richard. Vol. I, 256, 258. 259. 270. 280. Carroll, Samuel, Vol. I, 135. Carshore. Andrew Mayfield. Vol. I. 59. 150, 151. 374- 465. Carter. George G., Rev., Vol. I. 398, 511 ; Jacob. Vol. I. 31. Cartwright, John, Vol. I. .-^oo. Cavanaugh. Arthur C. Vol. I. 264. Cawkins! G. W.. Dr., Vol. I. 219. Chace. Alfred Bruce. Vol. I. 212: A. F. B., Vol. I. 211. 212. 257. 36S. 380. .588; Benjamin. Vol. I. 2,=;. 2=;6. 411: T. Frank. Vol. I. 212; William Wallace. Vol. I. 212. Chadwick. Charles C. \'o\. I. 545; Joseph. Dr., Vol. I. 215. 219. 537. Chamberlain. I-ee, Vol. II. 740; Na- than, Vol. I, 210, 357, 409. INDEX TO TEXT. 305 Chamberlin, Alonzo, Vol. I, 130, Vol. n, 707; Jacob, Vol. II, 707. Champlain, William, Vol. I, 320. Cliamplin, Charles C, Vol. I, 332; Charles S., Vol. I, 383, 385; John. Vol. I, 209. Chapman, John, Vol. I, 419. Chariot, Aaron, Vol. I, 320; J. H., Vol I, 258, 26s; John H., Jr., Vol. I, 257; M. B.. Vol. I, 265. Chase, Barnard M., Vol. I, 257-259; ^ Thomas S., Vol. I, 136. ^^Chatham. town of. Vol. I, 515-546: ag- riculture and agriculturists in. Vol. I, 520: banks of. Vol. I, 237; cemeteries of. Vol. I, 544, 545: Center, Vol. I, 535; Church, Chatham Center Meth- odist Episcopal, in. Vol. I, 542; Church, East Chatham Methodist Episcopal, in. Vol. I, 543: Church, Lutheran, in. Vol. I, 544: Church, Methodist Episcopal, in. Vol. I, 540: Church, Methodist Episcopal, at Maiden Bridge, in. Vol. I, 542; Church, North Chatham Methodist Episcopal, in. Vol. I, 542: Church, Reformed, of Chatham Village, in. Vol. I, 540: Church. Reformed, of New Concord, in. Vol. I. 5,^9; Church, St. James' Roman Catholic, in, Vol. I, 543; Church, St. Joseph's Roman Catholic, at Maiden Bridge, in. Vol. I, 544: Church, " Wh'tc Mills " Methodist Episcopal, in. Vol. I, 542: churches. Baptist, in, \'ol. I. S43: civil list of. Vol. I. 545. 546: early physicians in. Vol. I. 215; East Chatham in, Vol. I, 537: educational affairs of. Vol. I, 5.^0-532: first ofifi- cers of. Vol. I, 519: High School, Vol. I, 531; lands, difficulties over, upon settlement of. Vol. I. 515: Mai- den Bridge in. Vol. I. 535: Maiden Bridge, paper making at. Vol. I, 521, 522: manufactures of. Vol. I, 520-522; meeting. Friends', in. Vol. I, 543; New Concord in. Vol. I. 5,s8; news- papers of: Chatham Courier, Vol I, 288; Chatham Press, The. Vol. I, 289; Chatham Republican, Vol. I. 289; Columbia County . Journal, Vol. I, 288; Columbia Democrat. Vol. I. 2S8: Echo, The, Vol I. 289; Equal Rights Advocate, Vol. I, 288; Fan- ciers' Review, Vol. I. 290; Practi- cal Dairyman, The, Vol. I, 290; North Chatham in. Vol. I, 536; Old Chatham village in. Vol. I, 534, 535; organization of. Vol. I. 519; paper making in. Vol I, 520-522; pioneers of. Vol. I, 516-519; population of. Vol. I, 545; Rayville in. Vol I, 538; Rider's Mills in. Vol. I, 538; schools of. Vol. I. 152; Shirt Company in, Vol. I, 527; slaves held in, Vol. I, 519; Stony Brook Box Board Co. in, ^ Vol. I, 521: topography of. Vol. I, 516; village: attorneys of, Vol. I, 529; business interests, early, in. Vol I, 523. 524; fire department. Vol. I, 533: Foundry and Machine Works, Vol. 1. 526; hotels of. Vol. I, 529; in- corporation of. Vol. I, 532; list of of- ficers of. Vol. I. 532; manufactures of, Vol I, 526, 527; physicians of, Vol. I, 529; post-office. Vol. I, 529; present mercantile houses of. Vol I, 523, 524; water works of. Vol. I, 533. Cheeney, .-Xbiel Vol. I, 415. Cheney, Richard, Vol. I, 423, 432. Chesborough, George H., Rev., Vol. I, 263. Chester, John, Rev., Vol. I, 276, 391; William. Rev., Vol. I, 392. Chittenden, George, Vol. I. 60, 245, 274, •!20, Vol. II, 641, 646. 655, 658; Robert B., Vol. I. 359- Chrysler, Morgan H., Vol. I, 265. ChuVchill, Silas, Vol. I. 264. Cipperly, John. Vol II, 621. Circuit judge. Vol I, 164. Clapp, Aaron W.. Vol. II. 647; Edw'n W., Vol. II. 64s: Gilbert, Vol. II, 646; M. R., Vol. I, .345: Rodolphus, Vol II, 647; & Jones Manufacturing Co.. Vol. I, MS- Clapper, Hendrick, Vol. I, 172. Clark, Andrew, Vol. II. 691: Andrew R., Vol. IT. 694; Charles C, Vol. I. 27^; Daniel. Vol. I, 317. 413. 415. 527; Elisha, Vol. I, .520: Gates. Vol. I, 545; George V. B.. Vol. I. 458. 461; Harry S.. Vol I. 260; Isaac. Vol. I, 153: Isaac E.. Vol. II. 707: James. Vol I. 150. 35^, 465: John C, Vol I, 576; Joseph H.. Vol. IT. 694; J- Thorne. Vol. II. 707; Peleg. Vol. I. .300; Richard F., Vol. I, 134, 284, 352, 396 INDEX TO TEXT. 421; Samuel W., Vol. I, 275; Wheeler H.. Vol. I, 210: William, Vol. I. 437; William H., Vol. I, 411. 428. 527: William P.. Vol. II. 706. Clarke. Mary E., Dr., Vol. I. 529. Clary, Samuel, Vol. I, 135. Claverack, the town of. Vol. I. 475- 514; agriculture and agriculturists in. Vol. I, 490; business, early, of. Vol. I, 492, 493; cemeteries of. Vol. I, 513; Church, Evangelical Lutheran of St. Thomas, in. Vol. I. 510; Church. Methodist Episcopal, of. Vol. I, 511: Church. Philmont Methodist Episco- pal, in. Vol. I, 510; Church. Protest- ant Episcopal, of Philmont. in. Vol. I. 513: Church, Reformed Protestant Dutch, in. Vol. I. 507-510: Church. Roman Catholic, of the Sacred Heart, in. Vol. I. 513; Church, Sec- ond Reformed in, Vol. I, 510; Church, Trinity Protestant Episco- pal, in. Vol. I. 511; Church, West Hillsdale Baptist, in. Vol. I. 510; Churchtown in. Vol. I, 507; civil list of. Vol. I. 513. 514; College and Hud son River Institute in. Vol. I, 152 committees of safety in. Vol. I. 489 court house, first, at, Vol. I. 495, 497 court-martial, record of. held in. Vol. I. 486, 488; creek. Vol. I, 2; early physicians in. Vol. I, 215; HoUow- ville, in. Vol. I, 505, 506; Landing, first settler at, Vol. I, 21; list of in- habitants of. in 1720. Vol. I. 26; Mar- tindale in. Vol. I. 505; medical pro- fession in. Vol. I. 497; Mellinville village in. Vol. I. 503, 504; muster- rolls, early, of. Vol. I. 486; Mutual Insurance Co., Vol. I, 498: Philmont villa.ge in: Agawamuck Paper Mill at. Vol. I, 501: .^ken Knitting Co. at. Vol. I, 500, 501: High Rock Knit- ting Co. at. Vol. I, 500: hotels in. Vol. I, 502: incorporation of. Vol. I. 502; manufacturing, early, in. Vol. I, 499; Midland Hosiery Mill at, Vol. I, 502; physicians of. Vol. I, 502; water works. Vol. I, 503 — pioneers of. Vol. I, 478-486: population of. Vol. I. 513: post-office. Vol. I. 497: road building in, Vol. I, 489: schools of. Vol, I, 751, 152, .504: topography of. Vol. I. _475, 476; village:' hotels, early, in, Vol. 1. 493. 495: intellectual institu- tions of. Vol. I. 498; public library of. Vol. I, 498. Clavers. Frans Pieters. Vol, I. 240. Clawe, Hendrick, Vol. I. 26. Clelland, T. J., Dr., Vol, I, 220, 264. Clermont, town of. Vol. II, 621-6.^7: churches of. Vol. II, 635: early phy- sicians in. Vol. I, 217; Livingston mansions, the, in. Vol. II. 627-632: pioneers of. Vol. TI, 632. 633: popu- lation of. Vol. 11, 636: roads in. Vol. II. 6,^3: schools of. Vol. II. 6.34: to- pography of. Vol. 11. 622: village. Vol. II.' 634, 6,35. Clow. Francis. Vol. I. 437: James J.. Vol. II. 646: John I., Vol. I. n6; Robert. Dr.. Vol. I. 2:9. Vol. II. 636. Clum. .\dam P.. Vol. II. 620: George A.. Vol. I. 563; John P.. Vol. II. 620: Minard, Vol. II. 621: Philip J.. Vol. I. 211; Philip P.. Vol. I. 129. Clyde. George C. Vol. T. 124. 168. 210. 54'i- Coburn. Edward I... Dr.. Vol. T. 21s. 221: Henry. Vol. I. 552: Henrv K. Vol. I. 253: Stephen. Dr.. Vol. I. 221. Cochrane, .\aron V. S . Vol I. T22. 170, 212, 260. 425. Cochran. Frank I.'. Dr., Vol. I. 137. 223: J. Elwyn. Dr.. Vol, T. 220. 262 4.'^Q. Coffin, .-Mexander, Vol. T. 112. 113. 115. 124. 234, 246, 299. .309. 314- ,^i~- 407. 411. 413: .Alexander J., Vol. I, 121. 137, 417: Daniel, Vol. I. 361, 426: Eliab. Vol. I. .189: Jared. Vol. I. 128. 167. 255. 256. .302. 425. 426; Job R., Vol. T, 417, 419. 427: Peter G.. Vol. I. 231. 2.13. 256: Peter R.. Dr.. Vol. T. 219: Robert, Vol. I, 411, 421: Samuel B., Vol. I, 123, 212, 222. 425: Stephen A.. Vol. I. 256. 266: Wil- liam A.. Vnl, T. :i64: William H,. Vol, I. 336. Cole, Albert, Vol. II. 707: Dariu,-. Vol, II. 707: Harvev. Dr., Vol. I. 210; Jacob. Vol. II,' 669: John H.. Dr.. Vol. I, 215. 219, 497; Julia, Vol. I. 498. Coleman, Charles H., Vol, I, 427; Jo- seph R . Vol. I. 1.36: Saumel. Vol. I, INDEX TO TEXT. 897 417; William H.. Vol. I. 134. i-,2. 417, 427, 428. Colle. Peter. Vol. I, 26. Collier, Casper C, Vol. I, 357; Casper P., Vol. I, 74, 211, 212; Du Bois, Vol I, 385; Edward A., Rev., Vol. I 469; Frederick J., Vol. I, 212, 359, 368, 369, 371; George C, Rev., Vol I. 510; Gerrit S.. Vol. I, 211, 212, 455 463; Isaac N., Vol. I, 169, 211, 212 355. 409; Jochem, Vol. I. 437; P. B. Dr., Vol. I, 220. Collin, Anthony, Vol. I, 3i; David Vol. I, 33; Henry, Vol. I, 262; Henry A., Vol. I, 588; John, Vol. I. 33. 262 John and David, and their descend ants. Vol. I, 578. 579; John B., Vol I, 64: John F.. Vol. I. 122. 130. 284 J. go Collins, Charles H., Vol. I. n6. 283 William H., Vol. I, 263. Colonial government under the Eng- lish, Vol. I. 104, 105; grants, charac- teristics of. Vol. I, 12. Columbia and Greene Homoeopathic Medical Society. Vol. I, 221, 222; County Agricultural and Horticul- tural Association, Vol. I, 254; County Agricultural Society. Vol. I, 253; Anti-Slavery Society, Vol. I, 115; Iron Co., Vol. I, 345; Medical So- ciety, Vol. I, 217-221; Mutual Insur- ance Co., Vol. I, 357. Columbia county at the close of the Civil War, Vol. I, 75, 76; beginning of settlement in. Vol. I, 19-21; begin- ning of traffic with the Indians in. Vol. I, 8; court houses and jails of, Vol. I. 83-90; division of territory now comprising, into districts. Vol. I, 34; early commercial and manufac- turing interests of. Vol. I, 224-230; early county proceedings. Vol. I, 55- 61; early mail service in. Vol. I. 50; early physicians in. Vol. I, 214-217; early schools of. Vol. 145-147; erec- tion of, in 1786, Vol. I, 35; establish- ment of county poorhouse in, Vol. I, 60; first distribution of school money in. Vol. I. 59; first equaliza- tion of taxes in. Vol. I. 60; first meet- ing of supervisors of. Vol. I, 56; first settlement in. Vol. I, 20; first State tax levied in. Vol. I. 58: formation and boundaries of. Vol. I. i; geology of. Vol. I, i; in Queen Anne's War, Vol. I, 28. 29; in the Civil War, Vol. I, 62-75: in the Mexican War, Vol. I, 61; in the Revolutionary War, Vol. 1, 29-34; in the War of 1812, Vol. I, 5-^-55; Indian occupation of. Vol. I, 8; industries established in, between 1865 and 1873, Vol. I, 81; land grant, first in, Vol. I, 12; Masonic order, the, in, Vol. I, 255-265; original towns of. Vol. I, 35; poor, care of the, in. Vol. I, 90-96; population of, changes m, Vol. I, 61; railroad building in, Vol. 1, 76-80; results of votes upon popular questions in, Vol. I, 137, 138; roads of. Vol. I, 3; secret orders in. Vol. I, 255-266; settlement of, Vol. i, 43; soil of, Vol. I, 3; statistics of valuation and taxation in. Vol. I, 98, 99; streams and lakes of, Vol. I, 2; transportation facilities of, Vol. I, 3. Colton, Aaron, Vol. I, 256, 25S, 259. Colvin, John, Vol. I, 309. Commercial and financial growth after the War of 1812, Vol. I, 237-239. Comptroller from the countyj Vol. I, 124. Comstock. Ebenezer, Vol. I, 3,30, 413; Thomas, Vol. I, 389. Conant. Benajah, Vol. I, 474. Congressional districts. Vol. I, 121, 122. Conine, Jan Casper, Vol. I, 26; Len- erd. Vol. I, 26. Conklin, Cornelius, Vol. II, 732; Jacob, Vol. I. 95, 134, Vol. II, 727, 728; Jay R., Vol. I. 137; John, Vol. I, 499- Connolly, E. F., Vol. I, 502. Connor. Edward C, Vol. I. 514; John, Vol. I. 514; Matthew, Vol. I, 170, Vol. II. 645, 646, 655; Thomas. Vol. I, 423. 429, 432, 433. Conrad. Johannes Henrig. Vol. I, 27. Conyn, Casparus, Capt., Vol. I, 30, 47, and family. Vol. I, 478, 479; Lendert, Vol. I, 47. Cook, Abijah P.. Dr., Vol. I, 221, 222, 422; Charles P., Dr., Vol. I, 125, 222, 223; George W., Dr., Vol. I, 215, 221, 407, 419, 421; Fred J., Vol. I. 274; Michael. Vol. II. 707; Sheldon B., Vol. I, 424, 429. Cooke, Thomas, Vol. I, 266. Cookson, Esther M., Mrs.. Vol. I, 398. Coole. Johannis. Vol. I, 26. 398 INDEX TO TEXT. Coon. David. Vol. II, 637: Edwin C, Vol. II, 621: Lewis, Vol. I. 527; Philip A., Vol. II, 621; Robert, Vol. n, 637. Coonrad, Hendrick. Vol. T, 437. Coons. Charles II.. Vol. II. 619; Eras- tus, Vol. I. 211, 212, Vol. 11. 6ig. 620; Freeman, Vol. I. 136; Jacob. Vol. II, 719; John. Vol. II, 718, 719. 747; John W., Vol. II. 665: Webster. Vol. II, 619, 621; William H., Vol. I, 257, 265, Vol. II. 619, 666. Coope, David, Vol. I. 309. Cooper. Jacob, Vol. II. 636: Joab G.. Rev.. Vol. I. .396; John. Vol. I. 147: Martin J.. Vol. II. 636; Peter J.. Vol. II. 636; Thomas. Vol. I, 173, 209. Copake. town of. Vol. II, 728-740; cemeteries of. Vol. II, 7,S9; churches of. Vol. II. 7.?8. 739; civil list of. Vol. II. 7,^9: Craryville in. Vol. II. 737; iron industry in. Vol. 11, 735: Iron Works, village of, in. Vol. II, 734- 736; or.eanization of. Vol. II, y^^. 734: pioneers of. Vol. IT, 7.30-733: population of. Vol. II. 7.'?9: schools of. Vol. II. yx?. topography of. Vol. II. 728. 729; village. Vol. TI. 7,36. 737: West Copake in. Vol. II. 737. Corbett, Samuel. Vol. I. 2S9. Cordes. F. D., Vol. II, 740; F. W., Dr.. Vol. I. 220. Cornell. David H.. Vol. I, 261; Henrv. Dr.. Vol. I, 220, 588; Howard N . Vol. I, 263. .^SS. Corning. John. Vol. I. 474. Cornwall. Asa D.. Vol. I. 576. Cornwcll. George, Vol. II. 693. 694; Harry. Vol. I. 130. 693. 694. Corwin. Allen W., Vol. I. 212. Counties, formation of. Vol. I. i. County clerks. Vol. I, T32. 133; treas- urers, Vol. I, 133. t34. Court house, the first. Vol. I. s8: houses and jails. Vol. I. 83-90; of .Ap- peals. Vol. I. 164; of Common Pleas and County Court. Vol. I. 165. Courts, evolution of the. Vol. I. 155- 164; proceedings of early. Vol. I, 171- 179- Couse. Levi P.. Vol. I. 432. Coventry. Edward E.. Vol. I. 132; Ed- win M., Vol. I, 265, Vol. II. 646; George, Vol. I, 417; Matthew, Vol. II, 642; William, Vol. 4^6, 427. Covey. Joshua D.. Vol. I. 136. Cowles, Edward P.. Vol. I. 42. 206. 210 324; David S.. Vol. I, 64. 66-68, 169 sketch of. Vol. I. 192, 193, 211 Guard, the (23d Separate Co.). Vol. I. 383. 38s. Cox. J. Harry. Vol. II. 673. Crandall. Harlow IL, Vol. I. 258; Jesse. Vol. I, 545. Crandell. Homer. Vol. I. 261; lames. Vol. II. 646; John L.. Vol. i. 212; Samuel. Vol. I, 5'ii. Crandle. Peter R.,"Vol. I. 13^ Crane. A., Miss, Vol. I. 498; H. A., Vol. I, 498. Cranse. Felton. Vol. I. 265. Crapser. David, Vol. I. 254. 345. 5^2; John. Vol. I, 265; William H.. Vol. I. 26.=;. 422. 430. Craw. Webster R., \'ol. I. 564. Crissey, John, Vol. I, 419, 421, 424. Crocker. Mason I.. Vol. I. 2^7. 258, 332; William H., Vol. I. 137.' Croker, W. H.. Dr.. Vol. I. 220. Cross. Tohn S.. Vol. II. 636; Richard L., Vol. I. 275. Grossman. Fdward. Vol. I. 265. Croswell. Harry. Vol. I. 274. 374. 396. Crow, Charles, Vol. I. 588. Cuck. Garret, Vol. I, 129, Vol. II. 620, 636. Cuddy. Dennis J.. Vol. I, 424. Culver, Darius, Vol. I. 324: Horace. Vol. 1 1. 7.39. 740; Matthew. Vol. I, 437- Cure. Charles B.. Vol. I. 423; Mont Ross & Fitz Gerald. Vol. I. 88. Currie. John R.. Vol. I, 133, 411, 439: Stephen, Vol. I, 411, 419; William, Vol. I. 3S2. Curtis. Daniel W., Vol. I. 573; Elihu. and descendants. Vol. I. 565; Fred- crick. Vol. I. 136: Frederick I.. Vol. I. 168. 259. 718; Joel G.. Vol. I. 263,': i88: Samuel. Vol. I. 277; Samuel A., Vol. I. S75; Seth. Vol. II. 636. Curtiss. Alfred. Vol. I. 588: Cyrus. Vol. I. 256. 258. 259, 366. 377. 407; Daniel S.. \'ol. I, 130. 455. 575. D. Dakin. .Mcxander. Vol. I. 419: A. L., Vol. I, 263; Charles, Vol. I. 419. 427. 428; Henry. Vol. I. 421: Henry H.. INDEX TO TEXT. 399 Vol. I, 411; Horace P.. Vol. I, 332, 433; Paul, Vol. I, 85, 311, 413, 415. 430. Daley, E. D., Vol. I, 546; George K., Vol. I, 211, 212, 459, 529; James B., 212; William B., Vol. I, 212, 529, 533; William C, Vol. I, 126, 211, 261, 529, Dardess, John C, Vol. I, 212, S29: Wil- liam, Vol. II, 659; W. A., Vol. I, Darling, Charles, Vol. I, 42, 365, 366, 376. 407, 417, 419, 428, 429; Henry, Rev., Vol. I, .392; John, Vol. I, 263, Vol. II, 669. Darrow, J. W., Vol. I, 287. 288, 290; W. Porter, Vol. I, 261. Dat, Johannes, Vol. I, 27. Davenport, William, Vol. I, 135. Davis, .Mien, Vol. I, S34; Allen B., Vol. II, 691, 694; Charles W., Vol. I, 287: C. F.. Vol. I, 4=;6; Eleazer, Vol. I, 260; Frank C, Vol. I, 461; G. H., Dr., Vol. I, 220; Jacob. Vol. I, 320. 411, 42=;; John, Vol. I, 3,34: John F„ Vol. II, 707: Josiah R., Vol. I. 264; Uriah L., Vol. II, 706; Wil- liam, Vol. I, 406. Dawley, Harry S., Vol. I, 274. Dayton, Abner, Dr., Vol. I, 219; Heze- kiah, Vol. I, 167, 246, 299, .•^09, 425; Isaac, Vol. I, 314, 319: John H., Vol. I. 319- Dean, Gilbert A., Vol. I, 131, 263; Henry W,, Vol. II, 694; Jonathan, Vol. I, 31; Nicholas, Vol. I, 389: Fortius F., Vol. II, 694; Samuel D., Vol. I, 153, Vol. II, 706: William A., Vol. I, i.^o, 353, 35,S. 41 1- 4I9- Decker. Abraham, Vol. 11. 730. 731; Broer. Vol. I, 26: C. J., Dr., Vol. I, 220: Elias, Vol. II, 72y: Jacob C, Vol. I, 604. Vol. II. 727: Jacob H., Vol. I, 605; Turie, Vol. I, 26; Tohn A., Vol. I, 53: Levi, Vol. II. 6,17: Perry A., Vol. II, 728; Peter. Vol. I. 421. Vol. II, 739, 740; Robert. Vol. I, 437; Robert A., Vol. I, 132; Stephen, Vol. H. 719- Deeley, Mary Theresa. Vol. I, 381; Richard A. M., Vol. I, 258-260. 