tmmmmaaiaasKmm *S&\» &£* If 1 i 11 i I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf. —q-^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. MINEEAL SPEINGS HEALTH EESORTS OF CALIFORNIA COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS EVERY IMPORTANT MINERAL WATER IN THE WORLD Illustrated A PRIZE ESSAY Annual Prize of the Medical Society op the State of California, Awarded April 20, 1889 WINSLOW ^ANDERSON, M. D. Joint Editor and Publisher of the Pacific Medical Journal Asst. Chair Medical Chemistry and Materia Medica, and Teacher of Chemistry in the Laboratories of the University of California in the Medical and Denial Departments. Active Member of the American Medical Association, and of the Medical Society of the State of California. Active Member of the San Francisco County Medical Society, and of the College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Society, Secretary and Member of the Alumni Association of the Medical Department of the University of California.' Member of the 3oard of Medical Examiners for the State of California. Member of the National Educational Association. Analytical Chemist to the Coroner of the city of San Francisco. Author of "Desiccated Human Remains;" "Adulterations in Food Products;" "Western Mummies;" "Mortality in Diphtheria;" Morphio-Mania, Etc., Etc." SAN FRANCISCO THE BANCROFT COMPANY 1890 / PRICE $1.50 Special rates to Spring o-wners , 60 Minor Ablutions 62 Sitz Bath 62 Douche 62 Uterine Douche 63 Spinal Douche 64 Moor or Mud Bathing in Disease 64 Gas or Vapor Bathing 65 Mineral Springs and Health Resorts of California with complete Anal- ysis, Route of Travel, etc., etc., Alphabetically Arranged 68 to 270 Noted Mineral Springs of Oregon 271 " " " Western States 272-281 " " " Southern and Southwestern States 282-290 XI TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued PAGE Noted Mineral Springs of Virginia 291-302 " " " Pennsylvania 303-305 " " New York 305-316 " " " New England States 317-318 " " " Canada 319-320 " " " Europe 321-340 Analyses of Dead Sea — Ocean, etc 340-342 Origin of the Name California 343 Historical Sketch of the Discovery and early Occupation of California 348 Early Mission Fathers 356 Franciscan Friars 359 Sketch of Climate of California 368 Rainfall 374 Temperatures 375 Comparative Climatic Tables of all the Noted Health Resorts in the World 377 Comparative Tables of Mortality in the different Large Cities and Countries of the World 382 A Trip to California and Pen Sketch by Bayard Taylor..... 384 xn ILLUSTRATIONS The Golden West Frontispiece General Views of Yosemite Valley i California Palms 8 Nevada Falls — Bridal Vail Falls — Vernal Falls — Cascade Falls. . ro Scene in the Sierras 18 Lake in the Sierras 27 Yosemite Falls 35 Tahoe Scenery 39 Mirror Lake 43 Cap of Liberty 49 Bridal Vail Falls 61 The Sentinel 63 Ocean Sculpture near Santa Rosa 67 Palm Valley 72 Clear Lake and Uncle Sam 81 Anderson Springs ." 83 Sierra Scene 96 Byron Springs. 103, 105, 107, 109, and 113 Scene in Petrified Forest, near Calistoga 117 Hotel del Coronado 121 Paso Robles 1 24 and 1 26 Mt. Shasta 134 The Geysers 137, 139, and 141 Gilroy Springs 157 Susie Lake 159 Yosemite Scene 160 Glen Alpine Falls 161 Harbin Springs • ■ " ' 165 Highland Springs 169 and 170 Klamath Hot Springs 184 Lake Tahoe (map) . 185 Tahoe City 186 Litton Springs 189 Nevada Falls 196 ILLUSTRA TIONS— Continued Gems of the Sierras 197 Napa Soda Springs 201 Pagoda Spring 205 I,ick Observatory 212 Palm Valley 215 Paraiso Hot Springs 218 Falls near San Bernardino 226 San Marcos Hotel and Grounds at Santa Barbara 229 Santa Ysabel, YsabelLake and Surroundings 232, 235, 236, 238 and 240 Remains of Prehistoric Dam 242 Clear L,ake 247 L,ake Tahoe 252 Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs , 258 Gas Well at Kelseyville 267 Old Mission, Los Angeles 348 Church and Study near Del Monte 353 Old Mission Church at Santa Barbara 357 Mission San Miguel 361 Santa Cruz Beach , 363 Monterey Baths 365 Hotel Del Monte (Bird's-eye View) 367 Typical Southern California 370 Pacific Grove 372 Views of Oakland 376 Cliff House, San Francisco 381 Monster Grapevine at Santa Barbara 383 INDEX TO SPRINGS CALIFORNIA SPRINGS SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE Adams Lake 68 ^tna -. Napa 69 Aguas Calientes San Diego 72 Agua Calienle Kern 73 Agua de Vida 74 Alabaster Cave El Dorado 76 Alameda Warm Alameda 76 Alder Glen Sonoma 76 Alkali Mono 76 Alkaline Lakes Modoc 76 Alkaline Lakes Lake 76 Allen Lake 76 Alum Rock Santa Clara 78 Anderson Mineral Lake 82 Antifat San Bernardino 89 Arrowhead, Hot San Bernardino 89 Arroyo Grande San Luis Obispo 90 Azule Santa Clara 91 Bartlett Lake 91 Bear Valley San Bernardino 94 Benton Hot Mono 95 Berkeley Soda Placer 95 Big Hot Lassen 95 Big Sulphur 96 Bitter San Bernardino 96 Black Lake Mono 97 Black Sulphur 97 Blank's Hot Sulphur Colusa 97 Blodgett's Santa Clara 97 Boiling Lakes Plumas 99 Boiling Springs Inyo 99 Boiling Sulphur Mono 99 Bonanza Hot Lake 100 Borax Pond Lake 101 Borax Flat San Bernardino 101 Borax Marsh San Bernardino 101 Borax Patch San Bernardino 101 Borax Springs Lake 101 SPP.INGS COUNTY PAGE Boyd's Hot Modoc 102 Branbeck's Lassen 102 Byron Contra Costa 103 Cal. Seltzer Mendocino 114 Calistoga Napa 114 Cameta Warm 116 Campbell's Hot Sierra 116 Campo's Chalybeate .' 116 Carbonated Siskiyou 118 Carnelian or Lake Tahoe Placer 118 Casa Diablo Mono 118 Castalian Inyo 118 Castle Rock Shasta 119 Chalybeate Mineral Tehama 119 Chalybeate Shasta 119 Coal Valley Modoc 119 Cold Soda Lake Plumas 120 ColdSoda Springs Tuolumne 120 Cook's Colusa 120 Coronado San Diego 121 Corral de Luz San Diego 122 Crystal Napa 122 Crystal San Mateo 122 CuyanaHot Santa Barbara 123 Desert or Cave Kern 123 Doolan's Ukiah Vichy 257 DosPalmas San Diego 248 Dr. Soupan's Hot Plumas 123 Ems and vEtna compared 72 Elsinore San Diego 133 Eureka Humboldt 133 Fairmount Sonoma 135 Felt's Mineral Humboldt 135 Fresno Hot Fresno 135 Frey 's Soda, bet. Shasta and Siskiyou 135 Fulton Wells Los Angeles 136 Geysers Mono 155 Geysers Plumas 155 xv ILLUSTRA TIONS— Continued Gems of the Sierras 197 Napa Soda Springs 201 Pagoda Spring 205 Lick Observatory 212 Palm Valley 215 Paraiso Hot Springs 218 Falls near San Bernardino 226 San Marcos Hotel and Grounds at Santa Barbara 229 Santa Ysabel, YsabelLake and Surroundings 232, 235, 236, 238 and 240 Remains of Prehistoric Dam 242 Clear Lake 247 Lake Tahoe 252 Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs 258 Gas Well at Kelseyville 267 Old Mission, Los Angeles 348 Church and Study near Del Monte 353 Old Mission Church at Santa Barbara 357 Mission San Miguel 361 Santa Cruz Beach 363 Monterey Baths 365 Hotel Del Monte (Bird's-eye View) 367 Typical Southern California 370 Pacific Grove 372 Views of Oakland 376 Cliff House, San Francisco 381 Monster Grapevine at Santa Barbara 383 INDEX TO SPRINGS CALIFORNIA SPRINGS SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE Adams Lake 68 _£)tna -. Napa 69 Aguas Calientes San Diego 72 Agua Caliente Kern 73 Agua de Vida 74 Alabaster Cave El Dorado 76 Alameda Warm Alameda 76 Alder Glen Sonoma 76 Alkali Mono 76 Alkaline Lakes Modoc 76 Alkaline Lakes Lake 76 Allen Lake 76 Alum Rock Santa Clara 78 Anderson Mineral Lake 82 Antifat San Bernardino 89 Arrowhead, Hot San Bernardino 89 Arroyo Grande San Luis Obispo 90 Azule Santa Clara 91 Bartlett Lake 91 Bear Valley.... San Bernardino 94 Benton Hot Mono 95 BerkeleySoda Placer 95 Big Hot Lassen 95 Big Sulphur 96 Bitter San Bernardino 96 Black Lake Mono 97 Black Sulphur 97 Blank's Hot Sulphur Colusa 97 Blodgett's Santa Clara 97 Boiling Lakes Plumas 99 Boiling Springs Inyo 99 Boiling Sulphur Mono 99 Bonanza Hot Lake 100 Borax Pond Lake 101 Borax Flat San Bernardino 101 Borax Marsh San Bernardino 101 Borax Patch San Bernardino 101 Borax Springs Lake 101 SPP.INGS COUNTV PAGE Boyd's Hot Modoc 102 Branbeck's Lassen 102 Byron Contra Costa 103 Ca1. Seltzer Mendocino 114 Calistoga Napa 114 Catneta Warm 116 Campbell's Hot Sierra 116 Campo's Chalybeate .' 116 Carbonated Siskiyou 118 Carnelian or Lake Tahoe Placer 118 Casa Diablo Mono 118 Castaliau Inyo 118 Castle Rock Shasta 119 Chalybeate Mineral Tehama 119 Chalybeate Shasta 119 Coal Valley Modoc 119 Cold Soda Lake Plumas 120 Cold Soda Springs Tuolumne 120 Cook's Colusa 120 Corouado San Diego 121 Corral de Luz San Diego 122 Crystal Napa 122 Crystal San Mateo 122 CuyanaHot Santa Barbara 123 Desert or Cave Kern 123 Doolan's Ukiah Vichy 257 Dos Palmas San Diego 248 Dr. Soupan's Hot Plumas 123 Ems and iEDtna compared 72 Elsinore San Diego 133 Eureka Humboldt 133 Fairmount Sonoma 135 Felt's Mineral Humboldt 135 Fresno Hot Fresno 135 Frey's Soda, bet. Shasta and Siskiyou 135 Fulton Wells Los Angeles 136 Geysers Mono 155 Geysers Plumas 155 XVI INDEX TO SPRINGS SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE Geysers Sonoma 136 Geysers Spa or Soda Sonoma 155 Geysers in Long Valley Mono 155 Gilroy Hot Santa Clara 156 Glen Alpine Mineral El Dorado 158 Gordon's Mineral Lake 163 Harbin Lake 166 Hatchin Hama ...Lake 168 Hensley's Soda Tehama 168 Hibb's Soda Shasta 169 Highland Lake 169 High Rock Lassen 176 Hood's 176 HotBorate Lake 176 Hot Borax 177 Hot Mud 177 Hot 177 Hot Soda Plumas 177 Hough's Mineral Lake 180 Howards Lake 180 Inflammable Natural Gas 181 Iodine Lake 183 Iron Springs 183 Kellogg's Napa 187 Klamath Hot Siskiyou 183 Lake Tahoe or Carnelian Hot Springs 185 Lane's Mineral Calaveras 187 Las Cruces Hot Santa Barbara 187 Lick Tehama 188 Little Geyser Sonoma 188 Little Yosemite Soda Tulare 188 Litton Seltzer Sonoma 188 Lower Soda Shasta 191 Madrone 191 Magnetic Santa Cruz 192 Mark West Sonoma 192 Matilija Hot Ventura 193 McCarthy's Shasta 194 Mills Lake 194 Mineral 193 Mineral Los Angeles 194 Mineral Siskiyou 194 Mineral Calaveras 194 Mission San Jose Alameda 195 Mono Basin Warm Mono 195 Mono Lake Mono 196 Montecito Hot Santa Barbara 199 Mountain Glen Santa Barbara 200 Mud Lassen 200 Mud Tehama 200 Napa Soda Napa 201 SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE Newsom's Arroyo Grande 207 New Almaden Santa Clara 208 Nicholas Santa Cruz 209 Ojai Hot Sulphur .Ventura 210 Owen's Lake Inyo 211 Pacific Congress Santa Clara 213 Paert's Hot Mono 217 Paraiso Hot Monterey 217 Paso deRobles San Luis Obispo 123 Pearson's Lake 220 Petroleum 221 Piedmont Alameda 222 Piru Ventura 222 Rubicon Soda... Placer 222 Salt Lake Mono 225 Salt 225 Salt Wells San Bernardino 225 San Bernardino Hot, San Bernardino 225 San Juan Capistrarzo,San Bernardino 227 San Juan Hot 228 San Marcos Sulphur, Santa Barbara 228 San Rafael Marin 228 Santa Barbara Hot Santa Barbara 228 Santa Rosa White Sonoma 231 Santa Ysabel San Luis Obispo 233 Saratoga Mineral Lake 242 Saratoga Inyo 242 Seigler's Lake l43 Shafer's Hot Lassen 243 Shasta Soda Siskiyou 244 Simmon's Hot Colusa 244 Skaggs' Sonoma 244 Soda Bay 245 Soda Lake San Bernardino 246 Soda Pond Mono 246 Soda Shasta 246 Steamboat Plumas 248 Stewart's Hot Modoc 248 Sulphur Inyo 248 Summit Soda Placer 250 Tassaj ara Monterey 253 Temescal San Diego 253 Thermal Acid Inyo 254 Thermal Plumas 255 Tolenas Solano 255 Tule River Soda Tulare 256 Tuscan or Lick Tehama 256 Ukiah Vichy Mendocino 257 Upper Soda Siskiyou 260 Vallejo Sulphur Solano 260 Volcanic Inyo 261 INDEX TO SPRINGS XV)I SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE Volcanic San Diego 261 Warm Inyo 262 Warm Kern 261 Warm Sulphur Kern 262 Warm Lassen 262 Warm Modoc 261 Warm San Bernardino 262 Warner's Ranch San Diego 262 Waterman's San Bernardino 263 SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE White Sulphur Amador 264 White Sulphur...., Inyo 264 White Sulphur Napa 263 White Sulphur Sonoma 264 White Sulphur Tehama 264 Wilbur Colusa 265 Witter's Mineral Lake 265 Young's Natural Gas Well 266 Zem Zem Lake 269 OTHER SPRINGS— DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN SPRINGS LOCALITY PAGE Adirondack New York 305 Aix-le-Bains France 321 Aix-la-Chapelle Rhenish Prussia 321 A lbany Artesian Well New York 306 Alburgh Springs Vermont 317 Alpena Wells Michigan 272 Alleghany Spring Virginia 291 Apollinaris Prussia 322 Arkansas Hot Springs Arkansas 282 Auburn Springs ,.New York 306 Augusta Springs Virginia 291 Avon Springs New York 306 Baden-Baden Germany 322 Bagnere-de-Bigorre France 322 Bagnere-de-Luchon France 323 Ballston Spa New York 307 Bareges France 323 Bath Alum Spring Virginia 292 Bath England 323 Bedford Alum Springs Virginia 293 Bedford Springs Pennsylvania 303 Beer Springs Oregon 271 Berkeley Springs Virginia 293 Bethesda Springs Wisconsin 272 Bilin Bohemia 324 Birchdale Springs. ..New Hampshire 317 Bladen Springs Alabama 283 Blount Springs Alabama 284 Blue Ridge Springs Virginia 293 Blue Lick Springs Kentucky 284 Bourbonne France 324 Brighton England 324 Buffalo Springs Virginia 293 Butterworth Springs Michigan 272 Canadian Mineral Springs. ..Canada 319 Caledonia Springs Canada 319 Capon Springs Virginia 294 SPRINGS LOCALITY PAGE Carlsbad Bohemia 325 Catusa Springs Georgia 285 Caxton Springs Canada 320 Charleston Artesian Well S. C. 285 Cheltenham England 326 Cherry Valley New York 308 Chittenango Springs New York 309 Church Hill Alum Springs. ..Virginia 295 Clarendon Springs Vermont 317 Clifton Springs New York 309 Columbia Springs New York 308 Contrexville France 326 Cooper's Well Mississippi 286 Crab Orchard Springs Kentucky 287 Cresson Springs Pennsylvania 303 Des Chutes Hot Springs Oregon 271 Eaton Rapids Michigan 273 EmsontheLahn Germany 327 Estill Springs Kentucky 287 European Mineral Springs 321 Fachingen Germany 327 Faye'te Springs Pennsylvania 304 Florida Spring New York 310 French Lick Indiana 274 Friedrichshall Germany 327 Fruit Fort Well Michigan 274 Gastein Austria 328 Geilman Germany 328 Gettysburg Spring Pennsylvania 304 Gieshiibel Bohemia 328 Green Spring Ohio 274 Green Castle Spring Indiana 275 Greenbrier White Sulphur Sp'g..Va. 295 Hall Austria 329 Harrodsburg Springs Kentucky 288 Harrowgate England 329 Healing Springs Virginia 296 INDEX TO SPRINGS LOCALITY Highgate Springs Vermont 318 Holston Springs Virginia 297 Holywell Wales 330 Hornburg Germany 330 Hot Springs Virginia 296 Hubbardston Well Michigan 275 Idaho Hot Springs Colorado 275 Indian Springs Indiana 276 Jordan Alum Springs Virginia 297 Jordan White Sulphur Springs. ..Va. 298 Kimberling Springs Virginia 298 Kissingen Bavaria 331 Kreuznach Prussia 331 Lafayette Springs Indiana 276 Lansing Well Michigan 276 Lebanon Springs New York 310 Leslie Well Michigan 277 Leuk Switzerland 331 Lodi Artesian Well Indian a 277 Longmuir's Well New York 310 Luber Springs Maine 318 Luhalschowitz Moravia 332 Manitou Spring Colorado 27 7 Marienbad Bohemia 332 Meinberg Germany 332 Messena Springs New York 311 Midland Well Michigan 278 Minnequa Spring Pennsylvania 305 Montvale Springs Tennessee 288 Nauheim. Germany 333 Neundorf Germany 333 Neuenahr Prussia 333 Newbury Spring Vermont 318 New England Mineral Springs 317 New London Alum Springs Va. 298 New York Mineral Springs 305 Oak Orchard Spring New York 311 Obersalzbrunn Silesia 334 Ocean Springs Mississippi 288 Old Stout Springs Virginia 299 Olympian Springs Kentucky 289 Oregon Mineral Springs 271 Orkney Springs Virginia 299 Owosso Spring Michigan 278 Paroquet Springs Kentucky 289 Pennsylvania Mineral Springs 303 Perry Springs Illinois 278 Plombieres France 334 SPRINGS LOCALITY PAGB- Puellna Bohemia 334 Pyrmont Germany 335 Rawley Springs Virginia 300 Red Sulphur Springs Virginia 300 Richfield Springs New York 311 Rock Enon Springs ...Virginia 300 Rockbridge Alum Springs. ..Virginia 301 Salt Lake Hot Springs Utah 278 Salt Lake Mineral Springs Utah 279 Salt Sulphur Springs ....W. Virginia 301 Sandwich Springs Canada 320 Saratoga Springs New York 313 Schlangerbad Germany 335 Schuyler Spring Illinois 280 Schwalbach Germany 335 Seidlitz Bohemia 336 Selters Germany 336 Sharon Springs New York 312 Spa Belgium 336 Southern and Southwestern Mineral Springs 282 Sparta Artesian Well Wisconsin 279 Spring Lake Well Michigan 280 St. Louis Artesian Well Missouri 289 St. Louis Spring Michigan 280 St. Moritz Switzerland 337 Sweet Chalybeate Springs. ..Virginia 302 Tceplitz Bohemia 337 Tunbridge England 337 Vals France 338 Variety Springs Virginia 302 Versaille Spring Illinois 281 Vichy Germany 338 Victofiaquelle Prussia 338 Virginia Mineral Springs 291 Warm Springs Georgia 290 Warm Springs North Carolina 290 Warm Springs Virginia 302 Weilbach Germany 339 West Baden Springs Indiana 281 Western States Mineral Springs 272 Wiesbaden Germany 340 Wildbad Wurtemberg 339 Wildungen Germany 339 Wilhoits Soda Springs Oregon 271 Yellow Springs Ohio 281 Yellow Sulphur Springs Virginia 302 GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX Abdominal Plethora, chlorinated waters in 32 " " sulphureted " 37 Absorption by the skin 47 Acids in atonic dyspepsia...' 21 " biliary or cystic calculi 22 " lead poisoning 22 " night sweats 22 " oxaluria 22 " pyrosis 22 " serous diarrhcea, congestion of the liver, biliousness, jaundice, cirrhosis, hepatitis 22 Acid secretions, alkalo-carbonated waters in ', ... 23 " mineral springs 21 Acidity of the urine and gastric secretions, flatulency, etc., alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 magnesian waters in 36 Adams Springs 68 Adams Springs in chronic dyspepsia, portal conjestion, rheumatism, Bright's dis- ease, metritis 69 ^Etna 69 JEtna Springs in renal affections, rheumatism, neuralgia, dyspepsia, torpidity of the bowels, hepatic and uterine engorgements 70 Age of the bath 38 Aguas Calientes 72 Aguas Calientes in rheumatism, syphilis, strumous affections, renal and hepatic engorgement 73 Agua de Vida 74 Agua de Vida in dyspepsia, cystitis, congestion of the kidneys, anaemia, malarial toxaemia, chlorosis and rheumatism 75 Alkaline Mineral waters 22 Alkalo-Carbonated waters 23 " in atonic dyspepsia 23 " acid secretions, fever, rheumatism, gout, chronic arthrites, congestion of the kidneys and bladder 23 " vesicle catarrh 24 " metritis, leucorrhcea and sterility 24 " gout 24 " rheumatism 24 " diabetes 24 " difficult menstruation 24 " obesity 25 " rheumatism and gout 25 " acidity of gastric secretions, flatulency, etc 23 XIX xx GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX Alkalo-Chalybeate waters in anaemia, lithagrnia, gravel and sand 26 Alum Rock 78 Alum waters in hemorrhages 26 Allen : 77 Allen Springs in hepatic and renal affections, dropsy, dyspepsia, chronic constipa- tion, malarial disorders 77 Anaemia chalybeate waters in 31 " alkalo-chalybeate waters in 26 Aneurism, iodine waters in 33 Annual temperature 373 Arsenical Mineral Springs 26 " waters in menorrhagia and functional impotence 28 " dyspepsia, gastric catarrh, dysentery, jaundice, chlorosis, malarial toxaemia, cutaneous diseases, scrofula and syphilis 26 Articular affections 38 Arrowhead Hot Springs in rheumatism and syphilis 90 Asthma, iodine waters in 33 " bromine waters in 29 Atonic dyspepsia, acids in 21 " " alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 Azule 90 Azule Springs in dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver and intestinal tract, Bright's dis- ease and acidity of the urine 91 Balneotherapeutics 45 Bartlett 91 Bartlett Springs in malarial, rheumatic and uterine diseases 93 Bath 38 Bathing at night 55 " before breakfast not advisable 54 " abstracts vitality 51 " during the crusades 42 " as a religious rite 40 Baths of Antonius 42 " in Palestine 39 " among the Egyptians 39 " " American Aborigines 42 Bear Valley Hot Springs in kidney and bladder affections 95 Benefit to be derived from springs 13 " of the bath to the nervous system , 53 Benton Hot Springs in rheumatism, gravel, etc 95 Biliousness, acids in 22 Biliary calculi, carbonated waters in 30 Bladder irritation 163 Blodgett's 98 Blodgett's Springs in dyspepsia, catarrh of the stomach, constipation, kidney and bladder diseases 98 Blood Glandular diseases 168 Borax Mineral Springs 28 Borax in Commerce 28 Borax waters in clergyman's sore throat 28 " " catamenial disorders, cystic and nephretic calculi 28 GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX xxi Bright's Disease 69, 91, 191, 205 " carbonated waters in 30 traced to imperfect cutaneous functions 48 " sulphureted waters in 37 Brines 340,341 Bronchitis vapor baths for 66 " Iodine waters in 33 bromine waters in 29 Bromine waters in rheumatism, gout, blood-glandular diseases, obesity, mercurial poisoning, insomnia, bronchitis and asthma 29 " waters in scrofula, syphilis 29 " and Bromine Springs 28 Byron 103 Byron Springs in dyspepsia, chronic hepatic diseases, obstruction to the gall ducts, torpidity of -the bowels, Bright's disease, its action on the mucous mem- branes of the throat and lungs, stomach, liver intestinal tract.... 107 Catamenial disorders, borax waters in 29 Calcareous water in rickets and softening of the bones 29 California — Poem — Carrie Stevens Walters vii " " Bret Harte 343 " " Callie L. Bonney 3 " Bayard Taylor 384 California Seltzer , 114 Cal. Seltzer in dyspepsia, constipation, acid conditions of the urine, cystitis 114 Calistoga 115 Calistoga Mineral Springs in rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, scrofula and con- stitutional taints 115 Carbonated Mineral Springs 29 " waters in nausea, gastric irritation 30 " " dyspepsia 30 " vesicle calculi 30 " " Bright's disease 30 Carbonic Acid Gas 20 Carnelian 118 Carnelian Mineral Springs in cutaneous affections 186 or l,ake Tahoe Springs in rheumatism, gout, liver, kidney, chronic constipation, and cutaneous affections 186 Casa Diablo Hot Springs 118 Castalian 118 Castle Rock Springs in rheumatism 119 Catarrh, iodine waters in 33 " vapor baths for 66 Chemical action a cause of heat 6 Chalybeate waters in anaemia 31 " or ferruginous waters 31 Chlorosis, arsenical waters in 26 Chronic arthritis, alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 " malarial poisoning, iodine waters in 33 " metritis, magnesian waters in 32 " malarial fever, sulphureted waters in 37 " eczema, magnesian waters in 36 xxii GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX Chronic catarrh of the mucous membranes, chlorinated waters in 32 Cirrhosis, acids in 22 Classification of Baths 43 Clergyman's Sore Throat, borax waters in 28 Climate of California 368 Coast winds 369 Colic, magnesian waters in 34 Comparative temperature table 377 Congestion of the liver, sulphureted waters in 37 " " " acids in 22 ' ' kidneys and bladder alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 Coronado 121 Cook's Springs in liver and bowel complaints 120 Cutaneous affections arsenical waters in 26 Cystic disorders and nephretic calculi, borax waters in 28 Death rate 382 Decay of Roman Baths 40 Deep baths not necessary 58 Deficient digestion, ferruginous waters in 32 Diarrhoea, ferruginous waters in 32 Diabetes, alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 Difficult menstruation, alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 Dr. Moorman on mineral waters 19 Duration of the bath 57 Dyspepsia 69, 70, 77, 91, 98, 107, 114, 163, 172, 205, 269 " carbonated waters in 30 " arsenical " 26 Dysentery, arsenical " 26 magnesian " 34 Effect of bathing on the skin 46 Elimination by the skin 46 Engorgement of the liver, magnesian waters in 34 of pelvic viscera, sulphureted waters 37 Enlarged spleen, sulphureted waters in 37 Enlargement of the body during the bath 50 Eureka 133 Fever, alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 Ferruginous waters in hepatic engorgement, hemorrhoidal affections, diarrhoea, strumous diseases, albuminuria, etc •••• 31 Ferruginous waters in hysteria, paludal cachexia, leucocythemic exophthalmic goitre, anaemia, chlorosis, fluor albus, scrofula, rickets, passive hemorrhages, deficient digestion, neuralgia, malarial fever, wasting diseases of the repro- ductive organs, etc 31 Flatulency, magnesian waters in 34 Fluor albus, ferruginous waters in 31 Franciscan Friars • 359 Frequency of bathing 60 Function of red blood corpuscles 31 Gastric irritation, iodine waters in 33 " catarrh, arsenical waters in 26 GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX xxm Geology of the Coast Range 9 Geyser Spa 136 Gilroy 156 Gilroy Hot Springs in syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula and glandular swellings, chronic skin diseases 158 Glandular diseases, bromine waters in 28 Glen Alpine Springs in dyspepsia, torpidity of the bowels and kidney and bladder irritation 163 Goitre, iodine waters in 33 Gordon's 163 Gordon's Mineral Springs in chronic bronchitis, catarrh, asthma and early stages of consumption 163 Gout, alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 " bromine waters in 28 " sulphureted waters in 37 " chlorinated " 33 Great Salt Lake, comparative analysis of, with Dead Sea and Atlantic Ocean 342 Harbin 164 Harbin Springs in congestion of the liver, torpidity of the bowels, rheumatism and cutaneous affections 168 Hemorrhages alum waters in 26 Hemorrhoidal affections, ferruginous waters in 32 Hemorrhoids, magnesian waters in 34 " sulphureted " 37 Hepatic disorders, acids in 22 Hibb's Soda Springs in kidney and bladder troubles 169 Highland's Springs in dyspepsia, neuralgia, kidney and bladder troubles, calculi, gout and skin diseases 172 Historical sketch of the discovery and early occupation of California 348 Homer, on the bath 40 How to bathe 53 Hot baths should never be used by persons subject to heart disease 57 HotSitz Bath 62 Hough's Mineral Springs in cutaneous and rheumatic troubles 180 Hysteria, ferruginous waters in , 32 Hydropaths 45 Increased pulse dangerous when heart disease exists 52 Indiscriminate use of medical waters 13 Individual needs of each bather 56 Inflammation, magnesium waters in 34 Intelligent use of the bath 49 Internal tumefaction, iodine waters in 33 Iodine Springs in consumption, glandular swellings, skin diseases 184 Iodine waters in glandular enlargements 33 " " gastric irritation and acute inflammation 33 " chronic malarial poisoning, goitre, tumors, syphilis, bronchitis, catarrh, asthma, pleurisy, rheumatism, gout, Bright's disease, internal tumefaction and aneurism 33 Iodine Mineral Springs 33 Insomnia, bromine waters in 29 Islam, on the bath 40 xxiv GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX Jaundice, acids in 22 " arsenical waters in 26 Kinds of Bath 43 Klamath Hot Springs in liver and kidney, rheumatism, gout and joint affections... 184 Lane's Springs in constipation, dyspepsia, chronic malarial poisoning, liver and kidney complaints 187 Lead poisoning, acids in 22 Leucocythemic exopthalmic goitre, etc., ferruginous waters in 32 Leucorrncea, alkalo-carbonated waters ia 51 Lithaemia, alkalo-chalybeate waters in 24 Lithontriptic, value of alkalo-carbonated waters 23 Litton .- 188 Lower Soda Springs in gravel, cystitis, nephritis, albuminuria 1.91 Madrone Mineral Springs in syphilis, rheumatism, skin diseases 191 Magnesian waters 34 " in painter's palsy, mercurial poisoning 34 " in inflammation, renal and cardiac anarca 34 " in dysentery, sick headache, flatulency, colic, acidity, engorge- ment of the liver, sub-involution, chronic metritis and hemorrhoids 36 " in obesity 36 " " for pendulous abdomen chronic eczema 36 Malarial fever, ferruginous waters in 31 " " arsenical waters in 26 Matilija Hot Springs in syphilitic contaminations, strumous and skin diseases, rheumatism 193 Mean temperature tables 373 to 380 Medicinal uses of the various mineral waters 12 Medical advice in connection with the bath 48 Menorrhagia and functional impotence, arsenical waters in 24 Mercurial poisoning, magnesian waters in 34 " " bromine " 28 Metritis alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 " sulphureted waters in 37 Meteorological tables 373 to 380 Minor ablutions 62 Mission Fathers '. 356 Modern Oriental Baths 41 Modus Operandi of the Turkish bath 45 Mono Basin 191 " Lake 196 Mosaic Law 39 Mud or Moor Bath 64 Napa Soda 203 Napa Soda Springs, in Bright's disease, cystitis and dyspepsia 205 Natural Mineral Water Bath 48 Nausea, carbonated waters in 30 Never bathe either immediately before or after a meal 58 Neuralgia, ferruginous waters in 31 Newsom's Arroyo Grande 207 GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX xxy Newsom's Arroyo Grande in old chronic rheum itism, gout, catarrhal affections of the bladder and bowels, skin diseases, uterine troubles 208 New Almaden Vichy ,,. 209 New Almaden Springs in gastric and hepatic disorders, renal affections, gout 208 Nicholas , 209 Night Sweats, acids in 22 Noticeable phenomena of the Bath 47 Oak Orchard Spring, Genesee Co., New York 21 and 311 Obesity, bromine waters in 28 " alkalo-carbonated waters in 25 " magnesian waters in 36 Ocean currents , 369 Ojai Hot Sulphur Spring in stiff joints, rheumatism, gout, skin diseases 210 Origin of the name of California 343 " mineral springs 3 Owen's Lake ,, ,,,.,.... 211 Pacific Congress 213 Painter's palsy, magnesian waters in .' 34 Paraiso Springs in rheumatism, skin diseases, constipation, dyspepsia 220 Passage of water through mineral strata 4 Passive hemorrhages, ferruginous waters in 31 Paludal cachexia, ferruginous waters in 31 Pendulous abdomen, magnesian " 36 Phthisis, vapor baths for 66 Pleurisy, iodine waters in 33 Pores of the skin 46 Power of the skin to absorb foreign matters 47 Pulse increases by Hot Baths 51 Pyrosis, acids in 21 Rainy season 373 Eainfall tables 375 Regime at foreign spas ,. 14 Renal and cardiac anarca, magnesian waters in 34 Rheumatism 69, 70, 73, 75, 90, 115, 119, 158, 163, 180, 186, 187, 191, 193, 208, 210, 220, 259, 269. " sulphureted waters in 37 " iodine " 33 " chlorinated " 32 " bromine " , 28 " alkalo-carbonated " 23 and 25 Rickets, ferruginous waters in 31 " and softening of the bones, calcaiious waters in 29 Roman Baths 40 Rules for bathing 53 Russian Baths 42 Rushing medical treatment 13 Sand, alkalo-chalybeate waters in 26 Santa Barbara 233 Santa Isabel 230 xxvi GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX Santa Isabel Spring in consumption, chronic bronchitis, asthma, catarrh, affec- tions of the nose-pharynx 241 Scrofula ferruginous waters in 31 " chlorinated " 32 " iodine " 33 " bromine " 28 " and syphilis, arsenical waters in 26 Seigler's Springs in lung, liver and rheumatism 243 Seltzer Springs 114 Sensation upon entering the bath 49 Serous diarrhoea, acids in 22 Shafers'Hot 243 Sick headache, magnesian waters in 36 Silicious Mineral waters 36 Skaggs' 254 Skin diseases, vapor baths for 66 Slow baths 59 Soothing baths 56 Spinal Bath 64 Sterility, alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 Stimulants to be after the bath 59 Stimulating baths 58 Strumous diseases, ferruginous waters in 31 " affections, sulphureted " 37 Sub-involution, magnesian waters in 34 Subterranean heat causes of. ■_ 6 Sulphur 250 Sulphureted waters in rheumatism, gout, congestion of the liver, abdominal plethora, chronic malarial fever, enlarged spleen, engorgements of pelvic viscera, metritis, hemorrhoids, uterine tumors, syphilis, strumous affec- tions, Bright's diseases, tuberculosis 37 Summit Soda 250 Syphilis, bromine waters in 28 " sulphureted " 37 Temperature of the bath 56 " in bathing 45 " of Mud Baths 65 The skin 46 Therapeutics of chlorinated or muriated waters 32 " iodine waters 33 " action of mineral waters 19 " " arsenical mineral springs 26 " alkaline waters 23 " acid waters 21 " " thermal springs 38 " " sulphureted waters 37 " magnesian waters 34 " chalybeate or ferruginous waters 31 " " bromine springs 28 " " borax springs 28 GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX xxvu Thermal Springs 38 " acid springs 21 ■' springs in articular affections 38 The Bath 38 The Douche 62 The effect of mineral water bathing on the circulation and respiration 51 To promote perspiration after the bath 59 Through Lake County — Poem— Carrie Stevens Walter 80 Tolenas 255 Torpidity of the kidneys 163 " " bowels 70 and 163 " " liver and intestinal tract 76 Total effect of suppressed elimination 48 Transpiration 46 Treatment after the bath 59 Tuberculosis, sulphureted waters in 37 Tumors, iodine waters in 33 Ukiah Vichy Springs in gout, rheumatism, joint diseases, dyspepsia, renal calculi, chronic renal and cystic disorders 259 Uniform temperature 371 Upper Soda Springs 260 Use of flesh-brush after the bath 59 Uterine tumors, sulphureted waters in 37 " douche 63 Vapor baths for catarrh, bronchitis, phthisis and skin diseases 66 " baths 44 " and Gas baths 65 Vegetable baths i 45 Velocity of winds 371 Vesical calculi, carbonated waters in , 30 " catarrh, alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 Volcanic Mineral 261 Warm Spring near Owen's Lake... 262 Wasting diseases of the reproductive organs, etc., ferruginous waters in 31 Water as a diluent 19 " " solvent 9 Wilbur 265 Witter's Mineral Springs in liver and kidney diseases and bowel disorders 266 Witter's Mineral 268 Young's Gas Well 266 Young's Natural Gas Well in kidney and liver complaints 269 Zem Zem Springs for dyspepsia, rheumatism, kidney and liver diseases 269 " There is a beautiful valley afar in the west, Where orange and fig trees are grown, Where dawnlight like Eden is flooding its breast, And the spirit of peace is ever its guest, Where storm and discord are unknown, "And the stars shine down on that glen in the west When the light of the daytime has flown ; They mirror their gleam in the river's clear breast, While the night zephyrs whisper each blossom to rest In the tenderest of loverlike tone." INTRODUCTORY Mineral Springs ROM TIME IMMEMORIAL- MINERAL WATERS have been highly valued as medicinal agents. ' The earliest Greek and Roman physicians admitted and advocated their efficacy in the treatment of many diseases, as may be seen from the writings of Hip- pocrates, Aristotle and Herodotus. Temples were erected in close proximity to mineral springs and dedicated to their healing god, ^Esculapius. The ancients had recourse to the sulphurous thermal springs of Tiberias (now Tabareah), which are also extensively used at the present day by patients from all parts of Syria, for the healing of painful tumors, rheumatism and skin diseases. Josephus meutions the thermal baths of Calirrhoe, near the Dead Sea, made famous by Herod, who used them during his sickness. The Egyptians, Arabians and Mohammedans have used mineral waters for the healing of the sick from a very early period down to the present time. Homer frequently speaks of bathing and using the nat- ural waters in the preparation of the sacrifice, in the reception of oracles and the holy marriages. Pliny, in his natural history, mentions a large number of mineral and thermal springs in different parts of Europe and speaks highly of their curative properties. For five cen- turies mineral waters were almost the only medicines employed in Rome, and the aquae calientes have been in active use for drinking and bathing purposes for over two thousand years. The hot springs from which was derived the name Thermopylae, immortalized by the heroic Spar- tans, have also been used for over twenty centuries for the alleviation of human sufferings. The popularity of these living health-giving XXIX xxx INTRODUCTORY fountains has not decreased with, the modern discoveries of medical science, but, on the contrary, mineral waters have become more useful and their application more extended, inasmuch as they have been reduced to scientific ex actness in their mode of administration. During these two thousand years, and particularly during the last five hundred years, it has been fully demonstrated that the greatest beneficial results obtainable at these springs, for the various maladies to which they are applicable, have accrued from the scientific use of the waters and the exhibition of judicious internal medication at the same time, together with an adoption of the carefully prepared regime observed at the dif- ferent spas, or mineral watering-places. Many of the ablest physicians of our day show their confidence in this plan of treating many of the intractable or chronic diseases, not only by going to the springs them- selves when they fall victims to these disorders, as well as sending many of their patients to them, but by the fact that qualified European professors have been appointed to take charge of the mineral springs and chairs have been instituted in the medical colleges and universities, which these professors fill, by which means Balneotherapy and the use of mineral waters have become recognized branches of medical educa- tion. Students and medical men are taught the virtues of mineral waters and the practical results obtained through centuries of research at the springs in many of the German, French, Italian and English universities at the present day. In America, and particularly in California, we cannot boast of twenty or even five centuries of continuous use of any of our mineral or thermal springs ; but with this exception our mineral waters on the Atlantic Coast, in the Mississippi Valley and on the Pacific Coast can truthfully be said to be as valuable as, and in many cases, as may be seen from the analyses, almost identical with, the famous spas of Europe. In California we have over two hundred cold and hot mineral springs, ranging from the cool, delicious, effervescent soda and spark- ling vichy to the ferruginous, saline, alkaline and sulphurous wells, ever ready and overflowing, to be utilized for the healing of the ' ' many ills to which the flesh is heir." When our California springs become more generally known, and their similarity to the famous European spas is better understood, our invalids may not find it necessary to undertake the long, tedious, expensive, and in many instances hazardous journey, when they can find right here in California, at their very doors, as it were, almost the identical waters, with all the conveniences and luxurious accommoda- dations found abroad, and with the additions of a variety of food products and a pure, dry and balmy atmosphere, and an invigorating and stimulating climate unequaled in any other country in the world. GENERAL VIEW OF YOSEMITE VALLEY / MINERAL SPRINGS Health Resorts of California Beyond the Rockies' grand expanse Land of eternal Summer smiles ; Stern Winter's rude and hoary King Retreats before her magic wiles, And when in olden days agone He came snow-laden from afar, And scattered crystals in his train, And touched with frost each gleaming star, Until he came where Summer dwells — What plea she made I do not know, But this the King was vanquished here, And on the mountains left his snow. Callie L. Bonney. Origin of Mineral Springs. The chemical and physical phenomena of natural waters have been long and carefully studied by the ablest chemists and physicists of the times. Yet the phenomena are so complex and varied, that many problems connected with this subject still await investigation. The subject is such an extensive and intricate one that we shall content ourselves with giving a brief explanation of a few of the more important topics. In a general way a mineral spring may be defined as one yielding water impregnated to a greater or less extent with substances rendering it suitable for medicinal pur- poses. The quantity and the kind of these dissolved sub- stances vary greatly in different springs. To find the 4 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA cause of this variance we must look to different circum- stances, such as the strata passed through by the water, and the temperature and pressure at which it exerted its solvent action upon the various mineral ingredients. Water may almost be said to be the universal solvent. Careful experiments show that water is capable of dissolving minute quantities of those minerals most difficult of solu- tion ; even glass is soluble to an appreciable extent, as careful experiment proves. Absolutely pure water is never found in nature ; even the rain from the pure skies, the purest water known, contains small amounts of dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid gas, ammonia, and nitrous compounds, besides small quantities of solid matter, organic and inorganic, previously suspended in the atmosphere as dust. Formation of Mineral Springs. A large proportion of the water that falls on the earth runs off in the streams and rivers ; the rest sinks into the ground, percolating through porous places and crevices wherever it can find a way, finally reappearing at the sur- face in the form of springs. As water passes through the soil it comes in contact with decaying vegetable matter, which takes from it part of its oxygen, and gives up to it small quantities of organic acids and carbonic acid. Such acids, especially carbonic, increase very greatly the solvent powers of water, enabling it to attack slowly, but still effectually, otherwise practically indecomposible and insol- uble substances. The carbonates of calcium and magnesium are readily dissolved ; even silica and refractory silicates are slowly acted on, and their elements carried off in the water. Thus from the decomposition of igneous and meta- morphic rocks, waters derive all the soluble compounds of their constituent minerals. Waters passing through sedi- mentary strata dissolve out many previously deposited salts. It is from such sources that salt springs derive their salt. FORMATION OF MINERAL SPRINGS 5 In volcanic regions, where secondary volcanic agencies are still at work, large quanties of free carbonie acid gas are often given off beneath the surface — its formation being in most cases probably due to the action of hot silicious solu- tions upon limestone, or other carbonates. Water coming in contact with this gas rapidly absorbs it, the amount vary- ing in proportion to the pressure and inversely as the tem- perature. Thus at 6o° F. and a pressure of one atmosphere (about 15 pounds to the square inch) water absorbs its own volume of the C0 2 gas ; at 32°F. and the same pressure, nearly two volumes. And the amount absorbed is increased directly as the pressure, so that at ten or twenty atmos- pheres (at 6o°), ten or twenty volumes of gas may be taken up ; and with this increase in the gas absorbed, there is also an increase in the amounts of carbonates of lime, magnesia, iron and other salts dissolved. When the excess of gas escapes, on the water standing long exposed to the air, the excess of salts is also deposited. In carbonated springs we often find large amounts of min- erals deposited in beautifnl and fantastic forms. In rare cases waters, especially in volcanic regions, contain free acids, sulphuric, hydrochloric, or nitric. Such waters, of course, exert a most powerful solvent chemical action upon minerals, and usually soon find bases to combine with the acids. Thermal Waters. Water in its subterranean courses, sometimes from various causes, becomes heated to a very high temperature ; often, if at considerable depths, where it is under pressure, to a point far above 21 2° F., the ordinary boiling point of water. Heated or superheated waters exert a powerful chemical action, being capable of dissolving many times more solid matter than when cold. When such water cools, the ingredients, which are held in solution by heat alone, are usually deposited. Such deposits may be seen at the mouths of geysers and are often quite beautiful. 6 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Stalactites, curious and grotesque figures hanging like pendants from the roofs of caves, and stalagmites, from their drippings on the floors of caves, are formed in the same way from cold water charged with carbonate of lime. Causes of Subterranean Heat. There are three causes principally effective in raising the temperature of the water of thermal or hot springs. These are (i), Secondary volcanic action ; (2) Chemical action ; and (3) The interior heat of the earth. Volcanic Action. By far the greatest number of hot springs are located either in regions of active volcanic action or in regions where, although active eruptions have not occurred for hun- dreds or even thousands of years, the evidences of former eruptions, such as old craters and beds of volcanic rocks, may still be seen. In such regions feeble secondary phe- nomena, such as geysers, fumaroles and hot springs, linger on for ages to attest to the slumbering fires within. Water, percolating through the crevices of the slowly cooling rocks beneath the surface, is often heated to a very high temperature. The interesting phenomenon of hot and cold springs existing side by side is common in such regions. The waters of such springs have evidently come from dif- ferent strata of the rocks or from different depths where temperatures are different. (See cold springs.) Chemicae Action. Another source of heat of certain mineral springs is chemical action. It is well known that while some chemical reactions have the effect of producing cold, there are many that produce great quantities of heat. There are many such that may take place in mineral waters, For instance sulphur maybe oxidized to sulphur dioxide (SO, S0 2 ) . thereby CHEMICAL ACTION 7 producing considerable heat ; this substance dissolves in water, forming sulphurous acid (H 2 S0 3 ) which is capable of still further oxidation and the formation of sulphuric acid, (H 2 S0 4 ) heat being again produced. And sulphuric acid, if it comes in contact with suitable substances, limestone for instance, or other carbonates, acts upon them with still further liberation of heat, forming sulphates. Competent authorities estimate that under favorable circumstances and in waters highly charged with certain substances chemical action may raise the temperature of water as high as even 212 F. But it is usually not a pre- dominant cause of the heat of thermal springs, but only a subordinate one, often operating in conjunction with other causes, especially in volcanic regions. Heat of the Earth. Occasionally warm and hot springs are found in regions free from evidences of volcanic action. Where the elevation of temperature is not due to chemical action we must look to another cause, the universal interior heat of the earth. In the boring of artesian wells it has been dem- onstrated that in non-volcanic regions there is a rise in temperature of i° F. for about every fifty-five feet of descent. Thus a spring having a temperature of 120 issuing in a locality where the mean temperature is 50 should have come from a depth of about 3,850 feet. But such estimates are not always reliable, as in many places, even where there are no signs of volcanic activity, the rise in temperature is more rapid than that mentioned, owing, probably, to the inequalities of the earth's crust. As so many of the mineral springs of California are found in the Coast Range, it may be interesting to compare their geological history with that of the Sierra Nevada Note. — Warm and hot springs frequently become cool for a considerable period, varying from a few days to several weeks. Recently this phenomenon has been observed in the hot springs of Salt Lake City, Utah. These springs have temperatures of 122° F. ordinarily, but for one month, in June to July of 1889, and preceding years, at irregular times, the springs became as cold as 50° F. CALIFORNIA PALMS HEAT OF THE EARTH 9 range. The Sierras were upheaved at the end of the Jurassic period, at the same time as the Wasatch range four hundred miles eastward. The Coast Range was not upheaved from the ocean until long after, toward the end of the Miocene Tertiary. On this subject Professor Le Conte says : " The Coast chain of California is a very complex sys- tem of ranges with narrow valleys between, contrasting strongly in this respect with the grand simplicity of struc- ture characteristic of the Sierra Nevada. The Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of which it is composed are strongly folded into repeated anticlines and synclines by the lateral pressure which produced the ranges. As shown by the age of the newest crumpled strata which enter into its composi- tion, its birth-time was the end of the Miocene. In some places the strata are unchanged and full of fossils, but in others they are intersected by dikes and overflowed by lava, and are therefore highly metamorphic. This is especially true of the region to the north of the bay of San Francisco." Theory of Cold Springs. Cold springs, such as carbonated waters, are formed without the aid of subterranean heat. In the mountains and on the hillsides water percolates through the soil during the precipitating season, filling up all the underground res- ervoirs until it reaches a clay bottom or impervious stratum upon which to rest or flow. Following the declivities the water passes through the many crevices and fissures and finds an outlet at a lower level, perhaps several miles away. During its passage through the different stratifications of the mineral constituents of the earth's crust, the water dis- solves, first, some organic or vegetable matter, liberating gases, oxygen, carbonic acid gas, etc.; it next attacks the carbonates — limestone, etc. — in the rocks and becomes charged with gases and mineral ingredients from the chem- ical metamorphosis caused by the action of the various acid- ulous radicals on the baselous compounds. Hence the 10 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA composition of a spring depends entirely on the rocks and minerals through which its water permeates. Passing through large salt deposits, the spring contains quantities of sodium chloride. Filtering through iron ores, we have a ferruginous spring. Permeating limestone or marble, we have water rich in calcium salts, and so on. Rain water, as we have remarked, contains enough gaseous impurities alone to act and react on the earth's crust. To these are added the organic acids and gases from the animal and the vegetable kingdoms, and when the action has once com- menced chemical evolution or reaction continues. Through these agencies the rocks and minerals are acted upon and greater or less quantities of the different mineral ingredi- ents are held in suspension and in solution in the mineral waters. It has been stated that certain spring waters in this State, subjected to chemical analyses, have shown larger amounts of mineral ingredients than the water could pos- sibly hold in solution, as the saturating point of such and such an ingredient was so much, hence the analysis has been deemed incorrect. It is not the writer's desire to champion inaccurate analyses, but to call attention to the fact that as carbonic acid gas (C0 2 ) , the great solvent power in mineral springs, is held in solution in the water directly as the pressure and inversely as the temperature, so does it increase the solvent action of the water, pari passu on the mineral constituents to such an extent that many thousand grains of solids may be held in solution in a gallon of water as long as the gases also remain. 12 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA " To suffering man from Nature's genial breast A boon transcendant ever mayst thou flow ; Blest holy fount, still bid old age to know Reviving vigor ; and if health repressed Fade in the virgin's cheek, renew its glow For love and joy; and they that in thy wave Confiding trust and thankful lave, Propitious aid, and speed the stranger band, With health and life renewed, unto their native land." Medicinal Uses Of the Various Mineral Waters. The internal administration and the external applica- tion of the natural mineral waters having been reduced to a scientific basis, it is quite important that the rules regu- lating their administration should be followed. Thousands of invalids, ill-advised or perhaps wholly unadvised, seek the different springs and health resorts annually. During the author's travels among the springs of California he frequently found people whose cases were actually aggravated and the fatal termination hastened by the use of the wrong mineral waters. Mineral springs are not " cure-alls." As a rule, too much is claimed for them. The many marvelous cures cited and the many improbable and ridiculous statements seen on printed circulars do more harm than good. Sensi- ble people are not going to believe that a " magnetic" min- eral water is going to cure a bad case of consumption, or that any " mineral water" cures heart disease, etc. On the other hand, it would be quite as flagrant an error to suppose that all the reputed beneficial effects of mineral waters were only the result of extravagant or inter- ested imaginings. MEDICINAL USES OF MINERAL WATERS 13 To obtain the greatest possible benefit from springs it is absolutely essential that the patient first consults his regular physician. A careful diagnosis should be made of his case, and then if a change of scene and a course of treatment at some spring be truly advantageous, let the physician, who is certainly the most competent to advise in such matters, recommend the resort best suited to the case. If the mineral waters and hygienic regime be used as an auxiliary to the regular internal treatment, the best results may be hoped for. Once at the springs the patient should implicitly follow the directions of the resident physician, who, if armed with a personal letter from the patient's reg- ular physician, can prescribe wisely at once- The indiscriminate use , of mineral waters, either for drinking or bathing purposes, cannot be. too strongly con- demned, for while they look bland and harmless, they are potent therapeutic agents which may accomplish much good if judiciously employed, but may also do much harm and may be followed by serious if not fatal results in care- less hands. The climate here in California is conducive to the highest excellence in mental activity and physical strength. When an individual contracts a disease — rheumatism, for instance — which requires several weeks for a complete cure, he becomes restless and eager to follow his vocation. The result is that as soon as the patient is able to walk at all he commences the continuous rush of business, and neglects his disease, which gradually lapses into a sub-acute or chronic state. In this condition, perhaps, he goes to the springs. Here the same restlessness characterizes the average Californian, and, indeed, the majority of American patients. He will "rush" the treatment. If one glass of water be prescribed three times daily he will take half a dozen glasses as many times a day. If one sulphur water or mud bath be prescribed once in three or once in two .days he will want to take it two or three times daily in order to hurry up the treatment. 