'^^Jl^/ ■m^^^ ^^ dJL [-. / 1789 E:/ HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY OHIO, Illustrations and Biographical Sketches. COMPILED BY Henry A. Ford, A. M., and Mrs. Kate B. Ford. L.A.WILLIAMS & CO. PUBLISHERS, 1881, "•M PRINTING HOUSE OF W. W. WILLIAWS. C M ^qJ rrf'- ¥^~ Prefatory Note, It should ever be borne in mind that the office of an historian is one of immense responsibility; that it always tells for good or evil; and that he will be held responsible for the consequences of a want of fidehty. — [Hon. yacob.Burnet, Cincinnati. An earnest and very laborious effort has been made to compose this history in the spirit of Judge Burnet's remark. No source of information available to the writers has been left unsearched, nor any effort or ex- pense spared to produce a work which should satisfy the reasonable expectations of a city and county which have waited nearly a century for the compilation and publica- tion of their annals. The Hst of works consulted is too large for convenient citation here. It includes those of all the earlier writers — Burnet, Cist, the Drakes, Mans- field, and others — with a multitude of later volumes, and pamphlets, magazines, newspapers, and manuscripts in- numerable. It has not been practicable in so many cases to secure formal permission for the use of books con- sulted or quoted; but it is trusted that due respect has been paid to all copyrights, and that no author whose writings have contributed to this volume will object to such use as has been made of them. Acknowledgments are also due to many persons, in all parts of the county and at several points elsewhere in the State, for their kind and helpful aid in the preparation of this book. Particular mention should be made in this connection of Miss E. H. Appleton, librarian of the Historical and Philosophical society; Mr. John M. Newton, of the Mercantile library; Chester W. Merrill, esq., of the Pub- lic library ; Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell, superintendent of the Chamber of Commerce; and Mr. H. A. Ratter- man, secretary of the German-American Insurance com. pany; all of Cincinnati — and to Louis W. Clason, mayor of Madisonville. It may seem, in some cases, that public institutions or private interests of public importance have not received the notice that was due to them, or are, possibly, wholly unnoticed in these volumes. It may be concluded in such cases, with scarcely any exception, that the omission is the result of failure on the part of those possessing desired information to co-operate with the historian. The compilers regret most sincerely that their inability to read some of the proofs has resulted in many errors of typography, and a few of statement. It is hoped, however, that all of any importance will be found cor- rected in the errata at the close of the respective vol- umes. The special biographies and "notes of settlement" have been prepared, in nearly all cases in both voluines, by other hands than those of the compilers. idusky. k 1.1 .< 1 Y^VICIxMI RO [JXVXS ^ CONTENTS HISTORICAL, GENERAL lllISTORY (■hafti;k \. — Description. \ — Geology and Topograpiiy \ — 'I'he Aboriginal American N -The Ohio Indians ■ V-Titles to Ohio — The Miami| Purchase Vi/ -The Miami Immigration VII. iThe Miamese JIP.VII1 (The Miamese and the Indians '. lij ; Civil Jurisdiction — Erection of Hamilton County - H Progress of Hamilton county Xl'.- Vl'Iitary History of Hamilton County XLI.^i'he Morgan Raid through Ohio XIII. — The County Institutions XIV. — ^The County .Associations XV. — Railroads ..... XVJ.— Cani!s ... XVn.— Roads , . XVIII. — Early Legislation and Legislators 200 204 CHAPTER XIX. — Courts and Court Houses . XX. — Civil List of Hamilton County . TOWNSHIPS. SymmeS Whitevvaler* Siipijlementary Matter 255 263 319 333 346 361 388 396 401 414 430 BIOGRAPHICAL, .Armstrong Family L'loud, Jared , Cilley, Bradbury Gary, Freeman Grant Cochran, Hon. John M. Edwards, Williain. sr. Ebersole, .Abram Frondorf, Frank Friend, George H. Hill, Colonel W. H. following 254 Hughes, Ezekiel , following 2t)2 Isgrig, Daninl 262 Langdon Family 346 McGill, William R. 383 Riddle, John L. following 254 Sater Family following 254 Sater, Joseph 3" Turpin Family 386 Wills, Thomas 394 Walker, George W 'AGE 412 3" '358 r 254 38s 292 292 2S4 310 384 ILLUSTRATIONS, Portr; PAGE following 254 following 254 following 254 following 254 following 254 lit of E. J. Turpin .... William Edwards William R. McGill " Abram Ebersole T. M. Armstrong .... Portraits, with biography, of Mr. and Mrs. Bradbury Cilley, ..... between 262 and 263 Portrait, with biography, of Jared Cloud . between 262 and 263 Portraits, with biography, of Thomas E. Sater and wife . . . . 282 Residence of George Wabnitz . . between 284 and 285 Portraits, with biography, of George Wabnitz and wife ...... facing 286 Residence of Joseph Sater . . between 288 and 289 Thomas E. Sater . . between 288 and 289 Portraits, with biography, of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Sater ..... between 292 and 293 Portrait, with biography, of James P. Williams . facing 297 View of Mt. St. Vincent Academy . . facing 300 Portrait, with biography, of Dr. E. D. Crookshank . facing 305 Portraits of S. S. Jackson and wife, with biography facing 306 Portrait, with biography, ofG. W. H. Musekamp, belweun 30S an 309 Portrait of Daniel Isgrig Poi trait, with biography, of Thomas Wills Portrait, with biography, of F. Frondorf Portraits of Richard Calvin and wife, w raphy .... Portraits, with biography, of Stephen E wife .... Residence of M. S. Bonnell Portrait of Joseph H. Hayes . Portraits of Mr. and Mrs. M. S. Bonnell " Mr. and Mrs. James Campbell Portrait, with biography, of Charles Flinchpaugh Portrait of Charles Simonson Residence of Charles Simonson Portrait of Henrj- Attemeyer Residence of F. G. Gary Portrait of F. G. Cary Portrait, with biography, of S. M. Ferris Portrait of J. D, Langdon Portrait of John Riddle " Catharine Riddle Hon. John M. Cochran PAGE between 308 and 309 facing] 310 facing' 311 biog- between 312 and 313 and between 314 and 315 between 316 and 317 facing 318 between 318 and 319 between 318 and 319 facing 320 between 224 and 225 between 224 and 225 facing 337 between 344 and 345 facing 346 facii far ^ 't\r between 36 between tS wide at its mouth, ..iin sevei al large branches navi- ~-p7 the principal of which intersects with hich runs into Lake Erie, to which there \. portage to Sandusky. Portraits of Gary Johnson and wife . . between 372 and 373 Residence of C. B. Johnson . . between 372 and 373 Portrait of Captain George W. Walker . . facing 377 Portraits of Benjamin Urroston and wife between 378 and 379 Portraits, with biography, of Reeves McGilliard and ^vife ..... between 380 and 381 Portraits, with biography, of John R. Field and wife . . . • • between 380 and 381 Portraits of Joseph and Mrs. Joseph Jaclison between 382 and 383 Residence and Portrait of John hi Riddle Portrait of G. H. Friend Colonel W. H. Hill Portraits of Rev. W. B. Chidlav Chidlaw Portrait of Ezekiel Hughes Portrait, with biography, of W. E'. Mundell " " " Jacol Clark Portrait of Herman Knuwener III ( 1 between 3B4 and 385,, facing ^86^ facing 394. and Mrs. W. B. between 408 and 409 facing 412 facing 41^ facing 421 facing 425 ^ HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO, CHAPTER I. DESCRIPTION. There is a land, of every land the pride, Beloved by Heaven o'er all the world beside, Where brighter suns dispense serener light, And milder moons imparadise the nig^hl ; A land of beauty, virtue, valor, truth, Time-tutored age, and love-exalted youth : The wandering mariner, whose eye explores The wealthiest isles, the most enchanting shores, Views not a realm so bountiful and fair, Nor breathes the spirit of a purer air. Man, through all ages of revolving time, Unchanging man, in every varying clime, Deems his own land of every land the pride. Beloved by Heaven o'er all the world beside ; His home the spot of earth supremely blest, A dearer, sweeter spot than all the rest. James Montgomery, "My Country." Hamilton, the second county erected in the territory now covered by the State of Ohio, but, ahnost ever since, the first in the State in wealth, population, and general importance, is the southwesternraost subdivision of the Commonwealth. It is bounded on the south by the river Ohio, next beyond which are the counties of Camp- bell, Kenton, and Boone, in Kentucky; on the west by Dearborn county, Indiana, and at the southwestern corner by the Great Miami river; on the north by Butler and Warren counties, Ohio, formed from its own territory in 1808; on the east by Clermont county and the Little Miami river, beyond which, from the northeastern corner of the county, runs a narrow strip of Warren county. Upon no side of its territory is the boundary a direct line throughout. The tortuous windings of rivers supply great curves on the eastern and southern boundaries, and also break up the western line as it nears the southern ex- tremity; and the northern line is considerably zigzagged by the irregularity of the early surveys in the Symmes (or Miami) Purchase. The area of Hamilton, once so great as to include about one-eighth of the present territory of Ohio, is now among the smaller county areas of the State. It includes but about three hundred and ninety square miles, or two hundred and forty-nine thousand acres. Its surface was probably part of a vast plain many thousands of years ago, but has become exceedingly diversified and broken by the long wash of streams and by the changes of the geologic ages. It is a remarkably well-watered and fertile country. The underlying rocks of the Miami country are calcare- ous, and the drift-gravels usually composed largely of limestone. From both these sources fertilizing elements are imparted to the soil. The valley of the Ohio is about five hundred feet be- low the general level of the county; while the valleys of the Great and Little Miarais, of the Dry fork of White- water, of Mill, Duck, and Deer, Taylor's and Blue Rock creeks, and many small streams corrugate further the sur- face of the couhtry. The characteristics of some of these streams were no- ticed by travellers at a very early day. Captain Thomas Hutchins, of His Brittanic Majesty's Sixtieth regiment of foot, afterwards geographer of the United States, during his service with the British armies in this country in the last century, made many explorations in the western wil- derness between the years 1764 and 1775, the results of which are embodied in a valuable Topographical De- scription published in London in 1778. It contains, probably, the first printed notices of the Miami river ex- tant. He says: Little Mineami river is too small to navigate with batteaux. It has much fine land and several salt springs; its high banks and gentle cur- rent prevent its much overflowing the surrounding lands in freshets. Great Mineami, Affercmet, or Rocky river has a very strong chan- nel; a swift stream, but no falls. It has several large branches, passa- ble with boats a great way ; one extending westward towards the Wa- bash river, and then towards a branch of the Mineami river (which runs into Lake Erie), to which there is a portage, and a third has a portage to the west branch of Sandusky, besides Mad creek, where the French formerly established themselves. Rising ground here and there a little stoney, which begins in the northern part of the Peninsula, between Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, and extend across the Little Mine- ami river below the Forks, and southwardly along the Rocky river to Ohio. A part of Captain Hutchins' description would hardly be approved nowadays. However industrious he was in observation, he would have necessarily to rely much upon hearsay; and no little knowledge that he seemed to have appears absolutely incorrect, or vague and indefinite, when confronted with the facts. Imlay, an English traveller, wrote in 1793, evidently borrowing from Hutchins: The Great Miami is about three hundred yards wide at its mouth, is a rapid stream, without cataracts, with several large branches navi- gable_for batteaux a long way up, the principal of which intersects with a branch of the Miami river, which runs into Lake Erie, to which there is a portage, and a third has a portage to Sandusky. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. This region forms one of the richest, as well as the most beautiful, sections of the State, an extension, indeed of the far-famed "blue grass region" of Kentucky.* The system of agriculture in this valley is esteemed the best in the State, except that of the Western Reserve. By underdraining and other permanent soil-improvements and ameliorations important changes have been effected. It is the most famous tobacco region of the State, and in it more than forty per cent, of all the tobacco raised in Ohio is produced. The very richest bottom lands are selected for this crop, and the average yield for five years is ascertained to be eight hundred and sixty-six and one- half pounds per acre. In the early day comparatively little wheat was grown in the valley, but within the last quarter of a century it has sown a greater breadth, and harvested a larger quantity than any similar area in the State. A comparison of the Miami valley with other parts of Ohio, made a {ew years ago, showed that fifty per cent, wider breadth of soil was sown to wheat in this valley than in any other part of the commonwealth. The corn crop was also very large, averaging thirty-eight and one-fourth bushels per inhabitant, against thirty- seven and one-half bushels per inhabitant for the general average of the State. Says the report cited below: The farms throughout the valley are, as a rule, in good order; the surroundings in neatness' and good taste more nearly resemble the Western Reserve than does any other valley in the State. Many of the inhabitants are Pennsylv,inians and iVIarylanders, who have brought with them their ideas of good shelter and care of domestic animals; hence, throughout the valley are found well-constructed and good- sized, comfortable barns and other outbuildings. The interiors of farm-houses, especially the more recent ones, are well arranged fo'r convenience and comfort, and many of them are even luxuriously fur- nished, f How greatly and essentially the character of the county is changing, however, is shown by the following extract from the report of the secretary of the Hamilton County Agricultural society to the State Board of Agriculture, published in its annual report for 187 1. He says: Our county is no longer a farming community. Our farms are now occupied as dairies, rented by gardners, used as pasture or meadow, and on the railroads and leading thoroughfares are being subdivided and improved as country homes by the business men of Cincinnati. Other crops are produced in great abundance and va- riety from the soil of Hamilton county; the fertile valleys near Cincinnati, especially the broad valley of Mill creek, which has a peculiarly favorable location, are in great re- quest for market gardening. The lands here, and indeed generally throughout the county, are exceedingly valua- ble; and large sums are invested in and large fortunes realized by the pursuits of agriculture in this region. The Mill Creek valley just mentioned, which consti- tutes one of the most prominent and important physical features of the county, begins near Hamilton, in Butler county, not far from the valley of the Great Miami. In- deed, it is said that in wet seasons the water is discharged Irom a large pond near Hamilton at the same time through Pleasant run into the Great Miami and by Mill creek into the Ohio river. This creek becomes a con- siderable stream as it nears Cincinnati; and traversing, as *Ohio Geological Survey, vol. I, p. 26. ■|-Ohio Secretary of State's report for 1877. it now does, the greatest breadth of the city, it is justly reckoned, notwithstanding the pollution of its water by manufactories and other establishments along its borders, an important element in the topography of the city and county. Other streams, except the Miami and Ohio rivers, are comparatively insignificant, although some of them, in the course of the ages, have come to occupy broad and deep valleys. North of the range of hills adjoining, or rather now mostly in the city, in the country beyond Avondale and the Walnut Hills, is a spacious basin or amphitheatre of about twenty-five square miles, in which a splendid city might advantageously be located, but to and through which the city of Cincinnati will undoubtedly one day extend. It is traversed by the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad, and the Montgomery and other turnpike roads. The soil in this and the northwest portions of the county is for the most part friable clay, resting on limestone, which gives them an excellent character as grass-growing regions, from which much of the hay to Cincinnati is supplied. Permanent springs are not very numerous in the county, but well water of excellent quality is in general obtained without difficulty. Ponds and morasses were formerly frequent, especially in the northern part of the county, but are less known now. More attention is given in this valley to grain and wool-growing than to stock-raising. The secretary of State's report for 1877 says: The lands are entiiely too dear to be devoted to sheep growing fo wool; hence comparatively few fine-wooled sheep are in the valley, the bulk of the sheep being ' ' native " and mutton breeds. As early as 1816 attention was being directed to the improvement in the horse stock of the valley, and from that time until the present that interest has been fully maintained. Those who are familiar with the strains of thorough- breds will find that many of the famous horses of the west either were bred in this valley or else traced back to stock in this region for its an- cestry. Less attention is given to cattle in this valley than other agri- cultural operations indicate, or than the wealth and fertility of the valley warrant. But the lesser interest in cattle is fully compensated by the greater interest in horses and in swine. This latter species of domestic animals is one of the "leading agricultural pursuits" of the region. The justly famous "Magie" (pronounced Mag-gee) breed of hogs is claimed to have been originated in this valley. Early maturity and large weights are the peculiar commendatory qualities of this breed, it being no unfrequent occurrence that a head of fifteen or twenty are slaughtered averaging near about si.\ hundred pounds net. The average throughout the State is eight head of swine for every one hundred acres of area. In the Miami valley the average is over thir- teen head, or sixty-three per cent, more than the general average; or, the State average is seventy-seven head for every one hundred inhab- itants, and in this valley there are, in round numbers, seventy-nine head to the one hundred inhabitants. When it is remembered that more than one-fourth of the population of the State resides in this val- ley, it will be seen at once that one-fourth of all the swine in the State are grown here. Notwithstanding the Scioto valley has fifty-eight head of swine more to the one hundred inhabitants, it has less to the hundred acres than the Miami. The climate of this part of the Ohio valley is mild and genial. The average temperature of the year is about 54° Fahrenheit, above zero, against 52° at Mari- etta, also in the Ohio valley, 50° on the south shore of Lake Erie, and 49° to 48° in the highlands, of the inte- rior. In the early day the temperature was even milder. Dr. Drake, in his Notices concerning Cincinnati, pub- lished in 1810, says: HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. "The latter [the Ohio river, which he was compar- ing with the Delaware at Philadelphia] at this place is but seldom blocked up with the ice which it floats, and was never known to freeze over." In his Picture of Cincinnati, published five years later, he notes the average temperature of 1808 as 56.4°; that of 181 1 as 56.62°, and the average for the eight years, 1806-13, as 54.25°, which, he says, "maybe regarded as an accurate exponent of the temperature of Cincinnati." One hundred degrees, from below zero to above, was the mean temperature of those years. During nine years' ob- servation the thermometer at Cincinnati was below zero but twice in a winter. The mean summer heat for those years was but seventy-four, and the thermometer stood at ninety degrees or above for an aveiage of but fourteen days a summer. In those times, according to Dr. Drake's observation of six years, there was an average per year of one hundred and seventy-six fair, one hun- dred and five cloudy, and eighty-four variable days. The annual fall of rain and snow amounted to thirty-six inches, while now it is forty-seven and forty-three one- hundredths inches at Cincinnati and along the Ohio val- ley, against thirty-six in the northern part of the State. Said Dr. Drake, in his publication of 1815: This country h.is never been visited by a violent storm, either from the northeast or southeast, nor do the clouds from any eastern point often exhibit many electric phenomena. But from every direction on the opposite sides of the meridian they come charged with lightning and driven by impetuous winds. Of these thunder-gusts the northwest is by far the most prolific source. They occur at any time during the day and night, but most frequently in the afternoon. He gives a vivid description of such a storm, which occurred May 28, 1809, and of which some notice will be found hereafter in the history of Cincinnati, in this work. For eighty-three years ending with the last day of 1879, during which observations had been taken at Cin- cinnati, the average temperature of the year was 57° 65', and for the last decade of that period it was 53° 65', showing a change of five degrees for the colder since 1797. Some of the cold seasons in that day, however, were intensely severe. The lowest degree of Fahrenheit's thermometer ever registeaed in the city was noted Jan- uary 8, of the year last named, when, according to the observations of Colonel Winthrop Sargent, secretary of the Northwest Territory, it went to 18°, and would have gone lower, it is believed, had not the then dense forests of southern Ohio and the Cincinnati basin broken the icy northwest wind that prevailed. The winter-of 1806-7 was also thoroughly frigid, and the seventh of February, of that season, when the thermometer marked 11° below, has come down in local tradition as "the cold Friday." Other cold winters were those of 1855-6, 1856-7, and 1857-8, when the thermometer thirty-two times indicated temperatures below zero, and at one time the Ohio was for two months so soHdly frozen over that loaded wagons crossed safely. Another severe winter was that of 1863-4, which brought so much suffering to soldiers in the army. On the first of January, 1864, which has a permanent reputation in meteorology as "the cold New Year," 14° below was touched at Cincinnati. Since then, the win- ters of 1870-1, 1872-3 and the three succeeding winters, and those of 1877-8 and 1878-9 have been among the coldest known in the valley. Among warm winters that have been observed are those of 1792-3-4, i795~6> 1799-1800-1, 1805-6-7, 1809-10-11, and 1879-80, the last of these warmer than any other since 1827-8, and 10° warmer than any other since 1835-6. The thermom- eter exhibited 69° above in the shade on Forefathers' day, December 20, 1877, although that was a generally cold winter, and stood at 63° or more for some days. The average rainfall per year, during the eighty-three years designated, has been 39.71 inches, and somewhat lighter, 37.61, for the last twenty five years of the period. Least fell in 1856 — 22.88 inches; and most, 69.42, in 1847. The average snowfall annually is about twenty inches, against thirty-five in central and northern Ohio. The greatest depth at one time ever observed in southern Ohio was twenty-eight inches, January 18, 1862, though twenty-two fell January 19, 1846. Sixty-nine inches fell in the winter of 1855-6, and sixty-five just ten years thereafter. Snowfalls in April sometimes occur, but very seldom later. April 20, 1814, ten inches fell, and five April II, 1874. Forest trees abounded in the early day in great variety, and are still, notwithstanding the dense population and extensive cultivation of the soil in the county, prominent among its physical features. Dr. Drake in his day enu- merated over one hundred and twenty species, and from their number and the luxuriance of the forest growth he argued the superiority of the soil to that of the United States generally — "for it has as many kinds of trees above sixty feet in height as all the States taken together, while it has only one-half the number of species." He also enu- merates a great number of such herbaceous plants as are deemed useful in medicine and the arts, most of which are indigenous to the soil. Of trees, the following-named are twenty of the most common species in Ohio, which are now found in Hamilton county, in the relative order of abundant growth in which they appear in the list: Oak, beech, hickory, sugar maple, poplar, walnut, elm, sycamore, ash, locust, mulberry, pine, Cottonwood, white walnut (butternut), cherry, gum, soft maple, tulip, buck- eye, and silver maple. In 1853 the county still had eighty-eight thousand one hundred and twenty-three acres, or thirty-seven and seven-tenths per cent, of the area, in forest; within seventeen years thereafter fifty- three thousand six hundred and fifty acres were removed, and in 1870 it had but thirty-four thousand four hundred and seventy-three acres in forest, or fourteen and seventy- six hundredths per cent, of its acreage — by far the least of any county in the State — and the breadth of its woods is annually decreasing. The great municipality of Hamilton county, as all the world knows, is of course Cincinnati, with its area com- prising about one-fourteenth of the entire territory of the county and its population of more than a quarter of a million. The townships of the county along theOhio river are: To the east of Cincinnati — Anderson, between the Little HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Miami and the Clermont county line, and Spencer, ad- joining the city ; west of Cincinnati, in order — Delhi and Miami. Those west of the Great Miami are Whitewater, Harrison (in the northwestern corner of the county), and Crosby (east of Harrison on the lines of Butler county and the Little Miami river). Other townships in the northern tier, between the Great and Little Miamis, from west to east, are Colerain, Springfield, Sycamore, and Symmes. There remain, all these adjoining Cincinnati, Green township on the west. Mill Creek township on the north, and Columbia, between Mill Creek and the Little Miami. The post offices of the county, besides Cincinnati, are [February, 1881]: Banesburgh, Bevis, Bond Hill, Califor- nia, Carthage, Cedar Point, Cherry Grove, Cheviot, Cleves, College Hill, Columbia,* Creedville, Corryville,* Cum- minsville,* Delhi, Dent, Dunlap, East Sycamore, Eliza- bethtown, Elmwood Place, Evendale, Forestville, Fruit Hill, Glendale, Grand Valley, Groesbeck, Harrison, Hart- well, Karr, Linwood, Lockland, Ludlow Grove, Ma- deira, Madisonville, Miami, Mill Creek,* Montgomery, Mount Airy, Mount Healthy, Mount Lookout, Mount Washington, Newton, North Bend, Norwood, Oakley, Plainville, Pleasan Ridge, Pleasant Run, Pleasant Valley, Preston, Reading, Remington, Riverside, Sater, Shann- ville. Sixteen Mile Stand, Sedamsville,* Spring Dale, Sweet Wine, Symmes, Taylor's Creek, Terrace Park, Transit, Trautman Walnut Hills, Winton Place, West Riverside, and Wyoming. Many of these are also incor- porated villages; those marked* are within the corporate limits of Cincinnati, and are branches or "stations" of the Cincinnati post office. The description of Hamilton county will be incident- ally continued through the next, necessarily a much more elaborate chapter. CHAPTER IL GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY. Wliere is the dust that has not been alive? — Young, "Night Thoughts," There was life in the valley of the Ohio untold ages before man came to gaze upon its beautiful hills and waters. Away back in the stately march of the geologic epochs, the Silurian seas here swarmed with animate ex- istence, many of its forms so small that the aid of the microscope is needed to trace them; and some so nu- merous that great and valuable layers of rock are com- posed almost wholly of their remains. The history of the countless varieties of sentient life that so abounded here seons on geons ago may be read for us only in the rocks of the valley and the hills. It is otherwise un- written, except in the books of their Creator. Industrious inquirers, working slowly and carefully through many years, have traced the forms of them, have given them names, and catalogued them. It does not fall within the province of this work to present a Hst of these. It may suffice for our purposes to say that the paleontological catalogue published within two or three years by Pro- fessor Mickleborough, of the Cincinnati normal school, and Professor Wetherby, of the University of Cincinnati, represents no vertebrate, and their presence in the rocks of Hamilton county is exceedingly rare; but from the sub-kingdoms are presented fifty-seven species of annu- losa (besides seventy-eight undetermined), one hundred and forty-five of moUusca, one hundred and thirty-nine of molluscoida, sixty-three of ccelenterata, and nine of protojoa, besides sixteen species representing, in a very small way, the vegetable kingdom. The duty of the historian, in this, one of the opening chapters of this work, is to present something of the to- pography and geology of the county. In accordance with our custom in this series of local histories, we rely almost exclusively for these upon the authorized Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, for which the section relating to Hamilton county was prepared by Professor Edward Orton, now of the State university at Columbus. What follows is taken almost verbatim from his report, with the addition of two or three foot-notes, and some slight changes in and arrangement of the text. I. TOPOGRAPHY. The prominent topographical features of Hamilton county divide the surface into two main divisions — high- land and lowland. The first division embraces all the higher table-lands of the county, which have a general elevation of two to five hundred feet above low-water at Cincinnati. All of these areas, though often covered with superficial drift deposits, are underlain with bedded rock, which is every- where easily accessible, and which impresses pecuhar features upon the face of the districts that contain it. To the second division are referred the valleys of the county, and not only those which hold the present rivers, but also those in which rio streams of considerable size are now found, but which are due to the eroding agen-, cies of an earlier day. Both of the classes of valleys are often filled with heavy accumulations of drift, but they agree in being destitute of bedded rock — except at the levels of the streams they contain, or, as is often the case, at considerably lower levels. The thickness of the drift beds does not generally ex- ceed one«hundred feet, and thus it will be seen that in the Ohio valley the lowlands have a maximum elevation of one hundred feet above low-water at Cincinnati ; but as we follow back the Miamis and the .lesser streams, we find these beds assuming higher elevations, as the floor of the country that sustains them is gradually elevated, so that they sometimes attain, in the northern and eastern portions of the county, a height of one hundred and fifty or even two hundred feet above the same base. In other words, the highlands of the county are the areas in which the bedded rocks remain, to an elevation of three hundred feet and more above the Ohio river, while the lowlands are those areas from which the rocks / HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 13 have been removed, at least to the existing rivers and lesser streams. The slopes that connect these two kinds of areas are commonly precipitous, as in the river-hills of Cincinnati; but sometimes the descent is broken by the interposition of drift deposits. The valley of the Ohio, which here runs in an east and west direction, makes the southern boundary of the county, and, though deep, is comparatively narrow. Sev- eral of the north and south valleys that traverse the county are absolutely wider than the Ohio valley; and when the volumes of the streams that they contain are taken into the account, the disproportion between them and the first-named valley is very great. A similar state of facts obtains through southwestern Ohio — the valleys that trend to the west of north especially having been excavated on an ampler scale than the rest, other things being equal. These facts seem to point to glacial ero- sion as a prominent cause in the production of the sur- face features of the country, as the glaciers are known by the striae they have left to have advanced from the north- west. An examination of the map of the county, * in the light of the facts already known, will serve to show, what an acquaintance with it abundantly confirms, that its sur- face has suffered a vast amount of erosion. The most interesting facts in this connection are not the valleys which are occupied by the greater streams of to-day, but those deep and wide valleys that are at present either entirely deserted by water-courses or traversed by insig- nificant strenms, wholly inadequate to account for the erosion of which they have availed themselves. Atten- tion will be called to one or two instances of this sort. The broad valley now occupied in part by Mill creek, and in part left entirely unoccupied, extends continuously from the. present valley of the Great Miami at Hamilton to the Clifton hills, just north of Cincinnati, where it divides into two branches — one passing to the north and east of the city, and entering the valley of the Little Miami between Red Bank station and Plainville — while the other branch, the present valley of Mill creek, passes directly to the Ohio through the site of the city of Cin- cinnati. No rocky barriers — nothing, in fact, but the same drift terraces that make the walls of its present course — shut out the Great Miami from entering the Ohio valley at the same points where the Little Miami and Mill creek now enter. Indeed, there is the best of reasons for believing that it has followed, in the past mutations of its history, those very courses to the great valley. Mill creek has taken possession of the middle portions of this valley, but has never occupied more than one of its lower branches, that one the narrower. The most striking examples of this erosion of an earlier day are to be found, however, on the western side of the county, and are, for the most part, to be referred to the same river whose agency has already been invoked. There is an open cut, at least two miles wide, in the '■'Geological Survey of Ohio, Vol. I. northeastern part of Crosby township, which bears due westward from the present course of the Great Miami. Near the west line of the township this old channel is deflected to the southward, and is thenceforward occu. pied by the Dry fork of Whitewater, until it is merged in . the valley of this last-named river. That the streams which hide themselvss in this great valley to-day have had next to nothing to do with its excavation, is evident from the fact that there is not one of them whose course agrees with the direction of the valley, but all cut across it transversely. More than half of the townships of Crosby, Harrison, and Whitewater have been thus worn away and made to give bed to the rivers in the successive stages of their history. The channel above named can be confidently set down as another of the earlier courses of the Great Miami. Still a third of these old channels, more interesting in some respects than either of the two just named, is found near Cleves, Miami township. By reference to the map, it will be observed that the river here approaches within a mile of the Ohio ; but, instead of entering the great val- ley at this point, it makes an abrupt detour to the west and south, and only reaches its destination after a circuit of ten miles. Its approach to the Ohio at Cleves is blocked by a ridge that is interposed, one hundred and fifty to two hundred and seventy-five feet in height. A tunnel that was carried through this ridge, in the con- struction of the Whitewater Valley canal, and which is at present used by the Indianapolis & Cincinnati rail- road, shows it to be composed of glacial drift. The di- rection of this channel is in the line in which the glaciers advanced, so that its existence can be quite plausibly ascribed to the great agents of denudation. Whether or not the origin of this channel can be referred to the glacial period, its closure was certainly effected there. It tasks the imagination to account for the excavation of these broad and deep valeys by existing erosive agen- cies, even when they are reinforced by the important ad- ditions of glacial ice; but to agencies identical with these the work must be referred. ■ There is no evidence, as has already been shown, of minor flexures or axes of disturbance in the Blue Limestone region, by which the strata could have been thrown into hills and valleys; but, on the contrary, the beds are found to occur in unbroken regularity, being affected only by the slight general dip, of which account has been previously given. It is scarcely necessary to say that opposite sides of valleys give every possible proof of having been originally con- tinuous, the sections which adjacent exposures furnish being absolutely identical in their leading features. The Cincinnati group has been found to demand for its original formation long-continued cycles of peaceful growth and deposition, and in, like manner the fashion- ing of its bed into the present topographical features of the country must have been in progress through such protracted ages that the historic period in comparison shrinks into insignificance. [The correctness or necessity of the appellation, "Cin- cinnati group," which often occurs in the geological reports, is gravely doubted by the local geologists. In January, 14 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 1879, a committee of ten, headed by S. A. Miller, esq., reported to the Cincinnati Society of Natural History "that the fossils found in the strata for twenty feet or more, above low-water mark of the Ohio river, in the first ward of the city of Cincinnati, and on Crawfish creek, in the eastern part of the city, and in Taylor's creek, east of Newport, Kentucky, at an elevation of more than fifty feet above low-water mark in the Ohio river, indicate the age of the Utica Slate group of New York. A fauna is represented in these rocks that is not found above or below them. . . Moreover, brown shales and greenish blue shales and concretionary nodules give a lithological character to the strata which distinguishes them from the strata both above and below." All strata containing Iriarthriis becki, the com- mittee hold, are to be referred to the age of the Utica Slate group of New York. Above its range is the Hud- son River group. The Trenton group is not exposed at Cincinnati nor in the Ohio valley anywhere west of the city, but is probably represented in the rocks of Ohio a- few miles east of that point. The Utica group is not represented elsewhere in Ohio. All the lower Silurian rocks in southwestern Ohio belong to the Hudson River group, except the small exposure of the Utica slate in the banks of the Ohio and east of the city in the immedi- ate vicinity of the river. The committee therefore report that the name "Cincinnati group" should be dropped, "not only because it is a synonym, but because its re- tention can subserve no useful purpose in the science, and because it will in the future, as in the past, lead to erroneous views and fruitless discussions." Investiga- tion, so far, they add, has not led to any other or further sub-divisions than those formerly adopted.] Strictly speaking, there are no hills in Hamilton county, the surface being all referable to the table-lands and to the valleys worn in them. What are called the Cincinnati hills, for example, are merely the isolated remnants of the old plateau, which have so far escaped the long-continued denudation. Indeed, the highlands of the county are all of them outliers or insulated masses, surrounded on every side by the valleys of exist- ing rivers, along the deep excavations wrought out by these streams at an earlier date and under somewhat different geographical conditions. These islands of the higher ground vary in area between quite wide limits, some of them containing a few scores of acres, and others as many square miles. The high ground immediately appertaining to Cincin- ,nati furnishes a good example of these outliers. By reference to the map, the insulation of this high ground will be seen to be perfectly effected by the Little Miami valley, the Ohio valley, the Mill Creek valley, and the abandoned channel of the Great Miami, already describ- ed, on the northern and eastern sides. Very important consequences result to the city from this insulation. It follows, for instance, that there are but two natural ways of ingress to the city by lowland, or, in other words, that there are but two railroad routes possible — one by the Ohio valley and the other by the Mill Creek valley. Both of these are circuitous and in other respects unfa- vorable, especially as ways of approach from the east. These difficulties have led to the project of reaching the business center of the city by a tunnel from the northern valley. The Dayton Short Line railroad encounters, near West Chester, one of these outliers in its route, which necessi- tates a grade of forty-five feet to the mile at this point — the highest grade, in fact, on this line (New York Cen- tral) between tidewater and the Ohio river. Another very noticeable outlier is found a mile west of North Bend. The Ohio & Mississippi railroad skirts it on the Ohio valley side, while the Indianapolis & Cincin- nati road passes to the north of it, through the old glacial channel, which has already been described. II, BEDDED ROCKS, AND THEIR ECONOMICAL PRODUCTS. The upper division of the Blue Limestone or the Lebanon beds has never been found in Hamilton county. The lower boundary of the Cincinnati group has not yet been definitely fixed, but enough is known to make it certain that it is not found among the surface rocks of Ohio. The approximate place in the general geological scale of the strata exposed in the hills of Cincinnati has long been known. For the last forty years, at least, they have been r.:ferred to the later divisions of Lower Silu- rian time and recognized as belonging to the Hudson or Hudson River group of the New York geologists and of the general geological scale of the country. The Cincinnati beds proper come next in order after the Point Pleasant beds, in Clermont county, which are the lowest rocks of the series in the State. They have for their inferior limit low-water in the Ohio and for an upper boundary the highest stratum found in the Cincin- nati hills. The greatest elevation above low-water in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati is given by the city eu; gineer as four hundred and sixty-five feet. Abating fif- teen feet for the drift covering of the surface, we can certainly find forty-five feet of bedded rock in this divis- ion, almost every foot of which lies open to study within the city limits. The only stratum, however, that admits of easy identification, lies at an elevation of four hundred and twenty-five feet above the river; and this is accord- ingly assumed as the upper limit of this division. Upon differences in lithological character, with which also changes in fossil contents ally themselves, a sub- division of the Cincinnati beds is possible into three groups, which may be named respectively, in ascending order, the River Quarry beds, the Middle Shales, and the Hill Quarry beds. The first of these subdivisions has a thickness of fifty feet, the second of two hundred and fifty feet, and the third of one hundred and fifty feet. Above the highest stratum of the Cincinnati hills and the lowermost beds of the Upper Silurian age, three hundred feet of rock intervene, that belong unmistakably to the same formation, being connected with it by identity in lithological character and by a large number of com- mon fossils. These upper beds are nowhere found within twenty miles of Cincinnati, and yet there has never been the slightest hesitation in referring them to the same series to which the rocks there exhibited belong. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 15 The names assigned, it will be remembered, to the three divisions recognized here, are in ascending order: The River Quarry Beds; The Middle, or Eden Shales; The Hill Quarry Beds. No explanation is necessary of the first and the last of these names. To the intervening division a name can properly be assigned, derived from the name of the park on the eastern side of the city, in the grading of which so great a display of this division is made. This division can, therefore, be styled the Eden shales, from the Eden park. The whole series of the Cincinnati group is composed of alternating beds of limestone and shale. The shale is more commonly known under the name of blue clay; and this designation is not inappropriate. It is sometimes styled marl or marlite, and the use of the latter designa- tion is also justified by its composition. The most objec- tionable term by which it is characterized, is soapstone, as this name is pre-occupied by a metamorphic magne- sian silicate. The limestone of the series may, in general terms, be described as an even-bedded, firm, durable, semi-crystal- line limestone, crowded for the most part with fossils through its whole extent and often bearing upon its sur- face the impressions of these fossils. Its color is not uniform, as the designation by which the whole series is familiarly known, "blue limestone," would seem to imply. The prevailing color, however, may be said to be a gray- ish blue, chiefly due to the presence of protoxide of iron, which, upon exposure, is converted into a higher oxide. The weathered surfaces generally show yellowish or light gray shades, that are in marked contrast with the fresh fracture. Drab-colored courses occasionally alternate with the blue. The limestone varies in all these respects somewhat, however, in its different divisions. The Point Pleasant beds, and the lower courses of the Cincinnati division, deviate most widely from the description already given. They are lighter in color than the upper courses and in some instances are slaty in structure, while in others they have a tendency to assume lenticular forms of concre- tionary origin, sometimes to such an extent as to destroy their value as building-rock. The layers are also excep- tionally heavy, attaining a thickness of sixteen or eighteen inches, and are often so free from fossils as to afford no indication of the kinds of life from which they were derived. A few feet above low-water at Cincinnati, a very fine and compact stone comes in, that is found in occasional courses for fifty to seventy-five feet. It is composed, as its weathered surfaces show, almost entirely of crinoidal columns, mostly of small size, and mainly referable to species of heterocrinus. The courses vary in thickness from an inch to a foot. The lighter layers ring like pot- metal under the blows of a hammer. Ascending in the series, the limestone layers are very generally fossiliferous and are rarely homogeneous in structure, being disfigured, to a greater or less degree, by chambers of shale or limestone mud, from some of which cavities, certainly, fossils have been dissolved. The thickness of the courses varies generally between the limits indicated above, but a large proportion of the stone ranges between four and eight inches. Now and then, however, a layer attains a thickness of twenty inches, or even two feet. Near the upper limits of the formation the layers are thinner and less even than be- low, affording what quarrymen call "shelly" stone. The composition of the limestones from the upper half of the group is quite nearly uniform, averaging about ninety per cent, of carbonate of lime; but as we descend in the series the limestones grow more silicious. The shales, clays, or marlites, which with the lime- stones make up the Cincinnati group, must next be characterized. They constitute a large part of the sys- tem, certainly four-fifths of it in the two lower divisions, and probably not less than three-fifths of its whole ex- tent. The proportions of limestone and shale do not appear altogether constant, it is to be observed, at the same horizon, a larger amount of stone being found at one point than at others. The shales, as implied in one of the names by which they are known, " blue clay," are generally blue in color, but the shade is lighter than in the limestone. In addi- tion to the blue shales, however, drab-colored clays ap- pear in the series at various points. As the blue shales weather into drab by the higher oxidation of the iron they contain, the conclusion is frequently drawn that the last-named variety marks merely a weathered stage of the former. But, aside from the impossibility of ex- plaining the facts as they occur on this hypothesis, analy- sis disproves it, and shows that the differences in color are connected with essential differences in the composi- tion of the belts to which they belong. Most of the shales slake promptly on exposure to the air, and furnish the materials of a fertile soil; but there are other portions included under this general division which harden as the quarry-water escapes, and become an enduring stone if protected from the action of frost. The shales are sometimes quite heavily charged with fossils, which generally have a firmer structure than the material that encloses them, so that the fossils, often in an admirable state of preservation, remain behind after the shales have melted away. All of the groups of ani- mals that are represented in the limestones are found also in the shales; but from the unequal numbers that are represented here to-day, it seems evident that some sorts were able to adapt themselves to the conditions which shaly deposits imply much more easily than others. The proportions of limestone and shale in the series we have already spoken of in a general way; but it will be profitable to give additional statements on this point. In the River Quarry beds, the lowermost portion of the Cin- cinnati beds proper, there are about four feet of shale to one foot of limestone, but the shales increase in force as we ascend in the series, until at about one hundred feet above low-water the proportion was more than twice as great. For the two hundred feet next succeeding, that have been styled the Eden shales or Middle shales, there is seldom more than one foot of stone in ten feet of as- i6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. cent. The amount of waste is so large, therefore, that quarries cannot be profitably worked in this whole di- vision. The third portion of the series, the Hill quarries, have often lower limits — the beds in which the solid rock has risen again to as high a proportion as one foot in five or six feet of ascent. From this point upward to the completion of the group, there is no such predominance of shales as is found below, though in the lower parts of the Lebanon beds shales still constitute more than one- half of the whole thickness. It is seen from analyses made that a notable quantity of alkalies and phosphates, sometimes at least, occurs in the composition of the shales. It is upon these sub- stances that the fertility of soils in great measure depends; and as they are in this case properly distributed through the sand and clay that make the bulk of the shale, it is in no way surprising to find very fruitiful soils forming from the weathering of these beds. The most note- worthy fact in this connection is the rapidity with which they are converted into soils. Most of the rocky shales of the State require a long course of progressive im- provement before they can be justly termed soils. Their elements are slowly oxydized and disintegrated, and vege- table matters slowly added. The exposure of a single season, however, suffices to cover the Cincinnati shales with a varied vegetation. All of our ordinary forest trees, when opportunity is furnished for the distribution of their seeds, estabhsh themselves promptly upon the shales. -The black locust seems especially well adapted to such situations. There is no other use to which the steep slopes of the Cincinnati hills can be turned that would subserve as many interests as planting them with black locust would do. Dr. Locke called attention to a peculiar feature of the Blue Limestone beds, viz., a waved structure of the solid limestone, somewhat analogous in form to the wave-lines and ripple-marks of the higher series of the State. This peculiar structure was noticed by him in the upper beds of the formation, but it is even a more striking character- istic of the rock in its lower beds, as shown in the river quarries of Cincinnati, or in the lowermost hundred feet that are there exposed. The rocks exhibiting this structure at the point named are the most compact beds of the fossiliferous limestone. The bottom of the waved layer is generally even, and be- neath it' is always found an even bed of shale. The up- per surface is diversified, as its name suggests, with ridges and furrows. The interval between the ridges varies, but in many instances it is about four feet. The greatest thickness of the ridge is six or seven inches, while the stone is reduced to one or two inches at the bottom of the furrow, and sometimes it entirely disap- pears. The waVed layers are overlain by shale in every instance. They are often continuous for a considerable extent, and in such cases the axes of the ridges and fur- rows have a uniform direction. This direction is a little south of east in the vicinity of Cincinnati, but in travers- ing the series these axes are found to bear in various di- rections. Dr. Locke's explanation of these facts, involving a fluid state of the carbonate of lime and sheets of shale falling in a "vertical strata" through deep seas, seems entirely inadmissible. The only other explanation thus far proffered is that suggested by the name, viz., that the floor of the Cincin- nati sea was acted on from time to time by waves or sim- ilar movements of the ocean waters. In opposition to this view it may be said: First, that there are many rea- sons for believing that the Cincinnati rocks grew upon the floor of a deep sea, far below the action of the sur- face waves; and, second, that the fact of the limestone layers alone being thus shaped is sufficient to set aside the explanation. If these inequalities of surface are due to wave-action of any sort, it is impossible to see why the action should be limited to the firmest limestone beds of the series, while the soft shales, which could easily regis- ter any movement of the waters, never exhibit the slight- est indications of such agencies. While both of these modes of accounting for the facts are rejected as entirely unsatisfactory, nothing in the way of explanation will be offered here, save the suggestion that the facts seem to point to concretionary action as the force to which we must look. THE ECONOMICAL PRODUCTS of the Cincinnati group are limited to building stone, lime, brick and pottery clays, and cement; and of these none but the first two have, at present, any great impor- tance. The series yields everywhere abundant supplies of stone, suitable in every respect for building purposes,. The advantages that the city of Cincinnati reaps from the quarries that surround it, are immense. While blue limestone has been used as a building stone from the first settlement of the country, it has hitherto enjoyed the reputation of being serviceable rather than beautiful; but within the past few years it has been so treated by com- bination with other building stones as to produce very fine architectural effects. Numerous exhibitions of this skilful use of the blue limestone can be seen in tlie re- cent buildings of the city and suburbs of Cincinnati. The analysis of the stone shows it to contain ninety or more per cent, of carbonate of lime. From this it will be concluded that it can be burned into a hme of a good degree of purity and strength. When water-washed peb- bles from gravel banks or river beds are used, the product is excellent; but the quarry stone always carries with it so much of the interstratified shale as to darken the lime and so reduce its value for plastering. For this last use the mild and white magnesian limes derived from the Upper Silurian formations that surround Cincinnati, are the only varieties that are at present approved. The native supply can, however, be furnished much cheaper at but little more than half the cost, indeed, of Spring- field lime; and as it makes a strong cement, the shales that adhere to the stone possibly adding an hydraulic quality, it is generally used in laying foundations of all sorts. The shales are sometimes resorted to for the manufac- ture of brick, tile, and pottery ware. The instances are, however, rare, and are confined to the uppermost beds of HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 17 the system. The products were, in the few instances noted, unusually fine, the clay working very smoothly and burning into cream-colored ware of great strength and excellence. The occurrence of concretions in the shales of the Point Pleasant beds and in the lowest strata of the divis- ion found at Cincinnati, has already been noticed. The analysis of specimens from the river quarries suggests hydraulic cement, and they are in fact found to possess a high degree of hydraulic energy. The supply of these concretions depends upon the extent of the quarrying, but at the present rate several hundred tons are thrown out each year, and as the concretions prove nearly enough uniform in composition, they can certainly be turned to good, economical account in the manufacture of a fine quality of cement. The famous Roman cement of Eng- land is obtained from similar concretions, which are gen- erally gathered on the shore after storms and high tides, though sometimes obtained by digging. All of the river quarries from Point Pleasant to Lawrenceburgh, Indiana, yield these concretions — the lowermost beds of all most abundantly. It may be added that the limestones en- closing the concretions are silicious enough in composi- tion to transfer them to the best of cements. The Cincinnati section exhausts the scale of the coun- ty, the upper division of the blue limestone, as before stated, having never been found within its limits. The River Quarry beds do not constitute a marked feature, in any respect, of the geology of the county. There are but comparatively few points where these strata are ex- posed. A moderate amount of building stone of super- ior quality is taken from the Covington quarries, oppo- site Cincinnati. But little of the stone in this portion of the series can be burned into lime, but the concretions so abundant in many of the beds, as just hinted, consti- tute an hydraulic lime of great energy. The second element of the Cincinnati section — the Middle or Eden shales — is as much more prominent than the first in the county as its greater extent in the vertical scale would lead us to infer. It is, however, mainly found in the slopes of the hills, as it is not firm enough in structure to resist denuding agencies, when unprotected by the higher series. Very few products of economical value, as we have seen, are derived from this part of the scale. Indeed, its relations to economical interests are mainly in the way of disadvantages to be overcome. These disadvantages result directly from the nature of the materials of which these beds are com- posed. It will be remembered that in the two hundred and fifty feet now under consideration, not more than one foot in ten is limestone; the remainder being soft shales, or soapstones, as they are variously designated. These shales have scarcely tenacity enough to hold their place in steep descents when acted on by water and ice; still less, when they have been removed from their or- iginal beds, can they be made to cohere; and they thus form treacherous foundations for buildings erected on theiii or for roadways constructed in them. The- city of Cincinnati, in many of its building sites. streets, and approaches, encounters these disadvantages, which can only be overcome by increased outlay in the way of foundations. These facts are most clearly shown in the approaches to the city from the east by the Ohio valley, frequent slides occurring along the steep slopes of shale in which streets and dwelhngs are involved. Gilbert avenue, in process of construction through Eden park, especially suffered from its geological formation, and re- quired a large expenditure to give it stability along this line. Nearly all the smaller streams that are bedded in these shales show contortions and flexures of their strata that have resulted from the slipping of the higher beds into the valleys. The third division, viz., of the Hill Quarry- series, which makes the upland of the county, is by far the most important of the three, in the area it covers and the pro- ducts it furnishes. The summits of the insulated masses already named belong to this division, and constitute about three-fourths of the surface of the county. Most of the quarry stone of the county is also derived from this source. The Cincinnati quarries have thus far been vast- ly more important than those of any other district; but as the hills within and adjoining the city limits are being occupied for building sites, it will result that railroad transportation will be invoked; and when it comes to this, the more desirable building stone of the different formations from adjoining counties will come into com- petition and be more largely used. It may be noticed here that it is chiefly due to the fact that so large an amount of quarrying has been done about Cincinnati, that this particular locality has become the classic ground in the way of fossils that it now is. The numerous and ample exposures gave to the ear- lier collectors unexampled opportunities — opportunities which are not likely to be repeated. Many of the most interesting localities of twenty to twenty-five years ago are now covered by permanent buildings, and every year diminishes the available areas. The waste of the hill quarries furnishes, however, by far the larger propor- tion of the admirable fossils in the vicinity of Cincin- nati. Scarcely any exposure of it in the county has failed to yield choice forms of the various and rarer groups. DRIFT DEPOSITS, OR SURFACE GEOLOGY. The drift formations of the county are mainly divided into two groups, corresponding to the main topographical features of the county already indicated, viz. ; First — The drift deposits of the highlands and slopes. Second — The low land, or valley drift beds. I. — Drift deposits cover the highlands of Hamil- ton county, with but very limited exceptions. Towards the southern boundary these beds are light, measuring but a few feet (four to ten) in thickness; and, as already intimated, areas are occasionally found from which these deposits are altogether absent, the shallow coating of soil found in such areas being native or referable to the decomposition of the limestone that has been bedded here. There is a good degree of uniformity among these i8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. high level drifts, and the distinction between them and the native soils, indeed, is not always very manifest. The presence of rounded pebbles of blue limestone and of northern rocks, the drift beds, though often but very sparingly distributed, is the best means of distinguishing these beds from the native soils. The drift clays are certainly derived in large part from the waste of blue limestone, eifected in their case by glacial attrition ; while the native soils have the same origin, except that the work of disintegration has been done in their case by the slow action of the atmosphere. The agreement be- tween the drift soils of these southern counties and the native soils which are met here, is closer than is found between native and foreign soils in most sections of the State. This seems to be accounted for by the fact that a large area of the same formation lies north of them, which the glacial sheet was obhged to traverse and de- nude before striking upon this region. The blue lime- stone of these counties is thus largely covered with blue limestone waste. The average thickness of these upland drift beds falls below twenty feet, but occasionally heavier sections are found. In the northern part of Sycamore township, in the vicinity of White Oak school-house, a high drift ridge occurs in which twenty feet of surface clays are underlain with a deposit of fine yellow moulding sand. This stratum, when filled with water, is a quicksand, and renders wells impossible, or at least very difficult to secure. But little clean gravel occurs in the uplands of the county, and boulders also are infrequent. The yellow surface clays sometimes overlie a few feet of tough blue boulder clay, filled with scratched and striated pebbles, apparently the product of the melting glacial sheet. This is not, however, by any means a con- stant element in the section. In short, the upland drift of this county is not as varied and interesting as that of the regions immediately to the northward, or even to the eastward. The slopes show the same characters in their drift beds that have already been described, except that the deposits are generally heavier. II. — The second division, or the lowland drift- beds of the county are in their characteristic formations of much later date than the deposits already discussed. These deposits can be classified in their superficial aspects, under the principal divisions, viz: (a) The bot- tom lands; (b) the terraces or second bottoms. These divisions are distinguished from each other, not only by their different elevations but also by the different materials of which they are composed, the terraces being largely composed of gravel, with occasional beds of sand and clay, while the bottom lands contain, in all cases, a greater proportion of fine materials. Of the upland drift no general or typical section was given, for the reason that, aside from the monotonous de- posits of yellow clay, there is no uniformity in the order in which the different formations occur; but in the case of the division now under consideration, it is possible to represent in a single section the more important facts that are to be observed. The deposits of the Ohio valley, it will be remembered, are to be especially considered in this report. A section is here appended, taken at Lawrenceburgh, Indiana, which gives the general structure of the Ohio bottom lands more clearly than any exposure met with, strictly within the limits of the county. Beginning at low-water, we find the deposits that make up the river bank arranged in the following order (ascending): FEET. 6. Brick clay, covered with one to two feet of soil 6 5. Land, gravel, and loam 30 4. Ochreous sand I'A 3. Carbonaceous clay, an ancient soil or forest bed 7 2. Ochreous sand J^ I. Clean gravel 6 Total SI The elements of this section will be noted in their order. The first of them, six feet of gravel, is perhaps the least constant of the series, being sometimes substi- tuted by some of the clays of the drift. The gravel of the Ohio differs from that of the Miamis in being largely composed of sandstone pebbles instead of limestone. It is, consequently, less durable than the river or bank gravel of the Miami districts, and this fact, taken in con nection with the difficulty of access, withholds it generally from applications to road-making. The second, third, and fourth elements need to be taken together, as they are closely connected in their his- tory. The point to be noted in regard to them is the constant occurrence of carbonaceous clay between the seams of ochreous gravel. The clay is quite heavily charged with vegetable matter, much of it in such a state of preservation that it can be readily identified, and often portions again intermingled in a fine state of subdi- vision with the substance of the clay. The minutest roots of trees — some of the latter still in place — twigs and branches, layers of leaves, ripened fruits, grapes, and sedges, are all clearly distinguishable. Several of the species of trees can be determined, some- by their wood, others by their leaves and fruits. Among them may be named the sycamore, the beech, the shellbark hickory, the buckeye, and the red cedar. A cucurbitaceous plant, probably the wild balsam apple, is also shown to have been abundant by its seeds, which are preserved in the clay. The leaves frequently occur in layers several inches thick, and are very like the accumulations that are now left in eddies of the river by freshets or floods. The de- posits of the river at present always have an elevation of at least twenty feet and sometimes even of forty feet above the bed now under review. The constant occurrence of vivianite or phosphate of iron in this deposit is to be noticed. Its presence, in- deed, is an invariable characteristic. The mineral is usually found in small grains, but sometirnes it replaces twigs and leaves and other vegetable growths. The quantity in some portions of the beds is considerable, amounting, sometimes, to two or three per cent, of the whole deposit. In such cases it imparts its color to the mass, and this justifies the name by which it is known, "blue earth." HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 19 Several apparently trustworthy accounts have been re- ceived of the discovery of the bones and teeth of the mastodon and mammoth in this deposit; but these and all other mammalian remains are of very rare occurrence. It is possible that the "chips" and "axe-marked" stumps reported at various points in excavations in the drift beds, attest the former presence here of the gigantic beaver now extinct — castoroides Ohioeinis. It was certainly a tenant of the State during the general period to which this old forest bed must be referred. That its work upon trees might easily be mistaken for axe marks, will need no proof to any one acquainted with the work of the existing species of beaver. In a few instances, land and fresh water shells have been found in the clay, sometimes in quantity enough to convert the clay into a shell marl. This stratum is shown at all points along the valley in which bottom lands occur. Its elevation above low- water varies from five to twenty feet. It is generally covered superficially with the waste of the overlying banks; but even in such cases it reveals its presence by the long lines of willows and other vegetable growths that establish themselves upon its outcrop. Two things con- spire to adapt it especially to the growth of vegetation. In the first place, it is an impervious stratum, and turns out the water that descends through the overlying loams and sandy clays, thus giving to willows and other plants of like requirements a constant supply of moisture; and secondly, this stratum, as has been already intimated, is in reality an ancient soil, having been carried at an earlier day through the processes of amelioration by which beds of sand and clay are fitted to support vegetable growths. There are, however, many places where the force of the current in high water uncovers these beds, and where consequently good sections are always offered. Excel- lent disclosures of them are found at New Richmond, Clermont county, and also at Point Pleasant, on the Ken- tucky shore. The spring flood of 1872 furnished an un- surpassed exhibition of this formation at the mouth of the Little Miami river. Rafts of tree trunks are shown at all of these points, though the wood generally perishes very quickly when exposed to the air. That this very interesting stratum so long escaped ob- servation is probably due to the fact that it could so easily be referred to the agencies that are now at work in the valley. When the trunks of trees and layers of leaves be- longing to it have been noticed in the banks of the river, it has naturally enough been supposed that they are the deposits of earlier floods, agreeing as they do with the materials transported by the floods of our own time. But in describing the Lawrenceburgh section, now under con- sideration, as the general section of the Ohio valley de- posits, it has already been shown, at least by implication, that this explanation is inadmissible. The extension of this sheet of carbonaceous clay under all the various drift deposits of the valley, as is shown by very numerous nat- ural and artificial sections, proves that it is of earlier date than these overlying deposits, and the character of this stratum shows that it has a very different history from that which these higher deposits record. It is, perhaps, still too early to write out this history in its minuter features, but the facts already given show us that we have in this sheet of blackened clay the bottom lands of the Ohio at an earlier day, and, indeed, under very different conditions from those that now prevail. The river then ran in a channel lower by forty feet, at least, than that which it now holds, and the great valley was then empty of the immense accumulations of sand, clay, loam, and gravel, which constitute its bottom lands and terraces to-day. The various vegetable growths with which this stratum is filled, are to be regarded as largely the production of the soil on which they are now found. There is no other satisfactory mode of accounting for the particular kinds and enormous amount of vegetable matter traced here. The ochre seams above and below this ancient soil seem to point to marshy conditions that were brought in with the changing levels of the valley. Of the two, the upper seam is the more constant. In the Lawrenceburgh section we find thirty-five feet (thirty to fifty in the general section) of sands, gravels, clays and loams, which constitute the Ohio bottoms, as the term is generally used. There is no fixed order in the alternation of these materials, except that the surface portions have, for a few feet in depth, a tolerably uniform character. The soil of the bottom lands is quite homogeneous in constitution, and has obviously been formed by the subjection to atmospheric agencies of just such material as it now covers. Beneath the soil, and extending to a depth of about fifteen feet, beds of yellow clay occur. The proportions of sand mixed with the clay vary somewhat, increasing towards the lower limit named, and below this the beds consist rather of sand than clay. The beds of clay above named furnish an excellent material for brickmaking. The supply of the Cincinnati market is almost entirely derived from this horizon. The great depth of these brick clays, and their entire freedom from pebbles, render a very economical manufacture of brick possible. Below this limit, sand and gravel and streaks of loam are met, without regularity of arrangement. Of the fif- teen to twenty feet intervening between the bottom of the brick clays and the summit of the buried soil, the larger part consists of gravel. The gravel of this horizon is seldom clean, like that described at the level of low- water, but consists of large-sized sandstone pebbles, four to six inches in diameter, mingled with finer materials. An equivalent of these beds, but of local occurrence, is the fine-grained clay described in the geological reports as "Springfield clay." It never occurs in extensive sheets, but is quite limited in vertical and horizontal ex- tent. The heaviest accumulation of it observed in Hamilton county is in the city of Cincinnati, on East Pearl street, above Pike. It has a thickness there of more than thirty feet, as has been aiscertained in the ex- cavations for the foundations of buildings. It has been turned to account in its different exposures for different purposes — at Miamisburgh, for the manufacture of paint; at Springfield, for the manufacture of "Milwaukee brick," the clay being rich in lime and poor in oxide, and thus HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. burning white, while a new use has been found for it in Cincinnati. It was successfully employed in preparing the floor of the new reservoir, its fineness of grain and consequent toughness fitting it admirably for this purpose. It must have been accumulated in eddies or protected areas, during the later ages of the period of submergence. The gravel terraces occupy a higher level than the formations already described. The terrace on which Cincinnati stands, may be taken as a fair example of them all. Its altitude above low-water varies from one hundred to one hundred and twenty feet, the average elevation being one hundred and eight feet. It is com- posed of distinctly stratified gravel and sand of varying degrees of fineness and purity. The gravel stones are all water-worn. In weight they seldom reach ten pounds. The upper tributaries of the Ohio supply the materials in part, but a much larger proportion in the vicinity of Cin- cinnati is derived from the limestone rocks of western Ohio and the crystalline beds of Canada. The propor- tion here to be noted among the smaller-sized pebbles is, of ten feet, five of Upper Silurian and Devonian lime- stones, three of Lower Silurian, least worn, one foot of granitic, and one of sandstones, etc., of the Upper Ohio. Occasional seams of clay loam occur, but seldom of extent or tenacity enough to constitute reliable water- bearers. Less frequently met, but still constituting a noteworthy feature of the gravel terraces, are seams of bituminous coal, in small water-worn fragments. The terraces overlie, as will be seen, the formation previously described. Few sections are carried deep enough to reveal the lower beds, but the leaves and wood of the buried soil are occasionally met at considerable depth, and usually, on this account, they attract attention. The following general order of materials will be observed in passing from the surface of the terrace to low-water. FEET. Soil 2- s Gravel and sand, with seams of loam -4060 Brick clay, with sand and loam ^ . , 20-30 Buried soil, witli trees, leaves, etc 5-10 Gravel and clay 5-10 72. 1 IS The leading facts in the structure of the terraces show that their history is not to be explained by the present conditions of the continent. They must have been formed under water at a time when the face of the coun- try held a lower level than it now does, by one hundred or more feet. They thus bear direct testimony to two of the most' surprising conclusions which the study of the Drift period has furnished to us, viz: That the continent sank, during the latter stages of this period, considerably below its present level, and that it was afterwards re-ele- vated. There is one other line of facts in connection with the drift beds of the county that must not be omitted here. It is the great depth which some of these deposits have been found to hold below the present drainage of the country. The series of facts obtained by Timothy Kirby, esq., in boring a deep well in Mill Creek valley, at Cum- minsville, now within the corporate limits of Cincinnati, proves very interesting in this as well as in other respects. Beginning at an elevation of ninety feet above low-water of the Ohio, a succession of drift deposits was penetra- ted until a depth of sixty feet below low-water was reached, the bedded rock being first struck at a depth of one hundred and fifty-one feet below the point of begin- ning. The deposits included, in descending order, twelve feet of soil and brick clay, four of sand, thirty-four of blue clay with gravel, nineteen of gravel, three of coarse sand, eleven of sand with fragments of bituminous coal, nine of blue clay with gravel (at the bottom of this the level of low-water in the Ohio was reached), sixteen of blue clay and fine sand and sprinkled with coal, and forty-three of sand, water-worn gravel, and blue clay, with occasional fragments of bituminous coal, below which, at the depth of one hundred and fifty-one feet from the surface, were the shales of the Blue Limestone group. Several remarkable facts are to be observed in this section, the most striking of which is the great depth to which the excavation of Mill Creek valley was formerly carried. The bed of the stream that occupies the valley to-day is at a higher level by one hundred and twenty feet than that of the ancient channel. It is easy to see that this erosion could not have been effected under existing con- ditions. It can only be explained by a higher altitude of the continent, and is thus referred to the opening division of the glacial period. It has not been demon- strated that continuous channels exist at this great depth ; but the rocky barriers that fringe the streams do not at best disprove this theory, as there is always room for a deeper channel on one side or the other of the great valleys. Another interesting fact is the occurrence of water- worn fragments of bituminous coal, quite similar to those found in the terraces already noticed. They occur at various depths, the lowest at one hundred and fifty feet below the surface and the highest at eighty feet below. These facts, so far as known, stand by themselves, and no explanation is proposed. It is hard to see how the waste -of Ohio coal-fields should find its way in quantity into Mill Creek valley, and there is certainly no other obvious source of supply. The well from which these facts were obtained was carried to a depth of five hundred and forty-one feet be- low the surface. Analysis of the chips and borings brought up and preserved reveal the character of the strata underlying Ohio to a depth greater by about four hundred feet than any other rocks exposed within the limits of the State. The shales of the blue limestone series appear to continue to a depth of four hundred feet from the point of beginning. Carburetted hydrogen gas escaped from the well in considerable quantity from a depth of two hundred and eighty feet downwards, but no large accumulations of petroleum compounds were indicated. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. CHAPTER III. THE ABORIGINAL AMERICAN. Are they here — The dead of other days? — and did the dust Of these fair solitudes once stir witli life And burn with passion? Let the mighty mounds * That overlook the rivers, or that rise In the dim forest crowded with old oaks, Answer. A race that long has passed away, Built them ; — a disciplined and populous race Heaped, with long toil, the earth, while yet the Greek Was hewing the Pentelicus to forms Of symmetry, and rearing on its rock The glittering Parthenon. These ample fields Nourished their harvests; here their herds were fed. When haply by their stalls the bison lowed And bowed his maned shoulder to the yoke. The red man came. The roaming liunter-tribes, warlike and fierce. And the Mound Builders vanished from the earth. — W. C. Bryant, "The Prairies." THE AMERICAN ABORIGINE. The red men whom Columbus found upon this conti- nent, and whom he mistakenly calls Indians, were not its aborigines. The Western, not the Eastern hemisphere is the Old World. Agassiz finely said: First-born among the continents, though so much later in culture and civilization than some of more recent birth, America, so far as her physical history is concerned, has been falsely denominated the New World. Hers was the first dry land lifted out of the waters, hers the first shore washed by the ocean that enveloped all the earth beside; and while Europe was represented onlv by islands rising here and there above the sea, America already stretched an unbroken line from Nova Scotia to the Far West. Great, learned, and eloquent as was Agassiz, however, his doctrine of the separate creation of the races of hu- manity — that men must have originated in nations, as the bees have originated in swarms, and as the different social plants have covered the extensive tracts over which they have naturally spread — has failed to obtain general acceptance among the scientists. Later investigations tend to return anthropology and ethnology to their an- cient basis, upon the principle sounded forth by Paul in the scholarly air of Mars Hill: "God hath made of one blood all nations of men." America, old world as it is, is not a cradle-land. Her native physiognomies, the manners and customs of the races found by Europeans upon her soil, their traditions, and something in their architecture, point toward the historic regions of the far east. The travellers who see Kalmuck Tartars upon the Asiatic steppes, with almost the precise face and figure of the American Indian, catch thus a hint of the far-away past of emigration to and colonization of this continent. Not only across the tract now occupied by Behring's Straits, — very likely dry land in the period of exodus from Asia, — but also across the Atlantic sea, storm-driven or pushed by adventurous souls who never returned to tell their tale, the wave of immigration may have come. Quite certain it is now, the time of man's appearance upon American soil dates long back among the ages pre- vious to the advent of Christ. Before the Indians were, as dwellers here; before the Mound Builders; before Aztec and Nahuan and Mayan civilizations, was still, in all probability, the pre-historic man of millenniums ago. So long since, in the study of our antiquities, as 1839, ■ Dr. McGuire, in the Transactions of the Boston Society of Natural History, brought forward evidence, from dis- coveries recently made in the improvement of the High Rock spring at Saratoga, to show the presence of human beings there fifty-five hundred years before. The find of a human bone near Natchez, in association with the remains of the mastodon and the megalonyx; the human skeleton dug from an excavation at New Orleans, at a depth of sixteen feet, and beneath four successive buried forests of cypress; the matting and pottery found on Petit Anse Island, Louisiana, fifteen to twenty feet below the surface, underneath the fossil bones of the elephant and the mastodon; the mastodon found in his miry grave on the bottom lands of the Bourbense river, in Missouri, with every token about his remains that he had been hunted and killed by savages there; the skeletons found under some depth of soil and accumulations of bones in caves at Louisville, Kentucky, and Elyria, Ohio ; — all, with other facts developing from time to time, seem to point a high antiquity for the aboriginal American. Col- onel Whittlesey, of Cleveland, in his Evidences of the Antiquity of Man in the United States, argues from the find in the Elyria cave, that, "judging from the appear- ance of the bones and the depth of accumulations over them, two thousand years may have elapsed since the hu- man skeletons were laid on the floor of this cave." The arguments from other finds multiply this number to sev- eral scores of centuries. In a later and very recent pamphlet Colonel Whittlesey says: Man may have existed in Ohio with the mastodon, elephant, rhinoc- eros, musk ox, horse, beaver, and tapir of the drift period, as he did in Europe; but to decide such a ciuestion the proof should be indisputable. There is some reason to conclude that there were people on this territory prior to tire builders of the mounds. Our cave shelters have not been much explored, but as far as they have been examined the relics lying at the bottom of the accumulations indicate a very rude people. I anticipate that we shall find here, as in other countries, that the most ancient race were the rudest and were cave-dwellers. I have seen at Portsmouth, Ohio, on the banks of the Ohio river, fire-hearths more ancient than the earthworks at that place. Whoever the people were who made these fires, they must have had arrow-points, war-clubs, and stone axes or mauls. But we have at this time no evidence to connect such a primeval race with the human effigies scattered profusely through- out Ohio. These effigies present no uniformity of type, and, therefore, cannot represent race features. They approach nearer to the North Amer- ican savage than any other people, but are so uncouth that they are of little or no ethnological value. There was no school of art among either the cave-dwellers, the builders of the mounds, or the more recent Nor- thern Indians, which was capable of a correct representation of the human face. These effigies must have been the result of the fancies of idle hours, produced under no system and with no uniformity of pur- pose. They thus have no meaning which the historian or antiquarian can lay hold of to advance his knowledge of the pre-historic races. THE PRIMITIVE OHIOAN. We are thus brought to consider the peoples who, pos- sibly later, but still anciently, dwelt in the valley of the Ohio. They left no literature, no inscriptions as yet de- cipherable, if any, no monuments e.xcept the long forest- covered earth- and stone-works. No traditions of them, by common consent of all the tribes, were left to the North American Indian. As races, they have vanished utterly in the darkness of the past. But the compara- tively slight traces they have left tend to conclusions of deep interest and importance, not only highly probable. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. but rapidly approaching certainty. • Correspondences in the manufacture of pottery and in the rude sculptures found, the common use of the serpent-symbol, the likeli- hood that all were sun-worshippers and practiced the horrid rite of human sacrifice, and the tokens of com- mercial intercourse manifest by the presence of Mexican porphyry and obsidian in the Ohio Valley mounds, to- gether with certain statements of the Mexican annalists, satisfactorily demonstrate, in the judgment of many anti- quaries, the racial alliance, if not the identity, of our Mound Builders with the ancient Mexicans, whose de- scendants, with their remarkable civilization, were found in the country when Cortes entered it in the second dec- ade of the sixteenth century. THE MAYAS. It is not improbable that the first marks of Mayan civ- ilization upon the continent are to be found among the relics of the Mound Builders, particularly in the South- ern States. The great Maya race, the first of which Mexican story bears record, inhabited Yucatan and the adjacent districts as early as looo B. C, when Nachan, the "city of the serpents,." afterwards Palenque, the seat of re- markable ruins to this day, was founded as their capital. It is accounted to have been among the most civilized of the American aboriginal nations. It possessed an alpha- bet and so a literature, engaged in manufactures and trade, cultivated the ground, sailed the waters, built great temples and other edifices, and executed sculptures which remain, the wonder of antiquaries, at Palenque, Copan, Uxmal, and other ancient capitals and centers of population. It was, undoubtedly, the oldest civilization in the Western Hemisphere ; and so permanent was its influence, and so numerous did the race enjoying it be- come, that no less than fifteen languages or dialects of Central America, north and south of the Tehauntepec sthmus, are found related to the Mayan tongue. It was already ancient and perhaps decaying when the Nahuas pressed upon it from the northward, partially adopted it, carried it on, and gave it fresh life and vigor. The legends of the Maya people indicate an origin in the Mediterranean countries of Europe or Asia. It is supposed, accordingly, that their home here was upon the Atlantic coast, and that thence they emigrated to Cuba, and in due time into Yucatan and the region south of the Tehauntepec isthmus, whence they spread in both direc- tions, reaching finally as high as Vera Cruz at the north- ward. Their story, as still found in the manuscripts, is that their ancestors went into the country from the direc- tion of Florida, which was long afterwards the general name of the country traversed by De Soto (who gave the name), from the present Florida coast to the Mississippi. It seems quite within'the limits of probability, then, that some of the more ancient of the remains in the east and south of the United States, particularly the immense shell-heaps on the Atlantic seaboard, found all the way from Nova Scotia to the Floridian peninsula, along the Gulf shores, and up the southern river valleys, were left by the Mayas in their advance on the final home in Central America. It is hardly probable, however, though not at all impossible, that their habitations extended so far north, on any line west of the Alleghanies, as the Ohio valley. THE NAHUAS — THE TOLTECS. The conclusion is different, however, concerning the race which, many ages after the settlement of the Mayas at their ultimate destination, confronted them thS'e — the Nahuas, notably that tribe or nation of them known as the Toltecs — neighbored, probably, somewhere in the valley of the Mississippi by the conquerors of the latter in the eleventh century of our era. The Chichimecs are believed to be racially, if not identically, the same with our Mound Builders. The Mexican traditions name the Olmecs as the first of Nahua blood to colonize the re- gions north of the Tehuantepec isthmus, where they overcame a race of giants, and found also the Miztecs and Zapotecs, not of Nahua stock, who had built up, in what is now the Mexican State of Oajaca, a civilization rivaling the subsequent splendor of the Aztecs. The Olmecs came in ships or barks from the east, as did their relatives some time after, the Xicalancas. The former tribe settled mainly in the present State of Pueblo, and built the tower or pyramid of Cholula, as a memorial, tra- dition says, of the tower of Babel, whose building the progenitors of the Olmec chiefs witnessed. Other of the Nahua tribes, as the Toltecs, possessed a tradition of the deluge coming close to the Scriptural account. Both of these look to the other side of the continent as afford- ing the points of ingress for the later immigration, which was doubtless originally from Asia, and many think was of Jewish descent. Long before entering Mexico, how- ever, as the story runs, the seven families of similar lan- guage who were the ancestors of the Toltec nation, wan- dered in many lands and across the seas, living in caves and enduring many hardships, through a period of one hundred and four years, when, five hundred and twenty years after the flood, twenty centuries or more before the Christian era, they arrived at and settled in "Hue hue Tlapalan," which has been identified with reasonable probability as the valley of the Mississippi. Here their families grew and multiplied, extending their boundaries far and wide, until about the middle of the sixth century after Christ, when two families of the land revolted, but unsuccessfully, and were driven out, with their numerous followers, and took their way by devious wanderings to Mexico. Here they fixed their capital at Tulancingo, and eighteen years afterward more permanently at Tolean, on the present site of the village of Tula, thirty miles northwest of the city of Mexico. The character and dates of subsequent Toltec or Mound Builder immigrations, with slight exceptions, has not even the dim light of Mexican tradition to reveal them. The last irruption of the Nahuan tribes is fixed at about iioo A. D. One of them, and the best known, the famous Aztecs, did not reach Anahuac with their unique and magnificent civilization until near the close of the twelfth century. Previously, however (1062 A. D.), the Toltec capital had been taken and its empire had fallen by the hands of the martial Chichimecs, their for- mer neighbors in the far north, who had followed them HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 23 to their new home, and upon a son of whom, three and a half centuries before, as a peace offering, they had be- stowed the throne of the Toltec monarchy. The Toltecs now disappear from history, except as amalgamated with their conquerors, and as founding, by many of its fugi- tive noble families and in conjunction with Mayan ele- ments, the Quiche-Cakchiqual monarchy in Guatemala, which was flourishing with some grandeur and power so late as the time of Cortes. The migrations of the Toltecs from parts of the terri- tory now covered by the United States, are believed to have reached through about a thousand years. Apart from the exile of the princes and their allies, and very likely an exodus now and then compelled by their ene- mies -and ultimate conquerors, the Chichimecs, who, as we have seen, at last followed them to Mexico, the Mound Builders were undoubtedly, in the course of the ages, pressed upon, and finally the last of them — unless the Natchez and Mandan tribes, as some suppose, are to be considered connecting links between the Toltecs and the American Indians — driven out by the red men. The usual opening of the gateways in their works of defence, looking to the east and northeastward, indicates the di- rection from which these enemies were expected. They were, not improbably, the terrible Iroquois and their allies, the first really formidable Indians encountered by the French discoverers and explorers in "New France" in the seventeenth century. A silence as of the grave is upon the history of their wars, doubtless long and bloody, the savages meeting with skilled and determined resistance, but their ferocious and repeated attacks, con. tinned, mayhap, through several centuries, at last ex- pelling the more civilized people — "And the Mound Builders vanished from the eartli," unless, indeed, as the works of learned antiqua- ries assume* and as is assumed above, they afterwards appear in the Mexican story. Many of the remains of the defensive works at the South and across the land to- ward Mexico are of an unfinished type and pretty plainly indicate that the retreat of the Mound Builders was in that direction, and that it was hastened by the re- newed onslaughts of their fierce pursuers or by the dis- covery of a fair and distant land, to which they deter- mined to emigrate in the hope of secure and untroubled homes, t Professor Short, however, arguing from the lesser age of trees found upon the. southern works, is "led to think the Gulf coast may have been occupied bv the Mound Builders for a conple of centuries after they were driven by their enemies from the country north of' the mouths of the Missouri and Ohio rivers." He be- lieves two thousand years is time enough to allow for their total occupation of the country north of the Gulf * Wc have so far relied chiefly upon the very excellent and recent work from the pen of Professor John T. Short, of the State university at Columbus, Ohio, the latest and probably the best authority on "The North Americans of Antiquity" yet in print. Harper & Brothers, 1880. Professor Short must not, however, be held responsible for all the statements, inferences, and conclusions set out in the foregoing paragraphs. fSee, further. Judge M. F. Force's interesting paper on the Builders, Cincinnati, rS72 and 1874. of Mexico, "though after all it is but conjecture." He adds: "It seems to us, however, that the time of aban- doninent of their works may be more closely approxi- mated. A thousand or two years may have elapsed since they vacated the Ohio valley, and a period em- bracing seven or eight centuries may have passed since they retired from the Gulf coast." The date to which the latter period carries us back, it will be observed, ap- proximates somewhat closely to that fixed by the Mexi- can annalists as the time of the last emigration of a people of Nahua stock from the northward. THE MOUND BUILDERS' EMPIRE. Here we base upon firmer ground. The extent and soinething of the character of this are known. They are tangible and practical realities. We stand upon the mounds, pace off the long lines of the enclosures, collect and handle and muse upon the long-buried relics now in our public and private museums. The domain of the Mound Builders is well-nigh coterminous with that of the Great Republic. Few States of the Union are wholly without the ancient monuments. Singular to say, how- ever, in view of the huge heaps and barrows of shells left by the aboriginal man along the^tlantic shore, there are no earth or stone mounds or enclosures of the older construction on that coast. Says Professor Short : No authentic remains of the Mound Builders are found in the New England States, ... In the former we have an isolated mound in the valley of the Kennebec, in Maine, and dim outlines of enclosures near Sanborn and Concord, in New Hampshire; but there is no certainty of their being the work of this"'people. .... Mr. Squier pronounces them to be purely the work of Red Indians. Colonel Whittlesey would assign these fort-like struc- tures the enclosures of western New York, and common upon the rivers discharging themselves into Lakes Erie and Ontario from the south, differing from the more southern enclosures, in that they were surrounded by trenches on their outside, while the latter uniformly have the trench on the inside of the enclosure, to a people anterior to the red Indian and perhaps contemporaneous with the Mound Builders, but distinct from either. The more reasonable view is that of Dr. Fos- ter, that they are the frontier works of the Mound Builders, adapted to the purposes of defence against the sudden irruptions of hostile tribes. It is probable that these defences belong to the last period of the Mound Builders' residence on the lakes, and were erected when the more warlike peoples of the north, who drove them from their cities, first made their appearance. The Builders quarried flint in many places, soapstone in Rhode Island and North Carolina, and in the latter State also the translucent mica found so widely dispersed in their burial mounds in association with the bones of the dead. They mined or made salt, and in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan they got out, with infinite labor, the copper, which was doubtless their most useful and valued metal. The Lower Peninsula of that State is rich in ancient remains, particularly in mounds of sepul- ture; and there are "garden beds" in the valleys of the St. Joseph and the Kalamazoo, in southwestern Michi- gan; but, "excepting ancient copper mines, no known works extend as far north as Lake Superior anywhere in the central region. Farther to the northwest, however, the works of the same people are comparatively numer- ous. Dr. Foster quotes a British Columbia newspaper, without giving either name or date, as authority for the discovery of a large number of mounds, seemingly the 24 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. works of the same people who built further east and south. On the Butte prairies of Oregon, Wilkes and his exploring expedition discovered thousands of similar mounds." We condense further from Short ; All the way up the Yellowstone region and on the upper tributaries of the Missouri, mounds are found in profusion. . . . The Missouri valley seems to have been one of the most populous branehes of the widespread Mound Builder country. The valleys of its affluents, the Platte and Kansas rivers, also furnish evidence that these streams served as the channels into which flowed a part of the tide of popula- tion which either descended or ascended the Missouri. The Mississippi and Ohio River valleys, however, formed the great central arteries of the Mound Builder domain. In Wisconsin we find the northern central limit of their works: occasionally on the western shores of Lake Michi- gan, but in great numbers in the southern counties of the State, and es- pecially on the lower Wisconsin river. The remarkable similarity of one group of works, on a branch of Rock river in the south of this State, to some of the Mexican antiquities led to the christening of the adjacent village as Aztalan — which (or Aztlan), meaning whiteness, was a name of the "inost attractive land" somewhere north of Mexico and the sometime home of the Aztec and other Nahua nations. If rightly conjectured as the Mississippi valley, or some part of it, that country may well have included the site of the modern Aztalan. Across the Mississippi, in Minnesota and Iowa, the predominant type of circular tumuli prevails, extending throughout the latter State to Missouri. There are evidences that the Upper Missouri region was connected with that of the Upper Mississippi by settlements occupying the intervening country. Mounds are found even in the valley of the Red river of the north. . . . Descending to tlie interior, we find the heart of the Mound Builder country in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, It is uncertain A\hether its \'ital center was in southern Illi- nois or Ohio — probably the former, because of its geographical situa- tion with reference to the mouths of the Missouri and Ohio rivers. The site of St. Louis was formerly covered with mounds, one of which was thirty-five feet high, while in the American Bottom, on the Illinois side of the river, their number approximates two hundred. It is pretty well known, we believe, that St. Louis takes its fanciful title of "Mound City" from the former fact. The multitude of mound works which are scattered over the entire northeastern portion of Missouri indicate that the region was once in- habited by a population so numerous that in comparison its present occupants are only as the scattered pioneers of a new-settled coun- try. . . . The same sagacity which chose the neighbor- hood of St. Louis for these works, covered the site of Cincinnati with an extensive system of circumvallations and mounds. Almost the en- tire space now occupied by the city was utilized by the mysterious Builders in the construction of embankments and tumuli, built upon the most accurate geometrical principles, and evincing keen military foresight. . . . The vast number as well as magnitude of the works found in the .State of Ohio, have surprised the most care- less and indifferent observers. It is estimated by the most conservati\'e, and Messrs. Squier and Davis among them, that the number of tumuli in Ohio equals ten thousand, and the number of enclosures one thou- sand or one thousand five hundred. In Ross county alone one hun- dred enclosures and upwards of five hundred mounds have been exam- ined. The Alleghany mountains, the natural limit of the great Mississippi basin, appear to have served as the eastern and southeast- ern boundary of the Mound Builder country. In \vestern New York, western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and in all of Kentucky and Ten- nessee, their remains are numerous and in some instances imposing. In Tennessee, especially, the works of the Mound Builders are of the most interesting character. . . . Colonies of Mound Builders seem to have passed the great natural barrier into North Carolina and left remains in Marion county, while still others penetrated into South Carolina, and built on the Wateree river. Mounds in Mississippi also have been examined, with interestinsj; results. On the southern Mississippi, in the area embraced between the ter- mination of the Cumberland mountains, near Florence and Tuscumbia, in Alabama, and the mouth of Big Black river, this people left numer- ous works, inany of which were of a remarkable character. The whole region bordering on the tributaries of the Tombigbee, the country through which the Wolf river flows, and that watered by the Yazoo river and its affluents, was densely populated by the same people who built mounds in the Ohio valley. . . . The State of Louis- iana and the valleys of the Arkansas and Red rivers were not only the most thickly populated wing of the Mound Builder domain, but also furnish us with remains presenting affinities with the great works of Mexico so striking that no doubt can longer exist that the same people were the architects of both. . . . It is needless to discuss the fact that the works of the Mound Builders exist in considerable numbers in Texas, extending across the Rio Grande into Mexico, es- tablishing an unmistakable relationship as well as actual imion between the truncated pyramids of the Mississippi valley and the Tocalli of Mexico, and the countries further south. Such, in a general way, was the geographical dis- tribution of the Mound Builders within and near the ter- ritory now occupied by the United States. THE WORKS. They are — such of them as are left to our day — gener- ally of earth, occasionally of stone, and more rarely of earth and stone intermixed. Dried bricks, in some ins- tances, are found in the walls and angles of the best pyramids of the Lower Mississippi valley. Often, especi- ally for the works devoted to religious purposes, the earth has not been taken from the surrounding soil, but has been transported from a distance, probably from some locality regarded as sacred. They are further divided into enclosures and mounds or tumuli. The classifica- tion of these by Squier & Davis, in their great work on "The Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithsonian Institution thirty-two years ago, has not yet been superseded. It is as follows: I. Enclosures — For Defence, Sacred, Miscellaneous. 11. Mounds — Of Sacrifice, or Temple-Sites, of Sep- ulture, of Observation. To these may properly be added the Animal or Efifigy (emblematic or symbolical) Mounds, and some would add Mounds for Residence. The Garden-Beds, if true remains of the Builders, may also be considered a sepa- rate class; likewise mines and roads, and there is some reason to believe that canals may be added. In the treatment of these classes, briefly, we shall fol- low in places the chapter on this subject in our History of Franklin and Pickaway counties, Ohio. I. Enclosures for Defence. A large and interest- ing class of the works is of such a nature that the object for which they were thrown up is unmistakable. The "forts," as they are popularly called, are found through- out the length and breadth of the Mississippi valley, from the AUeghanies to the Rocky mountains. The rivers of this vast basin have worn their valleys deep in the original plain, leaving broad terraces leading like gigantic steps up to the general level of the country. The sides of the terraces are often steep and difficult of access, and sometimes quite inaccessible. Such locations would naturally be selected as the site of defensive works, and there, as a matter of fact, the strong and complica- ted embankments of the Mound Builders are found. The points have evidently been chosen with great care, and are such as would, in most cases, be approved by HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 25 modern military engineers. They are usually on the higher ground, and are seldom commanded from posi- tions sufficiently near to make them untenable through the use of the short-range weapons of the Builders, and, while rugged and steep on some of their sides, have one or more points of easy approach, in the protection of which great skill and labor seem to have been expended. They are never found, nor, in general, any other remains of the Builders, upon the lowest or latest-formed river terraces or bottoms. They are of irregular shape, con- forming to the nature of the ground, and are often strengthened by extensive ditches. The usual defence is a simple embankment thrown up along and a little below the brow of the hill, varying in height and thickness ac- cording to the defensive advantage given by the natural declivity. "The walls generally wind around the borders of the elevations they occupy, and when the nature of the ground renders some points more accessible than others, the height of the wall and the depth of the ditch at those weak points are proportionally increased. The gateways are narrow and few in number, and well guarded by embankments of earth placed a few yards in- side of the openings or gateways and parallel with them, and projecting somewhat beyond them at each end, thus fully covering the entrances, which, in some cases, are still further protected by projecting walls on either side of them. These works are somewhat numerous, and in- dicate a clear appreciation of the elements, at least, of fortification, and unmistakably point out the purpose for which they were constructed. A large number of these defensive works consist of a line of ditch and embank- ments, or several lines carried across the neck of penin- sulas or bluff headlands, formed within the bends of streams — an easy and obvious mode of fortification, com- mon to all rude peoples."* Upon the side where a pe- ninsula or promontory merges into the mainland of the terrace or plateau, the enclosure is usually guarded by double or overlapping walls, or a series of them, having sometimes an accompanying mound, probably designed, like many of the mounds apart from the enclosures, as a lookout station, corresponding in this respect to the bar- bican of our British ancestors in the Middle Ages. As natural strongholds the positions they occupy could hardly be excelled, and the labor and skill expended to strengthen them artificially rarely fail to awake the admi- ration and surprise the student of our antiquities. Some of the works are enclosed by miles of embankment still ten to fifteen feet high, as measured from the bottom of the ditch. In some cases the number of openings in the walls is so large as to lead to the conclusion that certain of them were not used as gateways, but were occupied by bastions or block-houses long ago decayed. This is a marked peculiarity of the great work known as "Fort Ancient," on the Little Miami river and railroad, in War- ren county. Some of the forts have very large or smaller "dug-holes" inside, seemingly designed as reservoirs for use in a state of siege. Occasionally parallel earth-walls, of lower height than the embankments of the main work, * American Cyclopcedia, article "American Antiquities." called "covered ways," are found adjacent to enclosures, and at times connecting separate works, and seeming to be intended for the protection of those passing to and fro within them. These are considered by some antiqua- ries, however, as belonging to the sacred enclosures. This class of works abound in Ohio. Squier and Davis express the opinion that "there seems to have been a system of defences extending from the sources of the Susquehanna and Alleghany, in western New York, diagonally across the country through central and north- ern Ohio to the Wabash. Within this range the works that are regarded as defensive are largest and most nu- merous." The most notable, however, of the works usually assigned to this class in this State is in southern Ohio, and not very far from the boundaries of Hamilton county, being only forty-two miles northeast of Cincin- nati. It is the "Fort Ancient" already mentioned. This is situated upon a terrace on the left bank of the river, two hundred and thirty feet above the Little Miami, and occupies a peninsula defended by two ravines, while the river itself, with a high, precipitous bank, defends the western side. The walls are between four and five miles long, and ten to twenty feet high, according to the natural strength of the line to be protected. A resemblance has been traced in the walls of the lower enclosure "to the form of two massive serpents, which are apparently con- tending with one another. Their heads are the mounds, which are separated from the bodies by the opening, which resembles a ring around the neck. They bend in and out, and rise and fall, and appear like two massive green serpents rolling along the summit of this high hill. Their appearance under the overhanging forest trees is very impressive."* Others have found a resemblance in the form of the whole work to a rude outline of the con- tinent of North and South America. Another fortified eminence, enclosing sixteen and three- tenths acres, is found in the present Butler county, once within the old county of Hamilton. The entrance to this enclosure is guarded by a complicated system of covered ways. Another, and a very remarkable work, as having walls of stone, constructed in their place at the top of a steep and lofty hill with infinite toil and difficulty, is near the village of Bourneville, Ross county, on Spruce hill, a height commanding the beautiful valley of Paint creek. The wall is two and a quarter miles long, and encloses one hundred and forty acres, in the center of which was an artificial lake. Many enclosures of the kind have been surveyed and described in other counties of the State. II. Sacred Enclosures. — Regularity of form is the characteristic of these. They are not, however, of inva- riable shape, but are found in various geometrical figures, as circles, squares, hexagons, octagons, ellipses, parallelo- grams, and others, either singly or in combination. How- ever large, they were laid out with astounding accuracy, and show that the Builders had some scientific knowl- edge, a scale of measurement, and the means of com- puting areas and determining angles. They are often in 'Rev. S, D. Peet, in the American Antiquarian for April, 1878. 26 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. groups, but also often isolated. Most of them are of small size, two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet in diameter, with one gateway usually opening to the east, as if for the worship of the sun, and the ditch invariably on the inside. These are frequently inside enclosures of a different character, particularly military works. A sac- rificial mound was commonly erected in the center of them. The larger circles are oftenest found in connec- tion with squares; some of them embrace as many as fifty acres. They seldom have a ditch, but when they do, it is inside the wall. .The rectangular works with which they are combined are believed never to have a ditch. In this State a combined work of a square with two circles is often found, usually agreeing in this remarkable fact, that each side of the rectangle measures exactly one thousand and eighty feet, and the circles respectively are seventeen hundred and eight hundred feet in diameter. The frequency and wide prevalence of this uniformity demonstrate that it could not have been accidental. The square enclosures almost invariably have eight gateways at the angles and midway between, upon each side, all of which are covered or defended by small mounds. The parallels before mentioned are sometimes found in connection with this class of works. From the Hope- town work, near Chillicothe, a "covered way" led to the Scioto river, many hundred feet distant. More of the enclosures left by the Mound Builders are believed to belong to this class than to the class of de- fensive works. They especially abound in Ohio. The finest ancient works in the State— those near Newark, Licking county-^are undoubtedly of this kind. They are rather were — twelve miles in total length of wall, and enclose a tract of two miles square. The system of em- bankment is intricate as well as extensive, and encloses a number of singular mounds — one of them in the shape of an enormous bird track, the middle toe one hundred and fifty-five feet, and each of the other toes one hundred and ten feet in length. A superb work, representing the combi- nation of a square with two circles, of the dimensions pre- viously stated, exists in Liberty township, Ross county, a few miles from Chillicothe. A work in Pike county con- sists of a circle enclosing a square, each of the four cor- ners of which touches the circle, the gateway of the circle being opposite the opening in the square. Several com- binations of the square and the circle appear in the Hope- town works, four miles north of Chillicothe. Circleville derives its name from the principal ancient work — a cir- cle and a square — which formerly stood upon its site. Many other remains of the kind are familiarly known in Ross and Pike, Franklin, Athens, Licking, Montgomery, Butler, and other counties. III. Miscellaneous Enclosures. — The difficulty of referring many of the smaller circular works, thirty to fifty feet in diameter, found in close proximity to large works, to previous classes, has prompted the suggestion that they were the foundations of lodges or habitations of chiefs, priests, or other prominent personages among the Build- ers. In one case within the writer's observation, a rough stone foundation about four rods square was found iso- lated from any other work, near the Scioto river, in the south part of Ross county. At the other extreme of size, the largest and most complex of the works, as those at Newark, are thought to have served, in part at least, other than religious purposes — that they may, besides furnishing spaces for sacrifice and worship, have included also arenas for games and marriage celebrations and other festivals, the places of general assembly for the tribe or village, the encampment or more permanent residences of the priesthood and chiefs. Mr. Isaac Smucker, a learned antiquary of Newark, to whom we are indebted for im- portant facts presented in this chapter, says : Some archseologists maintain that many works called Sacred Enclo- sures were erected for and used as places of amusement, where our predecessors of pre-historic times practiced their national games and celebrated their great national events ; where they held their national festivals and indulged in their national jubilees, as well as performed the ceremonials of their religion. And it may be that those (and there are many such) within which no central elevation or altar occurs, were erected for the purposes last named, and not exclusively (if at all) for purposes connected with their religion, and are therefore erroneously called Sacred Enclosures. Other ancient peoples, if indeed not all the nations of antiquity, have had their national games, amusements, fes- tivals, and jubilees ; and why not the Mound Builders, too? Notably in this regard the ancient Greeks may be named, with whom, during the period known as the "lyrical age of Greece," the Olympic, the Pythian, the Nemean, and the Isthmian games became national festi- vals. And without doubt the Mound Builders, too, had their national games, amusements, festivals, and jubilees, and congregated within their enclosures to practice, celebrate, and enjoy them. IV. Mounds of Sacrifice. — These have several dis- tinct characteristics. In height they seldom exceed eight feet. They occur only within or near the enclosures, commonly considered as the sacred places of the Build- ers, and are usually stratified in convex layers of clay or loam alternating above a layer of fine sand. Beneath the strata, and upon the original surface of the earth at the center of the mound, are usually symmetricaly formed altars of stone or burnt clay, evidently brought from a distance. Upon them are found various remains, all of which exhibit signs of the action of fire, and some which have excited the suspicion that the Builders practiced the horrid rite of human sacrifice. Not only calcined bones, but naturally ashes, charcoal, and igneous stones are found with them; also beads, stone implements, simple sculp- tures, and pottery. The remains are often in such a con- dition as to indicate that the altars had been covered before the fires upon them were fully extinguished. Skele- tons are occasionally found in this class of mounds; though these may have been " intrusive burials" made after the construction of the works and contrary to their original intention. Though symmetrical, the altars are by no means uniform in shape or size. Some are round, some elliptical, others square or parallelograms. In size they vary from two to fifty feet in length, and are of pro- portional width and height, the commoner dimensions be- ing five to eight feet. V. Temple Mounds are not so numerous. In this State it is believed they were only at Marietta, Newark, Portsmouth, and about Chillicothe. They are generally larger than the altar and burial mounds, and are more frequently circular or oval, though sometimes found in other shapes. The commonest shape is that of a trun- cated cone; and, in whatever form a mound of this class HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 27 may be, it always has a flattened or level top, giving it an unfinished look. Some are called platforms, from their large area and slight elevation. They are, indeed, almost always of large base and comparatively small height. Often, as might reasonably be expected, they are within a sacred enclosure, and some are terraced or have spiral ascents or graded inclines to their summits. They take their name from the probable fact that upon their flat tops were reared structures of wood, the temples or " high places" of this people, which decayed and disappeared ages ago. In many cases in the northern States these must have been small, from the smallness of their sites upon the mounds; but as they are followed southward they are seen, as might be expected, to increase gradual- ly and approximate more closely to perfect construction, until they end in the great teocallis ("houses of God"). One remarkable platform of this kind in Whitley county, Kentucky, is three hundred and sixty feet long by one hundred and fifty wide and twelve high, with graded as- cents; and another, at Hopkinsville, is so large that the county court house is built upon it. The great mound at Cahokia, Missouri, is of this class. Its truncated top measured two hundred by four hundred and fifty-two feet. VI. Burial Mounds furnish by far the most numer- ous class of tumuli. The largest mounds in the coun- try are generally of this kind. The greatest of all, the famous mound at Grave creek, Virginia, is seventy-five feet high, and has a circumference at the base of about one thousand. In solid contents it is nearly equal to the third pyramid of Mykerinus, in Egypt. The huge mound on the banks of the Great Miami, twelve miles below Dayton, has a hight of sixty-eight feet. Many of the burial mounds are six feet or less in height, but the average height as deduced from wide observation of them, is stated as about twenty feet. They are usually of con- ical form. It is conjectured that the size of these mounds has an immediate relation to the former importance of the personage or family buried in them. Only three skeletons have so far been found in the mighty Grave Creek mound. Except in rare cases, they contain but one skeleton, unless by "intrusive" or later burial, as by In- dians, who frequently used the ancient mounds for pur- poses of sepulture. One Ohio mound, however — that opened by Professor Marsh, of Yale college, in Licking county — contained seventeen skeletons; and another, in Hardin county, included three hundred. But these are exceptional instances. Calcined human bones in some burial mounds at the North with charcoal and ashes in close proximity, show that cremation was occasionally practiced, or that fire was used in the funeral ceremonies; and "urn burial" prevailed considerably in the southren States. At times a rude chamber or cist of stone or tim- ber contained the remains. In the latter case the more fragile material has generally disappeared, but casts of it in the earth are still observable. The stone cists furnish some of the most interesting relics found in the mounds. They are, in rare cases, very large, and contain several bodies, with various relics. They are like large stone boxes, made of several flat stones, joined without cement or fastening. Similar, but much smaller, are the stone coffins found in large number in Illinois and near Nash- ville, Tennessee. They are generally occupied by single bodies. In other cases, as in recent discoveries near Portsmouth and elsewhere in Ohio, the slabs are arranged slanting upon each other in the shape of a triangle, and having, of course, a triangular vault in the interior. In Ihe Cumberland mountains heaps of loose stones are found over skeletons, but these stone mounds are proba- bly of Indian origin, and so comparatively modern. Im- plements, weapons, ornaments, and various remains of art, as in the later Indian custom, were buried with the dead. Mica is often found with the skeletons, with pre- cisely what meaning is not yet ascertained; also pottery, beads of bone, copper, and even glass — indicating, some think, commercial intercourse with Europe — and other articles in great variety, are present. Tiiere is also, probably, a sub-class of mounds that may be mentioned in this connection — the Memorial or Monumental mounds, thrown up, it is conjectured, to perpetuate the celebrity of some important event or in honor of some eminent personage. They are usually of earth, but occasionally, in this State at least, of stone. VII. Signal Mounds, or Mounds of Observation. This is a numerous and very interesting and important class of the works. Colonel Anderson, of Circleville, thinks he has demonstrated by actual survey, made at his own expense, the existence of a regular chain or system of these lookouts through the Scioto valley, from which, by signal fires, intelligence might be rapidly flashed over long distances. About twenty such mounds occur be- tween Columbus and Chillicothe, on the eastern side of the Scioto. In Hamilton county a chain of mounds, doubtless devoted to such purpose, can be traced from the primitive site of Cincinnati to the "old fort," near the mouth of the Great Miami. Along both the Miamis numbers of small mounds on the projecting headlands and on heights in the interior are indubitably signal mounds. Judge Force says: "By the mound at Norwood signals could be passed from the valley of Mill creek to the Little Miami valley, near Newtown, and I believe to the valley of the Great Miami near Hamilton." Like the defensive works already described as part of the military system of the Builders, the positions of these works were chosen with excellent judgment. They vary in size, according to the height of the natural eminences upon which they are placed. Many still bear the marks of intense heat upon their summits, results of the long- extinct beacon fires. Sometimes they are found in con- nection with the embankments and enclosures, as an en- larged and elevated part of the walls. One of these, near Newark, though considerably reduced, retains a height of twenty-five feet. The huge mound at Miamisburgh, mentioned as a burial mound, very likely was used also as a part of the chain of signal mounds from above Day- ton to the Cincinnati plain and the Kentucky bluff beyond. VIII. Effigy or Animal Mounds appear principally in Wisconsin, on the level surface of the prairie. They are of very low height — one to six feet — but are other- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. wise often very large, extended figures of men, beasts, birds, or reptiles, and in a very few cases of inanimate things. In this State there are three enormous, remark- able earthwork effigies — the "Eagle mound" in the cen- ter of a thirty-acre enclosure near Newark, and supposed to represent an eagle on the wing; the "Alligator mound," also in Licking county, two hundred and five feet long; and the famous "Great Serpent," on Brush creek, in Adams county, which has a length of seven hundred feet, the tail in a triple coil, with a large mound, supposed to represent an egg, between the jaws of the figure. By some writers these mounds are held to be symbolical, and connected with the religion of the Builders. Mr. Schoolcraft, however, calls them "emblematic," and says they represent the totems or heraldic symbols of the Builder tribes. IX. Garden Beds. — In Wisconsin, in Missouri, and in parts of Michigan, and to some extent elsewhere, is found a class of simple works presumed to be ancient. They are merely ridges or beds left by the cultivation of the soil, about six inches high and four feet wide, regu- larly arranged in parallel rows, at times rectangular, other- wise of various but regular and symmetrical curves, and in fields of ten to a hundred acres. Where they occur near the animal mounds, they are in some cases carried across the latter, which would seem to indicate, if the ■ same people executed both works, that no sacred charac- ter attached to the effigies. X. Mines. — These, as worked by the Builders, have not yet been found in many different regions; but in the Lake Superior copper region their works of this kind are numerous and extensive. In the Ontonagon country their mining traces abound for thirty miles. Colonel Whittlesey estimates that they removed metal from this region equivalent to a length of one hundred and fifty feet in veins of varying thickness. Some of their opera- tions approached the stupendous. No other remains of theirs are found in the Upper Peninsula; and there is no probability that they occupied the region for other than temporary purposes. THE CONTENTS OF THE MOUNDS. Besides the human remains which have received sufficient treatment for this article under the head of Burial mounds, and the altars noticed under Mounds of Sacrifice, the contents of the work of the Mound Builders are mostly small, and many of them unimportant. They have been classified by Dr. Rau, the archteologist of the Smithsonian Institution, according to the material of which they are wrought, as follows: I. Stone. — This is the most numerous class of relics They were fashioned by chipping, grinding, or polishing" and include rude pieces, flakes, and cores, as well as fin. ished and more or less nearly finished articles. In the first list are arrow and spear-heads, perforators, scrapers, cutting and sawing tools, dagger-shaped implements, large implements supposed to have been used in digging the ground, and wedge or celt-shaped tools and weapons. The ground and polished specimens, more defined in form, comprise wedges or celts, chisels, gouges, adzes and grooved axes, hammers, drilled ceremonial weapons, cutting tools, scraper and spade-like implements, pen- dants and sinkers, discoidal stones and kindred objects, pierced tablets and boat-shaped articles, stones used in grinding and polishing, vessels, mortars, pestles, tubes, pipes, ornaments, sculptures, and engraved stones or tab- lets. Fragmentary plates of mica or isinglass may be included under this head. 2. Copper. — These are either weapons and tools or ornaments, produced, it would seem, by hammering pieces of native copper into the required shape. 3. Bone and Horn. — Perforators, harpoon-heads, fish- hooks, cups, whistles, drilled teeth, etc. 4. Shell. — Either utensils and tools, as drinking-cups, spoons, fish-hooks, celts, etc., or ornaments, comprising various kinds of gorgets, pendants, and beads. 5. Ceramic Fabrics. — Pottery, pipes, human and ani- mal figures, and vessels in great variety. 6. Wood. — The objects of early date formed of this material are now very few, owing to its perishable char- acter. To these may be added : 7. Gold and Silver. — In a recent find in a stonecist at Warrensburgh, Missouri, a pottery vase or jar was found, which had a silver as well as a copper band about it. Other instances of the kind are on record, and a gold ornament in the shape of a woodpecker's head has been taken from a mound in Florida. 8. Textile Fabrics. — A few fragments of coarse cloth or matting have survived the destroying tooth of time, and some specimens, so far as the texture is con- cerned, have been very well preserved by the salts of copper, when used to enwrap articles shaped from that metal. the mound builders' civilization. This theme has furnished a vast field for speculation, and the theorists have pushed into a wilderness of vis- ionary conjectures. Some inferences, however, may be regarded as tolerably certain. The number and magni- tude of their works, and their extensive range and uni- formity, says the American Cyclopaedia, prove that the Mound Builders were essentially homogeneous in cus- toms, habits, religion, and government. The general features common to all their remains identify them as appertaining to a single grand system, owing its origin to men moving in the same direction, acting under com- mon impulses, and influenced by similar causes. Pro- fessor Short, in his invaluable work, thinks that, however writers may differ, these conclusions may be safely ac- cepted: That they came into the country in compara- tively small numbers at first (if they were not Autoch- thones, and there is no substantial proof that the Mound Builders were such), and, during their residence in the territory occupied by the United States, they became extremely populous. Their settlements were widespread, as the extent of their remains indicates. The magnitude of their works, some of which approximate the propor- tions of Egyptian pyramids, testify to the architectural talent of the people and the fact that they developed a system of government controlling the labor of multitudes. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO, 29 whether of subjects or slaves. They were an agricultural people, as the extensive ancient garden-beds found in Wisconsin and Missouri indicate. Their manufactures offer proof that they had attained a respectable de- gree of advancement and show that they understood the advantages of the division of labor. Their domestic utensils, the cloth of which they made their clothing, and the artistic vessels met with everywhere in the mounds, point to the development of home culture and domestic industry. There is no reason for believing that the peo- ple who wrought stone and clay into perfect effigies of animals have not left us sculptures of their own faces in the images exhumed from the mounds. They mined cop- per, which they wrought into implements of war, into or- naments and articles for domestic use. They quarried mica for mirrors and other purposes. They furthermore worked flint and salt mines. They probably possessed some astronomical knowledge, though to what extent is unknown. Their trade, as Dr. Rau has shown, was widespread, extending probably from Lake Superior to the Gulf, and possibly to Mexico. They constructed canals, by which lake systems were united, a fact which Mr. Conant has recently shown to be well es- tablished in Missouri. Their defences were numer- ous and constructed with reference to strategic prin- ciples, while their system of signals placed on lofty their settlements, and communicating with the great water courses at immense summits, visible from dis- tances, rivaled the signal systems in use at the begin- ning of the present century. Their religion seems to have been attended with the same ceremonies in all parts of their domain. That its rites were celebrated with great demonstrations is certain. The sun and moon were probably the all-important deities to which sacri- fices (possibly human) were offered. We have already alluded to the development in architecture and art which marked the possible transition of this people from north to south. Here we see but the rude beginnings of a civilization which no doubt subsequently unfolded in its fuller glory in the valley of Anahuac and, spreading southward, engrafted new life upon the wreck of Xibalba. Though there is no evidence that the Mound Builders were indigenous, we must admit that their civilization was putely such, the natural product of climate and the condition surrounding them.* THE BUILDERS IN HAMILTON COUNTY. Very brief notice of them will be made here, anything like detailed description being reserved for the special histories to come later in this work. Reference has been made above to the extensive signal system in the Miami country, and to numerous works upon the present site of Cincinnati. Elsewhere in the county the Builders have left frequent remains. They abound in Columbia, An- derson, and Spencer townships, and are found all along the Little Miami valley from below Newtown to points above Milford. On the other side of the county, in the valley of the Great Miami, they are found numerously at the mouth of the stream, about Cleves, and for miles * The Americans of Antiquity, pp. 96-100. along the banks above and below Colerain. Near this place, about one mile south of the county Hne, is the cel- ebrated enclosure known as "the Colerain works," sur- rounding a tract of about ninety-five acres. Judge Force thinks there was a strong line of fortifications along the Great Miami, from the mouth to Piqua, with advanced works near Oxford and Eaton, and with a massive work in rear of this line, at Fort Ancient. In the interior of Hamilton they apiiear at Norwood, Sharon, in Springfield township, and elsewhere to some extent. This region was undoubtedly one of the densest centers of popula- tion. We shall view some of their works more closely before this volume is closed. CHAPTER IV. THE OHIO INDIANS. ' ' Tlien a darker, drearier vision Passed before me, vague and cloudlilie; I beheld our nations scattered. All forgetful of my counsels. Weakened, warring with each other; Saw the remnants of our people Sweeping westward, wild and woful, Like the cloud-rack of a tem^^est. Like the withered leaves of autumn. " H. W. Longfellow, "Hiawatha." After the Mound Builder came the red man. For un- told centuries his history is a blank. Whence he came, how he spread over the continent, what his earlier num- bers, supplies material for the philosophic historian. The literature of past ages is silent concerning these things; the voice of tradition is almost equally reticent. It seems quite certain, however, notwithstanding some speculations to the contrary, that no other race inter- vened between the mysterious people of the mounds and the savages whom Columbus and other discoverers found upon our soil. By the red men — fewer in numbers, doubtless, but fiercer, braver, and more persistent than their antagonists — the Builders were driven out and pushed to the southwest, hosts of warriors on both sides perishing in the protracted struggle. As Halleck says: "What tales, if there be tongues in trees. These giant oaks could tell Of beings born and buried here!" The new race was vastly inferior to the older. It was more a nomadic people. Villages and other permanent habitations seldom contained, through the course of many generations, the same tribes. They were not given, except to a very limited extent, to the tillage of the soil. War and the chase were their chief occupa- tions, and the products of the latter, with spontaneous yields from the forest and stream, furnished the simple necessaries of their lives. Change for the worse as it was, apparently, in the population of this part of North America, it was doubtless in the order of Divine Provi- dence, that the land-might, by and by, be the more easily and advantageously occupied by the white man, who 3° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. would come to fill it again with busy life and to dot its surface with the monuments of a civilization to which the wildest dreams of his predecessors never reached. THE IROQUOIS AND THE ERIES. (,. The light of history begins to dawn upon the Indians of Ohio during the latter part of the seventeenth cen- tury. As early as 1609 the explorer, Champlain, made mention of the Iroquois, who then dwelt about the eastern end of Lake Ontario. In 1683 La Hontan names thgm again and says' they are "in five cantons, not unlike those of the Swisses. Though these cantons are all one nation, and united in one joint interest, yet they go by different names, viz. : The Sonontouans [Sen- ecas], the Goyagoans [Cayugas], the Onnatagues [Onon- dagas], the Ononyonts [Oneidas], and the Aguies [Mo- hawks]." The Five afterwards became the famous "Six Nations," and are sometimes mentioned as seven. These formed one of the three great divisions of the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi — the Huron-Iroquois, the Algonquins, and Mobilians, dwelling respectively, it may be stated in a general way, on the great lakes, the Ohio river, and the Gulf of Mexico. The second of these families, though perhaps not the most powerful in war, the first seemingly holding the supremacy, was by far the most numerous and widespread. Their habitat is de- scribed as "originally reaching from Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and from the west of Maine to Pamlico sound along the Atlantic coast, and from the Ro- anoke river to the headwaters of the Ohio and westward to the mouth of the river, and from that point, including all south and west of Lake Erie, to Lake Superior again, leaving the Iroquois on Lake Ontario like an island in the midst of a great sea."* To this stock belonged most of the Ohio tribes ; but to their neighbors, east and west, the Iroquois and the Hurons, were allied in blood the ill-fated Filians, or Fries, the first of all western tribes to be observed and mentioned by the French explorers. They are first designated by the former name on Cham- plain's map, published in 1680; are again so named on the map of Richard Blome three years later; and so gen- erally on the old maps until 1735. Long before this, however, they are supposed to have been driven out, ex- terminated, or amalgamated with other tribes. Blome, in 1683, places the "Senneks," or Senecas, one of the Five Nations of the Iroqouis, among the Fries on the south of the lake to which the latter gave the name; and that probably is the tribe into which the Fries ultimately merged. Charlevoix, in 1744, puts their later tribal designation upon his map near the east end of Lake Frie (they had been located upon a map of 1703 near the west end), but adds the remark: "The Fries were destroyed by the Iroquois about one hundred years ago." Also, upon a map prepared by John Hutchins and pub- lished in 175s, where the tribe is assigned a former terri- tory stretching along the whole south shore of Lake Erie, this note appears: "The antient Fries were extirpated upwards of one hundred years ago by the Iroquois, ever since which time they [the Iroquois] have been in posses^ *Rev. S. D. Peet. in The Ainerican Antiqiuirian, Vol. I.. No. 2. sion of Lake Erie." Mitchell's map of the same year supplies an interesting note: "The Six Nations have ex- tended their territories to the river Illinois ever since the year 1672, when they were subdued and incorporated with the antient Chaouanons, the native proprietors of these countries and the river Ohio. . . . The Ohio Indians are a mixt tribe of the several Indians of our colonies, settled here under the Six Nations, who have allwaies been in Alliance and subjection to the English." The territory of these renowned conquerors appears upon the rriaps as early as 1722 as a geographical district or political division named "Iroquois." It ex- tended from Montreal to the Susquehanna, thence to the west end of Lake Erie, north to Lake Huron, and east to Montreal again — thus including about half of the present territory of Ohio. In the maps of 1755 the Iro- quois' tract is extended to the Mississippi, and includes everything between that river and Lake Ontario, the Ohio, and the great lakes. One map divides "the country of the confederate Indians," now enlarged from five to seven nations, into their "place of residence," New York;, their "deer-hunting country" (Tunasonruntic), which was Ohio; and their "beaver-hunting countries," or Canada. Nearly, then, to the period of exploration in the Ohio country, the Eries dwelt here; and fragments of their tribe probably remained when the first white men came, dwelling amid their conquerors, but not to be identified as separate from them. The indications, from traditions and the maps, which furnish the only data we have con- cerning them, are that the Eries only occupied the lands east of the Cuyahoga and south of the lake; while that west of the river was held by a kindred tribe, the Wyan- dots or Hurons. The later of the two classes of earth- works found in northern Ohio are assigned by some in- quirers to the Eries, to whom many of the burial places and skeletons found in this region undoubtedly belong. The Indian names of streams, as well as that of the great lake to the northward, are supposed to have been given by them. THE WYANDOTS, OR HURONS. After the middle of the last century, knowledge con- cerning the Indians of Ohio was rapidly multiplied. Traders and explorers began, a little before that time, to contribute information about the tribes among whom they journeyed or traded; and Colonel Bouquet's expedition in 1764, to the Indian valleys on the Tuscarawas and Muskingum rivers, offered more definite, detailed, and authentic knowledge than had been accessible to that time. Among the tribes thus early reported, one of the most important was the Wyandots,'br Hurons, as they were called by the French. This was a branch of the great Iroquois family, but had been warred upon by their red kindred, driven from their homes on the lake whose name perpetuates their memory, pushed to the northwest, into Michigan and Wisconsin, among the Ottawas and other tribes. Here, however, they encountered an un- friendly wing of the Dakota family, from the west of the Mississippi, and were by them hunted again southeastward. They finally appear upon the maps as located in northern HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 31 and western Ohio, west of the Cuyahoga river, "assigned to this territory," says Evans' map of 1755, "by express leave of the Iroquqis." They held from the lake south- ward to the headwaters of the Scioto and the Miamis, and in some places below. They had villages even upon the site of Columbus and elsewhere in the present Franklin county. They were also mingled with the Del- awares of southeastern Ohio. Although so often over- powered, they were still a martial people, and never sur- rendered themselves prisoners. General Harrison said of the Wyandot : " He was trained to die for the inter- est or honor of his tribe, and to consider submission to an enemy the lowest degradation." Their grand sachem during the early white occupancy of the State, Tahre, or the Crane, was undoubtedly a distinguished example of the finer sort of American Indian. The Wyandots held their lands in Ohio for a long time, subject to the Iro- quois, without claiming proprietorship; and their name appears on none of the treaties with the English or the United States until after 1784. THE DELAWARES. These claimed to be the elder branch of the Lenni- Lenape tribes, and called themselves the "grandfathers " of the kindred nations, while recognizing the superiority of the Wyandots. This claim has been admitted by most writers upon the Indians. like the Fries, they were of Algonquin stock, and had removed from the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers to the Alleghany and the Ohio. This territory they were allowed by the grace of the all- cbnque ring I roquois, who had early subjugated them. Their first removal from their original seat upon or near the Atlantic coast did not occur, however, until after the adven t of Wi lliam Penn. They then occupied lands in Virginia, but sold them by the treaty of Lancaster in 1744, and moved westward. In 1752, with other tribes, by the treaty of Logstow n, they formaUy assented to the settlement oi whites in the region south of the Ohio. About that time they were found numerously in villages on the Muskingum and the Beaver, but, according to Gist's journal of 1754, not anywhere west of the Hock- hocking. One unimportant Delaware tribe, the Munsees (some call these the Mingses), are found on the maps as far up the Ohio as the Venango river. (JBetween this and the Scioto the Delaware territories were presumably located. y In 1779, however, the delegates of the tribes gave to Congress, then at Princeton, New Jersey, the defini tion o f a boundary which included the Miami and Wyandot tracts, and very likely others, as well as their own. It was as follows : From the mouth of the Alleghany at Fort Pitt to Venango, and from thence up French creek and by LeBcBuf along the old road to Presque Isle, on the west; the Ohio river, including all the islands in it, from Fort Pitt to the Oubache (Wabash) on the south; thence up the Ou- bache to the broad Opecom'ecah, and up the same to the head thereof; and from thence to the headwaters and springs of the northwestern branches of the Great Miami or Rocky river; thence across to the head- waters and springs of the most northwestern branches of the Scioto river ; thence to the head westernmost springs of the Sandusky river ; thence down the same river, including the islands in it and the Httle lake, to Lake Erie on the west and northwest, and Lake Erie on the north. There is no probability that the Delawares ever occu- pied, at least within the period of white exploration or occupancy, any large part of this vast tract. What they did own north of the Ohio or east of the Cuyahoga they ceded to the whites by the treaty of 1785. The tribe, however, was represented among the Ohio Indians so late as 181 3, when Delawares joined with others in a contract of amity and peace with the whites at Frankhnton, on the present site of the western part of Columbus. THE SHAWNEES. The first that is known of this important and warlike tribe, they lived to the south of the Cumberland and Ohio rivers, as all the early Frenth and English maps of the western country show. One writer says they formerly lived on the Mississippi, whence they removed to the sources of a river in South Carolina, and, there coming in contact with the Cherokees and the Catawbas, they moved on to the Savannah. This seems to be con- firmed, in part, by the tradition of the Sauks and Foxes, of the Upper Mississippi region, who say the Shawnees were of the same stock with themselves, but migrated to the south. As early as 1632 they were mentioned by De Laet as residing on the Delaware river, whither they are supposed to have emigrated from Ohio. Forty years after the above date they joined theinselves in an alliance for the defence of the Andastes against the Iroquois. The Andastes were themselves an Iroquois tribe, now long extinct, which had its home on the Alleghany and the Upper Ohio, and are said at this time to have been located on the Susquehanna. Soon after, however, they are again found among the Delawares of the Delaware, where they staid till a backward emigration to Ohio began about 1744. They, a portion of the tribe which had not gone south, had been previously on the Miamis, being the first tribe of which we hear in this region; and were there attacked and scattered by the terrible Iroquois. They now, upon their return, were located, by express permission of the Wyandots and the Iroquois, on and near the Scioto and Mad rivers. Here they were divided into four bands — the Chillicothe, Piqua, Kiskapocke, and Mequachuke; and in the Scioto valley their chief town was situated, called by the English "Lower Shawneetown." There is also a Shawneetown in southern Illinois; and the wide wanderings of this people are elsewhere shown by the names they have left, as the Suwanee river of the popular song, in South Carohna, the Piqua of Pennsylvania and the town of the same name in the Miami country, and the Chouanon (now Cumber- land) river of the old maps. They were the only tribe among the northern Indians who had a tradition of for- eign origin; and for some time after the whites began to know them, they held a yearly festival to commemorate the safe arrival of their ancestors in the Western, world. After their arrival in the Scioto valley, they were i( id by the portion of the tribe which had settled .1 the south. From this branch, son of a Shawnee father who had married a Creek woman during the southern resi- dence, the celebrated Tecumseh and his brother, Els- quataway, or "the Prophet," are said to have sprung. Under the leadership of the former a part of the tribe 32 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. joined the British in the AVar of 1812, in which Tecum- seh lost his life. Cornstalk, the leading chieftain of the Scioto bands; the Grenadier Squaw, his sister, so called from her height and size, and whom all accounts repre- sent as an Indian woman of unusual ability and acute- ness; Cornplanter, and other famous warriors, were also of the Shawneesjand Logan, the celebrated Mingo chief, lived among them here. The sites of their towns and the places where they tortured their hapless prisoners are still pointed out upon the fertile "Pickaway Plains," in Pickaway county, a few miles from Circleville. Cornstalk is described as "a man whose energy, courage, and good sense placed him among the very foremost of the native heroes of this land." The following pathetic story is told of his fate, which reflects anything but credit upon the whites who were concerned in it : "This truly great man, who was himself for peace, but who found all his neighbors and the warriors of his own tribe stuTcd up to war by the agents of England, went over to the American fort at Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kenawha, to talk the matter over with Cap- tain Arbuckle, who was in command there and with whom he was acquainted. This was in the early summer of 1777 ; and the Americans, knowing that the Shawnees were inclining to the enemy, thought it would be a good plan to detain Cornstalk and a young chief. Red Hawk, who was with him, and make them hostages. The old chief, finding himself entrapped, calmly awaited the re- sult. Ellinipsco, the son of Cornstalk, who came the next morning to see his father, was also detained. Toward night, one of the white hunters having been shot by an unknown Indian, the soldiers raised a cry, 'kill the red dogs in the fort,' and immediately carried their bloody thought into execution, the commander endeavoring, though almost unheeded, to dissuade them from their purpose. Corn- stalk fell pierced by seven musket balls, and his son and Red Hawk mel the same fate. Cornstalk saw his assas- sinators coming, and met them at the door of the hut in which he was confined, his arms folded upon his massive chest and his whole mien expressing a magnificent stoi- cism. This was by no means the only shameful act of treachery on the part of the whites. The murder very naturally aroused an intense feeling of hatred for the whites throughout the Shawnee division, and was the cause of much future bloodshed." For more than forty years after the return and reunion of the tribe, 1750, it was engaged in almost constant war- fare with the whites. They were among the most active allies of the French and sometimes of the British. After the conquest of Canada by the latter, they continued hostilities against the settlements, in alliance with the Delawares, until after the successful campaign of Colonel Bouquet. He, in 1764, estimated their bands upon the Scioto to number five hundred warriors. They, took an active part against the patriots in the war of the Revolu- tion and in the Indian war that followed, continuing it among the early settlers in this State until hostilities were terminated by the peace of Greenville in 1795. These Indians are specially distinguished in our national history. They have been variously called the "Bedouins of the American wilderness" and "the Spartans of the race," from their constancy in braving danger and enduring the consequences of defeat. They were undoubtedly among the ablest and bravest of the red men of the Ohio wilder- ness. THE OTTAWAS, CHIPPEWAS, AND MINGOS. Of these there is not much to say, as they make no great figure in early Ohio history. The former had their headquarters in this State, near or with the Wyandots, in the valleys of the Maumee and the Sandusky. They lived originally, so far as is known, upon the banks of the Canadian river which retains their name (the name also of the capital of the Dominion), whence they were driven by the confederated Iroquois and scattered west- ward and southward along both shores of Lake Erie. Their chief seats were far away on the south shore of Lake Superior, where they became a powerful tribe, and, though remote, were exceedingly troublesome to the whites. Pontiac, hero of the famous conspiracy of 1763, was an Ottawa chief, and his tribe was foremost in the meditated mischief. -They were the last of' the greater tribes to succumb U^ the po\\:/r of the whites. uiib td' the poWr ;was were also an The ChippewaS were also an important and numerous people, having their tribal centre in the far north, even beyond the Ottawas, in the Lake Superior region. There they were principally known as Ojibways or Ojibbeways, and were the first Indians met in that country by the French missionaries and explorers about 1640. They are an Algonquin tribe, and were formerly all well-de- veloped, fine-looking fellows, expert hunters, brave war- riors, and fond of adventure. They are still but little given to agriculture; yet some members of the tribe have proved susceptible of considerable education. "George Copway," "Peter Jones," "Edward Cowles," and perhaps others of the tribe, have been reputable writers and speak- ers upon matters concerning their people. In Ohio they oc cupied land s on the south shore of Lake Erie, most of which they surrendered in 1805, and the remainder in 1817. They were much engaged in hostilities against the settlers, but joined in the peace of Greenville, and gave no serious trouble afterwards until the second war with Great Britain, when they were again hostile, but joined in the general pacification of the tribes the year after it closed. Not much is recorded in Ohio history of the Mingos, who are by some supposed to be identified with the Shawnees. They are known separately, however, as residing in considerable number about "Mingo Bottom," on- the Ohio, below Steubenville, and to some extent in the Scioto valley. Here their most famous leader, Tah- gah-jut e, or Lo gan, though himself the son of a Cayuga chief, chose his home, as before noted, among a cluster of the Shawnee towns on the Pickaway plains, his own residence being at "Old Chillicothe," now Westfall. It was in this neighborhood that Logan gave Colonel Gibson the substance of his famous address to Lord Dun- more, and at Charlotte, on the other side of the river, that Dunmore's campaign of 1774 came to a peaceful end. They are believed, unlike the Shawnees, to have been an offshoot of the Iroquois family. It may here be noted HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 33 that the Ohio tribes seem to have Hved in general friend- liness, and that so me of their land s were frequently com- r non or neutral terr itory, in which the tribes intermixed at pleasure, outside of the tracts claimed as peculiarly the property of each. Hence they became more or less commingled, and in the Scioto valley, and elsewhere in the State, when the first definite knowledge of the Ohio Indians was obtained, not only the Mingos and Shaw- nees, and the Shawnees and Miamis, but also the Wyan- dots, Delawares, and others were found residing amicably ^together. THE MIAMIS. The people of southwestern Ohio are chiefly interested in the story of the Miami Indians, although they occu- pied but a comparatively small tract in this State, their habitat being mainly between the Miami country and the Wabash. The famous Miami chief. Little Turtle, however, thus outlined the former boundaries of his tribe, in the great council at,Greenville, in 1795 : "My forefather kindled the first fire at Detroit; from thence he extended his lines to the headwaters of the Scioto; from thence to its mouth ; from thence down the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash; and from thence to Chicago, on Lake Michigan. These are the boundaries within which the prints of my ancestors' houses are everywhere to be seen." The nar- ratives of the early French explorers singularly confirm the statements of the Indian orator. They found the Miamis here and there upon the territory thus defined, and not anywhere else. They were of the Algonquin stock, and Charlevoixj in 1 72 1, wrote that there was no doubt they were not long before identified with the Illinois, the hereditary and most formidable enemies of the Iroquois, and the first Indians encountered by Father Marquette in his voyage down the Mississippi. They included the Ouiatenon or Wea tribe of Indiana, the Peanguichia or Piankeshaw, the Pepikokia, Kilatak, and other tribes or bands. In Ohio, however, they were known in but three sepa- rate tribes — the Miamis proper, occupying the territory drained by the Maumee; the Piankeshaws, south of the former, and mainly between the Wabash and the Miami rivers; and the Twigtwees (by which name all the Miamis have sometimes been designated), still south of them, and likewise on the Wabash and Miami rivers, *vvhere they had invited the Shawnees to settle among them and aid in resisting the incursions of the Iroquois. The Hon. Albert Gallatin wrote in his Indian Tribes: "In the year 1684, in answer to the complaint of the French that they had attacked the Twigtwees or Miamis, the Five Nations assigned as one of the causes of the war that the Twigtwees had invited into their country the 'Satanas' [the Shawnees] in order to make war against them." There was another and probably related tribe toward the headwaters of the Miamis, called Pickawil- lanies or Picts, who had a well known village called Pickawillany, where was also an English fort established in 1748, and marked on maps of that period as "the extent of the English settlements." The Miamis were found by the French in 1658 as far to the northwest as Green bay, and AUouez fell in with a large village of them in 1670, at the head of Fox river. Ten years afterward La Salle found them in con- siderable number upon the St. Joseph's river, in south- western Michigan, which was called from them the River of the Miamis. They also frequented the region about Chicago, but had retired from both these districts when Cadillac, commandant at Detroit, marched against them in 1707. By 1721 they had returned to the St. Joseph's and were also on the Miamis, and were subsequently found, in their various bands, scattered through the Ohio and Indiana country before mentioned as their home. They joined in the conspiracy of Pontiac, and captured the British forts Miami and St. Joseph's ; but during the Revolution sided with England, and made peace only after the successful expedition of George Rogers Clark, in which some of their towns were devastated. They continued hostilities against the settlers at intervals, how- ever, and were the main instruments of the disastrous defeats sustained by Generals Harmar and St. Clair, in 1790-91. They were led in these actions by their most renowned chief, Meche Cunnaqua, or "Little Turtle," who is remembered by persons still living as a noble looking specimen of the sons of the forest, and other- wise a superior Indian. He was present, but not com- manding, at the defeat of the savages by "Mad Anthony Wayne" in 1794, and advised strongly against going into action. He is reported to have said on this occasion: "We have beaten the enemy twice; we cannot expect always the same good fortune. The Americans are now led by a chief who never sleeps. The day and the night are alike to him. I advise peace." He was one of the chiefs who signed the treaty of Greenville, and was faith- ful to it, never taking the war path thereafter. He died thirty years afterwards, at Fort Wayne, of gout, induced by too generous living among his white friends. Mr. E. D. Mansfield, who saw Little Turtle at his father's house early in the century, mentions him in his Personal Memories as "this most acute and sagacious of Indian statesmen, and a polished gentleman. He had wit, humor, and intelligence. He was an extensive traveller, and had visited all parts of the country, and became acquainted with many distinguished men. He had seen and admired General Washington." Colonel John Johns- ton, long Indian agent in Ohio, has also put on record his high appreciation of Little Turtle's qualities of mind and character. For many years after the peace of Green- ville, in which they bore full part, they gave the whites little trouble and rapidly declined as a tribe. By sundry treaties between this time (1795) and 1809 they ceded their lands between the Wabash and the Ohio State line, beyond which they do not seem to have claimed the territory, or, if claimed, the claim was not allowed them. They refused to join in the hostile alliance proposed by Tecumseh, but their sympathies were finally enlisted against the Americans in the War of 1812, and they attacked a detachment of General Harrison's army sent among them under Lieutenant Colonel Campbell. De- feated in this action, they again sued for peace, and a final treaty was concluded with them September 8, 1815. 34 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. They had become much addicted to drunkenness and violence, and their numbers decreased fast. They are now more nearly extinct than any other great Indian nation of their day. The first settlers of Hamilton county confronted prin- cipally the Twigtwees or Miamis. We shall presently consider the character of their intercourse, and rehearse some of the thrilling stories of Indian massacre in this region. INDIANS REMAINING IN 181I. In the year 1811 the following fragments of tribes were enumerated or estimated as still remaining, with the numbers stated, in the northwest corner of the State — that part as yet unpurchased from the Indians: Shaw- nees, seven hundred; Ottawas, five hundred and fifty; Wyandots, three hundred; Senecas, two hundred; Dela- wares and Miamis, two hundred. An aggregate was thus made up of but one thousand nine hundred and seventy; and the number continually decreased until their ultimate removal. The Shawnees were then resid- ing about the headwaters of the Auglaize and the Great Miami rivers, the Ottawas principally on Lake Erie, the Wyandots on the Sandusky, and the little bands of the Senecas, Delawares, and Miamis on the same river and its tributary streams. CHAPTER V. TITLES TO OHIO.~THE MIAMI PURCHASE. Long after the occupancy by the Mound Builders ceased, but nearly a century and a half before that of the red man had closed in all parts of Ohio, came in the claim of the French to possession. The daring explora- tions of that renowned discoverer, Robert Cavalier de La Salle, included, it is rather hesitatingly said, a journey from Lake Erie to the southward, over the portage to the Allegheny river, and thence down the Ohio to the falls at the present site of Louisville. Upon this reputed dis- covery was based the claim of France to domination of the territory thus traversed by her courageous knight- errant; and, although it was somewhat feebly disputed by Great Britain, the title was held good until the treaty of Paris, in 1763, when it, together with the title to all the rest of "New France" northwest of the Ohio, was vested in the British Empire. The Revolutionary war, culmi- nating in the peace convention concluded at -Paris in 1783, transferred the ownership thereof to the new Amer- ican Republic. EXTINCTION OF THE INDIAN TITLES. Upon the arrogant assumption that their prowess had subjected all the territory between the oceans, the Iro- quois, or Six Nations, included in their claim, as we have seen, the present State of Ohio. The treaty of Fort Stanwix, October 22, 1784, in which the Indians were represented by the famous chiefs, Cornplanter and Red Jacket, and Congress by its commissioners, Oliver Wolcott, Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee, finally extinguished this. In January of the next year the treaty of Fort Mcintosh, negotiated by General George Rogers Clark, General Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee, for the Government, and the chiefs of the Delaware, Wyandot, Ottawa, and Chippewa Indians, fixed the boundary of their tribal territories along the Cuyahoga river and the main branch of the Tuscarawas, to the fork of the latter near Fort Laurens, and thence westwardly to the portage be- tween the headwaters of the Great Miami and the Miami of the Lakes (later the Maumee), down that stream to the lake, and thence along the south shore to the mouth of the Cuyahoga. Similar limitations for the Ohio tribes were prescribed by the treaty of Fort Finney, concluded with the Shawnees at the mouth of the Great Miami, within the present tract of Hamilton county, January 31, 1786, by Generals Butler, Clark, and Parsons; by that of Fort Harmar, arranged by Governor Arthur St. Clair, Jan- uary 9, 1789; and the treaty of Greenville, August 3, 1795. Subsequent treaties and purchases extinguished all re- maining Indian titles in the State. THE STATE CLAIMS. For some time before the close of the Revolutionary war, and thereafter, the States of Massachusetts, Connec- ticut, and New York laid claims, under the old colonial grants, to parts of the territory now occupied by the com- monwealth of Ohio. Virginia went further, and claimed the whole, as included in her title to all the land north- west of the Ohio, holding, she asserted, under the colo- nial charters granted by King James I in 1608, 1609, and 161 1, and by right of conquest by General Clark in 1778 and 1779. The conflicting claims were composed with- out serious trouble. New York led the way, May i, 1782, in ceding her rights therein to the United States. Virginia followed in a deed of cession, March 17, 1784, reserving, however, for grants to her Revolutionary sol- diers, what has since been known as the "Virginia Mili- tary District," between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers. Massachusetts came next, in a resolution of November 13, 1784, authorizing her delegates in Congress to cede to the United States all her lands west of New York State. Connecticut closed the acts of cession in Sep- tember, 1786, by relinquishing all her claims west of the Western Reserve. This grant was fitly characterized by the late Cliief Justice Chase as "the last tardy and re- luctant sacrifice of State pretensions to the common good." THE LATER TITLES to the lands of Ohio were all derived, primarily, from the General Government. It was a condition in the terms of admission of Ohio as a State into the Federal Union, that the fee simple to all lands within her bor- ders, especially those previously sold or granted, should vest in the United States. Under this stipulation, and by earlier grants or sales, divers companies, corporations, and persons have acquired title by grant or sale from the General Government. An unusual diversity, indeed, for a western State, has prevailed in this matter, as will be HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 35 seen by the list of the most important classes into which the lands of Ohio are divided: Congress Lands, United States Military Lands, the Virginia Military District, the Western Reserve, the Fire Lands, the Ohio Company's Purchase on the Muskingum, Symmes' Purchase (or the Miami), the Donation Tract, the Refugee Tract, the French Grant, Dolerman's Grant, Zane's Grant, Canal Lands, Turnpike Lands, Maumee Road Lands, School Lands, College Lands, Ministerial Lands, Moravian Lands, and Salt Sections. The history of some of these is highly interesting; but it cannot be detailed here. The lands belonging to the present county of Hamilton more immediately concern us. They belong, for the most part, to what is famous in Ohio land history as the Miami or Symmes Purchase, in part also to the class designated as Congress Lands, and in part to THE VIRGINIA MILITARY DISTRICT. That portion of Hamilton county lying east of the Little Miami river, being the township of Anderson, is included among the Virginia Military lands. The Gen- eral Assembly of the Old Dominion, at the session of October 20, 1783, passed an act authorizing its delegates in Congress to convey to the United States all the right and title of that commonwealth to the territory northwest of the Ohio river. Congress agreed to accept this ces- sion, with the stipulations that this vast tract should be formed into States containing each a suitable amount of territory, and that the States so formed should be dis- tinctly Republican, and admitted members of the Federal Union, having the same rights of sovereignty and free- dom as the other States. On the seventeenth of March following, the Hons. Thomas Jefferson, Arthur Lee, James Monroe, and Samuel Hardy, the Virginian dele- gates in Congress, conveyed to the United States "all right, title, and claim, as well as of jurisdiction, which the said commonwealth hath to the territory, or tract of country, within the limits of the Virginia charter, situate, lying, and being northwest of the river Ohio." The act of cession contained, however, the following reservations: That in case the quantity of good land on the southwest side of the Ohio, upon the waters of Cumberland river, and between the Great and Tennessee rivers, which have been reserved by law for the Virginia troops upon Continental establishment, should, from the North Carolina line, bearing in further upon the Cumberland lands than was expected, prove insufficient for these legal bounties, the deficiency should be made up to the said troops in good lands, to be laid off between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami, on the northwest side of the river Ohio, in such proportions to them as have been engaged to them by the laws Of Virginia. The land embraced in this reservation constitutes the Virginia Military district in Ohio, and is composed of the counties of Adams, Brown, Clinton, Clermont, Highland, Fayette, Madison, and Union, and portions of Scioto, Pike, Ross, Pickaway, Franklin, Delaware, Marion, Hardin, Logan, Clark, Greene, Champaign, Warren, and Hamilton counties. Congress passed an act authorizing the establishment of the reservation, and its location as defined by the leg- islature of Virginia, upon the report of the executive of that State that the suspected deficiency of good lands upon the waters of the Cumberland actually existed. The Virginia soldiers of the Continental line, who served in the Revolutionary war, were compensated in bounty awards out of these lands according to their rank, time of service, and other bases of claim. The course pur- sued in locating and patenting the bounty lands was as follows : The Secretary of War made to the Executive of Virginia a return of the names of such officers and soldiers as were by the State law entitled to them, and the governor issued warrants to the same. When these were located, a return of the surveys was made to the Secretary of State of the United States, the warrant was returned to the Virginia land office whence it issued, and a patent signed by the President obtained, which vested full ownership in the patentee or his grantees. When it was found, as often happened, that a survey in- cluded land previously located, the holder of the warrant was permitted to vacate his survey, or a part of it, and locate his warrant elsewhere. This provision, however, did not obviate much subsequent litigation, which is now mostly quieted. Dr. Drake, in his Picture of Cincinnati, pubHshed 181 5, remarks that the interfering claims, up to that time, had " seldom produced litigation," which is a pleasant thing to remember, in view of the troubles that arose afterwards. Not only the soldier primarily entitled to the warrant, but any heir or assignee of his, was entitled to location. Large numbers of these warrants came into the hands of the early surveyors and settlers, as General Nathaniel Massie, Duncan McArthur, Mr. Sulli- vant, and others, and were by them used in securing vast and valuable tracts in the district. The names of these gentlemen appear very frequently as original owners upon the maps of the townships and counties now lying within its territory; and some of them are in the list of original owners in Anderson township, which will be given in the history of that division of the county. On the same day on which the act was passed, Richard C. Anderson, a colonel in the Federal army, was appoint- ed surveyor for the Continental line, by the officers named in the act and authorized to make such appoint- ment as they saw fit. He opened his office at Louisville, for entries upon the Kentucky lands, on the twentieth of July, 1784. When the Kentucky grant was exhausted, he opened another office — in Chillicothe we believe — for entries in the Ohio tract. He held this position up to the time of his death in October, 1826; and during the long period of his incumbency faithfully discharged its onerous duties. His son-in-law, Allen Latham, esq., of Chillicothe, was appointed surveyor some time after Col- onel Anderson's death, and opened his office in the town named in July, 1829. The office is still held in that place by one of the surveyors under Latham, now the venerable E. P. Kendrick, esq., though its duties have become little more than nominal. He has held the post, under Presidential appointment, for nearly forty years. The district was originally surveyed with extreme irregu- larity, no such thing as section or range lines being recognized, and warrants being located according to the eligibility of the lands or the taste or fancy of the pro- prietor. Nothing like ranges or townships was laid off until the work was done by the county commissioners in 36 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the several counties, when it became necessary to erect townships for civil purposes. Hence the irregular shape and utter want of uniformity in size of most of the town- ships in the Military District. CONGRESS LANDS. In this division, by far the largest known to the history of land titles in this State or the country at large, belongs all the territory in Hamilton lying west of the Great Mi- ami river, viz.: Whitewater, Harrison, and Crosby town- ships. The immense tract of which these are part was surveyed and put into market at first by direct sales from the Treasury Department of the Government, as soon as practicable after the passage of an ordinance by Congress to that effect, in 1785, when the several States claiming ownership had all made deeds of cession to the United States and the title had been cleared and perfected by Indian treaties. By this ordinance the initial steps of the survey were directed to be taken by the "Geographer of the United States," an official ■ personage of no little importance, considering his talents and character and the extraordinary work he did, but whom history seems strangely to have neglected. A' well directed attempt has been made by Colonel Charles Whittlesey, of Cleve- land, to rescue the name and services of this useful public officer from oblivion; and we take pleasure in presenting here in full his note upon the subject: An office was created by the Continental Congress about the middle of the Revolution, called the "Geographer of the United States." Its purpose is not now fully understpod, but appears at first to have been military. The Government, and especially the army, needed a bureau of charts and of geographical knowledge, such as all civilized governments have, but of which it was then destitute. At the opening of the American rebellion Thomas Hutchins, of the colony of New Jersey, was a captain in the Si.\tieth Regiment of Foot, which was raised in the colonies, forming one of the battalions known as the "Royal Americans." This regiment constituted part of Colonel Bouquet's command in the expeditions of 1763 and 1764, into the Ohio country against the Indians who lived upon the Muskingum river. Hutchins appears to have been a well educated man.