380, 381, 407. Delamater, Claudius I., Vol. I. 4i3- 4I5- 425; C. D., Vol. I, 425, 426; Derrick, Vol. I, 31; Dirck, Vol. I, 307, 411; Ezra D., Vol. I, 212, 353, 368; Ezra, Vol. I, 372; Frank S., Vol. II, 666; Henry, Vol. I, 719; Jacobus, Vol. I, 31; James E., Vol. I. .399; John, Dr., Vol. I, 218; Joseph R., Vol. II, 666; Robert J., Vol. II, 666; Thomas, Vol. II, 719; William, Vol. I, 265. Delaney, Bartholomew, Vol. I, 429. Deniarest, Edward L., Vol. I, 492, 514. De Meyer, A., Vol. I, 475. Democratic party, notable division in the. Vol. I, 1 17-1 19. Denegar, Arthur, Vol. II, 619; Ephraim, Vol. II, 637; Jonas, Vol. II, 636. Denman, Mark A., Rev., Vol. I, 539, 541- Dennis, Ambrose, Vol. II, 719; Henry, Vol. I. 474; Jasper T., Vol. I, 461. Dernell, Charles F., Vol. I, 266. Dethrig, Christian, Vol. I, 27. Deuell, Benjamin F., Vol. I, 419, 421, 422, 429; John v.. Vol. I, 419. De Voe. Tunis. Vol. I, 470. De Witt, Edgar R., Vol. I, 265, 621; Eugene, Vol. II, 619; William H., Vol. I, 136. Dexter, John P., Vol. I, 210. Dibblee, Henry, Vol. I, 47, 364, 417, 426. Dick, Amos W. K., Vol. II, 619; Lewis, E., Vol. II. 621: Nathan, Vol. II. 636; Peter H., Vol. II, 619: Silas. Vol. II, 645. Dickerman. William, Vol. II. 707. Dickie, John H., Vol. I. 514; William, Vol. I. 135. Vol. II, 647. Dickson, Gordon, Vol. I, 259. Diedrig, Christ., Vol. I, 27. Dimmick, Eliphalet. Vol. I. 263; Fred- erick H., Vol. I, 588; Theophilus, Vol. I, 588. Dinehart, Delbert, Vol. I, 2^4. ^5-?: William, Vol. I. 13T, Vol. II, 7,30. 7.31, 740. Dingman, Adam. Vol. I, 4?"; Charles A., Vol. I, 332, 423: Gerrit. Vol. I, 26: James, Vol. I. 1.^6, Vol. II. 658, 659; Tames W., \'ol. II, 6=;6; John H., Vol. I, 265. Dings. Hans, Vol. II, 742. Dirk. Panlus, Vol. I. 27. Disher, Amasa P., Vol. I, 212. 400 INDEX TO TEXT. District attorneys. Vol. I, 169, 170; of Claverack, Vol. I. 34; of German- town, Vol. I, 35; of Hillsdale, Vol. I, 35; of Kinderhook, Vol. I, 34; of the Manor of Livingston, Vol. I, 34. Dixon. G., Vol. I. 266; Hiram W., Vol. I. 121, 2,37, 355- Doland, Thomas D.. Dr.. Vol. I. 223, 424. Domes, Andres, Vol. I, 27. Donnelly. Peter J.. Rev., Vol. I, 402. Dormandy, John C.. Vol. I. 284. 407. 423. 430. Dorr, Edward, Dr., Vol. I, 215, 218, 529; Joseph, Dr., Vol. I, 115, 219; Joseph P., Vol. I, 588; Martin H.. Vol. I. 211. 212; Matthew, Vol. I. 167, .545; Matthew. Jr., Vol. I. 545. 546; Robert L., Vol. I. 210. 546; Rus- sell G., Vol. I. 210, 582. Dosenheim. Nathan, Vol. I, 423, 424. Doty, H., Vol. I, 266; Samuel. Vol. I, 33; Simeon, and sons. Vol. I, 566. Doubleday. Abner, Vol. H, 669. Douglas, Asa, Vol. I, 33, 128, and sons, .564. Vol. II, 667; Zebulon. Vol. I. 260. Downing, .Adalbert, Vol. I. 466; Charles H., Vol. I, 588; Daniel, Jr.. Vol. I, 135- Drake, Samuel, Vol. I. 546. Drumm. Charles P., Vol. I, 454; Eva A., Vol. I, 261; George E., Vol. I. 526, 529. 532. 533: Hiram M., Vol. II. 740; Orville. Vol. I. 155; Reuben, Vol. I, 64s. Dryer, H. N.. Vol. I, 659. Du Bois. Henry A., Vol. I, 130, Vol. II. 603, 66s; John C. Vol. I, 258, 353: R. V. W., Vol. I. 3^.3. 385: Stephen A., Vol. I, 352, 353; S. Augustus, Vol. II, 665; Samuel T.. Vol. I, 254. 355- Duckworth, George. Vol. 1, 259. DufiP, William, Vol. I, 355. Dunbar. Daniel. Vol. I. 231. Dunn. E. L.. Vol. 499. Dunning. Luther, Vol. I, 374. Dunscombe, Edward A.. Vol. 1. 21! Dunspaugh, Henry. Vol. I, 603; R. M.. Vol. I, 563. Dimtz, Adam, Vol. II, 748; Charles, Vol. II, 742; Jacob H., Vol. I, 131, Vol. II, 742. 747; Mark. Vol. I. 170, Durfee, Sidney S., VoJ. I, 419. Durham, James H., Vol. I, 364, Dutch political system and government of New Netherlands, Vol. I, 100-104. Dutcher, Charles B., Vol. I, 130, 168, 169, 210, 261, Vol. II, 706; John W., Vol. I, 283. Dwyer, Barrett, Vol. I, 515. Dyck, Henry, Dr., Vol. I, 214. Dyer, Barrett, Vol. I, 575. Earle, George D., Vol. 1, 212, 459. Easton, Redwood, Vol. I, 246, 342. Eaton, Martin B., Vol. I, 424. Edmonds, Francis W., Vol. I, 352; John \V., Vol. I, 78, 87, 124, 126, 129, 164, 197, 210, 256, 271, 332, 409; Samuel, Vol. I, 128, 167, 170, 212, 256, 258, 300, 376, 409, 413, 415, 426, 429. Edwards, Samuel, Vol. I. 164, 211, 348; Uriah, Vol. I, 130, 454, 575. Ehlers, M. L., Vol. I, 260. Eisenmann. James A., Vol. I, 368. Klkenburg. Eugene, Vol. I, 424; Jacob. Vol. II, 637. Elliott, James, Vol. I, 532; William, Vol. II, 740. Ellsworth, Charles, Vol. I, 257; Charles F., Vol. I, 259, 502; H. W., Vol. I, 254; John F., Vol. I, 502. Elmendorf, James, Vol. I. 211. Elmer. E. Spencer, Vol. I. 432; Frank A., Vol. I, 424. Elmore. Thaddeus, Vol. I, 575. Elting. Abraham, Vol. I, 307; Abraham V. v.. Vol. I, 366, 399, 428; H. C, \'ol. I. 406; James, Vol. I, 172, 425; John, Vol. I, 266, 426, 427; Lewis J.. Vol. II, 666; Robert, Vol. I. 53. 259. 332. 424; Robert, Jr., Vol. I, 54; Rob- ert J.. Vol. II, 666; Seth T..'Vol. II, 666; William R., Vol. I, 259, 368-370, 385. 432. Elton. William. \'ol. I, 262; William L.. Vol. 11. 739; William M.. Vol. n. 739- Elv. James V.. \'ol. I, 424. Eincrick. M. A.. Vol. I. 563. English, Joseph, Vol. I, 515. Enos, Joseph, Vol. I, 264. Esselstine, Cornilis, Vol. I. 26. Esselstyn, Charles, Vol. I, 169. 202. 210. 256. 2S7. 259. 381. 598, 603; Cornelius, Vol. I, 492; Herman V.. Vol. I. 169; INDEX TO TEXT. 401 Isaac, Vol. I. 455; Richard. Vol. I. 31. 47; William, Vol. I. 492. Esselstyne. Charles, Vol. I, 115; Cor- nelius, Vol. I, 211; Gabriel, Vol. I, 83; Herman V., Vol. I. 211; Jacob, and family. Vol. 478: Richard M., Vol. I, 415- Eswin. Jacob, Vol. I. 26. Evans Brewery, The, Vol. I, 346, 347; Cornelius H., Vol. I, 222, 257-259, 346, 347, 353. 357, 359, 368-370, 407. 423; Cornelius, Jr., Vol. I, 259, 347, 380; Robert W.. Vol. I, 259, 260, 346, 411, 422: Robert W. (2d), Vol. I. 347. 353- Evart, Russell, Dr., Vol. I, 219. Evarts, Jacob C, Vol. I, 419. Everest, Frederick W., Vol. I, 134, Vol. II, 693, 694; Isaac, Dr., Vol. I, 215, 218, Vol. II, 694- Everett, Russel, Vol. II, 748: Thomas, Vol. I, 261. Everts, Charles, Vol. I, 419, 426, 427; Jacob C, Vol. I. 399, 427; John T.. Vol, I, 320. Ewer, Seth, Rev., Vol. I, 115. Eyre, Charles, Vol. I, 290. Fairfield, E. M., Vol. I, 385; George B., Vol. I, 357, 422; Josiah W., Vol. I, 210, 355, 357, 375, 430. Pales, H. W., Vol. I, 533- Fanning, Patrick, Vol. I. 361. Fardy, William P., Vol. I, 424. Farmers' Union .'\ssociation. Vol. 1, 254. Farrar, Alonzo H., Vol. I. 131, 211. 212, 459, 463. 464, 466; Elbert O.. Vol. I. 463- Farrell, James A., Vol. I. 124, Vol. 11, 66s. Faulkins. Benjamin, Vol. I, 309, 346. Fausburgh, Isaac, Vol. I. 26: Peter, Vol. I, 26, Fehl, Paul, Vol, I, 424. Fellar, Jacob P., Vol. II, 619. Feller, George W., Vol. II. 636: Henrv H., Vol. II. 636: John H., Vol. II. 6^7; Uriah, Vol. II, 636, 6-^y. Fellows, A. J.. Vol. I. ^2: Mattie C, Vol. I, 261. Felts, John M., Vol. I, 170. Vol. II. 7^8. Ferguson, James C. Vol. I, 212. 26 Feroe, Henry A., Vol. I, 409. Ferris, Jesse, Dr., Vol. I, 219. Fidler, Robert, Vol. I, 320. Field, John G.. Vol. I, 264: John S.. Vol. I, 264. Fields, Peter, Vol. I, 179, 305. Financial panics, Vol. I, 238. Finch, Charles E., Vol. I, 137; Daniel L., Vol. II, 694; George H., Vol. II, 719, yzy; James, Vol. II, 719; Leb- beus B., Vol. II, 719; Obed, Vol. II, 718, 719; Solomon, Vol. I, 515; Stephen, Vol. I, 515; William B., Dr., Vol. I, 219. Fingar, Curtis, Vol. II, 619; Elias, Vol. I, 53; Elisha, Vol. II, 620; German, Vol. I, 604; Henry, Vol. II, 619; Horace, Vol. II, 636; Lewis, Vol. II, 748; Peter, Vol. II, 637; Reuben, Vol. II, 619, 620; Thomas, Vol. II, 620; Walter J., Vol. II, 619; William, Jr., Vol. II, 748. Finikel, Pfilibs, Vol. I, 27. Finkle, George, Vol. II, yzy; George I., Vol. I, 116, Vol. II, 727; Harmon v.. Vol. II, 728. First judges, Vol. I, 167, 168. Fish, Hugh J., Vol. I. 155. Fisher, Frank, Vol. II, 619. Fisheries, early, Vol. I, 225. Fisk, Jarcd, Vol. I, 426. Fitch, John, Vol. I, 53: Gerard, Vol. I, 3t. Fitzgerald Bros.. Vol. I, ?iO; Patrick, Vol. I, 82. Flack. Alonzo. Rev.. Vol. I, 152; Ar- thur H., Rev., Vol. I. 152, 498; A. H., Mrs., Vol. I, 498. Flagler, Henrv, Vol. I, 474; John O., Dr.. Vol. I, '219; Leonard B., Vol. I, 474- Flanagan. P. S., Dr., Vol. I, 220. Fleming, William H., Vol. II, 666. Plodder, Jacob Jansen. land grant to. Vol. I. 14. Flouton, William H., Rev., Vol. I, 471, Folger, Amiel, Vol. I, 137, 332, 422; Benjamin, Vol. I, 179, 228, 299, 307, 320, 411, 413; Frederick F., Vol. I, 3i3- 345. 353. 355, 432; H. A., Miss. Vol. I. 380; Obed W.. Vol. I. 259, 374, 415; Reuben, Vol. I, 179, 226. 228, 299, 301 ; Robert. Vol. I, 255, 409, 411, 413; Walter, Vol. I, 30c; & Coleman, Vol. I. 342. 402 IKDEX TO TEXT. Fonda. Abraham, Vol. I, 151; Abraham L., Vol. I, 54; Cornelius, Vol. 1, 1.^5; John A.. Vol. I, 173, 603. Foot, Elisha, Vol. I, 319. Foote, Ebenezer. Vol. I, 209: Hcnrv, Dr., Vol. I, 218. Ford, David, Jr., Vol. I, 576: Edwin J., Vol. II, 707; Ellis, Irving, and Rollo T., Vol. I, 572; family, the. Vol. I, .!;66; Hiram D., Vol. I, 168, 253. 261, 545, 575; Isaac, Vol. I, 53, Vol. II, 706; Jacob, Vol. I, 32, 127, 128, 166, 167, Vol. II, 700; Jesse, Vol. I, 167; Jonathan, Vol. I, 33; Joseph C, Vol. I, 527, 575, 576; Lorenzo D., Vol. I, 575, 576. Forshevjf, Francis, Vol. I, 422. Foster, Frank L.. Vol. I, 433; George M., Vol. I, 588: Isaac, Vol. I, 135; James P., Vol. I, 69; Paria, Vol, I, 33, 581, 586: William, Vol. I, 588. Fowler, Daniel, Vol. I, 256; George S., Vol. I, 563: John. Vol. I, 1.35; L. F., Vol. I, 262, 461; Major, Vol. I. 148: Samuel A., Vol. II, 646; Warren, Vol. I, 264. Fox, George, Vol. I, 503; James J., Vol, I, 4.33. Fraleigh, William TL, Vol. II, 636. Frary, Asa, Vol. I, 374; Giles, Vol. I, 246, 342: Jonathan, Vol. I. 133. 409. 417; Robert G., Dr., Vol. I, 217, 218, 407, 419, 430. Fraser, William, \'oI. I. 374- Frayer. Moses. Vol. I, 57. Frazer, D. R., Rev., Vol. I, 392; James, Vol. I, 319. Free and Accepted Masons, Aquila Lodge, No. 700, Vol. I, 257; Charity Chapter, No. 47, of the Eastern Star. Vol. I, 261 ; Columbia Lodge. No. 98, of Chatham, Vol. I. 260: extinct lodges. Vol. I, 260, 262; Hillsdale Lodge, No. 612, Vol. I. 262; Hudson Lodge, No. 7, Vol. I. 235-2,=;7: Lin- den wald Lodge, No. 509, Vol. I. 265: Masonic Building Company of Chat- ham, Vol. I. 261: Masonic Club of Hudson, Vol. L 260: Masonic Hall .Association of Hudson. Vol. I, 260; Unitv Lodge, No. 9. Vol. I. 263; Vala'tie Lodge. No. 362, Vol. I, 261. Freeland, Leonard, Vol. I. 170, 430, 514; William H., Vol. I. 210. French. William. Vol. I, 422. Fretts. Juric, \'ol. I. 26. Frevenmoet, Johannes C. Rev., Vol. li, 746. Frier, Alexander, Vol. I, 132. Frisbie, Alice G., Mrs., Vol. II. 642; Alva. Vol. I, 575: Charles, Vol. II, 644; family, the. Vol. I. 366; Frank, Vol. I, 572; H. D., Vol. I. 576: John. Vol. I, 454: Philip, Vol. 58. note, 127, 128, 173, 177, 574: Roswell B., Vol. I, 94. 134. 575; Victor A., Vol. I, 265. Fritts, Crawford E., Dr., Vol. I, 220, 223, 353. 359. 380. 385. Frost. J. M., Vol. I. 369. Frothingham, Thomas. Vol. I, 255. 256, 258, 313. 323. 389. 409. 4", 413. 425- Fuller. Solomon, Vol. I, 320. Fulton. Henry. Vol. I, 167; John S.. Vol. I. 134. Vol. II. 745. 748: Rob- ert, Vol. I, SI- Furber, John E., Vol. I, 262. Furlong, Matthew, Vol. I, 38. Gage, David H., Jr.. Vol. I. 261: Hiram, Vol. I, 42, 428, 430; Sarah A., Vol. I, .398. Gale, Alonzo D., Vol. II, 694; La, Vol. I. 53, 54; Jacob R., Vol. II, 619. Gallatin, town of. Vol. II, 740-748; cemeteries of. Vol. II, 745: churches of. Vol. 11. 746, 747; civil list of. Vol. II. 747; Gallatinville in. Vol. II, 744: organization of. Vol. II. 744; pioneers of. Vol. II, 742, 743; population of. Vol. II, 747; schools of. Vol. II. 745; Snyderville in. Vol. II, 745; topog- raphy of. Vol. II, 741. Gallup. Weslev R.. Vol. 130. 211. Gamwell. A. W., Vol. I. 72. Ganlcy. George J., Vol. I, 274. Gano. Daniel. Vol. I, 255. 256, .316, Gantley, Thomas H., Vol. I. 423. 424. Gants. Paul. Vol. I. 320. Gardenier. Aaron B.. \'ci\. I. 131. 170. 211. 212. 4?9. 529; Albert. Vol. I, 437; Harent. Vol. I. 209. 463: Dirck. Vol. I. 128. 464. A"!*-- Jans Jacobson. Vol. 1. 437: John, Vol. I. 437: Peter A., Vol. I, 455 ; Peter I.. Vol. I, 173: Ransen, Vol. I. 455. 466. 474. Gardineer, Derrick, Vol. I, 26; John, Vol. I, 26. INDEX TO TEXT. 403 Gardner, Andries, Vol. I, 437: Charles, Vol. II, 659; Eugene, Vol. I, 514; Frederick D., Vol. I, 419, 427; Gayer, Vol. I, 94, 134, 330, 366, 409, 417, 427, 428: Gideon, Vol. I, 299-302; Joshua, Vol. I, 134: Obed, Vol. I, 514; Walter C, Rev., Vol. I, 39^: William, Vol. II, 728; William H., Vol. I, 588; W. S., Dr., Vol. I, 497. Garfield. Elijah, Vol. I. 150. Garner, Christopher, Vol. I, 562; God- frey, and sons. Vol. I, 550: J. N., Vol. I, 253; Martin H., Vol. I, 588. Garnsey, N. D., Dr., Vol. I, 220, 465. Gates, Elias, Vol. I, 264. Gaul, Edward L., Vol. I, yz. 124, 259; James H,, Vol. I, 347: John, Vol. I, 135. 399; John, Jr., Vol. I, 169, 202, 210, 392; William, Vol. I, 136. Gaylord, Harvey, Vol. I, i^. Ge'bhard, Philip, Vol. I, 209; Rev. Dr., Vol. I, 151, 493. Geiger, Leonard, Vol. I, 257, 424. Gelston. Cotton, Vol. I, 179, 247, 297, 299. 302. 303, 305, 308, 313. 314, 316, 319. i^i. 334. 342. 393. 407. 409. 425. 426. 429. George, Charles, Vol. I. 265: Gilbert R.. Vol. I. 136: John. Vol. I. 5S2. Germantown, town of. Vols. I and II, 605-621; aRriculture and agriculturists in. Vol. II, 6ig; assessment-roll of, for 1826. Vol. II, 613; churches of. Vol. II. 617-619; civil list of. Vol. II, 619-621 ; officers and pathmasters of, first. Vol. II, 611, 612; Palatines, the, in. Vol. I, 606, 607; pioneers of. Vols. I and II. 608-611; population of. Vol. II, 619; proceedings of early town meetings in. Vol. II, 612. 613: Riverside Seminary in. Vol. 11, 615, 616; schools of. Vol. I, 154, Vol. II, 614, 615; topography of. Vol. I, 605; under district government. Vol II, 611; vil- lage. Vol. II, 616. Getty, .^ndrew H., Vol. I, 266; Edmo Charles, Vol. I, 123, 2$8. 259, 266, 409. Ghent, town of. Vol. I, 547-564; agri- culture and agriculturists in. Vol. I. 552; assessment-roll of, for 1820, Vol. I. 5.'i3; cemeteries in. Vol. I. 562; churches of; Church, Evangelical Lutheran, of. Vol. I. 560; church, First Reformed, of. Vol. I, 556-559; Friends Meeting in. Vol. I, 561: church. Second Reformed, of, Vol. l] 560; civil list of, Vol. I, 562-564; county poor farm in, Vol. I, 554; early physicians in. Vol. I, 215; Friends as early settlers in. Vol. L 551; highways of. Vol. I, 553; hotels in. Vol. I, 555; lands comprised in. Vol. I, 547; manufacturing in. Vol. I. 554: organization of. Vol. I, 552; pioneers of. Vol. I, 548-552; popula- tion of. Vol. I, 562; post-offices in. Vol. I, 556; schools of, Vol. I, 555; topography of. Vol. I. 548; village Vol. I, 555. Gibbs. Alfred, Vol. I, 417; Henrv H Vol. II, 646. GiiTord, Abram J., Vol. I, 257, 258, 368; Alfred, Vol. I. 428; Arthur. Vol. I, 344. 368, 369. 471; Bros., Vol. I, 344; Ebenezer H., Vol. I, 411, 422; Ed- ward, Vol. I, 66. 68; Elihu. Vol. I, 78, 259. 344. 353. 356, 421 ; Elihu, Jr., Vol! I. 411: Frederick A., Vol. I, 254, 430; Isaac S., Vol. I, 576; James, Vol. I, 344. 406, 422; Jason L.. Vol. I, 546; John, Vol. I, 307; Joshua, Vol. I, S^7: Julian, Vol. I, 385; Malcolm, Vol. I, 344, 424; Philand S., Vol. I, 546: Rowland. Vol. I, 535; Samuel, Vol. I, 572; William H., Vol. I, 7,^7,, 344- Gilbert, Elihu, \ ol. I. 574; Elisha. Vol. I, 128, 263. 264, 574, Vol. II,' 669; Elisha, Jr., Vol. I. 128, 129, 135; Eze- kiel, Vol. I, 122, 128, 133, 172, 179, 209, 305. .307, 415; Lorenzo, Vol. I. 588; Martin, Vol. I, 210, 563; Sylves- ter P., Vol. II, 694. Gildersleeve, Charles, Vol. I, 466, 474. Gile. Lorenzo, Vol. I, 131, 215, 219, 571, 575- Gillet, John, Vol. I, 3X Gillette, John E.. Vol. I. ni, ^45, 353. 357, Vol. II. 665; John W., Mrs., Vol. I, .380; J. W., Vol. I, 406; Noa- diah. Vol. I. 537; Ransom H., Vol. I, 211, Vol. II, 694. Gilmartin. Michael, Vol. I. '^yz. Glazebrook, T. B.. Vol. II. 673, Gleason, Lyman C, Vol. II, 707. Glezen. John, Prof., Vol. I, 151, 465. Glover, John J., Vol. I, 137; j'. J., Dr., Vol. I, 220. 404 INDEX TO TEXT. Glynn. Martin, X'ol. I. 458: Martin H.. Vol. I, 274. Goeltz, Louis, Vol. I, 283. Goes, Barent I., Jr., Vol. I. 474; Der- rick, Vol. I, 26; Isaac, Vol. I, 171, 172, 209; John, Vol. I. 26; Lawrence M.. Vol. I. 167. 464; Lucas, Vol. I, •35. 179'. Mattias, Vol. I. 26; Richard L, Vol. I, 167, 464. Vol. H, 646. 647; Richard L., Vol. I, 94. Goldsmith. Thomas. Vol. L 461. Goodell. G. W. E.. Dr.. Vol. L 220, 529. Goodrich, Charles, Vol. H, 667; Elihu Chauncey, Vol. I, 209. 498: William. Vol. I, 520. Goodwin, Joseph, Vol. I. 411. 417. Goold, William H., Vol. L 546- Goose. Peter, Vol. I, 515. Gordon, D. N., Dr., Vol. L 220; W. L, Dr.. Vol. I, 220, 221. Gorham, Frederick C, Vol. I, 258. Gott, Harvey, Vol. I, 115; Harvey W.. Vol. \. 130, 134. Vol. II, 706. Gould. Jesse, Vol. I, 515; John Stan- ton, Vol. I, 124, 130, 132. Governors of the State from Columbia County. Vol. I. 123, 124. Graff, David M.. Vol. I. S63; Sherman G.. Vol. I, 563. Granger Brewery, the. Vol. I, 347; George W., Vol. I, 348; Septimus W., Vol. I, 348; Walter, Vol. I, 348: William, Vol. I, .«2. M7. 