14 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA This is not an overdrawn or an individual instance. Resident physicians have repeatedly informed the writer of the difficulty experienced in keepirg patients within due bounds, and in more than one case this rushing and unau- thorized self-treatment has resulted fatally in less than one week's time, And as to quick recoveries, in the majority of obstinate cases, repose, pure and simple, is the most potent remedial agent that can be employed ; whilst heroic treat- ment only hastens the fatal moment of utter collapse. Business cares may be pressing, and of vital importance, but it is of far more importance that the fast wearing out machine be saved while there is yet time so that it may not run the risk of becoming a helpless encumbrance on the already overburdened shoulders of relatives and friends. Therefore, let suffering humanity first seek medical advice, be thoroughly examined and carefully diagnosti- cated. Let the intelligent physician send the patient to the springs best suited to the individual case, and whilst there drink the waters and use the baths, and follow the regime directed by the resident or supervising physician. This plan, with judicious internal medication promises the best results. All we need at American health resorts and mineral watering-places is to follow the natural scientific regime which has been worked out for centuries in Europe. There every patient confides in his physician, and medical men abroad value the mineral springs more, apparently, than we do in America. The patient is ordered to this or that spring for one, two or three months. He places himself entirely under the care of his family physician and the resi- dent physician at the springs. Patients who are able to walk get up at 6 A. m. and walk to the springs, drink the prescribed amount of water and walk from one to two miles before breakfast. They take their meals regularly. Their diet is carefully regulated for each disease. They retire early, exercise freely, use the baths or drink the waters MEDICINAL USES OF MINERAL WATERS 15 regularly and improve twice as rapidly in Germany, France and England for the same class of diseases, and with the same — almost the identical — mineral water treatment as we use in America, simply because they follow a regular scientific system. This we hope will be done in California. Is it not well to follow in the footsteps of the sages who have gone before ? Is it not well to adopt anything we find abroad where the experience has been extended over centu- turies, when we know it is philosophic and conducive to our own health and welfare? A moment's reflection will convince any one how much better the European plan is than our own. We sleep until breakfast is nearly over, use the mineral water when we feel like it, exercise as little as possible, and recognize no superior in this free and inde- pendent country. A medical man is not allowed to tell one of these sovereigns that he must get up at 6 A. m. and drink the prescribed amount of mineral water and walk the nec- essary number of miles before breakfast ; eat the regulation diet and strictly follow the regime best calculated to improve his disease ; it would jar too much on his sensitive republi- can feelings. Yet this is just what American watering-places and sanitariums need. It is the only thing our California mineral springs need to make them as successful in this treatment of the many chronic diseases as the spas of Europe are. In the writer's travels among the different springs of California he frequently found spring owners who advised their patients to throw away all their pills, powders and potions and rely entirely on the natural product from Nature's laboratory. This is not the wisest course to pur- sue. Many of our local springs could be made to assist the regular scientific medical treatment. The two combined (mineral waters and medicine) will effect a cure in many of the obstinate and intractable diseases, when either taken alone may not benefit the patient so much. Mineral waters hasten the cure by assisting in the absorption of appropri- ate remedies as well as by their eliminating powers. Com- paratively larger doses, for instance, of many blood purifying 16 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA remedies can be tolerated when taken in conjunction with mineral waters, because the medicine acts more rapidly on the disease, and is in turn more rapidly discharged from the body, carrying with it the poison from the disease under treatment. This is the explanation of the great secret in rapidly curing chronic diseases at the springs. At the Arkansas springs, at Virginia, at New York, and at the European spas, this is their successful plan- -medicine and mineral waters combined. Many a poor suffering mortal has had occasion to thank the intelligence of the medical man who first combined nature and art, and made it possible to rid the system of those serious and almost worse than fatal chronic, lingering, painful diseases by combining generous medica- tion with natural mineral waters. The following extract is from an editorial in the Jour- nal of Balneology and Medical Clippings, A. L. A. Toboldt, M. D., and J. A. Beebe, M. D., editors, New York, June, 1889: Sanitariums and Heai/th Resorts It is a fact greatly to be deplored that more time and study is not devoted to the subject of mineral springs in this country, as they seem best suited to the treatment of so vast a number of cases, especially when properly directed by some physician who is thoroughly convers- ant, not only with the disease to be treated, but also with the mineral spring at his disposal. It would be a grand thing for this country, and we may say for the undertakers of the enterprise as well, to build a few large hotels in a location specially suited for the purpose, on account of its healthful- ness, salubrious climate, hygienic surroundings, etc., to thoroughly equip these with all the latest appliances for the various kinds of baths, not excepting the moor, or, as they are sometimes styled in the coun- try, "mud baths." I,et the place be thoroughly stocked with all the leading brands of imported as well as domestic mineral spring waters. Then let a physician be placed in charge who is thoroughly familiar with this branch of medicine, and we have no doubt but what the enterprise will receive the indorsement and support of all the more enlightened and intelligent physicians of this country. Such an insti- tution has become a necessity, and we have little doubt but what, if not SANITARIUMS AND HEALTH RESORTS 17 this year, the next few years will see such an enterprise, not alone started, but flourishing. There is that so little understood disease, ' ' diabetes. ' ' I,et any patient, among the better class, be suffering from this disease and his physician at once orders him to Carlsbad. And why? Because experience has demonstrated the fact over and over again that diabetic patients get well at Carlsbad. The reason why they get well there quicker than when drinking the imported waters at home is no great secret to the profession. They know that in Carlsbad the patient at once places himself under the care of an intelligent physician who has mastered every detail of the treat- ment of this disease, a regular bill of fare is made out for the patient, which he adheres to as strictly as to the drinking of the Carlsbad waters. Then the fact of the patient being away from home comes in here as a very great factor, never to be overlooked. He is, by leaving home, at once removed from the probable cause of the disease, let this be mental overwork, worry, anxiety, grief or what not, he is placed under entirely different surroundings, and in addition to this there come the factors of a salubrious climate, systematic out-of-door exercise, reg- ular habits, and the diet specially adapted to his disease. It is, no doubt, largely owing to these factors that the patients improve so rap- idly at Carlsbad. But all these additions to the drinking of Carlsbad water can be had here as well as the Carlsbad water itself ; in fact, whereas the water must be imported we already have all the necessary adjuncts, we have the climate, the hygiene, etc., the only thing we lack as yet is the sanitarium or health resort under proper management. Diabetes is only one of the many diseases that can best be reached and conquered in this way. The many diseases of the female generative organs, let them be induced by inflammations in the pelvis, severe child-bed or other causes, may also be mentioned here ; that they are better treated away from home, from the cares and trials of a household or from the annoyance of officious and over-sympathetic friends, no one will question. Then there is that host of diseases due to nervous breakdown, from overwork, anxiety, worry, grief, dissipation, etc. To attempt to treat these at home is generally a long, tedious and wearisome task, and when convalescence has but fairly started, the physician, having regard for the other members of the family, hastens to suggest travel, the sea- shore, mountains, etc., generally, however, not before some other member of the family is thoroughly broken down with the nursing. What a boon a properly located and equipped sanitarium would be to those patients ; a place they could go to, knowing they would receive the best treatment, care and attention, instead as it is at present in this country, stay at home, wear out all the rest of the family, and either 18 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA finally succumb to the disease, or else, what seems still worse, become an invalid for life, only a fit subject for the numerous institutions for invalids. In this category let us also mention the old liver diseases, chronic constipation, obesity, etc. The taking of these patients away from their daily tasks, their sedentary habits, compelling them to live out of doors, take properly regulated exercise, diet, etc., etc., and if their stay at such a sanitarium be ever so short, they will return home to their accustomed duties with a vim, activity and vigor they hardly deemed possible. But enough of these examples; let us hope that at no distant day this country, so rich in every kind of institution, will not have to send her sick to Europe to be treated at Carlsbad, Franzensbad, etc., but will have as good institutions here at home, and, if Carlsbad water must be drunk, let it be drunk here, no necessity of having to go to Europe to get that which is already imported and at hand, and surely no one will say that we need import a salubrious atmosphere, or healthy climate ; our climate is surely as good as any to be found in Europe. SCENE IN THE SIERRAS The Therapeutic Action oe Mineral Waters on the Human Economy. The specific action of any mineral spring must of course depend upon the chemical ingredients found in its waters. In the following classification of the various distinct mineral waters, short notes on their therapeutic action have been added. Generally speaking, mineral waters are well received and well borne by the stomach. The following extract is from a description of Dr. Moorman, resident physician at the White Sulphur Springs in Virginia for over thirty years. He is probably the best qualified medical man in America on the special subject of mineral waters. He says, in speaking of the action of the mineral waters generally : " Mineral waters are evidently absorbed; they enter into the circulation and change the consistency as well as the composition of the fluids ; they course through the system and apply the medicinal materials which they hold in solu- tion, in the most minute form of subdivision that can be con- ceived, to the diseased surfaces and tissues; they reach and search the most minute ramifications of the capillaries, and remove the morbid condition of those vessels which are so frequently the primary seats of disease. It is thus that they relieve chronic disordered action, and impart natural energy and elasticity to vessels that have been distended either by inflammation or congestion, while they communi- cate an energy to the muscular fibre and to the animal tissues generally, which is not witnessed from the adminis- tration of ordinary remedies. Mineral waters also dissolve many pathological and morbific materials which are more readily eliminated from the body. They also act on the nervous system, regulating and stimulating important blood forming centers whose abnormal action is often the pri- mary cause of deleterious changes in the blood itself. The waters are also serviceable as simple diluents, washing out (19) 20 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA the gastrointestinal tract, diluting the different fluids of the body, and serving as vehicles of waste products, besides having their own tonic action. " Carbonic acid gas, although a poisonous, effete, worn out substance when eliminated from the integumen- tary system and pulmonary mucous membranes, laden as it is, with noxious materials, when taken in the natural mineral waters, which nearly always contain more or less of this gas, not only dissolves the one substance without disuniting the combinations of the others, but it enters the system charged with mineral particles, and presents them to the mouths of the absorbent vessels in this highly diluted condition, while at the same time it promotes their direct absorption by naturally creating a stimulating power on the vascular and nervous system. Thus you may understand why six-tenths of a grain of iron imbibed into the duodenal lacteals with abundance of the gaseous acid may exercise a greater influence on the circulating system than three or four times the quantity of pharmaceutic carbonate of iron, which has to be dissolved in the gastric juice previous to absorption." The foregoing extract is from Dr. Sigifemund Sutro of London, who is an expert on mineral waters, and whose able lectures delivered in London before the Hunterian School of Medicine, show that he has studied his subject thoroughly. Chemical experience teaches us that although a chalybeate water contains only a few grains of iron salt to each gallon, yet its tonic effect is greater than larger quan- tities given without the aid of the mineral water. From the foregoing it will be observed that mineral waters act beneficially on the economy from the fact that they are easily borne by the stomach and are pleasant to drink ; besides their specific action depending on the pre- ponderance of any one or more special ingredients, the waters acts as stimulants, not only to the digestive organs, but also to the absorbing organs. By these means the fractional part of a grain of iron may become more powerful THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS 21 than vastly larger quantities otherwise administered. Min- eral waters also dissolve and remove morbific products and prevent their further development and deposit in they human economy. i. Acid Mineral Springs. There are mineral springs containing some natural mineral acid — notably sulphuric. The Oak Orchard Spring in Genesee County, N. Y., contains over 133 grains of sul- phuric acid to each gallon, having only 211 grains of solid ingredients. This is perhaps the strongest acid spring in America. The Thermal Acid Springs in California con- tain 78 parts in 1,000 of sulphuric acid. Several other springs contain appreciable amounts of sulphuric, hydro- chloric (muriatic), and nitric acids. Nearly all the cold and many of the hot springs contain carbonic acid gas. This in solution in the w ater forms carbonic acid. When drank at the springs, or immediately after opening, that which is bot- tled, it is found to be acid, but allowing the water free exposure, the gas evaporates and the water becomes alkaline and loses much of its medicinal effect (see (8), carbonated waters) . Therapeutics of Acid Mineral Waters. These waters are highly useful in many conditions of the digestive apparatus. In atonic dyspepsia, the acids, especially hydrochloric, should be taken after meals to assist in the digestion of nitrogenous food in the stomach. Taken in conjunction with the usual concomitant mineral constituents found in spring waters, acids are important tonics in these cases taken after the meals. In the many cases of excessive formation of acid in the stomach from the faulty digestion or fermentation of sac- charine and starchy foods with the troublesome symptoms of acid eructation (pyrosis) or " heartburn," the mineral 22 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA acids and waters are beneficial, but in these cases they must be taken before meals, otherwise the waters would be increasing instead of decreasing the trouble. These acid waters are useful in the treatment of colliquative or night sweats, acting as astringents ; for this purpose they should be taken before retiring. In chronic serous diarrhoea, con- gestion of the liver, so called " bilious attacks." jaundice, with portal torpidity, early stages of cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, the acid waters are recommended — taken two hours after meals three times daily. For chronic lead poisoning the sulphuric acid waters are valuable, forming insoluble and inert sulphates of lead which pass from the system. Certain urinary disorders are much benefited by these waters, for example, the phosphate diathesis, oxaluria, alkalinity of the urine with a feeling of general malaise and a loss of ambition, etc. Mineral and acid waters are also useful in chronic catarrhal affections of the stomach and bladder, in biliary or cystic calculi (phosphatic), in fevers and certain skin diseases. Acid baths or topical applications of the acid waters are also recommended in chronic liver and skin troubles. 2. Alkaline Mineral Waters. The alkaline waters may be divided into three classes, viz : (a) alkalo-carbonated. (b) alkalo-chalybeate. (c) alkalo-saline. (a) The alkalo-carbonated variety comprises a long list of cold mineral springs having carbonates and bicarbo- nates of sodium, potassium, etc., with a small amount of carbonic anhydride. Upon standing in the air a short time a small amount of gas evaporates. These waters are alkaline. (b) The alkalo-chalybeate waters contain besides the carbonates of sodium and potassium, etc., carbonates (usually) or some other salt of iron. ALKALINE MINERAL WATERS 23 (c) Alkalo-saline mineral waters have in addition to the alkaline carbonates, sulphates of magnesia (Epsom salts) and sulphate of sodium (Glauber's salt). Therapeutics of Alkaline Waters. The medicinal uses of the alkaline mineral waters are quite considerable as well as beneficial if judiciously admin- istered as to time, quantity and quality. The Aekaeo-Carbonated Waters, These are advised in dyspepsia with excessive acidity of the gastric secretions, with sour and disagreeable eructa- tions and regurgitations, with flatulent distention of the abdomen. For these purposes the waters are taken after meals. In atonic dyspepsia an acid is exhibited after meals to assist in the chymification of the nitrogenous elements of food in the stomach. Alkaline waters taken before meals will also stimulate the peptic glands into activity and thereby assist in stomach digestion. In this way these waters act as a tonic. For this purpose they are taken in moderate quantities fifteen to thirty minutes before meals. The alkalo-carbonated waters are usually diuretic and correct any acid tendency of the urinary secretions, hence they are of great utility in fevers and rheumatism, gout, chronic arthritis, congestion and irritation of kidneys and bladder, etc. The lithontriptic value of alkalo-carbonated waters has been established in the most conclusive way, by carefully conducted experiments at many of the celebrated spas in Europe. Many of the greatest masters of clinical medicine thoroughly indorse these waters in the treatment of calculi, gravel and gout. The waters are of special value in the cystic and nephretic calculi (urinary stones), which are made up of inorganic molecules united by crystallization or by mucous debris. Indeed, many of these little granules 24 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA v are composed of a little mucous epithelium or some acci- dental foreign body for a nucleus, around which uric acid, carbonate of lime, phosphates of magnesia, ammonia and soda or oxalate of lime crystallize. The active determining cause appears to be urinary fermentation which produces the crystallization. In uric acid gravel the alkalo-carbon- ated mineral waters assist in diluting the urine and render- ing it alkaline, thereby preventing the formation of calculi. It is also claimed that these carbonated waters dissolve the uric acid calculi, transforming them into urate of soda, which is more readily soluble in the alkaline waters. In vesical catarrh, with all the concomitant symptoms of irritation, pain, etc., the alkalo-carbonated waters have a pleasant effect. For metritis, leucorrhcea and sterility these waters have long been in use in Europe. M. M. Petrequin and Socquet, in their " Trait des Eaux Minerales," write as follows : " In women, alkaline waters have a complex physiological action on the uterine systems. They tend to diminish the catarrhal secretions, and the same result is observed in cases of leucorrhcea. ''As for derangement of menstruation, resulting either from chlorosis or from obstruction of the womb, they also may be combated by the same springs. " Their influence favors conception. This is doubtless attributable to the above combination of circumstances and it is for this reason they can be prescribed in cases of ster- ility." (See also article on uterine douche.) In gout these waters are highly extolled. The excess- ive acid condition of the blood is modified and the uric acid is rapidly eliminated. The use of alkaline mineral waters forms the only treatment used for rheumatism in many cases and the patients recover rapidly. In diabetes (sugar in the urine) European springs, especially the alkaline waters, have been much used. The ALKALO-CARBONATED WATERS 25 eminent chemist, Pelouze, expresses himself in the follow- ing emphatic way in writing to his friend, Prof. Mialhe : " I shall not take upon myself to decide whether the theory which you sustain respecting the destruction of sugar in the system be true or false ; but I can affirm that I myself have witnessed, as a result of appropriate alkaline treatment, the disappearance of sugar from the urine of many diabetic patients subjected to its action, and, more- over, in many of these cases it had not reappeared several months after the treatment was stopped, the system having, so to speak, laid in a stock of health." The salines which frequently become alkalo-salines are of much value in catarrhal conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract with chlyo- poietic engorgements. For obesity it is necessary to use large quantities of the alkalo-carbonated and alkalo-saline waters to keep the intes- tinal circulation well depleted. The water should be taken an hour before meals and again two or three hours after- wards, using several quarts daily. The hot alkaline baths may also be taken daily (under the immediate supervision of the medical attendant) with perfect safety and with much benefit. The diet must be carefully regulated. Nothing should be eaten that grows underneath the ground, and the starchy and saccharine foods which assist in the accumula- tion of adipose tissue should be sedulously avoided. Lean meats may be eaten and hot alkaline waters drank. Sys- tematic exercise should be observed. In this way the author succeeded in reducing one female patient from 255 pounds to 180 pounds in five months, the patient at the same time enjoying perfect health. For rheumatism and gout the alkaline springs have long had a deservedly high reputation. The water is taken in moderate quantities, six to twelve glasses daily, with its external application in the form of hot baths. In rheuma- tism the blood is surcharged with acids, and the alkaline waters seem to neutralize this condition. 26 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The alkalo-chalybeate waters are especially serviceable in anaemia and lithisemia, or the lithic acid diathesis, in " gravel " or " sand " in the urine; also in diabetes mellitis, especially when it is hepatic in origin or when it occurs in obese people. The chalybeate waters are of great service in the many diseases superinduced by a paucity of red blood corpuscles or depending on toxaemia which deteriorated the quality of the blood. 3. Alum Mineral Springs. Several springs in California contain considerable quantities of alum. Therapeutically, as far as the alum itself is concerned, those springs are not of any special value. The waters have been used for hemorrhages and for uterine douches. 4. Arsenical Mineral Springs. In many localities up and down the coast we find dis- tinct traces of arsenic in combination with other elements among the mineral ingredients of springs. THERAPEUTICS. Arsenical waters have proved highly beneficial in irri- tative dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh, gastralgia and enteralgia. For this purpose small draughts should be taken half an hour before meals. In chronic diarrhoea and dysentery it should be taken an hour before meals or two hours after meals. Jaundice with catarrh of the bile ducts and chronic cirrhosis of the liver are improved by these waters. The waters are also highly extolled in chlorosis and anaemia, chronic malarial toxaemia, hemicrania and malarial neuralgia, and in cutaneous diseases, scrofulous sores and syphilitic contaminations. The skin diseases most benefited are the chronic scaly variety — especially psoriasis, eczema, pemphigus and old cases of acne (pim- ples). For these diseases the waters containing both iron 28 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA and arsenic are especially serviceable, taken one hour after meals. Menorrhagia and functional impotence are also improved by a course at these arsenical and chalybeate springs, with wholesome food and free outdoor exercise. 5. Borax Mineral Springs. Springs containing borates and borax are plentiful in California. THERAPEUTICS. The waters are useful for catamenial irregularities, and for cystic and nephretic calculi depending on a uric acid diathesis. In these latter cases the borax probably acts by liberating the alkali sodium, which then neutralizes the uric acid, setting free the boric acid. The borax mineral waters have also been found very beneficial in clergymen's sorethroat, alleviating the hoarse- ness and curing the chronic or sub-acute inflammation of the mucous membranes and strengthening the larynx and vocal chords. Borax waters may be drank four to six times daily between meals. Gargles may be used. Borax forms quite an article of commerce. California produced during the last twenty years over $5,000,000 worth. 6. Bromine and Bromide Springs. The bromides of sodium, potassium, etc., are found in considerable quantities in several of the mineral springs on the coast. THERAPEUTICS. Bromine mineral waters are valuable adjuncts in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, blood-glandular diseases, goitre, synovites, etc. In obesity they hasten retrograde tissue metamorphosis and lessen the bodily weight. Chronic mercurial and saturnine poisoning are greatly benefited by a course of these waters. The bromides com- bine with the mercury or with the lead forming soluble THERAPEUTICS 29 compounds, which are readily eliminated from the system. In many cases of wakefulness from mental worry and fatigue, unrest of the peripheral nerves, over-brainwork, etc., the bromine waters have proved of great benefit. Asthma and chronic bronchitis also improve under the waters. The bromine waters act as alteratives, and stimulants to the lymphatic system, promoting absorption and the elimination of morbific material ; hence they are of special value in scrufulous tumors and ulcerations, syphilitic swellings and nodes, and chronic cutaneous diseases. 7. Calcareous or Earthy Mineral Waters. The solid ingredients of these waters predominate with calcium, carbonate and sulphate, producing the "temporary" and "permanently" hard water. Therapeutically, the waters are not much used. They may prove useful in rickets and softening of the bones when the lime salts are deficient. 8. Carbonated Mineral Springs. This class of mineral waters is rich in carbonates and bicarbonates of many of the mineral compounds, such as soda, lime, potash, magnesia, etc., and has an excess of carbonic acid gas. The waters are all acid when first drawn, owing to the excess of the carbonic acid in the water. The carbonated waters resemble the alkaline waters in this, that they have carbonates and bicarbonates of the alkaline elements — alkalo carbonated, alkalo chaly- beate and alkalo saline — with the addition of an excess of carbonic acid gas, making the waters alkalo acidulous, alkalo-chalybeate acidulous and alkalo-salino acidulous. Most cold mineral springs contain free carbonic anhy- dride; hence become carbonated waters, unless some other ingredients predominate. 30 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA THERAPEUTICS. The carbonated waters are used much the same as the alkaline (quo vz'de), as we have simple alkaline waters; so have we also simple carbonated waters, such as seltzer, soda, apollinaris, etc. Most of the simple carbonated or soda waters are manufactured artificially and sold on an extensive scale as " soda" and " seltzer." The natural carbonated-acidulous mineral waters are much to be preferred on account of the several ferrugi- nous and alkaline ingredients they contain. These waters are very grateful to the stomach of febrile patients, lessening nausea and gastric irritability, rendering the fluids in the body alkaline, and promoting a more copious secretion of the urinary organs. The carbonated waters are pleasant vehicles in which to administer medicines, lemonades, etc., etc. Frequently these waters are better borne by the stom- ach than anything else. The carbonated waters are ant- acid, tonic and diuretic, very useful in dyspepsia, to be taken before or after the meal, according to the form of the malady. In biliary calculi the carbonated waters have been found very beneficial. An acid which dissolves feldspathic and micaceous rock must also have some action on urate of lime and biliary salts. Vesical calculi are also influenced by these waters. As in catarrhal affections of the bladder, chronic cys- titis, etc. Carbonated waters are also extensively used in Europe for albumenurea (Bright's disease of the kidneys). The chalybeate carbonated waters would be even more beneficial than the simple alkalo-carbonated. In the sick-room the waters may be taken in wine- glassful doses pro re nata. CHALYBEATE MINERAL WATERS 31 "A 9. Chalybeate or Ferruginous Mineral Water. These are waters impregnated with the salts of iron as well as with the other mineral constituents, in varying proportions. The (a) simple-acidulous-chalybeate waters are the carbonated waters with iron. The [b) salino-acidu- lous chalybeate are the alkalo-salino-carbonated impreg- nated with ferruginous salts as well. Therapeutics. Chalybeate mineral waters are of great benefit in the treatment of anaemia — a condition of the blood in which there is a paucity of red blood corpuscles, haemato-globulin in the blood. The ferruginous waters produce a construc- tive metamorphosis creating more red blood corpuscles, thereby increasing the specific gravity of the blood and of the bodily weight, reproducing a healthy glow and the rosy cheek on the faded and bleached out face. It appears to be a well-established fact that one of the functions of the red blood corpuscles, besides taking up oxygen and eliminating carbonic anhydride is to convert oxygen into ozone, in which form the oxygen becomes so efficient in the system. After a course of iron water the bodily temperature rises, the cold feet and chilly nights are changed into warmth and comfort. The elimination of urea increases. The ferruginous waters are recommended in debility consequent upon chronic discharges, anaemia, chlorosis, nuor-albus, scrofula, rickets, passive hemorrhages, dyspep- sia, when depending on deficient energy of the digestive function, neuralgia, chronic malarial fevers, all of which destroy the health giving properties in the blood — the red globules — as well as the functions of the reproductive organs ; in all these wasting diseases the chalybeate waters are of undoubted value. Pure air, pleasant and healthy surroundings and plain, wholesome food, are important adjuncts in the restoration of the vital powers. 32 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The iron waters are best taken after meals after a lapse of froin a half to one hour, in wineglassful to tumblerful doses. The stomach, gastric and intestinal juices are then in the best condition for absorption. Taken for passive hemorrhages, the hemorrhagic diathesis, ammenorrhcea, hysteria and the many pelvic disorders frequently depend- ing on anaemia, and in the paludal cachexia, leucocythemic exophthalmic goitre, etc., the waters may be taken every three hours in wineglassful doses. The ferruginous waters, more or less charged with the salines, are recommended in the treatment of hep- atic engorgement, hsemorrhoidal affections, chronic diar- rhoea, strumous diseases, albuminurea (Bright's disease), etc. To reap the fullest benefit of a course at the chaly- beate springs, it is necessary to pursue the treatment faith- fully, and under the guidance of competent medical advice. Under such conditions the author does not hesitate to say that these ferruginous waters are invaluable in the treat- ment of the many diseases above named. 10. Chlorinated or Muriated Mineral Waters. This class of springs contains chlorides of sodium (common salt), potassium, lime, etc., and conveniently may be divided into : a. Simple chlorinated, b. Chlo- rino-lithiated. c. Brines. The {a) simple chlorinated springs are such as- we find at the foot of the Salt Mountains. The (6) chlorino-ltthiated contain in addition some salt of lithium, and the (^brines are the stronger chlorinated waters. Therapeutics. The chlorinated waters are strongly diuretic and ant- acid, useful in rheumatism, gout, scrofula and abdominal plethora. Chronic catarrh of the j mucous membranes is also much benefited by these springs. As many of these salt springs are hot, bathing for rheumatics is found to be , a beneficial mode of treatment. IODINE MINERAL SPRINGS 33 (II). Iodine Mineral Springs The existence of iodine, bromine and arsenical nat- ural mineral waters has been doubted for a long time, but the author has now personal knowledge of their existence on this coast. (See analysis.) As iodine, bromine and chlorine exist in the sea-water and submarine vegetable life, a fact demonstratable at any time, it is not at all wonderful that a country for ages sub- merged in the briny deep, and in which we find mountains of salt, should also have iodides and bromides from the submarine deposits. Well-known spas on the continent contain them, and so do many of our springs in California. The principal salts of iodine found are: a. Iodo-bro- mine. b. Iodo-sodic. c. Iodo-potassic. d. Iodo-magnesic, etc. THERAPEUTICS The utility of iodine or any of its salts is most con- spicuous in the treatment of constitutional states, such as enlargements of the lymphatic glands, glandular swell- ings, enlargements of any of the internal organs, spleen, from chronic malarial poisoning, goitre, scrofulous tumors, syphilitic enlargements, etc. Iodine salts and waters are also found to be of great benefit in chronic bronchitis, catarrhs, asthma, chronic pler^sy, rheumatism, gout, and chronic Bright's disease, scroi nis and syphilitic contam- inations producing cutaneous or internal tumefaction or ulcerations are successfully treated by this class of waters. Aneurisms have also been ber»°fited. Springs containing iodidesTiave usually salines enough to act gently on the gastro-intestinal tract, ferruginous salts to act on the blood, chlorides and carbonates to act as diuretics, besides the iodides to act specifically on the con- stitutional state, counteracting, as they do, many patho- logical (abnormal) conditions, strumous or glandular enlargements, and producing disintegration of the mor- bific proliferation, by causing its absorption, removal and elimination. 84 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The iodine mineral waters are contra-indicated in stomachic irritation and acute inflammation. The waters may usually be taken freely one or two hours after meals. (12) Magnesian Mineral Springs (Bitter Waters) These springs contain Kpsom salts (sulphate of mag- nesia) in varying proportions, and may be divided into : a. Laxative mineral waters, b. Purgative mineral waters. c. Saline mineral waters, d. Salino-alkaline waters, e. Salino- sulphureted waters. The (a) laxative waters contain less and the (b) pur- gative more sulphates of magnesia and sodium. The (c) salines are more or less aperient according to the dose, and the (d) salino-alkaline contain alkaline chlorides and car- bonates, while the {e) salino-sulphureted have also sulphur or sulphureted hydrogen besides the magnesia salts. THERAPEUTICS As a rule these magnesian waters are carbonated and pleasantly laxative and purgative according to the dose. They are well received by the stomach. The action is due to an increased intestinal secretion superinduced by the active endosmotic and exosmotic action of the magnesian and saline salts, hence the easy watery evacuations pro- duced. This exosmotic or outward flow takes place chiefly from the blood-vessels and is not so much from the gland- ular appendages of the intestinal mucous membrane. The magnesian laxative, purgative and salines are of especial efficacy in acute inflammatory diseases. They are important remedies in the treatment of renal and car- diac anasarca (dropsy), and in acites from obstruction of the portal circulation. There is probably not a better treatment for cachexia from saturnine poisoning or painters' palsy, etc., than these magnesian waters. Bitter-salz is also an important remedy in mercurial and copper poisoning, forming inert 38 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA and insoluble sulphates of mercury, lead or copper, and as such is eliminated from the economy. For dysenteries, sick headaches, flatulence, colic, and acidity, magnesia waters are of great value. The engorge- ment of the liver, superinduced by congestion of the pelvic viscera, sub-involution, chronic metritis, etc., and in hemorrhoidal difficulties these waters have proved highly beneficial. The best time to take aperient or laxative waters is about half an hour to an hour before breakfast a gobletful or two according to circumstances. For chronic constipation nothing is better. For obesity the waters may be taken several times during the day in large doses with marked loss of weight in a week or two. The pendulous abdomen of middle life may be largely removed by a course of the magnesian waters. For chronic eczema and other skin diseases the salines are serviceable. The saline-sulphureted waters will be noted under the head of " sulphureted waters." 13. Siliceous Mineral Waters These waters contain alkaline silicates and salines. They are not used in medicine. The springs are famous for their petrifying qualities. Many are so strong in silicates that a piece of bark or wood may be petrified in a few days. The wood is not "turned, to stone," but each atom and molecule of the woody fibre is dissolved by the silicates, and silicon oxide molecules and atoms occupy the identical spots, reproducing the fine lines and traces so admirably that the kind of wood can easily be determined by the grain of the petrification. 14. Sulphureted (Sulphurous) Mineral Springs. These waters are usually surcharged with sulphureted hydrogen, characterized by the ancient-egg smell familiar to all who have visited sulphurous regions. The springs SULPHURETED MINERAL SPRINGS 37 are usually hot or warm, and contain sulphates of many elements, sulphides and frequently sulphuric acid. The a. sulphides are rare, the b. sulphates and c. salino- sulphur are quite common, while the sulphureted hydrogen is more frequent in sulphurcus waters. There are also cold or white sulphur springs, which do not have much sul- phureted hydrogen, but are frequently mixed with carbon- ates and carbonic acid gas. THERAPEUTICS The great reputation which sulphureted waters have acquired is the best proof of their efficacy as adjuncts to other treatment. Especially is this the case in rheuma- tism, gout and skin diseases. The waters being usually saline as well as sulphurous are valued in congestion of the liver, abdominal plethora, chronic malarial fever with enlarged spleen, etc., engorgements of the pelvic viscera, metritis and hsemorrhoidal diseases. Uterine tumors are said to have been improved by using these waters. Syphilitic and strumous diseases are markedly bene- fited by the sulphur waters. Bright's disease also has been improved while using the mineral waters. Tubercu- losis during its incipiency is benefited by the inhalation of the sulphureted hydrogen and by drinking a moderate amount of the water. Acute and chronic rheumatism and gouty arthritis, synovitis, white swelling, chronic joint injuries, and the many chronic cutaneous diseases, are cer- tainly immeasurably benefited by a course at these springs, especially by the hot sulphurous water and mud bathing. (See baths.) The sulphureted waters are taken internally in six to eight ounce doses several times daily, according to the disease. It is best to take the water before break- fast and between meals. For chronic laryngeal, pharyn- geal and nasal catarrhs the waters are used as a douche with much benefit. Likewise in the chronic uterine catarrhs and disorders the hot sulphurous mineral water 38 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA douche, using several gallons two or three times daily, has proved very successful in the author's experience. Thermal Springs Most thermal mineral waters are sulphurous, varying in temperature from 85 F. to 214 F. Thermal waters also contain salines, chlorides, carbonates, etc., etc. Occasion- ally thermal springs are not sulphurous, but calcic or alkaline. THERAPEUTICS The thermal waters are extensively used for bathing purposes, especially those that are sulphureted. For chronic cutaneous diseases, and cases requiring the absorption of chronic exudations in swellings of the joints, old gunshot wounds, chronic gout and articular affections, etc., etc., the treatment is very popular, and certainly aids materially judicious internal medication in alleviating and curing these obstinate and troublesome diseases. All over the State the thermal and mineral springs, of which there are about three hundred, are being rapidly developed. Bxtensive improvements are being pushed ; ele- gant and commodious hotels and cottages are being built, with all the modern conveniences and luxuries ; gardens and parks, with shady walks and commanding outlooks, are growing ; and California, with her excellent climatic advan- tages, may confidently be expected to rank first in the Union, if not in the world, as a health resort and mineral water sanitarium. The Bath Bathing dates back to the earliest existence of the human race. It was practiced for the treatment of diseases as well as for the preservation of health, and for luxurious enjoyment. The most ancient historical accounts, and the primeval mythologies speak of the bath as being of divine origin. THE BATH 39 The Egyptians practiced bathing as a religious rite ; and throughout antiquity purification of the body was sup- posed to be conducive to moral purity. Man was taught to present himself pure body and in soul when he engaged in the service of his God. Thus we find that Moses made the bath a religious duty, partly, no doubt to prevent the many cuta- neous diseases so prevalent among his people, from spreading. The Mosaic j law prescribes in special cases the use of running water, which has probably given rise to the deleter- ious cellar bathing, at one time extensively practiced by the Jews. In the cities of the East, particularly Pales- tine, the wealthier people indulge in costly and extravagant bathing facilities and luxurious baths. Bathing conven- iences were established in their houses and in their gardens, 40 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA where considerable time was spent each day in the enjoy- ment of the warm bath. The same arrangements still prevail in most of the civilized parts of the East. Homer frequently speaks about bathing among the early Greeks. It was indispensable in the religious prepa- rations for the sacrifice, for the reception of oracles, and for the holy sacrament of marriage. Most ancient civilized nations observed the practice of bathing as a religious rite. Public and private bathing establishments existed in the larger cities throughout Greece, some being exclusively for men, some others for women, and others again were for men and women promis- cuously. Rome, at the zenith of her power, possessed some of the finest edifices for bathing that the world has ever seen. The accommodations were perfect, and are scarcely equaled by those of to-day. The baths were taken warm or hot. After one of these luxurious baths the Romans had their bodies anointed with perfumed oils ; the bathers then indulged in gentle exercise, such as games, etc., and lastly the body was washed, rubbed, dried and perfumed with costly essence. The ancient Germans used medicated baths, but to a less extent than the Romans. In England bathing was first instituted by the Romans. When Roman luxury was driven out by German thrift, those splendid bathing edifices, the finest the world has ever seen, fell into disuse and ruin, and were it not for Christianity, by its institution of baptism preserving the religious signification of the bath, the dark ages would pos- sibly have wiped out its existence in the West for some considerable time. The Arabians and Mohammedans adopted bathing early. Islam enjoined on the faithful corporal purity and prescribed daily ablutions. The rich erected costly baths, and in every city in which there was a mosque the public bath was also instituted. THE BATH 41 Imitations of those costly oriental bathing establish- ments are found to-day in the structures in Constantinople and other European cities. The bathing process is described as follows — not a bad one, by the way, for many diseases of the present day : The bather undresses in a warm, comfortable room, wraps a blanket arcmnd himself, puts on wooden slippers to protect his feet from the hot floor, and then enters the bath- room proper. Here are plunges of hot and cold water, douches of hot and cold water and hot steam. After spending a few minutes in the steaming-room the bather soon breaks into a general perspiration. This lasts from five to fifteen minutes. The next step is a plunge into the cold water or the use of the cold douche ; immediately after which the body is rubbed with woolen cloths and anointed with a salve which softens and whitens the skin. This is generally accompanied by " kneading" the body. The bath attendant stretches the bather on a table, pours warm water and salve over him and begins to press, squeeze and twist his whole body with wonderful dexterity. Every limb is straightened and stretched. The attendant kneels upon the bather, seizes him by the shoulders and makes his back crack till the vertebrae quivers. The bather is next treated to soft blows all over the fleshy parts of the body. After this he is rubbed with hair cloths. The hard and calloused skin on the feet is next rubbed with pumice-stone. The whole body is next rubbed with soft soap and the bather plunges into the hot water. Here he remains a few minutes and is taken out and thoroughly rubbed dry. The body is now anointed with perfumes, the hair and beard are trimmed and the bath proper is completed for one day. The bath lasts about two hours and makes one feel as if he were born anew. An inexpressibly delightful sensation of comfort pervades the entire body, and as the bather stretches himself in one of the cooler rooms the sense of luxurious contentment soon wafts him off into a sweet and refreshing sleep. At the end of an hour or two he is 42 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA awakened and partakes of coffee, sherbet or lemonade, and the bath is completed. The healing of the sick by means of bathing in mineral and thermal springs became a recognized plan of treatment among the earliest fathers of medicine. The god of medi- cine, ^sculapius, was invoked and temples were erected to his honor. Over the thermal baths of Antoninus was engraved on a large marble slab a Latin sentence imparting instruction and warning to the bathers and invalids that, if they wished to be relieved and cured of their diseases, they must first leave all cares behind them, otherwise the waters would be inoperative. During the Crusades the Europeans first felt the great necessity for frequent ablutions in medicated baths. The wanderers brought home leprosy and other skin diseases, which spread rapidly by contact; hence bathing became universal, and the mineral springs were sought out and used extensively. In Russia the hot steam and medicated and mineral baths are much used. The bathing facilities are not so exten- sive as they are farther south. Many of the poorer bathing establishments consist of a small apartment built of wood, with benches all around a central pit. In this pit water is thrown on red hot pebbles. Immediately dense hot fumes are produced, which envelope the bather, who lies undressed on one of the benches. The steam often rises to a tempera- ture of ii2° F. After sweating for some time cold water is dashed over the bather, who is then rubbed and anointed and dressed. Frequently a bather will run from the heated steam chamber out into the snowbanks, in which he rolls for some minutes before he is rubbed and dressed. Our American aborigines used the hot sulphur springs faithfully for nearly all their ills. They have been known to travel hundreds of miles to reach a special thermal spring. When, however, no mineral spring is within reach THE BATH 43 they use an appliance very similar to that of the Russians. It consists of a hole in the ground, or a hut whose floor is covered with stones. These are made hot by burning logs of wood over them. When sufficiently heated water is thrown upon the fire and heated stones, and the patient is shut up in the hut or covered in the hole for a specific time, lasting from a few minutes to half an hour, and in some instances as long as three hours. This is the "sweat bath " so much in vogue by many tribes in California. Classification of Baths. The bath may be classified according to the medium in which a part or the whole body is immersed or surrounded, and according to the temperature, etc., employed. Thus we have the hand and foot bath, the eye bath, the sitz bath and the half or the whole bath. We may take a sea bath, a river bath, a slipper bath, a plunge, shower, drip- ping or douche bath. The temperature may be cold, tepid, warm or hot. The medium may be pure water, mineral 44 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA water, saline, sea or sulphurous water, or composed of sand, earth, mud or moor, or of animal excretions. (This latter is used to a considerable extent in California, and some- times is mixed with mineral waters for bathing purposes.) In Mexico, Central America and among the Indians of Cali- fornia this method of applying animal egesta in the form of poultices to sores and inflamed limbs, etc., is much in vogue. Then we have vapor baths, cold, warm or hot. These may be simple or medicated, natural or artificial. Com- pressed air baths have also been instituted. The animal and vegetable baths are not used to any extent at