* Bouquet made him engineer to the e-xpedition, and in pursuance of this duty he surveyed and measured the route day by day, after it moved west of Pittsburgh. He was one of those frontier characters who combine fearlessness, intelligence, and a love of adventure, of whom there were at that time quite a number in the British army. Hutchins kept a journal of the march, with a map of the route showing the position of each encampment, which was published at Philadelphia in 1765, by the historian of the expedition, the Rev. William Smith, of Philadelphia. While in the Ohio country, he conceived the plan of settling it by mili- tary colonies, as the best mode of 'securing peace with the Indians. The scheme was at the same time brilliant and practical. At the outbreak of the Revolution Captain Hutchins was in Lon- don, where he was soon afterwards suspected by the British agents of being in communication with Benjamin Franklin at Paris. He was put in prison, and his fortune, amounting to about forty thousand dollars, confiscated. In 1778 he succeeded in reaching Savannah in Georgia, and was soon after made "Geographer" to the Confederation. There is very little information in regard to his functions until the new govern- ment had achieved its independence, and in 1784 acquired title to the western lands. By the ordinance of May 20, 1785, the geographer is directed to commence the survey of Government lands on the north side of the Ohio river where the west line of Pennsylvania should cross the same. An east and west base line was to be run thence westerly through the territory, which Mr. Hutchins was required to superintend in person and to take the latitude of certain prominent points, espe- cially the mouths of rivers. Longitude on land was not then attainable, for want of proper instruments. * He was author of the book cited in Chapter I of this volil a unique description of the Great and Little "Miueanii" rive , from which To that day the surveys of all countries had been made on a base line determined arbitrarily by roads, rivers, mountains, or coasts. The most simple of all modes, that of north and south and east and west lines, had never entered the minds of mathematicians; or, if it had, had never been reduced to practice. The plan provided for in the ordinance of 1785 is no doitbt the invention of Mr. Hutchins, which was foreshadowed in his scheme for military settlements, promulgated in 1765. By this original mode of laying out land, the township lines were to be run in squares, on the true meridian, six miles apart, and at right angles, east and west, parallel to the equator. Within these squares the lots or sections are laid out, also in squares, thirty-six in number, of one mile on a side, each containing six hundred and forty acres. All our Government lands have been surveyed on that plan, from that day to this. Each section and township throughout this vast space is so marked as to be distinguished from any other. Wherever the corner and witness trees are standing, whoever visits them can at once deter- mine the latitude and longitude of his position, and the distance from each base and meridian line. "Hutchins, as geographer, had power to appoint surveyors, who were first to run the lines of seven ranges of townships, next west of the Pennsylvania line, from the Ohio river to the forty-first parallel north latitude. It was accomplished during the years 1786-7, among hostile Indians, who, notwithstanding the land had been ceded to the United States, were wholly opposed to the occupation by white men. Colonel Harmar's battalion, stationed on the Ohio and Alleghany rivers, was required to do duty in the woods as a guard with the sur- veyors. Otherwise the lines could not have been run. While Hutchins was zealously engaged in this work, having his office at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he was called away from it by death early in the year 1788. The office of geographer expired with him. Its duties were fora time transferred to the Treasury department and eventually tlie office of "Surveyor General of the Public Lands" was created. Very little is known of the private history ot this.tnodest patriot of the Revolution. Probably he left no descendants. The office he held during nearly the entire existence of the Continental Congress was a very important one, requiring a high order of mathe- matical talent, physical energy, and personal courage. As the author of the best system of public surveys now. known, his name should in some way be made more conspicuous in our annals. Even the place where his remains were interred, has passed into forgetfulness. From his first journey in Ohio with Colonel Bouquet, he foresaw and predicted that it would become a populous country. He lived barely long enough to see his favorite scheme of colonization commenced at Marietta by the soldiers of the Revolution. The office of "Surveyor-Generalof the Public Lands" was created by Act of Congress May 18, 1796, his duties at first being confined to the Northwestern Territory, but including, after the purchase of Louisiana, all the public domain west of the Mississippi and north of the thirty- third parallel of latitude. He appointed and instructed his own deputies, by whom the field surveys were exe- cuted. General Rufus Putnam, one of the Ohio com- pany, and a pioneer at Marietta, was the first surveyor- general (1796), and his successors, during about half a century after the creation of the office, were Jared Mans- field, 1803; Josiah Meigs, 1813; Edward Tiffin, 1814; William Lytle, 1829; Micajah T. Williams, 1831; Robert G. Lytle, 1835, and Ezekiel S. Haines, 1838. The office was at first kept in Marietta, but was removed to Ludlow's station, near Cincinnati, in 1805, by Mr. Mans- field, and was afterwards for a long time kept in Cincin- nati. Very important work was done in the surveys by this gentleman. He was of English stock, his ancestors in this country settling at Boston in 1634, and at New Haven five years thereafter. He was a graduate of Yale college, and a thorough scientist for his day. Hon. E. D. Mansfield, his son, in his "Personal Memories," ex- presses the opinion that he was the only man appointed HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 37 to public office solely on the ground of his scientific at- tainments. He was appointed by President Jefferson while a teacher at the West Point Military academy, in 1803, more particularly to establish meridian lines, for want of which some of the surveys had gone sadly astray and made much trouble. After waiting some time for the importation of necessary instruments which could not then be procured on this side of the Atlantic, he es- tablished three principal meridians in Ohio and Indiana, which have since been among the fixed bases of the sur- veys. General Mansfield retained the office until 1813, when he resigned, and after some engineering duty for the Government, resumed his professorship at West Point, which he retained for fifteen years. . The land-office was established in Cincinnati under the law of 1800, creating the Cincinnati Land district and establishing the offices of register and receiver. Similar offices were opened by the Government in Marietta, Steubenville, and Chillicothe. Before this time the Congress lands had been sold only in tracts of a section or more each. When William Henry Harrison, after- ward President Harrison, became the first delegate of the Northwestern Territory in Congress, he, feeling the obsta- cle presented by this provision to the rapid settlement of the country, secured the passage of the law of 1800, which, among other enactments, directed a portion of the public lands to be subdivided and sold in tracts of three hundred and twenty acres, or a half section. The working of this beneficent provision was so satisfactory that, by a subsequent act, the subdivisions were offered in lots of one hundred and sixty acres each, at two dol- lars per acre, on a credit, if asked, of five years. Finally, at the instance of Senator Rufus King, of New York, a law was passed for the offer of eighty acre tracts as the minimum, and the price was reduced from two dollars to one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, which has since been the standard rate. Under the credit system, how- ever, admitted by the acts of 1800 and subsequently, an immense and most burdensome debt was created by the settlers on Congress lands. In 1820 it was ascertained that the amount due from purchasers at the western land offices aggregated twenty-two millions of dollars — a sum believed to exceed the total volume of money then cir- culating in the Western States, and one far beyond the ability of the delinquent settlers to pay. If Congress should grant no relief and the laws be enforced, nine- tenths of theai would be ruined by the loss of their land and improvements. It was a time of great financial de- pression. Money could not be had, and no property could be sold for cash. Over half of the settlers north of the Ohio were indebted to the Government, and the feeling among them and their sympathizers in the south- western States was such that there was imminent danger of civil war if the Government should rigidly claim its own. Extension of time for payment would bat increase the obligations and postpone the evil day; and it was seen that no practicable way was to be had out of the difficulty, except by the prompt and utter extinguishment of the debt as an act of generosity and policy on the part of the Government. In this exigency a conference of a number of leadmg business and professional citizens of Cincinnati resulted in the preparation by Judge Bur- net — who has left, in substance, this history of the trans- action — of a memorial to Congress setting forth the facts in the case. A thousand copies of this were speedily printed and sent, with a letter of explanation and instruc- tion, to every city, village, and post office in the States and territories where public lands were then sold. In a comparatively short time they began tO| come back in lar-ge numbers, and very numerously signed. A copy sent to Mr. Worthington, then governor of the State, se- cured his approval and influence in reaching the object of the movement. At the next session of Congress the memorials were sent in, the desk of every western mem- ber and delegate being literally covered with them ; and an act was consequently passed granting the desired re- lief. Under it the delinquent purchaser received in fee simple so much of the land he had entered as he had paid for, and had the privilege of relinquishing so much as he had not paid and could not pay for. If anything had been paid upon tracts relinquished, it might be cred- ited upon tracts retained, so as to save important improvements. The settler was further reheved by this most beneficent enactment, in the-release of all the back interest held by the Government against him. At the same session, in 1821, the King act before referred to, in relation to the public lands, was also passed. Originally, in the survey and sale of Congress lands, it was proposed to reserve one-seventh of the lands surveyed for the purpose of bounties to certain of the Continental troops; but this plan was presently abandoned, in favor of the grant of an entire tract in the central part of the State, containing one million five hundred and sixty thousand acres, and including the whole of the present county of Coshocton and parts of nine other counties. Four sections in each township were, however, reserved for future sale by the Government, and one section was set apart in each for the maintenance of the public schools. The public territory immediately west of the Great Miami-was surveyed in 1799 and the following year, and the first sales under the act of Congress putting it into the market were held at the newly established land, office in Cincinnati, under direction of the receiver, Gen- eral James Findlay, beginning the first Monday in April, 1801; and were by public vendue. The minimum price, as before mentioned, was fixed by the act at two dollars an acre. Not much more than this was commonly bid. Jeremiah Butterfield and associates, for example, by the bid of ten cents per acre more than the minimum, se- cured two thousand acres along the river, in the north part of this county, and south part, of Butler, which is among the finest land in the Miami country, and is to-day worth at least two hundred thousand dollars. Five per cent of the purchase money was to be deposited at the time of purchase, and to be forfeited if an additional sum making the whole amount equivalent to one-fourth of the price were not paid within forty days after the sale. An- other fourth must be paid within two years; the next within three; and the final installment, with all accu- £8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. mulated interest, within four years from the day of sale. The land-office was kept in Cincinnati for many years, or until the sales of Congress lands within its jurisdiction were very nearly completed. Colonel Israel Ludlow was the first register, and General Findlay first receiver. The line of registers was continued by Charles Killgore, Daniel Symmes (who was appointed after the expiration of his term as judge and served till near the time of his death, May lo, 1 817), and Peyton S. Symmes, who had his office in 1819 at the corner of Lawrence and Congress streets, while General Findlay, still receiver, had his at 30 North Front street, "in the hotel." The latter Symmes held the post for many years — so lately as 1833, at least. Of the names of receivers after Findlay, we have only those of Andrew M. Bailey, who was receiver in 1829; Morgan Neville, receiver in 1831, and probably for some years before and after; and of Thomas Henderson, who was appointed July 28, 1838. THE SCHOOL LANDS. Congress, by its early compact with the people, sug- gested in the ordinance of 1785, and embodied in the act of 1802, by which Ohio became a State, gave them one thirty-sixth part of the public domain northwest of the Ohio river for the education of their children. The lands set apart for this purpose, in this State, at least, were often appropriated by squatters, and through un- wise, careless, and sometimes corrupt legislation, the squatters were actually vested with a proprietorship with- out consideration. Mr. Atwater, in his history of Ohio, says: "Members of the legislature not unfrequently got acts passed and leases granted, either to themselves, to their relatives, or to their warm partisans. One senator contrived to get by such acts seven entire sections of land into either his own or his children's possession." From 1803 to 1820 the general assembly spent much time every session in passing acts relating to these lands, without advancing the cause of education to any appre- ciable extent. In 1821 the house of representatives in the State legislature appointed five of its members — Messrs. Caleb Atwater, author of the history just cited, Lloyd Talbot, James Shields, Roswell Mills, and Josiah Barber — a committee on schools and school lands. This committee in due time made a report rehearsing the wrong management of the school land tract on behalf of the State, and warmly advocating the establishment of a system of education and the adoption of measures which would secure for the people the exercise of the rights which Congress intended they should possess. In com- pliance with the recommendation of the committee, the governor of the State, in May, 1822, having been so authorized by the legislature, appointed seven commis- sioners of schools and school lands, viz.: Caleb Atwater, the Revs. John Collins and James Hope, D. D., Nathan Guilford, Hon. Ephraim Cutler, Hon. Josiah Barber, and James M. Bell, esq. The reason why seven persons were appointed was because there were as many descrip- tions of school lands in the State — i. e., section num- bered sixteen in every township of the Congress lands and in Symmes' Purchase, and a similar proportion in the Virginia Military District, the Ohio Company's Purchase, the Refugee lands, and the Connecticut Reserve. For the three different grants represented in the lands of Hamilton county the commissioners were: For the Mil- itary lands, Mr. Bell; for the Congress lands, Mr. Col- lins; for the Symmes Purchase, Mr. Guilford. The commission of seven was finally reduced, by various causes, to three members, Messrs. Atwater, Collins, and Hoge, who performed the arduous duties incumbent upon them with little remuneration and (at the time) few thanks, though posterity has not been wholly unmindful of their valuable services. Mr. Guilford, of Cincinnati, always a warm friend of education and an active pro- moter of the public school interest, though his name may not much appear in the later transactions of the commis- sion, was specially prominent and influential in its forma- tion and earlier work. The legislature of 1823 adjourned without having taken any definite action upon the report presented by the commission; but during the summer and autumn of the next year the subject of the sale of the school lands was warmly agitated, and the friends of this measure tri- umphed over the opposition so far as to elect large ma- jorities to both branches of the general assembly in favor of its being made a law. The quantity of land conse- crated to this purpose was carefully ascertained, and amounted in 1825 to a little more than half a million of acres, valued at something less than a million of dol- lars. A portion of these lands was sold by the State government, under due authority of Congress, and the remainder was leased, the avails of the leases and sales forming a part of the present school fund of the State. THE MIAMI PURCHASE. The time had come for planting the foundations of "the State first born of the ordinance of 1787." That organic act had called the attention of the New World to the great fertile wastes to the north and west of La Belle Riviere. The rich valleys and deep forests had been growing into knowledge and fame for more than a generation, and had even attracted the notice and prompted the official remark of members of the British government. In 1 750-1 Christopher Gist, as agent of the old Ohio Land Company, which had been organized a year or two before by some Enghshmen, and the Wash- ingtons, Lees, and other Virginians, accompanied by George Croghan, reached the Great Miami in his journey across the wilderness country from the present site of Pittsburgh, and explored its valley for about a hundred miles to its mouth. His companion had brought liberal presents from Pennsylvania to the Miamis, and in return obtained the concession to the English of the right to plant a fortified trading house at the junction of Loramie's creek and the Miami, in the country of the Piankeshaws, the subsequent county of Shelby — an en- terprise carried into effect the next year, the stockade then erected being considered the first point of English settlement in Ohio. It was taken by the French and In- dians in 1752, and in 1782 was plundered and destroyed by George Rogers Clark, in his expedition against the HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 39 Miami towns. The soldiers who returned from these in- cursions, and particularly the Virginians and Marylanders who accompanied Lord Dunmore in his campaign to the Scioto valley in 1774, carried back glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of the virgin country, and pre- pared the way for its subsequent colonization. The Mi- ami valleys were carefully inspected by Daniel Boone, when a captive among the Shawnees in 1778, and by the war ])arties led from Kentucky by Bowman and Clark, against the Indians on the Little Miami and Mad rivers. In the autumn and winter of 1785, scarcely more than three years before the permanent occupancy began, Gen- eral Richard Butler, with a company comprising Parsons, Zane, Finney, Lewis, and others who were or became ce- lebrities, voyaged on a tour of observation and official duty from Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) to the mouth of the Great Miami, where they built a fort, dwelt for some months, and concluded an impartial treaty.. In the years about this time, 1784-5-6, the way was cleared by Indian treaties and Congressional legislation — specially by the ordinance of May 20, 1785, providing for the survey and sale of the public lands — for the set- tlement of southern Ohio. The more renowned ordi- nance of July 13, 1787, erecting the Northwest Territory, and certain minor measures adopted by Congress at the same session, granting authority to the Government "board of treasury" to contract for the sale of the lands thus opened to civilization, completed the preliminaries necessary to regular and permanent settlement. A be- ginning of this was promptly made the next year, as is well known, by the settlement of the Ohio Company, mainly New Englanders, under the leadership of General Rufus Putnam, upon their purchase at and about the mouth of the Muskingum, where they founded Marietta, named from the hapless Marie Antoinette, at that time queen of France. Among those who had been attracted by a visit to the Miami country was one Captain (or Major) Benjamin Stites, of. Redstone, Old Fort, now Brownsville, Pennsyl- vania, who was the prime mover in the inception of the Miami Purchase. Stites is, indeed, the real hero of the Purchase, as regards the original conception of it. He was, like many of the first colonists in the tract, a native of New Jersey, born at Scotch Plains, Essex county. While still young he emigrated to western Pennsylvania and settled on Ten Mile^ creek, in the present county of Green. Here he became a captain in the militia, and took an active part in the frontier struggles with the In- dians. In the spring of 1787 he descended the Ohio from Redstone with a trading venture, in the shape of a flat-boat loaded with flour, whiskey, and other wares adapted to the river market of that day, and floated down to Limestone, or Limestone Point, now Maysville, Kentucky. Here his sales had small success, and he pushed with his goods into the interior at Washington, a few miles back, where he had better fortune. While here the Indians came upon a marauding expedition into the neighborhood, and ran off some horses, taking other property with them. Stites was a man of great strength and courage, and accustomed to Indian warfare. He at once volunteered to go with a party in pursuit. It was speedily raised, and he hastened with it across the coun- try on the Indian trail until the river was reached, below where Augusta now stands, when they kept the Kentucky shore down to a point opposite the mouth of the Little Miami. Here it was ascertained that the red robbers had made a raft and crossed with their booty, evidently striking for their towns in the Miami country. The whites likewise made a raft, crossed themselves and their horses, and pursued the enemy to the vicinity of Old Chillicothe, a few miles north of Xenia, near the head- waters of the Little Miami, which it was deemed prudent not to approach closely, and the expedition retraced its steps. The return through the valley was made more leisurely, and Stites had the better opportunity to observe its beauty and fertility. Before recrossing the Ohio he had decided to come back to the valley with a colony, and make a permanent settlement. The idea of the Miami Purchase, in its rude outlines at least, was born in his sagacious mind. He closed his business at Washington as soon as possible and returned to his fam- ily. Some time afterwards he went to New Jersey for means with which to accomplish his intents; and there, at Trenton,* met him whose name was to be forever more conspicuously identified with the memory of the Pur- chase than his, the active agent in the prosecution and consummation of the enterprise — Judge John Cleves Symmes. Judge Symmes held at this time an influential position as a member of Congress from the State of New Jersey. This celebrated Ohio pion eer was born Iul;^2i, 1742, at River head, Long Island, th e oldest son of the Rev. Timothy and Mary (Cleves) Symmes. In early life he was engaged in teaching and land-surveying. He went to New Jersey some time before the war of the Revolu- tion, in which he bore an active and honorable part — was chairman of the Sussex county Committee of 'Safety and colonel of a militia regiment in 1774, and took his regiment in March, 1776, to New York, and buill fortifica- tions, and was afterwards in the battle of Saratoga. He was presently elected delegate to the New Jersey State convention, and helped to draft the State constitution. During the remainder of the war he performed important military and civil services. In his own State he was suc- cessively lieutenant-governor, member of the council, and twelve years a judge of the supreme court; and was for two years a member of the Continental Congress. February 19, 1788, he was elected by Congress one of the judges of the Northwest Territory. He was thrice married, his last wife being a daughter of Governor Livingston, of New Jersey,' He had two daughters as his sole offsping, one of whom, Maria, married Major Peyton Short, of Kentucky, and the other, Annie, became the consort of General William H. Harrison. ' He was the founder of North Bend and South Bend, upon the Purchase secured by himself and colleagues, and, after a long and useful * We here follow the narrative of Dr. Ezra Ferris, of Columbia, af- terwards of Lawrenceburgh, Indiana, in his communication to the Cin- cinnati Daily Gazette oi July 20, 1844. The common statement is that Stites met Judge Symmes in New York, during tlie session of Congress. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. but troubled life, he died at Cincinnati February 26, 1814. In his later years he became so straitened in circumstances that he was compelled to assign his property to his sons-in-law. Some further notice of Judge Symmes, including a copy of his remarkable will, may be found hereafter in the annals of Cincinnati. He is fitly called by Mr. Cist, author of numerous booksand miscellaneous writings upon Cincinnati and early local history, "the patriarch of the Miami wilderness," "the William Penn of the West," "the Columbus of the woods." The compiler of Annals of the West has neatly applied to him the words (with slight variation) of R. J. Meigs' poem, pronounced at Marietta during the Fourth of July celebration of 1788 : To him glad Fancy brightest prospect sliows, Rejoicing Nature all around Iiim glows; Where late the savage, hid in ambush, lay, Or roamed the uncultured valleys for his prey. Her hardy gifts rough Industry extends, The groves bow down, the lofty forest bends. Arid see the spires of towns and cities rise. And domes and temples swell unto the skies. To Judge Symmes Major Stites, probably for the sake, mainly, of Symmes' influence in Congress and with the officers of fhe Government, proposed the purchase, for themselves and their associates, of a large body of land in the Miami country, the first eligible tract west of the Ohio company's purchase and the Virginia Military reser- vation. Symmes is said to have visited the land of promise, with five companions, no doubt in the summer of 1787, before deciding upon the proposal; and on his return began operations in his own name by the following memorial : To his excellency, the President of Cotigfess: The petition of John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, sboweth: I'hat your petitioner, encouraged by the resolutions of Congress of the twenty-third and twenty-se\'enth of July last, stipulating the condition of a transfer of Federal lands on the Scioto and jMuslcingum rivers unto Winthrop Sargent and Manasseh Cutler, esqrs. , and their asso- ciates of New England, is induced, on behalf of the citizens of the United States westward of Connecticut, wlio also wish to become pur- chasers of Federal lands, to pray that the honorable the Congress will be ]3leased to direct that a contract be made by the Ironorable the coiiimissioners of the treasury board with your petitioner, for himself and his associates, in all respects similar in form and matter to tlie said grant made to Messrs. Sargent and Cutler, differing only in quantity and place where, and, instead of two townships for the use of a uni- versity, that one only be assigned for the benefit of an academy; that by such transfer to your petitioner and his associates, on their comply- ing with the terms of the sale, the fee may ]Dass of all the lands lying within the following limits, viz; Beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami river, thence running up the Ohio to the mouth of the Little Miami river, thence up the main stream of the Little Miami river to the place where a due west line, to be continued from the western termination of the northern boundary line of the grant to Messrs. Sar- gent, Cutler & Company shall intersect the said Little Miami river, llience due west, continuing the said western line, to the place where the said line shall intersect the main branch or stream of the Great Miami river, thence down the Great Miami to the place of beginning. [Signed] John C. Symmes. New York, August 29, 1787. This was the same day, as a letter of the next June from the treasury commissioners shows, when a favorable act of Congress was passed, in regard to contracts for the pubHc lands. Another act, of similar character, was passed on the twenty-third of October, authorizing the board of treasury to contract with anyone for tracts of not less than a million acres of western lands in a single purchase, the front of which on the Ohio, the Wabash, or other river, shall not exceed one-third the depth. Un- der this, as we shall see. Judge Symmes presently sub- mitted a second proposal. His associates in this under- taking were a number of friends of his, mostly, if not all, Jerseymen, and a number of whom had been fellow- officers in the Revolution. Chiefly notable among them was Captain Jonathan Dayton, also a delegate in Con- gress from New Jersey, and subsequently speaker, under the constitution, of the house of representatives, and the gentleman from whom Dayton, Ohio, was named. He was the principal mouthpiece of the association (called the "East Jersey Company") in the long and complica- ted correspondence and negotiations with Symmes which ensued. Their scheme looked to the acquisition of two millions of acres, which, in the imperfect knowledge then had of the country, was supposed to be included within the limits designated, though the survey ultimately showed but about six hundred thousand acres there. Symmes drew up a plan for the management and dis- posal of the vast estate they expected to acquire, which was approved by his associates. His petition had been, on the second of October, as an endorsement upon it states, referred to the board of treasury to take order. The "board of treasury" was a small body of Govern- •ment officials, representing the treasury department, and entrusted with the power of disposal of the public lands, which was afterwards vested in the Secretary of the Treasury, and finally in the general land office. The reference of Symmes' petition to Congress to the board "to take order" gave them discretionary power in the premises; and they presently agreed to negotiate the sale to Symmes and his associates. Meanwhile, so confident was the judge of the success of his application, that he soon began to advertise the lands and make conditional grants thereof. On the twenty-sixth of November, 1787, he issued at Trenton, in pamphlet form, "Terms of Sale and Settlement ot Miami Lands," a sort of elaborate circular addressed "to the respectable public." In this the advantages of the new country are suitably set forth. The price of the lands offered is fixed for the present at sixty-six and two-thirds cents; but, "after the first of November next, the. price of the lands will be one dollar per acre, and after the first day of November next [ensuing], the price will rise higher, if the country is settled as fast as is^xpected." The certificates raised by this augmentation in the price shall be applied towards the making of roads and bridges in the purchase. One penny proclamation, or the ninetieth part of a dollar, per acre, in specie or bills of credit of the States of New York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania, must be paid by the purchaser at the time of purchasing the land- warrant. This fee of. one penny per acre is to defray the expense of surveying the country into townships and lots, agreeably to the land ordinance. And one farthing proclamation, or the three hundred and sixtieth part of a dollar, per acre, in specifti ar paper money aforesaid, to be paid by the purchaser to defray the expense of printing the land-warrants, purchasing HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 41 proper books for record, accommodating and paying the register for his services in attending to the recording of entri-es, and other incidental charges which will necessa- rily accrue. It was further expressly stipulated as to "al' purchasers of lands from the said John Cleves Symmes, within his grant from the United States, of lands lying between the Great and Little Miami rivers, that if the locator (purchaser) shall neglect,-for two years, after loca- tion entered, to make a settlement on every section which he or they may have located, or to settle some other persons thereon, or in some station, who shall con- tinue to improve the same for seven years, in such case one-sixth part of every such neglected section or quarter- part of a section, to be taken off in a regular square at the northeast corner, shall be forfeited, and shall revert back to the register for the time being, in trust so far as to authorize him to grant the same gratis to any volun- teer settler who shall first make application to the register thereof; and the register shall proceed to make out a deed to such volunteer settler for such forfeited sixth part." In this prontinciamento Symmes reserved to himself the entire township lowest in the neck between the Ohio and the Great Miami, and the three fractional parts of townships north, west, and south between that and the rivers. These he would pay for himself, and lay out "a handsome town plat " thereon. It was here, evidently, that the judge expected to locate the future metropolis of the Ohio, and where, indeed, he did made his pioneer settlement. The tract reserved included what afterwards became Miami, Green, and Delhi townships, in Hamilton county. He also proposed an appropriation or reserva- tion, for the benefit of an academy or college, of one full township, to be laid off as nearly opposite to the mouth of the Licking river as an entire township might be found eligible in respect to soil and situation. Mr. Symmes likewise began the issue of certificates or "Miami land warrants," the first of which, date of De- cember 17, 1787, authorizing the location of six hundred and forty acres in the Purchase, was issued to Mayor' Stites, and seems to have been used by him "at the point betwixt the mouth of the Little Miami and the Ohio in the pint," in securing the tract upon which he after- wards set down the first stakes of Columbia. Stites does not appear in the history of the Purchase thereafter, ex- cept as a pioneer settler and prominent citizen at Colum- bia. He had, however, a liberal arrangement with Symmes, by which he was entitled to locate ten thousand acres in the Purchase, as near as might be about the mouth of the Little Miami. These, however, as we shall see, he was in imminent danger of losing some time after, by the determined effort made to compel Symmes to fix his eastern boundary upon a line drawn northeastward from a point on the Ohio twenty miles above the mouth of the Great Miami. On the eleventh of June following Symmes addressed another letter to the board of treasury, reciting the diffi- cultier ^^ had experienced in arranging credits with "the late Jersey line" — the soldiers of the New Jersey contin- gent in the war of the Revolution — in regard to their bounty lands, so- as to help his first payment on the ex- pected contract for the Purchase, and asking a new con- tract "for a part of the same lands of one million of acres fronting on the Ohio and extending inland from the Ohio between the Great Miami river and the Little Miami river, the whole breadth of the country from river to river, so far as to include on an east and west rear line one million acres, exclusive of the five reserved sections in every township, as directed in the ordinance of the twentieth of May, 1785, and that the present grant be made on the principles laid down by the resolution of Congress of the twenty-third of October last." The board now declined to agree to these boundaries, and pro- posed the inclusion of a million of acres within confines starting from a point on the Ohio river twenty miles above the mouth of the Great Miami, along the courses of the former and following the latter, an east and west line on the north, and a line running nearly parallel with the general direction of the Miami to the place of beginning. This point was within the present limits of Cincinnati. Aline drawn northwestward from it would leave Stites and other purchasers (for Symmes continued to sell the lands be- tween the Little Miami and that line) outside of the Pur- chase. More than three years afterwards — July 19, 1791 — Governor St. Clair issued his proclamation warning against such purchases, and threatening ejection by the officers of the United States, at the same time defining the boundaries of the Purchase pretty nearly as in the letter of the treasury board. Much annoyance was caused to Symmes, and much trouble and alarm to the settlers of Columbia and elsewhere on the west side of the Little Miami, by this uncertainty as to their lands; but the patent finally granted and fixing the Miamis as the eastern and western limits of the Purchase, quieted and confirmed their titles. Shortly after the action of the board of treasury agree- ing to the proposed Miami purchase, Thomas Hutchins, then geographer of the United States, offered Israel Lud- low, a young surveyor from New Jersey, an appointment to survey the boundary of the tract, "being assured," he wrote, "of your abilities, diligence, and integrity." He was also commissioned to survey the Ohio company's purchase, and received an order from the Secretary of War on the frontier posts for sufificient troops to serve as an escort into the wilderness. He accepted the appoint- ment, and made repeated application for escorts to Major Zeigler and Generals Harmar and St. Clair; but without success, on account of the weakness of the garrisons, until October 21, 1791, when St. Clair gave him a ser- geant and fifteen men. With these he accomphshed the survey of the Ohio company's boundaries, but, he writes, "with the loss of six of the escort, and leaving in the woods all my pack-horses and their equipage, and being obliged to make a raft of logs to descend the Ohio as far as Limestone, from opposite the mouth of the Great Sandy river." At Fort Washington he now applied to Major Zeigler, commandant, for an escort on the Miami survey, but could get none, and undertook the work, in the winter of 1791-2, with sin:iply the protection of three woodsmen to serve as spies and give notice of approach- \ (" 42 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. ing danger. He Vent with these a hundred miles up the Great Miami, through deep snow and severely cold weather, during which his men had their feet frozen and were unable to hunt for the supply of the expedition; and he consequently returned. When the season moder- ated, he made another attempt to run the boundaries, with but three armed men in the party; but was fright- ened back by signs of Indians, and was again denied an escort at J'ort Washington. By May 5, 1792, Ludlow could only report to the Government that "I now have the satisfaction to present to you the whole of the survey of the Ohio and part of the Miami purchases executed agreeably to instructions." The full commission was, however, finally executed by Colonel Ludlow, and in good shape. He was subsequently the surveyor of the original site of Cincinnati, in which he was also a joint proprietor. Messrs. Dayton and Marsh, representing the Synimes company, concluded a contract with the treasury com- missioners May 15, 1788, for two millions of acres, in two separate and equal tracts. The judge in July made up his mind to take but one million-acre tract, and, after his departure for the west, Dayton and Marsh arranged a new contract with the Government for that amount of land between the Miamis, but its eastern boundary begin- ning at a Hne twenty miles up the Ohio from the mouth of the Great Miami. This agreement seems now absurd, in the light of knowledge that less than six hundred thou- sand acres are included in the entire tract between the rivers south of a line from the headwaters of the Little Miami due west to the other stream, and that, between the boundaries now agreed upon, less than half the quantity of land was enclosed that had been solemnly bargained for. On the fourteenth of July, 1788, Judge Symmes again addressed the treasury board, expressing his desire "to adhere to the banks of both Miamis in the boundaries of the one million acres," but asked permission to enter the tract with a party of settlers and cause a survey to be made and an accurate map of the country to be prepared, "on which you may delineate your pleasure. Until we have better knowledge," he adds, reasonably enough, "I conceive any further stipulations of boundaries would be rather premature." The board made no concession, however, and withheld the desired permission for him to enter upon the premises. Confiding in the ultimate decis- ions of Congress, he nevertheless, as Stites and other purchasers had already started for the Miamis, and part of his own following had been equipped and had crossed the Delaware en route westward, set out with a consider- able caravan, reached Pittsburgh August 20th, and the mouth of the Great Miami on the twenty-second of Sep- tember. From here he explored the country as far up as the north side of the fifth range of townships, and re- turned to Limestone, from which he did not set out with his party to. make permanent settlement at North Bend until the twenty-ninth of the next January. Limestone was still a small place. Only three years before. General Buder, one of the commissioners to ne- gotiate treaties with the Indian tribes, passed it with a large party, and thus recorded his impressions in his diary. This I think to be a settlement of fine land, and believe the people will do very well, provided they have peace. There are about fifteen good cabins for families, kitchens, etc., included, and twenty-five houses. Here is a small creek, and from here a good wagon-road to Lexington and other places. The people seem determined to defend themselves; every man walks with his rifle in his hand, so enured are they to alarm. They are very civil, but possess that roughness of manner so univer- sally attendant on seclusion from general society. Meanwhile, though, the settlement of Columbia had been made by Major Stites and others, and surveying parties sent out by Symmes to begin the survey of the proposed Purchase, a party on each of the Miamis, each to move north to points sixty miles in a straight line from the Ohio. The Losantiville (Cincinnati) colony had also made its settlement opposite the mouth of the Licking. The occupation of the Purchase had fully begun. Con- gress took alarm at the departure of Symmes before the closing of the business, fearing that he would get posses- sion of the tract and set the Government at defiance. Judge Burnet, in his Notes on the settlement of the Northwestern Territory, says a resolution was offered in the body, ordering Colonel Harmar to dispossess him and pay the expenses of any military operations thus made nec- essary, out of the moneys deposited for his first payment; but that, through the representations of Dr. Boudinot and Captain Dayfon, two of his associates and also members of Congress, the message was withdrawn. Certain it is, a reso- lution was moved in Congress a month after Symmes left, repealing the several acts of the previous October, by which the board of treasury was authorized to contract for the sale of western territory. It was referred to a commit- tee, who consented to waive their report of the resolu- tion back with recommendation of its passage, upon the intercession of the gentlemen named, together with Dan- iel Marsh, also of the East Jersey association. These persons urged its suppression mainly upon the ground that Judge Symmes, before departure, had completed his first payment in certificates and "army rights," and that in accepting it the United States were as firmly bound as if a contract had been signed. They agreed, in consideration of the failure to report the resolution, to sign a contract with the Government for the Purchase, with the limits prescribed by the board in the letter of June 1 6th. Symmes had given Marsh a power of attorney at Pittsburgh, and, although technical objection was made to it, a tripartite contract was finally concluded October 15, 1 788,* after many difficulties and disputes with the treasu- ry board, between the board representing the Government as party of the first part, Dayton and Marsh as party of the second, and Symmes and his associates as party of the third part, for one million of acres in the Miami country, to be bounded as insisted upon by the commis- sioners and agreed to by Dayton, Boudinot, and Marsh. The contract stipulated that if Symmes, of the party of the third part, should neglect or refuse to execute it, the same should inure to the benefit of the parties of the second part, who, in that case, covenanted to perfect it themselves. It was further stipulated that the association should have the privilege of selling and locating as much * This instrument was not entered in the official records of Hamilton county until March 17, 1821. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 43 of the remainder of the Purchase as they chose to take at the contract price — sixty-six and two-thirds cents per acre, payable in cirtificates of Federal indebtedness. These could then be bought for five shillings on the pound, Pennsylvania currency — so that the original cash price of lands in the Miami Purchase, paid by Syrames & Company was but fifteen pence, or sixteen and two- thirds cents per acre. In pursuance of this provision the community at large was publicly invited to become associated with the company and avail themselves of this privilege. The terms of this offer bore a general and in some respects close resemblance to the original "Terms of Sale and Settlement," issued at Trenton in November, 1787. To induce them to do so without loss of time, it was stipulated that after the first of May then ensuing the price of the land should be one dollar "proclamation money," but that it would be still further increased as the settlement of the country would justify. It was ex- pressly promised that all moneys received on those sales, above the Congress price, should be deposited with the register and expended in opening roads and erecting bridges for the benefit of the settlements. It was also stipulated that a register should be appointed by the as- sociates to superintend the location of the land and to receive and apply the surplus money to those purposes. This provision, however, was neglected by the company, Mr. Symmes himself acting practically as register, receiv- ing and using all moneys paid in after as well as before the raising of the price. ' The consideration money was to be paid to the parties of the second and third parts in six semi-annual equal instalments, and they were to re- ceive patents for proportionate parts of the lands. Pur- chasers could pay one-seventh of the amount in military land warrants, issued by the Government to the Revolu- tionary officers and soldiers; and, for the convenience of those who wished to do so, Colonel Dayton was appointed to receive such payments. Subsequently the third entire range of townships in the Purchase was conveyed to Day- ton, in trust for persons holding these warrants; it hence was called the Military range. It is now in Butler and Warren counties. Every locator was required to place himself or some other person on the land he purchased, within two years from entering his location, or in some station of defence, beginning improvement on every tract if it could be done with safety, and con- tinuing the improvement seven years, if not disturbed by Indians, on penalty of forfeiture of one-sixth of each tract. This fractional part the register was to lay off at the northeast corner in a regular square, and grant to any settler who should first apply and perform the require- ments. The object of this was to secure actual inhabi- tants, who would open up the country, and to make sure of at least one bona fide settler on each section. The tract thus held in abeyance was commonly called the "forfeiture." No register, as before noted, was appointed, though the forfeiture tracts were reserved ; and the busi- ness was otherwise somewhat loosely conducted, so that it is considered doubtful whether any "forfeiture" title in the purchase was free from incumbrance; but when they came into litigation, the courts and juries took liberal views of the equities of the case and sustained the settlers. Symmes and his associates were to survey the Purchase at their own expense, and adopted a plan which was more economical than accurate. The principal surveyor — at first John Filson, and, after his death at the hands of the Indians, Colonel Israel Ludlow — was instructed to run a line east and west from one Miami river to the other, sufficiently north to avoid the bends of the Ohio, for a " base line, and to plant stakes every mile. The assistant surveyors were to run meridian lines by compass from each of these stakes, and plant a stake at the end of each mile for a section corner. Purchasers were then allowed to complete surveys by running east and west lines be- tween the corners, at their own expense. This was, of course, a very defective plan, and it resulted that scarcely two sections could be found in the purchase of the same shape or of equal contents. Some were too narrow, others too wide. It was doubted whether there was one in the entire tract of which the corresponding corners, either on the north or south side, were in the same east and west line. In some instances, says Judge Burnet, the corner on one meridian would prove to be ten, twenty, and sometimes thirty rods north or south of the corresponding corner on the other meridian. This irreg- ularity was very much the subject of complaint. Three or four years afterward, when many of the sections had been occupied and improved. Judge Symmes adopted a plan to remove the difficulty, which rather increased it. He caused the meridian line, part of which formed the eastern boundary of the site of old Cincinnati, to be re- measured, and new stakes to be set at the terminus of each mile. This line he then declared to be the stand- ard, and directed purchasers and settlers to run their lines anew east and west from these stakes, and re-estab- lish their corners at the points of intersection on the me- ridians. This plan, had it been persisted in, would have changed every original corner in the purchase. Some of the land owners followed the judge's directions, and bounded their possessions by the new lines thus estab- lished. Much confusion and trouble resulted; but not for a great while, since a decision was presently obtained from the supreme court of the State, which confirmed the old corners on the ground that the original surveys had been made under authority of an act of Congress and accepted at the treasury department, and were there- fore final and obligatory, and not to be disturbed by either party. The territorial lines of many parts of Ham- ilton county therefore remain to this day exceedingly un- even. The county maps show its northern line, for ex- ample, about as angular, in places, as a Virginia rail fence. About the same time a similar difficulty arose as to the boundaries of the Military range; but in this case also the original surveys were confirmed by the supreme court. In the former case, as some sections were too large and others too small. Judge Symmes adopted a rule that he would pay the purchasers four dollars an acre for the amount that their land was short of the quantity bar- gained for, and require the payment of a like sum per acre for those who had secured too much by the incor- rect surveys. Notwithstanding all his eflbrts to obviate 44 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the dififiiculties, however, they continued to multiply, re- sulting in much litigation, kept up in some cases even after the decision of the supreme court. The contract of October, 1788, required the payment of the purchase money to be completed within three years after the boundary lines of the entire tract had been surveyed and plainly marked by the geographer of the United States or some other person appointed for the purpose. The last instalment fell due early in 1792, when only the first and part of the second payment had been made; and so the entire contract became liable to forfeiture. Symmes had sold not only in the purchase as defined by the contract, but also most of the land be- tween his east line and the Little Miami. In the spring of that year he petitioned Congress to allow the altera- tion of the contract extending the eastern boundary to that river, as originally asked. It was fortunately granted by an act of April 12, 1792, and by this a large number of innocent purchasers were secured in the quiet posses- sion of their lands. It also provided for the reservation of fifteen acres to the Government, near the first town plat of Cincinnati, upon which Fort Washington was afterwards built. . Judge Symmes then petitioned for a law authorizing the President to issue to him a patent for so much of the purchase as he had paid and could pay for. This, too, was allowed May 5, 1792, and two years thereafter he visited Philadelphia, then the seat of Gov- ernment, settled with the Treasury department, found he had paid for two hundred and forty-eight thousand five hundred and forty acres, and received a patent signed by President Washington and dated September 30, 1794, for three hundred and eleven thousand si.x hundred and eighty-two acres, which included total reservations of sixty-three thousand one hundred and forty-two acres, fifteen acres for Fort Washington, and all sections or lots numbered eight, eleven, twenty-six, and twenty- nine, for such purposes as Congress might direct. All these, including the Fort Washington reserve, were re- leased and put into the market by Congress in 1808. The remainder of the original Miami Purchase under the contract of course reverted to the Government. Sections sixteen were also reserved for public schools, and the equivalent of a section at or near the mouth of the Great Miami river, probably for a fortificaton, but afterwards sold to the Symmes' company; and one full township, to be lo- cated as near the center of the tract as possible, "for the purpose of establishing an academy and other public schools and seminaries of learning." The boundaries of the tract were substantially defined as the Great and Little Mi- ami rivers, the Ohio, and a parallel of latitude to be drawn between the two former rivers, so as to comprise three hun dred and eleven thousand six hundred and eighty-two acres. These enclosed, of course, all of Hamilton county between the rivers, and parts of the present counties of Butler and Warren to the northern boundary of the third range of townships, on an east and west line several miles north of the subsequent site of Lebanon. The tracts sold by Symmes north of this line were allowed by the Government to be regularly pre-empted and entered at Cincinnati by the purchasers, they taking the usual patents therefor at two dollars per acre. This re- sult was not reached without long delay and much dif- ficulty. Doubts of his right to sell lands so far to the northward had previously harassed purchasers, and they finally insisted that he should take steps for their security. They wanted to petition Congress, but he dissuaded them, went again to Philadelphia in the fall of 1796, and spent the following winter and spring in efforts to induce the Government to take his offered money and make him a further grant in the Purchase, which would cover his troublesome sales. The arrangement of 1792 had apparently left open the contract of 1788, as to the remainder of the million acres bargained for; and, even so late as 1797, Symmes and his agents continued to offer lands in the fourth, fifth, sixth, and even the tenth range of townships "in the Miami Purchase." Congress finally decided, however, that the law of 1792 and the settlement and patent of 1794 constituted a fiill adjust- ment of his claims and a full performance by the Gov- ernment of its obligations toward the company, and that he had no further rights under the contract. The situa- tion of his grantees outside the Purchase was now despe- rate. Many had paid in full, all had in part, and most had spent much money and labor in improvements, which they were now liable to lose, together with their lands. Several towns had been laid out and settled upon this tract, mills built, orchards planted, and other im- portant beginnings made. Of all these there was danger the rightful proprietors would be dispossessed, without remuneration. Congress was memorialized, and was generous in its provisions for relief By an act passed in 1799 all persons having made written land contracts with Symmes before Aiml ist of that year, outside his patent, were secured preference over all other purchasers from the Government. Two years thereafter the right of pre- emption was extended to all purchasers from Symmes prior to the first of January, 1800. The extension of credit by Congress was so liberal that many were enabled to complete their payments from the produce of the farms; and all, it is believed, by the indulgence of the Government from year to year, were at last made secure in their titles. The act of Congress March 3, 1801, provided in ef- fect that any person who had contracted in writing, be- fore the first of January, 1800, with Judge Symmes, or any of his associates, or had made payment to them for the purchase of any land between the Miami rivers, within the limits of the survey of the Purchase made by Ludlow, and not within the tract which Symmes had re- ceived, his patent should be entitled to preference in purchasing said land from the United States, at the then fixed price of public lands, two dollars per acre. Under another section of the act President Jefferson appointed Messrs. John Reily and William Goforth to act with General Findlay, receiver of public moneys at Cincin- nati, as commissioners to hear and determine the rights of claimants under the law. A year did not suffice for the settlement of all claims, and by another law of May I, 1802, the provisions of the former act were extended twelve months longer. Mr. Reily was re-appointed com- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 45 missioner; Dr. John Sellman was also appointed; and the two, with General Findlay, as commissioner ex officio, closed up the business within the year. The following copy of the letter of transmittal ac- companying the commission to Dr. Goforth, a well-known member of the board, will be read here with interest: Treasury Department, October 9, 1801. Sir: — The President of the United States having thought proper to appoint you a commissioner, tinder the fourtli section of an act of Congress, passed March 3. 1801, entitled "an act giving a riglit of pre-emption to certain persons who have contracted with John Cleves Symmes, or liis associates, for lands lying between the Miami rivers, in the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio," I en- close to you, herewith, a commission for that purpose. The duties to be performed, and the compensation to be allowed to you therefor, being fully detailed in the act above recited, I shall only remark that, as the commissioners will not arrive in time to admit of the three weeks' notice required by the law, all practicable means should be employed to apprise the parties concerned of the appoint- ment of the commissioners, as well through the medium of the news- paper published at Cincinnati, as by hand-bills posted up in the neigh- boring districts. As it will be proper, however, that the commissioners should act in concert in this, and all other matters confided to them, I . beg leave to recommend that a meeting be immediately held for that purpose. I am, very respectfully, sii, Your obedient servant, Albert Gallatin. William Goforth, esq., at Cincinnati. THE "college township" also gave Judge Symmes and others much embarrassment. He had sold all or most of the township proposed to be reserved for academic purposes, which, originally advertised in his "Tenns of Sale and Settlement," was one of the best tracts in the purchase. It is now Green township — the only regular thirty-six section township in the county. Strictly, the Purchase was not entitled by law to a college township, since the ordinance under which the early sales of public lands were made only allowed it when a purchase of two millions or more of acres was made. When Symmes' associates and agents reduced the Purchase to one million, he accordingly gave up the idea of a college township, erased the entry of it which had previously been marked out upon his map, and sold its lands with the rest. But when the bills for the change of boundaries and the grant of the patent were before Congress, Dayton had secured the insertion of a provision for such township, for "an academy, or other school of learning, to be located within five years in nearly the center of the patent as might be." There was now not an entire township left unsold in the Pur- chase. Symmes, in 1799,' offered the Government the second township of the second fractional range; but' that had also been sold in large part, and the offer was rejected successively by the Federal and Territorial Governments, the State legislature, and then Congress again, to whoin he in turn offered it, holding previous sales from it to be void. After the State gov- ernment was formed Congress granted the legislature an- other township, or thirty-six sections, from the public lands, in lieu of one in the Purchase, which was selected by a commission appointed in 1803, from unsold lands west of the Great Miami. These form the pecuniary foundation — such as it is, through mismanageinent and waste — of Miami University, established by the legislature in 1809, located at first by the commissioners at Lebanon, within the Purchase, but afterwards fixed by the legislature at the present village of Oxford, Butler county, where it has since remained.* The troubles of Judge Symmes concerning his Pur- chase were endless, and embittered much of his later life. In 1 811 his house at North Bend was burned, presum- ably by an enemy who was angered at him for having re- fused to vote for the incendiary for some local office. In the destruction of this house also perished the certificates of the original proprietors of Cincinnati, upon which the judge had made deeds to purchasers after he was enabled to do so by the obtainment of his patent. In some cases they had been irregularly and fraudulently secured; in others deeds had been made to assignees of certificates, upon assignments asserted by the original holders to be fraudulent. It was also important to learn whether all deeds for lots in the town had been authorized by the proprietors; but, whatever the facts were, the loss of certificates, which was irreparable, shut off investigation, and operated as a quietus for the claimants in possession. The agitations created by the disaster, however, increased seriously the burdens of the now aged pioneer. Four years thereafter the enterprising adventurer and hero of the Miami Purchase found rest in the grave, where, After life's fitfnl fever, he sleeps well. . CHAPTER VL THE MIAMI IMMIGRATION. ' ' I beheld, too, in that vision All the secrets of the future, Of the distant days that shall be. I beheld the westward marches Of the unknown, crowded nations. All the land was full of people — Restless, struggling, toiling, striving. Speaking many tongues, yet feeling But one heart-beat in their bosoms. In the woodlands rang their axes, Smoked their towns in all the valleys, Over all the lakes and rivers Rushed their great canoes of thunder." — H. W. Longfellow, "Hiawatha." THE FIRST PARTIES TO START. By the winter of 1788-9 there were white settlements on all sides of the Miami Purchase, though some of "them were distant. Pittsburgh was founded; the Ohio company's colony was set down at Marietta; Limestone Point, or Limestone, afterwards Maysville, was much nearer at the eastward, and Lexington and Louisville, in the same State, both founded already ten years or more, lay at other points of the compass; while Detroit at the * Almost the entire account of the contract of 1788, and the subse- quent transactions, has been derived from Judge Burnet's interesting and instructive Notes upon the settlement of the Northwestern Terri- tory. 46 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. northward, Vincennes to the west, and St. Louis yet be- yond, might be said to complete a cordon, though some- what far away, of civilized settlement. In Kentucky, particularly at Lexington, as we shall see more fully in opening the history of Cincinnati, a lively interest be- gan to be taken, in the summer and fall of 1788, in the colonization of the fertile tract between the Miamis. Attention was especially directed to the eligible site oppo- site the mouth of the Licking, which many of the men of Kentucky had seen, as they crossed the Ohio going upon or returning from their expeditions against the Indians. In this region the first steps were taken for the planting of Losantiville, which became Cincinnati, the "Queen City." So far had the project gone in early autumn that the fifteenth of September of that year was appointed "for a large company to meet in Lexington and make a road from there to the mouth of the Licking, provided Judge Symmes arrives, being daily expected." The first organized parties for the settlement of the Miami country, however, set out from the far east. A feeble scatter of emigrants had come to the Purchase and its vicinity on either side, from time to time, in the spring and summer of 1788; none of whom, however, dared at- tempt permanent settlement as yet, through fear of the savages and the total want of military protection. Some of them, on their return, remained at Limestone and joined the early expeditions back to the Miami country. Meanwhile the material of those expeditions was collect- ing, under the auspices of Symmes and Stites, away in the comparatively old districts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The latter started with his party, at just what date we know not, but probably in the early summer of 1788, and waited at Limestone until and for some time after the arrival of Judge Symmes. The latter left New Jersey late in July of the same year, with an imposing train of fourteen four-horse wagons, and, with the wagons and on horseback, sixty persons, including his own family. He travelled leisurely across the then difficult country to Pittsburgh, and thence to Wheeling, sending his horses by land to the latter place from Devon's Ferry, on the Mo- nongahela, while he embarked his people and their effects on the river. He regretted afterwards that he had not purchased ox-teams instead of horses, declaring that he should have saved three hundred pounds by it. He recommended his eastern friends proposing to immigrate to come with oxen, "as they are cheaper by one half in the first purchase, not so much exposed to accidents — the Indians have never disturbed them in any instance (except in the attack on Colerain, when the enemy took all the cattle for the supply of their small army) — and after long service they are still of their original value." He was not troubled by Indians on the route, but was delayed somewhat by heavy rains and bad roads, which caused the breakage of several of his axles by the time Pittsburgh was reached. He remained in that city but two days, and pushed on to Wheeling, as before recited, from which the party floated briskly down, the Ohio being in flood at the time, to the infant colony at Marietta, and thence to Limestone, at which he arrived the latter part of September, two months from his departure from New Jersey. This place was to be his base of operations for some months. He paid an early visit of exploration to the Miami country, but was doomed to weeks of weary waiting, at first for a sufficient military escort to justify the completion of his journey and the execution of the Muskingum treaty pending with the Indians, which was delayed till almost midwinter; then for supplies. He complained bitterly of the delay of General Harmar in sending him troops from the fort at Marietta; and when, on the twelfth of December, Captain Kearsey reached Limestone with a force of forty-five men, the arrival was "much more detriment than use," as Symmes wrote, since he was not ready to start, St. Clair not yet having advised him of the conclusion of the treaty, and, the troops coming to him with very limited supplies and Harmar failing to send more, he had to feed them from his own stores. The purchases he was compelled to make from the surrounding country after a time were ef- fected with difficulty and at large cost, since the "amaz- ing emigration, " as he called it, into Kentucky had al- most exhausted the Limestone region and put every kind of provisions up to three times the price at Lexington. THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. There had been a numerous gathering at Limestone, waiting to go on to the Miamis. Major Stites, however, got away the twenty-fifth of November with the surveyors dispatched by Symmes into the Purchase, determined to wait no longer for the beginning of his meditated settle- ment at or near the mouth of the Little Miami. The two or three block-houses (Fort Miami) erected by the party, with the adjoining cabins, formed the nucleus of Columbia, now the oldest part of Cincinnati and the old- est white settlement in Hamilton county or anywhere in the Purchase. A sergeant and eighteen men were pres- ently sent to Stites. A sergeant and twelve men were also started with a party of settlers coming down the river for the "Old Fort" at the mouth of the Great Mi- ami; but all these were turned back at Columbia by ice in the river gorging it and damaging their boats, and re- turned, discouraged but in safety, to Limestone. Just one month after the departure of Stites's company, on the twenty-fourth of December, the throng at Limestone was further relieved by the exodus of the party led by Colonel Patterson, of Lexington — which, however, was composed much more of eastern men than of Kentuck- ians. Their objective point was the coveted spot opposite the debouchure of the Licking into the Ohio, to which they moved accordingly, and successfully arrived, though with some trouble from floating ice — probably on the twentj'-eighth of December, 1788. The town they found- ed here took at first the name suggested by the pedantic Filson, who was one of the original projectors — "Losanti- ville," a name compounded of little words from several languages, and intended to signify "the village opposite the mouth of the Licking river." Thus was the second settlement in the Purchase made. The third was effect- ed by Judge Symmes himself and the party then over six months out from their New Jersey homes. He had taken a house for himself and family at Limestone, ex- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 47 pecting to be detained there until spring. He waited vainly and long, struggling with the difficulties of subsist- ing the troops and his following there, for a boat-load of flour which had been ordered from up the river, and which had been promised him by Christmas at furthest, or for Harmar to forward supplies. But the last of Jan- uary bringing an enormous freshet in the river, sweeping out the ice and furnishing a current favorable for rapid movement down the stream, he determined to tarry no longer. This determination was hastened also by mes- sengers from Stites, who came on foot through the wil- , derness along the river banks, to advise him of the ex- pressed friendship of the Indians and their eagerness to see him. A second message of this kind led him to fear that, if his journey were longer delayed, the savages would retire in disgust and anger; and he decided to leave. Collecting with much difficulty a small supply of flour and salt, he embarked his family and furniture, with Captain Kearsey and the residue of the force, and committed his fortunes to the swelling waters on the twenty-ninth day of January, 1789. Reaching Columbia, he found it flooded, with the soldiers driven to the gar- rets of the block-houses and finally to boats, and only one house, built on high ground, out of water. Passing on to Losantiville he found the people there entirely out of the floods; but, knowing from his previous observa- tions of the country at the mouths of the Miamis that the land about the "Old Fort" would be flooded, he abandoned his project of founding a city at the point between the Great Miami and the Ohio, and, at three o'clock in the afternoon, as he carefully notes, on the second of February, 1789, in an inclement season, his party stepped ashore at the site of North Bend. Im- provement here was speedily begun; and Howe, in his Historical Collections of Ohio, says that about the same time another beginning was made, three miles below this place and two from the Indiana line, on the tract which afterwards formed part of the farm of the younger Wil- liam Henry Harrison. This took the name of the "Sugar Camp Settlement," and at one time, says Howe, had as many as thirty houses. The block-house built here was still standing in 1847, though almost a ruin. Soon after the North Bend occupation, a site was select- ed by Judge Symmes for another town, which was des- tined to have a short career and a limited fame — South Bend, at the southernmost point of the Ohio in the pur- chase. North Bend, says Mr. Francis W. Miller, in Cincinnati's Beginnings, obtained its appellation from being farther to the north than any other northwardly extending deflection of the Ohio between the Muskingum and the Mississippi. Judge Symmes wrote in August, 1 791, that "South Bend is pretty well established," and Mr. Miller says "the village which was started there soon showed such signs of progress as to be considered for a time a competitor in the race for supremacy." In September, 1791, it had eighteen or twenty families. The entire chain of settlements along the river, particu- larly Columbia, Losantiville, and North Bend, received rapid accessions of immigration. In the years 1789-90 the first -named had the largest population of any of them. THE "stations." At all periods of its history, the vast majority of immi- grations to the Miami country has come in by way of the river Ohio. In the early day there was rarely an arrival by any other means of transportation, from the absence or paucity and poorness of roads in the interior. It was natural, therefore, that the settlements along the north bank of that river should be the first made in the Pur- chase. The policy of Judge Symmes, however, was to disperse settlers through the entire tract. In this he dif- fered from the Ohio company. He wrote to Dayton in May, 1789: At Marietta, the directors of tlie company settled tlie settlers as tliey pleased, on the New England plan of concentrating in towns and vil- lages, so as to gtiard against Indians. In "Miami" every purchaser chose his ground, and converted the same into a station, village, or town at pleasure, with nothing to anticipate but fear of the Indians. If ten or twelve men agree to form a station, it is certainly done. This desultory way of settling will soon carry many through the Pur- chase, if the savages do not frustrate them. Encouragements are given at every man's will to settlers, and they bid on each other, in or- der to make their post the more secure." In accordance with this wise policy, Symmes was soon able to announce (to Dayton, April 30, 1790): We here established three new stations some distance up in the coun- try. One is twelve miles up the Big Miami, the second is five miles up Mill creek, and the third is nine miles back in the country from Colum- bia. These all flourish well. The first of these small forts or stockades was named "Dunlap's station," at Colerain, seventeen miles north- west of Cincinnati, about which a good many settlers early concentrated; the second, although at first called by Symmes "Mill Creek station," is better known as Lud- low's, and was at Cumminsville, within the present limits of Cincinnati; and the third was probably " Covalt's sta- tion." A few months later, in November, after Harmar's defeat, Mr. Symmes writes: " But for the repulse of our army, I should have had several new stations advanced further into the Purchase by next spring; but I now shall be very happy if we are able to maintain the three ad- vanced stations." THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE NORTH. The next year, in September, General St. Clair, while marching to his defeat, established Fort Hamilton on the Great Miaini, in the Purchase, twenty-five miles from Cincinnati, which speedily became the nucleus of a thriving settlement, and finally gave way to the town (now city) of Hamilton, founded in 1794. Long before this, in June, 1789, when the Mad river region was pre- sumed to be included in the Purchase, Major Stites and other Columbians, arranging with Symmes for the pur- chase of the seventh entire range of townships, drew a superb plan for a town upon the subsequent site of Day- ton, for which they proposed the name "Venice." The project failed, from difficulties in obtaining title from Symmes, and very likely also from fear of the savages. As soon, however, as the Indian troubles were pacificated this very desirable site at the mouth of the Mad river was occupied by a company composed of Governor St. Clair, General Dayton, General Wilkinson, and Colonel Ludlow, who founded and secured a rapid early growth for their new town of "Dayton." They had negotiated 48 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. for the land with Symmes, but were compelled, of course, eventually to purchase from the Government, as, by the Judge's patent of 1794, it lay far outside of his tract. At an early day, also, Lebanon and other towns and country settlements in the Miami country, in and out of the Purchase, made their hopeful beginnings. DISCOURAGEMENTS. Thus rapidly, under the circumstances, was setting in the tide of Miami immigration. Some of those circum. stances were specially formidable to the rapid develop- ment of the country. Notwithstanding the peaceful auspices under which the first treaties and settlements had been made, and the comparative freedom from attack which the httle communities enjoyed for some time, the fear of savage inroads was ever present, and even afar off it deterred the intending immigrant from making his venture. The fear of Indian massacre, cap- tivity, and torture hung like a pall over the advance guard of civilization in the Miami wilderness. This was greatly increased by the disastrous defeats of Generals St. Clair and Harmar, and was not entirely removed until after the victory of Wayne at the battle of the Fallen Timbers, and the subsequent peace of Greenville. An era of security and peace then set in. The inhabi- tants could now leave their fortified stations and remove to tracts selected in the open country. Here they built their cabins anew, and began to subdue the forest and get in their first crops. Other immigrants rapidly arrived on the news of apparently permanent peace, to join them; and the wonderful growth of the region fairly began. . Another cause operated almost as powerfully, early in the immigration, to deter settlement. This was the hos- tility of the Kentucky people, who, from being warm friends of the Miami country, had become its bitter ene- mies, and lost no opportunity to decry it. They doubt- less suffered "the piques of disappointment," as Symmes put it, at seeing the rich prize of the Purchase carried off by eastern men, after they, the leading K=ntuckians, had fixed their longing eyes upon it. Nevertheless, many land-jobbers from that region had bargained with the judge for tracts of his land, and had been granted gen- erous terms — abundant time in which to pay the fees for surveying and registering required of land-buyers at that time, and to make their first payments. In most cases they utterly failed in these ; and after waiting a reason- able length of time, their negotiations or contracts were declared void by Mr. Symmes. They consequently took especial pains, particularly at Limestone, where all parties of immigrants going down the Ohio called, to discourage settlers from locating in the purchase. Symiiies writes to Dayton in May, 1789: At Limestone they assert with an air of assurance that the Miami country is depopulated, that many of the inhabitants are killed and the settlers all fled who have escaped the tomahawk, adjuring those bound to the falls of the Ohio not to call at the Miamis, for that they would certainly be destroyed by the Indians. With these falsehoods they have terrified about thirty families, which had come down the river with a design of settling at Miami, and prevailed with them to land at Limestone and go into Kentucky. Nevertheless, [added the stout-hearted pioneer] every week, almost every day, some people arrive at one or other of our towns, and become purchasers and set- tlers. . . Many persons who have been with us, made pur- chases, built houses, and are fully satisfied and much pleased with the country, go back and get their families. But later the feeling in Kentucky seems to have changed, or the disappointed and pestilent landsharks there had lost their influence; for a large immigration from that very region northward to the Miami valley was promised. Judge Symmes wrote November 4, 1790: Never had been finer prospects of speedy sales and settlement of lands in the Purchase, than were about the time the army marched to Harmar's defeat. Great numbers were arranging their business to emigrate from Kentucky and the Pittsburgh country: but the strokes our army has got seem to fall like a blight upon the prospect, and for the present seem to' appall every countenance. Still another source of discouragement was found in 1 79 1, in the arbitrary conduct of Governor St. Clair to- wards Judge Symmes, and of the governor and the mihtary towards the citizens of Cincinnati and the pur- chasers of lands in the southeast corner and elsewhere in the Purchase. On the twelfth and fourteenth of July in that year St. Clair addressed somewhat dictatorial let- ters to the judge, on the subject of his continued sales of lands between the Little Miami and the new hne es- tablished by the Treasury board as the eastern boundary of the Purchase, and on the nineteenth issued the proc- lamation of warning and threat mentioned in our Chap- ter V. Mr. Symmes wrote : EN'ery person must admit that the Governor has treated me and the settlers in a most cruel manner. He also writes of the proclamation, which seems to have been preceded or followed by another placing Cin - cinnati, or some part of it outside of the fort, under martial law: The Governor's proclamations have convulsed these settlements be- yond your conception, sir, not only with regard to the limits of the Purchase, but also with respect to his putting part of the town of Cin- cinnati under military government. The governor had shortly before summarily arrested a respectable setrter from New England, named Knoles Shaw, although he lived beyond the limits of martial law, as prescribed by the proclamation, put him in irons, as the jadge was "credibly informed," and finally, with- out hearing before judge or jury, exiled him and his family from the territory, while his house had been burned by the troops, under St. Clair's orders. The charges against him related to the purchase of some articles of soldiers' uniform and the advising soldiers to desert ; but they rested solely upon the assertion of a soldier who deserted and was retaken, against whom Mr. Shaw stoutly asserted his innocence, and they wer,e not, even if fully substantiated, such as called for the severe penal- ties inflicted, had the governor legal power to inflict theni at discretion. Some of the military oflScers, par- taking of St. Clair's spirit, had been guilty of other high- handed and unwarranted acts. One Captain Armstrong, commanding at Fort Hamilton, for example, ordered out of the Purchase some of the settlers at Dunlap's station, and threatened to eject them vi et armis if they did not go. Previously, under Harmar's command at Fort Washington, the regular officers at the fort committed "many other acts of a despotic complexion," "beating HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 49 and imprisoning citizens at tiieir pleasure," writes Symraes. When, late in the same year, the defeat of St. Clair by the Indians was added to the disastrous repulse of Har- mar, the combined discouragements certainly looked as if the Purchase would be ruined. Symmes wrote to Dayton : I expect, sir, that the late defeat will entirely discourage emigration to the Purchase from Jersey for a long time. Indeed, it seems that we are never to have matters right. What from the succeeding defeats of our army, and the Governor's arbitrary conduct towards the settlers^ still more discouraging at the time than even the defeats, many settlers became very indifferent in their attachment to the Purchase, and num- bers had left it on accoimt of the Governor's conduct before his unpar- alleled defeat. Yet the elasticity of the indomitable spirit of the pioneers and their leaders rebounded from all depres- sions, and the immigration, after a period of relapse, went bravely on. It is estimated that there were two thou- sand white persons already in the Miami country in 1790, and that ten years thereafter the number had jumped to fifteen thousand. In 1810 Hamilton county alone had fifteen thousand two hundred and four, and the entire Miaini country about seventy thousand, or one-seventh of the whole population then in the State. By August, 1815, it was judged by Dr. Drake that one hundred thou- sand at least were in the same region, or twenty-five per square mile, scattered over about four thousand square miles. It was a remarkable growth for the first quarter of a century. The expectations entertained of the whole Ohio coun- try, long before it was permanently settled, are well shown by an official communication addressed in 1770 to the Earl of Hillsborough, then attached to the British govern- ment as Secretary of State for the North American De- partment, in which the following passage occurs: No part of North America will require less encouragement for the production of naval stores and raw materials for manufactories in Europe, and for supplying the West India islands with lumber, provi- sions, etc., than the country of the Ohio. The writer then gives six excellent reasons for the faith that is in him, with observations that involve many com- pliments to and a high appreciation, of the beautiful fertile land watered by the Ohio and its tributaries. THE MIAMI COUNTRY. It was a beautiful land to which the Miami immigra- tion was invited — A wilderness of sweets ; for Nature here Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will Her virgin fancies, pouring forth more sweet, Wild above rule or art ; the gentle gales. Fanning their odoriferous wings, dispense Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole Those balmy spoils. Judge Symmes had called it, with tolerably clear pre- science, "a country that may one day prove the brightest jewel in the regalia of the nation." The forest was lux- uriant, and fertile in native fruit products. The fine bot- tom lands in the valleys had been cultivated by the sav- ages, and by the Mound Builders before them, for untold centuries, and were found by the early settlers as mellow as ash heaps, and with their fertility unimpaired by long culture, much less exhausted. Said Symmes to Dayton, in a letter from North Bend, May 27, 1789: "The coun- try is healthy, and looks like a mere meadow for many miles together in some places." The "Turkey Bottom," still so-called, a clearing of about six hundred and forty acres, or a "section," made ready to the hand of civiliza- tion, a mile and a half above the mouth of the Little Miami, on the east side of the Purchase, with the produce of soiTie smaller lots near Columbia, furnished the entire supply of corn for that hamlet and for Cincinnati during their first year. This tract, like many others in the val- leys, was extremely fertile. Benjamin Randolph, one of the occupants, planted a single acre of corn upon it, which he had no time to hoe, hastening back to New Jersey upon some errand of affection or business; and when he came back in the fall, he found that his neglect- ed acre had one hundred bushels of excellent maize ready for him to husk. From nine acres of this tract, the tra- dition goes, the enormous crop of nine hundred and sixty-three bushels was gathered the very first season. Oliver M. Spencer, one of the earliest residents at this corner of the Purchase, thus pleasantly records his im- pressions of the Miami country in the primitive time: The winter of 1791-92 was followed by an early and delightful spring ; indeed, I have often thought that our first Western winters were much milder, our springs earlier, and our autumns longer than they now are. On the last of February some of the trees were putting forth their foliage ; in iVIarch the redbud, the hawthorn, and the dog- wood, in full bloom, checkered the hills, displaying their beautiful col- ors of rose and lily ; and in April the ground was covered with May- apple, bloodroot, ginseng, violets, and a great variety of herbs and flowers. Flocks of paroquets were seen, decked in their rich plumage of green and gold. Birds of various species and every hue, were flit- ting from tree to tree, and the beautiful redbird and the untaught song- ster of the west made the woods vocal with their melody. Now might be heard the plaintive wail of the dove, and now the rumbling drum of the partridge or the loud gobble of the turkey. Here miglit be seen the clumsy bear, doggedly moving off; or, urged by pursuit into a la- boring gallop, retreating to his citadel in the top of some lofty tree ; or, approached suddenly, raising himself erect in the attitude of defence, facing his enemy and waiting his approach ; — there the timid deer, watchfully resting or cautiously feeding, or, aroused from his thicket, gracefully bounding off, then stopping, erecting his stately head for a moment, gazing around, or snuffing the air to ascertain his enemy, in- stantly springing off, clearing logs and bushes at a bound, and soon distancing his pursuers. It seemed an earthly paradise ; and, but for apprehension of the wily copperhead, which lay silently coiled among the leaves or beneath the plants, waiting to strike his victim ; the hor- rid rattlesnake, which, more chivalrous, however, with head erect amidst its ample folds, prepared to dart upon his foe, generously with the loud noise of his rattle apprised him of danger ; and the still more fearful and insidious savage, who, crawling upon the ground or noise- lessly approaching behind trees or thickets, sped the deadly shaft or fatal bullet, you might have fancied you were in the confines of Eden or the borders of Elysium. Many, notwithstanding these drawbacks, were the charms, attractions, and delights of the Miami country. The immigration thereto, as we shall now see, was every way worthy of it. 5° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. CHAPTER VII. THE MIAMESE. I hear the tread of pioneers, Of nations yet to be ; The first low wash of waves, where soon Shall roll a human sea. The elements of empire here Are plastic yet and w.arm. And the chaos of a mighty world Is rounding into form. — J. G. Whittier. "The Miamese (so we call ourselves)," wrote Symmes to Dayton in 1789. They were the noble men and women of the earliest Miami immigration. Very fortun- ate was the Purchase, from the beginning, in the charac- ter of its settlers. The general expression of those who met them personally, or have known them as represented in their descendants, concurs with thetestimony of Mr. F. W. Miller, in his valuable work on Cincinnati's Beginnings : Whoever traces his lineage up to the early emigrants to the Miami Purchase comes of a stock which may be extolled on grounds that will bear scrutiny. Of course, those who were the first to seek homes in this section of the country, while yet in its primitive condition, were not so self-sacrificing as to suppose they were coming to a field which was likely to prove ungrateful to the laborer's toil. On the contrary, the idea was universally entertained that the field was one of great promise' Still, the promise was not of a nature to attract, to any considerable e.xtent, a kind of adventurers who abound in some of our new settle- ments nowadays — people who come merely with a view of making a sudden impact on some oleaginous deposit, and, in the pursuit of their object, are usually more or less affected with an apprehension of eon. tingencies which may render an expeditious change of their location desirable or necessary within a brief period, and such like carpet-bag- gers of the worst description. The early emigrant hither sought here a permanent abode, looking forward to a time when he might expect to repose in peace and plenty under his own vine and fig-tree, yet well aware that there was a great preliminary work to be performed — the work of reclaiming a wilderness , and naturally a goodly portion of the first-comer's were such as came with characters and capacities adapted to the task which they saw before them. Moreover, those who pro- jected and managed the commencement of the civilizing process in this quarter were persons who could have given, as well as any Sir 'Wise" acre, the answer to the question, "'What constitutes a State?" The late E. D. Mansfield, in his Life of his brother-in- law. Dr. Daniel Drake, published in 1855, gives yet more glowing and eloquent testimony to the valor and virtues of the Ohio pioneers: The settlement of the Ohio valley was attended by many circum- stances which gave it pecuhar interest. Its beginning was the first hui^ ■ of the Revolution. Its growth has been more rapid than that of any modern colony. In a period of little more than half a century, its strength and magnitude exceed the limits of many distinguished nations Such results could not have been produced without efficient causes. It is not enough to account for them by referring to a mild climate, fer- tile soil, flowing rivers, or even good government. These are important. But a more direct one is found in the character and labors of its early citizens ; for in man, at least, consists the life and glory of every State. This is strikingly true of the States and institutions which have gone up on the banks of the Ohio. The first settlers had no such doubtful origin as the fabled Romulus, and imbibed no such savage spirit as he received from the sucklings of a wolf. They were civilized — derived from a race historically bold and energetic ; had naturally received an elementary, and in some instances a superior, education ; and were bred to free thought and brave actions in the great and memorable school of the American Revolution. If not actors, they were the chil- dren of those who were actors in its dangers and sufferings. These settlers came to a country magnificent in extent and opulent in all the wealth of nature. But it was nature in her ruggedness. All was wild and savage. The wilderness before them presented only a field of bat- tle or of labor. The Indian must be subdued, the mighty forest leveled, the soil in its wide extent upturned, and from every quarter of the globe must be transplanted the seeds, the plants, and all the contrivances o life which, in other lands, had required ages to obtain. In the midst of these physical necessities and of that progress which consists in con- quest and culture, there were other and higher works to be performed. Social institutions must be founded, laws must be adapted to the new society, schools established, churches built up, science culti- vated, and, as the structure of the State arose upon these solid columns, it must receive the finish of the fine arts and the polish of letters. The largest part of this mighty fabric was the work of the first settlers on the Ohio — a work accomplished within the period of time allotted by Providence to the life of man. If, in after ages, history shall seek a suitable acknowledgment of their merits, it will be found in the sim- ple record that their characters and labors were equal to the task they had to perform. Theirs was a noble work, nobly done. It is true that the lives of these men were attended by all the common motives and common passions of human nature ; but these motives and passions were humbled by the greatness of the result, and even co.m- mon pursuits rendered interesting by the air of wildness and adventure which is found in all the paths of the pioneer. There were among them, too, men of great strength and intellect, of acute powers, and of a freshness and originality of genius which we seek in vain among the members of conventional society. These men were as varied in their characters and pursuits as the parts they had to perform in the great action before them. Some were sol- diers in the long battle against the Indians ; some were huntsmen, like - Boone and Kenton, thirsting for fresh adventures ; some were plain farmers, who came with wives and children, sharing fully in their toils and dangers; some lawyers and jurists, who early participated in coun- cil and legislation ; and with them all, the doctor, the clergyman, and even the schoolmaster, was found in the earliest settlements. In a few years others came, whose names will long be remembered in any true account (if any such shall ever be written) of the science and literature of America. They gave to the strong but rude body of society here its earliest culture, in a higher knowledge and purer spirit. THE ELEMENTS. It was a hopeful mixture of elements and stocks in this part of the valley of the Ohio. Various States and nationalities had their representatives here, and some of the "crosses" of blood were fortunate for the history of their succeeding generations. New Jersey, at first and later, contributed such representative men as Judges Symmes and Burnet; New England appeared by her dis- tinguished son, Jared Mansfield, and by others before and after him; Pennsylvania sent citizens of the mental and moral stature of Jeremiah Morrow, Judge Dunlavy, and Major Stites; the Old Dominion had worthy sons among the pioneers in the persons of William H. Harri- son, William McMillan, and others; while Kentucky spared to the rising young empire beyond its borders a few noted and useful citizens like Colonel Robert Patter- son, one of the original proprietors of Cincinnati for a time, and later and more permanently, the Rev. James Kemper, one of the founders of Lane seminary. In the one settlement of Columbia, among its founders or very early settlers were not only Stites and Dunlavy, but the Rev. John Smith, afterwards United States Senator, Col- onels Spencer and Brown, Judges Goforth and Foster, Majors Kibby and Gam, Captain Flinn, Messrs. Jacob White and John Reiley, and others equally worthy of mention — all of them men of energy and enterprise, and most of whom were then or subsequently distinguished. The letters interchanged by Symnies and his associates of the East Jersey Company show that many people of the best class, as Senator Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, the Rev. Dr. David Jones, of Pennsylvania, and others, were inquiring with a view to purchase or settlement in the new country. Those who actually did so, as the HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. SI event has proved, were the very sort of persons, in the words of Judge Symmes himself, already quoted, "to re- claim from savage men and beasts a country that may one day prove the brightest jewel in the regalia of the nation." In much of the material of the succeeding immigration the purchase was equally fortunate. Dr. Drake, a care- ful and conscientious writer, was able to say in 1815: "The people of the Miami country may in particular be characterized as industrious, frugal, temperate, patriotic, and religious; with as much intelligence as, and more enterprise than, the families from which they were de- tached." Such were the "Miamese," the pioneers of one of the grandest armies the earth ever knew, an army whose hosts are still sweeping irresistibly on, and which now, after more than ninety years, has hardly yet fully occupied the country it has won. It was the army of peace and civiliza- tion, that came, not to conquer an enemy with blood and carnage and ruin, but to subdue a wilderness by patient toil, to make the wild valleys and hills to blossom as the rose, to sweep away the forest, till the prairie's pregnant soil, make fertile fields, and hew out homes, which were to become the abodes of happiness and plenty. The pioneers were the valiant vanguard of such an army as this. They came not, as has already been suggested, to enjoy a life of lotus-eating and ease. They could admire the pristine beauty of the scenes that unveiled before them; they could enjoy the vernal green of the great forest and the loveliness of all the works of nature spread so lav- ishly and beautifully about them; they could look forward with happy anticipation to the life they were to lead in hte midst of all this beauty, and to the rich reward that would be theirs from the cultivation of the mellow, fer- tile soil — but they had, first of all things, to work. The seed-time comes before the harvest, in other fields than that of agriculture. THE DANGERS to which these pioneers were exposed were serious. The Indians, notwithstanding their peaceful attitude at first, could not be trusted, and, as will be detailed in the next chapter, often visited the early settlements with devasta- tion and slaughter. The larger wild beasts were often a cause of dread, and the smaller were a source of constant and great annoyance. Added to these was the liability, always great in a new country, to sickness. In the midst of all the loveliness of the surroundings, there was a sense of lonehness that could not be dispelled; and this was a far greater trial to the men and women who first dwelt in the western country than is generally imagined. The deep-seated, constantly recurring feehng of isolation made many stout hearts turn back to the older settle- ments and to the abodes of comfort, the companionship and sociability they had left in the Atlantic States or in the Old World. PRIMITIVE POVERTY. Many of the Miamese arrived at their new homes with but little with which to begin the battle of life. They had brave hearts and strong arms, however; and they were possessed of invincible determination. Frequently they came on alone, to make a beginning; and, this hav- ing been accompHshed, would return to their old homes for their wives and children. It was hard work, too, get- ting into the country. On this side of Redstone and Wheeling there were for a long time no roads westward, and the flat- or keel-boats used in floating down the Ohio were so crowded with wagons, horses, cows, pigs, and other live stock, with provisions, and with the emigrant's "plunder," that there was scarcely room for a human being to sit, stand, or sleep. There was much inevitable exposure to the weather and many dangers from ice, snags, and other perils of the stream. THE BEGINNINGS. The first thing to be done, after a temporary shelter from the rain or snow had been provided, was to prepare a little spot of ground for some crop, usually corn. This was done by girdling the trees, clearing away the underbrush, if there chanced to be any, and sweeping the surface with fire. Ten, fifteen, twenty, or even thirty acres of land, by a vigorous arm, might thus be prepared and planted the first season. In autumn the crop would be gathered carefully and garnered with the least possible waste, for it was the food supply of the pioneer and his family, and life itself depended, in part, upon its preserva- tion. • Their table was still largely furnished, however, from the products of the chase, and supplies of the minor articles of food, of salt, etc., were often only to be obtained at a distance. In this respect the settlers in the southern part of the Purchase were more favored than those in the interior, since merchants were in all their towns almost from the beginnmg, and with stocks pretty weH supplied. By January, 1796, Judge Symmes wrote, "we have twenty or more merchants in Cincinnati." At first there was much difficulty in getting grain ground, as it had to be done often at a great distance, and in a clumsy and rude way by floating mills, whose wheels were turned by the current of a stream or by horse-power. Some had • hominy hand-mills at home, or grated the grain or pounded it into the semblance of meal or flour with an extemporized pestle. In default of cultivated breadstuff's, as sometimes happened, certain roots of wild grasses and plants served for food. This was particularly true of the beargrass, which grew abundantly on the Turkey bottom and elsewhere in similar places. Its bulbous roots were gathered by the women, washed, dried on smooth boards, and pounded into a kind of flour, from which bread and other preparations were made. Many families at Colum- bia, at one time of scarcity, lived on this food. Some- times even this was wanting. One person, who was a boy in the first days of Columbia, long afterward averred that he had subsisted for three days together upon noth- ing more than a pint of parched corn. Crops were liable to be damaged or destroyed, if near a stream, by its over- flow; and sometimes serious inconvenience to the settler and his family resulted. It was hard to keep one's horses, and most other portable property, from being stolen by the Indians; and from this fact, as late as 1792, according to a note in one of Judge Symmes' letters, "more than half the inhabitants were obliged to raise 52 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. their corn by the hoe, without the aid of ploughs." The redskins commonly refused, however, to meddle with the slow ox. While the first crop was growing, the settler busied himself with the building of his cabin, which must serve as shelter from the coming storms of winter and from the ravages of wild animals, and, possibly, as a place of refuge from the savage. If he was completely isolated from his fellows, his lot in this was apt to be hard, for without assistance he could construct only a poor sort of habitation. In such cases the cabin was generally made of light logs or poles, and was laid up roughly, only to answer the temporary purpose of shelter, until others had come into the neighborhood, by whose help a more solid structure could be built. In the Miami country, how- ever, as has been observed, the plan at first was to gather in small clusters of population at fortified stations, where sufficient help \yas always available. Assistance was readily gi-'en one pioneer by others, whether near or far removed, within a radius of many miles. The usual plan of erecting a log cabin was through such union of labor. The site of a cabin, home was generally selected with reference to a good water supply, often by a stream or never-failing spring, or, if such could not be found, it was not uncommon first to dig a well. When the cabin was to be built, the few neighbors gathered at the site, and first cut down, within as close proximity as possible, a number of trees as nearly of the same size as could be found, but ranging from a foot to twenty inches in diame- ter. Logs were chopped from these, and rolled to a common centre. This work, and that of preparing the foundation, would consume the greater, part of the day in most cases, and the entire labor would very likely oc- cupy two or three days, and sometimes four. The logs were raised to their places with handspikes and skid-poles, and men standing at the corners notched them with axes as fast as they were laid in position. Soon the cabin • would be built several logs high, and the w-ork would be- come more difficult. The gables were formed by bevel- ing the logs, and making them shorter and shorter as each additional one was laid in place. These logs in the gables were held in position by poles, which extended across the cabin from end to end, and served also as rafters, upon which to lay the rived clapboard or "shake" roof The so-called "shakes" were three to six feet in length, split from oak or ash logs, and made as smooth and flat as possible. They were laid side by side, and other pieces of split stuff laid over the cracks so as to keep out the rain effectually. Upon these logs were laid to hold them in place, and these in turn were held by blocks of wood placed between them. The chimney was an important part of the building, and sometimes more difficult to construct, from the absence of suitable tools and material. In the river valleys, and wherever loose stone was accessible, neat stone chimneys were fre- quently built. Quite commonly the chimney was made of sticks, and laid up in a manner very similar to the walls of the cabin. It was, in nearly all cases, built out- side of the cabin, and at its base a huge opening was cut through the wall to answer as a fireplace. The stakes in the chimney were held in place, and protected from fire by mortar, formed by kneading and working clay and straw. Flat stones were procured for back and jambs of the fireplace, and an opening was sawed or chopped m the logs on one side the cabin for a doorway. Pieces of hewed timber, three or four inches thick, were fastened on each side by wooden pins to the ends of the logs, and the door, if there were any, was fastened to one of these by wooden hinges. The door itself was apt to be a rude piece of woodwork. It was made of boards, rived from an oak log, and held together by heavy cross-pieces. There was a wooden latch upon the inside, raised by a string which passed through a gimlet-hole, and hung upon the outside. From this mode of construction arose the old and familiar hospitable saying, "You will find the latch-string always out." It was pulled in only at night, and the door was thus easily and simply fastened. Many of the pioneer cabins had no doors of this kind, and no protection for the entrance except such as a blanket or skin of some wild beast afforded. The begin- ners on the banks of the Ohio frequently enjoyed the luxury of heavy boat-planks and other sawed material obtained from the breaking up of the boats in which they came (a quite customary procedure), from which floors, doors, or roofs, and perhaps other parts of the cabin, were constructed. The window was a small opening, often devoid of anything resembling a sash, and seldom glazed. Greased paper was not infrequently, used in lieu of the latter, but more usually some old garment consti- tuted a curtain, which was the only protection at the window from sun, rain, or snow. The floor of the cabin was made of "puncheons" — pieces of timber split from trees about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewed toler- ably smooth on the upper surface with a broadaxe. They were made half the length of the floor. Some of the cabins first erected in this part of the country had nothing but the earthen floor which Nature provided. At times they had cellars, which were simply small excavations for the storage of a few articles of food or, it may be, of cooking utensils. Access to the cellar was readily gained by lifting a loose puncheon. There was generally a small loft, used for various purposes, among others as the guest-chamber of the house. This was reached by a ladder, the sides of which were split pieces of sapling, put together, like everything else in the house, without nails. It is worthy of note that Judge Symmes, writing from North Bend New Year's day, 1790, some descrip- tion of his new houses at that place, took pains to mention those that were "well-shingled with nails," and the "good stone chimney" and "sash-windows of glass" that several of them had. THE FURNITURE of the pioneer cabin was in many cases as simple and primitive as the cabin itself A forked stick, set in the , floor and supporting the poles, the other ends of which rested upon the logs at the end and side of the cabin, formed a bedstead. A common form of table was a split slab, supported by four rude legs, set in auger-holes. Three-legged stools were made in a similar simple man- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. S3 ner. Pegs, driven in auger-holes in the logs of the wall, supported shelves, and others displayed the limited ward- robe of the family not in use. A few other pegs, or per- haps a pair of deer's antlers, formed a rack where hung rifle and powder-horn, which no cabin was without. The cradle for the pioneer babe was more likely than not to • be a bee-gum or a sugar-trough. Some who became prominent citizens of Cincinnati and other parts of the Purchase were rocked in sugar-troughs. These, and perhaps a few other simple articles brought from the old home, formed the furniture and equipment of many a pioneer cabin. The utensils for cooking and the dishes for table use were few. The best were of pewter, which the careful housewife of the olden time kept shining as brightly as the more pretentious plate of our latter-day fine houses. It was by no means uncommon that wooden vessels, either coppered or tinned, were used upon the table. Knives and forks were few, crockery scarce, and tinware by no means abundant. Food was simply cooked and served, but it was, in general, very excellent of its kind and wholesome in quality. The hunter kept the larder supplied with venison, bear meat, squirrels, wild turkeys, and many varieties of smaller game. Plain corn-bread, baked in a kettle, in the ashes, or upon a board in front of the great open fireplace, answered the purpose of all kinds of pastry. The wild fruits in their season were made use of, and afforded a pleasant variety. Sometimes a special effort was made to prepare a deli- cacy, as, for instance, when a woman experimented in mince-pies, by pounding wheat to make the flour fo rthe crust and using crab-apples for fruit. In the cabin-lofts was usually to be found a miscellaneous collection that made up the pioneer's materia medica, the herb medicines and spices, catnip, sage, tansy, fennel, boneset, penny- royal, and wormwood, each gathered in its season; and there was also store of nuts and strings of dried pump- kin, with bags of berries and fruit. THE HABITS of the Miamese were of a simplicity and purity in conformity with their surroundings and belongings. The men were engaged in the herculean labor, day after day, of enlarging the little patch of sunshine about their homes, cutting away the forest, burning off brush and debris, preparing the soil, planting, tending, harvesting, caring for the few animals which they brought with them or soon procured, and in hunting. THE FEMALE MIAMESE. While the men were engaged in the heavy labor of the field and forest or in following the deer or other game, their helpmates were busied with their household duties, providing for the day and for the winter coming on, cooking, making clothes, spinning, and weaving. They were commonly well fitted, by nature and experience, to be consorts of the brave men who first came into the western wilderness. They were heroic in their endurance of hardship, privation, and loneliness. Their industry was well directed and unceasing. Woman's work, then, like man's, was performed under disadvantages since re- moved. She had not only the common household duties to perform, but many now committed to other hands. She not only made the clothing of the family, but also the fabric for it. The famous old occupation of spin- ning and weaving, with which woman's name has been associated throughout all history, and which the modern world knows little, except through the stories of the grand- mother, which seems surrounded with a halo of romance as we look back to it through tradition and poetry, and which alwyas conjures up visions of the graces and virtues of a generation gone — that was the chief industry of the pioneer women. Every cabin resounded with the softly whirring wheel, and many forest homes with the rhyth- mic thud of the loom. The pioneer woman, truly, an- swered the ancient description of King Lemuel in the Proverbs: ''She seeketh wool and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands : she layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff." Almost every article of clothing not made of deerskin, as many a hunt- ing shirt and pair of leggins was, and, indeed^-about all the cloth to be found in some of the old cabins, was the product of her toil. She spun flax and wove linen and woolen for shirts and pantaloons, frocks, sheets and blankets. Linen and wool, the "linsey-woolsey" of the primitive day, furnished most of the material for THE CLOTHING of the men and women, though some was obtained from the skins of wild beasts. Men commonly wore the hunt- ing shirt, a kind of loose frock reaching half-way down the thighs, open before, and so wide as to lap over a foot or more upon the chest. This generally had a cape, which was often fringed with a ravelled piece of cloth of a different color from that which composed the garment. The capacious bosom of the shirt often served as a pouch, in which could be carried the smaller articles that a hunter or woodsman needs. It was always worn belted, and was made of coarse linen, linsey, or buckskin, according to the taste or fancy of the weaver. In the belt was worn a hunting or "scalping" knife," unhappily too ready at hand, as was sometimes proved at the cost of a human life, upon occasions of deadly quarrel. Breeches were made of heavier cloth or dressed deer-skin, and were often worn with leggings of the same material or some kind of leather, while the feet were frequently encased in moccasins after the Indian fashion, which were quickly and easily made, though they often needed mending. The buckskin breeches or leggings were very comfortable when dry, but seemed cold when wet, and were almost as stiff as wooden garments would be when next put on. Hats or caps were generally made of coonskin, wildcat, or other native fur. The women, when they could not procure "store duds," dressed in linsey petticoats, coarse shoes and stockings, and wore buckskin mittens or gloves, not for style, but when any protection was required for the hands. All of her wearing apparel, like that of the men, was made with a view to service and comfort, and was quite commonly of home manufacture throughout. Other and finer articles were worn sometimes, but they were brought from former homes or bought at the stores in the settlements along the river, in the former case being 54 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. often the relics handed down from parents to children. Jewelry was not common; but occasionally some orna- ment was displayed. PIONEER LITERATURE. In the cabins of the more cultivated pioneers were usually a few books — the Bible and a hymn-book, the Pilgrim's Progress, Baxter's Saint's Rest, Hervey's Medi- tations, Esop's Fables, Gulliver's Travels, Robinson Crusoe, and the like. The long winter evenings were spent pardy in poring over a few well-thumbed volumes by the light of the great log fire, and partly in curing and dressing skins, knitting, mending, and other employ- ments. Hospitality was simple, unaffected, hearty, and unbounded. The latch-string was "always out" at nearly every cabin. WHISKEY was in common use, and was furnished on all occasions of sociability. It was brought in from Kentucky and the Monongahela country, and down the Ohio and Licking rivers. A few years later many of the settlers put up small stills, and made an article of corn whiskey that was not held in so high esteem, though used for ordinary drinking in large quantities. Nearly every settler had his barrel of it stored away. It was quite the universal drink at merry-makings, bees, house-warmings, and wed- dings, and was always set before the traveller who chanced to spend the night or take a meal at a pioneer cabin. In this the settler but followed the custom of other pioneer communities. SOCIETY. As settlements increased, the sense of loneliness and isolation was dispelled, the asperities of life were soft- ened, its amenities multiplied, social gatherings became more numerous and enjoyable, the log-roUing, harvesting, and husking bees for the men, and the apple-butter making and quilting parties for the women, furnished frequent occasions for social intercourse. The early set- tlers took much pride and pleasure in rifle-shooting, and, as they were accustomed to the use of the gun in the chase and relied upon it as a weapon of defence, they exhibited considerable skill. A wedding was the local event of chief importance in the sparsely setded new country. The young people had every inducement to marry, and generally did marry as soon as able to pro- vide for themselves. When a marriage was to be cele- brated, all the neighborhood turned out. It was custom- ary to have the ceremony performed before dinner, and, in order to be on time, the groom and his attendants usually started from his father's house in the morning for that of the bride. All went on horseback, riding in single file along the narrow trails. Arriving at the cabin of the bride's parents, the ceremony would be performed, and after that dinner was served. This was a substantial backwoods feast of beef, pork, fowls, and deer or bear meat, with such vegetables as could be procured. The greatest hilarity prevailed during the meal. After it was over, dancing began, and was usually kept up till the next morning, though the newly made husband and wife were, as a general thing, put to bed by the company in the most approved old fashion and with considerable formality, in the midst of the evening's rout. The tall young men, when they went on the floor to dance, had to take their places with care between the logs that sup- ported the loft floor, or they were in danger of bumping their heads. The figures of the dances were three and four-handed reels, or square sets and jigs. The com- mencement was always a square four, which was followed by "jigging it off." The settlement of a young couple was thought to be thoroughly and generously made when the neighbors assembled and raised a cabin for them. AGRICULTURE. During all the early years of the settlements, varied with occasional pleasures and excitements, the great work of increasing the tillable ground went slowly on. The implements and tools were few, compared with what the farmer may command nowadays, and of a primitive kind; but the soil, that had long held in reserve the accumu- lated richness of centuries, produced splendid harvests, and the husbandman was well rewarded for his labor. The soil was warmer then than now, and the seasons ear- lier. The bottom lands, if not flooded by the freshets, were often as green by the first of March as fields of grain now are a month later. The wheat was pastured in the spring, to keep it from growing up so early and fast as to become lodged. The harvest came early, and the yield was often from thirty-five to forty or more bush- els per acre. PIONEER MONEY. The first circulating medium in the new country was composed mainly of raccoon and other skins from the forest. Mr. John G. Olden says, in his entertaining His- torical Sketches and Early Reminiscences: "A deer-skin was worth and represented a dollar; a fox-skin, one-third of a dollar; a coon-skin, one-fourth of a dollar; — and these passed almost as readily as the silver coin. The buffalo and bear-skins had a more uncertain value, and were less used as a medium of trade." Spanish dollars, very likely cut into quarters and eighth pieces, sometimes appeared, and in time constituted, with the smaller pieces of Mexican coinage, the greater part of the currency afloat. Smaller sums than twelve and a half cents were often paid or given in change in pins, needles, writing- paper, and other articles of little value. A Cincinnati merchant named Bartle brought in a barrel of copper coins to "inflate the currency" in 1794, but his fellow- merchants were so exasperated at his action that they al- most mobbed him. These troops at Fort Washington were paid in Federal money, commonly bills of the old Bank of the United States, of which a three-dollar note was then the monthly pay of a private. The bills were usu- ally called "oblongs," especially at the gaming tables, which many of the officers and soldiers frequented. The funds disbursed at Fort Washington made valuable addi- tions to the currency of the lower Miami country, and greatly facifitated its commercial and mercantile growth and business operations there. PRICES. From some parts of the Purchase long journeys had to be made upon occasion, and very likely on foot, when HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 55 medicines or delicacies were required for the sick, or some indispensable article for the household or farm was to be procured. The commonest goods at first com- manded large prices, from the distance of the wholesale houses in the Eastern cities where they were purchased, and the cost of transportation. In parts of Ohio, if not in the Miami Purchase, in the early days coffee brought seventy-five cents to a dollar; salt five or six dollars a bushel of fifty pounds; and the plainest calico one dollar a yard. What was raised in the country, however, was cheap enough. Judge Syrames notes in August, 1791, that "provisions are extremely plenty; corn may be had at Columbia for two shillings cash per bushel; wild meat is still had with little difficulty; and hogs are increasing in number at a great rate, so that I expect any quantity of pork may be had next killing time at twenty-five shil- lings per hundred." A WAR-PERIOD. During the War of 181 2 many of the pioneer husbands and fathers volunteered in the service of the United States, and others were drafted. Women and children were left alone in many an isolated log-cabin all through Ohio, and there was a long reign of unrest, anxiety, and terror. It was feared by all that the Indians might take advantage of the desertion of these homes by their nat- ural defenders, and pillage and destroy them. The dread of robbery and murder filled many a mother's heart; but happily the worst fears of this kind proved to be ground- less, and this part of the country was spared any scenes of actual Indian violence during the war. After it end- ed, a greater feehng of security prevailed than ever before. A new motive was given to immigration, and the country more rapidly filled up. An ERA OF PEACE AND PROSPERITY was fairly begun. Progress of the best kind was slowly, surely made. The log houses became more numerous in the clearings; the forest shrank away before the wood- man's axe ; frame houses began to appear in many local- ities where they were before unknown; the pioneers, as- sured of safety, laid better plans for the future, resorted to new industries, enlarged their possessions, and im- proved the means of cultivation. Stock was brought in greater numbers from Kentucky and the east. Every settler now had his horses, oxen, cattle, sheep, and hogs. More commodious structures about the farm took the place of the old ones. The double log cabin, of hewed logs, or a frame dwelling, took the place of the smaller one; log and frame barns were built for the protection of stock and the housing of the crops. Then society began more thoroughly to organize itself; the school-house and the church appeared in all the rural coinmunities ; and the advancement was noticeable in a score of other ways. The work of the Miamese pioneers was mainly done. Their hardships and privations, so patiently and even cheerfully borne in the time of them, were now pleasantly remembered. The best had been njade of what they had, and they had toiled with stout hearts to lay the foundations of the civilization that began to bloom about them. Industrious and frugal, simple in their tastes and pleasures, happy in an independence, however hardly gained, and looking forward hopefully to an old age of plenty and peace which should reward them for the toils of their earliest years, and a final rest from the struggle of many toilsome seasons, they were ready to join in the song which was pleasantly sung for them long after by the Buckeye poet, William D. Gallagher, dedicated to the descendants of Colonel Israel Ludlow, and entitled ' SIXTY YEARS AGO. A song of the early times out west and our green old forest home, Whose pleasant memories freshly yet across the bosom come! A song for the free and gladsome life in those early days we led, With a teeming soil beneath our feet and a smiling heaven o'erhead ! O, the waves of life danced merrily and had a joyous flow, In the days when we were pioneers, sixty years ago! The hunt, the shot, the glorious chase, the captured elk or deer! The camp, the big, bright fire, and then the rich and wholesome cheer; The sweet, sound sleep at dead of night by our camp-fire blazing high, Unbroken by the wolfs long howl and the panther spnnging by, O, merrily passed the time, in spite our wily Indian foe. In the days when we were pioneers, sixty years ago! We shunn'd not labor; when 'twas due, we wrought with right good-will; And for the homes we won for them, our children bless us still. We lived not hermit lives, but oft in social converse met; And fires of love were kindled then that burn on warmly yet. O, pleasantly the stream of life pursued its constant flow. In the days when we were pioneers, sixty years ago! 'We felt that we were fellow-men, we felt we were a band Sustain'd here in the wilderness by Heaven's upholding hand ; And when the solemn Sabbath came we gather'd in the wood. And lifted up our hearts in prayer to God, the only good. Our temples then were earth and sky; none others did we know In the days when we were pioneers, sixty years ago! Our forest life was rough and rude, and dangers closed us round ; But here, amid the green old trees, we freedom sought and found. Oft through our dwellings wintry blasts would rush with shriek and moan : We cared not, though they were but frail ; we felt they were our own. O, free and manly lives we led, 'mid verdure or 'mid snow. In the days when we were pioneers, sixty years ago! But now our course of life is short; and as, from day to day. We're walking on with halting step and fainting by the way. Another land, more bright than this, to our dim sight appears, And on our way to it we'll soon again be pioneers; Yet, while we linger, we may all a backward glance still throw To the days when we were pioneers, sixty years ago! Without an iron will and an indomitable resolution, they could never have accomplished what they did. Their heroism deserves the highest tribute of praise and admi- ration that can be awarded, and their brave and toil- some deeds should have permanent record in the pages of history. S6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. CHAPTER VIII. THE MIAMESE AND THE INDIANS. Let us welcome, then, the strangers. Hail them as our friends and brothers. And the heart's right hand of friendship Give them when they come to see us, Gitche Manito, the Mighty, Said this to me in my vision. H. W. Longfellow, "Hiawatha." Friendship was in tlieir loolcs, but in their hearts there was hatred. Straight there arose from tlie forest the awful sound of the war-whoop. And, lilce a flurry of snow in the whistling wind of December, Swift and sudden and keen came a flight of feathery arrows ; Then came a cloud of smoke, and out of the cloud came the lightning, Out of the lightning thunder, and death unseen ran before it. Longfellow, "Courtship of Miles Standish." SYMMES' PROCLAMATION. It was remarked in the last chapter that, while Tyflge Symmes was detained with his party at Limestone, he had repeated information from Major Stites, then just getting settled in his block-houses and cabins at Colum- bia, that Indians had coine in to see him (Stites) and share his hospitality, and that they had expressed a strong desire to see the great man of the Miami Purchase and make a peace compact with their new white brethren. This information was evu^ntly considered important by the pioneer Columbian, since he dispatched two mes- sengers on foot, in the inclement days of early December, to make their way for sixty miles along the banks of the Ohio, to convey his tidings to the leader still tarrying at Limestone. Symmes not appearing, and the Indians con- tinuing their visits and beginning to express some impa- tience at his delay, another message was sent to him, which, as we have seen, had the effect of hastening his departure with the colony for the settlement contem- plated near the mouth of the Great Miami. Before his expedition set out, however, he, remembering, perhaps, the great example of Penn in his dealings with the In- dians, prepared and dispatched the following unique proclamation or letter to the red men of the Miamis: Brothers of the JVyandots and Shawancei : Hearken to your brother, who is commg to live at the Great Miami. He was on the Great Mi- ami last summer, while the deer was yet red, and met with one of your camps ; he did no harm to anything which you had in your camp ; he held back two young men from hurting you or your horses, and would not let them take your skins or meat, though your brothers were very hungry. All this he did because he was your brother, and would live in peace with the red people. If the red people will live in friendship with him and his young men, who came from the great salt ocean, to plant corn and build cabins on the land between the Great and Little Miami, then the white and red people shall all be brothers and live to- gether, and we will buy your furs and skins, and sell you blankets and rifles, and powder and lead and rum, and everything that our red brothers may want in hunting and in their towns. Brothers ! a treaty is holding at Muskingum. Great men from the thirteen fires are there, to meet the chiefs and head men of all the na- tions of the red people. May the Great Spirit direct all their councils for peace. But the great men and the wise men of the red and white people cannot keep peace and friendship long, unless we, who are their sons and warriors, will also bury the hatchet and live in peace. Brothers ! I send you a string of beads, and write to you with my own hand, that you may believe what I say. I am your brother, and will be kind to you while you remain in peace. Farewell ! JNO. C. Symmes. Jan. the 3d, 1789. What was the immediate effect of this epistle upon the aboriginal mind has not been recorded; but a few months afterwards a white man, Mr. Isaac Freeman, going in from the Maumee towns, with several captives released by the Indians, was charged in reply with the delivery of the following address to Judge Symmes : Mawme, July 7, 1789. Brothers ! Americans ! of the Miami Warriors ! Listen to us war- riors what we have to say. Now, Americans ! Brothers ! we have heard from you, and are glad to hear the good speech you sent us. You have got our flesh and blood among you, and we have got yours among us, and we are glad to hear that you wish to exchange. We really think you want to exchange, and that is the reason we listen to you. As the Great Spirit has put your flesh and blood into our hands, we now deliver them up. We warriors, if we can, wish to make peace, and our chiefs and yours will then listen to one another. As we warriors speak from our hearts, we hope you do so too, and wish you may be of one mind, as we are. Brothers, Warriors — when we heard from you that you wished to exchange prisoners, we listened attentively, andnowwe send some, as all are not here nor can be procured at present, and therefore we hope you will send all ours home; and when we see them, it will make us strong to send all yours, which cannot now all be got together. Brothers, Warriors — when we say this, it is from our hearts, and we hope you do the same; but if our young men should do anything wrong before we all meet together, we beg you to overlook it. This is the mind of us warriors, and our chiefs are glad there is hope of peace. We hope, therefore, that you are of the same mind. Brothers, Warriors — it is the warriors who have shut the path which vour chiefs and ours formerly laid open; but there is hope that the path will soon be cleared, that our women and children may go where they wish in peace, and that yours may do the same. Now, Brothers, Warriors — you have heard from us; we hope you will be strong like us, and we hope there will be nothing but peace and friendship between you and us. In explanation of a part of this missive it should be said that Symmes held at North Bend ten Indian women and children, who had been ■ left with him by Colonel Robert Patterson, as captives taken in a raid from Kentucky to the Indian towns, to be exchanged for whites when the opportunity should offer. Freeman had been sent by Symmes to the Maumee, with a young In- dian for interpreter, to arrange such exchanges. Subse- quently, while under a flag of truce approaching the In- dians on a friendly mission, Freeinan was fired upon and killed. THE MURDER OF FILSON. The reference of Judge Symmes' letter to his visit to the Great Miami the preceding "summer" seems rather to refer to his tour of exploration in that valley in the early fall, thus mentioned in a letter of his dated Octo- ber, 1788: "On the twenty-second ultimo I landed at Miami, and explored the country as high as the upper side of the fifth range of townships. " About forty miles inland, at some point on the Great Miami, his party came upon a small camp of the savages, so small that they could easily have destroyed it and its inhabitants. In his company were a number of Kentuckians, who had accompanied Colonel Patterson and the surveyor Filson, two of the projectors of Losantiville, in the "blazing" of a road, through the forest from Lexington to the mouth of the Licking, as one of the preliminary steps to the proposed settlement opposite that point, and had incited him to make the exploration by promising him their es- cort until it was finished. These men, sharing the in- veterate hostility of their people to the red man, desired HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 57 to make away with this little band of wandering savages and their humble property at once. Symmes prevented them, however, and would not allow the Indians to be harmed or their stuff to be taken. About half the Ken- tuckians, therefore, after giving him all the trouble they dared by their disorderly conduct, deserted his party and started for^horae, leaving him almost defenceless in the perilous wilderness. The rest of the men of Kentucky soon also showing an intention to desert, he was obliged to leave his exploration but partially accomplished, and make his way as rapidly as possible back to the Ohio, up which he pushed again to his headquarters at Limestone. Filson, who, together with Patterson, had accompanied the expedition, also deserted it about the time the first Kentuckians went, through fear of remaining longer with either detachment of the party; but, strange to say, in his eagerness to make greater haste out of the wilderness, he decided to confront its dangers solitary and alone, and so swung away from even the feeble protection which he had with Symmes and the remainder of the escort. He was never seen or directly heard from again. Within three hours from the time of his abandonment of the party, it is supposed he had fallen a victim to the ferocity of the Indians. The locahty of the occurrence, thinks Mr. Miller, author of Cincinnati's beginnings, was "prob- ably not far from the northern boundary line of Hamilton county, and the northeast corner of Colerain township. " With Filson also perished his plan of Losantiville, which had been carefully prepared at Lexington, and is believed to have been on his person at the time. FRIENDLINESS AND HOSTILITY. Notwithstanding subsequent hostilities between the Indians and the whites of the Purchase, the feeling of the sons of the forest toward Judge Symmes personally appears to have been kind and friendly — perhaps in mem- ory, if not of his proclamation or letter, yet of his re- straint of the Kentuckians when some of their people were threatened with pillage and murder, and of his sub-' sequent kindness to them. He does not appear ever to have, been attacked or otherwise molested by them in his own person or property; and nearly seven years after- wards, at the negotiation of the treaty of Greenville, some of the Indians assembled there told him that they had often been on the point of shooting him, but had recognized him in time to save his life. Nevertheless the kind-hearted and hospitable judge was sorely tried and troubled by their hostility to his settlers on the Purchase — a feeling which early developed in cruel and bloody deeds. The traditions of the region were those of in- veterate warfare and hatred between the races. Only ten years before Symmes' settlement at North Bend, Colo- nels Bowman and Logan had led a hundred and si.xty Kentuckians up between the rivers against the Shawnee towns on the Little Miami, within the present limits of Greene county, in retaliation for atrocities committed by the Indians in Kentucky shortly before, and had experi- enced some sharp fighting. The Indians pursued them to the mouth of the Little Miami, where they recrossed the Ohio on their homeward march. The next year after this e.xpedition the redoubtable George Rogers Clark headed a troop of a thousand Kentuckians against the Little Miami and Mad river towns, and destroyed the Indian village at Piqua and much corn of the growing crops of the Indians. It is said that after crossing the Ohio at the mouth of the Licking, on their north- ward march, they built two block-houses on the present site of Cincinnati, and that the force was disbanded there on their return, homeward bound. BLOCK-HOUSES, OR FORTIFIED STATIONS, were destined to play an active part in die Indian and pioneer affairs of the Symmes Purchase. They were erected by associations of colonists for mutual safety, upon a plan of settlement proposed by Judge Symmes as best for the development of the country. A strong log block-house being put up, it was surrounded by the cabins of the settlers, rather closely crowded together, and the whole was then encircled by a stout stockade or picket, made of tree trunks or logs set pretty deep in the ground, and making, in some cases, a really formidable work of defence. Not until this was completed did the settlers venture to begin clearing land and planting crops. Even then they were- obliged to work with their rifles near and sentinels constantly on the alert. At sunset all returned to the - stockade, taking everything portable and of value with them. These stations were made as numerous as the number of settlers, and more particularly the number of troops that could be obtained for each from the mili- tary commander in this region, would warrant. It might be presumed that, in the exposed state of the country, nothing would have been easier than to get or retain sol- diers for the protection of the settlers, since that was pre- cisely for what the forces of the United States were sent to the valley of the Ohio. But it was not always so. We have recorded the difficulties and detentions which beset Judge Symmes at Limestone, while endeavoring to get his colony to its destination, through the failure of Gen- eral Harraar to send him an escort promptly. After he had secured the protection of Captain Kearsey and the small remnant of his troop, and had made his settlement at North Bend, he was very soon unceremoniously de- serted by Kearsey and all but five of his command, the rest putting off down the river to Louisville, without even building him a stockade or block-house. It was then nearly a month before the earnest persuasions of Symmes prevailed with Major Wyllys, the commandant at that place, to secure him a garrison, consisting of an ensign and eighteen men, which speedily, by desertion and In- dian attack, was reduced to twelve, and Luce, after build- ing a tolerable block-house and remaining four months, transferred his little force to Losantiville, again leaving Symmes' hamlets nearly or quite unprotected. The country had no adequate protection, indeed, until the early part of the following summer, when Major Doughty arrived from Fort Harmar with two companies of sol- diers and began the erection of Fort Washington. Even then, and for some time after, troops were arbitrarily sent to or withdrawn from the stations. In a letter from North Bend, January 17, 1792, Symmes 58 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. relates how "General St. Clair, by much importunity, gave Mr. Dunlap a guard of six soldiers. With these the set- tlers returned to Colerain [Dunlap's station]. In a very few days after the station was re-settled, the Governor ordered the six soldiers back again to Fort Washington. But the next day General St. Clair set out for Philadel- phia, and Major Zeigler came to the command. His good sense and humanity induced him to send the six men back again in one hour's time, as I am told, after General St. Clair left Fort Washington, and he assured Mr. Dunlap that he should have more soldiers than si.\, rather than the station should break. Majors sometimes do more good," he naively adds, "than generals." Dr. Goforth, then of Columbia, wrote September 3, 1791: The number of militia at these stations, from the best accounts I have received, are at Columbia, 200; Cincinnati, 150; South Bend, 20; City of Miami, 80 ; Dunlap's, 15 ; and Covalt's, 20. A considerable number of these stations, more or less strongly fortified, are known to have existed within the present limits of the county during the period of Indian warfare ; and it is quite possible that the memory of others has disappeared. So far as known, they were as follows: 1. Covalt's Station, at Round Bottom, twelve miles up the Little Miami, below the present site of Milford. This was erected in 1789, and Mr. John G. Olden, author of Historical Sketches and Early Reminiscences of Lock- land and Reading, is disposed to place it first in chrono- logical order, although similar claims have been made for Clemens', Gerard's, Dunlap's, and Ludlow's stations. 2. Clemens' station, also on the Round Bottom, about , half a mile below Covalt's. 3. Gerard and Martin's station, on the west side of the Little Miami, and about two miles from its mouth, near the present Union bridge. 4. Dunlap's station, established in the early spring of 1790, in Colerain township, on the east side of the Great Miami and in the remarkable bend of that stream which begins about half a mile south of the county line. 5. Campbell's station, also on the east bank of the Great Miami and in Colerain township, opposite the present site of Miainitown. 6. Ludlow's station, whose site is now embraced within the limits of Cincinnati, about five miles from Fountain square, in the north part of Cumminsville. It was also established in the spring of 1790. This was the most famous of all the stations. 7. White's station, probably established in 1792, on the bank of Mill creek, northeast of the present site of Carthage, near the aqueduct, and about where the ice- pond now is. 8. Tucker's station, on section four, Springfield town- ship, east of the old Hamilton road and about a mile and a half northwest of Lockland. 9. Runyan's station, also of 1792, on section nine- teen, Sycamore township, about a mile and a half north of Sharonville, and near the present county line. This was the outpost in that direction. 10. Griffin's station, established, probably, in the fall of 1793, about half a mile west of White's station, where the Carthage and Springfield turnpike now crosses Mill creek. 11. Voorhees' station, in the south part of section thirty-three, Sycamore township, on the west bank of Mill creek, built early in 1794. 12. Pleasant Valley station, on the line between sec- tions four and ten, Springfield township, near the "Sta- tion Spring." Also built in the spring of 1794, by the builders of Tucker's station, to protect them and another party which had moved in to the westward. 13. McFarland's station, in Columbia township, near the site of Pleasant Ridge, established in the spring of 1795, and believed to be the last founded of the pioneer stations in this county. Some of these stations were the scene of fierce Indian attacks, and others of cowardly murders by the savages. Their story will be more particularly related in the histo- ries of the townships. In 1794-5 Mr. Benjamin Van Cleve, then of Cincin- nati, but soon afterwards of Dayton, made many interest- ing memoranda of affairs in the Miami country, among which we find the following, made in the latter year: On the twentieth [ot August], seventeen days after the treaty [of Greenville], Governor St. Clair, General Wilkinson, Jonathan Dayton, and Israel Ludlow contracted with John Cleves Symmes for the pur- chase and settlement of the seventh and eighth ranges, between Mad River and Little Miami. One settlement was to be at the mouth of Mad River, one on the Little Miami in the seventh range, and one on Mad River above the mouth. Two parties of surveyors set off [from Cincinnati] on the twenty- first of September — Mr. Daniel C. Cooper, to survey and mark a road and cut out some of the brush, and Captain John Dunlap to run the boundaries of the Purchase. I went with Dunlap. There were at this time several stations on Mill Creek : Ludlow's, White's, Tucker's, Voorhees's, and Cunningham's,* The last was eleven miles from Cin- cinnati. We came to Voorhees's and encamped. A limited number of regulars was stationed at several of these by General Harmar or his subordinate officers. All together they afforded protection and food to a large number of pioneer families, who must otherwise have been driven out of the country. They were of use else- where among the early settlements, as well as for local defence, and the pioneers in other parts of southern Ohio were less annoyed after their establishment, because the Indians had to spend a part of their time in watch- ing the stations, instead of taking the war-path against the scattered and isolated settlers. They regarded these defences, indeed, with peculiar disfavor. Judge Burnet accompanies an interesting paragraph upon the stations, in his Notes, with these remarks: The Indians viewed these stations with great jealousy, as they had the appearance of permanent military establishments, intended to re- tain possession of their country. In that view they were correct ; and it was fortunate for the settlers that they wanted either the skill or the means of demolishing them. The truth is, they had no idea of the flood of emigration which was setting towards tlieir borders, and did not feel the necessity of submitting to the loss to which immediate action would subject them. . . Their great error consisted in permitting those works to be constructed at all. They might ha\'e pre- \ented it with great ease, but theyappeared not to be aware of the serious consequences which were to result, until it was too late to act with ef- fect. Several attacks were, howe\'er, made at different times, with an apparent determination to destroy them ; but they failed in every in_ stance. * Cunningham's settlement, according to Mr. Olden, "was not a regular sta- tion in the proper sense of that term. No block-house or other defensive work were erected, and there was no organized community. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 59 "captain blackbeard. " Shortly after the permanent location of Judge Symmes upon the Purchase, he had the honor to entertain, in his rude shelter at North Bend, a Shawnee chief bearing the English piratical name of "Captain Blackbeard," who lived some scores of miles to the northward, near Roche de Boeuf, on the Maumee river. The Judge has left the following entertaining account of the interview: The chief (tlie others sitting around him) wished to be informed how far I was supported by the United States, and whether the thirteen fires (States) had sent me hitlier. I answered in the affirmative, and sf)read before them the thirteen stripes which I had in a flag then in my camp. I pointed to the troops in their uniform, then on parade, and informed the chief that those were the warriors which the thirteen fires kept in constant pay to avenge their quarrels, and that, though the United States were desirous of peace, yet they were able to chas- tise any aggressor who should dare offend them, and to demonstrate this I showed them the seal of my commission, on which the American arms are impressed, observing that while the eagle had a branch of a tree as an emblem of peace in one claw, she had strong and sharp arrows in the other, which denoted her power to punish her enemies. The chief, who observed the device on the seal with great attention, replied to the interpreter that he could not perceive any intimation of peace from the attitude the eagle was in, having her wings spread as in fiight, when folding of the wings denoted rest and peace; that he could not understand how the branch of a tree could be considered a pacific emblem, for rods designed for correction were always taken from the boughs of trees; that to him the eagle appeared, from her bearing a large whip in one hand and such a number of arrows in the other, and in full career of flight, to be wholly bent on war and mischief. I need not repeat here my arguments to convince him of his mistake, but I at length succeeded, and he appeared entirely satisfied of the friendship of Congdis (for so they pronounce Congress) to» the red people. Captain Blackbeard staid a month or so in the neigh- borhood of Judge Symmes, with whom he had frequent friendly conferences, and whose hospitality he accepted, especially when it took the form of whiskey, without reservation or stint. Notwithstanding subsequent martial events, some of which must have come very near to his lodge on the Maumee, Blackbeard seems to have re- mained friendly to the whites, and long afterward he repaid with interest the kindness and hospitality he had received from Symmes by requitals to Judge Burnet and other lawyers and federal officials on their way through the wilderness from Cincinnati, to attend the courts in Detroit. treachery and murder. Much of the promise of the Indians to thetri, however, was to be broken to the hope. Their expressed friend- liness was undoubtedly, in some cases, used to mask treachery. Scarcely more than two months after the de- parture of Blackbeard, namely, on the ninth day of April, 1789, one of Symmes' exploring parties was fired upon by the savages while leaving its camp, and two of its number — a man named Holman, from Kentucky, and Mr. Wells, from Delaware — were instantly killed. John Mills and three others, staying not to fight the foe and standing not upon the order of their going, escaped to the settlements.* A straggler into the forest from the * The year before Symmes came with his colony, about the twentieth of May, a large party of whites, descending the river in three boats was attacked by the Indians a little below the mouth of the Great Miami, and cut off or captured to a man. Samuel Purviance, a prom- inent citizen of Baltimore, was one of the company, and was never afterwards heard of, though General Harmar caused a long and careful villages had now and then also been picked off, and on the twenty-first of May an attack was made in some force from the Ohio shore upon a boat-load of settlers whom Ensign Luce, the officer then stationed at North Bend, was escorting with a detachment of his men from that place up the river to South Bend. The boat was not captured with its precious freight ; but by the fire one of the soldiers — Runyan, a New Jersey recruit — was killed, and four others of the troops were wounded. Mills, also a Jerseyman, who had escaped the previous disaster, was now among the wounded, being shot through the lungs; but was taken in hand by friendly squaws and cured with- out much difficulty. One of the settlers — William Mont- gomery, of Kentucky — was also hurt, and so badly as to be sent to Louisville for treatment. The affair created intense excitement and fear at- North Bend, where the garrison was now felt to be utterly inadequate; and Symmes, in an indignant letter to Dayton, bitterly re- news his complaints of the neglect of the commanders to send him troops enough for protection. He says: "We are in three defenceless villages along the banks of the Ohio, and since the misfortune of yesterday many citi- zens have embarked and gone to Louisville; and others are preparing to follow them soon; so that I fear I shall be nearly stripped of settlers and left with one dozen soldiers only. Kearsey's leaving the Purchase in the man- ner he did, ruined me for several weeks." Five days later he writes : " I believe that fifty persons of all ages have left this place since the disaster of the twenty-first. The settlers consider themselves as neglected by the Govern- ment. . . We are really distressed here for the want of troops." About this time the jealous and angry Kentuckians, before mentioned, began to designate the Purchase as "a slaughter-house," from the danger of mas- sacre they really had some reason for representing as ex- isting there. TROUBLE BREWING THE BRITISH. At this time the settlers at Losantiville and Columbia were tilling their in. lots, as well as out-lots, with firearms at their elbows and sentinels carefully posted. Weeks before the pacificatory letter of the Indians at "Mawme" to Symmes, it became evident that, as soon as they could prepare for serious inroads, the tribes would show their thorough-going antagonism to the new settlements being planted upon the Ohio, whatever their verbal or written words might be. The most alarming reports were brought in by Mr. Isaac Freeman, who had penetrated the Indian country on an errand from Symmes, and had returned in safety and with several released captives, and also the ■ olive-branch missive from "Mawme," but, writes the judge, he "brings such terrifying accounts of the warlike preparations making at the Indian towns, that it has raised fresh commotions in this village, and many families are preparing to go down to the Falls" [Louisville]. British influence was busy in stirring up the Indians to acts of hostility. In the same letter Symmes writes : While Mr. Freeman was at the Indian towns he was lodged at the search to be made for him. It was one of the most terrible and sweep- ing disasters from Indian attack that ever occurred in the valley of the Ohio. 6o HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. house of a chief called Blue Jacket, and while there he saw the pack- horses come to Blue Jacket's house loaded with five hundred weight of powder and lead equivalent, with one hundred muskets; this share he saw deposited at the house of Blue Jacket. He says the like quantity was sent them from Detroit, to every chief through all their towns. Freeman saw the same dividend deposited at a second chief's house in the same town with Blue Jacket. On the arrival of the stores from De- troit, British colors were displayed on the housetop of every chief, and a prisoner among the Indians who had the address to gain full credit with them and attended at their council-house every day, found means to' procure by artifice an opportunity of conversing with Freeman. He assured Freeman that the Indians were fully determined to rout these settlements altogether; that they would have attempted it before this time, but had no military stores; but these being then arrived, it would not be long before they would march. Confirmation of these reports was received about the same time from two widely separated points at the east and west, from Vincennes and from Pittsburgh. INDIAN OUTRAGES. We can find in Mr. Freeman's account one reason at least why the infant settlements along the Ohio were for so many months spared from Indian outrage, conflagra- tion, and general massacre. Individual cases of capture, maiming, or murder were not wanting, however. Judge Symmes writes, January i, 1790: "We have already had a man murdered by the Indians within the squares of the city." This may refer to the case of a young son of John Hilliers, a settler at the Bend, who had gone out on the morning of the twelfth of December next previous, to drive home the cows, and, when scarcely half a mile from the block-house, was tomahawked and scalped, and his gun and hat were carried off. On the seventeenth of the same month two young men from the settlement, James Lafferty and Andrew Vaneman, hunting along the river, were surprised by Indians while sitting at night by their camp-fire, and were both killed at the first shot. Their bodies were then stripped of clothes, and toma- hawked and scalped in the most barbarous manner. A letter from Judge Symmes, written in May following, re- ferring to matters at North Bend, says: "Things were prosperous, considering the mischief done there this spring by the Indians. They plant considerable corn, though much more would have been planted if no mis- chief had been done. Many fled on those occasions — two men have been killed. The Indians are universally hostile, and the contrary opinion is ill-founded." On the other side of the Purchase, the settlers at Co- lumbia were greatly troubled after the depredations and attacks once began, which was not until nearly a year after the founding of the colony. In time too soon, how- ever, the dreaded blows fell. Among the cultivators of the soil to whom Major Stites had leased the rich clear- ing known as Turkey Bottom was one James Seward, who occupied a lot upon it for his daily labor, but had his residence on the hillside near the village. Two sons of his, Obadiah and John, aged respectively twenty-one and fifteen years, were at work in this field one afternoon, September 20, 1789, when they were surprised by a small party of Indians, at a hickory tree which had been felled for nuts, whose bushy top gave the savages an excellent opportunity for concealment and stealthy approach. Obadiah gave himself up at once, and was securely bound by withes or twigs; but the other ran for his life, in a cir- cuitous course towards home. The Indians easily gained upon him, however, and one of them hurled his toma- hawk at the boy with such force as to cleave his skull immediately behind the right ear. He dropped in his tracks, and, when overtaken an instant later, was again tomahawked and was then scalped. His mangled form was not found until the next morning, when John Claw- son, one of the pitying neighbors who gathered around, carried it on his back to the bereaved home. Strange to say, young Seward was not yet dead, though unconscious, and in his delirium, as his clothing and the surroundings showed, he had dragged himself round and round upon his knees. He actually survived the terrible injury for thirty-nine days, his senses returning to him, and even cheerfulness and good spirits, so that he was able to give a correct and detailed account of the affair. Obadiah was for some time unheard from; but a captive returning at length from the Indian country brought word that he had been killed by a bloodthirsty and drunken Indian, simply for taking the wrong fork of a trail. The young man, it is said, had long cherished a presentiment that he should perish at the hands of the savages. The doubly bereaved father afterwards removed to Springdale, where he suffered the loss of another son by the fall of a tree. The captive just mentioned was Ned Larkin, an em- ploye of Mr. John Phillips who was seized and taken by the Indians the same day the young Sewards were at- tacked. He was alone in the field at the time, cutting and binding cornstalks for fodder, and was bound and marched through the wilderness to Detroit, where his cap- tors sold him to a French trader. By this man, who seems to have had a heart in his bosom, Larkin was lib- erated not long after, and with other released captives made his way to Pittsburgh, whence he found conveyance down the river to Columbia. In 1790 there were further outrages by the Indians at this place. At one time the families, of whom there were several, located on that part of the face of the hill afterwards called Morristown, lost all their clothes hung out to dry. A party of the thieving redskins being sus- pected, was pursued, the property found in their posses- sion and partially recovered; but they had already de- stroyed the coverlets to make belts. James Newell, one of the most valued of the early settlers of Columbia, also lost his life by the red hand of Indian murder — at just what date we have not ascertained. One of the most interesting incidents of the Indian period in Hamilton county occurred July 7, 1792, on the river between Cincinnati and Columbia, and about four miles from the present Broadway, then Eastern Row. It was the custom of boats on the river, both large and small, to hug pretty closely the Kentucky side, as being the safer from Indian attack; but a canoe which left Cin- cinnati for Columbia on the afternoon of the day named, had neglected this precaution, and was proceeding up what was designated, from its perils, as the "Indian shore." It contained one lady, Mrs. Coleman, wife of a settler at Columbia, two men named Clayton and Light, and another whose name has not been preserved, and a HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 6i young lad, Oliver M., the only son of Colonel Spencer, a prominent pioneer then residing at Columbia, and who had served gallantly in the war of the Revolution. The boy had been to Cincinnati to spend the Fourth of July, and had remained for two or three days after. The stranger, a drunken soldier from the fort, presently lurched overboard, nearly upsetting the canoe; but managed to get ashore, and was soon left behind, thus escaping mas- sacre, although his late companions, looking back at him, remarked that he "would be good food for Indians." The boy also took to the water-side path, and walked along near the party remaining in the canoe. A pair of Indians had concealed themselves near the path which connected the two villages, and as the boat approached fired a volley upon its occupants. Clayton was wounded at the first fire, fell overboard, was at once dragged ashore by the Indians, killed and scalped. Light was also wounded in the arm, but not severely, and throwing him- self into the stream, swam off with one arm through the fire of the Indians and escaped. Mrs. Coleman like- wise flung herself into the water, and the Indians, saying, "squaw must drown," left her to her fate. She was buoyed up by her clothing, however, and floated down a mile, to a point where she could get ashore, then took the path for Cincinnati, crossing Deer creek at its mouth, went to the house of Captain Thorp, at the artificer's yard near Fort Washington, where she obtained dry clothing, and remained until recovered from her fright and fatigue. The Indians had seized young Spencer, wdthout doing him injury, and hastily departed with him, carrying him into captivity. He was taken to their towns on the head- waters of the Great Miami, where he was adopted into an Indian family, and lived with them several months, when he was ransomed for one hundred and twenty-five dollars through the intervention, it is said, of President Washington, who had a very high regard for his father, Colonel Spencer, and secured the ransom of the son through the British Minister and the commandant of the British forces at Detroit. Young Spencer afterwards be- came a distinguished citizen, a clergyman and bank officer in Cincinnati. In his manhood he wrote and pub- lished a narrative of his capture and captivity. The settlers at Columbia became exceedingly hostile to the red men, and with reason, as these narratives show. Their labors were greatly interrupted by the constant necessity for the exercise of vigilance against the onset of the wily foe. For a time they had to work and watch in equal divisions, as many as one-half standing guard, while the other half labored, the divisions being ex- changed in the morning and afternoon. Their annoy- ances, and the outrages from which they suffered, bore their natural fruit in an intense and abiding desire for re- venge. On the principle, we suppose, that the devil must be fought with fire, they even adopted some of the Indian methods. Colonel Whittlesey, of Cleveland, contributes this corroborative paragraph in one of his valuable his- torical pamphlets: In 1844 I spent an evening with Benjamin Stites, jr., of Madison- ville, Ohio, the son of Benjamin Stites, who settled at Columbia, near Cincinnati, in 17S8. Benjamin, junior, was then a boy, but soon grew to be a woodsman and an Indian figliter. Going over the incidents of the pioneer days, he said the settlers of Columbia agreed to pay thirty dollars in trade for every Indian scalp. He related an instance of a man who received a mare for a scalp, under this arrangement. The frontier men of those times spoke of "hunting Indians," as they would of hunting wolves, bears, or any other wild animal. I met another old man who then lived near Covington, on the Kentucky side of the Ohio, who said he had often gone alone up the valley of the iVIiami on a hunt for scalps. With most of these Indian hunters the bounty was a minor consideration. The hatred of the red man was a niucli stronger motive. A tradition goes that on one occasion a reeking scalp, just torn from the head of an Indian, was brought on the Sabbath into or near the house of God in Columbia, breaking up the meeting and sending the inhabitants home to prepare against an attack from the savages. The settlers of Cincinnati of course shared the gen- eral peril. Some fifteen or twenty of them were killed by the Indians in the one year 1790. Not only was it necessary to post sentinels when at work in the out-lots or improving the town property, but rifles were carried to service by the congregation of the First Presbyterian church, whose place of meeting was close by where the the same society worships now, near the corner of Main and Fourth streets. A fine of seventy-five cents was imposed upon male attendants neglecting this precau- tion; and it is said to have been actually inflicted upon Colonel John S. Wallace, a noted hunter and Indian fighter of those days, and perhaps upon others. In 1790 the road from Cincinnati eastward crossed the mouth of the water-course near the then eastern limits of the town, as noted in the account of the adven- ture to Mrs. Coleman. At the point of crossing there was a dense forest of maple and beech, with tangled grape-vines and a heavy undergrowth of spicewood. Mr. Jacob Wetzel, of the village, had had a successful day of hunting, October 7th, of that year, and on his way home to get a horse with which • to bring in his heavier spoils, sat down here upon a decayed tree-trunk to rest. He shortly heard a rustling in the woods; his dog pricked up his ears, growled, and a moment afterwards barked loudly as he saw an Indian presenting his rifle from behind a large oak tree. Wetzel caught sight of him at the same instant, and, springing behind another tree, both fired together. He received the Indian's fire un- harmed, and succeeded in wounding his enemy's left elbow. Before the Indian could reload, Wetzel took the offensive and charged upon him with his hunting knife, and the Indian drew his to defend himself. The conflict that ensued was sharp and desperate, a life-or- death struggle. The white man made the first blow as he rushed, but the red one parried it, knocking the other's knife from his hand to a distance of thirty feet or more. Nothing daunted, Wetzel seized him with a vice- like grasp about the body, holding down and tightly against it the arm with the knife. In the struggle both were thrown, but the Indian got uppermost and was about to use his knife with deadly effect, when the dog sprang at his throat with such a savage attack as made him drop the weapon, which Wetzel seized and instantly stabbed his antagonist to the heart. The Indian so far had maintained the contest on his side alone; but after 62 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the victor had despoiled his body of its armament and gone a little distance on his way home, he heard the whoop of a party of savages, and ran hastily to the river, where he seized a canoe and escaped to the cove then existing at the foot of Sycamore street. He afterwards learned that the Indian killed was one of the bravest chiefs of his tribe, by whom he was greatly lamented. The savages were also making mischief this year on the other side of the river, in the interior. Judge Symmes wrote the last of April ; The Indi.ins are beyond me.isure troublesome throughout Kentucky. They have destroyed Major Doughty and a party of troops on the Tennessee. If the President knew of half the murders they commit, he surely would rouse in indignation and dash those barbarians to some other clime. After the defeat of General Harmar in two actions by the Indians, in October, they grew bolder, but still made no concerted attacks upon the settlements on the Symmes Purchase until January, when Dunlap's station was attacked, as will be presently narrated. November 4th the judge writes : The strokes our army has got seem to fall like a blight upon the prospect, and for the present seem to appall every countenance. I con- fess that, as to myself, I do not apprehend that we shall be in a worse situation with regard to the Indians than before the repulse. What the Indians could do before, they did, and -they now have about one hun- dred less of their warriors to annoy us with than they had before the two actions; besides, it will give them some employment this winter to build up new cabins and repair by hunting the loss of their corn. The settlers at them [the stations] are very much alarmed at their situation, though I do not think that the houses will be at- tacked at those stations; yet I am much concerned for the safety of the men while at work, hunting, and travelling. Judge Symmes did not divine with his usual prescience in this case. Scarcely more than two months had passed after this dehverance before the Indians appeared in force but a few miles from his home and made a desperate attack upon one of his stations. On the eighth of Janu- ary, 1791, Colonel John S. Wallace, of Cincinnati, lately mentioned in this chapter, together with Abner Hunt, who was a surveyor, John Sloane, and a Mr. Cunning- ham, engaged in exploring the country, fell in with this war-party, or a detachment of it, somewhere on the west bank of the Great Miami, where the whites had encamped the night before. When setting out that morning to ex- plore the bottoms above their camp, towards Colerain, or Dunlap's station, they had got but about seventy yards away when they were assailed by savages from the rear, an ambuscade having evidently been prepared for them. Cunningham was shot down instantly; Hunt was vio- lently dismounted by the fright of his horse, and made prisoner; and Sloane was shot through the body, but managed to keep his feet and effect his escape. Wallace also dashed off, but on foot, and was followed by two In- dians, when he overtook Sloane and mounted Hunt's riderless horse, which had kept along with its companion. Both Wallace and Sloane thus escaped safely and unin- jured to Dunlap's station. Colonel Wallace had a nar- row escape, however. He was repeatedly fired upon in his flight, and at the first shot his leggings became loose, the fastenings perhaps cut by the missile, when he tripped and fell. Coolly but rapidly he retied the strings, in time to resume his flight without being overtaken. Hunt's fate was terrible, being that which too often befell the captive among the savages. During a lull in the siege of Dunlap's station, the third night after the capture, they occupied themselves in the torture of the hapless pi is- oner. He was prostrated across a log with his legs and arms stretched and fastened in painful positions to the ground; he was scalped, his body agonized by knife- wounds, and the cruel work completed, as one account relates, by building a fire upon his naked abdomen, or, as others have it, by thrusting blazing firebrands into his bowels, which had been exposed by the cutting and slashing to which he had been subjected. In this dreadful situation his remains were found aftei^ the In- dians had retired, and were taken up decently and buried by the garrison. The attack on Dunlap's began in the early morning of January roth. About five hundred Indians appeared be- fore the stockade, with three hundred more in reserve in the neighborhood, and demanded its surrender, promis- ing the garrison and settlers safety. They are believed to have been led by the notorious white renegade, Simon Girty, who was guilty of so many atrocities and barbarities toward the whites, and is said to have died, himself, in the centre of a blazing log-heap, where he was placed by a party of avengers, who recognized him long after Indian hostilities had ceased. Girty's brother was also in the attacking force, with Blue Jacket and other well-known chiefs. During the parley with Kingsley, which lasted two hours, Simon Girty was seen holding the rope with which the prisoner's (Hunt's) arms were tied, and sheltered behind a log. Lieutenant Kingsley was in command, but had only eighteen reg- ulars, who, with eight or ten armed residents, made but a feeble garrison in point of numbers. Nevertheless the Indian demand was refused and fire was opened by the garrison, being promptly returned by the besiegers. As soon as possible a runner was got off to Fort Washing- ton for reinforcements, and the defence continued to be stoutly maintained. The women in the station kept up the supply of bullets to their defenders by melting spoons and pewter plates and running them into balls; and the fire on both sides was scarcely intermitted for hours. The Indians entirely surrounded the stockade on the land side, their flanks resting on the river; and their fire was hot and distressing. It was kept up until late in the afternoon, when the Indians drew off and during the night put Hunt to the torture in full view of the garrison, between the fort and an ancient work remaining near. The attack was renewed in the evening and maintained in a desultory way until midnight, when the beleagured people again had comparative rest, but no refreshment in their weariness and terror except parched corn, their sup- ply of water being cut off by the merciless foe. The Indians in this attempt set fire to the brush about the station and threw many blazing brands upon the struc- tures within it, but they were happily extinguished before serious mischief was done. Again the Indians came on the next day, but were met with the steady, unrelenting fire of the garrison, and hastily withdrew, probably hastening their retreat from the report of their scouts that relief was HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 63 marching from Fort Washington. In their retreat the Indians shot all the cattle within their reach. A force of thirty regulars and thirty-three volunteers had been dis- patched from Fort Washington, under the command of Captain Timmons, reaching the neighborhood of the station the next forenoon about ten o'clock, but finding the Indians already gone. They went in pursuit at once, but with litde effect, the detachment not being numerous, enough to make an effective attack. This heroic defence of Colerain against an overwhelm- ing force of savages is one of the most noteworthy inci- dents in the history of the county. Sometime before the fight David Gibson and John Crum, of the station, had been taken prisoners by the Indians, and Thomas Lawi- son and William Crum driven to the stockade, to the imminent danger of their lives. The inhabitants there were kept in a pretty constant state of alarm, and, after the defeat of General St. Clair the following November, the settlers at Dunlap's, vividly remembering the attack which followed Harmar's misfortune, and reasonably ex- pecting a similar sequel to St. Clair's, abandoned the sta- tion, and were only persuaded to return with considerable difficulty. It was important that this station should- be maintained. Judge Symmes wrote in January, 1792: "Colerain has always been considered the best barrier to all the settlements, and'when that place became re-peo- pled the inhabitants of the other stations became more reconciled to stay." At North Bend, during the same year, there were fresh attacks by the Indians. In September, 1791, a Mr. Ful- ler and his son WiUiam, employes of John Matson, sr., were accompanied by Matson's mother and George Cul- lum to a fish-dam that was planted in the Great Miami, about two miles from North Bend. Towards night Ful- ler sent his son away alone, to take the cows to the settle- ment, when he disappeared, and was seen no more until after Wayne's victory, or nearly four years after he was taken by the Indians, when he was restored to his friends by Christopher Miller, a white man who was among the savages at the time of his capture. The outrages at Cincinnati were also numerous in 1791. In May of this year Colonel Wallace, whose misfortune it was to figure considerably in the Indian his- tory of this period, was at work with his father and a small lad, hoeing corn upon the subsequent site of the Cincinnati hospital, while two men named Scott and Shepherd were plowing corn upon a spot near the corner of Central avenue and Clinton street. To them suddenly appeared five or six Indians, who jumped the fence and raised a yell, whereupon the plowmen took to their heels, and were fortunately not caught by the pursuing savages, though they were chased as far as the corner of Fifth and Race streets. Colonel Wallace may have been forgetful, as before noted, about taking his rifle to church; but he had it with him on this occasion, lying in an adjacent furrow, and telling the rest to escape to town as quietly as possible, snatched it up and fired at an Indian about eighty yards distant, who took himself off at once. The other Indians rode away on the plow-horses at the top of their speed. Contrary to their usual custom, however, they. in the haste of their flight, unintentionally, of course, left something by way of exchange. Light blankets and blan- ket capotes, a leg of bear meat, a horn of powder, and some other small articles, were the spoils from the raiders; but they hardly made up an equivalent for the horses taken. As soon as the alarm could be given and pre- parations made, the best foresters and hunters in town started in pursuit, mounting all the horses available, a party going ahead at once on foot. The chase was fol- lowed up the Great Miami valley to where Hamilton now stands ; but unavailingly, as the Indians had just crossed, and the pursuers were turned back by tremendous rains and floods. On the twenty-first of the same month Benjamin Van- Cleve and Joseph Cutler, while engaged in clearing an out-lot, were fired at, and the latter captured, carried off, and never heard of afterwards. The trail of the party was easily followed, as Cutler had lost a shoe, and was kept at full run till dark, and resumed the next day; but the Indians got off safely with their captive. Eleven days after, on the first of June, Mr. VanCleve, again working in his out-lot, with two others, was attacked and pursued. He started first in the retreat; but was stopped an instant by a fallen tree-top, giving an Indian time to seize him. VanCleve threw his assailant, but the savage rose at once and stabbed him, following this by the usual barbarity of scalping. He then took himself out of the way of the two white men who were running some distance in VanCleve's rear, and who found their companion lifeless when they reached the spot. On the same day Sergeant Michael Hahn, of the garrison, with a corporal and a young man from Colerain, taking a cow to Dunlap's station, the party was attacked soon after starting, within the present limits of the city, and all were killed and scalped. These are recorded as the last cases of assasination by the red men in Cincinnati; but they continued to prowl about the outlying streets and roads, and sometimes killed cattle; in one case, it is said, an Indian shot his stone-headed arrow clean through the body of an ox. They also stole horses from time to time, and committed other depredations, until Anthony Wayne instituted his energetic measures for the protection of this region in 1793 and 1794. In the spring of the latter year, however, John Lud- low, brother of Colonel Israel Ludlow, of the station, left his late residence in Cincinnati to return to his farm, near the junction of the old Hamilton road with the hill road to Carthage. An attack had been made on White's station, in the country, which, with a defeat sustained by Lieutenant Lowrey near Eaton, Preble county, had greatly alarmed the Cincinnatians. Mr. White himself was in this party, which was escorted by Colonel Ludlow and his company of militia. They reached the farm without molestation, and began unloading the wagon with them, while White, mounted on a sick horse, went on toward his station. When he reached a point abtfut two hun- dred yards from the stream since called Bloody run, he heard rifle-shots, and presently saw four pack-horses where as many whites had been waylaid by the Indians. M HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. One of them was killed, tomahawked, and scalped; his body was found in the river. Another was mortally hurt, but managed to get to Abner Benton's place, at Ludlow's Ford on Mill creek, where he died of his wounds. A third was sjightly wounded, and the fourth escaped unhurt. White now abandoned the journey to his station, and returned to Ludlow's party to give the alarm. Pursuit was promptly taken up by the whole company and the Indians followed vainly for five or six miles, when the party rode back to the scene of the at- tack and buried the dead. One of the saddest incidents of this time occurred while Wayne's campaign was in progress. Colonel Robert Elliott, a Pennsylvanian born, but a resident of Hagerstown, Maryland, was a contractor for the supply of General Wayne's army, and was in person superin- tending the delivery of supplies. While on the way from Fort Hamilton to Cincinnati, on the present Winton road, he was fired upon and killed by the enemy, his servant escaping in safety with both horses. An attempt was made to scalp the Colonel, which, from the absence- of his natural capillary covering and the adoption of a substitute, led the Indian attempting it to the exclama- tion, as is reported in English, "bigd — d lie!" Mr. Elliott's body was recovered the next day, put in a box, and started for Cincinnati in one of his own wagons. Near or exactly at the place where the Colonel was shot, the servant, by .a singular fatality, received' a second fire from the savages, and was this time killed. The escort was stampeded, and the Indians seized the box and broke it, but did not further disturb its contents, though they took away the horses that drew it. An armed party was then detached from Fort Washington, which went out and brought the body in. It was buried in the old Presbyterian cemetery at the corner of Main and Fourth streets, and afterwards removed to the new " God's acre " of that church on Twelfth street. A monument was erected many years after, to commemorate the tragedy, by Commodore Elliott, his son, with an inscription as follows: "In memory of Robert Elliott, slain by a party of Indians near this point, while in the service of his country. Placed by his son, Commodore J. D. Elliott, United States Navy, 1835. Damon and Fidelity." Several outrages whose history we have found recorded, and doubtless many others so far unnoticed to the writer, occurred during the period of Indian warfare, some of whose dates we are not able to fix with certainty. Judge Symmes, in April, 1790, notes that a lad had been "cap- tivated" by the Indians a few weeks before at the Mill creek (Ludlow's) station; but adds: "Otherwise not the smallest mischief has been done to any, except we count the firing by the Indians on our people mischief, for there have been some instances of that, but they did no hurt. " Not a great many years ago a large elm might still be seen on one of the roads leading north from the city, about three miles from the old corporation line, be- hind which a small party of Indians had been concealed, to await the approach on horseback of a man named Baily, whom they halted, seized, and took prisoner. At Blue Bank, a locality on the Great Miami near Dunlap's station, while Michael Hahn, one of the early settlers of Cincinnati, Martin Burkhardt, and Michael Lutz, were viewing lots on the second of January, 1792, Lutz was killed and scalped, and finally stabbed by the Indians. Hahn was shot through the body, but ran for the station, within sight of which the Indians followed him, and there, seeing they were otherwise likely to lose the chance of his scalp, shot a second time and brought him down?" Burkhardt was shot through the shoulder and took to the river, where he was drowned and his body found near North Bend six weeks subsequently. Thus perished this whole party by Indian massacre. About two miles below the same station, at a riffle in the Great Miami, a canoe in which John McNamara, Isaac Gibson, jr., Samuel Carswell, and James Barnett were taking a millstone up the river, was fired upon with mortal effect. McNamara was killed, Carswell wounded in the shoulder and Gibson in the knee, Barnett alone escaping unhurt Elsewhere in the county, at Round Bottom, two set- tlers named Hinkle and Covalt, while engaged in hewing logs in front of their own cabin, were instantly killed by the barbarians. An interesting narrative of the captivity of Israel Don- alson, contributed to the American Pioneer for Decem- ber, 1842, contains a passage which is of some local value, especially as illustrating the character of a famous old-time citizen, long since passed away. Donalson was captured by the Indians April 22, 1791, while on a sur- veying expedition with Massie and Lytle, four miles above Manchester, on what was called from that day Donalson creek, and escaped a few days afterwards, reaching the Great Miami, and following down Harmar's trace until he arrived at what he called "Fort Washington," now Cin- cinnati. Mr. Donalson says: On "W^ednesday, the day that I got in, I was so far gone that I thought it entirely useless to make any further exertion, not knowing what distance I was from the river ; and I took my station at the root of a tree, but soon got into a state of sleeping, and either dreamt or thought that I should not be loitering away my time, that I should get in that day ; which, on reflection, I had not the most distant idea. However, the impression was so strong that I got up and walked on some distance. I then took my station again as before, and the same thoughts occupied my mind. I got up and walked on. I had not travelled far before I thought I could see an opening for the river ; and getting a little farther on I heard the sound of a bell. I then started and ran, at a slow speed, undoubtedly ; a little farther on I began to perceive that I was coming to the river hill, and having got about half- way down, I heard the sound of an a.xe, which was the sweetest music I had heard for many a day. It was in the extreme out-lot ; when I got to the lot I crawled over the fence with difficult)-, it being very high. I approached the person very cautiously till within about a chain's length, undiscovered ; I then stopped and spoke ; the person I spoke to was Mr. "W^illiam "Woodward, the founder of the Woodward high school. Mr. Woodward looked up, hastily cast his eyes round, and saw that I had no deadly weapon ; he then spoke : "In the name of God," said he, "who are you?" I told him I had been a prisoner and had made my escape fi'om the Indians. After a few more questions he told me to come to him. I did so. Seeing my situation, his fears soon sub- sided ; he told me to sit down on a log and he would go and catch a horse he had in the lot, and talie me in. He caught his horse, set me on him, but kept the bridle in his own hand. When we got into the road, people began to enquire of Mr. Woodward, "Who is he — an Indian?" I was not surprised nor offended at the enquiries, for I was still in Indian uniform, bareheaded, my hair cut off close, except the scalp and foretop, which they had put up in a piece of tin, with a bunch of turkey feathers ; which I could not undo. They had also stripped HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 65 off the feathers of about two turkeys, and hung them to the hair of my scalp ; these I had taken off the day I left them. Mr. Woodward took: me to his house, where every kindness was shown me. They soon gave me other clothing ; coming from different persons they did not fit me very neatly ; but there could not be a pair of shoes got in the place that I could get on, my feet were so much swollen. But what surprised me most was, when a pallet was made down before the fire, Mr. Woodward condescended to sleep with me. The next day, soon after breakfast, General Harmar sent for me to come to the fort. I would not go. A second messenger came : I still refused. At length a Captain Shambrough came ; he pleaded with me, told me I might take my own time, and he would wait for me. At length he told me if I would not go with him, the next day a file of men would be sent, and I would then be compelled to go. I went with him; he was as good as his word, and treated me very kindly. When I was ushered into the quarters of the commander, I found the room full of people waiting my arrival. I knew none of them except Judge Symmes, and he did not know me, which was not surprising, considering the fix I was in. The General asked me a great many questions ; and when he got through he asked me to take a glass of liquor, which was all the aid he offered ; meantime had a mind to keep me in custody as a spy, which, when I heard, it raised my indignation to think that the com- mander of an army should have no more judgment when his own eyes were witnessing that I could scarce go alone. RELIEF AT LAST. The glorious victory of General Wayne brought infi- nite relief to the harassed people. They no longer trembled with anxiety and fear of Indian outrage. One immediate effect of the victory and the treaty of Green- ville was the partial abandonment of the river villages and the stations, by the desire of the people to settle in the open country. August 6, 1795, Judge Symmes wrote from Cincinnati : This village is reduced more than one-half in its numbers since I left it to go to Jersey in February, 1793. The people spread themselves into all parts of the Purchase below the military range since the Indian defeat on the twentieth of August, and the cabins are of late deserted by dozens in a street. Another letter of his the next year, however, shows that the Indians were again giving trouble, though not very serious this time : They now begin to crowd in upon us in numbers, and are becoming troublesome. We have but one merchant in this part of the Purchase [North Bend], and he will not buy their deer-skins. The next result is to beg from me, and I was compelled last week to give them upwards of forty dollars value, or send near forty of them away offended. They must have a market for their skins, or they can purchase nothing from us. Though we have twenty or more merchants at Cin- cinnati, not one of them is fond of purchasing deer-skins. Some attention of Government is certainly necessary to this object. Some of our citizens will purchase horses from the Indians, The con- sequence is that the Indians immediately steal others, fo rnot an Indian will walk if he can steal a horse to ride. I wish it was made penal by Congress to buy horses directly or indirectly from the Indians. But these annoyances and losses were petty, compared with the awful dangers of the earlier years. The Miami country, though not without occasional alarms, especially during the Indian war of 181 1 and the war with Great Britain that began the ne.xt year, was thenceforth almost exempt from savage atrocities. "Poor Lo," with the inev- itable destiny of his race, was being crowded westward and to eventual extermination. CHAPTER IX. CIVIL JURISDICTION— ERECTION OF HAMILTON COUNTY. What constittites a State? Not high-raised battlements or labored mound. Thick wall or moated gate; Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned; Not bays and broad-armed ports, Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride; Not starred and spangled courts. Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride. No; — men, high-minded men. With powers as far above dull brutes endued. In forest, brake, or den. As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude, — Men who their duties know, But know theii rights, and, knowing, dare maintain. Prevent the long-aimed blow. And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain; — These constitute a State. — Sir William Jones. "IROQUOIS." In chapter IV it was remarked that upon some of the early maps of the territory which includes the present State of Ohio, a geographical district was marked and entitled "Iroquois," since the confederated tribes called by that generic name claimed jurisdiction over it. It is not probable that their government was represented here by satrap, prator, viceroy, or other governor; but theirs is, we believe, the first authority distinctly recognized by geography or history as existing over this region. One of the maps of 1755 designates this as Tunasoruntic, or "the deer-hunting country," a part of "the country of the confederate Indians," covering the present territory of New York, Ohio, and Canada, and thus signifying about the same thing as the former "Iroquois." "new FRANCE." The Ohio country, however, was long before this time claimed by the French, as an integral part of their great North American possessions, "New France," by virtue of the discoveries of her brave explorer, Robert, Cavalier de la Salle, and the earlier voyage (1640) of the Jesuit Fathers Charemonot and Brebceuf, along the south shore of Lake Erie. With the Iroquois they were constantly at war, and the claims of the confederated tribes to the territory weighed nothing with the aggressive leaders of the French in the New World. When, some time in the first half of the eighteenth century, the French built a fort on the Iroquois lands near Niagara falls, the governor of Canada proclaimed their right of encroachment, say- ing that the Five Nations were not subjects of England, but rather of France, if subjects at all. But, by the treaty of Utrecht, April 11, 17 13, Louis XIV, Le Grand Monarque, renounced in favor of England all right to the Iroquois country, reserving only the St. Lawrence and Mississippi valleys to France. Boundaries were so vaguely defined, however, that disputes easily and frequently arose concerning the territories owned by the respective powers; and in 1740, the very year after that in which the Ohio Land company of the Washingtons, Lee, and others was organized under a grant from George II, to occupy half a million acres west of the AUeghanies, De Celeron, the French commandant of Detroit, led an ex- 66 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. pedition to the Ohio dispatched by the Marquis de la GalHssoniere, commander-in-chief of New France, buried a leaden tablet "at the confluence of the Ohio and Tchadakoin" (?) "as a monument of the renewal of pos- session which we have taken of the said river Ohio, and of all those that therein fall, and of all the lands on both sides, as far as the sources of said rivers" — a sweep- ing claim, .truly. He ordered the English traders out of the country, and notified the governor of Pennsylvania that if they "should hereafter make their appearance on the Beautiful River, they would be treated without any delicacy." The territorial squabbles which then ensued led up to the Frenchand Indian war of 1755-62, which closed by the cession to England, on the part of France, of Canada and all her American possessions east of the Mississippi, except some fishing stations. Thus the Ohio region at length passed into the undisputed possession of the British crown. IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. In 1766 (though some confidendy say 1774*), the British Parliament insisted upon the Ohio river as the southwestern boundary, and the Mississippi river as the western limit of the dominions of the English crown in this quarter. By this measure the entire northwest, or so much of it as afterwards became the Northwest Terri- tory, was attached to the province of Quebec, and the tract that now constitutes the State of Ohio was nomi- nally under its local administration. BOTETOURT COUNTY. In 1769 the colony of Virgjnia, by an enactment of the house of burgesses, attempted to extend its jurisdic- tion over the same territory, northwest of the river Ohio, by virtue of its royal grants. By that act the county of Botetourt was erected and named in honor of Lord Bote- tourt, governor of the colony. It was a vast county, about seven hundred miles long, with the Blue Ridge for its eastern boundary, and the Mississippi for its west- ern boundary. It included large parts of the pres ent States of West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Ilh- nois, and was the first county organization covering what is now Hamilton county. Fincastle, still the seat of county for the immensely reduced Botetourt county, was made the seat of justice; but so distant from it were the western regions of the great county, that the thoughtful burgesses inserted the following proviso in the creative act : IV/u-rcas. The people situated on the Mississippi, in the said county of Botetourt, will be very remote from the court house, and must neces- sarily become a separate county as soon as their numbers are sufficient, which will probably happen in a short time, be it therefore enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the inhabitants of that part of the said county of Botetourt which lies on the said waters, shall be exempted from the payment of any levies to be laid by the said county court for the purpose of building a court-house and prison for said county. "west AUGUSTA." In 1776, the present territory of Ohio was included in what was known as the "District of West Augusta, fbut we are not informed to what State or county authority it was subordinated — though probably to that of Virginia, as was the Kentucky region at this time. *As Isaac Smucker, in Secretary of State's report for 1877. tBryant's Popular History of the United States, Vol. I., 6io. ILLINOIS COUNTY. Government was still nominal, however, so far as the county organization was concerned, between the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers ; and the Indians and few white settlers within those borders were entirely a law unto theinselves. After the conquest of the Indiana and Illinois country by General George Rogers Clark in 1778 the county of Illinois was erected by the Virginia legisla- ture out of the great county of Boietourt, and included all the territory between the Pennsylvania line, the Ohio, the Mississippi, and the northern lakes. Colonel John Todd was appointed the first county lieutenant and civil commandant of the county. He perished in the battle of Blue Licks, August 18, 1782; and Timothy de Montbrun was named as his successor. At this time there were no white men in Ohio, except a few Indian traders, some French settlers on the Maumee, and the Moravian mis- sionaries on the Tuscarawas. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. After the title of the United States to the wide tract covered by Illinois county, acquired by the victories of the Revolution, had been perfected by the cession of claims to it by Virginia and other States and by Indian treaties. Congress took the next step, and an important one, in the civil organization of the country. Upon the thirteenth of July (a month which has been largely as- sociated with human liberty in many ages of history), in the year 1787, the celebrated act entitled "An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio," was passed by Congress. By this great organic act — "the last gift," as Chief Justice Chase said, "of the Congress of the old Confederation to the country, and it was a fit consummation of their glorious labors" — provision was made for various forms of territorial government to be adopted in succession, in due order of the advancement and development of the Western country. To quote Governor Chase again: "When the settlers went into the wilderness, they found the law already there. It was impressed upon the soil itself, while it yet bore up nothing but the forest." This measure was succeeded, on the fifth of October of the same year, by the appointment by Congress of General Arthur St. Clair as governor, and Major Winthrop Sar- gent as secretary of the Northwest Territory. Soon after these appointments, three territorial judges were ap- pointed — Samuel Holden Parsons, James Mitchell Var-' num, and John Armstrong. In January the last named, not having entered upon service, declined his appoint- ment, which now fell to the Hon. John Cleves Symmes, the hero of the Miami Purchase. The appointment of Symmes to this high office gave much offence in some quarters, as it was supposed to add to his opportunities of making a great fortune in the new country. It is well known that Governor St. Clair's appointment to the Northwest Territory was promoted by his friends, in the hope that he would use his position to relieve himself of pecuniary embarrassments. There is no evidence, how- ever, that either he or Judge Symmes prostituted the privileges of their places to such ends. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 67 All these appointments being made under the articles of confederation, they expired upon the adoption and operation of the Federal constitution. St. Clair and Sargent were reappointed to their respective places by President Washington, and confirmed by the senate on the twentieth of September, 1789. On the same day Parsons and Symmes were reappointed judges, with Wil- liam Barton as their associate. Meanwhile, on the ninth of July, 1788, the governor arrived at Marietta, and pro- ceeded to organize the territory. He and the judges, of whom only Varnum and Parsons were present, consti- tuted, under the ordinance, the territorial legislature. Their first law was proclaimed July 25th, and on the twenty-seventh Governor St. Clair issued a proclamation establishing the county of Washington, to cover all the territory to which the Indian title had been extin- guished between Lake Erie, the Ohio and Scioto rivers, and the Pennsylvania line, being a large part of the present State of Ohio. Marietta, the capital of the Territory, was made the seat of justice for Washington county. The next civil division proclaijmed was HAMJLTON COUN On the second of January, 1790, in the thirteenth 'month and second year ab urbe co?idita, the governor arrived at Lo- santiville. His august approach was duly heralded, and as he stepped ashore from his flat-boat, pirogue, or barge, he was received with a salute of fourteen guns, and four- teen more were fired as he moved with his suite to the embattled precincts of Fort Washington. He dispatched a message to North Bend for Judge Symmes, who ar- rived the next day, and, after consultation, the ensuing day (the fourth) was signalized by the erection, as the Judge put it in a subsequent letter, of "this Purchase in- to a county." St. Clair's proclamation established the fol- lowing as the boundary hues of the new creation : "Begin- ning on the bank of the Ohio river, at the confluence of the Little Miami, and down said Ohio river to the mouth of the Big Miami', and up said Miami to the Standing Stone forks, or branch of said river, and thence with a line to be drawn due east to the Little Miami, and down said Little Miami to the place of beginning." This was a long and narrow county, decidedly inconvenient in shape, if it had been settled throughout all its borders; but it was no doubt formed in accordance with the sug- gestions of Judge Symmes, and its northern boundary was much better defined than was that of the Miami Purchase at that time, or at any time until the patent for the Purchase was issued. The Judge writes: "His ex- cellency complimented me with the honor of naming the county. I called it Hamilton county, after the Secretary of the Treasury" — Colonel Alexander Hamilton, the dis- tinguished revolutionary and cabinet officer, now but thirty-three years old, in the prime of his powers, and considered the pride of the Federal party, perishing mis- erably fourteen and a half years afterwards, from a mor- tal wound received in the duel with Aaron Burr. It is altogether probable that Judge Symmes may have desired to do the secretary fitting honor; but it is also not impos- sible that, since the negotiations for the Purchase were still incomplete, and the duties of the late treasury board, in regard to the sales of the public lands, had now, under the new constitution and before the organization of the general land office, devolved upon the Secretary of the Treasury, he was also prompted by a lively sense of favors to come. He adds, in his notes of this affair: "The governor has made Losantiville the county town by the name of Cincinnata [thus Symmes spells it, for reasons that will appear by and by], so that Losantiville will be- come extinct." St. Clair soon afterwards made it the capital of the Northwest Territory, and in 1799 the first session of the territorial legislature was held there. On the same day that Hamilton county was proclaimed commissions were issued by the gov^nor for a county court of common pleas and general. Quarter sessions of the peace, for said county. Messrs.' Wi lliam McMillan , William Goforth, and WiUiam Wells — a triumvirate of Williams — were appointed judges of the court of com- mon pleas and justices of the court of general quarter sessions of the peace. They were also appointed and commissioned as justices of the peace and of the quorum in said court. Other justices of the peace were appointed for the new county, in the persons of Benjamin Stites, our old Columbia pioneer, John Stites Gano, another Columbian, and Jacob Topping. J. Brown, "Gent," was commissioned sheriff "during the governor's pleas- ure;" Israel Ludlow, esq., was made prothonotary to the court of common pleas and clerk of the court of general quarter sessions of the peace. Some appointments were also made at this time to commands in the "First Regiment of MiUtia in the County of Hamilton." Israel Ludlow, John S. Gano, James Flinn, and Gershom Gerard, were commissioned as captains; Francis Kennedy, John Ferris, Luke Foster, and Brice Virgin, as lieutei'iailts; and Scott Traverse, Ephraim Kibby, Elijah Stites, and John Dunlap, as en- signs. Provision seems to have been made by these appointments for the formation of but four companies. On the twenty-fourth of the following May the organi- zation of the county was furthered by the appointment of William Burnet as register of deeds, and on the next fourteenth of December Mr. George McCullum was added to the justices of the peace. The boundaries of the county were afterwards changed by the governor, as the settlements widened ; and its area was greatly enlarged. By his proclamation September 15, 1796, erecting Wayne county (now, as reduced, in Michigan), with Detroit as its seat of justice, St. Clair described the eastern boundary of Hamilton county as a "due northern line from the lower Shawnees' town upon the Scioto river," which was a long remove to the east- ward from the Little Miami." By, proclamation June 22, 1798, an alteration was made in the boundaries of Hamilton, Wayne, and Knox - (now, as reduced, in Indiana) counties, by which the west- ern line of Hamilton was laid down as follows : The western boundary of the county of Hamilton shall begin at the/ spot on the bank of the Ohio river where the general boundary line between the lands of tlie United States and the Indian tribes, estab- lished at Greenville the third day of August, 1795, intersects the bank of that river, and run with the general boundary line to Fort Recovery, 68 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. and from thence by a line to be drawn due north from Fort Recovery until it intersects the south boundary line of the county of Wayne;- and the said line from the Ohio to Fort Recovery, and from thence to the southern boundary line of the county of Wayne, shall also be the eastern boundary of the county of Knox. Fort Recovery was a stockade upon a bend of the Wabash, very near the present western boundary of Ohio, and also near the line dividing Darke and Mercer counties. The mouth of the Kentucky river is at Car- roUton, fifty miles in a direct line southwest of Cincinnati, though much further by the winding river. The treaty of Greenville defined the "general boundary line" men- tioned above, as to run thence (from Fort Recovery) southwesterly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to inter- sect the river opposite the mouth of Kentucke or Cut- tawa river. Hamilton county, then, by this time, com- prised a considerable triangular tract in the southeastern part of what is now the State of Indiana. It was a very large county that was enclosed between the east and west lines above described, the Ohio, and the southern boun- dary of Wayne county. It is estimated to have included five thousand square miles, or over three millions of acres, and to have been equal to about one-eighth part of the tract that became the State of Ohio. Just before the creation of a number of new coun- ties from its territory, by one of the first acts of the first State legislature, the county is said, somewhat vaguely, to have stretched from the Ohio one hundred miles north- ward to the headwaters of the Great Miami, and west- ward from a meridian line drawn from the eastern sour- ces of the Little Miami to the Ohio, to a meridian from the mouth of the Great Miami to the parallel drawn from the headwaters of that stream. These boundaries, if correctly stated, represent a vast enlargement of the original county, and included the present counties of Hamilton, Clermont, Warren, Butler, Montgomery, Preble, Darke, Miami, Champaign, Clark, Clinton, and Greene. The Western Annals, third edition, says that the county "comprehended the whole country contigu- ous to the Ohio, from the Hocking river to the Great Miami." A gubernatorial proclamation, dated September 20, 1798, attached a part of Hamilton to Adams county — To begin on the bank of the Ohio, where Elk river, or Eagle creek, empties into the same, and run from thence due north until it intersects the boundary of the county of Ross, and all and singular the lands ly- ing between said north line and Elk river, or Eagle creek, shall, after the said twentieth day of September next, be separated from the county of Hamilton and added to the county of Adams. From the great county of Hamilton, or from coun- ties carved out of it, there are said to have been organ- ized, by -1 8 1 5, the counties of Clermont, Warren, Butler, Preble, Montgomery, Greene, Clinton, Champaign, Miami, and Darke. St. Clair undertook to erect Bel- mont, Fairfield, and Clermont sometime before his resignation in 1802, but Congress refused to recog- nize his action, holding him "not endowed with such power, in view of the existence of the territorial legis- lature. Early in 1802 the inhabitants of Hamilton residing north of the south boundary of the third or Military Range, petitioned Mr. Charles Willing Bird, then secretary of the territory and acting governor in the absence of General St. Clair, for a division of the county. He replied in a respectful letter, of the fifteenth of May, 1802, saying that he could not grant the petition, but promising that it should be laid before the territorial legislature and recominended to their serious consider- ation — which was undoubtedly the proper course in the premises. The people in all the northern parts of Hamilton county, above a line pretty nearly the same as the present north boundary of the county, had their wishes promptly gratified. Part of the Northwest Territory became the State of Ohio in the winter of 1802-3; ^^^ '^^^ ^^ '^'^^ first acts passed by the new legislature, in session at Chillicothe, was that of March 24, 1803, erecting from Hamilton the counties of Warren (named from General Joseph Warren, the Revolutionary hero), and Butler (named from General Richard Butler, also a distinguished Revolutionary and Indian fighter, who fell in St. Clair's defeat); and from Hamilton and Ross the counties of Montgomery (named from General Richard Montgomery, who fell in the attack on Quebec December 31, 1775), and Greene (named from General Nathaniel Greene, still another hero of the Revolution). The act was to take effect May i, 1803, which is therefore the proper natal day of these counties. In the separation of the new counties it was made lawful for the coroners, sheriffs, constables, and collectors of Hamilton and Ross counties "to make distress for all dues and officers' fees unpaid by the inhabitants within the bounds of any of the said new counties, at the time such division shall take place, and they shall be accountable in like manner as if this act had not been passed." The courts of Hamilton and Ross were to maintain jurisdiction in all actions pending at the time of the separation, try and determine them, issue process, and otherwise conclude the pending matters. Temporary seats of justice were established for the new counties: For Warren, at the house of Ephraim Hathaway, on Turtle creek; for Butler, at the house of John Warrener, in Hamilton; for Montgomery, the house of George Newcum, in Dayton; and for Greene, the house of Owen Davies, on Beaver creek. The boundaries of Butler county, that one of the new erections which is Hamilton's next neighbor on the north, were defined as follows: "Beginning at the southwest corner of the county of Warren, running thence west to the State line; thence with the same north to a point due west from the middle of the fifth range of townships in the Miami Purchase ; thence east to the northwest corner of the aforesaid county of Warren; thence bounded by the west line of the said county of Warren to the place of beginning." The south line thus de- scribed, being the boundary between the counties of Hamilton and Butler, appears not to have been satis- factory, no doubt owing to the irregularity in the early surveys, and the consequent cutting across many sections or parts of sections by a straight east and west line, and an act was passed by the legislature February 20, 1808, re-establishing the boundary line thus: "Beginning at the southwest corner of the county of Warren and at the southwest corner of section numbered seven, in the HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 69 third township of the second entire range of townships, in the Miami Purchasej thence westwardly along thehne of said tier of sections to the Great Miami river; thence down the Miami river to the point where the line of the next original surveyed township strikes the same; thence along the said line to the west boundary of the State. " This act allowed Hamilton county to retain the irregular north line to be seen upon the later as well as earlier maps. ^ THE TOWNSHIPS. &6me of the townships of Hamilton county at or near >its beginnings can hardly be identified now. JH*e*e^s not much trouble in recognizing Cincinnati^ Columbia, Miami, Anderson, Colerain, and Springfield. "^South Bend" included the tract which afterwards became Delhi and the major part of Green; and Dayton, Fairfield, Franklin, Ohio, Deerfield, Washington, and St. Clair, were no doubt on territory now belonging to other counties. The erection of townships in the early day is among the most difficult topics for the local historian. Prior to the formation of the State constitution they were created in the several counties by order of the courts of general quarter sessions of the peace; after that by the county commissioners and the associate judges of the court of common pleas, acting with concurrent jurisdiction, until the act of the legislature of February 19, rSio, which gave the county commissioners the exclusive jurisdiction in the matter they have since retained. Sources of information are thus, in an old county, widely dispersed through the offices and records, and full and satisfactory data are ex- ceedingly difficult, and in this instance probably impossi- ble to reach. So long ago as 1839, near the middle year of the county's history, when it would seem to have been much easier to prosecute the inquiry than now, Mr. H. McDougal, then county auditor for Hamilton, in answer to a circular from the Hon. John Brough, State auditor, issued in pursuance of a legislative requirement of that year, reported as follows: "I find it almost impossible, from the data in my possession, to give ;ill the required information. Most of the townships within the lines of this county were organized under the Territorial Gov- ernment. ... I cannot tell when they were organized." He was able to furnish only the dates of the organization of Fulton and Storrs, respectively, as 1830 and 1835; and in regard to the former of these he was clearly mistaken, as Fulton appears in the list of townships so early as 1826, and it was created, as was also the township of Symmes, at some time between 1820 and that year. The other township he mentions disap- peared some years ago, through the growth of the city- to the westward, which absorbed it; and Fulton was pre- viously absorbed by its extension to the eastward; so that these two of the "second growth" townships are al- ready wiped out. The original townships in the old Hamilton county were only Cincinnati, Columbia, and Miami, the three representing the three settlements on the Ohio in the Purchase, and together extending the whole distance be- tween the rivers, their north boundaries being at the Military Range, on a line six miles north of the present Springdale. The townships named in the records, down to 1796-7, were, in the order of their mention: Cincin- nati, Columbia, Miami, Anderson, Fairfield, Deerfield, Dayton, Iron Ridge (taken into Adams county in 1797), South Bend, Colerain, and Springfield. Iron Ridge township was created on the application of Nathaniel Massie to the quarter-sessions court in 1793, to be received among the townships of the Hamilton county group. The request was granted, and ofScers for it duly appointed; but the township soon disappeared from Hamilton county history. It lay north of the Ohio river, east of White Oak creek, around the town of Manchester, in what is now Adams county. Washington township is found mentioned in 1798, also Ohio and St. Clair; and Franklin township was rec- ognized in 1797. The following table of 1799 (which, of course, omits Iron Ridge, but includes all the others), representing the assessment for taxation on the several duplicates of the townships and their acting constables at that time, has some interest just here : TOWNSHIPS. ASSESSMENT. CONSTABLES. Columbia $66056 James Spears. Cincinnati 723 3° John Bailey. South Bend 55 69 Robert Levy. Miami 192 88 John Willdnson. Anderson 32662 Josiah Crossly. Colerain 106 81 Allan Shaw. Springfield 281 15 John Patterson. Fairfield 26048 Darius Orcutt. Dayton 23372 Samuel Thompson. Franklin 282 83 Enos Potter. Deerfield 37174 William Sears. Washington ; 339 61 William Laycock. Ohio 10988 Isaac Miller. ^'- Clair 134 72 John Newcomer. Total $4,079 99 Fairfield township was laid off by the quarter-sessions in 1795. It began at the northwest corner of Spring- field township, thence north along the then Colerain six miles to its northeast corner; thence west to the Miami; thence up that stream to a meridian which is the eastern boundary of township numbered three, in the first entire range; thence south to Springfield; thence west six miles to the place of beginning. The brand of its cattle was ordered to be "H." Its first officers in 1795 were: John Greer, town clerk; William B. Brawnes, constable; Patrick Moore, overseer of the poor; Darius Orcutt supervisor of highways; Charles Bruin, Patrick Moore and William B. Brawnes, viewers of enclosures and ap- praisers of damages. Fairfield is, of course, now in But- ler county. Dayton, of the present county of Mont- gomery, was also established by the Hamilton County court in 1795. Benjamin Van Cleve says in his memor- anda, published in McBride's Pioneer Biography, in a volume of the Ohio Valley Historical Series, that Day- ton township included all the Miami country from the fifth range of townships upward. He took the returns of taxable property for it in 1801, and found three hun- dred and eighty-two free male persons over the age of twenty-one between the two Miamis, from- the south line of the township to the heads of Mad river and the Great Miami. West of the latter stream there were twenty- 7° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. eight such inhabitants in the township, and east of the Little Miami less than twenty. He received less than five dollars in fees for his immense toil and exposure in rendering this public service. The names of some of the constables previous to this date have been preserved: Cincinnati township, Abraham Gary, 1797; Levi McLean, 1798; Columbia, Amos Mun- son, 1796; James Spears, 1797-8; Miami, Andrew Hill, 1797-8; Anderson, Josiah Crossly, 1797-8; Fairfield, George Codd, 1797; Darius Orcutt, 1798; Deerfield, Isaac Lindly, 1797; Joshua Drake; Dayton, Cyrus Os- born, 1797; James Thompson, 1798; Iron Ridge, Damon McKinsey, 1796; "South Bend, Isaac Wilson, 1797; William Cullum, 1798; Colerain, Allan Shaw, 1797; Springfield, James Lowes, 1797; Washington, Jacob Williams, 1798; FrankUn, Jos. Henry, 1798. Colerain township was created in 1794, and Springfield in 1803. Cincinnati, Miami, and Springfield townships had important changes made in their boundaries in 1809, by the creation of Mill Creek and Green townships iri that year. In 1800 Sycamore township appears to have been in existence. Whitewater township was erected in 1803, to include all the territory of Hamilton county west of the Great Miami river. Its boundaries were more elaborately defined the next year, when Crosby town- ship was also mentioned, and probably erected at that time. This is about the sum of the knowledge possessed in this year of grace 1881, concerning the old townships of Hamilton county. But more may appear in the township histories. CHAPTER X. PROGRESS OF HAMILTON COUNTY. Sweet clime of my kindred, blest land of my birth — The fairest, the dearest, the brightest on earth ! Where'er I may roam,_howe'er blest I may be, My spirit instinctively turns mito thee. — Anonymous. THE FIRST ELEVEN YEARS. About two thousand people were in the Miami coun- try, which may be considered as practically identical with Hamilton county at this time, by 1790, although the first settler had pitched his camp at Columbia but thirteen months before. It was a very humble and modest beginning that the infant county had, except in reach of fertile territory and the possibilities of the future. Had a census qualification been required for the erection of a county in that day, as nowfor the admission of a State to the Federal Union, it must needs have been a very mod- erate one, or the Northwest Territory would have waited longer for the birth of the county which has since be- come as great in wealth and population, in arts and arms, and in the higher arts of civilization, as it was then great in ar:ea and resources waiting to be developed. In a very few years, however — as soon as the peace of Greenville gave assurance of safety to the immigrant against Indian massacre or the plunder of his property — the country began to fill up with some rapidity. The census of 1800, the first taken in the county, although its enumerators probably missed many of the settlers in so wide and sparsely settled a tract, exhibited the goodly number of fourteen thousand six hundred and ninety-one persons as the white population of Hamilton county. It is interest- ing to note, in this early day, when the conditions of life were so different from those prevailing in the older communities, how this number was divided between the sexes, and also between the different ages of which the census makes record. There were, of children under ten years of age, three thousand two hundred and seventy- three males, three thousand and ninety females; young persons between ten and sixteen years, one thousand three hundred and thirty-five males, one thousand and sixty-five females; between sixteen and twenty-six, one thousand five hundred and two males, one thousand two hundred and ninety-seven females; adults between twenty-six and forty-five years, one thousand two hundred and fifty-one males, nine hundred and fifty-four females; over forty- five, four hundred and eighty males, three hundred and forty-four females; — total, fourteen thousand six hundred and ninety-one, of whom seven thousand eight hundred and forty-one were males, and six thousand eight hun- dred and fifty females. The noticeable facts in this brief statement are ; 1. The disparity of the sexes, which was particularly marked in this country when new. Usually, in a long- settled community, notably in the State of Massachusetts, as the censqs shows, the gentler sex is somewhat in the majority, and sometimes very^much so ; but here we find, at the end of the first eleven to twelve years of coloniza- tion, that the males led by very nearly one thousand in less than fifteen thousand, or by about six and eight- tenths per cent, of the whole. Or, to make the differ- ence appear more striking, there were nearly one-sixth more males than females, or about fifteen per cent. — a considerable and important difference. Even with young children, and through all the ages noted, the disparity is marked; but particularly so in the more vigorous working ages, from sixteen to twenty-six, and thence to forty-five, where the percentages of difference are over sixteen and nearly thirty-one, respectively. Still more striking is the inequality of numbers where we should least expect it, among adults over forty-five years of age, where it amounts, in this case, to forty per cent, advantage in point of numbers, in favor of the men. These facts ar- gue well for the ma'terial foundations in Hamilton county, in the laying of which the male mind, in its maturity and strength, as well as the muscle of the man in his prime, were imperatively needed. 2. The comparative paucity of old persons, or of men and women distantly approaching old age, is to be noted. Of really aged persons there were probably very few; but as to this we have no exact data. The census figures show that, reckoning all down to the age of forty-five, there were but eight hundred and twenty-four, or only HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 71 five and six-tenths per cent, of the whole; while of those in the hardier laboring ages there were over nineteen and fifteen per cent, respectively, leaving for the youngest children and the younger youth sixty per cent, of the whole. 3. The last statement offers a fact of considerable in- terest. Three of every five in the total population were c hildren under sixteen years of age. This demonstrates how large a share of the early settlers brought their fam- ilies with them, apparently coming to stay and aid in lay- ing the foundations of stable communities, in which law and order should ever abide. Contrast with this the im- migration at mining camps and settlements, which usually consists, with almost absolute exclusiveness, of men only. The beginnings were certainly well made in Hamilton county. THE SECOND DECADE. In 18 10 the census exhibited a population for the county of but little more than the enumeration of 1800 had shown — fifteen thousand two hundred and four, or but five hundred and thirteen more than were in the county ten years before. It must be borne in mind, how- ever, that the Hamilton county of 1800 was still, for the most part, the great county of Governor St. Clair's second creation — that it might be said, indeed, in a general way, to be pretty nearly coterminous with the broad and long "Miami country," since that was estimated to contain fifteen thousand white people at the beginning of the century, while the county itself was shown by official count to have fourteen thousand six hundred and ninety-one. Ten years later Hamilton had been shorn of its fair proportions, and reduced to be', as it is now, one of the smallest counties in the State in territorial dimensions, having, as we have seen, less than four hundred square miles. A population of fifteen thou- sand two hundred and four, or forty to the square mile, represented a very creditable growth for a county just coming of age in its twenty-first year. It is also noteworthy, when placed against the figures of 1800, which showed scarcely three white persons to the section in the vast county. In 1810 the Miami tract, formerly almost identical with Hamilton county, was estimated to contain seventy thousand civilized inhabitants, or about one fourth of the entire white and colored population of the State, indicating that growth of settlement through- out this region was by no means confined to the Ohio valley, but extended far up the Miami valleys as well. Within this decade were founded three of the oldest villages in the county — Reading, in 1804; Montgomery, in 1805; and Springfield, in 1806. THE THIRD DECADE. The map prefixed to Dr. Drake's Picture of Cincin- nati, pubhshed in 1815, shows the towns and villages of the county at that time to have been Cincinnati (three miles east of Mill Creek), Columbia, Cleves, Colerain, Crosby, Springfield, Reading, Montgomery, and New- town, with roads running from Cincinnati to each of these points, and one other road making into Indiana. Four years later Cincinnati had become a chartered city, and Carthage and Miami were added to the list of vil- lages. Nearly all places in the county were considered worthy of mention in the State Gazetteer of that year only as "post towns," with their respective locations and distances from Cincinnati. The county had now twelve townships — Cincinnati, Crosby, Colerain, Springfield, Sycamore, Anderson, Columbia, Mill Creek, Delhi, Green, Miami, and Whitewater. The aggregate valua- tion of property in the county, for purposes of taxation, was five million six hundred and four thousand nine hundred and fifty-foiir dollars. By 1815 the beginnings of the Miami and Erie canal had been projected, so far as an artificial water-way up the valley of Mill creek to Hamilton would go. The text of Dr. Drake's Picture notes the mills on this stream as "numerous, but the loose and unstable composition of its bed renders the erection of permanent dams as difficult and expensive, in proportion to its width, as on the Miamis." Prices of land had greatly appreciated throughout the county. Judge Symmes and his asso- ciates, twenty-seven years before, had bought the Pur- chase for sixty-six and two-thirds cents per acre (really for sixteen and two-third cents per acre, in specie), and sold most of it at a uniform price of two dollars, except at auction, when it often commanded higher rates. The reserved sections also formed an exception: they were at one time fiixed to be sold at eight dollars per acre, but afterwards sold at four. In 1815, Dr. Drake observes: Within tliree miles of Cincinnati, at tliis time, tlie prices of good unimproved land are between fifty dollars and one hundred and fifty- dollars per acre, varying according to the distance. From this point to the extent of twelve miles, they decline from thirty dollars to ten dol- lars. Near the principal villages of the Miami country, it commands- from twenty dollars to forty dollars: in the remaining situations it is from four to eight dollars — improvements in all cases advancing the price from twenty-five to four hundred per cent. An average of the settled parts of the Miami country, still supposing the land fertile and uncultivated, may be stated at eight dollars; if cultivated, at twelve dollar's. . . These were not the prices in 1812, the war, by promoting immigration, having advanced the nominal value of land from twenty-five to fifty per cent. Mr. Burnet (not the judge), a traveller through this region two years afterwards, ina published account of his journeyings, supplies the following interesting note : The land round Cincinnati is good. Price, a mile or two from the city, fifty, eighty, and one hundred dollars per acre, according to qual- ity and other advantages. This same land, a few years ago, was bought for two and five dollars per acre. Farms with improvements ten miles from the town, sell for thirty and forty dollars per acre. Fifty si.xty, and one hundred miles up the country, good uncleared land may be bought for from two dollars to five dollars per acre. The farms are generally worked by the farmer and his family. Labor is dear, and not to be had under fourteen or sixteen dollars per month and board. They have but little machinery and no plaster or compost, but what is made by the farmer is used for manure. Taxes, in the country, are a mere nothing. Farmers, in any part of the State of Ohio, who have one hundred acres of their own, well stocked, do not pay above five to ten dollars per annum. The population of Hamilton county, in 1820, footed up thirty-one thousand seven hundred and sixty-four, divided among the townships as follows: Cincinnati, nine thousand six hundred and forty-two ; Columbia, two thousand eight hundred and fourteen; Mill Creek, two thousand one hundred and ninety-eight; Springfield, two thousand one hundred and ninety-seven (Springfield vil- 72 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. lagetwo hundred and twenty); Sycamore three thousand four hundred and sixty-three; Whitewater, one thousand six hundred and sixty-one ; Anderson, two thousand one hundred and twenty-two; Colerain, one thousand nine hundred and six; Crosby, one thousand seven hundred and twenty-one; Delhi, one thousand one hundred and fifty-eight; Green, one thousand four hundred and fifty- six; Miami, one thousand four hundred and twenty-six. The population of Springfield and Sycamore townships this year, each appears larger than their respective popu- lations by the census of 1830; but the formation of new townships from them sufficiently accounts for that, since they had then to part with a portion of their people, thenceforth to be enumerated in the new divisions. This decade was signalized by the laying-off (or at least recording the plats) of an extraordinary number, for the period, of town and village sites. In 1813, by the date of record, Harrison was founded; in 1815, Carthage; 1816, New Burlington and Miamistown; 1817, Elizabeth town and "Symmestown"; 18 18, New Haven, Cheviot, Sharon, and "Clevestown"; and, in 1819, New Baltimore. Most of these have survived, at least as local post offices and hamlets; but others, several in number, have made little more figure in history or in actual ex- istence than the countless "paper towns" that studded the prairies and the banks of western rivers (in imagina- tion and speculative description and platting) twenty years later. THE FOURTH DECADE. The Ohio State Gazetteer of 182 1 notes: "There has been an uncommonly rapid increase of emigrants from other States into this county during several years past; and, the land being of a peculiarly good quality for the production of grain, one of the principal articles neces- sary for subsistence, this county has, therefore, become an important section of the State." The thickening of population in parts of the county made the size of some of the old townships incon- venient for a part of the voters and residents therein ; and the new townships of Fulton and Symmes were presently created. There were fourteen townships iry 1826; Georgetown, Lockland, Lewistown, Madison, Nassau, and Prospect Hill, were added during the decade to the list of villages whose plats were recorded; and the suburb of "Eastern Liberties" was laid off adjacent to the city of Cincinnati. The population of the county was estimated that year at forty-four thousand, about one- eighteenth of all the inhabitants of the State, while the year before the aggregate value of taxable property in the county, assessed on the ad valorem system, was six mil- lion eight hundred and forty-eight thousand four hun- dred and thirty-three dollars, or more than one-eighth of the entire valuation of the State. A very satisfactory and rather remarkable increase in the wealth of the county, both absolute and relatively to population, as compared with other parts of the State, is thus shown. The convictions for crime in Hamilton county during 1826 were: Murder in the first degree, one; rape, one; perjury, one; assault with intent to murder, one; assault with intent to commit mayhem, two; stabbing with in- tent to kill, one; burglary, two; uttering counterfeit money, three; horse-stealing, three; grand larceny, four; petit larceny, four; total convictions, twenty-three. So the county was making progress, unhappily, in the accu- mulation of a crime record, as well as in more reputable and honorable affairs. The census of 1830 exhibited the handsome total of fifty-two thousand three hundred and eighty, an increase of twenty-one thousand six hundred and sixteen, or sixty-six per cent., upon the count of ten years before. Much of this increase, of course, was in the city, which had jumped from nine thousand six hundred and forty- two to twenty-four thousand eight hundred and thirty-one increasing fifteen thousand one hundred and eighty-nine people during the decade, or one hundred and fifty-seven per cent. The remaining townships of the county had now population as follows : Anderson, two thousand four hundred and ten; Colerain, one thousand nine hun- dred and twenty-eight; Columbia, three thousand and fifty-one; Crosby, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five; Delhi, one thousand five hundred and twen- ty-seven; Fulton, one thousand and eighty-nine; Green, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-five; Miami, one thousand five hundred and forty-nine; Mill Creek, three thousand three hundred and fifty-six; Springfield, three thousand and twenty-five; Sycamore, two thousand seven hundred and seventy-nine; Symmes, one thousand one hundred and fifty-eight; Whitewater, one thousand seven hundred and thirty-four; total in the townships, twenty- seven thousand four hundred and eighty-six. This was the last of the Federal censuses in Hamilton county in which the country population outnumbered the city, as it now did, but by only two thousand six hundred and fifty-five. At the next census Cincinnati was nearly thirteen thousand in advance of all the county besides. It had this year twenty-four thousand eight hundred and thirty-one inhabitants. The total for the county was fifty-two thousand three hundred and seventeen. THE FIFTH DECADE. The enumeration of 1830 showed the population of each of four of the townships — Columbia, Crosby, Delhi, and Symmes — to be somewhat greater than it proved to be at the next census — a falling off to be accounted for in one case by the erection of a new township (Storrs), which took place in this decade. The county's growth in most parts continued hopefully and satisfactorily; and when the count of 1840 was made, it displayed an increase of twenty-seven thousand seven hundred and eighty- five, or nearly fifty per cent, within ten years. Cincinnati had, as ever in this county since 1810, the lion's share of the spoils, all the new immigration and natural increase, so far as represented by the figures upon their face, going to the city, except six thousand three hundred and twenty- one. About three-fourths of the total growth of the county in population was claimed by the city, which now had forty-six thousand three hundred and thirty-eight people. The townships were assigned the following numbers: Anderson, two thousand three hundred and eleven ; Colerain, two thousand two hundred and seventy HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 73 two; Sycamore, three thousand two hundred and seven; Columbia, three thousand and forty-three; Fulton, one thousand five hundred and six; Mill Creek, six thousand two hundred and forty-nine; Crosby, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six; Symmes, one thousand and thirty-four;. Delhi, one thousand four hundred and sixty- six; Storrs, one thousand and thirty-four; Green, two thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine; Miami, two thousand one hundred and eighty-nine; Springfield, three thousand and ninety-two; Whitewater, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two. Nearly two-fifths of the increase in the county during this decade belongs to Mill Creek township, about one-sixth to Green, one-tenth to Miami, and the rest is pretty nearly divided between the townships which show any increase. Mill Creek, being very favorably situated next the'city, had, and retains, so much of it as is left from the annexations, special advan- tages for growth. It nearly doubled its population, as may be seen by comparison of previous sunnnaries of the census, between 1820 and 1830, and again in the de- cade 1830-40. The entire population of the county was now eighty thousand one hundred and forty-five — an average of a little over two hundred and five to the square mile, or, leaving out the city's area and popula- tion, an average of nearly eighty-nine to the mile. The assessed valuation of property in the county in 1836, as exhibited by the tax duplicate, was nine million, seven hundred and one thousand, three hundred and eighty-seven dollars, an increase of nearly fifty per cent since 1825. The tax paid the former year was one hun. dred and fifty-nine thousand six hundred and seventy- eight dollars. During this decade were founded, according to record- ed plats, the villages of Carrsville and Walnut Hills, Ver- non Village, and the suburb of "Northern Liberties." THE SIXTH DECADE. The increase in valuation during this period was very rapid. In 1S41 the valuation of the county was ten mil- lion, seven hundred and sixty thousand, four hundred and ninety-four dollars, but one million and fifty-nine thousand, one hundred and seven dollars more than it had been for years before. For Cincinnati, however, now set in an era of great prosperity and growth in man- ufactures, trade, and commerce; and the valuation in- creased forty-five millions in nine years. In 1850 it was fifty-five million, six hundred and seventy thousand, six hundred and thirty-one dollars; and we may anticipate the course of this narrative a little by saying just here, while surprising figures are in hand, that the valuation of 1855 was one hundred and twelve million, nine hundred and forty-five thousand, four hundred and forty-five dol- lars; that of 1S60 was one hundred and nineteen million, five hundred and eight thousand, one hundred and seventy dollars; that of 1868, one hundred and sixty-six million, nine hundred and forty-five thousand, four hun- dred and ninety-seven. The increase in nine years (1841-50) was over four-fold, and was three-fold in the nineteen years 1850-69. From i860 to '69 the increase was thirty-two per cent. The increase of population in the city of Cincinnati was not less surprising. In the ten years 1840-50 the number of its inhabitants had jumped from forty-six thousand three hundred and thirty-eight to one hundred and fifteen thousand four hundred and thirty-eight — an absolute increase of sixty-nine thousand one hundred, or very nearly one hundred and fifty per cent. — an average of fifteen per cent, or six thousand nine hundred and ten persons every year. Nineteen immigrants, on an average, arrived in this city every day, Sundays and all, during the ten years. The country, however — the town- ships — increased but four thousand six hundred and five, or less than fourteen per cent, during the decade. The population of the city, by the canvass of 1850, was one hundred and fifteen thousand four hundred and thirty- eight; of the townships, forty-one thousand four hundred and twelve; — total, one hundred and fifty-six thousand eight hundred and fifty. The Mexican war, which occurred during this decade, had no appreciable effect in retarding the growth and prosperity of Hamilton county. THE SEVENTH DECADE. At the expiration of this (in i860) the population of the county had mounted to the high figure of two hundred and fifteen thousand six hundred and seventy-seven, of which Cincinnati, with its now seventeen wards, had nearly three-fourths, or one hundred and sixty-one thou- sand and forty-four. The remainder of the population was dispersed as follows: Columbia township, two thousand nine hundred and thirty-one; Sycamore, three thousand four hundred and twenty-seven; Anderson, three thousand four hundred and thirty-nine; Green, four thousand four hundred and twenty-six; Mill Creek, thirteen thousand eight hundred and forty-four; Spring- field, four thousand eight hundred and forty; .Cole- rain, three thousand nine hundred and thirty-three; Delhi, two thousand seven hundred; Miami, one thousand six hundred and eighty-three; Crosby, one thousand one hundred and eighty-two; (Reading village, one thousand two hundred and thirty); Whitewater, one thousand four hundred and twenty-one; Harrison, one thousand three hundred and fort)'-three; Symmes, one thousand one hundred and seven; Storrs, three thousand eight hun- dred and sixty-two; Spencer, two thousand five hundred and fifty-two. Total, fifty-four thousand six hundred and thirty-three. In this decade the village of College Hill was incor- porated, and several other towns were surveyed and their plats recorded. The township of Harrison was also formed. THE EIGHTH DECADE. In 1870 the |3opulation of the county was two hun- dred and sixty thousand three hundred and seventy. The chief productions of the year, according to the cen- sus, were one hundred and sixty-two thousand six hundred and seven bushels of wheat, one million two hundred and twenty-six thousand seven hundred and twenty-six of Indian corn, two hundred and sixty-eight thousand and eighty-nine of oats, ninety-six thousand 74 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. nine hundred and seventy-nine of barley, five hundred and sixty-two thousand five hundred and thirty-seven of potatoes, seven hundred and seventy-three thousand three hundred and eighty-seven pounds of butter, one hundred and twenty-six thousand four hundred of cheese, and twenty-five thousand three hundred and four tons of hay. The county possessed eight thousand five hundred and thirty-one horses, twelve thousand four hundred and thirteen milch cows, three thousand two hundred and fifty-four other cattle, three thousand six hundred and forty-seven sheep, and twenty-one thousand one hundred and sixty-five swine. The manufactories of all kinds numbered two thousand four hundred and sixty-nine, with a total capital of forty-two million six hundred and forty-six thousand one hundred and fifty-two dollars, and an annual product of seventy-eight million nine hundred and five thousand nine hundred and eighty dollars. The value of real and personal property in the county in 1870 was three hundred and forty-one million two hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars. Notwithstanding the great civil war during nearly half of this decade, the growth of the county was very satis- factory. Lockland, Mt. Airy, Cumminsville, Woodburn, Avondale, Riverside, Mt. Washington, and Carthage, were incorporated and the foundations of other flourishing villages were laid. THE NINTH DECADE. The earlier part of this was marked by numerous annexations to the city, which rapidly grew from seven to twenty-four square miles, and corresponding losses to the townships. The census of 1880, in consequence of the financial crisis and industrial prostration which characterized nearly all the years of this decade, did not exhibit surprising growths of'population for either city or county. Still, the increase was healthy, and on the whole satisfactory, being fourteen thousand one hundred and thirty-one for the townships, or about thirty-two per cent, for the decade; and in the city thirty-nine thousand three hundred and sixty-nine, or about eighteen per cent. The totals of population for the townships were fifty- eight thousand two hundred and sixty-two; for the city, two hundred and fifty-five thousand six hundred and eight; aggregate for the county, three hundred and thir- teen thousand eight hundred and seventy. Most of the townships showed a good increase, and Columbia had nearly trebled its population. THE CENSUSES. A comparative statement or table of the censuses taken by the Federal officers since the first enumeration of the county was made, will help to the -rapid comprehension of its growth from year to year. For those of 1800 and 1810 we have the total footings for the county, from which the aggregate population of the townships is ob- tained by subtracting the known population of Cincinnati at the respective periods : TOWNSHIPS. Anderson yColerain Columbia Crosby Delhi Fulton /6reen v Harrison.. Miami Mill Creek Spencer Springfield Storrs Sycamore Symmes Whitewater Total Cincinnati Total for the county. 13.942 750 14.692 22,122 9,642 31.764 2,410 1,928 3.051 1.89s 1.527 1,089 I.S49 3.356 2,779 1,158 1.734 27,486 24,831 1840. 2,311 2,272 3.043 1,876 1,466 1,506 2,939 2,189 6,249 740 3,092 1.034 3.207 1.034 34,840 46.338 81,178 1850. 3.050 3.125 2,416 2,488 1,942 3,323 3,951 1,557 6,287 1,656 3.632 1.675 3.731 1,115 1.567 41.515 "S.438 '56.953 3,439 3.933 2,931 4,426 2,059 1,683 13,844 2,552 4,840 3,862 3.427 1. 107 1,421 53,406 161,044 1870. 4,077 3.689 3.184 2,514 2,620 4,358 758 2,105 3.291 2.543 6,548 5,460 1.377 44.133 216,239 260, 372 4,158 3,721 9,101 1,043 4,738 4,854 2,279 2,317 ".235 998 7.979 6,374 1,633 1,575 67,005 255,608 322,613 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 75 The indebtedness of Hamilton county July, 1879, was but four hundred and two thousand five hundred and ninety-eight dollars, principally in court-house building bonds. • The valuations of personal property in Hamilton county for 1879 and 1880, exclusive of Cincinnati, which will be found hereafter, as returned for taxation to the county auditor's office last June are as follows: TOWNSHIPS AND COKPORATIONS. Anderson Tp., Northern Pt.* Anderson Tp. , Central Pt Anderson Tp. , Southern Pt Mt. Washington Cor.,* Anderson Tp, Colerain Tp. , Northeastern Pt Colerain Tp., Southwestern Pt Columbia Tp., Eastern Pt Columbia Tp., Western Pt Columbia Tp., Central Pt Columbia, Oakley Pt Madisonville Cor., Columbia Tp Crosby Tp Delhi Tp., Eastern Pt Delhi Tp., Western Pt Riverside Cor., Delhi Tp Home City, Delhi Tp Green Tp., Northeastern Pt Green Tp., Northwestern Pt Green Tp. , Southeastern Pt a. Green Tp. , Southwestern Pt Mt. Airy Cor., Green Tp Westwood Cor. , Green Tp Harrison Tp Harrison Cor. , Harrison Tp Miami Tp Cleves Cor. , Miami Tp North Bend Cor., Miami Tp Millcreek Tp., Bond Hill Pt Millcreek Tp. Northeastern Pt Millcieek Tp., St. Bernard Pt Millcreek Tp., Winton Pt Avondale Cor. , Millcreek Tp Carthage Cor. , Millcreek Tp Clifton Cor., Millcreek Tp College Hill Cor., Millcreek Tp Mt. Airy Cor., Millcreek Tp St. Bernard Cor., Millcreek Tp Western Pt., Millcreek Tp College Hill Pt., Millcreek Tp Soencer Tp. , Southern Pt Linwood Cor. , Spencer Tp Springfield Tp. , Eastern Pt Springfield Tp., Western Pt Springfield, Northeastern Pt Springfield, Southeastern Pt Carthage Cor. , Springfield Tp Glendale Cor., Springfield Tp Hartwell Cor., Springfield Tp Lockland Cor., Springfield Tp Wyoming Cor., Springfield Tp Sycamore Tp., Eastern Pt Sycamore Tp. , Sharon^^lle Pt Sycamore Tp. , Reading Pt Lockland Cor., Sycamore Tp Reading Cor., Sycamore Tp Symmes Tp., Northern Pt Symmes Tp., Camp Dennison Pt. . . . Loveland Cor., Symmes Tp West Loveland Pt., Symmes Tp Riverside, Storrs Tp Whitewater Tp., Northern Pt Whitewater Tp. , Southern Pt PERSON- BONDS, PERSON- ALTY, ETC., ALTY, 1880. 1880. 1879. $141,335 $ $152,750 100,632 7,876 100,929 92,139 4.515 90,988 58,720 19,940 45.586 283,543 16,900 288,034 77.225 1,100 77.350 85,822 9,420 80,288 247,863 35.750 225,688 122,925 36,060 122,456 133.8.56 12,700 317.709 80,211 49.450 91,309 205,882 1. 195 204,498 170.557 9,600 160,008 91,822 5.650 133.923 57, 806 55.767 36.850 3.150 60,637 4.450 61,161 68,486 5.090 62,942 112,366 47.750 118,732 67,003 1,000 67,056 14.733 30,400 15,286 105,722 4.750 93.508 105,173 9,500 112,283 188,268 6,680 193,822 65.792 1,500 62,874 20,825 20,207 202,490 300 147,490 54.533 58.150 30.580 6,628 32,210 20,044 160,917 143.138 525.114 11,000 586,182 27,065 11,950 25.863 548.753 484.254 347.614 73.900 76.614 13.693 14,712 119.953 3.500 103,074 46,026 46,386 9.005 13.583 11,582 651 15,072 43.847 4.300 39.527 28,132 2,100 29,691 320,433 55.050 315.242 257.493 1,200 256.558 32.474 14,303 37,760 9,188 5.987 136,306 143,089 47.567 8,600 50.455 68,433 47.100 54.557 183,967 6,000 165,361 165.794 5.435 146,777 186,373 7,605 158,078 95.898 700 88,000 68,997 70, 146 70,819 2.550 69. 137 81,008 12,600 100,113 26, 107 4,000 14.454 17.433 13.179 19.961 76,385 92,698 68,175 68,669 53.530 20,450 70,968 BONDS, ETC., 930 1,850 25.778 54.935 3,196 14,600 5,600 4.250 8,000 11,000 500 9,050 3,900 9,500 59.627 4.500 2,500 400 3,000 42,050 5,400 22,200 17.550 6,100 2,500 10,165 The comparative statement for 1879-80 of the taxable value of new structures erected during those years, in all parts of the county, except Cincinnati, is as follows. The figures are presumed to represent the actual value added to the property by the improvements of those years : Precinct — Corporation. TOWNSHIPS AND CORPORATIONS. Anderson Township, Northern Precinct Anderson Township, Central Precinct Anderson Township, Southern Precinct . . Mt. Washington Corporation, Anderson Township Colerain Township, Northeastern Precinct Colerain Township, Southwestern Precinct Columbia Township, Eastern Precinct Columbia Township, Western Precinct Columbia Township, Central Precinct Columbia, Oakley Precinct Madisonville Corporation, Columbia Township.. . . Crosby Township Delhi Township, Eastern Precinct Delhi Township, Western Precinct Riverside Corporation, Delhi Township Home City Delhi Township Green Township, Northeastern Precinct Green Township, Northwestern Precinct Green Township, Southeastern Precinct Green Township, Southwestern Precinct Mt. Airy Corporation, Green Township Westwood Corporation Green Township Harrison Township Harrison Corporation, Harrison Township Miami Township Cleves Corporation, Miami Township North Bend Corporation, Miami Township Millcreek Township, Bond Hill Precinct. Millcreek Township, Northeastern Precinct Millcreek Township, St. Bernard Precinct Millcreek Township, Winton Precinct Avondale Corporation, Millcreek Township Carthage Corporation, Millcreek township Chfton Corporation, Millcreek township College Hill Corporation, Millcreek Township. . . . Mt. Airy Corporation, Millcreek Township St. Bernard Corporation, Millcreek Township Western Precinct, Millcreek Township Spencer Township, Southern Pr;cinct Linwood Corporation Spencer Township Springfield Township, Eastern Precinct Springfild Township, Western Precinct Springfield Township Northeastern Precinct Springfield Township, Southeastern Precinct Carthage Corporation, Springfield Township Glendale Corporation, Springfield Township Hartwell Corporation, Springfield Township Lockland Corporation, Springfield Township Wyoming Corporation, Springfield Township Sycamore Township, Eastern Precinct Sycamore Township, Sharonville Precinct Sycamore Township, Reading Precinct Lockland Corporation, Sycamore Township Reading Corporation, .Sycamore Township. Symmes Township, Northern Precinct Symmes Township, Camp Dennison Precinct Loveland Corporation, Symmes Township Riverside, Storrs Township Whitewater Township, Northern Precinct Whitewater Township, Southern Precinct ■. TAXABLE VALUATION NEW STRUCT- URES. 1880. 1879. $ 2,850 $ 3.975 1,800 825 900 1,800 1,800 2.100 5.900 1.950 700 750 3.850 2,450 2,680 2,300 2,100 1,200 10,200 7.100 3.370 2,850 800 1.450 5,460 6,300 7,600 19.450 4,600 1,700 1.650 3.940 1,500 1,650 6, goo 3,100 3.300 2,140 350 1,400 10,600 3.520 600 1. 575 3.250 1,700 1,800 3.950 3.650 7,500 10,650 5,200 6,050 2,500 250 22,500 17.750 9,100 13.300 4.375 1,500 620 1,050 200 2,100 900 1,800 4,000 3,100 2,550 2,450 2,200 1,500 11,000 300 6,800 3,400 10,380 4,780 1,200 6,300 2,275 2,750 6,500 800 2,100 2,606 1.250 900 2,420 1.500 680 500 1,300 1.050 1,700 1,700 930 As a sort of a foot-note or appendix to these notes of progress, we here more appropriately, perhaps, than anywhere else in this division of the History, make men- tion of SOME FIRST THINGS. The first church built in Hamilton county was that at Columbia, for the Baptist society, organized in that set- tlement March 24, 1790. It was, further, the first meet- ing-house erected in the territory now covered by the state of Ohio, except the church building of the Mora- vian missionaries at Schonebrunn and Gnadenhutten, in the valley of the Tuscarawas. The first ordination of a clergyman in the Miami coun- try was that of the Rev. Daniel Clark, a young Baptist minister at Columbia, by the Rev. Messrs. Gano and Smith, in a grove of elms near that place, September 23, 1793. 76 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. The first school in the county was opened July 21, 1790, also in Columbia, by John Reily, afterwards a distinguished citizen of Butler and Hamilton counties. The next year Francis Dunlavy was joined in the. in- struction of the school, taking a classical department, while Mr. Reily confined his labors to the English stu- dies. The first regular school-house was probably there. The first ferry from the front of Hamilton county on the river to the Kentucky shore at the present site of Cov- ington was run in 1790 by Robert and Thomas Kennedy, one of whom lived at each end of the line. The first to Newport was run by Captain Robert Benham, under a license from the Territorial government, granted Septem- ber 24, 1792, from Cincinnati to the opposite bank, the present Newport, on the east side of the Licking. The first mill run in Hamilton county was started by Mr. Neaiad Coleman, a citizen of Columbia, soon after the planting of the colony. It was a very simple affair, quite like that known at Marietta in the early day, and figured in Dr. S. P. Hildreth's Pioneer History. The flat- boats were moored side by side near the shore, but in the current, and with sufficient space between them for the movement of a water-wheel. The grindstones, with the grain and flour or meal handled, were in one boat, and the machin'ery in another. This rude mill, kept going by the cultivation 'of the rich soil at or near Colum- bia, was the chief source of supply for the soldiers of Fort Washington and the citizens of Cincinnati for one or two years. Without it, there would at one time, at least, have been danger of abandonment of the fort, if not of the settlements. Before its construction, settlers who had no access to hand-mills or who wished to economize their labor, went far into Kentucky to get their grinding done. At one time Noah Badgeley and three other Cincinnati settlers went up the Licking to Paris, for a supply of breadstuff, and on their return were caught in a flood, their boat overturned, Badgeley drowned, and the others exposed to peril and privation upon branches of trees in the raging waters for two or three days. It is possible that Coleman's mill is identical with that mentioned in early annals as the property of one Wickerslham (Wicker- ham he is called in Spencer's Indian Captivity, probably by error of the types), which is sometimes referred to as the first mill, and was situated at a rapid of the Little Miami, a little below the Union bridge, where Philip Tur- pin's mill was afterwards erected. Soon after Coleman started his grist-mill, another, but of different character, was built on Mill creek, near Cin- cinnati. A horse-mill existed in that town at a very early day, near the site of the First Presbyterian church, and some of the meetings of that society were held in it. The first cases of capital punishment in the county occurred at the southeast end of Fort Washington in 1789 — the execution of two soldiers, John Ayers and Matthew Ratn:iore, for desertion. The first execution by the civil authorities was that of John May, in Cincinnati, near the close of the century, by hanging, under sentence for the murder of his friend, Wat Sullivan, whom he stab- bed with a hunting-knife during a drunken brawl at a party given in a log cabin then standing near the corner of Sixth and Main streets. He was hanged by Sheriff Ludlow, at the spot on the south side of Fifth street, east of Walnut, where B. Cavagna now has his grocery store, and where the first jail stood. The country for fifty miles around turned out its population to see the execu- tion. Other "first things" will be recorded in connection with the special histories of Cincinnati and other parts of the county, where full notes will be made of these to which we have given rapid mention. CHAPTER XL MILITARY HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY. The landis holy where they fouglu, And holy where they fell ; For by their blood that land was bought, The land they loved so well. Then glory to that valiant band, The honored saviors of the land ! The God of battles heard their cry, And sent to them the victory. They left the plowshare in the mould, Their flocks and herds without a fold. The sickle in the unshorn grain. The corn, half garnered, on the plain; And mustered, in their simple dress. For wrongs to seek a stern redress. To right their wrongs, come weal, come woe. To perish, or o'ercome their foe. A BRILLIANT RECORD. Probably no county in the United States — certainly none in the States that date their origin since the war of the Revolution — has a more brilliant military record than Hamilton county. In the Indian period, during the last war with Great Britain, the skirmish with Mexico, and the great civil war, the men of Cincinnati, and of Hamil- ton county at large, bore full and honorable part. Their patriotism from the beginning has been clear and un- doubted; their readiness to serve the country in any hour of its peril has been equally manifest, whenever the occa- sion for its exhibition has come. From Fort Washington, near the old Cincinnati, marched the troops ofHarmar, of St. Clair, and of Wayne, in their several campaigns against the savages of the north country; and hence, much later, moved gaily out, likewise on the Hamilton road, and one bright May morning, the Fourth regiment of infantry in the Federal army, which formed the main stay of the beleaguered force at the battle of Tippecanoe. From Hamilton county went large and gallant contin- gents in the War of 181 2-15 and the war with Mexico; and her contingent in the war of the Rebellion was num- bered by many thousands — a very large percentage, in- deed, of the entire force (three hundred and ten thou- sand six hundred and fifty-four men) recruited in the State of Ohio during the struggle. It is doubtful whether any city in the Union furnished more men to the Federal cause, in proportion to its population, than Cincinnati. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 77 The record of the entire county, in this regard, is greatly to its honor. Of one hundred thousand two hundred and twenty-four men raised for the Union army in Ohio in 1861, eight thousand one hundred and ninety-two, or very nearly one-twelfth, were from this one county. It had at any time, considering its numerous population, but an exceedingly light requisition upon it for drafted militia. The total quota assigned it for draft during the war was but two thousand one hundred and forty-eight, of which one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine were furnished in voluntary recruits, and the actual entire draft from Hamilton county, in the four years of war, was but a paltry one hundred and seventy-eight. Through some accident, neglect, or failure of calculation — for it cannot have been through inability to procure the men, or other necessity — this still left the trifling deficit of ninety-five men. But there were only twenty-three coun- ties in all the State that were not deficient in the filling of their quotas; and six of the counties in which there was a shortage exhibit on their military record, notwith- standing the immense disparity of population, greater de- ficits than does Hamilton county. The general work and record of the county during the bloody years are better shown by the statistical history of 1862. Upon the first of September of that year, the number of enrolled militia in the county was thirty-nine thousand nine hundred and twenty-six, of whom the volunteers in the armies of the Union numbered fourteen thousand seven hundred and ninety-five. The number then ordered to be drafted was one thousand one hundred and seventy-five; but so rapid were the enlistments, and so many errors were demon- strated in the figuring of the enrolling, recruiting, and mustering officers that the number was more than made good (credits of one thousand five hundred and twenty- nine men being obtained through volunteers and errors shown), and there was consequently no draft. AT FIRST. In almost the earliest days of Cincinnati and Colum- bia, as we have seen in chapter IX., and shall see more fully hereafter, provision was made for an organized mili- tia. One of the first acts of Governor St. Clair, after the erection of Hamilton county, was the appointment of officers at these two places for a battalion of militia; and the protection and defence of the settlements, and the punishment of the marauding and murdering savages, which had before proceeded in an irregular though effective way, was thenceforth under the eye of the Terri- torial government. Some of the officers and men of the early companies greatly distinguished themselves after- wards in the battles of Indian warfare and the War of 1812, and not a few laid down their lives upon the bloody fields. Since the date of their enrollment, ninety years ago, Hamilton county has never been without an organ- ized military force of her own. harmar's campaign and defeat. About the middle of the year 1790, Governor St. Clair, upon his return to Fort Washington from a pro- tracted tour of official duty in the more distant parts of the Territory, beginning with the creation of Hamilton county at Cincinnati the previous January, had a pro- longed consultation with General Harmar, who had shortly before, in April, led an unsuccessful expedition against the Indians of the Scioto valley. As a result of the council, it was determined to send a force against the Indians of the Maumee, whose depredations upon the settlements along the Ohio had become persistent and exceedingly annoying. St. Clair accordingly issued cir- cular letters to the militia commanders in Kentucky, Vir- ginia, and western Pennsylvania, calling out their troops to reinforce the regular army for this campaign. The lat- ter formed but two small battalions, commanded by Majors Wyllys and Doughty, with an artillery company of three field-guns. The Pennsylvania and Virginia militia formed another battalion, under Colonel John Hardin; and the Kentuckians mustered three battalions, com- manded by Lieutenant-Colonel Trotter. Virginia seems not to have sent enough troops to form a separate organ- ization, and the whole force for the expedition consisted of but one thousand four hundred and fifty-three men, of whom only three hundred and twenty were regular sol- diers. They were very poorly equipped, having few of the necessaries of military life,. as camp kettles and axes; and their arms were generally in bad condition, many of them absolutely unfit for service. Some of the Pennsyl- vanians had no arms whatever. Not a few old and in- firm men and mere boys also appeared among the mili- tia. The temper of the volunteers, too, was by no means good. They were averse to act with the regular troops, and manifested considerable jealousy of them, giving the commander of the expedition. General Harmar, a deal of trouble. There were also unfortunate quarrels for precedence among the principal officers of the volun- teers, in which they were stubbornly backed by the men of their respective commands. On the twenty-second of September, Major Wyllys arrived with his detachment of regulars from the garrison at the falls of the Ohio; on the twenty-fifth came Major Doughty with part of the Fort Harmar garrison, and Lieutenant Frothingham followed soon after with the remainder. The last of the Pennsylvanians came on the twenty-fifth. The Kentuckians had not all arrived when the march began; but, as the tardy volunteers were dra- goons and mounted riflemen, they were able to overtake the moving column, which they did on the fifth of Oc- tober. About the thirtieth of the previous month, General Harmar moved his force from Fort Washington by a route represented to him by his guides as the shortest and best to the objective points of his campaign, and en- camped about ten miles from the fort. Had he been able here, as Wayne afterwards was, in the Mill creek valley, to halt for better organization and equipment of his mot- ley command, and for drill and other necessary prepara- tion for the field, a happier story might be told of the result. He decided to go on at once, however; and on the thirteenth of October the little army neared the Maumee villages. Colonel Hardin was detached with a company of regulars and six hundred militia, as an ad- vance party to find the enemy and keep them engaged 78 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. until the main body could get up. He found the towns abandoned; and when the remainder of the column arrived, on the morning of the seventeenth, they were destroyed, with a large quantity of corn, estimated at twenty thousand bushels, standing in the fields. This was the only real damage inflicted upon the savages by the campaign, and alone redeemed the movement from absolute failure. Colonel Trotter was then sent with three hundred men to scout in the woods, but to no effect; and Colonel Hardin, on the nineteenth, led an- other reconnoisance in force. Falling in with a much smaller party of the enemy and being fired upon, the whites, without even stopping to form line of battle, dis- gracefully retreated in disorder, losing nine militiamen and twenty-four regulars killed. Two days afterwards, the whole army began to retire; but on the night of that day, the twenty-first, Hardin obtained permission to lead another detachment the next morning back to the site of the Indian villages in hopes of finding and punishing the enemy. He did so, and was again defeated with much loss ; when further aggressive operations were sus- pended. The scene of these disasters was near Keki- onga, an Indian village opposite the subsequent site of Fort Wayne. The army returned in an orderly way, by slow and easy marches, to Fort Washington, pursued cautiously by the red men, who did no serious injury. Arrived at the fort, the militia were disbanded and dis- missed, and the regulars sent again to their garrisons. Harmar hastened to Washington, resigned his commis- sion, and demanded a court of inquiry, which was ordered. Its finding substantially vindicated him, and put the blame of the failure of the expedition mainly upon the inefficiency of the militia force and the insuffi- ciency of their equipment. Wilkinson's expedition. In July following, at Governor St. Clair's suggestion, the Kentucky board of war — a body of leading citizens and militia officers authorized by Congress — determined upon an expedition against the Elk River Indian towns, in the present Indiana country. It was to rendezvous at Fort Washington, and be under command of Colonel Wilkinson, of that post. On the twentieth of July the Kentuckians duly arrived and mounted, and provis- ioned for thirty days, began to assemble at the fort, and on the first of the next month a column of five hundred and twenty-five men began the movement. It marched first upon the Maumee villages, but without provoking an engagement, Wilkinson intending merely to feint in this direction, and on the sixth, after some skirmishing, reached an extensive Ouiatenon village called L'Anguille, on Eel river, near its debouchure into the Wabash. It was captured and destroyed, together with two hundred acres of corn in the milk, a number of Indians being killed and others taken prisoners. Among the latter were the son and sisters of the Ouiatenon chief or "King," as Wilkinson calls him in the official report. Advancing to the prairies of western Indiana a small Kickapoo town was burned and the standing corn destroyed, and on the twenty-first of the month, after a march of four hundred and fifty-one miles from Fort Washington, he reached safely the falls of the Ohio, where the expedition was dis- banded. ST. CLAIR'S C.\MP.4.IGN AND DEFEAT. The Indians derived great encouragement from the retreat of General Harmar, although exceedingly exasper- ated by the destruction of their villages and crops, and they harried the frontier settlements worse than before. Another expedition became necessary to punish them, and also to establish a military post at an important strategic point, near the junction of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, at the head of the Maumee. Governor St. Clair, having been made a major-general in the regular army and commander in chief of the forces in the northwest, was entrusted with the command in this campaign, with General Richard Butler second in authority. They began preparations early in 1791, and by the middle of July the first regiment of the Federal troops, numbering two hundred and sixty-nine men, reached Fort Washing- ton. Two thousand and three hundred militia and regulars, most of whom were raw recruits, were soon gathered there, and after encamping for a season at Lud- low's Station (now Cumminsville), six miles from the fort, along which is now "Mad Anthony" street, the army marched, September 17th, to the Great Miami, where the city of Hamilton now stands, and where Fort Hamilton — named, like this county, from the then Secre- tary of the Treasury — was built by St. Clair's men, a strong, well-constructed work, about one thousand feet in circuit. Leaving a sufficient garrison and resuming the march forty-four miles further, the troops halted again for twelve days, to buiUi Fort Jefferson, six miles south of the present site of Greenville. October 24th the final advance into the Indian country began, but under many difficulties. St. Clair was seriously ill with the gout, having to be carried on a litter; the men were deserting singly and in large parties; the trails were ex- ceedingly difficult for artillery and wagons; provisions were scant, and the march proceeded very slowly and toilsomely. Only about fourteen hundred men and eighty-six officers remained when the scene of action was reached, on the third of November. This was upon a branch of the Wabash river, just south of the head- waters of the St. Mary of the Maumee, which was the stream to which St. Clair supposed he had arrived. Fort Recovery was afterward built upon the battlefield, and a town of the same name still perpetuates its mem- ory. The very next morning, at daylight, the Indians at- tacked in great force. The first pressure came upon the militia, who, as in Harmar's defeat, speedily gave way, and in their retreat threw two of the regular battalions into much disorder. The enemy were, however, checked and temporarily driven back, but their fire was heavy and very deadly, particularly among the officers, and the raw troops were soon in precipitate flight, abandoning the camp and artillery, and strewing the line of retreat with their arms and accoutrements. Major Clark's battalion courageously covered the retreat, and prevented the absolute destruction of the columns. The race to the HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 79 rear was maintained without Halt until Fort Jefferson, twenty-nine miles distant, was reached about sunset of the same day. Eight hundred and ninety men and sixteen officers, more than sixteen per cent, of the whole number engaged — were left dead or wounded in this engagement.- It is accounted the most terrible reverse the American arms ever suffered from, the Indians — even more disas- trous than Braddock's defeat. * It was but a feeble rem- nant of the expedition that finally, four days after the defeat, found rest and shelter within the walls of Fort Washington. Among the killed were General Butler, the heio of the Fort Finney treaty, and second in command of the expedition. Lieutenant Colonel ©Idham, and other prominent officers. The wounded included Colonel Winthrop Sargent, of Cincinnati, secretary of the North- west Territory, and the Viscount Malartie, a foreigner of distinction, serving as a volunteer aid upon St. Clair's staff. He had been a captain in the guard of Louis XVI, but left it to join the Gallipolis colony, and volun- teered as an aid-de-camp to St. Clair when his expedition reached that point on its way down the river. After the defeat and his wound, which was severe, he had no stomach for more Indian fighting, and soon made his way to Philadelphia, and thence back to France. Colonel Wilkinson succeeded St. Clair as commandant at Fort Washington; and in the following January, the troops being idle, he called for volunteers from the sur- rounding county to reinforce his two hundred regulars for an expedition to the scene of defeat, to bury the dead, and bring off the cannon and other public property- that might have been left by the Indians upon the field. The yeomanry of ^Hamilton county, and some of the neighboring Kentuckians, promptly responded, and rendezvoused at the fort. The snow lay two feet'deep upon the ground, deeper than had been known since the white -man's occupancy of that region; and the ice was so thick in the Ohio that the Kentucky volunteers.£ould not ferry their horses over, and had to cross them upon a still stronger tract of ice above the mouth of the Little Miami. On the twenty-fifth of the month Wilkinson moved out, upon the trace opened by St. Clair, and en- camped the first night upon the hill south of Mount Pleasant, afterwards occupied by Cary's academy, and the second night at Fort Hamilton. By the time he reached Fort Jefferson the difficulties and hardships of the march were telling severely upon the detachment, and he determined to send back the regulars, retaining the mounted volunteers and the public sleds whereon to bring off the guns. With these he reached the theatre of St. Clair's disaster on the first of February, finding the snow there also deep, but not completely concealing the remains of the dead. As many of these as could be conveniently found under the circumstances were collected and buried in pits; but so many remained un- buried that persons with Wayne's expedition eighteen months afterwards reported, doubtless with exaggeration (since the Indians carry off their dead), that six hundred *Western Annals, third edition, 585. skulls were found upon the field, and that it was neces- sary to clear the tents of bones before beds could be spread upon the surface. Three gun-carriages were found and brought away, with some small arms; five others had been so damaged as to be useless. The can- non had disappeared; but as the adjacent creek was covered with thick ice and snow, a thorough search in it, where it was believed they had been thrown, was not practicable. They were subsequently found, however, and mounted on Fort Recovery, where they were used M'ith effect during Wayne's occupancy of the battle- ground. Evidences were observed of great cruelties in- flicted by the savages upon the unfortunates of St. Clair's expedition who had been left wounded upon the field. Wilkinson was not disturbed by the enemy during his brief campaign of humanity, and he returned quietly to Fort Washington when its object was accomplished. Wayne's campaign and victory. The most vigorous measures on the part of the Gen- eral Government were now necessary to preserve the frontier settlements in the northwest from destruction and to prevent the early reflux of the advancing wave of civilization. A competent leader was first in demand. From a number of able officers of the army, most of them Revolutionary heroes, whose names were submitted to President Washington, he selected the hero of the storm- ing of Stony Point, the brave "Mad Anthony Wayne" — he who showed so much method, withal, in his madness. In June, 1792, Wayne reached Pittsburgh, with ample powers, and set about the slow, yet, as the sad experience of Harmar and St. Clair had proved, the indispensable preparations necessary to success. He addressed him- self at once to the recruiting and drill of the new "Le- gion of the United States," which was presently, by a bloody victory, to pacificate the savages of the northwest. Establishing a camp on the Ohio, twenty-two miles be- low Pittsburgh — called "Legionville," from the title of his army — he gathered, by December, a considerable force there. About the last of April, 1793, he moved it down the river to Fort Washington, and thence, as it was too numerous to occupy that work, out to a camp he formed in the Mill Creek valley, near the village of Cin- cinnati, about the spot upon which the gas-works were long afterwards erected. This camp was designated by him as "Hobson's Choice," since it was the only one in the vicinity which the high water of that spring made eli- gible for the purpose. The following is Judge Burnet's interesting note upon the selection of this camp: On tlie arrival of General Wayne, at Cincinnati, witli the troops from Legionville, late in 1793, he ordered the quartermaster, with two or three of his officers, to make a careful examination of the grounds adjoining the town, and select the most eligible spot for the construc- tion of an encampment. After a careful execution of the order, they reported that there was no situation near the town, on which the army could be conveniently encamped, and that tlie only ground which was in any degree calculated for the purpose was on the river bank, between the village and Mill creek. The general replied, "if that be so, we have Hobson's choice, and must take it." From that expression the place selected was immediately called "Hobson's Choice," and ha.s been known by that name ever since. The general was evidently a reader of the Spectator, or was at least familiar with the term which has its origin in a notable chapter of that work. 8o HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Here the work of organizing and drilling the soldiers went steadily on through the summer. Washington wrote to Wayne: "Train and discipline them for the service they are meant for; and do not spare powder and lead, so the men be made marksmen." One of Wayne's sentinels at this time was posted upon the lofty ancient mound which stood until 1841 at the intersection of Mound and Fifth streets. The force suffered much from fevers and influenza and by desertion. Wayne also found it difficult to obtain the mounted volunteers he wanted from Kentucky, as the militia of that State retained the old prejudices, and disliked to serve with regulars. All obstacles were, however, gradually overcome; and on the seventh of October, the faithful and well directed efforts of the Government to secure peace by diplomacy having so far failed, the army began an aggressive campaign. It numbered two thousand si.x hundred regular troops, three hundred and sixty mounted militia, and thirty-six guides and scouts. One thousand Kentucky volunteers, under General Charles Scott, joined it, soon after, at Fort Jefferson. A strong position six miles in front of this work was occupied on the thirteenth, and held for several months, while the "peace talks" with the Indians were renewed by the commissioners of the Government. On the sixth of November the Kentucky mounted infantry had a sharp affair with the Indians not far from Fort St. Clair, a work constructed near the present site of Eaton, Preble county, in which the whites lost some men and nearly all their horses. Wayne's army, now called the "Northwestern," win- tered at the new camp on the Stillwater branch of the Miami. It was fortified, and many cabins put up during the season. Wayne gave the group of huts and fort the name of Greenville, which was retained for the flourish- ing town that now covers its site. Here he awaited the arrival of the convoys with provisions, and continued his preparations for the struggle. About the last of De- cember a detachment was sent forward to the field of St. Clair's defeat, which built and garrisoned Foit Recov- ery there. Under the walls of that work an escort of one hundred and fifty men, commanded by Major Mc- Mahon, was attacked by a thousand Indians, led by Lit- tle Turtle, the noted Miami chief; but they were beaten off, after a severe action, with great slaughter. The next month Wayne was joined by sixteen hundred mounted volunteers from Kentucky, and on the twenty-eighth of July, 1794, he began his first movement against the enemy. August 8th, the army reached Grand Glaize, near the union of the Auglaise and Maumee, where Fort Defiance was built, and Wayne despatched a firm but conciliatory message to the Indians. In reply they gent word that if he would wait ten days longer at Grand Glaize, they would decide for peace or war; but he would not wait, and continued his movement until the eighteenth of August, when he reached a place forty-one miles from Grand Glaize, where, ascertaining that he was almost in the presence of the enemy, he began to throw up a light work called Fort Deposit, to cover the trains and heavy baggage of the army. On the morning of the twentieth, moving cautiously down the north bank of the Maumee about five miles, the advance guard was ambuscaded by the Indians, and received so severe a fire that it was driven back upon the main body. The enemy was very favorably posted in high grass and among trees felled bv a tornado — which gave the action the name of "the Battle of the Fallen Timbers." Among these it was impossible for the cavalry to operate with effect on a considerable part of the line of battle. They were promptly moved against the enemy's flanks, how- ever, while the front line of infantry charged the savages, which it did with such impetuosity as to oust them speedily from their coverts, and in less than an hour to drive them more than two miles and disperse them so thoroughly that the battle was not renewed. The brunt of this gallant affair was borne by less than nine hundred of Wayne's men, opposed to more than twice their number, representing the Miami, Delaware, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot tribes, and led by sev- eral of their bravest chiefs. A number of Canadian militia and British regulars, with their officers, were also on the field as auxiliaries to the savages; and some of them were killed in the fight. In the spring of this year a fortification had been constructed by the British in the neighborhood of the battle ground, upon the territory of the United States. To the vicinity of this (Fort Miami) Wayne now moved, and while engaged in a spirited cor- respondence with its commander, in regard to the intru- sion of the British upon Federal territory, occupied his army with the devastation of the Indian villages and cornfields above and below the British post. Included in the destruction were the buildings and other property of Colonel McKee, the British Indian agent and "prin- cipal stimulator," as Wayne calls him, of the war on the side of the savages, having been personally present on the field of the Fallen Timbers. Having laid waste the country for miles about the fort, Wayne returned to Fort Defiance, and on the fourteenth of September moved toward the junction of the St. Jo- seph's and the St. Mary's, where the Government had for years desired to plant a military work, and where he built one whose name is perpetuated by the city of Fort Wayne, at the same place. About the middle of Octo- ber the Kentucky contingent, which had become muti- nous and troublesome, was marched back to Fort Wash- ington and mustered out of service. On the twenty- eighth the remainder, except a sufficient garrison for the new fortification, moved to Fort Greenville, where it win- tered. The several tribes, notwithstanding constant British instigation to the contrary, one after another de- cided to sue for peace. Messages to that effect were received in December and January by the commanders at Forts Wayne and Greenville; prisoners were ex- changed; and in the summer of 1795 a great gathering of the leading men of the tribes at the latter place re- sulted in the treaty of Greenville, bearing final date August 3d, of that year. It was ratified by the Senate of the United States in December; and so, through Wayne's carefulness and foresight in preparation, his masterly strategy in the construction and occupancy of a chain of military posts into the hostile country, and HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the bravery of his "Legion," the terrible Indian wars of the eighteenth century in this country were closed. A peace lasting until the temporary outbreak sixteen years afterwards, under Tecumseh and the "Prophet," was secured by the great convention of Greenville. A MINOR EXPEDITION. In the spring of 1794, while General Wayne was for a time in or near Fort Washington, he was directed by President Washington to despatch a force to Fort Massac, on the Mississippi, to intercept an irregular, filibustering army, understood to be in preparation in Kentucky, and expected to invade Louisiana for the conquest of that province, then under Spanish domination. Wayne de- tached Major Doyle, with a company of infantry and artillery, to perform the service, which, with other ener- getic measures undertaken by Washington, effectually broke up the schemes and intrigues mainly instigated, in Kentucky and elsewhere, by the agents of M. Genet, then the French Minister to this country. The "French party" had enlisted the sympathies of the governor and other prominent men in Kentucky, and arranged for the rendezvous of two thousand men at the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) to constitute an army of invasion ; so that the movement thus checked, in part from Fort Washington, was really somewhat formidable. A VERY SHORT CAMPAIGN seemed to be made necessary in southwestern Ohio at one time during the latter part of the first decade of this century, by the suspected hostile conspiracies of Tecum- seh ■ and his brother, the Prophet, who resided at Green- ville from 1805 to 1809. They were visited there by many Indians of influence and martial prowess; who were roused almost to frenzy by the intrigues of the Prophet and the eloquent appeals of Tecumseh. So strong became the signs of hostility at last that war was confidently expected. The militia of this region were called out and rendezvoused at Dayton, supplies gathered, wagon- and pack-trains organized, and other preparations made. The scare was shortly 'over, however ; and the troops, after about a fortnight's service, were disbanded. One regiment was out from Hamilton county, command- ed by Colonel John S. Wallace, of which Dr. John Black- burn, of Cincinnati, was surgeon. THE TIPPECANOE CAMPAIGN. It is probable that many other men of Hamilton county, besides the gallant commander, General William Henry Harrison, were out with him in the campaign of 181 1, against the Indians of the Indian country; but their names are not now ascertainable. The sole note of .the history of the campaign, connecting Cincinnati and the county with it, which we find, is in Mr. E. D. Mans- field's Personal Memories. He was then a little boy, residing with his father at Ludlow's Station, on the Ham- ilton road, upon which he remembered seeing the Fourth regiment of infantry march from Cincinnati on a pleasant morning in May, on their way to the ultimate victory of the campaign at Tippecanoe the following November, where they found the main body and chief hope of the American army. The renown won by General Harrison in the campaign also reflects from it honor upon Hamil- ton county, although he was then residing at Vincennes as governor of Indiana territory. THE WAR OF 1812-15. Early in the spring of i8i 2, before this struggle had been fully enlisted; the President made a requisition upon the State of Ohio for one thousand two hundred mihtia. More than enough to fill the quota were soon raised, many of them from Hamilton county. They were ordered by Governor Meigs to rendezvous at Dayton, on the twenty-ninth day of April. By the fourth of May one thousand four hundred troops, mostly volunteers, were encamped at Camp Meigs, three miles above that place, and one hundred more were added within a week. Gen- erals Cass and Gano, the latter a Cincinnatian, were in command, under the governor, who was commander-in- chief The force was divided into three regiments, led, respectively, by Lewis Cass, Duncan McArthur, and another Cincinnati soldier, James S. Findlay, who, al- though a general in the militia, consented to take a col- onel's place. May 25th, the equipment of the troops being measurably complete. Governor Meigs formally surrendered the command of the Ohio contingent to General Hull, of the United States army, who was to lead it away to the disgraceful surrender at Detroit. Upon the outbreak of the contest, Governor Meigs had called out the First division of Ohio militia, which, rendezvoused in Hamilton county, at Hutchinson's tavern (later Jacob Hoffner's, in Curaminsville), on the road from Cincinnati through Colerain. Mr. Mansfield says the volunteers presented a motley appearance, dressed as they were in a great variety of apparel, some with hunting-shirts, some with butternut jackets, and others in more fantastic costumes. Many of the men had rifles or other arms; but most of them drilled with sticks and cornstalks in place of firelocks. When the governor's call was made, the response was generous from this county, as from other parts of the State. Two companies volunteered at once in Cincinnati. One was of mounted infantrjf, commanded by Captain John F. Mansfield, a nephew of Jared Mansfield, the surveyor- general. He was in the Hull surrender with his command, but was presently released. He was extremely mortified by the terrible disgrace, and also taking a fever while cross- ing Lake Erie, he died soon after his return to Cincin- nati — "of fever and a broken heart," says his cousin, Mr. Mansfield, in his Personal Memories. Captain Mans- field is thus further eulogized by his distinguished rela- tive, Hon. E. D. Mansfield, in his Memories of Dr. Drake : He was a most extraordinary young man, whose character produced a more intense and enduring impression upon those who knew him than did any one of whom I have ever heard. The impression made upon others — an impression deep and durable — is the highest testimony to the reality of a great and noble character. The fleeting effect of brilliant genius, or the doubtful applause given to talent without virtue, may be possessed by many ; but it is seldom we find that perfection of character which demands a praise which never wavers and which no time destroys. Still more seldom do we find in it such kindly affection as draws within its embrace the hearts of both strangers and friends. Such was the character of Captain Mansfield ; and 1 judge it only by HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the concurrent testimony of a large number of persons, from the pass- ing citizen to tlie near relatives, from the soldier who served with him to the officer who commanded. Returning after Hull's suirender, in an open boat on the lake and river, he was seized with an autumnal fever. Enfeebled by disease, he was not less broken in spirit; and his sensitive mind seemed to have sunk under the stain of disgrace and disappointiuent. In this state Dr. Drake found him, when returned to Cincinnati. No power of medicine or care of friend availed against his deep-seated malady of mind and body. He was already delirious, and soon sank to the grave. He was only in his twenty-fifth year; and one so young, so unassum- ing, and so full of worth, was never so much lamented by so many who knew what worth was. The public honors paid to his memory — not a few — were small compared to the tribute of sorrows poured out by hearts bound to him by no tie of nature, but endeared by strong af- fection. Neither the roll of Captain Mansfield's company (the Cincinnati Light infantry), nor of Captain J. W. Sloan's dragoons (the Cincinnati troop), nor of any other com- pany known to have been from Hamilton county, is in the office of the adjutant-general of the State ; and we have been unable to recover any such roll from private hands. The rules of the adjutant-general's office at Washington do not permit the copying of military rosters there, through fear of frauds in the procurement of bounty lands and otherwise. Another company that went out from Cincinnati during the war was that of Cap- tain Carpenter, and Captains McFarland and Hugh Glenn are said to have had Hamilton county companies in this service, but we are likewise unable to present a copy of their rolls of honor. The entire regiment com- manded by General Findlay was from the Miami coun- try. The two companies first enlisting marched to join Hull's army with the Fourth United States infantry, which had crossed from Newport Barracks to take the road northward; and a sermon was preached to them be- fore starting, on the fourth of May, 1812, by the Rev. Dr. Wilson. Mr. Mansfield thus related the incident, at a pioneer celebration in 1874: Just before they set out they were called into the First Presbyterian church, corner of Main and Fourth streets, to hear an address from Dr. Joshua L. Wilson. The text was, in substance: "Cursed be he that goeth not forth to battle, and cursed be he that keepeth back his hand from blood." The brave, earnest, patriotic Wilson never hesi- tated to speak his mind, and speak it freely. That noble army was surrendered without a cause; and none who did not know those men, can know with what anguish and sorrow and indignation that surren- der was received. August 5, I Si 2, orders were sent by Governor Meigs to General John S. Gano, at Cincinnati, to march imme- diately with three hundred men of his division to Ur- bana, in charge of Captain Sutton. They were to be "un- der the command of a major," and furnished with a blanket and knapsack, arms and ammunition. "Volun- teers under the law of Ohio will be preferred," wrote the governor. No pubhc money was in hand for the pur- pose of recruiting or equipment; the credit of the Gov- ernment was low; and many of the military and naval operations of the war were conducted only under pledges or pecuniary obligations for which private persons be- came responsible. This order gave General Gano a similar opportunity. Fifteen days after the order was despatched he wrote : I had to get Major Barr to join me to put our note in bank for three thousand five hundred dollars, payable in ten days, which is all we could raise, and the bills on Government will not command the cash here — there are so many drawn they cannot be accommodated. I have six as good companies as I have seen in the State ; four have marched from here yesterday to join two others at Lebanon, where they will elect their major. . . . The detatchment is as follows; Captain Jenkinson with his company of artillery, fitted completely with muskets, etc., etc.: Lebanon Light infantry, inexactly the same uniform as Mansfield's company; four companies of riflemen completely equipt, one company one hundred strong. All can instantly fix bayonets to their rifles; the others every man a tomahawk and knife. The whole are volunteers, except the light infantry of Lebanon. On the sixth of September, 1813, when the events of the war were rapidly thickening. Colonel Henry Zumalt, of Cincinnati, was ordered by General Gano to march his regiment of militia, near eight hundred strong, "this evening, if possible," to Daytoij, thence to Franklinton, the present western division of Columbus. He was to be joined on his way by two companies from Hamilton and two from Lebanon. Extra pay was offered if the troops should be called into actual service. He was in- structed to procure musicians, if possible; and an order was given on Major Morton for fifty stand of arms and accoutrements. The story of the war need not be recounted here. It will be sufficient if some mention of the deeds of Hamil- ton county's sons is made. This was admirably done by General Harrison, in an after-dinner speech at the cele- bration of the forty-fifth anniversary of the settlement of Cincinnati and the Miami country, held in Cincinnati on the twenty-sixth of December, 1833, ^Y natives of Ohio. We extract in full that portion of his address referring to their exploits: Your young orator [Joseph Longworth, esq.] has mentioned the per- formances of our own Buckeye population in the late war, in terms as elocjuent as they were just. I could not think of trespassing upon the patience of the company by recounting the merits of all who distin- guished tiiemselves ; but I cannot resist the gratification of informing the citizens of Cincinnati that they have amongst their number some who were as conspicuous for their gallantry as any from Ohio or else- where. As those who are truly brave are always backward and retiring, I think it probable that the anecdotes I shall relate are unknown to the greater portion of the inhabitants of this city. To do full justice to my gallant friend whom I perceive at some distance on my right [Major Gwynne], I must necessarily recount the circumstances which afforded the opportunity for distinguishing himself to which I have referred. The siege of Fort Meigs had continued some days, when the enemy, despairing of making an impression upon our works from their position in front, took possession of one on our right flank, on which, in the night, they erected two batteries, with the view of enfilading our lines. It became necessary to dislodge them, and a sortie for that purpose was ordered. I had no means of ascertaining the force by which these bat- teries were defended. But it was impossible to suppose it very small, and allow their commander the possession of any military knowledge, as a large river separated them from his main body- It became neces- sary, therefore, to make the detachment ordered on this duty as strong as circumstances would permit. It was composed of the com- panies of the Seventeenth and Nineteenth regiments of the line then in the fort ; the former raised in Kentucky, the latter in Ohio. The whole rank and file of .both regiments was about three hundred and fifty. To these were added the battalion of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Petersburgh, Virginia, volunteers of about one hundred, and a small company of Boone county, Kentucky, militia, for flankers. The aggregate of the detachment being about five hundred rank and file, were put under the command of Colonel John Miller, of Ohio, the com- mandant of the Nineteenth regiment. These troops were drawn up in a deep ravine which flanked the fort, to prevent, if possible, the enemy from knowing the object they were intended to accomplish. Before the advance was ordered the troops were addressed, and the necessity of their succeeding and the motives for every one to perform his duty pointed out. They were ordered to advance witli trailed arms, to pre- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 83 vent their fire from being expended before they reached the enemy, and the most positive directions given to put to death any man who should fire before orders were given to do so. The advance was made in hne, the regular troops on the left, their centre directly opposite the batteries of the enemy, on their right the Pittsburgh and Petersburgh volunteers, and the Kentucky company of militia still farther on that flank. From the shape of the ravine from which the advance was made, the regular troops had reached the sum- mit before the volunteers, and the latter were in some measure masked by the hill, when the whole of the enemy's fire was poured upon the regulars. The meditated attack was discovered by the enemy, who looked into the ravine by climbing trees, and were of course prepared to receive it. The effect of the fire was dreadful, as may well be sup- posed, from a thousand Northwestern Indians and upwards of two hundred British troops in position, delivered from the corner of a wood upon troops in line marching through an open plain. I have always been of opinion that the loss was greater for the numbers engaged, and for the period that the firing lasted, than has ever occurred before or since in America. A moment's halt was necessary to close the ranks and to disencumber them of the killed and wounded. This was done with the precision and coolness of a parade exercise. In another moment the "march! march!" was given by the gallant commander, and the whole line, regulars and volunteers, rushed upon the enemy. They did not remain to receive the shock, although still possessing the advantage of position, and then outnumbering the assailants by three to one. With the exception of the extreme left flank of Indians, their whole line, British and Indians, and Tecumseh, the commander of the latter, 'fled; the British to their boats and the Indians to the swamps. The company to which your fellow-citizen. Major Gwynne, then a lieutenant of the Nineteenth infantry, was attached, was on the right of the line of regulars. The battle being over in front, he dis- covered that on the right the Kentuckians were still engaged with the Indians who had composed the enemy's extreme left, and that they had cut them off from our line. Seeing that the danger was pressing, with- out waiting for orders he changed the front of his company, charged the Indians on the rear, relieved the brave Kentuckians, and, with their assistance, completely routed them. That Major Gwynne by this bold and prompt movement saved many valuable lives, there can be no doubt. The highest reward bestowed upon a Roman soldier was given to him who saved the life of a Roman in battle. But I perceive that there is another Buckeye at the table who merited well of his country under my command in the late war. I am per- suaded that a relation of the circumstances will not be unacceptable to the company. When the enemy were first discovered advancing on Fort Meigs, and their Indians had already encircled the fort, it became necessary to send orders to Brigadier-General Green Clay, who was, as I knew, advancmg with a brigade of Kentucky militia to join me. As it would have been improper to send a written order, when there were so many chances of its falling into the hands of the enemy, a person was wanted who, to the quahties of sagacity, bravery, fortitude, and perseverance, united unquestionable patriotism. For a service of that character it is not usual to command its performance by an officer. Your fellow-citizen. Major Oliver, at that time an officer of the commis- sariat, proffered his services. They were accepted, and he performed the duty to my entire satisfaction. The hazard of the undertaking was very great, and it was of that kind that even the bravest men would dis- like to encounter. The fame which is acquired by such a death, is one of the strongest motives to distinguished actions in the field. If Major Oliver had perished on this occasion, and the chances were greatly against him, he certainly would have been "wept" by his numerous friends, but to requote what has been already given, he would have been "unhonored and unsung." What have been the rewards of Major Gwynne and Major Oliver from their country for the services they rendered, I cannot say. Indeed, it appears that the Buckeyes have been rather unfortunate in that respect, although always in the hour of danger and on the day of battle, they appear to have been frequently 'overlooked in the division of the spoil. A glance at the president of the day [Major Daniel Gano] reminds me of the important services rendered by his father; and as he is the proper representative of that father, it is within the rules that I should mention them. When I first saw the late Major-General John S. Gano, it was in the hard winter of 1791-2, at the head of some forty or fifty volunteers, united with a body of regular troops, on an excursion to the scene of the disastrous battle-ground of the preceding fourth of November. An uncommon fall of snow made it necessary for General (then Colonel) Wilkinson, who commanded the detachment, to leave the infantry and proceed with the mounted volunteers. The great depth of snow prevented the accomplishment of the pious purpose of burying the dead, for which the enterprise was undertaken. In a few weeks from this time. Captain Gano again joined us on the hazardous expedition to erect the fort which was named St. Clair. With similar small bodies he was ever on the alert— ever ready to afford any assist- ance in his power toward the protection of the frontiers, until the gen- eral peace with the Indians in r795. In the last war he served under my command as major-general at the head of the Ohio quota of mihtia, and during my absence on th northern frontier he commanded the Ninth Military district, as general-in-chief I can state with confi- dence that in all of these situations, whether at the head of forty men 01 of some thousands, he discharged his duty with the strictest fidelity, usefulness, and honor. It is unnecessary for me to speak of the military services of my long tried and valued friend immediately on my right [General Findlay]. It is well known that at the head of a gallant regiment of volunteers, dis- ciplined by himself, he sen-ed on the first northwestern campaign of the late war. It is equally wefl known that, if his advice and that of his gallant compeers (the other colonels of the army) had been adopted, the campaign would have had a different result, and the honor of our arms would not have been tarnished by an inglorious surrender. THE MEXICAN WAR. "Upon the requisition of the President under an act of Congress approved May 13, 1S46, Ohio was called upon to furnish three regiments of infantry to the army being prepared for the invasion of Mexico. They were promptly raised and forwarded, notwithstanding many citizens of the State were opposed to the war, and one of them had said, upon the floor of Congress, that, were he a Mexi- can, he would welcome the Americans "with bloody hands to hospitable graves." Colonel Curtis, George W. Morgan, and A. M. Mitchell commanded the first regi- ments despatched. The next year a fourth regiment was called out, and sent to the field in command of Colonel Charles H. Brough, who died some years after in Cin- cinnati. Of the entire Ohio contingent, however, the roll of but one company is on file in the adjutant-general's office at Columbus. It is that of Captain Otto Zirckel's com- mand, in the Fourth regiment of Ohio volunteers, com- manded by Colonel Brough. The regiment was mustered into service at Cincinnati, May 2.7, 1847, by Colonel Ewing, United States army, and mustered out at the same place July 18, 1848. The following names are re- corded upon the roll of Captain Zirckel's company as , those of Hamilton county men : Musician Henry Snyder. PKIVATE.S. Christopher Kastner, Charles Hantzsche, Benedict Diesterweig, John Gobler, George Schatzman. The rendezvous at Cincinnati was at Camp "Washing- ton," established for the purpose of this war in a conve- nient locality near Mill creek, upon ground now covered, in part, by the city workhouse and the house of refuge. The headquarters of the camp are still shown, in a long, low building, now used for residence and saloon keeping, not far south of the workhouse. The district yet bears the old name, though not in a corporate capacity, it now and for many years past being a part of the city. THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. It would require a huge volume to write, in full detail, the honarable record made by this county during the great civil war. Special chapters will be given in this work to "Cincinnati in the War," "The Siege of Cincin- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. nati,"and "The Morgan Raid Through Ohio;" and due notices of patriotism and patriotic efforts will be made in the histories of the townships. These will allow us to be very brief in this introduction to what is, after all, the best exhibit of good deeds during the fearful struggle — a roster of the immense contingent furnished by Hamilton county to the Federal armies. The number of camps of rendezvous and equipment established in the county would, of itself, furnish evidence of the activity of her people in the maintenance of the war. The following minor encampments may be enu- merated: Camp Harrison, north of Cincinnati; established by order of Governor Dennison, and named from ex-Presi- dent Harrison. Camp Clay, at Pendleton, in the then eastern suburbs of Cincinnati. Camp John McLean, near Cincinnati; named from Justice McLean, of the United States Supreme court. The Twenty-fifth Ohio infantry, commanded by Colonel N. E. McLean, a son of the judge, was quartered here. .Camp Gurley; named from the Hon. John A. Gurley, one of the members of Congress from Cincinnati. Camp Dick Corwine, also near the city; named from Major Richard M. Corwine. Camp Colerain, near the place of that name, ten miles north of Cincinnati. Mention is also made of a Camp Wheeler, near Union Ridge, in this county, where "Tod's Independent Scouts" made their headquarters in July, 1863. In September, 1861, the Thirty-first Ohio infantry ren- dezvoused at the orphan asylum in Cincinnati; and many other public buildings in and about the city were tempo- rarily used for quarters at various times during the war. The great camp, however, one of the most famous cantonments in the county at the time, was Camp Denni- son, near Madisonville, in the eastern part of the county, on the Little Miami railroad, seventeen miles from the then limits of Cincinnati. It was named from Hon. Wil- liam Dennison, governor of the State at the outbreak of the war, at whose request a site for such camp was se- lected in the latter part of April, 1861, by General Rose- crans, then a retired army officer in business in Cincinnati. One of the prime objects in establishing a large encamp- ment in this region was to give a feeling of security to the people of the city, in view of the doubtful position of Kentucky at this early stage of the war. Captain George B. McClellan, president of the Ohio & Mississippi rail- road, also a young officer of the regular army, who had resigned to engage in civil pursuits, had been appointed by Governor Dennison major-general of the Ohio mili- tia; and by his invitation Rosecrans accepted the post of topographical engineer upon his staff, and proceeded to select the camp. The site chosen was a stretch of level land, not very broad or long, but sufficient for most pur- poses of the camp. The ground was necessarily leased at the high rates put ujjon it by the owners ; and the gov- ernor was much blamed for what was deemed an extrav- agant outlay. It was named from him by General Mc- Clellan, who was put in command of the camp, but soon left it to assume his new duties as a major-general in the regular army. At first it was in charge of the State, and gave the governnor and other Ohio officers infinite trouble through complaints of bad treatment, insufficient food, clothing, tents, arms, etc., and other ills. It was early turned over to the General Government, however; and was one of the two great camps (the other being Camp Chase) maintained by the United States in Ohio during and for some time after the Rebellion. Scores of regiments were recruited or rendezvoused, equipped, and drilled here. Countless thousands of "boys in blue'' passed its gates going into or out of the service, or re- turning from rebel prison pens to refit for the field. Little of it now remains, save a glorious memory, the cemetery where rest its hero dead, and the old sign at the entrance. The very name of the post office maintained there, sad to say, has been changed. The old camp, however, with all its bustle, in the pomp and circumstance of war, will long live in the recollections of the myriad citizen-soldiers who from time to time inhabited it. The military committee of Hamilton county should not pass without a notice. Its intelligent activity and patriotic zeal, in aiding the recruitment of troops and otherwise for- warding the Federal cause, were eminently serviceable to our armies, and were gratefully acknowledged by the au- thorities of the State and the Union. It was originally ap- pointed by Governor Dennison, and was mantained, with some changes in its personnel, until the close of the war. At the end of 1863 it was composed as follows: General Joshua H. Bates, chairman; W. H. Davis, secretary; Hon. N. W. Thomas, Colonel A. E. Jones, W. W. Lodwick, John W. Ellis, Francis Weisnewski, Thomas Sherlock, Eli Mushmore, Amzi Magill. Its headquarters were of course in Cincinnati. It may here also be observed that, besides the long list of general officers in the service, who reflected honor upon Cincinnati, and who will be enumerated hereafter, the county elsewhere furnished to the Northren armies dis- tinguished soldiers in the persons of Brigadier-General Jacob Am men, of Lockland, and brevet Brigadiers Thom- as Kirby Smith, of Colerain, E. Barrett Langdon, of Lin- wood, and Benjamin C. Ludlow, of Cumminsville, a native of the old Ludlow's Station, at the same place; be- sides many of lesser rank. We now come to THE IMMENSE ROSTER of the Hamilton county contingent in the late war. If has been compiled from the rolls in the bureau of the Adjutant-General of the State, where every courtesy and convenience have been kindly afforded for the work. Happily, few RebeUion rolls are missing from this great collection, except in some cases of three-months regi- ments or companies; and fortunately, too, for twenty-nine regiments of infantry, eight regiments of cavalry, and seven batteries, at the time this compilation was made, the records had been reduced to such system and shape that it was possible to present a full roster of each of these commands. For the others, the muster-in rolls must in general suffice, as is usual in histories of this HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 85 kind. The writer has been embarrassed, not only by the magnitude of the Ust, but by the difficulty, in many cases, of identifying officers or men as belonging to Hamilton county. No means exist in the adjutant- general's office, apart from the rolls, for such identifica- tion; and these are not always reliable. Entire com- panies, raised in other parts of the State, were re-enrolled at Cincinnati or Camp Dennison, and appear accordingly upon the rolls, and large numbers of men from other parts of the State and country went to these places for their original enlistment; while many Hamilton county citizens were enrolled at points outside of the county or "in the field," particularly for veteran services, and can- not now be recognized, except by those who personally know the facts, as Hamilton county volunteers. Not- withstanding the faithful use of Mr. Raid's invaluable book, Ohio in the War, and other available sources of in- formation as to the locale of companies, regiments, and individual enlistments, it is probable that some hundreds, at least, are herein accredited to this county that belong to other counties, and that quite as many whose names should appear upon this roster, have been omitted, be- cause the rolls do not furnish the data by which they can be recognized as of the Hamilton "Grand Army." But every effort has been made to secure as full and nearly accurate a roster as possible under the circumstances. In general, it has been thought safest to include in this roll of honor all who were recruited in Cincinnati or the townships of Hamilton county, so far as shown by the records; and to omit those enrolled at Camp Dennison, unless some other evidence has been found that they be- long to the county. Many names, it will be observed, are duplicated, and some, perhaps, triplicated, by re-en- listments, transfers, or promotions. In all cases, if the period of service is not specified in the history or roll of the regiment, it will be understood that the muster-in was "for three years, or during the war." The orthography of the rolls has'been followed; but discrepancies of spell- ing to be found in them make it reasonably certain that many whose names appear herein will experience that peculiar sort of fame of which Byron speaks — having their names spelt wrongly in print. HAMILTON MEN IN KENTUCKY REGIMENTS. A number of companies recruited in this county, which could not be received for the three-months' service, ren- dezvoused spontaneously at the Methodist camp-meeting ground, on the Colerain pike, eleven miles from the city (Camp Colerain). Among these were the Valley guards,, recruited in and about Clifton, Cumminsville, and Carth- age, of which the following named were officers : COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Flamen Ball, jr. First Lieutenant W. H. Hiclcock. Second Lieutenant Fredericlc Cook. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. ^ First Sergeant John Joyce, Sergeant Henry Hayward. Sergeant William Scanlan. Sergeant S. J. Lawrence. Corporal John Shaw. Corporal C. Drier. Corporal Henry Jessan. Colonel P. J. Sullivan was recruiting a regiment in Cin- cinnati, and finding it could not be received at Camp Harrison, marched a number of his companies, about eight hundred men in all, to the camp-meeting ground. They included the Rough and Ready guards, Captain Spellmyer; the Miami guards. Captain Boyer; the Zouave cadets, Captain Joseph A. Stacy; the Beck guards. Captain Beck; the Fulton Continentals, Captain David Johns; and the Union artillery. Captain Joseph Whittlesey. The several companies subsequently went to Camp Clay, where they were joined by a company from Louisville, for which no provision was made in Kentucky, the governor of that State having declined to furnish the men asked from that State. Patriotic Ohio, however, supplied the deficiency in great part; and President Lincoln, upon the solicitations of Judge Chase and other Ohioans, consented to receive as the First and Second Kentucky regiments the organizations effected at Camp Clay. They were equipped and prepared for the field at the expense of this State, but >vere in time lecog- . nized by the authorities of Kentucky, who issued com- missions to their officers. They were as follows : FIRST KENTUCKY INFANTRY. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel James N. Guthrie. Lieutenant Colonel D. H. Enyart. Major Bartholomew Loper. Quartermaster Captain Gilbert Clemmens. SECOND KENTUCKY INFANTRY. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel William E. Woodruff. Lieutenant Colonel George W. Neff. Major Thomas G. Sedgwick. Quartermaster Captain Joseph Blundell. By far the larger part of these, like the men of the regi- ments, were Hamilton county citizens — Cincinnatians. The commands saw their first service in the brigade of General Jacob D. Cox, in the army of West Virginia. They served a longer term than the period of original enlistment, and made very creditable records in the field. THE HISTORIES AND ROSTERS. For the material of the following introductionary his- tories, recourse has been had almost exclusively to that unrivalled repository of information concerning Ohio in the war — Mr. Whitelaw Reid's great work bearing that name. FIRST OHIO INFANTRY. (Three months' service.) COMPANY B. PRIVATES. John Bischansen, Nicholas Kirchhimer, Charles Kneip, John Link, Robert Visel, Martin Ritter, Henry Speier, Nicholas Schmid, William Schubert, Albert Voelkle. (Three years' service.) COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Sergeant Major Charles H, Winner. COMPANY C. PRIVATE. Charles A. Stine. COMPANY D. iNON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Corporal Alfred Smift. Teamster Daniel Groves. 86 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. PRIVATES. Matthew Asken, Jacob Effinger, .Abraham Busch, Samuel S. Dean, Richard Gregory, Hugh Gray, William A. Huddard, George Jamison, Chester C. Logan, Cornelius Lowe, Franlilin Moon, John Phillips, William A. Withrop, Benjamin Young, Lewis Young. SECOND OHIO INFANTRY. This was enlisted at first for three months, under the call of President Lincoln for seventy-five thousand men. It was mustered into service at Columbus, April 17, 1 86 1, only three days after Fort Sumter was evacuated. It was at the first battle of Bull Run, and bore honorable part in the service around Washington until July, when it was mustered out at the expiration of its term, and re- organized at Camp Denison as a three-years' regiment in August and September. A majority of the field, line, and staff officers had already seen service with the three- months' men. The regiment moved into eastern Ken- tucky in September, 1861, and by its good behavior did much to ingratiate itself and the Union cause in that region. Its subsequent service was with General Buell's army, Generals Rosecrans, Thomas and Sherman. It was in the battle of Stone River and Chickamauga, in those of the Atlanta campaign, and in several minor actions. The nucleus of the regiment, like that of the Sixth and others raised iri Cincinnati, was formed in one of the peace organizations of the city. It was commanded during part of its career by Colonel Leonard A. Harris, ex-mayor of Cincinnati, and a native of that city. Most of the field, staff and band, two companies, and some recruits scattered through other companies, were from Hamilton county. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Anson G. McCoolc. Colonel Leonard A. Harris. Lieutenant Colonel John Kell. Lieutenant Colonel Obediah C. Maxwell. Major William T. Beatty. Surgeon Daniel E. Wade. Surgeon Benjamin F. Miller. Assistant Surgeon Thomas J. Shannon. Assistant Surgeon William A. Carmichael. Quartermaster Ira H. Bird. Adjutant George Vandegriff. Adjutant John W. Thomas. Chaplain Ma.vwell P. Gaddis. NON-COMMISSIONED STAFF. Sergeant-Major Horace R. Abbott. Quartermaster Sergeant Albert F. Fisher. Commissary Sergeant Jacob Hogue. Principal Musician Charles Seibold. Prisoner of War.^oseph C. Ault, Hospital Steward. Died. — Marion A. Ross, Jacob Thompson, Sergeant-Majors ; Samuel Price, of the band. Transferred. — George Cochran, Quartermaster Sergeant ; William Dodge, Principal Musician. Discharged. — George H. Hollister, Julius F. Williams, Aaron W. McCune, Sergeant Majors ; Enoch P. Hoover, Hospital Steward ; George Thayer, Ordnance Sergeant. REGIMENTAL BAND. Burton C. McCoy, Leader; First class musicians, John W. Bates, Charles Bates, John Clinton, Cyprian H. Winget ; Second class, Hiram Cooli, Franlilin Steven, David Shatter, Ransford R. Whitehead, Thomas Witmore ; Third class, John Busby, George Brant, John H. Brown, Jason M. Case, George W. Owens, Rosoloo Smith, Benjamin F. Tufts. COMPANY D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain William A. Smith. Captain James Warnock. First Lieutenant George W. Landrum. Second Lieutenan, John F. Davis. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Anthony W. Henry. Sergeant Henry E. Ross. Sergeant Ezekiel A. Howard. Sergeant James Purden. Sergeant Geoige W. Briggs. Corporal John H. Quigley. Corporal Isaac W. Craig. Corporal Albert Jenkins. Corporal John C. Wones. Corporal George Rust. Wagoner James Cowan. PRIVATES. William Allen, George Ansfaugh, Joseph Binkley, Joseph N. Cutler, Thomas Clark, Francis M. Cox, John H. Dressing, Henry Gilson, Michael Gallivan, John B. Hunston, Theodore Hughes, John Huddle- ston, Alfred Jones, Alexander Johnson, Michael Lynch, John Ludrick, Lewis Mangum, George Mollitor, William Menke, George W. Mitch- ell, Joseph McAfee, Thomas O'Connor, Marcus O'Connor, Philip Reilly, David W. Slusser, William Simpson, Michael Tovey, Amos Westfall, William A. Williams, James Welsh, Richard Benson, Walter B. Bell, John Clifford, Samuel Graham, John Kennedy, David S. Long, Michael Mclneray, John McCune, Bernard O'Meally, William Porter, Charles A. Proctor, Hugh Redmon, Julius Shelley. Prisoners of War. — Albert E. Thatcher, James Peese, John Darragh, Walter S. McHugh, James McNally, William Patton, Peter Reenan, Jonathan Simpson. Killed in Battle. — Corporal William H. Jones. Privates Michael Bausch, Henry Demeling, James Doyle, Harry Harle, James Henry, John Meade, Thomas Traccy. Missing. — Corporal William Cunningham. Died. — Sergeant Thomas J. Moore, Corporal John C. Elliott, Pri- vates Daniel Bannon, Charles H. Beal, Frederick Ropp, Thomas Stack, John E. Weaver. Discharged. — First Sergeants George N. Gates and John F. Davis, Privates Michael Costegan, Murty Gallevan, Augustus Wood, William Harvey, Marion Julian, James Matthews, William McCarter, Archibald McAfee, Michael Newman, William Pitman, George W. Ross, Henry Straddhng, William J. Weist, Hannibal Wilson. Transferred. — Sergeant Julius F. Williams, Musician William Dodge, Privates Marcus L. Brown, Lawrence Coen, Jacob A. Hogue, George Moore, Abraham Smith. COMPANY F. PRIVATES. , Frank Nolte harles McGurn, William M. Tatman (both discharged). COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain John Henell. Captain Jacob Totrell. First Lieutenant Jerome A. Fisher. Second Lieutenant Henry Purlier. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Alfred Lafore. Sergeant Augustus Crawford. Corporal James McLaughlin. Corporal Charles E. Brown. Corporal Isaac Wilson, Corporal James C. Norton. Corporal John Keifer. PRIVATES. Charles H. Abbott, Jonas Boggs, James Duncan, Michael Doherty, George Epke, William Gold, John R. Hallam, Jeremiah Hogan, Rob- ert L, Lind, Theodore Spinner, John Striker, John Whistler, Thomas Wiggins, Ernest Beerbaum, John Battles, George Cook, William T. Gray, Halford H. Heick, John Norvasky, James Rice. ^ Prisoners of War. — Sergeants George M. Hall and Benjamin John- son: Corporal Philip Lipps; Privates Robert Baggott, Charles W. Chard, John Dumas, William Egan, John Hillstrip, Bernard Hester, Henry Lanfersiek, John Miner. Killed in Battle. — Corporal Samuel Hall; Privates George Capp and Patrick O'Donnell. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OIHO. S7 Died. — Privates George W. Hacliwalder and James L. Shell. Discharged. — Sergeant Henry Purlier; Privates William Camer, Lawrence Fagan, John Gold, Ezra Mock, Patrick McCarty, Joseph Nealy, Thomas H. Orr, Frederick Quamby, George Thayei, William H. Walker. Transferred. — First Sergeant Aaron W. McCune; Sergeant James A. Suter; Privates Timothy Brannon, James Crouch, Joshua Dunkley, Charles F. English, James Kirby, John Mageer, Richard N. Ross, Jo- seph Wellington, Jesse C. Young. On muster-in but not on muster-out roll. — Musician Kendall Edson. COMPANY I. Private John Kramer, transferred THIRD OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment was raised for the three months' service, and was re-enlisted for three years. It was first mustered into service April 27, r86r. Its earliest duty was in the preparation of Camp Dennison, a few miles from Cincin- nati, and it did not take the field until after its re-organ- ization in June. Its most notable service was as mounted infantry in Colonel Streight's expedition into northern Georgia, in early April, 1863, when almost the entire command was captured. One company of the three years' regiment was from Cincinnati, and the other com- panies from the city were in the three months' service. (For three months). FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Lewis Wilson. Fife Major Jerome F. Dandelet. COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain George M. Finch. First Lieutenant Edwin D. Saunders. Second Lieutenant Frederick S. Wallace. Lieutenant Stephen M. Athearn. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Charles Swift. Sergeant Roswell G. Feltus. Sergeant William Buchman. Sergeant William Suckles. Corporal William Young. Corporal James M. Walker. Corporal Joseph L. Flenner. Corporal Milton H. Lydick. Musician E. Vanpelt. Musician George T. Suter. PRIVATES. W. H. H. Taylor, jr., Charles L. Feltus, Henry Hofkanip, William Kiefer, Edwin C. Saunders, J. Martin, M. B. Chamberlain, C. D. Griggs, A. B, Benton, Charles Hulvershorn, James Vanpelt, J.J. Beahr, Frank A. Armstrong, E. S. Cooke, George W. Johnson, J. Frank Mil- ler, William W. Miller, William C. Mudge, Thomas L. Wentworth George L. Pendery, John Davis, George F. Walters, J. B. Holman, John C. Martin, Enoch C. Jacobs, D. S. Pearce, J. L. Hann, Charles B. Schondt, A. J. Noble, William Scott, Charles M. Stout, R. C. Steen, O. Taxis, Edmond H. Davis, A. King, John L. McElhaney, Joseph A. Clark, W. H. Speed, S. A. Harrison, William Weye, D. W. Sny- der, Joseph Foss, Robert Cameron, F. McGrew, Thomas Colgan, A. Alexander, Charles Guiss, Charles L. Shannon, A. Stevens, Samue. Warwick, T. P. Cavanaugh, W. H. McDevitt, P. Bohl, Urath B Jones, N. B. Holman, John Holtzwiger, John M. Hubbell, William A. Koon, William Torrey, Joseph Ryan, John Nealy, Henry L. Williams. George C. Kithchen, Andrew Reuss, Henry De Bus, William Sterritt, William Stewart, J. N. Kuntz, W. K. Perrine, Lewis Roderige, James R. Smith, Frank Thieman. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain J. E. Baldwin. First Lieutenant J. E. Riggs. Second Lieutenant G. H. Aiken. Lieutenant George Vandergriff. Lieutenant C. A. Newman. Lieutenant Eugene C. Wilson. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant W. E. Oakley. Sergeant C. S. Bums. Sergeant Charles Mendenhall. Sergeant W. G. Ross. Corporal B. T. Wright. Corporal D. W. Pierson. Corporal P. R. Mitchell. Corporal L. V. Horton. Bugler J. F. Dandelet. PRIVATES. E. R. Davidson, J. Calhoun Wright, M. Strohraeier, C. W. Miner, David S. French, Jacob S. Burnett, A. E. Doisey, C. F. McKenzie, W. H. Childs, George H. Hull, W. P. Egan, Charles Faulman, Thomas Jones, O. T. Gunn, E. J. Lukens, George McCammon, J. T. Piggott, jr., Ira Athearn, E. E. C. Swift, W. W. Wilmot, Charles B, Ellis, Thomas T. Wheeler, B. H. Parsons, S. H. Bascom, Thomas Coen J. W. Johnston, George H. Palmer, J. W. Craven, P. Bucher, George W. Ward, T. Brickham, J. Small, C. H. Phelps, Isaac West, B. H. Snyder, R. W. McComas, Thomxs Webb, J. H. Simpson, Nathan Guilford, Alfred Koste, L. H. Hill, E. H. Hussey, M. B. Bailey, A. H. Russell, William Mitchell, G. Rudolph, H. P. Radcliff, T. Deming, E. E. Isabel, B. B. Fearing, T. Wilton, R. R. Martin, H. Tilden, Benjamin Harbison, John Snosey, jr., F. S. Taylor, jr., Henry Schultz, W. C. Williams, Ogden Mender, John A. Wright, J. A. Arthur, Frank Sterns. COMPANY I. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Leonard A. Harris. First Lieutenant William J. Smith. Second Lieutenant John Herrel. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. . First Sergeant Axe.xander Campbell. Sergeant Francis N. Gibson. Sergeant John Anthony. Sergeant Charles C. Martin. Corporal Timothy Crannon. Corporal Jerome A. Fisher. Corporal F. Rickey. Corporal John Davis. PRIVATES. Herman Act, Patrick Burk, John Barrett, Victor Burnham, John H. Burnham, Joshua Bailey, Henry Bleaker, Edward Brady, Marshall Bruce, Frederick Brodey, Edward Blackburn, Edward Clyde, John Cosgrove, Frederick Carson, William I. Campbell, George Curtis, John Davis, James Disberry, Irwin C. Darling, John Dixon, William Dorley, Simon P. Elliott, Christopher Ellis, John Ernest, John Ford, Martin Foltz, John Feber, Benjamin Gylle, Jasper Holman, Adam Hass, Henry Hosmanger, Jere Hogan, Thomas Hartless, James Ho- ban, Herman Kopper, WiUiam- Johnson, Frederick Johnson, John Johnson, Norris JaUison, Henry Kokenbrink, Thomas Kenneday, Timothy Lawton, Martin Leopold, Valentine Lenhart, James Lozier, Henry McCren, George N. McCabe, John McGovern, George Miller, John Mitchell, Patrick Morrisey, James Manshot, Henry M. Nichols, Sames N. Nutt, Alfred G. Norissey, Charles Newman, Paul Newmiller, James O'Conner, John O'Connell, John Penny, Thomas Powers, Thomas Payne, Thomas Reynold, Fjancis Rhody, Anthony Schwagart, William Stager, Henry Sanders, Thomas Simons, William Schafer, John Sailman, William Swift, John Stewart, David Thayer, Henry Vanfield, Christopher Whaking, William Walfeck, Charles Young, Herman Bartlett, Charles Cary, Paul M. Farnsworth, Charles Kent, Peter N. Smidth. (For three years.) COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Philip Fithian. Captain Edward M. DriscoU. First Lieutenant John Richey. First Lieutenant WiUiam A. Curry. Second Lieutenant Charles Trownsell. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Henry D. Bander. Sergeant Thomas W. Kruse. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Sergeant Gilbert B. McWhick. Corporal Philip Stegner. Corporal Jesse Bronson. Corporal Thomas B. Teetor. Wagoner William Stoul. PRIVATES. Rudolph Baehr, August Brewer, James Curry, William Dooley, Cal- lahill Dooley, Edward English, Benjamin Holmes, Harry Hamilton, George W. Howell, Lewis Klingler, William Lawler, Frank Metz, Albert Musser, Edwin McMillen, John McClamthan, Frank O'Connor, Robert Potts, Henry Phillips, Albert Stimson, John Stanferman, Charles Schwab, August Schwager, Andrew Schneller, Fred Vanlieu, Herman D. Willman, Joseph Weber, Manasses Brown, George Bellville, Caspar Davis, Calvin Bills, Fred Eichenlaub, Parker Ernst, David Finch, James Frank, Frank Gallagher, Richard Howe, Harrison Kipp, James King, William Linch, John D. Moore, William McMillen, Daniel O'Keef, Charles Phillips, John Pohlman, Jacob Smith, Daniel Spencer, Michael Str.aber, Frank Stanferman, Thomas Tydings, John Wellman, Conrad Webber, John T. Welsh. . Killed in Battle. — Sergeant William V. McCoabrie, Corporal Joseph Bahlman. Privates Louis Whitmore, Henry Barney, Henry Loche- mey, John B. Naylor. Died. — Sergeant Charles Cannon. Private Charles Hart. Discharged.— First Sergeants William A. Curry, David J. Krule ; privates John Atkins, Michael Black, John Baird, Benjamin Bonner, Henry C. Bliner, Benjamin Crawford, William Cartman, William Chase, John F. Droste, George A. Henry, John Knapp, James Lawrence, Arthur Lyle, George Richey, James Smith, Cincinnatus Stinson, James Vaulien, Edward Wessel. Transferred. — Sergeant Sebastian E. Francis, Musician Richard De- Butts ; privates August Birnbriger, John Coste, Alexander Driscoll, Frank Dick, Charles Graham, Joan Hartley, WiUiam N. Keys, John Lanch, John Lawrence, Emil Miller, William Mills, William H. Mc- Graw, Edward Massey, James O'Conner, Charles T. Palmer, Nathan Reed, George F. Say, Yeustace Smith, Martin Smith, Joseph Schweder. Daniel Shaw, Sylvan'us Stewart, Joseph Shries, Thomas Thackeray, , Copple Tippanhauer, James Vermilyea. On muster-in, but not on muster-out roll. — Privates James Cottle, Charles French, Richard Linch, James Linton, Joseph D. Murry, Wil- liam Vandine. On muster-in roll March 31, 1864, but not on muster-out roll. — Private Cornelius Driscoll. FOURTH OHIO INFANTRY. Mustered into service April 4 and May 5, 1861. Private George Wilson. FIFTH OHIO INFANTRY. This was also originally one of the three-months' organizations, and was made up of young men from Cin- cinnati and the vicinity. It went into Camp Harrison, near that city, April 20, 1861; was mustered into the Federal service May 3d; was transferred to Camp Den- nison May 23d; re-enlisted in a body for three years the next month, and was re-mustered June 20th, and started for the , field in western Virginia, July loth. Its first service here was under Brigadier General Charles W. Hill, under whom a very toilsome march was taken over the spurs of the Alleghanies, in a vain effort to intercept the retreating troops of the rebel General Garnet. It then engaged in guard duty and drill at Parkersburgh until August 5th, when it moved to Buckhannon, and lay there until November 3d. Near this point companies A, B, and C had a sharp fight with a party of rebels, losing one man and killing several of the enemy. Thence the regiment marched to New Creek on the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, and presently to Romney, where it had hard service, entire companies being sent out daily on scouts, and supplying very large details for picket duty, some of whom had their posts six or seven miles from camp. Colonel Dunning, of the Fifth, here took com- mand of the forces in and about Romney, in place of General Kelly, who was disabled by a wound. Hearing of a rebel force of fifteen hundred at Blue's Gap, sixteen miles out, he moved a detachment against it during a driving snow storm on the night of January 6, 1862, surprised the enemy, killing twenty of them, capturing a number, with two cannon, and destroying the mill and other property of the rebel Colonel Blue, at that point. This was the beginning of the Fifth Ohio's reputation for bravery and thorough-going dealing with the rebels. The confederate papers soundly anathematized the regi- ment led "by a butcher," and advised their commanders to show its metnbers no quarter. Within fifteen hours from the time of starting the regiment was back at Rom- ney, having in that short space of time marched thirty- four miles and fought a spirited and successful action. General Lander took command of the forces shortly after, and the regiment was moved in rapid succession to a number of places, marching and countermarching for more than a month, and suffering much from the inclement season. February 13th, with the Eighth Ohio and a cavalry force, it made a reconnoisance in force on Bloomney Furnace, during which the cavalry engaged the enemy and won a victory. March 18th, under Gen- eral Shields, it participated in another reconnoisance to Strasburgh, the enemy being pushed several miles beyond Mt. Jackson, but without bringing on an action. On the twenty-second, from Winchester the regiment was moved out hastily and the next- day reached Kerns- town and took a position to support a battery, where it was attacked, with other forces in the battle, about nine A. M. It held its place until afternoon, when five com- panies were detached and moved alone against an over- whelming force, whose fire they sustained alone in an open field for some time, returning it with interest, until reinforcements came, when the united commands ad- vanced and soon routed the enemy. Five color-bearers of the regiment were successively shot down in this short but sharp fight, among them Captain George B. Whit- com, of Cincinnati. The Fifth is believed to have saved the day, at least on this part of the field. Not long after the rout here the enemy began his retreat, getting off without further disaster in the darkness of the night. , The Fifth lost forty-seven killed and wounded in the bat- tle of Winchester. The regimental colors received forty-eight bullet holes in this .action, and the State flag ten. A movement was soon after begun beyond , Strasburgh, through Woodstock, and to the Shenandoah, where a destroyed bridge and Ashby's cavalry on the other side checked their advance. A dash was made by the Fifth and some cavalry into Mt. Jackson, but the enemy fled before their arrival. The regiment then encamped at Newmarket, Colonel Dunning commanding the brigade. In a fortnight it advanced to Harrisonburgh, where. May 7th, a beautiful stand of colors was presented by a depu- tation from the city council of Cincinnati, as a token of appreciation at home of the regiment's bravery and efficiency in the late battle. May 1 2th another march was begun, which continued to Falmouth, one hundred and fifty miles distant. May HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 25th it moved to Front Royal, and June 3d reached the Shenandoah again, having marched in three weeks two hundred and eighty-five miles through mud and rain without meeting an enemy and with scarcely half rations. June 9th, however, at Port Republic, it became hotly engaged, and behaved with its usual courage and dash. After some firing by volley, it charged two rebel regi- ments covered by a fence and drove them into the woods, where they were again charged and one field gun cap- tured. Moving to the left, it repelled a charge upon one of our batteries, but had presently to cover a retreat, in which it lost one hundred and eighty-five men taken cap- tive. Its total loss in this affair — killed, wounded, and prisoners — was two hundred and forty-four. Many inci- dents of personal valor and cunning occurred to the Fifth here. Lieutenant Kirkup, of Cincinnati, after being taken, escaped his guard and went but a little way, when he met two rebels and claimed them as prisoners. They gave up, and under their guidance he got out of the mountains and rejoined his command. The colors were saved on the retreat by color corporals Brinkman and Shaw wrapping them about their bodies and swimming the Shenandoah, whence they made their way to General Fremont's command four days after. The retreat was kept up to Luray, where rest was had till June 24th, when the regiment moved through Thoroughfare Gap to Bristow's Station, and was thenceforth on daily march for five weeks, over more than five hundred miles, compelled thereto by the rapid and obscure movements of Stonewall Jackson in the valley. When at last halted at Alexan- dria, the men o'" the Fifth were completely fagged out, were shelterless, and nearly naked. After rest and re- equipment on the twenty-fifth of July it went by rail to Warrenton, remaining there some days, and thence march- ing to Little Washington. Here General Tyler, com- manding the brigade, took leave of it, and particularly of the Fifth, which was specially endeared to him. Gen- eral Geary, afterwards governor of Pennsylvania, suc- ceeded him. August 9th, from Culpeper Court-House, the regiment made a forced march to the battle-field of Cedar Mountain, in which it took full part. Colonel Pat- rick commanding. The Union forces were pressed back by overwhelming numbers, and the Fifth lost eighteen killed, thirteen officers and eighty-nine men wounded, and two missing, out of two hundred and seventy-five in the action. Among the badly wounded was Lieutenant Colonel Armstrong, who was obliged to retire from field service. The Fifth participated in the retrograde movements of Pope's army and the terrible battles on the plains of Man- assas. After brief respite it joined the forces pursuing the rebels, passing through Frederick City and other points, and reaching the field of Antietam September i6th. Here it was closely engaged the next day, under command of Major Collins, once in a hand-to-hand con- flict, in which many of the men used the butts of their guns, until the enemy slowly and slubbornly gave way. At another point the brigade to which it belonged, reduced to five hundred men, held its ground against a much larger force, and was so poorly supported that it had to fall back to avoid being outflanked. In this battle the Fifth emptied its cartridge boxes three times, firing about one hundred shots per man, and marking the front of its positions by rows of dead rebels. It lost fifty-four men killed and wounded, of one hundred and eighty engaged. Its next camp was at Dumfries, in December, where the garrison was attacked on the twenty-seventh by Stuart's cavalry, the action lasting through an entire afternoon, when the rebels retreated. Lieutenants Walker and Le- Force, of company G, were killed, three of the regiment wounded, and five taken. The Fifth then rested at Dumfries till April 24, 1863, when it joined the advance of Hooker across the Rappahannock, and was engaged throughout at Chancellorsville, performing a distinguished part in that bloody action. It was also in the great bat- tle of Gettysburgh, July 3d, and in the fruitless pursuit that followed. Lieutenant Brinkman, one of the heroes of Port Republic, was killed at Gettysburgh. In August, the regiment was sent to New York city to quell the draft riots, and remained there till September 8th, when it returned to Alexandria, and after sundry marches was taken by rail to Murfreesborough, Tennessee, receiving many tokens of regard as it passed through Ohio, but not being allowed to visit Cincinnati, where many of the men had not been for two and a half years. October 3, 1863, they reached the intrenchments at Murfreesborough, and finding the enemy in the vicinity, whom they assisted in repelling. Rejoining the Potomac troops, the Elev- enth and Twelfth corps, which had been transported to Lookout valley, the Fifth took part in the famous "battle above the clouds;" afterwards did post duty at Bridge- port, Alabama, was in the advance on Atlanta and some of the battles of that campaign, in one of the first of which Colonel Patrick lost his life. The time of the reg- iment expired during this movement, and it was moved to the rear in charge of prisoners. Many of the men, notwithstanding their hard service, decided to re-enlist, and had the privilege of a short furlough. They soon rejoined the conquering host pressing upon Atlanta, and were in the march to the sea and through the Carolinas and the great reviews at Washington, from which they returned to Cincinnati. They were mustered out at Louisville, July 26, 1865, and finally paid and discharged at Camp Dennison. Scarcely any Ohio regiment has a more remarkable history. It took part in twenty-eight engagements, in- cluding six pitched battles, with many reconnoissances and skirmishes, marched on foot one thousand three hun- dred and seventy-five miles, travelled nine hundred and ninety-three miles by rail, and sustained a total loss of five hundred men, killed, wounded, and prisoners. (Three Months' Service). FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Samuel H. Dunning Lieutenant Colonel John H. Patrick. Major William Gaskill. Adjutant Harry G. Armstrong. Quartermaster Caleb C. Whetson. Surgeon Alfred Ball. Assistant Surgeon Curtis J. Bellows. Chaplain Samuel L. Youstice. Sergeant Major James W. Miller. 90 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Quartermaster Sergeant William P. Jackson. Commissary Sergeant William F. Sheffield. Hospital Steward William F. Tibbals. Principal Musician William JVIcAUister. Principal Musician Thomas Davis. Principal Musician Edward White. Band Leader William J. Jewess. Band— Henry W. Scherer, Edward Schellhorn, Peter Spryer, Wil- liam C. Lynn, Andrew Mather, Alexander H. Bierman, James A. Campbell, Alexander H. Hatcher, Thomas C. Sheppard, James D. Fuller, James H. Rider, James M. Heyl, Thomas Marlatt, Robert Davis. (All Other rolls of this regiment, for the three-months' service, are missing froin the adjutant general's office). (Si.x Months' Service). FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Samuel H. Dunning. Colonel John H. Patrick. Lieutenant Colonel Harry G. Armstrong. Lieutenant Colonel Robert L. Kilpatrick. Lieutenant Colonel Robert Kirkup. Major William Gaskill. , Major John Collins. Major Henry E. Symmes. Major Krewson Yerkes. Surgeon Alfred Ball. Surgeon Alexander E. Jenner. Assistant Surgeon Charles Greenleaf. Assistant Surgeon Curtis J. Bellins. Assistant Surgeon Orestes L. Fields. Assistant Surgeon William F. Tibbals. Assistant Surgeon Jairies G. Jenkin. Chaplain Samuel L. Yousteer. Adjutant Thomas Hefferman. Adjutant Charles Smith. Adjutant William H. Thomas. Adjutant Henry A. Tortman. Adjutant Henry C. Koogle. Quartermaster John M. Paver. Quartermaster Caleb C. Whitson. Sergeant Major James Richey. Quartermaster Sergeant Michael Ward. Commissary Sergeant Andrew J. Barr. Hospital Steward Robert S. McClure. Fife Major Edward White. Drum Major James Lyons. Died. — Sergeant Major Robert Graham. Discharged. — Sergeant Majors Herman Belmer, Stephen Codding- ton, James Clark, Joseph Miller, Augustus Moovert; Quartermaster Sergeants Williani Calter, Peter A. Cozine, George P. Humphreys, - William P. Jackson, Matthias Schwab, William Tomlinson; Commis- sary Sergeants Edward R. Anthony, Charles Baldwin, Joseph L. Gaul; Drum Majors George W. Bennett, William McAllister; Fife Majors Thomas Davis, Henry Kent. Transferred. — Sergeant Major Thomas Hussey; Quartermaster Ser- geant William Daum; Commissary Sergeants Alfred G. Swain and William Sheffield; Hospital Stewards Francis McNaily and Edward White. REGIMENTAL BAND. Leader, William J. Jervis; first-class, Henry W. Scherer, Edward Schellhorn, Peter Schreger; second-class, W. C. Lynn, A. H. Bier- man, Andrew Mather, J. A. Campbell; third-class, A. H. Hatcher, Thomas C. Sheppard, James D. Fuller, James W. Heyl, Robert Davis, James H. Rider, Thomas Marlatt. COMPANY A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Jacob A. Remley. Captain Frederick W. Moore. Captain Charles Friedshurn. Captain Thomas W. Scott. First Lieutenant George H. Whiteamp. First Lieutenant Thomas Hussey. First Lieutenant Austin T. Shirer. First Lieutenant Caleb C. Whitson. First Lieutenant Edward R. Anthony. First Lieutenant William B. Neal. Second Lieutenant Peter A. Cozine. Second Lieutenant Robert H. Barret. Second Lieutenant Joseph W. Miller. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant George Heinzenberg. Sergeant Christian Krauft. Sergeant George Beinhart. Sergeant Jacob Rice. Sergeant George Spinger. Corporal Daniel O'Leary. Corporal Anton Brightman. Corporal Christian Duer. Corporal James McFarland. Corporal Jacob Fuchs. Corporal Frederick Helwig. PRIVATES. Robert Barbour, John Birgler, Henry Boy, Cornelius Collins, Robert H. Crook, David Casner, David Fitzgerald, Henry Griese, George Hamm, Adam Heintz, Nicholas Hernet, Noah Harris, Stephen H. Keegan, Conrad Machback, Patrick Malone, Charles H. Miller, George W. Moore, William T. Patterson, Archibald Robbins, Kil- lian Stranbert, Ralph Sutherland, Henry Yeager, Allen H. Leonard. Frederick Best, Charles Backley, Frederick Bojison, Paul Bein- hart, Charles B. Baab, Charles Burgman, John Baker, William Deter, St. Clair French, Thomas Ferguson, Henry Earwig, David E. Harper, Stephen Instner, Philip Myers, James Marshall, Jeremiah Pendergrass, Henry Polk, Levi Reischeimer, William Retteger, James M. Reed, Charles Trible, Morgan Wade, David Watkins, Patrick Walsh, Henry Winters, Michael Welch, John Young. Killed in Battle.— Corporals William Craft, Jacob Direling, Martin Benneger, William Sharp; Color Corporal William Wessling; Privates, Pleasant A. Brown, Conrad Brown, Jacob Gutzter, Edwin Lockwood, Christian MetzkeJ, Jesse Riffle, John Snatzer. Died. — Privates Adam Backman, Winfield S. Cook, Marcus D. Cald- well, Frank Ebbler, John R. McKinley.'^John Sanning, John Thorn- kins. Discharged. — Sergeants Wesley Crouch, Frederick Fuchs, George Kleister, Hess Vincent, Thomas W. Scott; Corporals John Geyer, Matthew McFarland, Jacob Ries, William Swinburne; Privates Wil- liam H. Avery, Byron Andrews, James Burns, Robert G. Bell, John H. Bowser, Daniel Brady, Andrew W. Barber, Thomas B. Beal, Frederick Boch, George W. Butler, Leander W. Butz, Charles Bausch, Charles Burckhart, Edward Baird, Andrew Bowman, Patrick Birmingham, Henry Brant, James Blakesley, William T. Barrett, Edward Burkhart, Joseph Burkhart, William Baehr, Nicholas Becker, Frank Betz, Joseph B. Channel, Mortimer Cole, Peter H. Coffman, David C. Cross, Pat- rick Carroll, Jacob Christ, Hugh Coleman, Oliver C. Donnelly, Fran- cis Daum, James Dwyer, Charles Evans' Henry Enye, Francis Engal. Charles Ewighause, August Evans, George Fletcher, Joseph Fleming, Harmon Foelkin, Caleb Glazier, Frank Hotchkiss, Patrick H. I'viggins, George Hochsoilder, James Hastle, William H. Justice, Seth James Peter Keifert, Jacob Kunst, Frederick Keirchgreber, Frederich Kohr, Robert H. Kind, John H. Lindenwood, .'\lonzo Leavitt, Martin Marsh, Francis M. Meek, William Meyer, Henry Menke, William Mullerhause, Antone Muller, Truman McMaster, Patrick Maloney, George Munjar, Benjamin Meyers, Willis I. Mills, Joseph Noyes, Christian Asteroth, Joseph A. Patterson, David Ross, Daniel C. Roderick, Lawrence N. Shorts, Peter Sell, John SuUivan, Frederick Sleiter, Christopher Sny- der, Joseph Seifert, Lawrence Seifert, John Stofful, Frank Stortz, Peter Shyrer, James Thrasher, Ludwig Thobaben, Edward Welch, Richard Wessel. Transferred. — Musicians, James D. Fuller, James M. Hoyle, William T. Jervess. On muster-in but not on muster-out rolls. — Javer Stewart, Frederick Geyer, Robert Kind, Henry Megers, Michael Batch, John Booker, Samuel Bolser, Henry Bateman, Edward Cahill, Ignatius Cannon, Frederick Daum, John S. Dale, William Doolsy, William Darrel, John F. Drosty, Daniel W. Dewitt, John Ellick, Lawrence Ferncoast, Jacob Fuchs, William Fotts, Charles Hoffman, Michael Hite, John W. Jew- ett, Lewis Klingler. Frank Kebbler, George Lambertson, John Miller, Peter Marks, William Morris, Thomas Miller, Philip Marshofer, John Pritchard, William Phillips, George Strubert, George Smith, August Shyltheise, Albert Stimpson, Charles Schwabe, Austin F. Sherir, Syl- vanus Stuart, James L. Thomson, Joseph Cordeman. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OIHO. 91 COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Robert L. Kilpatrick. Captain James L. Tliompson. First Lieutenant John C. A'IcDonald. First Lieutenant Hugh Marshall. First Lieutenant George A, Thorpe. Second Lieutenant Robert Graham. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant George Haig. Sergeant Charles Hamilton. PRIVATES. Hugh Breen, George Baner, John Cook, David C. Custard, William Foster, James Hughs, George Haines, Isaac Hillyer, Eldridge Lemoin, William MothersiU, John D. Miller, Donald Macdongal, James Ma- hood, John Pigman, Dennis Reardin (No. 2), John Roth, Cooney Roth, Charles Riter, Joseph Schlick, Jaines Swinson, Frank Stall, August Seifert, Casper Webert, Discharged. — Sergeants George Dalzell, Albert Fuhrman, Thomas F. Soden ; Corporals Edwin Booth, Henry M. Gastiell, Hugh Liddy, William Muirson, Leo Pistner, J9hn Ridnian, Henry Teal, Frank Burns, James Bowrie, James Craig, Henry Cunningham, James Davis, Robert E. Davis, Henry Dopke, William IJ. Dunlap, Daniel Dooley, Alloy Emeru, John C. Edwards, David Ford, John Feidler, John Gray, Joseph Grau, William B. Goodling, Edward Garrett, Fred Hoff, Joseph Hopkinson, William G. Howell, John G. Hoyhicht, Henry Hove, Levi Jackson, William Kelley, James Kelley, George Koyer James Lyons, John Lee, Henry Lotze, Charles Lapp, James Moore, Charles Meyers, Edward O'Mallay, Peter Philips, Martin Richardson, Michael Roth, Thomas Southwait, Michael Sherer, Peter Spreyer, George Thomson, George Turpin, Henry Weaving, Thomas Watson, Michael Walsh, Daniel Carroll, George C. M. Heglin, Timothy Keeshaw, Lewis Koehan, Andrew Manning, John C. Peterson, Dennis Reardin (No. i), Jacob Schutt, Thomas Virtue, Robert H. White, Killed in Battle. — Corporals Thomas Hozs and Patrick Sullivan ; Private George H. Neihaus. Died. — Private George Howard. Transferred. — Michael Collins, Thomas Davies, Porter Dennin, Clemens Rozeman. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Henry E. Symmes. Captain Morgan S. Shaw. Captain Charles B. Jacobs. First Lieutenant Theodore A. Startsman. First Lieutenant Fred Fairfax. First Lieutenant Wilson B. Gaither. First Lieutenant Herman Strieker. First Lieutenant John M. Paver. Second Lieutenant Charles Friedeborn. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant James H. Cline. Sergeant Peter Schneider. Sergeant Frank Millen. Sergeant William G. Rafferty. Corporal Charles S. Horn. Corporal Robert Kind. Corporal Harrison Goddard. Corporal William W. Watkins. - Corporal Aaron H. Templeton. Corporal Francis H. Defiie. Corporal James Crawford. Musician James Dwyre. PRIVATES. William F. Black, Charles E. Burr, James Browsley, George S. Bostler, George M. Clayton, Luther Conklin, Alfred Craig, Mathew Clyne, John Carroll, John H. Donaldson, Charles A. Etzler, Orlando Fox, James Fox, John Fries, Jacob Frietze, John Feldner, Matthew Flemming, Charles Gord, William Geaniard, Leonard Hessnold, William Haunsz, Charles Johnston, John Kern, James A. Morrow, Ludwig Mauhlig, Christian Querner, Benjamin Roasker, Andrew J. Sellers, John F. Spriggs, Frederick Sommers, Xavier Switzer, Peter Smith, Cyrus E. Watkins, Benjamin Yeates, John Myers, Herman Brown, John Casey, George B. Campbell, William Egner, Theodore Fox, James Jones, Thomas Kennedy, John Loback, John McDonald, Philip A. McConnel, Sylvester P. Maxon, James O'Connor, Richard Reeves, John Stotsman, Jacob Wright, Charles Wier, Thomas Wilch. Killed in battle.— Corporals John W. Clayton, Parker S. Robinson, Charles Talbott, George W. Young ; Privates William Bogart, Wil- liam H. Bogart, Charles Gill, Henry C. Jacobs, Charles L. Perkins, William H. Arbor. • Died. — Corporal Richard Bussey ; Privates John Brumry, Daniel W. Beck, Joseph Coleman, John F. Coverdale, George Case, Bonkratz Deinline, Peter Gisswood, Hezekiah Smith, Frederick Lousing, Silas C. Woolsten. Discharged,— Charles Fairfax, Henry P. McKenzie, James A. Mc- Collough, Herman Strieker, George W. Stone, William P. Sands, Paul CroUey, George W. Gough, Samuel Hall, John Stallcup, Henry A. Wetsell, Charles S. Howard, Agustus Querner, Henry Albers, Cornelius L. Andrews, James Bogart, Charles Bascom, Moses Bray, Thomas Bradley, David Crolley, William Cotter, James S. Cross, John Clucos, David A. Casstellen, Daniel K. Charles, Michael Cassiday, Daniel Cook, Wyatt Cordell, William Clark, Emery B. Day, William Doug- lass, John C. Doudney, Bartholomew Ehlenbest, Frederick Easton, Reuben T. Everhard, Henry Foot, Frederick Foot, Frederick Faulkin- burg, Joseph Fettevar, George Fiestone, Leonard Griggs, John Good- hue, John Gardner, David Goodrich, George Gardner, Henry Hess, Thomas Hudson, James S. Hayden, Joseph Horton, George Hazen, Reuben Knox, James Leonard, David McDaniel, Thomas G. Morrow, William Miller, James Morrow, William McCormick, Frederick Miller, Edward Newman, Samuel E. Palmer, Samuel E. Pierpoint, Charles Querner, Michael Swier, Charles Sanders, Henry Stuffrigen, George W. Shipley, John Story, William J. Skimball, Charles S. Swaine, Edward Shellhorn, Robert Shipps, George Shane, John C. Stebbins, Joseph Tonacliff, Grafton M. Thrasher, Jacob Troy, Frederick Vocht, Henry Walters, Harvey Woodard, William Wiedeman, Nicholas Walters, Richard B. Wright, Joseph Wippragtiger. Transferred. — First Sergeant Joseph L. Gaul; Sergeant Andrew J. Barr; Privates William D. Bloom, Thomas H. Turner, Henry Hill, Francis W. McNally, Augustus Moonert. On muster-in, but not on muster-out roll. — Corporal Henry S. Fecheimer. COMPANY D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Robert Hays. Captain Robert Kirkup. Captain Jere Robinson. First Lieutenant Robert Logan. First Lieutenant James Clark. First Lieutenant Herman Belmer. Second Lieutenant Krewson Yerkes. NON-CO,MMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Donald McLeod. Sergeant John Lee. Sergeant Thomas Gorman. Corporal Henry Huber. Corporal David C. Harrison. PRIVATES. Archibald Bowie, Paul Bealer, James Craig, Flenry S. Cohn, Andrew C. Chamberland, William H. Dunlap, Charles Dubois, Rich- ard Evans, John Fords, John Fisk, John Farleigh, Benjamin Fry, Henry Fulman, Gottheb Fiedel, Christopher Gable, Henry B. House- man, James Hopkinson, Peter Huber, Francis Henskie, James H. Jacobs, George W. Lively, Henry Longa, Henry Myers, James H. Mahon, Malcolm McMillen, Joseph Morean, James O'Connor, Martin Pistner, Martin Richardson, Henry Rist, Joseph Roth, Charles Robin- son, Joseph Steinbecker, Jacob Schillenburg, Lucas Sebastian, Michael Shirer, John Shumate, Oliver Sturgis, Charles Smith, WiUiam Swigart, Frank Thomas, John M. Taylor, Daniel Winters, WilUam Wright, Noah Anderson, William Bingham, William J. Bradford, ."Uexander Bradford, James Bains, Marion M. Black, Daniel Blankman, Dennis Berry, William Conger, William Cox, Milton Car- lile, Daniel Corigan, Jere Cronin, Samson Delworth, Samuel W. Down- ing, Martin Enderidan, Patrick Fitzgerald, Michael Fitzgerald, Peter Gremmell, William Garber, James Graham, John Hannah, James H. Howard, William Henderson, John Harris, Nicholas Haust, William J. Hastings, Peter Jordon, William Johnson, Henry Johns, Levi Jack- son, William Keene, William Kelley, John Kirby, Matthew Kenney, William Lister, Daniel McGlinn, Joseph Myers, Charles B. Martin, Burnett Moran, Patrick Maloney, Robert Miller, Charles Murphy, Joseph Lipphart, Frank Long, Emerson Horton, John Nelson, Josiah 92 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Paris, William Patterson, Edward Rice, Henry Riese, Archibald Rob- bins, James Ryan, James Roecamp, Charles Scott, John Smith, Modest Urbine, James Vaughan, Newman Whitney, James Wilson, Samuel Winston. Killed in battle. —Sergeant David Johnson; Corporals Charles E, Gray, Hugh Liddy; Privates Daniel Bowie, Peter Gewton, Martin Healy, Albert C. Harrison, Henry Hill, John HoUihan, Charles Hausel, Henry Lippen, Henry Myers, James Roberts, Frederick Shoemaker, Henry Shaw, Peter Strassell. Died. — Frederick Morey, Albert Buchart, John Buike, James Davis, John Logan, John Lenhart, John Nolan. Discharged. — First Sergeant Wilson B. Gaither; Sergeants Patrick Conway, Joseph Doak, Tobias Hattle, John McElhaney, Jere B. Roscoe; Corporals Thomas Aitkin, William T. Darlington, Charles Dillon, Richard E. Forger, George Gates, George Granger, Michael H. Garry, Joseph Morgan, George Peare, Ferdinand W. Schulties; Teamster John Solomon; Musician George W. Foster; Privates Wil- liam Alexander, Sebastian Butz, Frederick Bruning, Henry A. Bier- man, Samuel Balby, Joseph' Bradford, Benjamin Clyne, James Cul- bertson, Robert Dow, William Dow, Henry Doner, Baltizer Ernest, Marshal H. Folger, William Franks, Adam Felix, Trimble Ford, Wil- liam Fortney, John Farrington, Valentine Gibb, William J. Gordon, Eddy Goin, John Gibney, William B. Gooding, Peter Griffin, Joseph Hollinger, Richard Hassett, Abraham Hening, Thomas Humphreys, Thomas Hussey, Robert Hoendorf, Charles Harris, Franklin C. Harvey, Edwin Hughes, Philip Hockindhammer, Thomas G. Hooper, Lemuel Hisson, Benton Jones, John Kuster, Peter Kummer, Jacob Kummer, John Knosp, Thomas Lewis, Philip Lippert, Simon Marienthal, Mat- thew McCracken, Jonathan Mitchell, Peter A. Mark, Josiah Mc- . Knight, Andrew Noidheim, John O'Neil, Bruman Osmers, Alex- ander Patten, John Rentz, Andrew Ryan, Michael Richett, Andrew Simons, James Steward, George W. Schmidt, William .Spearing, Xavier Stoll, James Trooborn, John Troy, Orlando Van Skiver, James York. Transferred. — Sergeants Eli Delzell, James Clark; Corporal John McGregor; Privates James Deamon, Owen Healy, William McAllister, Thomas Mountjoy, Henry Williams, Ulysses Cox, Leopold Ahlenfeld, John Laken, George Lanehart, William Schmitte. Mustered out with company D, but not on company rolls. — Private Emmet Goddard. COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain George B. Whitcom. Captain Louis C. Robinson Captain William U. Dick. Captain Krewson Yerkes. Captain Joseph Plaisted. First Lieutenant George A. Thorpe. First Lieutenant Heniy Brinkman. First Lieutenant Stephen Coddington. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Charles Williams. Sergeant Martin Ruffley. Sergeant Christian Kroog. Sergeant Samuel McCormack. Corporal William Miller. Corporal James Smith. PRIVATES. Harry Bloomer, John BaskerviUe, George Beercis, Thomas Bruner, James Cavenaugh, Jolin D. Craddick, John Carney, George F. Dun- can, Joseph Dupee, Francis G. Davis, John W. Free, William Gal- breath, Marcellus Gray, Gustavus Hirsch, Joseph Hughes, James Jack- son, William Ketcham, Lawrence King, George Kellogg, John Line, James Moorehead, Christian Millingcr, .Aaron Miller, JohnW. Morgan, John Manch, Henry McGiven, Joseph Nedderman, Jere Simpson, Al- exander Tilton, Samuel Tapping, Henry Weismiller, William Wyatt, Gottleib Winkelman, James Anderson, Daniel Burns, John Barrett, Thomas H. Burgess, William Crouse, Henry Carr, James Duckworth, Andrew L. Dohavant, John Dalton, Cornelius Donohue, Francis Gaff- ney, Theophius G. Hammond, William Hefferman, Patrick Kennedy, Henry E, Miller, Charles Muegga, Patrick Martin, Micafah T. Nor- dyke, James Riley, John Reinhart, Arnold Stuttleberg, Patrick Shea, William Vaughn, Edward R. Wood. Killed in Battle. — Sergeant Edward Swain; Coiporals George W. Gentle and Ingersoll B. Sheridan; Privates John W. Armstrong, Thomas Burns, Alonzo Carnahan, John Fortune, John Garner, Peter Hassel, Joseph Hunter, Franklin Huntly, Jacob Kalcoff, William B. Mayjers, Robert Spellman, William .Spellman. Died. — Sergeant Lawrence Vial; Privates John G. Hudson, Freder- ick Lanfersiek, James Pollock, Perry Wright. Discharged.— First Sergeants Charles A. Thorpe and Joseph Plais- ted; Sergeant Charles A. Walker, Morgan S. Shaw, William H. Wil- liams; Corporals Simson H. Cottle, Emery A. Hurlbut, Benjamin F. Kephart, Randolph Minnick, Benton R. Noble; Musician Philip C. Maddocks; Teamster Thomas R. Folger; Pri\ates George W. Aldridge William Anderson, John Anderson, William L. Anginbaugh, Joseph E. Asper, Robert BaskerviUe, Patrick Brady, Charles M. Brown, John Brinkman, Alfred Coleman, Charles Cobb, Joseph Corderman, Thomas Dale, James Dillon, Joseph Derwoet, Alva H. Doan, Abraham Egger, William Enyart, Francis Enyart, Charles A. Fisher, William Fisher, Frederick Funk, Cyrus C. Foote, William Foley, John A. Fenner, William Gould, Louis Gegan, Joseph Goodall, John J. Gold, Joseph Huff, Edwin Hindley, Michael Huber, Perry Hallan, Henry Huene- man, Edward H. Hardin, Jonas Heaton, Joseph Hell, John Heyer, Eli Heifner, Thomas Hudson, William G. Hanley, Jonas Hale, Fred- erick Hauck, Shelton Ingram, John Inquire, James F.Jones, Peter J. Jennings, Peter Kraning, John Know, William L. Kee, Adam Long, Henry Lawson, John Lewis, Joseph Lansihger, Isaac Listen, John R. Lamb, Edward Myers, Robert Morse, James May, John Martin, Peter A. Miller, Thomas Poland, George Petzer, George Peet, Michael Phe- lan, Elmer S. Rosebrough,*Jacob B. Rahn, Thomas Rice, John Rice, Alfred G. Swain, Lewis C. Smith, Edward Stoner, Henry Strock, Eli Tarbutton, Robert H. Thrush, Henry Tealbozle, Charles A. Thorpe, Henry Wisselman, John W. Wright, Nathan Williams, Theodore Wright, Alfred Winter, A. Wilson, Albert Wo'.f, Robert Young, Jacob Yeager, Henry Yeager, William Brown. Transferred.— First Sergeants Herman Belmer and James Richey; Sergeants Henry A. Trotman and Henry C. Koogle; Musician Wash- ington G. Bennett; Privates John Collins, George Gates, Franklin Morrell, Gersham D. Miller, Andrew Seary, James Woods. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Theopilus Gaines. Captain James Kincaid. Captain Benjamin Jelleff, jr. Captain Stephen Coddington. Captain Henry C. Koogle. First Lieutenant Robert Brumwell. First Lieutenant Alexander A. Littell. First Lieutenant Lewis S. Stevens. First Lieutenant Joseph Grunkemeyer. First Lieutenant Jere Robinson. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First .Sergeant Spillman Jones. Sergeant Vansant Morris. Sergeant Charles Henke. Sergeant George Enocke. Corporal Frederick Hoff. Corj^oral John Lemon. Corporal William Parker. Musician William Lister. PRIVATES. Ferdinand Axtell, Edwin Booth, Henry Dowka, William Foley, John Gray, Henry Lotze, Herman Pieper, Henry Wellman, Abner C. Wil- son, Christian Behring, George W. Belcher, John P. Burns, John Brace, Windsor M. Buck, Philip Bolther, John Dillon, Gideon Hyde, Mich.ael Laducer, John Lottmair, John Leonhard, David McNally, Charles W. McFarlin, Cornelius Morris, John Tompkins, John Thompson, William Umstead, Jeremiah Kennedy, Lewis Landers, Francis Malloy, William McDonald, Da\id McOllister, Jacob Minet, Frank Miller, Nicholas Nernsgen, Henry Ohr, Nicholas D. Patry, Pat- rick Varley, Cornelius Welsch. Killed in Battle. — Sergeant Charles VanHautan; Corporals Valen- tine Helde and John McCabe; Privates Frederick W. Drexelions, Richard Heringer, Charles Hinck, John H. Haner, William Huchnen- koch, John Miller, Frederick Preismyer, Horace Squires, Michael Vo- glebauch. Died. — Corporal John F. Behrens; Privates Isaac A. Baum, Richard Carston, Thomas McCune, John McClintock, George W. Noggle, Wil- liam H. Nash, George W. Westerman. Discharged. — First Sergeants Jeremiah Robinson and Charles D. Moore; Sergeants William H. Lee, George W. Helde, James Kelley, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 93 Joseph W. Miller, James Fitch; Corporals Joseph Grunkemeyer, Jesse McLane, John Baker, Joseph Smoozka, John Stevens, Francisco Leach; Privates Wilham T. Aichles, Daniel Belsher, Joseph Brogle, Carston Bode, William B. Bennemyer, George Brown, James Britt, Henry Brokarap, Michael Boyle, John W. Carr, Daniel L. Carson, An- drew Crawford, John Coleman, William F. Cain, Patrick Claffy, Charles T. Doney, Reuben Daily, James Emerson, Frederick Evers, James Farrell, Jacob Folhorbst, Charles Goble, Thomas Render, Moses Harmon, Edward Hemstreal, Henry Hanker, Ferdinand Hab- enicht, John Ingle, John Jungciaus. Peter Kunkel, Frederick Knost, Francis Kroger, David Ketcham, Francis Ludlow, John Loughner, Jonas Lantz, Andrew Myers, Michael Moran, Frederick Mohus, Jacob Mumford, Christian Myers, James McFaiiand, Patrick McDonald, William McGafifick, William S. Moore, James McKnery, John Martin, David W. Merrell, John Messersmith, August Minning, John Myer, John McGrork, Isaac N. Moses, Henry Myers, Edward McLean, Bar- ney New, Andrew Nesselhof, George Oswalt, Daniel Oswalt, John L. Oswalt, Loyd Pardee, John Patterson, Pleasant W. Randall, James Robinson, Lewis H. Stevens, Joseph B. Stevens, John Slopner, Jacob Stube, James F. Schuier, Adam Fritsch, John H. Wellerman, Cornelius Welsch, William A. Hinch, Charles Lapp, Charles Viner; Corporals James Reynolds, jr. and John Lally, Teamster John B. Maddocks. Transferred. — Corporal Charles Lillelt; Privates Henry Carr, John Craddick, Barney Fledderman, Seth James, Jesse McLean, Martin Madder, John Springmyer, George Tyce, James Trasher, G. Winkel- man. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Alonzo C. Horton. Captain Waldo C. Booth. Captain Theodore A. Startzman. Captain Austin T. Shirer. First Lieutenant PYederick W. Moore. First Lieutenant Colin F. McKinzie. First Lieutenant Alexander Lytell. First Lieutenant Morgan S. Shaw. Second Lieutenant Patrick McCann. Second Lieutenant Augustus Moonert. Second Lieutenant Charles Walker. Second Lieutenant Charles S. Jessup. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Philip Nunn. Sergeant George B. Annawault. Sergeant Herbert L. Sheppard. Sergeant John T. Callander. Corporal David P. Bell. Corporal Thomas K. Ross. Corporal Andrew M. Morris. Corporal Wilham Soller. Corporal Henry Eichler. Corporal Frank Horst. Corporal William Kruse. Musician Henry R. Haywood. PRIVATES. Henry Adams, Jason Atterholt, Benjam.in D. Barton, James Blake, Frank Bush, Thomas Carroll, Patrick Carroll, John F. Collins, William Eichler, Henry Eifert, Jacob Fry, George Geisendorf, Anthony Gerst Samuel G. Hyndman, Samuel Jenkins, John Julien, John P. Julien' Andrew Lister, Francis Murphy, James McMillen, William H. Ran- som, Thomas Trustman, August Worthmiller, William C. Wilson, Nel- son Barrett, AlexanderM. Gates, Mallam, John Madden, Michael Quim Killed in battle. — Corporals Wilson Gregg, AUonzo Myers, George H. Thompson; Privates Andrew Coleman, Anthony LaForce, Thomas Nolan, Thomas Mundy. Died. — Privates James Estelle, Symond Kohn, Anthony Murville, William Papner, Richard P. Ryan. Discharged. — Sergeants Benjamin Ford, William Hallam, Charles S. Jessup, James Leeke, Patrick McCann, John A. Mohr, William Winter. Corporals Henry K. Horton, Charles A. Sperment, Wilham H.Webber' Musicians Edwin Lockwood, John L. McDougall; Privates Edward R.An.! thony, George Bahn, Noah Brake, Edward Barrett, Richard ConoUy, Wil- liam Dorum, Andrew Donovan, Samuel Edgar, Lewis Fries, James Farm- er, John C. Foener, William Galbreth, Christopher Google, Oscar Gunranet, Marion Hargrave, Samuel Hatcher, George Kerr, Lewis Lee. son, Andrew Mather, George Morris, David Pickett, James H. Rider, Mer- edith H. Surrener, Frank Schaffer, John Speck, William Ubert, John A. Van, Frederick Wolschlager, William P. Worth. Transferred. — Corporal Charles Baldwin; Musician James S. Cross; Privates Charles Ambruster, William H, Harton, Francis M. Neil, George W. Shipley, Henry Webb. On muster-in, but not on muster-out roll. — Sergeant Edward D. Spooner; Privates Joseph Burkhardt, Charles Evans, John Sullivan, John Snatse, Charles Tribbe. COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain John F. Fletcher. Captain William V. Neely. Captain Joseph M. Jackaway. Captain Alexander Mott. First Lieutenant George Frazier. First Lieutenant Joseph L. Gaul. First Lieutenant Henry C. Koogle. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant George W. Tyrrell. Sergeant Eugene Jacobs. Sergeant Herman Annegam. Sergeant Patrick Healy. Corporal Conrad Baker. Corporal Henry Kane. Corporal William C. Powell. Corporal Martin Van Hughes. Corporal William Barnum. Corporal Joseph S. Miller. ^ Corporal Michael Varner. Wagoner William Myers. PRIVATES. John Carey, William Cooper, Joseph M. Evans, Terrence Earle, Christopher Farlan, Martin Gillum, Timothy Grady, John Lanten- schlager, John Michael, John McDermott, WiUiam Kenney, John Rob- inson, Frederick Sunderman, George Simpson, Miles Stansifer, John J. Wilson, Hugh Best, Oscar Brown, John Dyer, Thomas Dunn, Mar- tin Earson, Richard Farrell, Patrick Flanney, Frederick Oilman, Michael Kilkarry, Natus Legg, William Moran, Martin Moore, John Madden, John Neil, Charles Peterson, Phineas Piatt, Richard Price, David Quick, Jacob Snyder, Alfred Wagoner. Killed in battle. — Privates Herman Drentler, Jeremiah Hanley, John McGoverney, Michael Pennyfeaiher, John Tigur, John Uplicher, Wil- liam Washman, Frederick Wermsing. Died. — Sergeant William Boyd, Corporal Martin Hoare ; Privates John G. Johnte, Leander H. Fisher, Thomas Kelley, William Tyler, Moritz Wenalestein, Alexander Weichell. Discharged. — First Sergeant Alexander Mott; Sergeants James B. Russell, Henry Surls, Joseph M. Jackaway, Charles B. Jacobs ; Corpor- als James Card, John Crawley, Daniel Salmon, Jeremiah Osterhaus ; Musicians Frank Henlan, George B. Ray ; Bugler William Davis ; Wagoner Joseph D. Murray; Privates Adam Alexander, Jesse Alexan- der, Joseph Branjanbey, James Belleville, Augustus A. Bond, Robert Bussemeyer, Belthazer Clauer, David Clark, Alfred B. Chognill, John W. Day, Elijah Dix, James B. Davis, John G. Engler, Samuel Frank Michael Freund, George H. Frazier, William Goddard, Lafayette Hughes, Alberto Harley, James Jones, Joseph Kaufman, Michael Kaufman, Joseph Kerler, Michael J. Kelley, George Limmerie, James Linton, Peter Morling, Thomas Manning, Joseph Mantz, James Mc- Innes, Joseph McConnaughey, William Mahoney, George Murray, Joseph A. Miller, Christian Meuller, David D. Millnime, Segfried Mack, John H. Porter, George Peppard, Lawrence Price, Jesse Parker, Wil- liam T. Phillips, William Partee, Charles Ponce, William H. Pritchard, William Ray, Henry Richper, Samuel Robbins, David Ricketts, John Roetgerman, Joseph Raddiger, John Ryder, Simon Rousch, William Ray, John A. Sherman, Isaac R. Snyder, Abraham Schnell, Isaac Steffe, Benjamin J. Scott, Joel Straub, George Steffe, Joseph Snyder, John Schlatter, John Scott, Clinton F. Taggert, William Warnafeldt, George Moore. Transferred. — First Sergeant Michael Ward ; Privates George Bridg- nian, James Lyons, James Murray, John V. Smith, Edward White. COMPANY I. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain John Collins. Captain Thomas W. Hefferman. 94 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Captain John C. McDonald. Captain Edward R. Anthony. First Lieutenant Joseph Rudolph. First Lieutenant James Timmons. First Lieutenant Charles S. Jessup. First Lieutenant Henry C. Koogle. Second Lieutenant William H. Thomas. Second Lieutenant Hiram R. Treher. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant John Ross. Sergeant Joseph H. Christy. . Sergeant John Griysinger. ■ Sergeant Joseph B. Bailey, Sergeant Victor H. Felix. Corporal Henry J. Heckrotte. Musician Joseph Ranl^in. Teamster Frederick Farmer. PRIVATES. Manuel Benetes, Cliarles R. Barkley, James Conway, William David- son, William Doyle, Delos Hills, Kneelan Hills, George J^. Johnson George R. Jones, Henry Miller, James McClellan, Daniel J. O'Con- nell, Austin Parrotte, James W. Stephens, Thomas Watts, John Weber, WiUiaiTiZurfas. James J. Atkins, Michael CoUing, J oshuaDavidson, Ed- ward Martin, Paul C. Preston, William Riley, Smith Richardson, Elihu Rising, John Smith, Henry Sullivan, John Zimmerman. Killed in battle. — Sergeant George Kent ; Corporals Thomas B, Isdell, Frank Luchte; Privates Albert C. Day, George E.xall, Pete^ Gillion, Charles H. Helfred, Andrew Zurfas. Died. — Corporal Patrick Fitzgibbons ; Privates William B. S. Ander- son, Henry A. Balser, William Bragg, John A. Cowan, Alexander S. Rower, Leverette H. S. Whitcom. Discharged. — First Sergeants Martin Baninger, William H. Thomas, James Trumons, Hiram R. Treher; Sergeant Frederick W. Savin ! Corporals Henry Wilson, Frank S. Wallace ; Musician H. C. R. Ru. dolph ; Privates Mintonville Aokley, John Butler, Francis M. Bates, Cassius N. Bentz, John Conway, George W. Chambers, Henry Domaille, Stephen D. Evans, John Evans, John R. Gray, Henry P. Hewitt, John B. Huffman, Robert B. Isdell, Samuel Jones, Benjamin F. Knight, Albert H. Lewis, William H. Mantz, Thomas McLaugh- lin, Orlando Moon, Samuel Remley, Jacob Schmucker, William Sheffield, James Wilson, James A. Wftrring, William F. Wallace. Transferred. — Corporal Joseph B. Hedrick; Musician Henry Kent; Privates Thomas Finan, Wesley C. Hickman, William H. H. Hubbell, Samuel J. Knof, WiUiam C. Tomlinson. On muster-in, not on muster-out roll. — First .Sergeant Harry G. Armstrong; Privates Henry Hayward, Thomas Marlatt, Samuel Robin- son, Frank Seaman. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Charles H. Jackson. Captain James Kinkead. Captain Rolandes E. Fisher. Captain Martin Barringer. First Lieutenant Thomas W. Hefferman. First Lieutenant Stephen Coddington. First Lieutenant Matthias Schwab. Second Lieutenant Charles W. Smith. Second Lieutenant Morgan S. Shaw. Second Lieutenant William P. Jackson. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Benjamin E. Ford. Sergeant Meredith H. Surriner. Sergeant Samuel T. Wolf. Sergeant William H. Harrison. Corporal Frederick Wulschlager. Corporal George Crystal. Corporal Frank Shafer. Teamster Alexander Patton. PRIVATES. M. Ackley, Richard Barton, Edward Cecilious, Henry Durr, John Evans, William J. Hastings, Jeremiah Hirsch, Thomas Higgins, Willis J. Mills, Horace Marsh, Charles Querner, Henry C. R. Rudolph, Mar- tin Rice, John Speck, Henry Schraff, Tim Shay, Daniel Sullivan, James Thompson, Jacob Van Pelt,_ William Wetdeman, Thomas J. Blair, John Butler, Antoine Buckley, Charles Bowman, Charles Cronin, Ale.x- ander Chatman, William B. Davidson, James H. Dow, Frank Davis, William B. Duncan, Peter Derbey, Charles Edwards, Robert Gill, Wil- liam Hughes, John Henderson, George Martin, James Ryan, John Summer, John N. Smith, John Shewbridge, William J. Scott, Henry Tick, John Williams, Thomas White, Milo Wiley, John Williams. Killed in Battle. — Sergeant James J. Kelley ; Privates George H. Bahn, William Givens, Alfred J. Jones, Lorenzo Kendall, John H. Sass. Died. — Sergeant Oscar S. Kincaid ; Privates Charles H. Lyon, Con- rad Schmuch. Discharged. — First Sergeant R. E. Fisher, Sergeants Edwin F. Arm- stead, Walter Elliott, Edward L. Quinton, Matthias Schwab, Cadwalla- der J. Collins, William Bowman, Andrew Brownell, Thomas Collins, Charles EUick, Lycurgus C. Earhavt, Daniel Hudson, Thomas Lukens, Roderick Maguire, Samuel Morehead, Charles Pendry, William Trindle, James Wheeler, Joseph Westendorf, William C. Wright, Henry C. Campbell, John Gray, William Asbury, William Boggs, George Bascom, George W. JJailey, Mark A. Bairs, Joseph H. Baldwin, Frederick B. Barney, John Craft, Lewis Copp, Cubbertson Collins, Frank Cuppin, John Crippin, George C. Cloud, Jeremiah Calden, Jacob S. Crane, Herman Clousing, John Cruger, Samuel Craig, Richard Calhoun, Charles Connelly, James Doyle, Thomas P. Davis, Charles Dimmick, Peter M. Drum, William Evans, JobEsline, John Finley, Jacob Fritch, Joseph Ferguson, David J. Gibbon, Lewis C. Gill, Frederick Greenr field, Edgar F. Howell, Peter Hemmer, Hiram H. Huntley, Thomas Hastings, William R. Hille, William Hodwell, John A. Jamison, James Kamboll, William G. Keeley, William H. Knight, Howard H. King, James Lamb, John Mason, William Mayan, James Minnis, Cleon Mc- Donald, Peter Mettler, John P. Medaris, John M. McClennan, John P. Murphy, Charles C. McKinsey, James W. Maddo.x, George Phillips, Hiram Preston, William K. Rodgers, John E. Rosser, Clinton J. Riley William H. Rungle, Philip Riggs, William C. Ramsdell, Charles Rose! burgh, George E. Shoney, Andrew Settle, Daniel Smith, John Swee- ney, Cephas Shull, James Sproul, Christopher Silk, Samuel H. Smith, Truman B. Sloan, John G. Selig, Samuel Trindle, Frank Taylor, George Wilhelm, Henry Wamsley, Thomas Welstead, Andrew White,- John Weisner, William D. Ware, Herman Weichert, Levi Withrow, William Weaver, Robert Webster, . Oscar Wright, Samuel Walton, Samuel Wise, George Williams, Frank Wilder. Transferred. — Sergeant Stephen Coddington, John T. Callender, Pe- ter A. Cozine, John Ross; Privates Henry Bloomer, Thomas F. Camp- bell, George P. Humphries, William P. Jackson, William Siebert, Al- fred Spencer, Edward White, Charles Williams. On muster in, but not muster out roll. — Private George Scott. On muster-in rolls of recruits, but not accounted for on muster-out rolls of regiment. — Privates Frank Anthony, Thomas Byrnes, Barney Burns, Edward Barrett, David Breedloor, George Curtis, Frank Dorst, Charles Druning, Patrick Donahue, John Duffey, James Dorsey, Leon- ard Gungel, James Gillen, John Govert, Sidney Haggarty, Charles Hassett, Edward Hawthorne, William Jackson, Carl Kray, David F. Lewis, Robert S. McClure, John F. Mealy, John Mahony, Jasper N. Meeks, Henry Moore, Henry G. Miller, James McFarland, Henry Mc- Grew, John Payne, William Roberts, Thomas W. Scott, John Tucker, Edwin R. Trenner, William Thompson, Albert Wood, Charles Wil- liams, John Williams, Robert T. Wilson, John Wilson, Patrick Wal- ters, James Wood, August C. Buckley. Drafted men and substitutes for Hamilton county assigned to this regiment, but not accounted for on its muster out rolls. — Lewis Burke, John Britton, James Campbell, James Stevens, John Williams. SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY. The nucleus of the Sixth was an independent organiza- tion in Cincinnati — the Guthrie Gray battalion. It was recruited in April, 1861, for three months, and mustered April 1 8th, at Camp Harrison, by Major (afterwards Major General) Gordon Granger. It reorganized in June for three years, and mustered June iSth, with one thou- sand and sixteen officers and men.' It arrived at Grafton, West Virginia, June 30th, marched to Philippi Indepen- dence day, and thence to Laurel Hill, where it took part against Garret's rebels and in their pursuit, ending in the action at Carrick's Ford July loth. On the twentieth it moved to Beverly, where Colonel Bosley took command of the post, and in August reached Cheat mountain, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 95 where it lost Captain Bense, Lieutenants Scheiffer and Oilman, and forty men of company I, taken prisoners while on picket. In November the regiment was trans- ported to Louisville to join Buell's Army of the Ohio, and placed in the Fourth division under General Nelson, and Fifteenth brigade, Colonel Hascall, commanding. It remained in camp of instruction at Camp Wickliffe, sixty miles- south of Louisville, till the middle of Feb- ruary, 1862, when it was taken up the Cumberland river to Nashville, just after the surrender of Fort Donelson. It was the first of the Army of the Ohio to reach that city, and its regimental flag was the first national color hoisted on the State house. Here the Sixth was changed to the Tenth brigade. March 27th the army pushed, southward, and the Sixth was in the advance of Buell's forces that came up to relieve the distressed combatants at the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, reaching the line just in time to repel the last charge made by the rebels upon the left that day. It was not very actively engaged the next morning, but supported a battery gallantly, under heavy artillery fire. After the battle it was encamped upon the field until May 24th, when it joined the advance on Corinth, took full part in the operations there and in the pursuit for sixty miles southward, returning through luka, Tuscumbia, and Florence to Athens, Alabama, and there staid in camp till July 17th, when the whole division was removed to Murfreesborough, and then to McMinnville. The Sixth was here quartered in the village, and did duty as provost guards. August 17th the retrograde move- ment of General Buell to the Ohio began; the Sixth moved with its division to Louisville, and was there brigaded with the Third brigade, Second division, Four- teenth Army corps. It engaged in the chase of Bragg's re- treating forces, until near Cumberland gap, and again en- camped near Nashville November 23rd. In the advance of Rosecrans' army upon Murfreesborough the last of December, it did full share of skirmishing and picket duty, and was very heavily engaged on the thirty-first, losing one hundred and fifty-two by various casualties — but only six prisoners — of three hundred and eighty-three on the field. Other but smaller losses were sustained shortly after. It went into camp for several months, eight miles east of Murfreesborough, and while here, received from the ladies of Cincinnati a beautiful stand of colors, and from the city council a regimental banner, \yhich were thenceforth proudly borne by the Sixth to the close of its service. ' While at Cripple creek, it made several reconnois- sances to the front, marched with the army against TuUa- homa June 24, 1863, and remained encamped at Man- chester from July 7th to August i6th, when the campaign against Chattanooga began. It was in the battle of Chickamauga, and lost one hundred and twenty-five of- ficers and men of three hundred and eighty-four engaged. Colonel Anderson was wounded in the first day's fight, and Major Erwin commanded the regiment till the return of Lieutenant Colonel Christopher from recruiting ser- vice. At Chattanooga, after the battle, the Sixth went into the Second brigade, Third division. Fourth corps. It shared fully the privations of the starvation period there, and a number of picked men from it were in the action at Brown's Ferry October 25th, which relieved the partial blockade. It was with its corps in the advance on Orchard Knob, near Chattanooga, November 23rd, and in the charge up Mission Ridge two days after. Major Erwin was killed in the preliminary skirmish of that day. On the twenty-eighth it moved to the relief of Knoxville, then menaced by Longstreet, and encamped near it December 7th. The winter and part of the spring were spent in East Tennessee, in the severest ser- vice the regiment had, marching much, living in shelter tents, and subsisting scantily. April 12, 1864, it rested near Cleveland, and did garrison duty till May 17th, when it left to join the Atlanta campaign, and guarded the railroad bridge at Resaca till June 6, when it was ordered home to be mustered out, which was done at Camp Dennison on the twenty-third. It had marched three thousand two hundred and fifty miles, and other- wise travelled two thousand six hundred and fifty, making in all five thousand nine hundred miles. It was in four pitched battles, losing three hundred and twenty-five killed, wounded and missing, and in several minor ac- tions. It had but sixteen deaths by disease, and at least two hundred of its officers and men never lost a day's duty. Thirty officers and four hundred and ninety-five enlisted men were at the muster-out. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel William K. Bosley. Colonel Nicholas L. Anderson. Lieutenant Colonel Alexander C. Christopher. Major Anthony C. Russell. Major Samuel C. Erwin. Major James Bensc. Surgeon Starling Loving. Surgeon Alfred H. Stephens. First Assistajit Surgeon Fisher W. Ames. First Assistant Surgeon Israel Bedell. Second Assistant Surgeon William W. Fountain. Adjutant Charles H. Heron. Adjutant Albert G. Williams. Adjutant Everett S. Throop. Quartermaster Edward M. Shoemaker. Quartermaster Josiah W. Slanksr. Sergeant Major Frank H. Mellon. Quartermaster Sergeant Edwin A. Hannaford. Commissary Sergeant Julius L. Stewart. Hospital Steward Charles E. Lewis. Principal Musician George W. Pyne. Principal Musician John H. Bueltel. Discharged. — Sergeant Majors, William E. Sheridan, Henry Gee, Albert G. Wihiams, James E. Irwin, James E. Graham; Quartermaster Sergeants, Charles C. Peck, William R. Goodnough; Commissary Ser- geant Josiah W. Slanker; principal musicians, Joe A. Fifer, Benjamin F. Phillips. Transferred. — Quartermaster Sergeant Robert W. Wise. COMPANY A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Marcus A. WestroU. ""-— VVvJ C'C^S iCU Captain Charles Gilman. Captain Frank S. -Schieffer. First Lieutenant Henry McAlpin. First Lieutenant Jonathan B. Holmes. First Lieutenant James R. Reynolds. Second Lieutenant James M. Donavan. Second Lieutenant Charles H. Foster. Second Lieutenant George T. Lewis. Second Lieutenant William P. Anderson. Second Lieutenant William R. Goodnough. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Henry A. Petty. Sergeant John W. Moore. Sergeant Edwin Edwards. » Sergeant Robert Delaney. Sergeant Brian P. Critchell. Corporal John A. Cashing. PRIVATES. William P. Babbett, Theodore Creager, Henry Coon, William De Charmes, . Charles F. Dressel, Alexander Drennen, John A. Forbes, Darius H. Gates, John W. Hussey, George C. James, Michael J. Kelley. Charles D. Martindale, Charles Messerchmidt, Isaac Newman, Christopher Roth, Clement Schivarte, Theodore W. Leib, Oliver H. P. Tracy, James Valentine. John A. West, Henry W. Wilson; Under- cook (colored), James Malone. Killed in battle. — Sergeant James F. Canady; Corporals Kirkland W. Caving, James M. Newman, Frank B. Brown, Henry Daggett, Frank H. Halliday, William Kromer, Edward B. O'Brien. Corporal Joseph Kell; Wagoner George W. Kelly; privates, Sam- uel N. CoUings, Henry M. Lewis, Charles D. Murdock, Clement H. Marzeretta, Edwin L. Smith. Discharged. — First Sergeants Thomas H. Hunt, Jonathan B. Holmes; Sergeants William P. Anderson, Albert De Villa, Charles D. Jones, Everett Throop; Corporals Joseph A. Culbertson, Frank R. Jones, Israel Ludlow, Charles Loomis, Channing Richards; Drummer Alfred West; Privates William Bradford, Henry M. Cist, Josiah A. Christinan, George De Charmes, Isaac H. Delong, Frank R, Davis, Charles M. Evans, Wood Fosdick, Spencer Franklin, James B. Fair- child, Louis A. Foot, Thomas Fitzgibbon. Theodore C. Fitch, Lee M. Fitzburgh, William M. L. Gwynne, Dudley S. Gregory, Welcome L. F. Gates, John W. Gamble, Henry F. Hawkes, Henry Hook, George Hadel, WiUiam H. Jenkins, John Krucker, Charles Kensey, David Love, Edward Manser, Elias R. Marifort, John E. Miner, James Moore, Robert P. Moore, Levi Newkirk, Samuel H. Perry, Walter W. Pad- dock, Edward S. Richards, James R. Reynolds, Herman Rodell, Edwin F. Smith, Thomas M. Selby, Peter Shaw, John R. Stewart, Charles N. Thompson, Thomas D. Vetach, Byron D. West. Transferred.— First Sergeant Frederick N. Mellen; drum-major, Jacob A. Fifer; Chief Musician Benjamin F. Phillips; Bugler George W. Pyne; Privates Henry Herman, J; Peck, Josiah W. Slanker, Julius L. Stewart. On muster-in, but not no Roenel. Henahan, Charles C. nuster-out roll. — Private Herman F. COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Joseph A. Andrews. Captain Henry McAlpin. Captain Jules J. Montagnier. First Lieutenant Charles B. Russell. First Lieutenant James K. Reynolds. First Lieutenant Henry C. Choate. First Lieutenant Jonathan B. Holmes. Second Lieutenant Thomas S. Royse. Second Lieutenant Albert G. Williams. Second Lieutenant Wesley B. McLane. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant George B. Young. Sergeant Thomas M. Carr. Sergeant Frederick J. Miller. Sergeant GuyC. Nearing. Sergeant Henry M. Palm. Corporal John Harvey. Corporal Louis N. Kibby. Corporal David Schreiber. Corporal Frederick Rodenberg. Corporal Henry W. Kahle. Wagoner Michael Coleman. PRIVATES. John Alver, William R. Bartlett, Christian Behrens, Alonzo Burgoyne, John C. Bagott, William Barnes, Thomas M. Cleveland, John Cline, Carlton C. Cable, Rush Drake, John Duffey, William E. Doherty Charles Fitzwater, Emil Fitz, Albert Goetle, HoraceGates, John Keiss, Sebastian Lerg, James Mitchell, Daniel T. Miles, Hiram Marsh, Henry Miller, William M. Owen, Robert Rippon, Robert Rowell, Louis N. Ries, Adam Rohe, Josiah H. Stratton, Samuel F. Smith, Andrew Schuttenhelm, Moses Thaunhauser, James Warren, Edward Wells, James B. Watkins, Richafd J. Williamson, John A. Zeigler, Undercooks (African), Daniel Jennings, Pink Beagler. Killed In battle. — Corporals Philip B. Helfenbein, David H. Medary, Edwin H. Rowe; privates, Richard R. Allen, John Boerst, Albert Hardy. Missing in action.— John Logan, Benjamin Lewis. Died. — Privates, John Aufderheide, Michael Behrman. Deserted, — Corporal Charles W. Tolle; Privates Squier D. Gray, Ellis E. Lloyd, Jacob Houck, William A. Mallance, Noah H. Phillips, Edwin Stace, Joseph Scholer, John Wilson. Discharged. — First Sergeants George W. Cormany, Chailes H. Fos- ter, James Y. SeLUple; Sergeants Hibbard H. Hendricks, Stephen A. Thayer, Edward B. Warren; corporals, Edward Brettman, John R. Taylor; musician, Gustavus Franke; privates, Edwin H. Andrews, John Collins, Theophilus Davis, Edward F. Gettier, John Helfenbein, Jacob Hannanum, Hugo Hochstedter, Henry P. Jones, Henry Keiss, Joseph Loeser, William J. Souther, Paul Merker, John P. Marvin, Arthur Parker, Henry E. Roberts, Samuel D. Schroley, Frederick H. Smithorst. William H. Windeler, Samuel Winram. Transferred. — Sergeant William J. Thorp; Corporals Ebenezer Hannaford, William Rowell; Privates Robert Andrews, Charles Burk- hardt, Anson Clapper, Edwin A. Hannaford. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain J . W. Wilmington. Captain Richard Smithgate, First Lieutenant Francis H. Ehrman. First Lieutenant John R. Kestner. Second Lieutenant Charles Oilman. Second Lieutenant Leonard Boice. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Matthew H. Hamilton. Sergeant John C. Pope. Sergeant Francis H. Thieman. Sergeant William Boyd. Corporal Edward P. Thome. Corporal James Jordan. Corporal Mervvin Crowe. Corporal John Sykes. Corporal John Hefferman. PRIVATES. Frederick Arberdale, William Bente, Anton Brown, John Callahan, John Collins, Henry F. Engals, James Estell, David Fitzgibbon, Joseph T. Fo.\, Hugh P. Gaddis, William J. Hadskeys, Henry Hane. David Henson, Kayran Horan, Casper Keller, John Lurch, William Leick- hardt, William Lidell, George Lind, Francis Ludwey, Edward Luthey, Mitchell S. Morsbeck, Bernard C. Myers, Thomas J. Ryan, George Santhoff, Ernest Schrieber, Francis Scott, Augustus Seiver, William L. Smith, Henry Stocklin, Jacob Stocklin, Alfred H. Sulser, Lawrence Swartz, Bernard Uhling. Under-cook Nathaniel Burnett. Sergeant Bernard O'Farrel; Privates Gustave Bettge, John Burke, Joseph Davis, Clements Dulle, Joseph M. Donohue, John Farmer, William H. Holder, Joseph W. Haslen, James W. Kitchens, Charles Keever, John B. McGee, James B. Meehan, Herman Mosler, George Moore, George Mackley, Gustave Rhein, Frederick Smith, Joseph Trickier, William H. Van Pelt, George Walters. Killed in battle. — Corporal AK'es Kaelin. Died. — Drummer William Schock, Corporal Hibbard P. Ward, Privates Francis Kelley, William Taaffe, Herman Volkers. Dicharged. — John R. Kestner, John Crotly, William Brown, August Peters, Francis R. Fresch, Ezekiel Craven, Francis Farley, Thomas Kerwin, J. H. Achtermeyer, George M. Backus, Rufus E. Byam, Wil- liam A. Baldwin, Dennis Collins, James Collins, Charles Gauckler, Frederick B. King, Joseph Kunkle, Horace A. Kelley, Henry W. Kruse, William Kochler, Herman Kluffler, William L. Mackenzie, Martin Meehan, Francis M. Murphy, Thomas Oliver, Michael Roger, Simon B. Rice, John K. Smith, James W. Sharp, Andrew Schube, John Saquens, Theodore Wager, Edward Williams, Joseph Weisbrod. Transferred. — Privates, Edwin Ayres, Adolph Imaus. James M, Peak, William Whiteside. On muster-in but not on muster-out roll. — Privates John R. .Auch- tumyer, William Burt, Jasper Kelley. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 97 COMPANY D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Ezekiel H. Tatem. Captain Cliarles B. Russell. First Lieutenant John C. ParlvCr. First Lieutenant George W. Morris. Second Lieutenant Tliomas H. Boylan. Second Lieutenant Harry Gee. Second Lieutenant Joseph L. Antram. Second Lieutenant William R. Glisan. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant William F. Bohning. Sergeant William Bowers. Sergeant Evel West. Sergeant Amos Willoughby. Sergeant Dennis O'Brien. Corporal William A. Clockenburg. Corporal William A. Yates. Corporal William Drips. Corporal John Turner. Musician William A. Cormany. Musician Oliver D. Blakeslee. PRIVATES. Joseph Anter, George W. Brown, August Bristol, John Butcher, Herman Brockman, Frederick Bastian, Charles H. Bansley, Luther Carpenter, William F. Dill, Frank Dellar, William Darby, Joseph Desar, Hugo Edier, William F. Failor, John Farrell, Alexander K. Green, Conrad Herring, Thomas Herring, Reinhold Hoffman, Antone Imer, Frank Korte, John J. Lodge, Thomas J. Moyan, A. W. H. Martheus, John Metchley, Frank A. Manus, Thomas H. B. McNeil, George F. Mosher, William C. Rees, Thomas J. Rice, George Rich- arter, Andrew Remlinger, Michael Renner, Frederick Speck, William Saxon, Frederick Soghan, George G. Sabin, Thomas Scannell, William Vont, William H. Weeks, Stephen H. Weeks, Martin Weiderrecht, John L. Williams, John Wakemann. Killed in battle. — Sergeant James F. McGregor; Privates Joseph Imm, George Kopp, Augustus G. Young. Died — Anthony Canell, Adam Hugel, Joseph Post, Samuel W. Stephenson, Charles Van Way, Simon Week. Thomas Daniels, Edward Chatlin, Joseph Livesley, James H. Mahon, Adam Roberts. Discharged — First Sergeants James H. Cocknower, George F. Marshall, James W. Moyan; Corporals Hume Wallace, William Haw- kins, James Johnson, Giles D. Richards; Privates John Birmbaum, John C. Bender, Christopher C. Cones, Albert Drips, Charles DeLeon, Jacob Gross, Samuel Keller, Henry H. Lanius, Frederick Lancaster, Charles Mitchell, John E. Rees, John F. Wolfik, Thomas Wolcott, George W. Weise, William W. Williams, William R. Glisan. Transferred. — Corporal Liberty H. Jinks; Privates Frederick H. Alms, William F. Doepke, George W. Lawrence, Levy L. Pritzel, Killian Strassher, Edwin D. Smith, Nicholas Stumppf, Edward Ulm. On muster-in but not on muster-out roll. — Privates, Levi L. O'Brien, Jacob Speck. ' COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Samuel C. Erwin. Captain William E. Shenden. First Lieutenant John F. Hoy. First Lieutenant James M. Donovan. First Lieutenant James F. Graham. First Lieutenant Frank S. Schieffer. Second Lieutenant George W. Morris. Second Lieutenant Henry C. Choate. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Abram R. Lemnion. Sergeant James Lawler. Sergeant William Fisher. Sergeant Joseph Turley. Sergeant William Lieke. Corporal Pulaski W. Fuller. Corporal Alex. Rigler. Corporal Peter Ma'ois. Corporal George Hewson. PRIVATES. Joseph Ade, George W. Adams, Israel Arnold, George W. Bowen, Christopher C. Bowen, Anthony W. Bowen, John Benedick, Miles Blake, Reuben D. Burgess, Henry A. Brown, Mannie D. Brown, James Carr, Patrick Corcoran, Eugene Diserms, Andrew Deilman, Charles Eckhart, Adam Emmert, George W. Fisher, John Fisher, Adam Hess, John Hoban, John G. Jager, John Kincella, Wilbarforce Knott, John Kauflin, Joseph Longanback, Jofin E. Long, Abiel Lea- ver, James H. Lyons, Richard Lambert, Andrew Miser, Robert Porter, John P. Robenstein, Benjamin F. Snell, John H. Simmons, John B. Sampson, Joseph Sommers, Samuel Schroder, William Schroder, Oli- ver Saffin, George T. Seeley, John C. Spiedel, Abram A. Truesdale, Horatio Tucker, Enoch West; Robert Wise, William Wise, William Betts, Valentine Cummings, John Climer, Jasper Graham, Charles Ire- land, John Jounghaus, Henry Morgan, Hugh O'Donnell, John O'Neil, Joseph O'Conner, John Quinn, Albert S. Ritchie, Henry Stanley, Dan- iel Wilguss. Killed in Battle. — Privates Robert Davis, Charles Davis, Charles Deekmyer, Simeon Shattuck, Michael Schaub, Robert E. Truxworth. Died. — Corporal Benjamin F. Terry, Privates Edward H. Hall, Aga- thon Otto. Discharged. — Sergeant Earl W. Stimson, Corporals Charles Wil- liams, Robert Howden, Privates Charles H. Baldwin, Oliver Chamber- lain, John E. Craig, Herman Fastrom, Joseph L. Ferdon, Matthew Grogan, Thomas Greenwood, Carl Korner, Samuel J. Lawrence, Sam- uel Pierson, Nicholas Rudolph, Joseph Rebel, Samuel Skelton, John Harrison, Matthew Smith, James L. Terry, Ulrich Wahrenburger, Benjamin V. Williams. Transferred. — Sergeants Joseph L. Antram, Leonard Boice, James F. Graham, Corporal Peter H. Britt, Privates Nelson A. Britt, George Benn, John HoUister, Peter Kreps, Archibald Mangan, Fairfax W. Nelson, Sherwin S. Perkins, Henry B. Stites. On muster-in but not muster-out roll. — Privates James H. Clymer, Matthew Gwinn, Junius E. Long, Junius H. Lyons. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Charles H. Brutton. Captain Justin M. Thatcher. First Lieutenant Charles H. Herron. First Lieutenant James F. Irwin. First Lieutenant Jesse C. La Bille. Second Lieutenant Frank S. Schaeffer. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant William H. Read. Sergeant Otto Brewer. Sergeant Wilham E. Jackson. Sergeant John A. Seigle. Sergeant John E. Hewite. Corporal John B. Miller. Corporal Edward Lawrence. Corporal August Nearman. Corporal William R. Wood. Corporal Frederick Linnubrink. Corporal Milton Lunbaeh. Corporal James Wood. Corporal Thomas Manning. Musician Joseph Lefeber. Teamster John McClung. ■ PRIVATES, Harry Blake, Edward Beady, John Battell, Lewis Desbordes, David Downey, Henry Eons, Michael Enright, James R. Irwin, Frederick Finer, George Hoffman, Bernard Klotte, William Keisemeier, Ernst Lawrence, John Lawrence, Henry Leonard, John Linciman, Peter Lagaly, Herman Linnis, Franklin Lefeber, James Lefeber, Au- gustin Martin, Milton McCuUy, Perry McAdams, Joseph T. Nep- per, Seth G. Perkins, Jonathan Reams, Joseph Ruff, Henry Rohl- man, Gustave Slube. Levi Sommers, Henry Smith, Anthony Schaeffer, Frederick Terpborn, Clement Thusing, Stuart Terwilliger, Daniel Toomire, William Witte, Peter West, William Wolf, Charles Young, James Yost, William Young, Michael Carrigan, William Gloeb, Louis Kolp, Michael Miller, William Overund, George W. Plummer, Irvina Rollins, John R. Ramsey, Larkin Smith, David J.' Decamp, Jesse C. La Bille, Daniel A. Griffin, Vere W. Royse, John R. Faukeberger, Edward P. Perkins, Jacob Crites, Casper N. Gunther, George Hearth, Thomas Noble, Henry Nearman, Henry Peters, Charles Rocap, George W. M. Vandegrift. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Killed in Battle.— Privates Thomas Brown, James H. Draus, Lewis Evers, Joseph Hooth, Joseph Toomire. Died. — Privates Christopher Ark, William Brocksmith, Ed^vin Craw- ford,' Gottfried Heileman, Andrew Overthal, John Q. Root, Henry Willias. Under-cooks (African).— Carter Hughes, William Pope. Transferred. — First Sergeants William E. Sheridan, Albert G. Wil- liams ; Corporal Fredeack Hipp ; Privates Joseph Arumar Ambruster, Frank Butsch, Joseph Furst, Charles Hottendorf, Thomas Neald, John Ruff, William Simpson, Toby Sayler, Jacob Weaver. On muster-in, but not on muster-out roll. — James H. Deans, Herman Placke, Seth G. Perkins, George Stube, Robert Wood. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain A. O. Russell. Captain William S. Getty. First I^ieutenant Jules J. Montaginer. First Lieutenant Henry C. Choate. First Lieutenant George W. Cormany. Second Lieutenant James F. Irwin, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Abraham J. Price. Sergeant John W. Easley. Sergeant Herbert Sullivan. Sergeant Henry F. Howe. Sergeant John Peer. Corporal Dewitt C. Hayes. Corporal Charles S. Dunn. Corporal Harry Simmons, Corporal Charles A. Hucker. Corporal John Sullivan. Corporal Thomas Burnett. Corporal William Lotze. Corporal George W. Miller. Drummer Jacob Brauns. PRIVATES. Joseph Burkhardt, Peter Balser, Walter Baldwin, Hainer Bradburj', William Bodie, Charles Boutwell, Thomas Cranwell, William E. Col- lins, Joshua Cain, Andrew M. Dunn, Daniel A, Eagan, Atlas B. Fisher, Horace Fisher, Andy Fenhoff, John S. Gilson, William Ganard, Peter Hofsase, Nicholas Kehr, Andrew Keller, John H. Lookam, Rudolph iWackzum, Robert C. Nelson, William C. Perkins, Albert G. Parent, Benjamin Post, John Richards, George Rhynearson, George W. Knob, William B. Rowe, Isaac H. Sturgis, William H, Sturgis, Anson W. Schenck, William F. Sullivan, John R. Sullivan, William H. Servise, John Singer, James A. Taylor, James H. Willis, Peter Walton, Henry Zwibrick, Alexander Barclay. Henry Berrutter, Ebon R. R. Biles, H. W. H. Dickman, Thomas Fennell, James J. Geldea, Isaac Huff, William Morrington, Charles McDoughtin, Robert Nolan, Michael P. Way. Under-cooks (African). — ^John Jennings. George Washington. Killed in battle. — Private John Huddleston. Died. — First Sergeant George W. Ridenour, Sergeant William H. Loyd, Corporal Oliver P. Rockenfield, Privates Jeremiah A. Colwell, Samuel P. Stallcup, Robert Taulman. Discharged. — Sergeant Louis Schram ; Corporals William A. Clark, Walter Lawrence, Julius C. Schenck ; Privates Alfred Burnett, Joseph Biggers, Augustus Clements, William H. Eberle, William J. Graham. Gottlie Heirtsbruner, Charles Hebel, William R. Joyce, Joseph Metzler, Ambrose A. Philips, Alexander Schenk, August Schraitman, William H. Sloan, James J, Wagner, Joseph McMurmes. Transferred. — First Lieutenant James F. Irwin, Privates Gustave Binder, Silas S. Dunn, John Fenhoff, William R. Goodnough, Frederick Haha, Joseph Katching, Joseph Long, Maley Lemings, Frank Parsnip, Milton Parvin, Michael G. Ryan. COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Henry H. Tinker. First Lieutenant John W. Morgan. First Lieutenant William E. Sheridan. First Lieutenant Joseph L. Antram. First Lieutenunt James F. Meline. Second Lieutenant Solomon Bidwell. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Benjamin F, Hopkins. Sergeant Joseph H. McClintock. Sergeant Charles A. Haller. Sergeant Joseph S. Wehrle. Sergeant Joseph Gang. Corporal Albert Speece. Corporal Benjamin D. Hall. Corporal Joseph R. Northcraft. Corporal Frank P. Winstell. Corporal Frank D. Wentworth. Corporal John A. Bonner. Corporal Henry Shaffer. Bugler William Schmitt. Musician John F, Dressel. Wagoner George Harrison. Corporal Ashmad Charles. PRIVATES. Thomas Armstrong, James F. Attee, William E. Allen, John Cro- nin, Joseph O. Clark, Joseph Chloe, John W. Douglass, Henry Du- vall, William C. Ellis, August Friday, Henry Frazier, Henry Frillman, George Greenfield, Lewis Hahn, Herman Hinkley, John F. Hanley, Hannibal M. Hopkins, Thomas Kennedy, Henry Keith, Patrick Logue, Robert Menah, Daniel McGillicudy, John Meier, Absalom Maxwell, Joseph Nevill, James O'Malley, Cannville Peyrot, Hiram C. Page, Stephen Ross, Joseph Kohler, Charles Schuster, Killian Stros- ser, Richard Thomson, James B. Willets, George W. Whippy,. George Whistler, Robert Andrews, William Carrington, Henry Cahlenburg, John Maley, John D. Newman, Nicholas Stumpf, Antonia Smith, Henry C. Thatcher, John Wilson. Killed in Battle. — Privates, Valentine Merdian, Charles Waltermut. Missing in Action. — Michael Munly. Died. — Privates, John Christ, Henry Rusher, Martin Seebaur, Ben- jamin Worrell. Discharged. — Sergeant William H. Pierce, John Mitter, Samuel Walker, William A, Ream. Joseph Sandheiger, Levi Thompson, Levi H. Banker, John J. Bozle, William Boingard, Deloraine Brown, Eugene Brown, Bryan C. Eager, John M. Gay, Lawrence Gay, Max Hen- dricks, John Hollister, John G. King, Joseph Legrand, Owen Mur- phy, Levi L. Pritzel, John Riley, David Singer, Andrew Sullivan, Ed- ward Ulm, Anthony Walsh. . Transferred — Privates, Joseph Hahn, Samuel Lawrence, Maley Lem- ing, Ferdinand Shvenpedder. Edward M. Shoemaker. On muster in, not on muster out roll. — Privates, W. A. Bouregard, Levi H. Barchus, Robert Davis, Lawrence Guise, George Hoffman, Arthur Inier, John Jager, George Willason, John O'Neil, Joseph Reilly, Avoni Rollins, William H. H. Stout, Henry WiUiams, Constan- tine Zimmerman. COMPANY I. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain James Bense. Captain Benjamin F. West. First Lieutenant Richard Southgate. First Lieutenant George T. Lewis. Second Lieutenant Walter Lawrence. Second Lieutenant Josiah W. Stanker. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, - . First Sergeant William S. Woolverton. Sergeant John Hanley. Sergeant Ferdinand McDonough. Corporal William Langenheim. Corporal William Crawford. Corporal Charles Fahlbush. Corporal Richard Garwood. Corporal Henry Harmeyer. Corporal Frederick Larkcom. Musician Edward Frike. Teamster Frederick Shoenck. PRIV,.\TES. Otto Anner, Newton Burknell, Henry Buddenbaum, Frank Brahni, George Bruner, Adolph Bruner, Edward P. Catlin, Benjamin Clark, Jo- seph Drehr, Antone Frave, Joseph Gutzweiler, Edwin Green, August Grass, Adolph Hof, Jacob Hauser, Gottlieb Heller^ James V. Hirlez, David Hummel, Roland O.Jones, WiUiam Jurgans, Dennis H. Kenedy, Christopher Kohli, John C. Lynch, Jacob Liese, Jacob Landis, Eli Miller, Hiram Mosier, William L. May, John McGlone, James Mar- tin, August Nischan, Timothy Ryan, John L. Rea, Matthias Seibert, Christopher Schweitzer, William C. Webber, Sylvester Webber, Wil- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 99 Ham Yager, John Zimmerman. Under-cook (African) George Wash- ington. Peter Bruner, Frederick Beck, John Biickhart. Michael Con- nell, Samuel Erumiger, Robert Fenley, William Geisel, John Little, Jacob Litzel, Thomas Marshall, John Oysterbag, Robert H. Pence, Michael S. Witmer, Meritz Zink. Killed in Battle.— Privates Daniel E. McCarty, Heinrich Nortman, Samuel Pulver, Jacob Rappellee, Frederick Springmeyer, Gasquire Yehle. Missing in Action. — Privates James Carson, William Maygaffoy- gan. Died.— Privates Ma.x Essinger, Jacob Hillfecker, William Wenzel, Discharged. — Privates George T. Lewis, Wesley B. McClane, Henry C. Choate, Henry Gibson, George S. La Rue, Thomas Long, Edward Roderija, John Williams, Frederick Bender, Thomas Cart- wright, Frederick Elerman, William Fenistall, Frank Gerhardt, Ed- ward Hof, Otto Hof, Frederick Heckert, John Jackson, John Muhler, John Storker, Orlando M. Smith, William T. Swift, William Z. Thor- burn, James Wilson. On muster in, not on muster out roll. — Privates, Cornelius Collins, John Brauns, William Lyons, Joseph Fetz, Linck Morris. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Charles M. Clark. Captain James M. Donovan. First Lieutenant August B. D. Merback. First Lieutenant Charles C. Beck. Second Lieutenant Justin M. Thatcher. Second Lieutenant Edward F. Getlier. Second Lieutenant Josiah W. Stanker. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant George B. Nicholson. Sergeant Jethro F. Hill. ■ Sergeant William S. Squires. Sergeant William Gaines. Corporal Albert Kimble. Corporal Joseph H. Cohagan. Corporal Nehemiah V. Pennington. Musician Lewis Halt. PRIVATES. Christopher Albert, George W. Bowlby, John H. Bowlby, John A. Barth, Louis C. Brehm, George Buskirk, Henry Beckman, Robert S. Culbertson, Francis I. CuUom, Charles Cunningham, Henry Elsing, Frederick Eggerman, Constantine Fecker, William Goodwin, Joseph Grau, John Hailing, Isaac B. Hart, Daniel Henria? Peter Hoffman, Ja- cob Hoffnagle, Lorenz Huber, John A. Roo, August Kreyenhagen, Jphn C. Leistner, William A. Lohu, Theodore B. McDonald, Frank Meier, Pedro Montaldo, John Moorhouse, Theodore Ostman, Thomas Parker, Reason Regin, Clark C. Saunders, Henry E. SchoUe, John Leitz, Henry Shelton, George W. G. Shipman, Henry Shockman, Joshua Tomson, Samuel Walker, Charles Warner, Frederick Wehking George W. Yeager, Gerhard Jumweilde, Frank Christman, Clements Dulle, Wesley W. Long, Charles Weideman, George K. Wilder. Killed in Battle. — Sergeants Thomas G. Drake, John H. Oshng ; Corporal Henry F. Fauk ; Privates Louis F. Fautz, Theodore Wessel- man. Died. — Corporals Henry G. Kreyenhagen, Joseph Martin ; Privates Henry L. Ford, Frank Guhra, George Kelsch, David Klein, Jacob Nikel, Alexander Schidtman, Rairaond Welling. Discharged. — First Sergeant James F. Meline ; Sergeant H. E. W. Backus, Henry N. Conden ; Corporals James F. Bargulow, Charles Donnelly. Privates George Andrews, Theodore Austin, Frank Crests, David D. Davis, Henry C. Davis, Henry Gauckstadt, Joseph Haddock, Christopher H. Kuhn, Jefferson McClure, William A. Roebuck, Mor- timer Singer, James F. Smith, Freeman C. Tryon, Harrison' Waltz, Thomas S. Witherell. Transferred. — First Sergeant Henry Gee, Sergeant WiUiam Paper- brook, Musicianjohn H. Buchtel, Privates John M. Darke, Charies E. Lewis, Alexander Love, William McBride, Andrew Murphy. On muster in, but not on muster out roll. — Privates Thomas Braun, Frederick A. Bemis, John J. Cordry, William Camp, Carneal Conger, Henry C. Fowler, Stephen Grove, Joseph L. Gibson, Charles Heine, Thomas Johnson, F. H. Lancaster, Frederick Martin, Peter Molloy, John Rut, Frank Ross, Luke Rapplee, James W. Roe, Thomas F. Ricker, Francis Sutchs, Edwin Thomas, Diedrick Evers, John Fagru, Barnard Klenberg, William Lamont, Frederick Madeke, George Mc- Laughlin, Conrad Milcher, Albert Malloy, Michael Nolan, Jacob Schaff- ner, Julius Winer, Engelhart Wolfer, Jacob Weiber, Frederick Krause, Louis Stahl, Martin Erhardt. Transferred. — Sergeant Newton McKee, Corporal George B. Crist, Privates Frederick Bottles, Victor Liest, Jacob Mattern, Darius Cros- line, Rinhard Crist, Samuel Doatwart, Sandy Smith (under-cook, Af- rican). NINTH OHIO INFANTRY. Upon receipt of the thrilling news of the fall of Sum- ter, the Germans of Cincinnati promptly held a meeting at Turner hall, which was addressed by Judge Stallo, Colonel R. L. McCook, and other prominent citizens. The issue of this gathering was the raising of a German regiment, for which two hundred men enrolled at once, and within three days fifteen hundred were offered. The Ninth was mustered for three months April 2 2d, at Camp Harrison, and moved to Camp Dennison May 1 8th, where it was soon after mustered in for the long term, the first three years' regiment from the State, in consideration of which the Columbus ladies sent it a superb bass drum. It numbered one thousand and thirty-five officers and men, with a band of twenty-four. On the twentieth of June it took the field in West- ern Virginia, made a rapid march from Webster to PhiHppi, fifteen miles in three hours, and thence to Buckhannon, meeting the enemy at Little Fork bridge, but not in force. The Ninth was engaged at Rich Mountain directly after, and sustained a small loss. From the advance to Cheat Mountain it was ordered back to Beverly, and thence to New Creek, on the Po- tomac, arriving July 27th. Uncommonly severe guard duty awaited it here and continued about a month, when the regiment moved to the interior and was as- signed to the Second brigade. September 7th the Ninth was engaged near Carnifex Ferry, losing two killed and eight wounded. For two months and half it was en- camped on New river, having frequent skirmishes with the enemy, in which a few men were lost. Ordered west, it left "Camp Anderson" November 24th, and arrived at Louisville December 2d, going from there to Lebanon, where it was assigned to the Third brigade. First division, Army of the Ohio. January i, 1862, the division moved on Columbia, and from there to meet ZoUicoffer. The Ninth was in the action at Mill Springs, and made the decisive charge of the day. Upon the return to Louis- ville in February, the Union ladies of the city presented it, and three other regiments, each with a stand of colors, for their bravery in this battle. The regiment was then transported by water to Nashville, reaching it March 2d, and leaving a fortnight after for Pittsburgh Landing, where it arrived too late to join in the battle. It was in the advance on Corinth, and for some way in the pursuit beyond; but was marched to Tuscumbia, Alabama, June 2 2d. While in camp there the Ninth received an ele- gant regimental flag, presented by the city of Cincinnati. July 27th it moved toward Decherd, Tennessee, and on this march its colonel, Robert L. Cook, commanding the brigade, fell ill, and riding in an ambulance ahead of the column, was overtaken and cruelly murdered by gue- rillas. From Decherd the regiment moved with the Army of the Ohio in its toilsome and painful retreat to Louisville, which was reached September 27th. October HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 3d it was marched out toward Perryville, and was in ac- tion, with small loss, near the close of the battle on the 8th. After pursuing Bragg to Crab Orchard, it was posted at South Tunnel, to clean out the tunnel and re-open the railway from Louisville to Nashville. This was done by hard, energetic work, between November 8th and 26th. The next guard duty was at Pilot Knob, and during the battle of Murfreesborough it guarded fords on the Cumberland. January 14th to March 6, 1863, the Ninth was on duty about Nashville, scouting and recon- noitering, when it was ordered to Triune and engaged in drilling, building fortifications, etc. It was here equipped with Springfield rifles, and also welcomed cordi- ally a new regimental band. Marched again June 24th, through heavy rains, for seventeen days, to TuUahoma, and thence over Lookout Mountain, reaching McLemore's cove September loth. On the 17th it moved toward the battle-field of Chickamauga, marching all night through lanes of burning fences, and was in the thick of the fight the next day. It recaptured a lost battery, aided in the repulse of Longstreet, and on the second day took part in the famous bayonet charge of Van Dervour's brigade. In the battle the Ninth sustained one-third of the entire loss of its brigade, losing eleven officers and two hundred and thirty-seven men, almost exactly half of its whole number in action. It then suffered with the rest of the army for a season at Chattanooga. When General Thomas took command, the regiment entered the Sec- ond brigade. Third division. Army of the Cumberland. It was in the assault on Mission Ridge, and, with one other regiment repulsed, a charge by a greatly superior force. December 30th it escorted a battery and train to Calhoun; and, February 25, 1864, took part in a sharp skirmish at Crow's Valley. In March and April it was encamped at Ringgold, and May 5th it started on the Atlanta campaign. It was in the battle of Resaca May 15th, moving thence to the Etowah river, where it re- mained on active duty until its terra expired. May 27th. Up to the last moment it stood within range of the ene- my's guns, and was finally relieved by General Thomas in person from the outer picket line. Their fellow-soldiers lined the road and gave it enthusiastic cheers by way of fare- well. It was received with great enthusiam at Cincinnati, and mustered out at Camp Dennison June 7, 1864. The attachment of the members of this regiment to its memor- ies and to each other is so great that they hold reunions every Sunday, at some convenient place in the city, where they fight their battles o'er again. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Robert L. McCook. Colonel Gustave Kammerling. Lieutenant Colonel Charles Sandeshoff. Lieutenant Colonel Charles Joseph. Lieutenant Colonel Fritz Schweder. Major August Willich. Major Bartholemevv Benzswig. Major Charles E. Boyle. Major Conrad Sottheim. Assistant Surgeon Rudolph Werth. Assistant Surgeon Adam M. Beers. Assistant Surgeon James Davenport. Adjutant George H. Harris. Adjutant Herman Ponitz. Quartermaster Joseph Graeff. Chaplain William Stacugel. Chaplain Joseph A. Fuchshuber. Sergeant-Major Robert Gronan. Commissary Sergeant Samuel Landaner. Quartermaster Sergeant Gustave Brockhous. Hospital Steward Louis Zahn. Principal Musician Dominie Emrninger. Principal Musician Richard Schwenger. Discharged. — Hospital Steward William Schmidt, Principal Musi- cian Guenther Leidenstrucker, Quartermaster Sergeant Emanuel Rodde, musicians, Leopold Praeger, Ernst F, Blum, Albin Studer, Richard Meinhardt, Anson Hofichser, Joseph Kilian, Louis Strebel, Charles Vogt, John Cochler, George Wolf, Charles Hammel, Theodore Niemann, Louis Dorst, Ernst Meinhardt, .Adolph Schenck, Anson Bigler, Quartermaster Sergeant Frederick Busse, Christopher Schendler. Transferred. — Sergeant-Major Raymond Hermann. Regimental band. — Principal Musician Richard Sclrvvenzer; musicians, Jacob Bauer, John Dietrich, Charles Harvy, Theodore Herth, Charles Jutzi, Michael Koch, John Koch, Lorenz Mages, Michael Meiser, Leopold Praeger, Andrew Reusing, Herman Weber, Otto Zink, Wil- liam Hawk. COMPANY A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Joseph Charles B. Gentsch. First Lieutenant Louis Henser. First Lieutenant Adam Schuhmacher. Second Lieutenant Gustavus Tafel. Second Lieutenant Herman Pomitz. NON-COMMISSIOND OFFICERS. First Sergeant Louis Mark. Sergeant Charles Teichmann. Sergeant Adolph Mueller. Corporal August Griess. Wagoner William Wittinger. PRIVATES. Charles Albrecht, Louis Ambrecht, George Ambsler, Hermann Bey- land, Julius Bertsch, Albert Booklet, Franz Brawninger, Albert Franke, Henry Glyckherr, Henry Gnucklack, Joseph Goessler, John G. Himmber, Peter Hahn, Frederick Heyer, Franz Hohendorf, Frederick Handel, Joseph Heck, Otto Hack, Philip Hartmann, Theodore Jacker, Louis Killer, Charles Klinthworth, Adam Klingel, Ernst Koegal, John Loge, Adolph Luethy, August Mathies, William Meyer, Charles Mad- dler, Louis Atting, George Popp, Uriah Panzer, Ferdinand Pfister, Frederick Kumpf, Henry Rieger, Joseph Ruettinger, George Seihrt, Philip Seibert, Gustavus Schultz, Theodore Schatgle, John Schmidt, Edward Stremmel, Frederick Wendel. Privates, Albert Ahlers, Rudolph Burgmann, Frank Daum, Otto Schultz, Andrew Schmidt, William Wachs. Joined since organization of company. — Sergeant August Ernst, Signer; Corporals Herman Waldenmayer, Thomas Lorenz Mages; paivates, Emil Gerhardt, Martin Koch, Louis Lissett, Charles Schatt- gen, Adolph Wagoner. Killed in battle. — Sergeant William Drewey; Corporals Hugo Tafel, Godfrey Krichfuss; Privates August Reyland, Philip Herzog, William Dake, Ferdinand Hildebrand, Sadislaw Settler. Died. — First Sergeant Frederick Sturbe, Corporal Ferdinand Borz; privates, George Wittman, Ferdinand Ludwig, Peter Schraffenbeger, Philip Fueller, Discharged. — Sergeants, Adam Schumacher, Gustavus Tafel, Her- mann Poenitz, Charles Feltan; Corporals Nicholas Peters, Henry Baer; musician, Michael Koch; Privates Charles Berkheimer, Gustavus Baner, Michael Beyer, Gustave Beigmann, Hermann Franke, Henry Hubert, Ma.\ Hupfauf, Louis Hartleb, Adam Hermansderfer, Fred- erick Kuchne, Frederick Mueller, Louis Neubacher, Franz Pfeffet, George Pfaffinger, John Raepple, Philip Riehl, George Roehrig, Joseph Schmitz. Prisoners of War. — Sergeant Ernst Riedel; Private Ernst Schultz. Transferred. — First Sergeant Robert Gronan; Sergeant Herman Reinstanz, Corporal Peter Becker, Musician Richard Schwenzer; Fifer, Richard Meinhardt; Drummer Frederick Poschner; Privates Adolph Begmann, Charles Haebbe, Bernhard Grieschop. On muster-in but not on muster-out roll, — Charles Vadler. •HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OIHO. COMPANY p. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain I'erdinand Mueller. First Lieutenant Jacob Mueller. First Lieutenant Nicholas Willich. First Lieutenant Frederick Bertsch. Second Lieutenant Henry Blandowski. Second Lieutenant Theodore Rauck. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Frederick Maerthesheimer. Sergeant George F. Trautner. Sergeant John Earth. Sergeant Casper Decker. - Sergeant Charles Schutz. Corporal John Schmidt. Corporal Jacob Boehler. Corporal Henry Schenk. Corporal Augustus Kiefe. Corporal Albin Arand. Musician Charles Jutze. Wagoner John Roos. PRIVATES. Jacob Baron, Clemens Breitenbach, Lewis Buchtman, Julius Burk- hardt, Arthur Dreifus, Lewis Ehrlich, John Engel, John Engelhardt, Frederick Freers, Lewis Freers, Michael Gierten, Augustus Genther, Maurice Emery, Gotleib Hauser, Frederick Heine, Otis Howard, Jost Hoesh, Frederick Huminan, Henry Jend, August Jungfelass, Theodore Klunke, Anton Kutzleb, John Kraes, Charles Macule, George Maeir, William May, John Orion, Joseph Piesche, George Rohland, John Ruop, John Schaefer, Thomas Schaefer, Henry Schaeringhaus, George Scheer, Edward Scheneser, Jacob Schlosser, Peter Schmiegel, John Schwarz, Henry Schwessinger, Ferdinand C. Schneeman, Joseph Schweler, Augustus Stoeckle, George Tenn, Adolph Thedbold, Henry Wahle, Nicholas Wedesty, George Wolpold, John Wuesthop, Charles Zahn. Privates Gustavus Buehl, Moritz Gross, Jacob Maurer. Killed in battle.— Corporals Henry Miller, Henry Wight; Privates Jacob Bauer, Joseph Hipp, Andrew Keller, Frederick Lecker, Adam Laufer. Died. — First Sergeant Adolph Spaeth; Corporals Eugene Huser, Charles Pacher; Privates Conrad Hosbach, Casper Mueller, Francis Schapf, Henry J. Theobold, John Troester, Joseph Floise. Discharged. — First Sergeant Theodore Bauck; Wagoner Philip Maenninger; Privates John Bauer, Lewis Benz, Lewis Bluttermann, John Boss, Philip Bottler, John Deiters, Emanuel Honeck, Robert Kaulig, John Kurhule, George Lauber, Michael Bracker, Julius Lessig, Peter Maithic, Charles Rusckert, Joseph Scherer, Francis Schmidt, Casper Semmber, John Wirzbricker, Conrad Ulmer, Melchior Wiget, Benedict Wiesz, Christopher Fleddermann, Jacob Winzler. Transferred. — Gustave Brockhause. Prisoner of War. — ^John Pfeifer. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Henry Broderson. Captain William Straengel. Captain Morris Pohlman. First Lieutenant George H. Harris. First Lieutenant Henry Liedke. First Lieutenant Joseph Haider. First Lieutenant Henry Spaeth. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Charles Abel. Sergeant George Ess. Sergeant William Brinkman. Sergeant Matthias Huett. Sergeant Joseph Mueller. Corporal Francis Reinfurt. Corporal Henry Elever. Corporal Peter Batz. Corporal Jacob Schweitzer. Corporal Charles N. Nelson. PRIVATES. Leoiiard Banen, Christopher Bleiler, Leopold Busam, Coustantine Boshardt, August Bunsch, John Bmemmelkamp, George Brueker, Jacob Bihl, Albert Denerlich, Martin Eckerle, Henry Gausman, Louis Guenther, John Goetz, August Grothe, William Gerhardt, Phillipp Guerteth, Louis Gorman, Herman Gerhardt, George Hyde, Martin Hankes, Stephen Huber, Phillip Holzmann, Frederick Hafner, Wil- liam Hayne, Charles Hoffner, Henry Krauger, Henry Krite, William Keiterborn, Joseph Kissiwelter, August Kraeger, Frank Kaiser, Michael Lorenz, Nathan Loewenstein, Julius Lentz, Christian Mueller, Peter Miller, John Mueller, Louis Mayer, Matthias Meister, Henry Remmin- ger, Frederick Rapp, William Stettleberg, Nicholas Schneider, George Schneider, Carl Steiner, Christian Lickemeyer, Lorenz Spaeth, Anton Schmidt, Christian Thaussen, Herman Upsing, Phillipp Ulrich, Stanis- laus, VoUmen, Herman Wiltenberg, Jacob Wenz, Michael Zier, John Steek, William Ott, Nicholas Birkman. Killed in Battle. — Fred Waltenspeil, William Kaiser. Missing in Action. — Fred Frost, Charles Groespel. Died. — Corporal Herdia Kilian; Privates Frederick Gimble, Frede- rick Shafer, William Hartig, John Rosselit, Sebastian Wipfler, Jacob Fry. Discharged. — First Sergeant George Schneider; Sergeant Anton Miller; Privates Henry Byersderfer, Clemens Bonke, Frederick Buse, Bernhardt Bruggemaur, Xavier Fahrubel, Isaac Hessbirg, Joseph Hill, Charles Hoerst, Magnus Heyl, Adolph Jost, Jean Joab, Frederick Koeffler, Henry Kramer, Henry Lotz, Theodore Pape, William Poppe, William Rosenfeld, Charles Schottmueller, John Schulz, Anton Steifes- ter, Theodore Steiner, Frederick Vail, Louis Witzell. Transferred. — Sergeants Lewis Groos, Louis Kuster, Louis Zahn, Ed- lief Thomson, Samuel Lundaner, Frederick Bupe, Frederick Dister, Charles Stalder. On muster-in but not on'muster-out roll. — John Goob. COMPANY D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Frederick Schroeder. Captain Gustave F. Kepper. First Lieutenant Ernst Reubeum. First Lieutenant Richard Schneider. Second Lieutenant Daniel Wagoner. Second Lieutenant Raymond Herman. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Gustave Grims. Sergeant August Witte. Sergeant William Minning. Sergeant Casper Weger. Corporal Adolph Gumelman. Corporal Ferdinand Zimmerer. Corporal Phillipp Arnold. Corporal Gotlieb Strohm. Wagoner Louis Nordmann. PRIVATES. Charles Abraham, Peter Blinn, George Borntrager, Louis Bosch, Jacob Buegler, Thomas Burger, Henry Cordes, Bernhardt Dorn, John Eberhardt, Martin Eberhardt, Martin Path, Henry Faubel, Rudolph Frischkueht, Henry Frederich, William Galle, Henry Gerding, James Gerthot, Peter Guerther, Henry Hahn, Jacob Hermann, Peter Hugger, Herman J ohanning, Michael Kosh, Andrew Langeubahn, Hermann C. W. Suelbert, Francis Massner, Charles Mandell, Bartholomew Malt, Frederick Meyer, Henry Meyer, William Meyer, Henry Minning, Wil- liam Nenn, Louis Roesler, George Roesoh, Adam Reising, Louis Sand- man, Adam Sandrack, John Sauser, Herman Schaf, Hugo Schassner, Matthew Schleuker, Herman Schmidt, Christian Schmidt, Michaei Schranck, Charles Schnebel, Jabob Schwarztrauber, Charles Seeger, William Stagg, William Steinkamp, Christian Strademeyer, Rudolph Strademeyer, Francis Studer, Frederick Turbez, Christian Vaneda Charles Wirming, Jacob Betzold, George Koch, John Kierz, Henry Weyminger, Alexander Pflueger, Joseph Walton. Killed in Battle. —Corporal Louis Fohmann; Privates Henry Speller- berg, August Waldenspiel, Charles Funke, Frederick Conrade, Anthony Mueller, Ernst Kuechler. Prisoner of War. — Private John Blessing. Died. — Corporal Christian Luchrmann; Privates Gustave Begemann, August Engelebrecht, Henry Large, John Luchbrechler. Discharged. — First Sergeant Charles Dolezrich; Sergeant August Hampe; Privates John Beck, August Begemann, Jerome Helreigel, Wil- liam Knichhaus, Joseph Ligner, Gebhardt Meyer, Herman Otten, William Voesti, Bernhardt Weikerte, Henry Winter, William Zerer, Henry Spaeth. Transferred.— Privates Valentine Fleitz, Dominie Einminger. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO.' COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Bartholomew Benz. Captain George H. Harries. First Lieutenant Gustavus F, Nepper. First Lieutenant Martin Bruner. Second Lieutenant Frederick Steimer. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant George H. Lippert. Sergeant Jolin Eigner. Sergeant Frederick Saeger. Sergeant Henry S. Scheuer. Sergeant J olin Kochler. Corporal Jolm Mueller, No. i. Corporal Frank M. Smith. Corporal George S. Starm. Corporal John Schular. Corporal Louis Mossman. Corporal Harry E. Bayer. Corpor.al Henry Feieatag. Wagoner August Broadeaberger. PRIVATES. Henry Behrens, Balthasar Baeche, Theodore Basch, Richard Baes- chia'', Frederick Biedeker, Martin Baabender, Dietrich Dorst, Louis Eckelman, Diebold Eschenbrauer, Simon Ernst, John Fauke, Frederick Feirp, Charles Fortacbacher, George Fisher, Adam Fath, James G. Froever, Frederick Hoffman, Joseph H. Hagelai, John Hoeltzer, John Houck, Casper Keller, Christian Laedeke, Henry Mowbrey, Andrew- Mayer, John Mueller, No. 2, Frank Natsch, George Obermeyer, James Papaner, George Reiger, Christian Rapp, Frank Rarke, George Reip- ler, John Rost, Joseph Rein, Jacob Straab. William Schalmeyer, Jacob Seebach, William Schraitzer, John Sehatte, ■ Frank Steimer, Frank Schick, lohn Schmidt, Phillipp Sommer, Frank Tobergete, John Trick, Louis Waltz, Frank Wedericke, Frederick Eberhardt, Sebastian Hen- rich, Charles Hoffacher, William Hesse, George Kollae, Andrew Schwartz, Herman Whening. Killed in Battle. — Corporal John Ruoff ; Privates Fidel Edelman, Christopher Hornang, Frederick Noeka. Died. — Corporal Henry Seimers, Martin Dumbacher, George Gaul, Herman Jarger. Discharged.— Sergeant Phillip Spangler ; First Sergeant Henry W. Sanders; Sergeants John Limberger, Frederick Steiner ; Drummer Fred- erick Blamerthal; Pri^■ates Frederick Bruner, Jacob Arnold, Henry Barwig, Frederick Gross, Charles Guilharme, Christopher Halbrider, William E. Hagedon, John Hellwig, Joseph Kirlack, Charles Kelb, John Keiahardt, Adam Mayer, Frederick Meyers, Henry Pfisterer, Da- vid Ross, August Scharck. Prisoners of War. — Privates Leo Wippel, Frederick Walker. Transferred. — Musician Weber Herman, Charles Benninger, Daniel Eyser, Joseph Kelderich, Henry J. Kock, Thomas Streiff, Jacob Wed- erick. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Gustav Kammerling. Captain Louis Henser. First Lieutenant Herman Luetkenhaus. Second Lieutenant Alexis Hilbrun. Second Lieutenant John Baumgartner. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Frank Hinman. Sergeant Christian Etzell. Sergeant John B. Hoenemann. Sergeant George F. Feir. Corporal Julius Geram. Corporal Gerhardt Ferber. Corporal Alovis Maver. Corporal Joseph Lehman. Corporal John Prichtel. Corporal Joseph Becker. Wagoner Henry Steffens. PRIVATES. Henry Arnold, Matthew Altinger, William Appenfenfelder, Christian Bay, Conrad Dahloff, Frederick Engelay, Charles Fenderonich, John Gueiither, Frederick Habenicht, William Hunskahl, Henry Hoer, Wil- liam Kimberly, Conrad Kramer, Charles Messner, Charles May, Julius Nordhoff, Henry Nickel, Henry Neulman, Henry Rume, Andrew Rohr, Charles Rothfuss, Phillipp Steuber William Stern, Ernst Straup, Vin- cent Schott, August Schoenfeld, William Schoenfeld, John SchmuUing, John Schmidt, Christian Schnell, Henry Sander, Anthony Siebelder, Lawrence Steuber, Charles Schaefer, Frederick Schroeder, Frank Traw, Andrew Vollett, Conrad Vassler, William Wahlbrink, Adolph Brew- erer, John Brachle, Jacob Korii, Charles Merroth, Phillip Mella, Wil- liam Schroer, Henry L. Weber. Killed in Battle. — Privates Gottlieb Hirschmann, George Hirsbrun- ner, Anton Knittell, Frederick Mueller, Herman Schmidt, Frederick Miefert, Frederick Werth, Christian Gerstaller ; Corporal Charles Roman. Died. — Privates Matthew Buehl, Charles Roller, John B. Stieff, John Wilke. Discharged. — Sergeants Frederick Oberkline, John Obervahn, Wil- liam Kiliam ; Privates Jacob Arnold, Nicholas Braun, Charles Berger, Charles Brill, Prosper Binghard, Christopher Hornickle, Charles Hal- ler, Paul Jessing, Martin Kern, Charles Kern, Conrad Kauffman, Henry Karp, Henry Moore, George Mietsch, August Nolte, Edward Schenkel, Gotlieb Schaffner, Herman Stahl, Casper Rung. Prisoners of War. — Sergeant V. Hummell, Charles Corp, Charles Daubenmerkel, Henry Pappenberg, Leonard Hermann ; Corporal Jo- seph Becker. Recruits and Prisoners of War. — Privates John B. Baumgartner, An- drew Dietz, Bernhardt Klineberg, Otto Zink. Not on Muster Roll. — Private John Trarbauch. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Gustavus Richter. Captain Adam Schumacker. First Lieutenant Charles Zahn. ■ First Lieutenant Tlieodore Lammer. First Lieutenant Alexander Hillbrum. Second Lieutenant Frederick Oberkline. Second Lieutenant George Hartung. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Charles Golde. Sergeant August Gebhardt. Sergeant Frederick Emmert. Sergeant Charles Kaschule. -Corporal Christian Herman. Corporal Henry Nagel. Corporal Franz Winter. Corporal Charles Schronckhart. Corporal Edward Rapp. Corporal Herman Schutz. Corporal Franz Spahn. PRIVATES. Adam Wenzel, George Appelman, Ernst Buerkle, Joseph Bleible, Frederick Cramer, Charles Doolharte, Charles Dutchman, William Diehlmier, Frank Denkinger, Henry Dirkson, Justus Enter, Louis Gschwind, Herman Howard, Daniel Hess, Raymond HoU, William Heiderman, Henry Hinneche, August Kimple, Jacob Kreiss, John Loffler, Frederick Leuke, William Leipnitz, Frederick Maeir, John Mueller, Lewis Plattin, Otto Roggenbricker, Philip R. Rack, Bernhaid Sextro, Henry Stoddick, Christian Schetler, Joseph Schneider, Peter Schneider, Henry Stamm, August Schroppe, Herman Spaemberg, Joseph Schander, Christian Schmidt, August Seigmund, John Schmidt, Frederick Strick, Louis Schmolze, George Wiedeworth, Peter Wet- terick, William Zarsk,e Peter Brummer, Christopher Dammier, John Greberstein, Anthony Otto, Casper Oberdries, John Rudel, Henry Rupprehct, Jacob Schifferdecker, Conrad Stein, Anthony Zeke. Killed in Battle. — Corporal Herman Lutz; Privates Frederick Gor- dike, William Huth, Otto Kutter, George Kuhne. Died. — Sergeant George Honold; Privates Rudolph Arnold, Franz Baechle, William Baelser, William Federlin, Frederick Fisch, Henry Racke, William Newman, William Trimemeyer. Missing in Action. — Private John Ganer. Discharged. — First Sergeant Ferdinand Seyper; Corporal Andreas Hosfeld; Privates Ehrhart Buettner, Charles Biedenbender, John Friker, George Harting, Lucas Haettig, Simon Kaerling, George Lim- berger, WiUliam Meir, Henry Mayer, Joshua Mueller, August Pert, William Schnellman, Henry Schubrook, Otto Spankuch, Valentine Weinheimer. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 103 Transferred. — Private Charles Barker; Musicians John Deiterich, Michael Meiser. On muster-in, but not on muster-out roll. — First Lieutenant Charles Bahn. COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Jacob Glonchovvski. First Lieutenant Morris Pohlman. First Liuetenant Herman Groskordt. Second Lieutenant Adolphus Kuhn. Second Lieutenant Louis Kuster. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Robert Haile. Sergeant Peter Heischauer. Sergeant Frederick Brand. Sergeant Wilhelm Besseeke. Corporal Carl Kommandera. Corporal Charles Stuchle. Corporal August Stoeppel. Corporal Peter Stoltz. Corporal William Meinking. Corporal August Kettler. Wagoner Andrew Motrz. PRIVATES. John Bachmann, Charles Brandt, Philip Blum, Louis Bode, Herman Buscher, Wilhelm Buscher, John Bulow, Henry DeVenkamp, William Doepke, Francis Feuerstein, Charles Fischer, John Frommel, John Grothen, John Hazeltein. Jacob Hatman, Nicholas Hanck, Frederick Hebenstreel, George Hesch, John Janson, Philip Jacob, Gustave Kaiser, Christian Kleinschmit, Henry Krumdick, John Kraus, Isador Kuhn, Theodore Koehn, Henry Lubbert, William Meier, Henrich Meinking, Frederick Munzer, Frederick Opitz, Bernhardt Ortmann, Frederick Poff, Bernhard Quinke, Lorenz Quinke, August Roese, Gustave Rulle, John Schaefer, John Schatzben, George Schatzmann, John Schiek, Emil Schudert, Albert Schmidt, Matthias Schaller, Jacob Schneider, George Seeger, George Severling, Theodore Skinner, Henry Struve, Christian Tolle, Christian Voeckel, Andrew Woessner, Joseph Wegner, Paul Dilley, Henry Pfaffenbauch, Theodore Hartz, Matthias Meier. Died. — Corporal Louis Weghurst; Privates John Blankenheim, George Belk, Louis Buscher, Joseph Danner, Andrew Haum, Henry Keifer, Theodore Sabin. Discharged. — Sergeants George Graff, Henry Marting; Privates Fred- erick Abel, George Beigel, Charles Dolletsbeek, Joseph Dietsch, Loyd Dixon, WiUiara Gehm, Charles Hillwein, Michael Rapp, Anton Wild. Transferred. — Sergeant John Lindner; Corporals Herman Fischer, August Wilsbacher; Musician Leopold Praeger; Privates Albert Bender, Frederick Brandt, Theodore Herth, Christopher Miller, John Ridder- mann. Prisoners of War. — Sergeant Joseph Hochler; Privates Christian Ehlert, Joseph Hillinger, Bernhard Riddamann, Frederick Vehrenkamp, Henry Voss, Henry Foss. COMPANY I. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain John Ganson. First Lieutenant William Henbig. First Lieutenant Charles Dolezich. Second Lieutenant Joseph Graff. Second Lieutenant Andrew Jenny. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Ferdinand Opitz. Sergeant William Huttenmiller. Sergeant George Stenken. Corporal Herman Liman. Corporal Frederick Jant. Corporal John Steffel. Corporal Anton Greiner. Corporal Herman Warnke. Corporal John Schmidt. Musician Louis Hoendorf. PRIVATES. William Bickmeyer, Jacob Boehler, Philip Burckhardt, Emil Becher, Christian Balks, William Bock, Joseph Comarth, Herman Demme, Leopold Dollen, Philip Fitz, Benjamin Foley, Christian Fleichman, Francis FiUan, Michael Graw, Louis Haack, Edward Hammel, Chris- tian Haffner, Ignatz Hoch, John Heine, Louis Hoerr, Rudolph Hoel- schen, Frederick Hoeller, Fedolin Kaffoden, Charles Leiser, Anton Meier, William Muerer, Philip Merty, Adolph Newbrick, Jolin Ort- wein, Charles Ohl, Henry Paul, Alexander Ruf, Peter Rohland, Joseph Shirm, August Stoecken, William Stoecken, John Schuman, Frederick Schmidt, Robert Schmidt, John Seifert, Charles Slants, Christian Soberer, Charles Slienle, Fabian Wiemer, Henry Westmeyer, Conrarth Wolf, Jacob Blattner, August Beisen, Gustav Becker, Charles Haack, Peter Hobstetter, Daniel Schmidt, Leo Schroeder, Christian Schott, Daniel Schneider, Joseph Wiclort. Killed in Battle. — Sergeant Michael Hamman, Corporal Gottlieb Reiber; Privates, Lee Bochler, Frederick Frill, John Kental, Charles Mueller, William Reichman, Gustav Stoecken, Conarth Springgard. Died. — Drummer Thornton Eberhardt; Privates Henry Blomeyer, Louis Runk, George Vanan. Discharged. — F,rederick Bauenmeister, Christian Constanz, Bern- hardt Hoelscher, Urban Keifenheim, George Kapp, Jacob Lava, Charles Mensing, John Adam Nay, Charles Taucher. Prisoners of War. — First Sergeant James Doll; Sergeant Casper Messemer; Corporal Charles Hoppest, Wagoner Jacob Schaeffer Pri- vates Daniel Grimm, Edward Uttendenfer. Transferred. — First Sergeant Richard Schneider; Privates Philip Bikel, Frederick Banemeister, Jacob Bauer, John Boccord, Lewis Kadow. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain George Sommer. Captain E. B. Thomson. First Lieutenant Theodore Hafner. First Lieutenant James Mangold. First Lieutenant Louis Grove, Second Lieutenant Louis Fricker. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Jacob Mather. Sergeant Peter Kinzler. Sergeant Charles Kempf. Sergeant Lorenz Miller. Sergeant Jolui Kempfer. Corporal Julius Siegel. Corporal Joseph Frichs. Corporal Philip Marrer. Corporal John Radley. Corporal David Thaler. Teamster Leonard Wissmeier. PRIVATES. Jacob August, Bernhard Axra, Ferdinand Baldinger, Martin Bassler, Henry Bauer, Jacob Beck, Sebastian Beringer, Thomas Buchta, Rein- hard Dalmon, Alexander Dalmon, Peter Erbacher, George Fellinger, August Fellsman, John Grether, Theodore Gubser, John Geiger, Con- stantine Geschwind, Frederick Hartmann, John Hartman, George Hof, August Halthof, John Hoch, Jacob Jetter, Joseph Knoble, Leonard Kirscher, Jacob Kirschbaum, Martin Kramer, William Lenzer, Anton Myer, Emanuel Marthi, George Meixner, Frederick Mueller, Georg Mutter, Jacob Mandeiy, John Obenauer, Michael Reutschler, Victor Ruedy, Jacob Sommer, John Scheverman, Frederick Schubert, Philip Schubert, Martin Seifert, Alpheus Sommerhalder, George J. Schenck, Henry Waechler, Jacob Zellweyer, Marcus Ziegenhard, Jacob Hotz, Adam Kuehn, George Sommer, Ferdinand Seyfried, John Seidel, Her- man Teichert. Killed in Battle. — Privates Godfrey Hauth, Gottfried Grosser. Missing in Action. — George Roller, Andrew Schuyeck. Died. — Privates, William Gerhard, Albert Homcger, Leopold Mar- rer, Solomon Schneider, John Schneider, John Seibold, Cyriack Vogt. Discharged. — Corporals William Mueller, Anthony Mohler; Pri- vates George Buettner, Lewis Bauer, Jacob Honppler, John Kuhn, John KuU, Christopher Kull, John Mueller, John Mickel, Henry Neuman, Louis Preissel, John Renner, Theodore Rehse, Martin Sel- ler, John Schenck, William Sauerwine, Marcus Wieser, Conrad Zie- gler, Frederick Zamp. Prisoners of War. — Privates William Berg, Charles Rauber. Transferred. — Corporal- Joseph Krebs; Privates Adolph Brandner, Julius Fischer, George Gruntee, Peter Keltenbach, Jacob Orth, Peter Schaus, William Hauck, Charles Henry, Frederick Lauch. TENTH OHIO INFANTRY. This was one of the several regiments raised at once in Cincinnati upon the outbreak of the war. It mus- 104 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. tered in May 7, 1861, and shortly after marched from Camp Harrison to Camp Dennison, seventeen miles, in less than four hours. Many officers and enlisted men had seen service in Mexico and Europe. It was inspected at Camp Dennison by General McClelian, and highly complimented by him. In the latter part of May the Tenth re-enlisted almost in a body for three years, and was again mustered in, June 3d, as a three-years' regiment, when the ladies of Cincinnati presented it a splendid stand of colors. June 24th it was reported to General Mc- Clelian at Grafton, and marched thence to Clarksburgh, whence it moved to the relief of a beleaguered force at Glenville, but found it relieved without a fight. Two months marching and scouting in the mountains followed, after which it led the advance of Rosecrans to Carnifex Ferry. Here the regiment was hotly engaged and com- pelled to fall back. In the subsequent movements the Tenth took an active share, serving in every skirmish and battle in that campaign, closing with the chase of Floyd from Cotton mountain. November 2d, the Tenth returned to Cincinnati on its way to Kentucky, and re- ceived a most enthusiastic greeting as the "heroes of Car- nifex." Some of the streets through which it moved were so thronged that space was scarcely left for the column. It formed in line on Broadway, opposite Colonel Lytle's home, where he was suffering from a wound, but arose and accompanied his regiment on its triumphal march. After a week in the city it went to Kentucky and was as- signed to the Thirteenth brigade. Third division of Buell's army. Through Kentucky and Tennessee it shared the splendid achievements of General Mitchel, its division commander, and upon reaching Huntsville, Alabama, it was put on provost guard duty, which it performed to the eminent satisfaction of the citizens. Colonel Lytle was now commanding the brigade, and led it on the long march back to the Ohio. October 2d, the regiment received sixty recruits, and the next day moved toward Perryville, where it was very sharply engaged, losing almost exactly one half the number with which it went into action. When General Rosecrans relieved Buell the Tenth was announced as headquarters and provost guard of the Ar- my of the Cumberland, relieving the Fifteenth United States infantry. During the battle of Stone River it pro- tected the communications, and was highly commended in the official report. Seven companies of the regiment saved a train which was being plundered by Wheeler's cavalry, besides turning back several thousand fugitives from the battle-field. At headquarters, some time after, Mrs. Rosecrans personally presented the members of the "Roll of Honor" in the regiment with their badges, and pinned them herself on the breasts of the veterans. A beautiful national flag was also received from the city of Cincinnati in appreciation of the gallantry and daring of the Tenth. The regiment was present with Rosecrans at Chickamauga, and with Thomas at Mission Ridge, Buzzard Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, and in the Atlanta campaign to Kingston. When its term had near- ly expired it was formed in front of headquarters, where General Thomas, contrary to his custom, addressed it a few words of parting cheer and of compliment for its bearing on all occasions. General Whipple, chief of staff", sent a eulogistic letter expressing his deep regret that the army was about to lose the "glorious old Tenth Ohio." The boys gave "three times three" for General Thomas, and another for the Army of the Cumberland, and still another for the Union cause, and then filed off ho'me- ward bound. Its return was cordially welcomed in Cin- cinnati, and it was shortly afterward mustered out of ser- vice. FIELD AND STAFF, Colonel William H. Lytle. Colonel Joseph W. Burk. Lieutenant Colonel Herman J. Korff, Lieutenant Colonel Robert M. Moore. Lieutenant Colonel William M. Ward. Major John E. Hudson, Adjutant James A. Groves. Adjutant Daniel O'Connor. Adjutant Thomas A. Patterson, Quartermaster Francis Darr. Quartermaster Nicholas Lacy, Quartermaster Luke Murrin. Surgeon Charles S. Muscroft. Surgeon Homer C. Shaw, Assistant Surgeon John B. Rice. Assistant Surgeon Joseph H. Van Deman. Assistant Surgeon Francis £. Powers. Chaplain William T. O'Higgins. Sergeant Major Nicholas Knox. Sergeant Major Daniel Troohig. Sergeant Major Newton McKee. Quartermaster Sergeant Luke Murrin. Quartermaster Sergeant John Connolly. Commissary Sergeant Matthias Reiddinger. Commissary Sergeant John Heber. Hospital Steward John J. Memiinger. Chief Bugler Jacob Seibeck. Principal Musician John O'Grady. REGIMENTAL BAND. Principal Musician John W. Walter; Musicians John Breslau, Louis J. Blackner, William Bierman, Hugh Coyle, Charles Colgan, Daniel Finn, John W. Fischer, Hugh Hurley, Frederick C. Krull, John Man- oeue, Simon Moeller, William J. O'Neill, Charles A. Rademacher, Bernard Strusberger, Peter C. Schickle, Charles Schroth, George F. Wedemeyer, Charles Walter, COMPANY A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain John O'Dowd. . Captain John Fanning. First Lieutenant John Crauley. First Lieutenant Daniel O'Neill. First Lieutenant Timothy D. McNeff. Second Lieutenant WiUiam Lambert. Second Lieutenant James Foley. Second Lieutenant Isaac Shideler, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Luke Jones. Sergeant Thomas Burcell. Sergeant Manuel O'Ribe. Sergeant Michael O'Brien. Sergeant John P, Williams, Corporal Samuel Hickman, Corporal Patrick Norton. Corporal Patrick Troohig, PRIVATES. James Brown, Thomas Barry, Michael Carey, Dennis Curran, Wil- liam Crumley, Patrick Conroy, Thomas Coleman, Thomas Dolan, John Deffley, John Fenn, John Gilligan, Patrick Giltman, Matthew Herbert, David Higgins, Edward Hanlon, Timothy Hartnett, Richard Jennings, James E. Jones, John Kenney, John Logan, Michael Lar- kins, Thomas McDonald, Patrick McGarry, James Maloney, John Muhan, John I. Murphy, Patrick Nealon, Francis Phillips, Thomas HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. loS Ryan, Dennis Ryan, Michael Tydings, Timothy Umford, Michael Barry, Felix McHugh, James Smith, James Horan, Charles B. Davis, James Boyd, Thomas O'Brien, Michael I. Fatten, Michael Keenan, James Tulty, Hugh Dennedy, Henry A. Brown, James Clare, Timo- thy Doyle, Patricli J. Gillivan, Patrick Keenan, Patrick McCudgen, Samuel McMuUen, Charles Malloy, Robert Kittrich, James McAndre, William O'Brien, Patrick O'Neill, Thomas Bryan, John Reed, Patrick Stark, Jacob Sage, John Ehiffy, James Galligher, Thomas Dwyer. Killed in Battle. — Sergeants John Dowd and Patrick Kavanagh; t'rivates Thomas German, William Morehouse, Harry Rooney, Patrick Keeshaw, Daniel Diffley, James Harrison, James Haley, Bernard Ken- ney, Hamilton Keown, Tobias Real. Died. — Corporals Joseph Dume and James Fisher; Privates John Carey, James McCudley, Patrick Jourdan, Hubert Farrell. Discharged. — Sergeant Daniel O'Neill, Daniel Toohig, William Lam- bert, James Foley; Privates John Connelly, Charles Dennenhour, George Leonard, Charles McDermott, James Malone, Daniel O'Con- nor. Transferred. — Privates Francis Carroll, James Christy, John Barrett, David Cullerton, Michael Cowan, John Gushing, Patrick Dowd, James Malone, John Fitzpatnck, Michael Ryan, John Harte, James B. Mar- tin, Thomas Mahoney, John Donohoe, Dennis Murphy, Edward Can- non, Michael Brophy. COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Emil Seib. Captain C. F. Nickel. Captain Rudolph Seebaum. First Lieutenant George Schafanacker. First Lieutenant Charles Weber. Second Lieutenant Matthias Reidlinger. Second Lieutenant William Thede. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant William Grundkemeyer. Sergeant August Maak, Sergeant Charles Heok. Corporal John Keoh. Corporal John Dannenhauer. Corporal Fritz Tiemann, Corporal Henry Toppe. Corporal William Hblle. PRIVATES. John Dicks, Henry Borchers, John Burns, Herman Bnigemann, William Caroteus, Abraham Creppel, John Dippel, Christian Drehs, Charles Dreyer, Frederick Gleisker, Lorenz Germann, Christian Gill, Joseph Hampiiing, Brenhardt Herbert, Ulrich Hepler, Henry Hofle, Charles Junket, PhiUip S. Kappes, Andreas Krogner, Fritz Kurz, Henry Leive, Charles Linsel. Jacob Manshardt, Henry Mainsen, Ernest Mathies, Henry Meyer, Henry Mueller, August Reinfield, George Reinfelder, Charles Rosenplanter, Casper Schiller, Henry Schmidt, Ernst Schmeisser, Frederick Schoeuben, John Schubert, Thomas Schuster, Simon Seiger, Thadeus Sonnentag, John Spery, Fritz Weckerlin, Alexander Westerkamra, Frederick Strew, Fritz Weiskopf, Wilhelm Westler, Jacob Ziegle, Charles Rukhardt, Clemens Eickhof, Conrad Fuchs, Martrias Hoff, August Kelding, Edward Marquardt, Jacob Mueller, Andreas Poppe, Peter Pfeifer. Killedin battle. — Corporal Moritz Kurz; Privates William Marquardt, Kermaux Schramm, William Wellman. Died. — Sergeant Theodore Murmann; First Sergeant Henry Gunkel; Privates Frederick Kensehler, Frederick Joerger, Anton Koffleer, Henry Rodenberg. Discharged. — Privates Henry Aul, Frederick Bub, Gotleib Brugmann, Joseph Erchenlohr, John Filgar, Franz Franzum, Charles Grau, Christian Heck, Franz Krumel, John Kurtz, Francis Kinerehm, Her- man Leffering, John Mueller, Frederick Meyer, Henry Nunhuser, Rudolph Ruppiller, Charles Sohiker, Lewis Schulze, MatthiesenSonker, Rudolph Wiltgenfield. Transferred. — Privates John Koller, Charles Hohmann., Michael, Hess, John Fuller, Felix Keifel, Folsche Conrad, William Thede, Charles Dicks. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain John E. Hudson. Captain James T. Hickey. Captain Thomas J. Kelly. First Lieutenant Dominick J. Burk. Second Lieutenant Thomas Downey. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Michael Logan. Sergeant Patrick McDonnell. Sergeant Patrick Menich, Sergeant Bernard Duane. Sergeant Samuel Backas. Corporal Patrick Murphy. Corporal Charles Madden. Corporal Phillip Baxter. Corporal Andrew Philan. PRIVATES. Charles Allen, Edward Browne, Paul Burns, Lawrence Berry, Michael Carroll, Mathew Callahan, Michael Cashen, John Cassedy, Henry Clavin, Henry Cramer, William Costello, Michael Davey, James Green, WiUiam Hayes, Tim Harris, John Herrmann, Frederick John- son, James Kelly, John W. Kelly, Nicholas Kierman, WiUiam Kebblel, Mathew Lane, Joseph Langil, Thomas Lonard, Michael Loftus, Michael Lowe, Daniel Marble, James Miller, John McCormick, Samuel S. Mathews, Thomas B. Parr, Thomas Rooney, William Sellers, Michael Stokes, Michael H. Shannon, Michael Shannon, Daniel Shea, James Taylor, William Willis, Patrick Dwyer, Terrence Doherty, Joseph Guthrie, Charles R. Le Blanc, Corporals John S. Pierce, Peter Bruin, Patrick Callahan, John Cavanagh, William Callahan, Thomas Daly, Michael Delaney, Thomas Dyer, John Cum.mins, Michael Fitz- simmons, Luke Findley, Peter J. Galagher, James Johnson, Michael Lally, William Morrison, Cornelius Murphy, Bartholomew O'Donald, John Quinn. Killed in battle. — Corporals Patrick Brogan, William Spence; Pri- vates James Peters, John Reed, James Costello, Thomas Singleton, Henry Cohlmann. Died.— Sergeant James Smith; Privates John Rymer, John Kelly, Terrence Mahon, James M. Smith, Charles 'Cavanagh, Christopher Stenfield. Discharged. — First Sergeants William D. Harman, Thomas Downey, Thomas J. Kelly, Joseph Hoban; Sergeant Joseph Gibson; Musician Michael Griffin; Privates Charles S. Brown, Patrick Duffy, Alfred Green, Thomas Gillick, John M. Farwell, Patrick Fawley, Patrick Knight, John Meyers, Patrick Mahon, James Marion, Thomas Reiley, Benjamin Scott, Edward Wolf. Transferred. — Corporal Peter Moran; Musician John Keiser; Privates William Hickev, Edward McGarrahan, John I. McBride, WiUiam Johnson, John Johnson, John Nicholson, Malachi Bonghani, Michael Dillon, Daniel Cavanagh, Jonah R. Gregory, Patrick Gilmartin, Thomas Twan, Michael E. Joyce, Patrick Sweeney, Michael Lawless. COMPANY D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain R. M. Moore. Captain Philip C. Marmion. First Lieutenant Eugene R. Eaton. First Lieutenant Joseph Donahue. First Lieutenant John S. Mulroy. Second Lieutenant Peter Gessner. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Matthew J. Redmond. Sergeant James J. Quinn. Sergeant John Horn. Sergeant Michael Fernon. Sergeant Matthew Byarl. Corporal James Fitzsimmons. Corporal Thomas Hannon. Corporal Bernard M. Kinney. Corporal Bernard C. Corbett. Corporal Thomas O'Brien. Musician James A. Devine, Wagoner Lewis Lee. PRIVATES. Robert Adamsf Frank Biggins, Daniel Callahan, Felix Devin, John Enright, Joseph Enfelder, Bernard Fitzimmons, Dennis Fitspatrick, William J. Gray, John H. Greene, John Gleason, James Hector, Michael Hill, Luke Kelly, Thomas Lawrence, Michael Meara, James Mullen, James Malia, Thomas McDonald, John McHugh, Louis J. Nadared, John O'Connel, Edward O'Neil, John Sonday, Richard A. Seymour, Thomas Huggins, George Shuck, George Underwood, Joseph A. Wise, John C. Wood. io6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Killed in Battle. — Privates, George Aichenger, John Corcoran, Cor- nelius Haley, Bernard King, Louis Shuck. Died. — Corporal John T. Cunningham: Privates James Brannan, Patrick Hays, Daniel Higgins, Thomas Higgins, Christopher Jones, Conrad Kuich, James Murley, Andrew Reash, Dennis Shannon. Missing in Action. — Private Michael Kelly. Discharged. — Sergeant Joseph Donohue; Corporal John C. Quinn; Privates Lewis H. AuU, Maurice J. Bolger, Luke Brannon, James Birmingham, William Cody, Michael Costello, Patrick Devitt, John Ferguson, Thomas Hubbard, James Holland, Timothy Holland, Henry Heredan, Bryan Kennedy, John Lennon, James Mahoney, Daniel N. Mariner, John D. Myers, Thomas D. Munion, Edward O'Neill, Henry Witte, William Fitzgerald, James GiUen, John Greany. Corporals, Edward O'Connor, John C. Hays, Alfred Edwards, Michael Gavin; Privates Richard Busker, Dennis Forbes, James Farley, Patrick Hatton, Thomas Hanlin, Andrew Herbert, James Hines, Wil- liam A. Jones, Dennis Kennedy, John Lawley, James McMahon, Thomas Moore, William O'Connor, Michael O'Cushing, Timothy Ryan, Josepii Radle, Thomas Scott, Michael Russell, William Scully. Transferred. — Privates, George W. Beadle, Thomas Crow, Edward Crolty, William H. Devine, William Duwellen, John Dougherty, Thomas Fitzpatrick, James Finley, John Farrell, John Forrester, Jerry F. Halpin, Jacob Lubeck, John Lloyd, Michael Lane, William Murphy, William H. McElroy, James McGrath, William Noel, Thomas Redmund, Michael Reany, Richard A. Thomas, James Thompson, Robert Walsh, Patrick Collins. COMPANY. E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain James M. Fitzgerald. Captain Stephen J. McGroarty. Captain Luke H. Murdock. First Lieutenant James A. Grover. First Lieutenant Daniel Twohig. Second Lieutenant John Sullivan. Second Lieutenant Daniel O'Connor. Second Lieutenant Timothy McNeff. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant William Donevon. Sergeant Timothy Sullivan. Sergeant Andrew Cunningham. Sergeant John B. Filming. Corporal Thomas H. Corcoran. Corporal Austin Walsh. Corporal Thomas F. O'Shea. Musician Lawrence Callahan. PRIVATES. David Butler, James Butler, William Brown, Peter Campbell, Patrick Cannon, John Conway, Patrick Connelly, Michael Caulfield, Michael Craig, William Fitzgerald, Daniel Fitzpatrick, Michael Flanagan, Patrick Flanagan, Patrick Fosner, James Goffney, Patrick Hen- nessy, Michael Hatton, Maurice Joyce, John Kehoe, John Keller, Patrick Kelly, John Lewrien, Michael Manian, James Mullen, Michael Meehan, Thomas Moken, William H. McKeown ; Pat- rick McGown, Michael O'Leary, Timothy Ryan, John Troy, Mathias Coughlin, Nicholas Butler, Richard Carroll, John Con- nelly, John Carey, James Christy, Patrick Conlier, William Dennis, Edward Hasty, Edward Hackett, Thomas Helm, Richard Kelly. Charles D. Lynch, Thomas McVey, James McGlinehy, James Makin, Patrick TcCabe, Patrick Malloy, John McGrea, Samuel Sullivan Michael Smith, William A. Smith, Dennis SchoUord, Dennis Sullivan, Patrick Schollord, George W. Truss. Killed in battle.— First Sergeant John Kennedy; Privates Michaej Fitzgibbon, George Fisher, Patrick Duffy, Patrick McGeven, James Robb, John McCostly. Died. — Privates John Anderson, John Cook, Daniel Cohill, William Dugan, Francis Foley, Robert King, George S. Murphy, James Mc- Hugh, Patrick O'Brien. Discharged. — Corporal Michael Sorigan; Privates Patrick Burk-, Robert Brown, Michael Donnelly, Michael Johnson, Patrick Kenny, Francis J. Kestings, Peter Haney, John Mahoney, Cornelius Moran Hugh Meriorty, Christopher McCasIin, James P. Rierdon, Richard Sweetman, Terrence Sweeney, Patrick Sullivan, John Walsh, William Watson. Transferred. — Sergeant, Patrick S. Kerney; privates, John Whalen, Michael Coogan, John Donovan, Dennis Ennis, Thomas Hoban, James Mokin, Thomas Wallace, William Cary, William Gillispie, Patrick W. Quinlin, Hamilton Keown, John Johnson, Henry Glass, John O.tbury, William H. Stein, George W. Green. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Christian Amis. First Lieutenant Conrad Frederick. First Lieutenant Alfred Pritle. First Lieutenant Luke Murrin. ' First Lieutenant Sebastian Eustachi. Second Lieutenant George C. MuUer. Second Lieutenant WiUhelm Otendorf. Second Lieutenant WiUhelm Thede. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Frederick Ahlborn. Sergeant Valentine Cornelius. Sergeant John Schultz. Sergeant William Kaiser. Sergeant Wendelin Broedler. Corporal Charles Schmidt. Corporal Michael Kraus. Corporal John Meyer. Corporal Joseph Fullherbst. Corporal Joseph Stranbriger. Corporal Ferdinand Henencoart. Corporal Frank Betzer. Wagoner James Stengel. PRIVATES. Heinrich -Andres, Henry Bolsinger, Jacob Breckle, George Boepple, Wilhelm Braseninger, Anton Bur, Charles Ehrlicker, Wilhelm Fei- tag, John Freck, Wilhelm Fischer, John Fritz, Frederick M. Fein, Martin Fussz, Charles Grether, Charles Greis, Lorenz Gremler, Henry Hetzel, Philip Hess, Christian Kumming, William Kruget, John Klein, Martin Kuhn, Jacob Kuhn, Dayobeith King, Fidel Kopp, Rudolph Kroeger, Joseph Mayer, John Mueller, Philip Muller, Friedoline Reum, John Reutschle, Andrew Schlachterager, Franz Seebach, Frank Sutor, Jacob Stroble, Wilhelm Seehaus, John Stalline, John Schaefer, Hein- rich Schneider, Edward Tourell, Peter Weber, Joseph Welter, Mein- rathZelmder, Joseph Zuleger, Drummer Wilhelm Connelly, Gotleib Eck- ert, Conrad Goetz, Henry Long, Richard Meier, John Sticksee, Henry Seelinger. Killed in Battle. — Privates Christian Heinrich, John Hanus, John Kartbauser. Missing in Action. — Privates Heinrich Enghausen Edward Fischer. Died. — Privates John Berkemer, John Dusbus, Charles Koch, Charles Meckel, Ferdinand Rau, Wilhelm Reuzenlimk. Discharged. — Sergeant Adolphus Reichel; Corporals Ignatz Wil- helm, Friedrich Lutz, John Kleingries; Bugler Joseph H. Franz; Pri- vates. Frederick Buck, Charles Dark, Wiihelm Hemriiig, George Hoff, Charles P. Harring, Henry Jaeger, Cheistian Koehler, Jacob Kurtzer, Richard Lampe, Adam Ney, Adam Pfeifer, August-Sturm, John Steitz, Ernst 'Weber, John Winkler, John Zeiman. Transferred. — Privates Michael Feller, John Haab, Joseph Halick, Henry Kumming, George Rink, Henry Wolf, John Siepe. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain James P. Sedam. Captain William H. Steele. Captain John Sullivan. Captain William C. Morgodent. First Lieutenant Thomas Burns. First Lieutenant Thomas N. Patterson. First Lieutenant Granville McSherry. Second Lieutenant Henry D. Page. Second Lieutenant James A. Grover. . NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant James Ennis. Sergeant David Kimble. Sergeant James Gilber. Sergeant William Fairlamb. Corporal-John Knur. Corporal Frederick Englehart. Corporal William Liebla. Corporal Clements Licking. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 107 Corporal David Grant. Wagoner George Seifart. PRIV.\TES. Ross Ally, James Dilley, John Elvert, Edward Eikel, Samuel L. Fry, William Feeny, Charles Gutheins, Hiram Havelin, Clark Hiett, John Hum, Edward Johnson, Oliver Jordan, Henry Light, William Myers, Thompson Miller, Frank McGill, August Miller, Jacob Mayer, Thomas O'Neil, John Rape, John Rentz, Joseph Sindlebeck, Henry Switzer, August Van Horn, William Waring, Charles Anderson, Levine Church, Henry Crupper, James Cahill, John Clark, Alfred Hewitt, John Hogan, David Johnson, Benjamin Kavits, James Kelley, Wil- liam Matheson, Thomas Murry, Frank McCormick, Charles Naylor, George Nelson. Died. — Privates Conrad Cook, John M. Dowde, Joseph Hockhorn, Charles Hughes, John Krirsel, August Shulthouse, Frederick Shaefter, Louis Siegel, Louis Weisner. Discharged. — Sergeants William P. Martin, Sidney Milner, James M. Keefer; Privates Christopher Alexander, John Cox, August Croma, William C. Deters, John Donavan, Henry Elfres, John Hunt, Edward Hamilton, Stephen Mistbeck, Michael McGuire, Bernard Monagan, Walter Mains, John Murphy, Henry Nitchsky, James Nash, Philip Quintin, William Smith, Joseph Storer, Washington Seymour, Robert Wittemeyer, William Wilson. Veterans. — Privates Nelson Duval, James Reynolds, Thomas Sloan. Transferred — Sergeants Isaac Shidler and Peter Gifney; Privates Jo- seph Colter, Michael McCloskey, Jacob Maturn, John Miller, John Spies. Recruits. —Sergeant Anderson Camillens; Privates Ferdinand M. Dugan, Henry Garner, George McCleary, John McKeever, Louis Snyder, Charles Smith, Joseph Turner. COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Thomas G. Tienion. Captain Charles C. Cramsey. First Lieutenant Thomas McMuUen. First Lieutenant John Sullivan. First Lieutenant Daniel O'Neil. Second Lieutenant Joseph Connelly. Second Lieutenant Alfred Pitle. Second Lieutenant Timothy D. McNeff. Second Lieutenant William D. Harmon. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Patrick Doyle. _ Sergeant Patrick Daugherty. Sergeant Michael Murphy. Sergeant John H. Bartell. Sergeant Samuel Newell. Corporal James Early. Corporal Michael Cain. Corporal William Gleeson. Corporal Edward Ryan. Corporal Charles Carty. Corporal Peter Shannon. Corporal James Regan. Wagoner John Malone. PRIVATES. Michael Brennan, Thomas Cavanaugh, Michael Cain, Cornelius Conway, James Currey, Michael Clifford, Peter Carney. William Clark, Francis Carroll, Thomas Donohue, James Dunn, Richard Doran, Dennis Fanning, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Patrick Farrell, Patrick Fingan, Michael Guilford, John Gannon, Patrick Heiferman, Patrick Hart, Dennis Haggerty, John Hogan, Charles Henry, Michael Kerwin, Lawrence Kerhoe, John Lillis, Philip Liddy, John Long, John Murry, William Murphy, John McCarty, John Moore, James McAuleff, Patrick McDonald, Patrick O'Brien, Patrick O'Connor, Wilham Roch- ford, Herman Remple, John Thomas, Robert Whiteside, Charles Herbert, Thomas Liddy, Henry Allen, George Fance, Peter Feeney, Patrick Gallagher, James Hoffman, Owen Haley, Terrence Hotten Frederick Hotter, Martin Kinney, Joseph Linch, Mathias McKeown, James McNicholas, James Quinlivan, Roger Quinn, George Reilly, John Rush, Thomas Regan, John Shields, Jacob Smith. Killed in Battle. — Privates Henry Crossen, John Doyle, Patrick Henrihan. Died. — Privates Dennis Burke, Michael Clancey, James Fitzgerald, William Houlihan, Patrick Gillaspie, Patrick Lillis, William Neylon James Kelley, John Rafferty. Discharged. — Privates James Able, Thomas Conway, John Donohue, John Fox, John Fitzgibbons, John Houlihan, John Lobb, Terrence Mc- Mannus, Patrick Mutagh, Patrick Murry, Marcellus Mitchell, Frederick Packhard, Patrick Sweeney. Transferred, etc. — I^irst Sergeant John Malloy; Musician, John Mc- Gready; Privates William Conklin, John Cogan, Michael Dill, Patrick Huland, John Joyce, Timothy Kavanaugh, Thomas Kelly, Thomas Liddy, John Tempsey. Not on company rolls.— Jesse T. Walters. COMPANY I. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain William M. Ward. Captain Thomas J. Kelly. First Lieutenant Charles C. Cramsey. First Lieutenant Luke H. Murdock. Second Lieutenant Nicholas Lacy. Second Lieutenant Dominick J. Burk. Second Lieutenant James Foley. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant James Linch. Sergeant Samuel E. Brown. Sergeant Roman Amerien. Sergeant Patrick Regan. Coiporaljohn Kester. Corporal St. Clair Baldwin. Corporal Andrew Amthauer. Corporal Peter Sanders. Corporal James Riley. PRIVATES. Joseph Arbuthnot, John Butler, Thomas Crogan, Thomas Crotly> John Davis, Michael Doyle, Christopher Dupps, Charles Fagan, John Fey, Patrick Gilmartin, Peter Glabb, John Hirseh, Charles Harrison, Charles Jan tzen, Joseph Krail, James King, John Kuhn, Adolph Keit- man, Jacob Klimm, George Keadich, John Linder, Dennis NcAuliffe, Joseph Miller, Thomas Mailey, John Orr, Thomas Phalan, Louis Pohl- man, Amos F. Reynolds, Frederick Scheffler, Henry Smith, William Sullivan, Bernard Stewe, Julius Sommer, Thomas Secoan, Thomas Webb, Martin Whalan, Philip Zeagemauth, Patrick Cain, Daniel Cavanaugh, Peter Hoffman, Lawrence Hettinger, Gustavus Sie- del. Rarer C. Morrison, John Wittengel, Maurice P. O'SuUi- van, John H. Sanders, Henry Bauman, James Clark, Martin Gehardt, Josiah Gregory, Charles Hohmann, Joseph Heider, John Keon, Charles Keller, James Kelly, William Linglumier, James McKune, Michael Ryan, John Rods, Joseph Somrenberg, Perry Strasberger, Jacob Strom, Henry Taylor, Samuel Winchester, Henry Wince. Killed in Battle. — Augustus Hilgenaier, Charles Medary, William Porter. Died. — Privates James Cumberland, Andrew Christens, Patrick Duane, Peter Dolan, Thomas Kelly, William Louis, Valentine Manthi, Hubert Nillis, Anthony Quinn, Abraham Rosenberger, William Rosk- off, Charles Scherges, Edward Vaughn; Corporal Patrick H. White. Discharged. — Privates Xavier AUgaier, John Bickler, William Beck- man, Pierce Bergen, John Burmister, John Doyle, Francis GroU, Charles Gross, John Huigerther, John Kenny, Robert Middleton, Theodore Reiman, John Young, William Young. Transferred. — First Sergeant Luke H. Murdock; Sergeants Dom- inick J. Burke, Patrick Rainey; Privates Patrick Flanagan, Edward O'Donnnell, William Keating, Richard Doran, Patrick Gallagher, Patrick Gillispie, Jeremiah Long, Patrick McDonald, Samuel Newell, Patrick O'Brien, William S, O'Brien, James QuinUvan, George Schnek. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Henry Robinson. Captain John Bently. Captain Daniel O'Connor. First Lieutenant John J. Stites. First Lieutenant Eugene R. Eaton. Second Lieutenant Nicholas Knox. Second Lieutenant John Mallory. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Andrew Hammond. Sergeant James Upperman. Sergeant James E. Lecount. Sergeant Charles Lickert. io8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Sergeant Francis Marlatt. Corporal Patrick Griffin. Corporal Devvitt C. Belleville. Corporal Wesley Dragoo. PRIVATES. Frederick Ansterly, Courtland W. Brunson, George Bealer, William H. Bennett, Andrew Burke, Valentine Busam, Steplien Bokenkoetter, Frederick Baum, Edward Brown, Goltleib Brightfield, Henry Chose- man, John Crotly, Richard Dooley, Dennis Daugherty, John Dobener, Christian Dymond, Louis Eckert, Frederick Fleesman, Joseph Fowler, John Fox, Edwin H. Folger, John Gorman, Matthew Gilfius, Florence Hindermock, Thomas Hishberger, Charles Hines, John Holtz, John Hay, Charles S. Johnson, Frederick Keonig, 1 awrence Kerry, Joseph Munter, John Miller, John Moser, Herman Maus, John Och, Charles Ortman, George Osterman, Christopher Petrie, Patrick Powers, Martin Raabe, John Renner, Adam Rohman, Paul Shoener, William Stander- man, William Shafer, HenryJ. Stein, William Troecher, John Van- fleet, 'Henry Wertz, John Winer, Thomas B. Ward, John Wagoner, Walter Curtis, Moses Nixon, Julius Austerhouse.J esse Cooper. Killed in Battle. — Private Albert Christ. Died.— Sergeant George G. Belleville; Corporal Aaron Bridsal, Privates Adolphus Beaman, Charles Leicht, George Miller, John Schreiver. Discharged. — Privates William Allen, William Baker, Henry Bitter, Lawrence Firnpoess, Charles Hine, P'rederick Kleiber, James Long, Christopher Roser, John W. Toskey. ELEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY. Only part of this regiment was raised in Hamilton county. It mustered in for three months April, 1861, and for three years June 20, i86r. Taking the field in July, it formed part of the celebrated Kanawha division, led by General J. D. Cox, and participated in all the movements of the division in West Virginia and else- where. At one time company K, principally mechanics, rebuilt a bridge across the Pocotaligo in less than a day, with no tools but some axes and augers. The same com- pany afterwards helped to build two boats, together form- ing a ferry-boat one hundred and forty feet long, with which communication was opened between the wings of the Kanawha army. The Eleventh was in the battle of South Mountain, and took part in the famous charge against the stone wall; fought also at Antietam, was re- moved to Tennessee in February, 1863, participated in the advance on Chattanooga, was in the battles of Chick- amauga and Mission Ridge, and some months after in a desperate charge up a steep declivity near Buzzard's Roost, when it lost one-sixth of its men. February 17, 1864, it was presented with a stand of colors by the ladies of Troy, Ohio. The regiment, after a hearty welcome in Cincinnati on its return, was mus- tered out June 21, 1864. Until the time of its disband- ment, from December, 1861, a regimental church was kept up, and the religious element was always prominent in the command. The Eleventh battalion of Ohio infantry was composed of two companies of this regiment whose time did not expire as soon as the others, and also of those who re- enlisted as veterans. They were commanded by Lieu- tenant Colonel Stubbs, who had been sergeant major of the original organization; accompanied Sherman in his last campaign; and were mustered out at the close of the war. COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain William L. Douglass. Captain Lewis G. Brown. First Lieutenant Silas Roney. First Lieutenant George E. Peck. Second Lieutenant James M. Elliott. First Lieutenant William Crubaugh. First Lieutenant William M. Culbertson. First Lieutenant Cyreneus Longly, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Isaac McKenzie. Sergeant William N. Hathaway. Sergeant Thomas Clegg. Sergeant Francis M. Ogden. Sergeant William H. Aydman. Corporal John F. Silman. Corporal Phillip Behman. Corporal John Comer. Corporal Charles Abbott. Wagoner Richard Penny. PRIVATES. John C. Bain, Lewis C. Bail, William Britton, William L. Bower, Charles Buehn, Joseph Brown, Stephen Burke, John Dennis, Hugh Davis, Peter Devine, Jacob Evans, John Fregate, Joseph W. Fren- zell, Harvey Fox, John Godfrey, James Humphrey, John C. HoUi- day, Charles Hauselman, Albert W. Heuntz, David Johnson, AUison Johnson, Jacob G. Lake, William Malloney, James Merville, William Maurath, John S. Morris, James Mallon, George D. Mayle, Isaac Me- riah, Lewis Penny, Ellis Penny, Lafayette Penny, William L. Pierson, Robert C. Silman, Emil Leitz, John B. Sutherland, George W. Schrei- ver, Jacob Schunk, Isaac Treker, Josliua Urten, William A. Utter, Au- gust Voltz, George Wasson, William Watson, John H. Webster, Charles H. Whittaker, James Williams, Virgil A. Williams, Edward Yocum, Benjamin Boyd, Thomas Brickel, Austheimel Byrket, Hiram Bryant, Thomas Brown, William Carpenter, Hezekiah Crampton, Charles Crayton, Obed Dennis, Joseph H. Doehrer, Thomas Dwyer, John Hastings, Robert Hall, Edward Jones, Charles Johnson, John Lowden, Benjamin Lowden, Phillip McKinney, Isaac Meguire, Charles Mortimer, James Minton, Alfred Miller, James Norris, Henry Nelson, Patrick J. Owen, Wilson Oblinger, Abram D. Philips, Robert Patterson, Jabez D. Raynor, George Reynolds, John Schmitt, Charles Sill, James S. Stillman, William Sherer, Joseph Tate, William A. Tarr, Henry Wear, Charles W. Worden, John W. White. Killed in Action. — Private John Baker. Died. — Sergeants John H. Peck, Marvin B. Wolf; Corporals Bos- well S. Wagoner, George G. L. Murphy; Privates John F. Colther, Henry C. Day, Charles M. Geusch, Frederick Heusey, Noah Sams, Simeon Shideler. Discharged. — Privates Ely W. Bennett, John L. Culbertson, James Daa, John Dyson, Robert N. Douglass, Samuel Fast, John Ferris, Frederick Feame, George Hamer, William Hiser, William H. Kelsey, Alfred H. Monroe, Snell Mansfield, Joseph E. Pierson, Floid L. Smith, Daniel R. P. Shoemaker, Late A. Stewart, James Sisson, James N. Sisson, Alexander Smith, Walter S. Stevens, Robert D. Robb. Transferred. — Privates Silas P. Ake, Charles H. Baker, Joseph Bower, Jerome Bro\vn, Albert Berry, Henry D. Culbertson, Henry Clickner, Michael Casey, Ellsberry G. Covault, Geoige K. Daily, Wat- son Baggot, Edward Dorsey, Cornelius Deeter, James Funk, William Gosnel, Daniel Hampton, David Helpman, Jacob Houser, Frank Ho- man, Daniel Hunt, Jacob H. Irwin, Nathan Keltner, William Kelly, Andrew Kin, Charles E. H. Kimball, Christopher Myers, James Mc- Donald, William L. McFall, Henry C. McNight, Jacob Marlett, Mar- tin Noran, Christopher Neisley, John Pritchard, Sylvester Penny, James Rouse, William Reiber, Jonathan Rollins, John Reese, Owen A. Reich, William Roney, Dennis Regan, Lerile E. Smith, Phillip Smith, John Sulliger, Walter Steinberger, L. A. Thomas, Joseph Wich, Jacob Wise, Levi W. Whittaker, Nathan Whittaker, George Williams, Mar- tin V. Williams, Jonathan Wilkins, James Westfall, Samuel Farr. Prisoner of War. — Private William H. Boyle. Discharged. — Sergeants Bailey Plumb, George D. Palmer, Samuel A. Collins. COMPANY I. PRIVATES. William M. Sampson, Abraham Toot, Perry Truden, James Veitch, Lucien Wissheng, Calvin Wolf, Thomas Stofer, Charles Redbing. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Philander A. Lane. Captain George Johnson. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 109 First Lieutenant George P. Darrow. First Lieutenant Charles J. Cottinhan. First Lieutenant Charles J. McCline. First Lieutenant Theodore Cox. Second Lieutenant Alfred L. Conklin. Second Lieutenant George Johnson. Second Lieutenant Robert C. Morris. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Elliott McGowan, Sergeant Jeremiah Hardwick. Sergeant Jacob Myers. Corporal Simeon Hays. PRIVATES. George Andrew, Thomas Anderson, Frederick W. Becker, Charles Bosworth, Michael Beechler, Samuel Brock, John C. DeButts, Edward Eaton, James Figfer, Henry Foil, George Germeyer, Richard Gilbert, Martin Hooker, Albert G. Hoole, Joseph Keller, Adam Neiberger, Andrew Rossler, Joseph Stinger, George Smith, No. i; George Smith, No. 2; Jarred Wallace, Charles Young. Sergeant David Baird; Corporals John T. Clark, Moses Redhead, John Mirslee; Privates George H. Armstrong, Edward Bateman, Rich- ard Bristol, Michael Casey, James M. Clark, Martin Comer, Daniel Diebold, Simon Detach, Henry Effing, James Flynn, Oscar B. Fowler, John Fuglin, John Gardner, Martin Goudling, John Goodrich, Charles H. Greenwood, Edward Hundley, John W. Hementlialer, Henry Kel- ler, Henry King, Peter Lowring, William H. Lynn, Joseph C. Lynn, Joseph M. Malone, Henry Marshall, Joseph Me.x, James Mosley, John Meir, Edward Myers, Reuben McKenney, Alexander McPherson, Charles Patterson, David G. Patton, Perry Wilson, Benjamin Wilhair. Killed in battle. — Corporal Charles H. Wright; Privates John Boos, Joseph Bunker, Michael Depretz, Michael Hoath, Marion Powell, John Scholsser, John Weiner. Died. — Teamsters William Allen, Rensdan Carson; Privates Engle- bert Dold, William A. Fowler, Jacob Reif, Benjamin Stevens, James Westfall. Discharged. — First Sergeants Orlando Hudson, George S. Swayne; Sergeant Joseph Pearson; Corporals William Hays, Charles McCor- mick; Musician George Van Ausdale; Privates Lewis Ankle, Theobald S. Bransby, Benoni Dixon, John K. Di.Kon, Theodore English, Asa F. Flagg, George Granger, Michael Gigar, Lewis Grey, Henry Hunnach, John Hull, Hugh H. Humphrey, Victor Kennecht, David F. Lansing, Dumont Mills, Landrum Noel, Abel Pearson, Joseph Powers, Dennis Ragan, Ransalaer Richardson, Jackson Suibner, John W. H. Searles, Albert Sennett, Walter Stpinberger, Nathan W. Whitaker, Jonathan Wilkins. Transferred. — First Sergeant John Ginten; Privates Charles H. Carothers, Joshua Handen, Englebert, Kaupfer Schmidt, Philip Roach, William Carroll, William Christian, Frank M. Fowler, Joseph P. Morris, Samuel F. Myers, Charles R. Patrick, William H. Lee, George A. Stinger, Levi W. Whitaker. ELEVENTH BATTALION OHIO INFANTRY. COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain D. Clinton Stubbs. First Lieutenant Fiancis M. Ogden. Second Lieutenant David W. Murrice. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Charles Abbo t. Sergeant John Tilman. Sergeant Philip Betoman Sergeant John Connor Sergeant Jacob Schenck Corporal James Williams. Corporal John A. Webster. Corporals Joshua Urton Waymers. Corporal James R. Kinney, Corporal James F. O'Conner. PRIVATES. Louis C. Baird, John W. Baine, WiUiam L. Bowen, Peter Presan, William L. Britton, Stephen Brik, Charles Buehn, Hugh Davis, John Dennis, Peter Devore, James G. Evans, Harvey Fox, Joseph W. Fent- zel, John Fugates, John Godfrey, Charles Hanselman, Raleigh D. Hat- field, Albert W. Hentz, John C. Holliday, James Humphreys, Daniel Hunt, Allison Johnson, David Johnson, Jacob H. La Rue, David K. Lonthan, James Mellon, William Maloney, William Manrath, G. D. Mazle, Isaac Moenah, James Merrill, John T. Morris, Ellis Penney, La Fayette Penney, Abraham Rozer, George W. Schreiver, Robert C. Silman, Emil Seitz, George W. Snively, Isaac Tuckey, William A. Utley, August Voltz, Harrison H. Wait, George Wassen, William Watson, Charlas W. Whittaeker, Virgil A. Williams, William H. Wydman, Edwin Yocum. Jacob G. Labe. Died. — Privates, William H. Harrison, John Smith. Discharged. — Sergeant Major D. Clinton Stubbs; First Sergeant Francis M. Ogden; Sergeant Thomas Clegg; Corporals Frederick Eberhart and Henry Burns; Privates James W. Campbell, John W. Clark, Isaac Flickinger, William Harvey, James McDonell, John R, Osborne, Louis Penney, Richard Penney, William Wiearson, James Rowe, Henry Timons. Prisoners of War. — Privates, Harvey Fox, Raleigh D. Hatfield. Mustered for Transfer, but Mustered out with Company. — Corpor- als William Crawford, August Herring; Privates, James G. Achuff, John Londin, John Mallee, Samuel A. McQuiston, James Morris, James Riley, Daniel Ross, Frederick Steirley, John H. Trump, Peter Walter, James Wallace, George Wintringham, James Salter, Joseph C. Brown. COMPANY I. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Corporal John W. Smith. PRIVATES. Francis M. Fowler, William H. Lee, John W. Barry, Charles R. Patrick, William Carroll, George A. Stinger, Charles Redbrug. TWELFTH OHIO INFANTRY. Mustered into service May 3, and June 28, 1861. COMPANY A. Private James H. Pierson. COMPANY C. PRIVATES. Zachariah Crippen (killed in battle) Hugh McCabe, Josiah J. Higbee. COMPANY H. PRIVATES. Albert T. Boswell, William B. Carey, George M. D. Evans COMPANY I. PRIVATES. Jacob Bauman, Charles Graysoff, John Hymer, Lewis Green, Chris- tian C. White. THIRTEENTH BATTALION OHIO INFANTRY. Four companies of veterans of the Thirteenth Ohio infantry, organ- ized June, 1864. COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Captain Michael Hartenstein. PRIVATES. Louis Brightfield, Frederick Harmon, Michael Reis, Andrew August FOURTEENTH OHIO INFANTRY. Mustered into service May 18, and August, 1861. COMPANY A. PRIVATES. Andrew Landbury, George W. Lendberger, J. A. Laird, William Kleinsory, Ludwig Miller. COMPANY B. PRIVATES. Gustav Kelly (died) John Wagner. COMPANY C. PRIVATES. George R. Barnes, James Brennan, Daniel Conger, John Cook Jo- seph Fritche, Bennett H. Koka, Frank Winsell. Private James Gorrell. COMPANY E. COMPANY H. PRIVATES. John C. Albrecht, Joseph Barkla, Conrad Dahoff, Carl Geyer, Wil- liam Hastig. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. COMPANY K. PRIVATES. August Bust, Alexander Hulbert, Daniel Erb, Thomas Kelly, Dennis Kelly, T. A. Laird. FIFTEENTH OHIO INFANTRY. Mustered into service May and September, 1861. COMPANY B. PRIVATES. John Chrfstie, Peter Flick, COMPANY K. PRIVATES. George Dettmer, Joseph Doll, George Henzel, Charles H. Dinaman, lona Bleeholder, Henry Brackman, Samuel Bushmaster, Richard Cole- man, Christopher Detteling, Kasper D. Trussee, Leo W. Wale, John McFadden, Christopher Shrader. SIXTEENTH OHIO INFANTRY. (Three Months' Service.) COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Lieutenant William H. Wade. PRIVATES. William B. Gibson, Simeon G. Jones, Hiram M. Lee, George L. McKeehan, Charles R. Wilder. SEVENTEENTH OHIO INFANTRY. Mustered into service April and September, 1861. COMPANY A. PRIVATES. Robert A. Quinn, John Ripler, Ferdinand Shaffer, George Walen- roth, Robert Schmidt, George H. Barrow. COMPANY C. Private Philip Sheets. COMPANY E. PRIVATES. John Barnhart, George F. Ely, Gabriel P. Smith, Henry Schroder, Richard Stiver, Beldaser Schaub, John Scott, Landlin Swigler, John Thuler, Lewis C. Wright, Ernest Wehman, Frank Zimmerly. COMPANY F. PRIVATES. WiUiam Stelrenkamp, Joseph Schrommer, John Theurer. Patrick Ernwtight, Marthaus Guiner. COMPANY G. PRIVATES. John Cass, James M. Gallaher, John D. Kibbey, James W. Richard. COMPANY I. Private Charles L. Wagenhals. EIGHTEENTH OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Camps Wood and Dennison between August and November, 1861. Its service was with the Armies of the Ohio and the Cum- berland; it was in the battle of Chickamauga and other actions, and was honorably discharged November 9, 1864. A second organization, bearing the same name, was formed from the veterans of several Ohio regiments, and fought in the battle of Nashville. It was retained in service until October 22, 1865, when it was mustered out at Columbus. FIELD AND STAFF. Adjutant Henry H. Welch. Musician Velosu A. Taylor. Hospital Steward John C. Cochran. Quartermaster Sergeant George P. Jarvis. COMPANY B. PRIVATES. Samuel D. Decker, Zachariah Garris, Joseph H. Royar, John Fitz- gerald. COMPANY C. PRIVATES. William Beeden, Granvill Toy, John Williams, John L. Cochran, George Stewenagle, George W. Holmes, Patrick Riley. COMPANY D. PRIVATES. Joseph Florentz. COMPANY E. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Corporal Asa Robbins. Corporal WiUiam Emery. PRIVATES. John Boesser, John Battle, William Hanlin, Samuel Morched, Thomas J. Abbott, Timothy Brannan, John Calt; James Cnuck, Joshua Demkerly, Richard Duncan, Charles F. English, William Hoffue, John McGeer, William D. Tattman, Jecy C. Young. COMPANY F. PRIVATES. Augustus Shovaney, Paul Wilson, William Waters. COMPANY G. Private Charles A. Stone. COMPANY H. NON-CCMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Corporal Joseph Williams. PRIVATES. John Aylers, Joseph Anderson, Henry Abberdeing, Henry Altmeyre, Ernest Benedict, Charles B. Slotey. COMPANY I. (Veteran). NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER,?. First Sergeant James B. Boyer. Sergeant Elias Shaefer. Sergeant Martin V. Monday. Sergeant Brice Hayes. Corporal John E, Porter. Corporal Louis Landman. Corporal Henry Sebexen. Corporal Henry Demar. PRIVATES. Junius B. W. Black, Milton Collins, Luther D. Dupoy, John Dear- don, Joshua Delaplane, Morris Foley, John Ferris, Philip C. Fearline, Louis Gruber, Christian Haber, John Hassing, William Halt, Charles M. Kimbrough, Patrick McCabe, John Mulcahy, Lorentz Miller, El- wood Madden, John A. Myer, Charles Nicholas, Leonides Price, George Peter, Patrick Ryan, John Smith, Ferdinand Schultz, George Showalter, John Snowden, Thomas B. Thayer, William Wyane, Henry Young, Wilhelm Zueker, Philip Zegerard, Thomas Burns, Simeon Culbertson, Henry Guthcamp, WiUiam J. O'Naherty, Joseph Hampton, Marcus Hathaway, John W. Holcomb, Frank Bernard, Ignatz Burtz, Jacob Cohn, Mathias P. Dingeman, George W. Machinaw, Albert MorreU, Samuel A. Brady, James Peck, John Ryan, William F. Smith, Samuel Snedegar, Peter Tigan, Peter Warren, Herman Kroog, John Kennedy, Charles W. Lewis. Died. — Privates Benjamin F. Buckbee, Herman H. Erpenstein; Ser- geant Benjamin F. Fox. COMPANY K. (Veteran). NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Sergeant Charles John. PRIVATES. Peter Gabriel, Michael Bettinger, Lewis Book. NINETEENTH OHIO INFANTRY. Mustered into service May and November, i86r. COMPANY C. Private Theodore Seivering. COMPANY H. PRIVATES. Heniy Minike, Peter Monroe, Henry Buckhouse, Michael Genshuger. COMPANY I. PRIVATES. James Stewart, Barney Brockman (Twentieth Ohio). HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. COMPANY B. (Veteran). NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Sergeant Godfrey B. Alexander. PRIVATES. Henry Kepper, John Johnson (died), John Hall. COMPANY D. Private Thomas Paliner. COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Second Lieutenant James B. Walker. PRIVATES. Lewis Stillman, James B. Walker, .Albert Black. COMPANY E. (Veteran). PRIVATES. Joseph Bradford, Lewis Webber. COMPANY G. (Veteran). Private Gottfried Schmidt. COMPANY H. Private Albert G. Black. COMPANY I. Private Herman Neetfelt. COMPANY I. (Veteran). COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Captain Francis M. Shaklee. PRIVATES. Christopher Yerke, Thomas Wilson. COMPANY K. Private William Shanen. TWENTIETH OHIO INFANTRY. The three months' regiment of this number was raised at once upon the outbreak of war. One company (B) was recruited at Oxford, Butler county, mainly from the students of Miami university. Among them were the following-named from Cincinnati : COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Captain Ozu Jennison Dodds. PRIVATES. John R. Hunt, jr., Carter B. Harrison, Robert A. Leonard, James A. Leonard, Charles L. Seward. ( Three Years' Service. ) COMPANY H. PRIVATES. Albert Black, Mason Harmon. COMPANY I. PRIVATES. Christopher Gehrke, James Lingen, Herman Neatfelt. COMPANY K. PRIVATES. Thomas Gleason, William Sharron. TWENTY-FIRST OHIO INFANTRY. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Assistant Surgeon Richard Gray, jr. TWENTY-SECOND OHIO INFANTRY. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Crafts J. Wright. Major Charles W. Anderson. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Lieutenant Edwin Smith. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Corporal John Winright. Corporal William H. Sheir. Corporal James H. Stopher. PRIVATES. Rudolph Betz, James Campbell, Joseph McGarten, John Sheridan Robert Wychler, William B. Arthur, William Green, Matthew Harren, Joseph Peters, Alfred Swing, Julius Shemer, James Farris. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Lieutenant Robert McGreggor. COMPANY I. Private Philip W. Quentin. TWENTY-SECOND BATTALION OHIO INFANTRY. (Veterans and recruits of the Twenty-third Ohio infantry.) COMPANY A. PRIVATES. William Cummings, Lewis C. Miller, William Montgomery, John Probst, William H. Rogers. COMPANY B. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Corporal James P. Woods. PRIVATES. John Williams, Alexander Bowers, Tilton Hall, Patrick Murray, Isaac B. Norris, John E. Wortman; Drummer Ebenezer Westwood. TWENTY-THIRD OHIO INFANTRY. This was Colonel (afterwards General) Rosecrans' reg- iment. Among its field officers were also Rutherford B. Hayes, Stanley Matthews, James M. Conly, and E. Par- ker Scammon, three of whom became generals, and one of them President of the United States. It was organ- ized at Camp Chase, in June, 1861, for three years' ser- vice; served in West Virginia, and elsewhere in the east, was at the battle of Cedar Creek, and other famous ac- tions, and was finally mustered out July 26, 1865, at Cumberland. STAFF OFFICER. Sergeant Major William W. Stevens. COMPANY A. PRIVATES. William Lyons, Casper Plankuch, William Sullivan, James Brown, Thomas Burnes, Thomas Gillen, Alfred C. Harris, John Lanvercombe. John Fletcher. COMPANY B. PRIVATES. Joseph Fisher, Salathiel Roach, Thomas Cady, Daniel Dedy, Morti- mer S. Denwoody, Joseph Davis, Benjamin Evans, Henry Evans, Wil- liam Kilgore. COMPANY c. (Veteran). PRIVATES. John Canedy, Hanson L, Gwynn, Gustavus Mason, James Pierson, Christopher C. White, John Gibernel, Alfred Grow, George W. Shell- cross, James Tinner. Died. — Charles O. Case, Zachariah Crippen, Hugh McCabe. Discharged. — Corporal Kellum Sanford; Privates John C. Coleman, John Deverming, JosiahJ. Higby. COMPANY D. PRIVATES. William Terrell, Lewis Hood, William White, 2d, Darman Williams, William Meade, Frederick Smithgall, William Hamilton (died), John L. Douglass (discharged). COMPANY E. PRIVATES. James Carl, James A. Kelly, Frantz Kaiser, John King, William R. Haliman, Hugh Kearney, John Keenan. COMPANY F. PRIVATES, Jacob Maguir, Edward Benker, Andrew Gigle, George Heddinger, Christopher Copier, Edward Lanson, Jeremiah Long, Joseph Lemare, John Ma.Kville, John O'Brian, John Reed. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. COMPANY G. PRIVATES. Harvey Buchanan, Patrick McGown, John McGee, John Ockley, Wilham Osterholt, Conrad Weitzel, WilUam B, Maples, James Presley (killed in battle), Hiram Anderson, William Bragg, John Dougherty, Richard Ellison, Levi Fuller, George Godsey, Henry Gedeman, Thomas Marfling, James O' Brian, John Rath. Discharged. — Calvin W. Hudson, Lewis Mayer, John Stander. COMPANY H. PRIVATES. Michael Sontag, John Somerton, Herman Smith, Charles Schmidt, Michael O'Brien (discharged). COMPANY I. PRIVATES. John Walker, William W. Stevens, Andrew J. Bolan, Daniel Smith, Andrew Schlochberger, Samuel Turner, Daniel Walsh. COMPANY K. PRIVATES. William Wickelhouse, James Donnelly, Jacob Van Long, John Morris, Albert G. Boswell, Isaac Wickley, William B. Gary (died), George M. D. Evans, Charles M. Rollings, John Riley, James Smith, Harry Wallace, Charles B. Wilson, William S. Warrick, Samuel W. Wallace. TWENTY-FOURTH OHIO INFANTRY. Mustered into service in July, i86i. COMPANY F. First Lieutenant Henry G. Graham. TWENTY-SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY. Assistant Surgeon Daniel Richards. COMPANY F. Private Emanuel Brill. COMPANY I. PRIVATES. John S. Pryor, Adeu Richason (died). TWENTY-SEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY. The organization of this regiment took place at Camp Chase in August, 1861. Before December they are heard of at St. Louis, St. Charles and Mexico, Missouri, Lex- ington, Kansas City, and Sadalia. During this month they shared in the capture of thirteen hundred recruits on their way to join the rebel General Price. In March this regiment was in the advance in the movement on Is- land No. 10, and May i, was with the army that moved on Corinth. On the nineteenth of September the Twenty-seventh was a part of the force sent to re- capture luka. October 3, at the battle of Corinth it lost heavily. A timely reinforcement of two hundred recruits arrived soon after. Early in November, the Ohio brigade, of which the Twenty-seventh formed a part, with Grant's army, marched to Oxford, Mississippi. They were next ordered to Jackson, Tennessee, to intercept Forrest, whom they met at Parker's cross roads, where an engage- ment took place, resulting in the capture of seven guns, three hundred and sixty prisoners, and four hundred horses. Shortly after re-enlistment, this brigade moved against and captured Decatur. At Dallas the rebels were driven before them. The regiment was also en- gaged with Hood's corps on the twenty-eighth of May, skirmished at Big Shanty in June, and fought at Kenesaw and Nicojack creek in July. Before Atlanta, on the twenty-second of July, the regi- ment was in one of its severest battles, and sustained its heaviest loss. In the pursuit of Hood to the northward , it had a part; it also marched with Sherman to the sea, and was in the campaign of the Carolinas. After Johns- ton's surrender, the Twenty-seventh moved to Washing- ton, and in July, 1865, at Camp Dennison, received its final payment and discharge. FIELD AND STAFF. Sergeant Major Jacob C. Cohen. Sergeant Major Edward B. Temple. Quartermaster Sergeant John Jones. COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Jacob S. Menken. Captain James Morgan. Second Lieutenant Jacob C. Cohen. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Henry Tape. First Sergeant Thomas Morgan. Sergeant Robert C. Biggadike. Sergeant John Toms. Sergeant Edward B. Temple. Sergeant William Roberts. Sergeant Adolph Myers. Sergeant Robert Gardner. Sergeant Ferdinand Fagle. Corporal Benjamin F. Long. Corporal William E. Moore. Corporal Edward P. Toms. Corporal John Kerdoff. Corporal E. W. Hippie. Corporal James H. Jones. Corporal George Everett. Musician Charles Chiffer, PRIVATES. John Atkins, George Barner, John Bryant, J. P. Bergman, Patrick Burk, Eugene Carroll, William H. Dobbins, Hugh Dunn, James Egan, Patrick Fox, Frederick Graff, Noah C. Groves, Edwin Gibson. William Gantz, Daniel Haggerty, William A. Jeffers, Adolph Krause, William King, Michael Knoffloch, William D. Lilly, John A. McCalmont, John McMillen, John Murphy, Edward Martz, Joseph Meising, Louis H. Mayer, John Miller, Dennis O'Brian, John O'Tool, Peter Pointers, Harmon H. Remmert, Thomas Ryan, John H. Steiweider, August Senmert, Joseph Sokup, Maurice Troy, Frederick Talaze, Arnold Zem- mert, Ernest Zeuchner, William F. Cole, William E. Cole. COMPANY D. . PRIVATES. Joseph Black, Josiah Raines. COMPANY G. Private Joseph McDaniels. COMPANY H. Private John M. Moore (died). COMPANY I. Private Christian North (died). COMPANY K. PRIVATES. Leopold Gardner, Enoch A. Hutchinson, O. E. Steward, James A. Sweet, John A.J oseph (died). TWENTY-EIGHTH OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment was recruited largely among the Cin- cinnati Germans; and so much attached are those of its surviving members who yet reside in the city to its mem- ory, that they still hold monthly re-unions on Sundays, at some convenient rendezvous — a case not exactly par- alleled, we venture to say, anywhere in the world. It was mustered in July 6, 1861, for three years, and moved from Camp Dennison to Point Pleasant, Virginia, on the thirty-first. Colonel Merr, with four hundred picked HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 113 men, presently relieved the home guards at Spencer, where they were besieged by the rebels. The regiment joined the force under General Rosecrans, and fought at Carnifex Ferry, where it lost three killed and twenty-seven wounded. October 21st, at New River, two of its com- panies had a sharp fight with the rebels on the Union picket line. The winter and part of the next spring were spent at Gauley, in thorough drill and instruction; and May 2, 1862, the Twenty-eighth marched to Fayetteville and took place in the Second brigade of the Kanawha division, under General Cox. At Wolf creek, near East River mountain, two companies defeated a rebel force, and destroyed a wagon train loaded with commissary stores. About half the regiment was in the next fight, near Wytheville, losing six dead and eleven wounded. Several other skirmishes occurred during the operations of the summer, but without much loss. On the march to Washington, begun at Flat Top mountain , August isth, the regiment had a skirmish with Stuart's cavalry at Fall- church, September 4th. The division was now attached to the Ninth army corps, under General Reno. Septem- ber 13th, Colonel Mori's brigade, in which was the Twenty- eighth, drove the rebels ost of Frederick City. At South Mountain the Kanawha division bore the brunt of the battle. At Antietam this regiment was the first to ford , the creek above the stone bridge, and remained on the skirmish line of the Ninth corps all night. It lost forty- two killed and hurt in this action. The next winter was passed in West Virginia, mainly at Buckhannon. About the middle of June the command was marched to Mary- land, and then back to Beverly, to repel a threatened in- vasion. At Droop mountain, July 6th, a rebel force was attacked and defeated, with heavy loss. The remainder of the summer, and the fall and winter, were spent in active operations, with much marching and other hard- ships, but no great amount of fighting. April 25, 1864, the Twenth-eighth was ordered to the army of the Shen- andoah, to "fight mit Siegel," who was then reorganizing the army at Bunker Hill. It aided to force Imboden from New Market, May i ith, and was in the batrie of New Mar- ket the next day, which was fought in a heavy thunder- storm. June sth it was in the attack upon the rebel General Jones near Piedmont, and was the only regiment of the force charging the works that did not fall back, holding its ground and preventing the rebels from making a cen- tre charge for three-fourths of an hour, when it was re- called and handsomely complimented by General Hunter. The third charge forced the enemy from his works, kill- ing General Jones, and deciding the battle. The Twenty- eighth lost thirty-three'killed and one hundred and five wounded, out of four hundred and eighty-four engaged. Two color-bearers were killed and three wounded; and the flag was torn by seventy- two balls and pieces of shell. After another month and a half of very active service, it was ordered home, greeted warmly by its multitudinous friends at Cincinnati, and mustered out July 23d. Its total losses in the field were two officers killed, seven wounded; ninety enlisted men killed, one hundred and sixty-two wounded, one hundred and seventy-three disa- bled by disease; in all four hundred and thirty-four. FIELD AND STAFF. Clonel August Moore. Lieutenant Colonel Godfried Becker. Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Bohlender. Major Ernest Schochi. Major Rudolph Heintz. Surgeon Gerhard Saal. Surgeon Charles E. Deing. Assistant Surgeon Adolphus Schoenbein. Assistant Surgeon George P. Hackenberg. Assistant Surgeon A. E. Jenner. Chaplain Charles Beyschlag. Chaplain Frederick Goebel. Adjutant Leopold Markbreit. Adjutant John Lang. Quartermaster Herman Kaugsberger. Quartermaster Samuel Rosenshaf. Sergeant Major Louis Fass. Sergeant Major Albert Liamin. Sergeant Major Henry Acker. Sergeant Major Rudolph Gutenstein. Sergeant Major Charles Ludorff. Sergeant Major Abesevan Landberg. Commissary Sergeant Michael Schmidtheimer. Commissary Sergeant John Ruterieck. Commissary Sergeant Frank Salzmann. Quartermaster Sergeant Joseph Newbacher. Quartermaster Sergeant Louis Weitzel. Quartermaster Sergeant Charles Schmidt. Hospital Steward William Bauer. Hospital Steward Frederick Ries. Chief Musician Francis Schmitt. Chief Bugler Adolphus Schiller. Drum Major Joseph Brodbeck. Musician Otto Zink. COMPANY A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Ernest Schache. Captain Charles Drach. First Lieutenant Charles Meyer. First Lieutenant Frederick Weising. First Lieutenant Frederick Halzer. First Lieutenant Albert Livmin. Second Lieutenant Louis Faas. Second LieutenantTAugust Herman. Second Lieutenant Leopold Markbreit. Second Lieutenant William Althammer. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant August Hess. Sergeant Henry Kaling. Sergeant Charles Mueller. SergeantJWilliam Hansom. Sergeant Gottleib Lange. Corporal Jacob Mueller. Corporal Christian Stueve. Corporal William Streilberg. Corporal Herman Moeller. Corporal Charles Bertram. PRIVATES. George Beokman, Nicholas Biedinger, Otto Briegel, John Dalbele, Lorenz Hinkeyer Frederick Feller, Joseph Heilmerer, Louis Haben- stadt, Antony Kayser, Frank Kemper, George Klett, John Peter Krouz, Andrew Shider, Frederick Linderman, Christian Luttman, William Mastin, Charles Mashnitz, Herman Meyer, Peter Nospacher, John Platfoot, Alexander Pansald, Henry Rodenberg, George Schein, Charles Sebold, Gustave Schmidt, Michael Schwabel, Christian Schwarzenhaet- zer, John Spaeth, Louis Straever, Joseph Udry, Ulrich Walt, Henry Wubbenherst, Bernhard Hoffman, Daniel Galtz, Charles Neiman, Frank Kauffman, Frederick Engleke, Frantz Lippart, Frederick Funk, Michael Gratz, Charles Merk, Charles Kuehn, August Walker, Frederick Kei- linger, Charles Heuke, Charles Wolf, Conrad Job, Joseph Duerr, Henry Harland, Maxwell Hug, Frederick Haatman, John Weber, Julius Reiche. Killed in Battle. — Private John Helling, Corporal Conrad Meeker. Died. — Private Charles Yeiser, Simon Poettger, Philip Pieh, Henry Schadleman; Maxwell MeuUer. 114 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Sergeant Louis Steir; Privates Antony Mueller, John Henshman, Philip Stuckenberg, Henry Stuckenberg, George Small, Jacob Burk- hard, Frederick Langner, John Huber, Antony Pflanger, Frederick Winderick, Transferred. — First Sergeant Samuel Rosenthal ; Sergeants Herman Guthard, Albert Liomin, IVIichael Schmittener ; Privates Louis Witzel, Joseph IVlark ; Corporal Frank Salzman. Recruits. — Privates Andrew Daniels, Frank Genter, Jacob Galtz. COMPANY A. (yeteran). COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Edwin Fry. First Lieutenant Frederick Hagenbuch. Second Lieutenant Christopher Tenge. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant John Jones. Sergeant Ahvin Rademacher. Sergeant John Reimer, Sergeant Julius Frenzel. Sergeant Michael Trunk. Corporal Louis Reiher. Corporal Martin Hohmann. Corporal John Smith. Corporal Jacob Jung. Corporal George Winter. PRIVATES. Charles Baumann, Conrad Bajer, Martin Bilber, Henry Braeskman, Frank Boland, Henry Correl, George Doell, Jacob Sellman, Ernest Dietz, Gabriel Diescher, Charles Forberg, Frank Griesler, Jacob Grue- ner, I. Glatt, George Grabuth, August Hunt, John Hagel, Joseph Hauser, Phillip Heintz, Henry Johanning, Daniel Jung, Edmund Kiel, Henry Kaffenberger, Charles Kempf, George Lang, Frederick Long- fritz, William Miller, Martin Miller, Peter Messingslacher, Joseph Moser, Frederick Newberger, Edmund Needs, Henry Aldach, Freder- ick Paul, Peter Peifer, Frank Puemple, George Raab, Julius Raab, Casper Rappinger, Michael Renz, Christopher Reppig, Frederick Runte, Dominic Ruhstaller, Charles Schinske, Frank Schneider, Oscar Seith, Henry Neal, John Staab, William Straub, Adalbert Schaefer, Ernest Schilling, Peter Streuber, Charles Vogt, John Waitzman, Henry Zim_ merman, Michael Zaal, Louis Zagar, Adam Giebe, Henry Rickers, Henry Lurenkamp. Transferred, etc.— Sergeants August Kramer, George Seining ; Cor- porals Sigmund Eicholz, William Geipnian, Thomas Hellieigel ; Pri- vates Charles Degan, Bernhard Duers, John Schwarz, Adam Scherer, Jacob Gallinger, Anton Brischler, Joseph Roth. COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Albert Ritter. Captain William_Ewald. Captain John Armon. First Lieutenant Martin Wauser. First Lieutenant August Grieff. Second Lieutenant Albert Traub. Second Lieutenant Jacob Mark. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Frederick Eberhardt. Sergeant Austin Dieckman. Sergeant Lorenz Hissehbeihler. Sergeant Peter Brinker. Corporal Lewis Kremer. Corporal William Reis. Corporal Peter Hoffman. Corporal Lorenz Staale. Corporal Peter Paulhummel. Corporal Martin Geier. Corporal Frederick Miller. PRIVATES. Michael Arnold, John Agel, Anzelm Anhalt, William Bauer, Jacob Bayer, Eugene Bruhl, John Brauer, John Beckman, John Borg, Henry Cron, Henry Elliott, Michael Eplinger, Joseph Fisher, John Fisher, Valentine Franzsell, Frederick Hoffman, Lorenz Kenner, Peter Krau- sen, Peter Mattern, Joseph N. Martin, John Mehlheimer, George Mumme, Sebastian Meyer, Joseph Neithammer, Phillip Pfenning, Lo- renz Redinger, Frederick Sauer, Frederick Schmalzigang, John Schmitz, Victor Schneider, William Spengler, Moritz Stabler, John Schroeder, Jacob Volkneiss, Adam Zeigler, Joseph Zeigler, Leonard Dobmeyer, John Hark, Bernhard Schmidt, William Zeller, Jacob Stuber, Peter Alex- ander, John Alexander, John Batz, John Belmer, Gottlieb Beiler, John Erbe, Henry Hiser, Frederick Holl, Joseph Hummeler, Herman Kier- stein, John Krause, Bernhard Lohrer, Bernhard Lottberg, John Lam- meshirt, Casper Meyer, Carl Muller, Frederick Oppermann, Frederick Remler, Joseph Schmidt, Conrad Waspermann, Nicholas Wickermann, Phillip Wagner, George Zeltner, Charles Zwangauf, Phillip Zugelhart, Matthias Zartheit. Killed in Battle. — Corporal John Shranker; Privates Phillip Fanzell, John Schneider, Nicholas Weber. Died. — Privates William Beekman, David Spath. Transferred. — Privates Conrad Bozer, Anton Brichler, George Doell, John Glatt, Martin Miller, Frederick Paul, Casper Boppinger, Henry Reekers, Charles Voight, Edward Arnbruster, Frederick Bebel, Adam Gebb, Joseph Kuntsli, Peter Rossman, Frederick Radsluff, Adam Roth, John Schatz, Casper Schier, George Watther. COMPANY B. (Veteran). COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Frank Birk. First Lieutenant Christopher Hildebrand. Second Lieutenant John Huser. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant August Kramer. Sergeant George Mayer. Sergeant August Gabe. Sergeant Herman Weigus. Sergeant Charles Studier. Corporal Gustave Haustein. Corporal Frantz Henbarger. Corporal Philip Hartin. Corporal Lorenz Rengel. Corporal George Weiss. Corporal John Valentine. Corporal August Brarin. PRIVATES. Franklin Angel, Joseph Brodbeck, Frederick Branch, Joseph Burk- hard, Philip Bruck, Frederick Bene, Gotlieb Borgman, Lewis Beck, Christian Borchhard, Henry Burch, Christian Bohling, Lewis Bechman, Ignatz Bauer, Upton Demeemoss, John Dietz, August Fisher, Charles Fisher, Charles Herman, George Huber, Anton Harpbrecht, Nicholas Huber, Adam Herman, John Harter, Valentine Jungman, George Kratzberg, Frank Lorb, David Kelly, Felix Kistner, William Koehler, George Locehel, Herman Lehman, Frank Mayer, John Mayer, Christian Mild, Lewis Martin, John Moehler, Peter Mohn, Joseph Post, Lewis Plotow, George Pastre, Herman Reichow, Gottlieb Ruoff, Jacob Roesch, Albert Shultz, Lorenz Stehman, Ignatz Straub, August Smilder, Antony Seiger, Michael Schoeffer, John Sohvam, Henry Steffen, John Sutter, William Schmidt, Friederich Vogel, John Weinfelder, Andrew Wilzenbacher, William Wickenieyer, Jacob Walz, George Bauer, August Deppe, Englebert Benzinger, Eha Dominionons, Friederich Kanmerling, Vinvenz Kistner, Leopold Kranskopf, Frederick Mayer, Michael Reis, Frank Seiger, Joaquin Ruhstaller, Adam Soberer, Joseph Sohieber, Peter Strawbinger. Died. — Privates Charles Lipp, Jeremiah Guttbroett. Privates Frederick Groetsinger, John Muebler. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Matthias Reiching. Captain Albert Traub. First Lieutenant August Fix. First Lieutenant John Roedel. Second Lieutentant Carlo Piepho. Second Lieutenant John Lang. Second Lieutenant Lewis Weitzel. Second Lieutenant R. M. Gutenstein. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Matthias Arnbruster. Sergeant Adam Benkert. Sergeant Ernst Rochwitz. Sergeant Peter Weibel. Corporal Martin Lippel. Corporal Sebastian Latscha. Corporal Frederick Brenner. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. IIS PRIVATES. Michael Barth, Christian Beery, Frederick Babel, Adam Berg, George Bolter, John Buhler, John Christ, Adam Delman, Henry Dryemgei, John Ergels, Fredericli Ertz, Adam Geht, Ludwig Gerhadl, Christian Hebstreath, Ferdinand Hock, Henry Heniminghaus, Henry Kinkier, Charles Kleppe, Henry Kull, Ludwig Laubert, Louis Lexan, Henry Lohmeyer, Fritz Loheide, John Meyer, Philip Meyer, Martin Meyer, George Mack, Franz Manning, Nicholas Rapp, John Schlatter, Chris- tian Schmidtbeyer, Jacob Schulde, Casper Squier, Frederick Stauffer, Philip Wrinmer, Ernst Zaeske, Christian Zehdter, Charles Kempt, William Geipman, Philip Hercher, Adolph Kuball, Henry Bruckmann, Charles Degan, Ernest Dietz, Jacob Gallinger, John Jones, Henry Kauffenbeyer, Fritz Neubeyer, Michael Rentz, Christian Reppig, Wil- William Straub. Killed in Battle. — Sergeant Mangus Bott; Private Fritzolin Gutswitler. Missing. — Private Ludwig Haaf. Died. — Privates Edward Ammon, Charles Dallhammer, Adolph Doer- ing, Peter Gengnager, Thomas Patton, Gottleib Schuhkraft, William Wittman. Privates George Bottel, Adam Baucher, Joseph Klaus, Matthias Doll, meyer, Philip Doosman, Jacob Demmeyer, John EUenberger, Pankratz Eberlein, George Francois, Ceorge Hempser, George Hummel, Edward Huse, Peter Hammel, John Keller, Meinrich Kelling, Bernet Kattlord, Charles Kopp, Sebastian Letsch, Benjamin Lohrback, Peter Lyndecker, Charles A. Ludorff, Adam Miller, Matthias Niemeyer, Emil Ohlenroth John Oppenheimer, Ferdinand Renker, Jacob Sachs, Joseph Seibert, first, Joseph Seibert, second, August Shieb, Jacob Saarbach, Henry Surencamp, Martin Thorwalder, Fritz Tobias, Beruh Will, John Wink- ler, Sebastian Wisch, Adam Zeigler. Transferred. — First Sergeant Michael Kline, Privates August Ben. zinger, Andrew Doll, John Dienhardt, Fritz Engelke, Wendelin Fisher^ Charles Gern, Frederick Hagenbuck, Jacob Halbauer, Ludwig Kirch- hofer, Franz Ladisch, Henry Rath, Joseph Roth. Veterans. — Sergeant August Kramer ; Corporal Thomas Hellriegel' Martin Bilber, Jacob DoUman, Henry Saal, John Straab. COMPANY c. (Veteran Battalion). CONMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Lieutenant George Lering. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Philip Hercher. Sergeant Christian Hauer. • • Sergeant Frank Center. Corporal Jacob Goetz. PRIVATES. Stephen Bueyer, Valentine Cornelius, Henry Dammeyer, Peter Doehm, John Goephard, Joseph Graf, William Geissman, John V. Hofman Nicholas Heinrich, Herman Kirchhof, Reinhard Kise, Rudolph Stu!. dor, John Burkhard, Frank Mund, George Hohenstein, Baptist Deutschle, Charles Werner, .George Kimmel, John Meikel, John Diem, Andrew Duerr, Frank Kuffner, Jacob Lattemer, Emanuel Seelos Adolph Kuball, Henry Hurst, Christian Dabbert. Transferred. — Sergeant George Rabb, Private Balthasar Mueller. Died. — Sergeant Peter Borg. Privates Jacob Bohmen, Ernest Roemler, Augustin Ringelein, Frank Schmidt, August Schwan. COMPANY D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Louis Fey. First Lieutenant Lanterbache Malte. First Lieutenant Samuel Rosenthal. First Lieutenant Deopold Markbreit. Second Lieutenant Heer Arnold. Second Lieutenant Gottlieb Hummell. Second Lieutenant Michael Klein. Second Lieutenant Michael Schmittheuner.. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Jacob Deep. Sergeant Herman Steinauer. Sergeant Henry Weber. Sergeant Charles Wickenhauser. Sergeant Albert Jehle. Corporal John Frey. Corporal John Diep. Corporal Adam Lawn. Corporal Lewis Kuhriel, Corporal John Duck, Corporal Henry Elfers. Corporal William Techudi. PRIVATES. John Bittner, Felician Brunner, George Beck, Jacob Blei, August Benziger, Peter Dimper, Frank A. Eberle, Joseph Fetz, Conrad Gasper, John Grass, Casper Hick, George Jacob, Adam Jutzi, David Isele, Jacob Koerkel, Christian Kripper, John G. Krichhofar, Ferdinand Lehmann, Jacob Lutzel, Christian Meinel, Christian Mair, Ferdinand MuUer, John Mar.\-, George Peter Oeirel, William Prestenbach, Andrew Zadenhauer, John Ruteneek, Peter Rossraan, William Rasch, William Stopburg, John Spaeth, ..Nicholas Schwartz, Ignatz Steinauer, Jacob Schumacher, Simon Schmidt, John Schuckel; Henry Terheide, John Weinsstein, Jolin Wohnhas, Peter Zius, Franz Flick, C. Renner, Wm. Eckerle, E. Erwig, Peter Frey, Michael Fleisch, Conrad Groth, Franz Graf, Andreas Gradel, Henry Heiser, John Hellwig, Henry Krenz- mann, Jpseph Lange, John Merig, John Neubacher, William Rhein- stadt, Frederick Otto Ross, Martin Seibert, Christian Welker, Frede- rick Wolzbacher, Frederick W. Tellhorster. Killed in Battle.— Privates Leopold Bauer, Ambrosius Fiedmann, Rudolf Hauserniann, Jacob Heitz, Philip Zeip. Died.— Sergeant Robert Simon; Privates Charles Graf, Martin, Kallin, Jacob Moreland, Philip Sauer, Lorenzo Schmidt. Discharged.— Corporals Frederick W. Alexander, Otto Mueller; Privates Rudolph Lrand, John Bruin, Adam Fauth, Jacob Hellwig, Valentine Jeggle, Joseph Kueenzli, George Matt, Joseph Molinari, Daniel Pfisler, Ferdinand Radeloff, William Seeger, Theodore Wagner, Frederick Wenz, Frederick W. Windscher, John Wilk. Transferred.— First Sergeants Ferdinand Holzer, Henry Raabe, John S. Schellenbaum ; Privates Joseph Brodbeck, John Deinhard, Jacob Diehl, George Ehret, Frederick Goetz, John Henle, Franz Fhck, Louis Koch, Joseph Kauffman, Herman Meyer, Sigmund Moasch, Joseph Molitor, John Molkmans, John Miller, Herman Roose, Adolph Schiller, Christian Volper, Frank A. Schneider, Frank Bohland, Bern- hart Durr, Joseph Hauser, John Hagel, George Lang, Joseph Moser, Henry Oldach, Peter Peifer, Ernst Roemler, August Ringelien, Domi- nick Ruhstaller, Henry Zimmerman. COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Arthur Forbriger. Captain Edwin Frey. First Lieutenant Alexander Bohlander. First Lieutenant John Amrein. First Lieutenant Conrad Sleicher. First Lieutenant Michael Kline. Second Lieutenant Albert Lioman. Second Lieutenant Louis C. Fintz. Second Lieutenant Charles Woelfer. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Conrad Bauer. Sergeant Maxwell Stedenford. Sergeant Joseph Huber. Sergeant Henry Schutz. Sergeant Charles Fuchs. Corporal John Brunler. Corporal Louis Metzler. Corporal Henry Schuchler. Corporal George P. Schmidt. Corporal John Hiller. Corporal Adam Wuest. PRIVATES. Philip Bottler, Herman Bohne, Christian Bermith, John Baer, Ernst Brenligan, William Brunner, Ernst Goelen, Michael Griganius, Chris- tian Hohn, Frederick Helbring, Bernet Heintz, Joseph Haringer, George Henzel, Theater Heanker, Andreas Jageman, Herman Jaeger, Joseph Kauffman, John Killer, Christian Kiehl, Frederick Koeing, John Leonhart, Henry Meinken, Leopold Meyer, Victor Neubacher, Michael Offenbacher, Henry Pfeming, William Rudiger, Tobias Rolher, John Sattler, John Schneider, Frederick Schilling, George Schmidt, Rudolph Schmidt, Bonafantune Stoeckle, Jacob Schaebel, Reinhart Sohindeldaker, John Schram, Jacob Theis, Gusjave Utten- dorfer. Killed in Battle. — First Sergeant Jacob Fintz; Corporaljoseph Gutz- willer; Privates Frank Klueber, Ferdinand Krause. n6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Died. — Louis Beeker, Benedict Hernick, Frederick Schafer, Frede- rick Nieman, Charles Winter. Discharged. — Corporals Henry Conrady, William Hundermark; Privates Ferdinand Anschutz, Henry G. Benninger, Matthias Dall- meyer, Henry Eberly, Wendelin Fischer, Frank Geiler, John Kempt- ner, Charles Loebi.xger, Joseph Meyer, John Neau, Frank Ortman, Isaiah Roedel, Henry Schwabe, Joseph Schearer, Philip I. Theis, John Eppinger, Louis Faas, Louis Gerhart, Charles Cross, |ohn Kelch, Henry Dunk, Gabriel Drescher, Julius L. Frenzel, Charles Feiberg, Jacob Geuener, George Grabath, Philip Heintz, Frederick Langfritz, Franz Pumpel, Emanuel Seelas, Adelbert Schafer, Ernst Schilling, John Peter Struber, George Winter, John Weitzman, Michael Zaal, Christian Hauer. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICEKS. Captain Henry Sommer. First Lieutenant Henry Zimmerman. First Lieutenant Charles Alexander. First Lieutenant Franz Schmidt. First Lieutenant Lewis Weitzel, First Lieutenant Henry Ocker. Second Lieutenant Martin Hauser. Second Lieutenant Conrad Schleiher. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant John Schueder. Sergeant Bernhart Svenker. Sergeant Michael Walluck. Corporal John Weber. Corporal August Dierker. Corporal Bernhart Vo'gel. Corporal Joseph Keller. Corporal Rudolph Renter. Corporal Frederick Leppe. PRIVATES. John Buchler. Gottlieb Dehmeil, Henry Dick, Gottlieb Ebinger, Andreas Ehman, Herman FrandhoiT, Frederick Foelsch, Jacob Franz- man, Robert Genge, Lewis Hahn, George Held, George Hertwig, Lewis John, George Kautzman, Christian KaLser, Jacob Klein, Albert Loop, Triah Luethy, John L. Mueller, George Muenster, John J. Mueller, Ferdinand Riedel, Frank Ringer, Frederick Shaefer, Lewis Scharegge, Christian Schatzman, John Thomas, Michael Verheclig, George Wuen- ger, Adolphus Wolf, Lewis Woelfer, Matthias Zimmerman, John Zink. Killed in Battle. — Henry Bettsheider, Eberhard Kreuter, Andrew Lucas, Christian Loeffler. Died. — Privates George Bertram, Frederick Huppert, Andrew Her- hamer, Lewis Lump, Charles Leanian, Lewis Wenz, David Wickers- himer. Discharged. — Privates Joseph Derhan, Nicholas Hoeple, Frank Hanzel, John Hottinger, August Woelfer, Jacob Mueller, William Holzhuch, Julius Swarzhoff, William Wuerker, Henry Jacoby, John Roth, Bernhart Lohe, George Rose, George Schaefer, Charles Mueller. Transferred. — Privates John Brockman, Herman Brunner, Michael Eslinger, Bernhart Horstman, Herman Zeiler, Adam Auentis, John Hildebrandt, Frederick Eyle, Franz Hemberger, John Jaegle, Nicholas Kloch, John Kramer, Christoper Kulhman, John Anton Mueller, John Rockendorf, John Mennnger. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Tobias Nagal. First Lieutenant Edwin Frey. First Lieutenant John Lang. First Lieutenant Albert Liomin. Second Lieutenant Emil Wilde. Second Lieutenant Ferdinand Holyer. Second Lieutenant George Benzing. Second Lieutenant Herman Raengsleyer. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Sergeant Balthaser Strassal. Sergeant Frank Leophold. Sergeant Phillip Weichrich. Sergeant George Lehmeig. PRIVATES. George Auker, Frederick Blackman, Langen Behringer, Peter Claude, Wilhelm Engel, John Forsbach, Gustave Frey, Charles Har- rold, Jacob Haag, John Halm, Wilhelm Jordon, Frederick Krebs, Theodore Keek, John Libbe, Henry Maassberg, Wilhelm Masser, Wilhelm Paulisch, John Rengel, Charles Reineald, Gerhardt Schlaffe, Valentine Schlasser, Joseph Strobel, Frederick Wolhile, Nicholas West- erman. Killed in Battle. — Christian Eisenhardt, Michael Hildebrandt, John Kling, Joseph Lang, Frederick Maassberg, Jacob Stein, Charles Schroe- der. Died. — John Kramer, Frederick Kern, Charles Thiele. Discharged. — Privates Charles Bolkhardt, Charles Cross, Daniel Chautemp, John Depp, Charles Ensfeld, John Huger, Frederick Kraub, Henry Lorenz, John Mainhardt, Phillip Jacob Peter, Frederick Scharlack, Uriah Stahl, Ignatz Schneider, Nicholas Schwarzman, Christian Stumpf, Theodore Weigers, Phillip Wegler, Frank Wolf, Henry Witz. Transferred.— Privates Bernhard Insferd, Diedrich Hessecker, John Happel, Frederick Kaifer, Frederick Reip, Bernhart Schmidt, Adam Hamlin, John Huser, Jacob Bohmen, Christian Burkhardt, Baptiss Deutshele, George Huber, Felix Kistner, Christian Mild, Joseph G. Prose, Igmy Straub, August Schnider, Adam G. Scherer, Frank Seeger, Anton Seiger, John Winfelder. COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICEKS. Captain Edith Bernhardt. Captain August Fix. First Lieutenant Charles Drach. First Lieutenant Herman Guthardt. Second Lieutenant Frank Schmidt. Second Lieutenant Henry Raabe. Second Lieutenant George Kappes. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Charles Blittersdorf. Sergeant William Grossman. Sergeant Charles Falk. Sergeant Clemens Schimmel. Sergeant Ferdinand Erdman. Corporal Ferdinand Hilderbrandt. Corporal Alexander Arnold. Corporal Valentine Hauck. Corporal Christian Kahle. Corporal George Mohr. Corporal John Nenninger. Corporal Charles Gfroerer. PRIVATES. Theodore Amett, Frederick Ahlers, Joseph Abath, Adam Anntius, Adrew Bracknuling, Joseph Baumler, Lorenz Bridenstein, Edward Britterle, Frederick Benneirtz, Andrew Byzrus, Adam Beck, Ernst Dienst, Michael Ergert, Frederick Flohr, Johji Graff, George Geier, Julius Grossman, John Gass, Adolph Guenther, Christian Hoffman, John Hardle. Henry Jacob, John Kissel, Charles Liebold, Phillip Lin- denfelser, Phillip Lipps, John Mueller, John A. Miller, Adam Mueller, Charles Perschmann, Gottlieb Rueff, Louis Seeger, John Schluter, John Schlup, Frederick Schmidtheuner, Jacob Schmelzle, George Stretz, John Seller, Jacob Sohittenhelm, Ferdinand Storr, Frederick Utrecht, Gregor Wolf, Henry Wilier. Killed in Battle. — Corporal Frederick Schneider; Privates Frederick Brandt, Louis Klapper, John Jacob, Frederick Noerthen. Died. — Corporal Christian Ballan; Privates William Feklenberg, Engelbert Winkler. Transferred. — First Sergeant Conrad Schleicher; Corporals R. Gurenstein, Ludwig Hohnstedt, Henry Oker; Privates Phillip Arnold, John Adel, Joseph Deyer, John Klein, Charles Kleppe, William Moser, Frederick Meyer, Edward Schombard, George Schulpraft, John Schnell, Reinhart Schindeldecker, Herman Angert, Stephen Bueger, Elias L. Bechman, Ignatz Bauer, Upton Demoss, Henry Dammier, Joseph Graf, John Geephart, Valentine J. Hoffman, Gustave Haustein, David Kelly, Henry C. Steffen, John Schramm, Charles Schwicke, Andrew Witzenbacher. COMPANY I. COMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Maurice Wesolouski. Captain Frederick Weising. First Lieutenant Stanislaus Gumwald. First Lieutenant Arnold Heer. J. J. Schellenbaum. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OIHO. 117 Second Lieutenant Anton Gradzike. Second Lieutenant Charles Miller. Second Lieutenant Edward Otto. Seeond Lieutenant Ernst Kudell. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Henry Mathews. Sergeant Lorenz Schelger. Sergeant Joseph Lippert. Corporal Joseph Spinner. Corporal John Fuzlien. Corporal John Scherer. Corporal John Frizlein. Corporal Louis Haas. Corporal Michael Goodling. Corporal Henry Bath. PRIVATES. John Braun, Henry Brinkman, Rudolph Buhler, Federick Dieterlen Andreas Doll, George Enth, Frank Fieke, John Fisher, Herman Gott- berg, Charles Haack, William Hanenshild, Valentine Hanenstein, Henry Haming, Conrad Hillenbrand, Bernhart Horstman, August Klausmeier, Louis Link, Joseph Loth, John Luttman, Herman Meyer, Frederick Miller, John Molke, Frederick NoUkemfer, Herman Nienierg, Henry Numberger, Gottlieb Oberfall, Adam Roth, John Rudolph, John Schwartz, August Steinboills, Casper Stein, Frank Schmidt, John Scheu- rer, Charles Weise, John Zaigler. Killed in Battle. — Corporal Engleberth Bush. Died. — Privates Ernest Guenther, Charles Kern, George Walter, Joseph Haight, Anthony Uzouwski. Discharged. — Sergeant Ernst Heller; Privates Joseph Brewer, Henry Kohler, Frederick Brick, John Schmidt, Gustave Rosenberg, Frederick Allbraicht, Christian Voelpel, Joseph Molitor, Frank Meyer, Peter Buthner, Conrad Roth, Gustave Hennish, Jacob Diehl Herman EfBng, Henry Miller, Charles Kudell, Joseph Rupp, Henry Kaiser, Louis Brockman. Transferred. — Privates Charles Dahlhammer, William Engel, John Huber, Louis Haaf, Frederick Herrman, John Haas, Frederick Napo- leon, Frederick Reuker, Moritz Stegle, Peter Claude, Ale.\ander Lands- berg, John Adel, Conrad Meller, Frank W. Argel, Valentine Cornehus, August Fisher, Frederick Groetzinger, Anton Harbrecht, Adam Herr- man, Leopold Kramphoff, Frank Kuffer, Charles Lipp, Louis Martin, John Miller, Louis Plotton, Joachim Ruhstaller. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain George Sommers. Captain Lautarbach Matte. Captain J. A. Heer. First Lieutenant Phillip Wick, First Lieutenant Carlo Peipho. First Lieutenant Lewis C. Frintz. Second Lieutenant Likas Shwank. Second Lieutenant Joseph Neubacher. Second Lieutenant Louis Gehrhard. Second Lieutenant Herman Kreningsberger. Second Lieutenant John Eppinger. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Robert Weusland. Sergeant John Goettler. Sergeant Conrad Belzing. Sergeant William Woehle. Sergeant Jacob Halbauer. Corporal Charles Bloessing. Corporal Louis Schwartz. Corporal Frank Reinhard. Corporal Christian Heldwin. '~ Corporal John Kuhule. Corporal Conrad Hoehn. PRIVATES. Henry Anlfus, Jacob Baly, John Bauer, Frederick Bewerkellen, John Berlsch, Jacob Breitmeir, Bernhart Brush, Robert Slwert, Jacob Gerein- ten, Frederick Goetz, John Hildebrand, Casper Hoeffling, Anton Huber, Casper Jochin, Nicholas Klock, Frederick Kop, Christian Kuhlman, Frederick Kuhlman, John Muller, Sigismund Moasch, John Malkmus, Herman Rose, Jacob Selb, John Sieman, Bernhart Schmidt, Frederick Schmidt, Joseph Tlamsa, Frederick Trimernier, Casper Voight, Lotzias Vanderberge, Lucius Votz, George Welmer, George Weber, Frederick Wurstybother, Bernhart Yiseuis, Frederick Sckottmiller. Killed in Battle. — First Sergeant Frederick Kuhlmann; Corporal Frank Miller; Privates John Adam Keller, Joseph Leipier, John Schnell, August Zoeller. Died — Privates John Gottschalk, Herman Saltter, John Stukler, ' Joseph Schwetzer. Discharged. — Sergeant Louis Harnold ; Corporal Franz Dacker ; Phillip Arnold, John Arnold, William Kuchmstedt, Ferdinand Rich- mher, William Na.^el, Charles Fix, Charles Fontimier, Frederick Eych, Michael Slack, Jacob Stoll, John Roggendorf. Transferred. —Privates Peter Buttner, Englehardt Busch, Henry Bell- ing, August Klausmier, Henry Brinkman, Henry Jacob, Henry Diebel, Herman Effing, John Fisher, John Grossman, John Graf, Michael Gretting, Nicholas Hoepler, Joseph Hart, Bernhart Hoffman, Vuter Hoff- man, Nicholas K.auffman, Bernhart Lohrer, Frederick Muller, John Maier, John Molker, Frederick NoUkamper, Henry Rosenberg, August Steinboch, George Schneider, Charles Spoettle, fgnatz Steinman, Fred- erick Story, Nicholas Westraan, George Hohenstein, John Harter, Herman Kirhshop, Reinhard Kist, William Koehler, Jacob Salterman, Balthasar Muller, Peter Mohr, Englebert Penzinger, Jacob Roesch, John Suiter, William Schmidt, Frank Schmidt, William Wickemeyer, Frederick Schottmiller; Corporals John Meikel, Peter Doehn. THIRTY-FOURTH OHIO INFANTRY. This was raised in the summer of 1861, and received at first the name of "Piatt Zouaves," in compliment to its colonel, Abraham S. Piatt. Its first service was in West Virginia, where it fought a battle ten days after arrival, near Chapmanville, defeating a Virginia regiment. The rest of the autumn and winter it was on guard and scout- ing duty. In May, 1862, it took part in the battle of Princeton, losing several men. September loth, while holding an outpost at FayetteviUe, with the Thirty-sev- enth Ohio, it was attacked by a large rebel force, and beat them off, but with heavy loss. It was then on garri- son duty until May, 1863, when it was furnished with horses and became a regiment of "mounted rifles." It was in the cavalry expedition against Wytheville, in which it bore a distinguished part. Two-thirds of the regiment "veteraned," in January, 1864, and took full part in the movements of that year in the valley of the Shenandoah and elsewhere in Virginia. It was in Sheridan's famous batde of Winchester; and was captured at Beverly by General Rosser, January 11, 1865, a few weeks after which the remnant of the old Thirty-fourth was consoli- dated with the Thirty-sixth Ohio at Cumberland, Mary- land, taking the name of the latter, and losing its identity thenceforth. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Austin T. Miller. First Lieutenant John Grace. Second Lieutenant Thomas Lawler. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant James Shiels. Sergeant James Colter. Sergeant Patrick Cassidy. Sergeant James Burns. Sergeant William Fitzpatrick. Corporal William Robbins. Corporal James Ryan. Corporal John Cassidy. Corporal John Fritz. Corporal George Guy. Corporal John Gorman. Corporal Lawrence Powers. Corporal William Sloan. PRIVATES. John J. Adams, Jesse H. Bloom, Willliam Burke, George W. Blair, James Burns, Barney Brenner, Daniel Barrett, Owen Bonner, Herbert ii8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Breman, William Campbell, Jasper Creekbaum, Michael Coleman, Hugh Callaghan, Charles Cope, Henry Crossman, Robert Carr, Peter Coney, David Coleman, Thomas Carr, Cornelius Desmond, Samuel M. Espy, Boyce Egan, James W. Evans, Patrick Flynn, Fenton Flanagan, John Fritz. James Farmington, William F. Fitzpatrick, Robert Finney, Sylvester Foy, John Gorman, George Guy, Joseph Grimes, Henry Gol- pen, Barney Harkins, Arthur Halpin, Michael Hines, Matthew Har- rington, Harvey Harris, Thomas Hackett, Josiah Jones, Gabriel Ken- nelly, Jacob Knoblow, Michael Long, Jonathan Lawrence, Joseph Maloney, Patrick Moore, William M. Martin. Patrick Mara, Patrick McGovern, James McKerne, Patrick McNaraara, John Murphy, Michael Lawler, John Laughlin, John Mason, James Mcintosh, Wil- liam McElfresh, Williarh T. Miller, James Nengle, Norvell Osborne, Michael O'Neal, William Price, Samuel Prather, Joseph Pierce, James A. Patten, Lawrence Powers, George Patterson, John S. Post, William Robbins, Patrick Ratliffe, Washington C. Reeves, James Ryan, John Reeves, Thomas Ryan, Benjamin Reeker, Henry W. Rockwell, Martin Rea, Daniel Robinson, Patrick Ryan, William H. Sutherland, Wesley Smitson, William Sloan, James Shafer, Patrick Sullivan, John Ste- phens, Washington Vennon, Robert Vance, George K. Weit, Robert Williams. THIRTY-SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY. This command dates from August, 1861. Its first colonel was Captain (afterward General) George Crook, of the regular army. Before he took command, six com- panies made a vigorous scout after guerillas in West Vir- ginia. During the winter, at Summerville, the regiment suffered greatly from sickness, having nearly fifty deaths by disease. May 23, 1862, it aided effectively in repell- ing an attack upon Lewisburgh. . In August, it was sent to join the army of the Potomac; was in the second battle of Bull Run, and the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. After the latter it was commanded, until his resignation in April, 1863, by Colonel E. B. Andrews, a prominent professor in Marietta college. In January, 1863, it joined the army of the Cumberland at Nashville, and participated in the battles at and preceding Chicka- mauga, where it lost very heavily. It also won the right to inscribe "Mission Ridge" upon its banners. Returning to Virginia it participated in a number of minor actions, was in the severe engagement at Barryville, September, 3d, in other actions on the 19th and 22d, and in the bat- tle of Winchester, October 19th. After the merging of the Thirty-fourth in it, the consolidated regiment served without much fighting in northern Virginia until July 22, 1865, when it was mustered out of service and returned to Ohio. THIRTY-SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY (Veteran) COMPANY A. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Corporal James K. Shaffer. PRIVATES. William Brunaugh, Cornelius, Bonlevare Leonidas Bonlevare, Wilson Donhara, George Ewing, Albert Fagan, William Johnson, Henry Long, Samuel Medcalf, James Ryan, Thomas Thompson. COMPANY B. PRIVATES. Charles Taucher, Elias S. West. COMPANY C. PRIVATES. Thomas Flanagan, Martin Graves, Thomas Hayward, Lewis A. McKibben, Wesley McKibben, John Mack, John Walsh. COMPANY E. PRIVATES. Joseph Higginbotham, Abraham Miller. COMPANY F. PRIVATES. Frank M. Blessing, William H. Crooks, William Evans, Alvin Nei- dugor, Jacob Smith. COMPANY G. Corporal Philip Rich, Private Martin Schwartz. COMPANY H. PRIVATES. Charles Crook, John Halley. COMPANY I. Sergeant E. M. Smith. COMPANY K. Private Manasseh Wood. THIRTY-SEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY. — COMPANY A. Private George L. Achemor. COMPANY H. Private Wendlin Hauselmann. COMPANY K. Private Victor Frey. THIRTY-NINTH OHIO INFANTRY. The Thirty-ninth rendezvoused at Camp Colerain in July, 1861, Seven companies were here mustered into the service, July 31st; three days after, the regiment marched to Camp Dennison, where the remainder were mustered in. It was the first Ohio regiment to join General Fremont's forces in Missouri, where it went on guard-duty in early September, along the North Missouri railroad. Five companies marched with General Sturge's to the relief of Lexington, but did not reach it in time, though moving rapidly and suffering severely. No- vember 9, it joined the army of General Hunter at Springfield, marched with it to Sedalia and Syracuse, where it remained through December and January. The next month, a long and peculiarly severe march was made to St. Louis, whence the regiment was taken to Com- merce, to join the army of General Pope. It took part in the operations by which New Madrid and Island Number 10 were captured, and in April joined General Halleck's army at Hamburgh Landing, on the Tennessee river. It was engaged in many skirmishes, losing con- siderably, until the evacuation of Corinth, which it was one of the first regiments to enter. A few weeks were then spent in guarding railroads. It took part in the battle of luka and in the pursuit of the enemy, returning to Corinth in time to engage in the battle of October 3 and 4. In early November, it joined the army under General Grant, at Grand Junction, Tennessee, and was much engaged in skirmishes and reconnoissances. De. cember i8th, it moved by rail to Jackson, Tennessee, to check Forrest's movements in the rear of Grant. On the thirty-first, Forrest was met and defeated at Parker's cross roads, when the regiment moved back by very severe marching to Corinth. It remained there till April, 1863, when it joined General Dodge's expedition to the Tuscumbia valley. In May it removed to Memphis, and in October to Prospect, Tennessee, where, Decem- ber 27th, five hundred and thirty-four of its men were re- mustered as veterans, receiving the usual furlough for thirty days. Again assembling at Camp Dennison, it received a reinforcement of one hundred and twelve re- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 119 emits. Its subsequent service was with the Fourth di- vision of the Sixteenth corps, under General Dodge, in northern Alabama and the campaigns through Georgia and the Carolinas. It was in the actions at Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Nicojack Creek, and Atlanta, and the pursuit of Hood as far as Galesville, Alabama, whence it returned to Marietta, where, in November, it was paid for the first time in nine months and thoroughly re-equipped. It 'did effective work destroying railroads during the march to the sea. At Pocotaligo, South Carolina, it received two hnndred and four recruits. During the march of Sherman's army northward, it was engaged at Rivers' bridge, on the Salkehatchie, at Cheraw, and at Bentonville. The march to Washington city and the grand review were passed without special incident. The regiment was mustered out of service at Louisville, July 9, 1865. Its record is considered highly honorable, in that it gave to the veteran organization more men than any other regiment from Ohio, and never once turned its back upon the enemy. Its chaplain, the first year of its service, was the famous Sunday-school missionary. Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, who did much to give the regiment character for religion and temperance. Bible readings and prayer regularly char- acterized the dress parade; and a "Christian Brother- hood" and temperance society were maintained by the regiment, including, it is said, almost every member of company K. FIELD AND STAFf. Colonel John Groesbeck. Lieutenant Colonel Albert W. Gilbert. Major Edward Noyes. Chaplain B. W. C. Widlaw. Suigeon Oliver W. Nixon. -Assistant Surgeon Thomas W. McAethur. Sergeant Major Henry A. Babbitt. COMPANY A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Christian A. Moyan. First Lieutenant Willard P. Stoms. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Daniel Weber. Sergeant John B. Ryan. Sgereant Frank Fortman. Sergeant Eli G. Vincent. Sergeant Horace G. Stoms. Corporal Joseph Pancoast. Corporal Benjamin Miller. Corporal Alfred Carle. Corporal Andrew Vincent. Corporal John Leach. Corporal Charles Richards. Corporal Palmer Holland. Corporal Edwin McCollough. Musician Jackson White. Musician John Whetstone. PRIVATES. John W. Andrews, James Baker, Josiah Bartlett, Robert Bollman, Joseph Bowman, Frank Bowman, Patrick O'Brian, William H, Brown, George Benson, Oliver Brown, David Carle, Frank Clements, Spencer Cooper, Oliver G. Coffin, Algomah Cooley, George Close, Charles Emery, John German, Hamilton J. Gregg, Antone Gardner, Ludwig Griess, Thomas Hiiie, Thomas A. Hays, William Hobson, James Hunter, Jasper Keeler, Sohn Langsdon, John Lanyan, John Manser, Levi E. Marsh, John W. Masterson, William May, Thomas G. Mears' Joseph H. Menke, John W. Miller, George Miller, Nathan Netterfield, James O' Neil, Edmund Pancoast, Henry Peck, George W. Kyan, Andrew Robinson, David F. Silver, Florence D. Simpson, James Smith, Benjamin Smith, Jacob Spinning, James Tate, Isaac Taylor, Homer Turrell, Andrew Wachsteter, Oscar Warnick, Robert M. C. Watson, Andrew Wateman, John S. Willey, Frederick Hoes- man. COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Lieutenant John S. Hooker. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant John D, Holcomb. Sergeant William N. Chapman. Sergeant William G. Feybeyer. Corporal John S. Lowe. Corporal Jeremiah Hale. Corporal Uriel B. Chambers. Musician John Hall. PRIVATES. William Armstrong, William W. Berry, Ale.xis Brown, David Beyert, George Bermond, William H. Carpenter, George Collins, Martin V. B. Clark, John Carter, George Crain, Patrick Downey, Frank Deitz, Wil- liam H. Ferrill, Martin Fleig, Charles Gautier, John Gorman, Flavius J. Gorling, David Hailgarder, Oscar Hotaling, William D. Harwood, Abram Hart, John Jones, Nathan Lynn, William L. Miller, John Mor- ton, William Mortimer, Andrew B. Mallott, George W. McKane, James Palmer, Nathan Purdy, James A. Quigley, John Rouscher, Jo- seph W. Rice, Joseph Rittenhouse, Charles Richardson, John Sweeny, William Sheets, Richard Snyder, John Winnings, Henry Westerman, Hewson Williams, William H. Williams, Joseph D. Weaver. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Lieutenant Ethan O, Hurd. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Henry Holland. Corporal Caspar Kraus. Corporal Charles Lindenstruth. Corporal Barney Schulze. PRIVATES. Frederick Appeiius, John Augst, Fidel Baschnagel, Joseph Basch- nagel, Joseph Deschamp, Louis Dhorn, Christian Daniels, Joseph Daub, Louis Griep, Christian Geiges, John Hoy, William Hangs, Michael Rattler, Roman Heiberger, Matthias Isele, Joseph Miller, Anton Wein- shot, Charles Mavers, Parker D'OrviUe, August Simon, Theodore SchuUer, Jacob Storm, Theobald Schwem, Henry Schulthenry, Mat- thias Schmit, Jacob Spinner, Valentine Theabold, Henry Westman, Hewson Williams, June Weaver, Simon August, William H. Williams, Hubert Zeien. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain James W. Pomeroy. First Lieutenant William H. Lathrop. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant William H. Williams. Sergeant Wuriahar Holfner. Sergeant George W. Staufford. Sergeant David Sypher. Sergeant William Auschute. Corporal William Haller. Corporal William R. Beebe. Corporal Nicholas Maringer. Corporal Paul Goudy. Corporal Aaron L. Hopper. Corporal Isaac N. Girlett. Corporal James A. Smith. Corporal William H. H. Yancey. PRIVATES. Steven Aarnot, David Alston, Charles Brown, Peter Brown, John M. Butler; Frank Bruner, John C. Bellman, John H. Boekamp, John C. Coleman, Henry C. Copas, James Cuningan, Thomas L. C. Casey, Henry C. Covek, Thomas E. Dean, Noah Frazee, Matthias Fry, Solo- mon Foster, Edward Ferden, Peter Grover, Joseph Holland, John Idone, James W. Jones. Francis M. Kaebor, Edward Kavanan, Rein- hart Kleinheim, Matthias Kuhn, James Love, Thomas P. Lloyd, Pat- rick McGuire, Bernard McLaughlin, Charles R. Mayhew, Henry A. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Matson, Richard Owens, Robert S. Pomeroy, Janies Priedville, James Palmer, Williams Panneal, Joseph Reinhart, Francis Rahshopf, Mich- ael Renty, Emil Schmidt, Isasa F. Seal, Nicholas Shean, Michael Schwab, William Schumtler, George W. Summerfield, Lemuel Stevens, John Sharp, Kasper Stang, Richard A. Taylor, Alexander D. Vaughn, Joseph Weaver, William Snyder, Lawrence Winters, Thomas Williams, John D. Witterbauld, John Wilking, Lewis Pfaff, Amborse Bickeil, John Rantz, George Weinnaman, Henry Baker, Philip Wilking, Chris- tian Menster, Frederick Every, Jacob Henry, Eepple Valentine, Henry Leinhard, Henry Lenige, Jacob Lancel, Henry Crooker, Lewis Shaw, John Shelley, William Seals, Henry Gableman, Abraham Hopper, John W. Johnston, Thomas Alfred, John Cooke, John Helfrich. COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICEKS. First Lieutenant Charles Y, Sedani. Second Lieutenant Harlan A. Edwards. FORTY-SEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY. The formation of the companies of this regiment was begun very early; but the old rule of the regular army, that a full company must be raised before the men can be mustered, hindered its organization. Hon. Charles F. Wilstach, since mayor of Cincinnati, lent his energies to its formation, and it was known from him as the "Wilstach regiment." July 29th, companies A and B were mustered in, and the remainder, of the regiment, August 13th. It was a cosmopolitan command, thirteen nationalities being represented in it, though six compa- nies were composed mostly of Americans, and the re- maining four of Germans. Frederich Poschner, jr., an ex-Prussian officer and Hungarian revolutionist, became its colonel. It joined the little army of Rosecrans in West Virginia in August, and made an exhausting march of eighteen miles the first afternoon. At Bulltown the Forty-seventh was brigaded with the Ninth and Twenty- eighth Ohio, in Colonel R. L. McCook's "Bully Dutch brigade." All the regiment, except company B (left in garrison at Sutton), took part in the battle of Carnifex Ferry. An extremely exposed and inclement encamp- ment on Big Lewell mountain followed, but it was by and by in better quarters at New Market, where it sus- tained a ^severe bombardment, during four days, from Floyd's rebel batteries. The Forty-seventh was here almost continually engaged in skirmishing with the rebels. After Floyd's retreat it went into winter quarters on Gauley mountain. September 19th, three companies, in command of Lieutenant Colonel Elliott, moved to Cross Lanes and spent some months in breaking up guerilla bands. December 5th, the regiment was reunited at Gauley mountain, and passed the remainder of the win- ter building fortifications, except in January, when it took part in ajsuccessful expedition against the enemy at Lit- tle Lewell mountain. In May four companies, with some cavalry, made another very fortunate raid at Lewis- burgh. At Meadow Bluffs the Twenty-seventh with the Twenty-sixth and Forty-fourth Ohio, formed the third provisional brigade of the Kenawha division. June 23d it forced General Loring from Monroe county, Virginia, to retire to Salt Pond mountain, and captured large amounts of stores. This march of ninety miles in the heat of summer, occupied but three days, and was very hard on the force, many of which were prostrated with sunstroke and exhaustion. Various operations against the guerillas and for other purposes consumed the months till the retreat to Gauley bridge in September, when the regiment was largely instrumental in saving the Federal forces from capture. December 30th it was embarked for Memphis. Here it was placed in the Third brigade, Second division. Thirteenth corps, and joined the expedi- tion against Vicksburgh. May 19th and 22d it was in the impetuous assault on Cemetery Hill and lost heavily. During most of the siege its camp was only three hun- dred yards from the main line of the enemy, and the pickets were so close they could almost bayonet each other. After the city was taken the regiment aided in the pursuit of Johnson's force, in the capture of Jackson, and in the destruction of the fortifications and railways about that city. It returned with its corps to Memphis the latter part of September, and was started for Corinth October 9th, as train guard. Shortly thereafter it moved near Chattanooga, and was engaged upon the extreme left in the battle of Chickamauga. It then marched to the relief of Burnside at Knoxville, scantily clothed and fed, many marching shoeless over the frozen ground and leaving their blood in their tracks. January 30, 1864, it was sent in an expedition against Rome, Georgia, and had a spirited skirmish. At Larkin's Landing, the next month, three-fourths of the men re-enlisted, and it thus became a veteran regiment, was mustered as such March 6th, and took its thirty days' furlough, arriving at Cincin- nati on the 2 2d. By May 3d it was again at the front, this time at Stevenson, Alabama, from which it moved in a few days to the Atlanta campaign. In this it partici- pated in the affairs at Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Kings- ton, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw, and Ezra Church. It was in the pursuit of Hood to the rear of Atlanta, upon which it was joined by four hun- dred conscripts and substitutes ; was in the famous march to the sea, and at the capture of Fort McAlister, in which its colors were the first to be planted on the works; took part in the occupation of Savannah, the march through the Carolinas, and the great review at Washington. It was then ordered to Arkansas, and served till August nth, when it was mustered out, but not paid off and dis- charged until August 24, 1866, when it had served four years, two months, and nine days, and campaigned through all the Star States except Missouri, Florida and Texas. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Frederick Poschner. Lieutenant Colonel Lyman S. Elliott. M.ajor Augustus C. Parry. Adjutant John G. Deerbeck. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Captain Samuel L. Hunter. First Lieutenant Lewis D. Graves. Second Lieutenant John W. Duichemin. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant John H. Brown. Sergeant Hiram Durrell. Sergeant ElishaJ. Kneeland. Sergeant George W. Perphater. Sergeant John Turner. Corporal Alexander Nesmith. Corporal John W. A'laxfield. Corporal Claude Baker. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Corporal Albert Lann. Corporal Jerry Miller. Corporal William Everson. Corporal Michael Haumer. Corporal George Wisbey. Drummer Enos Anderson. Fifer Cortland Rapp. Wagoner John Breckenridge. PRIVATES. Frank Abbey, George Bower, John Bechler, Robert M. Burnard, Zachariah Bermann, Julius Jennetts, David G. Brookman, Ceorge H, Brown, James Clark, James Cope, John Cook, Morris Davis, Henry Duverge, Charles Dagner, Jacob Fiechle, Frederick Graanoyel, Joel Grimm, George Geiger, Louis Hener, Daniel Hessel, Charles W. Hos- ley, William Henderson, William Harrison, Samuel Johnston, Charles J. Jackson, Jacob Knecht, Daniel Kline, Clem Lawrence, Jacob Lep- pert, Joseph Levens, Michael Long, Alonzo Mateer, William McAllis- ter, James Melvine, Arthur McDonnell, Edward Morin, Lewis Miller, William Nocker, Charles Robinson, Alexander Ravie, Matthew Rhen- aker, Surfein Reif, August H. Seibel, Ezekiel Stewart, Henno Seidel, Louis Schottinger, Charles Stewart, Henry Schuske, Henry Schneider, Christopher Smith, Thomas W. Spencer, William Tucker, Joseph Foitch, Frank Vandame, Jacob Whitsel, Henry Weber, Henry Wed- dendorf, George Walters, George Wisler, Frank White, Benjamin F. Wallace, William H, Wright, John Walken, George Young. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Alexander Froelich. First Lieutenant John G. Dierbeck. NON-COMMISSrONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Felix Wagner. Sergeant Louis C. Koehl. Sergeant August Hund. Sergeant Adolph Ahlers. Sergeant Jonas Meyer. Corporal Henry Schroeder, Corporal William Cross. Corporal John H. Stegmann. Corporal Ehrnard Kupfer. Corporal John Weil. Corporal Julius Foerster. Corporal Alfred Pels. Corporal Bantalion Nutischer. Fifer William Buckhaus. Drummer Frederick Schmidt. Wagoner Anton Rothers. PRIVATES. Benjamin Avermaat, Hermann Ahlensdorf, Henry Asgelmeyer, Frederick Ackermann, Thomas Baer, John Bruckers, Theodore Binder, Alonzo Brown, Henry Braun, John Bohlinger, John Becker, Reinhold Berndt, Gottlieb Berndt, Martin Cross, John R. Craig, Frederick Ger- lack, Jacob Goebel, Louis Giranr, Carper Huber, L. Hammer, Mat- thias Hunninger, Casper Hoffling, Louis Hinke, Peter Helbriegel, Conrad Hering, Friedrich Hoffman, Btasius Hecht, Henry Jacke, Adam Jebeyahn, Peter Jenrivein, Charles Holb, William Maesemeyer, John Knapp, Charles Kohlbrandt, Victor Koeht, Anton Kern, Charles Luderig, Emil Lesker, Gustav Lellman, John Baptist Lieb, Friedrich Mesker, Frederick Mossman, Louis Muller, Hermann Morath, Louis Mund, Joseph Maus, Jacob Ottlieb, John Rattermann, Philip Roth, Joseph Rom, Samuel Stillmacher, Ernst Schuller, Charles Schmidt, Jacob Schneider, Frederick Schumacker, Jacob Sprengart, Louis Schmidt, George Stoly, Charles Schub, Bernhart Siener, Jacob Theil- maun, Robert Williams, William Wiggermann, Clem Willenberg. Private John Bowen. COMPANY F. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Valentine Rapp. Lieutenant Isidore Wonns. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant William H. Kor. Sergeant Samuel F. Campbell. Sergeant Lewis Brown. Sergeant Ferdinand Schwecke. Sergeant Jacob Kamerer. Corporal George Wedemezer. Corporal Frederick Hoff. Corporal Valentine Camerer. Corporal Charles Jeckel. Corporal Nicholas Kraft. Corporal August Scheiss. Corporal James Archibald. Corporal William Simbruger. Drummer John Loth. Fifer Theodore Weegers. Wagoner Jacob Mitter. PRIVATES. Joseph Berdell, Henry Brokers, Charles Bondits, August Beverman, John Blohm, Herrmann Bercker, Anthony Bechtolsheimer, William Cope, Albert Crest, Thomas Dangelmeier, Frederick Dechhaut, George Dorgens, John Denbler, Frank Englehart, Weldi Tidell, Adam Fres- bom, Henry W. Gott, Francis Gyler, John Gleason, William Hartig, Henry Hoffman, Jacob Hotzbiner, Henry Heitkamp, Peter Hahler, Barney Hopping, Henry Hoddle, Franklin B. Kline, Philip Kausler, Frederick Kerstuer, Ludwig Kemmer, Charles Kuhl, William King, Louis Remmerg, Henry Klapp, Charles F. Konig, John Lerhart, Jo- seph Long, Frederich Lepier, Caspar Lier, John Leopold, Hugh Mc- Cord, George Myer, Frank Mitter, George H. Mitter, Frederick Pfeiffer, Adam Rengler, Henry Rickway, Charles Rottman, Henry Rie- meyer,. Jacob Schram, Joseph Schmit, Adam Schneider, Joseph Schmidt, Louis Schoeffer, John Shassel, Adam Schwarr, Edward Schmidt, William Stener, John Simon, Charles Schock, George Thomp- son, David Tucker, Henry Tunemann, John Wymer, John Weidinger, Peter Wettschein, Henry Wendell, Henap Welch. COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Charles Helmerich. Lieutenant William Ducebeck. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant George Zeigler. Sergeant Jacob Wetterer. Sergeant Henry Lettmann. Sergeant Gottfried Meyer. ^ Sergeant William Augstmann. Corporal Louis Schweigert. Corporal Charles Roth. Corporal Christopher Schifferling. Corporal Adolph Grimm. Corporal Andreses Koch. Corporal John Wagner. Corporal Frank Schaupp. Corporal John Rosier. PRIVATES. Christopher Arnecht, John Howen, Albert Berblinger, George Bruns, Anton Breier, Anton Bechtolsheimer, Henry Brann, Charles Baier, John Conrad, Franz H. Centner, Rudolph Dutweiler, Charles Dan, Rudolph Etter, Leonhaid Eble, Franz Flamin, Jacob Frank, Ernst Graf, Henry Grenlich, Ulrich Grogg, George Grossman, Ernst Hener, Daniel Hesse, Jacob Herrmann, Herman Heller, Charles Heller, Fred- erick Hiltbracht, Benjamin Hoff, Jacob Horlacher, Christian Hesse, John Konig, Peter Krappe, William Kohlenberg, Samuel King, Franz John Leisie, George Luber, Christian Musbeck, Janney Muller, John Muneister, Theodore Ohle, Gottlieb, Pepper, George Pfeifer, Joseph Pressler, Sigismund Pfeffer, Anton RuUe, John Romhild, Henry Schuh- mann, Frederich Sanbarschwarl, Joseph Spener, John Schadler, Wil^ liam Schaperhlaus, John Schwanzel, Charles Schoch, Henry Stomberg, John Spahr, Albrecht Spahr, Frederick Schneider, Nicholas Volker, John Wellman, Matthias Weibel, Charles Weiland, Jacob Windstrig, Sidwell Woolery, Joseph Wagner, BonifazYudell, PhilippZinn, Michael H. Zeigler. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Lieutenant Charles Haltenhof. First Lieutenant Frederick Fischer.i NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Frederick Seidel. Sergeant Henry Premfoerder. Sergeant George'Hoefer. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Corporal Henry Beckman. Corporal John Bischhausen. Corporal Nicholas Joerns. Corporal Jacob Huleer. Corporal Henry Fass. PRIVATES. John Adams, Henry Arnold, William Borch, Conrad Bezok, Henry Broeckerhoff, Barney Broeckerhoff, Ignatz Dall, John Dall, Andrew Dendertein, Sebastian Fe\ix, Goldschmidt, John Herrmann, Henry Herrman, Michael Huber, Anton Hornung, Michael Hare, Phil- lipp Joos, Nicolas Krichheiner, Charles Loeffler, John J. Martin, John J. Martin, 2d, John Adam Miller, Frank Moos, Charles Nieman, Charles Numberger, Henry Overmeyer, Henry Kojahn, Ulrich Kaidy, Frederick Rath, Adam Rade, Charles Sureck, Nicolas Schmidt, Udolph Scheven, Frederick Sturmes, Martin Van Damm, Albert Voelkle, Louis Walker, John Wild, George Wingerter, Adam Wenzel, Peter Zang. FORTY-EIGHTH OHIO INFANTRY. Organized at Camp Dennison, February 17, 1862, the Forty-eighth was soon dispatched to General W. T. Sher- man's command at Paducah, whence it was taken up the Tennessee river to Pittsburgh Landing. It was com- manded by Colonol W. H. Gibson, now adjutant gen- eral of the State. April 6th it was heavily engaged all day, and it is believed that a shot from its lines caused the death of General Albert Sydney Johnston, command- er of the rebel army in this battle. On the second day it was also in action, and suffered severely, losing about one-third of its men in the two-days' fight. Its subse- quent battles were at , Corinth, Vicksburgh, Arkansas Post, Magnolia Hills and Champion Hills, Vicksburgh again in two assaults under Grant, Jackson, the Bayou Teche, and Sabine Cross Roads. In the last action, the remnant of the Forty-eighth was captured, and not ex- changed until October, 1864, after which it took part in the capture of Mobile. A majority of the old regiment had re-enlisted as veterans, but only one hundred and sixty-five men remained in it at the close of the war. They were ordered on duty in Texas, and not mustered out of service until May, 1866. COMPANY F. PRIVATES. Edward Byer, Charles Burger, Samuel Ellis, Benjamin Gibbs, John J. Kane, Paul Jones, Patrick Keany, Crogin Lowry, Philip McGuire, Thomas O'Rouke, Rhody Ryan, Wentlen Shiels, William Wright, Alfred Nichols, Charles McHugh, Joseph Payne. COMPANY G. PRIVATES. John H. B. France, John Maladay. \ COMPANY H. PRIVATES. Frank Kingsley, Robert Wiley, James D. Wolf. COMPANY I. PRIVATES. Edward Byer, Paul Jones, John J. Kean, Charles M. Hugh, Wend- lin Sherlis. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Samuel G. W. Peterson. Second Lieutenant Cyrenneus P. Pratt. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Corporal Francis M. Swaney. PRIVATES. John W. Bolinger, James E. Bolinger, John Blake, Patrick Casey, William J. Helms, Thomas E. Hill, Charles L. Hill, Hiram H. Hill, Nicholas Irelan, Richard Jones, John Kean, Charles Keever, Edward Kinney, Frank A. Kingsly, Joshua Lee, Joseph M. Glashan, Micha el Mooney, Jacob O'Dee, James O'Donnell, John Riley, William H. H. Rilse, Henry C. Stewart, Robert Wiley, James D. Wolf, James Daily, Joseph Delaney, James Douglas, Joseph Enderly, Philip M. Everhard, Mark Erway, Peter Farland, Barney Galager, Patrick Conners, James Carney. FIFTIETH OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Camp Dennison, and mustered into service August 27, 1862. It numbered an aggregate of nine hundred and sixty-four men, gathered from the State at large. The Fiftieth was assigned to the Thirty-fourth brigade. Tenth division, McCook's corps. On the first of Octo- ber it moved out of Louisville, and on the eighth went into the battle of Perryville. In this engagement, a loss was sustained of two officers killed and one mortally wounded, and one hundred and sixty-two men killed and wounded. During the army's advance on Nashville, the regiment was at Lebanon, then the base of supplies. We afterward hear of it in pursuit of John Morgan, and still further in the building of Forts Boyle, Sands, and McAllister. On Christmas day, 1863, it was ordered to Knoxville, Ten- nessee. The route lay eastward to Somerset, Kentucky, and thence southward, crossing the Cumberland river at Point Isabelle. On the first day of the year, 1864, movement began across the mountains. In the severest winter weather, the men dragged the artillery and wagons over the moun- tains by hand, slept on the frozen ground, in rain and snow, without shelter, and subsisted on parched corn. Soon after arriving at Knoxville, it received orders to join General Sherman's army at Kingston, Georgia. From the twenty-sixth of May till after the siege of Atlanta, the regiment was almost constantly in line of battle. It shared in all the movements of the campaign, and participated in the actions at Pumkinvine Creek, Dallas, New Hope Church, Lost Mountain, Pine Moun- tain, Kenesaw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Nicojack Creek, Chattahoochie River, Howard House, Atlanta, and Jones- borough. During this campaign, the ranks of the regi- ment were sadly thinned. Following the battle of Jonesborough, in pursuit of Hood's army, the regiment passed through Marietta, Kingston, Rome, and at last halted for a few days on the Coosa river, at Cedar Bluffs. On the thirtieth of November it arrived at Franklin, Tennessee. It went into the battle that followed with two hundred and twenty-five men, and came out with one hundred and twelve. It fell back with the army to Nash- ville, and in the engagements that occurred there on the fifteenth and sixteenth of December, lost several more of its men. The regiment followed the retreating rebels as far as Columbia, Tennessee, where it was consolidated with the Ninety-ninth infantry, the name of the "Fiftieth" being retained. We now hear of the newly consolidated regiment in Clifton, Tennessee, at Fort Fisher, Wilmington, Kings- ton, Goldsborough, Raleigh, Greensborough, and at last in Salisbury, North Carolina, where it was mustered HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 123 out on the twenty-sixth of June, 1865. On the seven- teenth of July, the regiment reached Camp Dennison, Ohio, where the men were all paid and discharged. COMPANY A. Musician Alexander Tittle. COMPANY B. PRIVATES. John Hall, William Herbert, Wesley I. Jeffries, John F. Riley, Wil- liam Stiles, George W. Garrinkton, John B. McCloud. COMPANY D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain John Carr. First Lieutenant John S. Conahan, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant John McGovern. Sergeant John Arnold. Sergeant Jacob Metzger. Sergeant Charles C. Lees. Sergeant Henry Hensel. Corporal John W. Jearl. Corporal Henry Benstaker. Corporal Edward Davis. Corporal August Reis. Corporal William Whittaker. Corporal Richard Prestel. Corporal Jacob Weist. Corporal John Wing. PRIVATES. John Ardis, Wesley Ackerman, Edward Bradley, Thomas Bradley, Joseph Boltman, Peter Berlin, John W. Black, William Bendingstock, Thomas Bannon, James Brennan, Patrick Burns, Joseph B. Bollinger, Charles Basone, Richard Bernhard, Charles A. Chappelear, George Coleman, William Cahill, Patrick Duffy, George C. Drake, John Engle- hard, Christopher Elliott, Patrick Fitzpatrick, Lawrence Finnegan, Michale Fortune, John Glascon, James Gray (musician), William Gib- son, Christopher Greate, Thomas Gallagher, John Gallagher, William Hefferman, Griffith Hemphill, Frederick Hooper, John Holled, John D. Jewell, Henry Kulper, Hamilton Kennett, Grotlob Keller, Law- rence King, William Kruger, Jacob Keifer, John Lemon, Louis F. Lowe, William Lunsford, James Mooney, Alexander McDonald, Hugh McCleavey, Bernard McGonigle, William Molliter, Hugh McClelland, John Maher, John V. Mozers, John Morris, John Mahoney, George Pollock (musician), Eugene Piquet, Crawford W. Rolf, James Red- mond, William Ludlow, Stephen Saberlie, Michael Scott, Michael A. Scolly, Hiram Taylor, Joseph Taylor, Henry Tenneymaker, James R. Vaughn, William F. Whittaker, Michael Welch, John Wilson, William Young, Charles Stillinger, Henry Sohreiver, James Wilson, William Gerhart, John Reifer, Richard William, William Worland. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Second Lieutenant Robert R. Moore. PRIVATES. David K. Anderson, Jesse W. Adams, Corodorn Cook, Israel P. Con- roy, Simon Footer, Peter Gorman, Robert H. Griffith, Alexander H. Gody, William Harrison, William Jackson, Charles Johnson, Levi Jones, Harry Jones, Samuel Jones, Peter Loman, Samuel Muraloch, Peter Murry, Nathan Parker, George Phers, Girard P. Riley, Alexan- der H. Reed, Jacob Rennet, Richard Slocum, Henry H. Speigg, An- drew Steele, Samuel Thompson, John H. Tyson, Phillip Wilson, Bar- nard White, Henry Wooster, Stephen Yates. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain J. W. Cahill. Second Lieutenant Anthony Anderson. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Martin V. B. Little. Sergeant Elias C. Stancliff. Sergeant Joseph H. Roche. Sergeant John L. Israel. Sergeant Charles I. Medbury. Corporal James Tolks, Corporal William Green. Corporal WiUiam R. Lindsey. Corporal Jacob Honance. Corporal Francis M. Tazin. Corporal Henry Helmering. Corporal Albert Day. Corporal George Connor. Musician Jasper H. Moss. Musician George Grover. PRIVATES. William Behymer, Frederick Barnes, William Burhart, Benjamin Browning, Solomon Behymer, Robert Boyce, David Bupps, John Craw- ford, David B. Clem, George Clem, John Collins, Runyan Day, George Debins, Thomas B. Day, John Duncan, W. H. Denny, Solomon Denny, John Doty, Edwin Evenshire, William EUwell, Henry Frey, Benjamin Figgins, David Faden, J. W. Fonts, John Green, WiUiam Green, Middle- ton, Hume, E. L. House, William Hoforth, Phillip Hirgle, John Hirgle Phillip Haman, Levi Haman, Francis I. Jeffries, Charies Jeffries, Mor- ris John, Bennet John, George Johnson, Valentine Klump, Phillip Kaufman, William Kennedy, Charles Kruse, Charies Lillich, William Lillich, Edwin Lindsey, Haman Lewis, George Mahl, Sylvester Mo- Lean, John A. Meyers, John McMan, J. W. Porter, Albert R. Pierce, Elbridge Pierce, John Ryan, William Simon, Noah E. Sutton, Sylvanus Stroup, Frederick Snalor, Lanier Shaffer, Thomas Tice, Odler T. Thornun, Joseph J. Vanefessen, E. Winters, Ira W. White, James Wil- liams, Charies Willett, Williams White, John J, Wahl, James Woa- dock, Henry Ware, Frederick Whiteman, Charles W. Woaden, John Fice. COMPANY H. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Lewis C. Simmons. First Lieutenant Columbus Cones. Second Lieutenant Frank A. Crippen. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Charles Moore. Sergeant Edwin P. Edgely. Sergeant Andrew Vincent. Sergeant Edwin Yocum. Sergeant John Chigman. Corporal Lemuel Wiley. Corporal Bartlett Vincent. Corporal John N. Turner. Corporal Thomas Puttam. Corporal Joshua C. Clark. Corporal John Hailed. Corporal Tyler H. Vincent. Corporal Alfred Loyd. Musician George Saurs. Musician Charles Baser. Teamster Henry Macy. PRIVATES. Joseph Atkinson, Andrew Arendolph, Joseph Bruce, James Bellen- stein, Isaac S. Bailey, Henry La Barbier, Barney Battle, Jacob Buck- man, Richard Bernard, Josiah Bell, Samuel Blitz, Robert Crandall, Levi T. Collins, William Carter, Maurice Clanter, Alexander Cum- mins, Andrew Crawford, .Alexander Campbell, Thomas Derrick, Patrick Daly, George H. Dobbins, Columbus Dale, Christopher Elliott, Charles E. Eaton, John F. Ferris, Lawrence Finnigan, Charles J. Fox, Wil- liam Green, Israel Gates, Michael Gilmore, George G. Garire, George Hartman, Francis C. Hills, John Hughes, John Hale, William Hunter, Nicholas Haffer, William Homer, Henry Jordan, George A. Johns, William Kelly, William Kinger, Jacob King, Christopher King, John Lovemark, James A. Murrain, Manville M. McDonald, Charies C. Murphy, Fabius C. Motlin, Nathaniel B. Meader, Theodore Morris. Arthur Mellen, John Morris, John B. Morgan, John Newmeyer, Louis Napoleon, Frank Nohn, Conrad Nortman, Michael O'Brien, Edward H. C. Phillips, Paul Russell, John T. Reily, William Reynolds, Joseph Robertson, Henry Schreiver, Edward Stanton, William Smith, Leonard Smith. Ebin Terwilliger. Henry Take, John C. Thayer. John Walker, George Wilier, WiUiam Wiley, Nathaniel Wilson, Adolph Webber, Martin Webber, Jacob Yast, Conrad Yugar. COMPANY I. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Isaac J. Carter. First Lieutenant Frederick Buck. 124 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Second Lieutenant Joseph R. Key. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Jerome Crowley. Sergeant William H. Reed. Sergeant George N. White. Sergeant Benjamin E. Styles. Sergeant Robert Cory. Corporal Jacob Steigleman. Corporal William Fangs. Corporal William W. Warner. Corporal George H. Reese. Corporal John Stillwell. Corporal Lewis Grooms. Corporal William McCanly. Corporal Mathew Moreney. PRIVATES. Simeon Arthur, Isaac W. Adams, John A. Arthur, Andrew S. Bow- ling, Henry Benn, Frederick Blum, Orville H. Coal, Edward Corlett, Allen Cochran, Andrew Corruth, John Charles, Thomas Carroll, John T. Creighton, Eli Dusenbery, Servetus Dawson, William Davis, John Dennis, John Eubank, Charles Fallbush, Joseph W. Free, John J. Farroll, William Franklin, James O. Griffin, Daniel S. Gates, William Green, Christopher Hutt, Perry Holland, James Johnson, Thomas Johnson, Hiram H. Koon, Henry Killing, George W. Lilly, Frank B. Lamb, Zachary T. Lane, Daniel M. F. Lamb, Peter Lyon, George Lockwood, Thomas Lawson, Edward Murry, Thomas Magivin, Phillip Miller, David McKinney, Michael McDermot, Martin V. B. Niese, Charles B, Preston, John Quick, John Rockenfield, Lewis Rownd, Paul Roussell, William Slagle, Archibald B. Stewart, Jeffrey Sullivan, Thomas E. Shy, Josiah C. Searl, John Tompkins, John Turner, Benjamin Taylor, James Thompson, Hiram Taylor, Thomas Toohey, Peter Tiermon, James E. Thomas, John H. Van Hage, Wil- liam B, Witt, John B. Woodruff, John Williams, John W. Wilson, Robert Willoughby, David Williams, William Wood, James White, Asa M. Weston, James Wasmer. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Leonard A. Hendrich. First Lieutenant Oliver S. McCIure. Second Lieutenant Edward S. Price. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Charles A. Van Dennon. Sergeant David Morris. Sergeant Henry Merrell. Sergeant William H. Childs. Sergeant James Kelso. Corporal Thomas S. Sheake. Corporal James Brown. Corporal William A. Baker. Corporal William L. Cottor. Corporal Joseph Chamberlain. Corporal Samuel Reddish. Corporal Samuel Losey. Corporal John Linsey. JeremiahAmmerman, Peter Alberts, Charles Adams, William Asbold, Simeon Arthur, John Arthur, Vincent Brieslaw, William Bates, Milton Blizzard, Stephen Blizzard, Christman Birman, John Bryant, John Ben- net, Joseph Carson, John Criver, Charles B. Crane, David H. Cowen, Jackson Culp, Bernard Cline, William Dean, George W. Dean, Thomas Dodge, David M. Deams, Thomas Easterling, John Fox, Frank Fo.x, Charles Goodwin, Henry Heath, John F. Heberlein, Christopher W. Hamel, Henry C. Hall, John Hahn, James Johnson, John Juliu, Joseph Keedler, Jacob Klineman, Albert Kigan, James Lacey, Henry Libe- rook, Robert Nanifold, Alexander McCready, Richard Marsh, David Noble, John Orton, Owen Osborne, Andrew Ponder, John Ponder, Peter Peckeny, Carleton Pans, James Pricket, Coleman Quinn, Lain Ready, John F. Reynolds, Luman W. Smith, Joseph Spencer^ Thomas Shrim, John G. Spahr, Peter Steffers, Thomas E. Shy, Peter Shilling, Joseph Stagmier, William Sparks, Gavett Van Kant, James H. Van Kant, Stephen K. Van Ausdel, Asa M. Weston, John Willy, Jackson Walters, David Weisenberger, James Weils, George W. Williams, Erastus Winters, James Primmill. FIFTY-SECOND OHIO INFANTRY. This was raised with some difficulty in the spring and summer of 1862. A banner was presented to it by citi- zens of Cincinnati. It moved to Lexington August 25th, and was in the retreat to Louisville after the disastrous battle near Richmond, Kentucky. During the retreat it suffered greatly from heat and thirst. It took part in the battle of Perryville, doing its work like veterans. It was in the advance on Nashville, and did useful service, al- though not heavily engaged, in the battle of Stone River. In garrison at Nashville, Murfreesborough, and other points, it obtained high reputation for discipline and drill. It was in the opening skirmish of the battle of Chicka- mauga, and in the action the next day. Its subsequent history includes the relief of Knoxville, the Atlanta cam- paign, and the marches through Georgia and the Caroli- nas. After the great review it was mustered out at Wash- ington, Junes, 1865. COMPANY c. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Major Samuel Coplinger. PRIVATES, Henry Buraw, Andrew Colter, John Cuseick, Charles Common (musician), John Graham, Christy Kerne, John Styner. COMPANY H. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Rudolph Gassier. Sergeant Isaac L. Mills. Sergeant Samuel Harper. Sergeant George K. Farrington. Sergeant James C. Milire. Corporal John Miller. Corporal John W. Steed. Corporal John W. Coleman. Corporal Edgar Flinn. Corporal Jacob Warner. Corporal John W. Bowen. Corporal William Nome. Corporal William J. Campbell. PRIVATES. William J . Armstrong, Joseph Blundell, Daniel Byrne, John Bow- hat, David C. Clark, Thomas Coen, George Cartman, Charles Cor- nell, William Cox, John Cummings, WiUiam H. Delerty, John Dennie, John J. Farrell, Richard T. Tunnerean, Osarll Godson, Patrick Ham- ilton, Richard Harmes, Samuel Hardy, John Henry, George B. Hodg- son, Thomas W. Mayhew, John Martin, Jacob Mowry, Robert Mellen, Aaron B. Mills, Henry Midtendorf, Patrick Murphy, Barney Mucker, Robert M. Mullen, Daniel Owens, Thomas Payne, Henry Prinzel, Emos Reisch, Oliver Rice, William Riley, John A. Sellins, John S. Stokes, Isaac Stokes, Adam Story, William Struble, Edward T. Snyder, Digory Shall, John J. Truxall, Jacob Warner, Henry Chilley, Ernst Brady. COMPANY 1. PRIVATES. Philip Boss, Theodore Bartel, William Green, Mathias Haffle, Michael Harbesmehl, John Keans, Adolph Newiger, Herman Pily, Theodore .Schneles, Phillip Schaaffer, Henry Webber. C0MP.A.Ny K. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Horace A. Church. Sergeant William L. Moxall. Sergeant John Stammeijohn. Musician Charles Firman. PRIVATES. Thomas Duke, Henry Eldridge, Francis Falters, George Kuevey, John Kunser, James Lineback, Frederick Rodgiver. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OIHO. I2S FIFTY-THIRD OHIO INFANTRY. The organization of this regiment was completed in January, 1862. In February it joined the Third brigade of General W. T. Sherman's division. Its services in- cluded the battles of Pittsburgh Landing, Mission Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nicojack Creek, Atlanta, Ezra Chapel, Jonesborough, and Ft. McAllister; the pursuit of Hood in the rear of Sherman, and the marches to Savannah and the north. Upon appearing before Columbia, South Carolina, it silenced a battery by its skilful and rapid fire, and assisted in the destruction wrought in that city, as also at Fayetteville, four days afterwards. Reaching Washington and pas.sing -in the grand review, it was taken to Arkansas, where it stayed until August II, 1865, when it was mustered out. It had been engaged in sixty-seven battles and skirmishes, and lost sixty killed, two hundred and sixty-four wounded, and fourteen missing. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Second Lieutenant William Shay. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, Sergeant Joshua Bailey. Sergeant John Logan. Corporal Gelusia Howard. Corporal Jefferson Moor. PRIVATES. John Bergert, Peter Conklin, Charles Cook, John Cawdy, James Da- vis, Patrick Downey, George Elder, John Fisher, Henry Gravel, John H. Garrison, Joseph Gerrich, Henry Holmes, Michael Hesselbruch, Charles Howes, William Howes, William Justus, Thomas Lowery, William Jordan, Louis Lerig, James Lyner, George Lindsay, John Loyd, Thomas Murry, Michael Maloy, Martin Mungivan, George Mozer, Peter Millingman, Peter McConnel, Adam Masser, John Schu- lemyer, Barney Smith, Louis Schurtis, John Loring, Charles Masher, Richard J. Voka, Louis Weber, Joseph Whitmore. FIFTY-FOURTH OHIO INFANTRY. Nine counties, of which Hamilton county was one, furnished the companies for this command. Recruiting for it was begun in the late summer of 1861, and it was organized and drilled during the next fall and winter, at Camp Dennison. February 17, 1862, it took the field with eight hundred and fifty men, and was assigned at Paducah to the brigade commanded by General W. T. Sherman. In March it was taken up the Tennessee, and was in both days' fighting at Pittsburgh Landing, losing one hundred and ninety-eight, all told. April 29th it moved upon Corinth, and was in the attack upon the works May 31st, being among the first troops to enter the town. Its commander was put in charge of the post, it was appointed to provost duty there, and its regimental colors were hoisted on the public buildings. It was en- gaged during the summer in several brief expeditions, was in the attack at Chickasaw Bayou on the 28th and 29th, losing twenty men, and at the capture of Arkansas Post shortly after. It participated in the siege of Vicks- burgh, the battles of Champion Hills, and Big Black Bridge, the movements about Jackson, the subsequent operations of the Fifteenth army corps, to which it was attached, including the battle of Mission Ridge, the re- lief of Knoxville, and the Atlanta campaign. January 2 2d it was mustered as a veteran organization, and at once started home on furlough, returning with two hun- dred recruits. In the Atlanta movement it was engaged at Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Nickojack Creek, Decatur, Ezra Chapel, and'Jones- borough. It participated in the pursuit of Hood, the marches to the sea, and northward to Richmond and Washington, and the grand reviews. It was also in the charge on Fort McAllister, the heavy skirmishing near Columbia, and the last battle of Sherman's army at Ben- tonville. North Carolina. June 2d it was transported to Louisville, and thence to Little Rock, where it did garrison duty until the middle of August, when it was mustered out. During its arduous service it marched three thousand six hundred and eighty-two miles, took part in four sieges, nine severe skirmishes, and fifteen pitched battles; and lost in all — killed, wounded, and missing — five hundred and six men. It had but twenty- four officers and two hundred and thirty-one men left on the day of muster-out. FIELD AND STAFF. Sergeant Major Miles W. Elliott. COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Lieutenant Timothy J. Sullivan. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Richard J. Burrill. Sergeant Francis J. Murphy. Sergeant Edgar H. Earnhart. Sergeant James Parke. Corporal Jacob Kitto. Corporal Joseph Kerr. Corporal Charles H. Nicol. Corporal John Barry, Corporal Fdward H, Moon, Musician Thomas Mullen. Musician John Bonta, Teamster John Strassell, PRIVATES, Charles Albrecht, Lafayette Burton, Richard Burke, Matthias Baker, Jeremiah Brown, John Brady, George C, Crusoe, Michael Clifford, Thomas Callapy, Charles Desmond, Joseph Fiesens, Henry Frederic, Frederick Gyer, John Gardner, Samuel Hill, John Hemmingway, Charles Hobbs, Francis Herrick, Joseph Hubert, Michael Hammenn, James Jardine, John S, Kelley, Hugh Kennedy, John Kehoe, Valen- tine Kennett, August Kines, John C, Lockwood, August Marchmeyer, Martin McNamara, Edward McGinn, John McWain, Michael Ma- tague, Frank Overmeyer, Adam Ott, Caspine H, Riggs, John Rear- don, John D, Rehling, John Rodgers, Philip Schmitt, Balser Schmitt, John Sullivan, John Trimben, Henry Whetsell, Louis Wishonpt, Fred- erick Wildermann, COMPANY F. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Sergeant Edward B. Moore. Corporal Joseph Fletcher. Corporal Thomas Gardner, Musician George H. Stanley. Teamster Abram Clegg. PRIVATES,. John Burns, William Brinkmeyer, Henry Buhrman, John Booth, .'\1- vin Dibble, Columbus Dale, John Donohue, Andrew Donley, Martin Ford, Godfred Gass, Henry Graves, James Hilt, John G, Hauck, An- drew Jackson, George Know, John Knapp, John Kilcliberger, Joseph H, Marar, Felix McCann, David Nealy, Michael Stephens, James Sher- low, Robert Sherer, John Tomson, Christian Wilmer, Hugh Williams, Augustus Yager. COMPANY G. PRIVATES. Michael Burns, James Burke, William Devine, Bernard McEvoy, John Quigly, Robert Simpson, William C. White. 126 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. COMPANY I. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Corporal Robert Simpson. PKTVATES. Alvis Chamberlain, Michael Burns. COMPANY K. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Joseph Hickley. Corporal John Zimmerman. Musician Stephen Cann. PRIVATES. Francis Sanders, William Myers, Joseph Kreble, Frank Burges, Stephen Buyr, George Brennan, Jacob Diehl, Patrick Debolt, Robert Fiegel, James Hammer, John Hiser, Jeremiah Miller, John Kessler, John Beckley, Michael Maharty, Jolm Ohler, Jacob Summer, Peter Giele, Eben Little, Francis Wood, William Smith, Edwin Smith, Con- rad Nie, Jacob Magg, Adam Fuffner. FIFTY-SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY. This was organized at Portsmouth in the fall of 1861, and suffered much from measles there during the early winter. It first saw the enemy in February, at Fort Donelson, and was on the field, but not engaged, at Pittsburgh Landing. Its subsequent campaigns were about Memphis, in Arkansas, at Vicksburgh with Grant, and in the Teche and Red River campaigns under Banks. At the battle of Sabine Cross Roads it lost forty killed, wounded, and missing. The veteran regiment was kept on duty in New^Orleans until March, 1866, when it was mustered out. Captain Levi M. Willett's company, organized in the fall of 1864, by General Order A. G. C. : PRIVATES. Antone Coyman, Joseph Cook, Ganett Caldwell, James A. Devin, Perinnius Coans, John Frick, George W. Farrell, John Golsby, Aaron Guncle, Thomas Greyer, William Hahan, Patrick Hennessy, John G. Hammond, Bernard Jeckel, Robert H. King, Philemon B. McFadden, Jasper Mulford, Joseph Pholwine, John Reinke, Frederick Shrader, James Sands, William Stevens, John C. Peiman, William Woods, Wil- liam Wesley, Charles Walker, Robert Wilson, John Williams, Matthew Hemenis, John Atkinson, John Bates, Hiram C. Cochran, Michael Flanao-an, Albert Hoffman, William Henderson, George Leonard, William Madden, William Owens, James Walker, Albert Watson, James Ferris, Thomas Spence, William Smith, William Smith, 2d. FIFTY-SEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY. One company, and part of another, were from Hamil- ton county. The regiment rendezvoused at Camp Vance, Findlay, but moved January 22, 1862, to Camp Chase. It was raised between SejJtember i6th and February loth, when it was mustered in, and started for the field February i8th. It reported at Paducah, and was as- signed to the Third brigade. Fifth division, army of the Tennessee. It was very heavily engaged at Pittsburgh Landing, losing in three days one hundred and eighty- seven killed, wounded, and captured. In November it joined the First brigade, First division, Fifteenth army corps. It shared the glories of its corps at Chickasaw Bayou, Snyder's Bluff, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburgh, Jackson, Mission Ridge, and the re- lief of Knoxville; and then endured a terribly severe march, "hatless and shoeless, and half naked," to Belle- fonte, Alabama. Notwithstanding all this, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans on the following New Year's, being the first in the Fifteenth corjjs to do so. It took the al- lowed thirty days furlough, and returned in ample time, with twenty recruits, to join in the Atlanta campaign. It was hotly engaged at Resaca, holding its ground against three successive charges of an overwhelming force, and losing fifty-seven killed and wounded. It was also in the actions at Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- saw (where it also lost just fifty-seven men), that on the left of Atlanta, sometimes called the battle of Decatur, where it lost ninety-two in a desperate struggle to hold its position, which was three times captured by the enemy, but finally held by the Fifty-seventh; at Ezra Church, on the extreme right of the line before Atlanta, where it lost sixty-seven, the enemy leaving four hundred and fifty- eight dead in front of its line, and at Jonesborough. It took part in the chase after Hood, in which it struck the rebels at Snake Creek gap, and Taylor's ridge; in the march to Savannah; the assault on Fort McAllister; in the march to Columbia, where it assisted in the destruc- tion of the railroad buildings; in the marching and skir- mishing through North Carolina to Raleigh; thence the walk-over to Wathington city, and the reviews there, after which it was ordered to Little Rock, Arkansas, but was mustered out soon after arriving there, August 6, 1865, and was paid and discharged at Camp Chase, August 25th. It had been moved by rail, steam, and on foot over twenty-eight thousand miles; and of one thou- sand five hundred and ninety-four men borne on its mus- ter rolls, but four hundred and eighty-one are believed to have been alive at its muster-out. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Charles A. Junghauns. First Lieutenant Abner J. Sennett. Second Lieutenant lohn Stonemets. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Robert W. Smith. Sergeant Jacob Michael. Sergeant William A. Armstrong. Sergeant Patrick Barry. Sergeant Andrew Diffenbacher. Corporal John Richter. Corporal Christian Weaver. Corporal Cornelius Sheehan. Corporal Christian Boost. Corporal Edward Hiperlo. Corporal John D. Spenbuk. Corporal Frederic Rauschart. Musician Samuel Hayden. Wagoner Ira Green. PRIVATES. Henry Altnine, John Y. Armstrong, Gerhard Beker, Jacob Benedi.x, Franz Blank, Charles Butler, James Callahan, Alexander Camblen, Patrick Clark, John J. Collopy, Thomas Collopy, William Davis, George Dolch, Henry Dreyer, John Dunn, Henry Filers, Christian Ek- arett, Michael Evans, Nicholas Felix, Martin J. Genoe, Andreas Cra- dle, John Hofermos, William Hunter, Austin Joyce, Henry KHnk, John Lang, Lewis Liever, Edward McCormick, John Mahoney, John Martin, Charles Meltzer, James Moloney, Paul Mauber, John Windorff, Lorenzo Peterson, Charles Riemer, George Reitt, Phillip Rirch, Franz Scherer, Dietrich Schuette, Ernst Schwarze, George S. Seeley, Henry Sickman, Henry .Snider, John Strube, John Sullivan, John D. Tholen, Edward J. Tobin, Barney Twilling, James Walsh, Frederick Mearhert, Peter Weber, Lewis Weis, Joseph Witsch. FIFTY-EIGHTH OHIO INFANTRY. - PRIVATES. George Henderson, Michael Nash. -COMPANY A. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 127 COMPANY C. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Sergeant Herman Retthorn. PRIVATES. Jacob Arnold, Joseph Buerstinger, John Engler, Peter Grossman, Mich. Flanek, John George Fust, Edward Kronenburg, John Reinhardt, Wilhelm Rellhorn, John Schleisch, John Schneller, Jacob Waldmann. . FIFTY-NINTH OHIO INFANTRY.— COMPANY D. Private William M. Applegate. SIXTIETH OHIO INFANTRY. The one year regiment of this number was specially intended to defend the border counties of Ohio, and for three months, in the late winter of 1861-62, and the spring of 1862, it guarded military stores at Gallipolis. In April it joined General Fremont's army in western Virginia, and had its first engagement at Strasburgh. It was soon after engaged at Port Republic, and then at Cross Keys, and shared in the disaster at Harper's Ferry in September. It was discharged October 10, 1862. The three-years' regiment was organized in the early spring of 1864. It was ordered to the field when six companies were ready, joined General Burnside's corps at Alexandria in April, and was afterwards filled up, but never to the maximum. It was in the actions of the Wilderness, at Mary's Bridge, Spottsylvania, and the sub- sequent battles of Grant's final campaign. It was mus- tered out July 25, 1865, having, in less than one year's active service, lost five hundred and five men, but seven- teen of whom were missing. (One Years' Service.) STAFF OFFICERS. Quartermaster E. J. Blount. (Three Years' Service.) Quartermaster Sergeant James Everett. Hospital Steward Robert W. Pounds. COMPANY I. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Corporal John Stafford. PRIVATES. John Branham, James Reynolds, Joseph T. Harris, James H. Har- per, David PoUonjar, Philetus Simon. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Phorion R. Way. Second Lieutenant Willis W. Cox. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Reuben Sampsel. Sergeant William B. Yates. Sergeant Samuel W. Jones. Sergeant Frank Miller. Sergeant Francis Bowman. Corporal William Gillespie. Corporal John Hayden. Corporal Seth Sharp. Corporal Andrew Cunningham. Corporal James Buchanan. Corporal Henry Hafel. Corporal Otto Keck. Corporal Richard Omara. PRIVATES. George Anderson, Henry Allen, William Bently, Charles Boyle, Henry Butts, Richard Butts, Charles Brown, William Brown, James Burke, Albert Bowers, Charles H. Bomer, William Brown, George W. Brayton, William H. Brally, Hiram Barnes, John Cave, Willis W. Cox, Samuel Chapman, Joseph Cook, John Conley, David C. Cus- tard, James M- Collins, Edward B. Demoss, Thomas Daun, James F. Donahoe, Calvin Deneen, Henry Day, John Ellis, Charles Fowler, Wil- liam Flinn, Georje Fox, John Farley, Robert Giffin, James Grodson, Jesse Huffman, Martin Haley, Patrick H. Haley, James F. Hall, Wil- liam Holerah, John Hughes, John Hite, Frederick Hahnes, Joseph Heartkoam, John Jackson, Columbus Jefferson, Horace B. Jones, Dennis Kelley, Cohn Koous, William King, William Larry, Thomas Lamon, William Lutterman, Charles E. Lewis, George Lough, Daniel Madden, George Morgan, Thomas Maloney, Frank H. Miller, George T. Mering, Robert Mallon, George Mitchell, John McCraff, Wesley McCoy, Thomas McCoy, Charles Parker, Robert Peterson, John Quigley, John Regley, Charles D. Reed, Solomon Richards, Frederick W. Schapmar, Thomas Smith, John Spalding, Edward H. Tappen- den, Samuel Tomlinson, Ferdinand Upperman, Isidor Wohlangant, John Williams, Henry Williams, William Walls, Theodore Wilson, John Willis, Richard Whitcomb, James D. Whaley, Franklin West- cott, Thomas Woods, Jerome B. Welsh, William Wilson, Ely Wil- liams, Joseph Baker, George Brown, Cyrus Phillips, Stephen Tilberry, OrloffD. Ramsey. SIXTY-FIRST OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment contained recruits from nearly every county of Ohio. It left Camp Chase for western Vir- ginia May 17, 1862, joining General Fremont's army June 23d, at Strasburgh. It reached Cedar Mountain just too late for the battle there, but had its first fight shortly after, at Freeman's Ford, with a part of Long- street's corps, with which it had another battle in August, at Sulphur Springs. The next day it had a brisk skir- mish at Waterloo Bridge, and took part in the second Bull Run battle, losing twenty-five killed and wounded. September 2d, it was engaged at Chantilly, and there, for some weeks, formed a part of the reserve protecting Washington. The next May it was heavily engaged at Chancellorsville, and opened the battle at Gettysburgh, July ist, suffering severely in the action. In September it was removed with its corps to Chattanooga; was engaged at Wanhatchie and Mission Ridge; marched to the relief of Knoxville; wintered at Bridgeport, Tennessee; re-en- listed in March and took its veteran furlough, reaching the front again in time to participate fully in the dangers and glories of the Atlanta campaign. In the battle of Resaca it saved the Fifth Indiana battery, from which the support had retired. It was further engaged at Dal- las, Gulp's Farm, and Peach Tree Creek, in the latter of which were wounded five officers and over seventy men, and eighteen or twenty were killed. After the capture of A.tlanta it remained encamped there until November • 15th, when it started on the grand movement to the sea- board. During this march it exchanged shots with the enemy but once — at Sandersonville, Georgia. In Savan- nah, the Sixty-first served temporarily in a provisional brigade, for special duty in the city. About the middle of January, 1865, it moved up the Savannah river to Sister's Ferry, and soon rejoined its own command. In the march through the Carolinas, it was only engaged at Bentonville, the last battle of the campaign, and lost sev- eral men in the action. Reaching Goldsborough, it was consolidated with the Eighty-second Ohio infantry, the latter giving its name to the new organization. The con- solidated regiment joined in the march northward to Washington, and in the famous review, soon after which it was sent home and mustered out. Mr. Ried says of the Sixty-first: "It was always a reliable regiment, and was ever found where duty called it. Its losses by the 128 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. casualties of the field were so numerous that, at the close of its service, a little band of only about sixty officers and men remained to answer to its last roll-call" COMPANY A. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Anthony Grodyicki. Sergeant John Troxell. Sergeant John Elbert. Sergeant Isaac Stokes. Corporal Jasper M. Holniann. Corporal Frederick Blumenthal. Corporal Charles Kyser. Musician Joseph Divine. Musician Antone Kern. PRIVATES. Henry Bonn, John Blessing, Frederick Bremer, Timothy Buckley, Patrick Casey, Patrick Conner, Patrick Duffy, John Dunn, Matthew Demuth, George W. Foultz, Asa Flagg, Franz Gechrend, Frederick Gross, Thomas Heinrich, John Hacker, Frederick Herrencomt, Peter Heman, Charles McArty, John McLevie, Thomas F. Moore, Michael McCormick, Josiah Meyer, Jacob Michael, Charles Wiemann, Nicholas Pfister, Gustavus Rosenberg, Richard Schuh, Harry Stegemann, Henry Schneppering, John Simpson, John F. White, Samuel Zeboldt. COMPANY B. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Corporal Thomas McGrath. PRIVATES. Joseph Allison, Patrick Brogan, Thomas Connors, James Donelly, James Delany, James Doolan, George Hood, Mathevv Johnson, Michael Kain, William Lydon, John Lavin, Michael Madden, John Mulligan, Daniel McNamara, Dennis McDonald, George McWilliams, Henry Reese, William Riley, Joseph Storey. COMPANY F. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Peter Duffy. Sergeant Richard Ryan. Corporal Richard Hughes. Corporal William Kerwin. PRIVATES. George Bodine, Henry Brooksmith, John Colbert, James Cunning- ham, Dennis Doyle, Edward Delany, Maladis Dugan, Hartley Dona- hue, John Dempsey, Thomas Dunn, Michael Dwyer, Thomas Daly, Daniel Fitzgerald, John Fulton, Francis Gardner, Thomas Gray, Thomas Gilleran, Peter Heevey, Patrick Horn, Michael Hifferan, Thomas Holmes, Barnard Kelley, Thomas King, William Lynch, Bernard McCarry, John McAndrew, Patrick McDonald, John Mc- Millan, Patrick MoUoy, John Mangan, Richard McCahey, Patrick O'Hearn, Patrick Ryan, John Ryan, Thomas Scott, Stephen Welsch. COMPANY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Lieutenant Philip Jacob Theis. Second Lieutenant William Meyer. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant J ohann M. Beck. Sergeant Emanuel Bien. Corporal Francis Henzel. Corporal Adam Bohner. Corporal Christian Schneeberger. Corporal Valentine Klein. PRIVATES. Michael Arnold, John Bates, Hermann Bates, John Bates, jr., Con- rad Buchler, John G. Burge, Henry Bissinger, John Bramer, Michael Doherty, Christian Graber, Joseph Gerber, August Gaudalf, Michael Hehe, Jacob Hanhauser, Francis Harvey, Edward Kenedy, Frank Miller, Hermann Meyer, Joseph Oeshyer, Edward Rathey, Charles Senger, Lorenzo Senger, Jacob Schmidt, Andrew Strayer, John Schrau- der, Allen Schellaberger, Frederick Tierneier, William F. Frey, Philip Ulrich, Michael Vramer, Henry Wethurn, Albert Wetzstein. COMPANY H. Private John Dwayer COMPANY I. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Sergeant John Egan. PRIVATES. Michael Brown, Thomas Bradley, Edward Bradley, Thomas Coon, James Coen, Thomas Fleming, Daniel Fahey, Joseph Hagarty, Daniel Lane, Michael Moony, John McCabe, John McCarty, Cain Mahoney, Patrick Maloney, Robert Smith, Owen Sullivan, S. L. Sturet, Michael Walsh. SIXTY-NINTH OHIO INFANTRY. COMPANY A. PRIVATES. Peter D. French, Thomas B. Stur. COMPANY C. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Alfred H. Van Zandt. Corporal John A. Compton. PRIVATES. Paul B. Hueston; Andrew J. Hueston (drummer), Thomas A. Lane. COMPANY D. PRIVATES. Thurston C. Challen, Henry Stalle. COMPANY F. Private William E. Leflar. COMPANY G. PRIVATES. Wilham S. Mead. Nine-months' men (drafted). — William C. Haddix, James Warren. SEVENTIETH OHIO INFANTRY. When President Lincoln made his second call for great numbers of soldiers, Ohio, as ever, was equal to the occasion. By the twenty-fifth of December, iS6i, the Seventieth was nearly full. In February it became a part of the division of General W. T. Sherman, then or- ganizing at Paducah, Kentucky. Early in April it did excellent work in the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, re- ceiving especial praise from General Sherman for cour- age and persistence. In common with the rest of the army, this regiment took part in the advance on Corinth. After its fall, Sherman's division moved westward, and arriving in July at Memphis, remained there till the fol- lowing autumn. The army left that city in November, 1862, and, concentrating upon the banks of the Talla- hatchie river, j^repared to invest Vicksburgh. After the fall of Vicksburgh, movement was made upon Jackson, the capital or the State, and, during the siege, the Seven- tieth are said to have behaved in a most gallant manner. A few days after the battle of Chickamauga, the Fifteenth army corps, to which it now belonged, moved up the river to Memphis, and thence through northern Missis- sippi, Alabama, and southern Tennessee, and was in the battle of Chattanooga on the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth of November. After going to Knoxville to reinforce General Burnside and returning, the Seventieth went into winter quarters at Scottsborough, Alabama. In Jan- uary, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as a veteran organ- ization. The following May, the entire army of General Sherman began the grand advance upon' Atlanta. Dur- ing this memorable march, this command participated in all the battles on the way and around Atlanta, and main- tained in all its high reputation. During the autumn and winter months occurred the march through Georgia to the sea. December 13, 1864, Fort McAllister was taken HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. I2g by storm, in which the Seventieth suffered severely. It was the first regiment to enter the work, through the abattis and ditch, without a halt. In the subsequent march through the Carolinas, it met with loss at Benton- ville. Passing through Richmond on to Washington, it had a part in the grand review, after which it was sent to Louisville, Kentucky, thence to LitUe Rock, Arkansas, where it was mustered out August 14, 1865. It is to be noted as a remarkable fact that every officer, who from first to last had a command in the regiment, was a mtm- ber of it in its original organization before it left its own State. COMPANY. D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Charles Johnson. First Lieutenant Samuel M. Woodruff. Second Lieutenant Josiah W. Denhani. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Walter S. Co.x. Sergeant Hugh C. Wilson. Sergeant George W. Buesart. Sergeant Elbert Bogart. Sergeant William Wilson. Sergeant Artemas D. Clark. Sergeant George F. Strasser. ■ Sergeant James A. Bridges. Sergeant Jacob Bogart. Sergeant William Smith. Sergeant John Kuder. Sergeant Jacob Kuhn. Sergeant Henry Becker. Musician Joseph T. Notter. PRIVATES. Abram P. Bogart, John A. Bogart, John J. Bateman, William E. Brown, Joseph Brentstefer, James H. Bogart, Henry Blackman, John W. Campbell, John J. Cox, jr., Newton Corbly, James Conklin, John J. Cox, sr. , Samuel Conway, George Davis, Jesse Davis, Albert Davis, Otto Deitric, William Easton, Joseph Elfers, Thomas Fowler, William Hine, Christopher Haisch, John Howard, Jacob Harberdeur, Frederick Johnsman, William H. Johnson, Warton Jones, Walter Johnson, Frederick Kline, Thomas Kuhn, Samuel D. Killin, Jacob Lenaud, Benjamin Lowden, Morris Landieu, Evonimons Lohr, Andrew M. Mundell, Mathias Muhrer, Michael Murry, Joseph Moreland, Mathias Orr, Francis Prickett, John Page. John D. Perry, John M. Perry, John C. Patterson, Thomas Riley, Henry Rice, John Reed, Hamalin .Shinn, Thomas B. Stiles, John Smith, William E. Taylor, Frederick W. Thompson, Peter Wender, Charles L. Webb, Thomas H. Wells, John Zier. COMPANY I. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Daniel B. Carter First Lieutenant Juinville Reif. Second Lieutenant George A. Foster. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Andrew Urban. Sergeant John W. Krepp. Sergeant Charles H. Ebert. Sergeant John H. Hallam. Sergeant Frederick Antermeth. Corporal William Eythoff. Corporal George Postel. Corporal John H. Behrens. Corporal George Schaffner. Corporal Francis Prilhoff. Corporal William Phillips. Corporal Stephen A. Zind. Corporal Thomas B. Byron. Musician William Wolf. Musician Jacob Pastil. Wagoner John W. Wise. PRIVATES. David Abbihl, George Bauer, Memrod Benziger, John Bolinger, Michael Barry, John Bryant, Dominick Branner, James Conner, Sam- uel Cuntzman, David Cuntzman, Isaac W. Dunn, Otto Dietrich, Thomas Davis, Joseph Eberhardt, James Flickinger, Frank Foot, Henry Gebhardt, Frederick Garland, Thomas Gaffney, Henry Har- brecht, George L. Hoffman, V. Hasselberger, James M. Halley, Jo- seph Haas, John Hagerty, John W. Jager, William Johnson, Henry Kemper, John Kafada, James L. Keys, Isaac Deeson, George Hinnin- ger, Frank Laker, Andrew Miller, Charles Metz, William Mentche, Henry Miller, George Messer, John Joseph Marath, John McCabe, George Marklem, John M. Mellen, Thomas Maloy, Peter McDonald, James Mcintosh, Barney McKeirnin, Henry Peters, John Papp, Adam Reif, John Rett, A. Schluter, Carlton Stewart, Louis Schlick, H. Schnittger, J. W. Spooner, Isaac Stokes, Peter Skatley, J. Heldman, Henry Westmyer, J. N. Williams, Frank Woodrough, Thomas Wright, William F. Wolff, jr., John B. Wilkins, Louis Writh, Jacob Zimmer. SEVENTY-FIRST OHIO INFANTRY. This completed its organization about the first of Feb- ruary, 1862. It received marching orders the tenth of the same month, and reported at once to General Sher- man at Paducah, with his command. It was among the first troops at Pittsburgh Landing. In this battle it lost one hundred and thirty men, killed and wounded. On the sixteenth of April the regiment was ordered to the Cumberland river, to hold the posts of Fort Donelson and Clarksville. On the eighteenth of August Clarksville was attacked by the combined forces of Colonels Wood- ward and A. R. Johnson. Colonel Mason, having less than two hundred effective men, a surrender was de- manded, and, after obtaining the advice of his counsel, he acceded to the proposition. A few days after the colonel and all the line officers were dismissed in disgrace, but, the facts becoming better known, they received an honorable discharge. After the regiment was exchanged it did valuable service the remainder of the year. In 1864 it took an effective part in the battle of Nashville, losing fully one-third of its men in killed and wounded. Through the summer of 1865 it was in Texas. It was finally mustered out in January, 1865. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Thomas W. Brown. First Lieutenant William H. McDavitt. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Henry A. Brown. Sergeant AlexanderW . Hufford. Sergeant Alfred Brown. Sergeant James Hays. Sergeant James Woods. Corporal William M. Langdon. Corporal Alexander W. Roosa. Corporal Stephen Sands. Corporal Charles Drake. Corporal John Shaw. Corporal William Anton. Corporal Thomas H. Welts. Musician James Edgar. PRIVATES. Hiram Astor, Peter Adams, Nicholas Becker, Solan A. Bevans, Charles W. Baeter, Stephen Bards, Philip Casner, Philip Clickenbard, John Drake, Alexander Edgar, George F. Fuller, Peter Gorman, Rich- ard Green, Matthew Henderson, James Johnson, Andiew Lytle, Thomas Lamb, John V. McDevitt, John McDonald, Henry Martin, Elijah Orr, Philip I. Owens, David Putnam, Martin Roosa, John Rob- inson, Frederick Ross, Charles Ross, David Rose, John Snook, George K. Stout, Benjamin M. Spahr, John Sidenberg, John J. Tro.xell, Fred- erick S, Wallace, Elijah Wilson, Thomas Webster, John Young. 130 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. SEVENTY-SECOND OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Fremont late in the year 1861. In February, 1862, it was ordered to report to General Sherman at Paducah, and was assigned to Colonel Buckland's brigade. On the third of April it exchanged its first shots with the rebel pickets at Pitts- burgh Landing. The regiment was to the front all through the battle that followed and participated in the final charge and pursuit as far as Monterey. Its loss in killed, wounded, and missing, was one hundred and thirty-three. In the siege of Corinth the Seventy-second bore a conspicuous part. Its losses were t-riffling in action, but terrible by disease. On the twenty-first of July Memphis was entered. After being at Fort Picker- ing and Moscow, marching by way of Bolivar and Purdy to Corinth, at White's Station, and again in Memphis, the regiment commenced the march for the rear of Vicksburgh the second of May, 1863. On the way it was in the battle of Jackson, on the fourteenth of that month. On the twenty-second of June it aided in inter- cepting General Johnston, who was attempting the relief of Vicksburgh. In September the Seventy-second was in a four days' scout to Mechanicsville, in which it ex- perienced some severe marching and lively skirmishing. On J:he second of January, 1864, the regiment re enlisted, and in February was in General Sherman's Meridian ex- pedition. After the veteran furlough it was ordered to Paducah, to assist in the defence of that place against Forrest. June ist the regiment formed part of an ex- pedition, consisting of twelve regiments of infantry and a division of cavalry, against Forrest. The tenth of June, at Brice's Cross Roads, an encounter with the rebels resulted most disastrously, eleven officers and two hundred and thirty-seven men being killed, wounded, or captured. Then followed an expedition in the direction of Tupelo, Mississippi, during which the regiment suf- fered not a little. Between the twenty-seventh of July and the sixteenth of November, by long marches, half rations, great heat and extreme cold, the men suffered intensely. On the thirtieth of November it joined forces under General Thomas, at Nashville. In February, 1865, it moved to New Orleans and camped on the old battle-ground. Afterward it was in the attacks at Span- ish Fort and Fort Blakely; then Montgomery, Alabama, was reached; and in June it was placed along the railroad line west of Meridian. The last man was mustered out at Vicksburgh on the eleventh of September, 1865. The regiment at once embarked for Ohio, and at Camp Chase was paid and discharged. COMPANY c. COMMISSIONED OFFICKR. First Lieutenant Milton T. Williams. PRIVATES. Augustus Affel, William Ball. John Devine, Dennis Delaney, Charles A. Davis, Michael F. Frederick, Lawrence Higgins, Jerry V. Higgins, Robert Kelington, Washington Lewis, Peter Smith, Thomas Smith, William H. Sharp, Charles W. Tearne, Reuben Wood, George War- ley, John Whitcomb. COMPANY E. PRIVATES. Lawrence Cremmering, Henry Cook, John Gullenbeck, Edward Handrohem, Isaac Kuffman, William Kirnin, Earnhardt Krenpelpe, Martin S. Lochner, Henry Mass, Robert W. Newkirk, James Stevens, Francis Yeager. COMPANY K. - COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Lieutenant William Skenett. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant James H. Stewart. Sergeant Horatio B. Furrill. Sergeant Aleck Moore. Sergeant Francis Whitten. Corporal William Ronten. Corporal Michael Barden. Corporal John B. Emreking. Corporal John W. Jeffer. Corporal William Emming. Corporal John Toz. Musician William A. Payne. Wagoner Richard Webster. PRIVATES. Louis Albershadzt, John A. Anderson, Thomas Alcoke, Henry Bocherding, James F. Barnwell, Michael Byrnes, William Baumgartner, Henry Brookshaw, Thomas "Cavanaugh, .Andrew H. Crawford, Henry Cook, Edward Cortell, George W. Cox, Jackson Co.\, William Dutton, John J. Dugans, Patrick Donahue, Thomas Eades, Peter Eagan, Pat- rick Farnan, Henry F. Franke, Jesse Flinn, James FaiTell, James Foley, John Graham, Peter F. Glardin, Samuel Green, John Harley, John Henry, Patrick Hanley, Henry Hokkman, Thomas D. Hamer, George W. Howell, Edward Ireland, Alexander Inloes, William Isdell, Charles Johnston, PhiUip King, William H. Kelley, Edward McMahan, Jacob Musser, Theodore Murry, John Miller, Peter Michels, Alexander Math- ews, William G. McMillen, James McNeal, Henry McCabe, Thomas Navil, John P. McConneli, Dennis O'Conner, Da\id O'Conner, John Ollendick, James Patton, Orlando P. Reice, Henry Pulse, William F. Smith, Edward St.Hellens, George M. Schlundt, John Sullivan, Henry Seiferd, John Stapleton, Michael Terry, Granville Toy, Peter Urich, William C. Wright, John Warner, Thomas Higens, Charles W. Bie- binger, Samuel F. Beeler, Leaput Goldsmith, Ephraim L. Grant, Joseph McMakin, William O'Donnell, Isaac Stern, Henry Schefer, Thomas J. Wickersham. SEVENTY-FOURTH OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment with an aggregate of nine hundred and seventy-eight men, was ordered to the field the twentieth of April, 1862. Its first real service was on the march over the Cumberland mountains in June. During the blockade of Nashville, it was in several skirmishes in the vicinity of that city. The Seventy-fourth was with Gen- eral Rosecrans when he made his movement on Bragg's army at Murfieesborough. It went into the battle of Stone River December 29th, and remained until night- fall of January 3d, losing in all one hundred and fifty- five men. At Murfreesborough there was a general reorganization of the army, and consequently some changes occurred in this command. After this date, February, 1863, the Seventy-fourth was in the battles of Hoover's Gap, Dog Gap, Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- tain, and Mission Ridge. The last of January, 1864, a majority of the men re-enlisted and started for Ohio on the thirty days' furlough. On the seventh of the follow- ing May, it started with the army on the Atlanta cam- paign. With Sherman it passed through Georgia and reached Savannah, and on the twentieth of January was off again for the Carolina campaign. After the destruc- tion of rebel supplies at Fayetteville, the rebel capital was the point to be reached, and then Washington. Bentqnville, the last battle of the command, was fought March 22, 1865. On the eighteenth of July, at Camp Dennison, the men were paid and discharged. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 131 FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Granville Moody. Lieutenant Colonel Ale.xander Von Schroeder. Major Ale.xander M. Ballard. Adjutant Henry M. Cisl. COMPANy C. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. First Lieutenant William F. Armstrong. PRIVATES. Joel Perkins. James N. Rodgers, James A. Sheffield, COMPANY D. PRIVATES. George King, Philip Minhart, James S. Tropp. COMPANY H. Private Samuel Rodgers. COMPANY I. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Corporal James Walley. Corporal Evan Morgan. PRIVATES. Edward Ambros, Michael Brannon, James Carrigan, Timothy Cro- nin, John Creedon, James Farrell, Andiew Harrigan, Daniel Lane, John Morarity, Therance McLaughlin, Patrick Naughton, James Smith. COMPANY K. COM.MISSIONED OFFICER. First Lieutenant James H. Cochnower. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Charles Rambono. Corporal William J. Holmes. Corporal John W. Carson. PRIVATES. Armstrong G. Warwick, Michael Brown, John Burke, James Beng, Joseph Decotell, Joseph Faber, John Garthaffner, John Morten, George King, William Lambert, Philip J. Munich, Alphonso C. Porter, An- drew Pheterson, Isaac C. Robert, Samuel Rodgers, Charles Sander, Walter Scull, Louis Sheil, Thomas Terry. SEVENTY-FIFTH OHIO INFANTRY. The Seventy-fifth was organized near Cincinnati Dec- ember 18, 1 86 1. On the first day of March it joined General Milroy's brigade at Huttonsville, West Virginia, having made a long march over most wretched roads in most unpleasant weather. While halting at Monterey, Court House, the enemy made a spirited attack, which was gallantly met by this regiment leading the advance. May 8, 1862, in an engagement with Stonewall Jackson, additional laurels were gained under the immediate eye of General Milroy — "The Old War Eagle" — but nearly a hundred were killed add wounded. The next affair in which the Seventy-fifth faced the enemy was at Cedar Mountain in August, 1862. The loss here, however, was slight. For a week following engagements were frequent, and this regiment at Freeman's Ford again lost heavily. The last of August, i-n the second battle of Bull Run, so bloody was the fighting that in killed and wounded the Seventy-fifth alone lost one hundred and fifteen. During this fight not less than ninety shots took effect on the colors of this regiment. From this time to the second of May, 1863, nothing of importance occurred. The history of the battle of Chancellorsville need not here be told. Although receiving the enemy gallantly, the odds were too great, and, with the brigade, the Seventy-fifth fell back, losing in half an hour one hundred and fifty men. After this battle it returned to its old camp near Brook's Station, where it remained until the battle of Gettysburgh. The regiment was under fire every day of the battle, losing in all two hundred and seventeen officers and men. In August the Ohio brigade was sent to Charleston, South CaroHna, and remained on Morris Island till after the fall of Forts Wagner and Gregg. In February, 1864, the regiment was mounted, and from that time was designated as the Seventy-fifth mounted infantry, performing all the duties of a regular cavalry regiment. From this date to the twenty-sixth of September, 1864, the regiment was in the district of Florida, breaking up blockade-running, destroying rebel stores, conducting de- tachments of cattle, and performing other duties. It was then sent on a secret expedition to the headwaters of the St. John's river. In October and November six com- panies were mustered out of service, their term of enlist- ment having expired. After the fall of Savannah the Seventy-fifth was reorganized into a veteran detachment, and was afterward known as the veteran battalion. This command performed valuable and difficult service till August, 1865, when its members received an honorable discharge. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Nathan C. McLean. Major Robert Reilly. Assistant Surgeon Charles L. Wilson. Chaplain John W. Weadly. Sergeant Major William S. Stewart. Quartermaster Sergeant Thomas F. Davenport. Commissary Sergeant Lyman Y. Stewart. Hospital Steward Martin V. Shader. COMPANY A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Charles W. Friend. First Lieutenant George B. Fox. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Thomas Wheeler. Sergeant Joseph B. Alters. Sergeant Christian Schmetzer. Sergeant Rezin F. Hall. Sergeant H. H. Dumont. Corporal Elmore W. Dunn. Corporal Jacob Gaus. Corporal Ezra M. Ellsworth. Corporal Caleb Parrent. Corporal Richard Fishwick. Corporal Caleb O. Decamp. Corporal J osiah C. Hall. Corporal John P. Allen. Musician Thomas K. Sayer. Musician Hosea R. Felter. Wagoner John Schmetzer, sr. PRIVATES. Robert Agnew, Frederick Aherns, Wilson Becount, James Becount, William Brooke, Michael Butler, Henry B. Burnett, Henry Breithoff, C. Brown, Michael Brady. John Cummings, William Critchfield, John Critchfield, George Cain, Peter Collins, James H. Coleman, Mat- thias Dwyre, James H. Erwin, Frederick Engle, James Fishwick, John H. Heer, Charles Francis, Simon P. Ferry, William H. Ginn, Andrew Gambriel, Anthony Graves, George Goetze, Gottlieb Harkell, Charles Howell, John G. Hallam, Peter Herklesmiller, Adam Habinstritt, James Jackson, Peter Jacobs, Patrick Kelly, Michael Liady, James McCor- mick, Gothold Markart, John Mills, Luke McClune, Michagl Mahar, John A. Mentel, WiUiam McGill, Joseph Meyers, James F. Miller, An- drew Martin, James Martin, Sylvester Nesbitt, James Naylor, Abram S. Pendery, William Parrent, William H. Palmer, George Pray, Andrew Pepprus, Alfred Patmore, Leopold Reame, James Riddle, Clinton W. Seward, William W, Stewart, John Stewart, William G. Sturgis, John Schmetzer, jr., Frederick Schmetzer, Ernst Schmetzer, Albert Stevens, 132 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. James V. Stevens, Samuel Shuttleworth, Charles Smith, Henry Sheep, Isaac H. Spillman, Sampson Sutton, Stephen Skillman, James A, Skill- man, James F. Thurman, Hosea Tullis, Oliver Thayer, Philip Weiss, Robert Long, Leonard M. Kimmel, John Batzt. COMPANY F. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Corporal Henry Lour. PRIVATES. Richard Cook, Louis Eckedy, Ernst Calces, Thomas Hcrmanson, John Mason, John Roth, Conrad Wilmer. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain James A. Johnston. First Lieutenant Theodore K. Keckler, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Phineas B. Haskell. Sergeant James A. Crozet. • Sergeant Mark A. Knowlden. Sergeant Richard Faulkner. Sergeant Moses Kennedy. Corporal John C. Delvitt. Corporal Thomas Moran. Corporal Oliver H. Hibben. Musician Edward F. Brown. Wagoner John Davis. PRIVATES. John S. Allison, Felty Brightenbach, David G. Brookman, John J. Brown, Thomas W. Brown, John Carrigan, Thomas Coleman, Edward E. Denniss, William Dickinson, Bennett Dixon, Joseph Donohue. Peter Eiden, Samuel Green, Samuel H. Gump, James E. Hippie, James Jackson, Andres Monser, Thomas Mulligan, John M. Kenzie, Samuel Reeves, Andrew Rodgers, Patrick H. Riley, Charles H. Smith, William W. Smith, Robert Wallace, Conrad Waag, James Williams, Simon Davis, Edmund C. Hill, John Stanard, Martin V, Strader, Henry Neely, Thomas Riley, John Brannan, Melchor Myers. SEVENTY-SEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY. Surgeon James W. Warfield, SEVENTY-NINTH OHIO INFANTRY. Only one company was raised in Hamilton county. The entire command was rapidly recruited in the summer of 1862, though one company of sharpshooters, raised for it in Clermont county, did not join it till the next June. It received marching orders September 3d, and moved into Kentucky through Cincinnati, then menaced by the rebels. After a severe march against them, it went to Louisville and operated against Morgan and other rebel cavalry forces. December i to February 24, 1864, it was mainly on guard duty in Tennessee. In March it reached Lookout valley and was assigned to the Eleventh corps, afterwards part of the Twentieth, in which the Seventy-ninth was in the First brigade. Third division. With its brigade it shared in the furious and bloody attack on the enemy's works near Resaca and a number of the severest actions of the Adanta campaign. At Peach Tree Creek, July 20th, it was on the first line and was the second Union regiment that became engaged. It here lost one-half its members in action. It began the campaign with six hundred men, and had but one hun- dred and eighty-two at the close. It was in the march through eastern Georgia, the siege of Savannah, the af- fairs at Laytonville and Columbia, and of Averysborough and Betitonville, in the grand advance of Sherman north ward. It was mustered out at Washington June 9, 1865, paid and discharged at Camp Dennison June 17 th. It had lost, from all causes, more than its original number, or about one thou,sand men, all told. COMPANY A, Private Charles G. Hallam. COMPANY B. Musician Algernon S. Cropsey. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.' Captain John W. Kilbreth. First Lieutenant Benton Halstead. Second Lieutenant Henry C. Carlin. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant George F. Reed, Sergeant Henry M. Reading. Sergeant Charles WoodworLh. Sergeant Charles P. Wilson. Sergeant Charles C. Shannon. Corporal William Chapman. Corporal Daniel Sweatman. Corporal John Makinson. Corporal Dwight J. TiUinghast. Corpor.al Edmunds S. Hopkins. Corporal Samuel V. Wright. Corporal James Caffrey. Corporal James W, Power. Musician Thomas G. Crapsey. Musician Ebon A. Turpin. Wagoner John C. Bickham. PRIVATES. -■^mos A. .^Uen, James M. Ayres, Daniel Adams, John E. Burton, Charles F. Bassett, Frederick Bremer, Phillip Behrman, Andrew Brohm, Charles Cook, John Conley, Hiram Crampton, Samuel G. Creswell, George E, Dyer, Edward Day, William J. Dodson, William Drope, Robert Duer, William Detzle, David Everly, Louis Etler, James Eng- lish, James Ferris, Joshua Francis, Joseph Fries, Thomas S. Ford, John H . Franklin, William Hobbs, Samuel Huen, John Hudson, Frederick Hunkmeier, Adam Heintz, Charles Huber, George F. Hawekatte, Albert Jeans; John W. King, Thomas Kelly, William Killoughy, Israel Kearney, Daniel Kelehan, John M. Glashan, Walter Miller, George M. Newy, Oliver Outcalt, Thomas Price, George Quigley, Noah Reed, George Smith, John H. Simons, Greenlief Smith, Benjamin Steinkamp, Benjamin Smead, Xavier Strausberger, William R. Snell, Jacob Schotzman, William Segirst, Michael Sheridan, William Sunderman, Nathaniel B. Thompson, George W. Totten, James Whitney, Alfred White, Jediah A. Whinney, John E. Wheeler, .Samuel Wright. EIGHTIETH OHIO INFANTRY. COMPANY I. •Private Leopold Goldsmith. EIGHTY-FIRST OHIO INFANTRY. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICER, Captain OzroJ. Dodds. llilVATES. Orien Clark, Walter Scott. EIGHTY-THIRD OHIO INFANTRY. Several companies of this regiment were from Hamilton county; the remainder from Butler. Before the regiment was fully organized, the exigencies of the situation in Kentucky, during the invasion- of Kirby Smith, became so great that the Hamilton county companies, then at Camp Dennison, were ordered into the field. On the night of the third of September, 1862, the day of leaving camp, they bivouacked in the streets of Covington. After various movements they marched across the Lick- ing river to support the Beechwood battery, on the Alex- andria turnpike, did heavy jDicket duty for several days, and were then withdrawn to Camp Orchard. Here the rest of the regiment joined them, and gave the Eighty- third in all one thousand and ten men. The regimental organization, however, dated from the twenty-second of August, when all the companies were full. September HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 133 1 8th the command marched to Cynthiana with an expe- dition under General Q. A. Gihnore, but found no ene- my in force. October isth it reached Paris, Kentucky, and joined the First brigade, Tenth division, army of the Tennessee. A fortnight thereafter it was on its way to Louisville, stopping two weeks at Nicholasville, where it was presented with an elegant banner, by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad company. The division (General A. J. Smith's) sailed for Memphis November 23d and thence further down the Mississippi December 20th. The Eighty-third engaged in some laborious and success- ful operations about Milliken's Bend, and had its first battles at Chickasaw Bayou and Arkansas Post. In the latter action it lost one-fifth of its number, but was the first to plant its flag upon the enemy's works, was honora- bly mentioned in the official reports, and specially thanked by unanimous vote of the Ohio legislature. In camp afterwards at Young's Point, the regiment lost heavily by disease. May 20th, after heavy skirmishing and some severe fighting, it reached the front at Vicksburgh, was in the assault on the twenty-second, where it lost eight per cent, of its men engaged, and took part in the subse- quent operations of the siege. After the surrender it moved with its division against Johnston, assisted in the affairs about Jackson and in the pursuit of the rebels to Brandon, returning thence to Vicksburgh, after an unusu- ally arduous campaign. ' August 24th it changed camp to Carrollton, Louisiana, and remained there, save for an expedition to Donaldsonville, till the third of October, when it formed a part of the force starting on the Teche campaign. November 3d, when in charge of a forage train, it had a sharp encounter, and lost fifty-six men, mostly captured. A few weeks afterwards it moved to Fort Jackson to quell a mutiny among colored troops; was then ordered to New Orleans, and thence to Madi- sonville, where it went into the Second brigade. Third di- vision. Thirteenth army corps. The fore part of March, 1864, at Franklin, it was transferred to the First brigade of the Fourth division, same corps, and marched with it on the ill-fated Red River expedition. It was hotly en- gaged in the battle of Pleasant Hills, and gallantly main- tained its reputation. At the beginning of its share in the action, after marching ten miles in two hours, it occu- pied the extreme right of the Federal line, and came near being enveloped and destroyed by the rebel left, Vvhich extended far beyond it, but was extricated under a terri- ble cross fire, in perfect order. May 2d it was engaged in a sharp skirmish while on a foraging expedition, and at Alexandria furnished large details for work upon the dam which finally saved the army. On the twenty-eighth the regiment reached Baton Rouge, and remained there in camp till July 21st, when it left for Algiers, opposite New Orleans, moving thence to Morganza to repel an attack, and going into camp there for the remainder of the sum- mer. October ist it formed part of an expedition to sieze and hold Morgan's Ferry, on the Atchafalaya, and on the eighteenth, of another to the Atchafalaya at Simms- port. November ist it embarked for the mouth of White river, and in December was ordered to Nachez for consolidation with the Forty-eighth Ohio. The new regiment comprised six companies of the former and four from the latter, retaining the name Eighty-third. All the field officers were from the former command. It was as- signed to the Third brigade, Second division, Thirteenth corps, and, March 20th, started in the Mobile campaign-. It made the assault on Fort Blakely April 9th, and captured two posts, eight cannon, two mortars, eight hun- dred prisoners, two flags, etc., etc., losing thirty -six killed and wounded. It did provost duty in Selma till May 1 2th; was in Mobile a month, and in Galveston on guard duty till July 26th, when it started for home, arriving at Cincinnati the fifth of August, and getting final payment and discharge at Camp Dennison on the tenth. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Frederick W. Moore. Lieutenant Colonel William H. Baldwin. Major S. S. L'Hommedieu. Surgeon John S. McGrevv. Assistant Surgeon Marion Wilkinson. Assistant Surgeon George Cassiday. Adjutant Lawrence Waldo. Sergeant Major Joseph W. Rudolph, Quartermaster Sergeant Stacey Daniels. Commissary Sergeant Ceorge W. Carey. COMPANY A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Dewitt C. Shockley. First Lieutenant William R. McComas. Second Lieutenant Albert Fehrman. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant C. A. Burns. Sergeant Jacob Meyer. Sergeant George F. Hibben. Sergeant Edward C, Collins. Sergeant Charles H, Amos. Corporal Samuel Battsell. Corporal Charles Bodine. Corporal Thomas J. Thompson. Corporal John Snyder. Corporal Jacob Mosier. Corporal Homer Kendall. Corporal Bernard Jacobs. Corporal John Haller. Wagoner Sylvester Kriefer. PRIVATES. James Anderson, Anthony Augerer, Elmore Bridges, Davis Bock, William Bird, Peter Brobest, Nathan Baltzell, Louis Benjamin, Michael Bohlinger, Robert Close, Conrad Castal, Isaac E. Crosly, William CanoU, Robert Co.\, Thomas Cox, Thomas Davis, Raphael Ceiphy, James Dodd, Samuel De France, Jacob Godow, Conrad Gurther, Henry Gedes, Michael Hughes, Peter Hoffman, Joseph S. Hewris, William Hogan, Simon Honreleman, Harry Hull, Frank Hildreth, Joseph H. Halton, David Hilton, John Jones, William Jones, Alfred P. James, Gustave Lippart, Ale.vander G. Leme, William A. Lernka, Nathan Lehman, Richard Milligan, David Milligan, John McAllister, George Mosier, William Murphy, Russel McKitrick, Isaac Mueters, .Andrew Moore, Elijah McLaughlin, Henry McLaughlin, Albert Martin, Charles H. Nichols, Thomas Owen, Adrian Pierson, John R. Pepper, Robert Porter, David Pierson, Annas Roseboom, Elijah Roll, William Reynolds, James Reynolds, John Rhodes, Joseph T. Rossa, Daniel Riker, William Sweaniger, Charles A. Short, James Stapleton, Arthur W. Salter, Aaron T. Sutton, Michael V. Smith, Ernest Schowe, Andrew Speath, Benjamin Shutts, William Turner, Christian Tonges, Joseph Twelins, .'\dam Volkert, Jacob Voegli, Thomas White, William Worstle, Emil Weggert, Thomas Wallace, Jacob R. Williams, James Dowis, Frederick Meyer, William Sloan, John Worstle, Ennis Riker. COMPANY B. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain James W. Craven. First Lieutenant Philip Bescher. Second Lieutenant John T. Talbott. 134 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. NON-COMMISSIONEU OFFICEKS. First Sergeant James T. DeMarr. Sergeant Charles H. E. Cole. Sergeant Joseph R. Shannon. Sergeant Peter Shatsman. Sergeant James D. Campbell. Corporal Samuel Nash. Corporal Lemuel Vanzandt. Corporal James J. Shannon. Corporal Gustave Lcifer. Corporal Thomas Beetle. Corporal Lewis Williams. Corporal William Fisher. Corporal William Strohman. Musician Samuel C. Price. Musician William L. Primby. Wagoner Harry E. Breeding. Privates. H. Ausdenmoore, John S. Boake, George M. Brenling, Henry K. Bascom, John Behner, Ludvvig Berdel, Franz Bury, George J. Buckel, John W. Brudsall, Albert B. Carl, Dennis Coffey, Thomas Corcoran, William Codling, Samuel Corer, Taylor Conner, Andrew Conley, Charles W. Dean, James Dowd, Columbus Dale, Isaac F. DeMarr, Albert Findley, Anton Ferenter, Ale.\-ander Glaze, Solomon Gness, Bar- ney Goldschmidt, William Hazard, John G. Harrington, David Hall, George Holden, James W. Hudson, George H. Howe, Bernhardt Helda, George E. Harvey, Charles Henry, William R. Irwin, Joseph K. Irwin, John W. Jackson, jr., George W. Johns, Samuel S. Junkins, Christian Koerter, Joseph Kindle, George Leist, jr., George M. Labarre, Van Buren Littleton, Granville McDonnell, Casper Monig, William Meyere, James M. Matthews, Frank Noble, P'eli.K O'Neil, Levi Pettil, John R. Payne, Henry Romes, Lawrence Shaffer, David Swaney, Jacob Seifert, Charles Smith, Benjamin M. Wright, Charles W. White, Edwin D. Wosencraft, Francis M. Watt, Robert Work, John W. Wallace, William P. Work, James G. Work, Joseph Worsted, William Wilson, Andrew Wertheimer. COMPANY C. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Edward Manser. First Lieutenant William H. Mindeler. Second Lieutenant Henry M. Gastrall. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant William A. Beasley. Sergeant George Kerr. Sergeant John Pritchard. Sergeant George W. Milam. Sergeant John Donnehen. Corporal George Snyder. Corporal Benjamin Cook. Corporal James Patton. Corporal William H. McLeaven. Corporal Herbert Winston. Corporal Richard E. Thompson. Corporal Colin R. Palmer. Corporal Lewis R. Washburne. Musician William Deford. Musician Charles Harrington. Wagoner Jonah Cook. PRIVATES. Jerome B. Bainbridge, William Bell, Byron Bailey, Frank Balkiman, Alexander Berger, Richard Conkling, jr., James Close, Phaley Cun- ningham, George W. Carey, John Daniel, George W. De Lyon, Thomas Drumb, Stephen Demoss, David Danworth, Thomas Doherty, William R. Dederick, Andrew J. Deford, William Eaton, Daniel Flowers, William F. Fordyce, Charles H. Gould, Douglass Guy, Ben- jamin K. Helter, John A. Hoffman, Joseph Hoffman, John S. Hensler, Griffin Hemphill, Henry Hacker, Louis Henix, James Hefferman, Charles W. Horweg, John Holley, William Hemmernan, Henry Jones, Stephen D. Kite, James Kenley, Patrick Lavery, Joseph Laren, John Lenhoff, Mathias Lenhoff, James Lamb, Andrew H. McKee, Thomas H. M.ack, Henry Miller, Robert Middleton, Patrick B. McCabe, Pat- rick Murray, Frank Martin, Albinus J. Masters, Daniel Neiman, Henry Oeschlager, John Pheeney, Martin I/. Peabody, James Pharis, James Quinn, Andrew B. Rey, John Rhover, Oscar P. Richey, Edwin R. Ross, Thomas G. Robinson, Michael Riley, John Seabold, Stephen M. J. Smith, Henry H. Streuve, Frank Shields, William Stronberg, John R. Telfers, Samuel Tearne, Jefferson Terrv, Thomas Van Wise, John A. Wetmore, William Widdlefield, John C. Wilson, Josiah Wil-' liams, Henry Woods. COMPANY D. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Albert W. Boser. First Lieutenant James Carlin. Second Lieutenant Gershom Tomlinson. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Samuel A. Keen. • Sergeant Charles P. Sa.\ton. Sergeant Archie Young. Sergeant Martin 1,. Best. Sergeant Francis Crebs. Corporal William M. James. Corporal William Jager. Corporal William Buck. Corporal Henry Weston. Corporal William C. Carter. Corporal Joseph Festo. Corporal Joseph Loor. Corporal Eli H. Conway. Wagoner William F. MSgee. Musician Washington A. Bozer. Musician William Palmer. PRIVATES. Joshua Ashley, Ira Atkins, William T. Ale.xander, Francis Bain, Wesley Breiman, David Barnes, Nimrod Bannister, John Burk, John N. Bates, William A. Benson, Richard H. Balb, Jeremiah Conger, George Cullum, John Campbell, Michael Connel, William A. Comic, James Creighton, James G. Clark, William Drake, John Danagh, King Dearmond, Lewis A. Davidson, Jamea Dorn, Silas Fragee, Lawrence Felenas, Jacob R. Flannagan, John Gunning, John M. Gibbs, Reuben Gardner, Oliver P. Glancy, John Haller, Samuel Hamilton, Turner Homer, William Hedges, Joseph Hopping, Milton Helmick, John Hevey, George C. Hartfence, Jacob Hinkelman, John Hooper, Isaac Jackson, William P. John, Henry B. John, John Kind, James T. Kelso, Henry Kilgour, James R. Lacey, Henry Luster, Edward Ma- har, Abraham Malson, Frank Malson, Jacob Myers, Jacob Moser, George W. Moriarity, Michael Martin, Hiram McMurry, William H. Morgan, William J. McMurry, John Magee, Datus E. Myers, Patrick McCabe, Allen W. Neese, John Newcomb, Michael C. Nugent, David 1 . Osborn, John Peterson, Peter Pulse, George Rudicil, Noble Ross, Anderson Rudicil, Joseph Reeder, John Roney, Samuel F. Reed, James C. Ross, John Sapp, George W. Stewart, William E. Lears, DeLancey Lackel, Arthur Smith, Alfred Skidmore, Robert R. Thomas, John Teller, Edmund Talkington, John Vanasdale, Ephraim Williamson, Potter White, John White, Matthew Trever, James P. McMurry, Alex- ander H. Miller. COMPANY E. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Pardon D. Connell. First Lieutenant Adam E. Billingsby. Second Lieutenant John R. Phillips. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Lutellus Hussey. Sergeant Charles B. Palmer. Sergeant George McCormick. Sergeant John Dunn. Sergeant Clinton W. Gerrard. Corporal Alonzo Dunn. Corporal Robert G Rusk. Corporal John W. Bell. Corporal Eli Earhart. Corporal Francis McGregor. Corporal Isaiah Thompson. Corporal Truman Mosteller Corporal Parshall Cornelius. Musician Jacob Harper. Wagoner William H. Steward. PRIVATES. James Agadine, Robert Burns, Jonah Buchanan, Jonas Baushman, Samuel Beeler, Joseph Burgoync, Peter Beeler, George Bailey, John Beeler, Joseph Bowen, Peter V. Bumhart, John H. Carter, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OIHO. 135 John S. Cox, Lewis Cunan, Pollock Cobb, Daniel Doty, Isaac Doug- lass, Henry Drashell, James Faust, Peter Forney, Oliver H. Garrard, Thomas Gorman, James Gray, Alexander Grooms, William Harrison, Jacob Harper, John Hegrich, Thomas Hatter, James Huff, Adrian Hageman, Charles Kilgour, John M. Keeler, Jacob Klick, Charles W. Kratzer, Gu^tav Krauss, William C. A. Krauss, Edward M. Krauss, Thomas Love, Joseph Landenburgh, Martin McGinnis, James Miller, Gideon McGill, William Martin, Stephen Myers, Charles Metz, Hum- phrey Magnihan, William C. Newell, William Fryer, Francis R. Palmer, William Pitcher, Stephen M. Price, John Ritter. George Ritter, William C. Ritter, James D. Ross, Francis C. Ritter, Pengree Riker, Arthur C. Ritter, Edward Smith, Charles F. Smith, Noah Smith, John W. Short, Jonah Shuff, John W. Stewart, James Stevens, Joel Swihart, George Swihart, Eli Swihart, David Taylor, Michael Tragnor, Samuel Thompson, William Trewitt, Martin Williams, Peter C. Williamson, Ezra Wilvarren, Hammett Workman, Jacob Whaler, Elias Zickeforse, Henry Zickeforse. COMPANY F. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain John W. Ross. First Lieutenant Joseph O' Conner. Second Lieutenant John S. Taylor, jr. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Joseph A. Savage. Sergeant David T. Woodruff. Sergeant Frederick Jeffey. Sergeant Ernest Warden. Sergeant William J. James. Corporal Joseph Richter. Corporal Edwin J. Ackerman. Corporal Benjamin Harbeson. Corporal Henry C. Davidson. Corporal Robert L. Boggs. Corporal Charles G. Hallam. Corporal David W. Jones. Corporal Joseph B. Leake, Musician Thomas Chard. Musician Andrew Johnson. Wagoner John Jancy. PRIVATES. Robert Armstrong, Joseph Allbright, Charles Albee, John Benker, William Board, Ellis Bucknell, Michael Burke, Garrett Coonse, William Coughlin, Hamilton H. Conant, John Curtis, Peter Cromwell, Arthur L. Currie, William Crider, Albert Clark, Thomas Dickson, Joseph Dankworth, William H. Eleston, William F. Funk, Daniel H. Free- * man, Henry Fuchs, Gasper Gilford, Joseph Helmcamp, William Hud- son, Henry Hulsemyer, Clinton R. Harrison, Elliott Hewson, George Holford, Charles W. Honselle, Edw^ard Jordan, William Klinger, Sam- uel G. Kyle, George J. King, Michael Kenny, William Krammer, Henry E. Kaufman, Patrick Kinney, Edward M. Krause, John Koch, John Logan, William Lordsave, I.,eonidas Latta, Henry Linweber, Israel B. Malott, Lucas Maguire, Henry Mariliiis, John M. Querny, Jacob McKeon, Hugh O'Connor, Jacob Parker, Oliver B. Prophator, Oliver H. Phillips, William Rinal, James H. Rhyner, Jesse Smith, Charles L. Siewers, John Samora, George Sweeney, Daniel Sullivan, Henry Stafford, Albert Stevens George W. Stanly, Henry Vanderhair, Mathew Whilden, John ]. Weaver, La Grat C. Weldy, William F, Wershey, Jacob Yeakle, Henry Young, Andrew Connelly, William J. Hix, Perry Henderson, Devvitt C. Kindle, Frederick Hanneball, Ed- ward Backer, Charles Shaw. COMPANY I. Private Samuel Lanhart. COMPANY K. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Albert W. Thornton.. First Lieutenant William Phillips. Second Lieutenant Edward N. Clopper. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant James Neas. Sergeant James H. Wilson. Sergeant John B. Mitchel. Sergeant James B. Mitchel, Sergeant David B. Snow. Corporal John H. Beard. Corporal William A, Clark. Corpoial George C. Harwood. Corporal William H. Davis. Corporal Jacob B. Davenport. Corporal Thomas B. Marshall. Corporal Francis M, Hagaly. Corporal John B. Haner. Musician Elliott Stroup. Musician John W. Hearn. PRIVATES. George R. Anderson, Frederick Bergdorf, Jacob S. Bacon, James A. Blair, Daniel Berm, Robert Campbell, John Coleman, John Dumler, Peter Decker, Francis Henry, Joseph A. Gribble, William H. Gray. William Gormly, Jacob Garbutt, Henry Griffith, Ephraim Griffith, Silas F. Hearn, John P. Hearn, Andy J. Hearn, William A. Hannon, Peter Holland, Douglass Hutchins, George C. Hildreth, Benedict Hoff, David Ireland, Thomas Ireland, John H. Jackson, Robert H. John, Frederick Ketcham, James Ketcham, Benjamin Ketcham, Peter Long, Jacob Long, Adam Long, John Lullm.an, Simon Latoszyuski, Thomas W. Leake, Jacob Mann, William Monroe, James Mayturn, Patrick McDer- mott, John McGlashon, Wm. McGlashon, Alexander Murray, Michael McHugh, George Millering, Samuel Moore, Charles Miller, Adam Noll, Andrew Poth, David Parshall, James J. Richardson, Perry Ringgold, Isaac L. Stevens, Wm. A, Sutton, Daniel Snyder, Wm. Snyder, Frede- rick W. Smith, Jacob H. Stathem, Martin Schumacker, Moses M. Trador, Louis Thonell, John Tyrell, Charles Webber, William Webber, David Wilson, Martin Wennel, Griffith White, Fayette M. Wood, David Yamell, Charles Blair, William Green, John B. Haner. EIGHTY-FOURTH OHiO INFANTRY. This was organized for but three months service. June II, 1862, it started for Cumberland, Maryland, and from that point engaged in several expeditions against the reb- els. September 13th it held New Creek against a threat- ened attack by Generals Jackson and Imboden. It served about a month longer than its period of enlist- ment, and was mustered out at Camp Delaware in Oc- tober. COMP.^NY G. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Captain William A. Powell. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant James Huston. Sergeant Andrew Hoffman. Corporal Wesley Hentshorn. Corporal Edward Crandall. Musician George B. Chandler. Musician'James OlweUs. PRIVATES. George J. Brightmore, George Bone, Richard G. Gray, Timothy D. Brown, William W. Conover, John W. Dobbins, Robert A. Edwards, Samuel L. Edwards, William B. Gamble, Frank Goodwin, Richard N. Hargrave, Lewis Hedder, Carroll W. Johnson, Ephraim Kram, David H. Levin, Jerry Litlon, John N. Lute, Wihiam H. ParshaU, John Pick- ering, Chatles Rose, Hiram Simonton, Alva B. Tichenor, Horace Wells, Charles J. Kullmer. COMPANY H. Private William Stewart. EIGHTY-FIFTH OHIO INFANTRY. — COMPANY D. Private William Martin. EIGHTY-SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY. (Three Months' Service.) COMPANY A. Private Edward H. Kleinschmidt. (Si-x Months' Service.) COMPANY K. PRIVATES. E. H. Kleinschmidt, Matthew Lawless. EIGHTY-SEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY. COMPANY D. PRIVATES. Henry Bode, Noah M. Stewart. 136 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. EIGHTY-EIGHTH OHIO INFANTRY. — COMPANY D. First Lieutenant William G. Neilson ; Private John H. .^dams. NINETY-FIFTH OHIO INFANTRY. — COiMPANY I. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Captain George W. Douglierty. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Corporal Stephen Wadsworth. Corporal Lawson Bidwell, Corporal A. H. Wirl Stephen Wood; 1798-1806, Jacob Burnet; 1807, James Ewing; 1809, John H. Armstrong; 1810-14, Joshua L. Wilson; 1815-19, David Wade; 1825-31, Richard Fosdick; 1834-6, Geoige P. Torrence; 1840-1, Samuel Martin; 1845-6, George W. Holmes; 1849-50, Henry Debolt; 1857-8, R. Hazlewood; 1859-60, George Fries; 1861-2, E. D. Cruikshank; 1863-4, Oliver H. Geffroy; 1865-7, O. W. Nixon; 1867, A. C. Parry; 1867- 8, Miles Greenwood; 1869-70, John Sebastian; 1871-2, Frederick J. Mayer; 1873-4, John Gerke; 1875-6, Ross H. Fenton; 1877-8, James S. Wise; 1879-80, John G. Fratz; i88r, L. A. Staley. RECORDERS. This officer was appointed by the judges of the court of common pleas until 1831. Since that time he has been elected by the people. 1790, James Burnet (register of deeds); 1802, Oliver Spencer (also 1804); 1803, John W. Brown; 1819, Thomas Henderson; 1825-41, Griffin Yeatman; 1845, Thomas Heckewelder; 1850, William Horn; 1858, John W. Carlton; 1859-62, Henry Ives; 1863-66, F. H. Oehl- man; 1866-68, John E. Rees; 1869-70, Thomas L. Young; 187 1-74, George J. Leininger; 1875-79, Frank Bruner; 1880, George O. Deckebaugh. ASSESSORS. This office was in existence for about twenty years, from 1825. 1829-34, Jonathan Pancoast; 1835-36, Jonah Martin; 1841-42, H. R. Bywaters; 1845-46, Robert Winter. COLLECTOR. This office existed until 1827, when it was abolished and the treasurer was charged with its duties. We find the name of but one incumbent of the office, Thomas Clark, in and about the year 1819. SURVEYORS. The surveyor was appointed by the court of common pleas until 1831. 1802, Benjamin VanCleve; 1806, Thomas Hender- son; 1817-20, Joel Wright; Daniel Hosbrook; 1825-32, Eli Elder; 1833-36, Garrett Vleit; 1836, Mahlon Brown; 1841-51, John L. Hosbrook; 1851-60, James B. Bell; 1861-66, Joseph W. Gilbert; 1870-72, Jacob Ammen; 1873-75. Samuel P- Bowles; 1876-79, George Haire ; 1879-80, John H. Welsch; 1880, Peter N. Jonte. CORONERS. 1792, Robert Bunten; 1794-9, George Gordon; 1800, William Austin; 1801-2, William CT Schenck~i 803-4, Joseph Carpenter; 1805-6, Henry Ewing; 1807-10, Wil- liam Woodward; 1811-19, William Butler; 1820-1, Lot Cooper; 1823-5, David Jackson; 1840, Lewis Day; 1841-5, Charles Hales; 1849-50, Henry Lowry; 1853-4, Henry Noble (also 1857-8); 18556, S. G. Menzies; 1859-60, M. T. Carey (also 1865-6); 1861-2, F. L. Em- mert (also 1867-68); 1863-4, George A. Doherty; 1869- 70, Charles Betscher; 1871-2, J. W. Underbill; 1873-76, P. F. Maley; 1877-8, Ferdinand Stich; 1879-80, An- thony L. Carrick; 1881, John H. Rendigs. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. 1796-7, Willia m McMillan ; 1796-7, Robert Wheelan; i79S^97T^obert Benham; 1797-1800, Joseph Prince; 1798-1801, David E. Wade; 1799-1802, Ichabod B. Miller; 1800-5, William Ruffin; 1801, John Bailey; 1802-5, William Ludlow; 1803, John R. Gaston; 1804-7, Zebulon Foster; 1805-8, John Matsen; 1805-12, Jacob Felter; 1806-11, John Riddle; 1811-18, Ezekiel Hall; 1811-19, Clayton Webb; 1812-18, John Elliott; 1818-20, Adam Moore; 1818-25, Isaac Jackson; 1819-25, Rich- ard Fosdick; 1825, Israel Brown; 1829, William Ben- son, Abraham Ferris; 1829-31, William Snodgrass; 1831, William Wakefield, Samuel Borden; 1834, Garrett Vanosdal (also 1846); 1834, Oliver Jones; 1834-41, Thomas Cooper; 1836-44, E. D. Williams (also 1846); 1836-9, William B. Dodson; 1S40-4, Pressly Kemper; 1840, B. F. Looker; 1841-4, Jonathan Larrison ; 1846, Henry Debolt; 1850, Levi Buckingham, R. K. Cox; 1850-2, John Patton; 1852, John Black, Jesse Timanus; 1858, John H. Gerard; 1858-9, John McMakin; 1860-5, John N. Ridgeway; 1859-61, Michael Goepper; 1861-3, Leonard Swartz; 1862 4, Frederick J. Mayer; 1864, W. L. Converse; 1865-7, Casper Geist; 1865-6, J. W. Fitzgerald; 1866-8, Amzi McGill; 1867-9, John Ferris; 1868-70, C. V. Bechmann; 1869-71, Robert Simms; 1870-2, William Holmes; 1871-3, John Martin; 1872-5, Joseph E. Safer; 1873-5, Charles Huff; 1874-6, Jacob Baumgardner; 1876-8, Aaron Hopper; 1877-9, Herman Fricke; 1878-80, Joseph M. Reardon; 1879, John Zum- stein; 1880, B. F. Hopkins; 1881, Martin Harrell. COMMISSIONERS' CLERKS. No attempt has been made to bring this list down from 1820. 1796-7, Tabor Washburne; 1798, John Kean; 1799- 1800, Reuben Reynolds; 1801-4, Aaron Goforth; 1804-7, John S. Gano; 1807-1 1, Thomas Rawlins; i8i'2, Jere- miah Reeder; 1813, David Wade; 18 14-15, C. Webb; 1816-19, Micajah T. Williams; 1820, Aquila Wheeler' Townships and. Villages OF HAMILTON COUNTY. ANDERSON. BOUNDARIES AND TOPOGRAPHY. Anderson, the soiitheasternmost township in Hamilton county, and the only one of this county lying east of the Little Miami river — that is, in the Virginia Military district — is bounded on the south by the Ohio river, on the west by the Ohio and the Little Miami, on the north by the latter stream, which divides it from Columbia and Spencer townships, and on the east by a line drawn from the southeast corner of fractional section numbered twenty-two, in Columbia township, or from the mouth of the East fork of the Little Miami, south of its inter- section with the Ohio at the mouth of Eight Mile creek. By this line it is separated from Clermont county on the east, and is the only township of Hamilton which imme- diately adjoins Clermont, without the intervention of a stream. The greatest length of the township, about nine miles, is on this hne, but the length of that portion of the Little Miami that touches Anderson township is very nearly the same. The other sides, being bounded alto- gether by the Ohio and Little Miami rivers, are exceeding- ly irregular in their boundary lines; but the township, va- rying from the breadth of a few yards at its northeastern- most and southeasternmost points to its greatest breadth of six and a half miles on an east and west line from the mouth of the Little Miami, has an average width of five miles. Its area is equivalent to nearly thirty-seven sec- tions, or twenty-three thousand five hundred and seventy- one acres. A large part of this tract, on the west and north sides of the township, lies in the broad, fiat, and fertile valley of the Little Miami, upon which the site of Newton lies, and near which, in a commanding position, Mount Washington sits upon the hills, easily overlooking a broad view of the valley. The general level of the hill- tops in this township is high, Mount Washington being five hundred feet above low-water mark in the Ohio, and other heights almost as lofty. One or two points in this township are said to be the loftiest in Hamilton county. The ancient plateau of this region has been deeply cut through, not only by the greater waters of the Ohio and the Little Miami, but by several small streams, prominent among which is Clough creek, with its two principal headwaters or branches taking their rise, respectively, in the eastern and southern parts of the township, uniting east of Mount Washington, and flowing thence in a gen- eral northwesterly and westerly course to the Little Mi- ami below Union bridge. Its valley and the bordering hills are exceedingly picturesque, and comprise many val- uable farms and fine farm buildings. Five Mile creek is another stream of some local importance in the south of the township, likewise formed by the junction of two headwaters, one rising a little northeast of Cherry Grove, near the county line, and the other just south of the Ohio turnpike, a mile and a half west of the same place. They unite their waters — like Clough creek, also receiving a very small stream near their point of junction — about a mile north of the Ohio, and after a westerly and southwesterly course of some two miles, reach that river about midn^ay of its course along the southern bor- der of the township. Three or four minor tributaries of the Ohio also aid m breaking down the hills on this side of the township, the highlands here, as in Columbia and all the river districts of Cincinnati east of the old city, crowding closely upon the river, and leaving scarcely room enough for the wagon-road long existing there and the track of the projected Ohio River & Virginia railway. A few rods above the mouth of the Little Miami a petty stream sets into that river, bearing the name of the noted creek that ploughs through the western hills of Cincinnati — Lick run. Three other brooks, more or less ramified toward their sources — two of them bearing the names, respectively, of Little Dry run and Big Dry run — feed the Little Miami at various points in the township above Clough creek; and channels or mill-races of some size, in two instances, connect points on the river northeast, northwest, and north of Newtown, thus virtually forming islands of two and a half to three miles in circumference, which nearly adjoin each other just opposite Plainville, and about a mile due north from Newtown. It is a remark- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 243 ably well-watered township, pleasingly diversified in its surface, and valuable in the capabilities of its soil and other products. Besides the natural features of Anderson which vary its topography, its broad surface is further intersected by the Batavia turnpike in the northern part, which takes Union bridge and Newtown on its way; the Richmond turnpike on the extreme south, passing California and hugging the river closely until its exit from the county, shortly after which it trends rapidly northeastward; the Salem and Ohio turnpikes, also in the southern half of the township, the latter passing through Mount Washington and Cherry Grove; a number of other good wagon roads; the Cincin- nati & Eastern narrow-guage railway, along the valley of the Little Miami, by Newtown, in the north part; with a branch from a point a mile and a half east of Newtown, running up the valley of Dry run, to a point due east of Mount Washington, where it leaves the township; and the Cincinnati & Portsmouth narrow-guage railway, cutting the southern and eastern parts in an exceedingly tortuous line, as compelled by the broken country, from the cross- ing of the Little Miami southwest of Mount Washington to the departure from the township and county consider- ably to the northward, near Mount Carmel, in Clermont county. As well as the nature and demands of the town- ship will permit at present, it is served with means of transportation; but other railroads have been projected, as that already mentioned along the Ohio. ANCIENT WORKS. The observations of an intelligent man, who saw the mounds and other ancient remains in this region in the early day, must ever be of interest. The following re- marks were made by the Rev. Philip Gatch, who came to Anderson township in 1798, in his autobiographic sketch: This beautiful land has been a hidden space to civilization for many ages. There are traces in many parts of ancient fortiiications and other works which could not have been made by the Indians, but by a people much further advanced in civilization than they now are. The growths of timber upon these works, consisting of mounds and elevated embankments, seem to be the same as on the ground generally, which shows their great antiquity. What people or race constructed these works is not now known, and probably never will be. Some think these formations were before the flood ; but this notion, it appears to me, is refuted by timbers being found in the earth to a great depth. I saw timber that was found on digging a well on high land ; also by salt water shells being found in high places. Nature is a grand laboratory, and it is ever in progress — imperceptible it may be to the eye, but its doings are marked by centuries. The process of change in the natural world is ever in progress. Much later, but still so far in the past as to lend some special interest to the narrative — in Mr. E. D. Mans- field's Monthly Chronicle for August, 1839 — one "T. C. D." (said to have been Timothy C. Day) gave an inter- esting description of the works as they were to be seen in his time : In perhaps no portion of this State are these gigantic vestiges of an unknown and populous age so abundant as in the alluvial bottoms and adjacent neighborhoods of the iVIiarai. They are to be met with at al- most every step, and in groups so numerous that the eye can scarcely embrace their number. Mounds of every description, size, and shape, circular forts, embankments miles in length, and of great size, point out the immense labors and workmanship of a mysterions people. Allow- ing for the probable absence of the requisite implements for their erec- tion, and the washing of their friable soil for centuries, they may be truly reckoned as successful rivals to the greatest of their prototypes of the sandy plains of Egypt. Some are even so stupendous that, were it not for the evident signs of human mechanism that mark their construction, they might claim the impress of a mightier hand. About a mile east of Newtown, in this county, on the farm of Levi Martin, is a mound of the largest class. Its shape is an oval oblong, rounding to its apex with the most perfect accuracy. It is situated on a shelf of land about thirty feet above the alluvial bottom of the Little Miami. The soil around it is gravelly, but the material of its structure, as usual, is a brick clay. Near its summit is a large beech, probably two feet in diameter, and its sides are covered with a thick growth of underwood, with several large forest trees. It is within three hundred yards of a high range of hills, and could not, therefore, have been erected as a watch-tower or a place of defence. It has never been opened, but the most probable conjecture is that it is the monument of some mighty chief, who lies interred in its centre. The plain around its base is perfectly level, except within twenty feet of what was proba- bly its original circumference; the washing of rains has filled it up to a considerable height. The dimensions of the mound, from actual ad- measurement, are as follows: Circumference at the base 600 feet. Width at the base 150 feet. Length at the base 250 feet. Perpendicular height 40 feet. covering an area of about an acre. Last summer the workmen, in procuring gravel for the Batavia turn- pike, immediately in the rear of Newtown, in the bank of a small stream called Jennie's run, disinterred an immense number of human skele- tons. This ancient burial ground is on a gravelly point that juts out from the bank into the run, forming an acute bend. The graves are not, on an average, more than two feet in depth, though probably they were originally a great deal deeper, as the ridge has evidently washed to a considerable degree. As far as caved, the point is a solid body of coarse gravel till within about two and a half feet of the surface, which is composed of sand and loam. The skeletons lay in the sandy stratum, between the gravel and earth; and so far as preservation is concerned, it has answered the purpose well. Whole anatomies have been exhumed in an excellent state of soundness — the teeth particularly, some of them, as white as ivory, and perfect in every respect. Forest trees, such as beech, sugar, and oak, some at least two feet in diameter, were growing immediately over the graves, and their gnarled roots twisted fantastic- ally through the skulls of these remnants of an ancient people. A fall of gravel would frequently leave bare the whole front of a grin- ning skeleton, seemingly thrust in the grave feet foremost; and, in fact, the whole of the bodies bore evidence of a promiscuous burial, some placed horizontally facing the west, others level, anon a group of four heads within the space of two feet, and in every imaginable position. About twenty feet from the first discovery of the bones, the workmen came to a large body of charcoal and the remains of a stone fire-place. An earthen vessel was found by some boys, which was broken and de- stroyed before an actual description could be obtained. Several of the skulls exhibited traces of violence, such as^ would lead one to suppose that this had been a scene of carnage, and the dead bodies thus fur- nished a rude and hasty burial. Several curiosities have been found in the neighborhood, such as pipes, earthen pots, and copper plates. Two small limestones, hol- lowed out from an inch on the outer edge to an eighth in the center, were found in a ploughed field. They are perfectly round, and are very neatly carved, the one about two-thirds the size of the other. The largest is about four inches in diameter. The principal pre-historic monuments in Anderson township, as previously intimated, are found, like those generally in the eastern parts of Hamilton county, in or near the valley of the Little Miami. They are : I. A large mound in the doorway of the old Turpin homestead, now occupied by Philip Turpin, esq., about a mile northeast of the Union bridge, on the Batavia turnpike. Although undoubtedly much smaller than when first heaped, it is now ten feet in height, with a cir- cumference at the base of one hundred and seventy-five feet. It is situated directly in a line between the front gate and front door of the premises, and the foot-way be- tween these points runs around it. It thus forms a com- 244 -HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. manding and very interesting object in the scene, as viewed by the passer-by on the turnpike. About it is an ancient cemetery, probably not older than the Indian period, however, from which human remains may be ex- humed with almost every lift of spade or shovel. Upon the same premises, it may be here remarked, was the camp of Tod's company of independent scouts, for some time during the Morgan raid and scare of 1863. It was, although bearing an "independent" name, a regularly organized command under the leadership of Captain Wheeler, and named from Governor Tod, then at the helm of the State. While here it did considerable scout- ing, marching, and countermarching, but was not called upon to burn much powder in the face of the enemy. The marks of its occupancy are yet to be seen in the boards and fences gnawed by the horses, in the stabs of bayonets upon the house-doors, and otherwise. Some distance south of Union bridge is a rather curious old brick school-house, situated below the roadway to Mount Washington. It was built in 1847, and is still used with tolerable convenience for the needs of the sub-district. 2. Nearly a mile and a half across the hills from the Turpin homestead, and about three-quarters of a mile south of Newtown, in the valley of a small tributary of the Little Dry run, on Colonel Jewett's farm, is a large mound. This reaches fifteen feet in altitude, and is two hundred and twenty-five feet in circumference at the base. It is further in the interior than any of the important tumuli of this part of the valley. 3. In Newtown itself formerly, immediately before the old Methodist church, at the junction of the Plainville road with the Batavia turnpike, was a mound of size enough to make its removal worth while for the sake of the material, which was used in the construction of the Plainville highway. We do not learn that any specially noticeable relics were discovered in the process of re- moval. 4. Near this spot, east of Newtown, and on the line of the Cincinnati & Eastern railroad, is the Odd Fellows' cemetery, in which is a beautiful mound of ten feet height and a base circumference of two hundred and ten feet. It is a very appropriate mark and ornament of the cemetery. 5. A tumulus existed until recently on the Plainville road, three hundred yards northwest of the cemetery mound. It was about seven feet high and one hundred and fifty feet around at the base. It was thoughtlessly and remorselessly removed two or three years ago, simply to fill hollows in the road; and in the process of removal sundry bones, pieces of charcoal, and other objects came to light, unmistakably identifying it as an artificial work and a veritable relic of the Mound Builders. 6. Southwest of both these, on the bank of the Lit- tle Dry run, on the "first bottom" of the Little Miami, and at the foot of the hill cut by the Batavia turnpike, was a mound which was destroyed when that road was built, and some bones and other relics were found in it, as described in the article of "T. C. D." 7. A few score yards due south of this site is an arti- ficial eminence of about three feet high — much reduced from its ancient height by the long processes of cultivation upon it, its surface having been annually plowed over for many years. Its site is upon the Levi Martin estate, south of Little Dry run. 8. Upon the same property, three hundred yards south of east from the last mentioned, is the "Big Mound," as it is familiarly known. Says Dr. Metz, in his article on "The Pre-historic Monuments of the Little Miami Valley" (Journal of the Cinciimati Society of Natural History, October, 1878): This is tile largest mound in this vicinity, and in the country. Its present elevation is about thirty-nine feet, with a circumference of six hundred and twenty-five feet at base. It has been cultivated for the last thirty years, with the exception of the last two years, and is now overgrown with blackberry bushes. It was at one time covered with forest trees. A large oak on its top had a diameter of four feet : this I have from reliable authority. It has not been explored ; the proprie- tor desires to let the dead rest, as he expresses it. 9. Recrossing Little Dry run nearly half a mile north of east, we come upon two low mounds, near the Batavia turnpike — one five feet high and the other three and a half above the general level. 10. North of these, across the turnpike on the estate of William Edwards, is a scattered group of four mounds, but nearly in a line from east to west, with an average distance from each other of two hundred feet. The east- ernmost of the four is in the first bottom of the Big Dry run, and but a few yards west of that stream. It is ex- cellently preserved, very regular in its form, eight feet high, and about eighty feet in diameter at the base. Upon an elevation of thirty to forty feet above the level upon which this mound stands — that is, upon the second terrace or bottom of the Miami valley — are the other three mounds. The two in the centre of the group are each about four feet in height; the fourth, or westernmost, is ten feet high, and has a circumference about the same as that of the mound at the foot of this terrace. The smaller tumuli were once, very likely, as high as this; but they have been plowed over annually for a long time. 11. Two miles northeast of this group, almost in the northeastern comer of the township, on the farm of Michael Turner, is another very interesting series of ancient works, consisting of one large and one smaller enclosure and four mounds. The large enclosure, north and west of the Cincinnati & Eastern railroad, which, together with a small stream, passes between this and the other members of the group, is designated as No. i upon Dr. Charles L. Metz's chart of the pre-historic monu- ments of the Little Miami valley; the smaller enclosure, about a fifth of a mile north of east of the other, and the northernmost of the four works east of the Cincin- nati & Eastern track, as No. 2 ; the two mounds next south of this, in order, as Nos. 3 and 4 ; and the emi- nence east of No. 3 as No. 5. This explanation will render intelligible the following description, which is ex- tracted from Dr. Metz's article accompanying the chart, in the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural His- tory, for October, 1878: No. I is the largest and most interesting work in the Miami valley. An extract from an article by T. C. Dale, or Day, on the antiquities of the Miami valley, published in the November number of the Monthly Chronicle, in 1839, is as follows: "The site of this stupendous fortili- cation, if we may so call it, is a few rods to the right of the road lead- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 245 ing from Newtown to Milford, and about midway between them. It is situated on a ridge of land tliat juts out from tlie third bottom of the Little Miami, and reaches within three hundred yards of its bed. From the top of the ridge to low-water mark is probably one hundred feet. It terminates with quite a sharp point and its sides are very abrupt, bearing evident marks of having once been swept by some stream of water, probably the Miami. It forms an e.Ktremity of an immense bend, curving into what is now called the third bottom, but which is evidently of alluvial formation. Its probable height is forty feet, and its length about a quarter of a mile before it expands out and forms the third alluvial bottom. About one hundred and fifty yards from the extreme point of this ridge the ancient workmen have cut a ditch directly through it. It is thirty feet in depth; its length, a semi- circular curve, is five hundred feet; and its width at the top is eighty feet, having a level base of fortv feet. At the time of its formation it was probably cut to the base of the ridge, but the washing of the rains has filled it up to its present height. Forty feet from the western side of the ditch is placed the low circular wall of the fort, which describes in its circumference an area of about four acres. The wall is probably three feet in mean height, and is composed of the usual brick clay, occasioi.ally intermixed with small flat river stone. It keeps at an exact distance from the top of the ditch, but approaches nearer to the edge of the ridge. The form of the fort is i perfect circle, and is two hundred yards in diameter. Its western side is defended with a ditch, cut through the ridge in the same manner as the one on the eastern side. Its width and depth are the same, but its length is greater by two hundred feet, as the ridge is that much wider than where the other is cut through. The wall of the fort keeps exactly the same distance from the top of this ditch as of the other, viz., forty feet. Its curve is exactly the opposite of that of the other, so as to form two segments of a circle. At the southeastern side of the fort there is an opening in the wall thirty-six yards wide; and opposite this opening is one of the most marked features of this wonderful monument. A causeway extends out from the ridge .about three hundred feet in length and one hundred feet in width, with a gradual descent to the alluvial bottom at its base. The material of its construction is evidently a portion of the earth excavat.ed from the ditches. Its easy ascent and breadth would induce the belief that it was formed to facilitate the entrance of some ponder- ous vehicle or machines into the fort. To defend this entrance they raised a mound of earth seven feet high, forty wide, and seventy-five long. It is placed about one hundred feet from the mouth of the causeway, and is so situated that its garrison could sweep it to its base. The whole area of the fort, the wall and causeway is covered with large forest trees; but there is not a tree growing in either of the ditches, and there are but a few low underbrush on their side. At present the circular wall is almost leveled, but can be readily traced by the color of the soil and the large number of flat river-stones. The ditches can be easily recognized. The mound is still prominent. It measures now in height five and one-half feet, diameter twenty-five yards, circumference seventy-five yards. The causeway is cut through by the Cincinnati & Eastern railroad, the forest cut away, and the soil cultivated annually. No. 2 of this group is a large, circular embankment, with a diame- ter of about one hundred and twenty-five yards. The material form- ing theembankment is evidently taken from within theenclosure. This work is a perfect circle, with an opening or gateway thirty feet wide to the soudi. It is about three hundred yards distant from the fiist work of this group. Two htindred yards to the south of this circle are two mounds, No.*4 on chart being the larger. It has a circumference at base of two hundred and fifty feet and an elevation of twelve feet. One hundred and fifty yards east of these mounds is another of very regular shape (Group D, No. 5, on chart); height, four feet, circumference one hun- dred and fifty feet. Members of the Madisonville Scientific and Literary society have done much excellent work in the survey and description of the works in this part of Anderson town- ship ; and to the chart and accompanying article of Dr Metz, of that society, we acknowledge invaluable aid in preparing the above notice. THE ORIGINAL LAND OWNERS. Anderson township, as already intimated, is distin- guished above all other townships as the one subdivision of Hamilton county which lies on the Virginia military tract, reserved between the Little Miami and Scioto, for land bounties to the soldiers of the Virginia line, serving in the_ war of the Revolution, on Continental estab- lishment. The history of this reservation, with many interesting facts pertaining thereto, will be found in the chapter on land titles, in the first division of this work. The following memoranda indicate the original owners of the respective surveys noted in that part of the Mili- tary tract which is now Anderson township : No. 395. Bennett Tompkins, one thousand six hun- dred and sixty-six and two-thirds acres. No. 410. Major John Crittenden, one thousand acres. He was the father of John J. Crittenden, the Kentucky statesman, and was an officer in tne Revolutionary war, settling afterwards in Woodford county, Kentucky. His tract was one of the finest in the Little Miami valley; and yet, so little was the value of land esteemed in those days, that he traded the whole thousand acres of splendid bottom and hill land to Major John Harris, of Manni- cantown, near Richmond, Virginia, for a mosquito bar. Harris in his turn sold it to Dr. Turpin, of the same place, for a pair of blooded mares; and Turpin made a present of it to his son Philip, who settled it, and devel- oped it into a rich estate, which is still held by his de- scendents. No. 427. John Anderson, seven hundred and fifty acres. No. 500. Holt Richardson, five hundred acres. No. 535. Robert Blair, William Cassel, John Dem- sey, Benjamin Gray, John Halfpenny, Daniel Sahon, one thousand acres; also John Green and James Giles. No. 536. John Steele, six hundred and sixty-six and ■ two-thirds acres. No. 552. Robert Powells, six hundred acres. No. 608. Abram Hites, one thousand acres. No. 609. Joseph Egglestone, one thousand acres. No. 618. Robert Morrow, two thousand acres. No. 620. Theodore Bland, one thousand three hun- dred and thirty-three and one-third acres. No. 624. A. Singleton, five hundred and fifteen acres. No. 637. William Taylor, one thousand acres. No. 706. Jacob Fears, James Friggin, James McDon- ald, James Payton, one thousand acres; John Brown, two hundred acres. No. 916. William Moore, one hundred and sixty acres. No. 1,115. William Mosileye, one thousand acres. No. 1,126. John' Parke, one thousand acres; James Pendleton, one thousand acres. No. 1,581. General James Taylor, five hundred and fifty acres. This gentleman was the well-known Newport pioneer, father of the venerable Colonel James Taylor, who still resides upon the old place on the Kentucky shore, and retains large landed interests in Anderson township. We here acknowledge much indebtedness to him in the preparation of this work. General Taylor became possessor, first and last, of a very large share of the lands in the township, most of which he re-sold. No. 1,618. Hites and Robinson. No. 1,674. Edward Stevens, one thousand acres. 246 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. No. 1,677. Colonel Richard Clough Anderson, four hundred and fifty-four acres. He was the chief surveyor of the Military district, appointed to that office by the State of Virginia. He resided ten miles south of Louis- ville, where he kept the office for many years, and until it was removed to Chillicothe, in this State. He was father of the late Hon. L. Anderson, of Cincinnati, and Marshall P. Anderson, of Circleville, also a well-known citizen, more recently deceased. The township takes its name from Colonel Anderson. No. 1,679. Edward Clark, four hundred acres. No. 1,680. Joseph Neville, two hundred acres. No. 1,682. John Mead, four hundred and thirty-four acres. No. 1,775. General George Washington, President of the United States, nine hundred and ninety-seven acres. A very appropriate number for the greatest of Revolutionary heijoes to hold. It was in the year 1775 that he took command of the Continental armies, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. His was the triangular tract next the present Clermont county line, the northeast- ernmost survey in the township, the point of it resting on the Batavia turnpike, but a little way from the mouth of the East fork of the Little Miami. No. 2,204. Nathaniel Wilson, four hundred acres. No. 2,276. General Nathaniel Massie, six hundred acres. This owner was one of the most active and enter- prising surveyors in the Military district, and the founder of the earliest towns within its borders — Manchester in 1794, and Chillicothe in 1796. No. 3,393- John Nancarrous, two hundred and seventy acres. No. 3,394. P. Higgins, ninety acres. No. 3,817. John Hains, two hundred and fifty acres. No. 4,243. Frank Taylor. No. 6,532. John English, two hundred and fifty acres. No. 8,903. George C. Lights. covalt's station. The first settlers upon the present soil of Anderson township were probably Abram or Abraham Covalt and companions, who pushed up the Little Miami in 1790 or 1 79 1, and established a station on Round Bottom to protect themselves, about twelve miles from the mouth of the river, as it runs. This was known as Covalt's Station, and was considered important enough in 1 791 to secure a garrison of twenty soldiers from Fort Washing- ton. In the absence of the soldiers, however, Mr. Covalt, while hunting with two others, was attacked by the Indians, killed and scalped near the station. Wood was sent to Columbia village, and a relief party started out at once; but without much effect. Mr. Daniel Doty was of this party, and left some interesting notes of the affair. He then .saw for the first time a scalped man, and was naturally much shocked. He records that "when a person is killed and scalped by the Indians, the eyebrows fall down over the eyeballs and give them a fearful look. " The following account of the killing of Covalt is derived from the narrative of Thomas Fitzwater, a de- scendent of William Fitzwater, who had personal knowl- edge of the affair. It is contained in the history of Clermont county: Towards noon on the first day in which Buckingham, Fletcher, and Covalt started on their hunt, Covalt began to get very uneasy and to urge the others to return home, saying there might be Indians about. The other two told him there was no danger, but this did not satisfy him. The nearer night approached the more importunate he became, and the more he urged them to return. This uneasiness in Covalt's mind Buckingliam always viewed as a bad omen. His entreaties final- ly prevailed on the others and they consented to return. So they left the 'licks' in order to reach the station while it was yet daylight. Arriving opposite to where Buckingham's mill now stands, while Covalt and Fletcher were walking close together, and Buckingham about three rods behind, suddenly three guns were fired about twenty yards distant. Buckingham looked forward and saw Covalt and Fletcher start to run down the Miami, and also saw three Indians jump over a log, yelling and screaming like demons. As Buckingham wheeled to run up the river he tried to throw off his blanket, but it hung over his shoulders like a powder-horn, as the strap passed over his head. When he did get it loose it took his hat with it. He ran up but a few poles, then took up the hill, the river and hill being close together. As he went up the hill he looked back several times, but saw no one in pur- suit. When he arrived on the top he got his gun ready for emergency, then stopped, looked back, and listened. While thus standing he heard the Indians raise the yell down in the bottom, thirty or forty rods distant, then he knew they had caught one or both of the others. When he found the Indians were that distance from him, he knew that he could make tracks as fast as they could follow him. So he steered over the hills and came to the Miami, at what is now Quail's railroad bridge. Getting to the station he found that Fletclier had got there a few minutes before him. By this time it was night. Fletcher's story of the affair was that he and Covalt ran together some distance, when Fletcher's feet became entangled in a grape-vine, and down he fell, where he laid perfectly still until the Indians passed him. One passed close to him, no doubt thinking he had fallen to rise no more. And they all kept on in hot pursuit of Covalt. As soon as they got out of sight Fletcher made his escape down the river. Ne.xt morning a party of men left the station to look for Covalt. Arrived at the place they found his body, his scalp, gun, tomahawk, powder-horn, blanket, knife, hat, and part of his. clothes gone, and an old broken rifle left near his body. The Indian traces showed that they had crossed and re-crossed at Indian ripple. They were not traced any farther. Enoch Buckingham (one of this party) continued with his family at Columbia, from the spring of 1790 to 1795. Some time this spring they moved into a log cabin on the banks of the Miami, on the lower Buckingham farm. A FORTIFIED STATION. Probably as early as 1790, the eyes of some of the set- tlers, or newcoiners to Columbia, were turned to the broad and fertile tracts in the valley east of the Little Miaini, and a party of colonists soon attempted to make a home there. Their first settlement was opposite Turkey Bottom, at the foot of the hills on survey number five hundred and thirty-six, about a mile below the present site of Union ridge, on the land now owned by Colonel James Taylor. Here, for their protection against the Indians, as the custom then was, they built a small block-house, or stockade, which, from the principal man of the party, the father of the late John H. Gerard, ex- sheriff of Hamilton county, received the name of "Ge- rard's Station." Other settlers to be protected by it are said, by Colonel Taylor, to have been Joseph William- son, Stephen Betts, Stephen Davis, Major Stites, Captain Flinn, and others. He says that the block-house stood on the side of the hill near what is called Big spring, and not far from Flinn's ford across the Little Miami, which HISTOKi OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OIHO. 247 was on the principal land-route, in the early day, from Cincinnati and Columbia eastward. Stites and Flinn are reputed to have had at least one sharp fight with the red- skins at this station. Some traces of it were to be ob- served until quite recent times. ORGANIZATION OF THE TOWNSHIP. Anderson township was erected by the court of general quarter sessions of the peace, in 1793. It was then bounded by the Little Miami to the east fork, from the mouth of which a line was described to a point nine miles east, thence another due south to the Ohio, and from the point of intersection the Ohio formed the boun- dary to the place of beginning. It must have been after- wards enlarged, as settlements increased, since it is other- wise said* to have included all of Hamilton county between the Little Miami and the Elk river, or Eagle creek. So lately as 1803 it is officially described as "all that part of Hamilton county east of the Little Miami river," which then, however comprised only the present limits of the township, or about the same. The voters were then to meet at the house of Thomas Browne, in Newtown, and elect three justices of the peace. In the latter part of 1799 two townships were set off from the eastern part of the large old township of Ander- son — Washington township, which included all the north- ern part of the present Clermont, and the south part of Warren county; and Deerfield township, which covered all the southern and central portions of Clermont and Brown counties to the aforesaid Eagle creek. The same year a county called Henry was set off" by the territorial legislature along the river next east of the present Ham- ilton, with Durhamstown (now Bethel) as the county seat, but the act was negatived by Governor St. Clair, who pocketed it with several other bills of similar char- acter, as he claimed that the legislature in passing them usurped his own prerogatives; the next year he, by proc- lamation, erected the desired new county in this direc- tion by the name of Clermont, when Anderson township and Hamilton county, on the southeast, were reduced to their present boundaries. Anderson, as the fifth township created in the old Hamilton county, was directed by the court of quarter sessions to take for its cattle-brand the letter E. The first township officers were as follows : John Garrard, clerk; Jesse Garrard, constable; Rich- ard Hall, overseer of roads; Joseph Frazee, Jacob Back- oven, overseers of the poor; Joseph Martin, Jonathan Garrard, viewers of enclosures and appraisers of damages. We have the following notes of justices of the peace in later'times : 1819, Jonathan Garrard; 1825, Jonathan Garrard, Wil- liam E. White, Richard Ayres; 1829, Jonathan Garrard, Clayton Webb; 1865, R. L. Wright, Abner Jones; 1866- 71, R. L. Wright, Abner Jones, A. Durham; 1872-6, R. L. Wright, Abner Jones, K. H. Van Rensselaer; 1877, Jones, Wright, Van Rensselaer, D. A. Garrett; 1878-9, George W. Jones, George Jones, D. A. Garrett, August Crance; 1880, Jones, Jones, and Crance. * Histoiy of Clermont county. EARLY SETTLEMENT. Immigrants to the Miami county did not turn so readily to the Military district as to the Symmes Purchase and the Congress lands, since the titles to the latter were considered better and more rehable, and less likely to involve litigation. As early as 1790, some white settlers are believed to have set down their stakes within the limits of the .present Anderson township; and, as we have seen, a fortified station against the Indians probably existed upon Anderson soil that year. The first settle- ments, according to Colonel James Taylor, of Newport, were made upon Bennett Tompkins' survey at the mouth of the I,ittle Miami; Crittenden's survey, settled by Philip Turpin, near the present Union bridge; Powell's, Massie's, Richardson's, John Andersons', Bland's, and Moore's, and the surveys numbered one thousand five hundred and twelve and one thousand seven hundred and twenty- three. Besides those named in connection with Gerrard's station and Philip Turpin, who was among the earliest, there were Isaac Vail, John Grimes, the Edwardses, Corblys, Debolts, Johnsons, Clarks, and Durhams, whose families were upon the soil of Anderson during the closing decade of the last century or the opening one of this. Settlers were not numerous, nor their improve- ments large, for obvious seasons, until after the pacifi- cation of the Indian tribes in 1794, by Wayne's victory at the battle of the Fallen Timbers. Many memoranda of individual settlements in the early day will be found in the paragraphs below: OTHER NOTES OF SETTLEMENT, ETC. Mr. John Betts, grandfather of George'M. Betts, came to Anderson township at a very early day. He was of Irish descent, and emigrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio. John R. Betts, father of George M., was born in this township. For several years he was in the pork business in Cincinnati. His wife's name was Sarah S. Martin. She was a daughter of George Martin, who died in 1878, at the advanced age of ninety-three years. He was here when the old fort was at Columbia. His wife was a Rigdon. She was the first white child on the north side of the Little Miami river. Mr. John R. Betts had three children: George M., Elizabeth (Mrs. S. Burdsall), and Emma (Mrs. George Pike). The son is now superintend- ent of the Mount Washington Canning company, which cans from twelve to fifteen thousand cans of fruit and vegetables per year. AquilaJDurham was born in M aryland in M ay, 1779, and died in September, 1870, in his ji inety-second yea r. He was^~fRe'youngest orTTaniily of eleven children, six of whom lived to be over eighty-five years of age. The family was noted for longevity. His father died at the age o f ninety-six, a nd had six brothers and two sisters, each of whom lived to be over eighty. Their father came from Durham, E ngland, in 1722. and settled in Maryland. JosHua~I)urham, father of the subject"ortliis sketch, sold his estate and slaves in Maryland soon after the close of the Revolution, and started for the West. But, owing to the depreciation of the continental money, he and his family were obliged to remain in Pennsylvania 248 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. several years. They arrived in Cincinnati in June, 1797, only eight years after its settlement, and pushed right out into the wilderness to make a settlement, and built a cabin in the Miami bottoms, about ten miles from Cin- cinnati. Aquila was then eighteen years old. He helped his father open a clearing in the woods, and,..being a skil- ful hunter, kept the family supplied with game. Many hardships were encountered; but they were so accustomed to them that they seemed rather to enjoy the dangers of the chase and the hard labor and privations they had to undergo. Whe n General Harri son was governor of the Indiana Territory, with headquarters at Vincennes, Aquila kept him supplied with sheep and cattle, which had to be driven through the unbroken wilderness. Many thrilling adventures were experienced by his parties when on the road. Wild animals were troublesome at night, and the Indians were constantly on their path. IniSo^Jievvas mar- ried tn_H '""ript Thomp son, daughter of Barnard Thomp- son, a Revolutionary soldier. They settled nearhis father's, and two years later moved upon the farm now owned by Thompson Durham. He lived on that farm for sixty-two years. They raised ten children, all of whom lived to be over forty-five years old. Seven of them still live. His wife died in 1868, after sixty-four years of married life. He voted in 1802 at the first election held in Ohio, and never missed an election as long as he lived. He attended the Cincinnati markets for almost sixty years, at first carrying his produce to market on hoseback, then in wagons to the river and thence in a boat. After roads were opened, he went through to the city in his wagon. Every Tues- day and Friday found him in the market. Many of the old citizens wer'e his customers, and well remember him. It was his. pride and boast that no one ever said he was not honest. Walter Johnson settled in Anderson township in 1804, where his death occurred eighteen years after. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1782. He was a leading farmer, and was several times a member of the board of trustees of the school board. His wife was Anna Bridges. The surviving members of his family are Rebecca Cox, W. W. H.Johnson, Franklin Johnson, Hannah Cord, Charles Johnson, Walter R. Johnson, Anna Johnson, and Sallie Norton. Charles Johnson's birth is dated in the year 1820. He has filled several township offices. He mar- ried Rebecca Corbley, and their children are John C, Walter R., Van R., and Leonidas. Francis H. Jewett is the son of David Jewett. His mother's name was Eunice Rider. The father, who was born in Maine, emigrated from New York to Cincinnati in the year 1835. In the last named place, in 1840, the son was born. At the age of twenty-seven he was mar- ried to Catharine Henn. Three years later he began the dairy business in Covington, Kentucky, where he remained up to the year 1876, when he removed to his present place in Anderson township. He is said to possess ex- cellent business qualifications — in fact is the successful owner and manager of the largest dairy in the township. David Jones, and his wife, Mary S. Jones, emigrated from Virginia to the State of Ohio, and were among the first settlers in Anderson township, where the former died in 1872. Abner Jones, grandson of the preceding, was born in 181 6. In 1849 he was married to Miss Emily Bennett, daughter of Samuel D. Bennett, of the same township. In politics he has always been a Democrat, and for twenty-four years has held the office of justice of the peace. Mr. John Webb was taken to Cincinnati with his fam- ily early in 1790. He was born in Monmouth, New Jer- sey, four years previous to this time. His death occurred in Newtown, in 1857. His wife's maiden name was Han- nah Frost. She was one year her husband's senior; her death occurred in 1857. The surviving members of the family are Sidney Webb, of Delta, Ohio, and L. A. Webb, of Anderson township. The last named son in 1840 married the daughter of John Frost, of Hamilton coun- ty. Ten years later he built the house in which he now resides, the site of which is said to be the highest eleva- tion of land in Hamilton county. Among the leading farmers of the county the subject of our sketch holds a prominent position. Michael Lawyer emigrated from New'Jersey to Ham- ilton county in 1 81 5, and thence to Clermont county* in 181 9. He was born in that State in 177 1, married Nancy Martin, and remained in New Jersey about ten years after marriage, when he took his family across the mountains into Pennsylvania and settled in Green county, where they lived fourteen years. In 181 5 they removed to the west, coming down the Ohio on a flat- boat, commonly called a "family boat," and stopped at the mouth of the Little Miami. They resided in this valley four years, and then removed to Clermont county, where the father died in 1835, and the mother ten years afterwards. The surviving children are Catharine Paul, Isabella Becker, and Michael Lawyer. The last-named was born in 1812, and was consequently but three years old when his people landed in the Miami country. In ^1839 he married Cynthia Robinson, daughter of John Robinson, and ten years thereafter removed from Cler- mont county to the farm he now occupies in Anderson township, where, in 1859, he built the fine residence in which he makes his home. ■^^ Winfield S. Durham was born in 18 17. His marriage occurred in 1844. The same year he built the home where he now lives in comfort, having secured a fine competence in the business of farming. His mother was Narcissa Wilmington, the daughter of Joseph Wil- mington, of Clermont county. The parents of Mr. Dur- ham first settled near the mouth of the Little Miami. They have six children living at the present time. Isaac Edwards, born in New Jersey in the year 1800, was a settler of Clermont county, where he died in 1855. His wife's name was Alice Sawyer. They have three children now living, of whom William Edwards, jr., was born in 1830. He was married in May, 1863, to Miss Ellen Dole, of Olive Branch, in the same county, by whom he has nine children, all living. The next spring after his marriage he removed to the fine place he now occupies, immediately adjoining the Edwards station on the Cincinnati & Eastern railroad, in a handsome house upon the farm of his uncle, William Edwards, sr. Here HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 249 he has devoted himself closely to his legitimate business of farming, without any turn for speculation or public life. He is now hard upon fifty years old, but is still in the prime of his powers, a strong man and an excellent farmer. Samuel Johnson, father of James O. Johnson, was among the first who settled on Clough creek, where he remained during the rest of his lifetime. He was born in Virginia, from which State he emigrated to Ohio, and was a leading resident of Anderson township. His wife's name was Nancy Estel. Jos eph Ma rtin settled in Anderson township as early as I7QS _ He was born in Bedford. Pennsylvania, whence he emigrated to Ohio. His death occurred in the same township in the year 1846. He was in the old block- house at Gerard Station. His wife was Miss Rebecca Gerard. Four children are still living, of whom their son, Gano Martin, was born in 181 1. At the age of twenty-nirie, he was married to Elizabeth Curry, the daughter of Colonel William Curry. They still live on the old homestead. Mr. Martin has always been in pol- itics a Republican. Since 1840 he has been an active rnember of the Baptist church of Newtown, in which he has always taken great interest, and for the support of which his contributions have been no small part. W, H. Markley was born in 1827, at the place where he now resides. He married Catharine 'Silvers, with whom, surrounded by a large circle of friends, he enjoys his large farm and beautiful home. His father, Jacob Markley, first settled in Anderson township in 1814. He was born in West Maryland in 1803, but emigrated from Virginia to Ohio. He died in this township in the year 1879. He was a large land-owner, and also followed the business of boating on the river to New Orleans. His wife's maiden name was Emeline Martin. There are five children living at the present date. Thomas Mears, a native of London, England, came to America and became a resident of Philadelphia about the year 1794. From this city he removed to Cincinnati at a very early date, where he practiced law. His brother John was a coppersmith, at which trade he amassed a large fortune. Some branches of the family still remain in Cincinnati. In 1858 he was killed by be- ing thrown from a carriage. His father, a physician, was a man of remarkable bravery. He died in the West In- dies from yellow fever, where he was practicing at the time. He was a great traveller, and when the country was new is said to have driven from New Orleans to Cin- cinnati in a gig. The wife of Thomas Mears was Polly S. McCormick, daughter of Rev. Francis McCormick, one of the founders of Methodism in the west. The children of this marriage were William E. Mears; Fran- cis Mears, of Clermont county; John Mears, of Ander- son township; and Eliza C. Mears, now Mrs. Stoms, also of Anderson township; Esther Mears, afterwards Mrs. Whetstone, deceased; Isaac Mears, now in Colorado; and Patsy, who died in infancy. William was born in Columbia in 1835. Previous to 1875 he was a merchant a large part of the time. At that date he became a member of the postal corps, where he remains at the present. His wife was Miss Hannah A. Sutton, Robert Martin was born in Ireland in 1772. He settled in Sycamore township in 1820, and died in Symmes township in the year 1850. He was educated for the ministry, but was a teacher the greater part of his life. His wife was Jane Luckey. The surviving mem- bers of the family are Belinda Clemmens, Jonathan T. Martin, and Dr. J. S. Martin. The last-named is a grad- uate of the Eclectic Medical institute, of Cincinnati, of the class of 1849. Since that time he has been practic- ing in the town of Mount Washington, with the excep- tion of three or four years spent in the south and west. His present wife was Julia C. Bishop, of Anderson town- ship. The have two children, Matilda Elms and Olive May Martin. Absalom H. Mattox first settled in Springfield, Ohio, in 1840. Before this time he was one of the early set- tlers of central Ohio, serving as sheriff of Clark county from 1825 to 1830. He came to Cincinnati in 1865, and died ten years later. His business was that of a merchant. His wife was Drusilla Haskell, and the mem- bers of his family now living are Absalom H. Mattox and F. G. Mattox, the latter a lawyer by profession, and at present clerk of the United States court at Columbus. Absalom H. became associated with the editorial corps in 1872, where he still remains, and since 1865 he has been connected with the Cincinnati Gas Light company. Isaac Turner was born in Virginia in the year 1780, but emigrated from Green county, Pennsylvania, to Ohio. He settled in Columbia township as early as 1816. His death occurred in Anderson township in July, 1833. He was considered a leading farmer at that time, and had a decided reputation for industry. His wife, Sarah Turner, died in 1848. The surviving children are Electa High- land, Rachel Martin, Michael Turner, and Syrena Light. Michael Turner was born in 1809. At twenty-six years of age he was married to Nancy Flinn. They have six children living: Isaac D., J. J., George W., Anna E., John W., and E. J. He has remained on the old home- stead and followed the business of farming the greater part of his life. At one time he was extensively engaged in pork-packing, in which he secured a fine competence. Louis Drake was among the pioneers of Columbia township. Born in New Jersey, he emigrated from that State to Ohio, where he died in 1832. He was in the War of 181 2, and at different times filled several town- ship offices. His wife's name was Elizabeth Kennedy. They had eleven children, only four of whom are now alive. T. T. Drake was born in Columbia in 1818. He has followed the business. of farming in a large way, and, having secured a good property, has now retired from ac- tive life. His present residence is in Newtow-n. His wife was Lydia Mills, and there are two children, Louis D. Drake and Ordeha L. McGill, both of whom are also residents of Newtown. Martin Hess was born in Lancaster county, Pennsyl- vania, in 1803, from which State he emigrated to Ander- son township in 1828, when he took immediate charge of the Turpin mills. He continued in his position, re- spected by all, for twenty-five years, and died in 1855. His wife — Eliza Flint previous to her marriage — was born 25° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. in 1806, and is still living, at the advanced age of seven- ty-four. The children are Sarah Muchmore, Martin V. Hess, G. W. Hess, Lottie Searles, and Amanda Hess. Mr. M. V. Hess was elected township clerk in 1868. Two years later he became township treasurer, which of- fice he has since held, with the exception of two years. He is the present incumbent. Isaac Edwards emigrated from New Jersey to Ohio, and settled in Clermont county about 1805. Two years afterward he came to Anderson township, where he died in 1827, being a leading man of his time. His wife was Hannah Martin. She died in 1837. The surviving chil- dren are William Edwards, of Anderson; Rebecca Horn, of Knox county; Elizabeth Day, of Van Buren county; Samuel and Edward Edwards, both of Anderson town- ship. Edward Edwards was born in 181 2, on the old homestead, where he yet lives. The farm consists of two hundred and ninety-six acres of rich bottom lands. His wife's name was Eliza Glansey. The children are Euphe- mia Jones, Laura Jewett, Harry Edwards, Melvin Ed- wards, and Clara Hammel, all living at the present time in Hamilton county. William_IL_Ayres was born in the year 1849 . Leaving school at the age of nineteen, he entered the employ of Mr. W. R. McGill, and still holds his position, respected by all who know him. The first representative of his family in Ohio was his grandfather, John Jones, whose wife was Hattie Durham before her marriage. R. W. Hibben first setded in Anderson township in 1839! lle~was born in Charlest on. South C arolina, and came from that city to Ohio. He died in~i844. His wife's name was Rebecca E. Goodman, and they have seven children living. Duke G. Hibben, the son of the preceding, was born in South Carolina in 1829. At the age of ten he came to Anderson township, and still re- mains on the old homestead, surrounded by many friends. Samuel Shaw settled at Newtown in 1828. He was a Pennsylvanian by birth, but emigrated from there to Ohio, where he lived until the time of his death in the year 1848. He was the proprietor of a hotel for thirty-one years. His wife was Isabel Jefferies. Five children are living. The son, Moses Shaw, was born in 1833. In 1861 he was married to the daughter of Jacob Ross. He has always followed the business of farming. Elisha Miller settled in Anderson township in 181 2. He followed the business of blacksmithing and farming, and has given the art of wood carving a deal of attention, receiving a diploma for the finest carving on exhibition at the tri-State fair of Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. He was married, in 183-, to Hester J. Hopper, daughter of Abraham, who is noticed elsewhere with the Hopper fam- ily. He is a man respected by all. The oldest bouse remaining in the township is a hewed log house near the site of Gerard's station, which was built in 1805 by Josiah and Samuel Holley. It is much in repute as a veritable relic of the olden time, and one of the most venerable dwellings in Hamilton county. The first mill in the county was Wickersham's (some say Coleman's), upon, or rather in front of Nathaniel Wilson's survey No. 2,204, at the rapids of the Little Miami, about two miles from its mouth and below the mouth of Clough creek, not far from the present site of Union bridge. Colonel Taylor says his father. General James Taylor, was at the mill in 1792; and further: He went with a servant with two bags of corn to have it ground. The mill, he said, was a rough affair, constructed out of two Ken- tucky flat-boats, which made meal of a very coarse chaiacter. He said travelling to that spot at that day was not considered very safe, as In- dians had been seen a few days before on the trail leading to the mill from Fort Washington, and in fact had killed a man. Philip Turpin, who settled on Crittenden's survey No. 410, about 1795, subsequently built a flouring-mill near the spot where Wickersham built his mill. Said mill stood thereuntil within the last ten years, when (1870) it was torn down by his heirs. The Turpin mill, which was a very fine one for its day, and did excellent service for two generations, was built about 1805. In the same year the first ferry over the Little Miami was established in the vicinity by the Hol- leys before mentioned, which they leased for one hun- dred dollars in cash and one hundred gallons of whis- key. This beverage was then made in considerable quantity at a large distillery half a mile from Turpin's mill, upon or near the site of the old block-house. All ferries across the river in this region have long since been superseded by bridges, the finest of which is the Union bridge, between Mount Washington and Lin- wood, so-called from the former union of Hamilton and Clermont counties in sustaining the expense of the con- struction of a bridge built in 1836, at the old Flinn's ford, about a mile below the present site of the bridge. It was a plain wooden structure, which was removed in 1875; and in that year and the next the fine suspension bridge now used was erected upon its more eligible site by the Cincinnati Iron Bridge company. Its expense, seventy-nme thousand eight hundred dollars, was sus- tained by Hainilton county alone, a bonded indebted- ness being created therefor, upon authority granted by the legislature. It is three hundred and fifty-three feet long, and every way a substantial and graceful structure. The river, on the Miami front of Anderson township, is also spanned by two railway bridges, erected for the Cin- cinnati & Eastern and the Cincinnati & Portsmouth nar- row-gauge railroads. There is also a wagon brid.ge for the turnpike near the mouth of the Little Miami, and another across the river at Plainville, from which a plank sidewalk connects it with Newtown — an improvement made by the enterprise and liberality of the citizens of the latter village. EARLY RELIGION. The Miami Island church, the second church of the Miami association in order of time (afterwards Little Mi- ami Island church, and finally simply Miami), on one of the islands in the river of that name, was formed about 1795, by settlers of the Baptist faith removing from Co- lumbia, and was served at first by Elder John Smith, of the latter place, who had then or a few years afterwards a mill at the island, about eight miles from Columbia. He was also pastor from 1801 to 1804. Elder James Lee was pastor from 1799 to 1801. Elder John Corbly, who had settled a few miles below Milford, preached here for some time afterwards. In 1808 Moses Frazer was HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 251 called as pastor, and was still with the church when it was dismissed in 1816, with eight others, to form the East Fork Baptist association. James Jones was pastor in 1816. In 1799 the membership here was reported to the Miami association as sixty-two, nearly twice the number of any other church in that body, and almost ex- actly one-third of the entire membership of the associ- ation, although it then consisted of six churches. Wil- liam Milner was a lay-delegate from this church to the meetings in 1797-8, to organize the association, and was on the committee to draft its "principles of faith, prac- tice and decorum." The association met with the Island church October 20, 1798, when the rules were adopted, and so the asso- ciation was fully constituted. The venerated name of Rev. Philip Gatch will ever be associated with the records of pioneer settlement and early religious movements in Hamilton and Clermont counties. He was one of the most remarkable men of his time in the Little Miami valley. Mr. Gatch was born near Baltimore, Maryland, March 2, 1 751, of Prussian stock on his father's side and Burgundian on his mother's. He was converted under Methodist influences in 1772; be- gan to speak as an exhorter in the same year; the next year was sent into New Jersey as the first itinerant of the church ever sent into the State. He and the Rev. Mr. Walters, then laboring in Virginia and Delaware, were, indeed, the first preachers recruited for the Methodist itinerancy in this country. At the conference of 1774, held in Philadelphia, he was one of five received into full connection. January 14, 1788, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Smith, of Powhatan coun ty, V irginia. After mucinaBbrious and abfe service at the east, part of the time under severe persecution, being often threatened, once dangerously assaulted, and once plastered with tar, he engaged in farming for a time; emancipated his slaves in December, 1780, remove d to Buckingham, Virg inia, and improved a large farm. In 1798 he resolved to emi- grate to the Northwest Territory, and set out for the land of hope Oclot5ef~iith, of that year, with his brother-in-law, the Rev. James Smith, and family, and a near friend, Mr. Ambrose" Ransom and his family. Thirty-six persons, white and colored, were in the colony. After many tribulations, by land and water, they reached the Little Miami valley. Says Mr. Gatch in his journal: From Williamsburgh we passed on to Newtown, and for some days pitched our tents in Turpin's bottom, and tliere, withi those who were with me, were accommodated with a small shop used by a mechanic. On Sunday morning after our arrival the boats landed. My heart was dissolved into love and gratitude to God for his care over us on our journey, and bringing us safely into this desirable and distant land. I rented a house in Newtown, and we were treated kindly by the people, though they cared little for religion. The land which I had taken in ex- change for my fatm in Virginia did not answer for a settlement, so I purchased a tract in the forks of the Little Miami river. His residence in Anderson township was, therefore, brief, lasting only till the middle of the next February, when his cabin was finished and he moved beyond the East fork into it. His history thenceforth belongs mainly to Clermont county, which he served long and ably in public stations, as justice of the peace, associate judge of the court of common pleas, member of the first constitutional convention, and otherwise. He remained identified, however, with the religious interests of the lower Miami valley, preaching regularly at Newtown and other places, though not as a circuit preacher until cir- cuits were regularly established and appointments made to them, and frequently preached thereafter. He died in the fullness of years and honors December 28, 1835, and was laid to rest beside his venerable wife, in the burying-ground upon his farm. In this connection the following recollections of Mr. Gatch, concerning early Methodism on the Little Miami, will be read with interest: The conference did not appoint a preacher to Miami circuit in 1800. There were at the time four or five local preachers in the Miami coun- try, and they went everywhere preaching the word. They systematized their operations, preached not only on Sabbath, but also on other days, held two-days' meetings, and kept up a routine of quarterly meetings. They were much encouraged in seeing the pleasure of the Lord pros- per in their hands. Those popular meetings were held at different points, but most of them were held in the forks of the Miami, and it was matter of astonishment to see the numbers that attended; women would walk twenty and even thirty miles to attend them. The whole care devolved on three families; each would have frequently to provide for from fifty to a hundred people. The men at night quartered in barns and out-buildings, while the women lodged in the cabms. It was a striking scene to witness the breaking up of one of these night meetings. The people, though coming from a distance, had no way of returning in the darkness but by dim paths or traces, some of which had been first formed by tlie tread of wild beasts. To obviate this difficulty they «ould procure fagots made of bark from the trees or splinters made fine and rendered highly combustible; these would be fired up on starting home, and in every direction they might be seen like so many meteors, bounding amid the thick forest and gilding the foliage of the loftiest trees, while the air would often be made vocal with their songs of rejoicing and praise. Bishop McKendree, in one of his letters, speaks of a meeting at Mr. Gatch's house in June, 1802, which some women walked thirty miles to attend. A powerful revival occurred at this meeting. Another remarkable service was held in 1805, under an awning in front of Mr. Gatch's cabin, by Bishops Asbury and Whatcoat, and their travelling companion, the Rev. J. Crofford. When each of these had preached at the same service, it was insisted by Bishop Asbury that Mr. Gatch should preach also, which made four sermons in succession. And yet, says Mr. Gatch, "so precious was the word of the Lord in those days that the congregation evinced no uneasi- ness, but paid the greatest attention to all the discourses." He elsewhere writes : "The first circuit that was formed here extended over a tract of country from the Ohio up the Miami rivers to Mad river, and the labors of the preachers who travelled it were great. Now [1827] there are seven circuits within the bounds of the first one." The quarterly meetings were held commonly at the house of Mr. Gatch, when his patient, devoted wife would have to provide for the entertainment of fifty to one hundred persons. NEWTOWN. This is the oldest town in the western part of the county, and by far the oldest in Anderson township. A cluster of settlers, as we have seen from Mr. Gatch's narrative, was here as early as 1798; and no great while after that, we may presume safely, the place was almost, if not quite, as populous as in 1830, when it contained one hundred and sixty-one people. It was laid off on 252 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. General Massie's survey, No. 2,276, in the north part of the township, and on the border of the Little Miami bottoms at the foot of the hills, in 1801, by General James Taylor, and was by him at first called Mercers- burgh, in honor of General Mercer, of Revolutionary fame. The most easterly part of the present site was first built up, and bore the name of Mercersburgh ; but afterwards the whole of the site was occupied under the designation of Newtown. The first hewed log house in Anderson township was built near Newtown on the premises now occupied by Mr. E. J. Turpin, by Isaac and David Jones, immigrants from Hampshire county, Virginia. A stone building was erected at Newtown in 18 13 for the use of the Methodist Episcopal church. When a new meeting-house was put up on the same site in 1861, the stones used for this basement were taken from the old building. Rev. John Strange was the first circuit- rider to serve the Methodist charge here. The Revs. Philip and James Gatch, and other pioneers of Method- ism in the Miami valley, also often preached here. "Mother Jones" is remembered as the first Methodist woman in or near the place. Newtown has also a Regular Baptist and a Universal- ist church, the latter which contains also an Odd Fellows' hall. The fine school-house now occupied, was erected in i860, and received an addition in 1880, It contains five school-rooms, three of which are occupied. The princi- pal of the school is Mr. J. C. Heywood, who has held his place with much acceptance for several years. The first school-house in the place stood at no great distance from this one. One of the earliest teachers here was EU Davis, a native of Salem, New Jersey, who removed to Hamilton county from Lexington, Kentucky, and taught school for several years with marked success, as he was thorough in discipline and scholarship. He won equal popularity as a justice of the peace, in which capacity he served for several years. In 1808 he married Ruth Long, and after a further residence of four years at Newtown, he removed to Union township, Clermont county, where his remaining years were spent. At one of the early fourth of July celebrations in New- town, Colonel Clayton Webb was the reader of the Decla- ration of Independence, and Mr. William de Courcy, of Clough creek, was orator of the day. Newtown has a population of four hundred and twen- ty-seven, by the census of 1880. MOUNT WASHINGTON. The advantages of this locality, as a suburban resi- dence for business men of Cincinnati, were early appa- rent. It occupies one of the highest tracts of land in the county, and at some points commands views stretching along the river valleys five miles in each direction. The highland reaches westward almost to the banks of the Little Miami. King's Pocket-book of Cincinnati says of this place: It is noted for its beautiful rolling private grounds, perfect drainage, and consequent good liealtli; also for its fine avenue of evergreens and deciduous trees, with probably the finest collection of magnolias in the county. It has a town hall, a fine graded public school, young ladies' seminary, and three churches." The original village of Mount Washington was laid off in 1838 by James C. Ludlow; but large additions have since been made to it. The municipality was incorpo- rated November 14, 1867, and it has since had a full vil- lage organization, with mayor, common council, board of health, etc. Captain Benneville Kline was mayor for several years, in the earlier day of its corporate existence. About 1840 the post office of Mount Washington was established, that at Salem, or "Mears," a mile distant, upon which the inhabitants had chiefly depended for their mails, being vacated in favor of the new one. S. J. Sutton, the merchant of the place, was the first post- tnaster, and his clerk and deputy, Mr. W. B. Dunham, then filled the post for twenty- five years, from 1852 to 1876, when he was succeeded by the present incumbent, Mr. John Roell. Mr. Dunham was also one of the early school-teachers in this region, having taught in a country school-house upon the site of the present public school building, as long ago as 1836. While postmaster he did also a gen- eral merchandizing business, and is still living, retired from business, at his old home in Mount Washington. One of his sons, Mr. J. H. Dunham, perpetuates in a manner his services to education, by printing the Public School Journal, an educational monthly magazine edited in Cincinnati by Professor Wilson, of the public schools, and published by Messrs. Henley & Chadwick, of that city. Mr. Dunham's printing-office and the Mount Wash- ington Canning company, a large establishment previ- ously mentioned in these notes, now furnish the chief industries of the place. The present school-house, upon a site occupied for fifty years for purposes of education, was erected under the auspices of the Odd Fellows' organization to some extent. The schools occupy four rooms under the charge of Mr. A. W. Williamson, principal. A Methodist Protestant church was erected here in 1861, a small, plain, frame building, and was used more or less continuously, by this and the Baptist denoinination, until about 1872, when it was abandoned. A Catholic congregation here, together with one each at Newtown, California, and Columbia, is served by the Rev. Father B. Engbers. The Methodist Episcopal church here is ministered to, at this writing, by the Rev. John H. Story. We append a sketch of the Mount Washington Baptist church, kindly furnished by its pastor, the Rev. B. F. Harmon: This church began its life in 1866 as a mission of the Columbia Bap- tist church, under the direction of its pastor. Rev. B. F. Harmon. Its meetings were held at first on Sunday afternoons in the Protestant Methodist church, which was hired for the purpose. The mission grew steadily in interest and numbers until 1869, when it was constituted into a separate church, and was recognized by a large council composed of the pastors and representatives of the city churches and others in the vicinity. Great interest and unanimity marked the sessions of the council. The church immediately called to its pastorate the Rev. B. F. Harmon, who has remained with it continuously to the present time. The same year was distinguished by the dedication of a new church building. It is a two-story brick edifice, and is accounted a model of taste and beauty. The church property is valued at ten thousand dol- lars, is free from debt, and an ornament to the beautiful village in HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 253 which it is located. Several extensive revivals have occurred in the his- tory of the church, and its growth has been steady and healthful. One of the most notable citizens of Mount Washing- ton, in the present generation, was Dr. Leonard W. Bishop, a native of Cheviot, in Green township, but who removed to this locaHty in 1849, to practice medicine. It was a terrible cholera year, and he soon found abun- dant opportunity for professional activity. He was a thoroughly public-spirited man, and one of his projects was that of a fine academy in the place. During the war he was secretary of the Anderson township relief society, of which Captain Kline was president, and aided to keep the township clear of all drafts and to disburse large sums for the assistance of soldiers' families. After the battle of Pittsburgh Landing a large meeting of citi- zens of the township was held at Mount AVashington, to consider the best means of sending relief to the two com- panies from the township that were in that hard-fought action. Dr. Bishop was unanimously deputed to go to the front with suitable supplies for the Anderson men, and to bring back their dead, sick and wounded. At Cincinnati he fell in with Dr. Comegys, of that city, who was about to leave for Pittsburgh Landing in an of- ficial capacity, and was by him appointed a surgeon on his staff, which gave him superior facilities of movement within the lines of the army. He found the Anderson companies, and promptly relieved their wants. Within two weeks he had fulfilled his mission, and returned with his precious charge of disabled and dead heroes. At another large meeting held after his return, he received a unanimotis vote of thanks on behalf of the people of Anderson township, which was all the compensation he asked or received for his services. He was thereafter often summoned to Cincinnati to assist the army sur- geons in the work of the hospitals. After the war he removed to Mount Carmel, in Clermont county, where we believe he now resides. The Rev. Francis McCormick, formerly a neighbor of Rev. Philip Gatch, on the East fork of the Miami, and, Hke him, one of the pioneer preachers of Methodism in the Northwest Territory, spent his last days near Mount Washington, whither he removed in 1806. He was an old Revolutionary soldier, who had served under Lafay- ette at Yorktown. At his cabin beyond the East fork, in 1797, it is said the first Methodist class organized in Ohio was formed. The people of Mount Washington formerly reached the city principally by omnibus to the Little Miami rail- road at Plainville, and thence by rail; but since 1878 they have been more conveniently served by the Cincin- nati & Portsmouth narrow-gauge railroad, which has a station half a mile below the village. The place had three hundred and ninety-three inhabitants in the year 1880. CALIFORNIA. This place, sometimes erroneously called Caledonia in old documents, was laid out in 1849, by Joseph Guth- rie, John W. Brown, and Thomas J. Murdock, in the southwest part of the township, upon the Ohio river, . about a mile below the mouth of the Little Miami, and upon Bennett Tompkins' survey number three hundred and sixty-five, one of the first, as^has been noted, to be settled in the township. The place is about eight miles from Fountain Square, in the city of Cincinnati, which furnishes it with a goodly share of its residents, and also the opportunity for some manufacturing to' advantage. The first business of importance here was the Molders' Union foundry, which was established on the co-opera- tive plan while the town was still new, by a number of striking stove-molders from Cincinnati. Mr. James C. C. Hollenshade, a prominent citizen connected with the business, had warmly espoused their cause, and was em- ployed to conduct their enterprise at California. They organized a regular corporation, of which he was made president and business agent. He opened the stock- books for the molders, subscriptions of stock to be paid in work, and Mr. Hollenshade relying upon his own credit to secure the means for building the foundry, pro- curing the necessary machinery and stock, and running it until money was in the treasury of the company for his repayment. This he successfully accomplished, and ran the establishment to satisfaction the first year, paying the full bill of prices as stipulated to all the workmen. He then resigned to go into the wrought-iron and hard- ware business in Cincinnati; and the enterprise in due time went the way of nearly all similar undertakings. The prospects of the place since, however, have at times looked up quite bravely; and in 187 1 (May i) the Cali- fornia Building and Savings Association, No. i, filed its certificate of incorporation in the secretary of State's office at Columbus, for operations at this point. The Richmond turnpike passes this place, as also the pro- jected line of the Ohio River & Virginia railway, and the Cincinnati & Portsmouth narrow-gauge has a station but a mile distant. St. Jerome's church (Catholic), supplied, as before noted, by the Rev. Father Engbers, is located here. The tenth census allows the village three hundred and seventy-six people. OTHER POST OFFICES. The post offices of the township, not already indicated, are Ced^r Point, Fruit Hill, Cherry Grove. Pleasant Val- ley, and Sweet Wine. The first-named of these is of very recent establishment, and has Mr. R. A. Shannon for postmaster. It was formerly Taylor's Corners at the junction of the road from Mount Washington to the Ohio turnpike, and takes its present name from the fine cedar trees at the point of junction. These were planted by Mr. Taylor, an Englishinan who settled there about 1845, and put up a large frame building for a grocery store and residence. This locality became celebrated far and wide, especially for its beautiful garden and grounds, and was long maintained by its proprietor, who finally sold it and removed to the west. Sweet Wine takes its unique name from one of the chief products of the colony of Germans in the southeast of the township, who are mainly its patrons. POPULATION. The population of Anderson township, by the census of 1880, was four thousand, one hundred and forty-one, 254 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. against four thousand and seventy-seven ten years before. A comparative statement of the number of its inhabit- ants, during the several years in which the federal census has been taken, will be found, as in the case of other townships of Hamilton county, at the close of chapter X, in the first part of this work. ■JI7i'S.Bitr;to-= 9. .>>>///^./?. J^iioJijf AKJ-iitl*"^ jz&! HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Biographical Sketches. THE TURPIN FAMILY. Three brothers came from Yorkshir e, England , prob- ably in the seventeenth century, and settled in Chester- field county, Vi rginia . One of them was Philip, father of Thomas Turpin, who married Obedience, daughter of Martha (Goode), a branch of the famous Goode famil}', in the Old Dominion. He was father of Thomas, jr., who was wedded to Mary Jefferson, a lady reported to have been of the blood of the great Monticello statesman. They were parents of a family of ten children, among whom were two Philips. The first died young ; the second survived to manhood, married Caroline Rose, became a physician in and near Richmond, Virginia, and the "Dr. Turpin" whose name is identified with the early settle- ment of Anderson township. He never was a proprietor here, and never visited the Miami country; but was as- signee of an extensive "army right," or land-warrant (No. 1007) granted to John Crittenden, a lieutenant "in the Virginia Line on. Continental Establishment," — that is, in the Revolutionary war^n consideration of military services. The following, the original of which is in the possession of E. J. Turpin, esq., is the primal document in the case: On February 7, 1785. I hereby acknowledge having sold unto Doctor Phillips Turpen my military right, consisting of two thousand six hundred sixty-six and two-third acres, meaning the warrant, the expenses of which he is to defray, and which I hereby oblige myself, my heirs, exers and admin- itrs. to make a right so soon as such right can be made. I also acknowledge the receipt of seventy-three pounds for the same out of the sum of one hundred pounds, which is the sum agreed on. Given under my hand. Test JOHN Ceittenden. Francis Harris. Among the children of Dr. Turpin was Philip Turpin, his only son, he having two daughters besides. To him, at about the time he attained his majority, the father presented, by assignment, the right to one thousand acres in the Virginia military district, under the Crittenden warrant. Young Philip made several trips on horseback, near the close of the century, to and from the Miami valley, sometimes visiting Lieutenant Crittenden at Lexington (this was the father of John J. Crittenden, the celebrated lawyer and statesman); and finally, it is believed in the year 1797, he set his pioneer stakes down upon the rich tract below Newtown subsequently patented to him, and began improvement on it. After a few years he removed to the Kentucky shore for a more healthful location, and resided on the hills opposite the mouth of the Little Miami. In 1799, October 9, his patent to the Survey No. 416, upon which he had located, for one thousand acres, was granted and signed by John Adams, President of the United States and Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State. Mr. Turpin was married in 1807, to Miss Mary Smith, of a family that had just immigrated to Kentucky from New York. His father was a slave-holder at the old home, and shortly after his marriage sent out to him a young colored girl named Gracie, as a house-servant. This woman, now Mrs. Wat- kins, is still living in the family of E. J. Turpin, and is supposed to be eighty-eight to ninety years old. She was at the time of her arrival the only colored person in the neighborhood, and was naturally a great curiosity. Mr. Turpin spent five to six years upon the Kentucky hills, where his first children, Philip and Ebenezer, were born, and he then removed to his Anderson farm. In 1824 he erected the well known Turpin mill, a large flouring establishment, upon the site of the old mill of the Holleys at that point, about a quarter of a mile below the present Union bridge, probably at the same place where the floating mill of Wickerham was anchored in the pioneer days. He conducted this mill, as well as farming operations. In the mill he was in partnership for the first five years with his brother-in-law, Aaron Foulk, who was a practical millwright and miller, and had superintended the construction and starting of the mill. Mr. Turpin also, about 1826 or 1827, built a small distillery on Clough creek, one mile from the mill, which he carried on for three or four years, and then left it to the management of his sons. He remained in the mill- ing business, however, until the time of his death, in 1834. He built the original family mansion at Union bridge, of which the present mansion, occupied by the younger Phihp Turpin, is an enlargement. The mother died in August, 185 1. They left children as follows: Philip Parmell, born November 18, 1804; died June 24, 1818. Ebenezer Smith, born May 30, 1808; married Amanda Melvina, daughter of Major John Armstrong, of Plain- ville, January 19, 1831; died September 15, 1879. Caroline Matilda Rozenia, born May 13, 1810; over- turned with several others in a skiff crossing the Little Miami at Round Bottom ford, July 3, 1822, and drowned. Edward Johnson, born at the old home in Anderson township May 6, 18 14; further noticed below. Mary Margaret, born May 20, 1816; died September 8, 1816. Philip Parmell, born August 5, 1818; married Nancy Campbell Johnston September 24, 1846; died Septem- ber 29, 1848. Robert Carmichael, born September 3, 1820; married Frances Mary Stewart September 23, 1846; died of con- sumption, while travelling in the south for his health, on board the steamship Galveston, near the Balize, Decem- ber 22, 1847. Mary Caroline, born November 6, 1822; died while at school in Augusta, Kentucky, July 19, 1839. Aaron Foulk, born June 24, 1827; died September 16, 1851. Edward J. Turpin, born at the time and place above noticed, spent his early years at home, receiving his educa- tion in the schools of that neighborhood, except during a few months' attendance, shortly after his father's death, at Woodward college, Cincinnati, when the Rev. Dr. B. P. Ayzelott was president and Dr. Joseph Ray was pro- fessor of mathematics. Returning to the farm, he en- gaged in its labors, and after his father's death leased the interest of his brothers in the mill and managed it for HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. three or four years, also conducting the distillery for some time before he took the mill, but relinquishing it before his connection with the mill ceased. In the spring of 1844 he left the mill altogether and bought the fine place he now occupies half a mile south of Newtown, upon which he erected the spacious mansion in which he dwells, somewhat remodelled of later years. Here he has lived the tranquil life of a successful and independent farmer, unvexed by public affairs or party squabbles. He has, however, been a staunch Republican since the party sprang into being, and was a Free Soiler from the time of the Van Buren campaign, and takes a cordial interest in the success of his party when elections are pending. He is unconnected with any religious, secret, or benevo- lent society, except the Newtown Grange of Patrons of Husbandry. Mr. Turpin was married May 29, 1839, to Miss Chris- tina, daughter of Mathias Kugler, of the pioneer family that settled early in the century near Camp Denison, and of Elizabeth (Waldsmith) Kugler, daughter of the famous miller and land-owner of that settlement. She is still living. They have had eight children, all of whom survive save one. Hon. Ebenezer S. Turpin was identified with the growth of Hamilton county for more than half a century. He was born, as noted above. May 30, 1808, and died at his home in Anderson township, half a mile north of Newtown, September 15, 1879. I" his early life he at- tended Wing's academy in Cincinnati, upon the present- site of the Gazette office, and in due time was associated with his father and his brother Edward in the mill below Union Bridge, the two brothers continu- ing in the business together after the decease of the eld- er Turpin. This was abandoned, however, in 1868, when the mill was demolished, the back-water from the Ohio having destroyed the power. He had previously carried on for a number of years a distillery near New- town, and engaged in other business, most of which was successful and realized him a handsome fortune. He settled on a valuable farm in the vicinity adjoining that of his brother Edward, upon which he erected a hand- some dwelling, and resided there at the time of his death. In 1855, at the earnest personal solicitation of Judge Long and the Hon. William Corry, he became a candidate for the legislature on the Democratic ticket, and was elected, serving for one term. He made a faith- ful and successful member, but steadfastly refused to enter public life thereafter. He was a Democrat, how- ever, to the end of his days. The Cincinnati Daily En- quirer, in an obituary notice of Mr. Turpin, said: His personal character was in the highest degree honorable, He was a kind husband and father, a good neighbor and faithful citizen. His benevolence was only equaled by his honesty and probity in busi- ness matters, and many young men received their start in life from him. He had a kind word for everybody, was unostentatious in his manners, and a kind master and friend. About two years ago Mr. Turpin received a stroke of paralysis, which made him an invahd ever since. The cause of his death, however, was a pulmonary affection. The children of Ebenezer S. and Amanda (Arm- strong) Turpin numbered eleven, three sons and eight daughters. Among them, still surviving, are Estus K., the subject of a notice below; Philip T., who resides at the old homestead, near the Union Bridge; Margaret, now wife of Hon. James S. Gordon, of the Washington Republic (formerly of the Post), and a prominent journal- ist of the capital; Leila, the oldest daughter, who married Dr. W. P. Elston, a physician of Columbia, Hamilton county,- both now dead; Lizzie, married Major Wil- liam E. Jones, of Cincinnati, and deceased three weeks after marriage; Theresa, wife of E. E. Hulderson, esq., formerly prosecuting attorney, and himself now deceased, and Luella, wife of Charles B. Russell, treasurer of the Cincinnati gas company. Estus K. Turpin was born in the paternal residence, which he now owns and occupies, July 18, 1840. He was trained in the public schools of Cincinnati and in the private academy kept by Professor Andrew J. Rickoff Returning to the farm at the age of twenty-one, he un- dertook the management of it, in consequence of his father's failing health, and has remained a farmer upon this place ever since, as manager or owner. In April, 1875, he was elected a member of the county board 01 control upon the Democratic ticket, and re-elected three years afterwards, running several hundred votes ahead of his ticket, which was at that time generally in the minor- ity. Although a public officer, he does not take any more time for politics than is the business of a good citi- zen, and is by no means a professional office-seeker. He is still; unmarried, devoting himself so far to the care of his aged mother and the management of his estate. WILLIAM EDWARDS, SR. The Edwards family is of \\^elsh ancest ry. Samuel Edwards^ was the first to emig'rate from the old world home, not far from the middle of the last century. He was somewhat of a roving disposition, and made his way alone to America, where he settle d in New Jersey , prob- ably as a farmer, as his son, Isaac, the father of the sub- ject of this sketch, was after him. His other son, John, went to New York city and engaged in business there until the fatal period of the prevalence of yellow fever, which swept him and his entire family into the grave. These were the only children except one daughter, Eliz- abeth, who became Mrs. Seth Ray, of Milford, Cler- mont county, Ohio. Their mother was Mrs. Rose, of New Jersey, who had Mr. Edwards for her second hus- band. He died in New Jersey, and his wife long after, at the pioneer home in Anderson township, about 1810, aged more than eighty years. She was then residing with her son Isaac, who had come from New Jersey to the Miami country in 1805, landing -first in Cincinnati, but going without unnecessary delay to a tract he had purchased upon and near the present site of Newberry, Clermont county. He found the land unsuited to his purposes and only stayed upon it two years, removing then to the southward upon the farm now occupied by his son Edward, adjoining the homestead of William Edwards. Here the remainder of his life was spent in the peaceful pursuits of agriculture, during twenty years, yy' ^CyC/~L^CJ- L {9i -^i-^ iiJ^/-yt^-<--'<~€<...^:r-J^ c^oc^:: <2.'-7<>'L- )ue/^ HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. or until his death in 1827, being then sixty years of age. At the same place died his mother and four of his chil- dren. He had been married at the old home near Mid- dleton, Monmouth county, New Jersey, to Miss Hannah Martin, about 1801, before the removal to the Miami valley. They had twelve children — William, Mary (Mrs. Timothy Day), John, Rebecca, EUzabeth, Samuel, Ed- ward, Joseph, Redford, Job, Lydia Ann (Mrs. Nicholas Edwards), George Washington, and one that died in in- fancy unnamed. Of this large family, William, Rebecca (Mrs. Martin Hahn, widow, residing near Galesburgh, Illinois), Elizabeth (Mrs. Timothy Day, of Iowa), Sam- uel, Edward and Redford J. are still living. William Edwards, the oldest son, was born in New Jersey May 10, 1802. He was brought with the family to the west, and received some education in the sub- scription schools of that time, but says he pretty regularly forgot, at the end of every term, all he had learned during its session, and began anew with the next school. His childhood and youth were spent at the paternal homes in Clermont county and in Anderson township, until his marriage, December 11, 1823, to Miss Nancy Day, daughter of Timothy and Sarah (Crane) Day, who had come to this region about the year 1800. One of her brothers, Timothy Day, jr., married her husband's sister Mary, and upon her death married EUzabeth, another sister, as above noted. After his marriage, Mr. Edwards removed from the paternal ropf to a double log cabin standing near the homestead, but upon another farm,' for which his father had traded. This he occupied until it became much out of repair, when he put up a frame dwelling upon its site, which was in its turn superseded by the present spacious and comfortable brick mansion, erected in the year of the Harrison campaign, of which Mr. Edwards has an interesting relic in the shape of a Whig banner, with the portrait of the hero of Tippeca- noe and appropriate inscriptions. The farm upon which the residence stands had long before become the prop- erty of Mr. Edwards, to which he has since made large additions by purchase. Here he has since continually resided, engaging himself almost exclusively in the labors of the farm. Sometimes he has purchased for sale, in addition to his own crops, the products of his neighbors, in some instances to large amounts. He has wasted none of his energies in public office, except as he has served the township in some of its minor posts. He has often been solicited to becorrie a candidate for the legis- lature, but has invariably declined. He is faithful in his voting, however, having voted successively for fifteen candidates for the Presidency, and always upon the Democratic ticket, to which he has given a life-long alle- giance. He has never allied himself with any religious or secret societies, and is independent in all his thinking and his actions. Although close upon the border of four-score years, he has remarkable vigor of mind and body, and preserves his faculties almost unimpaired. His venerable wife also still survives in apparently good health, but their long union has proved childless. They have raised, however, several nephews and nieces and other children. A number of their relatives reside near them, their dwellings and other houses making a hand- some cluster of buildings at the station, on the Cincin- nati & Eastern Narrow Guage railway, which is called from him "Edwards." WILLIAM R. McGILL. Joseph McGill, grandfather of the subject of this no- tice, came fro m Scotland to America in 1790, and settled at a pointonSeneca la ke, in the Sta te__ofJiew_York, where his third son, Jame s McGj jl, was born February 16, 1805, one of a famllyof six sons and one daughter. The whole family removed to the west in the spring of 1811, and made their home in Cincinnati. It was the year of the earthquake and the first steamboat down the Ohio valley- — a notable period in the history of this re- gion. They remained in the city four years, until 18 15, when they changed their residence to Newtown. In June of that year the mother died, and the bereaved father, sorrowing deeply for the loved and lost, followed her in about two months, leaving a family of seven orphans. They were left in destitute circumstances, and the chil- dren were separated, James, then in his eleventh year, going to live with Mr. Jacob Denham, a cooper, at Per- fin's Mills, or Perrintown, Clermont county. He learned the trade with Mr. Denham, and remained in his employ untilhe was eighteen years old, when he went to live with Mr. Moses Crist, who was also a cooper, at Montgomery, in this county. He worked for him two years, and re- moved to Sharonville, in Sycamore township, where he went-into partnership in a small store, with a Scotchman named Galbreath, This was in the spring of 1825. James was now twenty years old and had saved two hun- dred dollars, which constituted his sole investment in the store. Every winter, for seven consecutive years, he also loaded a flat-boat at Cincinnati with pork, flour, lard, the whiskey which was then an indispensable part of the car- go, and other articles, which he started for New Orleans, and sold at a good profit there and along the coast. Among his best customers was General Wade Hampton, father of the present governor of South Carolina, who (the elder Hampton) then had a plantation on the Mis- sissippi. Mr. McGill walked the long distance from New Orleans to his home several times, but afterwards returned by steamer. He encountered many serious dangers dur- ing these trips, both by land and on the river; but es- caped all unharmed. He kept his business at Sharon- ville, which continued to enlarge and prosper, and, with his ventures in trading down the rivers, enabled him rap- idly to accumulate means. In the fall of 1831 he sold his interest in the Sharonville store to his partner, and loaded a boat for his eighth venture, and was ready to start, but accidentally met in Cincinnati John H. Gerard, then a merchant at Newtown, with whom he effected a trade of the boat and its cargo for the stock of Mr. Ger- ard. In December he took charge of the Newtown bus- iness, and the next February, the season of the great flood in the Ohio, which reached even to the streets of the village, he removed his family thither. In 1834 he HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. sold his store back to Mr. Gerard, and bought the farm occupied by him the rest of his days, in the immediate vicinity of Newtown, on the east of the village, along the Batavia pike. In 1836 he was elected justice of the peace, and served four years. He also took an active in- terest in the building of the Batavia turnpike, and was a director and treasurer of the company for some years. He rather shunned than sought public life. He was sometimes pressed to become a candidate for the State legislature, but would not 'consent to run. He was a cor- dial friend of popular education, and served for many years upon the local school board, aiding to build the first public school-house in the village. In every respect he was public-spirited, assisting with his means in the erection of the churches there, as also of the bridge across the Little Miami at Plainville, and in other enter- prises calculated to benefit the community. He died August 17, i860. He was married November 20, 1828, to Miss Asenath Ryan, of Sharonville, by whom he had eight children — Viola (died in early life), William Ryan (named from his maternal grandfather), Joseph, Mary, John, Priscilla, Maria, Emily (Mrs. Lewis D. Drake, re- siding at the old homestead near her brother's store in Newtown). None are now living except William, Mary, and Emily. William Ryan McGill was born at Sharonville, April 8, 1 83 1, the first son of James and Asenath C. (Ryan) McGill. His primary education was received at New- town, but he subsequently graduated from a three-years' course at College Hill, in the Farmers' college, his prep- aration enabling him to enter to advanced standing as a sophomore. He went at once into business in Newtown, in a small way at first, as a merchant, buying the old stock of John W. Crossley. Mr. Crossley at once bought a new and handsome stock and opened another store just across the way, which for a time greatly injured the business of Mr. McGill. By the third year, however, the trade of the latter had greatly improved and finally the store of Mr. Crossley became so unprofitable that he sold out and went to California, where he died. Mr. McGill has since remained steadily in the mercantile business, enlarging it year after year, until it has been long considered the leading establishment in Newtown, and commands custorners far and wide in Hamilton and Clermont counties. Beginning in September, 185 1, in a single small room now occupied by his stock of gro- ceries, he has now six rooms filled with the general stock of a country store, including drugs, school-books, and the like, besides the usual stocks of dry-goods and gro- cery stores. He has found time, however, to serve the public as township treasurer, for seven consecutive years, and was the leading spirit in the inception and prosecu- tion of the important enterprise of building the Cincin- nati and Eastern railroad. This was undertaken in 1876, purely as a local enterprise along its proposed route, and Mr. McGill devoted himself largely for months to the awakening of an interest in the project and the solicita- tion of subscriptions to its stock and the right of way, and then to the prosecution of the work, as well as mak- ing himself a liberal subscription and loaning large amounts to the company. He was one of the original directors of the corporation and its vice-president, under the presidency of Mr. Samuel Woodward, and he and H. Wilber — both of Morrow, Warren county — were the projec- tors of this work. Upon Mr. Woodward's retirement, to accept the position of general superintendent of the Cincinnati Southern, in 1879, ^^- McGill was promoted to the presidency of the Eastern, which he now holds. He found his road in the hands of a receiver, with a floating debt larger than could be managed; but within twenty months he secured the payment of all obligations of this character and also of a larger sum in overdue interest on bonds, and so rescuing it from the hands of the receiver, he taking the road again fully in charge on the first of March, 1881. With this good work he is solely credited by those who know the internal. history of the corporation owning the road. He travelled far and near to find the creditors of the company and effect set- tlements with them; and through infinite trouble and difficulty succeeded in obtaining personal interviews with all creditors and making satisfactory settlements. As a result the bonds of the road are now at par, and its op- erations are oh a working basis, hopeful and prosperous beyond all expectations. It is believed it will speedily become, under Mr. McGill's presidency, one of the most profitable railway properties in Ohio, and of very great value to Cincinnati, to which the early completion of the Cincinnati Northern, with which it intersects, will soon give it direct entrance. Notwithstanding his engrossment in public and private cares, Mr. McGill has taken a very lively interest in the religious and secular training of the rising generation. For twenty-one consecutive years — since April, i860 — he has been superintendent 'of the Sunday-school connected with the Universalist church in Newtown; and for the past fifteen years has been a member of the school board of the village, aiding in the material enlargement of the school-house and in making Newtown an independent district by act of the legislature. In all enterprises for local benefit he is among the first and foremost, and seems to have no higher ambition than to leave his part of the world the better for his having lived in it. He has been a life-long Democrat, but is not an active poli- tician, much less an office-seeker. Mr. McGill was married December 3, 1861 (the bride's eighteenth birthday), in Norwood, Columbia township, to Miss Delia L. Drake, only daughter of Thomas T. and Lydia A. (Mill) Drake, who are now re- siding with their daughter and her husband in Newtown. Mr. and Mrs. McGill have two children living — Alice, born September i, 1864, and Louie D., born July 10, 1877. The former is a student at the Ohio Wesleyan college in Cincinnati. Their eldest born, a son, died unnamed in infancy. ABRAM EBERSOLE. Jacob Ebersole came from Germany to America some time in the eighteenth century, and settled in Washington county, Maryland, not far from Hagerstown. After his / / /' HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. immigration he married a Miss Smith, two of whose brothers — Nicholas and Michael Smith — were among the Kentucky pioneers of Boone and Kenton's days. One settled in Bourbon county, and the other in an ad- oining region. Some descendants of this family, cousins of Abram Ebersole, afterwards lived at Stone Side, up the Little Miami valley. Jacob and Mary Ebersole had four daughters and two sons, among whom was Christian Ebersole, the oldest son and the oldest of the family. He stayed at home until his marriage, about 1798, when he was united to Miss Annie Shouff, of the same neighborhood. He then determined to try his fortunes further towards the setting sun, among his and his wife's relatives in Kentucky, and emigrated, in 1799, to Bourbon county. His father and mother followed soon after to the same part of the county, and died there. His parents spent their last days in Maryland with the rest of the family, none of whom migrated to the west except Christian. After improving a place and farming for three years in the wilds of Kentucky, he decided to remove to the north of Ohio; and on the second day of March, 1802, he halted his emigrant wagon at the site which has so long been the home of himself and his des- cendants. This is upon the survey No. 395, or the "Tompkins survej'," a large tract which now includes the village of California and many pieces of farming land. Here, immediately adjoining the present plat of the village, to the west of it, and with an extensive front- age upon the Ohio and Little Miami rivers, he purchased from General Lytle a fertile tract of four hundred and fifty-six-hundredths acres, which is still held undivided by the family. It was unimproved, except for a cabin at the ferry at the mouth of the Little Miami and another not far off. He at once built a cabin also on the eligible and beautiful site where the family mansion now stands, which was then in dense woods, and began clearing and cultivating his farm ; also keeping the ferry before men- tioned across the Little Miami, which he and his son Abram maintained by skiffs, canoes and flat-boats until about 1850, when the New Richmond turnpike was built, and its bridge superseded the necessity for a ferry. He died at his home here June, 1836, and his wife Novem- ber 3, 1827. Their children numbered nine, as follows: Christian S., now living at Madison, in this county, in his eighty-second year; Catharine (Mrs. Robert Fee, of Moscow, Clermont county), deceased in 1878; Abram, the principal subject of this sketch; Jacob, a farmer near New Richmond, Clermont county; Mary, born Septem- ber 16, 1803, and still residing at the old home with her sister-in-law, Mrs. Abram Ebersole; Martha Ann, Maria and Elizabeth, who died unmarried, while still young ladies; and John, who died at the age of nineteen, in 1832. Abram Ebersole was born at the old home, September 18, 1808, the same year in which the house was built. It is now somewhat enlarged and improved, one of the old- est brick dwellings in the county, and is still thoroughly habitable, comfortable, and sightly. He was educated in the country schools of his neighborhood, in a high school kept by a Frenchman named Decorney, at Alex- ander, Kentucky, ten miles from the Ebersole place, and at Miami university, where he attended for two years, but was prevented by ill health from graduating. At the age of about nineteen he left the schools and returned home, where he shared the labors of the farm with his father and brothers. On the thirteenth of May, 1856, he was married to Miss Celina M. Johnson, second daughter of John and Sarah (Cox) Johnson, who resided near Salem, in Anderson township. Her father was of an old pioneer family, which came to the Miami valley about 1808, headed by her grandfather, Walter Johnson, who was born in Pennsylvania in 1781. Her maternal grandparents, Thomas and Margaret (Mercer) Cox, were born in Maryland, but removed upon their marriage to Virginia, where her mother, Sarah Cox, was born, and thence they emigrated to Anderson township in 1807. Mr. Ebersole's father had now been dead for many years, and Abram had come into possession of the home farm by inheritance. He continued to reside there, and by industry and energy maintained it well, reaping the average share of prosperity which fell to the farmers of this part of the Miami and Ohio valleys. He took a lively interest in the construction of the New Richmond turnpike, of which he was, at various times, president and treasurer, and in all other local affairs that promised, in a material or moral way, to benefit the community. He was an active advocate of the temperance reform, and made his daily life and example correspond in every respect to his principles of total abstinence. As noted below, the only secret organization he ever joined has for its object the promotion of temperance. He took a practical interest in the Union Sabbath-school at Cali- fornia, which he regularly attended, although not a mem- ber of any church. He was at first a Whig and then a Republican, at times devoting considerable time and at- tention to the promotion of party interests in the town- ship and county; but asked nothing himself, although he was several times made trustee of the township, and for many years was a member of the local school board. He connected himself with none of the secret societies, except with one of the reformatory orders, known as the Sons of Temperance. He was content with the quiet, independent life of a farmer, not engaging in trade or speculation, nor using his education as a writer or public speaker. He was a kind and genial man in his family, and in all his relations in life; sustained to the end a high reputation for morality and integrity among his fel- low-men; and left the legacy of a good example to his posterity and to the community. He died at his home in Anderson township, near California, March 9, 1868, the result of an accident, he falling, four days before his death, from the loft of his barn to the floor, fracturing his skull so that he was not afterwards conscious to the moment of his death. He was in his sixtieth year. His remains were buried in the cemetery at Mount Washing- ton, where a monument commemorates his memory. His widow continues to reside at the old homestead. His children are as follows: Martha Frances, born July 9, 1857; Augusta, born February 23, 1859, died at the age of two years; HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Stanley, born September 24, i860: Milton, born August 8, 1866. All are at home with their mother. With them also resides their aunt, Miss Mary Ebersole, at a vener- able age, who has erected a noble monument for herself in the fine large school-house adjoining the farm, to the erection of which she contributed a very liberal sum, and thereby secured the building at that time and place. THE ARMSTRONG FAMILY. The ancestral home of this well-known, old Anderson family was near Fredericksburgh, Maryland, vvhenceTfiey moved to Buckingham county, Virginia. The head of the family was now Nathaniel .Shepherd Armstrong, who had nine children — William, John, Elizabeth, Thomas, Leonard, James, Nathaniel, Priscilla, and Alie. ' With , most of them, the others coming soon after, he removed to the Miami country in 1800, settling at once upon the west side of the Little Miami, upon section thirty-three, ill the present Columbia township, a little above the foot of the Indian Hill road, where the original grist-mill stands, and is still in useful service, having passed out of the family only within a few years. Mr. Armstrong had been a miller in the old States, and he soon began the erection of this mill, in the building and management of which he was assisted by his sons, two of whom, John and William, afterwards removed to Plainville, where they bought another grist-mill of a man named Peasley, who had built it shortly before. With the possible e.x- ception of Turpin's mill, Mr. Armstrong's was the first mill in the Little Miami valley. In a few years the elder Armstrong purchased a tract of three to four hun- dred acres on Indian Hill, and removed thither to im- prove it for a farm, while James and Nathaniel, two of his sons, remained to conduct the old or "upper mill." Part of the Indian Hill property is still held by a grand- son, Thomas M. Armstrong, the principal subject of this sketch. On this farm the pioneer Armstrong breathed his last, after a very long and active career, about 1845, in his ninety-second year. Th omas was th e fourthchild and third son of Nathan- iel S. ^jTOStEOng-, born in Virginia or Maryland about the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, November 23, 1775.'^ He was apprenticed to a millwright in Virginia, with whom he learned the trade, and shortly after the removal of the family to Ohio, the period of his apprenticeship being ended, he also went out and assisted his father in building and running the mill before mentioned. In 1805 he and his brother Leonard removed to the oppo- site side of the Little Miami, and built a third mill there, which came to be known as the "Armstrong middle mills," in distinction from the "upper mill" and the "lower mill." This is still standing and in use, but not by the family since 1863, when Thomas M. Armstrong, its owner, sold it. It is just below the Newtown bridge, and about half a mile from the upper mill. It was run exclusively as a flouring-mill for five or six years, when the water-power was also utilized in running machinery for a carding- and fulling-mill. In those primitive days the raw wool was first brought to the mill by the grower and carded, then taken home and spun into thread or yarn, then taken to a weaver and made into cloth, and finally returned to the mill where it was fulled and dressed, losing about one-third in length by the last pro- cesses. About 1830-5, in the lifetime of Thomas Arm- strong, additional machinery was put in, which enabled the manufacturers to take the wool through all the pro- cesses necessary to turn out the cloth complete for man- ufacture into clothing. In 1835 Thomas bought out his brother and conducted the business alone until about 1850, when he retired from its management with a com- fortable property. He made a division of his estate at the time he retired, by virtue of which the mill fell to his sons who conducted it. Edwin Armstrong, the third son and the oldest surviving, being the manager of the concern. He was a graduate of the Indiana State uni- versity, and also of the Cincinnati Law school; was an active pohtician of the Democratic faith, which was the belief of his father and brothers; was twice a member of the State senate and twice of the house of representa- tives, and of the convention that formed the State con- stitution of 1852; and was otherwise a prominent citizen. John Armstrong, his brother, studied medicine, but had practiced only a short time when he sickened and died. The father died July 21, 1864, in his eightyjiinth year, in the house now occupied by his son, Thomas Milton Armstrong. About the year 1806 Mr. A x mstrong was married to Miss Sarah Broadwell, of an old Anderson family, born November 17, 1781, who survived until March 28, i860, when she departed this life in her seventy-ninth year, in the same dwelling where her venerable husband died more than five years afterwards. They had seven chil- dren, to wit: Perine, Eliza, Sidney, John Broadwell, Edwin Lindley, Thomas Milton and Eliob. Only two, the youngest sons, are still living — the latter in Cincin- nati and the former upon the paternal estate near the "middle mills," on the turnpike between Newtown village and Newtown station, on the Little Miami railroad. Thomas M. Armstrong was born in a pioneer log- cabin near his father's mills. May 4, 181 7. His early education was received in the "subscription " and after- wards in the free schools of his neighborhood. He picked up a good deal of information about the business in the mills, but never became a practical miller. He remained, as did all surviving sons, with his father, as- sisting in the labors of the mills and the farm also owned by the father, until about 1850, when the division of property occurred, and the home farm fell to Thomas, who still resides upon it. He had been a farmer for a number of years when, upon the death of his brother Edwin, principal manager of the mills, he bought the in- terests of the heirs in that concern and conducted it suc- cessfully for about ten years, or until 1863, the year before that in which his father died, at the same time continuing his farm operations, to which he has since de- voted his attention. In 1876 he remodelled and greatly enlarged the old homestead, which his father had erected as a frame dwelling in 1820, to which a brick addition. ^M^>m^Al'/-/ HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. larger than the original building, was early made, and finally the additions and reconstruction made by the son, which have converted it into the spacious and handsome mansion it now is. Mr. Armstrong is a man of inde- pendent political views, voting for the most part with the Democracy; but is by no means a professional politician or office-seeker, and has filled no public office except that of school director, which he held sixteen or seven- teen years, when he declined the reelection that was again offered him. He never belonged to a society of any kind except the Patrons of Husbandry, the Newtown grange of which is still maintained. His grandparents were members of the Methodist church, but all their sons accepted the Universalist creed. Mr. T. M. Armstrong, of the third generation, has never been united with any church. Through all his active life, now verging towards three-score and ten, he has enjoyed excellent health of mind and body, and still attends to his domestic and agricultural affairs with the old-time mental and physical vigor. Mr. Armstrong was married January 24, 1850, to Ju- lia A. Debolt, daughter of Henry Debolt, a farmer living near Newtown. By this marriage he had two children — Thomas H. and Dora. He lost his wife by death in De- cember, 1857, and was again married in September, 1 86 1, to Miss Sarah J. Thompson, also of Newtown, by whom he has two children — Eugene M. and Ivy. All the children are living except Thomas, who died after he had grown to manhood. COLERAIN. GEOGRAPHY. Colerain is bounded on the west by the Great Miami river; on the north by that stream and Butler county; on the east by Springfield township; and on the south by Green and Miami townships. Its eastern boundary is the range line; the range line next to the westward cuts across about four and a half miles of the township, until it intersects the Great Miami near New Baltimore, be- tween sections four and thirty-four. The north line of this township, between the river and the northwest cor- ner of Springfield township, is much more regular and more nearly on a right line east and west than the devi- ous boundary of Springfield on the north. It is about two-fifths of a mile north of the dividing line between Crosby and Harrison townships and Butler county, the "jag" occurring at the Great Miami. The lands of Colerain lie in three entire ranges — those numbered one and two in township one, and range number one in township two. It hence results that there are in its territory three sections numbered one, being one in each corner of the township except the northwest ; and two each numbered two, three, four, seven, thirteen, and nineteen; besides fractional sections numbered eight, nine, ten, and twenty-five, duplicates of entire sections similarly numbered. There are thirty-five whole and eleven fractional sections in the township. The section lines are much more nearly straight in this township than in Springfield and Sycamore, but they more remarkably diverge in many cases from the true direction. The vicious system, or careless want of system of Judge Symmes' surveys, is nowhere in the Purchase more glar- ingly exhibited than here. Some of the sections, as those numbered from twenty to the north line of the county, are by the divergence of their lines on the east and west approached closely to thrice the dimensions of those next them on the west. The township is seven sections, or about as many miles, in length from north to south, and nearly eight miles in its greatest breadth, from the westernmost point of the fractional section nine, near- ly opposite the terminus at the river of the south line of Crosby township, across to a point in the eastern line of Colerain opposite the north part of Mount Pleasant vil- lage, in Springfield township. Its breadth at the northern boundary is four miles, at the southern seven; its aver- age width about six. The surface of the township, near the Great Miami, which washes its western and northern fronts for about twelve miles, partakes in part of the general character of the Miami valleys near the rivers. It is broad, flat, and fertile, except where the hills impinge, closely upon the river bank, as they do for some miles. Back of this belt of lower country is the highland, or the ancient plateau, which extends upon a general level, to the eastern and southern boundaries, near which it overlooks the valleys of Mill creek and the West fork. It is deeply cut through, in the southernmost part of the township, by the course of Taylor's creek, whose headwaters take their rise to- ward the southwest corner, in sections thirteen and four- teen, and, after uniting their streams in section nineteen, dip down over a mile to the southward in Green town- ship, near the northwest corner of which the stream emerges again in Colerain, and flows in an exceedingly tortuous course toward every point of the compass for about two miles, until it reaches the Great Miami exactly at the southwest corner of Colerain. Another stream of modest size, the Blue Rock creek, cuts nearly across the township on a general east and west line about three miles north of the southern line; another, with numer- ous branches, flows through the northern part of the township until it makes its exit into Butler county, a lit- tle over a mile east of the Great Miami; and several other and more petty brooks, tributaries of the Great Mi- ami on the west or the West fork of Mill creek on the east, aid to diversify the topography and water the fertile lands of Colerain. The township is pretty well provided with wagon-roads; but the great highway through it is the famous Colerain pike, which intersects it almost in a diagonal from Mount Airy, first beyond the southeast corner of the township, to a point upon the river-road in the direction of Venice, Butler county, very near the northwest corner. It is described in King's Pocket-book of Cincinnati, as "a continuation of Central avenue. At the junction of Central avenue with Denman street, the site of the old Brighton house, it takes a northerly direction, passing through Camp Washington by the workhouse and the house of refuge, through Cumminsville (by the Wesleyan cemetery) and Mount Airy, on to Colerain township, from which it received its name. Continuing, it passes through Venice and Oxford, in Butler county, where it is known as the Cincinnati pike. The road is well macad- amized." After leaving Mount Airy at a mile's distance, it passes the village of Groesbeck, in Colerain township; a little more than two miles further it passes through Bevis, and at about three miles' distance the old village site of Georgetown. All the villages of the tpwnship, except Pleasant Run, a hamlet in the northwest corner, are situated upon this fine road. Although Colerain is one of the largest townships in the county, the peculiarity of its topography and of its 256 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. situation, with reference to Cincinnati, the inevitable and only railway centre in the county, have hitherto pre- vented the laying of iron road on its soil. Two railway lines have been projected to intersect it, however, one, the Cincinnati & Venice railroad, to enter the township at the wagon-bridge near Venice, thence southeastward and southward with a general parallelism to the Colerain pike, until it leaves the township, near St. Jacobs, in Green township, and passes nearly due south by Weisen- burgh, to a junction with the Cincinnati & Westwood narrow-guage, a little south of Cheviot. Its entire course through Colerain, if built upon this line, will be a little more than seven miles. Another route, known as the Liberty, Connersville & Richmond railroad, is planned to enter the county in Crosby township, three miles west of the Great Miami, which it will cross at New Baltimore and run southward and eastward about three and one-half miles in Colerain to a junction with the Cincinnati & Venice road, near Bevis. The prospects of these schemes are not just now very hopeful. Other lines have at times been in discussion, and not many years are likely to pass before the township is supplied with railway facihties. ANCIENT WORKS. Some of the finest remains of the Mound Builders, although not very numerous, are to be found in this town- ship. Upon the height known as Bowling Green, near the Great Miami river, about a mile above New Balti- more, is a well-defined mound, of somewhat extensive base, and several feet in height. It was probably used as a mound of observation. In the forest one mile west of Bevis and about the same distance south of Dry Ridge Catholic church, is an interesting ancient enclosure. It is an exact circle, of about fifty feet in diameter, and its parapets at present with an average height of two feet. The site it occupies is elevated, overlooking a wide tract of country. Its sym- metry has been considerably marred by the running of fences and other modern improvements across it, but its form is still clearly outlined. The principal ancient remain in Colerain township, and one of the most interesting in Hamilton county, is situated near the singular and abrupt bend of the Great Miami, which begins about two miles southwest of the county line, on the Colerain side. This bend, which was until recently the main channel of the river, is now being gradually deserted by it, the waters having made their way by a shorter cut across a part of the bend, thus forming an island containing sixty to seventy acres, belonging to this township. About ninety-five acres are enclosed by the famous "Colerain work" — a fortifi- cation or sacred enclosure, the parapet of which is still pretty well preserved, and in places is eight to ten feet high. It is at the angle of the river, below a hill some two hundred and eighty feet in height, upon which is a mound of observation ten feet high, commanding a broad and far-reaching view of the valley and surrounding country. It is now fitly occupied in part by a cemetery. In the same remarkable neighborhood, not far from this old work, stood the not less famous modern fortifi- cation known in the history of the Miami country as DUNLAP'S STATION. The first settler in the tract now covered by Colerain township was undoubtedly John Dunlap, an Irishman from Colerain, in the north of Ireland. In 1790 he made his way up the valley of the Great Miami to this notable bend, about seventeen miles from the Cincinnati of that day, where he determined to found a colony, and laid out a village, which he named from his native place in the old country, and which, though it presently became extinct, perpetuated its musical name in the designation of the township. A few settlers joined him here; and they promptly built a fort or station at the spot selected. It consisted simply of their little cabins clustered together upon a space of about an acre, built to face each other and, with a singular want of forethought, their roofs so placed as to slope outward, and the eaves so low that it is said the dogs were accustomed to jump from the stumps without to the top of them, and so get into the enclosure.* This was constructed of a stockade of rather weak pickets, made of small timber or logs split in half and thrust into the ground, above which they stood only about eight feet high. Small block-houses were built at the corners of the square formed by the stockade. Within this dwelt about thirty persons — men, women, and children — including only eight or ten capable of bearing arms. Upon the erection of the station, how- ever, and application duly made at Fort Washington for a garrison, Lieutenant Kingsbury was sent with thirteen soldiers to strengthen the defenders. When the terrible occasion came, too, as we shall presently see, the heroic women of the little fort proved capable of rendering in- valuable aid toward its salvation from capture by the mer- ciless savage foe. Dunlap's station is principally memorable as the scene of the fiercest and longest sustained Indian attack re- corded in the annals of Hamilton county. For several days in early January, 1791, the savages had been lurk- ing in the vicinity in considerable force. On the eighth they made the fatal attack upon Wallace, Sloan, Hunt and Cunningham, as is related in our chapter upon "The Miamese and the Indians." Sloan who escaped wounded, and Wallace who escaped unhurt, took refuge in the station, and the next day (Sunday) the latter guided a party to the scene of the disaster, where they found the body of the unfortunate Cunningham, tomahawked and scalped. They buried it on the spot, and returned with- out molestation. Hunt made his appearance before the station the succeeding day, but as a hapless prisoner in the hands of his torturers and murderers. The story of the siege is admirably narrated in Volume I. of Mc- Bride's Pioneer Biography, receiving many of its touches and details, we suspect, from the hand of the accom- plished editor of that work, Mr. Robert Clarke, of Cin- * One of these cabins is said to be that still standing on the river road near the Colerain end of the bridge over which rnns the highway to Venice, removed thither from the old site; and bullets are said to have been cut from its logs. If so, this is probably the only remaining relic of the fortified stations of Hamilton county. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 257 cinnati. At the risk of some repetition — the facts hav- ing been given in brief in the first division of this work — we quote the main portions of the narrative here : Before sunrise on the morning of the tenth of January, just as the women were milking the cows in the fort, the Indians made their appear- ance before it, and fired a volley, wounding a soldier named McVicker. Every man in the fort was immediately posted to the best advantage by the commander, and the fire returned. A parley was then held at the request of the Indians, and Abner Hunt, whom they had taken prisoner as before mentioned, was brought forward securely bound, with his arms pinioned behind him, by an Indian, or. as some say, the notorious Simon Girty, the leader of the party, holding him by the rope. Mounting him on a stump within speaking distance of the garri- son, he was compelled to demand and urge the surrender of the place, which, in the hope of saving his own life, he did in the most pressing terms, promising that if it were done, life and property would be held sacred. Not a single individual in the fort, however, would agree to a surrender. Lieutenant Kingsbury took an elevated position wiiere he could overlook the pickets, and promptly rejected all their propositions, telling them that he had dispatched a messenger to Judge Symmes, who would soon be up to their relief, with the whole settlement on the Ohio. He failed, however, to impose on them. They replied that it was a lie, as they knew Judge Symmes was then in New Jersey, and informed him that they had five hundred warriors, and would soon be joined by three hundred more, and that, if an immediate surrender was not made, they would all be massacred, and the station burned. Lieu- tenant Kingsbury replied that he would not surrender if he were sur- rounded by ten thousand devils, and immediately leaped from his posi- tion into the fort. Tiie Indians fired at him, and a ball struck off the white plume he wore in his hat. The prisoner Hunt was cruelly tortured and killed within sight of the garrison. The station was completely invested by the Indians and the attack was most violent. They commenced like men certain of victory and for some time the garrison was in great danger. The Indians fired, as usual, from behind stumps, trees and logs, and set fire to a quantity of brushwood that had been collected by the settlers, and then, rushing in with burning brands, attempted to fire the cabins and pickets. The vigilance and close firing of the besieged, however, prevented the ac_ complishment of this object. One Indian was killed just as he reached the buildings. In the night they threw blazing arrows from their bows against the stockade and upon the roofs of the buildings, with the inten- tion of firing them ; but in this they were also unsuccessful. The garrison well knowing that their lives depended upon it, met them at every point. The attack was continued without intermission during the whole of the day and the succeeding night, and until nine o'clock in the morning of the nth, when the Indi.ans, despairing of success, and, perhaps, appre- hensive of the arrival of reinforcements from Cincinnati, raised the siege and retreated in two parties, one to the right and the other to the left, as was afterward discovered by their tracks. The whole strength of the garrison was eighteen soldiers and eight or ten of the settlers capable of bearmg arms. The entire number in the fort, inclndmg women and children, not counting the soldiers, did not exceed thirty souls. The Indians were estimated by those in the fort at from three to five hundred, led by the infamous renegade, Simon Girty, as was ascertained seven years after, on the return of a white man, who had been taken prisoner near the station a few days before the attack. The little garrison, although but a handful compared with the host by which they were assailed, displayed great bravery, in some instances amounting to rashness. During the incessant fire from both sides they frequently, for a moment, exposed their persons above the tops of the pickets, mocking the savages and daring them to come on. Women, as well as men, used every expedient in their power to provoke and in- vite the enemy. They exhibited the caps of the soldiers above the pickets as marks to be shot at. According to their own accounts they conducted themselves with great folly as well as bravery, though their apparent confidence may have induced the Indians to raise the siege the sooner. When the garrison was in danger of falling short of bul- lets, the women melted down all their pewter plates and spoons to keep up the supply. The garrison, though in imminent danger, sustained but little injury. On the first fire the Indians shot into a building called the mill, where the hand-mill was kept for grinding the corn of the neighboring settlers and the garrisen. It stood on a line with and near the block-house, and, being neither chinked nor daubed, the Indians shot between the logs, by which means they killed one man and wounded another. The body of Abner Hunt, who had been taken prisoner by the Indians a few days previous, was found near the fort, shockingly mangled and stripped naked, his head scalped, his brains beaten out, and two war clubs laid across his breast. ANOTHER STATION, founded by John^ampbell, probably during the summer or fall of 1793, is said by Mr. Olden, in his Historical Sketches and Early Reminiscences, to have been estab- lished seven or eight miles southeast of Dunlap's, on the east bank of the Great Miami, opposite the present vil- lage of Miamitown. Little seems to be known concern- ing it. Mr. Olden says : The settlers around the station were few in number; no preparations for defense were made; and, having been established late in the period of Indian hostilities, no depredations were committed in the neighbor- liood, consequently no important historical events are attached to it. ORGANIZATION. Colerain is one of the oldest townships. It is the creation of the court of general quarter sessions of the peace of 1794, when ils boundaries were defined as fol- lows : Begiiming at the southwest corner of the fractional township on the Big Miami, in the second entire range, thence up the Miami to the north line of said fractional township, according to Symmes' plat; thence east to the meridian on the west side of the college township; thence south to the southern boundary of said fractional township; thence west to the place of beginning. This extensive boundary brought in a tract of five sec- tions breadth in what is now Butler county, additional to the present limits of the township in that direction. The cattle brand of the township was ordered to be the letter G. In 1803 the boundaries of Colerain were so defined as to include townships one and two, in the first entire range, and the western tier in township three, same range, and sections eighteen, twelve and six, in township two, and section thirty-six in township three, second fractional range, and so much of the second entire range as lies north of and adjoining the said township of Colerain. This definition of boundaries gave the township all its present territory, together with the western tier of sec- tions in the present Springfield, the three easternmost sections in the north tier of Green, and the northwestern- most section in Mill Creek. The provision for taking in a part of the second entire range gave the township only its present short line of sections on the north, as Butler county had just been erected, and the remainder of the range lies within its borders. The total area of Colerain is now twenty-six thousand seven hundred and forty- eight acres. By the order of 1803 the voters of Colerain were directed to meet at the dwelling of John Haryman and choose two justices of the peace. The following named were the first officers of the township (1794): John Dunlap, clerk; Samuel Campbell, constable; John Shaw, overseer of the poor; Isaac Gibson, Samuel Cresswell, John Davis, viewers of enclosures and apprais- ers of damages. In 1809 Judah Willey was appointed by the governor ofThe State a justice of the peace for Colerain township, ''to continue in office for three years from the third day 2S8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. of April, instant." The following named citizens of Colerain are also known to have served the township as justices: 1819, Isaac Sparks, John Runyan, James Carnahan, Joseph Cilley; 1825, William H. Moore, Jonathan Cilley, Stewart McGill; 1829, Stewart McGill, Noah Runyan; 1865, John L. Haukins, George T. Marsh, George W. Haisch; 1866, the same, with Martin Barns, jr.; 1867-8, same as 1866, except Haukins; 1869-70, Barns, Marsh, J. H. Wyckoff; 187 1, Barns, Wyckoff, Thomas P. Mc- Henry; 1872-3, McHenry, Wyckoff, John Leibrook; 1874, Leibrook, Wyckoff, Joseph Jones; 1875-6, Wyck- off, Jones, Barns; 1877, W)'ckoff, Barns, WilUam Arnold; 1878-9, Arnold, Wyckoff, John Hamaker; 18S0, Arnold, Wyckoff. SETTLEMENTS. Among the early settlers in Colerain township, besides Dunlap, Campbell, and others already named, were the Brown, Halstead, Huston, and other old families, some of which will be found noticed in the brief narratives be- low. In 1796 the Hughes family, the head of which was then Ezekiel Hughes, and which was afterwards promi- nent among the pioneers of Whitewater township, settled upon a tract in the valley of the Blue Rock creek, nearly opposite New Baltimore, awaiting the time when the Congress lands west of the river should be open to set- tlement. With them was Edward Bebb, father of Gov- ernor AVilliam Bebb. Some interesting notes of their residence here will be found in the history of Whitewater township. Hon. Nehemiah Wade was born in Cincinnati, August 18, 1793, and died near Venice, Butler county, July 24, 1879. He was the son of David E. Wade, an old pioneer of Hamilton county, and was married to Miss Wallace, of Cincinnati. Four sons and a daughter were the fruit of this union. His second wife was Mrs. Jane Dick, daugh- ter of Isaac Anderson, and widow of George Dick. To them was born one danghter, Sarah, who was the wife of Rev. McMillan. Mr. Wade was a teller in one of the Cincinnati banks when only seventeen years of age. In 1818 he was elected justice of the peace of Ross township, and continued in office for six years; in 1841 was elected by the State legislature an associate judge of the court of common pleas for Butler county, and was re- ■ elected in 1847, serving in that office for twelve years. The O.Nford Female college received a donation from him of ten thousand dollars. He united with the Pres- byterian church of Bethel in 1818, and in 1828, with a few others, joined in organizing the Presbyterian church of Venice, and was a ruling elder of this churcli until his death. John Huston was born in Ulster, Ireland, and is the great-great-grandfather of the Hustons whose sketches are annexed below. He came to America in an early day, and served in the battle of Brandywine, under Washing- ton, as a captain of a company. He was long lived, and possessed a sturdy character, which traits seem to have been transmitted to his numerous descendants, as an in- heritance. He was buried in Lancaster county, Pennsyl- vania. Three of his sons, Paul, Samuel and David, emigra- ted to Colerain township in 1795, David settling finally in Greene county, where he was for twenty-pne years an as- sociate judge and sent twice to the State legislature. His numerous descendants are in Builer county and around Dayton, Ohio. Paul Huston was born in Bucks-Caunt^v-Eemisylvania, SepteigBeT Ts, 17 ^ 67; J ean (Charters)_Iiuston, his wife, was" Borii in Glasgovy^^^Scotlandj December ij.,_j[77i. Her parents emigrated to America and settled in Penn- sylvania_in_j_27.4i_ Their offspring were William, Mary, John, Paul, John, Jennet, Samuel, Martha, Nancy, James and Elizabeth, the last named being the mother of Paul H. Williamson. Paul was the grandfather of Paul S. and his cousin Paul A. J. Huston. Samuel was the grand- father of Andrew ai]d James Huston. James Huston, son of Paul and father of Paul A. J. Huston, was born in 181 1 and died in 1878; was a farmer in Colerain township, and, like the Hustons in general, was remarkable for his thrift and good worth. Paul's mother was Martha Cone, daughter of an old pioneer of Crosby township. His father was married twice; the second time to Miss Mary Morris, and was the father of six children in all, of which Paul A. J. was the oldest. P. A. J. Huston owns part of the extensive tract of land possessed originally by his father, being in the vicinity of Pleasant run. He is a farmer and a prominent man in his county, having filled many town- ship offices and been a member of the State legislature. He was married to Miss Mary Bevis in 1859, and is the father of six 'children. He is public spirited, and lives an honored citizen of his community. Andrew and James Huston are the grandsons of Sam- uel Huston. Their father, James Steward, was a dis- tiller, and owned an extensive tract of about fifteen hun- dred acres of land besides; a part of which Andrew and James received as patrimony. They also possess large interests in the Hamilton and Cincinnati turnpike, and are also large shareholders in the Springdale pike. The Hamilton and Cincinnati turnpike is probably one of the best managed pikes in the State. In addition to all this these brothers have considerable property in the city of Cincinnati. Paul S. Huston, also of Colerain townsliip, grandson of Paul Huston and son of William, was born in 1S23. William died in 1848, since which time, until her death, Paul's mother lived with him on the old place near Pleasant run; his sister Ann Elizabeth also lived with him several years. Paul S, Huston was never married. Thomas Hunter, of Pleasant run, Colerain township, is the only son, and Mrs. Arnold, of Louisville, Ken- tucky, is the only daughter of Paul Hunter, who is still living. Wilhain Hunter, his grandfather, came from Pennsylvania to Colerain township in 1800. Thomas Hunter was married in 1858 to Miss Gaston, of Mount Pleasant, from which union he had two children. He is a farmer. Charles Stout was born in Hopewell township. New Jersey, in 1783. From this State he came directly to Ohio, and settled in Colerain township in 1801. His HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. ^59 death occurred in the same region January 14, 1866. His business was that of a farmer, and he was a member of the Baptist church for about twenly-five years. His wife, Mary Duvall, was born March 3, 1790, and died January 10, 1859. Of their twelve children, Ann Eliza- beth Struble died in 1834, Stephen in 182 1, and Mary R. in 1828. Jane Stout resides in Groesbeck, Joseph R. in Illinois, Oliver in Indiana, Charlotte Hill in Ham- ilton county; and Eleanor Bevis, Axsher Bevis, Benajah, Andrew J., and William remain in Colerain. Thomasjluhhard, sr., was born in North Caro lina in 1780. He came from that State to Ohio, and settled in Colerain in 1807. His death took place May 25, 1852, at the same place. His wife, Elizabeth Hubbard, died also at their home in Colerain June 27, 1868. She was born in 1790. The twenty-one childrtn are: William and Charles, now in Missouri; Laura Bolton, Aurelia Carnahan, Maria Kellogg and Margaret Wilkinson, of Indiana, Susan TatershalL Sarah Hat and Matilda Kelly, of Illinois, and Ann Hubbard and Thomas Hubbard, jr., of Colerain. Those who have died, are Thomas dying August, 1S15; Samuel, July, 1822; Cynthia, July, 1834; Wesley, June, 1837; Hannah, April, 1847; Mary, August, 1852; Elizabeth, 1869; Eleanor, 1865, and Dal- son, July, 1 868. The children are scattered, but ten only are living. Thomas Hubbard owns part of section seven of his township; was married in 1828, but has no children. His sister Ann lives with him. David K. Johnson, the only son of twelve children of Abner Johnson, of New Jersey, came here in 1809. Abner Johnson was born in the year 1759, hauled government supplies for Washington's army during the war, and with the script made in that way pur- chased part of Judge Symmes' tract, near Ross, in But- ler county, on which farm Uavid K. Johnston still lives. Mr. Johnson is now in the eightieth year of his age; has been blind eleven years, but otherwise is hale and hearty. He has been successful in shipping much produce in his line to New Orleans, out of which he has made money. He was married in 1831 to Miss Elizabeth Hedges. The Johnson family, with but few exceptions, lived to the good old age of eighty, and upwards. Elias Johnson, nephew of David K Johnson, and grandson of Abner, lives on part of the same purchase (Judge Symmes), in the vicinity of Ross, Butler county. Squire Johnson is known among his neighbors as a man of good judgment, of possessing more than ordinary abilities, and withal is noted for general thrift and good worth. He is a Republican, was a delegate to the gen- eral assembly in 1873 for revising the constitution; has always taken an active part in the public questions of the day. Has been a director of the Colerain turnpike, and secretary for the company since 1857. He was born December 30, 1816, and was married in August, 1871. George Pouder made his first settlement in Ohio, at CinctnlTafi, m 1817. He came to this State from Balti- more, Maryland, where he was born October 17, 1804. In 1870, December 23, he died, at Colerain township. The wife, Hannah G., was born in this township in 1S05, and died in 187 1. The surviving members of the fam- ily are George and Harriet West, both residing in Cole- rain township, and Mary. J. Collier,'of Baltimore, Mary- land. Five have died : Samuel died in August, 1834; Elizabeth Collier, September, 1859; John, May, 1864; Margaret, May, 1848, and Mary, March, 1844. George Pouder, of Barnesburgh, Colerain township, is a native of the county, but has only lived in the village during the past three years, in which he owns eighteen acres of good land and twenty-seven and a half acres of the old homestead near. He had a brother killed in the late war, near Dallas, Georgia, and was himself a mem- ber of the One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Ohio national guard. .One company of this regiment was composed solely of teachers, of which John Hancock, superinten- dent of the Cincinnati schools, was a private. John Pouder wa s born in Baltimore, Maryla nd, in 1764, and came to Ohio an _ d settl ed in Cmcinnati in 1817. He died in CoTerain in 1836. His wife, Elizabeth Pouder, born in 1784, died four years before her hus- band. The surviving children are Joseph and Harriet, now residents of Indianapolis, Indiana; Mary, of Craw- fordsville, Indiana, and Lemuel, of Colerain. Leonard Pouder owns forty acres two miles west of Taylor's, Colerain township, and came here in 1S40. Andrew, his son, enlisted in the Fiftieth Ohio regiment, and was taken prisoner at Franklin, Tennessee, and sent to prison at Chahaba, Georgia, where he was closely guarded for three months. After being exchanged, in company with two thousand one hundred others, he was put on the ill-fated Sultana, and when above Memphis, about two o'clock in the morning, the boiler burst and the boat was blown up. He secured a life-buoy, and after remaining on deck as long as possible, cast himself into the water, and swam to a sycamore log. He was picked up about four hours afterwards and taken to the hospital in Memphis, at which place he remained three weeks before going home. Only about three hundred of his comrades were saved. A. H. Cone, of Ross township, Butler_county, was born in Hamilton county, but now lives on a part of the Yankee purchase of two and a half sections near Venice, owned by his father and grandfather. Charles Cone was major of mihtia during the Hull engagement. His grandson, A. H. Cone, is at present justice of the peace of Ross township. Giles Richards, the father of George Richards, was one of the old pioneers of Colerain township, a man of considerable ability, foresight, and sagacity, and one who did much towards public improvements, for both State. and county. He was the projector of the Colerain turnpike, of the river bridge on that road, and also of other undertakings. During the war he contributed about si.xteen thousand dollars of his own funds in various ways for the furtherance of its cause. He was born January 6, 1792, in Boston, Massachu- setts, was a mechanic, merchant and farmer, and made his money during the War of 1812. He then had a button factory and made buttons for the army, and sad- dlery ornaments of various kinds. He came to Cincin- 26o HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. nati in 1820, where he soon had a saw-mill, grist-mill and woollen factory. In 1830 he purchased a large tract of land, of several hundred acres, surrounding what was then the thriving town of Colerain. Mr. Richards was successful in accumulating a large amount of property, and also in securing an enviable reputation among his fellows. He died in 1876, having lived during the last two years with his son George, who was born in 1843, ^"d in 1869 married to Miss Josie Johnson. In 18 1 8 Isaac Erven made his first settlement in Ohio in Cincinnati. He was born in 1807, March 15th, in the State of Pennsylvania, and came from that State to Ohio. For fifteen years he was school director, and also served as ministerial director. His wife, Elizabeth Gos- sage, was born in Maryland in 1816, and died in Cole- rain township in the year 1879. The children are: Isaac Erven, of Illinois; Henry and Giles, of this town- ship; Ezra, and Ellen Wolverton, of Oregon; Francis M., also of Colerain; and Charlotte Wilson, living near Dayton, Ohio. William Martin is a descendant of Virginia stock, who were early settlers in Colerain township. William's grandfather, Samuel S., was a farmer and an undertaker. Samuel Martin, his father, lived on the farm William now owns. Mr. Martin, although born in 1822, has always preferred single blessedness to a married state. Williamson Paul, of Colerain township, was born May 25, 1837. His paternal grandfather was William Wil- liamson, whose wife was Anna Vorhees ; they were of Teutonic and English origin. His great-grandfather, on his father's side, was John Williamson, whose wife was Lucretia Tice. John was born fourth of May, 1749; Lu- cretia Tice the twenty-sixth of April, 1749. They raised a family of ten children : John, William, Jacob, Gar- ret, Mary, Henry, Ann, Sarah, David, and Luretia. John was married to Hannah Smith, August 29, 177 1. They raised a family of ten children, Jacob, Cornelius, John, Lucretia, Simeon, Amos, Catharine, David Ann, and Henry. David Williamson, Paul's father, was born June 6, 1808; his mother Elizabeth Huston, was born April 24, 1 8 14. They were married May 22, 1833. Their children were Hannah, Jean, Paul H., Mary E., and Al- bert. David WiUiamson came of Revolutionary stock, his grandfather, John, having served under Generals Greene and Washington, and fought and was taken pris- oner during the war. David was an edge tool maker and an early pioneer and settler of Colerain township, having emigrated to this place in 181 1, and when twenty- five years of age married Elizabeth Huston. Paul Wil- liamson, their eldest son, was liberally educated and per- fected his studies at Farmer's college; for nine months following he was a successful teacher, for which he seems to have been adapted in manner and method. In May, 1857, he went to Iowa and found employment in agricul- tural pursuits, and in the fall of that year, with three friends, travelled by wagon through the greater portion of this State, Missouri, and Kansas, and during the follow- ing winter taught a flourishing school at Aviston, Illinois. In April, 1858, in company with a friend, he started overland to California, meeting at Leavenworth an emi- grant train, which he accompanied to the same destina- tion. Their route was via Santa Fe and the thirty-fifth parallel. Lieutenant Beale's route across New Mexico. While on this wearisome journey the party was attacked on the Colorado river by Indians, and eight of their num- ber slain. They lost their wagons and stock, and, passing through a gauntlet of hostile Indians, suffered the most terrible privations, and were compelled to return east a distance of seven hundred miles to Albuquerque, at which place Mr. Williamson left the party, taking his way to El Paso, Mexico, remaining there two weeks, then joining a Mexican wagon train went to San Antonio, Texas. In a short time he left this place for Seguin, Texas, where, for nine months, he again taught school. In the fall of 1859 he made a journey to Columbia, Ar- kansas, on horseback, where he again became teacher, and filled this position with great success, until the break- ing out of the civil war; thence he proceeded to New Orleans, again north to St. Louis and to Cincinnati, in which vicinity he has since resided. From February, 1870, until 1874 he acted as deputy clerk of the probate court of Hamilton county. In October, 1873, he was elected county auditor, which position he filled with credit to himself and to his county for one term; was re- nominated, but defeated by a yery small majority. He was married November i, 1870, to Miss Ada Jayne, daughter of a pioneer of Clermont county, and of Ada- line Leonard, whose ancestry were of Scotch-Irish de- scent, and who came over in the Mayflower. Paul H. is a Democrat. His life is one of startling incidents and romantic adventure. Baxter Vansicle, father of Eliza, came from Maryland with his father and SLttled on the present site — about one mile west of Safer — in the year 181 2. Mr. Vansicle farmed in the summer and fished in the winter, the river at that time furnishing plenty of that kind of meat, and the market being as good then as now. Mr. Vansicle died March 12, 1872. Thonias 3IcHenry came with his father to Colerain township in the year 181 2, where he has resided since. The farm was purchased of a Mr. Richardson, and was then about the only settlement made in that vicinity. Mr. McHenry is a member of the Presbyterian church. Mrs. Eliza Scott resides at the mouth of Du nlap cre ek, where James Henderson Scoff, her husband, lived many years before his death. He was the proprietor of a saw- mill on the Miami river, and engaged chiefly in that business. Mrs. Scott was born in Hamilton county, but when six years of age her parents moved to Illinois, where she remained until twenty-one years of age. She was married in 1856, and in 1876 her husband died. Peter Pool, deceased husband of Mary Jane Pool, was born March 2, 1822 — died August 10, 1864; purchased about forty acres near the school-house, district No. 7, Colerain township, where he remained many years before his death. James Poole resides on the Locus farm, the beautiful site near Groesbeck's, Colerain township. He was born March 29, 1824, in Hamilton county, and has been iden- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 261 tified in the interests of that portion of the State during his life. He was a soldier in the late war, and is an ac- tive member of the church. His father, William Poole, came from Vermont in 18 16, and died in Springfield, Ohio, in 1868. James Poole was married January 3, 1857, to Emily Cilley, daughter of Bradbury Cilley. John Gaiser was born in Germany in 1829. In 1850 he came to Ohio and first settled in Green township. His wife, Wilhelmina Gaiser, was born in 1835, and died in Cincinnati in May, 1871. The children living in that city are Katie, Eliza, and Lottie. John C., Caroline, George W., and William H. are now living in Colerain. Mr. Gaiser has been in township office and was a farrier at Camp Monroe during the war. John Barnes was born in 181 2, in Kentucky, from which State he came into Ohio and made settlement. His wife, Aremento Barnes, died in Colerain township in 1874. The surviving children are Abraham and Mary Jane, now of Colerain; Hugh of Harrison; Daniel, of Indianapolis, Indiana; Alfred W., of Mill Creek; and Catharine, of Miami. Peter Poole, the husband of Mary Jane Barnes, died of typhoid fever in the army of Virginia in 1864. Charles Willey was a native of Massachusetts, and set- tled in Colerain township. In 1864 he died in Indiana. Tullitha Willey, his wife, born in 1802, is still living in Colerain, as also are his two daughters, Sarah and Mary. His son Joseph is now a resident of Indiana. W. G. Arnold, of Taylor's, a farmer, was born in 1836. He bought land here in 1872, since which time he has resided in the village. Louis R. Strong, of Taylor's was born and raised near the village, and owns fifty-three acres at that place. He was born on the sixth of August, 1827. A. B. Luse, M. D., an experienced physician (old school) of over forty years standing, was born in Butler county in 1809; came to Mt. Pleasant in 1830, where he has practiced his profession ever since with an excep- tion of but three years, during which time he pursued his profession in Hamilton, and was there during the cholera epidemic of 1833-4-5. In 1835 he returned to Mt. Pleasant, where he still resides. Mrs. Agnes Cilley is the wife of Columbus Cilley, eldest son of Bradbury Hedges Cilley. Columbus Cil- ley was born November 4, 1839, in Colerain Station, Hamilton county, Ohio. After perfecting his studies at College Hill he enlisted as wheel-driver First regiment Ohio light artillery, December 2, 1861, and served until December, 1864. He was in the battles of Gettysburgh, Fredericksburgh, Chancellorsville, Manassas Gap, and other hotly contested engagements. Mr. Cilley was a good soldier, was a much respected man, and lived on the old homestead after the war and until his death, at which time he was a trustee of the Presbyterian church. Mrs. Cilley now lives in Venice. Henry Gulick, a farmer near Bevis, is one of the most prominent fruit growers in the country, and is a promi- nent man in other respects. He began life empty handed, and has made his fortunes since by his own exertions. When two years of age he came with his parents from New Jersey to Hamilton county. He was captain of a company in the One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Ohio volunteers, during the hundred day service, and has filled other positions of prominence. In 1856 he purchased the beautiful site near Bevis, his present homestead. His son Edward is a natural sculptor, studied the art without the assistance of a tutor, and has produced some remarkable results, of which may be mentioned "The Bachelor's Trial," "The Goddess of War," etc. J. P. Waterhouse, M. D., of Bevis, came to Hamilton county in 1853 — born in 1825. His father, Joseph, came to Indiana in 1844. He was a member of the Maine legislature and captain of the militia. Dr. Water- house graduated in the Miami Medical college in 1854. Practiced his profession in Charleston, Illinois, three years, then in Venice, Ohio, two years, and was for six years a member of the Methodist Episcopal conference. He was a private in the one hundred day service, in the One Hundred and Thirty-eighth regiment Ohio national guard. Mary Jane Davis, granddaughter of Paul Hust on, and daughter of Thomas Burns and Jennie Huston, was born and raised near Ca rthage, Oh io. Her great-grandfather, Archibald Bourns, came from Scotland in 1751, and set- tled in Pennsylvania. Her father and grandfather were sickle makers; both raised large families, who were devo- ted Christians of the Presbyterian faith. Mrs. Davis was, for the space of four years, in the missionary work at Wapanauca, Indian Territory, teaching the mission school of that place. The school was composed of the Chickasaw Indians, out of which, during her stay, she wrought considerable success. Mrs. Davis is a devoted Christian, and took great interest in her work, for which she deserves great praise. One year previous to leaving this field of labor she was married to Leander Davis, March 16, 1855, and for a while lived in Illinois, where he died July, 1865, since which time Mrs. Davis has lived in Colerain township, on what is known as the sec- ond homestead. John Gasser, of Barnesburgh, came from Germany in 1849, and has lived in the county for thirty years; is a blacksmith — also a farmer — of that place. He raises fruit and vegetables, and markets in Cincinnati. He has been married three times. A. L. Compton, of Mount Pleasant, lives on the old homestead farm, a part of which he owns; he also owns an extensive tract of land in Tennessee. Mr. Compton is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity of this place, and is also secretary 'of the Jersey John Hyde as- sociation, of Cincinnati, for the recovery of the estate of John Hyde, of New Jersey, believed to be in the Bank of England, and amounting, it is said, to sixty or seventy millions of dollars. J. R. Thompson, of Taylor's, principal of the public schools of that place, perfected his studies in the One Study university, of Harrison county, Ohio, came to Taylor's in 1875, since which time he has been engaged in teaching and dealing in real estate. He owns several lots and houses in the village. M. T. Jones, of Colerain township, lives one mile 262 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. south of Pleasant run, on the Hamilton pike. He is a native of Butler county, where he lived until 181 7, at which time he moved to the above-named place. COLERAIN VILLAGE. The beginnings of this settlement, and the adventures of Dunlap's Station thereat, have been narrated. John Dunlap was one of Judge Symmes' confidential surveyors; and, like most of his class, he easily inclined to land- speculation and the founding of towns, and, herein re- sembling his distinguished chief, the Miami purchaser, he did not hesitate to discount the future liberally, when it would serve his purposes. Hence he set his stakes down in the bend of the Great Miami, surveyed off a town-site, and ofTered lots for sale, before he had any valid title whatever to the land upon which they were located. He made some sales; cabins were erected; a fortified station built, and other improvements made. This, be it noted to the enduring honor of the now desolated site in the great bend of the Miami, was the first settlement of any size in the country back of the skirt of villages along the Ohio. But it presently appeared that Dunlap would be unable to perfect titles to his colonists; the fear of recurring Indian attack probably united with this to discourage the little band; Dunlap himself soon left, for a time at least ; the settlers gradually abandoned the once promising village, and its site returned in due time to its primitive wildness and desolation. The purchasers lost all they had paid Dunlap, and the value their im- provements. The chief memorial of the settlement is in the beautiful name given by the founder to it, and trans- ferred, probably perpetually, to the township itself The Colerain pioneer, according to the list of first officers of the township, .given above, was here still in 1794. He gave the name to the post office of DUNLAP. This place, more commonly known as "Georgetown," is situated only about two miles from the originaJCole- rain, or Dunlap's Station, and due east of it, at the junc- tion of the Colerain pike with two minor roads, on the west side of section eighteen, one and a half miles south of the county line. A place of this name is mistaken- ly set down on the map prefixed to the later editions (as that of 1793) of Filson's Account of the State of Ken- tucky, as a village on the other side of the county, on the Little Miami, about eight miles above Columbia. It was somewhere in the northeast part of this town- ship, it will be remembered, and probably not far from the subsequent site of Dunlap, that one of these authors, John Filson, of the original trio of projectors of Losanti- ville or Cincinnati, was probably massacred by the Indi- ans. No word or trace of him was ever obtained, after his separation from Symmes's exploring party in the early fall of 1788. This place was laid off as Georgetown Sep- tember 2, 1829. BEVIS is also on the Colerain turnpike, something less than midway of its course across the township from the south- east, on the south side of section ten, and half-way across it. A post office and a few houses are here, and a ceme- tery carefully laid out, with a regularly recorded plat. Tiie village was named from Jesse Bevis. a native of Pennsylvania and an early settler of the township, first upon the farm now owned by Martin Bevis. He built the first hotel upon the village site some time in the '20's, and kept it for more than forty years, dying in it finally in 1868, at the age of eighty-six. It is remarked that, although many hundreds of people had been sheltered under the roof of this inn during his time, his was the first death that had ever occurred there. He held for many years the ofSce of township treasurer, and fur- nished nearly all the means for building the Bevis (United Brethren) church. The St. John's Catholic church, which supplies the wants of Catholicism here and at Dry Ridge, is minis- tered to by the Reverend Father J. Voit. Near this place, upon the farm of Martin Bevis, is the camp-meeting ground formerly leased by a Cincinnati as- sociation of Methodists, but since abandoned in favor of the site now used near Loveland, in Clermont county. "Camp Colerain," which occupies a little space in the war history of Hamilton county during the late rebellion, was upon the former ground, where the buildings erected for camp-meeting purposes gave shelter to the soldiers. It was, however, used but a short time, and was never a regular camp of rendezvous or instruction. GROESBECK. One mile north of the south line of the township, and nearly the same distance from the east line, at the north- west corner of section one, also on the Colerain pike, is the hamlet of Groesbeck, which bears the name of one of the most famous Cincinnati families. PLEASANT RUN is situated upon the little stream whose name it bears, and immediately upon the east line of the township, half a mile south of the Butler county line. One of the early Baptist churches was located in this region, which had twenty-five members in 1836. The Reverend Wilson Thompson was pastor in 1816, and for some time after. At this place the rebel General John Morgan's force occupied the Colerain pike, moving eastward, during the famous raid of 1863. Two or three of his men were captured by citizens here, and one resident, who was mis- taken in the dusk of the evening for a rebel, was killed by the Federal cavalry who were in the rear of Morgan. Taylor's creek is a post-office and hamlet in the southwestern part of the township, on the Harrison pike, at the sharp bend westward of the stream from which it takes its name, one and a half miles due east of Miamitown and the Great Miami river. BARNESBURGH is a recent and small village in this township, on the Blue Rock turnpike, about four miles from New Baltimore. It is a straggling village along the road for a mile or more, with a stream running on the east side of it. POPULATION. By the tenth census, that of 1 880, Colerain township had three thousand seven hundred and twenty-six inhabitants. Yo'<^'5t-c^^i*>w C/<>^^<^^ / j3^^-^-^/ '/U-ie-t/c:^ V'/^/'- ,^^'' /■'')/ '7^/.--/ HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Biographical Sketches. JARED CLOUD, of Colerain township, was born on St. Patrick's day, the seventeenth of March, 1808; is Of Welsh, and Enghsh descent on his father's side and of French descent on that of his mother. Mason Jones Cloud, his grand- father, came from Virginia about the year 1778, and settled in Boone county, Kentucky. Unfortunately for the fate of Mason, he was required to return to Virginia for a sum of money there due him, and after only a three days' stay in his new home, in company with two others, set out on his perilous trip, and, with his companions, was massacred on Licking river by the hostile Indians. Mason was the father of eleven children, three sons and eight daughters. Of these sons Baylis was the old- est, was the father of Jared, \nd was about nmeteen years of age, when the family came to Kentucky. He was born in 1774 in Virginia; was married in 1803 to Miss Elizabeth Tebbs, daughter of an old pioneer of Boone county, Kentucky. In 1811 Baylis removed to Dearborn county, Indiana, when Jared was but three years of age. Indiana was then a mere wilderness; bridle-paths led here and there instead of our present highways. The Indians were sometimes troublesome, while the flocks had to be constantly guarded against the ravages of the wolf and the bear. The principal product of mercantile value then to the family was tobacco. This article could be raised and packed to Cincinnati — then a mere town — and a profit sufficiently large could be realized to keep the family in the luxuries of that day. Clothing was manufactured in toto; flax and wool were spun and woven, and the more tasty articles of dress were manufactured from these. The deer furnished the family with moccasins and hunt- ing shirts, and sometimes other wearing apparel. When Jared was sixteen years of age he commenced life for himself, and for twenty-two years after worked for An- thony Harkness, an engine-builder, on Front street, be- tween Pike and Lawrence, in Cincinnati, Ohio. The first two or three years, while learning the business, Jared received nothing, but afterwards a salary was paid, and finally, during the last seven years of his stay, he was made foreman of the shop, which at that time was the largest of the kind in the west. They manufactured locomotives [the first one used in the west], steamboat engines, and others for sugar-mills, saw-mills, etc. Mr. Cloud was married in the year 1840, and in 1S43 moved his present home to the Bank Lick farm, since which time he has been engaged in agricultural pursuits wholly. His farm consists of two hundred and sixty acres, and lies partly in Hamilton and partly in Butler counties. His wife is now dead, and also one son, who was fatally kicked by a horse, dying in a few days there- after. He had been in the hundred day service, and had just returned home when the accident occurred in his father's barnyard. Mr. Cloud is of a long-lived fam- ily, has never been sick, and at this late day retains the sprightliness of his youth to a remarkable degree. BRADBURY CILLEY. Joseph Cilley was a member of General Washington's staff, and was a colonel of the New Hampshire regiment in the war of the Revolution. His son, Jonathan was the father of Bradbury, the subject of this sketch. Jonathan was born March 18, 1763, came to the wilds of Ohio in Colerain, in 1803, having left his native State in 1802, but spending the winter in Wheeling, did not arrive until 1803. Jonathan was in the service with his father as a servant, and after coming to Ohio was associate judge for some years. Of Jonathan's sons, Benjamin Cilley was a farmer in AVhitewater township; Joseph, who was the eldest son, was a lieutenant in the War of 181 2, was wounded while rallying his men; and Bradbury Cilley lived on the old homestead near Colerain. Bradbury was born in Nottingham, New Hampshire, May 16, 1798. When he was four years of age his parents, with their family of eight children, emigrated to Ohio. Their tedious journey over the mountains was made in a four-horse wagon and a two-horse carriage. At Wheeling they sent their horses by land, and the family came in a boat to Cincinnati, then a village, where they wintered. In the spring of 1803, they purchased a section of land on the Big Miama, at what was then called Dunlap's Station, about sixteen miles from Cincinnati. This sta- tion was founded in 1790, by John Dunlap, and was the first settlement in the interior, back from the Ohio river. The Indians gave the settlers so much trouble that General Harrison, at Fort Washington, now Cincinnati, sent for their protection a detachment of soldiers under Lieutenant Kingsbury. In 1791 the fort was attacked by about four hundred Indians, but being gallantly de- fended the Indians desisted, and after Wayne's treaty, in 1795, the garrison was dismissed. Colerain was laid out by Dunlap, who named it after his native place in Ireland. The settlers who bought of him lost their claims for want of perfect titles to the land. In 1807 Jonathan Cilley died of asthma, and left five sons and four daughters, who were taught the rudiments of an education by the eldest sister. Bradbury went to study mathematics, but soon went ahead of his teacher. The most of his education was acquired in later years by acute observation and rough contact with the world. He early developed a taste for trading, and when twenty-one years of age built a flat- boat, loaded it with farm produce and floated it down the Miami, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, where he sold all and came back on horseback, a dis- tance of eleven hundred miles. These trips he contin- ued every year — sometimes twice a year — for fifteen years. If not suited with the New Orleans market he would go on to Cuba, where he would be almost certain HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. to find a ready and also a profitable sale for his goods. About this time he was captain of a company, and af- terwards major of a militia regiment, but was never called into active service. When a bachelor of thirty-six years he married a neigh- bor's daughter, who was twelve years his junior. He never held or coveted public office, preferring the retire- ment of a farmer's life. He was industrious and enter- prising, and gathered around him considerable property. He had a strict sense of right and justice, was stern, un- yielding, and almost unflinching, and quite unchangea- ble in his opinion. Bradbury's wife was the daughter of Elias and Eliza- beth Gasten Hedges, of Morristown, New Jersey. Of their children Mrs. James Poole (Groesbeck) is the eld- est; Mrs. Mary Bedmyer and Mrs. Elizabeth Bedinger, of Boone county, Kentucky ; Mrs. Harriet Turner, Sa- rah J. Morehead, and Agnes Cilley, of Venice, are living. The Bedinger families living in Boone county occu- pied the land once owned by Daniel Boone. COLUMBIA. ORGANIZATION. Columbia is the oldest born of the townships of Ham- ilton county. Upon its soil, as originally constituted, was planted the first colony in the Miami Purchase — the first white settlement, indeed, anywhere in the Ohio val- ley between Limestone or Maysville and the falls of the Ohio, otherwise the mouth of Beargrass creek, or Louis- ville. From this lodgment of Major Stites and his peo- ple near the mouth of the Little Miami, annd his desig- nation of the cluster of cabins by the patriotic title then (1788) much more in vogue than now, the subsequent township of course derived its name. The history of that settlement, and to some e.xtent of the gallant men who founded it, will be told very fully in the chapter de- voted to Spencer township, with which (Columbia, as a country village, was last associated, and to whose history its own seems properly to belong. Columbia township was erected by the court of gen- eral quarter sessions of the peace, in 1791, at the same time Cincinnati and Miami townships were formed; but seems to claim priority by virtue of its cattle brand, which was fixed to be the letter A, the others taking respectively the letters B and C. The boundaries of this town were then assigned as follows: "Beginning at the foot of the second meridian east of Cincinnati, on the Ohio bank; thence north to the third entire (or military) range; thence east to the Little Mi- ami; thence down the Miami to Ohio river; thence down the Ohio to place of beginning." This was a vast township, larger than some counties are now. Cincinnati and Miami townships, with it, in- cluded the whole of Hamilton county on the Purchase, south of the military range. Beyond their north line, in the Miami country, there was probably at this time not a single white settler, and the extensive boundaries of the township were su|)posed to be sufficient to include all probable settlement on the east side of the Purchase for years to come. It was not many years, however, before the call was made for the erection of townships in the further tracts of the Purchase now covered by Butler and Montgomery counties, as settlement rapidly progresssd in them. Upon the reconstruction of the Hamilton county town- ships in 1803, after the erection of Butler county by the first State legislature, the boundaries of Columbia were thus changed : "Commencing at the southeast corner of Cincinnati township, thence north to the northwest corner of sec- tion thirty-six in fractional range two, township four; thence east to the Little Miami; thence south to the Ohio; thence westward to the place of beginning." This arrangement gave the township just the entirety of its present territory, with the whole of the later Spencer township, including so much of the city as is now east of "the second meridian east" of the old city of Concinnati. The voters were at this time required to meet at the house of Samuel Muchmore, upon the pres- ent site of Madisonville, and elect three justices of the peace. The first officers of the township, under appointment of the quarter sessions court in 1791, were as follows: Ephraim Kibby, clerk; John Gerrard, John Morris, constables: Luke Foster, overseer of roads; James Mat- thews, overseer of the poor. The following memoranda for justices of the peace for Columbia township have also been found: 1819, John Jones, Abner Applegate; 1825, Abner Applegate, William Baxter, James Armstrong; 1829, Wil- liam Baxter, Batia Evans, Eleazer Baldwin, John T. Jones; 1865-8, Francis A. Hill, William Tingley, James Julien; 1859-70, F. A. Hill, Leonidas Bailey, L. A. Hendricks; 1871, L. A. Hendricks, C. W. Magill, Louis W. Clason; 1872-3, Clason, Magill, Hill; 1874, same, with E. W. Bowman; 1875-7, Clason, Hill, Tingley; 1878, Clason, Hill, William Arnold, Charles S. Burns; 1879, Clason, Arnold, George Reiter; 1880, Clason, Reiter. GEOGRAPHY. When Spencer township was formed Columbia was cut down to its present limits, and lost the famous old village from which it took its noble and high-sounding name. The township is now bounded on the west by the "second meridian line" aforesaid, to a point about a mile and a quarter north of the Ohio, separating it from Mill Creek township ; on the north by the old' line of 1803, from the northwest corner of section thirty-six in the fractional range two, township four, to the Little Miami, dividing it from Sycamore and Symmes town- ships; on the south by that river, Spencer township, and a part of Cincinnati, and on the east by the same stream, which separates it from Anderson township and a short front of Clermont county. It is nine miles long on its north line, which is the greatest length of the township; and but four miles and a quarter in its shortest length, at the south of the township. It is five miles broad on the west, and for more than four miles thence to the eastward, and is then of variously reduced width, accord- ing to the windings of the Little Miami, until, on its eastern border, it is less than two and a half miles wide. The Little Miami River, with its ins and outs, has a bank of about nine miles in this township. Forty sec- tions, twenty-nine whole, and eleven fractional, are in- cluded in the present territory of Columbia, making 263 264 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. eighteen thousand eight hundred and sixty acres, of which two hundred and thirty-nine are covered by the site of Madisonville. They are much more regular in their boundaries than sections in most other parts of the Symmes Purchase — thanks, perhaps, to the superior skill or care of Major Stites and his surveyors — and each full section comprises exactly or very nearly a square mile. The topography of Columbia township, for picturesque and varied character, and eligibility for suburban pur- poses, is scarcely equaled anywhere else in Hamilton county. The valley of the Little Miami stretches broadly along its eastern and southeastern districts, with the heights beyond Milford and Newtown in the distance, and others closer to the course of the stream — in one instance, near the northeast corner of Anderson township, coming down close to the course of the stream. Across the en- tire length of the township, in a general east and west direction, spreads another great, deep valley, evidently very ancient in its formation, but now with no large stream in its bed — probably an old channel through which the waters of Mill creek found their way to the Little Miami. The township may be said to consist pretty nearly of this and tlie Miami valleys. The result of the great operations of nature, by which they have been channeled, has been to afford a very large number and variety of beautiful sites for human habitation. Indian Hill and the Norwood Heights, Pleasant Ridge, Oakley, Madisonville, Mount Lookout, and indeed, almost every square mile of the higher ground in the township, are excellently adapted to the purposes of suburban resi- dence, as well as for farming. Neighborhood to a great city has naturally called attention to these advantages, and every one of its numerous villages has more or less of the suburban character. Apart from the Little Miami, Columbia has no stream of size within it or upon its borders. Duck creek, and perhaps a dozen other brooks and rivulets, traverse some part of the township, most of them toward the Little Miami, but two or three, in the northwestern part, mak- ing their way to the valley of Mill creek. The Marietta & Cincinnati railroad enters the township near Norwood, about a mile and three-quarters from the southwest cor- ner, traverses about half its breadth on a general east and west line to Madisonville, whence the route makes rapid- ly northward and northeastward to its emergence from the township beyond Madeira station, near the southeast corner of Sycamore township. About seven miles of the course of this railroad lie in Columbia. The Little Mi- ami railroad^has about the same length along or near the river in this township, entering at the southeast corner, at Red Bank station, and proceeding by the Batavia junction, Plainville, and several other points, to its exit from the county at the northeastern corner, opposite East Milford, and a mile and a half further crossing the river and leaving the county altogether. The Cincinnati & Eastern narrow-gauge railroad tracks also intersect the southern tier of sections; but its arrangements for enter- ing Cincinnati from the north and west are not yet con- summated, and the road is not much used west of Batavia junction, where it connects with the Little Miami rail- road. The Cincinnati Northern narrow-gauge, now in course of construction, crosses the township from south to north, entering from the direction of Walnut Hills, and passing through Norwood. Several fine turnpikes, as the Cincinnati & Wooster, once the main line of communication eastward ; the Madison, the Montgomery, and others, with many well-kept, ordi- nary wagon-roads, add to the facilities of communi- cation with the city and surrounding country. Upon some of them, as over the Montgomery pike to Pleasant Ridge, lines of omnibuses are regularly run to and from Cincinnati. ANCIENT REMAINS. One of the richest fields for antiquarian research in the world, for the extent of it, is presented in this township, notably in the eastern and southeastern parts of it. It has been industriously and very intelligently worked dur- ing the few years last past by the members of the Madi sonville Scientific and Literary society; and in this sketch we freely use the results of their labors, particularly as set forth in Dr. Charles L. Metz's article on the pre-his- toric monuments of the Little Miami valley, in the Jour- nal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History for Oc- tober, 1878, and his chart accompanying the paper. I. Dr. Metz and his co-laborers arrange the works in groups. Group A is mostly upon the property of Charles F. Stites, one mile west of Plainville, between the Woos- ter turnpike and the Little Miami railroad and river, upon the second bottom or plateau, in section nine. This plateau has a general elevation above the river of nearly two hundred feet; and above it, at a height varying from ten to twenty-five feet, is a narrow ridge, mainly com- posed of reddish sand, upon which the most notable work of the group is situated. This and the remaining works in this locality are thus described by Dr. Metz: Commencing at the east end of the ridge, and in a wood known as "Stites' grove," we find an earthwoik consisting of a circle, central tumulus, and an oval-shaped tumulus impinging on the outer southeast edge of the circle. The following extract, from an article entitled "The Mound Builders," by Mr. Florien Giauque, published in the Har- vest Home Magazine, August, 1876, describes this work as follows: "In the grove in the 'picnic woods' owned by Mr. Charles Stites, of Columbia, on the top of this ridge, there is a circular enclosure made by a ditch and an earthen embankment outside of and immediately ad- joining this ditch, and no doubt made of the material which was taken from it. From the bottom of this ditch to the top of the embankment, the present height is five and one-half feet ; the diameter of the ditch from deepest cut on either side is seventy-five feet ; the enclosing em- bankment, from crest to crest, is one hundred and five feet ; and the diameter of the entire work, from outside to outside, is about one hun- dred and forty-five to one htmdred and fifty feet. On the east this em- bankment is enlarged into a regular mound, about forty-eight feet in diameter and about six feet high above the adjacent ground. At the southeast part of the enclosure there is left an entrance-way about ten feet wide — that is, there is here neither ditch nor embankment. This entrance faces and is about forty feet away from the edge of the ter- race or bluff, which is here quite steep, and about one hundred feet (estimated) high above the river, which is here quite near the foot of the bluff. The edges of the terrace and ridge coincide here." The ridge to the east of this work 'slopes gently until it reaches the general level of the plateau. On this slope numerous relics are found. The above-described work was explored by Mr. Giauque and others, and several fine relics were found. The finding of one he describes as follows: "One of the trenches was begun about the north of the mound, and the writer [Mr, Giauque], while working here, hardly a foot below the surface of the mound and about seven feet from the centre of it, found HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 265 a very fine relic. It is a. tube six inches long, a little less than an inch in diameter, made of crinoidal limestone, highly polished, though somewhat coated and discolpred in' places by the oxide of iron which has collected on it during its long burial. The hole extends entirely through from end to end, but grows rapidly smaller near one end, being about five-eighths of an inch in diameter most of the distance, and about three-sixteenths of an inch at the smaller end. This relic is, in fact, a cylinder for about four and one-half inches of its length to a diamond-shaped perforation." I have measured the circumference of some of the larger trees grow- ing on this work. An oak has nine and one-half feet, beech eight and one-half feet in circumference on the central tumulus, maple six and three-tenths feet, an oak six and seven-tenths feet in circumference. Northwest of this work, and about two hundred feet distant, at the foot of the sand-ridge, and on the general level of the plateau, is a mound which has been recently explored. Its diameter east to west is forty-five feet, elevation seven feet. An oak tree on its western slope has eight and seven-tenths feet, and a beech on its eastern slope five feet of a circumference. An interesting account of the exploration of this mound, by Mr. Giauque, was published in the Harvest Home IVIaga- zine, in the article from which I quoted above. The circumstances of exploration are of considerable interest to the archaeologist, and I make the following extracts from Mr. Giauque's article; "About eleven feet from the outside and two feet above the original surface, the shovel, hitherto working pretty freely in clayey sand, struck the first big stone. It was a flat limestone, possibly brought from the neighboring hill about a half a mile away, as there was none nearer; and it was much reddened and softened by fire, the fossil shells m it being whitened or more nearly calcined than the other parts. This, together with charcoal and ashes, pieces of bone, pieces of bowlder bro- ken by fire, were very encouraging indications of a 'find.' Further digging showed that the rock struck was the part of a stone arch, rude- ly made of undressed limestone. . . " Tiiat part of the arch first found was removed, and under it was found a skeleton, the tibia (shin-bone) being the first part of it discov- ered. The arch was then entirely uncovered, the earth removed between it and the skeleton, and the skeleton taken out. If the mound had been divided into four parts, by drawing a line through its centre from north to south and another similarly from east to .west, the arch would have been entirely within the northwest section of the mound, and the skeleton which it covered lay with its head nearly towards the northeast {N. E. E. ) Perpendicular sections of the mound, as dug away that day, showed from the bottom upwards: "I. The skeleton resting on or near the original surface, which was a sandy clay, qnite compact and hard. "2. About a foot of sandy earth, possibly mixed with ashes, but no charcoal nor pieces of bowlder or bones, and, especially in places where the rock above had relieved it from pressure, quite loose and soft. ' * 3, The arch, hitherto so called for convenience, but perhaps hardly entitled to the name. This was made, as has been said, of undressed but flat limestone, averaging about twenty to thirty and six to eight inches in length and breadth, four inches in thickness, and approxi- mately most of them being about a medium between these extremes. The arch was about seven feet long and five and a half or six wide, its highest part being in a line with and directly over the body, and arch- ing downward on either side till its edges on the right and left of the skeleton nearly reached the clay on which the skeleton lay. But the stones were not set up on edge, so that the structure, while really an arch in form, was probably, not self-sustaining. ... It contained three layers of stone, one over the other, making about a foot in thickness. "4. A thin layer of sandy earth, about one inch on the highest part, and increasing in thickness toward the sides. "5. Charcoal and ashes, the charcoal not plenty nor in large pieces, this indicating that the fire had burned out before being covered up with earth. This fire was hot enough to color all the top rocks, as mentioned of the first one found. "6. A layer of sand about fifteen inches thick, with pieces of fire- cracked bowlder, burnt hmestone, and pieces of human bones, much decayed — or were they partially burned? "7. Another layer of charcoal and ashes similar to the one below, about three-fourths of an inch thick. "8. Clayey sand to the top, so soft as to be shovelled without loosening with a pick, and nowhere over two and a half feet thick. No ornaments or implements of any kind were found in this mound." West and to the south of this tumulus, and on the same continuous sand-ridge mentioned above, are four or five elevations or tumuli, with an average height of three to four feet, being from two to three hun- dred feet apart. The ridge is here under cultivation; numbers of relics, ' flint chips, and broken bowlders, are ploughed up on this ridge. Northwest of these tumuli, and on the general level of the plateau, one-fourth of a mile distant, is a mound which has a circumference at base of two hundred feet, and an elevation of seven feet. It is as yet unexplored, but ciilti\'ated annually. Four hundred yards to the northeast of this mound, and at the junc- tion of the Wooster and Madison turnpikes, can yet be traced a cir- cular work, which has a circumference of six hundred feet; twenty years ago, I am told by an old settler, the circle had an elevation at that time of three feet, and there was a mound four feet in the centre; at present it is almost obliterated. Its northern side in places has an ele- vation of eight to twelve inches. On the south and eastern side, the work can be traced by the yellow color of the soil. The northeast side is occupied by the Madison turnpike. Continuing on the southwestward of the small tumuli, and along the previously described sand ridge, we come to what is known as the 'Pottery Field.' Here the ridge slopes gently to the south and southeast, with an elevation of from sixty to eighty feet above the level of the Little Miami river. This field is a plateau of about four acres in extent, sloping back to the higher ground. On this plateau fragments of pottery are found in great abundance. Flint chips, arrow points, broken bowlders, burnt limestone, and the shells of the fresh- water muscle (hiuo), are found all over the surface. Human remains have been found in the adjoining ravines and on the slopes; the graves were isolated and shallow, and the method of burial was not uniform. Bones of various wild animals are also found. Two hundred yards no'rth of the Pottery field are several small tum- uli. The largest has a circumference at base of about one hundred feet, height five and one-half feet; this mound has been dug into, but not yet explored. The Pottery Field, and also the tumulus, are situated in sections nine, Columbia township, in what is known as Ferris' woods, in 'Still Home Hollow.' The largest trees on the Pottery Field meas- ure as follows: A walnut, fifteen and one-half feet in circumference; an oak, twelve feet in circumference; a maple, nine and one-half feet in circumference, and an elm twelve feet in circumference. 5^' A quarter of a mile farther west, in section fifteen, on the estate of Joseph Ferris, and just southeast of the family homestead, is a circular work, with an inside ditch and a central elevation. Its circumference is about two hundred feet; diameter from east to west about sixty-five feet. This work is almost obliterated. It is distant from the river half a mile, and elevated above it about eighty feet. 2. The group B is situated partly in sections fifteen and twenty-one, in this township. The remainder of the works belonging to and forming much the larger part of the group are in Spencer township, and will be described in another chapter. Our scientific authority gives a full account of the group, from which we extract at present that portion relating to Columbia township : One-half mile north of Red Bank station, on the second bottom or plateau of Duck creek, immediately southwest of the western end of the Cincinnati & Eastern railroad trestle, is a mound eight feet high and two hundred feet in circumference at base. It has not been ex- plored, but is cultivated annually. Half a mile to the northwest of this mound is another, with an elevation of five feet and circumference of about one hundi'ed and seventy-five feet. It is on the same level as the foregoing one, and on the lands of the Dr. Duncan estate. The hill northwest of Red Bank station, and distant about two hun- dred yards from it, has an elevation of about two hundred and fifty feet. This hill is terraced on its eastern and southern slope ; the ter- races are five in number, and are undoubtedly the work of human hands. On the top of this hill is a mound. Its present elevation is about four feet, and it has not been explored. 3. Dr. Metz's group C lies altogether in Anderson township, and its several works have been described in the chapter devoted to that subdivision of the county. Group D is also mostly in Anderson, comprising the enclosure and mounds in the northeast corner of the township, and also interesting works in southwestern Co- 266 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. lumbia, across the river, which are thus described in the doctor's essay: No. 6 of this group is a small mound, situated in section twenty-two, Columbia township, on an elevated ridge known as Gravelotte, on the estate of T, R, Biggs. It is situated in a corner of a large embank- ment. Its height is three feet, circumference one hundred and fifty feet. No. 7 of this group is located in section twent)'-nine, Columbia town- ship, one-fourth of a mile west of Camden, just south of the Wooster turnpike. It is now only one-third its former size, it being partly re- moved in the construction of the Wooster turnpike. Its present di- mensions are : Height nine feet, diameter seventy feet. In* the southeast corner of section twenty-nine, at the village of Cam- den, and three hundred feet east of the south line of Mr Galloway's residence, is the corner of an embankment which extends east and south to the river. It extends three-fourths of a mile east, until it reaches the bank of the river, which is here about forty feet high, the other running south until it reaches the edge of the gravel ridge, and then runs east to the river. It incloses from eight hundred to one thousand acres of ground. This embankment, fifty years ago, was six feet high and twelve feet wide. It is now scarcely traceable ; but can be seen in spring time and just after plowing, when the peculiar color of the soil discloses it. At the northwest corner of section twenty-eight, half a mile south of the mound No. 7, between the two headwaters of a little stream setting into the Miami, is a cluster of seven small mounds. 4. Some miles froin any one of these groups, upon the farm of M. C. Benham, on section thirty, near Pleas- ant ridge, is a fine, large mound, eight feet high, by two hundred in circumference at the base. 5. On the same turnpike, the Montgomery, which passes near the Benham mound, but a mile and a half to the southwest, on Norwood Heights, is the famous mound of observation, one of the most notable ancient works in the county. It is nine feet high and two hun- dred feet in base circumference; and its summit com- mands an extensive view of the surrounding country. From it signals could be flashed or otherwise communi- cated to similar points of observation in the Mill creek valley, and thence rapidly far up and down the valleys of the Great Miami and the Ohio. Many stone imple- ments, as axes, fleshers, gorgets, chissels, flint arrow-heads and chippings, and also mica, have been found in the neighborhood and through the valley. THE EARLY DAY. For the following items of township history we are in- debted to the interesting work entitled "Surburban Homes," prepared and published in 1874, by Professor Richard Nelson, now president of Nelson's Business col- lege, Cincinnati: Though the records of the township have been kept at Madison, we have found it difificult to obtain much information regarding the early settlement of either town or township. Tlie first record of township officers was made April 4, 1803, when Samuel Sheppard was elected chairman, and James Murch, clerk, and James McKnight, N. S. Arm- strong, John Seeman, and John Elliott, trustees. Two years after- ward, the whole number of votes polled in tlie township was thirty-two. During the early history of the township, it was customary to board the poor at the farm houses, the pauper being sold at auction to the lowest bidder. Some of these bids, we noticed, did not exceed one dollar per week. It was also the province of the constable to notify strangers that were supposed to be in indigent circumstances that the township would not be responsible for their support. The following we extracted from a record made in 1826 : "An order to John Jones, constable, for warning B R and family .... to depart the township; also, for warning five supervisors to attend to be sworn into oflice." Among the annals may also be seen a book containing tlie" records of the "ear-marks" for stock. These marks are represented in dia- grams, which are accompanied with a key, and in 1791 numbered up to one hundred and seventy. The last record stands thus: "Moses Osborn, having removed out of the township, his mark is transferred to Henry Lockwood; which mark is two slits in the right ear." The oldest of these private marks for animals, recorded as No. I by Judge William Goforth, February 7, 1791, was "a penny on the left ear, and a half-penny the under side of the same." This is accompanied, as in other cases, by a diagram showing the form and position of these marks upon the ear. A leaf from one of the old justice dockets, bearing dates of August 22, 26, and 30, 181 6, shows for what petty sums suits were sometimes brought in those days. In the case of William Irwin against Singer Smith, judg- ment was rendered against the defendant for two dollars. In that of Moses Kitchell vs. Christopher Leman, judg- ment was given the plaintiff for "the amount that I found between them," as the magistrate puts it — which amount was seventy-seven and three-fourths cents ! The "bale" and a witness in one of these cases was the well known Isaac Giffin, who receives further notice under the head of Madisonville. He is but recently deceased, and is re- membered, among other characteristics, for his inveterate habit of ruminating, or chewing his cud, the same as a cow. The following document is an interesting but rather painful reminder of its time, as showing for what trifling delinquencies an unlucky debtor could be lodged in prison. It is some satisfaction, in this particular case, that the endorsement upon this writ shows that the debt and costs were paid without recourse to the last resort of an infuriated or determined creditor. THE STATE OF OHIO, ) Hamilton County. J To John Jones, Constable of Columbia Township, Greeting: Whereas John Armstrong, treasurer, obtained judgment against John and Rachel Withem, before me, a justice of the peace of said township, for a debt of two dollars eighty-three and one-half cents, and dollars cents costs, on the first day of June last. — You are therefore commanded to levy the said debt and costs, and costs that rnay accrue, of the goods and chattels of the said John and Rachel Withem, by distress and sale thereof, returning the overplus, if any, to the said John and Rachel Withem, but for want of such property whereon to levy, then take the said John and Rachel Withem to the jail of the county aforesaid, there to be detained until the said debts and costs that may accrue, shall be paid, or otherwise legally discharged: And of this writ make legal service and due return. Given under my hand and seal, this twenty-second day of April, in the year eighteen hundred and seventeen. Zach. Briggs, Justice of the Peace. A justice in those days received four cents for swearing a witness, seven for issuing a subpoena, twelve and a half for a writ, and the same suin for rendering a judgment, except /w confesso, when the fee seems to have been but ten cents. Constables realized twenty to thirty cents costs in a simple case; but a witness was allowed the ex- travagant sum of fifty cents for a day's attendance. The following is a partial transcript of the original pauper record of Columbia township, kindly made for this work by Louis W. Clason, esq., of Madisonville, to whom its readers are also indebted for many other favors. He has exhibited an interest and public spirit in the mat- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 267 ter of recording and perpetuating local history, that are every way creditable to his intelligence and foresight. 1801. Tliis book bought from Mr, Nathaniel Reeder, in Cincinnati, the second day of Septenibei-, 1801, for the use of the overseeers of the Poor, Columbia Township, Hamilton County, North West of the River Ohio. The Price, one dollar and twenty-five cents, and this Book to be continued and to be delivered over to the ne.xt overseeers, and so on from year to year to the overseers for their use of said township. This Book bought by Wyleys Pierson and Joseph Reeder, overseeers of the Poor for Columbia Township, A. D. , 1801. To the Commissioners for the County of Hamilton North West of the River Ohio. The overseeers for the Township of Columbia and County aforesaid. This is to certify that on the fourth day of May, iBoi, we sold Thomas McCormick, one of the poor of said Township, for one year, for fifty-one dollars and ninety-nine cents, George Galaspe, Sen., being the lowest bidder. Likewise, on the sixteenth day of May aforesaid, we sold Sarah Frier, one of the poor of the township, aforesaid for fifty-nine dollars, until the first Monday in May next, the lowest bidder being Susannah Price. Sold by us, Joseph Reeder, and Wyleys Pierson, overseeers of the poor for the township aforsaid. ■ 1801. On the third Tuesday of Noyember we held a town meeting to vote in Freeholders to audit the accounts of the overseers of the poor for the township of Columbia and County of Hamilton, which is to be done every year for the same purpose. On that day was voted in Wil- liam Logan, Perr)^ Cratchel, and John Mann. An account of money expended to maintain Moses Trader, accord- ing to an order obtained from two Justices of the Peace for that pur- pose 29th December, 1801. Paid Noah Strong for two weeks' board, at two dollars per week $4.00 Paid Noah Strong for three weeks, at $1.50 per week 4.50 Joseph Reeder allowed him one week r.oo 9.50 3 Balance due 6. 50 Witness •) Joseph Reeder, - We have received in part three dollars to be Wyllys Pierson. ) deducted as above. The above account for necessaries furnished the poor of Columbia Township, allowed by the Court the 2nd March, 1802. at six dollars and fifty cents. The above three dollars that we rec'd was from Major Benj'n Stites, a former overseeer. 1802. Rec'd of Wylly s Pierso n twenty-five cents, for searching record and making of the within account, 5th May, t8oi, for John S. Gano, Clerk. John Armstrong. To the Commissioners of Hamilton County, North West of the River, Ohio. This is to certify that, on the third day of May, 1802, we sold Thomas McCormick, one of the poor of said Township, for one year, for the sum of fifty-two dollars, Robert Flack being the lowest bidder. Likewise we sold Sara Frier, one of the poor, for one year for seventy- five dollars on the same day as the above, the lowest bidder Susannah Price. Sold by us, Wylleys Pierson and Joseph Reeder, Overseeers of the Poor, Columbia Township. 1802. May the 13th, then settled with the Trustees or auditors, and our accounts allowed by them; their names: Hamilton County, ( -{o'^m SpamT.'' Columbia Township, f i°"l C^^^' ^ ) Jo.sEPH McCormick. Hamilton County. Whereas Wylleys Pierson and Joseph Reeder, overseeers of the poor for the township of Columbia, both this day made complaint unto us, John Armstrong and William Brown, Esqrs., two of the justices of the county assigned to keep the peace; and hath reported that Jonathan Covington, of said township, is lying sick with a consumption and hath not enough to support himself; and these are therefore to require you, the said overseeers, to administer relief to the said Covington in such manner as the law in such cases directs. In testimony whereof we have set our hands and fixed our seals at Columbia the 29th day of January, in the year 1803. John Armstrong. William Brown. To the Comm.issioners for the county of Hamilton, Northwest of the River Ohio. Whereas we obtained an order from John Armstrong and William Brown, Esqrs., two of the Justices for said county aforesaid at Colum- bia, the 2oth day of January, 1803, to sell one of the poor named Jonathan Covington, and we sold him on the eighth day of February, 1803, according to law, until the first Monday of May next, for twenty- three dollars and seventy-five cents, the lowest bidder being Elizabeth Ferris. Sold by us, Joseph Reeder and Wylleys Pierson. [On page five of the record I find the first entry of notice to depart the township. — L. W. C] June I4tli, 1806. A Warrant issued warning John Hannah to de- part this Township. October 14. A Warrant issued warning Mary Highlands to depart this township. November 17. A Warrant issued warning Jonathan Narree to de- part this township. [On page forty-nine I find the following entry. — L. W. C] 24th. Raatis Evans brought from Columbia to James Johnson's, and died, at one dollar per day. The oldest graveyard in the present township of Col- umbia is at the foot of West Indian hill, on the premises of the Joseph Morton estate. It has not been used for more than half a century. Some of the first bodies in- terred therein were taken from Columbia village, as several members of the Ward family, who were among the first settlers in that region. About the same time with them came John Harbaugh, who seems to have been an invet- erate enemy of the Wards, since he gave directions be- fore his death that he should not be buried in the old cemetery, where their remains reposed, lest the devil, while searching for the body of a Ward, might make a mistake and get him ! The first church built was probably that put up for the Duck Creek Baptist church in 1804. This society was a colony from the church in Columbia, and the secession created a church quarrel which makes considerable figure on the records of the Miami Baptist association. The difficulty was amicably settled by a council, however, be- fore the next meeting of the association. The two earliest pastors were the Rev. William Jones, 1805-14, and Rev. John Clark, 1814-16. A STATION. One of the small fortified stations against the Indians, called Nelson's station, is mentioned hereafter in an ac- count of Madisonville; but it makes very little figure in the annals of the early day, and we suspect was little more than an ordinary settlement, with perhaps some ■ special preparations for defence. NOTES OF SETfLEMENT. The McFarland settlement was made in sections twen- ty-four and thirt}', near the northwest corner of the town- ship, in the spring of 1705, by Colonel John McFarland, an emigrant from Fayette county, Pennsylvania. He took here a tract of nearly one thousand acres, compris- ing the whole of the first-designated section and the east half of the second, upon which the village of Pleasant Ridge now stands in part. Near this site McFarland made his first clearing and put up his cabin, which he seems to have fortified somewhat, as it is sometimes re- marked as being the last station established in Hamilton county. Life there was comparatively uneventful until some twelve years after the beginnings, when an incident 268 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. occurred which is well told in the language of John G. Olden, in his Historical Sketches and Early Reminiscen- ces: In the year 1807, on wliat is now known as Norwood Heights, in the immediate neighborhood of Pleasant Ridge, and almost four miles south of the present village of Reading, then known as Voorheestown, there lived a man named Daniel Wolverton, with a family consisting of a wife and three children — Jemima, about six years of age; John, nearly four; and an infant but a few months old. They lived in an humble cabin on the spot of ground now occujjied by the stately resi- dence of iVIr. John W. Siebern, a well-known merchant of Cincinnati. It was the afternoon of a pleasant autumn day that the two children, Jemima and John, by permission of their mother, went out into the woods to gather nuts. This was by no means an unusual occurrence ; the children were accustomed to the woods, which at that day sur- rounded every cabin in the neighborhood — in fact, the whole country was one continued forest, except here and there a spot laid bare by the woodman's a,\e. The mother took little heed of her children until near the close of the day, when, as twilight set in and they did not return, she grew an.xious, and, going into the woods, called loudly for them, but, receiving no answer, her mind became filled with forebodings of evil. Darkness now came, and the husband, who had been absent during the afternoon, having returned, both parents made diligent search through the adjacent woods. Again they called the names of their little ones, until their voices reached the neighboring cabins and alarmed the whole settlement; still no answer came, save the echo of their own voices. Soon the neighbors came and joined the parents, and the entire night was spent in a fruitless search. The woods throughout the settlement resounded with the voices of men and the firing of guns, but all to no purpose; morning came, but no tidings of the lost ones. The entire neighborhood was now alarmed, and a large assembly of people met at the cabin of the distressed parents and determined to continue the search. That the canvass might be more thorough and cover a greater territory, they arranged that each person should go alone, or at most in couples. It was agreed also that each party should carry, what was then a common article in every cabin in the country, a 'dinner-horn,' which, it was agreed, should not be used until the chil- dren were found, and then the successful party should sound a blast that would be responded to by others, and thus the news be conveyed to all exploring parties, and reach as a joyous signal the almost dis- tracted mother. This also served the purpose of keeping all parties upon the search, as all would know that so long as the horns were silent the object of their pursuit had not been found. Though small bands of Indians passed through the country occa- sionally, but little fears were entertained that the children had met with violence at their hands, for they were quite friendly. There was the greater danger from starvation, or death from fright or grief, or from the sting of the deadly serpent. The woods, too, abounded with wild animals. The wolf and the bear were regarded as dangerous ; and panthers, though not numerous, had been seen in sufficient numbers to make thejn a terror to all mothers. With the knowledge that the children had been exposed to all these grave dangers for the entire night, little hope was left of finding them alive. Still, it was thought that whatever their fate, it was better to have it known and put all doubts at rest. Even should they have been devoured by wild animals, it was confidently hoped that at least a portion of their remains w^ould be found within a circuit of a few miles. With these preparations and these thoughts in their minds, the neighbors went forth again into the forest, some afoot and others on horseback, each party taking different directions ; and it would now seem that a few hours would crown their efforts with success. But the day wore away, and evening came ; some of the hunters returned, bringing, however, no word of cheer to the grief-stricken parents. The footprints of the children had been seen and followed for some distance down a small ravine leading from the settlement into the Mill Creek valley ; but soon the tracks turned upon the high ground, after which all traces of them were lost, and, what appeared stranger still, the children had not been seen by any one, although quite a number of cabins must have been near the range of their travels. One of the neighbors, named Ralph Auten, had proposed in the out- set to put his dog, a fine, noble-looking bloodhound and said to have been a very sagacious animal, on the track of the children, but this was objected to upon the supposition that should the dog find the children, he might attack, or at least frighten them seriously, so the project was aban- doned. Notwithstanding the protest of his neighbors, however, Mr. Auten, on resuming the search in the evening, took with him his dog. A second night was spent in the forest, guns were again discharged and fires were kindled, but still the horns hung silent by the side of the hunters, and a pall of grief over the cabin of Daniel Wolverton. On the approach of morning Auten and his comrade found them- selves on the hills east of Reading, near the present site of Mount Notre Dame. The dog had been absent for some time, but now returned and manifested a strange and unusual anxiety. He turned upon his master a sagacious look, and uttering a few whimpering barks, ran again into the forest, but soon returned to repeat his former expressions. The men followed, and had gone but a few hundred yards when they ob- served the dog leap upon the trunk of a fallen tree, and there sit utter- ing his plaintive whimperings. On reaching the tree there the men dis- covered the children lying huddled together, their legs partly covered with leaves. The signal blast was promptly given, which was taken up and respon- ded to by others, and soon the monotone notes of the dinner horn sounded and reverberated through the forest, along the hills and in the valley, until the glad tidings reached the home of the distressed parents, bringinging to their hearts for a moment a thiill of joy. These mo- ments of gladness were brief, however, as a second thought saddened their hopes with alternate fears. The children had been found, there was little doubt — but, oh! the momentous question, whether alive or dead, none could answer. The suspense that followed for an hour or mole was intense and pain- ful, not only to the father and mother of the little ones, but also to the multitude that had assembled to await the return of the successful party, and partake of the joy or sympathize in the giief of the parents. Finally Auten and his party returned and restored to the arms of the mother her babes, alive and, though suffering somewhat from fatigue and the effects of hunger, comparatively well. When found the children were in a slate of partial stupor, though they did not seem to have suffered greatly from hunger. The men gave them water and they were somewhat revived, but they still appeared timid and nervous, and it was some time before Auten and his comrade could gain their confidence ; but on arriving home and receiving the proper care and nourishment they soon fully recovered. The little girl could give but an imperfect account of their adventure. The first night she said they walked until they became very tired, all the time expecting to reach home ; at last the little hoy stopped and could go no further. They sat down under a tree and both cried until they fell asleep. When they awoke it was daylight, and they set out again for home. They ate some acorns and nuts and drank at a little stream. They again became tired and sat down by the fallen tree where they were found. The little boy complained of being\;old and she gathered leaves and put around him. At one time she heard people calling and saw them pass, but was too weak to answer. After this she remembered nothing more. Hezekiah_Stites_ii:as born at Scotch Plains, New Jer- sey. His first settlemeat-JlLQhio was made in 178S, in Columbia township. He is said to have been the first actual settler in Hamilton county, was a farmer all his life, and his death occurred in Butler county. Hezekiah Stites, jr., was at first a trader in merchandise on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, going as far south as New Orleans. In 1835 he became identified with pork pack- ers, and continued in that business until his death in i860. He was a man of great business abiUty — securing a fine property by' his own exertions — and was, like his father, respected by all who knew him. Charles F. Stites, his son, was born in 1831. He married C aroline Stite s, daughter of Benjamin Stites, of Newark, New Jersey. He is now the owner of the old hoinestead, has abundant wealth, and is a worthy representative of the old family. Sampson McCullough was born in Chaiiibersburgh, Virginia, but emigrated from PenrisyLKtnia__to_Ohi£ in 1795, where he first settled in Sycamore township. He came'lo this State as a surveyor, but in later years turned his attention to farming. He died in the township where he first settled, in 181 9. His wife (Miss Rachel Saye) HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 269 was born in 1780 and died in 1864. James M. McCul- lough, son of the preceding, was born in 181 1. In 1838 he established the business of seeds merchant, with the present firm name of J. M. McCuUough's Sons. Abner Mills was among the first who settled in Colum- bia township. He was born in New Jersey, and emi- grated from there to Ohio. He died in the same township where he had first settled. Stephen Mills, his son, was born in 1802. His business was always that of a farmer. His wife's name was Sarah Smith. Edward Mills, son of Stephen, was born in 1837. In 1869 he married Harriet Flynn, daughter of Stephen Flynn, and the same year -built the fine residence where he now lives. Samuel Muchmore was born in Morristown, New Jer- sey, from which State he emigrated to Ohio, and settled in Columbia township in 1798. He followed the busi- ness of boating on the river to New Orleans, and died on his last trip to that city. He also did much at farming. His wife's name was Sarah Muchmore. His son John was the father of Eli L. Muchmore, who is now the only representative of the family alive. He lives on a part of the old homestead, and is called a worthy scion of the old stock. His birth occurred in the year 1823. For eight years during and after the war, he was township trustee, and has also held the office of district assessor and town clerk. Joseph Ferris, born in Fairfield county, Connecticut, emigrated from that State to Ohio, and se ttled in this township in 1799, where he died May 17, 1831. He followed farming, milling, and distilling- His wife's name was Pris cilla K napp. They have four children, all living at the old home — Andrew, C. K., Phoebe, and Joseph. Zadock Williams was born in Fayette county, Pennsyl- vania, in 1798, and came from that State to Ohio with his parents when but two years of age. He has always lived in this township — is now eighty-three years old. His wife, born in 1802, is also living. They have six children living. Mr. Williams, in business a farmer, has always been an active and prominent man in the county. He has now a large property, and is well known and widely respected. Samuel Johnson settled in Hamilton county in 1801. He was born in Virginia in 1767. His wife's name was Rebecca Clark. She was born March 20, 1771. They married April 20, 1795, and have had nine children, only three of whom are living — Isaiah J., Merrit J., and Patsy Crain. Mr. Johnson died in 1847 and his wife in 1849. Isaiah Johnson, the subject of this sketch, was born Feb- ruary 9, 1812. His wife's name was Catherine Woodruff. She was born March 15, 1819. She was the daughter of Samuel Woodruff. They have seven children living. He has always followed farming, and is a man well known and respected. Albert Cortelyou first settled at Reading, Hamilton county, among the first. He was born in New Jersey in 1807, and emigrated from New Jersey to Ohio, and died in Sycamore township in 1863. He was a leading farmer and much respected. His wife's name was Margaret VanPelt. John Cortelyou was born in 1824, was mar- ried in 1 85 1 to Martha Kennedy, daughter of John W. Kennedy. In 1866 he bought tlie place known as the Wood farm, near Pleasant Ridge — building the fine home where he now lives. W. H. Moore first settled in Columbia township in 1811. He- was born in Winchester, Virginia, in 1787, and emigrated from that State to Ohio. He died in Columbia township in 1879. He was engaged in the garden and nursery business. He was in the war of 181 2, was on the muster roll as "William Moore," and was magistrate for about fifteen years. His wife, Mary Moore", was born in New Jersey in 1794, and died in 1876. There are eight of the eleven children living. T. A. Moore was born in 1824, and has always lived in Columbia township, and now owns the old homestead. He has never married, is well known throughout the county and respected. Joseph Muchmore, grandfather of Elias G. Muchmore, settled in Columbia township in 181 1. His wife's name was Rhoda Muchmore. They had a family of eight children, only one of whom is living at the present time — Mary Heer, of this township. David Muchmore, son of the preceding, was the father of Elias G. There are four of the family of five children to which he belonged living, all in Columbia township. E. G. Muchmore married Mehitable Hetzler, daughter of Jacob Hetzler, of Wyom- ing county, and has followed the business of farming. In 1867 he established his present business, and has charge of the M. and C. R. R. station. In 1867 he was appointed postmaster, which office he now holds. They have seven children living and twenty-six grandchildren. Hiram Smith and his father, Abraham Smith, first set- tled in Columbia township, in 1815. The latter was born in Pennsylvania in 1775, ^^'^ emigrated from Virginia to Ohio. He died in Spencer township in 1815. He fol- lowed farming and trading on the river as far as New Orleans. His wife's name was Elizabeth Muchmore. She was born in New Jersey in 1788 and died in 1868. Hiram was born in 1810. In 1832 he married Elizabeth Babbett, daughter of Samuel Babbett, of Columbia town- ship. They have two children living. B. F. Smith was born in 1833 in this township. He is a farmer, and is hving on the old homestead, well known and greatly respected. Daniel McGrew, who first settled in Sycamore town- ship in 18 1 5, was born in Ireland, and emigrated from that country to Ohio. He is now living, at the age of sixty-five. Henry McGrew was born in 1842 in Syca- more township. He graduated in medical surgery in 1875. In 1877 he graduated at the Bellevue Hospital and Medical College in New York City. In 1875 he took charge of the County Infirmary, remaining in charge two years. In 1878 he came to Pleasant Ridge, where he is still practising. A. S. Butterfield's father, John Butterfield, first settled in Cincinnati about 1818. He was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, and emigrated from that State to Ohio, where he died in the year, 182 2. He was a carpenter by trade. His wife's name was Elizabeth Emerson. A. S. Butterfield was born in 1822, and married Ann M. Hatch in 1838. He established himself in the busi- 270 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. ness of saddlery on Main street, in 1867, and built the residence where he now lives at Madisonville. In 1864 and 1865 he represented the eighteenth ward in the city council of Cincinnati. Joseph Suttle first settled in Cincinnati in 1818. He was born in England in 1791, and emigrated from Eng- land to Ohio. He died in this township October, 1837. He was a blacksmith and whitesmith in Cincinnati in his earlier days, later he moved to Columbia township, and became a farmer. His wife,. Hannah, was born in 1800, and is still living, eighty years old. George J. Suttle, son of the preceding, married Caro- line Nash, daughter of Samuel Nash, of Hamilton county, She died in 1858, and Mr. Suttle has never married again. He has secured a fine property, and is well known and respected by a large circle of friends. Mark Langdon came to Hamilton county in 1819. He was born in England. His wife, Sarah Graham, was also born in England, and died in Hamilton county in 1846. The surviving members of the family are Joseph, Samuel L., Elizabeth Mills and William C. Samuel Langdon, son of the above, was born in Mill Creek township in 1823. He married Martha J. Lyon, daugh- ter of James Lyon. They have four children. William Durrell first settled in Mill Creek township in 1820. He was born in Bangor, Maine, in 1804, and emigrated from that State to Ohio. He is still living at the age of seventy-seven. His business has been farm- ing and teaming. His wife's name was Ann Phillips. She was born in 1805, and died in 1876. There are four children living. H. C. Durrell was born in 1826, and in 1852 he married Harriet Wood. For a number of years he was in thelumber business in Cincinnati, now he has a fine farm, and gives his attention mostly to farming. Anthony Brown settled m Columbia township in 1831. He was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1809, and emi- grated from England to Ohio. He has followed the business of farming. In 1870 and 187 1 he served as township trustee, for about one half the time for the last twenty years has been one of the supervisors, also one of the school directors for about the same length of time. John H. McGowan first settled in Cincinnati in 1838. He was born in Aberdeen, emigrated from Michigan to Ohio, and died in Cincinnati in 1870. He held offices under the territorial government of Michigan. His wife's name was Amelia Hayes. She was born in 1804. There are five children living. John H. McGowan was born in 1830. Thomas French first settled in Cincinnati in 1840. He was born in England, but emigrated from New York to Ohio. He is yet living. In 1840 he commenced the dairy business, at the place now known as the "Zoologi- cal gardens." His wife, Ann N., was also born in Eng- land. They have six children. The business is now owned and conducted by his sons in Columbia township. It is the largest in the county. They have conducted their business in such a way as to secure the confidence of all. They have many friends, and are gentlemen in every sense of the word. Otis Hidden is a native of Caledonia county, Ver- mont, born in 182 1. In early manhood he resided in the province of Ontario, Canada, whence he removed to Cincinnati in 1847. Here he was engaged as book- keeper for Henry Marks & Company, R. M. Pomeroy & Company, C. Oskamp, and others, until 1841, when he engaged in his present business as dealer in upholstery goods and cabinet hardware, and specialties in carriage trimmings, as a partner with the firm of E. L. Higdon & Company. In 1874, the name and style of the firm was changed to Hidden & Lounsberry, which it still re- tains. He bears a high reputation in all his business and social relations. His wife's maiden name was Maria L. Neblett. She was born in Prince George county, Vir- ginia. Thomas Swift first settled in Columbia township in 1850. He was born in Derbyshire, England, in 1830, and emigrated from England to Ohio, where he died in Columbia township in i860. He was a blacksmith by trade. His wife's maiden name was Ann Simpkinson. There are six children living. His son, John Swift, born in 1830, was engaged in the boot and shoe business in Cincinnati for a number of years. He married Miss Williams, daughter of William Williams, of Cincinnati. They have two children, Josephine and Rebecca. Thomas White first settled in Cincinnati in 1852. He was born in Durham county, England, and emigrated from there to Ohio. He died in Cincinnati in 1868. He established the marble and granite works at No. 255 Fifth street, Cincinnati. His wife's name was Martha English. She was born in 18 12 and died in 1870. There are five of the children living, all in Hamilton county. Alfred, son of Thomas White, was born in England in 1835. At the age of seventeen years he came to Ham- ilton county. In 1857 he became one of the firm known as T. White & Sons, now known as Alfred White. He has steadily increased the business, until, at the present time, it stands at the head. He is now introducing the polishing of granite, a work which was first introduced by Mr. White, and for which he deserves great credit. Mr. White has a son, twenty-two years old, who he soon expects will be a member of the firm, under the old name of White & Son. Leonard Fowler settled in Columbia township. He was born in England in 1818, and emigrated from Eng- land to Ohio. His business has been that of a turnpike contractor. His wife's name is Eliza. He has now se- cured a fine competence, and has held the position of township trustee for two years. CAMDEN CITY. This village is on the Little Miami railroad and Cin- cinnati and Wooster turnpike, on the west side of section twenty-three, a mile and a half from the north line of the township. It was laid out in the year 1857 by William Winters. GRAVELOTTE. This station on the Little Miami railroad, less than a mile southwest of Camden, was platted in 1873 by Mr. Thomas R. Riggs, upon whose extensive property on section twenty-eight it is situated. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 271 INDIAN HILL. This famous locality, which is not a village, although covered with a quite numerous population, is an emi- nence or ridge one to three miles northeast of Madison- ville, and between Camden City and Madeira Station, on the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad, which passes to the west of it. Many fine views are commanded from points upon this hill, and some beautiful residences are built upon it. Here, it is said, the celebrated Ives Seedhng grape took its origin. An extensive experiment was made of it upon Indian Hill by Colonel Waring in 1864, by which a profit of two thousand dollars per acre was realized. The tables were turned the next year, how- ever, when there was almost a total failure of the grape crop throughout the Miami country. , The name of this highland was derived from the sim- ple circumstance of the burial of an Indian upon it, as is more fully related further on in these pages. This is the last station on the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad, before it leaves the township in its course north- eastward. The village is situated a little south of the Sycamore township line, on the dividing line of sections six and twelve, just halfway across the township from east to west. It was laid out in 187 1 by Messrs. J. L. Hos- brook and J. D. Moore. They immediately began building and otherwise improving. A post office and railway station had previously'existed here, taking their name from John Madeira, treasurer of the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad, who owned a large tract of land in the neighborhood. A Methodist Episcopal church build- ing was erected here in 1873 — a neat frame structure, thirty by forty feet. There is also a Presbyterian society here, meeting once a month. An Odd Fellows' lodge, also a lyceum, in due time became established institu- tions. The population of the place in 1880 was one hundred and ninety-nine. One of the first purchasers of land in this part of the township was John Jones, who in 1795 secured two or three tracts from Judge Symmes. David Black, in 1796, bought hereabout three hundred and twenty acres, or a half-section, for two hundred and thirteen dollars. Lewis Woodruff also bought a large tract, which he leased in ten-acre lots for terms of ten years, conditioned that the lessee should clear the ground, erect a dwelling, and plant an orchard. The wolves and panthers were spe- cially troublesome here in the old days, while the deer devoured the wheat. Bear-hunts were quite common. Other early settlers in this region were Boltzelle, David McGaughy, Major Joseph Mann (who did a great deal in his day to develop the Madison and Camargo turnpike enterprise), Thomas Stearns, sen., 'Squire Clason, Oliver Jones, Jacob Heltzler, and the Hosbrooks. Some of these receive due notice elsewhere in this chapter. The progenitor of the Hosbrooks in this township — grand- father of one of the founders of Madeira — was Daniel, who in the winter season, when the woods were almost impassable through deep snows, went to Columbia for salt, missed his way on his return and was frozen to death. The following incident is related in Nelson's Suburban Homes, from which we derive many of these facts, of Hon. Daniel Hosbrook. His son, the younger Hosbrook, was several times member of the legislature from Hamil- ton county, and at one time sheriff. His early life was considerably spent in teaching, and the anecdote relates one of his experiences in that profession ; An incident in his history as a teacher is worth mentioning. Like many of his profession in those days, he was "barred out." Finding himself on the wrong side of the door one morning, at the time school should have been opened, he suspected mischief, and, after ineffectual attempts to gain an entrance, began to parley with the enemy. A council was proposed, but indignantly rejected by the occupants of the stronghold. Nothing short of an unconditional surrender and an in- demnity of "apples and cider" would be accepted by the belligerents on the other side. Determined to regain possession, the governor issued a manifesto, which resulted in bringing over to his side one of the ringleaders, named Haywood, and his ring. Encouraged by this success, he nailed down the windows securely, fastened the doors, and covered the chimneys. The result will be conjectured. The magnan- imous victor stood the treat and cured the boys of a bad custom. MADISONVILLE. Madisonville, or rather Madison, as it was originally called, was laid out upon the north part of school section No. 16, in fractional range two, township four, as soon as the lands, under the old system of leases, were made available. A considerable settlement had already gath- ered upon and about the spot; and when, January 27, 1809, the legislature passed an act providing for the disposition of the school sections, the people of this locality lost little time in proceeding to act thereon. The record of the survey of the town is dated March 30, 1809. John Jones, esq., William Armstrong, and Felix Christman, were chosen trustees for the purpose of plat- ting the village and disposing of the lots; and Moses Morrison was their clerk. Joseph Reeder, Joseph Clark, and Ezekiel Lamard, were appointed to fix the valuation of the ground. William Darling was surveyor; Jeremiah Brand and Joseph Ward senior chain carriers ; Nathaniel Ross senior marker. After the survey the following announcement was made : NOTICE. The conditions on which lots will be let or leased are as follows, viz : Lot No. I on the first block of lots will be first offered, and so on in rotation, at the appraisement, and the highest bidder shall be the lessee. Si.\ per cent, on what they bid will be the sum they pay annu- ally, paying the first payment on the first day of April next. There will be required of the lessee bond and security for the building of a house at least eighteen by twenty feet, of good hewed logs, frame, stone, or brick, at least one and a half stories high, with a stone or brick chimney and a good shingle roof, within two years from the date of his lease. .A.ny person bidding off two lots will be excused by build- ing one house of the above description, the four corner lots excepted. Any person not complying with the terms of the articles of sale shall forfeit and pay to the trustees the sum of five dollars. The lessee will pay in proportion the expense of laying out and blazing, etc. By order, etc., 24th April, 1S09. Moses Morrison, clerk. N. B. The trustees will meet at the houes of Willis Pierson, on the first day of May next, in order to execute leases. The same day of the date of this notice — April 24, 1809, entries of first sales were made in the minute book of the trustees, which has been preserved, as follows : Block I. Lot I. William Cooper bought — forfeited $10 2. Williamand John Armstrong bought 21 " 3- Ditto 31 " 4. Thomas Skinner 20 K. Ditto 18 272 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Minimum values had been fixed upon these lots by the valuers as follows : Lot one, ten dollars; two and three, each five dollars; four and five, each three dollars and fifty cents. The expenses of first sales, etc., to May i, 1809, are noted in the minute book as fourteen dollars and seventy- five cents. Amount of interest on sale of lots for the ^rst year, fifteen dollars and thirty-four cents. ^ The new town was named Madison, in honor of James Madison, who had just been inaugurated President of the United States. It afterwards, in 1826, became nec- essary to change the name to some other designation, under the rules of the Post Office Department, which do not permit more than one post office of the same name in a State ; and the present name was chosen instead. The old title is retained, however, in designation of the Madison turnpike and otherwise. The following is a true copy of memoranda of the first election, etc., on record: Trustees on business since last dividend, 4th May, 1818: Clks amt for making duplicate. Joseph Clark — i i i i i i 1 I r for 29 — 1818 $2.00 W. Armstrong — I I I I i i i I for 16— 1818 2.00 W. Butler— I III | i for 16—1819 200 .Agreed to meet on business on the 15th May 1819 at 10 oclk. The following extracts from the minutes will also be read with interest. The old spelling is retained: Dec. 27 Joseph Clark met David McGawghey at his own house, in order to attend to some business between .\urthur StC. Miller and Sam- uel W. Philps. Lewis Drake also attended and received of said Philps, for rent charged on lots held formerly by said Miller the sum of $106.90, which satisfies for the same up to the ist of this instant. There is si,\ acres of farm No. 9, and one acre of farm No. 8 to be charged to W. H. Moore. April nth, 1820, the trustees met at the house of James Wood, in order to settle with him as treasurer, and made some progress therein, and agreed to meet again on the 14th at Madison, to finish said settlement. 14th. The trustees met at Madi- son, proceeded with the settlement with Wood, but could not finish it, and agreed to meet the ne.\t day at 8 o'clock A. M. Wm. Butler furnished half a quire of paper. For the following interesting reminiscences of Madison- ville matters, we are again indebted to Mr. Nelson's work on Suburban Homes: Following closely after the record of town officers is the record of leases, showmg that the accruing rents were to be applied to school purposes. These leases were drawn for ninety-nine years, the first being from John Jones, Felix Crossman, and William Armstrong, on behalf of the town, to William and John Armstrong. Three years ago [in 1871] the last of these leases were canceled and surrendered to the State, and deeds e.xchanged; and while we were in the office a question arose as to what disposition should be made of a sum of money received the same day on account of one of said leases. Town lots were laid out on the loth of .4pril, 1809. The first elec- tion in the township was held in the old homestead now owned and occupied by Eli Muchmore, then the property of his grandfather, Eli S. Muchmore. When Mr. Muchmore landed in Cincinnati, he had sufficient means to purchase the whole tract upon which it now stands; but fearing it would be a sickly place, he chose to purchase a tier of sections in adjoining townships. Madison was at one time noted for the number of its distilleries, which used to attract large gatherings from the surrounding country, and be the occasion of much jollity and dissipation. Men would spend their time in gaming, and with outdoor manly and unmanly sports, until the affair would break up in a general Donnybrook fair. Traces of the distilleries seem to have disappeared, which was accounted for on the ground that, as soon as transportation for grain and pork was opened up, the corn that had been shipped in the compact form of whiskey brought higher prices in bulk and in pork. Vestiges of the tanning business remain, one of which we noticed on a piece of ground recently purchased by Colonel White. Madison was also the home of several men who became distinguished members ot the body politic. Among them we may mention Dr. Alex- ander Duncan, a well-known member of congress, who disappointed his democratic friends by stepping over to free soil. One who made his mark and his money in the insurance business, when there was money in it, was Louis Clason, who was well known in Cincinnati. Madison was also the early home of James Whitcomb, who was after- ward governor of Indiana. Old citizens tell some amusing stories about the youth of this intrepid lawyer and statesman. One of these relates to his love for and devotion to piscatory pursuits, which were so strong as to render him oblivious to the condition of his toilet. Linen would frequently display itself where it was impossible for one so abstracted to be conscious of it, and where its obtrusion was sure to excite the laughter of bystanders; but that circumstance did not interfere with his success as an amateur sportsman and an enterprising vender of fresh fish. He made money enough to buy himself books, and enable him to attend school; worked hard and studied harder; was a keen lawyer and active politician; and 50 literally raised himself from penury to the highest office of the State. He afterward became a member of the United States senate, where sickness overtook him, and he died. Contemporaneous with the history of Madison is that of the history of some of the surviving citizens, from one of whom, William Moore, we received much valuable information. Mr. Moore is eighty-seven years of age, and bids fairly to approximate to the century. He is a lively and intelligent conversationist, and retains dates and events with re- markable tenacity. When examining the records we found him gener- ally accurate, and noticed that he could repeat verbatim the long forms and awkward phraseology of the early leases. He came from Virginia and made Madison his home in 1811, when there were about twenty buildings in the town. At one timehe kept a tavern, at another a coun- try store; then he managed successively a brickyard and a nursery. He also seems to have made the circuit of all the town and township offices, from constable to magistrate. As clerk, the books show that he made creditable records ; as a citizen, his record seems quite as clear and cred- itable. The oldest citizen is Samuel Earhart, who was born January 22, 1784 Next to him is Esquire Isaac Giffin, born August 24, 1785. Mrs. Hat- tie Ward is the same age as Mr. Moore. Mrs. Duncan, Ayres Bram- ble, Colonel I. F. Waring, and Timothy Maphet, are all respectively about seventy-five years of age. During a pleasant interview with Mr. Bramble many interesting facts were elicited regarding the early settlements, and some anecdotes, of which we can give only a few. Mr. Bramble's father and family, with three other families, emigrated from Barnsville, Fayette county, Penn- sylvania, in 1806, taking with them in their boat of twelve by twenty- four, a horse, a cow, and a "big black dog." The entire wealth of the company was represented in one hundred dollars of Spanish silver coin; and that was the propeity of Mr. Bramble. They arrived in safety near the mouth of the Little Miami, but the broken character of the land and the sickly hue of the settlers discouraged Mr. Bramble for the time being, so he waited by the river side for a passing keel-boat to take him back to his old home. While waiting in a state of uncertainty, a prop- osition was made to him to settle near the present site of Madison, which he accepted. Houses being scarce, he was obliged to take up his residence for the first six months in an unfinished log church, which was without doors and windows. That year a heavy snow-storm was experienced about the first of October, which compelled him to seek more comfortable quarters. It was an early winter, but 1806 was re- markable for strange freaks of nature. That year, February the 7th proved to be the coldest day ever experienced in this latitude. Old set- tlers talk of it as "cold Friday," in contradistinction to ordinary cold winter days; and in 1806 was the great eclipse. Mr. Bramble distinctly remembers his being present at the raising of the first log house in Madison, which took place in 1809, when he was ten years of age. The building was afterwards used as a hotel, and was kept by Colonel Wil- liam Perry, from Kentucky, an enterprising citizen, who seldom al- lowed himself to be sober. The following year, 1810, was remarkable for the tide of immigration that set in from the adjoining State, Ken- tucky. Thousands of the colored inhabitants, black and brown, aban- doned their homes, swam the ri\'er, and landed on the fertile bottoms of the Ohio. They came unarmed, without sword or spear, musket or ammunition, or other munitions of w ar than those bestowed upon them by nature. Immediately on landing they dispersed among the woods, prepared themselves log cabins or built more temporary struc- tures, and set up housekeeping. Nothing could be more peaceable than their intentions. No class of citizens could have been more active, industrious, frugal, or cleanly in their habits. But, though as a class HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 273 they were conceded to be productive, in political economy they were ranked as non-producers, and accordingly were doomed to suffer per- secution. Then every white man was a Granger. Middlemen had not yet found their way out west; sowar was immediately declared against the intruders, and every man, woman, and child arrayed themselves against these unarmed and inoffensive immigrants. War to the knife, bitter, relentless, exterminating war was waged, and speedily raged. From the township thewar sentiment extended to the county; from the county to the State; until the legislature actually passed a law for the extinction of the races, black and brown, indiscriminately. Every atrocity was then practiced and encouraged; and scalping commanded a high premium. In 1811, the payment of faxes in squirrel pelts was legalized, In 181 1 was also the great earthquake, which rent the foundations of the first frame house built in Madison — one erected by Paddy McCollum, a man of note at the time. Whether the earthquake had anything to do with the act of legislature and subsequent slaughter, our informant did not say. As might be expected, the schools of that day were not conducted with the highest degree of efficiency. Mr, Bramble's teacher was an Irishman named John Wallace, who was intoxicated half his time, and would play ball with the boys half the balance. In proof of that Mr. Bramble said he attended school five winters before he got out of his "Abs." Mr. Bramble was both a farmer and a trader in his boyhood, and sold corn and potatoes at ten cents a bushel in Cincinnati. Then property was equally cheap. School section sixteen was under lease to farmers and others, and the lease of a tract of forty acres of it was sold in 1810 for a ploughshare, then for a barrel of whiskey, and afterwards to Mr. Bramble foi sixty dollars. One of the early incidents of the settlement was the killing of two of the citizens bv the Indians — a brother of Captain Giffin; and a father and son named Paul were out in search for hogs when discovered by the Indians, who gave chase, overtook Giffin and shot him, and afterwards shot the elder Paul. Young Paul could have made his escape with little trouble, as the station was near; but, anxious to save his father, he stopped in shelter of the trees, and with his rifle kept the Indians at bay as long as his father's strength held out. The latter finding escape hopeless sent his son off, and resigned himself to his fate. Another incident of a later date took place east of Madison, when the victim was an Indian. West of Madison was a station known as Nel- son's, where were horses pasturing. A party of Indians on their way toward the hills rode off with some of these, one of which was hoppled. Nelson and others of the fort made pursuit, but failed in overtaking any except the one on the hoppled horse, whom Nelson shot when near the site of the present residence of Esquire Clason. There the Indian was buried, and the circumstance turned to account by nammg the place Indian hill. Esquire Clason says that many years afterward the grave was discovered by accident, and the jawbone secured as a relic in his family. Judging from the relic, he says, the Indian must have been a giant in proportions. One of the few mechanics of the place was Jeremiah Brand, a plow- maker, and the best in the county. Brand was an industrious, honest workman, and a good citizen; and, even for the times, primitive in his habits and his wardrobe. He never wore shoes, and so contrived his nether garment tliat a single button sufficed to maintain it in its proper position. That button was alike remarkable for its size, brilliancy, and conspicuity. In Brand's time a local law was enacted requiring every man attending meeting to bring his musket and ammunition, or pay a fine of one dollar. This was pretty hard on poor Brand, who was per- fectly innocent of the use of firearms. What did he want with a mus- ket, when he was as fleet-footed as an Indian? But he went to meetini^ — was duly fined in his dollar, and as duly absented himself therefrom until the author of the objectionable law remitted his fine. Brand died in 1856. MADISONVILLE. Madisonville, or rather Madison, as it was originally called, was laid out upon the north part of school section No. 16, in fractional range two, township four, as soon as the lands, under the old system of leases, were made available. A considerable settlement had already gath- ered upon and about the spot; and when, January 27, 1809, the legislature passed an act providing for the dis- position of the school sections, the people of this local- ity lost little time in proceeding to act thereon. The record of the survey of the town is dated March 30, 1809. John Jones, esq., William Armstrong, and Felix Christman, were chosen trustees for the purpose of plat- ting the village and disposing of the lots; and Mose? Morrison was their clerk. Joseph Reeder, Joseph Clark, and Ezekiel Lamard, were appointed to fix the valuation of the ground. William Darling was surveyor; Jeremiah Brand and Joseph Ward, senior chain carriers; and Na- thaniel Ross, senior marker. The plat of Madisonville was not recorded until May 27, 1829. The village was incorporated under the old law, about ten years afterwards — March 16, 1839; and under the present State constitution, a certificate of in- corporation was filed with the secretary of State, Febru- ary II, 1876. The growth of the town was naturally slow, in its early day, under the circumstances of its inland position and the absence of means of rapid transit to the city; and it had but two hundred and eighty-five inhabitants, or a little more than one-tenth the population of the entire township in 1830. In 1841 it received notice in the State Gazette as containing four hundred inhabitants, with one hundred dwellings, five stores, one brick meet- ing-house, a two-story school-house, a brick seminary or academy, and a daily mail. Its largest growth has been received since the completion of the Marietta & Cin- cinnati railroad in 1866, which induced a considerable emigration from the city to a place possessing so many superior advantages for suburban residence. It is fifteen miles from the Madisonville station to the depot of this road in Cincinnati. The first church organized here was of the Methodist Episcopal faith, and the Madison circuit was organized at least as long ago as 1820. In that year Elder Henry Baker and Rev. William H. Raper were appointed to it; in 1821 Elder A. Wiley and William P. Quinn; the next year, James Jones and James Murray; the next, J. Stew- art and Nehemiah B. Griffith; and the next. Elder John F. Wright and Thomas Hewson. Those were days of rapid rotation in the Methodist ministry. A new church was built by the Madisonville society in 1857, forty by sixty feet, with four hundred sittings, and costing ten thousand dollars. It was long the only Protestant church building in town. A parsonage has since been added, worth about five thousand dollars. The Catholic church is built upon the addition made to the town by its former pastor, the Rev. Father A. Walburg, who reserved a lot for it and a parochial school, and also bore the major part of the expense of its construction — about fourteen thousand dollars. It is known as St. Anthony's church, and the congregation is now ministered to by the Rev. H. Stoppelman. Other and generally prosperous societies in Madison- ville are the Literary and Musical association, the Young Folks' Benevolent society, for literary and social culture, and to provide for the poor; the Free and Accepted Masons, and the Odd Fellows, who are strong here, and own a property of an estimated value of fifteen to twenty thousand dollars. The most notable institution, how- 274 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. ever, is the Literary and Scientific society, which, as in- dicated above, is really doing quite remarkable work in the department of archajology. April i, 1879, the work upon ancient remains in the ancient cemetery near Lin- wood, which had previously been done somewhat irregu- larly by individuals, was systematically undertaken by this society. The expense of investigation is now shared by the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, and the collections made are divided between the societies. The late Professor E. B. Andrews, who was proficient in these matters, expressed the view that the discoveries in this cemetery would direct attention to a new line of in- vestigation, and that explorations for the remains of these prehistoric people would not in the future be con- fined to opening mounds. The ofificers of the society in 1880 were: H. B. Whetsel, president; S. F. Coving- ton, vice-president; E. A. Conkling, treasurer; Charles F. Low, secretary; Charles L. Metz, M. D., superintend- ent. Madisonville was incorporated as a village in the year 1876. The first ofificers were Louis W. Clason, mayor; Calvin Fay, clerk; George J. Settle, marshal; Timothy Maphet, W. W. Peabody, Michael Buckel, William Settle, James Julien, and Louis Cornwelle, councilmen. The place had one thousand two hundred and forty- seven inhabitants by the census of 1880. MONTAUK. This village is eligibly situated at the bridge connect- ing the station on the Little Miami railroad nearest to Milford, Clermont county, with Milford. It is in the northeast corner of fractional section twenty-three, on the Little Miami river and railroad, and within half a mile of Camden City. It was laid out in 1840, while the railroad was in progress, by Messrs. Joseph Long- worth, Larz Anderson, R. M. Shoemaker, and L. E. Brewster. MOUNT LOOKOUT. This is a pleasant suburban locality, just at the north- west corner of the city, where the Observatory of the University of Cincinnati is situated, on the road from Walnut Hills, Woodburn, and O'Bryanville to the Red Bank station. The Mt. Lookout building association, for the improvement and development of this suburb, was incorporated June 10, 187 1. It has a fine pleasure- park, owned by a private company; and a new Method- ist Episcopal church was put up in the vicinity, in the fall and early winter of 1880, and dedicated December 5th of that year, with services by Bishops Wiley and Warren. NORWOOD. This beautiful and noted suburb was formerly known in part as Sharpsburgh. It is on the Montgomery turn- pike, and the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad, in the northwest part of section thirty-tour, near the west line of the township. Some of the ground near, as that upon which the celebrated mound is situated (Norwood Heights), is among the. most elevated in the county. It was projected in 1870 by some well-known residents and Cincinnatians — Colonel P. P. Lane, Judge James McCullough, S. H. Parvin, the well-known advertising agent, Samuel Bolles, and Moses Buxton. Eighty-two acres were laid off in spacious and elegant building tracts of one to six acres; and the quarter of an acre containing the mound was sacredly reserved, after the praiseworthy precedent set to all who appreciate the value of all such interesting relics of antiquity, by the colonists of Marietta. For many years Judge McCullough was accustomed, with the annual recurrence of Independence day, to in- vite large parties to the free use of his house and beauti- ful grounds at Norwood, serving them also a generous and gratuitous collation. OAKLEY. This place, a mile and a half south-southwest of Nor- wood, and something less from the northwest corner of Cincinnati, being just a mile from the Observatory, be- gan to be considered a suburb of considerable impor- tance by 1867, soon after the completion of the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad. It was not regularly laid out, however, until-1870, when Mr. Theodore Drake had the place surveyed and platted. It is beautifully situated upon the railroad named, upon the margin of the great interior valley mentioned in our description of the town- ship, and is also conveniently reached by the Madison pike, being only five miles from the county court house, in the city. Its site was formerly owned by Anthony Brown, who sold it to Paul Shuster. Among its flour- ishing institutions have been the Literary and Musical society, and the Oakley Coterie. By the census of 1880 the village had two hundred inhabitants. PLAINVILLE is a popular country village and suburb of Cincinnati, on fractional section three, almost due north of Newton, in Anderson township, with which it is connected by a sub- stantial wagon and foot bridge, an excellent road, and a plank sidewalk about a mile long. It is also on the Lit- tle Miami river, the railroad along the same, and the Cincinnati and Wooster turnpike. It was laid out in 1853, by Edward P. Cranch, Nelson Cross, and A. R. Spofford. By the tenth census it had two hundred peo- ple. PLEASANT RIDGE. This is the northernmost village in the township, except Madeira station, from which it is distant, straight across the country, about four miles. It is on the south side of section thirty, a mile from the northern township line and a mile and a half from the western. The Montgom- ery pike intersects it about two miles northeast of Nor- wood and five miles from Montgomery; and it is also in- tersected by the old Columbia and Reading road, thus making an important "cross-roads of the village. It be- came a post office as early as 1832. The characteris- tics of the place, physical and other, are well indicated by its name. This is an ancient neighborhood for white settlement. In 1791 or '92 one of the Columbia pioneers named Ferris, father of A. W. Ferrfs, of Montgomery station, cut his way through the woods from Columbia to this HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 275 vicinity, where he encamped in the primeval forest until he could build a cabin and block-house. He paid two dollars an acre for the land he bought here. Among other early settlers was James C. Wood, of New Jersey, who planted his stakes at the homestead afterward occu- pied by his son. John C, W. R., and W. W. Wood, after the death of James C. Wood, made a subdivision of the estate. Pleasant Ridge was made a place of rendezvous dur- ing the Mexican war for the troops enlisted from that place, Montgomery, Newton, and other places. Some even from Cincinnati joined in the assemblies, parades and drills there. The church history of this town has some points of interest. The Presbyterian society was formed about the time of the resignation of Rev. Jaraes Kemper from the pastorate of the Cincinnati and Columbia churches, Oct- ober 7, 1796, and the division of the Columbia branch into the Duck Creek and Round Bottom churches. The Pleasant Ridge church was originally the former, and re- tained its euphonious designation until 18 18, when the name was exchanged for that now borne. The Rev. Mr. Kemper, the pioneer preacher in Cincinnati, was the first settled pastor here, serving the people faithfully about ten years. The Rev. Daniel Hayden then labored with this people, and was ordained and installed pastor of this and the Hopewell churches November 17, 1810, which he served till his death, August 27, 1835. The Rev. Dr. J. G. Montfort, in his historical discourse on Presbyteri- anism North of the Ohio, says of this minister: Mr. Hayden was a plain and modest man, with a distinct utterance and great fluency, though his voice lacl who opened their testimony of Christ's second coming without sin unto salvation. It was joyfully received, and many of the people united with the same. In 1824 they purchased forty acres of land, for which they paid two hundred dollars, and commenced to live in joint interest, having all things in common, as was the case of the Pen- tecostal church of Christ's first coming. "The society is situated on the Dry fork of the White- water, one mile from the village of New Haven, and six miles northeast of Harrison. It commenced its history by purchasing forty acres of land and building at first some log cabins. About eighteen in number were the brethren and sisters at that time. In 1825 they were re- plenished to about forty men, women and children, by a company of New Lights, as they were called — a religious body of people who received the same testimony and had removed from the Derby plains in northern Ohio — form- ing one body. So from time to time, as they had money saved by their joint labor, and as opportunity offered, they bought lands, built brick and good frame houses, and increased in numbers to the present time, now own- ing about twelve hundred acres, assessed at about sixty dollars per acre. "The testimony of the society has always been against wars and fighting; against learning the art of war. There were some trials in the matter of militia musters, which members not attending, they were fined and their prop- erty sold to pay for the same. "In 1846 there came from Cincinnati and other places, about seventy men, women and children, commonly known as Miilerites or Second Adventists. Hearing and believing, they became members. Many having deceased, some remain to the present time. The present leading members of the society are, as elders, Stephen W. Ball, Henry B. Bear, Charles Feaday; as elderesses, Amanda Reubust, Nancy McKee, E. Gass, Julia Ann Bear, Edith Dennis. Our numbers at the present time are about fifty members." The first trustees of the society were Ezra Sherman and Ebenezer Rice; the present trustees are Mr. Sher- man and Henry B. Bear. The first elders were Calvin Morrell and Jacob Holloway. The elderesses were Mary Beadle and Phebe Seeley. The original deacon- esses were Sarepta Hinman and Ann Hall; the present deaconess is Eliza McGuire. Formerly this society engaged somewhat in manufac- turing and in the raising of garden seeds, but of late years they have devoted their attention and labors exclu- sively to farming. In September, 1857, the colony was visited by a travelling correspondent of The Cincinnatus, an agricultural magazine published at College Hill, who included the following notice of tlie Shaker settlement in his next contribution to that periodical: While in the neighborhood of Harrison, I visited the celebrated Shaker farm in Crosby township, which consists of about fourteen hundred acres. It is a fine specimen of scientific agriculture and horti- culture. Peculiar religious tenets aside, the society gives ample evidence of true knowledge in farming and gardening. Their community con- sists of three families, in all two hundred persons, including the chil- dren placed to their care. Their chief business is the raising of fine stock, seeds, and brooms. They have about fifty acres appropriated to garden seeds, yielding a profit of three thousand dollars per year. They have also seventy-five milch cows, one imported Durham bull, and twenty calves. Of the last there were si.x specimens taken to our State fair. E.xtreme cleanliness is everywhere manifest. The barn and stables are arranged with remarkable taste and convenience. They have the Osage orange and quickset hedges grown and growing to per- fection, and on either side the main road the additional ornament of fine black locust trees the entire length of their farm, the whole of which is assessed at seventy-five thousand dollars. The following story of this community is related in Judge Carter's Reminiscences of the Old Court House: It is well known that a large family of the pure and innocent Shakers have a long time existed out at the Whitewater village, in the northwest portion of Hamilton county, even for a period of over fifty years. When they first settled there, being regarded by orthodox people as children of the devil, and by others as religious lunatics, it was the en- deavor of all the neighborhood in Whitewater, Crosby, and Miami townships, to get rid of them and their peaceful settlement; and all manner of stories were circulated about their devilish ways all over the country, and sometimes a mob of farmers was talked of, to drive them clear out of the county and country. At last some vindictive scoun- drels in the neighborhood got two little Shaker boys, who were anxious to run away from the strict and restraining care of the Shakers, to make up a horrid and outrageous charge against the whole Shaker commu- nity of Whitewater. The men of the Shaker colony, fifteen or twenty in num- ber, were consequently brought to Cincinnati and con- fined in the county jail. Intense feeling was aroused against them by their enemies and accusers, and there was imminent danger that they would be taken from the jail and lynched. By the efforts of leading citizens, how- ever, the mob was stayed from violence. The Shakers, placing their simple trust in the Lord, offered no defence, either in the magistrate's court at New Haven, or when brought before the court of common pleas; but a medi- cal exarnination of the boys, made by order of the judges, demonstrated that no such outrage as had been alleged could have been committed upon them, and the patient non-resistants were accordingly and promptly freed. Judge Carter adds: And so it was, the innocent Shakers were honorably discharged, and amidst applause and huzzas, went from the court house to their peaceful homes; and the city, and the county and the country, were relieved from the foul consequences of one of the most wicked conspiracies against innocent and harmless ijien, because of their religion, that ever was known. But the matter, wicked as it was, redounded to the great credit of the Shakers of Whitewater village. Pronounced, by the court in full bench, entirely innocent, and honorably discharged on the testimony of the expert surgeons, they were ever after, from sympathy and fellow-feeling, taken into the good graces and warm friendship of the neighborhood, and have lived in peace with all mankind and hope of bliss beyond the grave, ever since their fortunate and deserved es- cape from conspiracy. They have never since been molested by any- body, from anywhere. In 1870 the village or settlement contained one hun- dred and twenty-three inhabitants. It has no post office, the inhabitants generally relying upon New Haven (or Preston) for their postal facilities. NEW BALTIMORE. This place is situated on the Great Miami, in the southeastern part of the township, two and a half miles south of the county line, and about five miles south of east from New Haven. Its town-plat was recorded in the Hamilion county land records March 8, 18 19, by Samuel Pottinger. It is celebrated in local history as one of the places where John Morgan's forces crossed the 292 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. river, in the rebel raid of July, 1863, across Hamilton county and southern Ohio. In 1830 it had eighty-nine inhabitants, in 1850 one hundred and four, in 1870 nine- six. POPULATION OF THE TOWN.SHIP. By the census of 1880 Crosby township had one thou- sand two hundred and fourteen inhabitants — an increase of one hundred and seventeen since the last census was taken. Biographical Sketches. THE SATER FAMILY is of an old Maryland descent. Henry Sater came from England in 1709 and settled for a time at Jamestown, Virginia, and finally at Chestnut Ridge, near Baltimore, Maryland. His wife's maiden name was Dorcas Gossage. They were parents of Joseph Sater, who was born De- cember 25, 1753, the youngest child of the .family, soon after which his father died. He emigrated from Balti- more county, near the city of that name, in 181 r, to the Miami country. His wife's maiden name was Hannah Levering, born January 16, 1764, and died April 9, 1854, aged ninety years, two months and twenty-four days. She was of French and German descent, daughter of Colonel Levering, one of the prominent heroes of the Revolution. They brought the surviving members of their family with them — three sons and three daughters. They landed at Cincinnati, and pushed their way across the country to the fertile Congress lands beyond the Great Miami, where he first settled among friends near Harrison, and then, in 1812, he farmed a place at Round Bottom, in the Little Miami valley. - In i8i3he bought a tract of about three hundred acres from Captain Jacob White, occupied by his son, Providence White, at ten dollars per acte, having declined to purchase in the Mill Creek valley, where Cum- minsville now stands, on the ground tliat it was too high. The original Sater tract is now in part the property of John and Jacob Schwing, adjoining the farm of Thomas E. Sater, and in part is owned by the Shaker society. Here Joseph Sater made his pioneer improvements, and re- mained until his death, which occurred October 27, 1833, at the age of seventy-nine years, two months and two days. Among his children was Thomas Sater, fifth son, who is the only survivor of the family in his generation. He resides near Mount Pleasant, Iowa, in his eighty-first year. The second son was William Sater, who was born September 17, 1793, in Maryland, occupied a portion of the home place in Crosby township, after his father's death, built the brick mansion in which his son Thomas now lives, in 1831 and died there January 30, 1849. His wife was Miss Nancy Jones, of Welsh and Scotch stock, daughter of a pioneer from Maryland, John Jones, who was born March 4, 1754, and immigrated to the valley of the Whitewater in 1809, died in July, 1820. Her natal day was August 3, 1790. She was married to Mr. Sater in September, 1813, and died September 3, 1871. Their children were: John Jones, born June 10, 1814; married Nancy Lar- rison February 19, 1834; died April 3, 1864. Had thir- teen children — eleven sons and two daughters. Plannah, born July 16, 1816, died in infancy. Eliza Ann, born January 8, 18 18; married to William B. Hill in June, 1843; resides in Springfield township, two and one half miles north of Mount Pleasant. They have two sons and three daughters. Sarah, born December 19, 1819; married James Gwalt- ney, February 7, 1843; resides in Butler county, Morgan township; has nine children — three sons and six daugh- ters. William, born September 2, 1822; married in the spring of 1844, Sarah Jane Skillman; had two sons and two daughters; resided in Butler county, near his sister, and died April 4, 1852. Joseph, who is noticed at length below. Oliver, born June 20, 1829; married Maria Foster, March 30, 1852; had five children^all sons — two living; occupied the cabin built by his grandfather at the old home until about 1858, when he built a larger house on the same premises, and died there November 7, i860. Thomas E., who is noticed in a biography elsewhere. JOSEPH SATER. Joseph Sater was born at the old home in Crosby town- ship, November 20, 1824; spent his earlier years in the pursuits of the farm, and attending the district schools until the winter of 1844-5, when he was a student at Gary's academy, at College hill. Returning to the farm, he was married, as noted below, in 1849, to Miss Eliza A. Hedges, of Colerain township, and occupied his pres- ent place, adjoining his brother Thomas' farm, about one and one-half miles northeast of New Haven, where he has since resided, engaged in the peaceful pursuits of the successful farmer. In 1857 he was elected township trus- tee, and served three terms, and is now serving his twenty- fifth year as a member of the school board. In 1859, and in 1870, hewas chosen real estate assessor for the township; in i860 he was elected township treasurer, and served about eleven years, when lie was elected county commis- sioner and declined to serve longer. In 1863 and 1867 he was nominated for the legislature on the Democratic ticket, the first nomination being unanimous, and the second practically so, and was defeated with his ticket — his party being then greatly in the minority. He was chosen twice to the commissionership, in 187 1 and again in 1874, both times on minority tickets, being nominated by the Democrats the first time, and running indepen- dently the second time, but taken up by the Republicans. He was first elected when the majority of the Republican ticket was more than seventeen hundred, and Mr. Sater's majority was two thousand seven hundred and ninety- nine, a vote ahead of his ticket of more than four thou- sand five hundred. At the second election he ran as an ngi-bhARBitdV y/y6 /a,-Oiyo: HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 293 independent candidate, when he defeated the regular Democratic nominee by about six hundred, the Repub- lican ticket being also defeated by four thousand seven hundred votes — a gain for him of about five thousand three hundred. He was a very active, energetic, and fearless member of the board. As a result of some of the inquiries and agitations started by him while in this office the law for the board of control was procured from the State legislature. He would recognize no legislation by the board which was transacted in beer saloons or any- where else than in the rightful place of meetirig, and at last succeeded in breaking up the practice of signing bills or records that were not regularly before the board in its own room in the court house. Repeatedly he filed his protest againts the payment of illegal claims, and gener- ally succeeded in checking or preventing payments. Several resolutions were introduced by him, and carried, to lop off superfluous officials, and otherwise economize the expenditure of the pubUc funds. The signal impres- sion produced by his service during the first term, upon the tax-payers and voters of the county, is shown by the triumphant success of his second canvass for the same office, made in opposition to a regular nominee. At the close of his second term, November 30, 1877, after serv- ing six years and one month, a complimentary dinner was tendered at the St. Nicholas in Cincinnati, to "Honest Joe Sater," as his friends were wont to call him. It was attended by many county officers and other prominent personages, and presided over by Governor-elect R. M. Bishop, who said, in his introductory remarks: I feel highly complimented in bei.ig called on to preside on the pres- ent occasion, which is intended by the friends of Mr. Sater as a com- pliment to a man who has filled a position for the past six years, not only with credit to himself, but with credit to the county which he has had the honor to represent. Upon the same occasion, Thomas B. Paxton, county solicitor, expressed the opinion "that Mr. Sater had saved this county one hundred thousand dollars per year, to the great disgust of certain small contractors." Many complimentary remarks were also made by Governor Thomas L. Young, and others, in letters conveying re- grets. B. F. Brannan, for example, in a letter, said he had "for the 'period of three years occasion to closely watch the manner in which Mr. Sater performed the du- ties of his office. In all that time there could not be discovered the slightest divergence from the strict and just path of duty. His course was invariably marked by an austere devotion to the economic interests of Ham- ilton county, and his record was found true and clean — a record that will stand on the pages of the history of Hamilton county bright and shining as 'the old silver dollar of the fathers' fresh from the mint, stamped with the figure of that noble bird which is the emblem of the Republic, symbolizing a character that at life's end will soar to the skies and beyond to receive the just reward due to the faithful public servant." Murat Halstead, esq., editor of the Commercial^ said in excusing his absence, "I would with sincerity join in the recognition proposed of the faithful and valuable public service of Mr. Joseph Sater, whose name is identified in this community with vigilance and integrity in the discharge of the duties of a position of responsibility." Judge M. F. Force (letter) said, "Mr. Sater has well earned the compliment by his valuable public service." Richard Smith said, "I have no doubt that Mr. Sater feels much better to-night to go out of that very responsible office which he has very faithfully filled, with the reputation which he has, than with a half-million of dollars stolen. Money will perish. His reputation for honesty will never perish. It will live when the grass shall grow green over his grave." I. J. Miller said, he "had not only been an honest officer, but a capable one. He had shown himself better acquainted with the laws governing his office than any member of the bar of Hamilton county." Judge Longworth said, "It was better to have written on Mr. Sater's record, as it was now written, than on the tomb, the tribute to his honesty and capability." Mr. Sater was, by the joint action of the judges of the common pleas and superior courts of Hamilton county, in April, 1 881, appointed one of three jury commissioners to select a list of six thousand names from which the juries for said courts will be drawn. Mr. Sater has also settled a large number of estates with a fidelity and accuracy that have justified the confidence reposed in him by widows and orphans. He has not thought it necessary to belong to any religious or secret order, but has always liberally contributed to the support of different religious organiza- tions. Eliza A. (Hedges) was second daughter of Anthony Ludlow and Hannah A. (Johnson) Hedges, or Colerain township. The Hedges and Johnson families of the next previous generation came together from New Jersey (Hedges in 1805, Johnson in 1809), at a very early day, and settled in Colerain, near the site of the famous ancient work at Dunlap's Station, which is now in posses- sion of the Johnson descendants. Hannah A. Johnson was born January 12, 1805, and is still living on the old place, as Mrs. Marsh, she having been a second time married. Mr. Hedges died in September, 183 1. Upon this farm was born Eliza Ann, January 11, 1826. Her formal education was received solely in the public schools, and she remained at home with her parents until her marriage to Mr. Sater, March 29, 1849. Since that time she has shared the toils and struggles, the joys and sor- rows of her husband, with little personal , history apart from his. They have had four children, of whom one survives. The record is as follows: Hannah Jane, born March 30, 1850; died July 28th, of the same year. William, born January 5, 1852; died April i, 1856. George Ludlow, born August 20, 1853; died Decem- ber 22, 1853. May Eliza, born December 30, 1856; married July 29, 1874, to John Dowry Wakefield, of the old pioneer fam- ily of that name in Crosby township; resides with her husband at her father's home. They have two children. Mr. Sater is not only the most prominent man of his' township, but one of the leading and substantial citizens of the county. He enjoys the esteem and respect of all the better elements to be found in both political parties of the present day. His integrity, honesty, and wise 294 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. counsels have secured for him a reputation which few men are permitted to enjoy. His home is one of the finest in the township. Hospitable, generous, respected by all, he is a living ex- ample of what honesty and fair-dealing will earn for a man who possesses all these qualities, as does honest Jo Sater. DELHI. SOUTH BEND TOWNSHIP. The original organization, including the territory now covered by Delhi township, was the now long extinct South Bend township, planted by the court of general quarter sessions of the peace between Cincinnati and Mi- ami townships. It was erected in 1795, among the ear- liest in the county, and was named from the settlement already made under the auspices of Judge Symmes, at the southernmost point on the river in the Miami Pur- chase, which in turn took its name from the great bend in the Ohio, within which it had been settled. The boundaries of the new township were defined about as fol- lows : Beginning at the second meridian west of Mill creek; thence down the Ohio six miles and over; thence north on a meridian to the Big Miami; thence up that stream to the southwest corner of Colerain township; thence east to the meridian first named; thence south to the place of beginning. These boundaries included nearly or quite the whole of the present territory of Delhi, and so much of the tract covered by Green township as did not belong to Colerain, as defined in a previous chapter; The first township officers for South Bend were nom- inated by the court as follows: Clerk— William Powell. Constable — James Thatcher. Overseers of the Poor — William Powell, Robert Gowdy. Supervisor of Highways — Usual Bates. Viewers of Enclosures and Appraisers of Damages — David Edgar, James Gowdy, Edward Cowan. The letter C was assigned to the cattle brand for South Bend township. DELHI TOWNSHIP. This township, as now constituted (erected between 1810 and 1815), is the smallest in the county, except Spencer on the opposite side of Cincinnati. It has but eight thousand seven hundred and eighty-six acres, or less than fourteen square miles, is bounded on the east by the city; on the south and west by theOhio river, which divides it from Kentucky; and on the north by the entire breadth of Green township, nearly one mile of Miami, and about as much of the city on the other side. Its lines begin at the mouth of Bold Face creek, on the Ohio, almost a mile above the "second meridian line" mentioned among the boundaries of South Bend township; and run thence down the river to a point about a mile below the mouth of Muddy creek, where the old south line of Mill Creek and north Hne of Cincinnati townships (in part now Liberty street, Cincinnati) and present south line of Green township, extended westward, intersects the Ohio, thence eastward to the second meridian line aforesaid; thence south to the second parallel, the south line of sec- tions five and thirty-five; and eastward again to the place of beginning. The breadth of the township on its north line is seven miles, very nearly; on its first section line next south, six miles; upon the next, which extends east of the general line of the township, four miles and two- thirds; with a very short southernmost parallel deeper in the bend. The greatest breadth of the township is a little more than three miles; whence it dwindles, by the flow of the river to both sides of the township to a point at each end. The average width is only about two miles. It has eleven full sections and eight fractional sections, lying in fractional range one, township two; and the duplicate section six, at the northwest corner of the town- ship, in fractional range one, of township one. The surface of Delhi presents as great a variety of topog- raphy as any other part of the county, of equal extent. A comparatively level strip, of uniform width for but short distances, but nowhere extending far inland, except up the valleys, borders the river, and in places, as near Sedamsville, being quite narrow, with lofty, steep hills almost abutting upon the river. West from the city the general character of the country is highland, until the river is approached some miles further to the west; but intersected, cut down and variegated by an un- common number of small streams for so small a tract. Among the valleys thus created are those of Bold Face creek, the Rapid run, Muddy creek, and at least a dozen minor brooks, all of which find their way to the Ohio, either directly or through creeks to which they are tributary. The Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago railway follows the river through the entire south and west parts of this township; and, on lines generally paral- lel with it the whole way, are the tracks of the older Ohio & Mississippi railroad. Along these are scattered HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 29s numerous suburban villages, for some of which both railroads have stations, making fifteen or twenty in all. Back on the highlands is Warsaw, a village which gives the name to the Warsaw turnpike, connecting it with the city. There are also the Industry and Delhi, the Rapid run, and other turnpike roads intersecting the township. TOWNSHIP OFFICERS. The following named gentlemen are among those who have served Delhi as justices of the peace: 1819, Peter Williams; 1825-9, Ichabod Palmerton; 1829, George D. Cullum; 1865, H. E. Hopkins, William L. Williams; 1866, William L. Williams, Cornelius Myers; 1867-74, Cornelius Myers, Richard Paul; 1875-80, Richard Paul, Henry Rauck, jr. THE FIRST SETTLEMENT within the limits of what is now Delhi township, was made in 1789, very soon after Columbia, Losantiville, and North Bend were colonized. Judge Symmes took his party to the place last named, now in Miami town- ship, in February of that year; and early seems to have meditated the founding of another colony on the river within his Purchase, which should take the name of South Bend, as a companion to his own home place. North Bend. The new town, or city to be, was laid off some time in the spring succeeding Symmes' arrival, as appears by the following letter ot his to his associate Dayton, bearing date that month, and giving a good ac- count of the genesis of South Bend: North Bend being so well improved by the buildings already erected and making, and fresh applications every few days being made to me for house lots, I was induced to lay off another village, about seven miles up the Ohio from North Bend, being one mile in front on the river. The ground was \iery eligible for the purpose, and I would have continaed farther up and down the river, but was confined between tlie two reserved sections. This village I call South Bend, from its being contiguous to the most southerly point of land in the Purchase. The place had already, when Symmes wrote, several cabins almost finished, and others begun; "and I make no doubt," adds the judge, "that the whole of the dona- tion lots will soon be occupied, if we remain in safety." The pioneer settler at the site of South Bend was Timothy Symmes, the only full brother of Judge Symmes. He was also a prominent citizen in New Jer- sey, a judge in one of the courts of Sussex county, and followed his brother to the western country soon after the Purchase was settled. He did not live, however, to see more than the beginnings of the mighty developinent of the Miami tract, but died February 20, 1797, aged fifty-three. He was the father of Captain John Cleves Symmes, the famous author of the theory of a hollow and inhabitable earth, open for several degrees about the poles, who was residing at South Bend when his uncle, the judge, obtained his first appointment in the army; also of Daniel Symmes, who became a distinguished cit- zen of Cincinnati, serving in many public capacities, as is elsewhere detailed in this work; of Celadon Symmes, who spent nearly all his adult life on a farm three miles south of Hamilton, where he gave the name to Symmes' Corners, a hamlet and post office on the Cincinnati turn- pike; and of Peyton Short Symmes, the youngest of his sons, save one, and in some respects the most distin- guished of all. He is noticed at some length in our chapter on the Bar of Cincinnati. Mary, the eldest daughter of Mr. Symmes, became wife of Hugh Moore, a prominent Cincinnatian, and died in 1834, the same year her only sister, Julianna, wife of Jeremiah Reeder, departed this life. It was an extensive town which Judge Symmes had laid out, for a beginning; and the judge appears to have entertained extensive expectations for it. He thought it might become the metropolis of the Miami Purchase, or at least the seat of justice for the county about to be or- ganized. In another letter to Dayton, written June 14, 1789, he says: It is e.xpected that on the arrival of Governor St. Clair, this purchase will be organized into a county ; it is therefore of some moment which town shall be made the county town. Losantiville, at present, bids the fairest ; it is a most excellent site for a large town, and is at present the most central of any of the inhabited towns ; but if South Bend might be finished and occupied, that would be e.xactly in the centre, and probably would take the lead of the present villages until the city can be made somewhat considerable. This is really a matter of im- portance to the proprietors, but can only be achieved by their exertions and encouragement. The lands back of South Bend are not very much broken after you ascend the first hill, and will afford rich sup- plies for a county town. A few troops stationed at South Bend will effect the settlement of the new village in a very short time. According to a paragraph in a letter of Judge William Goforth, of Columbia, this place had eighteen or twenty families in September, 1791. A garrison of twenty sol- diers was then stationed there. Among the settlers here was a brother of the Miami purchaser, Judge Timothy Symmes, who spent his latter years and died here. He is best known as the father of Captain John Cleves Symmes, author of the famous theory of concentric spheres and a hollow globe opening near the poles. Young Symmes was residing here when an appointment was obtained for him in the army through the influence of "a friend at court," his distinguished uncle at North Bend. South Bend, as is well known, did not hold its own in the contest for supremacy, or even rise to the dignity of an incorporated village. Its population fell off, its clus- ter of dwellings was gradually abandoned, and they destroyed or floated away in times of high water; and its very site has become almost traditional. The traveller, however, going to the boats of Anderson's Ferry, which has been established at nearly the southernmost point of the bend for many years, passes directly over a part of the site of South Bend. The last stroke was given but very recently to the ancient town, for which such high hopes were cherished, in the final changing of the name of the post office kept at the adjacent railway station from South Bend to "Trautman's." But for a sign or two in the neighborhood still bearing the old designation, it would speedily pass into utter oblivion. Thus passes away the glory of human hopes, plans, and purposes. ADDITIONAL SETTLEMENTS. Richard Paul, justice of the peace of Delhi township, is of English descent; his grandfather, Henry Paul, be- ing from liOndon, England, an architect and an early setder in this county; he died in 1820. His father, Rich- ard D. Paul, born in London, 1807, was married to Ann 296 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. P. Mulford, of Cincinnati. She resided at 519 East Fifth street. The couple moved to the Delhi Hills, where Richard Paul was born in 1833, and where he has lived ever since. Richard Paul was a machinist for two years — at Hol- bord's, Cincinnati. In 1854 came to his farm; in 1858 was married to Sarah Tirabenerman, formerly of New Jersey. He built the new house in 1865, and at that time was elected justice of the peace, which office he has held ever since (1881). He was also township trustee during the war, and probably did as much as any man in his precinct to clear it from drafts. He is an active, but peaceable, citizen of society. In his official position he dockets but few cases, and generally succeeds in effect- ing a compromise with the parties concerned. W. L. Williams, of Delhi township, lives on section ten; owns a nice residence and a good farm; was born here June i, 1810, his father being the old pioneer mail route agent for the Government from 1807 until 1820, and purchasing large tracts of lands here a few years after his coming to the county. Mr. Williams carried on the dairy business for a number of years quite extensively and very successfully. He was married to Miss Apple- gate, of Colorado. Of his family two children are dead. He is known as a prominent citizen in his township. Sebastian Rentz, jr., of Delhi township, born in Cin- cinnati (1840), but from 1841 up to the [Tresent time has been a farmer. His father came from Germany in 1825; kept a bakery in Cincinnati until the family removed to the farm near 'Warsaw in Delhi township. He married Miss ZoUer, of Cincinnati, in 1828. She was from Ba- den, coming here in 18 17. Mr. Rentz obtained a common school education in the city of Cincinnati ; married in 1867, to Miss Louisa Barmann, of Anderson Ferry. He is nicely situated on a good farm of over one hundred acres. Mrs. L. Wittenstatter nee Kuperferle, came with her husband, now dead, from Germany about the year 1832. Her husband was for a period of thirty years a printer, being employed mostly during that time on one of the German papers of Cincinnati. He died about the year 1874. Mrs. L. Wittenstatter owns the Green House in Delhi township, near the Warsaw pike. She has eight children, five of whom are married. George Mclntyre, deceased, was born in Dumbarton- shire, Scotland, in 181 5. When thirteen years of age his father died, and in the year 1828 he sailed for Amer- ica, and after remaining five years in New York came to Cincinnati, where he travelled for the house of Robert McGregor. In 1834 he purchased one hundred and forty acres, comprising what is now the greater part of Home City. He was married twice, his first wife being Emily C. Moore, by whom he had nine children; his second wife was Miss Elizabeth Mclntyre, and the fruits of this marriage were six children, all of whom are now dead. Three children by his first wife are dead, and of the six remaining four are living on the homestead place in Home City, /. e., three sons — George M., Peter E., and Edwin D. Mclntyre, and one daughter, Mrs. Martha A. Cook. The maternal grandmother of these children was Adelia Moore, who had seven children: Sarah Ann Silvers, Louisie Hicks, Ophelia Shannon, John Moore, Emily C. Mclntyre, Henrietta O'Neil, and Finley Moore. Of these three only are living : Sarah Ann Silvers, Lou- isie Hicks, and Ophelia Shannon. George T. Mclntyre was married February 26, 1845, and died June 9, 1880. His wife, Emily C. Moore, died April 22, 1865. Of their children, Mrs. Martha A. Cook, the eldest child, was born April 28, 1848, and married in January, 1866, to Milton H. Cook, who was born October 14, 1845. They have two children: Jesse E. and George T. Mclntyre Cook. Mr. Cook, the father, has been train despatcher on the Cincinnati & Indianapolis, and St. Louis & Chi- cago railroads, for seventeen years. George M. Mclntyre was married April 6, 1874, and is the father of three children, all girls. He is a farmer! Mrs. Anna B. Hicks was married August 19, 1873, she .has had two children — now dead. Her husband is a carpenter, hving at the preseiit time in Cincinnati, but purposes moving to Home City shortly. Jacob Story, of Riverside, was born in Germany, October 21, 18 18. His father, with a family of seven children, came over, arriving in Cincinnati December, 1831, and in 1838 moved to Delhi, where he died in the seventy-seventh year of his age, tenth of August, 1869. The mother died in Fatherland. Jacob Story was mar- ried in 184! to Miss Saloma Hatmaker, whose parents came from Baden and settled in Indiana in 181 7, but removed to Cincinnati in 1826, where they followed the business of vegetable gardening (twenty-first ward.) The father died in the year 1846, and the mother in 1857. Mr. Story bought the land he now owns in Cullom Station, the bottom in 1854 and the hillside in 1859, on which he has his vegetable garden, and out of which he has made a good living. He is the father of eight children and ten grandchildren. The oldest son is dead. The family are members of the Presbyterian church. Thomas Wyatt, of Fern Bank, moved to this place in 1843, '''•sn owned by Judge Matteson, now by Mr. Short. His father, AVilliam Wyatt, came from England in 1832, but died in 1833. The family came west, settling in Indiana in 1839, where they hved until their removal to Fern Bank. In 1855, Mr. Wyatt married Miss Jane Vanblarieum, of Delhi. His mother, Hannah Drew, the year died in i860. She was then living with her son Thomas. John Kahny, vegetable gardener of Trautman Sta- tion, came here in 1845. His father, Anthony Kahny, born in 1785, came to Cincinnati in 181 7, where he lived for twenty-eight years, working for a season at Harkness' foundry, but gardening most of that time. His first gar- den extended from Sycamore to Broadway, and from Seventh to Ninth streets. In 1833 he moved to the cor- ner of Wood and Fifth streets, and put up buildings on lots owned. He not only had a garden there, but also at Sixth and Seventh streets, west of Stone street. In 1844 he moved to Delhi, where he continued his former business until 1866, when he died. The mother died in 1875. John Kahny was married in one year after com- ing here, his wife, Anna Dahner, being a Prussian. He JAMES P. WILLIAMS. James P. Williams, of Delhi township, was born January 29, 1804, on the south branch of the Potomat, Hampshire county, Virginia. His grandfather, Richard Williams'; was a resident of this place at the time of the French and Indian wars, and a few days before Braddock's defeat nineteen Indians beset the house, killed his father, his mother, and one of his brothers; his wife being in the yard milking escaped; but he and his Httle daughter, eighteen months old, were made pris- oners. They were taken to Fort Pitt, where the child was taken from him. From Fort Pitt, on the day of Braddock's defeat, he was taken to Detroit, and after some days escaped, taking with him a French- man's gun and ammunition, and pushed forward, first by curve lines, then in a more straight direction. Before this he had feasted on wild berries and horse flesh; but the trying ordeal was yet to come. He was pursued by the Indians and again captured. He had waded through a deep stream, the water went over his head and wet his powder, and for three days he went on until, being pressed by hunger, he stopped to dry his powder, when he found it all dis- solved. He went on, dug sarsa- parilla for sustenance; at one time found a fish which a bird had dropped, and ate that; once a fawn, which he roasted, picked the bones and marrow, and care- fully preserved the meat for future use. After this, for three suc- ceeding days, he found a squir- rel; he afterwards caught and ate a polecat; at another time he saw a hawk fly up and going to the spot found a wild turkey; some- times for two and three days he would get nothing, and his flesh and strength would desert him; rivers and streams he crossed by wading, and on rafts made of logs, but fortune did not favor him long at a time. He would be captured by the Indians, taken back, hands pinioned, closely guarded, and again would escape, but appar- ently only to be recaptured. He was finally captured, taken to Fort Pitt, and doomed to be shot, but to this some one objected, fearing his spirit would haunt them. He feigned derangement, but understood everything ihey said. He was closely guarded, as before, but while the guards were asleep he shook off his shackles and made his escape. He finally arrived home safe. The last time he was captured the In- dians made him a cook, and by his cleverness won their confidence. He remained with this tribe a long while, and had plenty to eat. They went to war and left him with the squaws, when he made his escape. He died September 3, 1786, in Virginia, aged si.xty-five years. His wife, Susannah, died the twenty-third of February, 1785, aged fifty-five years. They were Methodists. Bishop Asbury often preached at his house. Peter Williams, father of James Peter, was born in Virginia, and married there Miss Ann Dugan, who was of Irish descent, but re- moved his family to the Scioto valley in 1807. At that time General Meigs was Postmaster General, with whom a Mr. Granger, a great friend of Mr. Williams, had influence, and secured for him an 'appoint- ment under the Government of establishing mail routes in the west. He began operations in Cincinnati as a centre, posted pack-horses all over the country, and employed carriers for the different routes. The mail was packed down one side of the river from Cincinnati to Louisville and up the other side once every two weeks; like- wise at regular intervals from Cincinnati to Chillicothe, Ohio, Maysville, Kentucky, and other points. In 1820, when John Mc- Lean was postmaster, stage routes were established, but Mr. Williams was financially succes- ful, and with the money made a large purchase of one thousand two hundred or one thousand four hundred acres in Delhi township, purchasing section eleven and other lands reserved, not of the Symmes tract. He was born in 1770, and died February 23, 1837. Ann Williams, his wife, died July 13, 1828. She was born October 8, 1776. They reared a large family, James Peter Williams being the third child. He was born and reared on the home farm, section eleven, Delhi township; attended to his father's business, which, ow- ing to its magnitude, made his a responsible position. On the farm alone were about fifteen men to look after, to be paid off, and in addition the mail agents to be looked after and every three months their claims to be adjusted. The horses on these routes were posted about forty miles apart, but the work was profitable as well as onerous. On March 19, 1829, he married Harriet Mayhew, of Massachusetts, whose father was a school teacher in Martha's Vineyard, and after their marriage the parents lived with them until their death. Mr. Williams has reared a large family, and been an active business man all his life, the business consisting in managing his estates. He never performed manual labor outside of making extensive surveys of roads, farms, filling out deeds, etc. He was an adept surveyor, and frequently employed to adjust questions of surveying. He shipped produce, hay, corn and pork to New Orleans. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 297 has been for twenty-three years ministerial treasurer of the township. George Thompson, of West Seventh street, Cincinnati, was born in England in the year 1827, and when eleven years of age, of his own accord, came to America, where, with only half a crown, he began perambulating among the cities of Boston, Providence, New York, Albany, and other places, hunting work, enduring hardships, priva- tions, and in all leading a life full of romantic incidents and adventures. When nineteen years of age he came to Cincinnati (1846); in 1862 went to Europe, and soon after his visit to that country went to the array, remain- ing until 1866, where he supplied the troops with meats.. From 1846 until 1862 he was a butcher in Cincinnati. In 1866 he went into the fertilizing manufacturing busi- ness, and took the first contract let by the city for remov- ing the animal and vegetable decays from its precincts. The office of the Cincinnati Fertilizing Manufactur- ing company, is now located at 847 and 849 West Sixth street. His son, E. A. Thompson, is one of this firm, and W. R., another son, is of the firm of George E. Currie & Co., Delhi. The Cincinnati com- pany are properly scavengers of the dead refuse of the city, which is taken to the company in Delhi, who manu- facture from the hog product, from bone and meat super- phosphate of lime, from the hard bone, bone meal, and from the soft bone, bone flour. The factory grounds are extensive, covering fifteen acres. The father was mar- ried in 1849 to Miss Jane Foster. William R. was born in 1850; in 1874 began business, and in 1875 was mar- ried to Miss Florence L. Mehner. E. A. Thompson was born in 1854. He was married to Miss McCrane, of Cincinnati. E. A. Thompson and his brother live in Riverside. Henry Trautman, of Trautman, Delhi township, came from Germany with his father, George Henry Trautman, when only ten years of age. His father left the Father- land in 1845, came to Cincinnati in 1846, and died the fourteenth of July, 1878. The mother died in 1874. They lived near Trautman station and were vegetable gardeners. Henry Trautman was married May 7, 1861. His parents lived with him during their latter days, leaving the garden and vineyard in his charge. He now owns a valuable piece of ground, twenty-two acres in all, which is under a high state of cultivation and yields an abun- dance of produce, which he markets off in Cincinnati. Claus Drucker, of Home City, deceased, came from Hanover, Germany, in the year 1842; married Eliza- beth Laudenbach, of Oldenberg, in 1845; came to Cin- cinnati in 1846; was a sugar refiner, at first having his office where the Miami depot is now, but afterwards kept a shoe store on Fulton street and employed a number of young men to work for him. In 185 1 he purchased from the Cincinnati Building association some lots in Delhi, and came here in 1852, where he carried on a store until he died. May r3, 1878. The mother died in 1873. Mr. Drucker was a prominent man of his township, took an active part in all public improvements, and during the war contributed much in many ways towards furthering the Union cause. The store is now owned by his son, John Drucker, and his son-in-law, Mr. Barmann. Of the children, Kate Drucker was born October r3, 1837. She is the eldest of those living, and was married to Jo- seph Barmann, son of Lawrence Barmann, an old settler of Anderson Ferry, in 1879. Anna Drucker married Herman Hegebusch, fresco painter of Home City, July 29, 1876; she died January 29, 1877. Frederick Drucker was born December, 1852 ; was married October 30, 1877, to Miss Sophia Maurer, of North Bend. Her parents were old settlers of Miami township. John Drucker was married May 18, 1880, to Miss Clara Barmann, of An- derson Ferry. Messrs Drucker and Barmann are doing a lively business in Home City. James Mackinzie, M. D., of Delhi, was born March 14, 1816, in Columbiana county, Ohio. His father, James Mackinzie, a draughtsman was born September 21, 1771, in Edinburgh, Scotland; came to America in 1810; served in the War of 181 2; came to Ohio in 18 13, where he died at the advanced age of one hundred years, February 21, 1871. He was a temperance advo- cate, being the first farmer in the country to establish evening meals and harvest a crop without whiskey. His wife, Ellen Burrows, was from the county Down, and of Scotch parentage; she died September 18, 1868, at her son's residence in Delhi. When James Mackinzie was sixteen years of age he learned a trade, at nineteen years of age he became a partner in a dry goods store, and obtained his education by attending night-school, spend- ing one year at Du Qusne college, Pittsburgh, also read medicine while in business, and afterwards completed his course in the Cincinnati Medical college, and practiced his profession before the war in Columbiana county. In 1849 went to California and built the fourth house that was erected in San Francisco. After Fort Sumter was fired on, he reported to President Lincoln and General Scott, entering the service as a private soldier, was after- wards in the commissary department, was promoted to the rank of major and served in the medical department before the war closed, since which time he has lived and practiced his profession in Delhi. In 1854, the eleventh of May, the doctor married Marion W. Washington, whose father was Samuel W., great nephew of General Washington's brother, Lawrence Washington. Her father was legatee of General Washington's estate. Mrs. Mac- kinzie has in her possession a buckle of General Wash- ington that has b^en handed down from one family to another till the present time. The family history of the Washingtons need not here be sketched, as it is familiar to our readers. Daniel Washington, her father, was born February 14, 1787, near Charlestown, Virginia. He married Catharine Washington, a relative, and died March, 1867. His wife died at the age of seventy-four years. Peter Cross, of Delhi, is a native of Prussia. His father, John Cross, was a wagonmaker. Peter Cross was born in 1827, left Prussia in 1851, landing in New Orleans, at which place he remained one year, but in 1852 removed to Delhi. In 1853 he was married; is a bricklayer and lives in easy circumstances. 298 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Valentine Gind, of Delhi, came from Germany when ten years of age — January, 1854. His father landed in New Orleans, coming from there to Delhi, where he has lived since, being a stonemason by trade. His father, Sebastian Gind, was a wagonmaker. His mother, Theresa Younker, was from Baden; she died before the father and his children sailed for the New World. Val- entine Gind owns a small farm adjoining Delhi. Peter Shiffel, basket-maker, came to Delhi town in 1862 ; formerly lived in Cincinnati, where he was married in 1857. His father, Phillip Shiffel, was a basket-maker and carpet-weaver on Long Island; he died in 1849. In 1855 Peter Shiffel came to Cincinnati. He does not own any property. Charles Gerth, proprietor of the Eleven Mile house (saloon), is of Teutonic origin; came to the United States, and settled in Delhi in 1863, where he has been ever since. He was formerly a shoemaker, but left this trade and was section foreman on the Ohio & Mississippi road for ten years previous to his present proprietorship. Mr. Gerth has been married twice, and has two children dead. Shipley W. Davis, son of Zadock and Elizabeth Davis, — 7iee Bassett — of Massachusetts, was born at Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, in the year 181 6. His parents had thirteen children, of which he was the seventh. His mother, at the age of ninety-three, June 13, 1873, de- parted this hfe; his father died in June, 181 9. In 184 1 he married Harriet Cullour, of North Bend. One son, W. L. Davis, M. D., was hospital Stewart in Sherman's raid to the sea, and is now a practicing physician (Old School). Henry W. Davis, another son, has been teach- ing in Myers' school district fourteen years. Edward Davis, .a third son, is a physician at Dent, Ohio. Mr. Davis' farm is in Delhi township, and over a mile from the city hmits. Peter MacFarlan, of Delhi, came from Dumbarken- shire, Scotland, to America, in 1840. After coming to this country he purchased a farm in Green township which he sold in 1872, and removed to Home City where he still lives. In 1850 he married Miss Jean Erode, daughter of Peter Erode and Katharine McKin- lay Spouses of Kirkhouse Row. She was born Janu- ary 2, 1805, and baptized the same month, fifth day. Feter McFarlan, son of Peter McFarlan and Katharine Bain Spouses of Estertown — name of farm — was born December 29, 1800, and baptized January i, 1801. The aged couple have had but one daughter, who is now the wife of Adam Tullock. The parents were married in Scotland in May, 1830. Adam Tullock, of Home City, was born in Scotland in the year 1815, in Dumferline, where Robert Bruce was hurried. His parents, John Tullock and Mary Robert- son, came to America in 1840, and both died soon after. They were married in 1799, had seven children, of which Adam Tullock was the youngest. He was married to Hellen Miller, of Scotland, in 1837. She died in 1847. One son by this marriage lives in Home City. He has one daughter living in Colorado and one in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1851 he was married to his second wife. Catharine MacFarlan, and came to Home City in 1872, where he still lives. William J. Applegate, grocer and postmaster of Delhi, came here in 1872 from Green township, where he was born and reared. His father, Israel Applegate, came to this township when quite young from Pennsylvania; lived fifty-five years on the farm he bought, and died in 1870 in the eighty-first year of his age. His mother, Mary Jane Colsher, also of Pennsylvania, died October, 1880, in the eighty-third year of her age. William J. Apple- gate, born August 17, 1839, was reared a farmer, but began business on a small scale in a grocery in 1872, and at the same time kept the post office of the village which helped to increase his patronage. Id the year 1878 he built a large three-story brick house, the first results of his successful business. He was married October 15, 1864, to Miss Katie Myers, of Delhi, daugh- ter of an old settler of the county. Mr. Applegate is one of the trustees of the township at this time. Annie B. Calloway, of Delhi, is of English parentage, and is the wife of Thomas B. Calloway, of that place. Her great-grandfather, Thomas Bowles, of Cranbrook, Kent, England, married Sarah Boorman. Their daugh- ter, Sarah, married the well known Robert Colgate, father of the noted soap manufacturers of New York. They came to that city in 1800. Thomas Bowles, her grand- father, married Anna Shirley. They had eight children, and he died June 3, 1800. His youngest son, Robert Bowles, father of Annie B. Calloway, was born at Eldo- rado, Kent, England, June i, 1792; married' Mercy Boots, of the same place, November 30, 1816; came to America in 1822, and located on a farm near Harrison, Hamilton county, Ohio, and was the first English settler in Crosby township. January 24, 1837, his wife died, and he married Mrs. Anna Clough, of London, England, daughter of Samuel Pegg. By the first wife he had one son, Robert, now living in Indiana; and by the second wife two sons, Samuel and John, and one daughter, An- nie. Thomas B. Calloway married Annie A. Bowles, January 31, 1866. His grandfather, Jesse Calloway, and wife came from Delaware in 1818, and located in Dear- born county, Indiana. They had four sons and one daughter. William, the father, was born January 26, 181 2; married his second wife, Mary Charlotte Bonham, October 18, 1841. He is still living. The Bond family are traceable to the emigration of William Penn. One Samuel Bond was born November 19, 1722; his son, Joseph, born April 11, 1750, married Eleanor WiUiarins; and their son, Samuel, born November 19, 1777, in Ches- ter county, Pennsylvania, moved west May 10, 1810, land- ed at the mouth of Farmers' creek, near Lawrenceburgh, Indiana. In 1812 he moved to Whitewater, near Eliza- bethtown; died June 12, 1837. They had seven chil- dren, all dead except Eleanor, who was born in Virginia in 1808. The third child, Jane, was the only one of the family who married. She was born April 8, 1818; mar- ried William Calloway September 7, 1837; died Febru- ary 12, 1844, leaving one child, Thomas B. Calloway. R. B. Price, of Home City, son of Rees Price (see biographical sketch), is the well known bee-keeper of HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 299 that place. Mr. Price was reared in the city of Cincin- nati, but soon after his marriage (January 15, 1857) to Louise Seiter, of that place, he moved on his farm where he has since resided. In 1877 he built his new house, which he now occupies. Mr. Price has devoted much time and attention to the culture of bees. He has now over one hundred colonies under his care. Mrs. Price was born in Cincinnati, corner of Elm and Eighth streets, where her mother, Mrs. Seiter, still resides. Her brothers, William, George, Joseph, and Lewis Seiter, are prominent and well known business men in the city. W. H. Smith, of Delhi township, was born in Peters- burgh, New York, March 22, 1814. When fifteen years of age he left home, and for ten years following drove a stage coach over the mountains, afterwards coming west, where he continued the business up to 1863. He was agent for some time for the Western Stage company, that had lines running from Cincinnati to various points. The line running from Cincinnati to Hamilton and Day- ton, and afterwards to Indianapolis, was owned by Smith, out of which he was successful in making money. In 1863 he removed to his farm, where he has since lived. He was elected president of the Delhi and In- dustry Turnpike company in 1868, and has held the office ever since. In 1854 he was married to Harriet Alter. She died March 25, 1881. Her parents came to Cincinnati in 181 2. Her father was one of the wealthy men of the city in his day. James H. Silvers, of Delhi, wholesale leaf tobacco dealer; 49 and 51 Front street, Cincinnati, was born at North Bend, 1833. His paternal grandfather. Judge James Silvers, of Pennsylvania, was an early settler of the county, having come here with Judge Symmes, and was an associate judge of the court three consecutive terms of seven years each. He died near the expiration of the third term. Thomas J. Silvers, his son, and father of James H., in 1831, married Miss Sarah A. Moore, the daughter of Samuel and Adelia Moore, nee West, of Pennsylvania, and old pioneers of Anderson Ferry. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch on his mother's side was in the War of 181 2. He lived to be sixty-six years of age. The mother of James H. Silvers still lives. She was born in 18 14. Her mother was born in Paris, Kentucky, and lived to be sixty years of age. Mr. James H. Silvers came to Delhi in 1873; Feb- ruary 13, 1878 was married in Nashville, Tennessee, to Miss Jennie Hillis, formerly of Indianapohs, Indiana. He is the well known tobacco dealer on Front street, Cincinnati. His residence is in a beautiful situation, near Delhi, commanding a most delightful view of the Ohio river and the surrounding scenery. The family of Thomas J. and Sarah A. Silvers con- sisted of James H. Silvers, Mrs. Anna A. Dodd, and Mrs. Ophelia Massy. RIVERSIDE AND OTHER VILLAGES. Riverside is the first suburb encountered upon enter- ing the township from the direction of the city, and im- mediately adjoins Sedamsvile, the outermost district of Cincinnati on the southwest. Five hundred and nine of its acres lie in Delhi township, and one hundred and twenty-four were taken from the old township of Storrs — eight hundred and thirty-three acres in all. For the fol- lowing account of it, with interesting historical notes, the readers of this work are indebted to Mr. A. L. Reeder, postmaster at the Riverside office, who has kindly made a contribution of it to this chapter: The village of Riverside, made up of parts of Delhi and Storrs town- ships, lies immediately adjoining the western limit of the city of Cincin- nati, and extends westwardly along the bank of the Ohio river to An- derson's Ferry, a distance of about three miles, and had a population of twelve hundred and sixty-eight by the last census, with two hundred and forty-seven voters at the November election of 1880. The pioneers of early times were Colonel Cornelius R. Sedam, on the east, then Jeremiah Reeder, William S. Hatch, Enoch Anderson, Squire CuUom, and JVIr. Sands, on the ministerial section at Anderson's Ferry. All these old settlers passed away years ago. Their lands and homesteads have gone into other hands, and but few of their descend- ants are left in the village to note the wonderful changes that have been wrought by modern civilization and scientific research. Not one of those old settlers could have had the remotest conception of the thun- dering noise and lightning speed of the passing locomotive and attend- ant train of cars, or of the multiplied lines of telegraph wires now in front of their doors, silently conveying with the speed of thought, to and fro, from the uttermost parts of the earth, knowledge and intelli- gence of all current events, or of the brilliant electric light, illuminating, with a dazzling intensity, only excelled by the midday beams of the summer sun, the mysterious telephone, by which we talk with friends miles away, or say to our grocer in the city "Hello! Send me down a box of matches, and be quick about it." The writer of this, one of those descendants, and not a very old man either, remembers well that when a lad, he had to go early in the morning to a neighbor's house, half a mile off, to borrow a shovel of live coals to start the fire on the ancestral hearth, that had died out during the night for want of careful covering up: and this was not a rare occurrence either, for nobody had a match to lend in those days. The village of Riverside is appropriately named, lying as it does in the valley of the Ohio river, and extending up the romantic slopes of the beautiful hillside, dotted here and there with handsome residences, peering out from glossy bowers of coolest shade, musical with birds, with enchanting views of the far-reaching river and the picturesque and undulating hills of Kentucky. The geographical position of the vil- lage, and the facilities it affords for travel to and from the adjacent city, make it peculiarly adapted for the suburban residence of persons en- gaged in business there. The Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago, and the Ohio & Mississippi railroads run frequent accommo- dation trains; and in addition there is a street car line from the city post office to about the centre of the village, running every fifteen minutes, and at very low fare. The public buildings and manufacturing establishments are quite creditable. Two large and handsome school-houses, recently erected, give evidence that the cause of education is prominent in the minds of the citizens. The one church is Episcopal, a blue limestone structure of quaint, old English style. It has quite a fair attendance, considering that many citizens of other denominations attend chtirches in the city, which they can so readily do on what is called the church train. A large, plain, two-story brick building, called Reeder's Hall, stands nearly opposite the church. It has in the second story a fair-sized pub- lic hall, capable of seating two hundred and fifty people, and is occa- sionally used for concerts, lectures, amateur dramatic entertainments, balls, etc. The lower story is divided up into different apartments, used as council-chamber, store and post office. The new rolling mill at "CuUom's Ripple," recently gone into successful operation, is a very extensive and complete establishment of the kind, and will, no doubt, add to and accelerate the prosperity of the village in a marked degree. The large distillery of Goff, Fleischman & Company has been in oper- ation for several years, and is a model in all its appointments and manner of conducting its business. A leading feature of this establish- ment is the manufacture of "compressed yeast, "in a building separate and specially adapted for the purpose, and gives employment to a large number of girls and boys in cutting up into cakes, wrapping in tinfoil and packing into boxes for shipment to the Northern, Southeastern and Western cities. Immediately west of the distillery is a very large and imposing edifice. 