34^; Wil- liam E., Vol. I. ^48: William H.. Vol. I, 265. Grant. Eleazer, Vol. I. 263, 574. Graveline, L. C. B., Dr., Vol. I, 219. Graves, John, Vol. I, 515; Jonah, Vol. I. 32: Richard. Vol. I. 455; Stephen, Vol. I, 31: U. H., Vol. I, 471; U. S.. Vol. I, 262; W. H., Vof. I, 406. Gray, Harry, Vol. II. 748; John, Vol. II, 748; Thomas S.. Vol. I. i},?,. Green, Daniel, Vol. I. 263. 264; James. Vol. I, 262: James. Dr.. Vol. I, 465; Samuel. Vol. I, 344. Greene, .Alonzo, Vol. I. 210; Nathaniel. Vol. I. t66. 167. 179. 299. .30,s. .307. .^89, 407. Grcenport, town of. Vol. II, 6,S9-666; agriculture in. Vol. II. 664; churches of. Vol. II, 664. 665: civil list of. Vol. II, 665; hamlets in. Vol. 11, 663; marhle quarries in. Vol. II. 663; organization of. Vol. II, 662: jiioneers of. Vol. II, 660-662; popu- lation of. Vol. II. 665; topography of. Vol. II, 660. Gregg. Henry L.. Vol. I. 222. 347, 359, 407. Gridley. Chauncey, \'ol. I. 366; Elihu. V^ol. I. 474; Noah. Vol. I. 374. 417. Griffin, .\rthur M., Rev., Vol. I, 511. Griswold, James S.. Vol. II, 707; John. Vol. II, 699; Lucien S., Vol. II. 707; Oliver, Vol. II, 743; Sheldon M., Rev., Vol. I, 222, 223, 396; Sherman, Vol. II, 706. Groat. Cyrus, Vol. I, 134, 464; Edwin, Vol. I, 349; Henry, and sons. Vol. I, 549; Peter, Jr.. Vol. I. 130, 134, 562; Philip P., Vol. I, 134, Vol. II. 666; Rohert P., Vol. I. 355. 422. 430; William P., Vol. I. s6^; William T., 266. Grooves, Richard, Jr.. \o\. I, 406. Gross, William H.. Vol. I. 424. Grosvenor. Thomas, Vol. I. 122; Thomas P., Vol. I, 128, 204. 209. Guernsey. Lorenzo G.. Vol. I, 97, 421. Guertin. Casimir N., Vol. I, 258, 260. Guinan, Michael, Vol. I. 432. Guion, Covington, Vol. I, 454. Gunn, John, Vol. I, 413; Stephen, Vol. I. 426. H. Hagendorn. Christophel. Vol. I. 26, 27; Peter. Vol. I. 27; William, Vol. I, 27. Hague. J. B.. Rev.. Vol. I. 149. 375. Haigh. B. P., Vol. II, 656. Haight. Isaac T., Vol. I. 155. Hailes, Charles S., Vol. I, 274. Haines. Charles D.. Vol. I. 122. Halburt. Marcellus L.. Vol. I, 137. Halcoml). .-Vnna S. T.. Vol. I, 383. Hall. Benjamin A.. Vol. II. 694; C. M.. Vol. 1. 211 ; Charles W., Vol. II. 694: Fayette J.. Vol. I. 26s : George. Vol. II. 691; Henry B.. Vol. I. 133. Vol. II, 647; loseph. Vol. I. sis; Lewis N.. Vol. 'l. 576; Milton M., Vol. I. 212. 425; William. Vol. I. 421. Hallenheck. Andrew. Vol. I. fx)4; Frederick S.. Vol. I. 2^4: H. Augus- tus, Vol. I. 256. 257: John R.. Vol. I. 411. 415. 417; Michael. Vol. I. 36, 37: Michael I.. Vol. I. 426: Michael M.. V'ol. I. 426. 427; Nelson. Vol. I. INDEX TO TEXT. 405 605; Oliver W., Vol. I, 155; William E.. Vol. 1. j66; William S.. Vol. I, 133, I5S. -^59. 262. 368. 371. 372. 409, 454, 475: William. Vol. I, 26. 402. 417. Halsev, E. C, Vol. I. 210. Halsted. Joseph. Vol. I. 126, Vol. II. 718. Ham. A. W., Vol. II. 659; Benjamin, Vol. I, 26s; Coonrodt Vol. I. 26: James W., Vol. I, Cx>4: Peter, Vol. I. 27: Philip L.. Vol. II, 659; P. P.. Vol. I. 492: Reuben. Vol. I, 514; R. L.. Vol. II, 659: Stephen W.. Vol. I, 170, 423; Wilson, Vol. II, 646, 647. Hamilton. James H., Vol. I, 209; John, Vol. I. 575: Joseph, Dr.. Vol. I, 255, 305. 309. 314; Patrick, Vol. I. 128. 260. 574: S. B.. Vol. I, 572. Hamlin. John. Vol. I. 258. ^yy. Jabez. Vol. 11. 700. Hammond. Abner, \'^ol. I. 97. 231, 271, 319, 352. 353, 419. Hanbucli. William. Vol. I, 27. Hand. Franklin, Vol. II, 694: Horatio. Vol. II. 691; Horatio N., Vol. II. 693,, 694: Ira. Vol. II, 694; Nathan, Vol. I, 26s: Samuel, Vol. I, 46, Vol. II, 670: Samuel N.. Vol. I. 546: Syl- vanus. Vol. I. 134: Uriah, Vol. I, 429. Haner. John. Vol. II. 730, 7^1; M. L.. Vol. I. 474; Sanford C, Vol. I. 546. Hanna, Samuel. Vol. I. 455. Hannah. William W.. Jr., Vol. I. 423. 432. Hannon, Thomas F.. Vnl. I. 424. Hanor, Charles. Vol. II. 707; Henry M.. Vol. I. 135, 170, 4.S2. Hanway, Henry, Vol. I, 82. ^^ Hapeman. Joseph. Vol. I, 262. Harder. Charles V. S.. Vol. I. 26:;: C. N.. Vol. I. 500: Edson R., Vol. I. 212. 459: Edward B., Vol. II. 659: family, the. Vol. I, 549: Francis J.. Vol. I. 265: Frank B., Vol. I. .355, 357, 500: Franklin, Vol. I, 257: George, Vol. I. 493: Georp-» M.. Vol. I, 502, 514: Horton, Vol, I, 501: Ja- cob, Vol. I. 425: Jacob N.. Vol. I, 353. 562; Jacobus, Vol. I. 563; John, and Jacob W.. Vol. I. 552: John M., Vol. I, 415; Knitting Co., Vol. I. 349: Martin, Vol. 135. 563: Nicholas. ■ Vol. I,. 307, 309: Nicholas W., Vol. I. 466: Philip M.. Vol. I. 499, ;oo. 563: Tennis, Vol. I, 454; William A.. Vol. 349, 355, 457. Hardick. A. I., Vol. I, 419; Francis, Vol. I, 294; Francis, Jr., Vol. I, 31; John, Vol. I, 136, 413, 415, 417. 428; John A.. Vol. I, 424: Justus, Vol. I, 309; Peter F., Vol. I, 415: William, Vol. I, 179. Hardyck, Jacob, Vol. I. 425: John. Vol. I. 26: William, Vol. I, 309 Hardykc, Frank. Vol. I, 26. Hare, Henry, Vol. I, 134. Harger, George S., Vol. I, 254. Harrington, David. Vol. I, 264; Harry Vol. II. 693. Harris, John S.. Vol. I, 129, Vol II 719- Harrison, L., Vol. I. 266. Hart. William H.. Vol. I. ^68 423 Hartley. F. C. W.. Mrs.. Vol. I, 379 .380. Harvey, Charles S.. Vol. I. ^^7, 379, 407, 425, 433; H. C. Vol. I. rx)4. 60s; H. D., Vol. I, 290. Hasbrouck. J., Vol. I. 406. Hatch. Bogardus. Vol. II. 669. Hatfield. Charles B.. Vol. I, 261; Ed- mund, Vol. I, 1,34. 421: Simeon R.. Vol. I. 261. 532. Hathaway. John, Vol. I. 92, 317, ^98, 413; Nicholas, Vol. I, 324: S.' S., Vol. I. 115- Haucrdorn. Henrig. Vol. I. 27. Haven. Augustine. Dr.. Vol. I. 215. 5.38. Havens. Charles W., Vol. I, 575. Haver. Christian, Vol. I. 27. Haviland. F. Carroll. Vol. 344. 355. 409: John T.. Jr., Vol. I, 231. Hawes. Jacob. Vol. I, 320. Hawkes, Arthur M.. Vol. I. 211: Wil- liam. Vol. I. 258. Hawkins, Gaylord, Vol. I, 535. Hawley. Abner, Vol. II. 699: Ezra, Vol. I. 532: James W.. Vol. T, 470: Sam- uel. Vol. I. 474. Haws. Granville P.. Vol. I. 66: John. Vol. T. 427. Hawver. Chancellor. Vol. I. 212: Charles V.. 424; John A., Vol. I, 1,36: William H.. Vol. I. 211. 212. 388, Vol. II. 727: W. H.. Jr., Vol. 11, 728. Haxtun. Benjamin, Vol. T. ,324, 413. Hayden. Augustus F., Dr„ Vol. J. a.t8, .■545. 546- 406 INDEX TO TEXT. Hayes, John, Vol. I, 502. Haynes, Daniel, Dr.. Vol. I, 219. Haynor, Azro C, Vol. I, 261. Haywood. Daniel. Vol. I, 5,?5; Jo'"'. Vol. I, 490. Hazard, U. M., Vol. II, 694. Heard, Albert E., Vol. II, 659. Hearn, John, Vol. I, 34S; William H., Vol. I. 223. 348. Heath, Bartholomew. Vol. I. 32; John E., Vol. I, 423; Sylvanus E., Vol. I, 422. 430. 4,v, William E., Vol. I, 419. 428. Hebener, Erederick. Vol. I. 266. Hedges. Denison. Vol. I, 429; D. G., Vol. II. 742; William. Vol. II, 742- Keener, Johannes, Vol. I, 27. Heeney, William, Vol. I, 262. Hcermance, A., Vol. I, 265; A. W., Vol. II, 659; Clayton J., Vol. I, 212; G. C.. Vol. I. 210: Henry A., Vol. I, 218: Henry P., Vol. I, 131. 1.33. .342; S. T. B., Vol. II, 665; P. W.. Vol. I. 493, 498, 514; William E., Vol. I, 130. 399. 427. Vol. II, 665. Heiner, Johannes. Vol. I, 26. Helmer. Hiram, Vol. II, 659. Hemenway, Sanford B.. Vol. I, 264. Heminway, Calvin T., Vol. II, 694. Hemingwav. Joseph R.. Vol. I, 575. Henchey. Dfnnis. Vol. I. 475. Henderson, W. D.. Vol. I. 210: Zeliina. Vol. I. 320. Hendrick Hudson Chapter. Dauehters of the American Revolution, Vol. I. 377-380. Hennessv. Tohn. Vol. I. 424. Henry, Jabez. Vol. I. ^\^: Sarah E.. Vol. I. 381: William. Vol. I. 470. Herbs. F. h H.. Sr Rro.. Vol. I. 349: Magnus D.. Vol. I. 4.32, 433. Hermancc. Clayton J.. Vol. I. 2S7. .38.V. H P.. Vol. n. 727; Tacob E.. Vol. II. 650; William E., Vol. I. 3';3. 410. Hcrriris. Calvin. Vol. I. 575; Edward. Vol. I. 502; John. Vol. I. 307; Mar- tin. Vol. I, 1.36. Hes. Nicklas. Vol. I. 27. Hess. Michael, Vol. 1. 32; Myron. Vol. I. 492. Hester. Dennis. Vol. I. 4,33. Hicks. Robert, Dr.. Vol. I. 215. 218. Hicok Calvin D., Vol. I, 261, 547- Higgins, C. D., Vol. II, 708; George W., Vol. II, 707; Lewis R., Vol. 11, 708; William S., Vol. I, 261, Vol. II, 707. Hildreth, Charles E., Vol. I, 423. 424- Hill, Caleb, Vol. I, 536: Jonathan, Vol. I. 129; Richard, Vol. I, 259; Seth, Vol. I, 263, 264. Hiller. Henry. Vol. I, 231. Hills. Granville, Vol. I, 223. Hillsdale, town of. Vol. I. 576-588; cemeteries in. Vol. I, 587; churches of. Vol. I, 585, 586; civil list of. Vol. I, 587. 588; cloud-burst in. Vol. J. 582; early physicians in. Vol. I, 216; hamlets in, Vol. I, 584; HailemviJle in. Vol. I, 584; iron mines in. Vol. I, 582. 583; lands comprising the. Vol. i, 576: manufacturing in. Vol. I. 581, 582; newspapers of: Herald, The, Vol. I. 290; Hillsdale Enterprise, Vol. I, 290; Hillsdale Harbinger, Vol. I, 290; physicians and lawyers of. Vol. I. 582; pioneers of. Vol. I. 577-581; population of. Vol. I. 587; schools of. Vol. I. 584; topography of. Vol. I, 577; village. Vol. I. 583. 584. Hilton. Benjamin, Vol. I. 129. 474. Hinsdale, Charles. Vol. II, 747: Charles H.. Vol. II. 748; Charles W.. Vol. I, 134. 170; Robert H.. Vol. II. 747; Stephen, Dr.. Vol. I. 219: William W.. Vol. II. 747- Hitchcock. James. Vol. II. 668. Hoag. Asa. Vol. I. 135." Vol. II. 718." 7I9;'C., F., Vol. I. 454;'T'rank S Vol. , I, 262.''452Y James. Vol. II. 7i8;^ens- I sclaer. Vol. I. 534;''Thomas. Vol. I. ^ 5U." 546; William. Vol. II. 718; Willis. Vol. II. 718. 719. Hobart. H.. Vol. I. 2rx). Ilodge. Edward J., Vol. I. 80. 265. 409, 422. 429; George .A.. Vol. I, 257. Hodges. Denison. Vol. I. 355: E. C, Rev.. Vol. I. 573. Hoemicr. Johannes. Vol. I. 27. Hoes. Baront. Vol. I. 209. 474; Casper C. Vol. I, 1.^6; Edwin. Vol. I. 211. 475; Tohn. Vol. II. 659; John R., Vol. il. 646; John V. A.. Vol. I. 286; Lucas. Vol. I. 121. i.W 453. i.54. 464. 474; Martin, Vol. I, 43": Peter I.. Vol. I, 150, 454, 46s, 474; Pierre V. INDEX TO TEXT. 407 B., Vol, I, 212; Robert, Vol. I, 131, 546. Hoff. Adam, Vol. I. 27. Hoffman, Daniel, Vol. I, 353, 421, 428; D. H., Vol. I, 532; Henry, Vol. I, 27. 53; Jeremiah, Vol. I, 54, 135; Mar- tin H., Vol. I, 167, 562, 563; Peter, Vol. I, 352, 355; Philip I., Vol. I, 128; Philip L., Vol. I, 169, 209, 603. Hogan, James, Vol. II, 645. Hogeboom, Abraham. Vol. I, 530; An- drew, Vol. I, 152; Cornelius, murder of, Vol. I, 40, 170; Derrick, Vol. I, 26; family, in Claverack, Vol. I. 481; Henry (Judge), Vol, I, 130, 164, 167, 198-200, 210, 430, 497; Henry, Vol. II, 659; Jeremiah, Vol. I, 31, 294; Jo- liannes, Vol. I, 45, 437. 548; John C, Vol. I, 107, 121, 124. 126, 128, 131, 170, 211, 212, 236, 352, 380, 497, 513; John S.^ Vol. I, 563; John T., course of, on the extension of slavery, Vol. I, 117, 118, 123, 130, 131. 165, 193, 194, 253; Joseph P., Vol. I, 532; Kil- lian, Vol. I, 53, 128, 133, 497; Law- rence, Vol. I, 127, 128, 170; Peter, Vol. I, 31, 563: Peter, Jr., Vol. I, 173, 246, 29s, 307, 411; Stephen, Vol. I, 31, 22. .S8, 124, 126, 128, 167, 171. 172, 513; Tobias L., Vol. I. 60, 121, 129, 167. Hogg. Thomas A., Vol. I. 173. Holdridge," Abraham P., Vol. I. 129, 166, 200, Vol. II, 706. Holinback, William, Vol. I, 31. Hollenbeck, Alfred. Vol. II, 666; De Witt, Vol. II, 666; Harmon, Vol, I, 136. Vol. II. 666; Jacob. Vol. II. 66s, 666; Jacob R., Vol. I, 170, Vol. I'l. 66s; John B., Vol, I, 228; Nelson, Vol II, 728; Richard. Vol. II. 665; Robert, Vol. I, 172; P. A., Vol. II, 666; Peter B.. Vol. I, 588, Vol. II, 666; William, Vol. I. 172, 427. Holley, Augustus N., Vol. I, 53; Ed- mund. Vol. I. 357, 368; Edward O,, Vol. I. 170; Elisha. Vol. I, 209; James P.. Vol, I. 433: Josiah, Vol. I, 128, Vol, II, 718; Orville, Vol, I, ,324; Philologus, Vol. I, 53. Hollister. Jesse, Vol. I, 173, Holmes. Abraham, Vol I. 575: A. R., Vol. T, 3,=;:;; Israel. Vol, I. S4; Lem- uel. Vol, I, 2ii, 42.2, 43-2; Mary M,, Vol. I, 223. Holsapple, George A., Vol. I, 257; John, Vol. I, sy, J, W„ Vol. I, 432; Martin, Vol, II, 740; S. N., Vol. I, 257; S. N., Mrs.. Vol. I, 368; Willard, Vol. II, 740; William D., Vol. I, 137, 4,33; W. Frank, Vol. I, 212, 348; Wil- liam I., Vol. I, 135, Vol. II, 739; William M.. Dr., Vol. I, 136, 402. Holt, Charles. Vol. I, 108, 275. Honeyford, Samuel L., Vol. I. 259. Hood, Robert, Vol. I, 211, 598. Hooper, David, Vol. I, 26. Hoose, John, Vol. I, 26. Hoot, Joseph, Vol. I, 53. Hopkins, Henry N., Vol, I, 271, 287; John S., Vol. I, 320. Horan, Michael J., Rev., Vol, I, 471, Horton, Cornelius N., Vol. I, =;o3; F. B., Vol. I, 605; H, B,. Dr., Vol, I, 222; Henry P., Vol. I, 514: Jacob, Dr., Vol. I, 220. 604, Hosford, J, Spencer, Vol, I, 454. Hoskins, Shubael, Vol, I, 319. Hosmer, Hezekiah L., Vol. I, 171, 172, 179, 209, 376, 407, 409; Prosper, Vol. L 361, 415- Hotaling. Peter J., Vol, I, 132; Wil- liam, Vol. I, 266. Houghtaling, C. J,, Vol. I. 421. Houlihan, Samuel, Vol. I, 136. House, Nathaniel, Vol. I, 32, 216, 582. Housman, Charles, Vol. I, 546. Hover, Alexander W., Vol. II. 619, 621; Andrew, Vol. II. 620; Charles E„ Vol, II, 619, 621; Charles H„ Vol. 621; Erastus. Vol. II. 619-621; James .\.. Vol. II. 6,S3, 655; Jeremiah, Vol, I. 130; Jolin H., Vol, II. 619; Jonas J,, Vol, II. 619, 621; Leonard, Vol. II, 621. Howard, Byron G,, Vol, I, 409; Eben- ezer. Vol. I, 365; John, Vol. I, 389; Joseph, Vol, I. 515; Manfred \.. Vol, i, 409, Howe, lulwin D,. Vol, I. 212. 4.S9. 461. Howes, .'\shley B., Vol. I, 572, 576; George T., Vol. I. S/S- Howland. William B., Vol, I. 287. 288, Hoxie. Christopher. Vol. I. 319, 417. Hoxsie. George, Vol, I. 475; George W., Vol. I, 454, 47,=;, H-oysradt, Adam, Vol, II, 747; Adam A,, Vol. I, 130. 4S4. 45";. 464; Albert, Vol. I, 125. 409: Albert L,. Vol, II, 719; Christopher, Vol. II, 748; Hen- 408 INDEX TO TEXT. drick, \'ol. II, 743; Henry, Vol. I, 134, 474: Henry H., Vol. II. 718; Hiram P.. Vol. I, 2S4; Jacob H., Vol. I. 131, Vol. n. 718, 719; Jacob W.. Vol. I, 121, 124, 126, 131, 319, 337, US. 353. 407. 422, 423; John H., Dr.. \'ol. I. 2T5, 537: Lewis M.. Vol. II. 718; William W.. Vol. I. 130. 211. Hubbard, Gideon. Vol. I. 173; Homer, Vol. I. 136; James. Dr.. Vol. I. 2iq; John C. Vol. I, 211, 588. Hubbel, Charles C, Vol. I. 411; Henry. Vol. I. 352. 428, 430: Levi. Vol. I. 415: William G., 426, 427. Hudson .Academy, Vol. I, 373-375; Aqueduct Company, incorporation of. Vol. I, 330; -A.ssociation for Mutual ImproveiTient. Vol. I. 377. Hudson City, banks, of. Vol. I. 236. 3.S2-357; beginnings of. Vol. I. 295; beginnings of cotnmerce at. Vol. I. 226; brewing interests of. Vol. I. 346- 348; brick-making in. Vol. I. 350; business houses in. in 1785. Vol. I. ,^05; lousiness in. from 1785 to 1812. Vol. I. 226-228: canal through the flats, the, at. Vol. I. 229: causes for decline in commercial and shipping interests of. Vol. I. 326: cemetery, establishment of the. in. Vol. I. 308; church. All Souls' Protestant Episco- pal, at. Vol. I, 398: church. Baptist, at. Vol. I. ,397; church. Christ. Pro- testant Episcopal, at. Vol. I. 394-397; church. Emanuel Lutheran, at. Vol. I. 404: church. First Universalist. at. Vol. I. 398: church, Methodist Epis- copal, at. Vol. I, .393. 394: church, Presbyterian, at. Vol. I. ,389-,393: church. Quaker, or Friends, at. Vol. I. ,388: church. Reformed (Dutchl at. Vol. I, ,-^90: church. St. John's Evan- gelical Lutheran. Vol. I. 402: church. St. Tolin's Methodist, at. Vol. T. 404: church. St. Mary's R. C. at. Vol. I. 401. 402; church. St, Matthew's Ger- man Evangelical, at. Vol. I. 404; church. Zion M. E., at. Vol. I. .399; City Council, migrations of the. Vol. I. .3,^4: Citv Hall of, building of the. Vol. I. .308; City Hospital. Vol. T. 222. 223: city records, extracts from the. Vol. T. 337-.140; civil list of. Vol I, 407-4.13; club. the. Vol. I. 3S0: -..^coal 'dealers of. Vol. T. 351; com- mercial and shipping interests, changes in. during first quarter of century, Vol. I, 324-327; common school system, establishment of the, in. Vol, I, 367; cordage-making in, Vol. I, 342; description of, by John Lambert, in 1807, Vol. I, 227; early ferry interests at. Vol, I. 228-230; early innkeepers of. Vol. I, 309; early literary societies of. Vol. I, 377; early physicians in. Vol. I. 216. 217; early schools of. Vol. I. 148-150. .360; early streets and roads in. Vol. I. ,^03; Elec- tric-Light Co.. Vol. I, 359; extracts from Gazette advertisements of busi- ness houses. Vol, I, 327-330: Female Academy, Vol. I, 149. 375; Fibre Company, Vol. I, 349; fire depart- ment. Vol. I, 331, 332; firemen, first, appointed in. Vol. I. 319: fires in, Vol. I, 3,so, 331; first bank in. Vol. I, 314; first dwellings in. Vol, I. 301; first fire apparatus and companies in, Vol. I. 317-320; first jail in. Vol. I, 307; first municipal officers of. Vol. I. 307; first school-house in. Vol. I, 311; first schools in. Vol, I, 147; Franklin Library .Association of, Vol. I, 376: Gas Company, Vol, I, ?,S7\ High School, Vol. I, 368, ,369; hotels of. Vol. I, 357, 359; in 1786, Vol. I, 309; incorporation of the city of. Vol. I, 305, 306: Iron Company. Vol. I, .344; iron-working in. Vol. I, .343-345; knit-goods industry in. Vol. I. 348. 349; Lancasterian school in, Vol. I. 360-367: libraries of. Vol. I, },76\ Library Society. Vol. I, 376; liquor licenses in, in 1787, Vol. I. 311; made a port of entry. Vol. I, 314; Maennerchor. \'o\. I. 388: man- ufacturing in. Vol. I. 341-350; mar- kets in. first. Vol. I, 302; market- house, the second, in. Vol. I. 313; military companies of. early. Vol. I, 323. 324: new charter of. Vol. I, 341; newspapers: American Repository, The. Vol. I. 284; Balance. The. Vol. I. 274; Bee. Tlie. Vol. I. 275; Colum- bia and Greene County Envoy. Vol. I. 280: Columbia Countv Democrat, Vol. T, 284: Columbia County Far- mer. The. Vol. I. 284: Columbia -Magazine; The. Vol.. I, 276; Colum- bia Republican. The. Vol. 4. 