present. The vegetable medicated baths, in which the body is soaked, may be composed of wine, vinegar, solutions of essential oils, infusions of thyme, rosemary, lavender, wormwood, willow, oak or Peruvian bark, etc., etc. Animal medicated baths are made up of milk, blood, bouillon, oils or fat. Then there is the medicated vapor bath, in which aro- matics, incense, myrrh, benzoin, amber, sulphur, calomel, etc., may be used for a part or the whole of the body. These baths are usually administered in vapor boxes, in which the body is incased and the head is free. Suitable rooms are also arranged for vapor baths, where the patient walks about naked for a specific time each day. Compressed air chambers and medicated heated air cham- bers for pulmonary diseases have also been introduced with some success. The animal bath, much used by the ancients and highly extolled by them for many cutaneous and joint diseases, consisted in wrapping the whole or a part of the patient's body in the warm skin of a recently killed animal. In the case of lameness the patient's limb would be incased in freshly drawn blood. Frequently the smaller animals were killed, split open and applied directly to the affected part. In some instances a patient's limb would be intro- duced into the breast or abdomen of one of the larger THE BATh 45 animals while it was yet alive. This practice is now all but obsolete. The vegetable and animal medicated baths, in which the patient's body is surrounded by wine, milk or both, etc., for some considerable time, can be safely recommended in many cases of inanition, or where the stomach or diges- tive apparatus is out of order and starvation is imminent. The skin will absorb enough to keep the patient alive for a considerable time. The Temperature in Bathing The cold bath has a temperature of 40 to 6o° F.; the tepid bath is from 6o° to 95 ° F., and the warm bath from 95 to ioo°, and the hot bath from 106 to no° to 140 F. Bathing is recognized to-day as a very important agent in the preservation and restoration of health. Besides pro- moting the healthy and regular exudation and secretion of the sudoriferous and cutaneous glands, bathing assists very materially in absorbing and removing pathological products, * particularly in the skin or in and around the joints. The virtues of water bathing, especially those of the natural mineral waters, have long been established and are daily receiving a more extended application. Since the modern developments of Balneotherapeutics a new school or class of people have styled themselves " hydropaths," "water-curers," etc., and, with the exaggera- tion which is incident to everything new, the promoters have promised a panacea for "all the ills to which the flesh is heir," which, of course, is as absurd as it is ill-founded. Now that these quackish pretensions are all but universally ignored or buried in oblivion, it is generally admitted by scientific and medical experimenters that mineral waters are capable of a large range of effects. Taken internally the action, of course, depends upon the mineral ingredients. Used externally in the bath the action depends upon the temperature at which it is employed, as well as upon its chemical composition, the duration of bathing, the reaction which follows, etc. 48 mineral springs of california The Skin An average-sized individual has from 200 to 240 square inches of cutaneous surface — sixteen to twenty square feet — containing from 2,300,000 to 7,000,000 pores or orifices, through which the normal healthy secretion and excretion of the sudoriferous ducts, sudoriferous and cutaneous glands, pass. The skin also exhales gases besides the solids and liquids. If these 7,000,000 little outlets, each one of which measures one millimeter or more in length (about half a line or one-twenty-fifth of an inch), were joined together in as straight line or tube we should have a canal or pipe over twenty-eight miles long ! Many experimenters have carefully weighed the trans- piration passing through the skin. The most notable experimenter — Sanctorious — carried on for thirty years a most careful analysis. He daily weighed all his food and drink and the natural excretions from his person. By care- ful computation extending over more than a quarter of a century he determined that more than one-half of all foods and drinks were eliminated by means of the skin and pul- monary exhalations. The skin carries on one-fortieth to one-fiftieth of the entire respiratory act; that is to say, through the cutaneous surface we exhale carbonic acid gas and inhale oxygen. The skin throws off many poisonous substances from the body, such as urea, uric acid, lactic acid, biliary acids, poisons from malaria, cutaneous diseases, and blood diseases and water, fatty matters and epidermic debris. The activity of this eliminative process is hastened and kept in perfect order by the use of mineral baths, thus ridding the system of these morbific agencies. This supplementary action of the organs of the skin may be seen in the "yellow jaun- dice." Here the normal secretion of the biliary pigments and the natural flow of bile are interfered with through dis- ease. Almost immediately the skin attempts to throw off the bile and pigments. The perspiration will be found to be tinged yellowish, and react to bile acids. THE SKIN 47 In many diseases the skin is made to act as an adjunct to the organ or organs affected. Thus, in kidney disease, the skin and lungs are made to eliminate the effete materials which should pass through the diseased organ. In lung troubles, the skin and kidneys work off what the lungs normally do, and so on. Indeed the skin can be made to do more. We can keep a person alive for a considerable time by frequent bathing in milk, broths and soups, etc., the whole nourishment passing through the cutaneous open- ings. Medicaments may be applied to the skin and be completely absorbed. The skin can even be made to inhale oxygen and exhale the poisonous waste product, carbonic acid gas, from the system. Hence we see that the function of the skin is far more important than we imagined, in the preservation and maintenance of health and in restoring the body in disease. As a rule too little attention is given to the subject of bathing and cutaneous medication in America. We have no time, " business, energy and push" absorbs us wholly. From the foregoing it will be seen that should these 3,000,000 to 7,000,000 little pores be stopped up by decayed scales from the skin — epidermis, by oil, grease, or any waste product from the body, or by dust or dirt from without the body all or a part of this normal exudation or transpiration of solids, liquids and gases must of necessity be repressed and retained in the system to the detriment of health and strength. If half of all our ingesta were naturally eliminated from the cutaneous surface and lungs, the suppression of any of the outlets must throw an extra amount of labor on the remaining pores, or the effete materials must find their way out of the body by some other channel or produce immediately serious results. Fortunately the economy is so admirably constructed that if one organ gets out of order another steps in and takes its place - at least for a time. But this doing double duty, working without sleep or rest cannot be endured for any length of time. In this way, from any partial suppression 48 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA of cutaneous exhalation and excretion the lungs, and more especially the kidneys, are obliged to dispose of any work the skin is incapacitated from doing, thereby throwing an extra amount of sUain on these organs, which it is impossi- ble for them to endure long without showing signs of over- work. This frequently ends in kidney (Bright's) disease, and the long train of symptoms with which only too many have had personal experience. It is a sine qua non, that if the skin does not act, the organs of egestion must dispose of the morbific material, and most of the work, as before remarked, falls to the kidneys, producing irritation, inflam- mation and the many diseases which follow. The author does not doubt that many cases of Bright's disease in California can be traced to an impaired function of the skin, because the hygroscopic state of the atmos- phere prevents the rapid evaporation of perspired fluids and interferes with a perfect function of the cutaneous surface. (This at least is the case on the sea-coast.) Hence we see the necessity of keeping the skin in prime condition. Any impervious coating applied to the entire cutaneous surface of a person would produce death in a short time, as we know from the instance of the child who was once gilded to take a part in a great Roman festival. Natural Mineral Water Baths. The external application of several of our mineral waters is more efficacious in the treatment of many diseases than the internal administration. This is particularly noticeable in the rheumatic, gouty, strumous joint affections and in several varieties of skin diseases. The most beneficial bath in the world may, however, do great harm if injudiciously used. Indeed, fatal effects have been repeatedly observed. It is, therefore, urged that a careful diagnosis be made of the case and that medical surveillance be kept up constantly during a course of bath- ing, and that self-treatment and indiscriminate bathing be NATURAL MINERAL WATER BATHS 49 discountenanced. Not only will the spring waters do more good if intelligently used, but the many fatal results occur- ring every year will be prevented. To follow medical advice in the matter of bathing and using mineral waters becomes all the more necessary and important, when it is borne in mind that each thermal and mineral spring differs materially in composition and tem- perature from any that may have been used before. Hence it follows that when one water may be used in more than one way, to derive any benefit, or the greatest benefit, from it, it must be applied discriminately. Place yourself, therefore, un- der the management of the competent keepers of the baths and the at- tendant physician, and do not use your own judgment about a mat- ter which you but im- perfectly understand. With these precau- tions there can be no doubt about the bene- ficial results accruing from a systematic course of mineral water or mud bathing, instituted as an auxiliary measure, in the treatment of these chronic diseases. The beneficial results obtainable by the warm (95 to ioo° F.) and hot (ioo° to 140 F.) mineral water and mud bathing are perfectly log- ical and susceptible of actual demonstration. The sensations experienced on entering a warm min- eral bath are exceedingly pleasant. A feeling of comfort and enjoyment steals over one immediately following immersion. This continues during the bath, imparting to CAP OP LIBERTY 50 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA the system generally a genial sensation productive of luxu- rious contentment. If in pain the patient is much relieved, and if moderately well he feels at ease with the world and only wishes this paradise of enjoyment and physical well- doing could endure forever. The warmth with which the body is surrounded is communicated to its surface and rapidly permeates the entire system, internal as well as external, until it reaches the central nervous system, from which reaction supervenes. The first noticeable phenomena after the pleasurable sensations are a slight redness, and considerable swelling and expansion of the integument. These effects are pro- duced by the dilatation of the smaller blood-vessels under the relaxant influence of the heat. As the bath continues this relaxant action is not confined to the skin alone, but is also felt in the structures which lie beneath it, as well as in the organs within the body. The fascia, muscles, ten- dons, and particularly the products of inflammation and tume- faction in and around the joints, seem to soften and exhibit less tension. This influence of softening and expansion of the cutaneous surface observed after immersion in the warm bath is not an apparent but a real swelling and distension, as may be - demonstrated by the wearing apparel, such as the finger rings, etc , becoming too small. Now this increased circumference of a foot, hand or finger, and the enlarge- ment of the cutaneous surface generally, is not altogether due to the dilation of the blood-vessels and relaxant action of the warmth and moisture, but to the fact that part of the mineral waters, gases and mineral ingredients have actually been absorbed into the integumentary system and circula- tion throughout the body, through the millions of little pores and absorbent orifices, and even through the skin by the well-known law of osmosis. This absorption is further found to be in direct ratio to the specific gravity of the bathing medium. The blood has a specific gravity of 1,050 to 1,070, pure water being 1,000. An ordinary warm, fresh water bath has a specific gravity of 1,005 to 1,010. Applying NATURAL MINERAL WATER BATHS 51 the law of endosmosis and exosmosis, the bath abstracts vitality instead of imparting vigor. This we know is actually a fact. A hot bath always leaves one weaker. Now the mineral saline and sulphureted, and the mud waters used for bathing at many of our spring resorts, have specific gravities of from 1,100 to 1,250, therefore it will be seen that the greater specific gravity medium may pass through the animal membrane — the skin — into the blood, which has a less specific gravity. This actually occurs. The mineral constituents — crystalline — readily penetrate the integument and enter the circulation, as may be demon- strated by a chemical examination of the blood and urine before and after bathing. Not only have the salts of min- erals — sodium, potassium, iodine, sulphur, etc. — been tested and verified, but the gases in the bath themselves have been observed in minute traces in the blood. It was not until recently that this question of the power of the skin to absorb water, mineral ingredients and gases assumed anything like definite proportions, as authorities and experimenters were at variance. The mooted point may, however, be regarded as satisfactorily settled now by the many carefully conducted observations of Maden and Collard de Martigne, confirmed by the excellent experi- ments of Barthold, Williams and Edwards, who unhesi- tatingly affirm that salines and mineral ingredients are absorbed into the system and may as such exert their specific influence and be tested chemically in the blood and secretions. The Effects of Minerae-Water Bathing on the Circulation and Respiration The temperature of the bath determines the relative force and frequency of the heart's action. Both pulsation and respiration are increased in fre- quency on first entering the bath. If the heat be moderate, however, say from 95 to 100 F., the normal pulsation is 52 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA restored as soon as the body and the organs are thoroughly- warmed. After that the only observable phenomenon is a greater fullness of the pulse, due in part to the absorption of the bathing fluid into the circulation and a relaxation of the arterial tension. With every additional degree of heat beyond 98.5 ° F. (blood heat) to which the bath is raised, the rapidity of the pulse pari passu is increased. The bodily temperature also rises. This cardiac exhilaration often continues for a consid- erable time after the bath. It may run so high at the time of bathing as to be extremely dangerous where there is any heart disease at all, and may require prompt attention. The pulmonary and the cutaneous transpiration are also increased by the warm and the hot bath, rapid disinte- gration of tissue ensues. The same is accomplished by prolonged bathing at a temperature of 105° F. The waste products of the body or of disease escape through the skin and pulmonary mucous membrane. Prolonged bathing of a high temperature in a water of low specific gravity can be advantageously and safely employed among the obese. With the general dilation of the capillaries and the concomitant relaxation of the integumentary, nervous, mus- cular and articular systems, and with the osmotic absorption of some of the salts and ba f hing fluids into the general circulation, there certainly seems to be a greater volume to the pulsations after a generous bath ; capillaries, small veins and arteries, and the absorbents apparently sluggish in the performance of their duties from the tumefaction or inflamed condition of the surrounding tissues about a joint, take up renewed activity under the relaxant influence of the warm bath, and this is probably one of the explanations of the modus operandi by which a swollen joint or an arthritic affection improves so considerably under the use of thermal baths. The blood-vessels and absorbents dilate, their capacity thereby allowing freer movement of the cir- culation. The inflammatory products, usually partially organized tissue, also seem to soften and become absorbed. EFFECTS OF MINERAL WATER BATHING 53 Certain it is that these warm baths relieve the engorged condition of blood-vessels and inflamed tumefied joints, equalizing the circulation, as it were, and causing the swelling and stiffness to disappear gradually, especially when these means are combined with proper internal treat- ment. This can readily be demonstrated. The nervous system is also benefited. We are all familiar with the soothing result of the delightful warm bath. The hot bath (no F.) is stimulating and exciting to the nervous system, but a bath at 98 to ioo° F. pro- duces a sedative effect, allays irritability and alleviates the pain in over-sensitive nerves. This is exemplified by the soothing effect of a poultice in local pains or the immersion of a hand or a foot in warm water when it is painful or inflamed. After a tedious railroad journey or a prolonged mental strain nothing so allays the nervous irritability and calms the over-sensitive nerves as a warm bath. This sedative action is probably due to the general equalization of the arterial circulation removing local congestions or internal inflammations. Try a warm mineral bath after a tiresome journey and see how it refreshes you. How to Bathe. The palliative or curative effects of mineral-water bath- ing depend largely upon the composition of the water, the temperature of the bath, duration of bathing, and the dis- eases for which the treatment is taken. Mineral baths are tonic, sedative, diaphoratic, deriva- tive and alterative, according to their composition and mode of administration. Rules for Bathing. Time of day. — It is almost impossible to lay down a hard and fast rule of universal application relative to the hour of bathing for invalids, as there may be many sub- jective and objective circumstances which demand consid- siderable latitude. The best time for the usual warm 95 to ioo°F. mineral 54 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA spring bath is about two or three hours after breakfast and one or two hours before luncheon, about 10 or n A. m. for those who dine early, and about the same number of hours after luncheon for those who dine late. In any event the preceding meal must be digested prior to the bath and the system must be beginning to feel the effects of the conversion of the food-fuel into force and vital energy. The system is then placed in the most advantageous condition for deriving benefit from the bath, which is then both agree- able and safe. Caution. — Never take a warm, hot or cold bath immedi- ately preceding nor directly succeeding a meal. The rea- son is obvious. During the process of digestion a relatively larger proportion of blood is invited to the digestive organs to assist in the chymification and chylification and absorp- tion of the blood in order that the process may be more efficiently performed. Any unusual stimulation, such as would be superinduced by the application of warm or hot water to the entire cutaneous surface of the body, would be sure to abstract a large quantity of blood from the organs of digestion to the integumentary capillaries, and, in the case of bathing after meals, produce sudden interruption of the digestive process, checking the proper secretion of the digestive fluids, retarding assimilation and not infrequently producing congestive headaches, pre-cordial oppression, fainting and possibly cramps in the stomach and intestines from the undigested food. In the case of bathing just before dinner the same results are induced, with the excep- tion that the internal anaemia and the cutaneous engorge- ment are produced before food is taken, instead of afterward, which militates against digestion fully as much, for besides not having much appetite immediately after the bath the food that is introduced into the stomach finds no juices to digest it and remains for hours in an undigested condition, thus laying the foundation for dyspepsia and all the evil effects of retained, undigestive food. Bathing before breakfast, especially in cold (40 to RULES FOR BATHING 55 6o° F.) water, is not recommended for invalids. Early- morning ablutions can only be advantageously employed by one who is robust and vigorous in constitution, who has reactive power enough to render the bath beneficial or at least not injurious. The author knew of a case — a gentleman of fine physique, who used to go down to the San Francisco bay every morning about six o'clock, winter and summer, and take a cold plunge and a swim. It did him good, or at least it did him no harm, for he was well and full of vitality. One day a sickly friend of his remarked how well he looked. " Yes," said the bather, " that is the result of my plunge in the bay every morning before breakfast. Why don't, you come down to-morrow morning and try it?" "I believe I will," was the reply. The next day, a bright January morning, the two friends plunged into the bay. Alas ! it was his last plunge, poor fellow, for the sickly friend did not have vitality enough to establish a reaction, although he walked home, a distance of about one mile. In the after- noon he was taken with a congestive chill, and in three days he died. In perfect health it is considered highly beneficial to take a cold plunge, a slipper or a sponge bath before the morning meal, inducing complete and thorough reaction by rubbing, exercise, etc. It certainly seems to prevent a sus- ceptible patient from taking cold as readily as without them, but one ought to be guarded about establishing the reaction. Occasionally circumstances might render it expedient, or the personal habits and conveniences of the patient might require a warm mineral bath at night. Let it always be taken sufficiently long after dinner to insure more or less complete digestion. After the bath take care of the night air, for it is never as pleasant nor as safe for bathing as the morning atmosphere between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock. The hot salino or alkalino-sulphureted waters, which are 56 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA principally used for bathing, open the pores of the skin, dissolve and cut away the oils and debris from the little out- lets and induce more or less perspiration ; hence, while the liability to catching cold is not nearly so great as when using plain water, it is nevertheless wise to guard against such a possibility. TEMPERATURE OF BATHING The cold bath is from 40° to 6o° F. The tepid bath is from 6o° to 95° F. The warm bath is from 95° to ioo° F, And the hot bath ranges from ioo° to no°, 120° and 1 40° F. Steam baths range in temperature from 96° to 140° F. The temperature of every mineral bath should be ascer- tained by a thermometer in the bathtub all the time. The remarks on temperature will apply principally to warm and hot mineral water bathing, as cold or tepid baths are seldom used by, or recommended to, invalids seeking relief at mineral springs. Individual idiosyncracies require consideration in the matter of warm bathing. A temperature soothing and onic to one person might prove too exciting and too stimu- lating for another having a highly sensitive and nervous organization. As a general rule, a bath at 96° to 98° F. is found to produce an agreeable, soothing and tonic effect. It is the temperature most generally recommended for entering the water. Should it be desired to produce severe diaphoresis or a strong tonic effect the bath may be entered at ioo° F. to 105° or no Q F., but the conditions requiring such a bath are not often met with. Knter the bath at blood heat 98.5^., and then gradually increase it to any desired temperature for the specific purpose of the bath. This will be found the most agreeable, as well as the safest and best plan. It will add much to the comfort of the patient and not a little to the TEMPERA T URE OF BA THING 57 efficacy of the treatment if the dressing-rooms be suffi- ciently warmed to be agreeable, say from 75° F. to 8o° F. This is quite important in the after-treatment (quod vz'de), and decidedly pleasant before the bath. Whatever degree of temperature is desired it should be reached gradually, if above ioo° F., and then steadily maintained throughout the duration of the bath, having a thermometer in each bathtub or plunge. Caution: Persons of weak constitutions and invalids reduced by disease, as well as delicate and convalescent patients, should on no account venture into the warm or hot mineral bath without medical advice. Hot baths should never be used by patients suffering with organic disease of the heart, nor by those who - are subject to hemorrhages of the lungs. A plethoric condi- tion of the body, with a tendency to cerebral congestion, indicated by vertigo, or swimming in the head, also contra- indicates hot bathing. Consumptives, especially the more advanced cases, do not receive much benefit from mineral waters, and the baths may, and often do, hasten the unhappy end if persistently used. DURATION OF THE BATH The time during which complete immersion is observed requires considerable attention. The mineral bath is a potent agent for good or for evil, and not by any means devoid of danger, if the temperature and the duration are not carefully watched and considered. The bather must be governed by the requirements and peculiarities of his individual case. For this purpose medical advice should be sought from time to time. As a rule, the bath at a temperature of 98° to ioo° F. for ten minutes acts as a stimulant and a tonic to the gen- eral system, and especially to the cutaneous surface. Immersion from 15 to 30 minutes in the same temper- ature (98 to 100 F.) produces a decidedly relaxant effect, 58 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA opening the twenty-eight miles of tubing and the 7,000,000 pores of the skin, dilating the capillaries, softening the mus- cles and tendons and inflammatory products surrounding a swollen joint, assisting in the excretion of the effete mate- rials, and allowing the absorption of many of the saline and mineral ingredients found in the mineral waters. This is the bath for joint affections — keeping the temperature at the desired point by allowing more hot water to flow in when necessary. The patient must be watched. If faintness or giddi- ness, or precordial or pulmonary oppression, occurs, the bath must be instantly discontinued and reaction brought on as rapidly as possible. (See treatment after bathing). Should it be deemed advisable or necessary to continue the bath for a longer period in order to produce more pro- nounced effects, then greater care must also be exercised ; when a prolonged bath is used, such as may be beneficial in many cases of cutaneous diseases and in scrofulous and syphilitic contaminations, then the temperature ought not to be above ioo° F. Bloodheat98.5° F. will always be agree- able and just as beneficial. In prolonged bathing always watch the heart's action. One cause of faintness and precordial oppression and labored breathing is the amount of water on top of the chest. It is not necessary to fill the bathtub so as to have six or twelve inches of water on your body. One or two inches above you is all that is necessary, and the weight is much less. The lower the temperature the longer must be the immersion to produce the same results, and vice versa. For a soothing and tonic effect, a bath lasting from five to fifteen minutes at a temperature of about ioo° F. will prove most beneficial. For complete relaxation and pro- fuse perspiration, this may be extended to thirty minutes. In the case of a decided tonic and stimulant action, the hot bath may be used at a temperature of io6?-io°F., for a period of two to five minutes. TREATMENT AFTER THE BATH 59 For the slow and continuous effect (used principally for skin diseases), a bath of 98°-99 Q F. for one, two or three hours, will be most serviceable. Treatment After the Bath It is important to establish complete reaction after bathing, be the temperature cold, warm or hot. The dressing-rooms and sweating-rooms should be comfortably warmed. Much additional comfort and benefit will accrue from having towels thoroughly warmed before using them for drying the patient. These are small matters, but of considerable importance in preventing bathers from becoming suddenly chilled by coming in contact with cold air and cold towels. Immediately after leaving the bath the cutaneous surface should be briskly rubbed and thoroughly dried with rough Turkish towels. Should reaction be feeble the flesh-rubber, or flesh-brush, or flesh-strap may be advan- tageously used to stimulate the integumentary circula- tion. In cases of retarded reaction, recourse may also be had to hot beef-tea or soup containing cayenne pepper, hot coffee, etc. In extreme cases Hoffman's anodyne (Spiritus Aetheris Compositus U. S. P.) fifteen to thirty drops in a hot whisky or brandy punch may be of great value. Let the bather observe the recumbent position, keeping him warm and continuing the rubbing process, and if the bath has not been indiscreetly used, reaction will soon follow. In many cases it may be desirable to promote profuse perspiration. Such patients are briskly rubbed and dried, and then wrapped in warmed woolen blankets and placed in a comfortable cot or couch in a warm room for an hour or two. After which the body is again thoroughly rubbed and dried and the patient is then dressed. It is also recommended in certain cases to use the cold douche after a hot bath. Weakly patients, or those suffering with acute inflammation in the joints or in the skin should not resort 60 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA to its use unless advised by the attendant physician, as the shock may be too great. After a warm or hot bath great care must be exercised to prevent the possibility of taking cold. Take a gentle walk or exercise slowly in the open air, providing the sea- son permits. If this can not be done, then quietly remain in your own apartments for an hour or two after each bath. It has been observed that in mineral water and saline water bathing much more tonic and stimulating effects are produced if reaction be thoroughly established than after bathing in ordinary water. Mineral baths are much more strengthening and more derivative to the surface and the entire system and can be taken consecutively for a much longer period than with the use of ordinary water. The lia- bility to take cold is also much less. It is an excellent plan to gently rub a stiff or sore joint with some stimulating and anodyne lotion after each hot bath. This seems to assist in the absorption of the inflammatory proliferation around the joint. Frequency of Bathing. The frequency of bathing must necessarily depend upon the disease for which the patient is being treated, the condition of the individual's strength, the duration of each bath, the reaction that follows and the temperature employed. At first the most benefit will probably accrue from the use of one or two baths per week. Then take a bath every other day, and, if necessary, one every day. It is a matter of great importance, arid as each case is an individual one the best advice can only be given by your physician. Caution. — Do not commence a course of treatment at the springs by bathing once or twice daily. The American fashion, as noted elsewhere, of hastening and rushing through everything may do well enough for business, but where the life of an individual or the treatment of an obstinate disease is at issue this plan is not only delete- rious, but may prove fatal to the life of the patient. BRIDAL VAIL FALLS " Upreared within the azure sky, L,ike temples leaf-crowned, vast and high They firmly stand ; No breeze can sway their massive strength, Or shake their mighty breadth and length, By tempests fanned ; Their first of life what man shall know, That sprung two thousand years ago ? ' ' Two thousand years ! two thousand years ! Of human sufferings, joys and tears, In ceaseless chase ; When these great structures had their birth Our Saviour had not walked the earth To save our race ; Yet then, amid their boughs on high, Time's diapasons swept them by." 62 mineral springs of california Minor Ablutions. Occasionally, in the treatment of young children, del- icate women and persons of feeble constitutions, it may be deemed unadvisable to immerse the whole body in any kind of water. For such as these we can recommend the partial bath. The writer has repeatedly treated subacute and chronic rheumatic affections with marked benefit by the partial bath, immersing only the affected member, hand or foot, in the hot water or mud bath. At the springs the hands, elbows, knees and hips maybe similarly treated, with good results. In most partial ablutions the duration of the time may be longer, the water hotter, and the bath taken more fre- quently if thought advisable. HOT SITZ BATH The sitz bath is of great value in many pelvic disor- ders peculiar to females. The sitz bath may also prove serviceable in rheumatic and joint troubles in the hips and gluteal region when a general bath cannot be taken. THE DOUCHE This is a powerful agent and must be used with due consideration. It consists of a jet of water, usually cold, which is discharged with considerable force against the body for a few seconds to a few minutes' duration. If the patient be strong enough to stand it, the cold douche taken after a hot bath produces a marked stimulating effect, pro- viding complete reaction is brought about. A capital use can be made of the douche by employing hot mineral water and allowing it to strike a swollen joint such as the knee. Considerable force may be employed and the douche applied one or more times daily. The douche, be it hot or cold, ought never to strike the head or the abdomen. THE UTERINE DOUCHE 63 THE SENTINEL ^^5 r f^- ! THE UTBRINK DOUCHE Several of tlie mineral waters used very hot (110-120° F.) by means of the douche have been found efficacious in the treatment of female disorders and uterine troubles, such as leucorrhcea, congestion, inflammation, menstrual irregulari- ties, etc., etc. For this purpose the patient observes a horizon- tal position and allows a gentle stream of hot mineral water to be directed into the vaginal cavity. The uterine douche may be applied twice daily for from five to ten minutes in duration, using several gallons of the hot sulphurous or 64 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA mineral water at each operation. This has proved a most valuable and admirable plan in these chronic disorders, and is well worth trying. THE SPINAL BATH This consists in having a jet of cold, warm or hot water gently strike up and down the spinal column — a douche, in other words, applied to the spine. A pail or pitcher may be used for pouring the water on the spine instead of the pipe, although the latter, being continuous, is much more efficacious. The spinal bath is recommended in the nervous disor- ders of females, especially that form of nervo-hysterical troubles frequently observed in the young ladies who are fond of late evening parties, theatres, balls, etc., and who spend most of the following day in bed or in the house reading exciting novels. The bath can be advantageously used from three to five minutes every morning, according to the. conditions of the patient. It should be followed by brisk rubbing and exer- cise in the open air. The shallow or slipper bath, dripping bath, sheet bath, or wet pack, etc., etc., are not used at mineral springs, and will not be dilated upon in this place. THE MUD OR MOOR BATH These mud baths have been in use on this coast for many years. The aborigines used them long before the pale-faced stranger arrived. Wonderful and miraculous cures are handed down in the traditions of the red men. Crude huts were erected over these mud springs, and many an Indian has traveled hundreds, of miles to bathe in a cer- tain spring. These ancient Indian moor baths have been exten- sively utilized at several of the mineral springs in California. Modern bathing facilities have been constructed, and mud THE MUD OR MOOR BATH 65 bathing has been reduced to a practical and scientific basis. A mud bath can be borne at a much higher tempera- ture than one of water, on account of its low conducting power of heat. This aids in the absorption of the saline and mineral constituents and volatile gases and acids. The baths are stimulating to the skin, promoting secretion and excretion, and are much extolled in the treatment of obsti- nate joint affections of rheumatic, gouty, syphilitic or strumous origin. In chronic hypertrophy of the liver and the spleen, inflammation of the pelvic organs, kidney and bladder troubles, and in old, indolent skin diseases the writer has witnessed decided improvements. The tempera- ture may be taken from ioo° to 120° F., with the same pre- cautions and observations noted under the head of water bathing. For a partial bath for hand, foot or knee the mud promises every advantage. For chronic rheumatism there is no better treatment instituted anywhere than these hot sulphurous and saline mud baths, together with the proper internal treatment. VAPOR AND GAS BATHS In many localities on this coast hot vapors and gases arise from the earth in conjunction with the mineral springs. The fumes are principally sulphurous, with a certain amount of steam from the water. Suitable apartments are arranged for bathing purposes. The rooms are so arranged that the heated steam and sul- phurous fumes can be regulated to any desired tempera- ture. A hot and a cold plunge bath also adjoin it. The temperature of the vapor may range from ioo° F. to 140 F., and the duration of a bath from a few seconds to several minutes. Care should be taken that no sulphurous (S0 2 ) or sulphuric (SO3) anhydride is present in the inhaled vapors, as these gases are poisonous. It is also necessary to watch the heart's action and the respiratory process lest the gases be too oppressive and produce serious results. 66 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA After a sweating vapor bath the plunge may be prescribed, after which the usual rubbing to establish reaction should be resorted to. If prolonged diaphoresis be desirable, wrap up the patient in a warm blanket and place him in the sweating-room for one or two hours. These natural vapor baths are very useful in catarrhal affections of the nose, pharynx, larynx and bronchial tubes. Chronic bronchitis and incipient phthisis improve by inhal- ing dry sulphurous vapors and mineral water steam. For inaction of the integument in chronic skin diseases the vapors have also proven beneficial. Partial vapor baths may also be taken ; and a limb, hand or foot can be encased in the hot steam. The mineral water and mud baths, and, indeed, the mineral springs themselves, are not held out as " cure-alls." The author merely desires to call attention to their utility and the proper method of their application. Thousands — yes, millions — are using mineral waters and bathing in mineral springs yearly with more or less benefit. Used intelligently, carefully and persistently as auxiliaries to the recognized internal treatment, there can be no doubt that natural mineral waters do assist in the alleviation of human suffering and in the cure of many of the obstinately chronic diseases which unfortunately attack our fellow- men. NOTE. — In making analyses of mineral waters and presenting them to the profession and public generally, it has been deemed expedient to employ the universal method of computing the mineral ingredients by the grains to the gallon. The more exact and scientific system of using grammes to the litre or parts per hundred or thousand, although superior, is not as universally adopted, and hence more imperfectly understood. Most of the analytical tables of foreign and domestic springs have, therefore, been reduced to conform to the analyses made by the author according to the old system of grains in each gallon of water. It will also be observed that all the salts of the same element are placed together, invariably beginning with those of sodium and following with those of potassium, magnesium, calcium, etc. The object in view has been to facilitate ready refer- ence, which is accomplished by this arrangement, and, as sodium chloride is nearly always present in mineral springs on this coast, it has been thought proper' to begin each analytical table with the most universal mineral ingredient. — The Author. VAPOR AND GAS BATHS 67 OCEAN SCULPTURE NEAR SANTA MONICA ; Imprimis, my darling, they drink The waters so sparkling and clear ; Though the flavor is none of the best, And the odor exceedingly queer ; But the fluid is mingled, you know, With wholesome medicinal things, So they drink, and they drink, and they drink, And that's what they do at the springs. ' ' In short — as it goes in the world — They eat, and they drink, and they sleep ; They talk, and they walk, and they woo ; They sigh, and they laugh, and they weep ; They read, and they ride, and they dance, (With other unspeakable things); They pray, and they play, and they pay, And that's what they do at the springs." Mineral and Thermal Springs of California i. adams springs These picturesque springs are in Lake county, two miles from Cobb's Valley, eight miles south of Clear Lake, and five miles from Glenbrook. They may be reached by the train which goes by way of Oakland Pier, Vallejo and Calistoga. From the last point a stage is taken which carries one along a pleasant mountain road hedged in on either side by man- zanita copses, scrub oaks, and towards the summit fragrant redwood trees. The resort itself lies among rolling hills which are thickly shrouded in verdant loveliness a greater part of the year. Beyond these hills lie the larger mountains of the Coast Range, banked to the summits with their heavy growths of redwood and pine. Fogs are rare in Lake county, and the air is uniformly dry, pure and balmy ; more like Nice in the south of France than one would sup- pose from the difference in latitude. The springs lie at an elevation of 3,300 feet above the sea level. Commodious quarters have been prepared for guests, and every effort is made to make every one feel at home. Hunting and fishing are excellent. Deer is rather scarce, but quail and rabbit are plenty ; and the Clear Lake fish bite rapidly. ADAMS SPRINGS MAIN SPRING— AIvKALO-CARBONATED WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 4.64 Calcium Carbonate 27.95 Sodium Carbonate 50.70 Calcium Sulphate 1.36 Sodium Bicarbonate 8.07 Ferrous Carbonate 55 Potassium Salts traces Silica 7.42 Magnesium Carbonate 97.90 Alumina traces Magnesium Sulphate traces • Organic Matter 2.60 Total Solids, 201.19 Gases Cubic inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 265.76 (68) MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 69 The water is cool and sparkling, and belongs to the alkaline-carbonated class. It is highly recruitive to per- sons suffering from chronic dyspepsia and portal conges- tion. It is also used for rheumatism. In cases of chronic Bright's disease it is reported to have especial efficacy. Chronic metritis has also been benefited. Facilities for hot and cold bathing have been provided, and the springs have acquired a high reputation, and are much frequented by visitors and invalids. ADAMS SPRINGS MAIN SPRING— ALKALO-CARBONATED WATER Pkof. Price and Mr. Hewston U. S. gal contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains. Sodium Chloride 4.112 Calcium Sulphate.... Sodium Carbonate 57.036 Ferrous Carbonate... .517 Sodium Bicarbonate Silica 7.218 Potassium Salts trace Alumina Magnesium Carbonate 99.022 Organic Matter 2.811 Magnesium Sulphate Nitric Acid trace Calcium Carbonate 28.714 Total Solids, 199.430 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonated Acid Gas, 304. 2. ^TNA SPRINGS iEtna Springs are located at the upper end of Pope Valley, at an altitude of 1,000 feet, in Napa County, sixteen miles northeast from the town of St. Helena. They are of easy access by rail via Napa to St. Helena and then by stage or carriage over a well-graded road. The drive is pleasant and full of interest ; winding around and over Mt. Howell, along the canon with its picturesque tangle of shrubbery, over brooks and mountain streams until the springs are reached. They are pleasantly situated in the midst of wild mountain surroundings. The atmosphere is delightfully dry and bracing, making one feel as though our primitive forefathers manifested their common sense when they scorned shelter of confining dwellings and lived 70 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA out in the open air. The humidity is very low, con- sequently the heat of the middle of the day is not felt. The exhilarating, balmy breezes of the afternoon give way to pleasantly cool evenings and perfect nights, insuring refreshing rest and sleep. In climate and natural surround- ings ^Etna springs are admirably located for a health as well as for a pleasure resort. There are ample accommoda- tions for guests at the hotel and several handsome cottages for private use. The grounds are particularly well adapted for camping parties. The mountains in the vicinity of the resort are well stocked with wild game and the streams afford good fishing. The temperature of the two principal mineral springs used for drinking purposes is about 98 F. The waters are sparkling, invigorating and tonic and slightly aperient. There are also springs having a temperature of 106 F., which are largely used for bathing, ample facilities having been provided for that purpose. Several other springs whose waters have not been analyzed are similar in compo- sition, with the addition of more iron. These are known as the " Iron- soda" springs and are much used for anaemic and wasting diseases, producing constructive metamor- phosis. ^Etna soda springs are rapidly gaining in public favor, and from the large number of visitors who go there yearly it is certain that decidedly beneficial results accrue from the use of the waters. Especially is this the case in the renal affections so frequent on this coast. Beneficial results are reported in rheumatism and neuralgia ; also in dyspep- sia, torpidity of the bowels, hepatic and uterine engorge- ment. There is considerable similarity between the noted Ems water of European fame and our California JStna soda, as may be observed by the following analyses. The Ems analyst is Professor Fresenius of Wiesbaden and the ^Etna analyst is J. A. Bauer of San Francisco, made sev- eral years ago. My own analysis was made in 1888: MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 71 ^STNA SODA ALKALINE WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 18S8 U. S. Gal. contains TJ. S. Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 28.75 Magnesium Sulphate 45 Sodium Carbonate 73.06 Calcium Carbonate 8.94 Sodium Sulphate 8.92 Ferrous Carbonate 05 Potassium Sulphate 56 Silica 09 Potassium Carbonate 13.23 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 134.17 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas, 63. / This analysis, made ten years after the preceding one, shows some little change in the composition of the water, Therapeutically, the change is probably for the better. There are several important mineral springs not yet named and but slightly developed, which will doubtless be as important remedial agents (and about which pleasure resorts will spring up when they are developed), as we find their improved sister springs to be. ^TNA SPRINGS ALKALINE WATER J. A. Bauer, Analyst Temperature 98° F. JEtna,1878 U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 29. Magnesium Carbonate 14. Sodium Carbonate 75. Calcium Carbonate 10. Sodium Sulphate 08. Ferrous Carbonate trace Potassium Sulphate trace Silica trace Total Solids, 136 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas, 58. 72 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA EMS ALKALINE WATER Prof. Fresenius, Analyst, Ems, 1871 Temperature 115 F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mitieial Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 62. Magn esium Carbonate 7 . Sodium Carbonate 84. Calcium Carbonate 10. Sodium Sulphate trace Ferrous Carbonates. ...trace Potassium Sulphate 3. Silica 3. Total Solids, 169. Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas, 59. 3. AGUAS CALIENTES In the southern portion of the State are located a num- ber of important mineral springs. Several of these in dif- ferent parts have been known as " Agua Caliente." Those situated in the Coahuila or Cabezon Valley, some ten miles south of White River, on Warner's ranch, fifty miles from San Diego city, in San Diego County, having acquired con- siderable celebrity especially among the native population. They are believed to be infallible remedies in syphilis and in cutaneous affections. These springs are situated on the slope of one of the ridges at the most easterly part of Warner's ranch. They are thermal, varying in tempera- ture from 58 F. to 142° F. The water boils up from a granite ledge through a number of openings or cleavage-fissures. It flows copi- ously, giving a volume of about a two inch pipe under MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 73 two foot pressure. Bubbles of sulphureted hydrogen and steam issue forth with considerable force, producing the characteristic smell of sulphur and clouds of vapor. At one place a small geyser has developed, emitting steam and water with a hissing sound. Incrustations of crystallized sulphur are deposited on the surrounding rock. (Blake.) The waters possess a sulphurous and a not unpleasant acid taste, and are much used for drinking and bathing purposes. Formerly several Indian families were in charge of the springs and gave visitors the best accommodations they had in their crude huts. Latterly, since the springs have become generally known, better accommodations and facilities have been provided. These hot sulphurous waters are highly recommended by many persons who have been there and used the baths and taken the waters. The diseases treated most fre- quently are rheumatism, sub-acute and chronic, syphi- litic contaminations and strumous diseases, cutaneous affections, and renal and hepatic engorgement. ANALYSIS Analyzed by Mr. Oscar Lcmw U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Carbonate 8.3 Lithia trace Sodium Sulphate trace Silica trace Sodium Chloride 31. Sulph-hydric acid trace Lime trace Organic Matter trace Magnesia trace Total Solids, 39.3 Gases not given. 4. AGUA CALIENTK Another Agua Caliente of some repute is located some thirty miles from Caliente station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad line in Kern county. These waters are also thermal and sulphureted. The temperature varies from 8o° F. to ioo° F. There is a small resort at the springs. I have not been able to obtain water for analysis. 