300 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. recently erected by the Cincinnati Cooperage company, on tJie site of tlie old factory lately destroyed by fire. The new building is perhaps the most complete and extensive concern in the United States, and is fitted up with a vast amount of costly wood-working machinery, giving employment to several hundred men in the manufacture of all kinds of barrels, kegs, etc. The building is lighted by the Brush electric hght, enabling the company to run at night as well as by day, when necessary. The certificate of incorporation of Riverside village was filed with the Secretary of State, August 20, 1867. The mayor for the first year was Peter Zinn, an old resi- dent here and in Cincinnati, prominently connected with the rolling mill at Cullom's station, who died in the vil- lage in the'early winter of 1880-1. In 1869, 1870 and 1871 the mayor was George A. Peter; 1872-4, Allen A. Reeder. Within the limits of this corporation the railroads have a number of stations — as Riverside, the first beyond Se- damsville; Mineola, a plat laid out in 1873 by the River- side Land association; Southside, a station on the In- dianapolis railroad between the two; West Riverside, or Cullom's,''where the rolling-mill is situated; and just be- yond Riverside, on the west, is the Anderson's Ferry station. Further west and northwest are Gilead; South Bend or Trautman's station, where Thompson & Com- pany's extensive fertilizing establishment is located; Rapid Run; Industry, a village laid out in 1847 by Messrs. James and Samuel Goudin; Delhi, Home City, Riverdale, and other small stations, which are much used by surburban residents transacting business in the city. At Industry is located a Catholic church, in charge of Rev. Father H. Kessing. Nearly opposite this place is the village of Taylorsville, on the Kentucky side of the Ohio. At Home City, almost immediately adjoining Delhi, is a remarkably large mound, undoubtedly a genuine relic of the Mound Builders. Its regularity has been somewhat impaired by the blowing over of a tree that formerly stood upon it, making a large hole upon one side.- Its base is oval — about two hundred by one hun- dred feet in its principal diameters — and its height nearly forty feet. It is now in the field of Mr. R. B. Price, a little way northeast of the railroad, but was once the property of Major Daniel Gano, the veteran clerk of Hamilton county, whose farm covered most of what is now Home City. It is said that the major had a mile- track laid out around this ancient work, upon which he was wont to exercise, train, and speed his numerous and famous horses. He once entertained the old hero of Lundy's Lane, General Winfield Scott, at dinner, and afterwards mounted the general on one of his finest horses, the well-remembered "Wyandot," which moved as if it knew and took pride in his rider, and invited his guest to take his station upon or near the mound, and view the evolutions of the horses about the tracks, which the general did to much satisfaction. The farm here was one of three country estates then owned by Major Gano, the others being at Carthage (this one now occu- pied as the county infirmary premises) and on Brush creek, in Champaign county. He was noted while here for his fine horses, among which were Wyandot, Arab, Conqueror, Comet, and others. Home City was laid out in 1849 by Stephen Maxon and David Reddington, and was incorporated on the twenty-fifth of July, 1879. Delphi was platted by Peter Zinn in 1866. It has a large population, numbering over two thousand. Here are a number of notable Catholic institutions; as the church of Our Lady of Victories, in charge of the Rev. Father F. Schumacher; the parochial school attached to the same, with about seventy pupils ; the principal novi- tiate of the Sisters of Charity; and the Boys' Protectory (formerly the residence of the Hon. George W. Skaats, of Cincinnati), in charge of the Brotherhood of St. Fran- cis, with about two hundred boys for inmates. The last is described as "a home for the education and mainten- ance of orphan and other destitute boys between the ages of five and seventeen years, who are taught the rudiments of an education and a useful trade. A little over two miles north of the Southside station, and about half a mile west of the city limits, near the north line of the township, is the little village of Warsaw, on the turnpike which bears its name. A mile west of it, also upon the turnpike, and intersected by the head- waters of Rapid run, is an extensive cemetery, used by the inhabitants of the township. Two miles from Warsaw, on the same much-travelled road, is the German village of Petersborough, with a popu- lation of perhaps a hundred. Moscow is an old village of Delhi, now extinct. The glass-works of Messrs. Pugh & Teater, of Cincinnati, the first in this part of the Ohio valley, were located here be- fore 1826. POPULATION. Delhi township shows a satisfactory increase in the number of its inhabitants, as the comparative figures in the census-table, in a previous part of this book exhibit. In 1830, for example, the township had 1,527 people; in 1870, 2,620; in 1880, 4,738. MOUNT ST. VINCENT ACADEMY CEDAR GROVE. Mt. St. Vincent academy. Cedar Grove, situated to the northwest of Cincinnati, and distant nearly two miles directly west from Price's Inclined Plane, is an old es- tablished boarding-school for girls and young ladies. The school is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, who are a branch of the original order founded in the beginning of this century at Emmettsburgh, Maryland, and who still follow the rules and retain the costume and venerable traditions of their foundress. The buildings are delightfully situated on an elevation remarkable for beauty and variety of scenery, and commanding a charm- ing view of the surrounding country. The grounds, which are greatly undulating and tastefully laid out, in- clude some fifty-four acres, in the centre of which, on a rising plateau, stands the main building of the academy, a brick structure, four stories high, erected in the year 1858. To the west, is the chapel, built in 1875, and ad- joining this, the Sisters' convent, an old building, which, previous to the year 1857, had been the residence of Mr. Alderson. This venerable mansion has acquired a degree of literary celebrity, owing to its having been the MOUNT ST, VINCENT ACADEMY, (CEDAR GROVE,) CINCINNATI, OHIO, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 301 home of "Our Cousins in Ohio," who are described in a story bearing that title, written by Mary Howett and pubhshed in England. The homestead, including thirty- three acres of land, was purchased by the Sisters March 3, 1857. From Mr. Alderson it had received the desig- nation of "The Cedars," which the Sisters, on coming into possession of the place, changed into Cedar Grove. The academy, built in the following year, was called Mt. St. Vincent, but Cedar Grove is still the more familiar name, dear to the hearts of hundreds who have been educated within its walls and still lovingly cherish its memories. The sisters having charge of the academy aim at giv- ing young ladies a thorough education in all branches of useful and polite learning, with which they endeavor to combine the sympathetic care, the assiduous watchful- ness, the comforts and the genial influences of home-life, so essential to the proper training of girls,- and so greatly valued by parents and guardians. While all branches necessary to the complete educa- tion of a young lady are taught (including vocal and in- strumental music, Latin and the modern language, math- ematics and the physical sciences), special attention is given to the study of English, and written compositions on subjects adapted to the capacities and acquirements of each pupil, are required throughout the entire course of studies. A long experience in the classroom has convinced the Sisters that ease and accuracy in the use of a language, can be gained in no way so rapidly and so satisfactorily as by assiduous practice in composition, under the guidance of efficient teachers. The drill is supplemented by the study of the most approved text- books on grammar, rhetoric, and the history of English literature, and by the analysis of selections from English classics. To still further facilitate this study and render it attractive, the Sisters have collected a library of above four thousand volumes, selected with great care by com- petent persons, and embracing all the more valuable works of the language, to which the pupils have free access, and in the use of which they are encouraged and directed by their teachers. There is also in the academy a philosophical and chem- ical apparatus of the most approved pattern and work- manship, sufficiently complete to illustrate all the impor- tant principles of these sciences, in the'study of both of which theoretical teaching is accompanied by experiment. A rich collection of globes, maps, and charts, and a cab- inet containing the most important minerals and geologi- cal formations, carefully classified and labelled for refer- ence together with Indian relics and specimens illustrating the religion, arts, and domestic economy of foreign coun- tries and ancient peoples, are a possession highly valued by the Sisters and of great advantage to the pupils in the prosecution of their studies. Screened from the public gaze by groves of cedar, lo- cust, and maple trees, the school enjoys a seclusion and privacy eminently favorable to study, while the pictur- esque lawns and extensive play-grounds offer every facili- ty for healthy recreation and pleasant exercise. At convenient intervals on the play-ground, and shaded by the clustering vines, are summer-houses, cozy arbors, and secluded nooks, where the pupils gather of summer eve- nings to enjoy the fresh breezes of the western hills and the glories of the setting sun, or whither the more stu- dious retire form noise and distraction, to be alone with their books To the east of the academy, and entirely hidden from it by the dense foliage, stands a small frame building now called "Seton cottage" but formerly the homestead of Mr. Hotchkiss. Seton cottage, together with ten acres of ground, now laid out in orchards of pear, apple, and cherry trees, a garden and a deer park, was purchased by the Sisters in the year 1868. To the west of the convent are the barn, poultry yard, pastures, laundry, bakery, etc. Previous to 1869 the Mother house and Novitiate of the community were at Cedar Grove; but in the au- tumn of that year both were transferred to the Biggs' homestead, in Delhi township, now known as St. Joseph's Mother house. Novitiate and Training school. Here novices enjoy every facility for the acquisition of knowl- edge and receive full and thorough instruction in all the branches necessary to fit them to become efficient and competent teachers in parochial schools, above thirty of which the Sisters have at present under their direction in different States of the Union. GREEN. DESCRIPTION. Green is the most regular and symmetrical township in the county. It is a perfe'ct square — an even surveyed township of thirty-six sections, six miles on a side, such as is common in the newer western and northern States, but not in the older settled regions, and of which no other instance is presented in Hamilton county. It lies alto- gether in fractional range two, township two, and is pre- cisely included between the range and township lines, which separate it from Cincinnati and Mill Creek town- ship on the east, Delhi on the south, Miami on the west, and Colerain on the north. Its section lines are run with remarkable correctness, considering that it lies wholly within the Miami Purchase, and might have shared in the troubles caused by the carelessness of the earliest surveyors. Save for some eccentricity in the second meridian east of the township line, the sections are mostly exact square miles, a fact which can be stated, probably, of no other tract of equal size within the Purchase. Still, its total acreage amounts to but twenty-two thousand seven hundred and fourteen — about an even half-section short of what it should be were all the sections full. It shares another peculiarity with but three other town- ships in the county — Springfield, Sycamore and Mill Creek — in that its soil is not washed by any stream that can be dignified with the name of river. Neither the Ohio nor the Little Miami, the Great Miami or the Whitewater touch its borders. Its northwest corner ap- proaches within less than a mile of the Great Miami, at the mouth of Taylor's creek, and the southwest corner is about the same distance from the Ohio, at a point between Riverdale and Fern Bank stations. The township is, however, abundantly watered in the southwest corner by the headwater of Lick run; along the southern tiers of townships and in the southwest by Cow run and its main stream. Muddy creek, the upper tributaries of which rise in the central sections of the township; in the west and northwest by Taylor's creek, and the south fork of Taylor's creek, with their numerous tributaries, some of which extend more than halfway across the northern part of the township and some dis- tance into Colerain township; and along the eastern slopes by several petty streams which send their waters to Mill creek. By far the larger part of Green township, being in the interior and somewhat remote from any large stream, is elevated to the general level of the Hamilton county an- cient plateau. That part, the northwestern, which ap- proaches the Great Miami, is low and very fertile, and otherwise shares the characteristics of the Miami valley. Toward the opposite corner of the township, on the south, as the Ohio is neared, in the valley of Muddy creek, as at some other points in the township, the hills become abrupt, and command many fine views. The numerous valleys created by the water-courses render the scenery exceedingly picturesque; and many attractive building sites have been occupied in the Lick run and other valleys. Much of the territory of Green is deemed specially suited for suburban residence. Over three and a half sections in the southeastern part of the town- ship, mostly near the line of the narrow-guage railroad, has been laid off for the suburb of Westwood; and the eastern half of sections five and six, in the northeastern corner, has been appropriated by the suburb of Mount Airy, the remainder of which lies in Mill Creek township. There is an unusual number of villages in the township — as Cheviot, Dent, Bridgetown, Weisenburgh, St. Ja- cob's, Sheartown, Covedale, Five Corners, Dry Ridge, and others. Some of the most interesting and attractive drives in the county are through this township, upon the Cleves and Harrison turnpike, the Colerain pike, a mile of whose course lies through the northeastern corner, and other important roads, some of which lie, as in the newer States settled upon Congress lands, on the section lines. The Cincinnati & Westwood narrow-gauge railway lies mostly in Green township, and is at present the only iron road within its limits. Starting at Ernst Station, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, in the city, it comes up the valley of Lick run, from which it soon di- verges to reach the higher ground, across which it runs for more than three miles in a general northwesterly di- rection, stopping for the present at Robb's, near Bridge- town. The projected Cincinnati & Venice railway, if built upon the surveyed line, will enter the township from the north at St. Jacob's, proceed nearly due south four miles, and intersect this road just south of Cheviot. THE EARLY HISTORY of this township is somewhat peculiar. It was originally the tract reserved by Judge Symmes for himself as the nearest entire township to the peninsula between the Great Miami and the Ohio rivers. He withheld it from sale for a number of years, but seems to have made, March 12, 1788, a contract with Dr. EUas Bondinot, of New Jersey, one of his partners, for the transfer of half of it to him. Symmes afterwards resisted the perform- ance of the contract, having in view the apportionment of this as the college township in the Purchase; but he was unable to secure the acceptance of it, and specific performance of the contract with Bondinot was decreed HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 3°3 by the United States court for the District of Pennsyl- vania, at the May term, 1802, compelling him to execute and deliver a deed in fee simple for an undivided moiety of the township. The pendency of this litigation some years before had formed one of the reasons for the re- fusal of the various authorities to whom it was offered to accept it as a college township. It was, indeed, accord- ing to the judge's own statement, in one of his letters making the offer, agreed to change the arrangement by which he reserved it for himself, and parcel it out among twenty-four proprietors, among whom Bondinot was prominent, upon each paying one-twenty-fourth of the purchase money to Congress — an arrangement which does not seem to have been ultimately carried out. But, says the judge, "for this cause [the township] lay unre- served and unsurveyed until the passage of the act of the fifth of May, 1792, giving one entire township for the use of an academy." It was at that date the only one which had not been broken by sales; and perhaps to this fact, and the lateness of its survey, it owes the beautiful regularity of its territorial lines, surpassing that of any other part of the Purchase, although not here entirely perfect in places. It is, as is well known, the only even square, thirty-six section township (municipality) in the Purchase. The contract with Bondinot may be seen by the curi- ous in a copy engrossed in the records of Hamilton county. Book B, pp. 107-9. The following is the extract from Judge Symmes' pam- phlet. Terms of Sale and Settlement of Miami Lands, published in Trenton in 1788, in which he makes the reservation of this and other townships in this part of the county : The subscriber hopes that the respectable public will not think it un- reasonable in him, when he informs them that the only privilege which he reserves for himself, as a small reward for his trouble in this busi- ness, is the exclusive right of electing or locating that entire township which will be lowest down in the pomt of land formed by the Ohio and Great Miami rivers, and those three fractional parts of townships which may lie north, west, and south, between such entire township and the waters of the Ohio and Great Miami. This point of land the sub- scriber intends paying for himself, and thereon to lay out a handsome town plat, with eligible streets, etc., etc. THE "college TOVi^NSHIP." An impression quite general prevails, even among well- informed local historians, that Green was the "College township" in the Miami Purchase; and we have been misled by the common statement in our history of the Purchase, in the first division of this work. But it could not have been at any time the College township. That, as originally set apart by Symmes, and so marked on his map of the Purchase, to be given in perpetuity for the purposes of an academy or coUe.ge, was that complete township, in the words of his Terms of Sale and Settle- ment, "as nearly opposite the mouth of the Licking river as an entire township may be found eligible in point of soil and situation." We have been unable to identify this township. It could hardly have been the old Mill Creek township, since that was not entire, being cut by the Ohio river at the southeastern corner. It was obviously, however, somewhere in this tier of townships, since the original boundaries of Colerain township, defined in 1794, prescribed its eastern limit as the meridian on the west- ern line of the College township, which is the western boundary of Mill Creek, Springfield, and the tier of town- ships to which they belong. Green, however, was the College township in the inten- tion of Judge Symmes, for he made very strenuous efforts to have it accepted as such by the Territorial, State, or Federal authorities. As a matter of fact, there never was a College township in the Purchase. The following ex- tract from Judge Burnet's Notes on the Settlement of the Northwestern Territory will make this clear: As the facts relating to the College township, mentioned in the origi- nal proposition of Judge Symmes to Congress, are not generally known or understood, it may be proper here to state them concisely. The ordinance under which the early sales of the public domain were made did not authorize a grant of college lands to purchasers of a less quantity than two millions of acres. The original proposition of Mr. Symmes, being for tliat quantity, would have entitled him to the benefit of the grant, had it been carried into effect. It was therefore stated in his pamphlet containing the terms of sale and settlement, that a College township had been given, and located as nearly opposite the mouth of Licking river, as an entire township could be found, ehgible in point of soil and situation. The selection of that township was made in good faith on one of the best tracts in the Purchase, and was marked on his map as the College township. It was situated opposite the mouth of Licking, and was reserved from sale for the purpose intended until it was ascertained that the agents appointed to close the contract with the Government, under the powers given in the letter of attorney, had relinquished one-half of the quantity proposed to be purchased by Mr. Symmes; and, as a matter of course, had relinquished also his claim to a College township. After that relinquishment, he erased the entry made on that township on his map, as he had a right to do, and offered it for sale. As it was one of the best in the Purchase, it was soon entirely disposed of. The matter remained in that situation till 1792, when the judge applied to Congress, as is stated above, to change the boundaries of his Purchase, and grant him a patent for as much land as he was then able to pay for. When the bill for that purpose was before Congress, General Dayton, the agent of Mr. Symmes, and then a very influential member of the House, introduced a section authorizing the President to convey to Mr. Symmes and his associates one entire township, in trust, for the purpose of establishing an acad- emy and other schools of learning, conformably to the ordinance of Congress of second of October, 1787, to be located, with the approba- tion of the governor for the time being, of the territory northwest of the river Ohio, within the term of five years, as nearly as may be, in the centre of the tract of land granted by the patent. The fact was that, under that ordinance, the riglit to tlie township had been lost, by relinquishing half the quantity of his proposed pur- chase; yet from some cause, either from a want of correct information or a disposition to be generous, the provision was retained and became a part of the law. At that time there was not an entire township in the Purchase undisposed of; portions of each and all of them had been sold by Mr. Symmes, after his right to college lands had been lost, and before the laws of 1792 had renewed the claim. It was not, therefore, in his power to make the appropriation required. The matter remained in that situation till the first territorial legisla- ture was elected in 1799. Mr. Symmes, then feeling the embarrassment of his situation, and aware that the subject would be taken up by that body, made a written proposition to the governor of the territory, offer- ing the second township of the second fractional range [Green township] for the purpose of a college. The governor, on examination, found that Mr. Symmes had sold an undivided moiety of that township for a valuable consideration, in 1788, four years before the right to a College township existed; that the purchaser had filed a bill in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Pennsylvania, to obtain a specific performance of his contract; and that the judge had also sold small portions of the same township to other persons, who then held written contracts for the same in the form of deeds. As a matter of course, the township was rejected by the governor. Soon after that occurrence, the subject was brought before the territo- rial legislature at the instance of Mr. Symmes, who repeated the offer to them. They also refused to receive it, for the same reasons which had been assigned by the governor, as appeared from the journal of that body. A similar refusal, for the same reasons, was subsequently 304 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. made by the State legislature, to whom it was again offered by the judge. Not satisfied with these repeated refusals, in 1802-3 he offered the same township to Congress for the same purpose. His proposition was referred to a committee of that body, who, after hearing his own exparte statement.of the facts relating to the township, were fully satis- fied that it could not be held for the purpose /oi which it was offered ; and, therefore, they refused to receive it. It was affirmed in the written communication of Judge Symmes to Congress, very correctly, the Miami Purchase did not obtain a right to college lands till the law of 1792 was passed; that, prior to that time, he had sold large portions of every township in the Purchase, as he had a right to do; that the township he then offered had not been reserved for a college, but to be sold and disposed of, for his own personal bene- fit; and that he had sold large portions of it as early as 1788, but that those sales, in his opinion, were void. Some persons had the charity to believe that, when he first proposed that township for the use of a college, it was his intention to purchase out the claimants, which he probably might have done, at the time the law passed making the grant, on fair and reasonable terms; but he omitted to do so till that arrangement became impracticable, and until his embarrassements rendered it impossible for him to make any re- muneration to Congress or the people of the Miami Purchase. The remainder of Judge Burnet's account of the Col- lege township has no relation to the subject of this chap- ter. It merely outlines the legislation and appointinent of commissioners, whereby a selection of thirty-six sec- tions, or the equivalent of a township, was made for the foundation of a university, but necessarily outside of the Miami Purchase, on the Congress lands west of the Great Miami; the establishment of Miami university at first at Lebanon, Warren county, in the Symmes Purchase, as directed by State law; and its final establishment un- der another law, with the endowment of lands aforesaid, outside the limits of the Purchase, upon such of the college lands as lay where now is Oxford, Butler county, and where a mere shadow of the university is still main- tained. THE FORMATION of Green township is not clearly settled, as to date and circumstances. It is held, however, to have been set off in 1809, with its regular boundaries as now, correspond- ing with those of the surveyed township. TOWNSHIP OFFICERS. The justices of the peace, during some of the years of the history of Green township, were as follows: Wil- liam Benson, William J. Carson, 181 9, Mahlon Brown, Adam Moore, John Martin, 1829; James Eppley, John Gaines, Thomas Wills, 1865-6; John Eppley, Thomas Wills, E. L. Agin, 1867-9; James Eppley, Thomas Wills, William M. Robb, 1870; James Eppley, William M. Robb, John Ritt, 187 1-2; James Eppley, Thomas Wills, L. D. Hern, 1873-8; James Eppley, Thomas Wills, J. W. Dunn, 1879; Thomas Wills, J. W. Dunn, O. J. Wood, 1880. NOTES OF SETTLEMENT. William D. Gojbrth lives about one and a half miles south of Cheviot, in Green township, with an only daughter. The 'wife, now dead, was Miss Sallie Gordon, whose ancestry is traceable to Lord George Gord on, 'o f Scotland. She died April 4, 1878. Mr. Goforth is de- scended from distinguished stock. His grandfather, Judge William Goforth, born April i, 1731, was appointed a meinber of the State legislature and was judge of the Northwestersn Territory, then comprising the district of Ohio. He came to Ohio in 1788, and died in 1805. His own father. Dr. William Goforth, was surgeon of the army in the War of 1812, and was also a member of the legislature of Louisiana, where he went in 1803, and came back to Ohio in 18 16. His oldest son served in the capacity of lieutenanl, and William D., then a lad of fifteen years, witnessed the engagement between the forces of Generals Jackson and Packenham at New Or- leans. He also served under Scott in the Mexican war, as ensign, and planted the colors on the Mexican capitol. During the late war he carried the' colors of the Fifth Ohio cavalry when they made the attack on the Louisi- ana Tigers at Shiloh. He was offered the pay and rank of a major, both of which he refused. He was crippled at Shiloh by his horse throwing him against a tree. His own son was in forty-seven engagements. Rev. Samuel J. Browne was born at Honiton, Eng- land, in 1786, and emigrated to this country in 1796 with his father. Rev. John W. Browne, who settled first at Chilicothe, Ohio, and afterward, in 1798, at Cincin- nati, and a few years later was drowned in the Little Miami river while returning from one of his appoint- ments to preach in that neighborhood. His son, Samuel J. Browne, learned the printing business with Nathaniel Willis, and in 1804 started the Liberty Hall newspaper, afterwards the Cincinnati Gazette, and in 1824 the Cin- cinnati Empoi'ium, afterwards the first daily paper of large size printed in Cincinnati. Through his instigation and pecuniary aid his son, J. W. S. Browne, and his son- in-law, L. S. Curtiss, originated and placed on a paying basis the Cincinnati Daily Commercial. He early per- ceived the growing tendencies of his adopted city, and was among the first to show his faith by frequent invest- ments in real estate in the city and its suburbs. In 1830 he purchased the late Browne homestead, consisting of twenty-five acres on the north side of the Miami canal, opposite Baymiller street, and erected thereon a fine residence which he occupied until his death. Mr. Browne was twice married. His first wife, a most estimable and handsome English lady, was wooed and won while Mr. Browne was on a visit to his brother in England, and by whom he had seven children, three of whom still survive. His second wife was a daughter of the late Dr. E. A. Atlee, a lady of sweet disposition and most amiable character, by whom he had five children, of whom three are still living. Mr. Browne pursued a most active life, retaining both mental and physical vigor to within a short period of his death, which occurred in September, 1872, at the ripe old age of eighty-five years. Samuel W. Carson of Cheviot, mail agent of the Great Eastern railroad from Cincinnati to Chicago, is the oldest member of his father's family, and was born January i, 1816. In 1850 he went to California, being gone five years, and returning via Panama railroad, coming across the isthmus on the first train over that line. During the war he was provost marshal and afterwards for two years was revenue collector. In 1856 he was assigned a posi- tion in the mail service on the Great Eastern railroad from Cincinnati to Chicago, which position he still re- tains. Mr. Carson is a descendant from a remarkable E. D. CROOKSHANK, M. D. E. D. Crookshank, M. D., of Cheviot, and a ^\'ell known citizen and physician of the county, was of Scotch descent and born in New York city April 28, 1807. His father, Nathaniel C, was born in Scotland September 27, 1772; was a physician; a man fond of letters and sci- entific researches, making the subject of natural history a specialty. He gave the subject of geology particular attention, and prepared manuscripts that should be put into book form. The inconveniences of the printing business in his day precluded the luxury of making many books, otherwise we would have something probably more tangible relating to the man. He also became proficient in mathematics, and after his coming to Hamilton county we hear of his making scientific surveys. He also surveyed the ground for the Cincinnati, Brookville and Harrison pike. About the year 1800 he left Scotland and settled in New York city, where he married a Miss IVIary Dickerson, of Ulster county, Pennsy- vania. The fruits of this union were seven children: Jane Wiley, whose husband, now deceased, was an old resident of the county; Fidelia, now dead; William Cullum, a soldier in the Me.\ican war, but now dead also; Na- thaniel, a lawyer in Sullivan, Illinois; Erasmus D. , subject of this sketch; Martha (dead), and Juliette, wife of Dr. Williams, of College Hill— both dead. Jane, Juliette, and Erasmus D. were born in New York, Erasmus being about four years of age when his father removed to Cincinnati, com- ing to Pittsburgh in wagons and from there to the city in flat-boats. The family did not remain long in Cincin- nati, but again removed, going to a farm twenty-two miles from Harrison, where they lived five years, and in 1817 moved into the town where Dr. Crook- shank spent most of his early life. He attended the schools of Millville and graduated in the high school course under David D. Monfort, after which he took a course of medicine under tl)e instruction of his father, and was examined and authorized to practice his profession by the board of medical examiners of Cincinnati — a method then in vogue, but abolished during the latter days of the society and just before the advent of the Ohio Medical college of Cincinnati. About this time— April 4, 1833— he was married to Miss Mary Lin- coln, daughter of Rev. Henry Lincoln, of Harrison, Ohio, and moved to Dorr Town, where, after a period of about five years in pursuit of his practice, he removed to Fairfield, Franklin county, Indiana, and there continued his profession also. This was about the time of the exciting political contest of 1840, and in which it was not strange to find a man like that of our subject— of strong will— of determined purpose— and marked traits of character, longing for a tilt in the affairs of our gov- ernment with those who sought the downfall of the party favoring his convictions. The opportunity for developing the strength of the man resulted in his election to the legislature of that State by the Democratic party, which was in 1844. There was an e.xciting' contest for United States Senator. It was .the session of 1844-5. The candidates before the Democratic caucus which had the majority were James H. Lane — afterwards of Kansas notoriety— and the Hon. Jesse D. Bright, now both deceased. The caucus was so evenly divided that Dr. Crook- shank had the casting vote, which he gave to Mr. Bright who was a senator for eighteen years afterwards. In view of the course pursued by Lane subsequently. Dr. Crookshank always congratulated himself on his choice. In 1849, shortly afterwards, he removed to Green township, Hamil- ton county, Ohio, and settled near Cheviot and again pursued his practice of medicine; but in 1859 the Democratic party in the county convention nominated him for the then lucrative office of county treasurer, supposed to be worth twenty-five thousand or thirty thousand dollars a year, and elected him over able and strong competitors. The county had been Republican the year before, having elected Henry Kessler sheriff by some twelve hundred majority. Nevertheless Dr. Crookshank was chosen treasurer by an equally large majority, and ser\'ed with great credit. His personal integ- rity was high and he carried it into his official relations. He was the soul of honor; he was brave and chivalrous, and sensitive to the highest degree to any point that affected a moral dere- lection of duty. He was ever true to principle, He was a Democrat in ad- versity as well as in prosperity, and always stood staunchly by its organi- zation. He was an unselfish and most liberal man, and charitable to the needy in his professional relations. He kept up with the progress of the age; was known to and most highly respected by the Democrats of this generation, as well as those who had preceded it. He was more than a physician; he was a highly cultivated and accomplished man of the world. His death, which occurred March 5, 1876, was undoubtedly hastened by a mishap on the cars while on his way to lUinois in 1865, since which time until his death his rugged nature and elastic step gave way to something less firm and buoyant. His practice in his profession was large, lucrative, and laborious. His death occurred just one year previous to that of his es- timable wife. The fruits of this marriage were three daughters— now living: Mary, Florence, and Adelaide; and four other children now dead— Genevieve, Katie, Henry Lincoln, and Lurtone. The first named was the oldest, and who is now the wife of George B. Tait, formeriy commission merchant, 196 West Sixth street, Cincinnati. He is at present a resident of the homestead property in Cheviot. Florence, is the wife of Mr. C. E. Laws, a wool merchant, who resides at Rich- mond, Indiana. Adelaide, the youngest, married George B. Mayer. They reside near Cheviot on part of the homestead. The history of Dr. Crookshank is one worthy of chronicling. He' was a well known and highly esteemed citizen in his day, and came of the earliest pioneer ancestry, making his life border on the earliest period of western history. Himself and father were also distinguished physicians of the county. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 3°5 family of old settlers and otherwise noted people, who came from the east about 1804 and settled near Cheviot. They were the first pioneers, and consequently were the first to erect school-houses, churches, establish roads, and otherwise improve the country. Mr. Carson lives comfortably in a nice homestead in Cheviot. Washington Markland is of Chestnut farm. Green township, on which place he has lived during a life of seventy-one years, excepting four years he resided in Piqua, Ohio, to educate his children. His father, Thomas Markland, and mother, Anna Maria, were born in Maryland; moved to Boone county, Kentucky, in 180 1 ; removed to the Chestnut farm (section thirty-two, Green township), in 1805, having then a family of seven children, viz: Elizabeth, Jonathan, Benjamin, John, William, Leah, and Noah; Martha, Washington, James, and Charles, were born on this farm; all are now dead biit Noah, Washington, and Charles. His hiother, Anna Maria Summers, was of Welsh de- scent; his father was of English origin; he died in the year 1825, May/ i8th, leaving Washington in charge of the family. His mother died in the year 1830. Thomas Markland, whose father was a companion of Daniel Boone, Kent and Cornelius Washburne, the lat- ter the grandfather of Hon. Washburne, of Illinois,' lived near the family after they came to Ohio; was intensely bitter towards the Indians and a great friend to Washing- ton, teaching him old battle songs when he was but four or five years of age. Washington Markland was married to Miss Mary Hammond, of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvariia, De- cember^ 24, 1829. Her father was a minister of the gos- pel in the Methodist Episcopal church. She lived a Christian life, dying triumphant in the faith, July 20, 1878. She was the mother of eight children, three of whom are now dead. He is now conscious of his end approaching, and is waiting in joy the time when he may have the privilege of crossing over to meet his beloved wife and others, who have gone before. He was born October 25, i8«9. The family records were destroyed by a dog, -and much valuable history of the foreparents is lost. Of his children two sons were in the late war. Albert was under General Butler on the Potomac, and Samuel who was in the cavalry service under General Kilpatrick, was taken prisoner, and for two nights and a day before Lee's surrender was confined in Libby prison. Mr. Markland has several relics of old times he highly prizes, viz: An Indian tomahawk of 1812; an iron kettle, ninety-nine years old; a grubbing hoe, seventy years old, and several parts of General Harrison's carriage. He still resides on the farm of his birthplace. William Murphy was born in New Jersey in 1800. From this State he was carried to Ohio, and began his life two years later in Springfield township. His death occurred in 1872, in Delhi township. The wife, Mary Ann Murphy, was born September 7, 1803, and died in 1863. The children, George and Margaret, are now re- sidents of Green township, and Theodore, Christopher *and Robert are living in Delhi township. George Hay is a farmer, residing near Bridgetown, Green township, and is also director and secretary of the Cleves Turnpike company. He was born on the twenty- third of August, 1837, received a good common school education, and has been honored by the people of his township in various positions of trust, having served three terms as township trustee, and been a member of the board of education; he is also a director and vice- president of the Harvest Home association. His father, Washington Hay, came from Baltimore about the year 1806, and purchased a farm near Bridgetown, a part of which George Hay now owns. Catharine Thurston was the wife of Joshua Thurston, deceased, and daughter of Henry Applegate, an old settler of Green township, who died in the year 1877, about eighty-six years of age. Her father, Mr. Apple- gate, was born in New Jersey, July i, 1791, came here in 1 81 2, and remained on Dry Ridge the remainder of his days, dying March 12, 1877; was a bricklayer and plasterer on Long Island, but, longing for the west, travelled on foot and by stage coach to Pittsburgh, where he purchased a skiff and from there came on to Cincin- nati, in which vicinity he lived for sixty years. He was the father of twelve children, of which Catharine was the second. Her husband, Joshua Thurston was a minute man during the war; he died in St. Louis, in 1865, since which time Mrs. Thurston has resided on the old home- stead place. Joseph Epley was a native of Pennsylvania, and emi- grated from that State to Ohio, and settled in this town- ship, on sections ten and eleven. He died here in 1835. His wife, Sarah Eply, lived till the year 1876. James Eply, the oldest son, resides in Green township; the sec- ^ond child, Joseph, is a resident of Kansas; and the youngest, Ann Barries, is in Colrain township. James has held the office of justice of peace for twenty-six years, he was also township trustee for two terms. Emily Wood, wife of Emerson Wood, deceased, lives near Dent. Her husband was two years of age when his father settled in Green township, one mile northeast from the village, on one hundred acres of good land. They were married in 1832; in 1875 he died. The fruits of their marriage were four children^three sons and one daughter. The daughter and two sons are teachers; one son is now taking a course in the Normal school at Lebanon, Ohio. One son is married. William H. Markland is the third son living of the old pioneer Jonathan Markland, who "settled on the Cleves road, near Dry Ri3ge, in the year 1815. Here they be- gan life, a family of thirteen children on a farm of ninety- five acres. Jonathan was born in Virginia in the year 1791, from which State he came. William H. began business in Bridgetown, where he remained two and one- half years — this was in 1850 — then moved to Iowa, but returned again m the year 1853, to Dry Ridge, where he has remained ever since, in charge of a store. He also owns land on Cleves pike; was married in the year 1850. Isaac'' W. Stathem, of the firm of Isaac and David Stathem, grocers in Cheviot, succeeded their father in this business, opening out on a somewhat more extensive scale, in the year 1865. His father, David E. Statiiem, came 3o6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. to Green township in 1817, and was a teacher for a number of years, during which time the public school system not being in vogue, a general interest was awak- ened in the cause of education by a private school he conducted with great success, having for his patronage many of the first citizens of Green township. He kept grocery afterwards for a period of about thirty years, be- ginning in 1824. He died in 1853. He came from New Jersey, and is, probably, of English origin; was born May 12, 1792. His sons were soldiers in the late war. David E. Stathem first settled in Green township in 1817. He was born in 1792, in Cumberland county. New Jersey, from which State he emigrated to Ohio. His death occurred in 1867, at Cheviot. In 1817 he was a school teacher, when the country was a wilderness. A list of the patrons of his school and the number of pupils sent by each may be of interest in this connection. Providence Ludlamor, i; John Bacon, 4; Robert Dare, I ; James Smith, 2 ; Samuel Anderson, i ; Louis Thor- nell, 3; James Turner, 2; Thomas Brown, 2; John Craig, 3; John Miller, 3; Roswell Fenton, 2; Ephraim Stathem, I ; Benjamin Benn, 2 ; David Congar, 2 ; Achsah Car- son, 2 ; John Congar, i ; Mathias Johnson, 4 ; Mary Cain, I ; Thomas Marshal, 3 ; Nathaniel Ryan, 2 ; Noah Smith, 2; Jonathan R. Tucker, i ; William Gain, 2; Elisha Fay, 6; Hugh Goudy, i; Abner Scudder, 2; John Red- ish, 4, John Jones, i; Francis Holt, i; Elijah Brown 2; George Smith, i. For twenty-one years he was township treasurer, when he resigned. Christian name of his wife was Dorcas Hildreth. Names of surviving members of the family are: Isaac W., Jacob H., and David T., all of Cheviot; and Phoebe, who died in 187 1. James Veazey resides on part of section seven. Green township, near VVestwood, where he moved in 1870. - His father came from Delaware to Ohio, settling in Clermont county in 1812. In 1824 he purchased a farm in Spring Grove; he died in 1876, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. James was born in 18 18, bought his present home- stead in 1852, and was married to Miss Williams, daugh- ter of an old settler, in 1870. He is a farmer. S. S. Jackson was born in Philadeljjhia in 1803. He came to Ohio from New York city, and made his first settlement in Green township, in the year 1826. His wife, Elizabeth Jackson, was born- in 1807. Of his seven children, only two are still living: Mary Jackson and Julia Herrick, both in Green township. John was wounded at Vicksburgh and died, Isaac and Lewis were drowned. The remaining two that are not alive are Elizabeth and Debby. Mr. Jackson has in his pos- session a journal of his grandfather, Mr. William Jack- son, dated August 26, 1768, at Philadelphia; also, a weather record kept by his father, Isaac H. Jackson, three times each day, for the years between 1813 and 1842. F. H. Ofhlmann, of the law firm of Oehlmann & Lun- dy, room 24 Temple Bar, northwest corner of Court and Main streets, Cincinnati, Ohio, was born January 13, 1848, on Race street, Cincinnati. His father came to this county when but fourteen years of age (1833), and died October 3, 1875, at the age of fifty-eight years; his mother is still living. F. H. Oehlmann received a good common school education in the public schools of Cincin- nati, perfecting his course in the Woodard high school at the age of seventeen years. Following his course in school, he obtained employment as clerk in the record- er's office, court house, where he remained for a period of eight years, when he went into the practice of law, and is to-day the senior member of the firm of Oehl- mann & Lundy. He, with his parents, removed from Cincinnati to Westwood in the spring of 1865, where he still resides. He was elected as assessor of Green town- ship when he was but twenty-one years of age, defeating a worthy and popular citizen in the election. He was elected member of the council of the village of West- wood, in which capacity he served until the spring of 1878, when he was elected mayor of said village, and was reelected in 1880, and is at present the presiding ofhcer of that village. He married Miss Augusta Patzold in 1871, from which union he has been blessed with several children. Joseph Siefert was born December 11, 1810, at Baden, Germany. Coming directly from that country to Ohio, he settled in Cincinnati in 1834. For eight years he was a member of the city council, twelve years director of the Longview Lunatic asylum, and two terms, or twelve years, president of the Cincinnati Relief union, of which soci- ety he was a member for twenty-one years. -He paid the relief fund to the soldiers' widows during thirteen years, for five years was appointed by the governor, and the re mainder of the time held the place through the council. His wife, Elizabeth Siefert, was born in Europe Novem- ber I, 1813, and died December 7, 1875. Of ^^^ seven children, Charles only remains a resident of this township. Elizabeth Huy resides in Richmond, Indiana, and Ellen Drum, Rosa Hegle, Mary, Josephine, and Frank Joseph, are in Cincinnati. D. R. Herrick was born in 1S43, ^^ Summit county, Ohio. He became a resident of Green township in 1876. His family consists of his wife — Mrs. Julia Herrick — and his two children, Sidney and Edna. Dr. G. H. Musekamp was born in Prussia in 1802. He arrived in Cincinnati in 1837, after a protracted jour- ney of forty-two weeks, by sea, land, canal, and river. His death occurred in 1874, at his home in Green town- ship. He was one of the earliest German physicians of Cincinnati, practiced principally minor surgery. At his death he was one of the oldest German physicians in Hamilton county. He left Cincinnati and moved into Green township in 1850. Mrs. Musekamp (Charlotte Guttemuller) was born in 1803, and died in 1845. Their family consists of Louisa, now living in Goshen, Cler- mont county, and Elizabeth, Sophia, and Dr. George H. W., all three of Green township. Enoch Jacobs was born at Marlborough, Vermont, in 1809. He emigrated from New York to Ohio in 1843, and settled in Cincinnati. His wife. Electa Jacobs, was born in 1812. Their children are Electa and E. George, both living at Mount Airy. Mr. Jacobs was, at one time, appointed consul to Montevideo, South America, and acted as minister, in the absence of this officer, for one SIDNEY S. JACKSON. Sidney S. Jackson, a horticulturist of Green town- ship, was born in the year 1803 in the city of Philadelphia. His father, Isaac H. Jackson, was a native of that city, and was bred to the mercantile profession. In 1804 he removed to New York, where he established himself in that business and continued in the same until the breaking out of the last war with Great Britain, when he sold out and quit the business altogether. In 1813 he removed his family to the State of Ohio, pijrchased three quarter sections in Green township,and after settling upon them remained there until his death, which occurred in the seventy-ninth year of his age, Octo- ber 20, 1849. Although Mr. Jackson was unacquainted with the business of farming he soon gained sufficient knowl- edge of it to support his family very nicely by that kind of employment, and, notwithstanding much of his time was taken up with com- mercial transactions of life, there were few men of his day who found time to read so extensively as he had done ; very fewjnen read so much to so good advantage, he becoming simply by his fondness for reading a walk- ing history of the transac- tions of his . country and of matters pertaining to his government ever since he arrived at the age of matu- rity. He was also des- ignated by his fellows as a leader in the affairs of his county, having held among other offices that of com- missioner of Hamilton dis- trict. Mr. Sidney S. Jack- son received some education in Long Island before com- ing west,but it was limited, as he was but ten years old when he left for Ohio, which was but a barren wild region for great schools or col- leges ; nor had he ample opportunities for receiving much of the log cabin instruction then in vogue, but was compelled to be content with what he could obtain from contact with the world and by reading good books and papers. He remained with his father until the age of maturity and in the year 1826 married Miss Eliza- beth Hutchinson, whose father, John Hutchinson, was an early settler of Whitewater near Harrison; he came to Cincinnati about 1807, and to this place one year before she was born ; she is now in the seventy-fourth year of her age. In 1830 Mr. Jack- son began the nursery business, and his green-house established then is now one of the oldest" in the United States. He deals extensively in rare exotic plants, and is a widely and well known horticulturist of the great west. He was one of the founders of the Horticultural society of Cincinnati, and has been identified with it many years. His farm consists of about eighty acres of which his nursery comprises thirty plat of this acres, and contains three green-houses. He has also one of the best amateur workshops in the country; formerly he was divided in his inclinations for fol- lowing the floral business with that of the mechan- ical ; being of an ingenious turn of mind he was capable of handling tools in many kinds of man- ufacture, and has his shop well supplied with them. Mr. Jackson has now but two children living — having lost three sons, two of whom, John H. and Isaac H., born July 22, 1836, were twins, and were much alike, the family al- ways found difficulty in distinguishing them apart. They were much in each other's company, dressed alike, and took pride in their similarity of resemblance; their loss to the family was keenly felt. John H, was shot during the desper- ate attack his regiment, the Eighty-third Ohio volun- teers, made at Vicksburgh, and from the effects of which he died. He had received a flesh wound at Arkansas Post, and could have received a furlough to come home, but preferred to remain, and soon after en- gaged in the siege of Vicks- burgh. He was sent to the Cincinnati hospital, but died a few days after reaching that place. The Cincinnati Horticultural society, Peter Gibson in the chair, upon receiving news of this sad occurrence, passed resolutions very eulogistic of his character, both as a citizen and as a member of that body. Isaac, the other twin, and his brother Lewis, the youngest of the family, were drowned in the Big Miami, while bathing. They were in company with a number of their companions on a gala ex- cursion, but the brothers going too near a whirlpool were drawn in and under one after the other and were lost before help could reach them, and thus lost their lives. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson lately celebrated their golden wedding. Rev. Mr. Challen, the pastor who officiated at the former nuptials fifty years before, was present to sanctify the occasion and assist in bringing remembrance of the former times. MRS. SIDNEY S. JACKSON. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 307 and a half years. He was also a member of the Walnut Hill school board, and laid the corner stone ffi the first school building built under the free school law. When the late war broke out he entered the army with four sons, two of whom were killed, one at Chancellorsville, the other murdered. He was in the first battle of the west at Vienna, and served, at one time, as a member of the staff. Colonel Kemple and himself had the honor of receiving twelve shots from the artillery, they being the only mark. William Taylor was born in Schuylkill count y, Penn- sylvania, in i792j fro'^ which State he emigrated to Ohio, and settled in Delhi. In 1875 he died, in Green town- ship. His wife, Nancy J. Taylor, is still living, as are also his four children, William E., David J., Robert, and Joshua P. George Frondorf was born in Germany, came from that country to Ohio, and made settlement in Green township in the year 1840. Here he died at the age of seventy-three. F. Frondorf came with his father, and has lived in this township since 1840. He is the owner of the largest single tract of land lying in the township — two hundred and forty-three acres. In 1847 ^^ ^^s jjiar- ried to Mary Frondorf, who is still living. His daughter, Mary, and son, George, both reside here, and Caroline is at St. Mary's convent, Cincinnati. Charles Ries was born in Germany in 1826, and emi- grated to Ohio and settled in Cincinnati in the year 1853, In 1877 he removed to Green township. While in his native land he belonged to the army. His wife, Eva Ries, was born in 1830, and is still alive. His children, Charles Ries, jr., William, and Lizzie, remain also in the same township. Willia m Muller ca me to Cincinnati in 1 844 . He was born in Germany, and on emigrating to America came to Ohio at once. In 1874 he died in Green township, where his last home was located. His wife was Catharine Mul- ler. The children are William, Frank, Louis, Rosina, Mary, and Adam. William is still living in Green town- ship; Frank and Lewis near Taylor's creek; Rosina at the Four Mile house; Mary, near the New Baltimore pike; and Adam, near Lick run. Isaac Townsend, formerly the well known dairyman near Cheviot, came from Springborough, Warren county, where he was born in the year 1829; lived for a while in Clinton county, Ohio, where he kept a grocery. In i860 he started his dairy, and at first began the business on a small scale, but afterwards increased it to larger di- mensions. In 1880 he sold out his interest in the busi- ness to his brother, since which time he has been a farmer. He lives near Cheviot, and is nicely situated on what is known as the Rose Hill farm. Mr. Townsend began life a poor boy, and was bound out until sixteen years of age, but by industry and perseverance has been successful in securing for himself finally a good home- stead. He is a Quaker. Thomas J. Bradford, of Dent, Green township, lives on the homestead owned by his father, John Bradford, who came from Ireland. M. T. J. Bradford, in the year 1876, married Miss Lydia Hart. George W. Davis, is of the firm of Townsend & Davis, proprietors of an extensive dairy one mile south of Cheviot. Thomas Morgan was born in North Wales in 18 14; came to the United States in 1839, and since the year 1840 has been proprietor of a large lumber-yard on the corner of Twelfth and Plum streets, Cincinnati. The business has been to him a very profitable one, out of which he has made a fortune. Soon after coming to Cincinnati he was married to Miss Lucinda P. Terry, a native of Virginia, and is the father of two children — a Bon and a daughter. The son, John W. Morgan, was in the service, first as a Heutenant and finally as quarter- master Mr. Morgan owns a beautiful property in West- wood. Joseph M. Rearden, of Cheviot, formerly county com- missioner of Hamilton county, is of Irish descent, his father, Thomas R., having come from Ireland in 1812, leaving Limerick and coming by the way of England, where he stayed a while; landed in Philadelphia, where Joseph was born, in 1837, on the nineteenth of March. In 1852, Thomas removed to Green township, one mile west of Dent. Mr. Rearden completed his studies about the year 1851, in St. Xavier's college, Cincinnati, and then went south, making application to General Walker to enter the fillibuster service, but was not received on account of his age. From 1852 until 1875 he followed the bus- iness of farming, since which time his county has called him to various offices of trust. After the war, begin- ning in 1865, he served three terms as trustee of the township, was also deputy treasurer, member of the board of education, and in October, 1875, was elected county commissioner, serving until 1877, and receiving a county majority of 1,713, and a township majority of 146. He was married to Mary E. Miller in 1857. Charley B. Lewis, proprietor of a bakery and lunch room at 194, West Sixth street, came from Portsmouth, Ohio, to Cincinnati in the year 1861. His father, Thomas C. Lewis, now living, owned the rolling-mills of that place, the only one west of Pittsburgh, in which mills Charley learned the business of machinest. The prop- erty is now owned by his brother-in-law, George Baylis, who is probably one of the wealthiest men in the State. Mr. Lewis was for three years after coming to Cincin- nati a driver of a bakery wagon, for which he received one dollar per day. From this he was promoted to a clerkship, and in 1866 he bought out the entire business, since which time he has run it himself He also owns the building at 206. Rev. Gottleib Brandstetter, pastor of the First German Evangelical Protestant church of Green township, was born in Rhein Baiern, Bavaria, in 1830. He belongs to a family of ministers. Gottlieb came alone to America and took a course in theology, completing his studies in 1856, after which he engaged in the ministerial work at Peppertown, near Evansville, Indiana, and other places. He came here May i, 1876, and has since had charge of the congregation and Sabbath-school, acting as its superin- tendent. He also gives instruction three days in each week to the children of his congregation, who are taking a course 3o8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. preparatory to confirmationT The church building, a fine brick structure, was erected in the year 1871, in which, service and Sabbath-school have been held ever since. A graveyard of some four acres lies just back of the building. He was married July 24, 1857, to Miss Catharine Wittkamper, of Cincinnati. This union has been blessed with five children — four sons and one daughter. One son, Henry, born in 1859, died in 1880, and was a most promising young man. He possessed a natural genius for drawing, taking up the art and com- pleting the course almost without the aid of instruction. He, however, spent one year in Cooper Institute, New York. He was engraver for Stillman & Co., Front and Vine streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. He has left some beau- tiful sketchings, of which a "Scene on the Ohio," "Church Yard Scene," "Lick Run Church," show a master hand in the work. He was also of great assist- ance to his father in his church work — being a musician and of great use in Sabbath-school service. As the pride of the Bransdtetter home, he was much missed in that circle. Rev. Brandstetter is exercising a great in- fluence for good among his people of Cheviot, of which his people are proud. Elizabeth Bates, wife of Joshua Bates, railroad con- tractor, resides in Mount Airy, Green township. Mr. Bates removed to his present elegant homestead in 1859. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. John Bates (son) was a soldier in the cavalry service under Kilpatrick, during the late war. Enoch Jacobs was born in the town of Marlborough, State of Vermont, June 30, 1809, and was married to Electa Whitney, of said town, June 22, -1831. His father, Nathan Jacobs, was born in Connecticut in 1762, and emigrated to Vermont in 1799. He was a soldier in the War of the Revolution. He married Sarah, the daughter of Captain John Clark, of revolutionary fame, about the year 1784. SlTe was a native of Old Hadley, Massachusetts. The subject of this sketch emigrated to Brooklyn, New York, in 1827, where he engaged in me- chanical pursuits till 1843, when he removed with his family to Cincinnati. Between that time and the break- ing out of the civil war in 1 861, he was engaged in the manufacture of iron work, being junior partner in the firm of Vallean & Jacobs. The people of the south be- ing their largest customers, financial ruin followed. His oldest son, Enoch George, enlisted in the Second Ohio volunteer infantry, three months' service, and was in the battle of Bull Run. He afterwards enlisted in the Twelfth Kentucky volunteer infantry, Federal regiment, where he was commissioned first lieutenant, and was in the battle at Mill Spring and the siege of Knoxville. He reenlisted as a veteran and served till the army reached Jonesborough, when his health failed, and he resigned his commission. His second son, Henry C, enlisted in the Fifth Ohio volunteer infantry, and served till his death. His third son, Nathan, enlisted in the Twelfth Ken- tucky volunteer infantry, and was commissioned first lieutenant in company I of Third regiment. He was a brave and gallant young ofificer. While temporarily ab- sent from his regiment he was waylaid and murdered by a bushwhacker, near Somerset, Kentucky, about the twentieth of February, 1863. The elder Jacobs was for a time with the First and Second Ohio infantry regiments, comprising Schenck's ^brigade, and took part in the battle at Vienna, where oc- curred the first bloodshed in the war south of the Poto- mac. He afterwards identified himself with the Twelfth Kentucky, commanded by Colonel W. A. Hoskins, and recruited men for it, in which two of his sons hold com- missions. He took part in the battle of Mill Spring, and wrote the first published account of that battle. It appeared in the Cincinnati Commercial, and was copied by papers all over the country, and in Europe. A month later he took part in the battle at Fort Don- elson, having obtained a position on the staff of Colonel Bausenwein, commanding the brigade on the left of the right wing under General McClernand, and with a detail of twelve men Mr. Jacobs accepted the surrender of two rebel batteries. About a month later while on his way to join the Twelfth Kentucky en route from Nashville to Pittsburgh Landing, a railroad accident occurred at Green rivef bridge, Kentucky, in which he permanently lost the use of his right arm. In 1863 he was elected justice of the peace in Mill Creek township, and served till he removed with what was left of his family to Waynesville, Warren county, in 1865. He resided at Walnut Hills from 1847 till 1865, and took a leading part in organiz- ing in that place the first free school in the State under the school law of 1849 ^^^ its amendment in 1850. He served nine years as trustee and secretary of the board with the late Dr. Allen of Lane seminary as president. In the winter of 1870-71 he accompanied the Govern- ment commission, on the United States steamer Tennes- see, to Santo Domingo as the special correspondent of the Cincinnati Commercial. He travelled extensively over the island, and no correspondent went where he did not. The following winter, 1871-72, he returned to Santo Domingo, in the interests of the Cincinnati Commercial and New York Tribu9ie. During that winter he gathered much testimony as to the alleged com- plicity of high officials in a scheme of speculation in connectionwith a proposition of our Government to pur- chase the island. This has been hitherto withheld from the public. In January, 1873, he was appointed United States Consul to Montevideo, in the republic of Uruguay, South America. The United States Minister, Mr. Stevens, being absent, the work of the legislation devolved upon him in addition to the duties of the consulate. As the country was cursed with constant revolutions, it required all his energies in extending protection to American citi- zens; but the work was faithfully done. In 1874 he came home for his family (wife and daughter) by way of Europe, and with them returned by the same route to his post of duty. His health failing he resigned his com- mission and came home by way of Europe in June, 1876. In October or that year he removed to Mount Airy, and finished his official life with six months' service as mayor of that village. >tS;'- V '-rr^-x^^. 'fi^^i^e'C 0*£^$?^«^^j;0 d-a^i-ai G. H. W. MUSEKAMP, M. D. G. H. W. Musekamp, a practicing physician of Cheviot, was born November 17, 1840. His father, George Henry Musekamp, was also a member of the medical fraternity, being a native of Prussia. He was born June 27, 1802, and is indebted to that country for a good literary and medical education ; also for a good, amiable, loving Christian wife and mother, formerly Miss Johanna Goettenmul- ler. A few years after marriage the family set sail for America and landed with three daughters, one being born on the sea, in the city of Baltimore. This was in the year 1837; but they soon left that city, and in a wagon made the tedi- ous journey over the AUeghanies, and in the winter of that year arrived in Cincinnati. They located first on Abigail street, one door east of Main, at which place the sub- ject of our sketch was bdrn. They next moved to Race street, between Fourteenth and Fif- teenth streets, before which latter removal, however, the wife and mother died. She was born June 11, 1804, and died February 14, 1845. In 1849 the family removed to Green township, where Dr. Muse- kamp spent the remainder of his days in the ardu- ous pursuit of his profession. His death occurred August 31, 1874, leaving a familj^ of four children. Dr. G. H. W. Musekamp received a good, liberal education in the private, the free schools, and in the high schools of Cincinnati, after which he taught for one year, 1856-57, in Clermont county, in Goshen, near Charleston. He then pursued a thorough med- ical course of instruction under his father, and Dr. George C. Blackman, of Cincinnati, and graduated in the Ohio Medical college in the year 1 86 1 , receiving the de- gree of M.D. In 1 861 he was married to Miss Maria H. Elizabeth Hilge of Cincinnati, and what is singular in the history of this couple they were both born in the same house, and immediate- ly afterwards the doc- tor settled in Cheviot, where he has practiced his profession ever since, it now being about twenty years, during which time he has been successful in building up a large and extensive practice. He is of an agreeable dis- position, noted for his cordiality and warmth of feel- ing, and this added to his efficiency in his profession has made him a host of warm friends. In politics he has been a warm supporter of the Union cause as ad- vocated by the Republican party. He takes a lively interest in public matters and despite his heavy prac- tice has been elected to and filled several offices, hav- ing filled that of township treasurer several times. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 309 BRIDGETOWN. This is a village a little over a mile west of Cheviot, just half way across the township from east to west, and two miles and a half from the south line. It is on the Cleves turnpike, half a mile west of the junction of the Harrison pike, and the Cincinnati & Westwood narrow- guage railroad comes up to the Cleves road about mid- way between the village and the junction of the turn- pikes. St. Aloysius' (Catholic) church is located here, with its parochial school of about fifty pupils, and a con- fraternity of the same name, all under the pastoral care of the Rev. Father Bernard Mutting. CEDAR GROVE is a locality in the extreme southwest part of the town- ship, about the headwarters of Lick run, and extending into the city upon the Warsaw turnpike. The Young Ladies' academy of St. Vincent de Paul, conducted by the Sisters of Charity, is in this grove, but within the city, at a place called "The Cedars," where a sister of Mary Hewitt, the famous English authoress formerly resided and wrote the charming letter, afterwards em- bodied in a little work entitled Our Cous'ins in Ohio. CHEVIOT. This is an old place, founded by an early settler named John Craig in 18 18, and was incorporated March 2 1 St, of that year. It is pleasantly situated upon the hills west of the Mill Creek valley, on the Harrison turnpike, a mile and a half west of the township line. It had seventy-one inhabitants in 1830, and three hun- dred and twenty-five fifty years afterwards. In his later years the Hon. Samuel Lewis, the famous philanthropist and educator, long of Cincinnati, resided near Cheviot, upon a farm he owned there. He con- tinued his labors for humanity almost to the end of life, often preaching in the neighboring churches. He died upon his place here, after a long career of usefulness, July 28, 1854. At Cheviot, on the Fourth of July, 1832, there was a noteworthy celebration. Fenton's Cheviot infantry and Palmerton's Delhi infantry made a brave parade, escort- ing the orator of the day. General William Henry Har- rison, to the Presbyterian church, where the exercises took place. Mr. Enoch Carson was reader of the dec- laration, and the Rev. Messrs. Williamson and Biddle were the chaplains of the day. Messrs. Price and Car- penter served as committeemen. The dinner was at Rush's hotel, where the popular old time song, "The Death of Warren," was given amid much applause. At the celebration of 1841, at the same place. Judge Moore was president. Rev. George Cott, chaplain, W. J. Carson, reader, and Dr. J. D. Talbott, orator. The day seems to have gone off gallantly and pleasantly enough. COVEDALE is a small place on the township line, one mile west of the southeast corner, half a mile northwest of Warsaw, and on the road connecting that place with the Five Corners. DENT is a village on the south fork of Taylor's creek and the Harrison turnpike, two miles and a half northwest of Cheviot, and two miles from the northern and western township lines, respectively. It has about two hundred inhabitants. Here lives the Hon. Charles Reemelin, formerly member of Congress, who is noticed at consid- erable length in the chapter on the German element in Cincinnati, in the second division of this work. DRY RIDGE is a hamlet of probably fifty inhabitants, on the Cleves turnpike, a mile west of Bridgetown, at the junction of that highway with the road down the south fork of Tay- lor's creek. The Ebenezer church and a school-house are situated at this point. FIVE CORNERS. This locality, with a little scatter of houses, is at the junction of three country roads, on the dividing line of sections eight and fourteen, a mile and a half south of Cheviot, and the same distance northwest of Covedale. MOUNT AIRY includes a tract of more than three square miles, lying mostly in Mill Creek township, in the chapter devoted to whose history it wDl be more particularly noticed. Five hundred and seventy-nine of its acres are in this town- ship. ST. Jacob's, in the extreme north of the township, a mile and two- thirds west of the northeast corner-, and a mile from the Colerain pike, on the projected Cincinnati & Venice rail- road, has a population of about one hundred, and a flourishing Catholic church and school. sheartown. This is a village near the extreme northwest corner of the township, with fifty to seventy-five inhabitants, a church, and a school. It is on the Harrison turnpike and the main stream of Taylor's creek. WEISENBURGH. WeisenburgK is a small place inhabited chiefly by Ger- mans, one mile south of St. Jacob's, and two miles and a half north of Cheviot, on the surveyed route of the Cincinnati & Venice railroad. WESTWOOD. This considerable suburb covers, with residences and grounds, more or less thickly, nearly four sections, being the whole of sections two, three and eight, the eastern half of section nine, and part of section fourteen, being in all two thousand three hundred and twenty-five acres. Along the east line of section two, it immediately adjoins the city in its northwest part. The Cincinnati & West- wood narrow guage railway runs for about two miles through the southern part of the suburb. The village was incorporated in 1868. Among its earlier mayors were John Gaines, 1869-70; F. H. Oehl- mann, 1871; Thomas Wills, 1872-4. It had seven hun- dred and fifty-two inhabitants in 1880. THE HARVEST HOME. A few enterprising residents of Green township started the first Harvest Home organization in the county, which still maintains its annual meetings with great interest and success. On the Fourth of July, i860, a little group of 3IO HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. citizens, comprizing Messrs. R. H. Fenton, W. L. Carson and N. Gregory, happening to meet in one of the central groves of the township, the suggestion of a regular Har- vest Home was started by Mr. Fenton, and cordially ac- ceded to by the others. Several townships had previously made spasmodic experiments in this direction, but had all proved failures after a short run. The foundations of the new Harvest Home were more strongly laid. Judge Robert Moore was secured as president, and dratted the original constitution of the Home. Mr. Samuel W. Car- son, now vice-president, was also the first to fill this office. Mr. Joseph B. Boyd was secretary; Nehemiah Gregory, treasurer; S. W. Carson, R. H. Fenton, James Wise, Samuel Benn and James Veasey were directors. A very hopeful organization was thus effected. The next thing was to obtain memberships, at fifty cents apiece, and to this the principal officers of the Home addressed themselves. It was uphill business for a time, but finally good results were reached, especially by Mr. Fenton, who had obtained a large number of memberships in the city. The first gathering to celebrate the "Harvest Home" was held the next year, August i6, 1861, in Carson's grove, half a mile north of Cheviot, where most or all of the annual reunions have been held. The Home has since never failed of its annual celebration, and has never ex- perienced a wet or unfavorable day at the appointed time. The last meeting was in Carson's grove, August 25, 1880, when at least ten thousand people were present (it is said that there are never less than ten thousand at the meetings), and a number of excellent and interesting speeches were made. An exhibition of grain, vegetables, fruit, flowers, garden products, bread, butter and other articles grown or made in the township, is nowadays held in connection with the Home, with premiums as at the annual fairs, and the managers think of adding a series of prizes for stock, poultry, improvement in farming im- plements and other exhibits. The reunions are always accompanied with a bountiful banquet, dancing upon a platform erected for that purpose and owned by the so- ciety, and other amusements. Liquor is never sold at the celebrations, so far as is known. Mr. E. C. Reemelin is now president of the home. No political or sectarian matters are allowed in any way to enter into its oper- ations. HISTORICAL NOTES. Green township has just twice and a half the number of inhabitants it had a half century ago. The census of 1830 developed a population of one thousand nine hun- dred and eighty-five in the township; that of 1870 showed four thousand three hundred and fifty-six; of 1880, six thousand six hundred and eighty-nine. At one time, in the early day, nearly the whole tract now covered by Green township was sold at sheriff''s sale for seventy-five dollars. After the original proprietorship of Bendinot & Sims, it was owned mainly by Generals Harrison and Findlay, and Judge Burnet, of Cincinnati, for whom it was sold out in parcels by the father of Col- onel E. T. Carson, now chief of pohce in that city. Biographical Sketches. THOMAS WILLS, ESQ. This venerable gentleman, one of the best known citizens of the village of Cheviot in this township, is of Irish lineage on both sides of his family. His paternal grandfather, James Wills, immigrated from Ireland to the new world about the year 1780, with a brother, and settled in eastern Pennsylvania for a time, but shortly afterwards removed to the present Fleming county, Kentucky, upon or near the site of Flemingsburgh. He was among the earliest pioneers to this part of the "dark and bloody ground," and was driven from his improve- ments by the marauding savages as many as three times, once being obliged to remain away for the period of two years. When preparing for flight, Mr. Wills was com- pelled to bring all his farming utensils in which there was iron, to prevent their falling into the hands of the Indians. He had many troubles with the redskins, and for a long period could hardly consider his life secure at any mo- ment. James Wills is believed to have been a native of county Down, Ireland, so also was the maternal grand- father, George Dowler. He came to this country in 1790, and likewise located in eastern Pennsylvania, where he died some years afterwards. His son, George Dowler, jr., was a man of marked ability, and became a promi- nent minister in the Methodist Episcopal church. When his family removed westward, he was kept behind in Wheeling, through his mother's fear of the Indians, and grew to manhood in that place. After the death of the elder Dowler, his widow married James Grimes, of east- ern Pennsylvania. They removed to Hagerstown, in the same State, and remained there until 1795, when they came to Newtown, in Anderson township, Hamilton county, Ohio, being among the very first settlers of this region. Here Mr. Grimes spent the remainder of his days, in the peaceful pursuits of agriculture, and died about four years after his immigration. Samuel, son of James, and father of Thomas Wills, was born at the pioneer home near Flemingsburgh, Ken- tucky. He learned the trade of a stone-mason, and became proficient in all branches of the business. About 1808 he went to Newtown, in search of work, and there met Miss Mary, daughter of James Grimes and Mrs. Dowler Grimes, aforesaid, whom he married the next year. He died in 1822, when Thomas was but seven years old. About two years afterwards Mrs. Wills was united in marriage to William Hatfield, a shoemaker at Newtown. Thomas was the third son of the previous union. Upon the remarriage of his mother, he lived with his grandmother three years, and then returned home, where he learned the trade of shoemaking with his stepfather, and followed it in the paternal shop until the age of seventeen, when he left Newtown. In 1839 he removed to Cheviot, in Green township. Nine years after he was married to Miss Eliza Richardson, by whom he has had seven children, of whom three are still living. He continued the boot and shoe business and remained THOMAS WILLS. FRANK FRONDORF. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 3" at it as long as he was able to work. He was soon called, however, to the performance of public duties, in which he was more or less engaged all the rest of his life. When he settled in Cheviot that region was almost entirely isolated, and material for official service was rather scarce; he was hence, in a manner, forced into prominent positions which he would not voluntarily- have asked or accepted. For twenty-nine years he was a jus- tice of the peace in this township, retaining remarkable popularity, and commanding general approval by the integrity and impartiality of his decisions. For thirty- one years, the entire period of a generation of the human race, he was postmaster at Cheviot. In 1865 he was chosen by his fellow citizens to a yet more responsible position, as director of the county infirmary, and was thrice reelected, serving in all, three terms in that posi- tion, with entire acceptance to his associates of the board and to his constituents. He then declined further service, on account of increasing infirmities and disabili- ties; and has since declined to assume official duties. He died Sunday, February 27, 1881, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, leaving abundance of proof that the sunset of his life was as glorious and peaceful as had been the purity of his relations toward his -fellow men. FRANK FRONDORF. Frank Frondorf, an enterprising farmer,, lives about two miles from Cheviot, Green township, on the Cleves turnpike. His farm consists of over two hundred acres of choice lands, which he has secured for a homestead, having bought the same in parts at different times as op- portunity and business prosperity would permit. His father, George Frank Frondorf, his wife Catharine, Elizabeth, their daughter, and four sons, Phillip, Frank, Christopher, and Henry — the youngest who died soon after their arrival — left Hesse Darmstadt in the year 1840, and after landing in New York made their way to the State of Iowa, where the father and part of the family remained. Frank Frondorf came back to Ohio after a short stay of three months, and began life working for himself, re- maining thereafter in Hamilton county. He was born the tenth of March, 18 19; was about twenty-one years of age when he first began working for R. H. Fenton, who kept the tavern at the Seven Mile house. After a stay here of three years he worked about five years at the Buckeye house for Reid & Anderson, who were pro- prietors. During the second year of his stay at the last named place he became acquainted with Miss Mary Elizabeth Kcelling, from Melle Hanover, who came to this country alone in the year 1842, arriving first in New Orleans, from there coming to Cincinnati, where she married Mr. Frondorf in the year 1846. She was born December 26, 1818. The young couple, after working two or three years longer in the hotel, added their pennies together and bought eighty acres of the present home- stead, to which they added, at different times, from thirty to fifty acres, until finally the farm increased to two hundred and forty acres, the amount of which he owns at present. He also worked two years at the Mill Creek house. This was previous to going to the Buckeye hotel, and making in all several years service as a hired hand, by which he saved earnings sufficient to start him as a farmer. After Mr. Frondorf moved to his farm the young couple began a system of labor and economy that laid the basis of their future wealth. They not only worked and economized, being sparing of their earnings, but they added improvements, from time to time, to their little home until now their beautiful place somewhat re- sembles a miniature town. They not only have an ele- gant mansion (the second one, the first burned down) for the rest and repose of themselves, but by a singular foresight, common only to the most industrious and thriving classes of society, have looked as closely after the wants and necessities of their stock and domestic brutes as to themselves. Phillip, the oldest brother, joins farms with Frank. He came to America in 1837. George Frank Frondorf, the father, lived in Iowa until 1856. His wife died in 1843. He was a shoemaker, and also owned a fine farm, but seemed never contented in America, and died in the seventy-third year of his age in the year 1856. The last two years of his life were spent with his son Frank in Ohio. Mr. Frondorf has also been a useful member of so- ciety in various ways. He was the founder and chief supporter of the Catholic church in Cheviot, being not only the prime mover but a munificent giver until the church building was erected and the church established, having furnished the brick for the building himself. He is the father of three children. The son has charge of the farm entire, Mr. Frondorf having retired from busi- ness altogether. One daughter is a member of the Sisters of Charity; the other remains at home. DANIEL ISGRIG. Daniel Isgrig, of Dent, Green township, is one of the oldest residents of the county, having been born June 30, 1796, in Baltimore county, Maryland, and most of the time since which period has resided in the immedi- ate vicinity of his present home. His father is of Eng- lish and his mother of German descent. His father, Daniel, was born in Maryland, March 2, 1775, and died in Ripley county, Indiana, July 17, 1854. His mother, Rachel Barns, was the eldest daughter of John Barns; was born in Virginia, March 22, 1760. She died in Rip- ley county, Indiana, August 16, r8s4. The parents were both buried near Moor's hill, in the above named county, where the father died in the eightieth year of his age. His widow was the mother of seventeen children, one hundred and twenty-three grandchildren, and one hundred and ten great-grandchildren, and before she died could say to her daughter, "Arise, daughter, and go to your daughter, for you daughter's daughter hath a daughter." William, the great-grandfather, came from England 312 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. about the year 1725. He had two sons, Michael and Daniel, the last named betng the grandfather of our sub- ject. Mr. Isgrig's father being born in the time of the Revolution gave him some opportunity of witnessing the consequences of the war. The Tories were troublesome, having burned his father's barn, and committing other depredations that caused fear and alarm to the family. After the war his father moved to the Alleghany mountains, eight miles above Fort Cumberland, and remained there until 1789, when the family removed to Maysville, Ken- tucky, going down the Monongahela and the Ohio rivers in a boat. The usual hardships of a pioneer life with the Indians as well as in many other respects, were ex- perienced by the family, and as usual many tales of ad- venture and heroism could here be told. Suffice it to say Mr. Isgrig's father was a bold and daring man, capa- ble of enduring what would have overthrown most men, and withal was a strict man in his family, observing the Christian duties of a father and husband himself In 1806 the family removed to Green township, Hamilton county, Ohio, where Daniel Isgrig, the subject of this sketch was married, in the year 1817, to Miss Elizabeth McMahcn. In 1 83 1 he bought the present homestead, consisting of seventy-three acres, living for a time at Mt. Healthy, but at the above named time moved to the present homestead two miles north of Dent, on the Pleasant ridge. From here he moved to Taylor's creek, where he lived nine years, but returned in 1880. In 1841 he was married the second time, his second wife's name being Mary Underwood, and from which union he was blessed with three children : Viola, the daughter of this wife, now Mrs. Marks has her abode with her father; Robert, a son, was nine months in the war of the Rebellion, and a regular nine years after the war. His third wife, Miss Seal, is still living; from this union he is the father of one child,' and of eighteen children in all. Mr. Isgrig is of a hardy, robust nature, has seldom ex- perienced sickness during his long, eventful life, and has been a character of some position and influence during his time. His education was necessarily limited, having mastered the rudiments of an education more by sheer contact with the problems of life than from instruction — nor in this do we find him unsuccessful. For thirty years and over he was the principal surveyor of his county, and during that period, but few roads or farm.s, and tracts of lands of his township have escaped from his glazing axe. He was also, many years, administrator, serving for different parties at different times. He was also for a number of years notary public, township trustee, etc., so that in summing up his life, we find him to have been a very useful and prominent citizen of his county. HARRISON. HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION. This township had its origin in the manifest need of a new municipality for the convenience of the increasing population in the northwestern part of the county, which in 1853 caused the erection by the county commissioners of Harrison from Crosby and Whitewater townships. It is the northernmost township of the county. Its boundary lines are wholly artificial, and begin on the dry fork of Whitewater, at the southeast quarter of sec- tion thirty-three, in range one, township three; thence westward three miles to the county and State line; thence north six miles to the Butler county line; thence east three miles to the northeast corner of section four; thence south to the place of beginning. Dearborn county, In- diana, lies next to the westward; Butler county on the north; four miles of Crosby and two miles of White- water townships on the east; and Whitewater township on the south. Harrison lies altogether upon Congress land, in the west half of the third township, range one. It thus con- tains eighteen sections of land, which cover a little more territory than so many exactly full sections, by reason of some divergence of meridian lines in the easternmost tier, making some of them a little broader than should be. The central and western tiers are beautifully regular squares, appropriately exact. The acres of the township number eleven thousand one hundred and forty-seven. Harrison township lies chiefly in the valleys of the Whitewater and Dry fork of the Whitewater, giving its surface a generally flat and fertile character. The former stream enters from Indiana upon section nineteen, half a mile south of Harrison village, and flows in a tortuous course of about three miles through four western and southern sections of the township to its point of exit nearly half way across the southern township line. The Dry fork skirts the southern half of the eastern line, with several ins and outs, and an exceedingly winding course, leaving the township finally almost exactly at the south- east corner. Lee's creek, with two other tributaries flow- ing into the Dry fork in Crosby township, partly or wholly intersect the northeastern part of Harrison; and some of the headwaters of Whitewater river, flowing to the west of RICHARD CALVIN. Richard Calvin was born at the old family homestead in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, February i, t8o6. His father, Joshua, was of German extraction, and held the office of captain at Marker's -Hook, below Philadelphia, in the War of 1812. All his grandparents were born and grew up to young manhood and early womanhood at or near Kingwood, Hunterdon county. New Jersey. All were farmers, except his grandfather on liis father's side, who was a miller, but who devoted most of his time to agricultural pursuits. They all took an active part in the Revolution and reflected much credit on their names. His mother's father was for many years justice of the peace. His grandfather Calvin had six children, and his grandfather Up- dike ten children. Mr. Calvin's father and mother were the oldest out of each family. His father died at seventy-seven years, and his mother at eighty-five years, Bucks county, Penn- sylvania, being the seat of their death. Susan Ann was his mother's given name. Richard Calvin had four brothers and six sisters — -Jonathan, Katie, Grace, Clara See, Fannie, Rebecca, Samuel, Luther, Susan, William. Nearly all the family are dead, while those remaining are scattered throughout the land. Richard was born at Erwinna, a noted post office near Doylestown, the county seat. At the close of the War of 1812, his father bought a farm on the Dela- ware, Settled, raised a large family, and though not wealthy, was a powerful factor in all enterprises of private and public importance. He served two terms in the leg- islature about 1822. It was at the old homestead that Richard received his education. As was the fashion then, he attended school dur- ing the w^inter months only. Mathematics was his favorite study, and from his natural talents more than anything else, was en- abled in after years to compute and draft for public contracts. At twenty-two years of age he left home, went between Bristol and Easton and there, in partnership with Isaac Otis, en- gaged in building a canal from Bristol to i\ * Easton. This was 'V his first public con- tract. He next em- ployed himself in erecting a dam on the Schuylkill and build- ing a railroad from Port Clinton to Mockway. Here he became acquainted with Miss Martha Hann, an English girl, a resident of Pottsville. They were married at Read- ing, Pennsylvania, in 1831, and settled at the same place for a time. Anna, his first child, was born at Reading in 1832. He next contracted for building an inclined plane railway, very heavy work, over Broad mountain, MRS. RICHARD CALVIN. which was the first inclined railway in Pennsylvania. He next migrated to Michigan, because of non-employment in Pennsylvania. Porter was governor then, and on him Calvin called and was treated kindly. This was the sec- ond year after the Black Hawk war. Here he bought six or seven hundred acres of land, paid for it in cash, and began farming on the St. Joseph river. Indians and all manner of wild animals were in profusion ^ and here, too, overtook them death and ill health, losing two of their house- hold. On account of these disasters the farm was sold, and from Michigan they changed to Logansporti Indiana. While here he contracted in building locks and bridges. In 1 837 he lo- cated in Indianapolis, and again took contracts for bridges and canals. Then he changed to Putnam county, took morecontracts, and here, too, his second daughter, Bettie, was born, 1840. In 1 84 1 the State became bankrupt, and then a change was made to Har- rison, Ohio, turning his at- tention to agriculture. In 1844 his daughter Mattie was born. Again, in 1845, at the earnest solicitation of the Whitewater Canal com- pany, he engaged in building and improving dams on the river, between Brookville and Lawrenceburgh. Mrs. Calvin was born in England, and came to the United State? when a child, and grew to womanhood at Pottsville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. Her parents ■were prominent miners, and brought men from England to carry on mining in the Eastern States. Her brothers were active in the cause of freedom, and early gave their time and means to their chosen land. One of them is now a government collector at Detroit, Michigan. They are large, strong, powerful men. She is one out of a family of twelve children — the third in line. Only three of her children live: Anna, wife of Charles Hilts, who has four daughters and one son ; Bettie, wife of George C. Huston, who has two daughters and one son; and Mattie (wife of Thomas Taylor, son of ex-mayor of Cincinnati, Mark P. Taylor) whose husband is deputy sheriff of the county. In politics and educa- tion Richard Calvin is fa- vorably known. In i86.'5 the Republican party elected him sheriff by a majority of five thousand. By nature he is adapted to accumulate property; by nature he is honest and benevolent; by nature he is admirable and worthy of esteem. Mr. Calvin re- tired from business on ac- count of failing eyesight; and though feeble, he may yet see many more years of happiness. His life has been a successful one, and amidst all his trials and tribulations, has been above reproach. Exposure and hardship often bring to light admirable qualities in men, and in Mr. Calvin's case they certainly produced this result. No one can lay to his action an uncharitable deed. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 313 Harrison village, have their source in the northwestern part of the township. The southern half of the town- ship is mostly low, belonging to the bottom-land of the streams; the northern half is rnore elevated, and broken into ridges by the wear of water-courses, and very likely other agencies, through the milleniums of geology. The Whitewater Valley railroad, keeping pretty close to the river whence it takes its name, enters, like that, the township below Harrison village, and runs for about four miles to a point half a mile east of the viver and a little more than a mile from the southeast corner of the township, where it departs into Whitewater township. The Whitewater canal formerly had its course in part through this township, nearly on the same line as the railroad, and also terminating, so far as Hamilton county is concerned, near Harrison village. Its history is re- corded in a chapter of part I of this book. The Harri- son turnpike also comes in from the direction of Miami- town, near the southeast corner of section twenty-eight, and runs thence in a nearly straight and due northwest course across the township to the village of Harrison. ANCIENT REMAINS. The limited tract of Harrison township does not abound in ancient remains, but still possesses some of interest, as the mounds on Bonnell's hill, in' the eastern part of the township, which are understood to be among the burial- places of the long-gone race in the valleys of the White- water and the Great Miami. EARLY RELIGION. About 1803 a regular Baptist church, attached to the Miami Baptist association, was organized in what is now the northern part of Harrison township, and took the name of Dry Fork of Whitewater church, a singular name for a church of immersionists, truly. In 1836 this society went off with the anti-mission Baptist churches, and is said to have lost its identity altogether in 1853. At this time the majority of the association, in membership and vastly so in number of churches, including this one, joined the anti-mission standard. THE MORGAN RAID. The great event in the brief history of this, the young- est township of Hamilton county, was the John Morgan raid, which occurred ten years after the creation of the township, or in July, 1863. The invading force crossed it on the main roads, but entered it on but one — that through Harrison village. The advent of Morgan and his horde at that place was a thorough surprise. It was known by the people that he was somewhere to the west- ward in Indiana; but his direction of march was un- known, and there was no special reason to expect him at Harrison. Morgan's forces were, indeed, considerably scattered in southeastern Indiana, on the twelfth of July, and it was exceedingly difficult to divine the leader's in- tentions; but on that day and the forepart of the next they moved rapidly by converging roads upon Harrison, at which one point they struck Ohio. About one o'clock in the afternoon of the thirteenth the advance of the rebel command was seen streaming down the hillsides on the west side of the valley, and the alarm was at once given in the streets of Harrison. Citizens hastened at once to secrete valuables and run off their horses; but in a very few moments the enemy was swarming all over the town. The raiders generally behaved pretty well, however, offering few insults to the people, and maltreat- ing no women or other person. They secured what horses they could, and thronged the stores, taking whatever they fancied. The eccentric character of the stealing, as de- scribed by Colonel Duke in our chapter on the Morgan raid through Ohio, was manifest here. One gentleman who kept a drug and notion store was despoiled of noth- ing but soap and perfumery. He had a large stock of albums, which were popular then, and expected to see them go rapidly; but not one^was taken. Similar inci- dents are related of other shops in the village ; and from one and another a large amount of goods in the aggregate was taken. But there was no robbery from house to house, or from the person; and after a very few hours stay, having refreshed themselves and their horses, and gained all desired information, the head of the column began to file out of the village in the direction of Cincin- nati, on the Harrison turnpike. Reaching the junction of the New Haven road a third of a mile out, part of the force took to that thoroughfare, and proceeded eastward through Crosby township, crossing the Great Miami at New Baltimore. The remainder kept down the Harrison pike, through Whitewater township, crossing the river at Miamitown. Their passage on both roads was attended by no special incident, and was of course entirely unop- posed. That same night found the invading force abreast of Cincinnati, and the next day out of the county, after a tremendous midsummer march of thirty hours. But the thrilling story has been related elsewhere, and need not be further dwelt upon here. THE OLD SOLDIERS. For the following list of veteran volunteers from Har- rison township, in the late war, credit is due to the hand- some double number of the Harrison N'ews, published Christmas day, 1879: B ruce Kee n, ]ac kson Williams, and AlexaiidEr_ffiiks, of company C, Fifth Ohio cavalry, all reenlisted February 15, 1864, and mustered in March 16, 1864. Christopher Doerman, same company and regiment, reenlisted March 31, 1864, mustered in April 25, 1864. Arthur Hill, same command, reenlisted March 29, 1864, mustered in April 25th, same year. Will R. Hartpence, company C, Fifty-first Indiana infantry, reenlist- ed January i, 1864, mustered in February 12, 1864. William T. Campbell, George -W. Pierce, Francis M. Shook, Joseph Davis, William Gold, William Orr, and David H. Lawrence, Fifty- second Indiana infantry, enlisted and mustered in February 27, 1864. Frank Crets and Isaac Jackson, Seventeenth Indiana battery, reen- listed and mustered in January i, 1864. Patrick Haggerty. NOTES OF SETTLEMENT. John Ashby was born in the territory of Indiana, in 18 10, June 2nd. Fourteen years after that date he went to Cincinnati, Ohio. When he came to Ohio he learned the tanner's and currier's trade, but abandoned it after- ward, and, coming to Harrison, entered into partnership with his brother, Hamilton, for the purpose of trading in dry goods. In 1843 he was appointed postmaster of 314 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Harrison, which position he kept for seven years. In 1851 he was engaged by William & Samuel Ferris to su- perintend their store, where he remained four years. One term he served as mayor of Harrison, and at several dif- ferent times he has been elected to the office of justice of the peace, which office he is holding at the present time. He has always been a Democrat in politics. His first wife, Elizabeth Tooker, was born in 1818, married in 1836, and died in 1854. She had five children: Mar- tin V. B., Olin H. P., George M. D. (married to Clara Zeumer), Alice, and Ida. His second wife was Phoebe C. Zeumer, who died in August of 1879, at the age of fifty-eight. Warren Tibbs, born in Prince William county, Vir- ginia, in 1 791, emigrated'from North Carolina to Ohio in 1807, when he located his home in Harrison. During his early life he was a farmer, but afterward followed the hotel business at the place now owned by Dr. Thomas. At one time, while a river trader between New Orleans and Harrison, he was obliged to sell his boat and walk back with no protection excepting his rifle. He was twice chosen to represent Dearborn county, Indiana, in the State legislature. At different times he held the of- fices of postmaster, justice of the peace, and township trustee. In the Indian war he had a part under General Harrison. In politics he has always been a Democrat. He married Elizabeth, a native of Kentucky, in 1815, who was born in 1794. Her death occurred at Williams- port, Indiana, in 1875. Her husband died at the same place in 1872. They had ten children: Alvin G., whose wife was Maria Snyder, of Harrison; Francis M., married to Tillie McNelba, and living in Louisiana; Moses, mar- ried and living in Nevada; Loria A., married to James Cloud, and now in Indiana; Louisa, the wife first of Si- mon Smythe and afterward of James Torrence, now a resident of Indiana; Loretta, living in the same State; Lydia, the wife of Doctor Miller, of Indiana; Martha A., married to Isaac Roseberry, and Elizabeth, to Henry Johnson, both living in Indiana; and one child that died in infancy before it had been named. Alvin G. Tibbs was born in Indiana, in the year 18 16. For three years he attended school at Oxford, Ohio, afterward dividing his time between farming and teach- ing school. In Indiana he held the office of justice of peace, and was twice elected to the legislature of that State from Dearborn county. He married Maria Snyder of Pennsylvania in 1838. He was a member of the Christian church; in politics was always a Democrat. He died in 1856, his wife surviving him. They have had seven children — Theodore, who died while an infant; Fannie, now living in Indiana; Warren, married to Ellma Laymen and residing in the same State; George B., of Indiana, also, married to Maria Gunkle; John H., whose wife is Sarah A. Keen, now of Hamilton county; Arthur G., now of Lawrenceburgh, Indiana; and James W., mar- ried to Emma Hillman of the same State. John F., son of Alvin G. Tibbs, was born in Harrison, in 1845, where he gained a common school education to which he added three years at Oyler's college. In 1859 he learned the miller's trade which he followed for a time but finally gave it up and engaged as clerk with W. W. Davidson & Co. In 1870 he began the business of "Men's Furnishing Goods" which he still follows under the firm name of Tibbs Brothers, the only store of the kind in Harrison. He is a member of the Christian church; served one terra on the board of education of Harrison. He married Sarah A. Keen, a native of Indi- ana, in 1868. They have four children, John, Bertha, James, and Arthur. William F. Converse was born in Randolph, Orange county, Vermont, June 10, 181 2. Attending the Orange County academy, he took the regular course of study. When sixteen years old he went to Rochester to live, where he served an apprenticeship to the gunsmith's trade. In 1836 he came to Hamilton county, and at first settled in Cincinnati. There he entered the employ of Abel Cox in the manufacture of guns, on Elm street. After remaining there three years he came to Harrison and opened an establishment for the manufacture of guns. After a short time, owing to ill health, he sold his inter- est to Henry Minor. He left his trade and followed school teaching for three years; he then engaged as book- keeper and cashier for William Hasson, of Harrison. In 1849 he invented the simultaneous screw cutting machine { that came into general use in a short time. In 1861 invented the elastic wire bed bottom, an article generally used throughout the United States. In 1846 he was_:' elected representative from Hamilton county on the Democratic ticket, and afterward reelected. In 1853 he was elected to the State senate, and two years later re- elected. In 1863 he was elected on the Union ticket county commissioner. At one time he also held the office of trustee of Harrison township, and was elected the first mayor of Harrison, He is a member of the Christian church; in politics an independent, always vot- ing for whom he nray think the best man. He married Margaret J. Snyder, of Hamilton county, Ohio, in 1847. They have eight children: Augusta and Francis, of Hamilton county; Oliver, married to Cora Ball and now in Stark county; William, married to Rebecca West and residing also in Stark county; Frederick, living in Har- rison; Annie, living in Harrison county; and Edith and Bertha, both of Harrison. He served as president of the school board of Harrison for many years, was always interested in educational matters, and was the first to organize the present school system in Harrison, writing and putting up the first notice to call a meeting over thirty years ago. He was the prime mover, too, in the organization of a cemetery board, and has been president of the Glenhaven cemetery for the past twenty-five years. George Arnold was born in Bucks county, Pennsyl- vania, in the year 1784, but emigrated from New Jersey to Ohio, and settled in Elizabethtown, Whitewater township. In 1828 he moved into Indiana, where he remained thirty years. While there, he was representative from Dear- born county two successive terms. He was also elected county commissioner for the same county. Later in his life he returned to Ohio, where he remained till his death, which occurred in 1866, at Lawrenceburgh, Indiana. He was killed by a fall from his carriage. He married MR. STEPHEN BURK is the second son, and third child, of Ulick and Rachel (Jones) Burk, of Baltimore county, Mary- land, both of them born and raised there. They had nine children, besides Stephen si.x daughters and three sons — John, Nancy, Elisha, Mary, Sarah (died in infancy), Elizabeth, Rachel, Susan, and Ulick. John, Stephen, and Elisha, the three old- est children, and Mary, now Mrs. George Swales, a widow, residing four to five miles southwest of Harrison, in Indiana, and Rachel (Mrs. Joshua Lemon, widow of a farmer now deceased, of Fayette county, Indi- ana), are still living. The parents removed in 1809 from Maryland to the tract about one mile south of Harrison, on the State line, now own- ed by their son Stephen, where Mrs. Burk's father had already settled. Here they lived the rest of their lives, and both of them died here in a good old age — the father in his eighty-fifth year, January 16, 1864; and the mother in her eighty- third or eighty-fourth year, dying February 22, 1866. Stephen Burk was two years old when his par- ents came to the Miami country, having been born September 24, 1807, at the old home in Baltimore county, Maryland. He is somewhat remotely of Irish stock, on the father's side. He was educated to the limited extent attainable in the schools of that day and neighborhood, and has acquitted himself through a long life as a man of intelligence and character. He remained a bachelor at the old home south of Harrison, devoting himself to the care of his parents and the labors of the farm' except one year, when he took a partnership in a country store at Alquina, Fayette coun- ty, Indiana — until both his father and mother had gone to their long home. He staid some years longer upon the paternal estate, during which he was married, June 16, 1875, to Miss Martha Eliza Pruden, of Harrison village. In the February following he removed to the pleasant, elegant resi- dence now occupied by him on the Cincinnati turnpike, one mile southeast of Harrison, where he is spending a tranquil old age, in quite tolerable health for his years, and with the remembrance of a life well spent to cheer him. He has been no office-seeker, and on one occa- sion, when nominated for a local office, he elec- tioneered vigorously against his own candidacy, MRS. STEPHEN BURK. and succeeded in defeating himself. He has been a hfe-long Democrat, however, and ahvays goes to the poUs to deposit his vote. His first vote was cast for General Andrew Jackson for the Presi- dency of the United States. He never has been •connected with any of the religious or secret societies, but has been satisfied to live a self- contained and independ- ent life. Mrs. Burk is the fifth child and third daugh- ter of James and Sarah ( Swales ) Pruden, of Dearborn county, Indi- ana. She was born in that county, but in Har- rison village, on the In- diana side, on the eigh- teenth of April, 1 84 1. She remained at home during her girlhood and youth, receiving her ed- ucation in the village schools, and for two terms in the Ohio Fe- male College, at College Hill. For about twelve years, beginning with the year 1859, she taught in country suburbs, either on the public or subscrip- tion foundation ; and her popularity in this work is attested by the fact that her teaching was confined to three districts in the neighborhood of her old home, in one or the other of which she was ever sure ■of an engagement, and could always get a sub- scription school when the public money was ex- hausted. She is a lady of unusual culture and refinement, and remembers with pleasure her days of pedagogic life. In 1 87 1 she embarked in business in Harrison village, in a millinery and ladies' notion store, in which she remained about four years, until shortly before her marriage with Mr. Burk. They have two chil- dren — Stephen James, who was born June 20, 1876, and Martha Es- tella, who was born November 20, 1879. She is a member of the Presbyterian church in Harrison, and has lived in the faith of that de- nomination since her childhood. It has been the faith of her father and his ancestors for several generations, and of most of her rela- tives. Her mother is Eng- lish-born, coming with her parents to Dearborn county, Indiana, in June, in the year 1831, and is of the Church of England, or Episcopal faith Both of her parents are still living. Her father is of English and Irish stock, and came to this part of the country with his parents in 1 8 16. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 315 Mary Eads, of Kentucky, who died in 1856. She had eight children. He then married a lady of Harrison, who had one child. For many years he was an elder in the Presbyterian church. He always took deep interest in all public improvements, and contributed liberally for the support of the church. He was also a leader among the Free Masons, having joined the order at an early day. The children are: James, married to Mary Kishler, and living in Hamilton county ; Samuel, married to Elizabeth Hand, and now in the State of Illinois; Mary J., the wife of James L. Andrew, and now in Indiana; George W., married to Hannah B. Herrin, and in Hamilton county; Clinton C, married, and living in Kansas; Richard C, married to Laura Walker, of Indi- ana; William M., married to Louisa Hughs, and now in the same State as the preceding ; Eveline, the wife of Mr. Brunson, and now of the same State; and Martha J., now living with the second Mrs. Arnold in Pennsylvania. George W. Arnold was born in Elizabethtown, Ohio, in 1823, where he began the business of farming and stock raising, in which he is now engaged. When seven years of age, he' went with his father to Indiana, where he remained till 1855. As a Democrat, he held the office of township trustee several years. In 1855 he re- turned to Ohio, and settled on the farm, where he now lives. Since coming to this State, he has held the offices of trustee and school director. In 1844 he was married to Hannah B. Herrin, of Ohio. They have had eight children: Joanna, Emma, John H., Mary, George W., married to Helen, and living in Hamilton county; Charles A., married to Kittie Caloway, and also now in Hamilton 'county ; Purley and Katie. Andrew M. Wakefield was born in Hamilton county, January 11, 1819, and died November 10, 1873. He always followed the business of farming, at the same time served several times as trustee of Crosby township. Early in life he was a Presbyterian, but later became a Methodist. In politics he was a Democrat. He married Phcebe Alberton, a native of Ohio, and of Welsh de- scent. W. F. Wakefield was born in 1844, in Crosby township, where he received a common school education. He re- mained on his father's farm till twenty-one years of age, when he attended school at Farmer's college at College Hill. From there he went to Mr. Nelson's Commercial college at Cincinnati, where he remained but a short time, accepting a place as bookkeeper in the wholesale house of D. B. Dunlevy & Co. This position was fol- lowed by that of soliciting agent for a grain commission house, when, after two years of service he spent some time in travelling through the Indian territory. Return- ing to Harrison, he married Emma Shoobridge, and has held at different times the offices of corporation clerk of Harrison, and assessor. Since his marriage he has been twice in the employ of Mr. G. W. Keen, in the grocery business with John Small, in the saw-mill business for himself, and at present, is bookkeeper for James Camp- bell. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and a Democ^rat in politics. He has two children. Roh^ 'Cary was born in Lynn, New Hampshire, Jan- uary 24, 1787, and moved with his father to the North- west Territory in 1802, and settled in Cincinnati, but eventually moved to College Hill. A soldier in the war of 181 2, he was with General Hull at the surrender of Detroit. His death took place November 13, 1866. He was a quiet, upright man, respected by all who knew him. In 18 13, he was married to Eliza Jessup, of Ham- ilton county, Ohio, who died July 30, 1835. They had nine children : Rowena, married to Isaac B. Carrihan; Susan, married to Alexander Swift; Rhoda, Alice, Asa, whose wife was Leah A. Woodruff, of Hamilton county; Phoebe; Warren, whose wives were Martha A. Tremper and Emma Tremper, of Hamilton county; Lucy; and Elmira, married to Alexander Swift. Wa_rreti_Qary was born in Hamilton county, October 16, 1826, where he received a common school education and also took a course of study at College Hill. He is a farmer, in which business he has been engaged nearly all his life. In politics he is a Republican; in religious belief a Universalist. His three children are Robert, Alexander S., and Clarence W. Robert C ary was born in Hamilton county, in 1850, where he received a common school education and also a two years' course at College Hill. He married Eliza Wilson, of the same county, in 1874. They have two children, Elmira and Martha. He is a farmer in busi- ness, in politics a Republican. Matthew Brown, a native of Ireland, was born in the year 1753, but emigrated to Ohio from South Carolina, and settled, in 1803, on the farm now owned by John Baughman, in Harrisori. He was a farmer by occupa- tion, a Democrat in politics. His wife was Jane Jones, a native of South Carolina. She had eight children: Nancy, married to Samuel Harlen, and living in Indiana; David, married to Susan Gladwell, and also in Indiana; Katie, the wife of George Harlen, and living in Iowa; Robert, married to Katie Cotton, also in Indiana; Sam- uel, married to Betsey Atherton, and living in Indiana; Sarah, tlie wife of Thomas Goulding, of Indiana; Betsey, married to Isaac Ferris and residing in Hamilton county; and John, married to Sarah Herm, of the same county. John Brown was born in South Carolina, in 1803, and came to Ohio with his parents. He has been a farmer all his life, and for many years was a member of the Harrison school board. In politics he is a Democrat. He married Sarah Herin, of New Jersey, in 1824. Aug- ust 30, 1874, he died at the age of 187 1. He was the father of seven children : Jane, now the wife of James Charelton, of Butler county, Ohio; John, married to SaraiuEHiis and living in Indiana; Martha and Rebecca, both living in Hamilton county; Sarah, wife of Jehu John, and now living in Illinois; Hannah, married to John Vanausdall, and now in Hamilton county; and Jefferson, remaining in the same place. George G. Oyler was born in England, in 1815, came to the United States with his father in 1828, and first settled in Hamilton county on the farm now owned by Thomas Bowles. After serving an apprenticeship with Mr. D: A. Davidson, he followed the painter's trade for thirty-five years, but at present devotes himself entirely 3i6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. to his farm. A Democrat, he has held the office of trustee in the township. He ranks high, too, as a Mason. He married Elizabeth Gerrard, of Ohio, in 1838. She had one child, Sarah, who died while an infant. The mother also died in 1876. He then married Honor J. Minor. Frederick Biddinger, senior, was a native of Fayette county, Pennsylvania. He was born in 1804, and came to Ohio with his father and settled in Butler county. After a year they moved to this county, and in 18 10 he began on the farm which he now occupies. At present he is in possession of a fine competency. A Democrat in politics, he held the office of trustee of Harrison town- ship one year; has always taken a deep interest in public improvements, and was instrumental in the laying out of the Biddinger pike, running from Harrison to Oxford. He is a member of the English Lutheran church; has held the office of trustee in the church for many years, and has always been deeply interested in the subject of education of youth. He married Sarah Black, of Ohio, who died in 1873. The children are John W., married to Margaret Otto, and now living in Butler county, Ohio; George A., married to Catharine Simonson, and now in this county; Emeline, wife of John Livingston, now in the same county; Jacob, married to Sarah Stephens, also living in this county; Angeline, now the wife of William Hutchinson, and residing in Missouri; Catharine, in this county; Melinda, Mrs. Thomas Thomas of the same county; Martha, the wife of Martis Holowell, and now residing in Indiana; Wesley M., married to Fanny Mc- Intyre, and now in Illinois; and Lewis F., of this county. Asa R. Mittler, born in Dearborn county, Indiana, in 181 7, is a farmer of Hamilton county, where he settled in 1848. The first few years he was a resident of Har- rison township, and while there he dealt in stock. In 1852 he organized a company and went over the plains to California where he was engaged for a year in mining and keeping hotel, and returned to Ohio by way of Panama. At the end of two years he purchased a farm in White- water township, on which he lived until 1870, when he moved to the place on which is now his home. While in Whitewater township he held the office of township trustee and treasurer for a number of years, and has filled the same office in the township where he now resides. He has always been a Democrat. February 22, 1855, he was married to Euphemia Rittenhouse, of Ohio. The children are Alice, Ellen (now the wife of George Arnold), Charles, George, and Mabel. John Jones, born in Baltimore county, Maryland, first settled in Harrison township in 1809. He was both a farmer and miller. In religious faith he was a Baptist, but never united with a church. His wife was Sarah Harriman. Their children are Betsy, Sarah, Rachel, Temperance, Ruth, Nancy, Rebecca, Stephen and Ellen. Benjamin Simonson, the oldest member of the family of Aaron and Margaret Simonson, was born in this county m 1827. In 1864 he entered into partnership with George and John Punny, for the manufacture of bedsteads, in which business he continued four years, when he disposed of his interest and returned to his farm. He is a member of the Sand Hill grange, in which he has twice held the place of overseer, and was also an officer -in the Ancient Order of Red Men. In politics he classes himself with the Democratic party. In 1848 he married Maria Johnson, of Indiana. Their nine children are Margaret E., now Mrs. Harry Sleet; Nicholas J., Pricilla, Helen M., Mary E., Zaruma, Ben- jamin F., Maria A., and Charles G. George Hopping was born in AVhitewater township in 1826, where he received an ordinary education, and be- gan the business of farming. He is a strong Republi- can, and always has shown much interest in education. In 1850 he was married to Rebecca Ireland, a citizen of Indiana. He has six children — William, Frank, Charles, Laura, Hattie, and Lillie. Robert Marvin was born September 12, 1770, in Lvnne, Connec ticut. He was left an orphan when tlifEe years old. When a young man he engaged in teaching. About the year 1800 he moved to Morristown, New Jersey, and soon after was married to the widow of Moses Ross. Her maiden name was Phoebe Ford. About the year 1805 he emigrated to Harrison, Hamilton county, Ohio. The journey westward as far as Wheeling was made in a covered wagon, drawn by horses and oxen. The rest of the trip was effected m a flatboat down the Ohio river to Cincinnati. He settled on land obtained by his predecessor from the Government at four dollars per acre, and entered the adjoining quarter section from the Government. He and his wife were members of the Presbyterian church. He was an Abolitionist of the old style, and so noted for his zeal that he was threatened with expulsion from the church! He died in January, 1842, in his seventy-second year. His wife survived him about ten years, expiring in the eighty- third year of her age. Samuel R. Marvin was born in Dover, Morris county. New Jersey, June 5, 1804. He came to this State with his parents, and first settled on the farm now owned by Mrs. Narcissa Snow, in Harrison .township. At one time he attended the Miami university at Oxford. He devoted twenty years to teaching school. He received the rudiments of a good English education from his scholarly father, but by reason of weak eyes was never able to pursue a regular course of study. He was a great reader, a close observer of human nature, and, in his day, succeeded well as a teacher, in which profession he spent the best part of his life. In 1842 he married Julia A. Place, who was born in New York in 1808. After his marriage he became a farmer, which business he followed the remainder of his life. He filled the office of town- ship clerk for Harrison township, and was also a mem- ber of the school board, in the same township, for several years. Early in his life he was a believer in Universalism, but he afterward adopted the Swedenborgian faith. In politics he was an Old Line Whig, a strong Abolitionist, and, after the forming of the Republican party he be- came a Republican. A highly educated and truly good man, he was highly respected by the many w:th whom he was acquainted. He died at his home near Harrison, June 29, 1863. His wife survives him. '' c "'as the / ts^^-^-sw -* >V,. '^^^^^.mM. ^'mk^^^ki^^^pj^^^^^^^^ RESIDENCE OF M, S, BONNEL, H/ ta. V3,t %..^',-*K}2S- fi^^^-?. fc€#^--?tftW:fV ' ^^^^m^itgt^:-' '^ .-<-^r- RISO.N TP„ HAMILTON CO,, OHIO, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 317 father of three children, Gustavus L., who died in in- fancy; Jerome P., now married to Martha A. Stokes, and MeUssa A., now the wife of Henry N. Congden. Jerome P. Marvin was born in this county in 1846. He taught school after having obtained an ordinary edu- . cation, after which time he spent a year at Wabash col- lege, Indiana, and studied medicine at the Eclectic Medi- cal institute, of Cincinnati, five years, where he graduated in June, 1866. In 1864 he enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Ohio regiment of infantry, where he served three months. The practice of medicine was begun in Cincinnati in the fall of 1866, in partnership with Dr. Scudder, which partnership continued six years. During that time he was demonstrator of anatomy in the Eclectic institute of Cincinnati for three years. In 1872 he began medical practice in Sidney, Ohio. After a year he gave up the place and came to Harrison, buying the interest of C. G. Thomas in the drug business, in which he is at present engaged. He held the office of town- ship treasurer of Harrison township one year, was a member of the school board three years, and gave mate- rial aid in establishing the present graded system in the schools. In politics he is a Republican, and as a mem- ber of Snow Lodge No. 193 has had the place of mas- ter during three years. He was married to Martha Stokes, a native of Ohio, April 16, 1868, and is the father of two children, Mabel and Maude. William Dair, born in Harrison, Ohio, August 20, 1848, married Jeannette Bonham September 21, 1870. Mr. and Mrs. Dair have three children, two daughters and one son. In the way of descent he is the son of James Dair, who was one of the successful men of the county, and to whom excellent business tact and fore- sight have been transmitted. He is a graduate of Bart- lett's Commercial college, of Cincinnati. In the matter of positions he has filled — and filled successfully, too — the township treasurer's and councilman's office, has been engaged in causes which advance the practical interests of a community, and deals in facts and results. He, with his brother Charles, is among the wealthy men of Harri- son township, and year by year add by honorable means to their gains. They are distillers. Lewis M. Dair was born in New Jersey, Greenwich county, in 1798. He was a ship carpenter by trade, and came to Ohio in 1844 and settled in Harrison. While there he worked at the carpenter's trade. In politics he was a Democrat. His wife, Hannah Mulford, was a na- tive of New Jersey. She died in Harrison in 1854. Her husband survived her fourteen years. They had eleven children — Benjamin, married to Julia A. Beard, and now living in Indiana; James, whose first wife was Charlotte Briggs, and whose present wife is Louisa Brakenridge; Mary J.; Elizabeth, the wife of Owen Williams; Amanda, the wife of Asa Curry, now of Indiana; Hannah, at present Mrs. Richard Bowles; Lewis, married to Eliza- beth Perrine; Jonathan M., married to Mary J. Camp- bell, now living in Kentucky; Lucy A., Mrs. George Leg- get, at present a resident of Indiana; Edward, now mar- ried to Angeline Phillips and also in Indiana; and Emily, the wife of Theodore B. McCafferty. James Dair, the second son, was born in 1822, in the State of New Jersey, where he learned the miller's trade, in which business he continued until he came to Ohio, in 1842. He settled in Harrison township, and in com- pany with Joseph T. Cloud built the distillery now owned by the Dair Brothers. In politics he was a Republican. He married Charlotte Briggs, a native of Indiana, who died in 1864. Their children were — Charles, now mar- ried to Addie Rittenhouse; two daughters named Sallie; Katie, the wife of Theodore Rockafeller, and now a res- ident of Indiana; Charlotte, married to Purlu Scott; Ida, now Mrs. Charles Wren, of Butler county, Ohio; Anna, and one that died in infancy. Is aac L. Frost was born in Harrison township, at Lee's creek, and worked on his father's farm till he was of age, when he began mercantile business in Venice, Butler county. In 1854 he bought Mr. A. M. Wakefield's stock of goods in New Haven, and continued business there until 1863, when he died. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was a Democrat in pol- itics. He was married to Miss Nancy Huchinson, who still survives him. They had nine children — Elsie A., now married to Aaron Shaw; Amos H., whose wife is Sarah J. Hank; Sarepta, the wife of William Pharas; Harriet E.; John S.; Elizabeth, now Mrs. Jasper N. Shaw; Nancy J.; Isaac S.; and Theodocia. Amos Hutchinson Frost was born December 18, 1840, three miles northeast of Harrison, on Lee's creek, in Harrison township. November 12, 1867, he married Sarah Jane Hawk, daughter of William Haw'k, of Cros- by, who bore him three children, one son living. Early in life the family moved to Venice, in Butler county, and resided for twelve years; from there they came to New Haven in the year 1854, and finally Amos left in 187 1 and settled in Harrison village, since which time he has been engaged in the drug business. In all matters of public concern he has been favorably known. He is secretary of Harrison Loan and Business association, is a member of the school board, and treasurer and trustee of the First Presbyterian church, of which he is a member. Dr. Milton L. Thomas was born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1821. When eleven years old he went with his parents to Jefferson county, Indiana. At the age of twenty-one he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. J. H. D. Rogers, at Madison, Indiana, and continued the same during three years. After attending the Medi- cal institute of Louisville, Kentucky, he began the prac- tice of medicine in Morgan county, Indiana. In 1849 he moved to New Haven, this county, where he was in practice five years, during which time he attended a course of lectures at the Eclectic Medical institute in Cincinnati, from which institution he graduated in 1850. Four years later he opened an office in Harrison, where he is at the present time. He is an earnest member of the Methodist church, of which he is a trustee. He is also superintendent of the Sabbath-school. In politics he walks with the RepubHcan party. In 1844 he was married to Harriet W. Chase, who was born in Ohio. She became the mother of two children, ahd died July 17, 1852. He then married Susan J. Rybolt, of Indiana. 3i8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. They now have a family of four children: Charles S., now married to Margaret Little; Eda A.; Elminea, now Mrs. James S. Bittler; and RoUa, married to Sallie B. Cook, of Indiana. Rolla was born in Harrison in iS^T- In 1877 he graduated at Ashbury university, at Green- castle, Indiana, where he studied medicine. Charles G. Thomas was born in the year 1845, in Jef- ferson county, Indiana, whence he came to Harrison with his parents. In addition to a common school edu- cation he attended the Miami university at Oxford. For the last eighteen years he has been in the drug business. In politics he is a Republican. In 1869 he was married to Maggie A. Little, of Ohio. They have two children, Harrietta and Eda L. Joseph C. Meyer was born 1824 in Hanover, Germany, where he learned the jeweler's trade. He came to Amer- ica in 1849, ^nd fi'st settled in Cincinnati, where he re- mained about four years. While there he worked as a journeyman in the jewelry business. In 1854 he came to Harrison, and entered the employ of Thomas Dorr, where he remained three years, when he began business on his own account, which he still continues. During two terms he filled the position of councilman for Harri- son, is a member of the Catholic church, and in politics ia a Democrat. In i860 he married Anna M. Gardiner a native of Pennsylvania. They have two children, Liz- zie and Joseph. Rev. Charles West was born in 1792, in Hunterdon county, New Jersey, from which State he moved to Ohio, and settled in Colerain township in 1819. His death occurred in August, 1878, in Butler county, Ohio. By trade he was a tanner and curries, but after coming to Ohio was engaged in farming. In 181 7 he united with the Methodist Episcopal church, and took an active part in its work. In 1850 he built a church with his own funds — the West Union church, at Greusbeck, in Colerain township — and was pastor of the church until his death He was an active, earnest Christian, respected by all. In 18 1 7 he married Rebecca Sparks, of Baltimore, Maryland. She died at the age of sixty-eight years, in Butler county. The had nine children : Manning, now married to Aman- da Stout, and residing in Iowa; Stockston, now of Illi- nois, whose wives were Catharine Bevis and Mary Apple- gate; Pieson, whose wife is Mary Gosling; Allison Syl- vester, Pitman ; Augustus E., married to Annie H. John- son; Miranda, now Mrs. Samuel Wilson of Indiana; and Charles, married to Harriet Ponder. Dr. Augustus E. West was born in 1824, in this county. After obtaining a common school education he attended school at College Hill, and at twenty-one years of age began the study of medicine with Dr. Bartlett at Chev- iot. After four years he graduated at Starling Medical college in Columbus, Ohio, and the next year began the practice of medicine at Farmersville, Montgomery county, Ohio, but soon after moved to Miaraitown, where he prac- ticed fourteen years. He then went to Illinois, purchased a farm and followed farming about a year, when he re- turned to Ohio and settled in Harrison. In 1865 he opened an office and began prabtice there and is still en- gaged in the same employment. He is a most successsful physician of the regular school. At various times he has held various public offices of trust and responsibility. He is a member of Snow lodge. Free and Accepted Ma- sons, also of Harrison lodge, Knights of Honor, and is a Democrat in politics. In 1849 he was married to Miss Annie Tomlinson, of New Jersey. His eight children are: John A., now of Montgomery county, this State; Helen M., Mrs. Charles Ferris; Rebecca, wife of William Converse, and Frank, Francis, Annie C, Manning, and Eddie. Rev. Gerberd Egger, the Catholic priest of Harrison, Ohio, was born in Switzerland, educated at Thubingen university, Wurtemberg, and came to the United States November, 1866. He began his ministry at Dry Ridge, this cou-nty, where he preached for six years and four months, coming to Harrison in February, 1873. His first station was without the ordinary improvements which belong to places of this kind — no parsonage, no school- house, in debt for the church proper, and, in fact, even the commonest grades of enterprise. He lifted a heavy church debt to a very great extent, increasing the value of church property from three thousand dollars to seven thousand dollars. Since being at his present location he has won the ad- miration of those even outside of his congregation by his business tact and discipline. The old school-house and church at Harrison, which stood in a dilapidated state in 1873, now are handsome structures of brick. The church proper, with a congregation of four hundred or five hundred souls, was built in 1876; the priest's house, in 1873; and the school-house in 1877. Church prop- erty has advanced from one thousand eight hundred dollars to ten thousand dollars, and healthiness in all departments pervades. No surer sign of advancement in religious matters can be seen than that the minister is liked, the debt being liquidated, and everybody satisfied. -HARRISON VILLAGE.' This was the first town to be laid out in Hamilton ■county west of the Great Miami, except the early extinct Crosby, on the banks of that stream. Its recorded plat is dated December 8, 18 13, and it was laid out that year by Jonas Crane, at the southwest corner of section eigh- teen and the northwest of section nineteen, just half way across the present township of Harrison, on its extreme west line. A small part of it extends into Indiana. The village is described in the State Gazetteer of Ohio, in 182 1, as on the Whitewater river, twenty-four miles north- west of Cincinnati, laid off on the State line, with the main north and south street on that line, and half the village on each side. The post office, we believe, has always been kept on the Ohio side, but the railway station is a little way beyond the line, in Hoosierdom. Twenty years later, in the State Gazetteer of 1841, Harrison is noted as containing about three hundred in- habitants, with three churches, four stores, two taverns, two groceries, two physicians, three clergymen, one apothecary's shop, sixteen mechanics' shops, one flouring mill, one carding machine, and one hundred dwellings. One-third of the inhabitants then resided on the Indiana JOSEPH H. HAYES. Joseph H. Hayes was born April 8, 1824, in Whitewater township, one mile below Elizabethtown, on the Great Miami. ■ His grandfather, Job, was probably of German descent, and died three months before his son Job, the father of Joseph H., was born. His death was caused by sickness contracted while coming down the Ohio from Pittsburgh. His grandmother, Bulah Tussey, was born in Philadelphia, and came to South Bend in 1791. She was of Yankee origin. Joseph Hayes, his mother's father, came from Chester county, Pennsylvania, to Switzer- land county, Indiana, and remained as a farmer and machinist until 1836 or 1837, and then moved to Bartholomew county, same State, and died near 1840. His grandmother Hayes was of Swiss de- scent. On his father's side his ancestors were large, strong, active men. With his mother's people quite the same was common. His father. Job, settled below Elizabethtown for a few years ; took a lease on real estate, made money, and soon moved across the Big IVIiami to a more favorable site. Here he bought one hundred and ninety acres of land, mostly on the hill, but made in several pur- chases. In iVIiami town- ship he remained seven years. In 1846 he moved- to Iowa, and died at sev- enty-eight years of age. Job Hayes, jr., married his cousin June 28, 1816, at Middletown, Ohio. His wife died in 1873, being seventy-eight years of age. Joseph H. remained with his parents until twenty-one years of age, all the while accumulating money outside of the pa- rental roof, his par- ents providing him with common necessities — clothes, boots and food By his active work, at the age of twenty-one, he had accumulated three hundred dollars, his mother acting as banker. The first year after becoming of age he worked for his father during the summer season, earning in all sixty-five dollars. In the summer of 1846 he engaged with his cousin, Stephen B. Hayes, to work for ten dollars and fifty cents per month, five months. In 1847 he visited Iowa, prospected a good deal, and returned in the fall to collect the three hundred dollars, which had been loaned, and returned to the State of his fatlier. But the money was hard to collect. His notes he did not care to discount, and, by persuasion of his cousin Stephen, leased land for three years, and carried on a sort of co-partnership. At the expiration of this time he rented land of his cousin, Charles G. Guard, and worked four years. September 23, 1852, he married Sarah J. IVIyer, Colonel William H. H. Taylor, son-in-law of General Harrison, performing the ceremony. Mrs. Hayes was of Kentucky extraction; born in Indiana April 5, 1834. By this marriage seven children were born — six sons and one daughter, Alice, Wilson and Charies being dead; Job W. , Enos, Isaac D., and Joseph G. are liv- ing, none of whom are married. Mr. Hayes is one out of eleven chil- dren — six sons and five daughters, five of the family being dead. Mrs. Hayes is one out of a family of five, three brothers and two sisters. Since marrying, agricul- ture has rewarded him with handsome gains. At twenty-eight fifteen hundred dollars had been accumulated, and the first year after he cleared seven hundred dollars. In the spring of 1855, the second month, he purchased fifty acres for three thousand dol- ars, paying two thou- sand cash and discount- ing the remaining debt before it became due. When thirty he owned a farm of fifty acres, had moved on it, and was busily engaged in the choice of his life. In 1869 he bought seventy- eight acres of Stephen W. Garrison, paying seven thousand two hun- dred dollars. February, t88o, he added again, and now owns two hun- dred and seventy acres of good tillable land Mr Hayes is iem-\rkable as a flat-boat man, mak- ing five round trips from Lawrenceburgh to New Orleans. Religiously, Mr. and Mrs. Hayes are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, the former for twenty-three years, the latter for the same length of time. Educationally, both belong to that class of people who develop by contact with the world, by labor and industry. Great and generous deeds hang in clusters about them, friends respect and admire their many virtues, and many aspire to reach so envied a character. MR. M. S. BONNELL. MRS. M. S. BONNELL. Marcus Seneca Bonnell, a prosperous farmer, occupying a beautiful residence on the dividing line between Harrison and Crosby townships, five miles northeast from Harrison and two miles northwest from New Haven, is a grandson of Aaron Bonnell, who came to the Miami coun- try in 1805, with his brothers Benjamin and Paul, and his married sis- ters, Rhoda and Abigail — a strong delegation for one family at one time. They were all children of Benjamin and Rachel Bonnell, who "^ame from England and settled in New Jersey, where their family was reared. The father was drowned in the East river, near New York, with ten others, November 10, 1798, on a boat crossing from the city to Brooklyn, upon which a number of casks of rum rolled to one side and overturned the frail vessel, with the terrible results above noted. He was then seventy-five years old. His wife survived him until 1812, when she departed this Ufe, in the eighty-fifth year of her age. Aaron, the seventh child and fifth son, w'as born March 4, 1759, it is believed in Essex county, New Jersey. He was a brother-in-law to Judge Oth- niel Looker, the distinguished pioneer who settled near Harrison in t8oi : they having married twin sisters — ^Judge Looker Pamelia, and Mr. Bonnell Rachel Clark, They had six children — two daughteis and four sons, of whom the father of the subject of our sketch was one — Clark Bonnell, born November 18, 1790, in New Jersey. His father, Aaron, was the only one of the Bonnell colony who settled in Hairison (formerly Crosby) township, the others stopping in the neighborhood of Carthage, and taking farms there. Aaron entered the northwest quar- ter of section eighteen, due north of the subsequent site of Harrison village, in the valley of the Whitewater, improved the place, and re- mained there until his death. During his lifetime he drew a pension as an artificer for the Government during the war of the Revolution. His wife also died upon the old place near Harrison. Some time before the death of his parents, Clark Bonnell, who had learned, in part, the trade of a shoemaker in New York State, before the removal of the family to the west, was married to Miss Elsey Wykoff, of a family residing near Harrison, on the Indiana side, and removed to the village, where he pursued his trade for many years, and then removed to a country neighborhood in Ross township, Butler county, five miles from Hamil- ton, where he continued to follow his business. Remaining here about five years, he removed to New London, Butler county, where he lost his wife by death. She was born February 7, 1794, and died in Septem- ber, 1835. Her husband died in Cincinnati in 1864, in the seventy- fourth year of his age. Their children numbered nine, of whom Mar- cus Seneca was the third, and the oldest son. He was born upon the old place near Harrison, in a cabin where his father was then residing, November 8, 1816. He had some schooling in the poor "subscription schools" of that day, which he attended for brief periods, as the press- ing labors of the farm and workshop would allow, and in due time learned his father's trade, beginning to help in a small way when he was but nine years of age. He did not take kindly to the business, as it was too confining, and he was strongly predisposed to farm life; so he did litde at shoemaking after he was fifteen years of age. For about eight years he served as a farm hand at various places in Hamilton and Butler counties, by the month or year, and for the next two years worked Judge Anderson's farm in Butler county, "on shares." 'Then for two years he similarly farmed the old place near Harrison, which had become the possession of his grandmother. He also managed it a similar terra for the purchasers of the farm after her death — Messrs. George Arnold and Peter Riffner. The latter was father of Martha R., who became the wife of Mr. Bonnell December 8, 1S42. He was now residing on a rented farm on the other side of the Whitewater, in the edge of Indiana, where he remained a year and removed to the Frost farm, on Lee's creek, in the north part of the township. This he oc- cupied, on five-year leases, for the period of fifteen years, and so suc- cessfully that he was enabled to purchase the one-hundred-and-forty- acre tract upon which he now lives, in 1856, two years before his last lease expired. To this he removed at the expiration of his lease, and here he has since resided, adding one hundred and fourteen acres to his original purchase, and making a farm of such high excellence and repu- tadon that the award of the premium offered in 1880. by the Hamilton County Agricultural society, for "the best farm of forty or more acres, in the general plan of buildings, fields, fences, and the skill shown in drainage and general cultivation of the several kinds of crops, in care of stock, implements, and tools, etc. ," was made to Mr. Bonnell, after careful inspection of his place by a committee of the society. He has, among other improvements, as many as twenty-two and one-fourth miles of under-draining. In i860 he built the fine resi- dence in which he now lives, and which appears to advantage in our illustration of his premises. He has devoted himself to his business, taking little interest in politics and holding no public offices. He has been for many years a member of the lodge of Odd Fellows of Harrison. Mrs. Martha Riley Bonnell was the third daughter of Peter and Elizabeth Riffner, and was born February 11, 1815, at the old home near Harrison village. She is still surviving, in a hale and happy age. Their children have been: Elizabeth Isabel, born September 23, 1843; married John S. Bowles, of Harrison township, December 22, 1866, a farmer, who went to South America in 1874 and is believed to be dead. She now resides with her parents. Clark Marion, born March 18, 1845; married Sarah Butts September II, 1872: died January 21, 1880. Peter Riffner, born April 20, 1847, died May 22, 1874. William Riffner, born March 30, 1849; married Miss Jennie Cook December 5, 1870; lives in Henry county, Indiana, a carpenter. Stephen Easton, born June 21, 1851; died May 6, 1875. Elsey Ahce, born May 5, 1853; married William Butts, a farmer ot Crosby township, February 29, 1872; died March 26, 1873. Emma Angeline, born March 21, 1855; died September 10, 1855. "ip^^. MR. JAMES CAMPBELL. James Campbell, inventor of the Campbell Improved corn and seed drill, and sole manufacturer of the same at his Pioneer Drill works'in Harrison village, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, April 15, 1817. He is of Scotch-Irish descent, on his father's side descended from the famous Clan Campbell, and on his mother's side a Harper. His maternal grand-parents were Alexander and Nancy (Adams) Harper. The Harpers came from Ireland to America in 1794, bringing six children — William, Alexander, James, Mary, Margaret, and Sid- ney. Margaret was born in Donegal, Ireland, October 31, 1787, and was married in 1806 to Andrew Campbell, of Scotch blood, but a na- tive of Londonderry, born July 18, 1774, who had come to this country in 1801. His mother was a Stewart, and he had three sisters, also a brother, John, who was a soldier in the Scotch Grevs in the battle of Waterloo, and was killed there. The children of Margaret and An- drew Campbell were John, Mary, William, Alexandria, James, Martha, George, Charles, Andrew Jackson, and one who died in infancy — all born in Chester county, Pennsylvania. Alexander came to the west in 1836, and settled in Harrison as a wagon-maker. His brothers Wil- liam and James followed him thither two years later. They were both blacksmiths, and opened a shop for the prosecution of their business. They were inventive and enterprising, and manufactured a number of implements then new in the country, as cultivators and double-shovel plows. Before that corn had been cultivated in that region simply with harrows, single-shovel plows, and three-hoe flukes. They also introduced a patent spring for wagons, which took the place of the wooden affairs used on the "Dearborn wagons." In 1841 or 1842 Alexander made two corn drills, which failed to do the work, and in 1849 the broth- ers bought the right of the " Dickey drill" and began manufacturing them. It had a roller which ran over the corn after it was dropped, and if the ground was wet it packed the earth on the corn, making a crust and preventing the corn from growing. In 1859 they invented a corn drill, placing the drive-wheel in front and covering the corn with shears. It failed, however, in the dropping and driving arrangements. Up to this time James assisted his brother, but the latter becoming discouraged, James then took it into his own hands, aud invented two other drills, which also failed. In 1863 he invented one on the princi- ciple according to which he is now manufacturing, which is in general use throughout the south and west. In 1877 he added"'some improve- ments for dropping cotton as well as corn and other small seeds, and also made it a fertilizing drill. He adopts for his nnplement the name "Pioneer drill," because it was the first successful one of the kind, and is still in advance of all others. Over seventy-five thousand are now in use in different parts of America and Europe. One of his nephews, James A. Campbell, was formerly associated with him in business, but recently retired, and Mr. Campbell conducts it alone. He has been MRS. MARIA CAMPBELL. successful from the time of his humble beginnings in HaiTison, reaping the rewards of industry, intelligence, and enterprise, and has added largely to his facilities for manufacturing. His blacksmith-shop occu- pies one building, the machine-shop another, and still another is used for the putting together and shipping of the drills. His manufactory, at the corner of Sycamore and Walnut streets, is just opposite the spot where he began business in the village in 1839. Several times, how- ever, he has suffered reverses, being once entirely burnt out. the last day of August, 1867. Since then bis business has steadily increased, and he has now the largest manufactory of any kind in Harrison, on the Ohio side. For some years he was a Free and Accepted Mason, but has not for some time given much attention to the order. With nearly all his family, he is a member of the Christian or Disciple church. He is a Republican in political faith, having been opposed to slavery ex- tension ever since the Cass, Van Buren, and Taylor campaign, when he voted for the Kinderhook statesman on the Free Soil ticket, and voted steadily with that party until Republicanism was organized. Mrs. IVTaria (Matsenbaugh) Campbell is of Pennsylvania German stock, daughter of Samuel and Rachel Matsenbaugh. Her father, as well as Andrew Campbell, of her husband's family, was a volunteer of the War of 1812. Her parents moved from Pennsylvania to New Lis- bon, Columbiana county, at an early day, and thence to Harrison shortly before her marriage. Her father, born August 9, 1794, in Vir- ginia, died here December 24, 1850 ; her mother, born in Maryland March i, 1799, also died here July r4, i868. Maria remained at home with her parents until her marriage with Mr. Campbell, June 17, 1849, since which time her history has been identified with that of her hus- band. She is likewise a member of the Christian church in Harrison, and faithfully discharges her various duties as wife and mother, and in all other relations of life. Their children have been : Sarah Louisa, born May i, 1850 ; died twenty-two d_ays thereafter. Angle, born October 29, 1851 ; residing with her parents. Hattie Belle, born March 7, 1853 ; married July 26, 1874, to George F. Orr; residing in Harrison, Mr. Orr being an assistant of his father-in- law. Benjamin Franklin, born October 21, 1855; died December 5, 1859, of membranous croup. Ella Dora, born February 24, 1859; book-keeper in her father's office. Albert Martin, born August 30, i860; at home, head machinist in his father's establishment. Harry Ogden, born November 4, 1864; also an assistant in his father's manufactory. Elmore Edward, born September 29, 1867; at home, a "-id in the schools. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 319 side. "The line of the Whitewater canal passes through the town, and is now in progress." The village has had a quite satisfactory growth, con- sidering that it has no special advantages of position. In 1830 it had but one hundred and seventy-three inhabi- tants. In 1850, under the stimulus of the Whitewater canal and the general growth of the country, its popula- tion had advanced to nine hundred and forty; in i860, to one thousand three hundred and forty-three; and in 1870, to one thousand four hundred and seventeen, of course all in Hamilton county. Last year (1880) the census found one thousand five hundred and fifty in- habitants within its limits, on the Ohio side. Mr. William F. Converse was the first mayor of the village. Among other mayors have been Benjamin Bookwalter, 1866-8; and A. E. West, 1873-4. In the years 1856-7 a large brick edifice was put up near Harrison for the purposes of a private academy, called the institute. The expense of its erection and equipment was borne mainly by Mr. George Oyler, whose son, G. W. Oyler, then a recent graduate of the Farmers' college, at College Hill, was its first principal, and has since become a well-known teacher in the county. The St. John's Catholic church, ministered to by the Rev. Father C. Eggers, is located here. In 1872 the Jackson Building and Loan association, for operations at Harrison, was organized, its certificate of incorporation being filed with the secretary of State, June 4th of that year. The pottery operated here was started so long ago as 1829. THE CENSUS. The census in 1870 gave Harrison township two thou- sand one hundred and seventy-five people; in 1880, two thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. MIAMI. ORGANIZATION. The original Miami township was one of the creations of the court of general quarter sessions of the peace in 1791, at the same time as Cincinnati and Columbia town- ships were erected. Its boundaries were then defined as beginning at a point on the Ohio, at the first meridian east of the mouth of Rapid run, thence due north to the Great Miami, thence down that stream to the Ohio, thence up the Ohio to the place of beginning. These included not only the entire tract now occupied by the township but also the eastern part of Delhi, a strip of Green two sections wide, and about one-third of Colerain township. In some of the old documents the limits of Miami are more simply stated as "beginning at the southwest corner of Cincinnati township, thence down the Ohio tp the mouth of the Miami, thence up the Miami to the west boundary of Cincinnati township, thence south to the beginning." In the general -rearrangement of 1803, compelled or suggested by the creation of several new counties from the still extensive Hamilton, the boundaries of Miami were cut down considerably from the northward, while they were extended one range of sections to the east- ward. The were now described as "commencing at the mouth of the Great Miami, thence north on the State line to the Miami, thence up that stream to the north boundary of fractional range two, thence east nearly four miles to the northeast corner of section twenty-four in fractional range two, town two, thence south to the Ohio, thence westward to the place of beginning." These con- fines gave the township no further reach to the northward than it now has, but extended the present north line three miles to the eastward, and gave Miami a strip of as many sections' breadth from what is now Green township and about half of the present Delhi, the east line of the town- ship intersecting the Ohio about a mile below Anderson's Ferry, or near Gilead Station. By the time the change of 1803 was made it had been discovered, as may be ascertained by a careful reading of the definition of boundaries, that some part of the course of the Great Miami, near its mouth, lay wholly in the State of Indiana; so that a narrow strip of territory lay to the east of it, between its channel and the State line, which did not belong to Miami township or to Hamilton county. This river is famous for its changes of course; and several of its ancient beds may be plainly traced fur- ther up the valley, besides many indications of slighter modifications of channel. It is probable that across the tract lying within a mile of the stream, between Guard's Island and the mouth of the Great Miami, its waters have advanced and receded many times. Quite recent maps of the State and county exhibit a belt of territory here that still belongs to Indiana; but, since the surveys upon which these are based were made, the river has again so encroached upon its eastern banks that it is be.- lieved all its shore in that direction is in Hamilton county and the State of Ohio, except perhaps a small tract near the Ohio & Mississippi railway bridge. GEOGRAPHY. ' The extreme western boundary of Miami township at present, therefore, may be stated with almost literal exacts ness as the Great Miami river, separating the township 32° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. from Dearborn county, Indiana. The remaining entire boundary on the west — and on the north, too, is also the Great Miami river, dividing Miami from Whitewater township. Next east of the township, along its entire border in this direction, is Green township; and on the south are the Ohio river, separating it from Kentucky, and a mile's breadth of the northwest part of Delhi town- ship. The township lies in fractional ranges one and two, town one of each. It has but nine full sections, all of them in range two, and none in the peninsula below North Bend and Cleves; but has twenty-two fractional sections, and thus secures a very respectable amount of territory. Its acres count up fourteen thousand and fifty- seven. Its extreme length is on the eastern border and for about three-fourths of a mile in the interior — just six sections, this strip being included between the .same par- allels which bound Green township on the north and south. The shortest length is between the point of the elbow of the Great Miami, at the south end of Cleves, and the Ohio river about two-thirds of a mile. The greatest breadth is on a line crossing the township east and west from the northernmost point in the great bend of the Ohio, from which North Bend is named, not quite six miles; the shortest is on the extreme north line, be- tween the Great Miami and the northeast corner of the township — three-quarters of a mile. From the east line of the township to the meridian drawn from the south- west corner that is, the State line, the distance is over seven miles, and from the southwest corner — the extreme end of the peninsula — to the northeast corner is just ten miles. Miami is thus seen to be a very singularly shaped township, deeply indented on the south side by the Ohio river, and on the north and west in several places by the windings of the Great Miami. Within Miami township the Ohio receives from the northward th? waters of Muddy creek and the west fork of Muddy, the latter of which lies altogether in the south- eastern part of this township; also Indian creek, which enters the river at North Bend station, and several minor streams. Along the northwestern borders of the town- ship flows the South fork of Taylor's creek, leaving the township at the northwest corner, just opposite to which, at the northwest corner, the main stream of Taylor's creek, flowing down from Colerain township, discharges its waters. A mile due north of Cleves Jordan creek debouches also into the Great Miami, after flowing nearly three-fourths of the way across the township. One or two petty and probably unnamed brooks are also affluents of this river on the Miami side. Beside this river, above Cleves, the valley is wide and low, yielding great crops of corn in favorable seasons; below Cleves Ritenhouse Hill, Fort Hill, and the general ridge between the two rivers close down pretty closely upon the banks of the streams, until their junction is neared, when the country again becomes low and flat, and subject in part to fre- quent overflow. The highlands continue along the Ohio to the southeast boundaries of the township; but have ample room at the foot for the tracks of the railroads, a fine wagon road, and the sites of several villages and rail- way stations. They afford many picturesque views up and down the river, and across to the Kentucky shore; and some of the finest suburban residences in the county, as that of Dr. Warder near North Bend, have conse- quently been located upon these heights. The general character of the hill country of Hamilton county is main- tained to the northward and westward until the valley of the Great Miami is reached — much broken and diversi- fied, however, by the numerous streams that cut through and down the hills. Across them, from the direction of Cincinnati, comes in the Cleves turnpike, having the vil- lage of that name on the west for its terminus. There is a singular scarcity of north and south roads in the town- ship, but a sufficiency of highways, with a general direc- tion of east and west. The Ohio & Mississippi, and the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago railroads run parallel to each other and to the bank of the Ohio in this township until just past North Bend station, where the track of the latter diverges rapidly to the northward, passes under the ridge between North Bend and Cleves by a tunnel, and leaves the township, going westward, by a bridge over the Great Miami, half a mile northwest of Cleves. The Ohio & Mississippi continues its course along the Ohio beyond North Bend about five miles, to a point about half a mile above the mouth of the Great Miami, when it passes into Indiana. TOWNSHIP OFFICERS, ETC. The first officers of the Miami township, named by appointment of the court at the time of its erection, were in part as follows: Lynde Elliott, clerk; Darius C. Orcutt, overseer of roads; Henry Brazier, overseer of the poor. The cattle brand for the township was fixed by the court as the letter D. By the order of 1 803 the voters of Miami were to meet at the house' of Joseph Coleby, and there vote for two justices of the peace. On the twenty-fourth of April, 1809, the governor of the State commissioned Garah Markland and Stephen Wood as justices of the peace for the township of Miami, each to serve during a term of three years. We have also the following memoranda of justices elected by the people in later years: 18 ig, John Pal- mer, Daniel Bailey; 1825, William Harrell, James Martin; 1829, John Scott Harrison, J. L. Watson, Isaac Morgan; 1865, John D. Matson, A. R. Lind; 1866, A. R. Lind, James Carlin; 1867-9, James Carlin, James Herron; 1870-2, James Carlin, William B. Welsh, 1873-4, James Carlin, James Herron, William Ayr; 1875, Carlin and Ayr; 1876-8, William J essup, A. R. Lind; 1879-80, Carlin and Lind. ANTIQUITIES. The famous ancient work which gives the name to Fort Hill, near the Great Miami river, is an irregular enclosure surrounding about fifteen acres. It is between the brows of precipitous ascents two hundred- and sixty feet high on the Miami side and two hundred feet high towards the Ohio, which is about a mile distant; and is in a position well calculated for outlook and defence. The wall is now about three feet high, is composed of CHRISTOPHER FLINCHPAUGH. Christopher Flinchpaugh, born April 26, 1799 in Wurtemburg, Eu- rope. Jacob, his father, was a common farmer ; Agnes Phyle. his mother was of common stoclc. Both his parents died when Christopher was a young man of fifteen summers, he coming to America in 1817, land- ing in Philadelphia. Out of a family of three brothers and two sisters, all of whom are dead, he was the youngest. One of the great associa- tions and memorable events of his life, is the vivid recollection of Na- poleon's campaign in 1816. The great disaster which followed his re- treat, the Cossacks, the Russians, the Prussians, the French — left food scarce, and distress followed which beggars description. Christopher, who was a passenger, worked his way in a sail vessel which was three months and two weeks m crossing. At the .end of the journey, he worked one year and six months to repay the expense. However, the agreement to school Christopher nine months, furnish him with two suits of clothes from head to foot, and forty dollars in mpney, was not kept and our young German failed to receive his reward. From near Harrisburgh he came to Miami town- ship in the fall of 1819, and remained ever since. Previous to his mar- riage in the spring of 182 1 to Elizabeth Columbia, he worked at stilling in Miamitown for one year and six months for Ma- jor Henrie. His wife was born December 20, 1801, was of Welsh extraction, and whose father was a Revolutionary soldier. By this marriage five sons and seven daughters were born : Jacob, Henrietta, Susanna, William, Mary, Caleb, Chris, Simon, Char- lotte, Christina, Hannah, Elizabeth. Out of this family only six hve. From thfs ' family thirty-nine grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren have been born. Young Chris- topher was brought up in the Lutheran faith ; was baptized in infancy, and confirmed when fourteen years of age, but of prac- tical religion he knew nothing. Educationally, he had eight years of schooling, but being of a careless disposition, failed to receive any benefit. Marvelous as it may seem the first year or two he preached he was unable to read English. Dur- ing his employment in the distillery at Miami, he re- ceived the first impres- sions of sin, while work- ing a copper still. But the first convictions of sin hung overhead^and in one year and six months after he was converted. But previous to this time a few months, he joined the United Brethren church, under the influ- ence of Rosalia Fageley, a pious woman in whose house the n eeting ■was held. He passed from a rough, blasphemous character to a min- ister of the gospel. Being of a determined nature, full of good impulses, he grasped the hand of all alike — the wicked and good — and im- plored them to turn to Christ. His conversion was in a cornfield while plowing corn, and from thence, the Sunday following, by agreement with the still-house hands, he preached his first sermon in Chamberstown, in Miami. Great results followed, and from thence he preached to many distinguished men. Among his audience at different times were Gener- al Harrison, Governor Bebb, Daniel Howell, the first male child in Miami township, and many others who long since have passed to their reward. Soon after beginning to preach in 1824, he was licensed by the United Brethren church, and travelled throughout the country, preach- ing in barns and log dwelling houses. Soon after, when poverty and hardship were gathering in great clouds over head, and when the devil tempted him to cease preaching, he came from Venice, where he preached in a cooper-shop in the morning, and in the evening at a school-house, to his home a distance of twelve miles. He had had his breakfast and went without dinner and supper. Coming home about 9 or 10 o'clock, and -reflecting on his hard trials, and tempted to retire from the ministry, their came a voice — a song of angels from Heaven singing, " How happy are they," exhorting him to continue. In all his he memorable life, neither has seen or heard so much melody, so great a choir, and so much of God's power to save. The matter of recompense was very small and dis- tance in circuit very great. One circuit was four hundred miles in length, and consisted of thirty-two appointments. Sometime in 1841 or 1842, a call was made to go to Germany. For six months he debated and prayed over the question, and at one time was tempted to drive God's spirit away by drink, but finally, on account of lack of funds, did not leave America. He re- grets now his failure to accept the call, but God forgives him. Once while visiting a layman — which is a dream — he was in- vited by the member to go out and see his sheep. After going out, the sheep proved to be long wooly dogs which were sheared for sheep, illus- trating a paradox in re- ligion. At difterent periods he travelled from Pittsburgh to the north of Ports- mouth Evansville. The presiding elder's office was held and common preaching done every- where. Both German and English pulpits were fillled, and both Enghsh and German converts baptized and taken into the church. One unacquainted with pioneer life; the travel- ling through swamp and bog ; through forest and stream , and all their dif- ferent parts, knows noth- ing of early ministerial preaching. The following are per- sons and where they were baptized : one hun- dred children, twenty persons in Ohio river, twenty persons in Mill creek, sixty persons in Taylor's creek, ten per- sons in Muddy creek .fifty persons in Big Miami, river, ten persons in Lo- gan creek, seventy per- sons in Johnson's fork, fifty persons in Dry fork, five persons in Indian creek, forty persons in Elk creek, fifty persons in Little and Big Twin, fifty persons in Browii s run, twenty persons in Beaver creek, and ten persons in East Little In the matter of deaths it is believed that over three thousand fu- neral sermons have been preached and marriage ceremonies performed' Now, in old age, after a. life full of great trial, and one ladened with the choicest fruits, he, though not wealthy, but left in good circum- stances, is left without a helpmeet. About him, all up and down the country, are hosts of friends. Many are in Heaven and many more are homeward bound. To him God has been gracious ; life with him has been a success. God, he fully believes, called him to preach. Every one to his notion is selected by his Master to go forth and meet sin. The forest has faded before his ax as well as immorality. May God continue to bless him in the future as in the past. The present is short, but the future will find him in the best calling in our land. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 321 stone and earth, and has a narrow gateway at the north- east corner, near a rocky tract on the hillside. There are prominent salients or bastions at both the northeast and southeast corners. A ditch upon the inside follows the wall throughout. A spring within would keep a besieged force well supplied with water, and a channel of another stream also intersects the wall, which might be damned in case of rainfall. The tableland within the fort is ten to twenty feet above the wall, the earth in which was scooped from the brow of the hill, while the stone was also collected from the locality. The former farm of Geneial Harrison approached near the fort by its west line; and the residence of his son, the Hon. J. Scott Harrison, was directly south of the work. The former in his discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio, delivered before the Historical Society of Ohio in 1838, printed in its transactions and also separately, thus uses this ancient work by way of illustration in an argument for the high antiquity of the Mound Builders' remains: The sites of the ancient works on the Ohio present precisely the same appearance as the circumjacent forest. You find on them all the beautiful variety of trees which skives such universal richness to our forests. This is particularly the case on the fifteen acres included within the walls of the work at the mouth of the Great Miami, and the relative proportions of different kinds of timber are about the same. The first growth, on the same kind of land, once cleared and then abandoned to nature, on the contrary is more homogeneous after stinted to one or two, or at most three kinds of timber. Other remarks of the general concerning this work in the same address are as follows: The engineers who directed the executing of the Miami work, ap- pear to have known the importance of flank defences. And if their bastions are not as perfect as to form, as those which are in use in modern engineering, their position, as well as that of the long lines of curtains, are precisely as they should be. I have another conjecture as to this Miami fortress. If the people of whom we have been speaking were really the Aztecs, the direct course of their journey to Me.xico, and the facilities which that mode of retreat would afford, seem to point out a descent of the Ohio as the line of that retreat. This position (the lowest which they appear to have fortified on the Ohio), strong by nature and improved by the expenditures of great labor, directed by no inconsiderable degree of skill, would be the last hold they would occupy and the scene of their last efforts to retain possession of the country they had so long inhab" ited. The interest which every one feels who visits this beautiful and interesting spot, would be greatly heightened if he could persuade him- self of the reasonableness of my deductions, from the facts I have stated. That this elevated ridge, from which are now to be seen flourishing little villages and plains of unrivalled fertility, possessed by a people in the full enjoyment of peace and liberty, and all that peace and liberty can give — whose nations, like those of Spata, have never seen the smoke of an enemy's fire — once presented a scene of war, and war in its most horrid form, where blood is the object and the de- ficiencies of the field are made up by the slaughter of innocence and imbecility. That it was here a feeble band was collected, remnant of mighty battles fought in vain, to make a last effort for the country of their birth, the ashes of their ancestors and the altars of their gods; that the crisis was met with fortitude and sustained with valor, need not to be doubted. The ancestors of Quitlavaca and Gautimozin, and their devoted followers could not be cowards. FORT FINNEY. This work, the first erection for human habitation made by white men upon the territory afterwards covered by the Miami purchase, except only the transient block- houses erected by the war parties of Kentuckians upon the site of Cincinnati, stood upon the soil of Miami township, in the point of the peninsula. It was upon the west bank of a small creek, about three-quarters of a mile above the mouth of the Little Miami, and near the mouth of the creek, not far from what is now the south- east corner of the former farm of the late John Scott Harrison. The site is still pointed out by residents of that neighborhood, and a writer in i866 said that some remais of the fort were then still to be seen, though they have now wholly disappeared. We have elsewhere, in the chapter Before Losantiville, in the second division of this work, told the story of Fort Finney, down to and including the settlement and signature of a treaty with the Indians, February 2, 1786. It remains only to give its subsequent brief history. This we are happily enabled to do by the aid of the journal of Major Denny, which has been published in one of the valuable volumes issued by the Pennsylvania Historical society. It begins October 22, 1785, before the work was built, and a little before the movement of troops to that quarter began. From this clear and intelligent ac- count we learn that General Butler and his fellow com- missioners left the fort soon after the treaty was conclu- ded, going away on the eighth of February, 1786, in three large boats, with their messengers and attendants, all apparently well tired of the place, where their life and duties had been by no means pleasant. Their voy- age was up the Ohio on their return to civilization. The soldiers remained, however, with Major Finney, Captain Zeigler (afterwards Major Zeigler, commandant at Fort Washington), Lieutenant Denny, and other well known officers in command. St. Patrick's Day was duly cele- brated by the bold Irish boys of the garrison, with all hands taking part in such festivities as included the dis- posal of festive liquids, and also in the observance of the Fourth of July, which followed in due course of time. Lieutenant Denny does not say just when the fort was evacuated, but the treaty of the Indians of the Miami and Maumee valleys was supposed to obviate the neces- sity for a military post here, and, all remaining quiet in this region, the commanding officer was presently directed to evacuate the place, which he did some time before January, 1789, taking his force to the Indiana side of the Ohio opposite Louisville, where a small work was also erected, and likewise called Fort Finney. We have no record that the work was occupied again by a military force, although General Harmar, 'in a letter of January 22, 1789, just before Symmes reached North Bend, said it was "not improbable that two companies would be ordered to be stationed at the mouth of the Great Mi- ami, not only as a better cover for Kentucky, but also to afford protection to Judge Symmes in his intended settle- ment there." But it was doubtless standing when Judge Symmes came upon the premises, since the locality about the mouth of the Great Miami is commonly referred to by him as the Old Fort, and doubtless took its name from Fort Finney, not from the ancient work on the hills overlooking the Great Miami. THE INDIAN PERIOD. The following narrative was related by the Hon. J. Scott Harrison, son of President Harrison, in an address 322 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. to the Whitewater and Miami Valley Pioneer association, at Cleves, September 8, 1866: A party of men residing at tlie Point (moutli of Big Miami), were returning from a small mill near North Bend, and with one exception, stopped at the old log house lately occupied by Andrew McDonald, where a tavern was then kept; and as this was before the days of tem- perance societies, it is a very fair inference that they stopped to take a drink. One rnan (Demoss), more temperate, perhaps, than his fellows, continued on his way up the hill — the trace to the Point then running over the hill, near the old graveyard, and on the bluff of the ridge. The revelers had hardly time to accomplish the object of their stop be- fore the report of a rifle was heard on the hill. The party at the tav- ern, supposing it was only an intimation from their more sober com- panion to cease theii revels and continue their way home, rushed out of the house with a wild whoop, mounted their horses, and rode up the hill. But what must have been the horror of the party, on arriving at the crown of the hill, to find their companion dead and weltering in his blood! The undischarged rifle of Demoss, and the missing meal- bag, too plainly explained the manner and cause of his death. Pur- suit was immediately given, in a northwesterly direction, and the meal, but not the Indian, found. The Indian, in order to save his own life, had dropped that which had evidently incited him to commit the murder. This tale of Indian murder has always had a peculiar personal inter- est to me. My mother, then unmarried and living with her father. Judge Symmes, at North Bend, had been on a riding excursion (horse- back, of course), to the Point, the very afternoon of this murder, and has often told me that the horses of their party were still at the door after their return, when the fatal shot that killed Demoss was plainly heard. My mother was always under the impression that the Indian saw her party pass, but that bread, rather than blood, was the object of the murderer. THE PIONEEK settlement in Miami township, and the third in the Miami purchase, was made, as all careful readers of this work well know by this time, by Judge John Cleves Symmes — not at the mouth of the Great Miami, as he intended, and as Gen- eral Harmar and others expected, but at North Bend. Who Judge Symmes was, in his family origin and early career, and what were his preliminary movements before reaching the Purchase with his colony, are narrated in Chapter IV of the first part of this book. Major Denny who had returned to the garrison at Fort Harmar, thus wrote in his journal August 27, 1788, of the appear- ance of Judge Symmes and party at the post, during the movement westward. The gallant young officer's atten- tion seems to have been specially and worthily attracted by the principal young lady of the party, the daughter of the proprietor: Judge Symmes, with several boats and families, arrived on their way to his new purchase at the Miami. Has a daughter (Polly) along. They lodge with the general and Mrs. Harmar. Stayed three days, and departed. If not greatly mistaken. Miss Symmes will make a fine woman. An amiable disposition and cultured mind, about to be buried in the wilderness. This "Polly" is the daughter who afterwards became the wife of Peyton Short, the millionarie son-in-law of Judge Symmes. General Harrison's wife was Annie Symmes, also daughter of the judge. Arriving at Liinestone Point, later Maysville, Syirimes found himself detained there during a tedious fall and early winter by the delay of the authorities in concluding with the Indians the treaty of Muskingum, and so pro- viding reasonable security for settlers in the wilderness further down the river. Major Stites, however, got off about the middle of November with his party for the mouth of the Little Miami, and Colonel Patterson, the twenty-fourth of the next month, for the famed and coveted spot "opposite the mouth of the Licking," but the chief proprietor of the Purchase was still detained. December 12th, Captain Kearsey and forty-five troops came down the river from Fort Harmar, and reported to him as an escort. They were for the time being of no service, but rather an annoyance, since they brought but limited supplies, and the judge had to subsist them. In Novernber he had ordered a few surveyors down the Ohio, to traverse the two Miami valleys as high uo as they could get. Some of these formed the advance guard of Sym- mes's immigration to the Great Miami country. The judge intended to remain at Limestone until spring, having taken, as he said, "a total house of my own," but he doubtless became restless at the success of Stites and Patterson in founding their settlements while he delayed, and was also assured by repeated messages from Stites of the friendly disposition of the Indians and their eager desire to see him. There was some danger that his red brethren would go off in anger and disgust at the refusal or neglect of Symmes to meet them; and so, during the latter part of January, 1789, he collected with difficulty a siTiall commissariat of flour and salt, placed on boats his family and furniture, with other members of the colony and such of Kearsey's soldiers as had not been sent to Stites, and embarked from Limestone January 29th. The season was inclement. A few weeks before this time, about the last of December, a sergeant and twelve men of the command had been dispatched for the Old Fort with a party of settlers. The weather changed soon after they left Limestone, becoming very cold, and filling the river with ice, so that there was danger they would be frozen up in the stream. They reached Columbia, however, and there paused, expecting soon to go on to their destination. But while here, the floating ice forced their boats from the shore, stove in, and carried away the side of one bearing live stock, part of which was drowned, and the rest saved with difficulty. Most of the provisions on hand for the settlers and sol- diers was also lost. This broke up the intended emigra- tion to the Old Fort, the party remaining at Columbia, or returning to Limestone when the weather and river per- mitted. When Symmes started, January 2gth, it was at a time of the greatest freshet in the Ohio that had been known since Kentucky was settled — the greatest, indeed, be- tween 1773 and the tremendous flood of 1832. When his flotilla reached Columbia he found the little settle- ment under water except one house, which was on the higher ground. The soldiers had been driven by the water to the garret of the block-house, and thence to the boats. Floating rapidly with the swollen stream to Lo- santiville, he found it "had suffered nothing from the freshet," as he afterwards wrote. He doubtless stopped and spent some hours, very likely a night, at each of these places; although speeded by the flood and not in- terrupted by ice, as the Losantiville voyagers were, he occupied about the same time in the journey that they did, nainely, four days. Leaving the last outpost of civ- ilization on the Upper Ohio in the morning, he landed. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 323 on the second of February, 1789, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, as he minutely records, on the site of North Bend. It was his intention, as before stated, to take his people and garrison down to the Old Fort; but the high water determined him not to proceed thither until he had more definitely ascertained whether or not that was an eligible site for a town under such circumstances. The flood was an advantage to the North Bend locality, since from his boat, elevated by it, the judge could see, as he described it, "that the river hills appeared to fall away in such a manner that no considerable rise appeared between the Ohio and the Great Miami," so that his pro- ject of a city between the streams had here good hope of realization. The freshet also enabled him to deter- mine the probable exemption of a colony here from in- jury to their homes by high water. It is said, too, that he decided to stop here, six miles short of his purposed destination, in order to be more conveniently situated with reference to his surveyors in the purchase. The first dwelling occupied by Judge Symmes and family in their new home, is described by Mr. F. W. Miller, author of Cincinnati's Beginnings. It is prob- ably typical of all others that sheltered the party the first few days: As soon as he had debarked he formed there an encampment, erect- ing a kmd of shelter then usually adopted in this region for such pur- pose, consisting of two forked sapplings set in the ground for uprights, with a crop pole resting in the forks of these as a support for [boat] boards leaning from the ground to form the sides, one end of the struc- ture being closed up, and the other left open for an entance and fire- place. In that he remained for about si.