276; Co- INDEX TO TEXT. 409 lumbia Washingtonian. Tlie, Vol. I. 281; Daily News. The. Vol. I, 284: Daily Register. The, VjI. I. 273; Daily Republican. The, Vol. I. 284; Daily Star, The, Vol. I. 282: Demo- cratic Freeman, The, Vol. I. 283; Diamond. The, Vol. I, 280; Drafted Men's Advocate, The, Vol. I. 285; Eastern Lutheran. The, Vol. I, 286; Family Journal. The, Vol. I, 284; Flail. The, Vol. I. 281 ; Gazette. The. Vol. I, 267-273; Hudson Mirror, The, Vol. I, 280; Hudson Repository, The. Vol. I, 285: Hudson Weekly Record, Vol. I, 286; Magnolia. The, Vol. I, 280; Messenger of Peace, The, Vol. I, 279; Northern Whig, The. Vol. I, 275; Republican Fountain, The, Vol. I, 275: Rural Repository, Vol. I, 279: Saturday Herald, Vol. I, 286: Spirit of the Age, Vol. I. 281; Spirit of the Forum, Vol. I, 276; Sunday Journal, The, Vol. I, 285; Temperance Palla- dium, The, Vol. I, 283: Thrasher, The. Vol. I. 281; Wasp. The. Vol. I, 275: Weekly Star. The. Vol. I. 283; night-wa*ch established in. Vol. I, .321: oil and candle manufacturing in. Vol. I, 343: ordinances, quaint, of. Vol. I, 313; Orphan Asylum. Vol. I, 96, 97; Orphan and Relief Associa- tion, Vol. I, 96, 97; Paper Car-Wheel Co.. Vol. I, 345: Parade Hill in. Vol. I. 3TI; passenger sloops sailing from. Vol. I. 325: paving ordinances, etc., of 1793. in. Vol. I. 310: Players' Club of. Vol. I, 3S0; police department. Vol. I, .^41; population of. changes in, Vol. I. 327; post-office, establish- m.ent of. Vol. I. 313; post-ofifice and mail facilities. Vol. I. 334-337; prod- ucts of, during first quarter of the century. Vol. I, 325; progress in. in 1785. Vol. I, ,303; proprietors: agree- ment of the. Vol. I. 207-299; coming of the. Vol. I. 295-299; first meeting of the. Vol. I, .301; first undertakings of the. Vol. I, ^^00, 301 ; improve- m.ents made by the. Vol. I. 301-303; list of the. Vol. I. 299. 300; organiza- tion, transfer of rights of the. to the city government. Vol. I. 322. 323; records, extracts from the. Vol. I. 300-313; receipts and expenses of, by decades, for the past half century. Vol. I, 339. 340; sale of land by the Hardicks to the proprietors. Vol. I. 297; school records from 1887 to 1900, Vol, I, 369-373; school statistics. Vol. I. Z73; schools of, Vol. I, 360-376; schools, private and select. Vol, I, 375. 376; Select Academy, Vol. I, 375; " shinplaster " era in, Vol. I, 320; ship-building in, Vol. I, .325; St. Mary's Academy at, Vol. I, 402; State Armory at, Vol. I. 385; stocks and whipping-post in. Vol. I, 307; Sto-.-e Works, Vol. I, 344; street improve- ment in. Vol. I, 340; street lighting in, beginning of. Vol. I, 322; streets, first laid out in. Vol. I. 301; sub- merged lands granted in charter of, Vol. I, 306; tanning business in, Vol. I, 342; tax list of. for 1787, Vol. I, 312; territory included in, Vol. I, 294; water works. Vol. I. 316, 332- 334; whaling industry of, Vol. I, 233- 236; wholesale trade in. Vol. I, 350; woolen manufacturing in. Vol. I. 343; Young Ladies' Seminary, Vol. L 150; Young Men's Christian Association, Vol. L 406. Hudson. Charles H.. Vol. L 349; Elijah, Vol. L 515; George, Vol. L 349; Henry, Vol. L 349; Henry, discovery of the river that bears his name, by. Vol. L 5-7; Hosea, Vol. L 534; Pliny, Vol. I. 129. 135. 534. 545; Richard. Vol. L .S74; Samuel. Vol. L 349; Sam- uel E., Vol. \. 170; Sylvanus, Vol. I, 515; William. Vol. L 332. 411, 419. Hughes. Edward T., Vol. L 521 ; James P.. Vol. n. 646; Thomas, Vol. L 475: William J.. Vol. L 232. Hull. Charles W.. Vol. L 264. 546; Henry. Vol. L 264; William, Rev., Vol. i. 285. 286. Hu'bert. Hezekiah. Vol. L 129. 260; Hoze. Vol. L S46. Humphrey. E. H.. Dr.. Vol. I. 220; H. D.. Vol. I. 11=;; Robert, Vol. L 604; Robert. Dr.. Vol. I, 219. Hunt. Alpheus M., Vol. L 320; Ephraim. Vol. L 263; John. Vol. \, 2.s8. 419; John. Dr.. Vol. L 217. 218; Rutsen. Vol. L ,^88. Hunter. Andrew. Vol. L 173. Himtington. Andrew. Vol. L 376. Huntley. Nathan. Vol. \. 515. Hurcomb. Walter F,. Vol. L 527. 410 IXDEX TO TEXT. Hurley. Matthew, Vol. I. 82. Hussey. Benjamin. Vol. I. 300; Paul, Vol. I. 300. Hutchings. Walter, Vol. II. 747. Hutman, Henry C, Vol. I, 355. Huyck, Aaron, Vol. I, 474: Burgar. land grant to. Vol. I. 18. 26; Casper, Vol. I, 31; Cornells. Vol. I. 26; Jo- hanni.s, Vol. I, 26; John Van Hoesen, Vol. i, 209; Laniert, Vol. I, 26; Peter, Vol. I. 474- Hyatt, Edward. Vol. I, 411; James, Vol. I. 85, 128, T.l?. 319. 415. 429- I. Immigrants, list of, of 1660 to 1665, Vol. I, 22. Independent Order of Odd Fellows, ex- tinct lodges of. Vol. I. 265. 266: Hope Encampment, Vol. I. 266; Hudson City Lodge. No. 142, Vol. I. 265; Lindenwald Lodge. No. 442. Vol. I, 265; Morning Star Lodge. No. 128, Vol. I, 266; Union Encampment. Vol. I, 266; Valatie Lodge, No. ii^. Vol. I. 266. Ingersoll. David, Vol. I, 37. 38; J. Ed- win. Vol. II, 707. Ingrahani, Duncan. Vol. I. 314. 413. Insley. Jonathan. Vol. I. 167. Irish. Amos. Vol. I. 535. Iron manufacture, the first. Vol. I, 241- -243- Irving. Washington, Vol. I. 440-446. Isbister, Tennis, \'ol. I. s6?; Theodore, Vol. I. 552. Jacobia, .Mien. Vol. I. 474; familv. the. Vol. I, ,49; John, Vol. I. .V. Olrig, Vol. I. 27. James. Augustine, Vol. I. I7f. Henrv. Vol. I, 423, Jamison, Alexander, Vol. I, 136. Jan, Jurie, Vol. I. 26. Janes, William W.. Vol. I. 576. Jansen. Lambert, Vol, I, 437. Jarvis, Chester. Vol. I. 454. Jenkins. Alexander. Vol. 1. 428; .\miel. Vol. I. 319: Charles. Vol. I. 32. 246, 299. 309. ^Sg: Deborah. Vol. I. 300; Elisha. Vol. I, 49. 108. 109. 121. 124. 128, 133. 258. 376. 377, 389, 392. 429: Franklin, Vol. I, 389; Frederick. Vol. I, 425; F. W.. Dr., Vol. I. 219; Gil- bert, Vol. I. 53. 323: Henry, Vol. I, 355, 411; John F., Vol. I. 417; John P., Vol. I. 426, 427, 430: John W., Vol. I, 419; Lemuel, Vol. I, 255. 300; Marshall. Vol. I, 246, 300, 307, 342, 389, 393. 411. 420; ^iarshall, Jr., Vol. I, 133; Robert. Vol. I. 133, 229. 318, 319. 330. 376, 407, 409. 415. 425. 429; Seth, Vol. I. 167, 179. 247, 255, 256, 299-301, 305. 307. 314- 343. 375. 407. 420. 495; Thotnas. Vol. I, 46, 56, 121, 228. 247, 297, 299-303, 305. 307. 314. 316, 322, 342. 361. 389. 407, 411. 426, 429. 430; Thomas, Jr., Vol. I, 426; William. Vol. I. 319. 426. Jenks, William H., Vol. I, 588. Jerkowski. Samuel. Vol. I. 532. Jerome, Watson. Vol. II, 659. Jessup, Frederick. Vol. I. 355. 422: John. Vol. I, 132; John H.. Vol. I, 170, 423- Jewell, Henry C. Vol. I, 57^- Jewett, Joseph, Dr., \'ol. I. 218. Jillard. W. C, Vol. I. 406. Jochim. Peter, Vol. I, 437. Johnson, Artemus, Vol. I, 262; Benja- min P.. Vol. I, 210; Benoni S.. Vol. I. 351, 353; G. Q., Dr.. Vol. I. 220; Hiram S.. Vol. I. 212. 290; Hiram W.. Vol. I, 263. 588; H. W., Dr., Vol, I, 223: Jason H., Vol. I. 575; Jason M.. Vol. I. 3^7; John. Vol. I. 172: John I.. Vol. I. 116, Vol. II. 727. 728; John Q., Vol. I. s88: Josephus, Vol. I. s^^;: J. M.. Vol. I. 07: Quincy. Vol. I, 263. .=;79. .^87: Walter, Vol. I, .30S, 319: William. Vol. I. 230, 263. 330, 415; William L.. Vol. I. 54; Wil- liam Ross. Rev.. Vol. I, 396. Jones. Charles S.. Vol. I. i^m Erastus B.. Vol. II. 694: Frederick W.. Vol. II. 665: John. Vol. I. 33: ]■ Wesley, Vol. I. 253; Samuel. Vol. I. 167, Vol, II. 671, 676: Samuel F.. Vol. I, 264; Seth. Vol. I. 319: Squire. Dr., Vol. I. 2i8: William M.. Dr.. Vol. I. 218. Jordan, .Abfaham, Dr,. Vol. I. 215. 216, 218. 497. 513. 582; .Mien. Vol. I. 210. 277, 407, 419, 427: ,Mlen A.. Dr.. Vol. I. 219; Ambrose L.. Vol. I. 78. 178, sketch of. 190-192. 210. 277. 339. 409, 497: Benjamin S.. Vol. I. 490; Jo- sephus D.. Vol. I. 210: P. M.. Vol. I. 210; William, Vol. I. 33, 54. and de- INDEX TO TEXT. 411 scendants. Vol. I, S79. s8o: William. Jr., Vol. I, 587; Williaiii A., Vol. I, .353. 422. Joseph. William B., Vol. I, 424. Joslen, Granville AI.. Vol. I. 424. Judd, Bethel. Rev., Vol. I, 395. 396. Judges of County Court, Vol. I. 168; of the Supreme Court from the county, Vol. I, 164. Judson. Edmund L., Vol. I, S27; Ralph. Vol. I, 588; Samuel. Vol. I. 262, 263, 587. . I , i June. Phineas. Vol. I, 305. Justice of the General Term. Vol. I. 164. K. Kane. James, Vol. I, 432; N. T., Vol. I. 348. Kanitt. Harry. Vol. II, 645. Kastenbaum. Morris. Vol. I. 265. Keefer. Duncan. Vol. II, 718. 719; John ^W., Vol. II. 719. Keene.v, John. Vol. I. 415. Keep. Martin. Vol. II, 656. Keese. Francis S., Vol. I, 69, 70. Kelder, Coonrod, Vol. I, 26. Kellerhouse, Henry, Vol. II, 748. Kelley, Charles E., Vol. I, 260, 424. Kellogg, Aaron, Vol. I, 128, and sons, Vol. I, 365, 574, 576; Aaron, Jr.. Vol. I, 13s; Edward, Vol. I. 576; Elisha B., Vol. II, 707; Joseph, Vol. I, 260; Russell, Vol. I, ,309, 316, 389, 413; Standish L., Vol. II, 707; Timothy, Vol. I, 247, 343. Kells, Frank H.. Vol. I, 424. Kemper. John. Vol. I. 319. Kendall. Ephraim, Vol. I, 464; George B., Vol. II, 694. Kendrick-, David E., Vol. I, 422. Kennedy, Bernard H., Vol. I. 274. 368, ;^72: Dennis H., Vol. I. 274. 4,^^: John E.. Vol. I. 264; Matthew. Vol. I. 132. 409, 432- Kent. James E.. Vol. II. 659. Kenworthy, Frank H., Vol. I. 289; Geor,ge E., Vol. I. S.32. Kertz, Henrv, Vol. I, 256, 258, 260; J. Frank. Vol I. 260. Keyes. Ephraim. Vol. II. 668. Kidney. Richard. Vol. I, 256, 258. 380. 411. 42,3. 429. 432. Kierstead, Nicholas, Vol. II, 620. Kilmer, David W.. Vol. I, 265: Thomas, Vol. I. 257; WUliam, Vol. I, 466. Kilts, Johannes, Vol. I, 172. Kinderhook Academy, Vol. I, 150, 465; and Stuyvesant Mutual Insurance Co.. Vol. I, 459; creek. Vol. I, 2; Knitting Co., Vol. I, 452. Kinderhook, town of. Vol. I, 435-475; agriculture and agriculturists in. Vol. I, 466; attorneys of. Vol. I, 459; banks of. Vol. I, 237; cemeteries of. Vol. I, 472; civil list of. Vol. I, 474, 475: early physicians in, Vol. I. 214; historical houses in, Vol. I, 439-449; land grants comprised in. Vol. I. 436; list of prominent office-holders from. Vol. I. 464; newspapers of: Kinder- hook Courier. Vol. I, 287; Rough Notes, The, Vol. I. 286; Valatie Weekly Times, Vol. I, 287; Niver- ville village in. Vol. I, 461. 462; pat- ent, the. Vol. I, 18; physicians of. Vol. I, 459. 464; pioneers of. Vol. I. 436-438; population of. Vol. I. 472; schools of. Vol. I. 150. 151, 465, 466; topography of, Vol. I, 435, 436; Va- latie village in; Church, Methodist Episcopal, of. Vol. I. 471; Church. Presbyterian, of. Vol. I. 471; Church. St. John the Baptist Roman Catho- lic, of. Vol. I, 471 ; Church, St. Luke's Lutheran, of. Vol. I, 470; fire depart- ment. Vol. I, 459, 461; hotels of. Vol. I, 458; incorporation of. Vol. I. 459; Knitting Co.. Vol. I, 457; manufac- tures of. Vol. I, 456-458; mercantile interests in, Vol. I, 458; post-oflice. Vol. I. 458; Wild's Mills at. Vol. I, 457; village: bunks of, Vol. I. 454. 455; Church. African Bethel Metho- dist Episcopal, of, Vol. I. 470; Church. First Baptist, of. Vol. I. 470; Church, Methodist Episcopal, of. Vol. I, 470; Church. Reformed Pro- testant Dutch, of. Vol. I. 467-469; Church. St. Paul's Protestant Epis- copal, of. Vol. I, 469; disastrous fire in. Vol. I. 452; fire department of, Vol. I, 453; hotels of. \'oI. I, 450; incorporation of. Vol. I, 453; lawyers of. Vol. I, 462, 463; manufacturing in. Vol. I, 451, 452; mercantile inter- ests of. Vol. I, 450; post-office of, Vol. I, 451- 412 l.KDEX TO TEXT. King, Ebenezer, Vol. I, 376; Erick. Dr., VoJ. I. 215, 219; George W., Vol. II. 636, 637, 727; Gideon, Vol. II. ^ 668; James W., Dr., Vol. I, 221; John, ^nVoI. I, 60, 122, 129, 170, 209, 574. Vol. II, 693; J. S., Dr., Vol. I, 220; Moses. Vol. II, 671; Thomas, Vol. I, 258: Thomas F., Vol. I, 256. Kingman, Ebenezer, Vol. II, 719; James. Vol. I, 466. King's District, Vol. I, 34. Kinne, Roger, Vol. I. 31. Kinney, Harvey G., Vol. II, 707. Kirby. Elihu, Vol. II, 694; John, Vo) 11. 693. Kirk. William. Vol. I, 545. Kirtland. Dorrance, Vol. I, 148. Kittell. Martin M., Dr., Vol. I, 131. 137. 220, 221, 465. Kittle. Andrew, Vol. I, 562; Andrew H.. Vol. I, 563; Andrew N., Bev., Vol. I, 399; George H., Andrew, .\bram and Nicholas, Vol. I. 552 Jeremiah, Vol. I, 563; John, and sons Vol. I, 550; John A., Vol. I, 136 John I., Vol. I, 45S; John J.. Vol. I 562, 563; John J.. Jr.. Vol. I, 563 Nicholas, Vol. I. 419. 437: William G.. Vol. I, 563. Kisselbrack, Peter G.. Vol. I, 131. Vol. II. 740. Kisselburgh, Delmar. Vol. I, 563: George A.. Vol. I, 552. Kissler, David, Vol. I. 27. Klaime. Jurie, Vol. I, 26. Klein, Johannes, Vol. I, 27. Kline. Evander, Vol. II, 619; Franklin. Vol. I, 259; Jacobus. Vol. II, 620; Nicholas. Vol. I. 59; Vol. II, 718. Knapp, Amos M., Vol. I. 587; David, Vol. I, 209; Joseph. Vol. I, 515; Jo- siah, Jr.. Vol. I. 167; Theodore. Vol. I. 547; Zadoc. Vol. I, S3. Knickerbocker. Edward. Vol. II. 719; Hugh. Vol. I. ■;•!; James. Vol. I, 130, Vol. II. 728; Philii) H.. Dr.. Vol. I. 219, Vol. II. 635. 636. Knight, Caleb. Vol. I, 515: John. Vol I. .342. 545- Knights Templar. La Fayette Com- mandcry No. 7, Vol. I. 259. Kniskern. John A.. Vol. II, 620: Josiah. Vol. I, 131, Vol. II. 620. Knitt, Henry, Vol. I. 265. Knowles. Charles B.. Vol. I. 527. Knox. Edgar M., Vol. I, 588; Grosve- nor A.. Vol. I, 588; Grosvenor S., Vol. I, 588; John, Vol. I, 53. Kolman, Johannes, Vol. I, 26, 27. Kortz, John. Vol. I. 56, 127, Vol. II, 620. Kretzman, J. C. F. H., Rev.. Vol. I, 404. Kroll, Jacob, Vol. II, 659. Krum. Martin, Vol. I, 47, 152, 530, and descendants. Vol. I, 580. Kun, Samuel. Vol. I, 27. Kunker. F. T.. Dr., Vol. I. 220, 529. Lahr, Peter, Vol. I, 257-260, 423. Laing. James B., Vol. I, 455. Lamafire, Ghondia, Vol. I, 26. Lamatere, Cloud, Vol. I, 26. Lamb, Joseph T.. Dr., Vol. I, 137, 220. Lambert. Claudius. Vol. I, 411. 588; Philip H., Vol. II. 665. Lamont, Isaac, Vol. I. 475. Lamphere, James M.. Vol. II, 707. Lampman. Cornelius. Vol. II, 732; Frank. Vol. II, 719; Peter, Vol. I. 27: Theodore. Vol. II. 740. Land grant to -Vbraham Lott. Vol. I. 19; to Abraham Stoots. Vol. I, 12; to Burgar Huyck, Vol. I, 18; to Con- radt Burghart and Elias Van Schaack, Vol. I, 18; to Flodder and Baker. Vol. I. 14; to Jan Frans Van Hoesen, Vol. I, 14; to John Van Ness, Vol. I. 19; to Powell, Vol. I. 18: to the Palatines, Vol. I. 26. Land leases. Vol. I. 19. Land patent granted to Jan Hendrik De Bruyn. Vol. I. 17. Land patents and grants, Vol. I, 11-19; granted to Dirck Wessels and Ger- ret Teunissen, Vol. I, 14. Lane. Andrew. Vol. I, 419; James J., \'ol. I, 424; Joseph, Vol. I, 552. Langdon. Gilbert, Vol. I. 211, Vol. II. 740: Grant D.. Vol. 11. 740; John. Vol. II, 732: John D., Vol. I. 130. Vol. II. 739. 740; John I.. Vol. I, 64. Lant. J. A., Vol. I, 211; Michael W.. \'ol. I. 262, 461, 475. Lanham. Eliakim, Vol. I, n^; Hiram. Vol. II. 727. 728; Jonathan. Vol. I, 113. 129, Vol. II. 727. Lasher, Amasa P., Vol. I. 155, Vol. II, 620. 621: Ambrose, Vol. II. 619; An- INDEX TO TEXT. 415 McKittrick. T. A., Vol. I, 492. McLean, John, Vol. II, 659. McNamee, Daniel V., Vol. I, 212. McNeill, James, Vol. I, 423, Vol. II, 666; John, Vol, II, 727, 728; Neil, Vol. 11, 665, 666. McShane, James, Vol. I, 409. Macdonald, John M., Vol. I, 212. Mack, John, Vol. I, 258. Macnemara, Dennis, Vol. I, 305. Macy, Aaron C, VoJ. I, 409: Abram, Vol. I, 134, 532; Amos C, Vol. II, 666; Charles C, Vol. I, 355, 423; Charles W., Vol. I, 355; Clarence L.. Vol. I, 429; Cyrus. Vol. I, 368, 407; Edward B., Vol. I, 377; family, the, Vol. I, 551; Frank A., Vol. I, 344, 423. 433: Frank W., Vol. I, 424: George H., Vol. I, 134, 411; Hiram, Vol. I, 333. 376, 377, 419, 421, 422, 428: John, Vol. I. 389; Reuben, Vol. I, 299, 413. 426; Seth G., Vol. I, 374, 41S, 417; William R., Vol. I, 134, 357, 419, 427; W. P., Vol. I, 564. Madden, John, Vol. I. 423. Magley, John, Vol. I, 514; Norman, Vol. II. 748. Magoun, Edward P., Vol. I. 211, 212, 256, 259, 380, 409; Stephen L., Vol. I, 211, 233, 271, 409. Mahon, John, Rev., Vol. I, 152. Mail service, early. Vol. I, 50. " Major Abraham's creek," Vol. I, 20. Malcher, Charles, Vol. I, 257, 332. 423. Malcolm. Henry, Dr., Vol. I. 217, 218, 227, 376. Mallery, Anson U., Vol. II, 707; Sam- uel. Vol. I. S87; Uriah, Vol. II, 706; William, Jr., Vol. I. 588. Malone, William, Vol. I, 433. Maloney, James, Jr., Vol. I, 424. Maltby, E. D., Vol. I, 153. Manchester, Thomas, Vol. I, 319. Mandeville, David, Vol. I, 52; Gillis, early immigrant. Vol. I, 22; John, Vol. I, 309: William G., Vol. I, 74, 126, 130, Vol. II, 646. Mann, John Milton, Dr., Vol. I, 167, 216-218, 415. Manorial grant to Killian Van Rensse- laer, Vol. I, 14, 15; to Robert Liv- ingston, Vol. I, 17. Mansfield. Samuel, Vol. I. 255, 256, 300, 305, 316, 319, 413, 425- Manufacturing, the first. Vol. I, 239, 247. Marks, A., Vol. I, 532. Marsh, Evert, Vol. I, 320. Jilarshall, Bartlett S., Vol. I, 253: Ben- jamin, Vol. I, 24s; James, Vol. I, 147: Joseph, Vol. I, 245. 311, 353; Milo C, Vol. I, 604: Obed, Vol. I, 265; P. T., Prof., Vol. I, 369; Sam- uel, Vol. I, 260; Thomas, Vol. I, 115, 377- Martin, Abram, Vol. I, 499; Anson, Vol. I, S14: Claudius R., Vol. I, 424; E. E., Dr., Vol. I, 220: John, Vol. I, 54, 168, 353, 424. and descendants. Vol. I, 505; John, Jr., Vol. I, 513; Milton, Vol. I, 130, 233. 