74 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 5. AGUA DE VIDA SPRINGS. The springs are on the Arroyo Mucho, among the foothills of Cedar Mountain, southeast of Livermore, and at an elevation of 1,700 feet. There are a number of min- eral waters on the place, both carbonated and sulphureted. The lower drinking spring is of light carbonated water, which is clear, sparkling and extremely palatable. In action it is tonic, antacid, diuretic and aperient. The upper or larger spring is mildly sulphurous, saline and laxative. These mineral springs were used many years ago, not only by the early settlers, but by the natives who dwelt in the valley before them. Extensive improvements are being made on the grounds, consisting of a magnificent hotel surrounded by commodious family cottages. The grounds, which are naturally picturesque, will be still further enhanced by the construction of broad driveways, rustic bridges, cool arbors, in fact everything that can add in any way to the luxurious comfort of the guests. Being only three hours' ride from San Francisco by rail, and possessing in the highest degree delightful cli- matic advantages, this ought to become a favored resort for health as well as pleasure seekers. We find a number of springs here, most of them being carbonated. The principal drinking spring is found on analysis to yield as follows : AGUA DK VIDA SPRINGS "LOWER SPRING "—LIGHT CARBONATED WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyist, 1888 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 4.02 Calcium Carbonate 13.75 Sodium Carbonate 3.65 Calcium Sulphate 10 Sodium Sulphate 14.73 Alumina 37 Potassium Carbonate 55 Silica 42 Magnesium Carbonate 7.95 Organic Matter trace Magnesium Sulphate 46 Total Solids, 46.00 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 19.25 MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 75 This comes under the head of light carbonated water, gently aperient and diuretic, an excellent antacid in many- cases of dyspepsia. In several cases of cystitis, congestion of kidneys, etc., etc., I have found it of great benefit. There are other springs said to contain iron, and still others are lightly sulphurous. These latter are used for anaemia, chronic malarial toxsemia, chlorosis and rheumatic troubles. Further analyses will be made in the near future. AGUA DE VIDA SPRINGS "LOWER SPRING "— LIGHT CARBONATED WATER (Unknown Analyst.) U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredient* Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 3.68 Magnesium 8.89 Sodium Carbonate 25 Calcium Carbonate 15.50 Sodium Sulphate 12.45 Silica 42 Total Solids, 41.19 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas Not determined This spring is one of the light carbonated mineral waters, gently laxative and diuretic, and excellent in certain forms of dyspepsia, liver and kidney troubles, etc. The writer has used it in a number of cases of cystitis with marked success. The springs have only lately been developed. A good hotel is built, and several cottages are nearing com- pletion for summer occupation. Bathing facilities are also being constructed. The route of travel is to Livermore on the Central Pacific Railroad, and thence by carriage a few miles to the springs. AGUA DE VIDA SPRINGS "UPPER" OR IvARGERSPRING— LIGHT SALINO-SULPHURETED WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, '89 Temperature 57.5° F. V. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 5.07 Calcium Carbonate 11.92 Sodium Carbonate 2.25 Calcium Sulphate 4.35 Sodium vSulphate 17.50 Manganese Carbonate... traces Potassium Carbonate traces Alumina 40 Magnesium Carbonate 3.19 Silica 55 Magnesium Sulphate 8.70 Organic Matter traces Total Solids, 53.93 Gases Cubic inches Sulphureted Hydrogen, 2.74 Carbonic Acid Gas 9.25 76 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA This mineral water is of service in dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver and bowels, rheumatism, glandular affections, renal troubles and skin diseases. It would also be an excellent bathing water. 6. ALABASTER CAVE SPRING Located in El Dorado county. 7. ALAMEDA WARM SPRINGS Near San Jose, in Alameda county. These are all alka- line and carbonated. 8. ALDER GLEN SPRING Situated two and a half miles from Cloverdale, in Sonoma county, which is now being developed. 9. ALKALI SPRINGS Several alkali springs are situated in the northern end of Mono county. There are no analyses and no improvements. Alkali springs, eight miles northwest of Quincy. No analysis. Alkali springs, one mile above the mouth of Spanish creek. No analysis has reached us. II. ALKALINE LAKES Several large sheets of alkaline waters, fed by springs, are found in Modoc county about fifteen miles southeast of Alturas. No analysis. There is also a small alkaline lake in Lake county, near Clear Lake. Not analyzed. 12. ALLEN SPRINGS These valuable mineral springs are situated in the Coast Range of mountains in Lake county. They lie in a canon near the head of Cache creek, some forty miles MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 77 west of the town of Williams, and three miles east of Bart- lett Springs. The altitude is 1,800 feet above tide water. The resort and springs are beautifully situated in the canon recess, shaded by huge oaks and towering pines, and surrounded by evergreen hills. The climate is delightful and salubrious, the atmosphere braciug and invigorating, and the evening air cool and pleasant. Out-of-door living is charming for a large portion of each year. There is good hunting and fishing near by, quite a consideration for overworked brains and underworked bodies reared in the cities like hot-house plants. There are three alkaline and two ferruginous springs on the place. All are cool and pleasantly aerated with carbonic anhydride. The " Soda " spring, cool and spark- ling, makes a delicious drink, which may be improved by adding a little syrup. The waters are all gently aperi- ent, and have gained considerable reputation in chronic hepatic and renal affections associated with dropsy. Dys- pepsia, chronic constipation, chronic malarial disorders, etc., are reported alleviated and cured by using the waters. The resort has ample accommodations and sets a good table. Hot and cold bathing conveniences have been erected. There is also a hot steam bath, the water being artificially heated for this purpose. The grounds afford good camping facilities. The following qualitative analysis is reported by Prof. W. T. Wenzell: ALI/EN SPRINGS Mineral Ingredients Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride Magnesium Bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate Calcium Bicarbonate Sodium Sulphate Ferrous Phosphate Potassium Chloride Silica Magnesium Chloride The water is strongly charged with carbonic acid gas. The salts of sodium and magnesium predominate, while the 78 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA relative amount of calcium salt is small ; therefore, the medicinal value of these waters is superior. On analysis I find the water to yield : ALLEN SPRINGS ALKALO-SALINE Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 Temperature 58° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain s- Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 23.16 Magnesium Chloride... .63 ' Sodium Bicarbonate 4.25 Calcium Bicarbonate .. 20. 14 Sodium Sulphate 78 Calcium Phosphate 55 Potassium Chloride 1.90 Ferrous Carbonate 93 Magnesium Bicarbonate 27.40 Organic Matter trace Potassium Bicarbonate 75 Total Solids, 84.20 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 36. Samples of other springs were also analyzed and found tc differ in some important particulars, viz.: in containing larger amounts of iron and less of magnesia and soda, and being less strongly aerated, rendering these springs more tonic and strengthening, and the former more antacid, diuretic and laxative. 13. ALUM ROCK SPRINGS These springs are located in a romantic canon with an unromantic name — "Penitentiary Canon" — on the western slope of the Coast Range, about seven miles northeast of San Jose, in Santa Clara County. The canon is so named in consequence of the habit among the early Jesuits on this coast of assembling there to perform penance. The drive to San Jose is one of unusual grandeur, especially during the last two miles of the road, presenting an ever varying scene of ruggedness and natural beauty. Much of the roadbed is hewn out of the solid rock on the mountain side. The canon is densely wooded, and the almost perpendicular cliffs shade the carriage drive, making MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 79 it delightfully cool and pleasant even in the hottest part of the day. The nearness of these springs to San Jose, and the splendid accommodations offered at the hotel, with the many natural advantages in consequence of the glorious Garden City climate, to say nothing of the health-giving constituents of the mineral waters, make Alum Rock Springs a favorite resort for tourists, Summer visitors and invalids. The temperature in Summer is rarely above 90° F.. and in Winter never too low for comfort. Trout and mountain quail abound, affording good sport for the rod and gun. There are several springs in activity at Alum Rock. The principal " soda" or drinking water is found on quan- titative analysis to contain : ALUM ROCK SPRINGS ALKALINE WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 U. S. Ga1. contains U. S, Gal, contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 10.21 Calcium Carbonate 19.05 Sodium Carbonate 7.14 Manganese Carbonate trace Potassium Carbonate 76 Ferrous Carbonate trace Magnesium Carbonate 8.92 Alumina.,. 6.45 Magnesium Sulphate 7.16 Silica 2.52 Total Solids, 02.21 Free Carbonic Acid Gas, Excess chalybeate; springs ALUM ROCK SPRINGS— CHALYBEATE AND ALKALINE Prof. Hatch, Analyst U. S. Gal. contains U. S.Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Ferrous Oxide 30 Potassa 20 Alumina 15 Chlorine 1.60 Manganese 70 Sulphydric Acid 3.30 Soda 3.40 Total Solids (anhydrous), 9.65 It is well to mention that in this analysis the salts and elements are reduced to an anhydrous state. The same analysis with the water of crystallization would probably weigh several times more. 80 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA There are also two sulphur springs at a temperature of 85 F. These are used for bathing purposes. Alum Rock Springs have gained considerable reputation in the treat- ment of anaemia, chlorosis, chronic malaria, nervous pros- tration and debility. They ought to be of especial value in the hasmorrhagic diathesis, menorrhagia, etc., on account of the iron, alum and acids the waters contain. THROUGH LAKE COUNTY A lake that seems a silver mirror, swung Up near the clear blue sky, Around whose loveliness the guardian hills In circling beauty lie. Mountains that hide within their silent breasts Ashes of fires spent, Whose torches lighted through the night of Time Chaos' black firmament. Cedars and pines that strike their piercing roots In cold volcanoes' hearts, That throbbed their lives out -in some dead world grief As human pain departs. Valleys whose curves are like the carved designs The hand of genius makes, Inheritors of all the riches left By long departed lakes. Unnumbered springs and rills that from the Earth L,eap forth in melody And take, down mountain side and valley sweep, Their graceful, sinuous way. This lake, that lonely watched through untold years Orion his pathway trace Now takes, in Beauty's western wonderland, A proud and honored place. Ill 111 \ , If f'' 4 HHHlflNljPH *™li I II IwWfi ..llillilll 82 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Above the tombs of countless ages dead — Nature's mute battle-fields — Beauty and Strength have wrought their mysteries, Order his scepter wields. The burned-out passion of a dead world's pain This granite dust of Time Is re-incarnated in the lovely forms Of flower, and tree, and vine. The Spirit of the Past that wrought its work And seemed to pass away, Through loam and vine and grape is born again The rich wine of to-day. The old-world trees whose lavishness of leaf Formed this rich valley soil, Yielded their lives in travel, to the fruits That now reward our toil. Thus ceaselessly the mystic whirl of Life Makes its eternal round, No link is lost, no hurry mars its sweep — One perfect Whole is found. — Carrie Stevens Walter. ANDERSON MINERAL SPRINGS These valuable mineral springs are situated in Lake County, nineteen miles from Calistoga, five miles from Mid- dletown, and ten miles from the Great Geysers. They are of easy access by stage from the termini of the railroads, Calistoga and Cloverdale. The mountain roads are well kept, and the stage ride is one of the most picturesque in the State. The ever changing scene of hill and dale, forest and shrubbery, brooks with ferns and mosses, all combine to produce one of those pleasing scenes which one loves to mentally recall and review with realistic vividness. The springs and health resort are themselves roman- tically located in a cozy nook in a small canon, surrounded by forests and picturesque waterfalls. 84 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The climate is famous in Lake County ; and in and around the springs, in the pine groves, the climate is unri- valed. The atmosphere is balmy and exhilarating, and free from humidity. One could live out-of-doors for six months in the year. The worshiper at Nature's shrine, the lover of grand and varied scenery, will find all that can be desired at the Anderson Springs. The perennial mountain streams that softly murmur past the cottages, the bright water sliding over mossy banks and beds of pebbles, breaking into showers of sparkling diamonds ; the caves, cascades and waterfalls ; the cool, leafy dells ; the cozy nooks and com- manding outlooks; the conical shaped hills, covered with evergreen trees; the profound silence and solitude of the forest, where one can commune with one's inmost self, and where one might almost expect to surprise Pan and his pipes — all, in the glistening moonlight or brighter rays of old Sol — make a picture that only the pen of a Thoreau could describe or the pencil of a Bierstadt display. Hunting and fishing are found in abundance all the year round. During the season invalids and pleasure seekers come to Anderson Springs by the thousands and enjoy the invigorating mineral waters and the bracing mountain air. The hotel and cottages afford ample accommodations, with every facility for comfort. The table is superior. For camping and outdoor life the grounds around the springs are well adapted. Miss Joey Anderson, the pro- prietress, is untiring in her efforts to please her guests and make them comfortable. There are nine principal mineral springs. The main drinking spring is the "Cold Sulphur;" it is located about one hundred and fifty yards from the hotel. It is a saline and mildly sulphureted water, very useful in chronic skin diseases of strumous and syphilitic origin. In liver and bowel troubles, glandular congestion, uterine and ovarian ANDERSON SULPHUR SPRINGS 85 engorgement the water has been found of special value. It is aperient, diuretic and alterative in its action. "ANDERSON SULPHUR SPRINGS "—ANALYSIS MILD ALKALO-SULPHURETED WATER Dr. WiNStow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 Temperature 63° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients . Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 1.09 Calcium Carbonate 20.40 Sodium Carbonate 9.27 Calcium Sulphate 9.10 Sodium Sulphate 6.18 Ferrous Carbonate 46 Potassium Salts traces Arsenious Salts traces Magnesium Carbonate 11.73 Silica 2.45 Magnesium Sulphate 16.95 Organic Matter traces Total Solids, 77.63 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 243.50 Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.20 Another valuable water is the " Iron Spring." Its action is tonic, laxative and restorative, of value in anaemia, chlorosis and diseases requiring recuperative agents. It is clear and sparkling, and palatable to the taste. ANALYSIS ANDERSON SPRINGS "IRON SPRING" MILD CHALYBEATE WATER Geo. E. Colby, Analyst, July, 1889 Temperature 124° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 183 Alumina 093 Sodium Bicarbonate 196 Boracic Acid (with spec- Sodium Sulphate 3.421 troscope) Strong test Potassium Sulphate 1.168 Lithium (with spectro- Magnesium Sulphate 7.359 scope). .Well marked test Calcium Sulphate 10.884 Manganous Carbonate.1.772 Calcium Phosphate 154 Silica 4.217 Ferrous Carbonate 1.184 Organic Matter Small Total Solids, 30.631. Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas 25.8 86 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA THE "SOUR" SPRING This is one of the few mineral springs in California containing free sulphuric acid. Its sour taste was sup- posed to be due to alum, but from the following analysis, made for me by Mr. George E. Colby of the university, it will be seen that there is no alum present. The sour spring waters have proved very beneficial in haemorrhages of lungs, menorrhagia, dyspepsia, etc. The water is tonic, astringent and gently laxative, pleasant to drink and of value in malarial poisoning and blood-glandular diseases. ANDERSON SPRINGS— "SOUR SPRING" SALINO-ACIDULOUS WATER George K. Colby, Analyst Temperatw e 64.3° F. JULY, 1889 U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 082 *Aluminium Sulphate 7.112 Sodium Sulphate 492 Boracic Acid (withspecro- Potassium Sulphate 866 scope) strongtest Magnesium Sulphate 4.766 Lithium (with spec). .well marked test Calcium Sulphate 2.073 Ammonia (manganousSul) .326 Ferric Sulphate 634 Silica 3.943 Organic Matter traces Total Solids, 20.294 Gases Cubic Inches Free Sulphuric Acid 1.225 Total Mineral Ingredients, 21.519 * A microscopical examination of the residue obtained by slow evaporation does not show any characteristic crystals of alum. The "Bellmer" spring, so named after Mr. Bellmer of San Francisco, who used it for several years during the Summer season with marked benefit in rheumatism, torpid- ity of the liver and irritation of the kidneys. The water is salino-sulphurous, laxative and antacid in its action. ANDERSON SPRINGS 87 ANDERSON SPRINGS— " BELLMER SPRING" LIGHT SALINO-SULPHUROUS Dr. Winsi,ow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 74? F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 64 Ferrous Carbonate 12 Sodium Bicarbonate 1.32 Arsenic traces Sodium Sulphate 7.91 Alumina traces Potassium Carbonate traces Borates strong traces Magnesium Carbonate 2.74 Lithium traces Magnesium Sulphate 8 40 Silica 4.20 Calcium Carbonate 12.63 Organic Matter traces Calcium Sulphate 9.17 Total Solids, 47.13 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 149.6 Free Sulphureted Hydrogen, 9.47 The " Magnesia" or " Father Joseph" spring is an active laxative, rich in Epsom and Glauber's salt. Another spring, known as the " Caro," is carbonated, and much used in kidney and bladder irritation. Dr. Woolsey, of Oakland, has named one of these springs the " Cosmopolitan," because he considers it gen- erally applicable for tourists and pleasure seekers. It is a pleasant drinking water, gently laxative in its action, and of universal use. One of the most valuable springs at the Anderson resort is the " hot sulphurous" or "bathing spring." These waters have a temperature of 145. 5 F., and are very beneficial in rheumatism and chronic joint swellings, and skin diseases. Excellent facilities for bathing have been constructed, and the baths are extensively patronized. There is an abundance of hot sulphurous steam highly extolled in the treatment of weak lungs, chronic bronchitis and incipient phthisis, and catarrhal affections of the nose and throat. Many persons have experienced much relief from the inhalation of these vapors. 88 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA ANDERSON SPRINGS— " HOT SPRING" THERMAL-SULPHUROUS Geo. E. Colby, Analyst, July, 1889 Temperature 145.5° F- U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 443 Arsenic traces Sodium Bicarbonate 320 Alumina traces Sodium Sulphate 5.518 Boracic Acid (with spec- Potassium Sulphate 1.360 troscope strong test Magnesium Carbonate... 1.893 Lithium (with spectro- Magnesium Sulphate 6.010 scope) well-marked test Calcium Caroonate 10.397 Manganus Carbonate 636 Calcium Sulphate 3.908 Silica 6.600 Calcium Phosphate 164 Organic Matter small Ferrous Carbonate 133 Total Solids, 37.382 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 70.20 Free Sulphureted Hydrogen Gas, 3.34 THE CATARRH SNUFF OR POWDER On the rocks over the hot sulphurous and vapor springs are deposited incrustations of the vaporized minerals. This is carefully collected and powdered, and used as snuff in cases of chronic catarrhal troubles. The snuff has already gained quite a name, and is said to afford almost instant relief. Even in acute coryza or colds in the throat it produces an agreeable effect, and shortens the attack. The following analysis is made from the dried powder : ANDERSON SPRINGS— ANALYSIS "CATARRH POWDER" INCRUSTATIONS ON ROCKS Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100 Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100 Sodium Chloride 2.16 Arsenious Salts traces Sodium Carbonate 3.73 Alumina traces Sodium Sulphate 6.67 Lithium traces Potassium Salts 1.10 Borates. 43 Magnesium Carbonate 5.18 Manganesium Salts 74 Magnesium Sulphate 8.70 Silica 8.55 Calcium Carbonate 36.45 Organic Matter 1.44 Calcium Sulphate 9.13 Water and Loss 14.53 Ferrous Oxide 1.19. Total, 100.00 ANDERSON SPRINGS 89 Thousands of people are benefited at Anderson Springs every year. The waters, as will be seen from the foregoing complete analysis, are among the finest in the State, and the pine forests, elevation and climate are of unquestionable value in many sub-acute and chronic dis- eases. As a pleasure resort it is one of the loveliest spots on the coast. ANTI-FAT SPRINGS These springs are located in San Bernardino County, twelve miles from Temescal. The waters are alkalo-saline in character. A glassful taken three or four times daily relieves the portal and intestinal circulation, producing gentle purgation and thereby a lessening in bodily weight, hence the name. There is a small resort at the springs. I have been unable to obtain water enough for a careful chemical analysis in time for this work. 14. ARROWHEAD HOT SPRINGS These springs are located ten miles from Colton, in the San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County. They are at an elevation of 1,600 feet above the sea. The Arrowhead Springs number twenty or more, and the combined volume of hot water issuing from the granite and limestone formation is very large. It has been likened to .a good-sized millstream (Blake). The water is very hot, several springs having a temperature of 172° F. to 210° F.; ■others range from 166° F. to 108" F. The springs form one of the tributaries of the Santa Ana River. The springs are largely calcic or earthy; and contain : Calcium Carbonate. Magnesium Carbonate. Alumina. Ferrous Carbonate. Silica. Phosphoric Acid. 90 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The Arrowhead Springs are so named from being at the foot of what is known as "Arrowhead " Mountain, which has a large spot on the side facing the springs that is com- paratively free from brush and shaped just like an Indian's arrow. The length is 1,320 feet, and the breadth from shoulder to shoulder 350 feet. This space forms a con- spicuous landmark for miles around. When the Mormons first settled there they used it for part of their religious ceremony, and it was known as the "Lord's mighty arrow- head" for the wicked. These springs first came into general notice in 1858. Prior to that time the natives used to bring their sick and camp around the springs. They have gained favorable notice of late years in the treatment of cutaneous affections and rheumatism. A large artificial pond has been erected for bathing purposes, the dimensions of which are 100 by 75 feet (Prof. McNutt). There are also a number of hot soft mud baths,, which the Indians used extensively in former years and which had the reputation of being a certain cure for syphilis. A large resort ought to be built at Arrowhead Moun- tain in the near future, as the springs are of undoubted value. 15. ARROYO GRANDE SPRINGS These springs are located in San Luis Obispo County, fourteen miles north of the city. The waters are alkaline and carbonated and much used locally in bladder and urethral irritation and inflammation. There is a small resort at the springs. 1 6. AZUEE SPRINGS These are located twelve miles west of San Jose, in Santa Clara County. The name is derived from the Span- ish word azule, meaning blue. As the mountains in which AZULE SPRINGS 91 these valuable springs are situated have a bluish tint when viewed from a distance, so the springs came to be known as the blue springs in early days. The mineral water flows pure and sparkling from the subterranean chemical laboratory at an elevation of one thousand feet above the sea level. The grounds are owned by Hon. J. W. Ryland of San Jose, and while there is no resort on the place, the waters are bottled and shipped in large quantities to all parts of the State. The mean temperature of the air is 62 F. and the mean rainfall not excessive, being only 31 inches. The temperature of the spring water is 59. 6° F. It is carbonated and pungent and is very similar to the famous seltzer of Nassau in Germany. Its action is antacid, aperient, diuretic and tonic, and it is of great value in dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver and the intestinal tract, increasing the process of secretion and excretion, and eliminating the morbific waste materials in the visceral and cutaneous systems. It is highly useful in habitual consti- pation, alcoholic dyspepsia, Bright's disease, uric and lithic acids in the urine, etc. On analysis one gallon of the water from the principal spring is found to contain : AZULE SPRINGS HEAVY CARBONATED (LAXATIVE) WATER Dr Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 Temperature 59.6" U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 86.73 Magnesium Chloride 17.42 Sodium Carbonate 52.19 Calcium Carbonate 10.05 Potassium Chloride 10.90 Silica 3.20 Potassium Carbonate 2.85 Organic Matter 18 Magnesium Carbonate 78.16 Total Solids, 261.69 Gases Grains Free Carbonic Acid Gas 153.77 17. BARTLETT SPRINGS These famous springs are situated on the western slope of the mountain ranges near the head of Cache 92 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Creek, in the northeastern portion of Lake County. They are reached via Oakland, Vallejo and Calistoga and thence by easy stage, or by Sacramento and Williams, or by way of Cloverdale. LATEST ROUTE "Formerly there were 35 miles of staging from the Sacramento Valley via Bites, and 55 to 60 miles via either Calistoga and Lower Lake, or Cloverdale and Lakeport. Now, the San Francisco passengers will stop at Hopland, and, after a stage-ride of 16^ miles over an easy grade, will reach Lakeport to enjoy the steamer-ride of ten miles across the lake, while 14 miles more of staging brings them to Bartlett; so that passengers leaving San Francisco at 7:15 A. m. will get to Hopland about noon, Lakeport between 3 and 4 p. m., and Bartlett's in time for supper at 7 o'clock on the same day, and at an expense of about $2 less than by the old routes." The distance is about 150 miles from San Francisco. The springs are located at an altitude of 2,325 feet above the sea. They are near the pine forests of the summits, in perfectly pure atmosphere. At this elevation the temper- ature is io° F. cooler in Summer than in the valley 1,000 feet below. It averages 85 F. for Summer months. Humidity and fogs are seldom noticed. THE DISCOVERY OF BARTEETT SPRINGS Mr. Green Bartlett of Kentucky, having early suffered with rheumatism, came to this coast in 1856 in the hopes of being benefited by the climate. During one of his camping trips in Lake County Mr. Bartlett was taken ill with his rheumatism and happened to camp near the pres- ent springs. In the course of his disease he drank freely from the sparkling waters and rapidly convalesced. The springs were then taken up and a resort established. The springs are picturesquely located, with huge oaks and pines THE DISCOVERY OF BART LETT SPRINGS 93 to shade the now cultivated grounds. The hotel and cot- tages are excellently kept and offer facilities for about one thousand persons. The main Bartlett spring is quite a curiosity. It is walled with artificial stone and surrounding it is laid pave- ment of the same material. A jar-shaped chamber about two feet in diameter and three feet in height is constructed directly over the spring, having outlets similar to those of a public fountain. It is estimated that the spring flows about no gallons per hour. One outlet flows in pipes to the bottling house and another leads into the hotel for the use of guests. There are also a number of other springs at the resort. One of these, some little distance away, is known as the "gas well." It is continually bubbling- up with great force, resembling a boiling spring, yet the tem- perature was found in 1888 to be 54 F. This remarkable gas spring emits a large quantity of carbonic acid gas. It is asserted that if birds or animals remain at the spring for a few seconds they are sure to die from asphyxiation. The -water is strongly carbonated and said by many persons who have tried it to be a sure cure for corns. South of the hotel are the "soda" spring, the "iron" spring and the " magnesia" spring. There are also several cold sulphur springs. The springs are all charged with carbonic anhy- dride and are pleasant, sparkling carbonated waters. Thou- sands of persons visit Bartlett every year and much benefit has accrued from the use of the waters in chronic malarial and rheumatic affections, chronic uterine diseases, etc. The waters are diuretic, laxative and alterative in their effects. Bathing facilities have also been added. The mineral and sulphurous waters are artificially heated for this purpose. The following analysis was made by Geo. K. Colby some years ago : 94 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA BARTLETT SPRINGS CARBONATED WATER Geo. E. Colby, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 500 Iron Compounds traces Sodium Bicarbonate 1.050 Silica 3.469 Potassium Bicarbonate 390 Lithium traces Magnesium Carbonate C.620 Barium Carbonate 054 Calcium Carbonate 30.141 Stontium none Calcium Phosphate 494 Boracic Acid traces Calcium Sulphate 626 Organic Matter traces Total Solids, 43.349 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas 242.1 Ammonia, .03 parts per million BARTLETT MINERAL SPRINGS LIGHT CARBONATED WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson", Analyst, 1888 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 54 Calcium Sulphate 63 Sodium Bicarbonate , 1.21 Ferrous Carbonate 51 Potassium Bicarbonate 36 Barium Carbonate traces Magnesium Carbonate 7.74 Silica 3.73 Magnesium Sulphate 1.62 Lithium traces Calcium Carbonate 29.07 Borates traces Calcium Phosphate 50 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 45.91 Free Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Anhydride 224.56 It. is worthy of remark that in a number of instances I have found these superficial springs to change in compo- sition in the course of years, or suddenly in the case of earthquakes. They are always changed by the surface waters and during rainy seasons, so that an analysis made in the spring of the year would necessarily be a little dif- fered from one made in the fall, even though carefully per- formed under the same conditions and b}^the same analyst. l8. BEAR VALLEY HOT SPRINGS In San Bernardino County, near Bear Lake and north of San Bernardino Peak, are situated a number of hot BEAR VALLEY HOT SPRINGS 95 springs. The waters are saline and calcic. The inhabi- tants in the vicinity nse the water for kidney and bladder affections. Water for analysis has not been obtainable. 19. BENTON HOT SPRINGS Near Benton, in Mono County, is a very hot spring. It has a diameter of eighteen feet, and flows 2,700 cubic feet per hour. The temperature is 135° F. The waters are slightly alkaline, and much used for bathing purposes. It is claimed that an agreeable softness of the skin is obtained by its external use. The water is also used internally for rheumatism, gravel, etc. On evaporation it leaves very little residue, which is found to contain carbonates of sodium, magnesium and calcium. 20. BERKELEY SODA SPRINGS These excellent soda springs are located about ten miles south of Summit Station, on the C. P. R. R , in Placer County. They are the same as those we describe later on as the " Summit Soda Springs," by which name they are generally known. 21. BIG HOT SPRINGS In Lassen County, some three miles north of Honey Lake, we find a large hot saline spring several feet in diameter. The water is constantly boiling up in a large stream, and forms one of the wonders of that section of the country. It has a temperature of 200 F., and flows 2,700 cubic inches per hour. There is no resort, and the water is not utilized. 96 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 22. BIG SULPHUR SPRING In section 36, township 32 s. and range 21 east, Mount Diablo meridian, is located a large sulphur spring. It is not improved. BITTER SPRING 97 23. BITTER SPRING This unique spring is situated in San Bernardino County, about eighteen miles north of Camp Cody. It is a cold saline spring. The water is not used commercially, nor is there any resort at the place. The water is rich in magnesium sulphate (Epsom salt), hence its name. It is much used locally for " bilious" attacks. 24. BLACK LAKE This is quite a sheet of water, fed by several springs. It is located in Mono County, one mile west of Benton. The water is sulphurous and saline. Not used. 25. BLACK SULPHUR SPRINGS A number of these black sulphurous iron springs are located in section 4, township 32 s., range 18 e. No resort. 26. BLANK'S HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS These hot sulphur springs are located in Colusa County, and are the private property of Mrs. Lottie Blank. The waters are used locally for purposes of bathing and drinking, and have acquired considerable fame in the treatment of chronic skin diseases and rheumatic troubles, etc. There is only a local resort. 27. blodgett's Spring These excellent mineral springs are picturesquely located in the Coast Range of mountains, about eight miles west of Gilroy. They are of easy access by the Southern Pacific Railway to Gilroy, and from there by daily stage to the springs. 98 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The springs are under the personal supervision of Mr. Blodgett, who has erected a hotel and several comfortable cottages. The surroundings are beautiful. The atmos- phere is pure, balmy and invigorating, and the mineral waters and mineral baths are of great therapeutic value. One of the principal waters on the premises is the " Soda Spring." Its waters are found on analysis to be ant- acid, diuretic, aperient and tonic, and of great value in acid dyspepsia and catarrh of the stomach, constipation, kidney and bladder troubles. The analysis shows that the spring is alkalo-carbon- ated and lightly sulphureted. BLODGETT SPRINGS— "SODA SPRING" ALKALO-CARBONATED AND SULPHURETED Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 8.20 Calcium Carbonate 7.31 Sodium Carbonate 9.92 Calcium Sulphate 2.19 Sodium Sulphate trace Ferrous Carbonate trace Potassium Chloride trace Alumina 4.13 Potassium Iodide trace Borates trace Potassium Carbonate 47 Silica 4.11 Magesium Carbonate 6.65 Organic Matter (race Magnesium Sulphate 1.15 Total Solids, 44.13 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 9.25 Sul ph ureted Hy drogen trace The next most important spring is the " Sulphur." It also is antacid, laxative, tonic and diuretic, besides acting on the liver, kidneys and blood-glandular system. This water is good for rheumatism and sciatica, swelling of the joints and skin diseases. Excellent bathing facilities have been constructed, and Blodgett's Springs are rapidly gain- ing in reputation as a health and pleasure resort. BLODGETT SPRINGS 99 BLODGETT SPRINGS—" SULPHUR SPRING " ALKALO-CARBONATED AND SULPHURETED Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 10.75 Calcium Carbonate 74 Sodium Carbonate 3.14 Calcium Sulphate 4.90 Sodium Sulphate 2.78 Ferrous Carbonate trace Potassium Chloride traces Alumina trace Potassium Iodide traces Borates traces Potassium Carbonate 3.55 Silica 5.42 Magnesium Carbonate 7.10 Organic Matter 70 Magnesium Sulphate 9.63 Total Solids, 48.71 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 3.75 Sulphureted Hydrogen 7.25 28. BOILING LAKES In Plumas County, seven miles south of Lassen's Peak, are a number of hot bubbling and boiling springs. They are located quite close together, and several of them coalesce, forming lakes. The waters are alkaline. No resort. 29. BOILING SPRINGS On the east side of Dry Salt Lake, and on the west side of Resting Mountain, in Inyo County, are several hot and boiling springs. The waters are reported alkaline. 30. BOILING SULPHUR SPRINGS Several of these boiling sulphur springs are very picturesquely located on the south branch of Owen's River, northwest of Long Valley, in Mono County. They could be made valuable as a resort. The waters are alkalo-sul- phureted and well calculated for the treatment of many diseases for which these sulphur waters are frequently used. There are no improvements. 100 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 31. BONANZA HOT AND COLD SPRINGS These springs are located in a sequestered spot on the side of the mountain, among the pines and old oaks. It is one of the coolest and pleasantest places in Lake County during the heated summer season. The springs are two miles from Seigler's, six miles from Glenbrook and eight miles from Lower Lake. The elevation is about 2,500 feet. There are several pleasant carbonated waters on the place. One of these — the " Cold Soda," is a sparkling antacid water, containing diuretic and aperient properties. On qualitative analysis the Soda Spring is found to contain : Sodium Carbonate, Potassium Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Magnesium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Silica, And Free Carbonic Acid Gas. Another spring close by is found to be sulphureted and has a temperature of 84.2 ° F. This is used principally for bathing. It yields on analysis : Sodium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride, Magnesium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Sulphate, Silica, And Free Sulphureted Hydrogen Gas. This is found beneficial in gouty and strumous joint affections. The chalybeate spring has found a large use b}?- the ansemic and pale-faced overworked city people who go to the resort. There is good gunning and fishing all the year round. BORAX POND 101 32. BORAX POND This remarkable pond is situated about half a mile east of the lower end of Clear Lake in Lake County. The water is highly charged with biborate of soda (borax). During the dry season this water largely evaporates, and the borax, crystallizing out, is found around the margin of the pond. Twenty-five to thirty years ago large quantities of this salt was manufactured here, supposedly the first made in the State, but latterly there has been no work done here, owing no doubt to the extensive borax discoveries in the southern portion of California. 33. BORAX FLAT is situated in San Bernardino County, near the intersec- tions of 117 15' and 35° 45'. They are all cold. Large crusts of borates are seen on the surface as the water evap- orates during the Summer months. Another borax spring is known as 34. BORAX MARSH and is located some eight miles southeast of Hawley's Sta- tion in San Bernardino County. Then we have 35. BORAX PATCH near Black's ranch on the S. P. R. R. line in San Bernardino County. The supply of borax seems inex- haustible, and all we need to make this a large industry is a little experimentation. I do not see why the sun's rays could not be utilized in the evaporating process. 36. BORAX SPRINGS On the edge of Clear Lake, in Lake County, are sev- eral borax springs. The salt exists in considerable quanti- ties as a biborate of soda. These waters are used locally. 102 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA During the last twenty years California has produced $5,000,000 worth of borax. (Report of State Mineralogist, Prof. Wm. Ireland, Jr., 1888.) BORAX SPRINGS There are extensive borax springs in the southern por- tion of the State — large shallow marshes, through which flow the mineral waters richly laden with borates. 37. boyd's hot SPRINGS By the side of Upper Alkaline Lake, in Modoc County, are located these springs. They are in Surprise Valley. The waters are alkaline and heavily charged with carbonic acid gas. Qualitatively the waters are found to contain : Bicarbonate of Soda and Potash. Carbonates of Soda. Lime and Magnesia. A resort will probably be established at the springs in the near future. 38. BRANBECK'S BOILING SPRINGS These springs are situated on the east side of Honey Lake, in Lassen County. There is one large boiling alka- line spring. No resort and no analysis. Water used locally. " Soon did the portals of the east unclose, Then all the waterfalls and mountain floods Shouted with joy, and up the mountains rose A solemn anthem from the bowing woods, And morning's misty curtains rolled away ; The clouds in their superb apparel shone As o'er the mountain tops the lord of day Rose like a gorgeous monarch from his throne, And shed refulgence on the lake below." BYRON SPRINGS in.°, 39. BYRON SPRINGS These excellent and already famous springs are pleas- antly situated near the foothills in a spur of the Coast Range of mountains in Contra Costa County, about sixteen 104 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA miles southeast of Mt. Diablo and sixty-eight miles north- east of San Francisco, and about one and a half miles from Byron Station, on the railroad line from San Francisco to Stockton and Sacramento via Martinez. The springs lie in a small valley leading from the San Joaquin plains. The surrounding hills are composed of calcareous shales ; the valley is covered with adobe clay and fine white sand, through which the springs bubble. About a quarter of a mile eastward from the springs a well has been sunk to a depth of 125 feet. The strata penetrated are coarse sand stone on the surface, and a conglomerate gravel, all bearing evidences ©f volcanic action. The gravel has been sub- jected to great heat and permeated with steaming gases from nature's laboratory below. The well contains about sixty feet of good water. The springs are among the many natural wonders in the State, and being centrally located and within easy access — only three hours from San Francisco — they are much visited by tourists. As a sani- tarium, however, Byron ranks among the first in the State; invalids go to the Byron springs from all over the coast and many remarkable cures are ascribed to the waters. A large and commodious hotel has been constructed for the accommodation of about two hundred guests. Several handsome cottages for private and family use have recently been added. The architecture is after the fashion of the ancient and middle ages, inclosing between the building a large square laid out in parks and walks. Two sides of the square are formed by the hotel proper, a third side by the several bathhouses, and a fourth side by the cottages, form- ing quite a village, with picturesque surroundings. The cuisine is elegantly appointed, with an experienced chef at its head. A new dining-hall has recently been added. It is handsomely finished in paneled primavera and furnished with polished oak. Nourishing and appetizing viands are supplied in abundance and invalids are well cared for. The climate is mild and pleasant. Cool, balmy breezes spring BYRON SPRINGS 105 up from the tule lands every afternoon, making it pleasant even in the hottest day. The elevation is about one hun- dred feet above high tide. Admirable as are the location and appointments, the chief excellence lies in the mineral springs. These became renowned many years before the Spanish invasion. Our Indians and Mexicans hand down traditions of the cures effected by the waters. The Indian used to travel many miles to bathe in the mud and drink the waters. The springs and resort are now visited by thousands every year. Nothing succeeds like success, and these min- eral waters have certainly achieved success. During my visit to the sanitarium, in 1889, I counted more than fifty springs or outlets from the subterranean passages. Some are cold and others are hot, ranging from 5 2° F. to 140 F. Within a few feet of each other there will be a cold carbonated spring and a hot sulphureted spring. The whole basin has the appearance of being an extinct volcanic crater. The cold soda springs come from the surface water, but the hot water — sulphurous — must 106 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA come from a considerable distance down in the earth's crust. Chemical metamorphosis could probably not produce the amount of heat found at Byron. There are also several inflammable gas-wells or springs, two of which have been developed by sinking about thirty feet and erecting small receivers over them. I burned the gas for fifteen or more minutes and found it to consist largely of carbureted hydrogen (CH 4 ). The supply seems inexhaustible, amply sufficient to heat and light the entire resort. Special gas receivers, etc., for the utilization of this valuable natural product will shortly be erected and then Byron will be illuminated with natural gas. Of the fifty or more mineral springs only seven or eight are in active use. One of the most important of these is the " liver and kidney" spring. It is so named on account of the action of the water on these organs. This spring was used by many people prior to the occupancy of the place as a resort. For miles around they used to come and carry away the water in bottles and barrels and use it medicinally. The folio wiug analyses were made in the early part of 1889: BYRON SPRINGS— "LIVER AND KIDNEY SPRING" HEAVY SALINE WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 66° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 622.07 Calcium Sulphate 1.12 Potassium Chloride 33.74 Calcium Carbonate 59 Potassium Iodide 79 Barium Carbonate 93 Potassium Bromide trace Ferrous Carbonate 72 Magnesium Chloride 3.92 Ammonium Chloride. 3.05 Magnesium Carbonate 15.75 Silica 1.00 Calcium Chloride 85.37 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 769.05 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbolic Acid Gas 7.82 BYRON SPRINGS 107 This has proved a most valuable water in dyspepsia, chronic hepatic diseases, obstruction to the gall ducts, and what is known as "gin livers." The action also extends to torpidity of the bowels. It is exceedingly diuretic, and has a record of curing several cases of albumenurea (Bright's disease). Its action also extends to the mucous membranes of the nose, throat and lungs. A glassful taken before breakfast acts agreeably on the stomach, liver and kidneys and intestinal tract, assisting the pro- cess of elimination, secretion and excretion of morbific BYRON SPRINGS and waste material in the visceral and cutaneous sys- tems. In alcoholic dyspepsia it is very beneficial. Gen- tlemen whose acquaintance with, and long, assiduous devotion to Bacchus, which has at last, as must of necessity follow such friendships, resulted in a worn-out gastric mucous membrane, with atonic or catarrhal dyspepsia and shattered health, will find wonderful improvement in a month's sojourn at Byron by using the "Liver and Kidney" water. Long before my chemical analysis had been made of this " Liver and Kidney Spring" water it was extensively used by alcoholics whose stomachs, livers and kidneys were diseased. Several people in Sacramento who had albumen in their 108 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA urine from this cause were entirely relieved by the use of the water. Thus practice stepped in and demonstrated a fact before science had had a chance to announce it. Quite a contrast to this heavy saline water is the spring known as the BYRON SPRINGS— " WHITE SULPHUR SPRING" LIGHT ALKALO-SULPHUROUS WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 76 ° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 12.01 Magnesium Carbonate. 2.50 Sodium Bicarbonate 12.94 Calcium Carbonate.... 1.13 Sodium Sulphate 1.34 Calcium Sulphate 51 Potassium Chloride trace Ferrous Carbonate 3.00 Potassium Carbonate 2.37 Silica 26 Potassium Sulphate trace Organic Matter trace Magnesium Chloride trace Total Solids, 36.06 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 21.17 Sulphureted Hydrogen 5.80 This light alkalo-sulphurous water is palatable and invigorating, containing a large quantity of ferruginous salt, so necessary in strumous diathesis, rheumatism, gout, chronic malarial poisons, cutaneous diseases, etc., etc. Its action is tonic, diuretic, alterative, aperient and antacid. Its use is indicated in acid blood or acid urine, or diseases having or depending upon these pathological conditions, such as rheumatism, chronic joint diseases, glandular enlargements and many forms. of skin diseases. It should be taken between meals in six to eight ounce doses. BYRON SPRINGS 109 Potassium Iodide Potassium Bromide Magnesium Chloride... Magnesium Carbonate BYRON SPRINGS—" BLACK SULPHUR " HEAVY CHLORINATED SULPHUROUS WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 90.3° F. U. S.gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Chloride 9.00 Calcium Sulphate 3.20 Calcium Carbonate 5.95 Ferrous Carbonate 70 Barium Carbonate trace Ammonium Chloride trace Silica 1.10 Organic Matter trace U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 395.00 Sodium Sulphate trace Sodium Bicarbonate trace Potassium Chloride 35.62 Potassium Sulphate trace .74 .16 1.00 9.50 Total Solids, 461.97 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas, 25.60 Sulphureted Hydrogen, 8.00 The action of the water is largely diur- etic, as it contains con- siderable quantity of the chlorides and car- bonates and a large amount of carbonic acid gas. It is indicated in catarrhal irritation and inflammation of the genito-urinary tract, "" and has proved of ser- vice in Bright's disease, cystitis, acid dyspepsia and consti- pation. The water is largely used for bathing purposes. Used internally, it should be taken one hour before meals. The " Black Sulphur" water is an excellent alterative, containing potassium salts so valuable in scrofulous and blood glandular diseases. This water is much used for bathing purposes. 110 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA BYRON SPRINGS—" IRON SPRING." ALKALINE AND CHALYBEATE WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 79.5° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 670.43 Calcium Chloride 9.75 Sodium Sulphate trace Calcium Sulphate 10.80 Sodium Carbonate trace Calcium Carbonate 6.03 Potassium Chloride 48.05 Ferrum Peroxide 43 Potassium Sulphate trace Barium Carbonate trace Potassium Bromide trace Ammonium Chloride trace Potassium Iodide 04 Silica 2.29 Magnesium Chloride... 1.82 Organic Matter 06 Magnesium Carbonate.. 15.94 Total Solids, 765.64 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas, 25.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen , 12.95 This spring has been in extensive use for many years. When the Indians bathed in the hot sulphurous mud springs centuries ago they are also supposed to have drank the iron water. For years invalids have used this water as a cure for fever and ague and malarial chills. Its action is tonic, diuretic, antacid and laxative, and is used with suc- cess in anaemia, chlorosis, loss of appetite, want of strength, malarial toxaemia and allied diseases tending to destroy the vitality of the red-blood corpuscles and the organs presid- ing over their manufacture. It is a significant fact that although this spring contains considerably less than many other springs on the premises, yet the " Iron Spring" water is more tonic and invigorating. The secret lies in the kind of iron in the spring. Here it will be observed to be a peroxide. As the noted authority on mineral springs, Dr. Sigismund Sutro, of London, remarks (see therapeu- tics of mineral waters in front part of this book), you may understand why six-tenths of a grain of iron imbibed into the duodenal lacteals (absorbent vessels in the intestines just beyond the stomach), with the abundance of the gase- ous (carbonic) acid, may exercise a greater influence on the circulating system than three or four times the quantity BYRON SPRINGS 111 of pharmaceutical carbonate of iron, which has to be dis- solved in the gastric juice previous to absorption, hence it is that this spring has been so valuable and so extensively used long before any chemical analysis had been made of it. BYRON SPRINGS— "HOT SALT" ALKALO-CHLORINATED Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 122.3 ° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 555.26 Calcium Carbonate 68 Sodium Carbonate 0.21 Calcium Sulphate 85 Potassium Chloride 36.02 Ferrous Carbonate 86 Potassium Bromide trace Ammonium Chloride... .09 Potassium Iodide 0.03 Barium Carbonate 17 Magnesium Chloride 2 ; 06 Silica 2.00 Magnesium Carbonate 12?11 Organic Matter 06 Calcium Chloride 96.54 Total Solids, 7C6.94 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas...., 3.0U The "Hot Salt" water is used for bathing. It has a temperature of 122.3° F. The water is alkalo-chlorinated, of a good specific gravity to be readily absorbed into the cutaneous system (see article on bath). The potassium salts and other mineral ingredients, principally chlorides, make the water diuretic, detergent and alterative. It has been drank and bathed in with marked success in rheuma- tism, gout and joint diseases, cutaneous affections, etc., etc. BYRON SPRINGS— "IRON PIPE" ALKALO-CHLORINATED Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 76° F. U. S. Gal. contains U. S, Gal, contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 594.10 Calcium Carbonate 29 Sodium Carbonate trace Calcium Sulphate 92 Potassium Chloride 40.75 Ferrous Carbonate 90 Potassium Bromide 0.07 Ammonium Chloride trace Potassium Iodide 0.13 Barium Carbonate trace Magnesium Chloride 3.25 Silica 0.05 Magnesium Carbonate.... 