514; Nelson, Vol. II, 706: Richard. Vol. I, 566. Marvin, Matthew, Vol. I, 413. Mattison, William P., Vol. I, 588. Mawighanunk patent, the. Vol. I, 18. Maxon, Frank C, Dr., Vol. I, 529. 532. Mayhew, William, Vol. I, 179, 307, 316, 4ir. Mead, Charles W., Vol. I, 260. Mealy, Mark, Vol. I, 532. Medical practice in early days. Vol. I, 213: Society. Columbia County, Vol. I, 217-221; Columbia and Greene Homoeopathic, Vol. I, 221, 222. Meech, Alexander. Vol. I, 411, 421. Meigs, N., Vol. I, 151. Melbourne, Samuel, Vol. I, 257. Melius, Charles G., Vol. I, 514; Claes, early immigrant. Vol. I. 22; family, the. Vol. I, 550; Stephen, Vol. I, 56s; Sylvester and David. Vol. I, 552; William H., Vol. I, 514. Mellen. Christopher M., Vol. I, 266; David, Dr., Vol. I, 217, 218; James, Vol. I, 78, 87. 339. 353. 357. 365. 377, 417, 430; Lovett R.. Vol. I. 231, 352, 428, 430; Samuel L., Vol. I, 423; Waldo, Vol. I, 337. Members of Assembly, Vol. I, 127-131; of Congress, Vol. I, 122; of Council of Appointment from the county. Vol. I, 124; of State Constitutional Conventions from the county. Vol. I, 124. Mercer, George C, Vol. II. 707; Wil- liam, Dr., Vol. I. 220. Merino sheep, the first in the county. Vol. I, 252. 416 INDEX TO TEXT. Merrell. William A.. Vol. I, 257. Merrifield, P. M., Vol. I, 490; W. W., Vol. I. 499. Merriman, John, Dr., Vol. I, 215, 218, 570. Merritt, T. E., Vol. I, 69. Merry, William E., Vol. I, 264. Merwin, D. E.. Vol. I, 461; Jesse. Vol. I, 442: J. W.. Vol. I, 461; W. I.. Vol. I. 461. 475- Mesick, Barent, Vol. I, 461; B. S., Vol. I. 490: Charles, Vol. I, 564; family in Claverack, Vol. I, 481; Frederick, Vol. I, .353, 357, 419. 514; Frederick N.. Vol. I. S14; Henry P., Vol. I, 5-?, ';4, 96, T34, 464; Jacob, Vol. I 492; Jacob P.. Vol. I. S13: John H., Vol. I. 260: John I.. Vol, I, 3=53; John P., Vol. I, 54- 87. 129. 514: N. H., Dr.. Vol. I, 220, 221: Peter, Vol. I, 32. 74. 134. 513. 514: Peter F., Vol. I, 253; Richard H., Dr., Vol. I, 219; Thomas F., Vol. I, 399; William R., Vol. I. 134. 253, 454. 464- Metcalf, Silas. Vol. I, 151. ^65- Methuen, Mark, Vol. I, 605. Michael, Andrew. Vol. I. 428; Anthony, Vol. I, 490; F, L., Vol. I, 212: Harold M„ Vol. n, 647; M. J., Vol. I, S3I- Mickle, John D , Vol. I, 155. 530. 533; John P., Vol, I, 2^3, 532; Simeon S., Vol. I, 5,34; Thomas S.. Vol. II, 659. Miles, William .A., Vol. II, 740. Milham, Edward, Vol. I, 466: John, Vol. I, 1.30. 513; Levi, Vol. II. 646. Millard, Benjamin, Vol. I. 347, 421: George. Vol. I, 423. Miller, Abraham F., Vol. II, 719. 747: Abram F., Vol. I, 170, 402: Aldcn. Vol. I. 26s; Allen, Vol. I. 461; Allen S., Vol. I, 492. S14. Vol. II, 727; Al- mon. Vol. I, .=;i4: Amos, Vol. I. 131: Arthur. Vol. II. 719; Benjamin, Vol. I, 374; Bostwick O.. Dr., Vol. I, 219; Chester, Vol. I, 1.34, 170; Christian. Vol. I, 2.S7: Christopher, Vol. II. 727. 728: Cornelius H., Vol. I, 3.i;9: Chris tophcr S., Vol. I, 492; Christopher W., Vol. I. 54: Cornelius, Vol. I, 133. 209, 364. 417, 493, Vol. II. 743; Daniel E., Vol. I. 212; David. Vol. I, 95- 130, 2=;4. 604: Dc Witt, Vol. I, 211: Fite, Vol. II, 721: Frederick S., Vol. I, 499; F, R., Vol, I, 499; George A., Vol. I. 605; George G., Vol. I, 256, 260, 266, 407, 424; G. H., Vol. I. 406; George L., Vol. I, 552; Harvey, Vol. I, 492; Hendrick, Vol. I. 31; Henry, Vol. I, 265. 409. 421. 422. 425. 430. 432: Henry C, Vol. I, 41, 42, 170. 332, 336, 417. 419. 430; Henry S., Vol. II, 6.S9: Henry W., Vol. II, 621; Homer, Vol. I, 492, Vol. II, 719; Jacob, Vol. II, 718: Jacob I., Vol. I, 134; Jacob P., Vol. I, 211, 261, 475: Jacob S . Dr., Vol. I, 219: lames. Vol. I, 46T. 474. 475: James H., Vol. I. 1.30: leremiah. Vol. I 3i; Jei-emiah C. Vol. I, 31: Jerry S., Vol. II, 7.10; Tohn, Vol. I, 1.30. 262: John H.. Vol. il. 727; John I., Jr.. Vol. I. 563: John P., Vol. II. 619; John I.. Vol. I. 126, 1,30. 166. 167. 427. Vol. II, 66' 'Cil- lian, Vol. I, 42. 113. 122. i 133, 209. .399. 4?9, 4^0, 497. =:o8. 6oj. 604; Leonard. Vol. I. 31^: Madison Vol. I. .380; Martin .A... V0I. I. d3n: Morris. Vol. II, 619; Morris N.. Vol TI 6(^6: Newton J.. Vol. II, 728: Nicholas, Vol. II. 743: Pcrrv C. Vol. I. 261: Peter, Vol. I. 3.1!: Philip B.. Vo' I, 116: Philip I., V0I. I. ni: Reuben S., Vol. I. 60s: Richard. Vol. II f^6e: Robert, Vol. I. 39: Robert J.. Vol. I. 26;; Samuel A.. Vol. I. 2^a: Sam- uel M.. Vol. I. ■;i4: Si'as E.. Vol. IT. 6ig, 621: Stephen, Vol, I, 121. 128, 403: Stephen B,. Vol. I. 211: S'""'ien W., Vol, I. I3d, 300, 4.TO. 4->R- Tbpo- dore Vol. I. 164. 165, 169, I7S d.-^tch of Vol. I, zon-207. 210, 3';c: Walter, Vol. I. 47=;, Vol. TI. 610: Wi'ii-m E.. V0I. I. jQO: William H.. V^' TI, 7-8; William T., Vol I. =;ti: William S.. Vol. I. 120: William M.. Vol. I, 1.30, 400: Wilson. Vol. I. 137. 262. 475. Millias. W. I. . Vol. I. 262. 466. ■Mills, early. Vol. I. 240, 24.3-247: grist and saw, early. Vol. I, 243. Mills. Herbert E., Vol. T. 383; Isaac. Vol. I. 94. 129. 1.34. SI.";- 53S. 545: Joseph A.. Vol. I, 2TT. Mincklor, Killian. Vol. I, 27. Mink. ?Ienrv P.. Vol. IT. 718. 747. 748: Philip H.. Vol. IT, 7.17. Minturii, William. Vol I. 20;3. =;27. ■;?2; Tohn, Vol. I. 38. 57; Robert H.. Vol. I. 164. 210. ■;q8. Morrison. Charles V. H . Vol. I. 420; Hiram, Vol. I. 422; James I.. Vol. I. 426. Morton, Seth, Vol: I. 417. 426. 427. Moseley. George W., Vol. I. 503; Jo- seph . Vol. I. 374. Mosher. C. L.. Dr.. Vol. I. 529; Na- thaniel. Vol. I. ,";3o. Mosier. Eli. Vol. I. 115. Mossman, Philip, Vol. I, 257. Moul. Cornelius, Vol. I. ■561: Henry S., Vol. I, 88. 260, 406, 433; Jacob, Vol. 27 !■ 23\ Johannes, and sons. Vol. I. .■;49: John, Vol. I, 33; William. Vol. L 563. Mowry, Eugene S.. Rev.. Vol. I. 470: Thom.as E.. Vol. I. 274. Moxon. Frank C, Vol. I. 137. Muchler. Joreg. Vol. I, 27; Samuel, Vol. I, 27. Mudge. Jarvis. Vol. I. 46, mi. Vol. II. 667. 668. Muhler. Joery, Vol. I. 27. Mulder. Cornells. Vol. I, 26: Ferdi- nandus de, early immigrant. Vol. I. 22: Jeremias, Vol. I. 26. Muldoon, James E., Vol. I, 424. Mulford, James, Vol. I. 64, 211. Mull. Frank. Vol. I, 348; Isaac, Vol. I. 406: Philip W., Vol. I. 136. 222. 261. Muller, Cornelius Stephanus. Vol. I, 31, and descendants. Vol. I. 479; Jochim. Vol. I. 173; Jogham. Vol. I. 31 : Killian, Vol. I, 437. Mullins. Joseph. Dr.. Vol. I. 215. 497. Mulrein. James, Vol. I, 424. Murdock. John. Vol. I. 129. 264. Vol. II. 693. Murray. Ezra. Vol. I. 57.=;; William, Vol. I. 60. Vol. II. 727. 7T,g. Murrell. Edward J., Jr.. Vol. I, 455, Vol. II, 644. Muzigh. Ffitz. Vol. I, 26. Mvers. Mordecai, Vol. I. 453, 454: Sam- uel. Vol. II. 728; Samuel L., Vol. I, 135. Vol. II, 727. N. Nash, Alfred, Vol. I. 211. !;63; David L., Vol. I, 4Qo: James, Vol. I, 428; Morehouse, Vol. I, 400; Thomas P., Vol. I. 421: William. Vol. I. 134, 353, 417. 410. 4-27. • Neal. William H., Vol. I, 503. Near. Charles R., Dr.. Vol. I, 219, Neefus. David C, Vol. I, 131. 490. .';o7, 514: Robert. Vol. I, 492: Ruluf. Vol. i. 1,32, 257, 260, 514. Nelson. Homer A.. Vol. I. 126. New. Henry E., Vol. I. 163: Linus and Norman. Vol. I. 492: Martin. Vol. II, 707: Tobias, Vol. I, 345. Newberv, Daniel. Vol. I. 426: E. D., Vol. I, 231; Thomas P.. Vol. I, 42, 231. Newbold, Thomas. Vol. I, 126. 418 IXDEX TO TEXT. Newell. Tliomas, Vol. I, s6.3. Newkirk. John C, Vol. I. 88. ui. r68. 169. 211. 421. New Lebanon, town of, Vol. II. 666- 694: cemeteries of, Vol. II, 693; churches of. Vol. II, 691-693; civil list of. Vol. II, 693. 694; early physi- cians in. Vol. I. 215; eminent men from. Vol. II, 691: lands comprising. Vol. II, 667; Lebanon Center, Vol. II, 677: Lebanon Springs vil- lage in. Vol. II, 674-676; manufac- turing in. Vol. II. 672, 673; organiza- tion of. Vol. II, 671; pioneers of. Vol. II, 668-671 ; population of. Vol. II. 693; prominent farmers in. Vol. II. 691; schools of. Vol. I, 153, Vol. II. 690: Shakers, their history and be- lief. Vol. II, 678-690; springs, med- icinal, in. Vol. II, 674, 675; topog- raphy of. Vol. II, 666, 667; village; Kendall's thermometer factory in. Vol. II. 672; Tilden Co., The, in. Vol. II. 673; West Lebanon in. Vol. II. 677; VVyomanock Seminary in. Vol. II, 690. Newman, John C, Dr.. Vol. I. 219. Newspapers. Hudson, Vol. I, 267-286. Nichols, Jared P., Vol. I. 136; Samuel. Vol. I. 389. Niett. Emma. Miss, Vol. I. 97. Niles. Henry W.. Vol. I, 261; John ^\.. Vol. II. 707; Justin, Vol. I. 1,10. ,?.S3. Vol. II. 706; Milton. Vol. II. 707; Sill. Vol. II, 706; William. Vol. II, 707. Niver, Albert C, Vol. II, 7'9: Conrad, Vol. II. 718; Conradt. Dr., Vol. I. 219; Emmett. Vol. I, 588; Emmit. Dr., Vol. I, 220; E. D.. Vol. I. 406; George and Christopher. Vol. II, 731; Henrv M., Vol. I. 474; Peter H.. Vol. I. 47.V, Philip, Vol. I, i.^v Nixon, James, Vol. I, 246, 314, 342, 411, 413. 426; James, Jr., Vol. I, 320, 413. 415. 4.?o. Noble. Robert. Vol. I, ,^8, w; Robert v.. Vol. II. 666. Nooney. Norman .'\.. Vol. 11. 740. North, Benjamin, Vol. I, 515. Northrup. Isaac. Vol. I, 376, 425. 426; Job, Vol. I, .•;46. Noyes. John, Vol. I. 128. 170, 260, 263: Nathan. Vol. I, 260, S7S: Wiljiani. Tr. Vol, I, 374- O. Oakley. Conklin W.. Vol. I. 432: Gil- bert. Vol. II. 722; Timothy. Vol. I, 128. 545. 546. Obermeyer. .'Kugustus C. F., Vol. I. 429. Ockelbe, Anna Cathrine, Vol. I, 27. Officers, Stale and National, from the county. Vol. I, 171. Olcott. Josiah. Vol. I. 247. 342. 415. Oliver, Elwood. Dr., Vol. I. 220. Olmstead. Aaron. Vol. I. 129; John C. Dr., Vol. I. 218; Jonathan C. Vol. I, 60, 167; J. C. Vol. I. 587. Vol. II, 706. Olnev. Joseph, Vol. I, 2S5- O'Neill, Giles H.. Vol. I. 212; James J., Vol. I. 532. Osborne. Charles B.. Vol. I. 1 ?o; David C. Vol. II. 707; David L., Vol. II, 707; Edward A.. Vol. I, 266; Edward P.. Vol. II, 707; Elisha C, Vol. II, 707; Orrin E., V'ol. I. 2,9; Selick. Vol. II. 718- Ostrander, Aaron, and sons. Vol. I. 549; Cornelius, Vol. I, 136; Henry, Vol. I. 246. 342; J. Harvev. Vol. I. 564; Peter. Vol. I. 2w; Philip H.. Vol. I. 288. Oslrom. .\lfred. Vol. II. 659; .Alfred R.. Vol. I, 265, Vol. II, 659. Ottman. E. A.. Rev.. Vol. I, 560. Ovcrbaugh. William, Vol. I, 133, 136, 210. Overhiscr. .\ L. \'ol 1. 261; family, the. Vol. I. .381; John IL. Vol. I, 13b. 170. 284. 42s, 588. Packman. Charles E.. Vol. I, 262, 466: Edward, Gideon. John, and Norton. Vol. I, 466. Paddock, Dan., Vol. I, 179, 300-302. 307, 308. 425; Judah. Vol. I, 92, 149, 229, 230, 330, 361, 417: Laban, Vol. 1. 227, 235. 318, 319, 352. 357, 366, 417; Stephen, Vol. I. 247. 299, 300, 307. 314- 316. ,V3. ,14.V 409. 411. 4t3. 420. Page. Frank E.. Vol. I. 253, 533. 546; Ransom, Vol. I. 535. Palatines, the. Vol. I. 23-25; and agri- culture. Vol. I. 249. 250; early schools among the. Vol. I. 146; manufacture of tar. rosin, etc.. by the. Vol. I. 225. INDEX TO TEXT. 419 Palen, Joseph G.. Vol. I, 171. 207, 210, 277, .136: Rufus J.. Vol. I. 69. 383. 385- Palmatier. Norman, Vol. II. 748. Palmer. Daniel, Vol. I, 136: George L., Vol. I. ^88: Ira, Vol. II. 707, 708; Ira Z., Vol. II, 708; James, Vol. I, I5-J. 5.30; John. Vol. I, i3: J. \V., Dr., Vol. I, 2ig: William G.. Vol. II. 707; William H., Vol. I. 570. 572, 575. Paper-makin.a;, early. Vol. I, 245, 246. Pardee. Calvin, Vol. I, 546: Isaac, Rev., Vol. I, 3q6. Park, Charles, Rev.. Vol. I, ^gg; George S., Vol. I, 514; William, Vol. I, 266. Parke. James H., Vol. I, 545. Parker. Amasa J.. Vol. I. 374: B. Frank. Vol. I, 42g: George, Vol. I. 69; Philip S., Vol. I. 2og, 409. Parkman, Henry D., Vol. I, 419. Parmenter. William, Vol. I, 422. Parsons. David. Vol. I, 576; Smith, Vol. I, 423, 424, 432. Parton. Theodore, Vol. I, 406. Partridge. Oliver, Vol. I, 36. Patrie. Christian. Vol. I, 93, 603, 604; John H.. Vol. I, 604. Patterson. Abraham. Vol. I. 173: David W.. Vol. I, 167; Erastns, Vol. I, 419, Vol. II. 694; John, Vol. I, 546; Jo- siah. Vol. I, 135: Matthew A.. Vol. - II. 694; Robert. Vol. I, ^43: Walter, Vol. I. 122. 129. 167. 603, Vol. II, 718. Paul. Charles. Vol. I. 352, 366, 419, 421, 428; Fulton, Vol. I. 381, 383, 423. Payne. Elbert. Vol. I, 257. .385; Elijah, Vol. I, 169, 261, 409, 425, 529: Elisha, Vol. I, 211; Horace, Vol. I. 260, 429; H. R., Vol. I. 258: Joseph, Vol. I. 37; Louis F., Vol. I, 124, 171, 253. .S20; Louis H., Vol. I, 81, 38=;: Rich- ard C. Vol. I, 81. 257. 2S9. 260, 385: R. J., Vol. I. 211. Peabody, Amos H.. Vol. I, 124, 264, 694. Peak. Chauncey H., Vol. I, 53,^: Chris- topher, Vol. I, 515: Elizabeth and Sophia, Vol. I, 150. 37^;: Enos C. Vol. I. --^^.z: Silas R.. Vol. I. 381. 424: William S,. Vol. I. 266. Pearson. John M., Vol, I, 222. 380, 424, Vol. II, 651. Peaslee, Horace W., Vol. I, 521. Pechtel. Martin. Vol. I, 210. Peck. Darius. Vol. I, 168. sketch of. Vol. I. 204, 210, 357, 409, 428; Edward R., Vol. I. 211, 4W; Horace R., Vol. I, 211. 212, 409; O. H., Dr.. Vol. I, 2ig; O. J.. Dr.. Vol. I, 215, 530, 537, 545; Richard S.. Dr., Vol. I, 215, 537; Willard, Vol. I, 211, 212, 337. 409. 42s: William H., Vol. 11, 718. Peet, A. S., Vol. I, 406. Peircc. Jabe, Vol. II. 693. Penfield. Daniel, Vol. I. 415. Pennoyer. John, Vol. I, 31, 255. Penoyer, William J.. Vol. I, 474. Perkins. James T., Vol. I, 421. Perry, William H., Vol. I, 423. Persons, David, Vol. I, 262. Peters, Abel S., Vol. I, 129; Clarence, Vol. II, 647: John, Vol. I, 437. Peterson. Christopher A., Vol. I, 265. Petrie, Conrad. Vol. I, ^^t,. Petsel. John. Vol. II. 6ig. Pfilibs. Peters. Vol. I, 27. Phelps. Israel, Vol. I, 5.35; Philip. Rev., Vol. I, ssg; Winthrop. Vol. I, 545, 5.46- Philip family, the. Vol. I, 550; family in Claverack. Vol. I. 481 ; George, Vol. I, 32, Vol. II, 6ig; George H., Vol. I, 504; George P., Vol. I. 499- 501; George W.. Vol. I. 499; Hans Peter, Vol. I, 27; James, Vol\l, 499; James F., Dr., Vol. I. 497: James S., ' Dr.. Vol. I. 222: John G., Vol. I, isr, 461; John H., Dr., Vol. I. 215, Vol. li, 659: J. Van Ness, Vol. I, 62, 2^4: ^i. Hoffman. Vol. I. 423; Peter' I., Vol. I. i^s; William. Vol. L 31. Phillips. David. Vol. II, 620; Edward, Vol. II, 620: Ambrose L., Vol. II, 621: George, Vol. II, 620, 621: Jere- miah. Vol. II. 621; John L. T., Vol. I, ^■v. ^r. H.. Vol. I. ISO: Peter. Vol. I. 3i3; Philip. Vol. I. 515: William J.. Vol. I. 429; Spiral Corn-Husker Co.. Vol. I. 345. Philmont. newspapers of: Philmont News, Vol. I. 291: Sentinel. The. Vol. I, 290. Phinney. Elihu. Vol. I, 263, 575. Phipps. James L., Vol. I, 346, 347. Phvsicians, how made in early davs. Vol. I. 213. Pierce, George .-X.. Dr., Vol. I. 220; Harry. Vol. II, 694: H. A., Mrs.. Vol. II, 6gi ; John. Vol. I. 604; John K.. Vol. I, 520. 420 INDEX TO TEXT. Pierson, Franklyu D., Dr.. Vol, I, Jig: Henry C, Vol. I. 2S?. Vol. II. 707: Silas \V.. Vol. I, 412. Piester. Abram D.. Vol. II. 665; Marks. Vol. II. 747. 748. Pietersen, Franz. Vol. I. 4,37. Pinpk-y. David, Vol. I, .S15. Pinkham. William, Vol. I. 136. Pinne, Nathaniel, Vol. I. 115. Pitcher. A. Putnam. Vol. I. .14Q. 406. ■;04: A. P., Mrs.. Vol. I. ^68: Frank L., Vol. I, 409; William H.. Dr., Vol. I, 217, 219, 220. Pitkin. Flisha. Vol. I, 49. 31.I. 407. 413. Pitts, Elias, Vol. I. 286: Isaac M., Vol. I. 2S^. sy: John W., Vol. I, 535, .S45, 546; Joseph, Vol. I. 515: Levi. Vol. i. 130. .=;.3.=;. 54.=;. Pixley. Clark, Vol. I, 38: John, Vol. I, 129, 170, 262, 353. Plass, Johannes, Vol. I, ii ; Jelioiakim H., Vol. I. .S62. Platner. Crawford, Vol. II. hiy; .Marks, Vol. I, 173: Martin, Vol. I, 492; Rens- selaer. Dr., Vol. I. 219, Vol. II, 63.S. 728: Stephen. Dr.. Vol. I, 218: Stephen H., Vol. II. 727: S. T. B.. Dr.. Vol. I, 218: William B., Dr.. Vol. II. 616. Piatt, Isaac, Vol. I, .^66; Israel, Vol. I, 352, 417, 419, 421, 428; James, Vol. I, 167. Plees. Jan Emmerick. Vol. I. 26. Plumb, Samuel, Vol. I, 231, 361, 419. Political affairs during the Revolution, Vol. I. 105. to6; newspapers at the beginning of the century: Vol. I. 108. 109: operations from the Revo- lution to i8oo. Vol. I. 106-108. Politicians, Columbia County, and financial measures. Vol. I, 109. Politics in the county from 1800 to date. Vol. I, 108-120. Pomeroy, G. P. K., Dr., Vol. I. 220; P. K.. Dr.. Vol. II. 644. Pond. Willard. Vol. I. 287. Porter, C\irtis II., Vol. I, 211, 212, 563: Nathaniel, Vol. I, 179: William A.. Vol. T, 169. 206, 211: William H., Vol. II, 719. Post, Nathan S.. Vol. I. 137. 155, 211, 529, 5.3.1 ■ Potter, Arthur P., Rev., Vol. I, .?97; Hugh McC, Vol. I. 261. 289: H. Mc- Clellan, Vol. I, 532. Potts. Albert, Vol. II, 637: Alexander, Vol. 11, 6.^6, 637: .Arthur, Vol. I, 424: Clement, Vol. II. 619: Egbert. Vol. II. 637; Tacob L.. Vol. I, 604: John I., Vol, II, 6.16: John W.. Vol. I, 94; Lewis, Vol. I. 136. 604: Peter. Vol. II, 636, 6.17: Peter F., Vol. I. 604: Philip H., Vol. II, 621, 6,^6. 6?7: Ray- mond. Vol. II. 637: Stephen O.. Vol. I. 604; Wilson, Vol. I, 604: William H., Vol. I, 423. Poucher, Anthonv, Vol. I. 116: Henry H., Vol. I. i.ss: Peter. Vol. I, 116. 130. 514: Wallace. Vol. II. 637. Poultney. William, Jr.. Vol. I, 421. Powell land grant, the. Vol. I, 18; George T.. Vol. I, .^52: Jonathan R.. Vol. I, ^^20, 546: Maria Chace, Vol. I, .383: Richard, Vol. I, 423: Town- send, Vol. I, 552. Power, George H.. Vol. I. 131. 232, ^n. 254. 352. 35.=;. 357. 407. 421, 430, 432: Isaac, Vol. I, 419: John, Vol. I, 93. 230, 366, 428, 430: Luke, Vol. I, 417; Thomas, Vol. I, 230-232, 317, 413, 415, 425, 429: William, Vol. I. 127. Powers. John. Vol. I. 546: William. Vol. I. 56. .s8. note. 107. 124. 126. 173. 263, 574- . Pownel, W. D., Vol. I. 260. Pratt. Anson, Vol. I. 128, 167, 5,^8, .S45, 546: Azariah, Vol. I, 129: David, Vol. I, 32. 