10.78 Organic Matter 0.10 Calcium Chloride 16.35 Total Solids, 668.14 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas 10.24 112 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The "Iron Pipe" spring lies to the east of the hotel and is not much used. BYRON SPRINGS— " SURPRISE " HEAVY CHLOEINATED Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 74° F. U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal, contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 15,417.03 Calcium Carbonate 5.42 Sodium Carbonate Calcium Sulphate 66.14 Potassium Chloride 142.00 Ferrous Carbonate 2.72 Potassium Bromide 0.06 Ammonium Chloride trace Potassium Iodide .13 Barium Carbonate trace Magnesium Chloride. . 622.56 Barium Chloride 0.13 Magnesium Carbonate 151.92 Silica 0.85 Calcium Chloride 2,364.77 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 18,773.73 Gases Free Carbonic Acid Gas trace The " Surprise" water is indeed a wonderful spring. The most careful analysis yields over 15,000 grains of common salt to each gallon of 231 cubic inches of water, and has over 18,000 grains — about 40 ounces, or 33 per cen t. — of solid mineral ingredients in solution in the water. Comparative analyses of heavy waters show the "Surprise" to be the most remarkable. U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains Total Solids Grains Total Solids Grains Sea Water 2,138.91 Salt Lake (Utah)about 11,000.00 Mono Lake (Cal.) 2,915.16 Michigan Salt Wells.. .11,665.00 Castalian Min. Sp. (Cal) 4,422.25 Dead Sea (Holy Land)13,488.10 Owens Lake (Cal.) 7,000.60 Byron Surprise Spring 18,773.73 Syracuse (N.Y.) Salt W 9,221.00 For bathing purposes this " Surprise" water ought to be one of the most valuable on the coast, as the absorption is in direct ratio to the specific gravity of the bath. (See article on the bath at the beginning of the volume.) The water is highly diuretic and laxative when taken internally. BYRON SPRINGS 113 The bathing facilities at Byron are a special feature. Two large bathhouses have been built, and baths, either sulphurous, steam, vapor or water, in tub or plunge, can be taken at all temperatures. The hot saline and sulphur waters are used with consid- erable success. But the most noted of all the baths are those of moor or mud. They are so constructed that com- plete immersion can be secured and the temperature regu- lated to suit each case. The baths can also be partial if desired. These baths are all taken in individual bathtubs, and the mud is changed after each bath. This hot sulphur- ous saline mud has become famous in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, swollen joints, chronic arthritis, scrofula, skin diseases, etc., etc. In several cases of chronic rheu- matism the writer can attest to its beneficial effects. The "Hot Salt" water has proved supe- rior to almost any other uterine douche in the treatment of leucor- rhcea and inflamma- tion of the pelvic t ^'-K^ a >^/^y\J\ r ^J^ organs. (See uterine douche.) The following is an analysis of the sulphurous mud and water used for bathing : BYRON SPRINGS— " BLACK SULPHUROUS MUD SALINO-SULPHUROUS MUD WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature no F. U. S. gal contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 274.93 Sodium Sulphate 42.16 Potassium Chloride "... 26.40 Potassium Iodide 0.32 Potassium Bromide trace Magnesium Chloride 2.06 Magnesium Sulphate 19.60 Total Solids, 425.83" Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas 17.75 Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 14.50 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Chloride 7.50 Calcium Sulphate 36.05 Calcium Carbonate.... 3.09 Ferrous Sulphate 0.76 Ammonium Chloride, trace Silica 5.62 Organic Matter 7.34 114 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA This inud is used for bathing purposes by thousands of rheumatics every year, and it certainly has considerable therapeutic value as an auxiliary in the treatment of many of these cases. 40. CALIFORNIA SELTZER These springs are pleasantly located in the Coast Range of mountains, twelve miles from Cloverdale, in Mendocino County, The surroundings are picturesque, and the climate is good. There is a comfortable resort at the springs. The waters are sparkling and carbonated and of espe- cial benefit in dyspepsia with acid eructations, constipation, acid conditions of the urine, cystitis, etc. The waters are diuretic and aperient, and highly charged with carbonic anhydride. They are quite palatable. On analysis the seltzer is found to contain : CALIFORNIA SELTZER ALKALINE CARBONATED Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 57 F. U. S. Gal. contains XJ. S. Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 17,15 Ferrous Carbonate trace Sodium Bicarbonate 53.00 Calcium Carbonate 72.40 Sodium Carbonate trace Organic Matter trace Magnesium Carbonate... 44.60 Silica trace Total Solids, 187.15 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas 18. 41. CALISTOGA MINERAL SPRINGS These valuable mineral springs are situated in Napa County, nine miles south of Mt. St. Helena. There are two sets of springs — one set in the city of Calistoga and another set just outside the town. They are about the same in composition, so that one description will do for both. CALISTOOA MINERAL SPRINGS 115 In 1858 Mr. Samuel Brannan purchased the springs and a large tract of land. He expended about $100,000 on the place, built an elegant hotel and twenty fine cottages, erected handsome and excellent bathing facilities, and had in the course of a few years one of the finest resorts on the coast. In 1868, ten years later, the hotel and several of the cottages burned down, and since that time the place has changed hands many times. We learned during our visit to the springs last year that Senator Stanford now owns the premises, and contemplates restoring the once handsome resort. The mineral springs number some twenty or more. They range in temperature from 75° F. to :86° F. The waters are used for drinking and bathing purposes, and have acquired considerable reputation. Dr. Alden M. Gar- diner, one of the leading physicians in Calistoga, informed the writer that he had used the waters with considerable effi- cacy in many obstinate cases of syphilitic contamination, rheumatism, etc. From what I saw of the place I should judge that it could be made a first-class sanitarium for chronic cutaneous diseases, rheumatism, scrofula and con- stitutional taints. CALISTOGA SPRINGS— AT MAGNOLIA HOTEL LIGHT SULPHURETED WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 Temperature 95 F. U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 20.76 Calcium Chloride 5.57 Sodium Carbonate 5.10 Calcium Sulphate 63 Sodium Sulphate 1.75 Alumina 47 Sodium Iodide 16 Silica 4.55 Potassium Iodide trace Organic Matter trace Magnesium Sulphate 2.90 Total Solids, 41.89 Gases Cubic Inches Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.74 116 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA CAUSTOGA HOT SPRINGS (On Senator Stanford's Grounds) HOT SWIMMING POOL HOT SPRING BY CREEK Temperature 121.6° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 23.07 Sodium Carbonate 2.19 Sodium Sulphate 6.92 Sodium Iodide 73 Potassium Iodide 2L Potassium Carbonate 76 Magnesium Sulphate 1.16 Magnesium Chloride 40 Calcium Chloride 96 Calcium Sulphate 1.25 Ferrous Protoxide , 45 Manganese trace Alumina 27 Silica 3.61 Organic Matter traces Total Solids, 41.98 Gases Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen, 6.30 Temperature 106.3° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 17.46 Sodium Carbonate 3.70 Sodium Sulphate 5.14 Sodium Iodide 08 Potassium Iodide trace Potassium Carbonate... trace Magnesium Sulphate... .62 Magnesium Chloride ... .21 Calcium Chloride 37 Calcium Sulphate trace Ferrous Protoxide 10 Manganese trace Alumina 46 Silica 1.75 Organic Matter 63 Total Solids, 30.52 Gases Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen, 4.23 42. CAMETA WARM SPRINGS Lie in township 29 S., range 17, Mt. Diablo M. Unim- proved. 43. CAMPBELL'S HOT SPRINGS These springs are located in Sierra County, one mile from the town of Sierraville. There are three principal springs, one of which is cold and the other two hot, having a temperature of 104 F. The surrounding scenery is grand and a first-class resort has been established there. The elevation is 5,025 feet; climate, during the summer season, is fine. There is good fishing and splendid hunting in the immediate neighborhood. The waters are slightly saline and mildly sulphurous, and used for the same diseases that such mineral waters seem to help. 44. CAMPO'S CHALYBEATE SPRINGS Not developed, and I have been unable to obtain water for analysis. PETRIFIED FOREST 117 The Petrified Forest Near Calistoga, situated in the adjacent mountains, and forming an interesting study for trie tourist and scientist, is the petrified forest grotto, composed entirely of the trunks and limbs of trees. Much has been written concerning the origin of this wonderful forest, which may have been submerged in distant ages by the eruption of some volcano, discharging water and ashes, covering it and sealing it in an eternal tomb. Ages gradually exhumed it in the original form, but turned to stone. The area covered is about twenty acres, and is well worth a visit. There are about one hundred trees and traces of trees, all lying in the same general direction, having been thrown down from north to south, the largest of which is called the " Pride of the Forest," and is sixty-seven feet in length and nearly twelve feet in diameter. SCENE IN PETRIFIED FOREST, NEAR CALISTOGA, CALIFORNIA 118 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 45. CARBONATED SPRINGS Located on Shovel Creek road, in the northern part of Siskiyou County. They are used locally and are said to have a very agreeable soda taste. Unimproved. CARNELIAN, OR LAKE TAHOE HOT SPRINGS See Lake Tahoe springs. 47. CASA DIABLO HOT SPRINGS These hot springs lie about ten miles east of Mam- moth, in Mono County. They are on the road to Burton. The waters are saline and sulphureted. Farther up the road are found a number of small steaming, boiling geysers, issuing from small crevices in the igneous rock. They spout up with considerable force. The temperature of these sulphurous springs is near the boiling point. Unim- proved. 48. CASTALIAN MINERAL WATER SPRINGS These are found near Owen's Lake, in Inyo County. They number thirteen, mostly cold. One or two are sulphurous and the others are alkaline and carbonated. A resort is building up about the springs. Some of the water is also used commercially for the curing of cutaneous affections. The following analysis was made by Prof. Price in 1880: CASTALIAN MINERAL WATER Thomas Price, Analyst, 1880 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Carbonate 1724.11 Silica 14.28 Sodium Sulphate 651.02 Boracic Acid trace Sodium Sulphate 46.34 Phosphoric Acid trace Sodium Chloride 1840.72 Iodine trace Potassium Chloride 132.30 Bromine trace L,ime trace Iron trace Magnesia trace Organic Matter 13.48 Total Solids, 4422.25 Gases not determined CASTALIAN MINERAL WATER 119 This is one of the heaviest waters we have on the coast, and is much too dense to use medicinally, it could, however, be used very much diluted. We are informed that there are several other springs not so dense as this one, which are used medicinally. 49. CASTLE ROCK SPRINGS On the Mt. Shasta scenic route are situated several sulphureted and carbonated soda springs, known as " Cas- tle Rock." They lie near the foot of Mt. Shasta. They are used locally for rheumatic troubles. 50. CHALYBEATE MINERAL SPRINGS Unnamed springs of iron, soda, magnesia, etc., are found in several portions of the State. Several of these are in Tehama County, about two miles from Tom's Head Mountain. They have gained a local reputation in chronic malaria, anaemia, etc., chlorosis, hemorrhages, etc. There are no improvements on the grounds yet, and no analysis has been made. Other Chalybeate springs are located in Shasta County, northwest of Fort Crook on Bear Creek, near the head of Falls River. These springs are reported to be highly ferruginous. The water is said to be pleasant to the taste, sparkling and carbonated. Unim- proved. Coal. — Extensive coal beds are found in various parts of the State. Coal Oil Springs. — See petroleum. 51. COAL VALLEY BOILING SPRINGS These hot springs lie some eight miles west of Canby, in Modoc County. They are truly boiling, having a tem- perature of 214° F. An egg boils in the water in a few minutes. White incrustations of soda form about the mar- gins of the springs. The property is unimproved. 120 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 52. COLD SODA LAKE This alkaline sheet of water is found near the head of Mill and Battle Creeks, south of Lassen's Peak, in Plumas County, The Lake is fed by many small springs bubbling up all over its bottom. The water is palatable and spark- ling, and the location will no doubt develop into a resort before long. The water is found to contain : Sodium Chloride. Sodium Bicarbonate. Sodium Carbonate. Potassium Bicarbonate. Magnesium Carbonate. Calcium Carbonate. Free Carbonic Anhydride. 53. COLD SODA SPRINGS These delicious springs are located near the Yosemite Valley, in Tuolumne County. The springs, though unim- proved, are much visited by tourists, who drink the water with decided relish. By adding sugar or syrup to these alkaline and carbonated waters a genuine soda may be prepared. 54. cook's springs Located in Indian Valley, Colusa County, some thirty- two miles from Williams. The waters are saline and sulphur- ous, acting pleasantly on the liver and bowels. They are used locally. " The waves come crowding up on the shore like nymphs in silv'ry green ; Forward in line they trip to the time of orchestras unseen. They sport and leap by the rocky point, sparkling in gems and gold, Murmuring ever a liquid strain, like siren songs of old. With snowy plumes, which wreathe and curl and toss in wanton glee, Their riotous dance brings to the heart the gladness of the sea ! Oh ! the sea seems in a happy mood — happy ! and so am I, With heart as light as the foamy crest of waves that jostle by!" CORONADO MINERAL SPRINGS 121 THE MOTEb DEL COKONADO 55. CORONADO MINERAL SPRINGS In San Diego County and on the Coronado Beach are located some excellent mineral waters. The springs are at an elevation of thirty feet above the ocean tide, and flow the enormous amount of 50,000 gallons per hour. The water is clear and sparkling, pleasing to the eye and pleas- ant to the taste, being soft, pure and wholesome. On analysis it is found to compare favorably with the noted Waukesha Water of Wisconsin, the Betheseda Spring, as follows : CORONADO SPRINGS LIGHT ALKALO CARBONATED WATER C. Gilbert Wheeler, Analyst SAN DIEGO BETHESDA, WIS. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 10.168 1.160 Sodium Carbonate .872 Sodium Sulphate .544 Potassium Chloride 912 Potassium Sulphate , .552 .456 Magnesium 4.728 7.344 Calcium Carbonate 6.488 11.824 Calcium Sulphate 1.328 Ferros Sesquioxide 040 .032 Alumina .120 Silica 1.080 .728 Organic Matter .992 1.984 Total Solids 26.288 25.064 Gases Not determined Not determined The waters are gently aperient, diuretic and tonic, of value in dyspepsia, anaemia, renal and cystic disorders. The accommodations at the Coronado Hotel are among 122 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA the finest in the world. • The building is a magnificent structure, and the scenery on the beach, on the banks of the grand Pacific Ocean is never to be forgotten by one fortu- nate enough to have beheld it. 56. CORRAL DE LUZ WARM SPRINGS These noted springs are found in San Diego County, near Oceanside. They are pleasantly located in a valley about two miles in diameter, with mountains on all sides; about eight miles from the ocean. Sycamores, oaks and alders are scattered in wild profusion about the springs. There is only a small resort at these springs at present, owing, no doubt, to the fact that an old gentleman nearly eighty years of age, owns the place. The climate is delight- ful, having a temperature of 70 F. to 85 ° F. Winter and Summer. The de Luz Springs — several in number — from their surroundings and natural advantages offer a sanitarium second to none in the State. The temperature of the water ranges from 85° F. to 135° F., and all the place needs is some live man with a little capital to develop the country and build up a first-class resort. The waters are highly charged with sulphur and sulphurous acid, sulphates of magnesia, soda and calcium. Crude baths are arranged and several small cottages are for hire. The place is much frequented by Spaniards and Mexicans, and the usual number of diseases are treated by the baths and sulphur waters. 57. CRYSTAL SPRINGS Several carbonated-alkaline waters are found in Napa County and known as "Crystal Springs." The water is used by the people in the vicinity. No improvements. In San Mateo County we find several more mineral springs named "crystal." The waters are reported to be CRYSTAL SPRINGS 123 alkaline and saline, acting on the stomach, bowels and kidneys. It is a favored remedy in the neighborhood for "biliousness." 58. CUYANA HOT SPRINGS These springs are also sulphurous, and located in the canon and valley of Cuyana in Santa Barbara County. There is no analysis. 59. DESERT OR CAVE SPRINGS These are located in Kern County, and consist of alkaline carboneted waters with borates. Unimproved. 60. DR. soupan's hot springs We find these hot sulphur springs at the head of the road on a branch of Battle Creek, in Plumas County. The surroundings are picturesque, and we understand improve- ments are contemplated. No analysis. DE EUZ SPRINGS See Corral de Luz warm springs. Be Paso de Robees hot and coed suephur springs These valuable mineral springs are situated midway between the mission of San Miguel Archangel and La Casa del Paso de Robles. They lie in the beautiful valley of the Salinas River about sixteen miles from the shores of the Pacific and two hundred and sixteen miles from San Fran- cisco. The springs are of easy access by the Southern Pacific Railroad (northern division) via Soledad, through trains daily. Also from San Luis Obispo by stage. The name, El Paso de Robles (ail-parso day roh-blais) is derived from the Spanish, meaning " in a pass of the oaks," from EL PASO BE ROBLES 125 the fact that the main highway ran through this valley. For many miles this picturesque valley is covered with gigantic white oaks, live oaks and huge cottonwoods, and nestled in one of these cosy groves is Paso Robles retreat. The once wild " pass in the oaks" is now transformed into a blooming resort, with cultivated grounds, and Paso Robles is a delightful little town of about one thousand inhabitants. It is situated in the center of a very rich agricultural section in San Luis Obispo County. The town is principally built of handsome brick buildings and is growing rapidly. When the Southern Pacific Railroad is completed Paso Robles will be of considerable commercial importance. Near the springs, and overlooking the prosperous little town, there is in course of construction an elegant and commodious hotel, which is to be built of solid brick throughout. This building, when completed, will not only be an ornament to the town, but of great comfort and con- venience to the many guests who go to the springs yearly for their health. Under the umbrageous oaks in different parts of the extensive grounds are located some eighteen cosy cottages for private and family use. On each side of the resort and valley the evergreen hills, covered with forests of pine, oaks, manzanita groves and sweet-scented shrubbery, form a pleasant contrast to Paso Robles proper. The climate is remarkably mild and luxurious all the year round, and the atmosphere is pure, balmy and invigorating. Few mineral springs in America have acquired such a favorable reputation for the treatment of constitutional contaminations, rheumatism, gout, joint, blood, glandular and cutaneous diseases as Paso Robles have, and thousands go there yearly to receive the joint benefit of the bathing and drinking waters, as well as the internal medical treatment. The waters at Paso Robles are sulphurous and alka- line, ranging in temperature from 59° F. to 104 and 12 2° F., 126 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA and comprise the " Main Hot Sulphur" spring, the " Mud or Moor" springs, the "Soda," "Sand," "Cold White Sulphur," " Iron" and " Garden" springs. The great hot sulphureted spring is located about three hundred yards from the hotel in a southeasterly direction. Over it has been constructed one of the finest bathing estab- lishments on the coast, consisting of sixty individual bath- tubs, and a large vat fifteen by thirty feet for a swimming or a plunge bath. One side is used for women and the other side for men. Immediately over the source of the spring is built a large dome-shaped receptacle twenty-five feet in diam- eter and about twenty feet high. This tank collects the hot water and gases as they issue from the subterranean laboratory, and, being constructed of solid masonry and hermetically sealed, all the vapors and mineral properties are kept saturated in the water. From this tank or reser- voir lead several faucets, whereby the water may be drawn for drinking purposes. Most of the water, however, is used for bathing, for which purpose it is led into the several bathtubs. The flow of this main spring is about 5,000 gallons per hour, and it has a temperature from 105 F. to 110° F. EL PASO BE ROBLES 127 EE PASO DE ROBLES— " MAIN SULPHUR WATER »' ALKALO-SULPHUROUS Flows 5,000 gallons per hour Profs. Price; and Hewston's Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analysis, several years ago. Analyst, 1889 Temperature no° F. Temperature 107.6° F. Imp. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 27.18 25.73 Sodium Bicarbonate 50.74 41.19 Sodium Carbonate 7.62 Sodium Sulphate 7.85 7.25 Sodium Iodide -. trace Sodium Bromide trace Potassium Chloride 1.57 Potassium Carbonate 2.05 Potassium Iodide trace Potassium Sulphate 88 trace Magnesium Bicarbonate 92 ■ Magnesium Carbonate 2.15 Magnesium Sulphate 5.11 Calcium Carbonate 1.23 Calcium Sulphate 3.21 2.94 Perrum Peroxide 36 .73 Borates trace Lithiates trace Alumina 22 .25 Silica 44 1.75 Iodides and Bromides trace Organic Matter 1.64 1.90 Total Solids 93.44 101.47 Gases Grains Cubic Inches Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.45 3.75 Free Carbonated Acid Gas 10.50 8.90 These waters are found to be especially serviceable in acute and chronic rheumatism and articular affections, scrofula, blood, glandular and cutaneous diseases. In catarrh of the naso-pharynx the water, used as a hot douche, has proved highly beneficial, likewise in leucor- rhceal discharges and engorgement of the pelvic organs, etc., etc. It is important, as has been remarked when speaking of the therapeutic properties of mineral waters, to carefully follow the instructions of the resident physician, in order to fully and rapidly receive the benefits of the springs. Con- 128 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA nected with Paso Robles is an experienced physician, Dr. David L. Deal, who has made a special study of the action of these waters in health and in disease, and his instruc- tions should be conscientiously followed. The next most important water at Paso Robles is that used for the mud or moor baths. This now famous spring is situated about one mile and a half north of the hotel, near the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad and on the edge of the Salinas River. The walk from the hotel to this spring is a pleasant one under the shady oaks and along the well-kept road and grassy lawns. Patients unable to walk, and others who may desire it, can ride in the hotel carriage to and from the mud baths twice daily. These mud springs — for there are several — cover a space of about twenty-five feet square, over which has been constructed suitable bathing conveniences, consisting of dressing-rooms, hot sulphurous water plunges and the mud plunge. This latter is a compartment or vat four by eight feet and nearly filled with prepared moor or mud, and so arranged that the hot sulphurous water and gases rise directly into it from the ground beneath. The facilities are admirably arranged for both ladies and gentlemen, and competent persons administer the baths under directions of the resident physician. During my visit to these springs, in 1889, I found the temperature of the mud and sulphurous waters to vary from 104 F. to 122 F. Baths are prescribed once, twice or three times a week of different degrees of temperature and of varying duration, to suit each individual case. The mud springs flow collectively about 6,000 gallons per hour. Moor bathing has been practised by the Indians for generations, and of late years it has been extensively intro- duced among the white people all over the world. These baths at Paso Robles have gained considerable celebrity, and justly so. The writer has had occasion to note the beneficial results in many cases subjected to this plan of EL PASO BE ROBLES 129 treatment and lie does not hesitate in remarking that for rheumatism, arthritis, stiff* joints, sprains, white swellings (synovitis), glandular enlargements, chronic cutaneous dis- eases, etc., much benefit will accrue, especially if the inter- nal medication be kept up during the treatment. Ely PASO DE ROBLES— "MUD SPRINGS" SULPHUROUS Flows 6.000 gallons per hour Profs. Prick and Hewston's Dr. Winslow Anderson Analysis, several years ago Analyst, 1889 Temperature 122° F. Temperature 104. to 122° F. One Imp. Gal. contains One U. S. Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 96.48 83.72 Sodium Carbonate 5.21 7.41 Sodium Sulphate 41.11 36.97 Sodium Iodide trace Potassium Chloride 3.19 Potassium Iodide trace Potassium Sulphate trace .82 Magnesium Carbonate 3.10 4.25 Magnesium Sulphate 1.13 Calcium Carbonate 2.10 Calcium Sulphate 17.90 15.75 Ferrous Sulphate .23 Alumina... — — .80 Manganese Salts trace Silica 1.11 .251 Lithium Salts trace Organic Matter 3.47 7.14 Total Solids 168.38 166.02 Gases Grains Cubic Inches Ammonia and Nitrogen trace Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 3.24 4.16 Free Carbonic Acid Gas „.. 47.84 42.50 About two hundred yards north of the Mud Baths is the "Soda Spring." Its temperature is jj F., audits flow is limited. The water is much used for drinking purposes. By allowing the small amount of sulphureted hydrogen to escape the water becomes very palatable. 130 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA EL, PASO DE ROBEES— " SODA SPRING" Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 77 F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 25.10 Magnesium Sulphate... 7.80 Sodium Carbonate 7.25 Calcium Carbonate 5.32 Sodium Bicarbonate 19.70 Calcium Sulphate 6.47 Sodium Sulphate 5.05 Ferrum Peroxide trace Potassium Carbonate 1.16 Silica 92 Potassium Sulphate 83 Alumina 85 Magnesium Carbonate 3.17 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 83.82 Free Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 9.20 Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.60 About midway between the "Mud Springs" and the " Sand Spring" is found a carbonated spring, known as the "Garden." The water is palatable, and of value in Bright's disease, bladder troubles, etc., as an antacid and diuretic. On analysis it yields : ED PASO DE ROBLES SPRINGS— " GARDEN SPRING" CARBONATED WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, July, 1889 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 20.76 Calcium Carbonate 6.23 Sodium Carbonate 1.16 , Calcium Sulphate 12.35 Sodium Bicarbonate 25.17 Ferrous Carbonate traces Sodium Sulphate traces Manganese Carbonate. traces Potassium Chloride traces Alumina 47 Potassium Carbonate 83 Silica 22 Magnesium Carbonate 4.95 Organic Matter traces Magnesium Sulphate 3.47 Total Solids, 75.61. Free Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 25.60 Sulphureted Hydrogen traces This soda water is found to be of special value in kid- ney and bladder irritation. SAND SPRINGS 131 "sand" spring About one-quarter of a mile south of the mud springs we find a large "sand " spring. It is about twelve feet in diameter, and situated in the old bed of the Salinas River. The waters are carbonated and sulphureted and bubbling up with considerable force, carrying with it quantities of white silicon oxide, which sparkles in the water as it rises and falls. The waters have a temperature of 79. i° F., and are not utilized to any extent at present. EL PASO DE ROBLES "SAND" SPRINGS ALKAIvO-SULPHUROUS Dr. Winsu)w Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 79.1 F.° V. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 92. 20 Sodium Carbonate 9.41 Sodium Sulphate 36.95 Sodium Iodide trace Sodium Bromide trace Potassium Chloride 7.50 Potassium Carbonate 5.03 Potassium Iodide trace Potassium Bromide trace Magnesium Carbonate 3.72 U. S. gal. contain Mineral Ingredients Grains Magnesium Sulphate 4.10 Calcium Carbonate 6.62 Calcium Sulphate 16.04 Ferrous Carbonate 29 Manganese Carbonate 13 Alumina 1.17 L/ithium Salts trace Barium Salts trace Silica 6.51 Organic Matter 87 Total Solids, 190.54 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 11.76 Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 3.40 Nitrogen trace A. quarter of a mile southeast of the hotel is located the large "White Sulphur" spring. It is inclosed in twenty feet square masonry walls. The waters are salino- sulphurous, and strongly charged with hydrogen sulphide. The waters are not extensively used. 132 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA EL PASO DE ROBLES ''WHITE SULPHUR SPRING" SALINO-SULPHUROUS Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 59° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 31.76 Magnesium Chloride 9.03 Sodium Carbonate 3.19 Calcium Sulphide 5.10 Sodium Sulphate 23.14 Manganese , trace Potassium Chloride 10.73 Ferrous Sulphate trace Potassium Sulphate 13.23 Alumina 84 Potassium Iodide trace Silica 1.05 Magnesium Sulphate 14.76 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 112.85 Gases Cubic Inches Free Sulphureted Hydrogen, 9.40 Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 5.25 EL PASO ROBLES "iRON SPRING" A little farther eastward and towards the bank of the river is located the "Iron" spring. It is a small spring incased in a box two by four feet, and has a moderate flow. Its temperature is 64. 4 F. The waters are restorative, tonic, diuretic and aperient, and of value in the treatment of angemia, chronic malarial toxsemia, chlorosis and the many diseases requiring recuperative ferruginous tonics. EL PASO ROBLES "CHALYBEATE" SPRINGS FERRUGINOUS AND CARBONATED Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 64. ■ -■^ "mxt TCBHi' Wtst&mSjF GEYSER SPRINGS As we drew nearer and nearer the sylvan resort our ears were greeted with sounds like those of a steamboat or locomotive — puff — puff — at regular intervals. These, we were told, and as we ascertained afterwards, came from the " steamboat " springs. After a few more horseshoe curves have been passed, and several more of those magnificent landscapes have been mentally photographed on your brain, you reach the Geyser resort. The many cozy cottages, the hotel and grounds, are situated in a leafy dell on the side of the mountain oppo- 142 MINERAL SPRrNGS OF CALIFORNIA site the Geyser canon. The huge oaks and pines afford pleasant shade to the commodious verandas as you sit and enjoy the pure, dry, invigorating and exhilarating moun- tain atmosphere and picturesque scenery which surrounds you on every side. Having indulged in one of those splendid sulphur Hammam baths, where the skin is rendered soft, white and pliable owing to the medicinal effects of the mineral ingre- dients, you are ready for dinner, and a good one it was during our visit to the Geysers in 1888. The evenings are cool, clear and charming, insuring sound and refreshing sleep. A TRIP THROUGH GEYSER CANON Bright and early next morning we set out for our trip "over the river" to his majesty's Plutonian shores. In the Summer season the best time to start out is from 4:30 to 5:00 A. m., in order that you may perceive the full vol- ume of the steam and sulphurous vapors as they rise sev- eral hundred feet into the air. Later in the morning the sun's iays condense the vapors so that they are not visible as far above the ground. You are now armed with a long staff, like the pilgrims of old, and with your guide you set out to cross the Pluton River — this time on a bridge. Before doing so, however, your attention is called to a cool, clear spring, known as the " iron" spring. It is located near the edge of the Plu- ton River, on the same side as the hotel. This iron spring, on analysis, is found to contain valuable salino-chalybeate mineral ingredients. TEON SPRINGS 143 "IRON SPRING" LIGHT SALINO CHALYBEATE) WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 Temperature , 72° F. U. S. Gal. contains U. S.Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Sulphate traces Barium Salts traces Potassium Sulphate traces Alumina 0.23 Magnesium Sulphate. ... 2.75 Silica 1.44 Calcium Sulphate 3.96 Organic Matter traces Ferrous Sulphate 0.19 Total Solids, 8.57 Gases Cubic inches Free Carbonic Acid Gas traces Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.26 This water belongs to the light chalybeate class ; its action is tonic, aperient and detergent, of value in anaemia, chlorosis and wasting diseases, torpidity of the bowels and liver, etc., producing constructive tissue metamorphosis. Immediately after crossing the Pluton River, a change in the atmosphere becomes noticeable. On the side where the hotel and resort with the many picturesque and cozy cottages are built, the air is pure, dry and invigorating, on the side where Geyser Canon is located, the atmosphere is mixed with the perfumes from the interior realm. Near the path on the bank of the river, as you proceed up the canon is situated quite a remarkable spring, contain- ing large quantities of aluminium, sulphate magnesia and silicic acid. It is known as the "Alum Spring." Its waters are really alumino-ferrugino-sulphurous. On analysis it is found to contain : "ALUM" SPRING ALUMINO-FERRUGINO SULPHUROUS WATER Dr. Winslow Andeeson. Analyst, 1888 Temperature, 98° F. U. S. Gal, contains *U. S. Gal, contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride traces Manganesium Salts traces Sodium Carbonate 0.72 Barium Salts traces Sodium Sulphate 6.24 Aluminium Sulphate 57.62 Potassium Sulphate traces Borates 1.20 Magnesium Sulphate 23.76 Free Sulphuric Acid 3.10 Calcium Sulphate 2.43 Silica 9.40 Ferrous Sulphate 6.25 Organic Matter traces Total Solids, 110.72 Gases Cubic Inches Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 6.35 144 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA This spring contains large quantities of ferruginous salts so essential in the treatment of malarial toxaemia and blood glandular diseases. The acid renders its action tonic and the magnesium gives it a pleasant laxative effect. Following your guide, you soon realize that you are nearing the brink of eternity. You now cross the " Devil's," or Geyser, canon and come to the "alum and sulphur" spring, having a temperature of 160 F. Proceeding far- ther on you next see the " black sulphur" springs, in which we find sulphide of iron. The ground is now getting warm under your feet, and the fumes from the "lower regions" make you think of the hereafter, and as you push on, a deep and steep ravine is entered, from which boiling hot steam and gases escape in every direction until you feel awestruck in this strange place! Passing along through the ravine, with the boiling water running at your feet, you enter " Proserpine's Grotto," in which is placed the " devil's arm-chair." This latter is a huge boulder which nature has hollowed out in the shape and form of a large parlor chair. In this you sit with great solemnity, to make sure of the benevolent friendship of his Satanic majesty. The next point of interest is the " Devil's Kitchen," with warning signs of "danger" stuck up in every direc- tion. The country rock is serpentine, sandstone and lime- stone, with igneous deposits and incrustations of sulphur, soda, cinnabar, etc., and as the fumaroles, cracks and fissures emit their boiling waters and vapors saturated with free sulphurous, sulphuric, hydrochloric acids and carbonic anhydride, all having strong disintegrating action on the formation, everything is, in consequence, soft and yielding. The banks and rocks are like clay and sand, easily dis- lodged upon the slightest touch — hence the signs of danger. You are now fairly in the mouth of a boiling, seeth- ing, trembling and smoking Plutonian realm. The ground under your feet is becoming hotter and hotter, and the sulphurous fumes and vaporous steam are nearly suffo- ALUM SPRINGS 145 eating. Early in the morning these vapors rise to a height of three hundred to five hundred feet. It is also observed that these wonderful subterranean forces exhibit more activity at or near the full moon. In this olla podrida of Hadean liquids are several interesting points and springs to be observed. Near at hand is a hot "Bpsom salt" spring, having a temperature of 150 F., and over 140 grains of magnesium sulphate to the gallon of water. Another boiling spring of "iron and sulphur" has a temperature of 208 F. On the right side of the path is a large, black, sulphurous spring continually boiling and rumbling as the black, inky fluid reaches the bright dawn of day at a temperature of 162 F. It is the " Devil's Inkstand," a hot sulphurous iron and alum sul- phide and sulphate water which makes very fair writing fluid. For this purpose it is used at the Geyser hotel, where the visitor inscribes his name on the register with his majesty's ink. You next come to the " hot alum" spring, containing, as will be seen from the following analysis, over sixty grains of aluminium sulphate to the gallon. It is an alumino-ferruginous sulphurous water. GEYSERS— "HOT ALUM SPRING" ALUMINO-FERRUGINO-SULPHUROUS WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 Temperature jjg" F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Bisulphate 4.92 Magnesium Borate.... traces Sodium Sulphate 46 Ferrous Sulphate 7.11 Potassium Sulphate traces Aluminium Sulphate. .62.87 Magnesium Sulphate 36.14 Silica 16.43 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 127.93 Sulphuric Acid 7.02 Cases Gubic Inches Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 9.37 146 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA This spring water is an excellent haemostatic in hem- orrhages of the lungs, etc. It is also of service in dyspepsia and torpidity of the bowels and liver, its action being laxa- tive, tonic and astringent, containing large quantities of sul- phate of iron and aluminium, so valuable for medicinal purposes. (See therapeutical effects of mineral waters in preceding chapter.) As you proceed along the not over " straight and nar- row path," it is literally and practically important that you follow your guide and the " narrow path " here, lest one misstep hurl you into that " undiscovered country, from whose bourn no traveler returns." Innumerable springs and vents and subterranean outlets spurt and spout in every direction. " Pluto's Punch Bowl " is a large spring of hot lemonade, containing sulphuric acid and sulphates. The "Geyser Smokestack " is a large opening, from which issue volumes of sulphur-laden fumes, which rise into the air for several hundred feet, where it condenses and depos- its again on the ground as water and sulphur, etc. One of the most interesting springs in Geyser Canon is the "Witch's Cauldron," a large, boiling, circular spring of over seven feet in diameter and of unfathomable depth. The water has a temperature of 212 F., and is unceasingly boiling, and bubbling. The spring is a black, sulphurous fluid as black as the inky cloak of Hamlet. As the awe- struck tourists " round about the cauldron go" they see, in their imagination, the solemn ghost of Banquo rising and materializing in the fumes of the "charmed pot," and with a small stretch of the imagination you once more see the three witches and hear their husky voices chanting the solemn incantation — ' ' Round about the cauldron go ; In the poisoned entrails throw — Toad, that under coldest stone Days and nights has thirty-one. Swelter' d venom, sleeping got, Boil thou first i' the charmed pot ! Double, double, toil and trouble ; Fire burn and cauldron bubble. GEYSERS— HOT ALUM SPRINGS 147 Fillet of a fenny snake In the cauldron boil and bake ; Eye of mewt, and toe of frog ; Wool of bat, and tongue of dog ; Adder's fork and blind worm's sting ; Lizard's leg and owlet's wing, For a charm of powerful trouble, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. Double, double, toil and trouble ; Fire burn and cauldron bubble." On analysis this remarkable fumarole, having its source probably hundreds of feet below the surface, yields water rich in sodium, calcium and magnesium sulphates. GEYSERS—" WITCH'S CAULDRON " SAUNO-SULPHUROUS WATER Prof. Thos. Prick, Analyst, 1888 Temperature 212° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Bisulphate 39.83 Alumina Sulphate 2.04 Potassium Bisulphate 0.42 Alumina 0.27 Magnesium Sulphate 9.62 Silicic Acid 4.37 Calcium Sulphate 6.98 Total Solids, 63.53 Gases Free Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated Next comes the " Devil's Canopy" and the "Geyser Safety-valve," an intermitting, scalding spring, which ejects streams of boiling water to the height of fifteen feet; then the "Devil's Pulpit," a little elevation whei - e his Satanic Majesty (presumably) goes to direct the workings of his laboratory. 148 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA A little farther up and to the left are the wonderful "Steamboat Geysers," which can be heard a mile or more away, blowing and snorting intermittently at high pressure. This is seemingly a true geyser. The steam is so hot that it does not begin to condense until it is ten or fifteen feet from the surface. Tourists are very apt to burn their fingers trying to find out what makes the noise, as the steam is not visible. The temperature here is 214 F. Around these hundreds of springs are incrusted deposits of crystallized sulphur, magnesium, alum, etc., etc. In many places one can stick his alpenstock into the sides of the banks, and immediately hot steam and vapors will issue. You then pass on to the " Devil's Gristmill," where a large column of steam escapes from a hole in a rock with so much force that stones and sticks placed at the orifice are blown away like bits of papsr. Loud subterranean noises are heard within resembling those of a gristmill, hence its name. Going still farther up, the ravine is found to bifurcate. The left fork is still active, having dozens of springs, with temperatures ranging from ioo° F. to 210 F. The right fork is cool and pleasant, with several pure Water springs. Ascending at the bifurcation some one hundred and sixty feet you come to an elevation — a plauteau of smooth, plas- tic clay stained with iron and sulphur. This clay has a temperature of 170° F. Along pole is introduced into the yielding clay and forthwith issue hot, smoking vapors. The edge of this plateau is called " Lover's Leap." Here the view of the boiling, seething, roaring, steaming, groaning and bubbling springs below is one of unrivaled grandeur. One hundred and sixty feet below you and all along the "Devil's" Canon is one mass of smoking fury, shrill whis- tles, regularly intermitting puffs and groans, issuing from the interior of the earth. This sight alone is worth the whole trip. GEYSERS— WITCH'S CAULDRON 149 To the eastward is "Lover's Retreat," a pleasant oasis in this wilderness of sulphurous clouds. Here also is the " Temperance Spring," — of clear cold water. Near it is a large fallen oak, which serves at once for a seat, and a knot hole in one |of its huge branches is known as the " Post- office." Here we leave our cards in case civilization is never reached again. Going along the usual route, we pass over the "Fire Mountain " with its hundreds of small orifices through which miniature geysers issue. The temperature of this ocherous clay is i75°F. A little east of this is located "Alkali Lake" and the "Lava Beds." Here the crust is so thin that stamping hard on it produces a hollow sound. This is evidently an extinct volcanic crater on a small scale. We now pass the " Indian sweat bath " and come to another remarkable spring known as the " Devil's Tea Kettle." This is one of the strongest vapor springs on the coast. The orifice is three feet in diameter, opening out of the side of the mountain with a huge boulder overhanging it. The " Tea Kettle " spring is about half a mile from the active springs in Geyser canon. The vapor is emitted with such force that a large bunch of brush placed in front of it is instantly swept away for many feet. This steam is above the boiling point and is sulphurous in character, and contains a large quantity of free sulphuric acid. Formerly a huge cone with a steam whistle attached to it was con- structed over the orifice, but it made such a noise as to keep the guests awake at night, and was therefore taken down. GEYSERS— "DEVIL'S TEA KETTLE" SALINO-AIvUMINO-SULPHUROUS Pbof. Thomas Price, Analyst, 1888 Temperature, 212°. F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Bi-sulphate 98.16 Alumina Sulphate 31.16 Magnesium Sulphate 39.09 Silicic Acid 12.83 Calcium Sulphate 4.36 Free Sulphuric Acid 110.64 Total Solids, 296.24 Gases Free Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated ISO MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Your route now lies along the side of a mountain where a narrow path has been cut out of solid igneous rock. Below you is the Pluton River, and above you the snorting geysers. Issuing from the side of the solid glass mountain are two remarkable springs — the " Hot Acid " and the " Lemonade," whose waters are rich in the potassium salts so valuable in many conditions and diseases. The acid spring is remarkable for the fact of its having 1 54 grains of free sulphuric acid to the gallon, and the lemonade spring from the fact that it is one of the few springs in California which has free muriatic acid. Analyzing these waters they are found to contain : GEYSER SPRINGS ACID WATERS Peof. Thomas Price, Analyst, 1888 LEMONADE SPRING Temperature, 103° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Bisulphate 53.91 Potassium Bisulphate 7.53 Magnesium Sulphate 40.73 Calcium Sulphate Ferric Sulphate 12.25 Alumina Sulphate 32.02 Free Sulphuric Acid 31.82 Free Hydrochloric Acid 1.19 Silicic Acid 16.50 Boracic Acid Total 195.95 Gases Free Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated HOT ACID SPRING Temperature, f36 9 F. U. S. gal. contains Grains 9.62 1.14 91.29 4.44 16.63 20.62 154.37 21.11 strong traces 319. -it These waters are among the finest in the State for d}^s- sepsia, torpidity of the liver and bowels, malaria, anaemia, and many blood, glandular and cutaneous affections. They are pleasantly sour, and with sugar or syrup, make one of the nicest of lemonades. GEYSER SPRINGS— ACID WATERS 151 The next place of interest is the " Devil's Oven," a large excavation in this silicon oxide mountain where in years gone by this igneous rock was at a white heat. All over this realm of subterranean outlets the crust of the earth is covered with the products of the Plutoriean shores — sul- phur, iron, magnesia, nitre, alum, etc., etc. On again reaching Pluton River, several more cold and hot springs are seen. Some are sulphureted and others are ferruginous, magnesic and aluminic. Several hundred feet up the Pluton River has been constructed a large and commodious bathing establishment, which spans the river. Every facility for bathing has been arranged. The hot sulphurous vapor issues directly through the side of the mountain, and gains admission into suitable apartments where the bather can enjoy the medicinal effects of the sulphurous fumes and steam vapors at any desired temperature. Then there is the plunge and individual tubs and sweating chambers, and comfortable dressing-rooms. One half of the bathing facilities are for ladies and the other half for gentlemen. This bathing fluid is remarkable on account of the large amount of borates it holds in solution. One gallon contains as follows : GEYSERS— BATHING WATER LIGHT SAUNO-BORIC-SULPHUROUS WATER Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 Temperature 137° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Sulphate 3.96 Maganesium Salts traces Potassium Sulphate traces Ferric Sulphate 0.25 Magnesium Sulphate 0.26 Aluminium Sulphate... 1.87 Magnesium Borate 18.20 Boracic Acid 0.27 Calcium Sulphate 0.73 Silica 7.98 Calcium Borate 7.10 Organic Matter traces Total Solids, 40.62 Free Gases Cubic Inches Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 27.90 152 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA This is one of the best bathing waters on the coast. The borates and sulphates render the skin soft, white and pliable, cleansing the 7,000,000 little pores on the cutaneous surface of an average-sized man. (See article on bathing in front part of book.) This water has proved highly beneficial in the treatment of the many cutaneous, syphilitic and strumous contaminations, rheumatism and chronic joint troubles, white swellings (synovites), gout and articular diseases. The water is also used for internal administration. Its action is laxative, diuretic and diaphoretic, effecting chylo- poietic and intestinal tracts as well as the kidney and skin. A large swimming pond has been constructed by dam- ming the Pluton River. The water has a temperature of 75 ° F., and is a combination of all the mineral spring waters. The Geyser Springs, hot and cold, flow daily about 100,000 galhns. The area covered is about four hundred acres. Most of the activity, however, is confined to the " Devil's" or Geyser Canon, and comprises about sixty acres. Many of the springs resemble true geysers, such as we have in the " wonderland of America" — Yellowstone Park — and in Iceland ; but scientific authorities classify our California geysers as fumaroles or openings and outlets in a volcanic district. From the following analyses, made by Prof. Price and the writer, it will be observed that at the Geysers can be found perhaps a greater variety of mineral waters than at any other place on the continent, or perhaps in the world. The waters are valuable for the many conditions noted under the head of " Therapeutics of Mineral Waters" in a preceding chapter, and they cannot fail to attract atten- tion. Extensive Indian mud baths are found near the edge of the river, between the hotel and the sulphur banks. ANALYSES OF CALIFORNIA GEYSERS 153 From Spout of Devil's Teakettle. Temp. 212° Fahr Hot Sulphur Water In bed of Pluton River, little above bathhouse. Temp. 140" Fahr Spring little above In diau Spring. Tastes very acid. Temp. 105 s Fahr Indian Spring near (Clo verdale Sulphur Bank), Supposed real Indian Mud Spring. Temp. 100° Fahr Indian Spring. Temp, water 108 Q Fahr. ; temp., mud 110° Fahr Iron Spring (north of Ho tel). Temp. 70° Fahr... Spring on side of Hill (near Pluton River). Temp. 138° Fahr. Eye Water ~ Lemonade Spring. Temp 103° Fahr 03 tE . o3 ua_o3 : .2 •e 5'Od'O On-goQ oco *4-i pH <*J ^ <*H °l: °« ° V o « ° 03 a *~< III ®1a ° a a ® coQco a fl s H « ° ® ° >< m I o a < W W o .u is o Pi a 3t?a 2e>; U.S a s • t> 14.23 12.84 .65 4.36 .78 5.56 1.62 40.04 1.00038 Cubic In. trace en en h- a OS., eo BirH a m . Q.2S - S 5 « S.d-3 2 11.91 2.14 7.15 .45 2.70 .35 5.82 trace trace .62 1.43 trace 32.57 1.00023 Cubic In. trace White Sulphur Springs. Located in Amador County, two miles north of Ply- mouth. In Inyo County, at the edge of Panamint Range, 12 miles north of Panamint. In the town of Santa Rosa, in Sonoma County, used locally. In Tehama County, southwest of Red Bluff, in Bear Gulch. These waters are heavy and light, salino-sulphurous and sulphureted. Some are reported to have large excess of sulphureted hydrogen and others both carbonic acid gas and sulphureted hydrogen. In Santa Rosa the water is used by most of the inhabit- ants for bathing, facilities having been constructed for WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS 265 hot steam, hot tub and plunge baths. It is observed that these hot sulphur baths are excellent for incipent colds and rheumatism and in many cases of chronic rheumatic troubles. Wilbur Springs. These mineral springs are located thirty miles from Colusa in Colusa County. They are pleasantly situated and have acquired considerable reputation from their therapeutic properties. At the springs are good accommodations in the hotel and cottages and excellent camping facilities. The resort is reached by railroad to Williams and thence by stage. The waters are hot and sulphureted, containing : WILBUR SPRINGS THERMAL SALINO-SULPHURETED WATER De, Winslow Anderson, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 19.75 Calcium Carbonate... 