177: Elisha, Vol. I, 172. 209; Erastus, Vol. I. 318. 319. 323. 409, 413. 415, Vol. II, 706; Joel, Vol. I. 173: Silas. Vol. I. 260. Prentiss. Joseph, Rev.. Vol. I, 396: Jo- seph W., Vol. I. 290. Presidential electors from Columbia County, list of. Vol. I. 121: votes since 1856, Vol, I, 120. Preston, jay N., Vol. I, 254: Lewis and Levi, Vol. I. 263. Prevost. Frederick. Vol. I. 173. Pritchard. J.. Vol. I. .305. Prooper, Hans Jurie, Vol. I, 26. Proper, Jacob H., Vol. I. 131, 17a, 604; Icremiah, Vol. II, 636: Rensselaer, Vol. I, 604. Proprietors, the. of Hudson. Vol. I. 295-297. Pruyn. Francis. Vol. I. 209. 4" 463, 474: Herman, Vol. I. 179; John I.. Vol. I, 150, 454, 465, 474: John M., ^ INDEX TO TEXT. 421 Dr., Vol. I. 214. 219. 464; Lucas, Dr., Vol. I, 219, 464; P. V. S.. Dr.. 219, 220. 465. Pugsley, Abram B.. Vol. I. 532; Ed- ward B.. Dr.. Vol. I. 215. 218, 353. 454, 562. Pullman, Alexander. Vol. I. 134; Loren. Vol. I, 492. Pultz, George W.. Vol. I, 265; Jacob, Vol, II, 659: M. L., Vol. I, '265, 266, Pulver, Andrew L., Vol. I. 492; Dun- can K,, Vo], II, 719; Egbert. Vol. II. 719; Freeland. Vol, I, 588; George M., Vol. I, 265; Henry P., Vol. I, 95. 563; H. W., Vol. I, 266; johannis. Vol. I, 26; John. Vol. I. 402: Peter, Vol, I, 535; Peter P„ Vol, II, 739; Peter S„ Vol, I, 253, 345, 514; Philip W,, Vol, I, 134. 353. 513; Talmadge, Jr,. Vol, II, 719; W, H.. Vol. I, 461: William V„ Vol, II, 719, Punderson. Frank T,, Vol, I, 256; James M,. Vol, I, 258. Purcell, James, Vol, I. 133, 274. 475: L., Vol, I, 564, Purington, Jonathan, \'ol I, 319. R. Race, Benjamin, Jr., Vol. I, 135; Cor- nelius, Vol. I, 514; Hcnrv W., Vol. I. 266; John T.. Vol. I, 424: John W., Vol. II, 666; Jonathan, Jr., Vol, I, 426; Teunis, Vol. I, 53; William H.. Vol, II, 666. Radcliffe, Jacob. Vol. I. 171, 172; John, 436. Railroad, Chatham and Lebanon Val- ley, Vol. I. 79. 80; Hudson and Berk- shire, Vol. I, 77-79; Kinderhook and Hudson (.\lbany and Hudson Rail- way and Power Co.), Vol. I, 80; New York and Harlem. Vol. I. 79. Railroads, Vol. I, 76-80. Rainey, David A., Vol. I, 422; S. Mit- chell, Vol. I, 357; Samuel R., Vol. I, 345, 357, 406; William H.. Vol, I, 455. Ramsey, O. D., Rev., Vol, I, 394, Rand, Ebenezer, Vol, I, 374, 415; Peter, Vol, I, 311, 413; Silas, Vol, I, 319, 413, Rannev, John. Vol, I, S3: Reuben. Vol. I. 54. Ransford, George, Vol. I. 461. Ransom, N. M., Dr., Vol. I. 535. Rathbone, William P., Vol. I. 456, 461. Raug, Friedrich, Vol. I, 27. Raught, Charles. Vol. 11. 728, Ray, Benjamin. Vol. I, 126. 131; David. Vol. I. 538; Daniel, Vol, I. 546; Elias H., Vol, I, 136; Francis, Vol, I, 538; John S„ Vol, I. 423; William. Vol. I. 546. Raymond. William. Vol. I. 153. Raynor, Jacob, Vol. I. 604; John. Vol. I.' 417- Reasoncr. Peter. Vol. I. 533. Reddinghouse, Herman, Vol, I, 424, Reed, Aaron, Vol. I, 167; Daniel. Vol. I. S45; Ebenezer, Dr., Vol. I, 153. 218. Vol. II, 706. 707; Ezra, Vol. I. 179, 228, 299, 305. 307, 309. 316, 411; Gershom, Vol. I, 535; Rufus, Vol. I. 42, 78, 130, 231, 271, 339, 352, 357, 377. 392, 407; Thaddeus. Vol, I. 262, Rees. Andries, Vol. I. 26; John, Vol. I. 26; Jonathan, Vol. I. 26: William. Vol. I. 26, 38. Regents of the University from the county, Vol. I, 124. Regiment. Fourteenth, the. Vol. I. 62- 64; Ninety-first, the. Vol. I, 64. 65; One Hundred and Twenty-eighth. the. Vol. I, 65-71; One Hundred and Fifty-ninth, the. Vol. I. 71-74. Reid. William R., Vol. I. 257, 258. Relay. Henry, Vol. I, 427. Remington. Edgar, Vol. I, 257; Rich- ard M.. Vol. I, 377. 421, 422; Richard M„ Jr„ Vol, I. 266. Republican party, birth and growth of, Vol, I, 119, 120. Reynolds. Allen, Vol. I, 428; Charles F... Vol. I. 461; David. Vol. I, 515; Edward H., Dr., Vol. I, 218. Vol. II, 727; Elias, Vol, II. 718; George. Vol. I. 475; Hartwell, Vol. I, 155; Hiram, Vol, I. 259; H, W., Vol, II. 658, 659; Joel, Vol. I, 51s; John H., Vol. I. 211, 463; Josiah, Vol. II. 719; J. A., Vol. I, 452; Rensselaer, Vol. I. 345; Reuben, Vol, I. 136, 385; Robert, Vol I. 575: W, V„ Vo), I, 253. Rhoda, David, Vol, I. 130, Vol. II. 739; Peter, Vol, II, 7,30. 731. Rice. A. H.. Vol. I. 3^9; A. Wheelock, Miss. Vol. I. 380; F. E., Vol. I, 359; William W.. Vol. I, 411. Richmond, Cornelius J., Vol. I. 264; H. A„ Mrs., Vol, I. 368; Ira D,. Vol, I, 421; J, B., Vol, I, 461, 474; Robert P.. Vol. I. 4S6. 461; Simeon H.. Vol. II. 694. 422 INDEX TO TEXT. Rider, A. Ross. Vol. I. 264; Edgar L., Vol. I, 546; Ira, Vol. I, 266; John W., Vol. I, 211, 546: Jonathan. Vol. I, 539; Jonathan B.. Vol. I, 545. Riesdorph. Edward. Vol. I. 262. 452. 454- Ritenburgh. Andrew. Vol. I. 261; Henry. Vol. I. 552: W. H.. Vol. I, 41- Riggs. Abimelech, Vol. I. 307. Rightmyer, Clarence. Vol. II, 665. Risedorph. Franklin. Vol. I. 475. Rivenlmrg. Frank. Vol. II. 619: Harry S.. Vol. I. 424: John H., Vol. I. 135. 564: J. M.. Vol. I. 563. Riverside Seminary. Vol. I, 154. Roach. John. Vol. I. 424. Roberts, Franklin, Vol. I. 422; H. M.. Dr.. Vol. I. 223; John. Vol. I. 515. Robinson. Charles. Vol. I. 604; George, Vol. I. .^46: J.. Dr.. Vol. I, 219; Nich- olas, Vol. I. =;3. Vol. II. 731, 739, 740; Peter. Vol. II. 636. Rockefeller, Albert, Vol. II. 742; .-Xllen, Vol. I, 421. 422; Charles. Vol. II. 748: Claudius. Vol. I, 212. 222. 22.^. 368, 372. 409; Claudius. Mrs.. Vol. I. ,368; Crawford. Vol. II. 619; Edmund. Vol. I, 3=;S. Vol. II. 620. 621; Edmund. Jr.. Vol. II. 621; Edwin. Jr.. Vol. II. 619; Fite. Vol. II. 727. 728; Fred, Vol. II, 620; George, Vol. II. 620; George H.. Vol. I. 136. Vol. II. 620; German. Vol. II, 621; Henry E.. Vol. I. 120. Hiram. Vol. II. 620: Homer P.. Vol. II. 621; H. L.. Vol. 11. 6.^6, 637; Isaac P.. Vol. I. i-^-^; John A., Vol. II. 718: J. W.. Vol. II. 620. 727. 72%: Perry. Vol. II. 619; Philio, Vol. I. 9S. I.S4. Vol. II, 620; Philio, Jr., Vol. II. 620: Philip W., Vol. I. IS4. 170. Vol. IT. 6m. 620. 621: P. H., Vol. II. 620, 621; Millard, Vol. II, 748; Simon, Vol. I, 129, Vol. II. 620; Soencer. Vol. I. 266: Stephen. Vol. II. 621: S. S . Vol. II. 620. 621; Ticl. Vol. I. 32: William. Vol. I, 173. (10^. Vol. TI. 610: William H.. Vol. 11. 6.^6. 6.S7; William W.. Vol. 1. sn. Vol. II. 728. Rockwell. Warren. Vol. I. 42. 281. 419. 421. Rodecrs. Plntt. Vol T. 263. Rodman. Daniel. Vol. I, 209. Roe, Ah ah D.. Vol. I, 1^29; Norman S., Vol. I. 266. Roeloff. Jansen's Kill. Vol. I. 2. Rogers, Charles S.. Vol. I, 125, 223, 259. 260, 350. 381. 383: George F., Vol. I, 433; Harner W.. Vol. I. 131. 222. 260, 350. 357. 407. 4^3. 492. 501; Ichabod, Vol. I. 42. 256. 258. 259, 428: John. Vol. I. 446. 455. 545; Piatt. Vol. II. 740: Ransom. Vol. II, 740; Sam- uel. Vol. I, 501: Timothv. Vol. I. i.?5; Walter W., Vol. I. i37-_ Rogerson, James C Vol. I. 406. Road-building, the first authorized. Vol. I. 47-49. Rood. Eli. Vol. I, 3.V Roome, Charles, Vol. I. 357. Rooney, J. F., Dr., Vol. I, 220. 459. Root. Ambrose. Vol. I. 513; David, Vol I. 515: Eleazer. Dr.. Vol. I. 215. 218, 5.38; Eleazer. Jr.. Vol. I. 210: Horace. Dr.. Vol. I. 215. 535; Hora- tio, Dr., Vol. I, 218; Milo B., Vol. I, 421. Roraback. Allen. Vol. II. 72'^: Edward A., Vol. I, 422, 430; Henry, Vol. I. 6oq; Uriah. Vol. I. 417; William A.. Vol. I. 262. 454; William F.. Vol. II. 719. Rosboro. Charles. Vol. I. 253. Rose. David D.. Vol. I. 422; Donald. Vol. I, 421; Louise, Vol. I, 371; Seth, Vol. I, 535; Victor J., Vol. I, 258. Rossittr, Noah, Vol. II. 707; N. T.. Vol. I, 211. Rossman. Allen. Vol. I. 74, 13!, }.x^. 355, 421. 4.?o; C. G.. Dr.. Vol. I. 220; Edgar J.. Vol. II. 656; Frank. Vol. I. 266. 466; George I.. Vol. I. 53. 116; G. W.. Dr.. Vol. I. 220; Grosvenor B. Vol. II. 719; Jacob. Vol. II. 6m; Jacob F.. Vol. II. 728; Jacob W.. Vol. II. 6!;s: Johannis. Vol. I. 26; John. Dr.. Vol. I. 21=;; John B.. Dr.. Vol. I. 2ig; John I.. Vol. I. sy. Leonard J.. Vol. II. 655. 656; Peter P. Dr.. Vol. I. no. 219. 242, 254. 284. Vol. II, 718; Richard. Vol. I. 490; Robert. Dr., \o\. I, 219. 221, 419; Robert W.. Vol. I. \v<. William F.. Vol. I. 423. Rote. Lovis, Vol. I, .385. Rowan, Gerry, Dr.. Vol. I. 215, 497. Rouse. Caspar. Vol. I. 26; John, \'o]. I, ^og■. Philip, Vol. TI. 621. Rowc. Casner, Vol. I. 437: Dewitt N.. Vol. I. 588; Garrett M.. Vol. I. $X7: INDEX TO TEXT. 425 Rudolphus P., Vol. I, 2ir, 409; Sam- uel P., Vol. II, 694; William B., Vol. I. 411; Zalmon, Vol. I, 264. Slade, William. Vol. I, 409, 426. Slocum, Thomas, Vol. I, 320. Sloan. Thomas W., Vol. II, 694. Sluyter. Cornelius, Vol. I, 437; Der- rick, Vol. I, 535; Richard. Rev., Vol. I, 151. 399- Smith, Abram, Vol. I, 155: Alexander. Vol. I, 260; Alexander, Jr., Vol. I. 170, Vol. II, 718, 719; Alpheus, Vol. I, 319; Allen C, Vol. I, 576; Am- brose, Vol. II, 748: Charles, Vol. I. 211, 514; Chester B.. Vol. I. 153: Dan- iel, Vol. I, 135; Daniel. Jr., Vol. I, 575; Daniel O., Vol. II. 748; David, Vol. I, 473, 566; Edgar, Vol. II. 728; Eugene D., Vol. I, 265, 409: George, Vol. I, 466, and descendants. Vol. II, 721; Henry, Vol. I. 407, 411, 419, 605; Henry Lyle, Dr., Vol. I. 219-221. 22^. 2S7. 258, 379; Hiram K., Vol. I, IS5, Vol. il, 728: H. Hadley, Mrs., Vol. I, 380: H. H., Dr.. Vol. I, 2zy. Ira A., Vol. I, 254: Isaac, Vol. II, 747: Isaac B.. Vol. I, 167, Vol. II. 71S; James. Vol. I, 69. 70, 532; James S., Vol. I, 173: Jehu W., Vol. I, 421; John, Vol. II. 658; John H., Vol. I, 604; John K., Vol. II. 728: John M.. Vol. II, 718: J. Mace. Vol. I. 372: Joseph A., Vol. I, 466; J. W.. Tr , Dr., Vol. I, 222: Killian I.. Vol. II, 728; Leonard, Vol. I. 504; Lewis, Vol. II, 619: Martin. Vol. I. 515: Mil- ton, Vol. II, 747: Nicolas, Vol. I. -26; Philip. Vol. I. 604: P. F., Rev. Vol. I. 402; Reuben. Vol. I, 575: Robert, Vol. I. 377. 423. 424. 432; Sanford W.. Vol. I. 212. 260. 261. 529. ,S46: Seymour, Vol II. 636; S. Mc- Kee. Vol. I. 5^1: Thomas. Jr., Vol. I, 172: William H., Vol. I, 94. Vol. II. 718, 719: William O., Dr., Vol. I, 220. Snow. Frank S., Dr., Vol. I. 220; Jona- than, Vol. I. 309. Snyder. .Almon. Vol. I. 256. 260: Bro- gan C. Vol. II. 619: Chancellor. Vol. 11. 665: Clarence. Vol. II. 619: Ed- gar O.. Vol. II. 619: Frederick. Vol. I. 552; George H.. Vol. I. 502; George M.. Vol. I, 232: George T., Vol. I, 129, and sons, Vol. I. 550. 563; Henry, Vol. I, 455. 474; James E.. Vol. I. 461; John, Vol. I. 126. 130, 210. 474: John G.. Vol. I, 212, 461: John J., Vol. H. 619: John T., Vol. I, 588; Julius, Vol. II, 728: Lodo- wick. Vol. II. 747; Marshall, Vol. I, 490; Peter J., Vol. I, 490; Philip, Vol. I, 605; Richard. Vol. I. 490; Samuel. Vol. II. 620: Samuel W.. Vol. II. 620; Teunis G.. Vol. I, 562; Theodore, Vol. I. 211. 258. 409: Wil- liam H., Vol. I. 604. Vol. II. 747. 748: William P.. Vol. I. rss, ?,(&. Vol. II, 666: William S., \"oI. I, 94, Vol. II. 620. Son. Isaac. Vol. I, 261. 527. Soule. Ebenezer. \'o\. I, 167. 587; George M.. \'ol. II. 706. Southard, Charles H., Vol. I, 514; S. G.. Vol. I. 380: W.. Vol. I. 564. Spafford, Horatio Gates. Vol. I, 538. Spauburgh, William H., Vol. I, 424. Spaulding, .'\sa. Dr., Vol. I, 218; D. L.. Vol. II, 708. Speed. Burgess. Vol. I. 212, 256. 258; Henry, Vol. I, t,^. Spencer. Allen, Vol. I, 264: Ambrose, Vol. I, 54. 107-110. 124. 126. 164. 173. 177. 179. sketch of. Vol. I. 187, 188. 209, 391, 409, 497; F. H., Vol. I, 406; Israel, Vol. I, 177; Ithamar, Vol. I, 32; James, Vol. I, 31, 497: John C, Vol. I, 123, sketch of. Vol. I, 190. Spencertown ."Kcademy. Vol. I, 153. Spickerman. A. A., Vol. I, 588; Bas- tian. Vol. I, 26. Spier, Ezra C, Vol. II. 693; Silas, Vol. II. 694; William. Vol. I. 172. Spoor. Isaac. Vol. I. 31; John I.. Vol. I. 514- Staats. Major Abraham, grant to. Vol. I. 12. 20. 21, 437; Isaac. Vol. I, 437; Samuel, Vol. I. 437. Stall. John, Vol. I, 53. Stanton, F. B., Rev.. Vol. I, ■591. Stannard. E. W.. Vol. I. 514. Starbuck. Benjamin, \c,\, I, 300; & Gif- ford. Vol. I. 344. Stark, A. H., Vol. I, 527. Starks. Charles H.. Vol. I, 289; W. L., Dr.. Vol. I. 220; W. R.. Dr., Vol. I, 220. 529. State Constitution, adoption of the. Vol. I, ro6, 107: House of Refuge for Women, Vol. I, 383; officers, va- 428 INDEX TO TEXT. rious, Vol. I, 132; prison inspector from the county, Vol. I, 124; sena- torial districts, Vol. I, 125; senators from the county. Vol. I, 126. Stead, James, Vol. I, 232. Steamboat, genesis of the. Vol. I, 50-52; traffic, Vol. I, 230-233. Stebbins, Cyrus, Rev., Vol. I, 396; Cyrus M., Vol. I, 210; Gaius, Vol. I, 128; Seymour L., Vol. I, 211; Wil- liam, Vol. I, 27s; William. Jr., Vol. I, 275. Steel-Tired Wheel Co.. Vol. I, 345. Steele, William R., Vol. I, 266, 376, 377. Sterling, Francis N., Vol. I, 66. Stevens, Charles A., Vol. I, 422; C. H., Dr., Vol. I, 222; Horace, Vol. I, 130, 134; Romiett, Vol. I, 370. Stever, George H., Vol. I, 212. Steward, William D., Vol. I, 253. Stickles, Clarence A., Vol. 11, 647; Gar- ret Z., Vol. II, 646; Henry H., Vol. II, 742; Jacob P.. vol. II. 646: John E., Vol. I, 605; John W.. Vol. I, 474. 47=;; Robert H., Vol. II. 719; Walter. Vol. I, 60s: Walter A., Vol. I. ■;64; W. H., Dr., Vol. I, 220; William P., Vol. I, 588. Stobelbein, Peter, Vol. I, 27. Stocking, Austin, Vol. I, 271, 419; Sam- uel, Vol. I, 415. Stockport Creek, Vol. I, 2. Stockport, town of. Vol. II, 647-659; cemetery in. Vol. 11. 65s; churches of. Vol. II, 657. 658: civil list of. Vol. II, 658, 659; cold-storage plants in. Vol. 'II, 656; Columbia White Sul- phur Springs in, Vol. II, 656. 657: Colunibiavillc in. Vol. II, 653, 655; early physicians in. Vol. I, 215; Eu- reka paper mill in. Vol. II, 652; lands comprised in. Vol. 11. 648; manufac- turing in. Vol. IT, 650-656; organiza- tion of, Vol. II, 649; pioneers of. Vol. II, 648-650; population of. Vol. II, 658: prominent farmers of. Vol. II, 656; roads and brid.ges in. Vol. II, 650; Rossman in. Vol. II. 655. 6.56; schools of. Vol. I. 153, Vol. II. 657; topography of. Vol. II. 647. 648; vil- lage. Vol. II, 651-653; Stottville vil- lage in. Vol. II. 650, 651. Stoddard, Ashbel. Vol. f. 268, 269, 271; Simeon, Vol. I, 2.56; William R.. Vol. . I, 279, 281 ; & Webster, Vol. I, 305. Stone, George P.. Vol. I. 280; Levi, Vol. I, 260, 545; Silas, Vol. I, 115. 133, 411, 419, 427; William L., Vol. I, 275. Storm, Dirck, early immigrant, Vol. I, 22; Jeremiah H., Vol. I, 271; James, Vol. I, 133, 170, 178, 210, 430; Rich- ard, Vol. I. 492; Robert, Vol. I. 4^3, Vol. II, 666; Robert Burrell, Vol. I, 211, 424. 425; Stephen, Vol. I, 129, 211, 514; Thomas, Vol. I, 31. Storrs. Amariah, Vol. I, 133, 135, 415, 426. 430; George. Vol. I, 421. Stott. Arthur C Vol. I, 385; Jonathan, Vol. I. 244, 343, 352, Vol. II, 650; Norman, Vol. 11, 742. Stover, Jacob, Vol. I, 26. Strader, John, Vol. I, 320. Strain, David, Vol. I, 455, 462, 466; Henry, Vol. I, 462, 466. Stranahan, Daniel B., Vol. I, 54; John, Vol. I, 260. Stratton, Edward, Rev.. Vol. I, 471. Streeter, John, Vol. I. 289. Strevel. Adam I., Vol. I, 129, Vol. II, 722. 727. Strever, Benjamin I., Vol. II, 719; Henry, Vol. II. 747; Henry I., Vol. II. 719; James M.. Vol. I. 116, 130; John. Vol. I, 155, Vol. II. 711; John B.. Vol. II, 719; William. Vol. II, 646. Stribeck, William, Vol, I, 266. Strong. Ashbel, Vol. I. 374; James. Vol. I. 122, 209. 320. 361. 362. 415, 4.30; Nelson P., Vol. I, 265; Solomon, Vol. I. 31- Studley. James J.. Vol. I, 514. Stupplebeen, Ernest. Vol. I, 564; fam- ily, the. \'ol. I. 549; Fayette A.. Vol. I. 257, 250, 260. 424; G. A., Vol. I, 563; Jacob. Vol. I, 135. 563; J. H., Vol. I. 563; M. v.. Vol. I. S63: T.. Vol. I, 563. Sturgcs. Edward, Vol. I. \i,\: John 11., Vol. I, 136. Sturtcvant, Chester, Vol. I. 210: David, Vol. II. 621. Stuyvesant. town of. Vol. II. 637-647; early physicians in. Vol. I. 215; churches of. Vol. 11, 645. 646; organ- ization and first officers of. Vol. II. 63"; pioneers of. Vol. II. 6,38; popu- lation of. Vol. II, 646; schools of. Vol. II, 645; Stuyvesant Falls vil- lage in. Vol. II, 639-642; Stuyvesant INDEX TO TEXT. 427 village in. Vol. II, 642-644; topogra- phy of. Vol. II, 638. Styker, Nicolas, Vol. I, 26. Sullivan. Alfred H., Vol. I, 368; Fred- erick, Vol. I, 424. Superintendent of insurance from the county. Vol. I, 124. Superintendents of the poor, county, Vol. I, 134. Supreme Court, Vol. I, 161-164. Surrogate's Court, Vol. I, l68, 169. Sutherland, Amos, Vol. I, 535; Delos, Vol. I, 288; Jacob, Vol. I, 135: James, Jr., Vol. I, 210, 474; John, Dr., Vol. I, 218, 546; Josiah, Vol. I, 122, 164, 210, 598; Josiah, Jr., Vol. I, 169; R. P., Vol. I, 546; Samuel W., Vol. I, 546; Solomon, \'ol. I. 107; \V. A.. Vol. I. 260. Sutliff, F. B., Dr., Vol. I, 215, 537. Sutter, Fred, Rev., Vol. I, 404. Suydam, Jacob P., Vol. II, 747. Swart, Peter, Vol. II. 730, 731. Swartz, Solomon M., Vol. I, 423. Sweet, Allen, Vol. I, 262; Fyler D., Vol. II, 739; Gay C, Vol. I. 588; George B., Vol. I. 266; Guy P., Vol. II, 707; Harvey P.. Vol. I, 263. 588; Hoffman, Vol. II, 739, 740; J. C, Vol. I, 454- Swift, George. Dr., Vol. I, 220; George E., Vol. I, 220, 223, 380, 385; John, Vol. I, 374; Reuben, Vol. I, 170. T. Tabor, Gideon, Vol. I, 305; R., Vol. I, 5.14- Taghkanic Fire Insurance Co., Vol. II, 726. Taghkanic Mutual Association (anti- rcnt>. Vol. I, 116. Taghkanic, town of. Vol. II. 720-728; churches of, Vol. II. 726, 727; civil list of. Vol. II, 727; iron mines in. Vol. II, 725; manufacturing in. Vol. II. 725; organization of, Vol. II, 722; pioneers of. Vol. II, 721, 722; popu- lation of. Vol. II, 727; schools of. Vol. II, 726; topography of. Vol. II, 720; town records of, extracts from the. Vol. II, y23, 724; village. Vol. II, 72s; West Taghkanic village in. Vol. II, 724- Tallmadge, Benjamin B., Vol. I, 461; Daniel B., Vol. I, 210; N. P., Vol. I, 124; Stephen G., Dr., Vol. I, 219, 459, 461. Talman, John. Dr., Vol. I, 92, 216-218, 407. 426. Tanner, Frederick, Vol, 572; Joseph A., Vol. II, dsg; Nelson." Vol II, 694; Ralph, Vol. I, ■;4: Samuef A., Vol. I, 116; William, Vol. I, 587. Tanning industry, early. Vol. I, 246. Tar. turpentine, etc., manufacture of, Vol. I, 239, 240. Tator, George H., Vol. I, 223, 407. 424; Henry, Vol. I, 492. Taylor, A. M., Vol. I, 260; Guy H., Vol. I, 406; John N., Vol. II, 620; Robert. Vol. I. 246. 319, 361, 342, 413, 425. 429- Teackle, James H., Vol. I. 210. 419. Tebbetts, John C, Rev., Vol. I, 396. Ten Broeck. Dirck, Vol. I, 47: family, the. Vol. II, 624-627; family in Clav- erack, Vol. I, 479; Jacob, Vol. I, 131, 135. 353, 407. 422; Jay D., Vol. I, 266; Jeremiah, Vol. I, 307, 425; John, Vol. I, 226, 307, 314, 411, 413: Leonard, Vol. I. 170; Leonard W., Vol. I, 129; Nicholas, Vol. I, 415, 426, 427; Peter, Vol. I, 170, 226; Peter B., Vol. I, 128; Samuel, Gen., Vol. I. 31. 53. 58, 127, 128, 130, 147, 171, 604, Vol. II, 636: Samuel I., Vol. I, .374. 4I3. 4i5. 426; Seth, Vol. I, 135. Vol. II, 620; Tobias, Vol. I, 26; Wessel, Vol. I, 257, 260: William C, Vol. I. 419; W. H., Vol. I. 532. Ten Evck, Elam, Vol. II, 740; Jacob A., Vol. I, 536; James, Vol. I. 260. Teunissen, Gerrit, Vol. I, 22, 437. Terry. Charles C, Vol. I, ,357: Conk lin. Vol. I, 352; Edwin C, Vol. I, 133, 284, 333. 357. 4.30: Robert E., Rev., Vol. I, 396; William II.. Vol. I, 421, 422. Textile industry, early. Vol, I, 24S, 246. Thomas, Elijah M., Vol, I, 261, 532; Ezekiel, Vol. I, 515; James, Vol. I, 527, 532; M. G., Vol. I. 501. Thompson, John, Rev., Vol. I, 39 1 ; Samuel J., Vol. I, 461; Smith, Vol. T, 353- ' Threshing machines, the first, \ ol. I, 252. 428 IKDEX TO TEXT. Throop, Benjamin. Vol. I, .320. Thurston, Edward C. Vol. I, 256, 258; John. Vol. I, 255. 299. 301. .305. 314, 319. 429. Tibbits, John, Vol. I. =;.?. 167. Tilden. A. H„ Vol. II, 673; Elam. Vol. I. 574. Vol. II. 671, 673; Henry A., Vol. II, 673. 676; John, Vol. II. 671; L. Royce. Vol. 82, 212, 368; Moses v.. Vol. I. 131, Vol. II. 673; Sannicl J., Vol. I, 114, 124. sketch of. \'ol. I, 194-197; Samuel J. (2d), Vol. II, 673. 694. Tilley, Thomas, Vol. I, 406. Timmers, G. VV., Dr., Vol. I, 220. Tobey, Benjamin, Vol. I, 574; Cor- nelius, Vol. I, 313, 319, 3-20, 374, 391, 415; John I., Vol. I, 417, 419; Joshua. Vol. I, 319. 415: Seth, Vol. I, 172, 309; Silas W., Vol. I, 133. 254. 265, 419, 430, 432; William H., Vol. I, 93, 126, 130, 169, sketch of. Vol. I, 198, 210, 454, 4S5> 463, 4(>4. Vol. II, 693- Tobias. George, Vol. I, 502; Richard C, Vol. I, 260. Tolley, George C., Vol. I, 256. 421. Tompkins, John, Vol. I, 415, 417; Mil- ton M., Vol. I, 131, 546; Morris, Vol. II, 619; Staats D., Vol. I, 253, 546. Torrey, Royal, Vol. I, 53. Toucray, Daniel. Vol. II, 73i- Towns, formation of new, Vol. I, 35; original, in the county. Vol. I, 35. Townsend, Fred R., Vol. I, 257; How- ard, Vol, I. 383; James N., Vol. I, 407, 422, 423, 432. Tracy, Albert E., Vol. I, 466; Aurehus M.', Vol. II, 707; A. M., Vol. I. 527, A. W., Dr., Vol. I, 223: Charles, Vol. I, .S64; G. W., Vol. I, 475- TrafTord, Charles B., Vol. I, 1.37; Moses, Vol. I, 124; Robert E., Vol. II, 740; Thomas, Vol. II, 731; Wil- liam T., Vol. II, 727, 7.39, 740- Traver, Adelbert L., Vol. I. 504; Charles N., Vol. I, 260, 346; Ezra A., Vol. I, 423; Franklin H., Vol. I. 563; Jacob, Vol. I, 427. 429; James E., Vol. I. 261; John B., Vol. I, 261; John I., Vol. I, 13.3. Vol. II, 6.36; William H., Vol. 1. 222, 2.32, 346. .353. 357. 380, 407; William I., Vol. I. 265, 346. Tremain, Augustus. Vol. I. 128, 129, 167, Vol. II, 718; George, Vol. I, 263, 563- Treusdail, William W., Vol. I. 419. Trimper, Charles W., Vol. I, 461. 474; John. Vol. I, 474: John A.. WA. I. 262. Tripp, David, \'ol. II. 718; David K., Vol. I. 134. Vol. II, 719; Lot, Vol. I, 305; Warren, Vol. II, 719. Troy, John L., Vol. I. 424. 433. Truman, Peter, Vol. I. 319. Tryon, Jacob, Vol. I, 167; John. Vol. i, 244. Tubbs. Seth, Vol. I. 515. Tunnicliffe. William. Vol. I. 179. 425. Turner. Gilbert. Vol. I. 173; Jonathan, Vol. I, 135. Turnpike roads. \'i>l. I. 49. Tuttle. Isaac H.. Rev.. \'ol. I. 396; Jerome B.. Vol. I. 514. Twenty-third Separate Company in the Spanish-American War. \'ol. I, 81, 82. Tvler. :\Iajor M.. \'ol. II. 706; Xich- olas C. Vol. I. 588. U. Uldrigh. Johannis, \'o\. I, 26. Underbill, Abraham, Vol. I. 210. 364. .365: B.. Vol. I, 364: E. B., Vol. I, 563; Josiah, Vol. I. 343; Josiah J., Vol. i. .3,39. 361. 362, 427. Union Knitting Co.. Vol. I. 348. United States Electoral Messengers, Vol. I, 121; Senators from Columbia county. Vol, I. 124. Uphani. John. \'ol. I, 31. Uticv. Ralph, \o\. I, 411; Samuel. Jr., Vol. I, 172. V. Vaasburgh. Barent. land grant to. Vol. I. 18. Van Aiken. D. F.. Dr.. Vol. I, 219. Van Alen. .\braham I., Vol. I, 130, 474; A. A., Vol. II. 641, 642; Catherine (Van Iloesen). Vol. I. 295; Evert, Vol. I, 26; Jacobus, Vol. I, 26, 173; James I., Vol. I, 464; James L., Vol. I, 474; Johannis. Vol. I, 26: John, Vol. I. 47. 295, .300. 308. 474; John E., Vol. I, 173; James I., Vol. I. 122, 124. 128, 167, 169, 209, 463; John J., INDEX TO TEXT. 429 Vol: I, 4s6; John L., Vol. I, 150, 465; John L., Jr., Vol. I, 129, 464, 474; John S., Vol. I, 173; Laurence, Vol. I. 437; Luykus. Vol. I, 26: Peter, Vol. I. 26: Peter L., Vol. I, 209. 463; Reuben, Vol. I, 546; Robert, Vol. I, 535; .'^tephanus. Vol. I, 26. Van Alstyne, Abram, Vol. I, 26, 135, 454, 515; Abram I.. Vol. I, 495. Vol. II, 646; Adam, Vol. I, 135; Alex- ander, Vol. I, 415; Andrew, Vol. I, 546; A. P., Vol. I, 546; Barent, Vol. I, 455: C. G., Vol. I, 546: Dudley, Vol. II, 647; Edward, Vol. II. 645, 646; Edward (lecturer). Vol. II, 645; Edward P., Vol. I, 470; family, the, Vol. I. 550: Franklin B.. Vol. I, 262, . 45^. 4.S4. 470; Hugh, Vol. I. 134, 454, Vol. II, 646; Isaac, Vol. I, 437; Ja- cob. Vol. II, 644; J. A., Vol. I. 546; John J., Vol. I, 173; j\Iartin, Vol. I, 437. Vol. II, 641; M. C, Vol. II, 658; Peter, Vol. I, 128, 152, 530, 535, 54s, 546: P. £., Vol. I, 95. 134, 253; P. Edward, Vol. I, 131, Vol. II, 646: Thonws, Vol. I, 26; William, Vol. I, 31; William, Vol. I, .307, 425; W. B., Vol. I, 470; W. L., Vol. I, 546. Van Antwerp, Richard, Vol. I, 284. Van Beest, Aert Pietersen Buys, early immigrant. Vol. I, 22; Frans Jacob- sen, early immigrant, Vol. I, 22; Geertring Teunissen, early immi- grant. Vol. I, 22; Goossen Jansen Van Noort, early immigrant. Vol. I, 22; Hendrick Dries, early immigranc, Vol. I, 22; Marytje Theunis, early immigrant. Vol. I. 22; Neeltje Jan, early immigrant. Vol. I, 22: Peter Marcelis, early immigrant. Vol. I, 22; Widow Adrientje Cornells, early immigrant. Vol. I, 22; Widow Geertje Cornelis. early immigrant, Vol. I, 22. Van Benschoten. \.. \^ol. II, 7.17; E., Vol. II, 739; H., Vol. II, 747. 748; W.. Vol. II, 740. Van Bergen, Isaac, Vol. I, 423. 432, 43.3- Van Beuren, Gerret Aartsen, early im- migrant. Vol. 22: Gerrit Cornelissen, early immigrant. Vol. I, 22. Van Bramer, John A., Vol. I. 262. 454, 474, 47s; Norman, Vol. I, 134, 464; W. A., Vol. I, 474. Van Buren, Abraham. Vol. I, 132, 169, 173, 352, 450, 474; Abraham A., Vol. I, 210, 460; Barent, Vol. I, 47, 93, 94, 129, 209, 437, 464, 562; Edward, Vol. I, 466; Jennie, Mrs., Vol. II, 656; John. Vol. I, 178, sketch of. Vol. I. 180, 190, Vol. II, 659; John A., Vol. I, 474; J. M., Vol. I, 258: Law- rence, Vol. I, 121, 453, 454, 464, 474; Martin, Vol. I, 52, in, 113, 114, 123, 124, 126, 169, 173, 179-182, 209. 391, 437, 447, 463. 464; Peter. Vol. I, 26, 129; Peter. Dr., Vol. I, 217, 218; To- bias. Vol. I. 47. 437. Van de Boe, Jacob, Vol. I. 492; Myron, Vol. I, 492. •Vandcbogart, A. R., Vol. I, 572; Mor- ris, Vol. I, 257; Porter, Vol. II, 740; Reuben, Vol. I. 604; Wesley, Vol. II, 7^2. 740. Vandeburgh, Peter, Vol. I, 413, 417. Vandecarr. Charles R., Vol. II, 652: Henry S.. Vol. I, 95. 254, Vol. II, 652, 658, 659; Klaas, Vol. I, 437; Dirck, Vol. I. 309. Vandenbergh, Peter, Vol. I, 374. Vanderburgh, Andrew, Vol. I, 437: John J., Vol. I, 575. Vanderpoel. .\aron. Vol. I, 113. 122, 129, sketch of. Vol. I, 192, 210, 463, 464: .'\aron J., Vol. I, 211; Abraham B., Vol. I, 133. 464; Adelbert, Vol. I, 4.37; Barent, Vol. I, 57, 170, 464; James. Vol. I, 128, 129, 164, 167, 169, sketch of, Vol. I, 192, 209, 352, 463, 464; Jesse C, Vol. I, 261; John, Vol. I, 474: John, Dr., Vol. I, 218, 449; Melgcrt. Vol. I, 26; S, O.. Dr.. Vol. I, 219. Van Deusen, .\bram. Dr., Vol. I. 219, 497. 514; Alfred G.. Vol. I, 222; A, R.. Vol. I, 137; Charles, Vol. II, 739; C. A., Vol. I, 350, 351, 380, 571; Charles H., Vol. I, 285. 286, 291: C. C, Vol. I, 212; Cornelius, Vol. I, .309; Dirck. Vol. I, 427; Frelin, Vol. I, 262. Vol. II. 740: Henrv, Vol. I. 353. Vol. II. 718; Henry B., Vol. I, 134, 419, 421; Isaac, Vol. I, 26, 437; Jacob, Vol. I, 399, 419, Vol. II. 666; James, Vol. I, 133, 172, 320. 415, Vol. II, 665; Johannes, land .grant to. Vol. I. iS, 26, 425; John, Vol. I, 85, 129, 603, 604, Vol; II, 731: Julian, Vol. I, 351; Lester, Vol. II, 740; Martin, 430 INDEX TO TEXT. Vol. I, 210, 529; Myron, Vol. I, 425; M., Vol. II, 740; Peter, Vol. I, 259, aS'i. 603, Vol. II, 665; Robert, Vol. I, 37; Robert D.. Vol. I, 399: Syl- vester, Vol. I, 253; William, Vol. I, 419, 427. Van Dolfson, John, Vol. I, 54. Van Dyck, Andrew, Vol. I, 474; Arent, Vol. I, 437; Henry, Dr., Vol. I, 464; Henry L., Dr., Voj. I, 150, 214, 217, 218, 464, 465, 474; Lawrence, Vol. I, 173. 277- Van Gaasbeck, W., Vol. I, 368. Vanger, John, Vol. I, 172. Van Hoosem, Jacob, Vol. I, 26; Kas- per. Vol. I, 26. Van Hoesen, Abraham, Vol. I, 245; Abram W., Vol. I, 245. Vol. II, 641; Caspar, Vol. II, 660; Dcdrick. Vol. I, 266; Gerrit, Vol. I, 295; Hendrick, Vol. I, 31, 29s; Henry, Vol. I, 212, 425; Isaac, Vol. I,. 245; Jacob, Vol. I, 295; Jacob Jans. Vol. I, 294: Jan Frans, land grant to, Vol. I, 14; Jan Francis, Vol. I, 21, 294; Jeremiah, Vol. I, 535; Johannes, Vol. I, 26, 31, 294; John, Vol. I, 307; John Jacob. Vol. I, 295; Jurrien, Vol. I, 294. 205; Justus, Vol. I, 308, 313; Justus H., Vol. I, 309, 313, 314; Lemuel. Vol. I, 32a: Nicholas, Vol. I, 309: Peter. Vol. I, 303; William, Vol. I, n6, 245, 343, Vol. II, 639; W. S., Vol. I, 475- Van Ness, Abraham, murder of, by Tories, Vol. I, 30, 31; Cornelius P., Vol. I, 123, 206, 209, 463; Daniel, Vol. I, 107; David. Vol. I, 31; Francis, Vol. I, 454; Garret B., Vol. I, 209; Isaac, Vol. I, 535; James K., Vol. II, 718; Jesse. Vol. I, 136; John, land grant to. Vol. I, 19, 31, 437: John B., Vol. I, 210; John K., Vol. I, 424; John P., Vol. I, 122, 206, 2og. 464, 497; Peter, Vol. I, 32, 47, 106, T07, 121, 124, 166, 167, 171, 17s, 314, 440, 464; Sherman, Vol. I, 1X7. 170, 432, 545; Sherman, Dr.. Vol. I. 5^9: Wil- liam, Vol. I, 31; William P.. 167. 171, 206, 209, 440, 497; William W., Vol. I, 108, 110-112, 124, 128, 164, 169, sketch of. Vol. I, 187, 209, 314, 374, 464. 497- Van Orden, Hessel T., Dr., Vol. I, 218: W. T. B., Vol. II. 621. Van Rensselaer, F., Vol. I, 514; Hen- drick, Vol. I, 478; Henry, Vol. I, iZ, 38, 47, 305; Henry I., Vol. I, 58, 167, 171. 172, 175. 411, 421, 429, 49S; Jacob F., Vol. I, 478; Jacob R.. Vol. I. 128, 175, 177, 314, 492, 497, 498; Jacob Rutsen, Vol. I, 52-54, in, 112, 124. 128, 129, 132, 133, sketch of. Vol. I, 188, 209, 253, 478; Jacobus, land grant to. Vol. I, 18; J. Rutsen, Jr., Vol. I, 210; John. Vol. I, 38, 47, 478; John Baptiste, land grant to, Vol. I, 18; John I., Vol. I, 478; Killian, manorial grant to. Vol. I, 14, 15; Killian K., Vol. I. 83, 169, 172. 178, 179, 209: Peter, Vol. I, 32, 374; Rob- ert. Col., Vol. I. 32, 47. 121, 133; Robert C, Vol. I, 210; Robert H., Vol. I, 54, 167, 415, 417, 427; Stephen, Vol. I, 108; Vrooman, Vol. II, 658, 659- Van Salsbergen, Hendrick, Vol. I, 26. Van Santvoord, George, Vol. I, 130, 211, 454, 463, 464; Harold, Vol. I, _439. Van Schaack, Cornelius, Vol. I, 47. 56, 474; David, Vol, I, 121, 179. 454, 455, 463, 464, 474: Elias, grant of land to, Vol. 1, 18; Henry C, Vol. I, 209; John J., Vol. I, 454; Peter, Vol. I, 172, 177, sketch of. Vol. I. 188, 189, 209, 454; Peter, Jr., Vol. I, 150, 210, 465- Van Schaick, Cornelius, Vol. I, 29; Henry, Vol. I, 29. Van Schoick. Cornelius, land grant to, Vol. I. 18. Van Slyck. Baltus P., Vol. I, 136; George W.. Vol. I, 69; Howland, Vol. I, 47t: John. Vol. I. 535; Peter, Vol. I, 26; P. B., Vol. I, 546. Van Steenburgh, H. T., Vol. I. 424. Van Tassel, John, Vol. I, 604: M. D., Vol. I. 58S; William H., Vol. I. 170, 423- 514- Van Valkenburgh, Bartlemeus, Vol. I, 26; B., Vol. I, 563: Charles E., Dr., Vol. I, 220: Cornelius M., Vol. I. 262; Harrv, Vol. I. ^u: Hendrick. Vol. I. 417; H., Vol. "l. 546. Vol. II, 748; H. A., Vol. II, 740; Isaac, Vol. I,- '5.S: Jacobic, Vol. I. 515; James. Vol. I. 535; James G., Vol. I, 131: Jchoia- kiii".'\.. Vol. I. 271, 353: John H., Vol. I, 474; John I., Vol. I, 129, 454 INDEX TO TEXT. 431 John W., Vol. I. 131 ; Lamert, Vol. I, 26; Lawrence, Vol. I, 515; P., Vol. II. 659; V. v.. Vol. I, 575- Van Vleck. Abram, Vol. I, 474; A. I., Vol. I. 474; Charles K., Vol. I, 368, .380: D. P.. Dr., Vol. r, 66; Henry, Vol. I, 54; Paulus, Vol. I, 465; Peter, Vol I, 129, 464, 574; Peter H., Vol. I, 2.S6. Van Vliet, E.. Vol. I. 406; J. R. S., Vol. I, 281. Van Wvck, James P., Vol. I, 351; Stephen, Vol. I, 493; S. M., Jr., Vol. I. 211. Van Y.sselstein, Jannetje Tennis, early immigrant, Vol. I, 22. Van Zandt, Peter, Dr., Vol. I, 219. Varney. C. Gamewell, Vol. I, -132, Vol. II. 707; C. J., Jr., Vol. 11, 707. Vanghan, J, W., Rev., Vol. I. 602, Vedder, George M., Dr,, Vol. I, 502; George W., Dr.. Vol. I, 220; Her- m.an. Rev., Vol. II, 746; R. H.. Dr., Vol. I, 2ig, 220. Vick, John W., Vol. I, 569. Vigeaut, Joseph, Dr., Vol. I, 220, sg8. Volk, Emanuel, Vol. I, 258. Volunteer Firemen's Home .•\ssocia- tion. Vol. I, 381-383. Von Valkenburgh, Jochim, Vol. I. 26. Vosburgh, Abraham, Vol. I, 57; Abra- ham G.. Vol. I, 136, 265, 432; Abram, Vol. I, .S63; Abram A., Vol. II, 718; Abram C, Vol. I, 133; Arent. Vol. II. 647; Cornelius, Vol. II. 7:^2: Da- vid, Vol. I, 552; Evert. Vol. I, 173, 474; Harmon, Vol. I, 173; Isaac. Vol. I. 47. 437; Isaac J., Vol. I, 31; James, Vol. I. 263; JaiTies C, Vol. I, 474; John H.. Vol. I. 2=;9; John P.. Vol. II, 647: John S., Vol. I, 130, 464, Vol. II, 646; Myndert P., Vol. I, 172; Mvndert P., Vol. I, 209, 463; Peter, Vol, I, 437; Peter A., Vol. II, 647; Peter I., Vol. I, 33, 60, 128, 437, 464, S15. Vol. II, 646; Smith, Vol. II, 719: William P., Vol. I, 563. Vredenburgh, Martin, Vol. I, 552. Vroman, John W., Vol, I. 260. Vrooman, Isaac H., Vol. I, 355. W. Wadsworth, Ebenezer, Vol. I. 264. Wager, Barnet, Vol. I. 13';: Barnev. Vol. I, 137; David, Vol, I, 167; George, Vol. I, 153; Philip, Vol, T, 563. Wagner, Joseph B., Vol. I, 604; Mar- tin W., Vol. I, 263. Wait, Isaac V. A., Vol. I, 466; John B., Vol. I, 546; Joseph, Vol. I, 264. Waite, Josiah, Vol. I, 264. Waldo, Chester, Vol. I, 210. 417, 4.30; Henry, Vol. I. 170, 430; Milton, Rev., Vol. I, S92. Waldorph, John I., Vol. II. 727; Shel- don, Vol. II, 727. Waldron, Erskinc, Vol. I, 137. Walgrove, John, Vol. I, 319. Walker. Eloise, Dr., Vol. I, 383. Wall, William, Vol. I, 255, 239, 307. Walsh, Jerome, Vol. I. 355, Waltermire, D. E., Vol. I, 563; John H., Vol. I. 564; Michael, Vol, I, 552, and sons. Vol. I, 549; Thomas, Vol. I, 563; William. Vol. I, S63; William E., Vol. I, 72. 7i- Walworth, Samuel, Vol. I, 411. War, Civil, the. Vol. I, 62-75; Mexican, the. Vol. I. 6r; of 1812-15, the. Vol. I, 52-54; effects of the lat- ter upon commerce. Vol. I, 228; Spanish-.*\merican, the. Vol. I, 81. 82. Wardle, J. H., Vol. I, 406; J. K., Dr., Vol. I, 136, 219. Warner, Daniel, Vol. I. S74. ■;7S; Dan- iel D., Vol. I, 45S. 576; David B., Vol. I, 150; Elias, Vol. I, 575; F. A., Dr., Vol. I. 219; Henry. Vol. I, 575; Henry L.. Vol. I. 131; James, Vol. I. 54, 170. 575; Jason, Vol. I, 128, 574. 575; John E.. Vol. I, 136, 575, 576; John H., Vol. II, 748; Jonathan, Vol. I, 128, 167, 574. 575: William, and descendants. Vol. I. 565. Warren, Charles M.. Vol. I, 261; David S., Vol. I, 465. Wars, European, effects of, upon Am- erican commerce. Vol. I, 228. Washburn, Austin, Vol. I, 604; Frank. Vol. I, 3=55; I. C, Dr., Vol. I. 529. 532; Robert, Vol. 1, 604, Vol. II, 636; T. C, Dr., Vol. I, 220. Waterburv. Ezra, Vol. I. 170. ,147. 432, Vol. II, 694; J. B., Rev., Vol. I, 392; Romine, Vol, I, 423. Waterman, Barnabas, Vol. I, 54, 92, 94, 415, 4T7, 4,30; George, Vol, I, 470; Henrv, Vol. I. 132. 331. 421; Henry (2d), Vol. I, 385; Jacob, Vol. I, 266; 432 INDEX TO TEXT. J Jeremiah, Vol. I, 1,15; Joshua, Vol. I. 3,32: Joshua T., Vol. I. 407. 419. 421, 423; Stephen, Vol. I, 419, 421, 428. Watrous, John, Vol. I, 399. Watson, Alexander. Vol. I, 465; Wil- liam. Rev., Vol. I, 396. Wattles, Alfred, Vol. I, 422; William S., Vol. I, 259. Wawieghnunk patent, the. Vol. I, 18. Weaver, Eli, Vol. II, 748; Norman, Vol. IT, 748. Webb, Alexander N., Vol. I, 281, 282; Frank H., Vol. I, 277, 284, 285. 