8.44 Sodium Carbonate 3.40 Calcium Sulphate 20.62 Sodium Sulphate 26.19 Ferrous Sulphate 4.16 Potassium Chloride 46 Alumina 3.93 Potassium Iodide 75 Silicates 6.95 Magnesium Carbonate 5.10 Organic Matter 1.74 Magnesium Sulphate 22.90 Total Solids, 124.39 Gases Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen 43.97 Witter's Mineral Springs. These mineral springs are pleasantly located in Lake County, about one mile east of Pearson's Springs, five miles from Upper Lake and three miles from Blue Lake. The resort — a growing one — is picturesquely located, having good views of the lakes, valleys and mountains in the vicinity. The resort comprises a good commodious hotel, several cottages and excellent bathing facilities for hot and cold mineral baths. 266 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The springs are all cold and flow about sixty gallons per hour. They are at an elevation of i ,800 feet. There are cold soda and iron springs and cold sulphur springs. The prin- cipal water is known by the very emphatic if not euphonious name of "Dead Shot," having reference to the action of the water on the diseases for which it is recommended. These are : liver and kidney diseases and bowel disorders. The water contains: WITTER'S MINERAL SPRINGS "DEAD SHOT" ALKALO SULPHUROUS Dk Winslow Anderson, Analyst Temperature 59.3° F. U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contain* Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 17.42 Ferrous Carbonate 1.17 Sodium Carbonate 5.96 Manganese Carbonate .86 Sodium Sulphate 11.50 Alumina 1.65 Potassium Carbonate 3.15 Borates 42 Magnesium Carbonate 7.10 Silica 6.33 Magnesium Sulphate 20.62 Organic Matter 76 Total Solids, 76.94 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Gas 7.65 Sulphureted Hydrogen 5.25 Young's Natural Gas Well and Mineral Springs These natural wonders are on the property of Mr W. G. Young and are located on the eastern edge of Kelsey- ville, on a little elevated ground about three miles south of Clear Lake. The surroundings are picturesque, lying, as they do, just within the lower extremity of Big Valley and near the base of " Uncle Sam" Mountain. The country is fertile and the land valuable, being among the best in Lake County. The climate of Lake County is noted the world over for its salubriousness, the air being mild, dry and balmy. The elevation at the gas well is about 1,500 feet, giving a commanding view to the surrounding country ; and well may Lake County be called the " Switzerland of America," YOUNG'S NATURAL GAS WELL 267 for a more picturesque view could not be found than that of Clear Lake, lying in the embrace of the surrounding moun- tains peacefully smiling on the outstretched and prolific valley with its gigantic oaks, the largest in the State, and old Uncle Sam, like an ancient guardian, watching the beautiful landscape. GAS WELL AT KELSEYVILLE ON THE PROPERTY OF W. G. YOUNG From a Photograph by G. E. Moore, Lakeport In 1888 Mr Young bored a well for gas. When down about one hundred and fifty-eight feet a large volume of water and gas rushed out with considerable force. The well is now ejecting, and has been so continuing from the time 26S MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA it was bored, a large stream of mineral water and gas, which rises into the air to a height of about forty feet, fron sev- enty to eighty times every minute. For a moment it stops and then comes another violent ejection in a true Geyser style. The flow is about 6,000 gallons per hour and the water has a temperature of 76 F. Within a year it is estimated that over 5,000 people visited this natural wonder, the only one in the State of its kind. The water has been extensively used by the inhab- itants of Kelseyville and surroundings, who pronounce it excellent for the liver, kidney and bowels. YOUNG'S GAS WELL ALKALO-SALINE AND FERRUGINOUS WATER Dk. Winsloav Anderson, Analyst, 1889 Temperature 76° F. U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 15.76 Manganese Carbonate.. .18 Sodium Carb mate 3G.5-! Ferrous Carbonate 4.95 Sodium Sulphate 19.16 Barium Carbonate trace Potassium Carbonate 3.40 Lithium Carbonate trace Potassium Iodide 78 Borates 3.12 Magnesium Carbonate 7.14 Alumina 5.18 Magnesium Sulphate 21.90 Silicates 6.45 Calcium Carbonate 6.36 Organic Matter trace Calcium Sulphate 9.72 Total Solids, 140.62 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Arid Gas 9.60 Petroleum and Carbnretted ) . Hydrogen (inflammable gas)\ This water contains all the elements to make it valu- able therapeutically. Its action is tonic and anticid, of great value in dyspepsia ; it is aperient or laxative according to the amount taken, acting on the liver and bowels ; it is also diuretic from the carbonates and would be of value in Bright's disease of the kidneys, inflammation of the bladder, in acid conditions of the urine, etc., etc. We understand that the owner contemplates erecting a first-class health and pleasure resort on the premises. Bathing facilities would YOUNG'S GAS WELL 269 also be of considerable importance, as the water, heated, would be very useful for rheumatism, chronic joint diseases, white swellings, scrofula and chronic cutaneous diseases, and glandular enlargements. Several inflammable gas wells are also found on the grounds — (see article in book, "Inflammable Natural Gas"). One of these is about fifty feet west of the spring, and during our visit in 1888 the gas was ignited and burned with a pale blue flame and yellow tips, giving forth empyreumatic odors, probably due to the incomplete oxidation of the car- bon products. This can easily be remedied by using suit- able burners. The gas is largely light carburetted hydrogen (CH 4 ) and of considerable 1 value in an economic point of view as the whole of Kelsey ville and a large resort besides could easily be lighted and heated by the natural product from Nature's chemical laboratory. Several other minor gas wells are also found on the premises and it is contemplated to utilize this valuable pro- duct. Zem Zem Springs (meaning " Hoey Weel in Mecca ") These mineral springs are located on the southeastern side of Clear Lake, in Lake County. The waters have a temperature of 64 F., and contain: Soda, alumina, magnesia, silica, etc. The waters are highly carbonated. There is a small resort at the springs. For dyspepsia and kidney diseases the waters seem to be beneficial. For rheumatism and diseases of the liver, the springs have some notoriety. Analysis said to have been made by Dr. Boon. Sulphur 50 parts in 1,000 Iron 27 parts in 1,000 Magnesia 28 parts in 1,000 Solid Matter 105 parts in 1,000 270 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA ' ' Tired of its own bright charms, the golden day- Rests in the arms of evening; all is still; Nor leaf, nor flower moves, lest the spell might break Which holds the Earth bound fast in twilight chains. From yonder hawthorn tree some leaf-hid bird Breathes to the dying day a soft farewell, That, mingling with the stillness, seems to weave Into the silence threads of melody. Wild roses, since the dawn, have deeply blushed Beneath the sun's warm kisses; now at Eve Faint odors, passing sweet, possess the air — Rich incense offered to the Queen of Night ! For lo! a silvery light falls all around, As up the violet heavens a pale young moon Climbs high and higher still. , A low-voiced breeze, Rising with balmy sigh amid the hills, Comes ling'ringly adown the rocky glen, Floats o'er the uplands, kisses every flower, And whispers that the fair, sweet Day is dead ! Now restful thoughts and calm enter the heart, And soothe the tired brain; as from on High A blessing falls on everything below: Cool shades to Evening — rest and peace to Man." ■^ ^=m=^' > OREGON MINERAL SPRINGS 271 The following analytical tables of all the important mineral waters in the world are arranged alphabetically, commencing with those of Oregon, Western States, South- ern and Southwestern States, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, New England and lastly the European mineral springs,numbering in all about two hundred. Oregon Mineral Springs BEER SPRINGS, ORE. PURGATIVE Analyst unknown U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 8.96 Calcium Chloride 5.36 Magnesium Chloride 4.48 Calcium Carbonate 15.44 Magnesium Carbonate 12.88 Calcium Sulphate 8.48 Magnesium Sulphate 48.40 Vegetable Ex. Matter .. . 3.36 Total Solids, 107. 30 DES CHUTES HOT SPRINGS, WASCO COUNTY, ORE. THERMAL L. M. Dornbach and Prof. E. N. Horsford, Analysts Temperature 143" and 145° F. TJ. S. gal. contains TJ. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 20.416 Potassium Chloride 2.000 Sodium Carbonate . 34.496 Magnesium Chloride. .. 1.216 Sodium Sulphate JV464 Calcium Sulphate 1.824 Sodium Silicate 8.200 Iron trace Total Solids, 77.616 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 22.56 WILHOITS SODA SPRINGS, CLACKAMAS COUNTY, ORE. ALKALINE AND SALINE J. H. Veach, M. D., Analyst TJ. S. gal. contains U. S. g«l. contaius Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 201.000 Magnesium Sulphate. . 6.480 Sodium Carbonate 87.568 Calcium Carbonate 32.224 Sodium Sulphate 3.400 Ferrous Carbonate 6.000 Magnesium Carbonate 85.320 Iodine . . trace Total Solids, 421.992 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 336.00 272 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Western States Mineral Springs ALPENA WELL, ALPENA CO., MICH. SULPHURETED Prof. S. P. Duffield, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 68.256 Calcium carbonate 38.296 Sodium Carbonate 10.912 Calcium Sulphate 30.056 Potassium Carbonate trace Ferrous carbonate 1.360 Magnesium carbonate 37.288 Alumina and silica .... 3.088 Total Solids, 189.256 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 8.40 Sulphureted Hydrogen 35.36 BETHESDA SPRINGS, WAUKESHA CO., WIS. ALKALINE AND CALCAREOUS C. F. Chandlek, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain! Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 1.160 Calcium Carbonate 11.824 Sodium Carbonate 872 Ferrous Carbonate 032 Sodium Sulphate 544 Alumina 1 20 Sodium Phosphate trace Silica 736 Potassium Sulphate 456 Organic Matter 1 .984 Magnesium Carbonate 7.344 Total Solids, 25.072 BUTTERWORTH SPRINGS, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. CALCAREOUS S. P. Duffield, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 12.728 Calcium Carbonate 5.792 Sodium Carbonate 3.472 Calcium Sulphate 75. 136 Potassium Chloride 9.816 Ferrous Carbonate 704 Magnesium Chloride 41.856 Alumina 408 Magnesium Carbonate 3.456 Silica 512 Calcium Chloride 6.104 Organic Matter and Loss . . .664 Total Solids, 160.648 WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 273 EATON RAPIDS, EATON CO. MICH. CALCAREOUS Frost Well Shaw Well Prof. Duffield Prof. Kedzie Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains XT. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 7.672 .896 Sodium Carbonate 11.568 Sodium Sulphate Potassium Carbonate 1.272 Magnesium Carbonate 7.592 3.840 Magnesium Sulphate Calcium Carbonate 38.528 20.736 Calcium Sulphate 3.864 48.128 Ferrous Carbonate 1.984 1.232 Ammonium Nitrate trace Silicic Acid , 1.400 Silica 13.112 Organic matter and loss 752 .896 Total Solids 73.504 89.96S Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 18.56 16.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen trace Mosher Well Prof. Kedzie Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains .896 5.370 1.152 4.520 19.432 45.160 1.000 trace 2.536 .848 80.920 Cubic Inches 15.36 trace EATON RAPIDS, EATON CO., MICH. CALCAREOUS Stirling Well Bordine Well C. T. Jackson, M. D. Prof. Kedzie Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 1.496 Sodium Carbonate 4.336 3.776 Sodium Sulphate 10.488 Potassium Carbonate -. Magnesium Carbonate Magnesium Sulphate 7.824 Calcium Carbonate Calcium Sulphate 45. 984 Ferrous Carbonate 2.336 Ammonium Nitrate Silicic Acid Silica Organic Matter and Loss Total Solids 70.96S 101.744 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 16.00 16.00 2.272 4.976 28.104 57.496 1.624 2.000 274 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, ORANGE CO., IND. SULPHURETED Pluto's Well Proserpine J. G. Rogers, M. D. J. G. Rogers, M. D. Analyst Analyst U. S. gnl. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 140.536 90.920 Sodium Carbonate 10.528 Sodium Sulphate 22.368 36.720 Potassium Chloride 5.008 Magnesium Chloride 8.048 Magnesium Carbonate 1.584 4.496 Magnesium Sulphate 18.112 29.328 Calcium Chloride 5.344 Calcium Carbonate 6.944 20.288 Calcium Sulphate 60.584 141.000 Aluminium and Iron Carbonates trace 2.496 Silica 1.696 Total Solids 255.472 350.528 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 14.96 10.216 Sulphureted Hydrogen 25.44 17.000 FRUIT PORT WELL, OTTAWA CO., MICH. SALINE C. G. Wheeler, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 464.024 Calcium Chloride 1 11. 104 Sodium Carbonate 4.520 Calcium Carbonate 3.544 Sodium Sulphate 45.992 Ferrous Carbonate 5.440 Potassium Chloride 432 Manganese Carbonate 080 Magnesium Chloride 46. 80S Alumina trace Magnesium Carbonate 2.464 Silica and Silicates 10.600 Magnesium Bromide. 760 Total Solids, 695.768 GREEN SPRINGS, SANDUSKY CO., O. PURGATIVE O. N. Stoddard, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal, contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Potassium Chloride 2.4S0 Ferrous Carbonate 19.696 Potassium Bromide 16.760 Ferrous Sulphate 6.528 Magnesium Carbonate 22.384 Alumina , .976 Magnesium Sulphate 36. 136 Silica 6.096 Calcium Sulphate 105.408 Total Solids, 216.464 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 96.48 WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 275 GREENCASTLE SPRINGS, PUTNAM CO., IND. CHALYBEATE North, or Middle, or Daggy, Spring Dewdrop, Spring U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 792 .696 Sodium Carbonate 096 .064 Sodium Sulphate 136 .069 Potassium Carbonate 088 .072 Magnesium Carbonate 4.704 5.336 Magnesium Sulphate 1.048 1.032 Calcium Carbonate 14.552 11.880 Ferrous Carbonate. .... 408 2.384 Silicic Acid 088 .008 Alumina 160 .072 Loss and Undetermined 096 .224 Total Solids 22.168 21.864 HUBBARDSTON WELL, IONIA CO., MICH. CALCAREOUS Prof. P. H. Douglass, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Magnesium Carbonate 6. 352 Perrous Oxide Calcium Carbonate 16.536 Silica Total Solids, 23,176 U. S. gal. contains Grains 152 136 IDAHO HOT SPRINGS, CLEAR CREEK CO., COL. THERMAL J. G. Dohle, Analyst Temperature, 85° to 115° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 4. 16 Sodium Carbonate 30.80 Sodium Sulphate 29.36 Sodium Silicate 4.08 Magnesium Chloride trace Magnesium Carbonate 2.88 U. S. gal. containt Mineral Ingredients Grains Magnesium Sulphate 18.72 Calcium Chloride trace Calcium Carbonate 9.52 Calcium Sulphate 3.44 Perrous Carbonate 4. 16 Total Solids, 107.12 A. 18 276 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA INDIAN SPRINGS, MARTIN CO., IND. SULPHURETED AND SALINE E. T. Cox, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 39.368 Magnesium Sulphate 30.392 Sodium Carbonate 3.616 Calcium Carbonate 33.104 Sodium Sulphate 11. 824 Calcium Sulphate 20. 232 Potassium Carbonate 2.520 Ferric Oxide trace Potassium Sulphate 2.400 Iodides and Bromides trace Magnesium Chloride 056 Silicic Acid 448 Magnesium Carbonate 18.944 Aluminum Sulphate 832 Total Solids, 163.736 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 9. 52 Sulphureted Hydrogen 3. 36 Oxygen 3.92 Nitrogen 648 LAFAYETTE, TIPPECANOE CO., IND. SALINE AND SULPHURETED C. M. Wethbkell, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 324.720 Calcium Carbonate 8.352 Magnesium Chloride 29.656 Calcium Sulphate 56.336 Magnesium Carbonate 28.720 Ferric Oxide 496 Magnesium Iodide trace Aluminium trace Calcium Chloride 3.720 Silica 464 Total Solids, 452.464 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 12.16 Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.92 Nitrogen 4. 88 LANSING WELL, INGHAM CO., MICH. SALINE Dr. Jennings, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. containi Mineral Ingredients Grains x Mineral Ingredients GrainB Sodium Chloride 266.792 Magnesium Carbonate .. . 11.368 Sodium Carbonate 64.752 Calcium Carbonate 62.256 Sodium Sulphate 25.048 Ferrous Carbonate 1. 144 Potassium Sulphate 12.432 Silica 3.304 Total Solids, 447.096 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 196.00 WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 277 LESLIE WELL, INGHAM CO., MICH. CALCAREOUS Prof. R. C. Kedzie, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 3.040 Calcium Sulphate 5.864 Potassium Carbonate 2.872 Ferrous Carbonate 1.368 Magnesium Carbonate 5.200 Silica 1.728 Calcium Carbonate 17.712 Organic Matter 536 Total Solids, 38.320 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 13.44 LODI ARTESIAN WELL, WABASH CO., IND. SULPHURETED Dr. Pahle, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 502.464 Calcium Chloride 47.928 Sodium Sulphate 2.136 Calcium Carbonate 2.016 Potassium Sulphate 800 Calcram Sulphate 55.552 Magnesium Chloride 53.536 Calcium Phosphate 1.200 Magnesium Carbonate 656 Silicic Acid 520 Magnesium Iodide trace Sulphur (suspended) .... 5.000 Magnesium Bromide 880 Nitrogenous Or. Matter . . . 800 Magnesium Sulphate 3.256 Total Solids, 676.744 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid undetermined Sulphureted Hydrogen 7.92 Nitrogen undetermined MANITOU SPRING, EL PASO CO., COL. ALKALINE T. M. Drown, Analyst Mineral Ingredients Percentage Mineral Ingredients Percentage Sodium Chloride 36.69 Potassium Chloride 10.01 Sodium Bicarbonate 24.01 Magnesium Bicarbonate . . 8.89 Sodium Sulphate 4.78 Calcium Bicarbonate 15.62 Total Solids, 100.00 278 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA MIDLAND WELL, MIDLAND CO., MICH. PURGATIVE S. P. Duffield, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grams Sodium Chloride 27.240 Calcium Sulphate 3.712 Sodium Sulphate 18.384 Aluminium Phosphate . . . 1.440 Potassium Sulphate 68.472 Silica 2.464 Magnesium Chloride 1.824 Organic Matter 2.056 Calcium Chloride 5.176 Loss 2.672 Total Solids, 133.440 OWOSSO SPRING, SHIAWASSEE CO., MICH. CHALYBEATE U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 2.096 Ferrous Carbonate 11.544 Magnesium Carbonate 11.304 Alumina j 61g Calcium Carbonate 17.824 Silica. . . Total Solids, 43.384 PERRY SPRINGS, PIKE CO., ILL. ALKALINE No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Middle Spring Upper Spring Lower Spring H Engelmann, M. D. H.Engelmann, M.D. H. Engelmanu, M. D. Analyst Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grams Grams Sodium Sulphate 440 1.096 1.384 Sodium Silicate 120 .384 .576 Sodium & Potassium Silicates. 2.640 2.280 3.448 Potassium Carbonate 1.592 1-448 1-256 Magnesium Carbonate 10.080 8.776 6.216 Oalcium Carbonate 11.040 13.720 13.664 Ferrous Carbonate 408 .320 -200 272 Aluminium Silicate Total Solids 26.320 28.024 27.016 SALT LAKE HOT SPRINGS, UTAH. THERMAL C. T. Jackson, Analyst U. S. gal. contains a . U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grams Sodium Chloride 19.544 Magnesium) CarWtea g<576 Sodium Sulphate 5.536 Calcium \ Magnesium Chloride 528 Calcium Chloride 4.528 Ferric Oxide 168 Total Solids, 33.880 WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 279 SALT LAKE MINERAL SPRINGS SULPHURETED Unknown Analyst Beck's Hot Springs Mineral Ingredients Per cent Chloride of Sodium 95506 Chloride of Magnesium 4334 Sulphate of Magnesium Carbonate of Magnesium Chloride of Calcium 06957 Sulphate of Calcium 01907 Silicate of Calcium Carbonate of Calcium 03001 Chloride of Potassium 03761 Sulphate of Potassium Alumina Silica 00315 Organic Matter trace Iron trace Iodine Bromine Water Volatile Other matter Warm Springs Per cent .77248 .01588 .03412 •13668 .03321 .03388 .00212 Total 1.25871 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid undetermined Sulphureted Hydrogen undetermined 1.02845 SPARTA ARTESIAN WELL, MONROE CO., WIS. CHALYBEATE J. M. Hiesch, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 112 Sodium Carbonate 120 Sodium Iodide trace Sodium Sulphate 1. 840 Sodium Phosphate 056 Potassium Sulphate 528 Magnesium Carbonate 1.992 Calcium Chloride 504 Calcium Carbonate 232 Calcium Sulphate 144 Total Solids, U. S. gal. contain* Grains Mineral Ingredients Ferrous Carbonate 8. 664 Manganese Carbonate . . . trace Barium Carbonate trace Lithium Carbonate 016 Strontium Carbonate 008 Ammonium Carbonate . . . trace Aluminium Phosphate .. . .048 Silica 232 Hydrogen Sulphide trace 14.496 280 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA SCHUYLER SPRING, SCHUYLER CO., ILL. CHALYBEATE Dr. Blanevt, Analyst U. 8. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Magnesium Sulphate 2.984 Alkaline Sulphates 7.832 Calcium Sulphate 73.936 Silica 1.312 Ferrous Sulphate 89.960 Total Solids, 156.024 SPRING LAKE WELL, OTTAWA CO., MICH. SALINE Peof. C. G. Wheeler, Analyst U. S. gal contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 405.528 Calcium Carbonate 096 Sodium Carbonate 040 Ferrous Carbonate 736 Sodium Sulphate 46.696 Manganese Carbonate . . . .048 Potassium Chloride 4. 288 Lithia trace Magnesium Chloride 36.200 Ammonia 016 Magnesium Carbonate ... ... trace Alumina trace Magnesium Bromide 2. 168 Silica 504 Calcium Chloride 1 13.416 Organic Matter 18.288 Total Solids, 628.024 ST. LOUIS SPRINGS, GRATIOT CO., MICH. ALKALINE S. P. Dotfield, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Carbonate 61.472 Calcium Silicate 5.600 Magnesium Carbonate 8. 6 10 Ferrous Carbonate 728 Calcium Chloride trace Silica . 2.392 Calcium Carbonate 40.152 Organic Matter 1.664 Calcium Sulphate 55.400 Total Solids, 176.048 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 10.88 Sulphureted Hydrogen trace WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 281 VERSAILLES SPRINGS, BROWN CO., ILL. ALKALINE Magnesia Spring G. A. Marriner Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride trace Sodium Carbonate Sodium and Potassium Carbonates. . 1.320 Magnesium Carbonate 8.952 Calcium Carbonate 14.600 Calcium Sulphate trace Ferrous Carbonate 064 Alumina and trace of Iron Silica 1.400 Organic Matter Total Solids 26.336 Gas Carbonic Ourry Spring J. V. Blaney, M. D. Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains Monitor Spring J. V. Blaney, M. D. Analyst U. S. gal. containi Grains trace trace 7.624 7.624 trace trace 7.464 6.984 12.112 16.136 2.088 .728 .816 trace 30.832 Cubic Inches ......24.00 2.136 1.704 trace 34.584 WEST BADEN SPRINGS, ORANGE CO., IND. SULPHURETED E. T. Cox, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 77.984 Sodium Carbonate 1.112 Sodium Sulphate 3. 104 Potassium Carbonate 624 Potassium Sulphate 1.368 Magnesium Chloride 11.400 Magnesium Carbonate 39. 160 Magnesium Sulphate 36. 1 52 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Chloride 7.280 Calcium Carbonate 41.376 Calcium Sulphate 1 1. 184 Ferric Oxide 088 Iodide trace Bromide trace Silicic Acid 440 Aluminium Sulphate 4.552 Total Solids, 235.824 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 5. 12 Sulphureted Hydrogen 4 88 Oxygen 1.68 Nitrogen 5.44, YELLOW SPRINGS, GREENE CO. CALCAREOUS Wayne and Lock, Analysts OHIO U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 152 Magnesium Chloride 168 Calcium Chloride 1.544 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Carbonate 19.568 Calcium Sulphate 1.352 Ferric Oxide 392 Total Solids, 23.176 282 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Southern and Southwestern Mineral Springs ARKANSAS HOT SPRINGS Mineral Ingredients Parts in 10,000 Sodium Chloride 0003 Sodium Sulphate 0115 Potassium Sulphate . . 0070 Magnesium Chloride 0040 Calcium Sulphate 0033 Calcium Silicate 0139 Calcium Carbonate 1203 Mineral Ingredients Parts in 10,000 Alumina 0137 Iron 0030 Iodine trace Bromine trace Water 0043 Silica 0567 Organic Matter 0420 Total Solids, .2800 Gases Free Sulphureted Hydrogen excess Free Carbonic Acid excess HOT SAL INO-SULPHUROUS Drs. Owen and Cone, Analysts Temperature, 100° to 148° F Qualitative Sodium Chloride Magnesia Sulphate Sodium Sulphate Magnesia Calcium Bicarbonate Iron Magnesia Sub-carbonate CALCIC-THERMAL Prof. E. H. Larkin, Analyst Temperature 93° to 150° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 008 Sodium Sulphate 376 Potassium Sulphate 232 Magnesium Carbonate 128 Calcium Carbonate 3.968 Calcium Sulphate 112 Calcium Silicate 464 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Ferric Oxide 104 Iodinp trace Bromine trace Alumina 448 Silica 1.864 Organic Matter 704 Water 144 Total Solids, 8.552 SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN MINERAL SPRINGS 283 BLADEN SPRINGS, CHOCTAW CO., ALA. ALKALINE Vichy Spring Branch Spring J. L. & W. P. RlDDELL J. h. & W. P. RlDDELL Analysts Analysts U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Carbonate 46.328 41.208 Magnesium Carbonate .288 .608 Calcium Carbonate , 872 2.136 Calcium Sulphate 2.256 2.792 Ferrous Carbonate 496 .232 Manganese Sulphate trace Organic Matter 2.256 1.896 Total Solids, 52.496 48.872 Gases • Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 65.44 59.20 Sulphureted Hydrogen trace trace Chlorine 1.84 1.84 ALKALINE Old Spring Sulphur Spring Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 7.696 Sodium Carbonate 32.888 Magnesium Carbonate 1.360 Calcium Carbonate 2.752 Calcium Sulpbate 016 Ferrous Carbonate Ferrous Sulphate 240 Manganese Sulphate Crenic Acid 728 Hypocrenic Acid 600 Silica and Alumina 2.104 Organic Matter Loss 320 Prof . R. T. Brumby J. L. & W. P. Riddle Analyst U. S. gal. contain* Grains 34.936 .648 2.416 2.960 .760 trace 1.248 Total Solids . 48.704 42.968 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 32.56 52.88 Sulphureted Hydrogen undetermined .56 Chlorine 1.84 284 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA BLOUNT SPRINGS, BLOUNT CO., ALA. SULPHURETED Red Sulphur Sweet Sulphur Prof. R. Brumby Prof. R. Brumby Analyst Analyst TJ. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain! Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride '. 32.32 30.88 Magnesium Chloride 6.00 Magnesium Carbonate 4.40 Magnesium Sulphate 1.60 Calcium Carbonate 6.80 Ferrous Carbonate 1. 92 Total Solids 53.04 42.48 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inchei Carbonic Acid 6.00 . -6.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen '. 14.96 12.56 3.60 2.40 4.48 1.12 BLUE LICK SPRINGS, UPPER AND LOWER, NICHOLAS, CO., KY. SULPHURETED Upper Lower J. F. Judge and A. Fennel Robert Peter, M. D. Analysts Analyst U. S. gal. contains TJ. S. gal: contain* Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 516.536 512.856 Potassium Chloride 1.800 1.392 Potassium Sulphate 12.976 8.936 Magnesium Chloride '. 37.728 32.392 Magnesium Carbonate 144 .136 Magnesium Bromide 3.808 .240 Magnesium Iodide 152 .048 Calcium Carbonate 25.064 23.656 Calcium Sulphate 44.136 33.992 Alumina (Calcium Phosphate and Ferric Oxide) 1.968 .360 Silicic Acid • 1.000 1.104 Loss 14.880 17.728 Total Solids 660.192 632.840 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 48.16 98.80 Sulphureted Hydrogen 8. 16 18.24 SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN MINERAL SPRINGS 285 CHARLESTON ARTESIAN WELL, S. C. THERMAL Prof. C. U. Shephard, Jr., Analyst Temperature 87° F. U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 75.672 Sodium Carbonate 58.824 Magnesium Carbonate 008 Calcium Carbonate 1. 120 Mineral Ingredients Calcium Phosphate Ferrous Phosphate Aluminium Phosphate . . Silica Organic Matter Total Solids, 135.672 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 2.24 U. S. gal. contains Grains .008 .016 .024 CATOOSA SPRINGS, CATOOSA CO., GA. . PURGATIVE All-Healing Red Sweet Wm. J. Land Wm. J. Land Analyst Anaiyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 128 .144 Sodium Carbonate 248 .288 Sodium Sulphate 1.496 1.696 Potassium Carbonate 104 .112 Potassium Sulphate 2.200 2.488 Magnesium Carbonate 7.024 7.944 Magnesium Bromide 296 .328 Magnesium Sulphate 26.536 29.976 Calcium Carbonate 3.520 3.976 Calcium Bromide 1.208 1.368 Calcium Sulphate 38.840 43.864 Calcium Nitrate 416 .472 Calcium Fluoride 016 .016 Ferrous Carbonate 128 .144 Manganese Carbonate 008 .016 Lithium Carbonate trace trace Strontium Carbonate 040 .048 Strontium Sulphate 200 .232 Ammonium Nitrate 120 .136 Crenic Acid ; . . ., ■ .024 .024 Apocrenic Acid ) Aluminium Sulphate 504 .664 Total Solids 83.056 93.936 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 9.36 9.28 286 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA CATOOSA SPRINGS, CATOOSA CO., GA. PURGATIVE White Sulphur Buffalo Wm. J. Land Wm. J. Land Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 136 .112 Sodium Carbonate 256 .024 Sodium Sulphate 1.672 1.672 Potassium Carbonate 112 .016 Potassium Sulphate 2.320 2.312 Magnesium Carbonate 8.400 8.696 Magnesium Bromide 304 .328 Magnesium Sulphate 32.008 33.016 Calcium Carbonate 3.848 3.856 Calcium Bromide 144 . 152 Calcium Sulphate 44.808 45.000 Calcium Nitrate 320 .032 Calcium Fluoride 016 .008 Ferrous Carbonate 280 .280 Manganese Carbonate 024 .016 Lithium Carbonate trace trace Strontium Carbonate 040 .040 Strontium Sulphate 208 .288 Ammonium Nitrate 096 .912 Crenic Acid 1 Apocrenic Acid f - 008 - 008 Aluminium Sulphate 2.472 2.384 Total Solids 97.472 99.152 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 9.52 9.76 Sulphureted Hydrogen 08 trace COOPER'S WELL, HINDS CO., MISS. CHALYBEATE Prof. J. L. Smith, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Sulphate 42.120 Calcium Crenate 312 Ferric Oxide 3.360 Aluminum Sulphate 6.120 Silica 1.800 Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 8.360 Sodium Sulphate 11.704 Potassium Sulphate 608 Magnesium Chloride 3.480 Magnesium Sulphate 23.280 Calcium Chloride 4.320 Total Solids, 105.464' Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 32.0 Oxygen 12.0 Nitrogen 36.0 U. S. gal. contains Grains SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN MINERAL SPRINGS 287 CRAB ORCHARD SPRINGS, LINCOLN CO., KY. PURGATIVE Foley's Spring R. Peter, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 17.718 Sodium Sulphate 59.072 Potassium Sulphate 9.912 Magnesium Carbonate 7.640 Magnesium Sulphate .205.280 Calcium Carbonate 53.184 Calcium Sulphate 10.792 Calcium, Magnesium, Ferrous Car-, bonates and Silica Ferrous Carbonate trace Bromine Silica 3.264 Loss and Moisture 34.584 Water of Crystallization and Loss .... , Total Solids 401.456 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid not estimated Sowder's Spring R. Peter, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 58.320 Crab Orchard Salt P.. Peter, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 4.77 23.200 4.20 17.376 1.80 21.872 174.312 63.19 29.512 91.328 2.54 .'89 trace trace trace 1.224 22.61 417.144 100.00 Cubic Inches not estimated ESTILL SPRINGS, ESTILL CO., KY. Red Sulphur Sulphureted Chalybeate R. Peter, M. D. R. Peter, M. D. Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 4.896 .528 Sodium Carbonate 1. 344 Sodium Sulphate 10.032 .696 Potassium Sulphate 5. 360 .640 Magnesium Carbonate 4.840 2.680 Magnesium Sulphate 584 9.792 Calcium Chloride Calcium Carbonate 11.776 9.272 Calcium Sulphate 16.672 Ferrous Carbonate 1.864 Aluminium Phosphate trace Silica 352 1.864 Organic and Volatile Matters 2.336 8.224 Loss Total Solids 41.520 52.232 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 40.08 33.20 Sulphureted Hydrogen 56 Irvine Spring Purgative R. Peter, M. D. Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 17.608 2.504 2.568 263.280 1.688 30.728 31.896 1.328 4.024 S5.888 441.512 288 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA HARRODSBURG SPRINGS, MERCER CO., KY. PURGATIVE. Greenville Spring Saloon Spring Raymond, Raymond, Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride trace 9.92 Magnesium Carbonate 22.96 2.08 Magnesium Sulphate 129.28 223.36 Calcium Carbonate 4.S0 23.92 Calcium Sulphate 88.48 81.92 Ferrous Carbonate 2. 88 Total Solids 245.52 344.08 MONTVALE SPRINGS, BLOUNT CO., TENN. CHALYBEATE Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 1.960 Sodium Sulphate 4.512 Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Sulphate 12.000 Calcium Chloride Calcium Carbonate 13.256 Calcium Sulphate 74.208 Ferrous Carbonate 2.400 Ferric Oxide Alumina 496 Silica Organic Matter Prof. J. B. Mitchell J. R. Chilton, M. D. Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 8.816 .096 17.072 .144 81.944 1.192 trace .040 Total Solids 108.832 109.304 OCEAN SPRINGS, JACKSON CO., MISS. CHALYBEATE J. L. Smith, analyst u. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 47.768 Potassium Chloride trace Magnesium Chloride 4.968 Calcium Chloride 3.880 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Ferrous Oxide 4.712 Iodine trace Alumina trace Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 61.328 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 9.76 Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.28 SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN MINERAL SPRINGS 289 OLYMPIAN SPRINGS, BATH CO., KY. SULPHUKETED Dr. Peter, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. 8. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 166.016 Ferrous Carbonate trace Potassium Chloride 10.672 Ferrous Bromide trace Magnesium Chloride 55. 392 Alumina trace Magnesium Carbonate 7.232 Silica 1.048 Calcium Carbonate 13.936 Water and Loss 78.660 Calcium Sulphate trace Total Solids, 332.896 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid not estimated Sulphureted hydrogen not estimated PAROQUET SPRINGS, BULLITT CO., KY. SULPHURETED Prof. P. L. Smith, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 309.600 Magnesium Bromide 312 Sodium Carbonate 376 Calcium Chloride ..67.712 Sodium Iodide 152 Calcium Carbonate 2.400 Sodium Bromide 176 Calcium Sulphate 2.280 Sodium Sulphate 2.416 Ferrous Carbonate 176 Potasium Chloride 488 Aluminium Sulphate 496 Magnesium Chloride 48.032 Silica 3.904 Magnesium Carbonate 1.504 Organic Matter 2.136 Magnesium Iodide 248 • Total Solids, 442.408 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 6.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen 30.00 ST. LOUIS ARTESIAN WELL, ST. LOUIS, MO. SALINE Dr. Litton, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride., ,350.608 Calcium Carbonate 10.632 Potassium Chloride 9.008 Calcium Sulphate 45.672 Magnesium Chloride 38.336 Ferrous Carbonate 528 Magnesium Carbonate 1.016 Silica 136 Calcium Chloride 27.584 Total Solids, 483.520 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 6.56 Sulphureted Hydrogen 24 290 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA WARM SPRINGS, MERRIWETHER CO., GA. THERMAL Prof. A. Means, Analyst Temperature 90° F. V. S. gal. contains . U. S. gal. contain! Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Magnesium Oxide 93.44 Ferrous Oxide 17.12 Calcium Oxide 37.12 Total Solids, 147.68 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 8. 88 Sulphureted Hydrogen trace WARM SPRINGS, MADISON CO., N. C. THERMAL Bathing Springs Drinking Springs E. Adelmarth, M. D. E. Adelmarth, M. D. Analyst Analyst Temp. 10%" F. Temp. 97". F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain! Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 912 1.096 Sodium Sulphate 9.024 8.904 Potassium Chloride 312 .504 Potassium Sulphate 360 .472 Magnesium Chloride 216 .368 Magnesium Sulphate 1.344 8.128 Calcium Chloride 10.104 8.944 Calcium Sulphate 40.880 40.536 Soluble Silicates 8.968 9.536 Total Solids 72.120 78.4S8 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inche Carbonic Acid 10.96 10.72 Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.76 2.48 VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 291 Virginia Mineral Springs ALLEGHANY SPRING, MONTGOMERY CO., VA. CALCAREOUS F. A. Genth, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 224 Sodium Sulphate 1.424 Potassium Sulphate 3.080 Magnesium Carbonate 296 Magnesium Sulphate . , , 42. 392 Magnesium Nitrate 2.680 Calcium Carbonate 3.008 Calcium Sulphate 96.056 Calcium Fluoride 016 Ferrous Carbonate 128 Total Solids, 152.456 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 9. 60 Sulphureted Hydrogen trace u.s Mineral Ingredients gal. contains Grains Manganese Carbonate . . . .048 Barium Carbonate .016 . trace Strontium Carbonate . . . . .048 Aluminium Phosphate. . . .016 . .168 Ammonium Nitrate . .464 . '.728 1.664 AUGUSTA SPRINGS (STRIBLING), AUGUSTA CO., VA. No. 1 Chalybeate D. K. Tuttle, M. D. Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride , Sodium Carbonate 760 Sodium Sulphate Potassium Carbonate 352 Potassium Sulphate Magnesium Carbonate 976 Magnesium Sulphate Calcium Carbonate Calcium Sulphate 224 Ferrous Carbonate 072 Silicic Acid 1.320 Total Solids 3.704 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 24.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen A. 19 No. 2 Sulphureted D. K. Tuttle, M. D. U. K. Tuttle, Analyst S. gal. contains Grains .640 6.240 .744 2.008 No. 3 Chalybeate D. K. Tuttle, M. D' Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains .984 .760 1.104 9.632 .832 1.248 3.088 .128 .112 .640 .912 21.280 7.792 Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 10.40 16.00 .24 292 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA AUGUSTA SPRINGS (STRIBLING), AUGUSTA CO., VA. ALUM No. 4 Chalybeate D. K. Tuttle, M. D. Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride Sodium Carbonate Sodium Sulphate 664 Potassium Carbonate Potassium Sulphate 536 Magnesium Carbonate Magnesium Sulphate 528 Calcium Carbonate Calcium Sulphate 14. 656 Ferrous Carbonate Ferrous Sulphate 9. 536 Sulphuric Acid 5.048 Silicic Acid 1.952 Aluminium Sulphate 16. 688 Organic Matter 3.752 Total Solids l. . .53.360 No. 5 No. 6 Chalybeate Sulphureted D. K. Tuttle, M. Analyst D. D. K. Tuttle, M. D. Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains U . S. gal. contains Grains 2.344 1.792 8.904 1.008 .344 6.576 16.944 19.112 13.144 12.920 9.816 6.536 2.112 2.112 17.952 38.408 71.560 88.464 BATH ALUM SPRING, BATH CO., VA. CHALYBEATE No. 1 No. 2 A. A. Hayes, M. D. A. A. Hayes, M. D. Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 176 Sodium Silicate 2.024 3.152 Potassium Sulphate .256 Magnesium Sulphate 2.816 1.280 Calcium Sulphate 3.808 2.536 Ferrous Oxide 14.512 21.776 Sulphuric Acid '. 5.808 7.880 Alumina 10.288 12.288 Ammonium Crenate 1.856 1.776 Total Solids. 41.2S8 50.944 Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 1.12 8.00 VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 293 BEDFORD ALUM SPRINGS, BEDFORD CO., VA. CHALYBEATE PitOF. Gilliam, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Potassium Sulphate 10. 160 Ferrous Sulphate 23.456 Magnesium Sulphate 12.664 Sulphuric Acid 19.976 Calcium Sulphate 18.672 Aluminium Sulphate .... 7.240 Total Solids, 92.168 BERKELEY SPRINGS, MORGAN CO., W. VA. CALCAREOUS A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients ' Grains Sodium Chloride 896 Calcium Crenate 3.640 Magnesium Sulphate 360 Ferrous Silicate 640 Calcium Chloride 208 Ferrous Crenate 080 Calcium Carbonate 5.000 Loss 064 Total Solids, 10.888 BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS, BOTETOURT CO., VA. PURGATIVE F. A. Genth, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 248 Calcium Carbonate 3.776 Sodium Sulphate 976 Calcium Sulphate 100.216 Potassium Sulphate 400 Ferrous Carbonate 296 Magnesium Carbonate 1.784 Silicic Acid 1.256 Magnesium Sulphate 47.552 Alumina 144 Total Solids, 156.648 BUFFALO SPRINGS, MECKLENBURG CO., VA. SULPHURETED U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride trace Magnesium Sulphate 8.000 Sodium Sulphate 1.304 Calcium Sulphate 3.496 Magnesium Chloride trace Ferrous Sulphate 2.600 Total Solids, 15.400 Gas Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.20 294 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA CAPON SPRINGS, HAMPSHIRE CO., W. VA. ALKALINE No. 1. Main Spring J. W. Mallet Analyst Imp. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 056 Sodium Carbonate 591 Potassium Sulphate 170 Magnesium Carbonate 1.441 Calcium Carbonate 8.325 Calcium Sulphate 593 Calcium Phosphate 002 Calcium Fluoride trace Ferrous Carbonate 041 Manganous Carbonate trace Lithium Carbonate distinct trace Strontium Sulphate „ trace Cupric Carbonate Alumina 018 Silica 707 Nitrates trace Organic Matter 204 No. 2. Beauty Spring J. W. Mallet Analyst . Imp. gal. contains Grains .054 .631 .163 1.269 8.355 .408 .002 trace .052 trace faint trace trace trace .015 .672 trace .189 Total Solids . 12.138 11.810 60" F. and 30 inches pressure No. 1. No. 2. Dissolved Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Incb.es Carbon Dioxide 8.57 7.81 Oxygen 1.76 1.69 Nitrogen 3.68 3.71 Free Gases 14.01 13.21 From No. i gas escapes in bubbles at frequent intervals to the extent of about 300 or 350 cubic inches per hour. This consists of: Cubic Inches Nitrogen 78. 74 Oxygen 9.02 Carbon Dioxide 4. 38 Marsh-gas 7. 87 100.00 VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 295 CHURCH HILL ALUM SPRINGS, VA. CHALYBEATE J. C. Booth, M. D., analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 4.624 Sodium Sulphate 1.944 Potassium Sulphate 2.440 Magnesium Sulphate 86.064 Calcium Sulphate 88.832 Ferrous Sulphate 24. 184 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Ferric Persulphate 51.264 Ferric Bisulphate 83.352 Ammonium Sulphate 640 Silica 10.424 Phosphoric Acid trace Aluminium Persulphate . . 72. 928 Total Solids, 426.696 GREENBRIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS GREENBRIER CO., W. VA. SULPHURETED Prof. A. A. Hayes Prof. W. B. Rogers Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride .520 Sodium Sulphate 9.352 Sodium Silicate ) Potassium Silicate > 3.456 Magnesium Silicate \ Magnesium Chloride 1.000 .160 Magnesium Carbonate 1. 168 Magnesium Sulphate 35.416 19.032 Calcium Chloride .024 Calcium Carbonate 7.072 3.528 Calcium Sulphate 78.352 73.184 Ferrous Sulphate .152 Ferric Oxide trace Aluminium Sulphate .024 Iodine undeterm. Earthy Phosphates trace Organic Matter 4.360 .008 Total Solids 129.656 107.152 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 11.28 8.48 Sulphureted Hydrogen 24 2.96 Oxygen 48 .40 Nitrogen 4.64 4.32 • 296 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA HEALING SPRINGS, BATH CO., VA. THERMAL Old Spring Prof. Wm. Aiken Analyst Temp. 85° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 272 Potassium Chloride 232 Potassium Sulphate 2.208 Magnesium Carbonate 1 . 248 Magnesium Sulphate 7.248 Calcium Carbonate 17.904 Calcium Sulphate 1.320 Ferrous Carbonate 072 Ferrous Sulphate 176 Ammonium Sulphate 232 Iodine trace Bromine trace Silicic Acid 1.896 Organic Matter 856 Total Solids 33.664 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 4.64 New Spring Prof. Wm. Aiken Analyst Temp. 88° F. U. S. gal. contain* Grains .288 .256 2.528 1.968 7.392 18.720 1.264 .272 .104 .232 trace trace 1.824 .872 35.720 Cubic Inches 4.80 HOT SPRINGS, BATH CO., VA. THERMAL Ladies' Ladies' Boiler-Bath Sulphur-Bath Col. Wm. Gilham Col. Wm. Gilham Analyst Analyst Temp. 110" F. Temp. m a F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 120 .136 Sodium Sulphate 1.024 1.008 Potassium Chloride 1.600 .168 Potassium Sulphate 1.344 1.824 Magnesium Carbonate 2. 680 2. 800 Magnesium Sulphate 5.656 5. 104 Calcium Carbonate 17.344 16.440 Calcium Sulphate 1.736 2.104 Ferrous Carbonate 112 .064 Silica 1.744 1.368 Gentlemen's Pleasure-Bath Col. Wm. Gilham Analyst Temp. 78' F. U. S. gal. contains Grains .128 .848 .160 .568 2.016 1.064 9.480 3.024 .080 .688 Total Solids.... 33.360 31.016 18.056 VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 297 HOLSTON SPRINGS, SCOTT CO., VA. CALCAREOUS Prof. Haydbn, Analyst U, S. gal. contains Grains 1.52 Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride Ammonium Chloride Sodium Sulphate trace Magnesium Sulphate 12. 72 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Carbonate 6.40 Calcium Sulphate 20.48 Aluminium Sulphate, trace Aluminium Phosphate .... trace Total Solids, 41.12 JORDAN ALUM SPRINGS, ROCKBRIDGE CO., VA. ALKALINE AND CHALYBEATE Alum Spring Wm. E. Aiken Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 728 Sodium Iodide 704 Sodium Sulphate 176 Sodium Silicate 2.512 Potassium Sulphate 1.312 Magnesium Carbonate Magnesium Sulphate 5. 176 Calcium Sulphate 4.440 Calcium Phosphate (tribasic) Ferrous Carbonate Ferrous Sulphate 18.536 Ferrous Phosphate 248 Ferrous Crenate 680 Manganese Carbonate Ammonium Crenate 528 Sulphuric Acid 23.640 Alumina Aluminium Sulphate 25.376 Silica Organic Matter 584 Chalybeate Spring J. W. Mallet Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains .112 .136 .128 .736 Total Solids 84.640 3.712 .016 .704 .040 .056 .720 .088 6.448 Gases Carbonic Acid . Oxygen Nitrogen Cubic Inches .. 6.16 Cubic Inches 5.60 1.60 8.56 298 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA JORDAN'S WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, FREDERICK CO., VA. SULPHURETED T. Antisell, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 760 Ferrous Carbonate trace Potassium Carbonate 9.704 Manganese Carbonate 016 Potassium Sulphate 2.096 Silicic Acid 256 Magnesium Carbonate 2.880 Alumina 008 Calcium Sulphate 5. 128 Total Solids, 20.848 Gas Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen 2.00 KIMBERLING SPRINGS, BLAND CO., VA. SULPHURETED Dr. Tuttle, Analyst Imp. gal. contains Imp. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 4229 Calcium Sulphate 2. 3169 Sodium Carbonate 6.2080 Silica 6733 Potassium Carbonate 7500 Iron trace Magnesium Carbonate 1.6200 Sulphureted Hydrogen... .1737 Calcium Carbonate 7238 Organic Matter 2.160 Total Solids, 15.0486 NEW LONDON ALUM SPRINGS, CAMPBELL CO., VA. CHALYBEATE Prof. G-ilham, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Potassium Sulphate 10.160 Ferrous Sulphate 23.456 Magnesium Sulphate 12.664 Aluminium 7.240 Calcium Sulphate 18.672 Sulphuric Acid, free 19.976 Total Solids, 92.168 VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 299 OLD SWEET SPRINGS, MONROE CO., W. VA. CARBONATED Prof. W. B. Rogers, Analyst TJ. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 136 Sodium Sulphate 6.344 Magnesium Chloride 312 Magnesium Carbonate 824 Magnesium Sulphate 9.392 Calcium Chloride 144 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Carbonate 30.056 Calcium Sulphate 13.168 Ferric Oxide 144 Iodine trace Silica 168 Earthy Phosphates trace Total Solids, 60.688 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 88.00 ORKNEY SPRINGS, SHENANDOAH CO., VA. ALKALINE AND CHALYBEATE Healing Spring J. W. Mallet Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 120 Sodium Carbonate 016 Sodium Sulphide Potassium Chloride 032 Potassium Sulphate 184 Magnesium Carbonate 1 . 128 Magnesium Sulphate Calcium Carbonate 8.264 Calcium Sulphate 1.144 Calcium Phosphate (tribasic) 016 Ferrous Carbonate 464 Ferrous Sulphate Manganese Carbonate 008 Lithium Sulphate Sulphuric Acid Aluminium Sulphate 032 Silica 832 Organic Matter .... Total Solids 12.240 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 3.84 Sulphureted Hydrogen Oxygen 1.36 Nitrogen 2. 48 Bear Wallow Powder Spring J. W. Mallet Analyst r . S. gal. contains Grains Spring J. W. Mallet Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains .352 .088 3.248 .440 .024 .064 .160 .208 2.952 2.440 3.816 1.752 .712 trace .008 .216 4.536 .016 .064 .352 .016 .056 1.384 1.536 trace .064 14.376 10.128 Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 7.12 4.80 4.88 .40 2.32 1.20 300 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA RAWLEY SPRINGS, ROCKINGHAM CO., VA.. CHALYBEATE Prof. J. W. Mallet, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 040 Manganese Carbonate 016 Sodium Sulphate 544 Lithium Carbonate trace Potassium Sulphate 112 Ammonium Carbonate trace Magnesium Carbonate 680 Alumina 040 Calcium Carbonate 440 Silica 680 Calcium Sulphate 104 Organic Matter 288 Ferrous Carbonate 1.624 Loss , 584 Total Solids, 5.152 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 6.16 RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, MONROE CO., W. VA. SULPHURETED A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 4. 144 Calcium Sulphate 552 Magnesium Carbonate 4.816 Silicious and earthy matter .816 Calcium Carbonate 5.248 Organic Matter (Sulphur \ Compound)... i 8392 Total Solids, 23.968 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 8.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.04 ROCK ENON SPRINGS, FREDERICK CO., VA. COPPER SPRINGS CHALYBEATE Gale and Mew, Analysts U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Carbonate 1.21 Ferrous Carbonate 14.25 Magnesium Chloride 1.12 Manganese Carbonate 1.05 Magnesium Sulphate 12.89 Alumina 80 Calcium Carbonate 5. 13 Silica 42 Calcium Sulphate 3.56 Total Solids, '40.43 By spectrum analysis lithia was also found in it. VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 301 ROCKBRIDGE ALUM SPRINGS, ROCKBRIDGE CO., VA. CHALYBEATE A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains, Grains Sodium Chloride 424 1.008 .440 Sodium Silicate 2.544 Potassium Sulphate ' 1.768 Magnesium Sulphate 1.080 1.760 4.416 Calcium Sulphate 1.440 3.264 3.304 Ferrous Oxide 3.680 4.864 4.696 Ammonium Crenate 1.400 .704 1.224 Sulphuric Acid 18.776 15.224 5.512 Silicic Acid 2.840 1.704 Alumina 14.768 17.904 24.088 Organic Matter 1.016 Total Solids 44. 1 12 49. 336 46.400 Gas . Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 5.60 1.52 8.80 SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, MONROE CO., W. VA. SULPHURETED Old Spring Iodine Spring W. B. Rogers D. Stewart, M. D. Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 1.576 1.504 Sodium Carbonate 10.800 Sodium Sulphate 22.360 24.000 Potassium Carbonate 2. 328 Magnesium Chloride 264 .280 Magnesium Carbonate 3.312 7.000 Magnesium Sulphate : 18.208 20.000 Calcium Chloride 056 .560 Calcium Carbonate 10.264 33.000 Calcium Sulphate 84.904 68.000 Ferrous Oxide 096 1.064 Iodine trace .632 Bromine . 648 Silicic Acid 1.760 Alumina .184 Earthy Phosphates (Soda and Lithia) trace .728 Organic Matter with sulphur 9.240 Total Solids 150.280 172.488 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 13.28 34.56 Sulphureted Hdyrogen 3.44 19. 12 302 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA SWEET CHALYBEATE SPRINGS, ALLEGHANY CO., VA. CHALYBEATE Prof. W. B. Rogers, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 088 Calcium Chloride 024 Sodium Sulphate 3.232 Calcium Carbonate 2.696 Magnesium Chloride 1.568 Calcium Sulphate 32.880 Magnesium Sulphate 7.176 Ferrous Oxide 736 Total Solids, 48.400 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 104.00 VARIETY SPRINGS, AUGUSTA CO., VA. ALUM Prof. Wm. Gilham, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 296 Ferrous Sulphate 5.112 Potassium Sulphate 288 Sulphuric Acid, free 1.368 Magnesium Sulphate 11.640 Aluminium Sulphate ... . 34.408 Calcium Sulphate 13.328 Silica 1.136 Total Solids, 67.576 WARM SPRINGS, BATH CO., VA. THERMAL A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst Temperature 96° to 98" F. U. S. gal. contains U, S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients < Grains Potassium Sulphate 1.371 Ammonium Sulphate 369 Calcium Carbonate 5.220 Magnesium and Alumin- Calcium Sulphate 14.531 ium Silicates 1.724 Ferrous Crenate 2.498 Carbonic Acid 6.919 Total Solids, 32.632 YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS, MONTGOMERY CO., VA. SULPHURETED Prof. W. M. Gilham, Analyst U. S. gal. contains IT. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 072 Calcium Carbonate 8.640 Sodium Sulphate 744 Calcium Sulphate 63.296 Potassium Chloride 096 Calcium Phosphate 016 Potassium Sulphate 104 Ferrous Carbonate 616 Magnesium Carbonate 1.384 Aluminium Sulphate .... 3.176 Magnesium Sulphate 21.096 Organic Matter 3.728 Magnesium Phosphate 008 Total Solids, 102.976 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 10.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen undetermined PENNSYLVANIA MINERAL SPRINGS 303 Pennsylvania Mineral Springs BEDFORD SPRINGS, BEDFORD CO., PA. PURC4ATIVE Dr. Church, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 10.000 Magnesium Sulphate 80.000 Calcium Chloride 3.000 Calcium Carbonate 8.000 Total Solids, 124.000 Gas U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Sulphate 15.000 Ferrous Carbonate 5.000 Loss 3.000 Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 74.00 CRESSON SPRINGS, CAMBRIA CO., PA. SALINE Iron Spring F. A. Genth Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 04063 Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Sulphate 1.64331 Potassium Bicarbonate Potassium Sulphate 32405 Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Bicarbonate Magnesium Sulphate 22.58007 Calcium Chloride Calcium Bicarbonate 3.52946 Calcium Sulphate 48.91824 Calcium Phosphate 02914 Ferrous Bicarbonate 5.03471 Ferrous Sulphate 23.47923 Manganese Bicarbonate Ferric Sulphate trace Lithium Sulphate trace Aluminium Sulphate 1.60466 Silicic Acid 1.20832 Nitrous Acid Carbonic Acid, free Alumina Alum Spring P. A. Genth Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains .02336 .70389 Magnesia Spring P. A. Genth Analyst U. S. .42622 gal. contains Grains 1.22974 1.42582 .20671 .55962 .41434 Total Solids 108.39182 27.69855 1.30444 .02252 40.20179 .10912 trace .00408 3.74756 .01753 16.25273 ' trace trace 33.38970 .04693 21.20498 1.86794 .91455 trace .66390 .00876 145.56374 6.88113 304 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA PAYETTE SPRINGS, FAYETTE CO., PA. CHALYBEATE F. A. Genth, Analyst u. Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride , S. gal. contains Grains .08522 .19965 .11525 . 1.53414 .25472 9.33441 .05542 u. s Mineral Ingredients Calcium Phosphate .... Ferrous Bicarbonate . . . Manganese Bicarbonate . gal. contains Grains .04822 Magnesium Bicarbonate . . 1.06709 .04795 1.19690 Carbonic Acid, free .... trace .38284 trace Total Solids, 14.32181 GETTYSBURG, ADAMS CO., PA. SALINE Katalysine Spring F. A. Genth Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 65790 Sodium Bicarbonate 70457 Sodium Sulphate 2.46776 Potassium Sulphate 20836 Magnesium Bicarbonate 54260 Magnesium Sulphate 6.77940 Magnesium Borate 03492 Calcium Bicarbonate 16.40815 Calcium Sulphate 83145 Calcium Phosphate 00679 Calcium Fluoride .00954 Ferrous Bicarbonate 03585 Manganese Bicarbonate 00669 Barium Sulphate trace Lithium Chloride trace Strontium Sulphate 00427 Alumina 00380 Silicic Acid 2.03076 Nickel Bicarbonate trace Cobalt Bicarbonate trace Copper Bicarbonate 00050 Organic Matter, with traces of Nitric Acid 70870 Impurities suspended in water, like clays 1. 10069 Total Solids 32.54272 Stremmel's Spring F. A. Genth Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains .31836 3.37602 .15399 5.82961 3.29559 9.95838 .48243 .00963 .04203 .00485 trace .02425 1.75473 25.24987 PENNSYLVANIA MINERAL SPRINGS 305 MINNEQUA SPRING, BRADFORD CO., PA SALINE F. A. Genth, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 19209 Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride . . . Sodium Bicarbonate 1.33046 Potassium Bicarbonate 13885 Magnesium Bicarbonate ... , 1.58988 Magnesium Borate 07980 Calcium Bicarbonate 6.52477 Calcium Phosphate 01231 Ferrous Bicarbonate 04204 Manganese Bicarbonate 06299 Mineral Ingredients Barium Bicarbonate Barium Sulphate . . . Lithium Chloride . . Zinc Bicarbonate. . . Nitrite Nitrate Silicic Acid Alumina Sulphureted Hydrogen. . U. S. gal. contains Grains .01380 .00175 trace .01157 of ammonia. . .00025 .74194 .00253 .01390 Total Solids, 10.75893 SALTILLO SPRINGS, HUNTINGDON CO. SALINE McVitty's Spring F. A. Genth Analyst U.S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 06329 Sodium Sulphate 1. 00664 Potassium Sulphate 15624 Magnesium Bicarbonate 1.87476 Magnesium Sulphate - 00456 Calcium Bicarbonate 9.84013 Calcium Sulphate Calcium Phosphate trace Ferrous Bicarbonate 14022 Silicic Acid 59007 Sulphureted Hydrogen 01490 Total Solids 13.690S1 U.S. PA. McCarthy's Spring F. A. Genth Analyst gal. contains Grains .20571 7.79412 .22291 .88262 41.79795 22.24300 72.19660 trace .08108 1.16846 .01589 146.60834 New York Mineral Springs ADIRONDACK SPRINGS, WHITEHALL, N. Y. CARBONATED Prof. C. Collier, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Ferrous Carbonate 5.040 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 14.340 Sodium Carbonate 5. 135 Potassium Carbonate 5.317 Magnesium Carbonate 16.818 Calcium Carbonate 18.543 Calcium Sulphate 11.134 Total Solids, 77.092 Gas Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid 67.275 Manganese Carbonate . . . traces Lithium Carbonate 023 Alumina traces Silica 742 306 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA ALBANY ARTESIAN WELL, ALBANY, N. Y. SALINE Dr. Meade, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 504.00 Calcium Carbonate 32.00 Sodium Carbonate 40.00 Ferrous Carbonate (with a Magnesium Carbonate 16.00 little Silica) 8.00 Total Solids, 600.00 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 224.00 This well is five hundred feet deep. AUBURN SPRINGS, near ADBURN, N. Y. SULPHURETED Dr. Chilton, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains IT. S gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride COO Magnesium Sulphate 25.60 Magnesium Chloride 2.00 Calcium Sulphate 120.00 Total Solids, 153.60 Gas Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen 12.00 AVON SPRINGS, LIVINGSTON CO., N. Y. SULPHURETED Upper Spring Lower Spring New Bath Spring Prof. Hadley Dr. J. R. Chilton Prof. Beck Analyst Analyst Analyst TJ. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 18.400 5.680 Sodium Sulphate 16.000 13.728 38.720 Sodium Iodide trace Magnesium Sulphate 10.000 49.608 8.080 Calcium Chloride 8.408 Calcium Carbonate 8.000 29.328 26.960 Calcium Sulphate 84.000 57.440 3.520 Total Solids 136.400 158.512 82.960 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 5.60 3.92 Sulphureted Hydrogen 12.00 10.00 .40 NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 307 BALLSTON SPA, SARATOGA CO., N. Y. SALINE u Ballstou Artesian Lithian Well C. F. Chandler Analyst S. gal. contains Grains 750.024 8.272 3.640 .120 United States Geology of N. Y. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 424.960 Sodium Carbonate 16.880 Sodium Bromide Sodium Iodide Sodiuji Sulphate 1.76 Sodium Phosphate .048 Sodium Biborate trace Potassium Chloride 33.272 Potassium Sulphate . 520 Magnesium Carbonate 5.760 107.024 Calcium Carbonate 29.200 165.200 Calcium Fluoride trace Ferrous Carbonate trace 1. 144 Barium Carbonate 3. 176 Lithium Carbonate 5.608 Strontium Carbonate .664 Alumina .072 Silica 8.000 .760 Organic Matter trace Total Solids 486.560 1079.744 Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 244.00 426.08 Franklin Artesian Condo Dentonean Well Well C. F. Chandler C, F. Chandler Analyst Analyst IT. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 659.344 645.480 Sodium Carbonate 65.600 23.856 Sodium Bromide 4.664 2.368 Sodium Iodide 232 .224 Sodium Phosphate 008 trace Sodium Biborate , trace trace Potassium Chloride 33.928 9.232 Potassium Sulphate 760 trace Magnesium Carbonate 105.400 93.832 Calcium Carbonate 140.520 123.952 Calcium Fluoride trace trace Ferrous Carbonate 1.168 1.664 Barium Carbonate 1.000 3.872 Lithium Carbonate 4.904 7.600 Strontium Carbonate trace . 144 Alumina 256 .392 Silica 736 1.024 Organic Matter trace trace Total Solids . . 1018.520 913.640 Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 460.08 358.32 A. 20 308 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CA LIFORNIA BALLSTON SPA, SARATOGA CO., N. Y. SALINE Steele, Analyst u. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 143.733 Sodium Bicarbonate 12.660 Sodium Iodide 1.300 Magnesium Bicarbonate 39.100 U.S. gal contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Carbonate 43. 407 Ferrous Carbonate 5.950 Silica ; 1.00U Total Solids, 247.150 CHERRY VALLEY, OTSEGO CO., N. Y. Bath-House Spring Sulphureted J. R. Chilton Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 12.440 Sodium Sulphate 11.080 Sodium Sulphide 600 Potassium Chloride Magnesium Chloride 3.680 Magnesium Carbonate 17.816 Magnesium Sulphate 24.560 Calcium Chloride 2.800 Calcium Carbonate 9.416 Calcium Sulphate 57.680 Calcium Phosphate Ferrous Carbonate Silex.. Silica Silica and Alumina 360 Organic Matter. 280 Spring north of Bath-House Sulphureted Prof. Perkins Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains Phosphate Spring Saline Prof. Perkins Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 2.128 .472 2.488 9.960 4.576 14.752 2.864 149.464 5.272 13.768 2.448 .624 3.640 .624 Total Solids 140.712 1S4.880 28.200 COLUMBIA SPRINGS, HUDSON, COLUMBIA CO., N. Y SULPHURETED Atwood, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 84.720 Sodium Sulphate 8. 144 Sodium Phosphate 2. 136 Potassium Chloride 1.192 Magnesium Chloride 31.432 Total Solids, 218.584 Gas Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.48 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Carbonate 21.792 Calcium Sulphate 64.936 Ferric Chloride 3.416 Loss 816 NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 309 CHITTENANGO SPRINGS, MADISON CO., N. Y. SULPHURETED White Sulphur C aye Spring Magnesia Prof. C. F. Chandler Prof. C. P. Chandler Prof. C. F. Chandler Analyst Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains TJ. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 1.032 1.568 1.832 Sodium Sulphate 216 Sodium Sulphide 112 .344 .752 Sodium Hyposulphite .256 .016 Potassium Chloride 152 .232 .328 Magnesium Carbonate 13.048 14.208 11.512 Magnesium Sulphate 1.952 7.584 12.712 Calcium Sulphate 81.416 26.120 115.080 Calcium Sulphide 1.120 .928 Ferrous Carbonate 056 .112 .232 Lithium Chloride trace trace trace Strontium Sulphate trace trace trace Alumina 080 .216 trace Silica 280 .512 .576 Total Solids 98.344 52.272 143.968 Prof. Collier Prof. Collier Prof. Collier Analyst Analyst Analyst Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 36.0 25.6 18.4 Sulphureted Hydrogen 8 3. 2 12. 8 CLIFTON SPRINGS, ONTARIO CO., N. Y. SULPHURETED Prof. J. R. Chilton, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 9.28 Sodium Sulphate 7.76 Magnesium Chloride 4.08 Magnesium Carbonate 13. 12 Magnesium Sulphate 16.48 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Chloride 4.08 Calcium Carbonate 9.68 Calcium Sulphate 69.20 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 133.68 "Sulphureted hydrogen and carbonic acid abound, but the quantity having been materially lessened while con- veyed to New York, the proper amount could not be ascer- tained." 310 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA FLORIDA, MONTGOMERY CO., N. Y. SULPHURETED U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 5.880 Magnesium Bicarbonate. 6.972 Sodium Bicarbonate 22.143 Calcium Bicarbonate 8.317 Sodium Sulphide 2.008 Ferrous Sulphide 176 Sodium Hyposulphite 711 Alumina trace Potassium Sulphate 1.390 Silica 793 Total Solids, 43.390 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 32.169 Sulphureted Hydrogen 3. 765 LEBANON SPRINGS, COLUMBIA CO., N. Y. THERMAL Prof. H. Ptjssance, Analyst Temperature, 73° U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 960 Calcium Carbonate 4.048 Sodium Carbonate 2.408 Ferric Oxide 936 Sodium Sulphide 016 Alumina 448 Potassium Sulphate . . 1.040 Silicic Acid 3.248 Magnesium Sulphate 1.056 Organic ComO Glairine.. .752 pounds \ Baregine.. 9.464 Total Solids, 24.376 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 48 Nitrogen 3.52 Oxygen 2.00 LONGMUIR'S WELL, ROCHESTER, N. Y. SULPHURETED U. S. gal. contains V. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 52.16 Carbonates of Lime and) Sodium Sulphate 55.92 Magnesia j 11,84 Ferrous Oxide trace Total Solids, 119.92 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid , Small quantity Sulphureted Hydrogen 17.28 NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 311 MESSENA SPRINGS, ST. LAWRENCE CO., N. Y. SULPHURETED Prof. Feed F. Meyer, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 79. 688 Magnesium Chloride 29. 928 Sodium Sulphate 3.496 Magnesium Bromide 672 Sodium Sulphide 1.408 Calcium Carbonate 3.376 Sodium Hyposulphite 4. 208 Calcium Sulphate 60. 928 Sodium Phosphate 1.320 Ferrous Carbonate 360 Potassium Chloride 504 Silicate of Soda 11.176 Total Solids, 197.064 Gases Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen 5.304 OAK ORCHARD SPRING, GENESEE CO., N. Y. ACID Prof. Porter, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 1.432 Ferrous Sulphate 33.216 Sodium Sulphate 3.162 Aluminium Sulphate .. . 6.413 Potassium Sulphate 2.479 Sulphuric Acid.'. 133.312 Magnesium Sulphate 8.491 Silicic Acid !"??. 3.324 Calcium Sulphate 13.724 Organic Matter .. 6.654 Total Solids, 211.207 RICHFIELD SPRINGS, OTSEGO CO., N. Y. SULPHURETED Prof. Reid, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride | Magnesium Sulphide . . "J Magnesium Chloride j L496 Calcium Sulphide } 2 - 000 Magnesium Carbonate 11.840 Calcium Carbonate 6.960 Magnesium Sulphate 30.000 Calcium Sulphate 20.300 Undetermined 153.496 Total Solids, 225.496 Gas Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen 2. 64 312 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA SHARON SPRINGS, SCHOHARIE CO., N. Y. SULPHURETED White Sulphur Spring Red Sulphur Dr. Chilton Prof. L. Reed Analyst Analyst V. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 2.240 .328 Sodium Carbonate .344 Sodium Sulphate Sodium Sulphide ) Calcium Sulphide , ( Magnesium Chloride ." 2.400 .728 Magnesium Carbonate .408 Magnesium Sulphate 42.400 18.960 Magnesium Sulphide . Calcium Sulphide , Calcium Chloride .064 Calcium Carbonate 8.976 Calcium Sulphate 111.600 96.640 Silicic Acid .446 Total Solids 160.880 127.784 Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 4.56 Sulphureted Hydrogen 16.00 10.48 Atmospheric Air 4.00 Gardner Magnesia Prof. L. Reed Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 1.232 Sodium Carbonate 336 Sodium Sulphate Potassium Sulphate Magnesium Chloride 432 Magnesium Carbonate 800 Magnesium Sulphate 19.680 Magnesium Sulphide ) Calcium Sulphide — . \ Calcium Chloride 160 Calcium Carbonate 6. 736 Calcium Sulphate 93.496 Ferrous Sulphate Silicic Acid 400 Oranic Matter Total Solids 129.520 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 2.216 Sulphureted Hydrogen 6.000 Atmospheric Air 3.000 Chalybeate Prof. Maisch Analyst 1861 S. gal. contains Grains 3.736 trace 8.960 8.152 63.800 1.400 28.480 114.528 Cubic Inches NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 313 SARATOGA SPRINGS, SARATOGA CO., N. Y. SALINE High Rock Chandler, Analyst Temp. 52° F. IT. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 390.127 Sodium Bicarbonate 34.888 Sodium Bromide 731 Sodium Biborate Sodium Iodide 086 Sodium Phosphate Potassium Chloride 8.497 Potassium Sulphate 1.G08 Magnesium Bicarbonate 54.924 Calcium Bicarbonate 131.739 Calcium Phosphate trace Calcium Fluoride trace Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.478 Barium Bicarbonate trace Lithium Bicarbonate Strontium Bicarbonate trace Alumina 1.223 Alumina and Ferric Oxide Phosphates Silica 2.260 Organic matter trace Total Solids 628.039 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 409.458 Red Congress Appleton, Analyst Chandler, Analys '. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Grains Grains 83.530 400.444 15.327 10.775 8.559 trace .138 .016 6.857 8.049 .889 42.413 121.757 101.256 143.393 trace .340 .928 .942 4.761 trace trace trace 2.100 trace 3.255 254.719 Cubic Inches .840 700.895 Cubic Inches 392.289 PART II Columbian Chandler, Analyst IT S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 267.000 Sodium Bicarbonate 15.400 Sodium Iodide 2.560 Potassium Bromide trace Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Bicarbonate 46.710 Magnesium Sulphate Calcium Chloride Calcium Bicarbonate 68.000 Ferrous Bicarbonate 5.580 Silicic Acid Alumina Silica 2.050 Total Solids 407.300 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 272.060 Hamilton Steele, Analyst Temp. 50° F. IT. S. gal. contains Grains 297.300 27.036 3.000 trace 35.200 92.400 5.390 460.326 Cubic Inches 316.000 Washington Chilton, Analys Temp. A5° F. U. S. gal. contains Grains 182.733 8.474 2.243 .474 .680 65.973 .051 .203 84.096 3.800 1.500 trace 350.227 Cubic Inches 363.770 314 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA PART III Putnam Chilton, Analyst Temp. 51° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 214.300 Sodium Bicarbonate 14.320 Sodium Bromide Sodium Biborate Sodium Iodide 2.000 Sodium Sulphate 1.680 Sodium Phosphate Potassium Chloride Potassium Sulphate Magnesium Bicarbonate 51.600 Calcium Bicarbonate 68.800 Calcium Phosphate 210 Calcium Fluoride Ferrous Bicarbonate 7.000 Barium Bicarbonate Lithium Bicarbonate Strontium Bicarbonate Alumina 560 Silica 840 Organic Matter Total Solids 361.010 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 348.880 PART IV United States Chandler, Analyst U.S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 141.872 Sodium Bicarbonate ... 4.666 Sodium Bromide 844 Sodium Biborate trace Sodium Iodide 047 Sodium Sulphate Sodium Silicate Sodium Phosphate 016 Potassium Chloride 8. 624 Potassium Bromide Potassium Sulphate Potassium Silicate Magnesium Bicarbonate 72.883 Calcium Bicarbonate 93.119 Calcium Fluoride trace Ferrous Bicarbonate 714 Barium Bicarbonate 909 Lithium Bicarbonate 4.847 Strontium Bicarbonate 018 Strontium Sulphate Alumina 094 Silica 3.184 Organic Matter trace Total Solids 331.837 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 245.734 Star Chandler, Analyst Temp. 50° F U. S. gal. contains Grains 398.361 12.662 .571 trace .126 Pavilion Chandler, Analyst U. S gal. contains Grains 459.903 3.764 .987 trace .071 trace .007 9.695 7.660 5.400 2.032 61.912 76.267 124.459 120.169 trace trace 1.213 2.570 .996 .875 1.586 9.486 trace trace trace .329 1.283 3.155 trace trace 617.367 687.275 Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 407.650 332.458 Empire Excelsior Chandler, Analyst Allen, Analyst '. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Grains Grains 506.630 370.642 9.022 15.000 .266 trace .006 4.235 1.321 4.000 .023 4.292 trace 2.769 7.000 42.953 32.333 109.656 77.000 trace .793 3.215 .070 2.080 trace trace .415 1.458 trace 680.436 Cubic Inches 344.667 514.746 Cubic Inches 250.000 NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 315 PART V Saratoga A Poble, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 565.300 Sodium Bicarbonate 6.752 Sodium Bromide Sodium Biborate Sodium Iodide Sodium Sulphate 2.500 Sodium Phosphate Potassium Chloride 357 Potassium Sulphate 370 Magnesium Chloride trace Magnesium Bicarbonate 20.480 Magnesium Sulphate 288 Calcium Chloride trace Calcium Bicarbonate 56.852 Calcium Sulphate 448 Calcium Phosphate Calcium Fluoride Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.724 Barium Bicarbonate Lithium Bicarbonate 1 . 724 Strontium Bicarbonate Boracic Acid v Silicic Acid 1.460 Alumina 380 Silica Organic Matter trace - Total Solids .\ .656.911 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 212.000 PART VI Hathorn Chandler, Analvst Temp. 47° F. TJ. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 509.968 Sodium Bicarbonate 4.288 Sodium Bromide 1 . 534 Sodium Biborate trace Sodium Iodide , 198 Sodium Phosphate 006 Potassium Chloride 9.597 Patassium Bromide Potassium Sulphate Magnesium Bicarbonate 176.463 Magnesium Sulphate Calcium Bicarbonate 170.646 Calcium Fluoride trace Ferrous Bicarbonate 1. 128 Barium Bicarbonate 1. 737 Lithium Bicarbonate 11.447 Strontium Bicarbonate trace Alumina 131 Silica 1.260 Organic Matter trace Total Solids 888.403 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 575.747 Seltzer Union Chandler, Analyst Chandler, Analyst Temp. 50" F. Temp. i8"F. TJ. S. gal. contains TJ. S. gal. contains Grains Grains 134.291 453.299 29.428 17.010 .630 1.307 trace trace .031 .039 trace .026 1.335 8.733 .557 1.818 40.339 109.685 89.869 96.730 trace trace trace 1.703 .269 trace 1.703 .899 '2.605 trace trace trace .374 .324 2.561 2.653 trace trace 302.017 701.174 Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 324.080 384.969 Eureka Geyser Allen, Analyst Chandler, Analyst Temp. lt6 Q F. U. S. gal. contains TJ. S. gal. contains Grains Grains 166.811 562.080 8.750 71.232 2.212 trace 4.666 .248 trace 24.634 1.566 .318 29.340 149.343 2.148 41.321 168.392 trace 3.000 .979 2.014 9.004 .425 .231 trace .531 .665 trace 258.365 991.546 Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 239.000 454.082 316 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA PART VII Crystal Champion Vichy Chandler, Analyst Chandler, Analyst Chandler, Analyst Temp. SO" F. Temp. 1,9" F. Temp. SO" F. U. S. gal contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 328.468 702.239 128.689 Sodium Bicarbonate .10.064 17.624 82.873 Sodium Bromide 414 3.579 .990 Sodium Biborate trace trace Sodium Iodide 066 2. 321 trace Sodium Phosphate 009 .010 trace Potassium Chloride 8.327 40.446 14.113 Potassium Sulphate 2.158 Magnesium Bicarbonate 75. 161 Calcium Bicarbonate 101. S81 Calcium Fluoride trace Ferrous Bicarbonate 2.038 Barium Bicarbonate 726 Lithium Bicarbonate 4.326 Strontium Bicarbonate trace Alumina 305 Silica 3.213 Organic Matter trace Total Solids 537.155 1,195.582 315.176 Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 317.452 465.458 383.071 2.321 .010 40.446 193.912 227.070 trace .647 2.083 6.247 .082 .458 .699 trace 41.503 95.522 trace .052 .593 1.760 trace .473 .758 trace PART VIII Kissingen Triton Sharpless, Analyst Sharpless, Analyst Temp. A0° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 338.500 238.496 Sodium Bicarbonate 67.617 46.888 Sodium Bromide 1.800 1.800 Sodium Iodide 042 .040 Potassium Chloride 16.980 16.984 Potassium Sulphate trace trace Magnesium Bicarbonate 70.470 41.768 Calcium Carbonate 140.260 91.256 Calcium Fluoride trace trace Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.557 1.128 Barium Bicarbonate 992 , .816 Lithium Bicarbonate 5. 129 3.224 Strontium Bicarbonate '. trace trace Alumina trace trace Silica 1.280 1.280 Total Solids 644. 627 443. 680 Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 361.500 360.800 NEW ENGLAND MINERAL SPRINGS 317 New England Mineral Springs ALBURGH SPRINGS, GRAND ISLE CO., VT. SULPHURETED C. T. Jackson, M. 1)., Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 8.760 Calcium Chloride ) Sodium Sulphate 7.096 Calcium Carbonate . . .i Potassium Sulphate ) Insoluble Matters 800 Potassium Sulphide ( Organic soil acid and loss 2.000 Magnesium Chloride 5.016 Total Solids, 38.376 BIRCHDALE SPRINGS, CONCORD, N. H. CALCAREOUS C. F. Chandlek, Analyst, 1873 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 376 Calcium Carbonate 1.456 Sodium Carbonate 128 Ferrous Carbonate 272 Sodium Sulphate 256 Alumina 112 Sodium Phosphate 008 Silica 920 Potassium Sulphate 064 Organic Matter 672 Magnesium Carbonate 504 Total Solids, 4.768 CLARENDON SPRINGS, RUTLAND CO., VT. CALCAREOUS A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Sulphate ) Magnesium Sulphate..?- 2.72 Calcium Chloride J Calcium Carbonate 3.04 Total Solids, 5.76 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 46. 16 Nitrogen 9. 60 318 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA HIGHGATE SPRINGS, FRANKLIN CO., VT. SULPHURETED Champlain Spring A. A. Hayes, M. D. T. Sterry Hunt Analyst Analyst, 1867 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 168 23.440 Sodium Carbonate 1.224 13.704 Sodium Sulphate 2.448 Potassium Chloride 744 Potassium Carbonate 3. 672 Magnesium Carbonate 1.216 5.832 Calcium Carbonate 1.016 1.400 Ferrous Oxide 032 Ammonium Carbonate trace Crenic Acid 896 Silicic Acid 816 Total Solids 9.784 46.824 LUBEC SPRINGS, LUBEC BAY, MAINE SALINE Dr. C. T. Jackson, Analyst Imp. gal. contains Imp. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 199.000 Calcium Carbonate 6.250 Sodium Sulphate 27.985 Calcium Sulphate 11.210 Magnesium Chloride 62.840 Ferrous Carbonate 2.490 Calcium Chloride trace Loss 12.720 Total Solids, 322.500 NEWBURY, ORANGE CO., VT. SULPHURETED Prof. Hall, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S.gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 32 Magnesium Sulphate 40 Sodium Carbonate 4.00 Calcium Carbonate 17.60 Sodium Sulphate 2.40 Ferrous Phosphate 40 Sodium Sulphite. 32 Ferrous Oxide trace Potassium Nitrate 40 Silica and Suspended Clay 8.80 Magnesium Carbonate 2.40 Or. Matter and Ammonia. .24 Total Solids, 37.28 Gas Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen undetermined CANADIAN MINERAL SPRINGS 319 Canadian Mineral Springs CALEDONIA SPRINGS, PRESCOTT CO., PROVINCE OF ONTARIO, DOMINION OF CANADA Gas Spring Saline Springs T. S. Hunt, Analyst T. S. Hunt, Analyst Temp. M%°F. Temp. U5° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 406.176 375.472 Sodium Carbonate 2.832 10.272 Sodium Iodide- 024 .080 Sodium Bromide 872 .984 Potassium Chloride 1.800 1.752 Potassium Sulphate 304 .280 Magnesium Carbonate 30.672 30.152 Calcium Carbonate 8.624 6.848 Ferrous Carbonate - trace Manganese Carbonate trace Alumina 256 trace Silica 1.800 2.472 Total Solids 453.360 428.312 Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid , 40.00 32.00 PART II Intermittent Spring Saline T. S. Hunt, Analyst Temp. 50" F. V. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 714. 120 Sodium Carbonate Sodium Bromide Sodium Sulphate Potassium Carbonate 1.776 Magnesium Chloride . . 60.264 Magnesium Carbonate 50. 352 Magnesium Iodide 120 Magnesium Bromide 1.384 Calcium Chloride 16.728 Calcium Carbonate 7.368 Ferrous Carbonate trace Alumina trace Silica 1.312 Total Solids 853.424 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid Sulphureted T. S. Hunt, Analyst Temp. 46° F. U. S. gal. contains Grains 224.032 26.568 .584 1.064 1.336 17.136 12.240 trace .152 4.896 288.008 Cubic Inches 16.00 320 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA CAXTON SPRINGS, THREE RIVERS, QUEBEC, CANADA ALKALINE AND SALINE T. Stbrry Hunt, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 686.624 Calcium Carbonate 12.592 Potassium Chloride 4.664 Ferrous Carbonate 312 Magnesium Chloride 21 .288 Iodine traces Magnesium Carbonate 61.76S Alumina 288 Magnesium Bromide 1.992 Silica 2.792 Calcium Chloride 2. 928 Total Solids, 795.248 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 79.44 SANDWICH SPRINGS, ONTARIO, CANADA SULPHURETED AND SALINE Prof. S. P. Duffield, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 560 Calcium Chloride 056 Sodium Carbonate 48.560 Calcium Carbonate 38.504 Potassium Carbonate trace Calcium Sulphate 123.832 Magnesium Chloride 153.760 Silica 112 Magnesium Carbonate 12.944 Total Solids, 378.328 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 10.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen , 37. 76 Nitrogen 72 ST. CATHERINE'S WELLS, ONTARIO, CANADA SALINE Stephenson House Well Welland House Well Prof. Croft Prof. Croft Analyst Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 1,737.872 2,206.944 Sodium Iodide .080 Sodium Bromide trace Potassium Chloride 20.696 16.480 Magnesium Chloride 198.080 237.152 Magnesium Iodide .240 Magnesium Bromide . 360 Calcium Chloride 866.168 1,017.616 Calcium Carbonate .• .480 Calcium Sulphate 127.848 115.432 Ferrous Carbonate 3.040 Ammonium Chloride ) Silicic Acid . $ Total Solids 2,951.712 3,597.224 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 321 European Mineral Springs AIX-LE-BAINS, SAVOY, FRANCE SULPHUR Bonjean, Analyst Temperature, 108° to 110° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 466 Sodium Sulphate 5. 608 Potassium Iodide traces Magnesium Chloride 1.000 Magnesium Carbonate 1.504 Magnesium Sulphate 2.056 Calcium Carbonate 8. 672 Calcium Sulphate 936 Ferrous Carbonate 512 Total Solids, Gases Carbonic Acid Sulphureted Hydrogen Nitrogen U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Ferrous Sulphate traces Strontium Carbonate .... traces Aluminium Sulphate .... 3.200 Aluminium Phosphate. . . "^ Calcium Phosphate I .13(5 Calcium Fluoride I Silica .288 Loss... fiOfi 25.074 Cubic Inches ... 3.12 ... 6.56 . ..152.32 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, RHENISH PRUSSIA KAISERQUELLE SULPHUR Liebig, Analyst Temp. 131° F. U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 162. 168 Sodium Carbonate 39. 960 Sodium Bromide 224 Sodium Iodide 082 Sodium Sulphate 10. 168 Sodium Sulphide 584 Potassium Sulphate 9.488 Total Solids, 244.816 Gases p er Cent Carbonic Acid 30. 39 Sulphureted Hydrogen 31 Carburetted Hydrogen 1.82 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Magnesium Carbonate. . . 3.160 Calcium Carbonate 9.736 Ferrous Carbonate 5S4 Lithium Carbonate 016 Strontium Carbonate 016 Silica 4.064 Organic Matter 4.616 322 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA APOLLINARIS WATER, NEUENAHAR, RHENISH PRUSSIA ALKALINE Prof. Bischof, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 28.56 Calcium Carbonate 3.60 Sodium Carbonate 77.20 Ferric Oxide 1.20 Sodium Sulphate 18.40 Alumina 1.20 Magnesium Carbonate 27.12 Silica 48 Total Solids, 157.76 Gas Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid 376.32 Exported largely to United States. BADEN-BADEN, BADEN, GERMANY— HAUPTQUELLE CHLORINE-THERMAL Btjnsen, Analyst Temperature 155° F. TJ. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 132. 160 Calcium Phosphate 168 Sodium Bromide traces Ferrous Arseniate traces Potassium Chloride 10.064 Ferrous Bicarbonate 296 Potassium Sulphate 136 Manganese Bicarbonate... traces Magnesium Chloride 776 Ammonium Bicarbonate. . .408 Magnesium Bicarbonate 336 Alumina 064 Calcium Bicarbonate 10. 184 Silica 7.312 Calcium Sulphate 12.448 Nitrates traces Total Solids, 174.352 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 2.392 BAGNERES-DE-BIGORRE (LA REINE) HAUTES-PYRENEES FRANCE . EARTHY-SALINO THERMAL Ganderax and Rosiere, Analysts Temperature 115.7° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 3.624 Calcium Sulphate 98. 112 Magnesium Chloride 7.592 Ferrous Carbonate 4.672 Magnesium Carbonate 2.568 Silica 2.114 Magnesium Sulphate I 93 198 Residue and Fatty Matter .400 Sodium Sulphate.... J Loss 3 - 152 Calcium Carbonate 15.536 Total Solids, 160.898 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid undetermined EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 323 BAGNERES-DE-LUCHON (LAREINE) AUTHE-GARONNE PRANCE LIGHT SALINO-SULPHUM Filhol, Analyst Temperature 13 f F. Mineral Ingredients U. S. gal. contains Grains U. S. gal. contains Grains Sodium Chloride 3.936 Sodium Carbonate trace Sodium Iodide trace Sodium Sulphate 1.296 Sodium Sulphide 3.208 Sodium Silicate trace Sodium Hyposulphite trace Potassium Sulphate 504 Phosphates trace Total Gas Mineral Ingredients Calcium Sulphate 1.8S8 Calcium Silicate 688 Manganese Sulphuret. .. .192 Magnesium Silicate 480 Ferrous Sulphide 160 Cupric Sulphide trace Aluminium Silicate 1.440 Aluminium trace Silica trace Solids, 13.792 Cubic Inches Sulphureted Hydrogen traces BAREGES (BOUCHERIES), HAUTES-PYRENEES, FRANCE LIGHT SALINE Latour, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 1 . 872 Sodium Todide 056 Sodium Sulphate 1.176 Sodium Sulphite 928 Sodium Silicate ] . 1 88 Magnesium Chloride 2.336 Mineral Ingredients Calcium Carbonate Calcium Silicate. . . Ferrous Sulphate . . Aluminium Silicate Calcium Silicate . . . Bituminous, Glairine, and S. gal. contains Grains Loss 1'otal Solids, 10.324 .112 .640 .640 .680 .696 BATH, ENGLAND— KING'S WELL EARTHY-SALINO THERMAL Meeck and Galloway, Analysts Temperature 115° F U. S. gal contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 1 2. 642 Sodium Sulphate 1 9. 229 Potassium Sulphate 4.641 Magnesium Carbonate 329 Magnesium Chloride 14.581 Calcium Carbonate S.820 Total Solids, 144.34 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Sulphate 80.052 Ferrous Carbonate 1.064 Silica 2.982 Iodine traces Manganese Oxide trace A 21 324 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA / BILIN, BOHEMIA JOSEPHQUELLE— ALKALINE Redtenbacher, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 23.4S0 Calcium Carbonate 24.712 Sodium Carbonate 1S4.S4S Ferrous Carbonate 6.40 Sodium Sulphate 50.S00 Lithium Carbonate 880 Potassium Sulphate 7.SS0 Aluminium Phosphate 520 Magnesium Carbonate 8.784 Silica 1.952 Total Solids, 304.496 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid 120.736 Carbonic Acid combined as Bicarbonate.. 137. 976 BOURBONNE, HAUTE-MARNE, FRANCE SALINE Chevallier, Analyst Temperature 149° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 368.880 Calcium Carbonate 18.112 Potassium Bromide 3.072 Calcium Sulphate 47.944 Calcium Chloride 45.464 Total Solids, 483.472 BRIGHTON, ENGLAND CHALYBEATE Matccet, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 12.24 Ferrous Sulphate 14.40 Magnesium Chloride 6.00 - Silica 1.12 Calcium Sulphate 32.72 Loss 152 Total Solids, 68.00 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid , 20.00 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 325 CARLSBAD, BOHEMIA HEAVY SALINE Prof. Fowler, Analyst Temperature 122° to 165" F. Imp. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 47.S5G Sodium Carbonate 5S. 169 Sodium Sulphate 119.215 Magnesium Carbonate 8.220 Calcium Carbonate 14.220 Calcium Sub-phosphate 009 Calcium Fluoride 147 Total Solids, 251.682 Gases Cubic Inches Nitrogen none Carbonic Acid Gas 58. Imp. Mineral Ingredients gal. conta in Grains . .1 Manganese Carbonate . . . .038 Lithium Carbonate . . .120 Strontium Carbonate.. . .044 Aluminium Phosphate. . . .015 . 3.463 CARLSBAD (SPRUDEL) BOHEMIA PURGATIVE Gottl, Analyst Temperature 162.5° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Carbonate 16.020 Ferrous Carbonate 248 Aluminium Phosphate... 1.720 Silica 8.416 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 69.792 Sodium Carbonate 72.496 Sodium Sulphate 159.680 Potassium Sulphate 2.960 Magnesium Carbonate 3. 192 Total Solids, 334.664 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 62.40 Nitrogen 24 ALKALINE Prof. E. Ltjjjwig and Prof. J. Mauthker, Analysts, 1886 U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Carbonate of Iron 0.030 Carbonate of Manganese 0.002 Carbonate of Magnesium. ... 1.665 Carbonate of Calcium 3.214 Carbonate of Strontium 0.004 Carbonate of Lithium 0.123 Carbonate of Sodium 12.980 Sulphate of Potassium 1.862 Sulphate of Sodium 24.053 Mineral Ingredients Grains Chloride of Sodium 10.41S Fluoride of Sodium 0.051 Borate of Sodium 0.040 Phosphate of Calcium. . . . 0.007 Oxide of Aluminium 0.004 Silicic Acid : 0.715 Carbonic Acid, partly com- bined 7.761 Carbonic Acid, free 1.898 Cassium, Rubidium, Thallium, Zinc, Arsenic, Antimony, Selenium, Formic) , , Acid, Undeterminable Organic Matter ) Amount of Solids 55.168 Specific Gravity 1.00530 Temperature in C° 73.8 326 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA SPRUDEL SALZ (POWDER) Dr. Sipoecz, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Sulphate 43. 25 Sodium Carbonate 36.29 Sodium Chloride 16.81 Potassium Sulphate 3.06 Lithium Carbonate 0.39 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Fluoride 0.09 Sodium Borate - . 0.07 Silicic Acid Anhydride 0.03 Iron Oxide 0.01 CHELTENHAM, ENGLAND SALINE Parkes and Brande, Analysts Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride. . . Sodium Sulphate. . . U. S. gal. contains Grains U. S. gal. contains Grains .400.00 . 120.00 Mineral Ingredients Magnesium Sulphate 88.00 Calcium Sulphate 36.00 Total Solids, 644.00 CHALYBEATE Parkes and Branue, Analysts U. S. gal. contains TJ, S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 330.40 Magnesium Sulphate 48.00 Sodium Carbonate 4.00 Calcium Sulphate 20.00 Sodium Sulphate 181.60 Ferric Oxide 6.40 Total Solids, 590.40 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 20.00 CONTREXVILLE (PAVILION), VOSGES, FRANCE CALCAREOUS Henry, Analyst u. S. gal. contains Grains 8.176 Mineral Ingredients Sodium Carbonate 1 1 .504 Sodium Sulphate 7. 592 Sodium Chloride ) Potassium Chloride ( Potassium Sulphate trace Magnesium Chloride 2.336 Magnesium Carbonate 1 2.848 Magnesium Sulphate 11.096 Total Solids, 171.752 Gases U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Carbonate 39.416 Calcium Sulphate 67.160 Ferrous Carbonate 528 Strontium Carbonate. .. . trace Calcium Phosphate...} Or. Matter and Arsenic( Silica '. . 7.00S 4.088 Cubic Inches Oxygen undetermined Carbonic Acid 2.32 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 327 EMS ON THE LAHN, GERMANY KESSELBRUNNEN— ALKALINE Peksknius, Analyst Temperature 115° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Iugredients Grains Sodium Chloride 62. 1640 Ferrous Carbonate 1616 Sodium Carbonate 80.3032 Manganese Carbonate 0280 Sodium Sulphate 0488 Strontium \ Potassium Sulphate 3. 1496 Barium Carbonate \ - 0240 Magnesium Carbonate 6.8080 Aluminium Phosphate 076S Calcium Carbonate 10.0728 Silica 2.9184 Total Solids, 169.7552 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 54.304 FACHINGEN, NASSAU, GERMANY ALKALINE FitESENius, Analyst U. S, gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 36.4592 Calcium Fluoride 0216 Sodium Carbonate 155.8104 Ferrous Carbonate 6408 Sodium Sulphate 1.0976 Lithium Carbonate 0032 Sodium Phosphate 4048 Lithium Phosphate 0016 Magnesium Carbonate 10.8640 Strontium Carbonate .. . .0056 Calcium Chloride 0272 Aluminium Phosphate.. .0024 Calcium Carbonate 16.0880 Silica Phosphate 2.0880 Calcium Phosphate 0032 Total Solids, 223.5176 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 263.800 Nitrogen 200 The water of this spring is chiefly exported. FRIEDRICHSHALL, SAXE-MEININGEN, GERMANY PURGATIVE Bauer, Analyst „. , T ,. . u - s - gal-.contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 538.96 Magnesium Sulphate 316.40 Sodium Sulphate 333.84 Calcium Carbonate 88 Potassium Sulphate 16 Calcium Sulphate 89.92 Magnesium Chloride 248.64 Ammonium Chloride 48 Magnesium Carbonate 28.24 Aluminium Chloride 56 Magnesium Bromide 16 Silica 1.68 Total Solids, 1,559.92 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 42. 56 32S MINERAL SPRING'S OF CALIFORNIA GASTEIN, SALZBURG, AUSTRIA THERMAL Wolf, Analyst Temperature, 87" to 160° F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 2.S8 Sodium Carbonate 32 Sodium Sulphate 12.08 Potassium Sulphate 08 Magnesium Carbonate 16 Calcium Carbonate 2.88 Calcium Fluoride trace Total Solids, 21.20 Gases Oxygen 30.89 Nitrogen 69.11 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Ferrous Carbonate 40 Manganese Carbonate 16 Strontia trace Aluminium Phosphate 32 Silica 1.92 Organic Matter trace Percentage GEILNAU, HESSE, GERMANY ALKALINE Fresenius, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Fluoride trace Ferrous Bicarbonate .... 2. 352 Manganese Bicarbonate . . .280 Barium Bicarbonate 008 Lithium Carbonate trace Strontium Carbonate .... trace Alumina trace Organic Matter trace Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 2. 224 Sodium Bicarbonate 65.136 Sodium Sulphate 528 Sodium Borate trace Sodium Nitrate trace Sodium Phosphate .024 Potassium Sulphate 1.080 Magnesium Bicarbonate 22.304 Calcium Bicarbonate 30.336 Total Solids, 124.072 Gases Grains Carbonic Acid, free 171.200 Ammonium Bicarbonate 080 Nitrogen 952 Hydrogen Sulphide trace The water of this spring is used exclusively for export. GIESSHUEBEL (NEAR CARLSBAD), BOHEMIA ALKALINE Gottl, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Carbonate 11.672 TJ. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Carbonate 56.768 Potassium Chloride 3.00S Potassium Cai-bonate 5.248 Potassium Sulphate 1 . 776 Magnesium Carbonate 2.720 Total Solids, 86.579 Gas Ferrous Carbonate 003 Alumina 136 Silica 5.248 Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 305.664 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 329 HALL, AUSTRIA H AUPTQUELLE -SALINE Netwald, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 896.320 Sodium Iodide .488 Potassium Chloride 392 Magnesium Chloride 20. 976 Magnesium Carbonate 1.936 Magnesium Iodide 2.280 Magnesium Bromide 4. 144 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Chloride 23.464 Calcium Carbonate 3. 840 Calcium Phosphate 208 Ferrous Carbonate 704 Ammonium Chloride 264 Silica 584 Total Solids, 955.600 Gas Carbonic Acid . Grains ..10.96 This is ranked rather as a medicinal brine. HARROWGATE, ENGLAND SULPHURETED Old Sulphur Well A. W. Hoffmann Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 688.144 Sodium Iodide trace Sodium Bromide trace Sodium Sulphide 12.384 Potassium Chloride 43. 760 Magnesium Chloride 44.552 Calcium Chloride 65.392 Calcium Carbonate 9.896 Calcium Sulphate . 104 Calcium Fluoride trace Ferrous Carbonate trace Manganese Carbonate trace Ammonia trace Silica 200 Organic Matter Total Solids 864.432 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 17.600 Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.248 Oxygen Nitrogen 2.328 Marsh-gas 4.6/2 Montpelier Strong A. W. Hoffmann Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 642.472 11.528 4.600 43.736 49.52S 19.344 .472 trace trace 1.472 trate 773.152 Cubic Inches 11.20S .384 3.856 .424 330 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 821 Sodium Carbonate 1.432 Potassium Chloride traces Magnesium Carbonate 2.688 Magnesium Sulphate traces HOLYWELL, NORTH. WALES CARBONATED Unknown Analyst Temperature, 52° F. Imp. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Carbonate 13.685 Calcium Chloride 3.094 Calcium Sulphate 5.202 Ferrous Carbonate traces Silicic Acid 2.737 Imp.; al. contains Grains Total Solids 29.650 Gases Cubic Inches Free Carbonic Acid 10.338 HOMBURG, HESSE, GERMANY ELIZABETH BRUNNEN— SALINE Liebig, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 633.20 Sodium Sulphate 3.04 Magnesium Chloride 62.32 Magnesium Carbonate 16.08 Total Solids, 870.96 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 387.68 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Calcium Chloride 62. 16 Calcium Carbonate 87.92 Ferrous Carbonate 3. 68 Silica 2.56 Kaiserbrunnen Hoffman, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 839.52 Potassium Chloride 2.24 Magnesium Chloride 68. 16 Magnesium Carbonate Calcium Chloride 140.00 Calcium Carbonate 5.44 Calcium Sulphate 1.36 Ferrous Carbonate 4.24- Silica 72 Total Solids 1,061.68 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 873.28 Ludwigsbrunuen Huffman, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 383.68 Stahlbrunuen Liebig, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 638.88 13.68 1.44 24.48 41.84 .80 58.24 85.36 45.92 60.24 1.20 1.20 3.36 7.52 1.60 2.48 532.96 Cubic Inches 348.72 838.96 Cubic Inches 375.28 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 331 KISSINGEN (RAKOCZI), BAVARIA SALINE Liebig, Analyst IT. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 357.68 Sodium Iodide Trace Sodium Bromide 48 Sodium Nitrate 56 Potassium Chloride 17.60 Magnesium Chloride ... 18.64 Magnesium Sulphate 36.00 v Total Solids, 524.16 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 334.160 Ammonia 056 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Carbonate 65. 12 Calcium Sulphate 23.92 Calcium Phosphate 32 Ferrous Carbonate 1.92 Lithium Chloride 1.20 Silica 72 KREUZNACH, RHENISH, PRUSSIA SALINE Elisenquelle Oranienquelle Lowig, Analyst Liebig, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 583.064 869.640 Potassium Chloride 4.992 3.680 Magnesium Chloride 32. 568 Magnesium Carbonate .848 1.040 Magnesium Iodide 280 .096 Magnesium Bromide 2.224 14.240 Calcium Chloride 107.112 181.992 Calcium Carbonate 13.544 2.040 Ferrous Carbonate 2. 848 Lithium Chloride 4.904 Aluminium Phosphate .200 .760 Silica 1.032 7.992 Total Solids 750 768 1,084.328 This is ranked rather as a medicinal brine. LEUK (LORENZQUELLE) VALAIS, SWITZERLAND CALCAREOUS B runner, Analyst Temperature 123° F. U. S. gal. contains Grains 440 Ferrous Carbonate. Strontium Sulphate. Silica Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride . Sodium Sulphate 4.072 Potassium Chloride 160 Magnesium Chloride 216 Magnesium Carbonate 016 Magnesium Sulphate 15.928 Total Solids, 126.640 Gases Carbonic Acid 2.08 Oxygen 1.52 Nitrogen 2.80 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Carbonate 2.856 Calcium Sulphate 101.696 Cubic Inches .192 .248 .816 332 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA LUHATSCHOWITZ, MORAVIA ALKALINE Vincenzbrunnen Arcandibrunnen Ferstl, Analyst Ferstl, Analyst U. S. sal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 188.216 206.024 Sodium Carbonate 1S6. 104 288.304 helium Iodide , 1.056 1.032 Sodium Bromide 2.040 .808 Potassium Chloride 14.360 12.760 Magnesium Carbonate 3. 376 4.544 Calcium Carbonate 37.472 38.552 Ferrous Carbonate .' 888 1.080 Barium Carbonate 560 .512 Lithium Carbonate 072 .112 Strontium Carbonate 744 .920 Silica 3.160 .S56 ft . Total Solids 438.048 555.504 Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 400.00 232.00 MARIENBAD (KREUZBRUNNEN,) BOHEMIA PURGATIVE Kersten, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 89.328 Ferrous Carbonate 2.S00 Sodium Carbonate 6S.752 Manganese Carbonate 312 Sodium Sulphate 290. 152 Lithium Carbonate 392 Potassium Sulphate 3.592 Strontium Carbonate 112 Magnesium Carbonate 25.600 Aluminium Phosphate 432 Calcium Carbonate 36.840 Silica 5.432 Calcium Phosphate 144 Total Solids, 523.888 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 125.60 MEINBERG (SCHWEFELQUELLE), LIPPE-DETMOLD, GER. SULPHURETED , Brandes, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Sulphate 46.752 Sodium Sulphide 536 Potassium Sulphate 040 Magnesium Chloride 8.280 Magnesium Carbonate 1.376 Magnesium Sulphate 13.864 Total Solids, 155.888 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 10.48 Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.S8 Oxygen 16 Nitrogen 3.20 u. s. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Carbonate . 17.192 Calcium Sulphate . 66.680 Ferrous Carbonate .064 Strontium Sulphate .064 Aluminium Phosphate. . . .080 .960 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 333 NAUHEIM, HESSE-CASSEL, GERMANY KURBRUNNEN— SALINE Bkomeis, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 879. 3S4 Calcium Carbonate 64.224 Potassium Chloride 32. 376 Calcium Sulphate 5. 920 Magnesium Chloride 17.240 Ferrous Carbonate 1.160 Magnesium Bromide 2.360 Manganese Carbonate 16S Calcium Chloride 65.720 Silica 920 Total Solids, 1,069.472 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 249.60 This is ranked rather as a medicinal brine. NENNDORF, HESSE, GERMANY TBINKQUELLE— SULPHURETED Bunsen, Analyst ,„.-„. U. S. gal. contains TJ. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Sulphate 30.392 Calcium Carbonate 27.048 Potassium Sulphate 2.712 Calcium Sulphate 64.968 Magnesium Chloride 14.S08 Calcium Sulphide 4.440 Magnesium Sulphate 18.544 Silica. 1.296 Total Solids, 170.208 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 42.00 Sulphureted Hydrogen 10.24 Carburetted Hydrogen 40 Nitrogen 4. 88 NEUENAHR, RHENISH, PRUSSIA MARIENSPRUDEL— THERMAL Mohr, Analyst ... 1T .. U.S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 5.52 Calcium Carbonate I2.S8 Sodium Carbonate 44. 80 Ferrous Carbonate 48 Sodium Sulphate 6.08 Silica 1.52 Magnesium Carbonate 21.44 Total Solids, 92.72 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 180.16 334 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA OBERSALZBRUNN, SILESIA ALKALINE Oberbruunen Fischer, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 8.96 Sodium Carbonate 70.48 Sodium Sulphate 31.84 Magnesium Carbonate 8.00 Calcium Carbonate 16. 16 Ferrous Carbonate 56 Silica 2.08 Total Solids 138.08 Gas , Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 300.00 Muhlbruuneu Fischer, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Grains 4.96 64.72 20.88 15.04 16.96 .32 2.40 125.28 Cubic Inches 26.40 PLOMBIERES (SOURCE DES DAMES), VOSGES, FRANCE THERMAL Sheritiee, Analyst U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 2.200 Sodium Sulphate 5.016 Sodium Arseniate 040 Sodium Silicate 5.008 Potassium Chloride 2.200 Potassium Silicate 064 U. S. gal. contains Grains 1.224 Mineral Ingredients Magnesium Silicate . .) Calcium Silicate i Alumina 608 Silica 712 Organic Matter 1.224 Total Solids, 18.296 PUELLNA, BOHEMIA PURGATIVE Strtjve, Analyst U.S. jal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Sodium Sulphate 990.400 Potassium Sulphate 38.400 Magnesium Chloride 157.328 Magnesium Carbonate 51.248 Magnesium Sulphate 744.688 Total Solids, 2,010.456 U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Calcium Carbonate 6. 160 Calcium Sulphate 20.800 Calcium Phosphate 024 Silica 1.408 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 335 PYRMONT, WALDECK, GERMANY TRINKBRUNNEN— CHALYBEATE Wiggers, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 30.016 Ferrous Carbonate 2.480 Sodium Nitrate traces Manganese Carbonate. . . .192 Potassium Sulphate 1.360 Lithium Chloride ■ .152 Magnesium Chloride 4.064 Ammonium Carbonate. . . .016 Magnesium Carbonate 5.920 Alumina 064 Magnesium Sulphate 22.704 Silica 152 Calcium Carbonate 58.208 Organic Matter trace Calcium Sulphate 52.872 Total Solids, 178.200 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 376.80 SCHLANGERBAD, NASSAU, GERMANY THERMAL Fresenius, Analyst Temperature 82.1? to 89.6° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 14.600 Potassium Sulphate 728 Sodium Carbonate 632 Magnesium Carbonate 376 Sodium Phosphate 032 Calcium Carbonate 2.000 Potassium Chloride 032 Silica 2.064 Total Solids, 20.464 SCHWALBACH, NASSAU, GERMANY STAHLBRUNNEN— CH AL YBE ATE Fresenius, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 416 Magnesium Carbonate 7.728 Sodium Carbonate 880 Calcium Carbonate 9.448 Sodium Sulphate 488 Ferrous Carbonate 3.736 Sodium Borate trace Manganese Carbonate 824 Sodium Phosphate trace Silica 1.96S Potassium Sulphate 232 Organic Matter trace Total Solids, 25.720 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 402.160 Sulphureted Hydrogen .024 33C MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA SEIDLITZ, BOHEMIA PURGATIVE Steinmann, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Sulphate 139.52 Calcium Carbonate 42.32 Potassium Sulphate 35.2S Calcium Sulphate 33.12 Magnesium Chloride 8.48 Ferrous Carbonate ) .„ Magnesium Carbonate 1.60 Manganese Carbonate. . . ' jnesium Sulphate . 636.40 Strontium Carbonate 072 Magn esium Bromide / . and Fluoride ) Silica 40 Total Solids, 897.592 SELTERS, NASSAU, GERMANY SALINE Hastner, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 137.824 Calcium Carbonate 14.816 Sodium Carbonate 54.224 Calcium Sidphate , 2.088 Sodium Sulphate 2.0S8 Calcium Fluoride C128 Sodium Phosphate 0016 Ferrous Carbonate 632 Potassium Chloride 2.312 Manganese Carbonate... .016 Potassium Bromide 0016 Aluminium Phosphate .. . .0032 Magnesium Carbonate 12. 12S Silica 2.000 Total Solids, 228.1472 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 240.0000 Oxygen 0368 Nitrogen 2280 Is exported only. SPA (POUHON), LIEGE, BELGIUM CHALYBEATE Monheim, Analyst V. S. gal. contains U. S. ga,l. contains Mineral Ingiedients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 1.256 Ferrous Carbonate 5.416 Sodium Carbonate 5.600 Aluminium Carbonate 192 Magnesium Carbonate 1 .928 Silica 1.736 Calcium Carbonate 4.640 Loss 096 Total Solids, 20.S64 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 572.80 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 337 ST. MORITZ (GRANDE SOURCE), GRISONS, SWITZERLAND CHALYBEATE Planta and Kekule, Analysts U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 2. 256 Sodium Carbonate 10.912 Sodium Sulphate 15.736 Potassium Sulphate 952 Magnesium Carbonate 6.616 Calcium Carbonate ... 42.424 U. S. gal. contains Grains Mineral Ingredients Ferrous Carbonate 1.384 Manganese Carbonate 240 Phosphoric Acid 024 Bromide, Iodine, Fluorine traces Alumina 016 Silica 2.224 Total Solids, 82.784 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 314.32 TCEPLITZ (HAUPTQUELLE), BOHEMIA THERMAL Wolf, Analyst Temperature, 120" F. U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 3.464 Sodium Carbonate 21.0S0 Sodium Sidphate 2. 320 Sodium Phosphate 112 Potassium Sulphate 784 Magnesium Carbonate J704 Calcium Carbonate 2.640 U. S gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Ferrous Carbonate 152 Manganese Carbonate 168 Strontium Carbonate 216 Crenic Acid 272 Aluminium Phosphate 160 Silicon Fluoride 2.808 Silica 3.544 Total Solids, 38.424 Gases Percentage Carbonic Acid 4. 74 Oxygen 66 Nitrogen 94.59 TUNBRIDGE WELLS, ENGLAND CHALYBEATE Scudamore, Analyst I U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 2.46 Magnesium Chloride 29 Calcium Chloride 39 Calcium Carbonate 27 Calcium Sulphate „ 1.41 Total Solids U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Ferric Oxide 2.22 Manganese \ Organic Matter \ .44 Silica \ Loss 13 7.61 338 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA VALS. FRANCE DESIREE SPRING- CARBONATED Laboratory Academy of Medicine, Paris, Analyst Mineral Ingredients In 1.000 Grammes Mineral Ingredients Iu 1.000 Grammes Sodium Chloride / Calcium Bicarbonate 571 Potassium Chloride ) ' Ferrous Peroxide ) Q]0 Sodium Sulphate ) „ „qq Manganese ) Calcium Sulphate ) Alkaline Iodide traces Sodium Bicarbonate 6.040 Lith'm Bicarbonate.. strong traces Sodium Arseniate trace Alumina 058 Potassium Bicarbonate 263 Organic Matter traces Magne* am Bicarbonate 900 Total Solids in 1.000 grammes, 9.142 Total in grains per U. S. gallon, 535.88 Gas Free Carbonic Acid Gas 2. 145 grammes VICHY, FRANCE GRANDE GRILLE— ALKALINE Boquet, Analyst Temperature, 105.8° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 32.80 Magnesium Carbonate 11.04 Sodium Carbonate 208.00 Calcium Carbonate 18.48 Sodium Borate trace Ferrous Carbonate 16 Sodium Arseniate 08 Manganese Carbonate trace Sodium Sulphate 18.32 Strontium Carbonate 08 Sodium Phosphate 6.24 Silica 40 Potassium Carbonate 16.32 Total Solids, 311.92 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 117.92 VICTORIAQUELLE, NEUENAHR, RHENISH PRUSSIA ALKALINE U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains. Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 7.28 Calcium Bicarbonate 26.40 Sodium Bicarbonate 86.40 Ferrous Oxide ) L en Sodium Sulphate 5.84 Alumina j Magnesium Bicarbonate 29.92 Silica , 2.00 Total Solids, 158.64 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 102.88 EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 339 WILDBAD, WUERTEMBERG THERMAL Temperature, 94 ° F. U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains'^ „_, Sodium Chloride 14.56 Calcium Carbonate 2.72 Sodium Carbonate 4.24 Ferrous Carbonate "1 Sodium Sulphate 3.20 Manganese Carbonate.. . . j ' Potassium Sulphate 1.60 Silica 3.12 Magnesium Carbonate 5.60 Total Solids, 36.64 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid undetermined Oxygen undetermined Nitrogen undetermined WEILBACH, HESSE, GERMANY ALKALINE Feesenius, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 77.3416 Magnesium Carbonate. . 4.4504 Sodium Carbonate 58.9984 Calcium Carbonate 6.0032 Sodium Iodide 0080 Ferrous Carbonate 1544 Sodium Bromide 0448 Manganese Carbonate . . .03)2 Sodium Sulphate 13.7384 Lithium Carbonate 3616 Potassium Sulphate 3.3864 Silica 7544 Total Solids, 165.2728 Gases Grains Carbonic Acid 47.6424 Ammonium Carbonate 6968 Sulphureted Hydrogen 0208 WILDUNGEN (STADTBRUNNEN), WALDECK, GERMANY CALCAREOUS U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains Sodium Chloride 568 Calcium Carbonate 30.224 Sodium Carbonate 3.936 Ferrous Carbonate 1 . 1 12 Sodium Sulphate 7.352 Manganese Carbonate 424 Magnesium Carbonate 19. 224 Alumina 06 1 Magnesium Sulphate 2.312 Silica 2.232 Total Solids, 67.448 Gas Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 341.60 A. 2'J 340 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA WES BADEN (KOCHBRUNNEN) NASSAU, GERMANY SALINE Fresenius, Analyst Temperature, 155.75" F. U. S. Mineral Ingredients Sodium Chloride 420.00 Potassium Chloride 8.96 Magnesium Chloride 12.56 Magnesium Carbonate 64 Magnesium Bromide 24 Calcium Chloride 28 96 Calcium Carbonate 25.68 Calcium Sulphate 5.52 gal. contains Grains IT. S. Mineral Ingredients Calcium Arseniate gnl. contains Grains . .008 Calcium Phosphate Ferrous Carbonate .024 . .32 Manganese Carbonate . . . .032 .008 Ammonium Chloride . 1.04 . .032 . 3.68 Total Solids, 507.704 Gases Cubic Inches Carbonic Acid 133.60 Nitrogen 80 Brines of Michigan East Saginaw Bangor Company's Well Company's Well Mineral Ingredients Per cent. Per cent. Sodium Chloride 16.86 19.86 Magnesium Chloride 96 1.26 Calcium Chloride 2.27 2.96 Calcium Sulphate 15 .07 Total Saline Matter 20.24 24.15 Water 79.76 75.85 Total Solids 100.00 100.00 Brines of New York Syracuse Saliua Mineral Ingredients Per cent Per cent Sodium Chloride 15.36 14.94 Magnesium Chloride 14 .13 Calcium Chloride 08 .08 Calcium Sulphate 57 .5!) Total Saline Matter 16. 15 15.74 Water 83.85 84.25 Total Solids, 100.00 100.00 brines and sea water Brines of Pennsylvania 341 EAST CLARION SALT SPRING, ELK CO., PA. M. H. Boye, Analyst u. Mineral Ingredients S. gal. contains Grains U.S. Mineral Ingredients gal. contains Grains Sodium Chloride 336.80275 .89971 . . 15.34206 Ferrous Bicarbonate .... .72444 Potassium Chloride Magnesium Chloride .... 1.72573 .12791 Magnesium Bicarbonate . Calcium Chloride . . .57155 .13623 .. 51.85625 Strontium Bicarbonate. . Ammonium Nitrate .... trace .06260 .00487 Calcium Bicarbonate . . . . . . 9.79502 .19172 .69523 Total Solids, 418.94407 Brines and Sea-Water Sea-Water Dead Sea VonBibra, Analyst Von Bibra, Analyst U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Sodium Chloride 1,671.34 6,702.73 Sodium Iodide trace trace Sodium Bromide 31.16 156.53 Sodium Phosphate trace Potassium Chloride 682.63 Potassium Sulphate 108.46 Magnesium Chloride 199.66 4,457.23 Magnesium Sulphate 34. 99 Calcium Chloride 1,376.75 Calcium Sulphate 39.90 38.07 Calcium Carbonate trace trace Ferric Chloride trace 1.50 Manganese Chloride 3. 35 Ammonium Chloride 3. 35 Aluminium Chloride 31 . 37 Silver trace Copper trace Lead trace Arsenic trace Bitumen trace Silica | trace trace Organic Matter trace 34. 59 Total Solids 2,138.91 13,488.10 342 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA GREAT SALT LAKE, ETC. Showing the comparative analyses of the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. DEAD SEA M.* ^^^^.* UiLUU * MINERAL INGREDIENTS 1849 Dr. Gale Analyst 1869 0. D. Allen Analyst 1879 J. T. Kings- bury Analyst ATLANTIC OCEAN 20.196 1.834 ".252 11.8628 .9421 1.4902 .0858 .5363 trace trace .0862 13.3765 1.1213 1.6908 .1485 .4197 .1250 12.110 7.822 .251 2.455 .068 1.217 .056 2.6730 .0417 .3229 .1975 Potassium Chloride .1290 .1629 Total 22.282 14.9934 16.8818 23.979 3.5271 J^g.vgjGJLS*— CALIFORNIA 343 California "Pious Portala, journeying by land, Reared high across upon the heathen strand, Then far away Dragged his slow caravan to Monterey. The mountains whispered to the valleys, ' Good ' The sun, slow sinking in the western flood, Baptized in blood The holy standard of the Brotherhood. The timid fog crept in across the sea, Drew near, embraced it and streamed far and free, Saying ' O ye Gentiles and Heathen, this is truly He. ' All this the Heathen saw; and when once more The holy Fathers touched the lovely shore- Then covered o'er With shells and gifts the cross their witness bore." Bret Harte. Origin of the Name of California. Many hypotheses have been advanced relative to the origin of the name of California. Some writers favor the theory that the word is of aboriginal origin depending on some misunderstood words of the natives. Several writers among the Jesuit Mission- aries point out the possibility of the word being derived from the Latin Calida fornax (hot furnace), as the south- ern part of Lower California was first touched by the dis- coverers during the hot season. Other less reasonable 344 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA conjectures regarding the origin of the name have been found, until the noted antiquarian, Bdward Everett Hale, promulgated, April 30, 1862, through the American Anti- quarian Society the most authentic as well as the most probable account of the first use of the name California as follows: There lived in Seville a favored Spanish novelist, Ordonez de Montalvo, who published a romance in 1510 entitled " Las Sergas del esforzado caballero Esplandian," in which the name appears twice as will be seen by the following translation. The romance was very popular and rapidly passed through several editions from 1510 to 1526. One of these issued from Madrid in 152 1 is used for the translation. TRANSLATION The exploits of the very valiant Knight Esplandian, son of the excellent King Amadis of Gaul. — [Madrid, 1521.] Furnished by Prof. Henry G. Hanks, State Mineralogist of California, in his sixth Annual Report, 1886. Translated by Mr. Camilo Martin, Consul for Spain. Chapter CLVII The marvelous and not thought of succor with which the Queen Calafia came to the Port of Constantinople in favor of the Turks. I wish you now to know a thing the most strange which ever either in writing or in people's memory could be found, by which the city was the following day on the point of being lost, and how from there where the danger came, salvation came to it. Know then that to the right hand of the Indies, there was an island called California, very near the part of the terrestrial Paradise, and which ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF CALIFORNIA 345 was inhabited by black women, without there being among them even one man, that their style of living was almost like that of the Amazons. They were of robust bodies and valiant and ardent hearts and of great strength ; the island itself was the strongest that could be found in the world through its steep and wild rocks ; their arms were all of gold and also the harness of the wild beasts on which they rode after taming them, as there was no other metal in the whole island ; they dwelled in well-finished caves ; they had many ships in which they went to other parts to obtain booty, and the men whom they made prisoners they took along, killing them in the way you shall hear further on. And sometimes, when they were at peace with their adversa- ries, they used to mingle with them with entire confidence ; if any of them gave birth to a son, he was put to death at once. The reason for it, as it was known, was because in their thoughts they were resolved to lessen the men to so small a number that they would be able to master them without much trouble, with all their lands, and preserve those who would understand that it was convenient to do so that the race might not perish. In this island, called California, there were a great many griffins, the like, on account of the ruggedness of the land and the very many wild beasts therein contained, were not found in any other part of the world ; and when they had little ones these women would go covered with thick skins to catch them by tricks, and they would bring them to their caves and there rear them ; and when they were accustomed to them, they would feed them with those men and with the male children they bore, so often and with such cunning that they very well learned to know them, and never did them any harm. Any man who landed on the island was at once killed and eaten by them ; and though they might be glutted, they would not the less take them and lift them up, flying through the air, and when tired of carrying them, they would let them fall, where they would be killed 346 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA at once. Well, at the time when those great men of the pagans departed with those large fleets, as history has already told you, there reigned in said Island California, a queen very tall of stature, very handsome for one of them, of blooming age, desiring in her thoughts to do great deeds, valiant in spirit, and in cunning of her fearless heart, more so than any of the others that before her reigned in that seigniory. And having heard how the greatest part of the world was moving in that expedition against the Christians, she, not knowing what beings were the Chris- tians, nor having any knowledge of other countries except those which were next to hers, wishing to see the world and its different races, thinking that with her great valor and that of her adherents all that would be gained she would have, by force or by cunning, the largest share of, she spoke with all those that were skilful in war, telling them that it would be well that, going in their great fleets, they should follow the same road that those great princes and eminent men were taking, inciting and encouraging them by laying before them the very great honor and gain that might result to them from that undertaking ; above all, the great fame that would resound in the whole world about them ; that remaining in the island as they were, doing nothing but what their ancestors had done, would be only to be buried in life, like living dead, passing their days without fame and without glory, like wild animals. So many things said to them by that very valiant Queen Calafia, that she not only moved her people to con- sent to the undertaking, but they, with their great desire that their fame should be published in many parts, hurried her to put to sea at once, so as to happen to be in the danger jointly with those great men. The Queen, who saw the determination of her people, ordered her great fleet to be supplied with provisions, and with arms all of gold and with all other necessaries ; and she ordered the repairing of her largest vessel, made like a grate of thick timbers, ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF CALIFORNIA 347 and she had put into her up to five hundred griffins, which as you have been told, she had raised from tender age and fed with the flesh of men, and having therein also put the animals on which they rode and which were of different kinds ; also, the best chosen and best armed women which were in the fleet, and leaving such garrison in the island as to be secure, she put to sea with the others, and she hurried so much that she joined the fleets of the pagans the night of the combat, of which you have been told, which caused them all .very great pleasure, and then she was visited by those great lords, who showed her great reverence. She wanted to know in what state was their enterprise, begging them to relate it to her minutely ; and having heard the report from them, she said : " You have fought this city with your many people and could not take it ; well, I with mine, if it is agreeable to you, will on the following day, try the reach of my power, if you will accept my advice." All those great lords answered her, that whatever was by her indicated, they would order it executed. " Then notify at once all the other commanders that to-morrow, on no account, they nor theirs leave their quarters, until it is so ordered by me, and you shall see a fight the most strange never seen before this day, and of which you never have heard spoken." This was then made known to the great Sultan of Liquia and the Sultan of Halapa, who had charge of all the armies which were on land, and who thus ordered their people, wondering much what could be the thought and deed of that Queen. Thus leaving very little if any doubt that the name " California" had its origin in the fertile brain of Sefior Montalvo. ' ' Then felt I like some watcher of the skies, When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes He stared at the Pacific, and all his men Looked at each other with a wild surmise — - Silent upon a peak in Darien." 348 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Historical Sketch of the Discovery and Early Occupation of California It was in the year 1534, during one of these waves of popular enthusiasm which every now and again pass over large communities and inflame the minds of men, that California was discovered. These waves attacking the OLD MISSION, LOS ANGELES deepest interest of ambitious men frequently serve to impart an impetus to scientific research in astronomy, chem- istry, physics and especially explorations and discoveries of new worlds. To-day as for centuries back explorations and excavations are constantly being pushed ahead. New expe- ditions are fitted out frequently for polar research and heroes thirsting for fame and the discovery of the open Polar Sea are pushing on with feverish excitement eager to outdo their predecessors. At the close of the fifteenth century the DISCOVERY AND EARLY OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA 349 particular enthusiasm of Spain was the discovery of Amer- ica. No time was lost in building fleets and sending them out, once Columbus had found the way, to fully explore the new continent and discover the western passage to the Indian seas. Accordingly we find that Hernando Cortez, fully equipped set sail with his fleet and landed at Vera Cruz in April, 1519. Columbus believed in the Western passage until the day of his death. Cortez, while sailing along the Gulf of Mexico, thought he had found this coveted pas- sage, and when he landed on the eastern coast of Mexico it was believed that Asia had been reached. Later on, however, when he had taken possession of the Aztec Capital, Cortez was convinced that the two continents were not identical, although Mexico was still supposed to be a part of the eastern continent, separated perhaps by a strait or a penin- sula which the older explorers had not discovered. This problem the Spanish invader concluded to solve, and the easiest and surest way of accomplishing this was to go to the west seas and follow the western shores north- ward until the mouth of the strait or Asia itself should be found. Reaching the western shores of Mexico amid great hardships and many privations, Cortez followed the coast northward until he came to a good harbor. Here he founded the city of Zacatula, about 175 miles north of Acapulco, and commenced building his fleet. Ship-building at best is a tedious undertaking, especially in a new coun- try with hostile natives and the intoxication of conquest to divert one's attention. Still Cortez persevered and in the Spring of 1532 his first ships left Zacatula on their way northward. Hearing nothing from the first expedition, Cortez the next year (1533) sent out two more ships to ascertain the fate of the lost vessels and then push on to Asia. The voyage was supposed to take only a few months under favorable circumstances. 350 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The expeditions of 1533 were under the command of a cousin of Cortez, Diego Becerra de Mendoza and Her- nando Grijalva. This latter commandant soon became dis- heartened and losing faith in the undertaking, returned to Zacatula with his ship. Becerra de Mendoza, however, was made of different stuff and determined to push on with a chivalrous spirit — despite the fact that his crew became mutinous. Being of a haughty disposition he ruled his men with an iron hand, which only added fuel to the fire already kindled. The crew became more and more unmanageable and finally mutinied, with the pilot, Fortuna Jimenez at their head, killing commander Mendoza and putting the officers next in command on the wild shores of Colima to share the fate of their many comrades who had fallen while fighting the savages under Cortez. Pilot Jimenez now took command of the ship and not caring to meet his fate at the hands of Cortez, pushed up the Mexican coast to find if possible the Asiatic continent and return to Europe. They sailed northward for many months, until one bright morning in the early part of the following year (1534) Jimenez discovered what he supposed to be an island on the western horizon. Bearing down upon it, a good, calm bay was found surrounded by green hills covered with shade trees. Here they decided to put ashore and explore the new country. The vessel was accordingly anchored at a safe distance from the shore and Jimenez with many of his crew took to the boats and land- ed on a fine sandy beach. No sooner had they landed than the beach swam with huge, dusky savages who overwhelm- ed the few dozen sailors like an avalanche with such deadly effect that Pilot Jimenez and a score of his faithful follow- ers were slain before the ship could be reached and moved away from the deadly poisoned arrows so fatally wielded by the hostile aborigines. Thus ingloriously died the discoverer of California, a few short moments after setting his foot upon the Golden DISCO VERY AND EARLY OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA 351 shore, for the supposed island was in reality Lower Cali- fornia and the place of landing was at what is now known as La Paz in the little bay about seventy-five miles north of Cape Palmo on the eastern side of the peninsula and on the western side of the Gulf of California. The few remaining sailors who succeeded at length in getting their ship under way after several months reached Cortez at Zacatula. After recounting to him the unlucky passage of the vessel and how they had mutinied and killed his cousin Mendoza and how in turn the large coppery savages had killed their pilot and many of the men, Cortez anxiously inquired what the Indians wore and if there were any evidences of richness in their attire. To this the men answered that the natives were well armed with bows and arrows, stone and copper knives etc., and that they wore strings of large pearls around their necks and pieces of bright shining metal, presumably gold, on their persons. This was enough for Cortez to judge of the wealth of the supposed Island, and he at once set to work to refit and get in readiness another expedition. Early in the following year (1535) Cortez set out with a large fleet for Jimenez Bay which he reached May 3rd of the same year. This way was christened Santa Cruz. Here he landed many of his colonists and then explored the coast up and down the Californian and Mexican shores. The Gulf of California was named the Sea of Cortez; it after- wards received the name of Mar Roxa (Red Sea) from the peculiar red color of its waters, arising probably from the discoloration of the Red Colorado (Red River) , which emptied into it large volumes of dark red water. Having cruised around this red sea nearly a year, Cortez returned to Santa Cruz to look after his colonists. Here he found many of them killed and the rest suffering from great pri- vation, heartily sick of their new home and begging to be taken away from the hostile aborigines. Accordingly the CHURCH AND STUDY NEAR DEL MONTE DISCO VERY AND EARLY OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA 353 fleet brought away every European from Santa Cruz in the early part of 1536 and he returned to Zacatula very much discouraged by the experiment. After resting for a few years Cortez again fitted out a fleet, which started in 1539, commanded by Captain Fran- cisco de Ulloa. This expedition rounded Cape St. Lucas and coasted up the western side of California as high as the Cedros Island off Cape San Hugenio, more than half way up the peninsula coast. It was during this voyage (1539-40) that the name California first appears to have been applied to the peninsula, having undoubtedly been taken from the romance of Montalvo which was published thirty years before. Everything north of Cape St. Lucas was supposed to be an island or peninsula leading northward to Asia, and to this whole country was applied the name of California. In 1542, another expedition was fitted out, this time from Navidad, in Mexico, under instructions from the Viceroy of Spain. The command was given to Juan Rod- riguez Cabrillo one of the pilots of Cortez. To this man of undoubted courage belongs the honor of discovering Nueva California or Upper California proper. He sailed over the course of Ulloa and pushing on northward, anchored in San Diego Bay, naming it San Miguel. October 3, 1842, Cabrillo left San Diego with a determination to reach Asia. He sailed northward, touch- ing at the Santa Catalina Island which he found inhabited by natives. Anchoring off San Pedro, he took formal possession of a large Indian town named Xuca, on the coast of Ventura. As he sailed up the coast, dotted here and there with Indian towns, Cabrillo finally reached Monterey Bay, and remained there some time to view the country which pleased him so much. Proceeding north- ward again he passed Point Reyes, and reached as far north as Cape Mendocino which he named Mendoza, after the 354 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Viceroy of Spain. He then turned .southward, discovering the Farallones Islands which he named after his pilot Farallo. From the records left by Cabrillo there is not the slight- est mention made of San Francisco Bay, making it very certain that this daring navigator failed to enter the Golden Gate, for had he done so he would undoubtedly have left us some description of the finest harbor on the Coast. At this time the Spanish claims in the new world — El Dorado or California, extended from Mexico to the Arctic circle. Colonization was encouraged and attempted from Mexico to San Francisco but not beyond it. In the mean time England was watching America and especially the Golden West with a jealous eye. Several expeditions were sent out to the Atlantic shores. In the year 1577 Sir Francis Drake fitted out a ship ostensibly for a buccaneering expedition along the Spanish Main, but Spanish commerce was the objective point of the Spanish Main or anywhere else. Having gathered con- siderable booty and sacked several newly settled towns along the Spanish coast, Sir Francis desired to head for England by way of the Cape of Good Hope. Destiny foiled this plan. It is just such accidents which play such an important part in the making of history. Drake's vessel got into coast currents and tradewinds which took him so far north that he got into a very cold region. As soon as it became practicable he headed south again and got into latitude 38 degrees, somewhere off the cliffs of Bodega or Drake's Bay. From the whiteness of the cliffs, Drake called the supposed new country New Albion from the resem- blance to the coast of England. This was in the year 1578-9. Here Sir Francis landed. He found the Indians going about nearly nude. They were inclined to be peace- able and were desirous he should remain with his " wonder of the sea". The natives offered the " White Chief " their whole country. Drake accepted in the name of Queen DISCOVERY AND EARLY OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA 355 Elizabeth and set up a post with an inscription thereon announcing the discovery and acceptance of this New- Albion. He then sailed away. The exact place of Drake's landing has been a mooted question and caused considerable discussion. Drake's Bay, Bodega Bay and San Francisco Bay, all claim the honor. Drake's Bay is in the same degree of latitude as noted by Sir Francis, and the coast even to-day greatly resembles, both in height and color, the white cliffs seen on the English Channel at Dover and Brighton. Had Bodega been the landing place, surely some description of Tomales Bay would have been made; and had it been San Francisco Bay, which is considerably farther south than 38 degrees north latitude, this clever and daring explorer was not the man to have left without exploring the many arms of this great inland sea, one of the finest harbors in the world. Not one word about the Golden Gate reaches us from the accounts of Drake's expeditions, a fact, taken with others, which goes far to prove that Sir Francis Drake did not even dream of such a bay as that of San Francisco. Many of the Spanish explorers and vessels both before and after Drake's voyage found Point Reyes, but not one of them say a word about San Francisco Bay. In 1584 Francisco Gali, sailing a Philippine vessel from Macao and Japan to Acapulco, was taken by the great Oceanic current and tradewinds and carried as far north as Cape Mendocino. Putting about, he succeeded in coasting down to Cape St. Lucas, but discovered nothing new. A few years later, Carmenon, another Philippine commander was commissioned to explore the coast more minutely to find a safe harbor for Spanish vessels. He also passed the Golden Gate without seeing it, although his vessel ran so closely ashore as to founder off Point Reyes. Philip III of Spain, commissioned Sebastian Vizcaino in 1602 to explore the coast of California ; to find a suitable harbor for the Philippian ships, and to hunt for the western A. 23 356 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA passage to Asia. He arrived at San Diego Bay the follow- ing year and changed the name from San Miguel to San Diego. He then proceeded on his voyage up the coast reach- ing as far north as Point Reyes and Mendocino. His chroniclers noted carefully many ports of the coast and described them in detail but not one word about San Fran- cisco Bay — a further proof that it had never been discovered. Histories and exaggerated accounts of the exploits of Cortez, Jimenez, Cabrillo, Drake, Carmenon and Vizcaino continued to attract attention and excite the adventurous spirits of another hundred years. Exploring expeditions were sent out under royal charter and under individual patronage to discover and explore this wonderful country whose shores were sands of gold and strewn with pearls of fabulous value. Adventurous spirits headed commands for this new world in 1615, 1633 and half a dozen more up to 1668. Most of them coasted up and down the Pacific shore without discovering anything new. None, of them ever entered San Francisco Bay, or if they did so, left no record behind them which they would have been most likely to do, had they entered the Golden Gate. The Early Mission Fathers For over one hundred years from 1668 to 1779 slow progress was made in civilizing and colonizing California. Occasional expeditions followed in the track of their predecessors with similar results. Still the highly colored accounts of the rich El Dorado with mountains of gold and shores of pearl, continued to spread and enthuse the adven- turesome souls of the age. In 1677 the Spanish government decided that the Cal- ifornian conquest and colonization should be undertaken again, this time with more vigor and with the additional aid of the Fathers of the church. Accordingly the Crown THE EARLY MISSION FATHERS 357 appointed Admiral Don Isidro Ontondo commandant of the expedition. The evangelizing missionaries were selected from the Jesuits, the most powerful spiritual organization in Mexico at that time. The Archbishop of Mexico con- OLD MISSION CHURCH AT SANTA BARBARA ferred the honors of leading the evangelizers, on Father Eusebio Francisco Kuhn-a much beloved German priest. Admiral Ontondo was to afford military protection while Father Kuhn and his priests converted the Indians. It 358 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA was not, however, until 1683 that the expedition set sail up the Gulf of California and active operations commenced. For two years the brave expedition met with varying suc- cess in the Lower California. Many natives were christian- ized and much good was done. The Spanish exchequer was not in a particularly flourishing condition at this time, and the court determined that such a heavy drain on its resources could not be main- tained as nothing of much value was returned to Spain in exchange for her expensive conquest and evangelizing expedition, and the scheme was deemed impracticable. After a second effort by Ontondo and Kuhn the Spanish government withdrew the expedition and offered the entire control and large grants to the Jesuits if they would con- tinue the projected undertaking. This proposal was not accepted by the Fathers and thus abruptly terminated for a short time the grand undertaking. Father Kuhn, who had affectionately been called El Padre Kino, was bitterly disappointed at this unexpected turn of affairs, as he had fondly dreamed of the day when his missions would extend over the entire new country. While pondering over the subject Father^Kuhn met with a priest as zealous as himself and these two courageous and uniting heroes, in their love and their great enthusiasm for the Catholic faith undertook themselves without means and without support to accomplish what the Spanish Crown had failed to bring to a successful issue. The second hero was Father Salvatierra. Later on Fathers Picolo and Ugarta joined Fathers Kuhn and Salvatierra and the four pioneers set to work with zeal and determination. Almost insurmountable obstacles were overcome and painful hard- ships endured, and it is pleasing to record that at length success crowned their efforts. The faithful servants estab- lished missions in various parts of Lower California. In 1 69 1 Kuhn explored the Gilda valley and noted the ruins of a once flourishing race. Between 1700 and 1709 THE EARLY MISSION FATHERS 359 Kuhn and his associates discovered that Lower California was not an island but part of the main land. The missions now extended from Cape St. Lucas to San Diego and from the City of Mexico to the Arizona line. From 1725 to 1760 the Jesuits lost ground in their own dominion. Popular feeling ran high against them-although they had converted the desert and barren country into a veritable oasis. Miners and settlers began to pour into the land of wealth. Hatred was fomented against the priests and secularization assiduously advocated. So much pres- sure was brought to bear against the pioneer Fathers, that King Charles III of Spain issued an ordinance in 1766 making it imperative for all Jesuits to leave the Spanish dominions. The decree of banishment reached our peninsula in 1768 and they were forced to leave the field of their hardships and toils — the field of their early depriva- tions and painful though prosperous progress, and Califor- nia was once again inhabited by aborigines alone. The Franciscan Friars During the latter half of the eighteenth century Eng- land, France and Spain were much interested in America and their respective colonial possessions. England had succeeded in obtaining the upper hand of France in several engagements which resulted in the great possessions of France in Asia ( Hindoostan ) and America (Canada) becom- ing English provinces. England, becoming bold, was looking after further conquests. Spain took warning and, although friendly with England, yet desired to look after her Californian possession. Shortly after the Jesuit Fathers had been banished, Spain decreed that the Franciscan Friars should take charge of the Peninsula or Lower California missions and also establish missions in Upper or New California as OUllVi" THE FRANCISCAN FRIARS 361 rapidly as possible in order to occupy and be in possession of the country should England or France direct attention to the Golden West. The chief establishment of the Franciscan Monks in New Spain was located at San Fernando, and to it was intrusted the labor of evangelizing the Indians and estab- lishing missions up the coast. The head of this influential convent honored Junipero Serra by selecting him director and head of the California Missions. The early history of California is inseparable from that of Friar Serra — a man of superior intellect and fervid religious zeal who had early been ordained and attracted con- siderable reputation as a preacher. He had spent many years among the Indians of San Luis Potosi and was well fitted to undertake the task. Friar Serra had renounced the world and all its amusements. He found no attraction in woman's society and less in the jovial companionship of his own sex. He was ever serious and never indulged in a smile or jocularity of any kind. His habits were austere and he frequently practised personal chastisement, lashing himself with wire ropes and stones and burning himself with torches. He sought to be a simple, humble, obedient, zealous Friar, without hypocrisy or pride. He made many friends and few enemies and lived as pure a life and did as many noble deeds as has fallen to the lot of any priest before or since. Karly in the year 1769, several expeditions both by land and by sea brought the Fathers of St. Francis to San Miguel ( now San Diego ) . The}'' suffered much and sev- eral died from starvation on the trip from Mexico. Shortly after the arrival of Friar Serra active work began, and on July 11, 1769 the first Mission was founded — the Mission of San Diego. About the same time a small expedition with Portala in command set out for Monterey. With this party were Friars Crespi and Gomez. Onwards they marched and 362 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA finally reached the mouth of the Salinas River. The coast by land looked different from what it had been described by sea and our party were not able to discover Monterey Bay. Thinking that perhaps it was still farther north the expe- dition resolved to push forward. On the last day of October the company reached one of the heights on San Pedro and here halted for recuperation. While camping here, a small expedition under sergeant Ortega set out to explore the coast for a few days. Reaching the shore of the Pacific they tramped along the beach. Arriving at the cliffs opposite Seal Rocks they were unable to go farther on the shore and took to the hills. Ascending the cliffs, not by the well built road and beautiful grounds of Sutro's heights, but up the rough and rugged rocks they climbed. Imagine the amazement with which Ortega gazed on the extensive inland sea and the Golden Gate. This was the first time of which we have any lecord that San Francisco Bay was seen by European eyes. During Ortega's absence, all remained quietly in camp excepting a few soldiers who were out hunting for game in the northeastern hills. Having ascended several hundred feet above the surrounding country they too saw the large inland sea. So San Francisco Bay was discovered by the two companies of Portala's expedition about the same time. On receiving the news Portala and Crespi broke camp on the 4th of November 1769 and determined to look at this large sheet of water themselves. They could scarcely believe that it was correct as the many earlier explorers by sea had never even hinted at the existence of such a large body of water and surely it could hardly have escaped their experienced eye. Reaching the San Bruno summits the whole expedition saw what Ortega and the soldiers had simultaneously discovered. The company now retraced their steps to report the discovery of a harbor large enough to contain the whole Spanish fleet, and arrived at San Diego January 24, 1770. 3(54 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA April next, two more expeditions, one by sea and the other by land, were sent out to discover Monterey. The San Antonio with Father Serra on board sailed April 17, 1770 and reached the harbor of Monterey May 31st. They found the bay just as it had been described over a hundred and fifty years before. The land expedition reached the bay a week preceding. There was a grand jubilee and on the third of June the Mission of San Carlos was founded. The fort of Monterey was established and the whole coun- try was formally occupied and taken possession of in the name of the King of Spain. Immediately the news of these important discoveries and occupations were sent to Mexico and to Spain. High Masses, congratulations and receptions followed this impor- tant extension of the Spanish Crown. Liberal and extensive provisions were made for the further establishment of missions. Expeditions were fitted out and missions established in rapid succession. The San Antonio Mission was located at the Santa Lucia Mountains July 14, 1771. Another one, that of San Gabriel was founded in August of the same year and located on the San Gabriel River. The San Luis Obispo Mission was founded the following year. In 1776 two missions were founded — one the San Juan Capistrano and the other the Mission Dolores at San Francisco. From the time Portala's expedition discovered San Francisco Bay in 1769 several exploring companies had been sent out to report on this wonderful sea which had so completely escaped detection. Friar Crespi explored the eastern side of the bay as far north as the Carquinez Straits in 1772. Here he discovered the San Joaquin and the Sacra- mento Rivers. In 1774 another expedition explored the western shore of the bay as far as the Golden Gate, and in 1775 the ship San Carlos, with the Saint Ayala entered the Golden Gate — the first time its waters had been dis- turbed by anything excepting the Indian canoes. In 1776 MONTEREY BATHS 366 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA Friars Palou and Cambon with several married civilians and soldiers established the San Francisco Mission. This was the first occupation of San Francisco now 114 years ago. The military and the civilians occupied the presidio whilst the Fathers set to work building the old Mission Church. Many other missions were now being established in several parts of California. Evangelizing the Indians was pushed as rapidly as possible. The country becoming populated and the soil cultivated, herds of cattle and horses and sheep flourished and the golden shores of California were soon made to blossom like the rose. The Missions rapidly prospered and soon became very wealthy and influ- ential, ruling and governing the country for many years. Within about fifty years, the Franciscan Friars had established twenty-one missions, with large farms and exten- sive flocks. They were carrying on extensive trade in hides, tallow, wool and wine. They owned about twenty-five to thirty miles of the choicest land around each mission. These "golden days" continued from 1770 to 1822. About this time the Spanish power in Mexico had its downfall and with it the Missions and powers of the Franciscan Fathers commenced to decrease, until finally in 1845 they were formally abolished and their property confiscated. For several years prior to this confiscation settlers had been constantly increasing. The Mexicans had been attracted by the richness of the soil and the healthfulness of the climate. Trappers and hunters and citizens in deli- cate health and with adventurous spirits crossed the high Sierras and flocked to California. Between 1840 and 1845 more than 5,000 people had crossed the long plains and scaled the high mountains to make their homes on the shores of the Pacific. Before the close of 1846 there were 8,000 persons who had come by land and by sea to live in California. From 1822 to 1845 occasional skirmishes and petty wars occurred between settlers in the north and settlers in the south, and THE FRANCISCAN FRIARS 367 1 •r-l a 00 1 a VO >"* ^t" c3 • " CO h3 M '3 d d •r-i • I-l 4-> d c3 t3 Oj 17} d d PI to rd O +-> o CD On >> -M • • i— l d P a o ,d d C/2 {h CO CO s5 t/3 d d Q d 4-> *d d H3 "C •T-* u tfl o H £ •i-H U <*-> d 4J UJ !-< > ^2 OJO O ^illliUiiiiuiuiiiiuiiuiiiliililliiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii nun d rt T3 W SOS MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The news spread like wildfire. In less than four years from this date over 250,000 people were in the State and mining became the universal occupation. With such an enormous immigration, necessarily a large number of outlaws found their way here as well. It was during these stirring times that the noted " Vigilance Committee," composed of some of our best citizens, was obliged to administer justice and restore law and order. From this time on the State of California has increased in population, mineral and agricul- tural worth more rapidly than any other State in the Union. " Know'st thou the land where the lemon-trees bloom, Where the gold orange grows in the deep thicket's gloom, Where a wind ever soft from the blue heaven blows, And the groves are of laurel, and myrtle, and rose ? " The Climate of California " The empire of climate is the most powerful of all empires." — Montesquieu. So much has been written regarding the climatic advantages of the Pacific Coast, that I shall confine myself to giving a brief outline of this subject, merely touching upon the most salient points, and then, only as they bear upon the subject of health and health resorts. The continuous tide of emigration to California is largely the outcome of an effort on the part of Eastern , people to escape the rigor that characterizes the climate of the vast extent of country east of the Rocky Mountains. In California the changes from the oppressive heat of Summer to the intense cold of Winter are unknown nor do Californians suffer from the many atmospheric eccentricities that sweep over the Eastern country in the form of blizzards, THE CLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA 369 cyclones and tornadoes. Even thunder storms are practi- cally unknown here. The configuration of this State, which is nearly 800 miles long and traversed by two mountain ranges, would give rise to the greatest climatic variations were it not for certain modifying influences which do not exist anywhere else in the United States — influences which reduce the differences that would other- wise exist in a range of over sixteen degrees of latitude. Professor Whitney remarks, in his recent work on the United States : " The causes of this condition of things in the Pacific Coast belt are as follows : The proximity of the great area of water from which the prevailing winds blow toward the land, as will be seen farther on ; the modification which the temperature of this ocean undergoes near the American Coast by the Asiatic Coast current and the northern or Arctic Coast current ; and the position of the mountain ranges near the coast. The fact that the prevailing winds blow from this great water area toward the land has a power- ful influence in bringing about a uniformity of climate along the edges of the land, and this is still further aided by the peculiar nature of the currents along this coast. The influence of the warm Asiatic current, the Kuro-Siwo, is distinctly felt in raising the temperature as far south as the northern border of California; from here south, the cold Arctic current which apparently emerges from under the warm current, makes its presence felt in lowering the tem- perature along the coast nearly or quite as far south as the southern boundary of the country." A little farther on he states that "on the California coast the winds are very strong and steady from the north- west in the Summer, but decidedly more to the southwest in Winter. In Summer the intensely heated plateau to the east draws the air from the Pacific, which blows with vio- lence through every depression in the Coast Ranges towards the heated land-mass. There is no ' wind-gap' in the Coast ~&ws&teca,£Qsroiv TYPICAL SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THE CLIMATE OF CA LFFORNIA 371 Ranges so deeply and widely cut as that of the Golden Gate at San Francisco. At this point the cold winds from the sea find entrance to the Great Valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin, and the mass of air thus set in motion spreads itself out fan-like after passing through the Gate so that the prevailing winds in those valleys during the Summer are always from the Bay of San Francisco towards the mountains. The hotter the weather in the interior the more violent the wind at San Francisco. But this condition is limited to the daytime. At night the rapid cooling of the higher plateau checks or stops altogether the indraught of air, and an almost entire calm prevails at San Francisco, while the cool air flows in a gentle breeze down the slopes of mountains, in a reverse direction from that which it had during the daytime." Velocity of Winds Protected from the ocean by the Coast Ranges, the an- as a rule is dry, so that a degree of heat varying from 95 to ioo° F. can be borne with perfect comfort, whereas in the humid atmosphere of the Atlantic Coast this temper- ature if kept up for any length of time would be insuffer- able and in many cases fatal. Now this dryness and lightness of atmosphere, relieved by cool dewy nights, gives California a first place among sanitariums, as these two attributes, accompanied by a uniform mean temperature are of prime importance in all lung and throat affections. A glance at the appended table will satisfy the reader that California is unrivaled as far as uniformity of climate goes, aud that it will compare favorably with the most celebrated resorts in the world, either in the United States or abroad. A. 24 372 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA O o a r s-^ ^ o O J_ * £ rt ^ Ph ^ 9 Vh o M-H -M £ >> '^ .— 1 ., -»-> £ rd -M W 3 O Vi 1° .£ ^ u< rt a > ■ i-( CJ «j o ^ ^ U -M J-l o o o 'o bo o •t-H -t-» Cfl O o I— I "o o <-4-l o '8 "o ...Denmaik Dresden Austria Edinburgh South-eastern Scotland . Hamburg Northern Germany Dublin Ireland Munich Bavaria Prague Bohemia Leyden Holland Geneva Switzerland Frankfort-on-Main . . .Germany Mean Annual Temperat u re DEGREES 44 45 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 49 49 49 50 50 50 Latitude DEGREES 59 43 54 58 51 55 51 55 53 53 48 50 52 46 50 The territory included in 44 to 5 2° is the higher Coast Ranges and the lower Sierras, the atmosphere of which is dry, pure and invigorating. The mean Summer temperature is from 50 to 62 . FROM 52 TO 60 DEGREES CITY LOCALITY Turin Northern Italy Milan Northern Italy..... Toulouse Southern France Venice North-eastern Italy.... Constantinople Turkey Marseilles Southeast France Bologna Northern Italy Madrid Central Spain Men tone South-eastern France . Toulon Southern France Florence Northern Italy , Rome Western Italy Mean Annual Temperature DEGREES 53 54 55 57 57 57 57 57 57 59 59 59 Latitude DEGREES 45 45 43 45 41 43 44 40 43 43 43 41 380 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA FROM 60 TO 68 DEGREES Mean Annual CITY LOCALITY Temperature Latitude DEGREES DEGREES Nice South-eastern France CO 43 Naples South-western Italy 61 40 Lisbon Portugal 61 38 Barcelonia North-eastern Spain 63 41 Algiers Northern Africa 64 36 Gibraltar Southern Spain 64 36 Smyrna Western Asia Minor 65 38 Messina Sicily 66 33 This territory (6o° to 68°), extends on the Coast from San Diego to San Pedro at an average width of twenty-five miles, narrowing at the latter point to a few miles and extending north to Point Concepcion, also the valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin jointly from Sumner (latitude 35 24') to Redding (latitude 40 37') varying from forty to fifty miles in width and four hundred and fifty miles in length. The mean Summer temperature of this region is from 68° to 72 , the mean Winter temperature from 45 to 55 . FROM 68 TO 72 DEGREES Mean Annual CITY LOCALITY Temperature Latitude DEGREES DEGREES Tunis Northern Africa 68 37 Canton China 69 23 Las Palmas Canaries 70 28 San Croix ofTeneriffe 71 28 Cairo Egypt 71 30 Macao China 72 22 This territory (68° to 7 2°) extends from Yuma to San Gorgonio along the line of the Southern Pacific Railway, and includes the larger portion of the south-eastern part of the State. CORRESPONDING TEMPERATURE IN THE OLD WORLD 3S1 The mean Summer temperature of this region is from 8o° to 88° and the mean Winter temperature 55 to 6o°. The territory running from 30 to 44 embraces the high timber Sierras and a portion of the North Coast Range extending from near Clear Lake to Oregon. The territory running from 52 to 6o° extends in a narrow strip along the Coast from near Point Concepcion (latitude -34°) to the Oregon line (latitude 42 ). From CLIFF HOUSE SCENK. SAN FRANCISCO Point Concepcion in a southerly direction this belt leaves the Coast and trends in a south-easterly direction until near Tehachapi, where it divides, one branch 1'unning south to State line, the other running northeast, diminishing at State line in latitude 37°. This region is also represented along the foothills bordering the great valleys of the State, particularly the Sacramento and San Joaquin. 382 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA The mean Sumnier temperature of this territory is from 56 to 68°, and embraces a large number of the health resorts of the State, including nearly all the hot spring regions. Mean Winter temperature, 40 to 5 2°. It will be observed from the following extensive monthly schedule that California compares favorably with the most noted health resorts of the world. San Francisco having 330,000 inhabitants, 16.72 per 1,000 die. In Los Angeles wliere there are 80,000 people) only 8.26 per 1,000 die, and in San Diego with 30,000 pop-*<2^ ulation there are only 6 die per 1,000. For the general mortality of 79 towns in California, the average is only 1 4.88 per 1,000. Compare the figures with the mortality of the East and Europe. CTir n.. In Manchester (N. H.) the mortality is Boston Fitchburg (Mass.) Danburry (Ct.) Albany (N. Y.) Long Island City New York Cleveland (O.) - New Orleans Pensacola (Fla. ) Raleigh (N. C.) Charleston (S. C.) BRITISH AMERICA Gait Hull Montreal London Liverpool Manchester ' Glasgow (Scotland) Dublin (Ireland) EUROPE Genoa . Havre.. Naples. 26.00 per 1,000 23.80 29.00 27.30 20.51 33.71 23.11 23.62 24.14 26.40 26.80 33.10 32.00 48.00 25.95 18.82 20.54 29.68 20.32 22.76 26.67 37.95 39.59 CORRESPONDING TEMPERA TUBE IN THE OLD WORLD 383 With perfect sanitation such as we hope will soon be inaugurated in San Francisco, we do not hesitate in saying that the mortality will be reduced to 10 per 1,000 inhabi- tants. In Los Angeles, San Diego, San jose, etc., the yearly mortality ranges from 5 to 10 per 1,000. In San Francisco however, many sick and dying people arrive from all over the coast and from the Bast, making the death-rate greater. But with perfect sewerage and the excellent purifying trade- winds, San Francisco will be one of the healthiest cities in the world. MONSTER GRAPEVINE AT SANTA BARBARA To thoroughly appreciate California one should leave the East in January or February ; cross the Mississippi Valley where everything is bleak and desolate, and where the northwest wind whistles mournfully around house corners; then cross the broad Western prairies where the only sign of life to be seen is the thin, blue smoke floating upward from the snow -covered housetops ; then over grim mountain ranges, dark snowsheds, and over frozen streams, 3S4 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA until the summit of the Sierras is reached, when the prom- ised land gladdens the eye. Here are sunny slopes, budding trees, hills carpeted with wild flowers, throngs of song birds, cloudless blue skies, and life and warmth every- where. Twenty years ago Bayard Taylor enjoyed this experience, and wrote : " Then let me purchase a few acres on the lowest slope of these mountains, overlooking the valley, and with a dis- tant gleam of the bay : let me build a cottage embowered in acacia and eucalyptus, and the tall spires of the Italian cypress. Let me leave home when the Christmas holidays are over, and enjoy the balmy Januarys and Februarys, the heavenly Marches and Aprils, of my remaining years here, returning only when May shall have brought beauty to the Atlantic shores. There shall my roses outbloom those of Paestum ; there shall my nightingale sing, my orange blossoms sweeten the air, my children play and my best poem be written. " Thy tawney hills shall bleed their purple wine, Thy valleys yield their oil ; And Music with her eloquence divine, Persuade thy sons to toil. Till Hesper, as he trims his silver beam, No happier land shall see ; And Earth shall find her old Arcadian dream Restored again in thee ! — Bayard Taylor. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS III 10 022 190 070 4