406; Herbert N., Vol. I, 28^ Webster, Charles R.. Vol. I, 268, 269; Daniel, Vol. I, 515. Weed, Thurlow, Vol. 114. Weeks, Benedict A., Vol. I, 136, 137, 60s. Weir, John, Vol. I, 417. Weiskotten, Ernest E., Vol. I, 501. Welch, James, Vol. I, 546: John Mc- Arthur, Vol. I, 170, 211, 425, 4^0. 598. --Wells. Noah. Dr.. Vol. I, 217, 218. Wendover, Christopher H., Vol. I, 454; E. J., Vol. I, 456; John T., Vol. I, 455: Stephen H., Vol. I, 126, 131, . 455- Wentworth, Sarah, Vol. I, 261. Wescott, Solomon. Vol. I. T33, 271, 336. 352. 4 1 7' 427. -^West. David, Vol. I. 271. 411, 417, Westfall, Frank. Vol. T, 266. Westfield, John, Vol. I. 428. Westovcr, D. L.. Vol. II. 707; Edward. Vol. II, 740. Wctmore, Henry C, Vol. I. 126. Whaling industry, the. Vol. I. 2;^y2i6. Wharton. Joseph, Vol. 1, 320: Levi, Dr.. Vol. I, 305. Wheaton, I.cvi, Vol. I, 409: Levi, Jr., Vol. I, 407. Wheeler, A., Vol. I. 470; Charles. Vol. II, 748: Edward, Vol. I. 4^7; John C. Vol. II. 727; John P., Dr., Vol. T. 217, 219, 222. 397: John T.. Dr., Vol. I, 220, 527, 529: IMyron. Vol. II, 666; Samuel. Vol. I, 26^, 515: Ste- phen F., Vol. II, 647; thonias M.. Vol. II. 646; William, Vol. II. 748. Whitbeck. A. McK., Vol. I, 136; A. V. D.. Vol. I. 475; Charles, Vol. I. T33. 424; C. B., Vol. I. 211; Hen- drick, Vol. I, 26; Ilciiry M., Vol. I, 604; John, Vol. I, 54, 211, 598, 604; John M., Vol. I, 262; John V., Vol. I, 66, i6g, 211, 212. 257. 368, 369; Lucas, Vol. I, 437; Richard M., Vol. I, 155; Volkert, Dr., Vol. I, i,-?6, 217, 219. 385, 421, 4^0; William .\., Vol. I. 647. White, George H., Dr.. V'ol. I, 92, 216, 217, 219; James W., Vol. I, 262; Joseph, Vol. I, 133, 1.36, 421, 427-429; Philip, Vol. I, 135, 136, 417, 419, 427; Samuel, Dr., Vol. I. 92, 216-218, 357, 361, .S92, 407, 415; Samuel Pomroy. Dr., Vol. I, 216. 2t8; William. Vol. I. 33- Whitehead. Harric P.. Vol. I. 264. Whiteman, Frank. Vol. I, 564. Whiting, -Augustus, Vol. I, 474, Vol. II. 647; Charles, Vol. I. 454, 455; Daniel. Vol. I, 209; Gamaliel. Vol. L 33: Henry. Vol. I, 42; Henry J., Vol. I, 455, 575: John. Vol. I, 53, 129, 167, 574: Nathan, Vol. I. 575; Spencer, Vol. I. 136; William. Vol. I, 374: William B., Col., Vol. I, 58 note, 167, 171. 177, 244. 495, and sons. Vol. I, 565, 574. Whitlock, Lewis. Vol. I, 427; Thomas, Vol. I, 415, 417, 426. 427. Whitman. Levi, Vol. II, 707. Wiederwax, Abram, Vol. I. 546; An- drew, Vol. I, 5.36. Wider, Evert, Vol. I. 26. Wier. Thomas J.. Vol. I, 421. Wicssmcr, Peter. Vol. I. ^6. Wiijht, William, Vol. 1, 410. V:.. Andrews, Hezekiah ..-,.. Andrews, Robert E.....\ Angell, Edwin Angell. Sarah K Arkinson. Marks Arnold, Asa H Ashley, Chauncey S Austin, Millard G Bachnian. Lewis W. . . Bachman, Robert Bailey. Horace Bailey, Myron C Barnes, Robbins D.... Bartlett, George Barton. Fred C Barton. Stephen K. . . . Bashford. Byaly Bashford. Lester J Bates. Mil ford L Bathrick. Cornelius . . . Bathrick. Wesley Bauer. Augustus W. . . . Beal. Sidney C Beale. Charles F. T... Becker. Albert M Bcckwith. Charles D. . Bedlow. Henry Becbe. Amos S Bell. Mrs. Abbv J.... Bell. William H. D.... Bellows. E. Goodman. Page. [. 3 277 3 4 4 277 5 277 278 278 281 281 282 282 283 6 283 6 7 7 7 284 284 28s 286 287 9 287 288 Bender. Richard W PartJH. 12 Benedict. Napoleon T... ^ 288 Beneway. George W.... 13 Benson, Alexander R. . . . 13 Best, Edgar 288 Best. Edward A 14 Best. Henry J 14 Best. Mervin 15 15 Best. Willis James Bidwell. Charles 15 Birckmaver. John 16 Birge. E. Pratt i6 Blakeman. J. D 16 Blinn. .\aron C 289 Blunt. Stephen H 17 Bogardus. Abram F 18 Boright. John W 18 Bostwick. C. W "9 Bostwick, Frederick C. . . 289 19 20 Bradley, Otis H Brandow, Theodore .... 21 Brandt. Ellsworth J 21 Brighani. Antipas 22 Bristol. F. M 289 Bristol. Stephen 288 Bronk. Charles 23 Brosseau, Samuel W.... 24 Brousseau. Edward 23 Brown. Henry N 24 Brown. Waterman E.... 25 Brown. William H 290 Browning. Charles 290 Browning. Noah H 290 25 291 26 Buernian. Henry 27 Bull. Hampton C 377 Bullock. George M 292 BushncU. Elisha W 379 Bmlcr. Fayette M 27 INDEX TO PART III. 4dS c. Cady, Jonathan R Part III, Cady, Nicholas W " Cady, Perkins F " Campbell, Peter N Card, Eaton H " Carney, Michael " Carpenter, Edwin A " Carpenter, Frances C... " Carpenter, George W.... " Carter, George G " Chace, A. Frank B Chesterman, James " Clark, Charles H Clark, J. Thorn Clark, William H Clarkson, Robert R. L. . Cleland. Thomas J Clow, David E Clowe, George W " Clum. Philip H„ Jr Cochran, Frank T Coffin, Charles C Cole, Peter Jacob " Coleman, Minnie H Collier, Casper P " Collier, Frederick J " Collier. George Z " Collier, Gerrit Sager. ... " Collier, Isaac N " Collins, Mrs. Lucy Collins. John Bingham.. Conkey, Mrs. G. S " Conklin. Adelbert " Cook, Abijah P Cook, Alonzo " Cook, Charles P " Cook, Collins Cook, Sidney Cookingham. F. A Coon. Henry L Coon, Lewis Coons. Charles H " Corwin. Allen W " Crandell, Edwin A Crandell. Homer Crego. Charles S Cronk, John Cure. Charles B " Curtis. Joel G D. Dalev. Charles C " Dalev. William B 29 29 293 293 293 32 293 294 296 32 32 36 36 296 297 297 297 36 37 37 39 297 39 299 42 42 298 302 301 43 303 43 303 44 304 304 44 304 305 46 296 49 306 Page. Decker, Fred Part III. 51 Deeley, Richard A. M... •■ ' 50 Delavan. Rensselaer H.. '■ 52 Denegar. Edmund ■' 52 Devoe. Tunis " 53 De Witt, Edgar R ■ 53 Dick, Nathan " 54 Dick. Peter H " 54 Dinehart. Delbert " 306 Dinehart, Vi. .\ '■ 56 Dingman. James " 56 Donnelly, Rev. Peter J.. " 56 Donnelly, William D. . . . '■ 57 Douglas, James " 57 Downing, Daniel B " 58 Downing, Henry W " 307 Downing, Mrs. Mabel... " 58 Drew, George H " 59 Drumm, Frank E " 59 Drumm. George E " 381 Drumm. Orville " 60 Drumm, Reuben " 60 Du Bois, John C " 61 Du Bois, Samuel T " 62 Du Bois. Stephen ,\. ... " 62 Duntz, Jacob H ' 308 Dunfz, Mark " 63 Dunspaugh, Cyrus V. ... " 64 Dunspaugh. Henry .... " 64 E. Eaton. Albert .\I " 65 Eaton, Martin B ■' 66 Eberle, Eu,gene A " 308 Edwards. Samuel •' 66 Edelman. William J " 68 Eitelman. Peter " 69 Elkenburgh, Eugene .... " 69 Engel. Peter " 70 Esselstyn, Cornelius .... " 70 Esselstyn, William M. . . " 71 Evans. Cornelius H " 71 F. Fabyan. William D'F.... " 74 Fardy. William P " 74 Fassett, Jacob P. " '74 Feller, George W " 7.i Feroe, Henry ,-\ " 75 Finch, George H " 308 Finch. Obed " 309 Fingar. Griffin " 76 Fingar. Henry " 76 INDEX TO PART III. Fingar, Jacob Part Fingarr. Frank Finney. James Fish, Hugh I Fisher. Frank Fitz Gerald. James Fitz Gerald. John Flanagan. Francis J Flanagan, Philip R Poland, William G Folger. Frederick F. . . . Forshew. Frank Poland, Wellington J... Ford, Ellis J Fowler, D, Niles Fox, George P Fox, James J Fraleigh. William H Frank, Willis Frisbee, Henry D Ganley, George J Gantley. Thomas H. . . . Gardcnier, Aaron B.... Gardner. Eugene Gardner, William S. . . . Garrity, Patrick H Garvey. Peter S Gifford, Arthur Gifford, Elihu Gifford, Malcolm Gildersleeve, Charles E. Gillette, John E Gillette. John W Goodrich. Frederick C. . Goodwin. Manning A.. Goold, William H. Gott, Harvey C Gould, John S Griswold, Sheldon M... Groves, John F III. H. Hadsell. Stephen Haigh, Benjamin F. . . , Haines, Hon. Chas. D. Hall, Edward L Hall. Francis Hall, Frank S Hall. Milton M Hallcniieck, Charles W. Hallenbeck. Peter A. . Hallenbeck, William S. Halstead, Charles E. . . . Ham. James W 77 77 309 78 79 79 80 80 310 81 81 310 312 312 83 83 84 312 84 313 84 85 313 86 86 313 87 89 87 90 93 3'4 93 315 316 94 94 316 95 95 98 317 99 96 99 99 99 96 Page. Ham. Peter P . Part III. loi Ham. Reuben lOI Ham. Sion 102 Ham. Wesley 317 Hamblin. Myron 102 Hand, John H 97 Hand. Miss Olive R.... 103 Haner, Martin L 103 Harder, Charles N 103 Harder, Edson R 104 Harder, Edward B 104 Harder, Frank B 105 Harder, George L los Harder, George M. ... 106 106 Harder, Nicholas W. . . 107 Harder, William A. ... 107 Harder, William G. . . . 108 Harder, Wilson L 109 Harrigan, Patrick F, . . . 109 Harrison, William H.. no Hart, William H no Harvey, Charles S III Harvey, Henry C 112 Hatch, Daniel 318 Hatch, John M 318 Haviland, F. Carroll. . . 112 Haves. John 113 Haywood, John H4 Haywood. Wallington . 319 Hearn, W. H 114 Hedges, WiUiatn 319 Hemenway. Calvin T... 114 Herbs, Magnus D 115 Herrick, Nathan 115 Hicks, Philip R 116 Hinsdale, Mrs, A. H... 116 Hinsdale, Charles W. .. 116 " 320 Hobbie, Charles B 116 Hoctor, Patrick 321 Hodge, Edward J 117 Hoes, William A 118 118 Hollenbcck, Cornelius . 321 Holsapple, John 322 Holsapple, W. Frank . . 119 Hopkins. Thomas 120 Horton. Jacob 121 Honon William H 121 Hosier. Isaac 121 Housman. Mrs. Anna... 122 INDEX TO PART 111. Housman, James A Part Hover, Erastus Hover, James A Hover, Romanzo W Howe. Edwin D Hoysradt. Frank Hoysradt. Jacob H Hoysradt. Jacob W Hoysradt. Lewis M Howes. Ashley B Hudson. Henry Hughes. Edward T Hughes. James R Hunt. Alfred Hunt. Gilbert L I. Irish. Samuel L. J. Jaquins. Reuben \V. Jenkins. Robert ... Jessup. John H. ... Johnson. Benoni S. Johnson, Charles H. Johnson. Frank .... Johnson. Henry W. Johnson. Ouincy . . Jones. J. Wesley . . . Jordan, Benjamin S. Joslen, Charles E. . K. Keating. Thomas B Kennedy. Dennis H. . . Kennedy. Bernard H. . . Ketner, Frank W Kilmer. Alfred C Kipp, Edward Kirby. Edward P Kisselbrack, Peter Kisselburgh. George A. Kittell, Martin M Kittle. Andrew Kittle. Clarence Kittle. Nicholas Kline. Evander Kline. Ephraim M Kline Bros Lahr. Peter Lament, James P. 122 122 322 123 326 326 124 328 125 125 126 126 328 328 127 127 127 129 129 329 130 329 131 131 132 329 132 134 134 135 13s 330 136 136 137 330 136 331 137 138 138 139 139 Lambert. Philip H Part Lampman. Benjamin .... Lampman. Theodore . . . Lane, James J Lape. Alexander Lasher, Amasa P Lasher. George E Lasher. Remus E Leggett. Charles E Linibrick, Daniel Lindsay. Frank B Link. Oscar J Link. William Lisk. Edward H Lockwood, George A.... Longley. Levi F Loomis. Eli James Loos. John N Louck. Jacob Lown. Philip M Luflf. J. Hotner M. Mack. Henry Quincy. . . . Macdonald. John M Macy, Aaron C Macy. Charles W Macy. Frank A Macy. George H Magley. John Mallery. William A • Mallory. Langdon Malone. William H Marshall. Theron R McGrath. John H McNulty. William B. . . . McCorniick. Edward F. . McKittrick. Thomas A. . McShane. James Meekle. James Melious, Allen Melious. John H Melious. Luther Melius. William H Menbert. Henry L Menick. Sebastian Mercer. Edwin G Merrifield. Peter W Merwin. Eugene Mesick. Benjamin S Mesick. Edgar E Mesick. Jacob P Mesick. Nelson H INDEX TO PART III. Mesick, Thomas Part Michael. Frank L Mickle. John P Mickle, William A. Miller. Adam " Miller. .A.rthur Miller. Cornelius E Miller. Egbert Miller. Emmett A Miller. Gordon S Miller. Granville Miller. Harry C ' Miller. Herman Miller, Homer J ' Miller. James E Miller. John Henry Miller, Lester Miller, Madison Miller, Perry Miller, Peyton F Miller. Reuben S Miller. Theodore Miller. William R Mont Ross. James A.... ' Moore. Alvin Moore. Charles N ' Moore, Laton Moore. Reuben ' Moore, Robison Moore. Lucius Morey, Robert H Morin, William A ^forrell, George Mossman. Philip Moul, Henry S N. Nash, Morehouse ' Ncal. William H Neefus, David C, Jr. ... Neefus. David Carshore.. Neefus. Ruluf Niles. Charles H Niles. Henry W Niver, John S Niver. Norman o. Odell, Cordelia R Olcott. Edmund H Olcs. Frank C ni Page. 165 166 166 166 167 3.^9 167 339 340 167 169 169 340 i6g 340 341 341 168 342 171 168 170 342 171 172 173 173 343 173 174 174 343 176 176 177 177 178 179 179 180 i8o t8i 344 344 345 182 345 P. Packman. Charles E Part HI Page. Frank E Palmer. E. G Palmer. Milton T Panigot. Charles G Park. Charles Parker, Byron Parton. George Patrie. Thomas A Paul, Fulton Payne, Richard Clark.... Peck. Horace Robinson. Peck. Willard Peck, William II Pells. Frank E Pell.s. John H Peterson. Benjamin Philip, Jordan Pierce, John K Pierson. Henry C Piester, Abraham D Piester, Charles J Platner, Martin Plainer. William B Plemley. William Pomeroy. George P. K.. Potts. Charles W Powell. James J Powell. Jonathan R Powell. Wilson M Power. George H " Pratt. Frank B Proper. David S Pulver. John G Pulver. William V Purcell, Laban Putnam, Howard B R. Rainey, Samuel R Rainey, William H " Ransford, Mrs. E Raynor, Tacob Reid, William R Reynolds, James Adger.. Richmond, Cornelius J. . Richmond, Robert P. . . . Richmond. Simeon H. . . Rider. Thomas Benjamin. Rightmcyer. Joseph C... Riplu-nburg, S. Richmond Risedorph. Edward Page. . 183 346 346 346 183 183 184 184 i8s 185 347 347 348 348 190 190 I go IQI 348 191 192 349 193 193 349 194 194 194 iq6 196 349 350 197 197 198 199 350 200 200 201 201 201 202 202 202 203 203 INDEX TO PART III. 439 Risedorph, George E. . Ritcliie. James Hanna. Rivenburgh, John H. . Rockefeller. Albert . . . Rockefeller, Claudius . Rockefeller, George H Rockefeller, Isaac P... Rockefeller, Philip W.. Rodgers, Conrad Roe, Peter H Rogers, Charles S Rogerson, J. C, Jr.... Rooney, J. F Rossman, Arthur W... Rossman, Edgar J Rossman, Frank Rossman, George W... Rossman. Peter P Rossman, Richard . . . . Rowe, Jonathan Rudd. Charles Russell, Robert B Part III, 351 204 204 351 204 352 353 205 353 206 207 207 208 354 354 208 355 355 208 208 209 356 s. Sagendorph, Frank J. . . . 209 Sagendorph, Nelson .... 211 Sagendorph. Wilson .... 211 Salmon, George P 211 Saunders, Benjamin 212 Schermerhorn, A. L 212 Scovill, William H 213 Seipel, Henry 214 Seymour. Ellis H 356 Seymour. William 214 Sharp. Solomon 215 21S 215 Sheffer, Henry ShefTer, Samuel S 216 Sheldon. Benjamin F. . . . 217 Sheldon, Wilson 356 Shepard. Robert Mellen. 217 Shook. John M 218 Shufelt, Almond 357 Shufelt, George H ■'~~- 218 Shumway, John B 383 Shuphelt, RolJo E 219 Shutts, Cortez 357 3S8 " 219 Shutts, Walter Silvernail, Philip .. ^^^r^ . 358 Sinclair. John B 219 " 220 Smith, Abram Smith, .'\lexander " 220 Smith, Eugene D " 220 Page. Smith. H. Hadley Part III. 221 Smith, H. Lyle " 221 Smith, John L ■■ 353 Smith, L, S. and Jesse... " 359 Smith, Lewis ■• 224 Smith, Saulord W " 224 Smith, Staunton B " 225 Smith, Ward C " 359 Smith, Webster " 225 Smith, William " 360 Smith, William '■ 225 Smith, William N " 360 Smock. John Conover... " 226 Snyder, Brogan C " 226 Snyder, Condit B " 227 Snyder, Lorenzo L " 227 Snyder, Washington ... " 228 Southard, Stanley Y " 229 Speed, Harry S " 229 Spencer, Edmund " 229 Stark. Valentine " 230 Starke. Willard R " 230 Stevens, Henry Grinnell. ■ 231 Stickles. Charles L " 360 Stickles. Henry H " 231 Stickles. Hiram ■■ 361 Studley. Albert Lincoln. " 232 Stupplebeen, Fayette A.. " 2V Sweet. H. P " 361 T. Teats. Peter W ■■ 232 Ten Broeck. .Andrew J.. " 233 Ten Broeck. Evarts .... " 233 Ten Broeck, Rensselaer.. " 362 Ten Broeck. Wessel .... " 234 Thomas, James " 235 Thomas, Millard G " 235 Thomas, William " 236 Thompson, Smith " 236 Thorne, William H ■' 237 Tilden. Samuel J ■ 237 Tilley, Thomas " 234 Tompkins, S. D " 237 Tracy, Aurelius M " 238 Tracy, Charles " 238 Traver, Adelbert Lee.... " 239 Traver, Chester H " 239 Traver, Mrs. John B " 362 Traver, Wm. H. & Son . " 239 Tripp. Dew-itt " 362 Tripp. John H " 363 Tripp, William H " .363 Tully. John " 240 INDEX TO PART III. Van Alstviic, Abram H Part III. 241 Van Alstync. Andrew . 241 Van Alstyne. Mrs. B. . . 241 Van Alstyne, Charles G. 242 Van Alstvne. Edward . . 242 Van Alstyne, F. B 243 \'an Benschoten, F. ... 244 Van Benschoten. W. M 364 Van Buren, Bartley L. . 365 Van De Bogart, A. R.. 36s Van de Boe, Jacob .... 244 Van du Boe, Myron . . . 244 Van Deusen. .\. N 244 Van Deusen, Fred 366 Van Hoesen, D. Taylor 245 Van Hoesen. Henry . . . 24.-; Van Hoesen. Henrv R. 246 Van Hoesen. Marshal! . 246 Van Hoesen. Mary E. D 247 Van Ness. Sherman . . . 366 Van Schaack. David . . . 247 Van Tassel. William H. 247 Van ValkenhurKh. B. H 367 Van Vliet. Elmer 248 Van Vleck. Charles K.. 24Q Vcdder. George W 250 Vedder. Nicholas S. . . . 250 Vosburgh. Abram 251 W. Wade. Edwin W 367 Wagner, Josrph B 251 Wagoner, Adam E 252 Wagoner, Elmer S 2.S.3 Wagoner, Shadic 368 Walker. Charles 253 Walker, William B 2$?, Washburn, Frank 368 Washburn, I. C 369 Washburn. William 2M Wass. Allen S 254 Page. Weaver. Leander H Part HI. 255 Webster. Constant " 2$$ Weed. Darius " 3C9 Weeks, Benedict \ " 256 Westlake, H. G " 370 Wheeler, John Thome. . . " 371 Whitbeck, Charles " 257 Whitbeck, John V " 257 Whitbeck. Volkcrt " 258 Wilbor, Frederick M. ... " 260 Wilcox. Edgar M " 261 Wilcoxson, John " 262 Wild, Nathan P " 262 Wildermuth. Peter " 262 Wilkinson. Hiram F. . . . " 262 Williams. ]\I. Parker .... " 264 Williamson. James " 267 Wilsey, Zachariah " 372 Wilson. Jesse '' 267 Wilson, John " 267 Wilson, Thomas " 268 Wise. Andrew '" 269 Wolven. Joseph C " 269 Wood. Cornelius J " 270 Woodruff, Richard A.... " 270 Woodward, Jav " 372 Woodward, William C... "' 271 Woodworth, T. Floyd ... " 271 Woodworth, Rufus H. . . . " 37;? Whitbeck, James F " 373 Whiting, Henry Carter. . " 374 Williams. Edwin Mather. " 375 Williams, Wesley S " 376 Wright, Charles M " 272 Y, Yager, Abram " 273 Yeisley, George C "' 274 Yorck. Otto " 274 Young, Charles " 275 Young. Jacob '" 275 or, sw H 6fe 89^ ! V\}w /\WV'' V^;/"^^^^^^ o-lO* "v" ^^^^^.. V o V ^' > ■ o'" -^J /,.. *^ ' <* .. -^ •• ♦ 'i' ' \v <. ♦t: .<* / J-'-^t^ "^^♦' N-*- ^/ -^^ '^ '. "^^0* Ao^ \' .^'"^^.. 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