\ weeks before being able to provide himself with anything more like a house. Judge Symmes found his fears of the tract about the mouth of the Great Miami amply justified. On the next day after landing he sent two of the most intelligent members of his party to the junction of the rivers to in- spect the grounds, and upon their return they reported that so much of the neck of land there as was above water was considerably broken with hills and by a small stream of water, so as to forbid the laying out of a city between the two large waters, The following day Symmes himself went down with Captain Kearsey, and made a thorough survey of the region about the old fort. By this tirne the river had fallen about fifteen feet, leaving great cakes of ice six inches in thickness clinging to the trees, making in some cases canopies of eight to ten feet in diameter. The ice also served him a good purpose in his survey, as showing to what points upon the banks and bottom lands the water had reached. He found "the fine large bottom of land down in the point" covered with water to the depth of many feet, and after making full inspection of the premises he wrote to his partner that "I am obliged to own that I was exceeding- ly disappointed in the plat .which we had intended for a city." He prepared and sent them a map of the penin- sula during the flood, which demonstrated the proposed site to be "altogether ineligible." He writes further: "This (the founding of a city at the point) I pronounce very impracticable, unless you raise her, like Venice, out of the water, or get on the hills west of the township line." He found, indeed, only room enough for one street between the hill and the overflowed land, and this scarcely half a mile in length. "A small village," he concludes, "is all that I can flatter myself with at the point, if we allow more of a lot than barely enough to set a house on." He thought, however, that they might do well to lay out a plat of fifty or sixty lots there, which was never done, we believe. He was enthusiastic in his description of this part of the penin- sula for the excellence of its soil and the imminence of its growth of wild grass. He estimated the tract at about three thousand acres, of which one thousand were first- rate meadow-land; another third was capable of. tillage, and level enough for plowing; and the remaining third was heavily timbered with richer growths. He suggested to the company that the whole should be reserved as a common manor for the proprietors, under liberal regula- tions for others that might settle in the reserved town- ship. "I have not seen," he says, "fifty acres together, of the most broken of this township, on which an indus- trious man could not get a comfortable living." The result was a determination to lay out a village where the party had first landed. He accordingly platted the village of North Bend, and South Bend some time after. He kept looking about, however, for a suitable site for a city, and seems to have found two, "both eligi- ble," one about two miles east of North Bend, on the Ohio, a little above the mouth of Muddy creek; the other the same distance north of the bend, in that sweeping curve of the Great Miami about ten miles from its mouth, within which are situated the major part of sections twenty-three and twenty-four, in the northwest ern part of this township. At neither of these points, however, could a city be laid off upon the desired plan of a regular square. "On both," said Symmes, "a town must, if built, be thrown into an oblong of six blocks or squares by four. . . . It is a question of no little moment and difficulty to determine which of these spots is preferable in point of local situation." But in the same letter, of May 18, i'789, to one of the co- proprietors, the judge argues elaborately and stoutly in favor of the latter site, as, being on the Great Miami, it would not be necessary for the inhabitants of that region, going to the proposed city by water, to double around the point at the old fort to reach it, as they would if the city were on the Ohio. He was anxious to have the site of the city determined and get it laid off; as meanwhile he was embarrassed in laying out the lands in that part of the purchase by the uncertainty as to the location of the Miami metropolis. He writes: "As it is uncertain where the city will be built, and whether the point may be reserved for the purpose of a manor or not, I shall be cautious how I set apart particular lots of land until these matters are settled by the proprietors." The end was, as we shall presently see more fully, that the great "city of Miami" to be was laid out where he first landed, from the Ohio river at North Bend nearly to the Great Miami at the present village of Cleves. Captain Kearsey had received orders, probably from General Harmar, simply to accompany the emigrants to their destination, wherever that might prove to be, and 324 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. then occupy Fort Finney. The great flood prevented him from executing the latter part of the order at first, but when the stage of water permitted a landing at that point and occupation there, he was anxious to have Symmes and his people accompany his troops to the old Fort, and was much displeased that the judge did not comply with his desire. He did nothing toward build- ing block-houses for the protection of the settlement; and about five weeks after the landing, or the eighth of March, finding the provisions growing short, he aban- doned Symmes with the greater part of the detachment, leaving him but the rediculous force of four men for the nominal defence of the place. He did not stop at Fort Finney either, but continued on to the falls of the Ohio, whence he did not return to North Bend. Major Wyl- lys was commanding at the falls, and in response to Symmes' repeated and very earnest appeals, he, after some delay, sent Ensign Luce with eighteen men to the new place. These addressed themselves to business at once, and within a week had a tolerable block-house erected at North Bend, and the infant settlement felt more secure. This Ensign Luce is the hero of the ro- mantic, but, alas! unreliable story, concerning the black eyes of a fair dulcina as the cause of the removal of the garrison and fixing of the sight of Fort Washington at Losantiville, and the consequent prosperity of that place and decay of North Bend. The story of North Bend and other Miami settle- ments will be carried on further in this chapter. Among the early settlers of the township, were the Silvers, Rittenhouse, Woods, Materns, Howells, and Anthony famiUes. SETTLEMENT NOTES. Joseph Dixson Garrison, tavern keeper and grocery man. North Bend, is great-grandson of a Swede or German named Garrison, who was among the first settlers of New Jersey. His grandfather, Abraham Garrison, emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky at a very early day, and set- tled at or near Scott's'station, removing in a few years to the Northwest Territory at Losantiville. Here his wife, Lydia Garrison, did considerable doctoring among the people of the place, and here he and his son Joseph, father of the subject of this notice, were eye witnesses of the murder of Benjamin Van Cleve by the Indians. She, in a small way, introduced the manufacture of soap in Cincinnati, and he built and operated the horse-mill on Third street, where the Presbyterian colonists held some of their earliest services. Joseph Garrison is supposed to have been born at Scott's station, and remained with his father at Cincinnati until he was well grown. His son gives the following amusing account of the manner in which he became acquainted with General Harrison: "He got acquainted with him in rather a comical way. My father had caught a cub bear by killing the old one. He raised it as a pet, and had it under good subjection. After it had grown up to about its full size, he would watch when the army would be on parade or drilling, and would then take his bear and go up on the side-hill above the parade ground, and tie an old camp-kettle to his hind parts and scare him and turn him loose, when the bear would run for home right through the line of soldiers, and break ranks, and make a grand disturbance. So one day the general followed him home and requested his father to stop him of his sport. I have often heard the general and father laugh about their first acquaintance." .Joseph Garrison married Merab Conner, near Law- renceburgh, in 1805, and, after some service in aid of the Government surveyors, settled at the Goose pond, in Miami township, where Joseph D. was born, in 18 16. The latter in early life tended Garrison's ferry, over the Great Miami, where the Cleves bridge now is, and made several trading trips with boats to New Orleans. He was married in 1852 to Sarah Ann, only daughter of James Smith Leonard, an early emigrant from Canada to the neighborhood of Rising Sun, Indiana. The same day they started for California with a company he had agreed to take through. He there engaged in gold mining until the middle of February, 1855, when they started on their return to the States. While residing at Diamond Springs, California, their first son, now a physician in southeastern Kansas, was born. Two more sons and two daughters are now residing with their parents. After his return Mr. Garrison pursued farming for a time, and then bought his present hotel property in North Bend. One of the settlers of 1796, at North Bend, was An- drew Scott, a Scotch immigrant from Redstone, Penn- sylvania, who was one of the first blacksmiths to erect a shop and open for business here. He remained at the Bend about six years, and then went on a farm, dying in Crosby township in 1831. His son James also worked for a time at blacksmithing here, and then became a teacher — one of the first in point of both time and repu- tation, in Hamilton county. He was also a civil engi- neer. He removed to Crosby township, where he was justice of the peace for several years, and was one of the founders, in 1803, of the Whitewater Congregational church at New London, Butler county. He died of cholera in 1834. His numerous descendants still reside in Crosby township. Christopher FUnchpaugh was born in Wurtemberg, Ger- many, in 1799, and came to America in 1817, settling in Miami township the same year. He was married to Eliz- abeth Columbia in 1 82 1. Three years later he embraced religion, and the same year commenced preaching the gospel. He was a member of the United Brethren church. He used to have such men in his congregation as General Harrison, Judge Short, and numerous other distinguished men of our country. When he became a Christian he could neither read nor write. A short time after he began in the ministry he was assigned to a cir- cuit of four hundred miles. The distance had to be travelled on horseback, and he was obliged to preach thirty-two times every four weeks. He filled the pulpit in Cincinnati, in both the English and German churches, and was presiding elder two years. At present he is re- tired, but preaches occasionally. He is highly respected by all who know him, and has indeed been a pubUc ben- efactor. His faithful wife died July 30, 1880, at the ad- vanced age of seventy-eight. They have had twelve children: Jacob; William; Caleb; Christopher; Simon, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 325 married to Sarah Swayen; Mary, the wife of Caleb Ren- unger; Christina, the wife of Adam Swartz, of Indiana; Henrietta, the wife of Jesse Herron; Charlotte, now married to Charles Becker; Hannah, Mrs. John Swayen; Elizabeth, married to Francis Markle ; and Susie. Henry Flinchpaugh' was born in Wurtemberg, Ger- many, March 9, 1792. At the age of sixteen he enlisted in the French army and took part in the campaign against Moscow, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, suffering all the privations of the terrible retreat. He fought in the battle of Leipsig, also in Waterloo, and in the latter battle escaped without a wound. In 1817 he came to America, and, while passing through Pennsylvania, at the town of Lancaster, married Johanna Schmidlapp. The same year he settled in Butler county, Ohio, where he remained about a year, when he came to Hamilton coun- ty and settled at first in the town of Miami, but after- ward moved to a farm in Miami township. The place is now owned by Emanuel Faigle. He came to America poor, but succeeded in amassing a large -property. He was a member of the church of United Brethren, and in politics was a Democrat. His death occurred October 7, 1852. His wife died October i, 1863. Their family consisted of twelve children: David, now married to Maria Fleming; Henry, married to Cynthia Creech; Hannah, the v/[{e of- William Creech; Mary, married to Frederick Ulmer; Caleb, married to Rachel IngersoU; Jacob; William, married to Eliza Brown; Harriet, Mrs. Gottlieb Metzzer; John, married to Fanny Yanney; and three that died in early childhood. Caleb Flinchpaugh was born in Hamilton county, in the house in which he now lives, in the year 1828, Feb- ruary 14th. He has always followed the business of farming. He was married February 27, 185 1, to Miss IngersoU, of the same township. She died August 13, 1879, leaving eight children. He is at present township trustee, an office held by him during the past six years. He has also been on the board of education fifteen years and has a deep interest in everything pertaining to the cause of education. A zealous member of the United Brethren church, he has had several offices of honor and trust in the church. Politically he is a Democrat. He has an interesting family of eight boys, all living, and all at home. Their names are — William H., David, Wesley R., Isaac Y., Jacob S., Frank, Anderson, and Eddie. John M. Flinchpaugh was born in this county in 1838, and has always been a farmer from preference. He was married in 1863 to Miss Fanny Yanney, of Miami town- ship. A Democrat in politics, he has filled the place of councilman of the village one year. His five children are — Charles E., Nora L., Harry E., Jennie, and James E. Henry Flinchpaugh was born in the town of Miami in 1819, and followed the business of farming till of age. Then he opened a store on Taylor's creek, in which he remained five years, when he removed his stock of goods to Harrison, and remained another five years. He is a natural mechanic, and has worked considerably at the gunsmith's trade. During the gold excitement in Cali- fornia he made rifles for a number of men who went over the plains to that State. He is now engaged at his trade. He was married in 1843. I" politics he is a Democrat. His three children are — Harriet L., now Mrs. Valentine Fagely; William M., married to Julia Siepen; and John F., still living at home. David Flinchpaugh was born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1818, and was moved with the family to Miami town- ship the same year. He has held the office of township trustee three years, and has been school director more than thirty years. In politics he has always been a Democrat. He married Maria Fleming, a native of Pennsylvania, in 1842, and settled, the same year, on the farm which he now occupies. John B. Matson was born in this township in 1796, and married Lucretia Y. Buck, of the same place, in the year 1826. She died after thirteen years, leaving six chil- dren. Two years later he was married to Milchia Van- gorder. His first settlement was made on the farm now owned by Mrs. A. W. Flowers, the same on which he was born. He was a Democrat, and has been in the office of justice of the peace for one term. He died on the same farm in 1875, 3' the age of eighty years. His nine children are James, married to Elizabeth Houts; Oliver, married to Louisa Stephenson; John B., married to Cynthia A. Brown; Lucretia, who died when four years old; Job, married to Catharine Derrick; Lovina, who died in infancy; Albert, married to Anna Chambers; Charlotte D., now the wife of Amasa W. Flowers; and Narcissa, Mrs. Richard C. Flowers. John B. Matson was born in this township in 1831. He attended Farmers' college, at College Hills, one term. In 1854 he was married to Cynthia A. Brown, of the same county. He is a Democrat in his political be- lief His children are James B., married to Mary Mc- Sweety; Minnie, the wife of Asa C. Bouham ; Mary, now Mrs. Thomas M. Gerard; Kate, Fannie, who died at the age of seven years; Frank, who died at three years of age; Hattie, now living at home, and Bessie, who died an infant. Chalon G. Guard was born in this county on March 15, 1819. In 1 84 1 he was married to Leah H. Comeges, of Dearborn county, Indiana. He was township trustee for several years, and, in the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he was a member, he was steward during many years. In his political faith he was a Republican. He died October 21, 1873. His children are Angeline, Maton B., married to Sophia D. Moore, and now living in Indiana; Simeon G., married to Inez M. Lewis, and now in Kansas; Rachel M., Ezra G., Almira H., the wife of Stephen W. Rittenburg; and Eunice W., now Mrs. Luther Fisher, of lUinois. John McGee was born in New Jersey in 1807. He came to Ohio in 1829, and settled on the farm on which he now Uves in Miami township. In 1833 he married Nacky Brown, from Clermont county. He has held the office of trustee in the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is a member. He has long been a Republi- can. His children are Sarah, Robert, married to Sallie Fazely; John, Jane, now Mrs. Michael Sargent, and Annie. Abel IngersoU was born in New Jersey in 1794, and 326 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. was brought to Ohio in 1801. His first home in this State was in Whitewater township, on the farm owned at present by Mr. Hopping. He married Ehzabeth Polk, of Pennsylvania. At one time he served in the place of constable during a series of years; was a member of the United Brethren church; in politics was always very liberal, voting for the man that seemed to him best. He died in this township in 1850 at the age of sixty-six. Seven years later his wife died. They, had eight chil- dren: Isaac, married to Mary A. Herron; Patience, married first to John Herron, and afterward to Arthur Henry; Rachel, the wife of Caleb Flinchpaugh; Eliza- beth, now Mrs. Robert Martin, of Indiana; and iour that died in early infancy. Isaac IngersoU was born in this county in 181 7. Oc- tober 31, 1844, he married Mary A. Harron. Several years he has served as township trustee, and two years was township treasurer. He has always lived on the farm on which he was born. He is, in politics, a Democrat. He has five children : Joseph, now married to Florence Marklin; Nancy, Daniel, and Elizabeth, not living at home, and one that died while an infant. William Maensley was born in Virginia in 1785, where he married Nancy Bussel. She died, leaving six chil- dren, in Miami, in 1822. He came to this State in 1815, but had lived for a time previously in Boone county, Kentucky. His first Ohio settlement was made at North Bend, on the farm now the property of Charles Short. In politics he was an Old Line Whig. He died in Ripley, Indiana, in 1837. He had six children: James, at pres- ent in Texas; Moses B., now married to Eunice Hayes; John B., married to Mary J. Ingraham; Eliza, the wife of David Jones, of Indiana; Samuel, married to Catha- rine Gronendike; and Stephen W., married to Mary Vangorder, and a resident of Indiana at the present time. Moses B. Maensley was born in Boone county, Ken- tucky, in 1814, and was, while very young, brought by his parents to North Bend, Ohio. He has held the offices of constable and treasurer for his township, and has also been steward in the Methodist Episcopal church, where he has a membership. In politics he is a strong RepubUcan. In 1846 he built a warehouse at Cleves and began the buying of grain, which he followed twenty years, when he abandoned it and took up farming; Twelve years previous to the above date he was in busi- ness on the river between Cincinnati and New Orleans. It took an entire year in those days to make one trip. In 1839 he was married to Miss Eunice Hayes, of this township. They have had nine children: Anderson B., married to Mary H. Lewis; Anna H., and Alvin C; James F., married to Anna Markland; Abiatha B., the wife of Otto Lowe, of Indiana; Fanny M., Job H., Ara- bella, and Chalon G. Job Hayes was born in this county — North Bend — in 1 79 1. His father, Job Hayes, died on a boat three months before his birth; he vifas buried on the bank of the Ohio river with such care to conceal the body from the Indians that even his friends were unable to discover the place of his burial. He always followed the business of farming. His children were: James, married to Penina Conner; Sarah, the wife of Levi Miller, now living in Indiana; and Job, married to Johanna Hayes, and living in Iowa. Job Hayes, jr., owing to the great distance to school, was obliged to study evenings at home, which he did by the firelight as best he could. He married Johanna Hayes, of Butler county, June 29, 1816, and first settled on the farm now owned by the Miller heirs, in Whitewater township. In politics he was a Democrat; in religion, a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. He died in Madison, Iowa, February 4, 1868. His wife died at the same place four years later. Their family consists of eleven children: Mary, Levi M., Joseph H., married to Sarah Myers; Omer, married to Mary A. McEUhaney; Sarah M., the wife of Isaac Stephens, of Indiana; Isaac D., married and living in Iowa; Martha, Jacob, Samuel F., married to Mary Marsh, and now of Iowa; and Bue- lah, married first to Corydon Swift and afterward to Bar- ney Mullin. Joseph H. Hayes was born in this county in 1824. In 1852 he married Sarah Myers, also of this county. He has served as township trustee one term, is a member of the Methodist church, and in politics is a Democrat. His seven children are: Job W., Enos, Alice D., Isaac D., Joseph G., Wilson, and Charles. Thomas Markland was born in Maryland, in 1765. He was a cooper by trade, which business he carried on with farming all his life. He married Anna M. Somers, a native of Virginia, and came to this State in 1805. He reached Green township, of this county, on the sec- ond day of April, and settled on the farm now owned by Charles and Washington Markland. At that time the nearest white settler was two miles distant, and the nearest church had to be reached by going eleven miles. The. school was two miles from his farm, and the nearest grist-mill twenty-seven miles away. There was no saw- mill within reach. He helped Bailey Guard land at Lawrenceburgh, Indi- ana, about the year 1806; was the first manufacturer of barrels in that part of the county. In politics he was an Old Line Whig. He died in 1825, and his wife's death occurred in 1837. They had a family of eleven children, eight boys and three girls — Elizabeth, the wife of William Rogers; Leah, wife of Henry Towner; Martha, now Mrs. James Anderson; Jonathan, married to Julia Sam- mons; Benjamin, married to Fanny Rogers and after- wards to Emily Edwards; John, whose wife is Mary Miller; William, whose wife is Mary Sammons; Noah, married to Jemima Sammons; Washington, married to Mary Hammond; James, novp in Indiana, whose wife was Phoebe Moore and afterward Eliza Creech ; and Charles, married to Jane Gardner. Noah Markland was born in Kentucky, April 25, 1803, and' came to Ohio with his parents when about two years of age. He remembers the building of the first school-house in Green township. It was made of logs, on the farm now owned by Simeon Pounder. The first teacher was Moses W. Cotton, who taught in 1809. He also remembers the building of the first church, on HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 327 the site of the present Methodist Episcopal church, called the Ebenezer church. He learned the cooper's trade with his father which he followed but a short time, when he turned his attention to farming in which he is now engaged. In 1832 he came to this township and settled on the farm now owned by Charles Short. In 1825, April 5th, he married Jemima Samraons, of Hamil- ton county. She had seven children, and died October 16, 1844, at the age of forty-one years. He then mar- ried Rebecca Laird, of the same county. He is a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics is Republican. He has eleven children — Jesse; Lean- der, not now living; James, married to Sarah Gooden; William, married to Jane Wade; Charles; Francis, mar- ried to Elizabeth Elinchpaugh; Mary J., the wife of Wil- liam B. Welch ; Martha, the wife of George T. Redfern and living in Tennessee; Annie M., the wife of James F. Maensley; Samuel, and Elizabeth H. Moses Argo was born in the State of Delaware, in 1771. A farmer by choice, he came to this State and set^tled near Mount Pleasant, this count)', in October, 1803. He married Sarah Bruin, of New Jersey, and his marriage license is the second on record in the probate court of this county. In politics, he was a Jacksonian Democrat. In 1813 he moved to Miami township, and began his home on the farm now owned by William Brawley. He died in 1842; his wife had died nine years previously. They had nine children: Libbie, now the wife of Lewis Fowler; Lucinda, wife of Daniel Helter- brine, of Indiana; Alexander, married to Mary A. Wal- hiven, and residing in Illinois; Ebenezer, who had three wives, Amanda Tapel, Hannah Spinning, and Laura M. Oldruve; Anna, who was the wife of Thomas Kinkaid, and is now married to Enos Gray, and living in Indiana; William, Elizabeth, and one that died in infancy. Ebenezer Argo was born in this county in 1810. When fifteen years old he began the trade of shoemaking. In 1836 he came to Cleves, and opened a shop in the building now used by him as a wareroom. In 1842 he married Amanda Yapel, of Illinois. She had three chil- dren, and died in Cleves in 1848. He then married Hannah Spinning, of New Jersey, who died in 1867. His third wife was Louisa M. C. Oldruve, a native of England. She died in 1876. In February, of i85i, he sold out the boot and shoe business to Michael Miller, and began dealing in groceries and hardware, in which he is still employed. He is trustee and elder in the Presbyterian church, of which he is a member, and is a Republican in politics. He has three children : Sarah A., married to Edmund Kane; William, whose wife is Melissa Hearn; and James E. Samuel Burr was born on Long Island, in 1766. He married Debora Fleet, of the same place. In 1793 she died, leaving one child. He afterwards was married to Phcebe Dodge, of the same place, and she died, leaving two children. He was an excellent mathematician, a self educated man. While in New York, he was appointed head clerk in the general post office, under President Washington, and served until the seat of government was moved to Philadelphia, when he resigned. In 1817 he came to Ohio with his family, and settled on what is now known as the Oliver Spencer farm. While in Ohio, he followed farming and surveying. The first year after he came here, he was appointed trustee of the Cincinnati college, which office he held for a number of years. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics he was an Old Line Whig. His children are " Edward M., now on Long Island; William P., married first to Cynthia Brown and afterward to Lydia M. More- head; and Deborah F., the wife of Henry Dodge, of Long Island. William P. Burr was born on Long Island, August 17, 1808. He came to Ohio with his parents, and settled on the same place. His business has been farming and surveying. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics was first a Whig, but more recently has been a Republican. In 1827 he married Miss Cyn- thia Brown, of this township. She died March 18, 1834, leaving five children. He afterward married Lydia M. Morehead. His family has numbered twelve: Mary, Edward, Martha A., Robert, Samuel, Deborah, Eliza, Emma F., Phosbe, and three others who died in early infancy. Jesse Hearn was born in North Carolina in 1783, came to Ohio when about twenty-one years of age, and settled in North Bend. He was a farmer, which business he followed all his life. He was a member of the Meth- odist Episcopal church for a great many years, held the position of trustee from the time the Miami church was built until his death. In politics he was a Democrat. He died June 28, 1854. His wife was Nancy Kyle, of the same township. She was born December 26, 1789, and died the same date, 1859. They had nine children: Elizabeth; Harriet, the wife of John Brown; Edward, married to Sarah Palmer; Mary A,, the wife of Isaac Ingersoll; John, married to Patience Ingersoll; James, who has had three wives, Hester A. Rogers, Jane Mark- land and Kate Hayes; Purnel, married to Ann M. Noble; Anna B., the wife of Joseph Schermerhorn; Patience, who died an infant; and Jesse, now married to Henrietta Flinch paugh. Purnel Hearn was born in this township November i, 1823. He was formerly a butcher, but is now a farmer. In 1850 he married Ann M. Noble, of Green township. One year he has served as township trustee, is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and, in politics, is Democratic. He takes a deep interest in religious mat- ters, has been class leader, trustee, and superintendent of the Sabbath-school for a number of years. His children's names are: Missuria, William, Elizabeth, Phcebe J., Frank T., George M., Purnel O., and one that died when very young. NORTH BEND. When Judge Symmes found that he was to be disap- pointed in his hopes of founding a large city at the mouth of the Great Miami, he was easily persuaded to plant his colony where it had landed on the second of February, 1789, at the northernmost point of the great bend in the Ohio. Here, he writes, "I flatter myself with the pros- pect of finding a good tract of ground, extending from 328 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. river to river, on which the city might be built with more propriety than it would be to crowd it so far down in the point, from the body of the county round it." Here, accord- ingly, he made his settlement, calling it North Bend, he said, "from its being situated in the most northerly bend of the Ohio that there is between the Muskingum and the Mississippi." Forty-eight lots of one acre each, and of four rods, or sixty-six feet, front, were staked off, of which every other one was a donation lot, granted to actual settlers upon condition that the donees should build immediately thereon; and one was also reserved for each of the proprietors. It should be here observed that these proprietors did not include all the associates or partners of the East Jersey company, but were those belonging to a special company of twenty-four, formed March 15, 1788, under the auspices of Judge Syrames and Dr. Thomas Bondi- not, to found the expected city of Miami and sell the property within the townships the judge had reserved to himself between the Ohio and the Great Miami. The business of the company was managed by Symmes and Bondinot, and the latter had given the judge power of attorney to sell "shares of propriety" in the said city and townships until all were disposee of Each proprietor was entitled to choose an entire square or block in the city, when founded, which should be exclusively his own, subject to no future division with other proprietors. Under this arrangement Symmes was now proceeding with his settlements in the Miami peninsula. On the twelfth of September, 1789, Judge Symmes' partners wrote him that their choice for the site of the city was where he had landed and made his settlement in February — namely, at North Bend — and instructed him to lay it off there. He set about the survey during the later fall and early winter, and reported on the ensuing first of January, as follows: We find the ground rather uneven, but, on the whole I hope it will do better than I formerly thought it would, especially as it embraces several valuable springs which never fail. Some of the squares are very good ones, but others of them are very indifferent, owing partly to Camp creek's running across the plat, as also to very considerable hills and deep gutters which are interspersed through the isthmus. The city does not reach quite over to the banks of the Miami, for I have laid it out exactly on the old plan and on the cardinal points, not receiving any instructions from you authorizing me to throw it into an oblong, which would have shot it better across the neck of land from river to river. The new survey completed, the vacation of the old plat, which was included within it, and the nullifying of the arrangements made with settlers for donation and other lots. The judge was naturally appehensive of re- sultant trouble; but he wrote in his January letter: I believe that I shall have very little difficulty in procuring the relin- quishment of all the lots which are sold and given away in North Bend. Those which have been paid for I hope will be restored on reimbursing the purchaser his money, though se\'eral of these purchasers are not on the ground at present, therefore I cannot say what objections they may start. The most of those who had donation lots in this village are well pleased with the new arrangement, as they now get five acres, and had but one before. This seems to pacify them, though they have generally built cabins on the acre. Some special interest attaches to the judge's next re- mark, as showing the primitive character of the dwellings then upon the site: Very fortunately for the proprietors, not one man in the village, but myself and two nephews, have been at the expense of building a stone chimney in his house; therefore they can the more readily cast away or remove their former cabins and build new houses on the proper streets of the city. The expense of clearing and fencmg their lots is what they most lament, as this labor goes directly to the benefit of other people who take up such cleared lots. I shall, therefore, be obliged to make them some-compensation for this in order to keep up the quiet of the town. The judge had taken a rose-colored view of the pros- pects, which was not answered by the outcome of his de- structive and constructive operations. In about five months (April 30, 1790) he was compelled to write to Dayton: I must enjoin it upon the proprietors to send out some of their body with discretionary powers to act for the good of the whole without be- ing subject to subsequent control by the proprietors, for you cannot conceive the disorders that have been occasioned by breaking up the old village of North Bend to make room for the city. Some have left the town offended at the measure, while others are quarrelling about the use of the cleared land which was opened last year. Captain John Brown fenced one of these lots in order to sow it with hemp, but the same night his fence was all burnt and laid in ruins. He charges Daniel Gard and Peter ICeen with the fact. Symmes himself was obliged to make a plea to the board of proprietors, for the preservation of his own im- provements, which were threatened with the cominon fate "in the general wreck of the village," he said. In the course of this he introduces the interesting description of his houses, which will be found a few paragraphs hereafter. The "city of Miami" was, nevertheless, duly laid off in a square of about a mile, the streets intersecting at right angles, regardless of hill or valley, height or plain, and running with the cardinal points of the compass. On the east (Mr. F. VV. Miller, in Cincinnati's Beginnings, says also on the north), running from river to river, a strip of land was reserved for a common. The judge had no instructions as to the width of this, but took the responsibility of laying it forty rods, or an eighth of a mile wide. He wrote: I would have left a wider common, but at this dangerous time when we have already had a man murdered within the square of the city, to leave a larger extent of unoccupied land between the city and smaJl lots, would have looked rather like trifling with the lives of citizens who are obliged to go daily to their labor on the donation lots beyond the com- mon. By "small lots" the judge must have meant the smaller out-lots — those of ten acres, which lay next beyond the common. "The ten acres," he wrote, "I shall throw round the hills and city in the nearest manner I can. The lots within the city — some of them, at least — were of the unwonted size, for in-lots, of five acres. Beyond the ten-acre tracts, in order, were out-lots, first of thirty acres, then of sixty. This was Symmes' plan for any other towns or cities he might lay off; and this was the main element in the em- barrassment and uncertainty caused by the delay in fix- ing the site for the city, as mentioned in a previous sec- tion of this chapter. He was also anxious to know whether he might sell the proprietors' alternate reserved lots at North Bend, for which he had many offers; and had taken the responsibility of selling one "to a valuable citizen," rather than lose him, for "half a joe," or three dollars. He wished to sell more of them, to encourage emigration; and his anxieties to get the foundations of a HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 329 settlement at the bend well laid form the burden of a number of his letters to his associates. He notes that his surveyors were having a hard time of it, at work as they were in midwinter, with snow deep, the cold severe, and supplies short. One of them, Noah Badgley, who lived at Losantiville, but was formerly of Westfield, New Jersey, had lost his life by drowning during a freshet in the Licking river, while returning with others in a boat from a place in Kentucky where they had procured some " bread-corn." The two men who were with him had a narrow escape with their lives, being rescued from a tree- top in the midst of the raging waters, where Ihey had been for three days and nights. Under the new arrangement fifty of the small lots were to be given to the first fifty applicants, on condition that they should build a house and agree to reside three years in the city. They were rapidly taken up, and by April 30th the judge could write: We have parted with all the donation lots around the city, and I think it highly incumbent on the proprietors to add one fifty more thereto, as, people being refused out-lots when they apply, go directly up to the back stations where they are sure to have them. He also asked the privilege of giving away about thirty-five acre lots at South Bend, which was now going rapidly, and he desired to encourage the settlement there. The proprietors seem to have acted liberally with the infant settlement, and to have given the judge ample powers of grant or gift; for, more than five years after- wards (August 6, 179s), he wrote to Dayton: There are yet several hundred donation lots in the plan of the town that have never been accepted by anybody, and very few indeed will purchase a lot when they can have such a choice of one gratis. The inlots given to actual settlers in the city were soon taken up, and, as applications continued to be made, further surveys were extended up and down the Ohio, until over one hundred acre lots were laid out, giving the place a front on the Ohio of about one and a half miles, or nearly half of the present extensive frontage, accord- ing to the nominal boundaries of the village plat. Judge Symmes remained for six weeks in the rude shelter he had built for his family upon first landing, and then removed into a more comfortable log cabin, which by that time was enclosed and roofed. He subsequently wrote the following description of his own group of habi- tations and other buildings at this point : I have gone to considerable expense in erecting comfortable lo,^ houses on the three lots, which I had taken for myself and two nephews, young men who are with me. The lots in North Bend were four poles wide; we have therefore occupied twelve poles of ground on the banks of the Ohio. This front is covered with buildings from one end to the other, and of too valuable a construction for me to thmk of losing them in the general wreck of the village. That the proprietors may be more sensible of the reasonableness of the request, I will give you a description of them. The first, or most easterly one, is a good cabin, sixteen feet wide and twenty-two feet long, with a handsome stone chimney in it; the roof is composed of boat plank set endwise, obliquely, and answers a triple purpose of rafters, lath, and an undercourse of shingle, on which lie double rows of clapboards which makes an exceedingly tight and good roof. The next is a cot- tage, sixteen feet by eighteen, and two and a half stories high; the roof is well shingled with nails. The third is a cabin, fifteen feet wide and sixteen feet long, one story hig'B, with a good stone chimney in it; the roof shingled with nails. The fourth is a very handsome log house, eighteen feet by twenty-six, and two stories high, with two good cellars under the first in order to guard more effectually against heat and cold. This large cabin is shingled with nails, has a very large and good stone chimney which extends from side to side of the house, for the more convenient accommodation of strangers, who are constantly coming and going, and never fail to make my house their home while they stay in the village. In this chunney is a large oven built of stone. Adjoin- ing to this house I have built me a well-finished smoke-house, fourteen feet square, which brings you to a fortified gate of eight feet, for com- munication back. All the buildings, east of this gate, are set as close to each other as was possible. Adjoining to and west of the gate is a double cabin of forty-eight feet in length and sixteen feet wide, with a well built stone chimney of two fire-places, one facing each room. This roof is covered with boat-plank throughout, and double rows of clapboards in the same manner with the first described cabin. In these several cabins I have fourteen sash-windows of glass. My barn or fodder-house comes next, with a stable on one side for my horses, and on the other one for my cows. These entirely fill up the space of twelve poles. This string of cabins stands poles from the bank of the river, and quite free from and to the south of the front or Jersey street of the city. . . The buildings have cost me more than two hundred pounds specie, and I cannot afford to let them go to strangers for nothing — the mason work alone came to more than one hundred dollars. There is not another house on the ground that has either cellar, stone chimney, or glass window in it, nor of any value compared with mine. August 10, 1796, the judge writes: I am building a dwelling house and grist-mill, both on pretty exten- sive plans, and obliged personally to superintend the whole without doors by day, and to arrange my accounts by night, so that, from early dawn to midnight, I am engaged with my buildings or my farm. I had this season a wheat and rye harvest of fifty acres, and have one hundred and fourteen acres of land planted with Indian corn, and a stock of one hundred and fifty head of cattle. Most of the settlers who received the original donation lots had fulfilled their obligations with reasonable prompt- ness, and by the middle of May following the landing of the colony, about forty of the lots had each a comfortable cabin erected upon it, covered with shingles or clap- boards, "and other houses still on hand," as the judge wrote. Not three donation lots, he added, remained at this time unappropriated. The new city is designated as the City of Miami in Dr. Goforth's letters and in old official docuinents. Judge Burnet, in his Notes on the Settlement of the Northwestern Territory, says the place was known as Symmes, and it was frequently called Symmes' City. Whatever name or names it may have borne, however, the settlement continued to be popularly called North Bend, and it has never wholly lost that cognomen from the hour of its christening to the present day. The place grew rapidly during its first two or three years, and in 1 791 was deemed worthy of a garrison of eighty soldiers, who, according to Dr. Goforth, were stationed there. The presence of the troops had a great deal to do with the prosperity of the settlement, and when they were withdrawn the people rapidly followed them to Cincin- nati, or removed to other points deemed more secure than North Bend, so that the village was for a time almost deserted. After St. Clair's defeat some years later, there was a perfect stampede to the back country. Au- gust 6, 1795, the judge wrote: The village is reduced more than one-half in its number of inhabit- ants since I left it to go to Jersey in February, 1793. The people have spread themselves into all parts of the Purchase below the military range since the Indian defeat on the twentieth of August, and the cabins are of late deserted by dozens in a street. He remained steadfastly by his city, however, doing all he could to reanimate and resuscitate it. He built 330 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. another residence in the northwest part of it, whose site is still plainly marked by the remains of a cellar and a heap of stones near a large honey-locust, on the north side of the road, in the southeastern edge of Cleves, west of the tracks of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis, & Chicago railroad. Here he was visited in 1808 by the romancing English traveller, Thomas Ashe, who after- wards published in his book of American travels the following memoranda of his visit. They afford a very interesting picture of the judge's household, and their employments in the lal:er years of his life : I left Cincinnati with an impression very favorable to its inliabitants, and with a higher opinion of its bade country than I entertain of any other. Seven miles [ !] below my departure, at a place called North Bend, I stopped to take breakfast with the hospitable Judge Symmes, the original proprietor, after the extinction of the Indian title, of the whole of the country lying between the two Miamis. The situation which the judge has chosen for his residence cannot be equalled for the variety and elegance of its prospects. Improved farms, villages, seats, and the remains of ancient and modern military works, decorate the banks of the finest piece of water in the world, and present themselves to view from 'the principal apartments of the house, which is a noble stone mansion, erected at great expense — and on a plan which does in- finite honor to the artist and to the taste of the proprietor. Differing from other settlers, Mr. Symmes has been studious to give the river-sides a pastoral effect by preserving woods, planting orchards, and diversify- ing these with corn fields, sloping pastures, and every other effect in- cidental both to an improved and rural life. From this expression of elevated judgment you may be prepared to know that the proprietor formerly resided in England, and alter in New York, where he married his present wife, a lady distinguished by elegance of mind and a gen- eral and correct information. They have no children, but there resides with them a Miss Livingston, on whom they fix their affections, and whom they treat with parental kindness and respectful urbanity, the one being due to her intrinsic merit, and the other to her family, which is eminent by birth, propeity, and talent in the State of New York. The judge passes his time in directing his various works, and the ladies read, walk, and attend to numerous birds and animals, which they domesticate, both for entertainment and use. Miss Livingston is much of a botanist — a practical one. She collects seeds from such plants and flowers as are most conspicuous in the prairies, and culti- vates them with care on the banks and in the vicinity of the house. She is forming a shrubbery also, which will be entirely composed of magnolia, catalpa, papaw, rose, and tulip trees, and all others distin- guished for blossom and fragrance. In the middle is erected a small Indian temple, where this young lady preserves seeds and plants, and classes specimens of wood, which contribute much to her knowledge and entertainment. When the beauties of the fine season fade, and the country becomes somewhat inert and insipid, the judge and the ladies remove to Cincinnati, and revolve in its pleasures till fatigued, when they again return to their rural economy, and to the prosecution of happy and inoffensive designs. I could with great difficulty tear myself from persons so amiable. This mansion is said to have been then the most spa- cious and commodious in the State. It was destroyed, however, in March, 181 1, as was believed by the torch of the incendiary; and with it a large number of papers relating to his transactions in the Purchase, including the certificates of the original proprietors of Cincinnati, upon which the judge had executed deeds to the pur- chasers of lots, and the loss of which was irreparable. Of soine of the papers duplicates were in existence; but the destruction of his files gave the judge infinite trouble, and aided to embarrass and embitter his closing years. Suspicion of the incendiarism rested upon a man named Hart, residing near North Bend, who was known to be a violent enemy of Judge Symmes — simply, it is said, be- cause of the judge's refusal or neglect to vote for him when a candidate for justice of the peace. Hart was arrested, indicted, and tried; but, although the evidence against him seemed strong, and most of the North Bend people believed in his guilt, he was acquitted by the jury. The judge died in Cincinnati in 1814. His will may be found, with other related matter, in our annals of the city for that year. His remains were brought back to North Bend, in accordance with his wish, and buried in the cemetery, about a mile southeast of his former residence. The inscription on the tablet in the brickwork above his grave is as follows : Here rest the remains of John Cleves Symmes, who, at the foot of these hills, made the first settlement between the Miami rivers. Born on Long Island, in the State of New York, July 21, A. D., 1742. Died at Cincinnati, February 26, A. D. 1814. One of Judge Symmes' sons-in-law, as before men- tioned, was the distinguished general and afterward Pres- ident of the United States, William Henry Harrison. He also catne, after his marriage with Miss Annie Symmes, to reside in North Bend, which is now only known to the world at large as the place of his residence and burial. The famous "log cabin" of the Presidential campaign of 1840 was located here; but that, as usually pictured in the newspapers and on banners and transpar- encies at that time, was a myth, originating, it is said, in the sneer of a writer for a Baltimore Democratic paper at the general as a dweller in a log cabin. A part of the Harrison mansion was, indeed, originally built of logs; but a large frame structure was subsequently added, and the whole clapboarded and painted white, making a com- fortable, and for the time a quite superb mansion. It has long since disappeared, except the excavation for a cellar; and some remains of the flower garden and other improvements inay still be traced upon the grounds, which have been abandoned since the fire. The large farm formerly cultivated by the general in the vicinity has also passed to other hands, and his descendants have disappeared from the region, except a granddaughter, Mrs. Betty Eaton, daughter of the Hon. John Scott Harrison, who resides with her little family half a mile from the village, on heights commanding, probably, the finest view in Hamilton county, extending into three river valleys and three States. Harrison married Miss Symmes in November, 1795. The tradition goes that the father opposed the match, and that the young couple were obliged to slip away from her home to the residence of Dr. Stephenwood, one of the justices of the peace for the county, near the subse- quent site of Cleves, where they were married without the presence of the father. The tomb of the general and ex-President, as is well known, is on the heights back of North Bend, west of the tunnel formerly used by the Whitewater canal and now used by the Indianapolis railroad. It is a plain mausoleum of brick work, suita- bly inscribed. For a time it fell into neglect, and be- came somewhat dilapidated; but has been restored of late years, and is now in good repair. Among other notable early- settlers was Brice Virgin, who was made a captain in the militia in 1790, among the first appointments by Governor St. Clair, upon the erection of Hamilton county. He afterwards removed to Princeton, Butler county, where he died. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 331 Among the early ministers who preached to the peo- ple at North Bend, were the Revs. John Tanner, of Turner's Station (now Petersburgh), Kentucky, and Lewis Dewees, also of Kentucky, who officiated from time to time during the years 1792 to 1804. Each of these was a Baptist, as was also the celebrated Rev. and Senator John Smith, of Columbia and Cincinnati. The Rev. James Kemper, Presbyterian, also sometimes came out from Cincinnati and preached. About 1804 Rev. M. Oglesby, of the Methodist Episcopal church, preached here, and afterwards Rev. John Langdon, of the same. In the early day, the male worshippers here, as at Columbia and Cincinnati, always went to church armed. North Bend village proper, has had no large growth, and is now simply a moderate cluster of houses at the original site. A large town plat, however, known by the same name, has been laid out for more than three miles along the river, with a width of about two-thirds of a mile west of North Bend station, and over two miles east of it — that is, three sections wide, and extending back from the river something more than half a mile at the station to very nearly two miles on the eastern boun- dary, which intersects the river half a mile above the mouth of Muddy creek. The site thus comprises one thousand four hundred and forty-eight acres. Several railway stations — as Shuts, named from the Hon. John Cleves Shut, son of Payton Shut, and grandson of Judge Symmes, whose decendants live here ; also Dev- ins's and Griffiths' stations, are within the North Bend corporation. The certificate of its incorporation, for special purposes was filed with the secretary of State, August 25, 1874. The village had four hundred and twelve inhabitants by the last census. SUGAR CAMP SETTLEMENT. A little colony bearing this name is remarked in the Ohio Historical Collections as having been founded about the same time as North Bend, three miles down the river from that place and two miles from the Indiana line, upon the farm of W. H. Harrison, jr. It had at one time about thirty houses, but afterwards became ex- tinct. The block-house built in the early day for the protection of the settlers was still standing in 1847, but was much dilapidated and did not last a great while longer. A figure of it as it then appeared is given in the collections. CLEVES. This place standing upon or very near the large tract covered by the "City of Miami" plat, a mile north of the present North Bend station and on the Great Miami river, was originally called Clevestown, and bore that, as well as it bears its present name, in honor of the ma- ternal branch of the Symmes family, from whom the judge and many others derived in part their given names. It was laid out by General Harrison in 18 18, the re- corded plat bearing date November 7th of that year. In 1830 it had one hundred and ten inhabitants; fifty years later, by the tenth census, it had eight hundred and thirty-six. Notwithstanding its comparatively light pop- ulation, it has a large corporate limit, including nearly an entire section, or five hundred and ninety-five acres. It was incorporated for general purposes March 17, 1875. The post office at this point has done duty at times during the decadence of North Bend, for both that place and its own. Under the presidency of General Harrison Mr. J. M. Runyan was postmaster. His successors were Thomas Archer, James Carlin, George Cassady, Mr. Crofoot, and Charles Ruffen, the last named of whom now holds the post. The most notable event in the history of Cleves was the anti-slavery agitation of nearly forty years ago, which resulted in serious disturbances at this place. The fol- lowing account of them appears in the Life of Senat or Thomas Morris, formerly o f Hamilt on and then of Cler- mont countyjjjy his son B. F. Morris: .Cleves, in Hamilton county, Ohio, was the scene of violent resist- ance to free discussion. In the spring of 1843 the pastor of the Presbyterian church, Rev. Mr. Scofield, and a majority of his flock called a meeting for free discussion on sla^'ery. Samuel Lewis, Jon- athan Blanchard, now president of the Galesburgh college, Illinois, and Thomas Morri.s, whose manly voice for freedom, integrity of prin- ciples, and firmness of character, have enrolled his name among the early champions of free speech and free soil, were the speakers. A mob was organized and a riot threatened. A number ef students from Lane seminary went down with the speakers. Landing at North Bend they passed the mansion and tomb of the lamented General Har- rison, on their way to the church. The doors of the meeting-house were barred against the friends of freedom. Prominent and influential men were with the rabble that prevented the convention from occupy- ing the meeting-house. The convention, thus forbid to enter the house, occupied the road in front. Rev. S. Lewis, an able and faithful laborer in the cause of freedom, recently gone to an honored grave, kneeled on the ground and offered a most solemn and impressive prayer. For a moment the rioters were palsied in their nefarious operation. One of them often said, "That prayer I shall never for- get." An infidel was converted, and "the wrath of man was thus made to praise God," and advance the cause of freedom. At the invitation of Richard Hughes, a ruling elder in the Presby- terian church of Berea, a mile distant from Cleves, the convention met at that church and held its sessions two days. The impression of that convention abides to this day ; fires were kindled that are burning brighter and brighter. The Cleves rioters, not satisfied with driving the convention from the village, smashed the windows of the meeting-house, mobbed the house of the pastor, threw his buggy into the canal, and shaved the tail of his horse. The perpetrators of these deeds of darkness chose the covert hour of night for their mob performances. They were of the baser sort in the community, but were instigated and backed by quite a number of those of reputation. These mob scenes created an era in the history of that region and will be long remembered. A more detailed and very interesting narative of the same transaction is given in the life of Samuel Lewis, who was also of the party of visitors and speakers at the meeting, a biography also written by a son : Mr. Lewis was again at work in the spring and summer of 1843 laboring and speaking in behalf of the liberty party and of the slave. A meeting was appointed in Cleves, one and a half miles north of North Bend, and care was taken to ask and receive consent of the elders and trustees of the Presbyterian church; and notice was accordingly given. Judge Short and Dr. Thornton, relatives of the family of General Harri- son, as well as J . Scott Harrison, son of General Harrison, and now mem- ber of Congress from that district, took umbrage at the project of an anti-slavery meeting so near their homes and expressed themselves in the strongest terms against the sitting of the convention in that place. The consequence was that a violent excitement soon prevailed in the vicinity, and threats of violence were made by vicious and irresponsible persons. As it was understood that these threats would not influence the with- drawal of the appointment, a public meeting was called at which it was 332 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. resolved that for the purpose of maintaining peace and good order dur- ing the present excited state of the community, a committee of seven be appointed by the chair, whose duty it shall be to repair to the church on the seventh instant, and quietly and peacefully remonstrate with those who may present themselves as Abolitionists against the use of the church for the dissemination of their doctrines. The seventh being come, some fifty persons went down from Cincin- nati to meet those who might assemble. Mr. Lewis was early on the spot from another direction. When he arrived there, some time before the coming of the city delegation, he was advised by a personal friend by no means to venture to show himself at the church, as he could not do so without danger of extreme personal violence. He replied that "the danger he spoke of was the very reason why he should be there; that when there was no difficulty and danger in proclaiming the prin- ciples of freedom he would then leave the work to others and rest in the comforts of the family and home, with which God had blessed him." As the anti-slavery men presently came up the street toward the door of the church, Mr. J. Scott Harrison stood forward in the crowd (and such a crowd ! made up of boys and half-grown men, with a few of those who did not advocate the doctrines of the Washingtonians), that awaited us at the door of the house, and stated " that he was there in behalf of a committee appointed by a meeting of the citizens of Miami township, to protest against that church being occupied by the conven- tion;" giving as a reason that "the citizens of Miami township were be- lieved to be generally opposed to the doctrines of the Abohtionists, not one in seven favored their incendiary doctrines, and they did not wish their peace disturbed bv them; and if they attempted to hold a meet- ing there for the dissemination of these doctrines they could not be re- sponsible for the consequences. But they prayed that the proceedings might not end in violence." Mr. Lewis then followed him in a short and earnest address, and with visible effect. He said "he was there among others to advocate no principles but those of the gospel of Christ and the American declara- tion of rights. He defied him to find in the crowd six men who were opposed to us who could tell what Abolitionism was; and, as to threats of violence, if violence was threatened, there were men present who, if they were disposed to do so, could prevent it; that they, and they alone, would be held responsible by God, and an enlightened public, for any violence which might occur. He appealed to them, as one liv- ing in their midst, whose person and habits of life they well knew, and asked them whether it had come to this, that American citizens could no longer peaceably assemble and present their veiws to each other without being met at the threshold and threatened with violence, and for no other reason than that they were a minority, only one in seven! " Mr. Harrison, who withered sensibly under his earnest pathos and strong good sense, said that, if there were any persons present who had power to prevent meditated violence, he prayed Almighty God that they might exercise that power. Rev. J. Blanchard, after a few moments more of conversation, pro- posed that the people present should say, by dividing to the right and left, whether they would have the discussion or not. This he recom- mended as a peace measure, as in no ways declaring the right to prevent a minority from discussion. The people divided as requested, and a clear majority appeared in favor of the discussion, Mr. J. Scott Harri- son not voting at all. The free discussion party, of course, embraced all the men of good sense, and all the ladies present, one of whom, a pious old resident of the place, quietly remarked : "Ah, well, I heard tell of the separation of the sheep from the goats, but I never e-xpected to live to see it." The left hand multitude were indeed a most forlorn-looking set. Long, lank boys, crooked, and sallow, and thin, most of them carrying clubs, with here and there a rusty musket, their cheeks distended with tobacco and their mouth resembling the closely drawn pouch of the opossum, enameled brown with the juice of the same — their rags and their rage together gave them quite a unique and comical appearance, which fully justified the Scriptural allusion of the pious old lady. Mr. Lewis called to the chairman to stand forward and see how the vote stood. Mr. ]. Scott Harrison answered from a distance that he had done his duty and could do nothing more, and made off as rapidly as he was able. His associates, of whom he was evidently ashamed, remained behind to disturb the meeting ; and the meeting itself, being invited to another place a short distance off, they repaired thither and held their convention. First, however, they sang "How firm a founda- tion," etc., and then Mr. Lewis led in prayer in the open street. That prayer, offered as it vvas in the very face of men of blood and violence, whose clubs were ready to be drawn over his head, and whose brows were lowering with the rage that maddened them, that very prayer led more than half a score to truth and liberty. Even the hymn rang in the ears of Mr. J. Scott Harrison for months, according to his own contes- sion. More than forty persons avowed themselves liberty men, with the venerable Judge Matson at their head. FERN BANK, a place of suburban residence, laid out on the north side of the railways, in the southwest part of section one, be- tween Riverdale and Short's station, just outside the lim- its of North Bend corporation. GRAVEL PIT, a station now little used, on the Ohio & Mississippi rail- road, about two and a half miles southwest of North Bend, near Fort Hill, named from the extensive deposit of gravel here opened for the ballasting of the railway tracks. It was the scene of stirring times at one period during the war. In the early part of September, 1862, during the so-called siege of Cincinnati by Generals Kir- by Smith and Heath, a battalion of Squirrel Hunters was ordered here to guard a ford across the Ohio — it be- ing a season of very low water — against the possible crossing of a force of rebel cavalry. The Squirrel Hunt- ers remained until the sixteenth of September, when they were relieved by the Nineteenth Michigan infantry, a new regiment, which had just been ordered to the field. It encainped at first between the station and the river, and then on the higher ground above the station for two or three weeks, without special incident, and then re- turned to Cincinnati and advanced into Kentucky. POPULATION. Miami township had two thousand three hundred and seventeen inhabitants by the census of 1880; one thou- sand five hundred and forty-nine by that of 1830, just fifty years before. MILL creek; GEOGRAPHY AND BEGINNINGS. The present township of Mill Creek is bounded on the south by the city ot Cincinnati, on the east by Columbia township, on the north by Springfield township, and on the west by Green township. It is named from the stream which flows through it from northeast to southwest, almost bisecting the township. The Indian name of this creek was Mah-pet-e-wa. The shape of the township would be a regular parallelogram, six sec- tions long by four broad, but for a little more than a quarter section, still belonging to Mill Creek township, projected by the Avondale corporation south of the north Hne of the city, between Corryville and Woodburn, and for the projection of the city into the township, in its turn, about two miles and a half, by the annexation of Cumminsville. The present acreage of Mill Creek, originally very nearly an entire surveyed township, is but eleven thousand, seven hundred and ninety-nine, of which almost one-third is covered by village sites, leaving but eight thousand and ninety-seven acres in strictly rural districts. Previous to iSio the inhabitants of this territory were partly under the jurisdiction of Cincinnati and Springfield townships; but in 1809, upon the petition of the com- missioners of Hamilton county. Mill Creek township was set off upon that part of the Symmes purchase known as fractional range two, township three. A glance at the Symmes plat shows that this township then contained nearly thirty-six sections (square miles), the fractional sections being numbers one and seven on the Ohio river. Its southern line was on the parallel along which now runs Liberty street, Cincinnati. The first election for township officers was ordered by the county commissioners for February, 18 10, at the house of Peter Mays. Since then Cincinnati has encroached up- on the southern part of the township, taking into the city two rows of sections (twelve square miles). Cummins- ville has also been taken into the corporation of Cincin- nati, so that Mill Creek township proper now contains something less than twenty-two square miles. The surface of Mill Creek township is hilly in the western part, the level lands lying along the creek and to the east upon low hills. Of the grand old forests, be- neath whose shade the Indians roamed in freedom, not more than a thousand acres remain, the rest having been long since cleared away to give place to the farms, gardens, and busy corporations which cover the land. *The material for this chapter has been supplied very largely through the inteUigent industry of Thomas M. Dill, esq., of Carthage, and much of it is given in his own words. Soon after the organization of Hamilton county, in January, 1790, so great was the influx of pioneers and adventurers from abroad, that Cincinnati, cramped in by the towering hills, as the village was, could give neither employment nor subsistence to the people, and it became a practical question with many, whether to remain and starve in sight of Fort Washington or fight their way to the north, through woods, wolves, and Indians. Many chose the latter alternative, and the rapidity with "which the pioneers extended themselves north from Cincinnati to the Great Miami is easily accounted for. The campaigns of Harmar in 1790, of St. Clair in 1 79 1, and of Wayne in 1794, were all planned in Cin- cinnati, and the expeditions were composed, to some ex- tent, of men from Columbia, Cincinnati, and North Bend, together with many from Kentucky. The soldiers went on foot and on horseback. The right wing of the armies extended as far east as the present Lebanon pike, while the centre and left wings moved north on the present Hamilton pike, reaching towards the west to Mill creek and to the foot of the hills beyond. Upon these e.xpeditions those who were fortunate enough to return had ample opportunity to acquaint themselves with the lay of farm lands, the supply of water for mill purposes, the location of springs and stone quarries, the best sites for buildings, natural means of defence; and also the shortest and safest communication with the parent settlements. So strongly did the beauty and ad- vantages of the Mill Creek valley impress the early sur- veyors, the hunters, and the soldiers, that within three years from the first landing at Columbia in 1788, Lud- low's station and mill, at the second crossing of Mill creek, with White's and Caldwell's block-houses and mills at Carthage, offered both protection and subsistence to all who were pushing towards the present sites of Hamilton and Dayton. A good notion, as to the rapid settlement of the town- ships north of those on the Ohio, may be gained from a few statements. In June, 1790, a force of one hundred and forty men landed at Cincinnati and commenced the erection of Fort Washington on the spot afterwards made classic by the bazaar of Mistress Trollope. In December of the same year General Harmar came with more troops, increasing the garrison to four hundred and forty, and these, with the "eleven famiUes and twenty- four batchelors," made up the population of the village. In 1798 (October 29th) Governor St. Clair gave notice to James Smith, sheriff of the county, requiring the free male inhabitants of the townships to meet and elect representatives to serve in the territorial assembly. This 334 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. election was held on the third Monday in December of the same year, when four hundred and fifty-six voters were enrolled. In the governor's proclamation he slates that "suffi- cient proof has been given me that there is a much greater number than five thousand free male inhabitants" in the district. In the following year the population had increased so much as to entitle the people to two more representatives, and an election was held September 12, 1799, at which five hundred and thirty-six votes were cast. From 1800 to 1805 Cincinnati's population in- creased two hundred, while near twenty-five thousand immigrants passed on into the upper counties. In 1840 the population of Mill Creek township was six thousand two hundred and forty-nine, and forty years later, at present date, it is but one thousand two hundred and thirty-five. Previous to 1810 the history of the people who inhab- ited Mill Creek township is inseparable from that of Cin- cinnati. Before the sales of lands by Judge Symmes, in what is now Mill Creek township, adventurers would slip out from Cincinnati, put up rude cabins, clear little patches of ground, make war on wolves and wildcats and maintain a precarious existence until driven back to shelter under Fort Washington. These hunters and squatters frequently entered parts of sections as ''actual volunteer settlers," and sometimes laid claim to the For- feit Corners by right of occupancy. As early as 1795 purchasers from Symmes would find their deeds scoffed at by prior claimants, who had manufactured titles by starvation, peril, and perhaps blood-letting, which titles were assigned from one to another, until claim and pos- session were determined and given by the courts of law. Abstracts of title in the Miami purchase date back to the first sales by John Cleves Symmes, but from 1788 until final purchasers received their deeds, perfected in full possession. Beyond the purchasers of the original Symmes sections in range two, township three, were many men and women who labored, suffered, and died in obscurity. Their lives were unwritten, and now, when the laborer's spade or ploughman's share turns out their skeletons, our inquiries start, but no answer will ever come to .tell us who they were. INCIDENTS OF EARLY HISTORY. Among the names which appear frequently in the his- tory of the Miami purchase, and upon the land records of Hamilton county, is that of Ludlow. The brothers, Israel and John, Ludlow, were prominent men in their day. Is rael Ludlow became surveyor, and a joint pro- prietor, in place of the unfortunate Filson, with Penman and Patterson, in laying out the village of Losantiville. He was captain of the Cincinnati militia in 1790-1, and his descendants are widely and reputably known. John Ludlow and family came from Buffalo to Cincinnati in November, 1789, occupying first a double-roomed log cabin on the northwest corner of Front and Main streets. The following year he became the first sheriff of the county, and in 1798 was elected to the first territorial legislature. The first e.xecution was done by Sheriff Ludlow, James Mays being the condemned man, and costs were allowed him by the commissioners, for "gallows, coffin, and grave- digging, fifteen pounds, eight shillings and nine pence." William D. Ludlow, son of Sheriff John Ludlow, com- municated to the writer of this, two or three incidents of early life, which are here given : I came to Cincinnati in 1789, when a boy five years old, and soon became used to the hardships, the frights, the incursions of savages_ and the tramp of soldiers, who were either drilling, going to, or return- ing from war. All persons were obliged in those days to be indus- trious, and I learned to work when quite a little boy. Sometimes I went to school, and the first master 1 knew was an Irishman by the name of Lloyd. His school-house was on the river bank, now the Pub- lic landing, near Main street. We children were sent to school on the safest side of the village. One day in the spring of 1791 the Indians came over the hill-tops right down in sight of the fort, and fired away, killing Henry Hahn, a Pennsylvanian, who was clearing a lot, My uncle Israel gave chase with his militia company but did not overtake them. Harmar's expedition did not intimidate the Indians, but made them worse; and while I was a boy in Cincinnati I saw armed men and soldiers every day, and heard Indian stories every night. When there was service in the village church I went with my parents, and every man was obliged to have his gun by his side. I remember once my father's colored man was sent up over the hills to look for our black mare, which had strayed away. The Indians had taken her from the outlot, and got away with her as far as where Ludlow grove now is. The thieving fellows had taken the bell from her neck to decoy those who should be sent after the mare. The darkey was led on and on by the tinkling bell, for he was one whom they would rather capture than kill. Feeling sure of him, they put the bell on the mare's neck, tethered her and secreted themselves. Just as he walked up the Indians jumped out after him, and the race began. The darkey was a good runner, and kept ahead of them to the top of Vine street hill, where the Indians gave up the pursuit. The darkey, however, improved his chances un- til he reached our house, where, pale with fright and gasping for breath , he shouted, " De black mare gone, gone ! Massa John, you neber see dat black mare any more, suah ! De Injuns got her !" I do not remember St. Clair's start on his campaign in 1791, but re- member the return, the arrival of the wounded, and the funeral of Cap- tain Darke, who died of his wounds in Isaac Martin's house, next to my father's. The turnout of the soldiers, the black pall, the colifin, the slow pace of those who carried his body, and the dead march sadly and solemnly affected me. The Indians were continually hanging around, watching along the Miamis, stealing from cabins and horse-lots, from Columbia to North Bend, and back in the country from the river, wherever any one had ventured to fix a stopping place. Once our horses were missing from the wood-lot. Pursuit was given at once by four men, Jrfin and James Spenser, John Adams, and Peter Cox. These were known as the "northwestern spies." Cox had a new rifle, and as they started Cox called out to my father: " 'Squire John, the Indians shall never get this rifle unless they kill me at the first fire." These men found the horses and Indians just north of Spring Grove cemetery, near Piatt Evans' house, and fired into them, killing two. The Indians returned the fire, disabling Cox. Knowing he could not escape from the twenty or more who came after him with a yell. Cox told his companions to go and save themselves. The last seen of Cox was with the muzzle of that new rifle in hand smashing it to flinders against a tree, as the savages closed upon him. In my school-boy days I used to pass that sugar tree and look upon the mutilated bark, where poor Cox had smashed the stock and lock of his gun the moment before the tomahawk fell upon him. While General Wayne was drilling his troops at "Hobson's Choice," preparatory to his campaign against the Indians, I was a frequent wit- ness of camp and field proceedings under the ii on-countenanced old general, and on Sundays I used to perch myself in the top of a beech tree and look down upon the sham battles below. General Wilkinson usually commanded the riflemen, who, as whoop- ing Indians, filled the woods, while Waynedirected oursoldiers. These sham battles were often exciting, and I shall never forget old Wayne's appearance, his warlike manner, and his stentorian profanity, which could be heard above the noise whenever anything displeased him. This year (1794) Wayne's army left the town, going up Main street, over the hill and up the Mill Creek valley, the footmen and horsemen crossing the central parts of Mill Creek and Springfield townships, the left wing passing over the present sites of Cumminsville, Spring Grove, Carthage, and Springdale. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 335 Soon after the army left, my father moved his family out to the coun- try, at what is now known as Ludlow Grove, where my brother John so long resided. The ford here became known as Ludlow's ford, or the " Second Crossing of Mill Creek," as Wayne's army crossed here on the route to the "Third Crossing," at White's station, in northern Carthage. I was ten years old when we came to Ludlow's place, and soon learned that we were in an Indian country. Captain Jacob White, Thomas Gaudy, Sarah Freeman, Abby Cochrane, riding horseback, and several wagons came with us from town. These pushed on to- wards White's station, two miles above. In less than an hour we heard the cry, "Indians! Indians!!" and soon came those on horseback, to- gether with some running on foot. Thomas Gaudy, the lawyer, and the ladies mentioned, rode on by to Cincinnati, but Captain Wliite swung his hat, hurrahed for White's station, and left with a fighting party to attack the Indians. They reached the station, however, with- out seeing anything of the savages. In this affair two of our men were killed at the first fire, the Indians shooting from behind some burr oaks which stood on the west side of the road, close to a run, not many feet from the brick school-house which stands there now. The two men were buried just south of the stream, near Allen Huffman's present residence, and my father called the stream "Bloody Run,' which name it bears to this day.* The Indians were only stragglers who did not care to meet General Wayne. Like other guerilla parties, they preferred to straggle about and steal, watch the roads to the mills, fire into a sta- tion from safe distance, kill men, women, or children, pick up what the armies might have lost or thrown away, and make themselves trouble- some generally without getting killed or hurt. At one time they came to my father's house in the middle of the night, and tried to force an entrance. Our seven men inside stood ready,' with weapons in hand to receive them; our dogs outside attacked them, dividing their attention and skill. After failing to pry open the doors, they left. Shortly after this they stole our only good horse and five broken-down pack-horses. One afternoon the men had been rolling up log- heaps for burning, which my father and I fired in the evening. After the men had gone up the ladder to bed in the loft they saw seven Indians about the log-heaps, but a rifle-shot among them sent them off in a hurry. Notwithstanding Wayne's victory in August, 1794, these depreda- tions continued for months afterwards. A party attacked White's sta- tion and were repulsed, leaving several of their dead in sight of the station. I saw some of their swollen bodies on the north side of Mill creek, soon after the fight. They lay in the bottom land west of the Miami aqueduct, near the ford, and were partially covered with stalks, weeds, and earth. One lay with his head pillowed on the root of a tree ; by his side was a new rifle, and on his bosom was tipped up a piece of looking-glass, reflecting his dead face. Few persons of to-day can form any just conception of our constant apprehension, -our con- stant sense of danger in those days. My father made it a rule for each of his men to have his rifle loaded and in hand on going out in the morning, and the supply of ammunition was to be constantly attended to. The plowman carried his gun on his back ; the man with the hoe placed his gun from time to time against the first tree ahead, and when engaged rolling or raising logs, sentinels were placed in the outskirts to prevent surprises. The narrator of the foregoing was one of the best men that ever lived — truthful, honest, kind and obliging. In early life he was united in marriage with an estimable woman, Cha rlotte Hand , by whom he had twelve chil- dren, but few of whom are now alive. His wife dying in 1846, he was afterwards married to Mrs. Abigail Bonnell, one of the pioneer women who came to Columbia in early days. With Abigail he lived happily during the re- mainder of his life. William D. Ludlow was industrious until the infirmities of age forbade longer labor. His last years were devotedly given to work in the Christian church at Carthage, where, by pastoral work, by prayer and exhortation, he endeared himself not only to the congregation, but to all who knew him. He fell dead on a street of Carthage in 1863, aged seventy-nine years. His last words were spoken to Mrs. Elizabeth Bonnell, a moment before he fell. "Good morning. Sister Eliza- *Tn later years, while making improvements here, two skeletons, supposed to be those of the murdered men, were e.xhumed by the workmen. beth," said he; "I'm just taking a morning walk — never . felt better, and enjoy the sunshine. My work for life is about done; my house is in order, and I am ready to go whenever the Master shall call." A moment after, he fell dead. His remains lie in the cemetery at Reading, close to the grave of his friend and Christian brother, James Dill. They had previously chosen their last resting- places, and now sleep together. Among the earliest to break the forest in Mill Creek township were the Columbia schoolmaster, Jo hn Re ily, and his companions. He bought his tract of land, com- prising'^part of the present site of Carthage, in 1791, but did not associate himself with Pryor and others for im- provements in this region until 1793. The short story of their attempt in the wilderness is thus told in the sketch of the life of Mr. Reily, in McBride's Pioneer Biography: Their land being entirely in timber, they spent the first week in mak- ing a small clearing and building a rough shanty, and the second in digging a well. They then continued clearing their land. Their horses were stolen by the Indians, but, not discouraged, they procured others and continued their improvements. After some time Mr. Pryor, in company with two other men, engaged to make a trip from Fort Wash- ington to Fort Hamilton, with provisions, on pack-horses, the usual mode of transportation in those days. On their way they encamped on a branch of Pleasant run, four miles south of Hamilton. ... In the morning they were attacked by the Indians, and Mr. Prior was killed. Mr. Reily was so discouraged by the death of his as- sociate that he stopped his improvements and returned to teaching in Columbia, removing afterwards to Cincin- nati, and finally to Hamilton, where he died. We shall hear more of the Pryor family when the history of Spring- field township comes to be related. A belief in witchcraft, singularly strong and persistent, prevailed in parts of the Mill creek to a comparatively recent day. About the year 1814 a wealthy and respect- able family resided on the creek and owned a number of fine horses, some of which died of a strange and unac- countable distemper. No remedy for it could be found, and the conclusion was arrived at that they were killed by witchcraft. A sharp lookout was consequently kept for sorcerers or fortune-tellers, and means were taken to punish them, if any there were, by boiling certain herbs and other ingredients over a hot fire in a cauldron, with pins and needles, which were believed to prick the witch or wizard, at however great a distance. While a mess of this disinfection was boiling furiously at the residence aforesaid, the head of the household happened to take a view from a door which overlooked a large part of the farm, and saw his daughter-in-law at the moment hasten- ing from her cabin, about a quarter of a mile from the house, to a spring, for a bucket of water. His excited imagination at once connected her movements with his calamities and incantations, and he ordered his son to remove his family from the farm. He suspected an old and feeble woman named Garrison, residing eight or ten miles from his place, to be the author of all his troubles ; and, having been advised to shoot a silver bullet into the next distempered horse he had, which would kill the witch and cure the animal, he prepared one and shot it presently into a very fine brood mare which was affected with the disease. Contrary to his expectations, the shot 336 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. killed the beast; but, as Mrs. Garrison also died soon after, it was finally believed by some that his silver bullet had brought her to her death. EARLY INDUSTRIES. Thomas Goudy, esq., the Cincinnati lawyer mentioned in the Indian story, had a flouring mill on the creek, whose capabilities and facilities for work he set forth in a long advertisement in the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette for May 15, 1799, closing as follows; As to disposition of business, I need say no more than that Mr. Jessup had three and one-half bushels ground on her [sic] in precisely eight minutes. I hope to gain a general custom, but she is absolutely idle for want of work at present. From the same region, forty years afterwards, as Mr. Cist notes, a surplus of three hundred thousand barrels of flour was sent annually to New Orleans. Some time before 1826, Duvall's paper mills, owned in Cincinnati, were in operation at Mill Grove, presumably in the Mill Creek territory. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. James Sisson, Robert Menie, Abraham Wilson, James Lyon, Joseph McDowell, 1819; Robert Menie, John Ludlow, Bela Morgan, Jacob Stewart, 1825; Jacob Stew- art, John Ludlow, John Burgoyne, Nathaniel Williams, 1829; Enoch Jacobs, William Bowman, E. P. Joseph, 1865; Bowman, Joseph, John A. Rudel, 1866; Joseph, Rudel, Henry Erchel, 1867-8; Joseph, Erchel, J. C. Cross, 1869-70; Joseph, 1871-2; Samuel Kemper, 1873-5; A. C. Kaylor, Elon Strong, 1876-8; Kaylor, J. N. Skell- man, 1879; Kaylor, Solomon Tice, 1880. RELIGIOUS HISTORY. After the erection of the First Presby terian church in Cincinnati (1792), religious services at or near the out- posts were only such as fathers or mothers conducted in their families, or when, upon appointment, a few would meet at the rude home of a neighbor to listen to a wan- dering preacher, who, with Bible, hymn-book, and rifle, was going through the forest wilds to gather together the Lord's people. Previous to the year 1800 very many had never listened to a sermon by a regular preacher, except at a funeral. When peace was practically acknowl- edged after Wayne's treaty, the preachers rode or walked ftom post to post, from cabin to cabin; and meetings began to be held once a month, or once in three months with something of regularity. The early preachers made themselves known at the country weddings, at the bed- sides of the sick and dying, at the solemnities of the grave, and at the "big meetings" which were held for days at a time, and in the woods, when the weather per- mitted. Some of these preachers are remembered by the children of those who first attended the services in Hamilton county, and a few of the names here given have deservedly found their places in the ecclesiastical annals of the country. Among these were the Rev. Messrs. Rice, Kemper, Smith, Burke, Wilson, Robinson, Root, Simonton, Stone, Lyon, Graves, Cavender, Wetherby, Challen, O'Kane, Scott, Dudley, Worley, and Runseler. In connection with Mill Creek township, which was a part of Cincinnati township until 1810, it may be said that the membership of the different denominations in that year was less than one hundred. Fifteen years later — that is, in 1825 — the following representation was made by the several agents at the distribution of the ministerial fund : MEMBERS. Methodist Episcopal church, William D. Ludlow, 73 Presbyterian church, James Lyon, 62 Christian church, William Snodgrass 22 Baptist church, Thomas Cooper, 14 in all one hundred and seventy-one members, to whom was allowed from the fund fifty-one dollars and thirty cents, or thirty cents a member. In 1835 distribution of the fund was made as follows to the church agents: MEMBERS. Methodist church, A. L. Cook 24 Lane seminary, Presbyterian, James Lyon 26 Christian church, John Ludlow 99 Walnut Hills Presbyterian church, E. G. Kemper, 14 Baptist church, ^ohn H. Davis, 15 Methodist church, Elijah Wood, 125 in all three hundred and three members, to whom was allowed one hundred and fifty dollars and fifty cents. In 1850-1 the church lists showed the following: MEMBERS. Methodist Episcopal church, Fulton, E. H. Filmore 246 Christian church, Fulton, A. D. Filmore, 46 Walnut Hills Presbyterian church, F. A. Kember 37 Asbury Methodist Episcopal, Cincinnati, John C. Nye loi Walnut Hills Methodist Episcopal church, W. H. Wheeler 17 Baptist church, Lockland, David McFarland 7 Christian Church, Carthage, John H. Sheehan 61 Presbyterian church, Mt. Healthy, William Cary 77 Christian church, West Fork, William T. Roller 50 Methodist Episcopal church, Cumminsville, J. G. Smith 44 Reformed Presbyterian church, Archibald Burns, 6 Presbyterian church, Cincinnati, J. C. Clopper 23 Presbyterian church, Reading, A. Ruffner, 9 Methodist Episcopal church, Carthage, A. L. Cook 31 in all seven hundred and seventy-five members. This number shows very nearly the total of professed religion- ists in the township, being less than the real number, in- asmuch as there were some others who, not having organ- ized churches, did not apply for the ministerial aid. As before stated, the first services were conducted in private dwellings, in barns, in school-houses, and often in the woods. The beautiful groves at Carthage, its easy approaches by the old beaten roads, its accommodations and hospitalities, made it the great rallying place for the Methodists, the Campbellites, as they were called, the Millerites, and some others; ?.nd, from the earliest times to late years, Carthage was known for its religious gather- ings, as well as for its political meetings, horse races, fairs, and militia musters. Soon after Alexander Campbell became known as a leader, some of his adherents found their way to Mill Creek township, and about 1830 the Rev. Messrs. Camp- bell, Stone, Challen, and others began to visit and preach throughout the neighborhood. Meetings were held in the Carthage school-house, in Solomon Rogers' barn, in Smalley's woods (now Schmucker's), and in 1832 a band of fourteen enrolled themselves under the leadership of Walter Scott, a colaborer with Campbell in the work of tearing down human creeds and building up churches on H. ATTEMEYER. Henry Attemeyer was born in Horstl, Prussia, in the year 1806. Having a desire to seethe New World, he left his native place and sailed for New York, where he landed, after an uneventful voyage, in the year 1837. From New York city Mr. Atte- meyer went to Michigan, where he remained for nearly two years. In 1842 he came to Cincinnati, and commenced work as a stone-mason, in the cel- lars of the buildings on Pearl street. At this time he was moneyless ; but cheer- ed by the encourag- ing words of an excel- lent wife he went to work on low wages, and soon became known for his intel- ligence, industry, and correct business From day-labor and small wages, Mr. Atte- meyer soon turned his abilities to contracts, big buildings and the gains which, by hon- esty and persevering industry, make a man rich. In the year 1845 he contracted for the material and stone- work of St. John's church, on Green street, and this job being soon satisfactorily disposed of, Mr. At- temeyer increased his facilities for larger opera- tions, and became at once a reputable contractor, builder and manager. Among other buildings, too numerous to be mentioned here, reference must be made to the sub-structures of the Carlisle buildings, Burnet house, Jewish synagogue, numerous build- ings on Pearl and other streets, and the house of refuge at Camp Washington. The latter is one of the most magnificent stone structures, and in sub- stantiality and finish is comparable with the best known edifices in the State. Having done his work well, established a splendid reputation, and accumu- lated a hundred thousand dollars, Mr. Attemeyer retired from business. To St. Bernard, north of Cincinnati, he removed some sixteen years ago where, with his aged wife and children, he is now resting in the enjoyment of the good things of earth. A Democrat on State and National con- troversies, Mr. Atte- meyer cares not for party restrictions or piejudices in local af- fairs, arid in the town- ship, county and corporation elections, always votes for the best man. In religion, as in politics, he is always liberal with those who do not entirely agree with him ; and devot- edly attached to the Catholic church, he is a defender of that faith with a kindly re- gard for the opinions of his neighbors, and is perfectly willing for any person to go to Heaven who wants to go — and can get there. With no enemies, but many friends, Mr. Attemeyer's fine residence and improved grounds, his genial man- ners and generous hospitalities are attractions which make this suburban house the resort of many friends and place of pleasant visits by many from abroad. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 337 the New Testament. Walter Scott was a scholar, editor, and impassioned speaker; he was industrious and coura- geous, and proclaiming a new order of things, and haling men and women from the centre to the four quarters of Mill Creek township, he threw the denominational camps into consternation. Without requiring anything of can- didates beyond confession of faith in Jesus and a promise of good behavior, he proceeded by day and night to baptize his converts in Mill creek or the Miami canal. Mr. Scott preached incessantly, printed the Evangelist, and in 1832 had a comfortable brick meeting-house built, a corps of capable church officers, and a large congrega- tion. Among the first who joined hands with Walter Scott, may be mentioned a few names which appear else- where in the county's history : Solomon Rogers, the first bishop, and Mrs. Rogers; William Myers and Richard Dillino, first deacons, with their wives; Adaline Hubbell, and Eraeline Ross; Thomas Wright and wife; Elijah Brady and wife; Mr. Stephens and wife; Hezekiah Woods and wife; John Ludlow and wife. After these came, as officers, bishops, deacons, and teachers, Robert Richardson, Harvey Fairchild, James and Samuel Dill, William Thomas, James McCash, Solomon Niles, John McCammon, Benjamin Watkins, Isaac Bruin, Daniel Riggs, John Sheehan, William and Louis Pinkerton; also, to assist in church work, sisters Abigail Bonnell, E. Swift, Mary McCammon, Sarah Rodgers, Sarah Scott, and Hettie Ludlow. In the words of the church scribe (Robert Richardson, afterwards a professor at Bethamy college, Virginia), "as the word of the Lord prevailed, many were added to the church." The words of the historian were true; the congregation prospered, and remains to this day, in faith and practice, with the children of the pioneers. In this old church the Millerites proclaimed the end of the world, and in 1842 pitched their tents in the adjacent grounds and, posting their proclamations and pictures on the trees and rocks, awaited the fulfilment of their vain expecta- tions. This place lies in two townships, having the larger part, one hundred and fifty-five acres in Mill Creek and Car- thage, but fifty-eight (two hundred and thirteen in all) in Springfield township. It had one thousand and seven inhabitants by the census of 1880. In 1818 Edward White, sometimes called Edward III, laid out the village of Carthage, on the "forfeit corner" of section twelve, in the northeast part of Mill Creek township. The re- corded plat is dated December 23, 1815. In the previ- ous year Levi Frazee had sold the east forty-six acres of the forfeit corner to Captain Jacob White for six hundred and fifty dollars, who immediately disposed of it to Ed- ward for the same sum, six hundred and fifty dollars. The next year the town was laid out and the lots ad- vertised for sale. It was then bounded east by Dayton street, south by Deerfield and' west by the Hamilton road, which then bore a little east of north, on the beaten track of St. Clair's and Wayne's armies, which passed north from Fort Washington in the years 1791 and 1793. The north boundary of the town plat was the east and west line between the townships of Mill Creek and Springfield, established in 1809-10. Previ- ous to 1815 White's mill, on Mill creek, just above the town, and Griffin's Station, on the west near by, were as well known in the early days as Columbia or North Bend. These mills and stations were the principal places for safety and supplies between the Miamis north of Cincinnati. A wagon road connected Whites Station with Columbia, crossing Harmar's trace one mile south- east of the present village; another led east to Covalt's Station, on the Little Miami; and another road, on the old Indian trail, passed near Griffin's (Caldwell's Mill), westward to the Great Miami, and on to North Bend. This road connected almost directly with Dunlap's or Colerain Station on the Great Miami. Between White's and Griffin's Stations (in upper Carthage), passed the great road from Fort Hamilton, southward to Ludlow's Station (North Cumminsville), and thence to Cincinnati. Limited space prevents, in this place, a digression up- on the natural advantages of the Mill Creek valley around White's and Griffin's; and the names of those who first fought the red men here, who first cleared the forest away, must also be passed reluctantly over. The names of the greater landholders will, however, lead to important dates. The present corporate limits of the town enclose the corners of four sections, six and twelve in Mill Creek township, and one and seven in Spring- field. Section seven, the northwest corner of the pres- ent corporation, was entered by warrant in 1792, by David Griffin, and in the same year Griffin also entered section one, in behalf of Jacob White. Section six, (Mill Creek), was entered in 1789 by Samuel Bonnell, Moses Pryor locating on the "forfeit corner" of said sec- tion. The same year David Tuttle recorded his warrant for section twelve (Mill Creek); and soon after we find Richard S. Clark vacating the "forfeit corner" of said section twelve because of a debt which he owed to John Vance, who established his claim thereupon. In close relation to the four mentioned, Daniel Grif- fin, Jacob White, Samuel Bonnell and David Tuttle, ap- pear the names of James Henry, Joseph John Henry, Israel Shreve, Moses and Luther Kitchel, Henry Run- yan, James Mott, Silas Condit, Robert Harper, Darius C. Orcutt, John Brazier, Daniel Cooper, Samuel-Martin, Moses Pryor, Samuel Dunn, Stephen Flinn, Caleb Camp, James Flinn, Richard Hawkins, Zebulon Foster, Jacob Dungan, Edward and Amos White, James Caldwell, Wil- liam Ludlow, Benjamin Ludlow, Robert and Richard Dill, Samuel Williams, Silas Halsey, John Wallace, Andrew Goble, James Winans, James Cunningham, and some others, who, though not crowded uncomfortably close, were neighbors and frequenters of White's and Caldwell's Mills. These men were mostly land owners, holding en- tire sections, halves, or quarters, on "forfeit corners." The Whites were a numerous family, as were also the Flinns, while the Ludlows had located claims through- out the Symmes purchase. Many of the names above are no longer continued on the county records, and have vanished from the memory of the living. There were one hundred and fifty-two lots sold to fifty eight different purchasers. Many of these purchasers 338 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. never resided in the village, and, as some disappeared before the town was much improved, only a few names are given of those who bought lots, remained, and built up the place. Archibald Burns took thirty-eight lots, put up a fine residence, and built a factory and machine shop. John Brecount bought four lots, and built and ke|5t the first public house, known as the Mansion house. John Evans took several lots, and was known as the first resident bricklayer in Carthage. Sidney and Ephraim Knowlton were early pork mer- chants and storekeepers, and were afterwards in the canal business. Their boat, the first one here, was "The Han- nibal, of Carthag-e." Benjamin Irwin, property holder and first storekeeper, at the corner of Fourth and Main streets. Leicester Nichols and James Hefferman, were the first carpenters. John Shanklin was the first wagonmaker. He died in a few years, and was followed in the same business, in 1829, by Richard Rancevaw, who still resides in the vil- lage. The Millers — Isaac, Thomas, and Adam — were early residents, owned property, and had a saddler-shop on Hamilton street. Rev. Isaac Ferris was the preacher from Duck creek; and Solomon Rogers, a retired, wealthy steamboat cap- tain, was also ever engaged in good works. Mr. Rogers established a silk cocoonery, and endeavored to develop the silk business, but failed in the enterprise. He im- proved his property, however, and did much for the vil- lage. Andrew Smalley owned thnty-five lots, kept the Clifton house (afterwards Belser's tavern), was the first postmas- ter, encouraged the county fairs, and delighted in horse racing. Joel Tucker and Nathaniel Williams were blacksmiths on Main street. Their successors in iron working were Messrs. Burns, Castner, and Tucker. The Townsends — James, John, and Pernal — were coopers and carpenters. The Williams family — Nathaniel, Miles and Martha — were lot owners. In 1821 Thomas McCammon & Sons, from Cincin- nati, came to the neighborhood, and are remembered as the first cabinetmakers. At this time (182 1), there were only a dozen houses in White's Carthage, and but five or six in sight west of the village. These were the houses of Major James Caldwell, Richard Dill, Abram Wilson, and Thomas Mc- Cammon, and the Bull's Head tavern, south of Wilson's, on the Hamilton road. In 1826 Samuel Caldwell made an addition of seventy lots, on the west side of Hamilton road, opposite old Carthage, the same year that the Miami canal was cut through the east side of the village. Many strangers came to the place, some bought lots, many new houses were put up, and the town began to present an appear- ance of thrift and prosperity. The children, who had been attending an old time school far below the village. in what is now South Elmwood, were better accommo- dated in a comfortable brick school-house, east of the canal, at the corner of Second and Mill streets. This was one of the first three brick buildings at that time in the neighborhood, and remained standing until recently, when modern demands put it away for the more preten- tious school edifices which are" now conspicuous in Carthage. For a while church services were occasionally held at private residences, or in the school-houses, or groves; but in 1832 the Christian church, organized by Walter Scott, built a brick meeting-house on the corner of Jack- son and Fourth streets, whereon the new edifice, erected in 1878, now stands. The first ofificers of this church, co- workers with Alexander Campbell and Walter Scott, were Solomon Rogers, William Myers, Richard Dillino, Heze- kiah Wood, Elijah Brady, and John Ludlow. Dr. Rich- ardson, later a professor at Bethany college, was clerk of the church. In connection with this church a Lord's Day school was established; and the names of the first verse reciters — children then, old men and women now — who memorized and recited twelve thousand three hun- dred and ten verses, are here given, as worthy a place in the history of Carthage and its neighborhood : Noah Wright, Stephen Dillino, Boyd Thomas, William Evans, James Harvey, Boyd Dillino, John Scott, Isaac Chase, William Hefferman, Thomas Wright, David Pigg, Nelson Derby, Ephraim Knowlton, Jonathan, John, and Benjamin Bonnell, William Scott, Isabella McCammon, Ansenith Harvey, Mary Thomas, Elizabeth and Emehne Dill, Emily Scott, Charlotte Myers, Elizabeth Wright, Lucinda Chase, Joanna Bonnell, Isabella Felter, Louisa Mayhew, Sarah Flinn, Elizabeth Pigg, Caroline Riggs, and Emily Baldrick. Many of them are still alive, though widely separated. Their parents and grandparents were among those who landed at Columbia, Cincinnati, or North Bend, in the earlier days. One of those named, Jonathan Bonnell, is now leader of the choir in the village church, a place he has filled almost continuously for forty-five years. The instruction of the common .school was supple- mented in private schools by that of the academic, wherein mathematics, philosophy, Latin, Greek, painting, and music, were taught, and good students made. Walter Scott edited and published a paper in the vil- lage, and, being a notable orator in things divine, classes were formed in theology, under his direction, and at least a respectable number of professional writers and speakers of to-day date the beginnings of scholarship and goodness to the classical and religious instruction received in Car- thage fifty years ago. Among the early teachers were Messrs. Armitage, Mat- thews, Wheelock, Wood, Wiley, Jehial Woodworth, Isaac Goodwin, William Pinkerton, Providence White, Mrs. Sophia Wright, Mrs. Hayes, Mrs. Eliza McFarland, Ehzabeth J. Dill, and Flavius Josephus Hough — all pre- vious to 1850. Of all these the longest and best known of the village teachers was Mrs. Eliza McFarland, who, in a long experience of thirty-five years, taught two gen- erations — the childrens' children — and, in 1877, at the HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 339 age of seventy-five, closed life's labors beloved by all who knew her. Going back to the days of the first school-house (1830) wherein occasional church services were held, it appears that Anthony Cook and wife were industrious workers in behalf of early Methodism in the place. They conducted a litde Sunday-school, entertained itinerant preachers, labored for the establishment of their church, and are re- membered as pioneer Methodists in Carthage — only re- membered, the writer is obliged to say, for the most industrious inquiry fails to obtain anything of recorded facts. The cause, however, for which the first Method- ists labored, did not fail, although the church never numbered more than a few, and the services have not always been continuous to the present day. About the year 1850 a neat meeting-house was erected on East Second street, opposite the old brick school-house, and herein was formed the little society of the Methodist Episcopal church in Carthage. The building of the house was largely the work of John K. Green, esq., who, with his family, regularly attended for years, taking an active part in the Sunday-schools and in the revivals which occurred from time to time. Mr. Cook and Mr. Green were wealthy, and contributed freely to the sup- port of the church. With their names are associated Godfrey Peters and family, William Gibson and wife, Henderson Warner and wife Rosanna, Caleb Thayer and wife, Mr. and Mrs. Stephens, Mrs. Ludlum, John Sweeney and wife, Miss Hannah Radcliffe, Mrs. Maria Wilson, Henry Hart and family, and a few others. Death and removal have taken away nearly all of these, so that not one of the early Methodists remains a worshipper in the congregation. At present the Rev. Mr. White conducts Sunday night services, and a Sunday-school in the morn- ing is well attended. It is much regretted that no records of this church can be found. In 1869 the Catholics, by Archbishop John B. Purcell, purchased the block on the northeast corner of Fourth and Lebanon streets, and put up a neat church edifice, with rooms for a school. The total cost of lots and house was ten thousand dollars. The trustees were Ed- mund Oberle, John Bickers, and Henry Lammers. The church was formally opened and dedicated in 1869 by the archbishop and numerous assistants, after which Father John Allbrinck was installed as the local priest. After him came priests Henry Recken, Benjamin Broer- ing, and Henry Brinkmeier, the last in 1879. Father Brinkmeier recently took charge of the convent west of the village, and the church and school of St. Borromeo are now under the control of the Franciscan Fathers. The communicants number about sixty, the day school thirty, the latter being managed by two of the Sisters. In 1871 John W. Sprung and John H. Eggers donated the lots on the northeast corner of Sixth and Lockland avenue to the society of German Protestants, and a church building and a pastor's residence have been fin- ished thereon. The congregation numbers forty, and the Sunday-school fifty. The Rev. Mr. Baura is now the resident minister. Previous to the establishment of schools and churches the people entertained themselves much with shooting- matches; firing at turkeys at sixty and one hundred yards, county fairs, and horse races also commanded full atten- tion. The first race track was on the township line, east and west, between Springfield and Mill creek, from western Carthage, near Dill's, to the hill on the east, where the grounds join Morris' grove. This was a line well known, and still not known, to numerous lawyers and surveyors, who almost yearly measure, calculate, and wrangle over the property rights on both sides of the line. The Miami canal cut this track in two in 1826, when another was laid out from Knowlton's corner, at the Second street bridge, northward to White's station on Mill creek. After this Smalley's track, on what is now Major Caldwell's farm, became a noted place for races and militia musters. On these first tracks, in early times, the boys coming to Caldwell's and White's mills, used to speed their "quarter nags," furnishing a good deal of amusement and occasional opportunity for "chances" and "odds," with money attached. Here racers and riders became famous; the political conventions and fairs drew large crowds, and the place acquired a wide reputation for good displays, hospitable entertainments, and horse races. "Old Smalley" was a noted equine practitioner; so, also, were Hamer, Hutch- inson, Coffeen, Stubbs, and Wade. Among the riders, "Jockey" Pryor and Shep Smalley were up in reputa- tion, and when a youngster got a "whip-around" on Kenton, Yankee Tom, or Deacon Wade's horse. Orphan Boy, he gained an enviable notoriety. While many per- sons came to see the governors of Ohio, Indiana, Ken- tucky, and Illinois, who were often here, and to listen to the speeches of Colonel Dick Johnson, General Harri- son, Henry Clay, Bellamy Storer, Tom Corwin, Duncan, and other celebrities, it was plain that excitements on the track and discussions on blooded stock had much to do in persuading attendance. In Smalley's stables, and for many years later in Bel- ser's and Vankirk's, good horses were kept the year round, and when Kentuckians chanced across to talk about speed and put up the money on their horses, they were generally accommodated, and the nags put upon the track. As an index to the crowds who came to the first Car- thage entertainments, it may be stated that the stables at Belser's and Vankirk's were always ready for the accom- modation of a thousand horses, and the tavern tables, in order the year round, were ready on short notice for as many horsemen or hungry politicians. These races and old-time fairs continued up to 1850-4, when they gave place to the modern expositions and trotting races on the Hamilton County fair grounds, in northern Carthage. The later fairs commenced in 1854-5 by the purchase of extensive grounds and the erection of expensive amphi- theatres. They are fully set forth in the printed reports of the County Agricutural society. The more tragic history of Carthage begins with the killing of Moses Pryor and his two children, by the In- dians, in 1792-3, and the murder of the pack-horsemen at Bloody run, just south of the present village, in 1793. 34° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Edward White, the founder of the place, was killed at Galena, Illinois, while acting as an arbitrator, about 1840. His decision was adverse to one Dr. Stoddard, who drew a pistol and shot him dead. Lewis Bonnell was killed by the fall of a tree in 1831. Two boys, named Swift and Robinson, skating on the canal, were drowned in 183 1, below Second street. An unknown man, taking shelter in a hollow tree was killed by lightning in 1845. In 1846 the stage was overturned in Mill creek, and one child was drowned. Charles Hughes, while swimming in the creek, west of Third street, was drowned in 1847. In 1853 a stranger stopped over night at Mr. Fowler's, upper Main street, and was found sitting on the front stove plate in the morning, dead. James , also an unknown man, drowned his sister and horse accidently at the ford above the village in 1854. A fast woman and fast horse were drowned by a care- less driver at the Hamilton Street bridge, in 1854. Mr. Huber was drowned in the creek near by, in 1855. In the same year two men, a fireman and section hand, were killed by the cars on the Cincinnati, Hamil- ton & Dayton railroad, one at the depot the other below. Mr. Chumley, an old man tired of life, put himself on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton track, and was killed, in 1858. A brakeman on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad was killed at the bridge above the depot,- in 1861. About 1853-58 four men, all unknown, were drowned, on as many different Sundays, in the same place where the woman and horse lost their lives in 1854. William D. Ludlow, the pioneer, dropped dead near Jackson and Third streets in 1862. Mr. Ludlow was at this time the second husband of Abigail Ludlow, whose first husband, Lewis Bonnell, was killed by a falling tree in 1831. A driver of a mule team, from the camp in upper Carthage, was killed by being run over by a wagon in front of Southwell's blacksmith shop in 1863. In the same year Mrs. Susan Ramsdale fell dead near Third and Lebanon streets. In 1863, when Mrs. Dugan (mother of Susan Rams- dale, just mentioned) saw the young man killed 1n front of Southwell's shop, she said: "Let ray death be just as sudden." A few days afterwards she was thrown from her wagon and instantly killed. An unknown man, hit with a stone, was killed near the corner of Third and Lebanon streets. It was done by a man now in the penitentiary, whose name is not remembered. In 1864, Mrs. Mary Eliza Ewing, but recently married then, was thrown from her carriage at the corner of Fifth and Jackson streets, and instantly killed. Oscar Musser, engaged in the camp here in 1864, was kicked by a horse and died immediately after. Mrs. Mary Dill, widow of Richard Dill, an early set- tler, was found dead in her bed in 1863. Aged ninety years. Miles Riggs, while engaged in pleasant conversation, died instantly, in 1868. Caleb Thayer was found dead in his own cistern in 1868, a supposed suicide. Hiram Sloop was tired of life and hanged himself in his own room, at the corner of Jackson and Anthony streets, in 1869. Mrs. Ann Vankirk was found in the canal, near Centre street, in 1870; also a supposed suicide. Mrs. Philip Foltz, standing at her front gate with her baby in her arms, engaged in conversation with a neigh- bor, fell instantly dead, in 1873. A boy named Norton was drowned in Mill creek, near Centre street, in 1876. Rachel Carrico dropped dead at the depot, on West Second street, in 1876. A child, parents unknown, was found dead on the tow- path side of the Miami aqueduct, in 1878. John Nutts was found dead in a sandbank, al the corner of Fifth street and the canal, in 1879. Adolphus Dill was killed by the cars on the Dayton Short Line railroad, in 1879. James Fitzpatrick, a school boy, was drowned near Sixth street and the canal, in an ice-pond, in 1879. Benjamin Tegeder, in trying to recover his brother from under the ice, was himself drowned, near the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton bridge, on Sunday, Decem- ber 12, 1880. The foregoing narrative is exclusive of the casualties within or connected with the numerous public institu- tions around Carthage. The soldiers from Carthage who volunteered in the late war were: Alcorn, Fielding, in the cavalry, a prisoner four months. Bonnell, Warren, cavalry. Bowen, Putnam, cavalry. Calden, Jerry, infantry, wounded at Rich Mountain. Castner, Peter, gunboat service. Castner, Jonathan, gunboat service. Curtis, James, cavalry. Curtis, Morton, gunboat service. Dooley, William, infantry, wounded at Perryville, Kentucky. Dillano, Samuel, infantry, taken prisoner at Stone River. Dorman, John, wounded at Vicksburgh on the gunboat Carondelet. Flinn, Jesse, infantry, wounded. Flinn, Edward, infantry, killed at Atlanta. Ferris, Henry, cavalry. Fowler, William, cavalry, prisoner in Salisbury. Folz, Philip, cavalry, wounded in action. Hauck, Harry, infantry, died in hospital. Kellerman, Henry, gunboat service. Kroeger, Fred., gunboat service. Musser, Jerry, cavalry. Musser, Albert, cavalry. Morris, Clarence, artillery. McLean, Jesse, infantry, wounded at Mission Ridge. McLean, Edwin, infantry and musician. McClellin, James, infantry. Phillips, George, infantry. Riggs, Philip D., infantry and cavalry. Robinson, Frank, infantry, starved to death at Salisbury. Rictner, William, gunboat service. Southwell, George, cavalry. Smedley, Daniel, surgeon. Snyder, John, infantry, killed at Fort Blakely. Schmucker, Jacob, infantry. Wilson, William, cavalry. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 341 Winder, John, infantry. Kaylon, George, infantry. Shackles, Noah, cavalry. Since the platting of Carthage in 1815 there have been several additions: By Samuel Caldwell, in 1826; James N. Caldwell, in 1848; Lee, Wilson & Bullock, in 1850; Caldwell & Paddack, in 1850: Samuel Greenham, in 1858; Theophilus French, in 1868; Jacob Schmucker, in 1869; Eggers & Sprung, in 1875; and by T. Colling, the same year. The village was incorporated September 22, 1868. Its first mayor was Jonathan R. Bonnell; the second, Rich- ard A. Morton, who served from 1869 to 1874, inclusive; third, Richard Phillips; fourth, Smith Stimmell, the pres- ent incumbent. Since its incorporation the streets have been properly widened and graded; expensive gas works were put up, and the streets are well lighted. There are four churches, with graded public schools, both German and English, and a parochial school attached to St. Borromeo's Cath- olic church. The hotels are well kept. There are four public halls, of which Coke hall, on North Main street, is accounted the finest in Hamilton county, outside of Cincinnati. The Miami canal passes Carthage on the east, and the Short Line railroad on the same side ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad on the west side, both roads giving sixty trains a day to and from Cincinnati. Mill creek is the extreme northern and western boundary of the village. About fifty of the residents do business in Cincinnati. It had a population of one hundred and forty-eight in 1830, and two thousand four hundred and nineteen half a century afterwards, by the census of 1880. In the State Gazetteer of 1841 Carthage is noticed as then containing two hundred and eighty-three inhabi- tants, with fifty-five dwellings, ten mechanics' shops, three stores, two taverns, two groceries, one meeting- house, and one school-house. The Gazetteer adds: "This town is situated on a sandy soil, which gives it a pleasing appearance. Its location being in the centre of the county makes it a noted place for large gatherings. The annual fair of the Hamilton County Agricultural society is held there. It has two mails per day." The old Caldwell graveyard, near where Griffin's sta- tion stood, in western Carthage, is now nearly plowed over, and not a single stone remains to tell the name of the dead beneath. The last to disappear was that of Richard Dill, who put up the first brick house in Cin- cinnati, his assistant on that work being James Dugan, who later was in Hull's surrender, and died a few years since in Carthage. The grave of James Caldwell is now no longer to be distinguished, even by the writer, who was at the burial (in 1843), and who, in boyhood, used to "play horse," riding the old sword-scabbard which Wayne presented to Caldwell with a major's commission when out in the campaign of 1793-4. The old White graveyard lies on the brow of a low hill, a half mile east of Caldwell's and close to where the station stood. When old Providence White last visited this last resting place of the pioneers, thirty years ago, he walked mourn- fully around, read over the inscriptions on the fallen stones, and to some curious listeners who knew nothing of the tender emotions in his bosom, recounted the events of his earlier days. By his request James Dill replaced the stones as they were in the long ago. But modern school boys, with little knowledge of pioneer history, and less respect for the graves of the once brave dead who lie in them, have overthrown the walls and broken and scattered the stones so that but few are left to mark the place. When the writer visited this old cemetery in 1878, he counted sixty sunken graves, but there were many more before the Miami canal, cutting through in 1826, obliterated all trace of them. On one mutilated stone appears the following : Mary, wife of Amos White. On another this: 1834, in the soth year of his age. Consider, friend, as you pass by, As you are now, so once was I , As I am now, soon you shall be, Prepare for death and follow me. This is remembered as the stone of Mr. Jehial N. Wood worth, a schoolmaster. Amos White, died September 25, 1819, age seventy years. Edward White, the first, born, April, 1714; died, September, 1802, Edward White, the second, born, November, 1746; died, October, 1798. On a large tablet : Josinah, consort of Jacob White, born November 6, 1760; died March 26, 1834, age seventy-three years four months and twenty days; has left the church militant to join the church triumphant. On a tablet : Alcy, wife of Jacob White, bom May 30, 1773; died September 20, 1835, aged si.Kty years three months and twenty-one days; has gone to join the assembly and church of the first born. A few rods southeast from this graveyard, near the north side of the county farm, in a well recently covered over, Moses Pryor was killed by the Indians in 1792. Just northeast of the graveyard a short distance, in the southwest corner of the grounds of William R. Morris, esq., was the grave of the Indian chief killed by Captain White in the attack on the station in 1793. The place of the chief's burial was pointed out by old Providence White on one of his later visits there; and in 1847, while improving the grounds, the workmen accidently ex- humed the chief's skeleton. A full account of the bat- tle at White's station will be found in the history of Springfield township. AVONDALE. This is a large tract (seven hundred and fifty-five acres) adjoining the city north of Walnut Hills, platted in part as a suburban village in 1854, to which considerable annexations have since been made. Its area is not far from one thousand acres, comprising the whole of section nine, the northwest part of section eight, between Woodburn and Corryville, in the city, and a part of section fifteen, in the south of which, just outside the city, are situated the zoological gardens: The section nine was conveyed by Judge Symmes in 1795 to Sainuel Robinson. The next year Robinson conveyed three hun- 342 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. dred acres in its northeast part to John Hardin; in 1797 one hundred and twenty acres in the southwest part to WiUiam McMillan, of Cincinnati, whose remains were buried here for more than half a century, but now rests in Spring Grove cemetery; in 1798 the tract north of Mc- Millan's and west of Hardin's was sold to John Hunt; and the southeast part, comprising the entire remainder of the section, was afterwards acquired by the celebrated William Woodward, founder of the Woodward High school. McMillan became a further purchaser here, to- gether with Jonathan Dayton and Elias Bondinot, of the East Jersey company, making the Miami purchase. After the death of Dayton, a subdivision was made in November, 1846, by Jonathan Bartlett, administrator of his estate on both sides of the Lebanon turnpike (now Main avenue), but mostly east of the road, which he des- ignated as "a plat of house lots at Clinton, three miles from Cincinnati." This was the first subdivision made in what is now Avondale. Two years afterwards James A. Corry made a plat in the southwest part of the sec- tion, upon the McMillan tract, which he styled the Lo- cust Grove subdivision. About the same time still an- other subdivision was made by Spencer and Corry. In 1852 Samuel Cloon made a subdivision of about one hun- dred and fifty acres, covering the "Clinton" tract, upon which Miles Greenwood, of Cincinnati, had built his sub- urban residence in 1847. The Cincinnati & Chicago railroad made a subdivision on the Corry lands in 1854, to which the engineer in charge of the survey gave the name of Avondale subdivision, from which the village to be derived its name. One of the first suburban residences on this tract was the brick mansion on the Lebanon pike, built in 1835 by Luke Kendall, who, two years before, had bought ten acres from Mr. Corry at one hundred dollars an acre. This was then the "outpost of Cincinnati," as Colonel Maxwell styled it in his Suburbs of Cincinnati, to which we are indebted for most of these facts. In 1836 his partner, David B. Bassettake, built a brick residence out here; and the number increased gradually year by year, until one of the most notable suburban villages in the world has been formed, with several churches, a fine pub- lic hall, recently erected, the German Protestant cemetery, and a large public school-building on the west side of Main avenue, south of Rockdale avenue, built of brick, seventy by thirty feet, with a hall and six rooms, whose schools are superintended by Mr. A. B. Johnson, one of the veteran teachers of the Miami country, who has held the post of principal here for near a quarter of a century. The Grace Protestant Episcopal church is situated upon a two-acre lot on Main avenue, north of Glenwood avenue. It was first occupied February 27, 1870, when a sermon was preached by the Rev. William A. Snively, of Christ church, in the city. The church and grounds cost twenty-five thousand dollars. The Grace Methodist Episcopal church was formerly called Mears chapel. It is on the south side of Forest avenue, west of Washington. In 1868 the building was handsomely repaired and improved, at a cost of two thousand two hundred dollars. The Presbyterian church of Avondale, originally Old School, was occupied about the first of February, 1868, under the pastorate of the Rev. Joseph Gamble. It is situated on the north side of Rockdale avenue, a little way from Main. A beautiful new town hall, consummatmg an enter- prise which had been long under discussion, was dedi- cated December 31, 1880. It occupies a fine site on the south side of Rockdale avenue, just west of the main avenue. It is modified Queen Anne in style, of blue limestone trimmed with Ohio freestone. The outside dimensions are sixty by one hundred and ten feet. En- tering from Rockdale avenue, the main hall divides the offices of the mayor and clerk. Beyond these offices are the cloak room on the right and the principal staircase to the lef'', below which is the porte cochere; large doors at the south end of the main hall open to the assembly room forty-five by sixty, with stage and four dressing- rooms. Over the offices and entrance hall is the council chamber, extending across the entire front part of the building. This room with its panelled ceilings, polished wooden mantels and elegant chandehers, is one of the features of the building. Accommodations for the police and fire departments are provided in the basement. The necessary height of the ceiling for the smoke-stack of the engine is afforded by the elevation of the stage floor. The large stage in the hall is, or is to be, provided with a complete set of scenery for private theatricals and similar entertainments. The commodious hall, with its polished floor, and lighted with five superb chandeliers, is devoted to a variety of uses, not the least of them being the elegant assemblies for which Avondale society is noted. Mayor Strickland made the principal address at the dedication, in which he indulged in the following pleasant reminiscences: As a community, we have certainly made wonderful and rapid strides in growth and prosperity. From a few houses grouped together upon either of the turnpikes, with here and there a farm-house just in sight, surrounded with blossoming fields and well-stocked orchards, we have grown to be a community of three thousand inhabitants, embracing among them all classes, from the merchant and capitalist, to the skilled artist and daily workman. In the earlier and more primitive times the journey to and from the city was not the luxury such as we have known it. Hunt street — then termed the bottom — from the old corporation line to the foot of the hill, was, during the winter season, an almost endless sea of mud, and woe betide the unskilled and luckless driver, whose sight was not keen, for no friendly gas illumined the trackless path to enable him to safely pilot his way. No friendly policeman guarded the dark passes of the hill- side, nd home was often reached after adventures that tried the bravest and most resolute among them. Our patriarchs now were then the hardy pioneers of our civilization ; and although the necessity for block- houses had passed away, great care was necessary to protect themselves, their families and their property from the depredations of tramps and As our Queen City grew with all ever-increasing prosperity the flow of population to the hill-lops and surrounding country set in, and our delightful suburb has received its fair share of acquisitions. The little square school-house gave away to a more pretentious and imposing building located on a part of this lot, and it, too, has subsequently grown in size with the increasing demand of the times, until the old town hall, located there, was, of necessity, called into requisition, and its walls now recho the merry chatter of our children. The old town is a bright memory of the past. In it have gathered the young and old of our village for many years, but the history of that time is too crowded with events to even warrant rae in an attempted reference to them. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 343 There was hardly any division upon matters of church and State. From going to the city to attend worship, as had been the custom, each to his or her favorite church, they united for Sunday observance upon a platform so broad and generous in its orthodoxy that all could fairly stand upon it, and the references that are now made to the good old days of union and harmony in church matters are convincing proof that the spirit of good faith and good fellowship then implanted has grown and strengthened as time had tried them. And in State affairs, so firmly rooted and grounded became the practice then inaugurated that to this day oflScers of our different boards are chosen and elected without reference to their political views. A community, pronounced Republican in its majorities, has thrice honored our distinguished guest, ex-Mayor Johnston, and has kept in our school board and in council some of the most efficient and honorable of our citizens. Long may the system continue that works such good results. No scandals have ever been uttered in our midst attempting to im- peach in the slightest degree the integrity of any of our public officers. No improvement so great, no expenditure of money so large — involv- ing at times thousands of dollars — has ever tempted the abuse of a public trust. No scheme of merit but vt^hat has received and will re- ceive respectful consideration, and the question has never been asked, "What are the emolinnents? " A notable instance, and one of which we should all feel proud, is the building of this hall. Almost without a jar it has risen in its fair proportions, and so close have been the calcu- lations of architect and contractor, and so painstaking the committee in charge, that the completion has been effected with extras aggregat- ing less than two hundred dollars. It reflects great credit upon them all, and it is my duty, as well as a great pleasure, to refer to it here. We have improved and beautified in many directions. Old avenues have been remodelled and improved; new ones have been constructed and opened; good and substantial sidewalks abound, and every thor- oughfare is as well lighted with gas as those of any of our surrounding neighbors. We have established a police force, have an organized fire- department, and have constituted a board of health, composed of gentlemen who are thoroughly alive to the sanitary interests of our village. It will thus be seen that we have achieved much as a munici- pality. We have, step by step, advanced, keepiftg always in view the comfort, convenience and happiness of all. We have conspired, aided largely by nature, in making this an attractive and desirable place in which to dwell, and yet we have not accomplished all that we should. Avondale was regularly incorporated as a municipality July 28, 1864. Some of its mayors have been: A. R. Button, 1866-7; Daniel Collier, 1868; Robert A. John- ston, 1869-74; John Dixon, D. W. Strickland. It had a population of two thousand, five hundred and fifty-two by the tenth census. BOND HILL is a little over a mile east of north of Avondale, with a station on the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad. It was founded by the Cooperative Land and Building associa- tion, No. I, of Hamilton county — a company formed in 1870, but not fully organized until February 3, 1871. It purchased thirty acres, on the Reading or Lebanon turn- pike, at five hundred dollars per acre, situated at what was known as Colonel Bond's hill, from which the sub- urb takes its title. It is about two-fifths of a mile from the station, on a slightly inclined plat, offering many eligible building sites. This was subdivided into spacious lots for suburban residence. The by-laws of the associ- ation required dwellings to be erected in the centre front of each lot, and fifteen front from the sidewalk, and also prohibited the sale of intoxicants in the village. A fine public hall was early erected. The suburb has had a good growth, with the usual institutions of such a place, including the Bond Hill circle, a dramatic reading soci- ety, which gave weekly readings in the private houses during the cool season. The village had eight hundred and ninety-six inhabitants in June, 1880. The St. Aloysius's German Catholic orphan asylum is situated near Bond Hill, on the Reading road, north of the Marietta & Cincinnati railway. It owns and occu- pies here a noble tract of fifty acres, has a three-story brick building, with basement and extensive two-story wings on each side — the lower story in each used for school rooms, the upper for dormitories. The property was valued at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars in 1874, and has accommodations for about three hundred orphans. This asylum is supported by the regular con- tributions of more than two thousand subscribers, at three dollars and twenty-five cents a year, and three cele- brations or picnics per year — on AVashington's Birthday, the Fourth of July, and on anniversary day, the third Sunday in September — from which about seven thousand dollars are annually realized. Orphan boys may be kept here until twenty-one years old; girls until they are eighteen. The Sisters of Notre Dame, under the direction of a reverend father, conduct the asylum, with a board of trustees to manage the finances. It is regarded as a most beneficent charity. Bond Hill had three hundred and ninety-two inhabitants by the tenth census. CLIFTON. In 1843 Mr. Flamer Ball, a prominent attorney in Cincinnati, deemed it best for the health of his family to remove from the city and take a small farm in what is . now Clifton. The region was then without schools or churches, police, or anything else that savored of city or village life; and there were not even good roads. After Mr. Ball had been there a few years, he thought the time had come to reap the advantages of a village govern- ment, and in 1849 he presented a petition to the legisla- ture, accompanied by the draft of a law for incorporation of the village, to his neighbors and other property own- ers in the proposed municipality. Among those who signed the petition were the distinguished or well known names of Philip Mcllvaine, Justice McLean, Chief Jus- tice Chase, Hon. William Johnston, R. B. Bowler, Rob- ert Buchanan, William Resor, Winthrop B. Smith, W. G. W. Gano, and B. R. Whiteman. In March of the next year, accordingly, a beginning was made of Clifton (for so the village was called), as a separate government. The writer of Cincinnati Past and Present adds : Mr. Ball consented to serve as its mayor, and for nearly twenty years held that office; and as mayor and ex officio president of its council he drafted and enforced all the ordinances of the corporation. He origin- ated the law for impounding stray animals — a law which he enforced through much opposition, but lived to see it meet the general approba- tion, and a similar law prevail throughout the State. Under his ad- ministration a church, a good school, and good roads, together with good order, were secured, and Clifton became the most beautiful sub- urban village to be found in the United States. It is hardly too much to say that he was the founder of Clifton. Mr. Ball was mayor from 1850 to 1S69, when Mr. Robert Hosea took the office and held it some years, when he was succeeded by James Bergher, who was in the mayor's chair from 1872 to 1874, inclusive. Clifton comprises one thousand, two hundred and eight acres. It took its name ftom the Clifton farm, which was within its present territory. It is situated just north of those parts of the city known as Chftom heights 344 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. and Camp Washington, and between Avondale and the Twenty-fifth ward, or Cumrainsville. King's Pocket- book of Cincinnati says it "comprises about twelve hun- dred acres of land beautifully diversified with hill and dale, and has a population somewhat exceeding one thousand persons (one thousand and forty-six in 1880). In its precincts there is neither shop, factory nor saloon. It has over seventeen miles of avenues, lined with fine shade trees, two thousand of which were planted in the years 1877 and 1878; and this planting is to be continued from year to year. The town hall is a handsome brick structure, surmounted by a tower with a clock. This building contains the public offices and the school-room. The school, though a public one, is known as the Resor academy, and was established originally through the en- terprise of the late William Resor, one of the earliest residents of Clifton, and always identified with its in- terests. The main hall of the building is elegantly frescoed in the Pompeian style and hung with choice photographs from works of the old masters and the mod- ern painters, the gift of the mayor, Henry Probasco. The ladies of the Sacred Heart have also a school for girls in a large stone mansion, with spacious and beautiful grounds, purchased at a cost of one hun- dred and sixty thousand dollars. .... Numerous handsome cottages with attractive grounds are scattered throughout the town. . . Calvary Episcopal church is the only edifice for public worship. It is a neatly designed stone building, having a memorial tower. The outside is covered with iron, and presents a beautiful picture. The interior is well finished and hand- somely frescoed, and decorated with scripture mottoes." The last census gave Clifton one thousand and forty- six inhabitants. COLLEGE HILL. This is another fine suburb of five hundred and sixty- three acres, situated near the northwest corner of Mill Creek township, about eight miles from fountain square, Cincinnati. It is conveniently reached from the city by College Hill narrow-guage railway, or by the old Hamil- ton turnpike, commonly called the College Hill pike. The site of College Hill, which is among the highest localities in the county, was included in a large tract bought from Judge Symmes in October, 1796, by Nehe- miah Tunis, who had the title conveyed to Jabez C. Tunis. From him William Cary bought four hundred and ninety-one and one-half acres, in section thirty, upon which the village is located, for three thousand four hun- dred and forty dollars. Freeman G., son of William Cary, in 1833 founded, in a pleasant situation upon this tract, Cary's academy, which was chartered in 1846 as Farmer's college, and the latter institution gave the name to the place. The name is further justified by the loca- tion here, upon the same hill, of the Ohio Female col- lege. About 185s there was a large emigration to College Hill of Cincinnati business men seeking attractive sub- urban residences. Among them were Messrs. Charles and Charles E. Cist, George C. and Norris S. Knight, the Rev. Clement E. Babb, J. C. C. Holenshade, A. D.' E. Tweed, D. B. Pierson, G. Y. Roots, and others. After a time the Female college building was opened to summer boarders, and that gave a further impetus to the place. It was formally incorporated as a village Septem- ber 9, 1857, and again July 21, 1866, when a general system of local improvements was instituted, which has aided to make one of the most inviting suburbs about Cincinnati. Among its mayors have been : Edward De Serisy, 1867; Norris S. Knight, 1868; Henry M. Cist, 1869; Cyrus S. Bates, 1870; L. T. Worthington, 1880-1. The population of College Hill when the census was taken, in June, 1880, was one thousand one hundred and nine. Farmer's college was chartered with all the powers usually granted to collegiate institutions, and secured an endowment, in buildings, grounds, money, etc., of one hundred and thirty thousand dollars. It was highly prosperous for many years, and then fell off somewhat in popularity and strength. Embarrassing debts were in- curred, and an effort to endow an agricultural professor- ship failed. Special attention is given, however, to the applications of natural science to agriculture and the arts, and to botany and vegetable physiology. The col- lege faculty has included a principal and an actuary of the farm department, the former of whom was also pro- fessor of science and practical agriculture, and the latter teacher of landscape gardening. A botanical garden was also among the projects of the founders. At the time of pecuniary embarrassment, relief was afforded in an act of the legislature enabling the college to sell the college farm, which realized enough to pay the debt and leave a surplus of fifty-two thousand dollars, which is an irreduc- ible fund, the interest only being available for the current expenses of the school. The Polytechnic hall was dedi- cated in 1856, with an address by Professor F. G. Cary. A valuable agricultural and horticultural magazine, called the Cincinnatus, was conducted about this time by the faculty of the college and published at the Hill. Five volumes of it appeared. The original Cary's academy was at the junction of the old Hamilton road with Colerain avenue, within the vil- lage limits. The female college was chartered in 1848. The hon- ored Justice John McLean was president of the first board of trustees, and S. F. Cary was secretary. The corner-stone of the main edifice was laid September 9, 1848, and the institution went into operation in the fall of 1849. Its first building was destroyed by fire, but an- other was soon erected. In 1851 the college received a new charter, giving it the usual powers of colleges for young men. In 1865 it came into possession of Messrs. Samuel F. Cary, Franklin Y. Vail and Joseph Brown. Their interests were severally bought up by the trustees, and the school flourished until April 23, 1868, when its buildings were the second time burned. Recitations went on to the close of the school year, however, the citizens generously opening their homes to the students, and in a few months a finer building than ever went up on the old site. It is of brick, one hundred and fifty-five by fifty feet, with freestone quoins and trimmings, a RMERS' COLLEGE; HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. M5 mansard roof and tower. The last is called Alumnae tower, each graduate of the college having finished one of the stone quoins in it. The grounds are beautifully situated, and occupy fifteen acres. Besides the educational institutions. College Hill is also the site of a famous sanitarium or private lunatic asylum, opened in 1873, and said to be the only strictly private insane retreat in the country. The building it occupieswas originallyput up for the Ohio Female college. By the will of the late John T. Crawford, of Cincin- nati, his farm of eighteen and one-half acres, just north of College Hill, in Springfield, township, is to be devoted to the purposes of a home for the aged and destitute colored people. The first Presbyterian church here was organized in 1853, by thirty-three members of the Mount Pleasant so- ciety. The Rev. E. H. Bishop, D. D., then of Farmers' college, was one of the prime movers in the new depart- ure. The new church worshipped for several years in the College chapel, but got a building erected about 1855, w^hich it occupies to this day. The Grace Episcopal society was organized in 1866, and likewise worshipped for a time in the College chapel. In the early part of the next year, however, a beautiful brick church was built on the site of the old Gary acad- emy, costing sixteen thousand dollars. The building for the colored church stands on Cedar avenue. There is also an excellent school in the village, occupying a brick structure on Hamilton avenue, north of the Presbyterian church. About 1857 a very prosperous Farmers' lyceum was maintained in and about College Hill, meeting once a month from house to house, and commanding an inter- ested attendance from a wide extent of country. The members and visitors brought their wives and children, and baskets of provision, and made a day of it at each meeting. The-Harvest Home was also a flourishing institution of those days, and somewhat peripatetic, its gatherings not being confined to College Hill, nor even to Mill Creek township, as the meeting of September 29, 1856, assembled at Miamitown, Whitewater township. ELMWOOD. A small subdivision laid out in 1875, along the Dayton Short Line railroad, near the lunatic asylum and just southwest of Carthage, by Messrs. Frank L. Whetstone and L. C. Hopkins. It had one hundred and thirty-six people by the tenth census. LUDLOW GROVE. This place occupies the site of the grounds and grave- yard of the heroic old pioneer of 1793-4, John Ludlow, esq., near the junction of the Dayton Short Line and Marietta & Cincinnati railroads, about nine miles from the Plum Street depot. The original Ludlow homestead is still standing. In 1854 the tract was mostly covered with trees, where the city people delighted to keep holi- day. With the completion of the Marietta & Cincinnati, however, the prospects of this region for a suburban vil- lage began to brighten, and in 1869 the site was subdi- vided by Benjamin Barton, H. S. Brewster, and Charles Folz. It is now included in the corporation of St. Ber- nard, for which it furnishes the sole postal facilities, under its old name. MOUNT AIRY is an incorporated village of large size in point of terri- tory, immediately west and southwest of College Hill and covering a little more than two square miles (one thou- sand three hundred and twenty-six acres) in Mill Creek and Green townships, of which seven hundred and forty- seven acres are in the former. Its certificate of incorpor- ation as a village was filed November 20, 1865. Some of its mayors were: Anthony Shouter, 1897-8; Oliver Brown, 1869; R. Creighton, 1870; B. H. Kroeger, 1874. The St. James Catholic church, under care of Father F. Schonfelt, with its parochial school of two departments and one hundred and fifty pupils, and its confraternities of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Blessed Virgin Mary, are located at Mount Airy. The village, consid- ering its large tract, is still rather sparsely settled. It had one hundred and sixty-two inhabitants in 1880. ROLLING RIDGE is a small settlement on the Winton turnpike, about half a mile north of Winton Place, and a mile from the north line of the township. ST. BERNARD. This extensive suburb lies south of the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad, and immediately north of Avondale, partly on the Carthage turnpike. It was laid out in 1850 by Joseph Kleine and J. B. Schroder, and has been so extended as to include the suburb of Ludlow Grove. It was incorporated as a village March 8, 1878. It is largely inhabited by the Germans, who have here the St. Clements Catholic church and parochial school (with about one hundred and ten pupils), and the attached Archcon fraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, all under the pastoral care of the Rev. Father Gregory Faugman. The building for this church was erected in 1873. It has six hundred sittings, and a spire one hun- , dred and seventy feet high. The St. Bernard Catholic cemetery is in the southwest part of the corporation, near the canal. The extensive starch factory of Mr. Andrew Erkenbecker, of Cincinnati, are also in this place. The village has a well organized fire department, with full ap- paratus for extinguishing fires. In June, 1880, its popu- lation was one thousand and seventy-three. SPRING GROVE CEMETERY, with the County infirmary, Longview lunatic asylum, and Zoological gardens, all either county or city institu- tions, are wholly in Mill Creek township. They receive full notice in their appropriate places elsewhere in this work. WINTON PLACE. This delightful suburb adjoins the Spring Grove ceme- tery on the east, due north of Clifton. It was formerly called Spring Grove, and gave the name to the great cemetery and to Spring Grove avenue, which runs far into the city. It wns platted in 1865 by S)h ester Hai d 346 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. and Samuel Troome. Chester Park, a famous place for speeding horses, is located here. The village had three hundred and eighty people, by the tenth census. POPULATION. Mill Creek township had ten thousand five hundred and fifty-two inhabitants in 1880. Biographical Sketch, FREEMAN GRANT CARY was born in Cincinnati April 7, 1810. His father, Wil- liam Cary, emigrated to the Northwest Territory in 1803 and settled on a farm he purchased at the head of Main, street, Cincinnati, where he resided until 1814 when he removed to College Hill. His thirty-two acres in Cincin- nati were sold and he bought section thirty in Mill Creek township — now CoUlege Hill — where he resided until his death March 25, 1862. Here in the wilderness, the subject of our sketch, the oldest of three sons, with his two brothers, William Woodward, and Samuel Fenton, received his early edu- cation. He afterwards attended college at Miami uni- versity, and graduated with honor in the class of 183 1. This was fifty years ago, and since that time Mr. Cary has left a marked impress of his character for good which in the history of the county is inerasable. He has devoted more than thirty years of his life to teaching. He established Cary's academy, originated Farmers' college, into which the academy was merged; also orig- inated for females what afterwards became the Ohio Female college; which institutions were eminently suc- cessful until after he resigned the presidency — the Farm- ers' college at that time numbering three hundred students. The Female college was likewise quite successful. Mr. Cary's fort was in government, and was also a suc- cessful teacher. During his presidency he associated with him men of ability in the various departments of his institution — we say his institution, for he exercised entire control of it from the first until he resigned his place in it. During the period of its existence under him he educated, to a greater or less extent, some three thousand young men, many of them now occupying dis- tinguished positions north and south, in the ministry, at the bar, as physicians, or becoming active business men. Mr. Cary's character is marked by a combination of strik- ing traits; being possessed of a strong constitution, of temperate habits, of good health, giving him physical ability to successfully accomplish whatever he undertakes. He has made his own place in society and is known to be presistent, energetic and self-reliant, never seeking'aid from others, much less place or honors of office. The arduous and responsible duties that have fallen to his lot have been discharged so as to reflect credit upon himself and the honorable positions he has filled. He has now reached the age of over three score and ten, and is still in possession, to a wonderful degree, of those cha.racteristics which have distinguished him through life. He seems to be thoroughly conversant on all subjects of natural science, especially those pertaining to agriculture and horticulture of which he is proficient both in practice and theory. He has connected with his residence an admir- ably arranged conservatory and greenhouse, on his own plan, in which he spends much of his time in experiment- ing for his own gratification. He established and edited an agricultural periodical, The Cincinnatus, which for five years had a wide circulation, and only ceased by reason of the Rebellion, which placed such literature at a discount, many of the subscribers being in the south. He was one of the distinguished early leaders and sup- porters of the Cincinnati Horticultural society, being several times its honored, president. Mr. Cary is not only an adept in the natural sciences but is also a good classical and mathematical scholar, his education and ability eminently fitting him for marked prominence. He was selected as one of two to represent the great State of Ohio — under Buchanan's administration — in a congress of the States for the promotion of agriculture, with Marshall and Wilder at its head. After over a quar- ter of a century's labors in the schools originated and constructed by him, he retired to a farm in Butler county, where, with his wonted zeal and industry, he devoted him- self to rural pursuits, leading a quiet and retired life. His residence, planned by himself (see engraving), is a model of taste and fine architecture, combinding more conveniences than almost any structure in the county. His place is set with the choicest fruits grown in the cli- mate and with fruits, evergreens, and diciduous trees his residence is completely encircled, and all is in keeping with the intelligence of the man, amply repaying any one with the information he would receive, on almost every subject, from a visit to his place. He has been an elder in the Presbyterian church for over forty years, and its active, zealous supporter. His wife, Malvina McCan, to whom he was married April 4, 1833, was a native of Chillicothe, a daugter of a pioneer, who was a man of fine education and was an extensive surveyor. She died in the month of January, 1872. He had by her eight children, five of whom sur- vive. His second wife was the widow of Dr. James Rich- ardson, and daughter of Clark Bates, one of the earliest pioneers of the west. He was married to her March 6, 1873, with whom he still lives. His mother, Mrs. William Cary, now ninety years of age, intelligent and still active, lives with him. Notwithstanding her advancement in years she enjoys all her faculties of mind. William Woodward, named after William Woodward, the founder of Woodward college, died in 1847.. He was a farmer, a man of sound judgment and mathematical education. General S. F. Carey, of world wide renown as a lecturer and popular orator, is the youngest of three brothers. The Cary sisters, the celebrated writers, are his cousins, and were greatly aided in their first efforts by the subject of this sketch. We may say, few men, in an independent and unaided life and on their own resourses, have exerted a more ex- tended influence than has F. G. Cary. -tee^i^i^a^^ a.^^-^Z-C^ SPENCER. FORMATION AND GEOGRAPHY. Spencer township was erected some time in the early '40's, to reUeve the embarrassment caused to some of the people in transacting township business or voting, from the size of Columbia, which had always been a large township, and had now become populous. The new municipality began at the eastern line of Cincinnati township, being the "second meridian" referred to fre- quently in a previous chapter, or the range line dividing Mill Creek and Columbia townships, and extending to the Ohio nearly at the foot of Barr, a short street running from the river to Eastern avenue, west of Pendleton. North upon this meridian to the second section line, at the northwest corner of section thirty-two; thence due east to the Little Miami river ; thence by the Little Miami and Ohio rivers to the place of beginning, com- pleted the boundaries of the township. It contained within its limits the old village of Columbia, with Pendle- ton and the present sites of Tusculum, O'Bryanville, and a part of Mount Lookout — all now included within the city; also Linwood, East Linwood, Russell's, Turkey Bot- tom, and part of Red Bank. Its greatest width, a mile south of the north line, was but three and a half miles, the breadth dwindling to less than a third of a mile at the mouth of the Little Miami. Its length varied from four miles, on a line drawn from the present northeast corner of the city, at Mount Lookout, to the junction of the rivers, down to one and a quarter miles on the west- ern boundary. It has a water front of five miles and a half on the much-winding Little Miami, and four miles on the northward-bending Ohio. Yet it was, at its best es- tate, but a small township, having only four entire sec- tions, with nine fractional sections, altogether hardly making the equivalent of eight square miles. The town- ship proper has, within the last decade, been further en- croached upon by the movement of the city eastward. By the annexation of Pendleton, Columbia, and the dis- tricts to the north of these, it has lost the whole of sec- tions twenty-five and twenty-six, thirty and thirty-one, to- gether with parts of sections nineteen, twenty-four, and thirty, restricting the territory over which it has exclusive jurisdiction to half its former limits, or about four square miles, including the whole tract adjoining the Little Mi- ami, and one and a half miles front upon the Ohio. What remains of the township (only two thousand one hundred and eighty-four acres, and but eight hudred and sixty-nine outside its villages) is almost exclusively in the valley ; is low and flat, but exceedingly rich and fertile. Much of the triangular space between the Little Miami railroad and Mount Lookout is, however, on the hills. and gives many picturesque views up and down the val- ley, and across to Mount Washington and the heights of Anderson. Besides the Little Miami road, Spencer is also inter- sected by the Cincinnati & Portsmouth narrow guage railroad and the projected line of the Ohio River & Vir- ginia railway. Within the city part of old Spencer, two dummy lines of street railroad connect the terminus of the horse-car lines at the east end of Pendleton with Co- lumbia and Mount Lookout, respectively. The Union Bridge pike runs from Linwood about a mile southeast- ward to the splendid structure over the Little Miami, no- ticed in our chapter on Anderson township ; the New Richmond pike, from Columbia toward the mouth of the river, crosses it below Mount Washington ; the old Cin- cinnati and Wooster pike intersects the whole township from Cincinnati to Red Bank, on the Little Miami, at the northeast corner of Spencer ; and it has numerous other fine roads. The drives over the hills and along the val- ley in this direction are among the finest in and near the city. A very handsome and valuable improvement was made in this township some years ago, at the expense of the county, in building a very strong and costly union levee or roadway, of about a mile's length, across the Little Miami bottoms, from the Union bridge to Linwood, upon which the Union Bridge turnpike now runs. It is forty feet wide on top the whole way, and in many places from fifteen to twenty feet in height, containing an immense amount of earth and stone, and costing near eighty thousand dollars. It is designed to raise this, one of the most important roads into the city, over which most of the wagon transportation and carriage travel from the eastward comes in, altogether above the annual floods of the Little Miami and the Ohio, which overflow this part of the valley, and had often grievously interrupted the use of the old highway. Upon completion of the levee, the county also generously proceeded to displace the antiquated, rough wooden Union bridge by the present superb iron crossway, which is suitably mentioned else- where. The township received its distinguished name in honor of Colonel Spencer, one of the early colonists of Colum- bia, and father of the Rev. Oliver M. Spencer, whose story of Indian captivity supplies one of the most inter- esting leaves in its history. ANCIENT WORKS. The following notes of antiquities in Spencer township are taken from Dr. Metz's paper on the Prehistoric Monu- ments of the Little Miami Valley : 348 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Immediately south of Red Bank Station, Little Miami railroad, com- mences a gravelly ridge, having an average elevation of about forty to fifty feet above the general level of the surrounding plateau, and extend- ing in a southwesterly direction for three-fourths of a mile along the course of the Wooster turnpike. On this ridge and on the estate of Dr. O. M. Langdon, sve have a tumulus and a circular excavation. The tumulus has an elevation of nine feet and a circumference of two hundred feet at base. It has not been explored and is covered with young forest trees. Three hundred yards southwest of this tumulus is the circular excavation. Its diameter north to south is forty feet, east to west forty-four feet, depth seven feet. An old settler related that fifty years ago remains of stakes or palisades could be seen surrounding this excavation. The southeast slope of the ridge near this excavation is covered with huge conglomerate masses, under which are two small caves ; no evidence exists about them as to their having served as habi- tations. Hal! a mile west of this ridge is an elevated plateau sloping to south- ward, until it coinsides with the first bottom of the Little Miami river. On this plateau, at its highest elevation just south of the Little Miami railroad and at the junction of Oak and Elmwood avenues of the Lin- wood Land company's subdivision, was a mound recently removed in the grading done by the Land company. The superintendent of the grading informs me that there were two circular layers of human re- mains, one near the general level of the ground, and one three feet above the lower one; he gives its height as eight feet and its circum- ference at base of two hundred feet. The Hon. Judge Cox states to me that this mound was enclosed by a circular work that had a diame- ter of eight hundred feet. South of this mound, distant two hundred yards, was a mound which was explored fifty years ago. My informant, Mr. Riggle, re- members that in a kind of stone coffin, as he describes it, were two skeletons lying side by side, with their feet to the east, and that their faces were covered with layers of mica. The five acres west of these mounds are known as the Indian Bury- ing Ground, now subdivided into lots by the Linwood Land company. The square bounded by Elmwood, Walnut, Oak, and Maplewood avenues covers the greater part of the ancient cemetery, and an exca- vation made anywhere within or near those boundaries will reveal human remains. The inhumation was usually at length with head to east. A short distance east of the Linwood station, on the south side of the railroad, can yet be seen a portion of the mound remaining. This mound was removed to make way for the Little Miami railroad. Many relics were found in grading down these mounds and levelling the ground over the cemetery, which are in the collections of Dr. H. H. Hill and J. J. Hooker, of Cincinnati, and of the writer and others. Southwest of another mound, and at about the same elevation known as Linwood Hill, distant about four hundred yards, is the site of a mound ; it has been graded down. I could learn nothing positive as to its dimensions , the Anderson house occupies its site. Still further westward, a quarter of a mile distant, and at the same elevation on the Land company's property, is a mound four feet high with a circum- ference of one hundred and fifty feet. It has not been explored. The history of the western half of the old township now belongs to Cincinnati, and has been mostly consid- ered in the second part of this book. As, however, the landing of the first white settlers in the Miami purchase was undoubtedly upon the present soil of Spencer township, with which this, the oldest town in Hamilton county and the second founded in Ohio was identified for many years, we have reserved for this chapter the history of the beginnings of Miami settlement at COLUMBIA. The movements of Major Benjamin Stites, who was not merely the founder of Columbia, but in the first instance of the Miami purchase also, preliminary to his emigration to the west, have been detailed in our chapter on the purchase, in the first part of this work. To Stites were sold, by the East Jersey company, twenty thousand acres, mostly in the Little Miami valley, and including, of course, the subsequent site of Colum- bia, and some tracts elsewhere. In July, 1788, he ar- rived at Limestone with a party of emigrants from the Redstone Old Fort, and there joined a company which had arrived on the fifth of June, having left New York and New Jersey during the spring, accompanied by the Rev. John Gano. They had been attracted to the Miami country by the representations of the Rev. Wil- liam Wood, of Kentucky, who had visited New York toward the end of 1787, and confirmed the glowing statements which Stites, and then Symmes, had endeav- ored to spread at the east. Judge Symmes, with his party, arrived soon after, and the now large company ot Miami immigrants here remained together until winter was very near. The character of Stites's arrangements with Symmes, in part at least, may be learned from the following docu- ments, which we find, all but the last, in Colonel A. E. Jones' valuable address on the pioneers of the Little Miami valley: Captain Benjamin Stites enters ten thousand acres and the fraction on the Ohio and Little Miami rivers, and is to take in Mr. John Car- penter as one of his company, to be on line or sections on the Ohio and Little Miami from the point, and ten thousand acres on equal lines and sections at the mill-stream [Mill Creek], falling into the Ohio be- tween the Little and Great Miamis — which, when the certificates there- of are paid and the Record Book open, shall be recorded to him and to such of his company as join therefor. [Signed.] John C. Symmes. New Brunswick [N. J.], 7th of .September, 1787. A supplement follows, without date or signature: The last ten (10,000) thousand acres is to be taken in the following manner: Two sections at the mouth of Mill creek, and the residue to begin four (4) miles from the Ohio up Mill creek. Captain Stites takes four {4) sections on the Little Miami with the fraction adjoining the ten (10,000) thousand acres where it comes to the Little Miami, and four sections with the section next above the range of township, taken by Daniel , esq., on the Little Miami. By the eighth of February, 1793, Captain Stites had paid in full for his tracts, as the following receipt evinces: Cincinnati, February the 8th, 1793. Received of Benjamin Stites, esq., at different payments, certifi- cates of debts due by the United States, to the amount of ten thou- sand six hundred and fifty-two dollars and twenty-three-one-hundreths of a dollar, in payment for different parts of the Miami purchase, ly- ing, as may appear by location of Mr. Stites, ten thousand acres round Columbia, seven sections on the waters of Mill creek for differ- ent people, as will appear by the Miami records ; and about three or four sections in the neighborhood of Covalt's Station, and in cash or- ders and other articles to the amount of one hundred and fifty-eight pounds, eight shillings, and eight pence, for which lands, accommoda- ted to the several locations, I promise to make a deed in fee simple, so soon as 1 am enabled by receiving my deed from the United States. Attest: John S. GANG, [Signed.] John C. Symmes. The following letter from Major Stites, written a few months after planting his colony, will be read with in- terest in this connection: Columbia, June 18, 1789. Sir: — After my respects to you and family. I would inform you that, after further deliberation on the subject of the second purchase, that if you should find it valued, that you would endeavor to purchase or come in with the owners of the point, if you can find who they are, so that we may hold some lots in and some out. Sir, do what you can, and we will be on the same terms of the article of agreement betwixt us. This from your humble servant, BENJAMIN Stites. To John S. Gang, 'Washington. SAMUEL M. FERRIS. Samuel Marsh Ferris, of Linwood, was born October 12, 1817, in the old Ferris homestead at Mt. Lookout (now Cincinnati), where his mother, now in her eighty-fourth year, still resides. Isaac Ferris, the great-grandfather, came to Columbia from Connec- ticut in the year 1789. During the Revolutionary struggle both he and his son Ebenezer were engaged as soldiers under Washington in the battle of White Plains. After coming to Ohio he became one of the constituted members of the first Baptist church organized in Columbia. He was a faithful member until his death which occurred in 1819, and it may be said of his numerous descendants that they are, so far as known, strict adherents of the Baptist church. Mr. Ferris had five sons — Ebenezer, Isaac, John, Abram and Ezra; the last-named was a practicing physician in Lawrenceburgh, Indiana. John lived in the old homestead. He was a captain first, afterwards a colonel. Abram kept a tanyard in Cincinnati. Ebenezer, the grandfather of S. M. Ferris, moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where he lived and died. He had three children, two girls and one boy — Isaac Ferris, father of the subject of this sketch. Isaac Ferris was born in Lexington, Kentucky, April 12, 1795, and when only four years of age came to Hamilton county, Ohio, where he resided up to the time of his death. He came to Ohio to live with his grandfather, and learned the shoemaker's trade with his uncle Abram. Not liking this business he soon afterwards learned the trade of a blacksmith, .which he followed successfully fifteen years. Out of this business grew the hame business, which he conducted until his death, and which has since been conducted by his sons. In the year 1816 he married Phosbe Marsh, who had come to Ohio from New Jersey in 1805. From this union there came nine children, five of whom are now living, S. M. Ferris being the eldest. At the early age of sixteen Isaac Ferris became the subject of Divine grace, and soon after united with the Duck Creek church, then almost in its infancy. He was baptized by Elder William Jones. Though an ap- prentice and residing six miles from the church, such was his love for the communion of the saints, and his delight in the public worship of God, that his place in the sanctuary was seldom vacant. In the year 1825, in the twenty-ninth year of his age, then having been a growing member for thirteen years, he was licensed to preach ; and after his aptness to preach and his ability for usefulness was deter- mined by a test of experience, he was-ordained to the work of a minis- ter. For ten years he preached to the church in which he was a mem- ber. He was afterwards thirteen years pastor of the East Fork church. This was the field in which his labors were most signally blessed, a strong church growing up under his care and an organization effected which was a great power for good in that community. Here eighty converts were baptized by him in a continuous revival of eighteen months. He also led the flocks at Newton, Cloughs, Hammer's Run, and elsewhere, and, as was necessary in those days to meet appoint- ments, many hardships were endured. He still labored all those years at his trade, blacksmithing, and farming, and kept up his religious work in the cause he loved so well. He was accustomed to manual labor and was an active, energetic man, and in consideration of the arduous work performed was truly a great man at that time. He died, loved and respected, December 22, i860. Those who knew him credit him with having a meek, humble disposition, and an unassuming manner. His mind was clear; reasoning and understanding, deep; while his arguments and exhortations were very eftective, and upon great occa- sions, when aroused into action, the power of the man was most fully felt. The early life of Samuel M. Ferris, the subject of this sketch, was spent on a farm and in the shop with his father, the latter association predominating and forming his life pursuits in business. In the year 1838 he married Miss Mary Z. Ferris, daughter of J. J. Ferris. She was born April 27, 1818; her father was a cousin and brother-in-law of Andrew, Joseph, and Eliphalet Ferris, who came to Ohio from the east in i8ri, and who became prominent men. The two families of Ferris were not related, but the ancestry of all are traceable to the days of William I, the conquerer of England. S. M. Ferris and his people are characteristically blue-eyed, fair skinned, and light-complexioned; while those of his wife's people are dark-complexioned, with dark eyes and dark hair. For two years after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Ferris lived in Mt. Lookout and then moved to Linwood, in 1841, where for forty years they have resided, In 1833 Mr. Ferris was taken into the Duck Creek church, three miles north of Columbia, in which church he has always been a most active and useful member. In this church he was clerk for twenty years; was treasurer and deacon for ten years, and after he moved to Columbia, in 1865, was made deacon in the Baptist church at that place, which position he has held ever since, and in all has had an experience of forty-eight years in church work up to this date. He also took a lively interest and management in the erection of the costly and elegant church building in Columbia in 1866 and 1867. To this work he devoted of his means lavishly, and its success as an organized society is due largely to the efficient and never-tiring labors of Mr. Ferris. His first business venture, owing to small capital, was as a village blacksmith, which, with that of wagon-making, he followed for many years with some success, for by rigid economy and untiring industry he was able, in 1856, from his earnings, to build a hame shop and open business on a larger scale. In this business, with its additions, he has since continued. Prior to 1865 he carried on his business alone, but at that time he took his two brothers into partnership, built a large, new brick factory, thoroughly equipped it with modern machinery, and has since conducted a large and growing luiiness under the firm nnnie '^f S. M. Ferris & Co., of which Mr. Ferris is the financial managtr. q- His children, seven of whom are now living — four daughters : three sons— are in prosperous circmstances. Appreciating the aava\- tages of study,' Mr. Ferris has given his children liberal education?. Mrs. Anna M. De Armand De Armund, the o'dest daughter, and ^Irs. Harriet Smith both live in Linwood. Mrs. Emma Hawkins lives in Clark county, Ohio, her husband being a farmer. Mrs. Clara M, Waters also resides in Linwood, her husband, Charles G. Waters, being engaged in mercantile business in Cincinnj:ti. Mr. De -Armand is a member of the firm of S, M. Ferris & Co., an:l Mr. A. E Smith is a member of the firm of Roots & Co., Cincinnati ( ommission nerchants). Frank Ferris, the oldest son, resides with his family in Linwood, and is a farmer. Howard, the second son, is an attorney-at law. pr tcticin^ in Cincinnati, and is a member of the law firm of Cowan & FcJ^icjs. Elmer E. Ferris, the youngest son, is engaged in the hame factory. Mr. Ferris has always lived an active and useful life. He is a quiet, uiasuming man, cares little for office notoriety; although, had he been an aspirant in that direction, we presume he could have secured high positions of trust and responsibility. In his township, for the sake of good government and needed reforms, he has held every office except t'lat of clerk. He helped organize his school district, and for eighteen years following served as one of the trustees on the bonrd of education. He has always believed in the power of the school to elevate societv, and so he has been a generous friend to educational interests, all his children, save one, having enjoyed the advantages of collfgiate studies at the schools at Granville. Mr. Ferris, though conservatue in his habits of thought and retiring in his disposition, is emphatic and pronounced in his views. His judg- ment is formed slowly and his conclusions are generally well regr^ ded by his neighbors. Though he has been engaged in active busine.4 for over forty years, yet he has not neglected to improve his mind b)Hread- ing and study. He has been a most faithful student of history, not only of our own but also of other countries, and having enlarged his views by travel in this and foreign countries, he has a fund of informa- tion which makes him a most agreeable companion. In business and in church circles Mr. Ferris is highly esteemed; but it is in his home re- lations that his influence is most deeply felt and appreciated. Here, surrounded by a large family of children and grandchildren, he is the central object of interest. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 349 The original agreement with Judge Symmes, when the Dject of the Miami purchase was broached to him by S'^fl^s, in the spring or summer of 1787, provided that Lutes should have ten thousand acres about the mouth ot the Little Miami, lying as nearly in a square as possi- ble, as a reward for his discovery of the country and his consequent scheme of purchase, and should be allowed as much in addition as he could pay for. He appears by the receipts, however, finally to have had to pay for all the lands he acquired. ' curing the long wait at Limestone, in September, a pp' y of about sixty went down the river, landing at the mouth of the Little Miami, and exploring the back coun- try thoroughly for some distance between that point and the great North Bend, where Symmes afterwards planted his colony. The judge was with them, but Stites was not. He was busily engaged with preparation for his settlement, making plans for the village plat and the fort, and getting out clapboards for roofs from the woods about Limestone, with the hearts of timber prepared to fill the spaces between the logs of his prospective cabin, cut of boat-plank doors, with their hangings all ready, were also made. He and his son Benjamin were mainly en ged in this work, and in storing them in a boat ready for he movement. At this time a sharp lookout had to be kept against Indian attack; and people walked about the streets and vicinity of Limestone habitually with arms in their hands. Nehemiah Stites, indeed, a nephew of the major, was killed by the savages while passing to or from the woods in which his relatives were at work. Another important item of preparation was also ac- complished during the delay at Limestone, in the execu- tion and signature of an agreement required by Stites, and assented to by about thirty persons, to form a settle- ment at the mouth of the Little Miami. Some were scared off afterwards, by the persistent rumors of disaf- '' -d Kentuckians, pehaps anxious to divert immigrants toward Lexington and other settlements on their side of the Ohio, that a large party of hostile Indians was en- camped at or near the point of intended settlement. The majority held to their signatures, however, and it is pretty well settled that the original body of the pioneers of Columbia and the Miami purchase was composed as follows:* Mfijor Benjamin Stites and family, including Benjamin Stites, jr. ; Elijah Stites and family, including Jonathan Stites; Greenbright Bailey and family, including John F. Bailey and Reason Bailey; Abel Cook and family, Jacob Mills and family, Hezekiah Stites, John S. Gano, - Ephraim Kibby, Elijah Mills, Thomas C. Wade, Edmund Bu.\ton, Daniel Schumacher, Allen Woodruff, Joseph Cox, Benjamin Cox, Evan Shelby, Mr. Heampstead, twenty stout stalwart men, with two well- grown, capable boys (the Stites sons), were of this band. "And there was woman's fearless age. Lit by her deep love's truth ; There was manhood's brow, serenely high, And the fiery heart of youth." Mr. Robert Clarke in his useful pamphlet on Losanti- ■"For the accuracy of this list, as well as for many other facts em- braced in this narrative, we confidently rely upon the statement of the Rev. 1 _ Terris, D. D. , long of Columbia, afterwards of Lawrence- burgh, as embodied in his communication to the Cincinnati Daily Gazette, date of July 20, 1844. ville, has added the following names of subsequent but still early colonists at Columbia: James H. Bailey. David Jennings. Zephu Ball. Henry Jennings. Jonas Bowman. Levi Jennings. W. Coleman. Ezekiel Earned. Benjamm Davis. John McCulloch. David Davis. John Manning. Owen Davis. James Matthews. Samuel Davis. Aaron Mercer. Francis Dunlevy. Ichabod B. Miller. Hugh Dunn. . Patrick Moore. Isaac Ferris. William Moore. John Ferris. John Morris. James Flinn. Newell. Gabriel Foster. John Phillips. Luke Foster. Jonathan Pitman. William Goforth. Benjamin F. Randolph. Daniel Griffin. James Seward. Joseph Grose. John Webb. John Hardin. Wickerham. Cornelius Hurley. The names of Kibby and Schumaker (or Shoemaker) appear in the list of grantees of donation lots at Losilnti- ville, distributed by lottery January i, 1789. Several other Columbia pioneers also acquired property, and some made permanent settlements at Cincinnati, their names being identified with the early annals of both places. Colonel Spencer, the Rev. John Smith, Colonel Brown, Captain Jacob White, afterwards of White's sta- tion, Mr. H John Reily, the schoolmaster, and others, were also of the early Columbia — all, says Judge Burnet, "men of energy and enterprise." The Columbia argonauts — "more numerous," says Burnet's notes, "than either of the parties who com- menced the settlements below them on the Ohio" — led by Stites in person, he, as Symmes wrote shortly after to Dayton, "having a great desire to plant himself down there," floated out upon the broad river from Limestone, it is believed, on the sixteenth of November, 1 788. The first stage of their journey took them to the mouth of Bracken creek, on the Kentucky side. An interesting incident of the voyage is thus related by Dr. Ferris : They descended the river to Bracken creek; and from that place they started, as they supposed, in time to float down the Little Miami by sunrise, so as to have the day before them for labor. Previous to their leaving Maysville, a report had been in circulation that some hunters had returned from the woods who had seen five hundred Indians at the mouth of the Little Miami, and that the Indians had heard the white people were coming there to settle, and intended to kill them all as soon as they should arrive. On its being announced at break of day that they were near the mouth of the Miami, some of the females were very much alarmed on account of the report alluded to. To allay their fears, five men volunteered their services fo go forward in a canoe, and examine. If there were no Indians they were to wave their hand- kerchiefs, and the boats, which were kept close to the Kentucky shore, were to be crossed over and landed. If there were, the men were to pass by and join the boats below. The token of "no Indians" was given, and the boats were crossed over and landed at the first high banks (about three-fourths of a mile) below the mouth of the Little Miami, a little after sunrise on the morning of the eighteenth of November, 1788. This landing was on the present soil of Spencer town- ship, outside the corporate limits of Columbia, a few hundred yards further up the river, where is still a con- siderable settlement, some of the buildings in which are very old. The traditional place of landing is pointed 35° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. out, in front of an old two-story brick dwelling, near the lower part of the settlement. Dr. Ferris proceeds with these interesting details of the landing : After making fast, they ascended the sleep bank and cleared away the underbrush in the midst of a pawpaw thicket, where the women and children sat down. They next, as though to fulfil the commands of the Saviour, "watch and pray," placed sentinels at a small distance from the thicket, and, having first united in a song of praise to Almighty God, to whose providence they ascribed their success (Mr. Wade taking the lead in singing), upon their bended knees they offered thanks for the past and prayer for future protection; and in this manner dedi- cated themselves (and probably their thicket) to God, as solemnly and acceptably as ever a stately temple, with all the pomp and splendor at- tending it, was dedicated. There were in this little group six persons, viz: Benjamin Stites, John S. Gano, Thomas C. Wade, Greenbright Bailey, Edward Buxton, and Mrs. Bailey, who were professors of the Christian religion of the Baptist church. Thus, in a little more than one year from his first conception of this great enterprise, Major Stites with his little company was on the ground, prepared to commence that immense labor necessary to change this then vast wilderness into a fruitful field. The first duty was to build a defence against the ma- rauding savage. Plans for this had already been pre- pared, and without delay the strong arms of the settlers began to make inroads upon the forest, in the prepara- tion of material for a simple military work. Part of the men stood guard, while others toiled, while laborers and guards from time to time exchanged places. The site of the first block-house was selected near the point of landing, and about half a mile below the mouth of the Little Miami — just in front, it is said, of the subsequent residence of A. Stites, esq. It is also said that the en- croachments of the river long since washed away this site. The work was so far advanced by the twenty-fourth of November that the women, children, and portable goods of the party were moved into it. The troops who came from Limestone soon after, to form a garrison, erected another block-house, below the first — west of the other, as tradition runs, and between the present toll-gate of the New Richmond pike and the river. Some say that four block-houses in all were erected, and so situ- ated as to form, with a stout stockade connecting them, a square fortification, which took twenty months after- wards the name of a work erected by the British on the Maumee about this time, near the scene of Wayne's vic- tory, Fort Miami. Oliver M. Spencer, who was a boy nine years old when he came with his father to Columbia, says in his Narration of Captivity that at that time Columbia was "flanked by a small stockade, nearly half a mile below the mouth of the Miami, with four block-houses at suit- able distances along the bank." In the immediate neighborhood, but below the fort, cabins were then put up as rapidly as possible, and the settlers housed themselves for the winter. They had scarcely got comfortably located, however, when the in- undation of January drove them from every cabin except one, which had fortunately been perched upon the high- er ground. The soldiers in the block-house — a garrison of eighteen men and a sergeant, had been sent in De- cember from Captain Kearsey's company at Limestone — were crowded into the loft of the structure by the rapid- ly rising waters, and were rescued from their uncomfort- able and perilous position by a boat, in which they crossed to the hills on the Kentucky side. Much of the loose property of the settlers was lost by the flood. The Hon. A. H. Dunlevy, in his History of the Miami Bap- tist Association, among other things, says of the conse- quences of this unhappy experience : A winter of bloody conflict with the Indians was anticipated ; but, contrary to expectation, the colony remained undisturbed during all that winter and until autumn of the next year. The settlers labored incessantly in building cabins for themselves upon the beautiful plain which lies east of most of the present buildings in Columbia ; but on the first of January, 1789, a high flood in the Ohio proved that they had made a bad selection for a town. The whole bottom was over- flowed, but one house escaping the deluge. Afterwards improvements were made below and further from the river, on higher ground ; but that flood forever ruined the prospects of Columbia. During the In- dian war many stayed there because they could not move further into the country on account of tlie savages. But as soon as Wayne's vic- tory, in the fall of 1794, secured the safety of the settlements in more interior localities, the people began to leave Columbia ; and after the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, many more left, and Columbia ever after had the appearance of a deserted town. The sturdy colonists did not abandon the ground at the first flood, however, but returned to them when the waters abated, and meantime provided themselves with such shelters as they could. They were often hard pressed for food this first winter, and some suffered much for want of their wonted articles of sustenance. Wild game abounded, but there was no salt or breadstuff to eat with the fresh meat, except what could be had in small quantities from passing boats. The women and children resorted much to Turkey bottom, when the weather and the condition of the ground permitted, to scratch up the bulbous roots of beargrass, which they boiled and mashed, and so ate them, or dried the sub- stance and pounded it into a sort of flour. In the spring, with the growth of vegetables on the Turkey bottom and other fertile tracks, the situation improved, and the abundant crops of the first year rendered starvation thenceforth exceedingly improbable. There was even a surplus for Fort Washington, as the following incident shows: Luke Foster, of the pioneers at Columbia, was one of the lieutenants appointed for the militia of Hamilton county by Governor St. Clair. He performed a most patriotic act in 1789, when the troops at Fort Washington were on particularly short commons, and General Har- mar sent two of his officers to Columbia to get supplies. Captain James Flinn had corn to sell, but would not let the soldiers have it, saying that, while he lived near Marietta, the year before, he had sold corn to the garri- son at Fort Harmar and had never been paid for it. Captain Strong answered that the men at the fort had been living on half rations for nine days, and if they were not supplied they must leave or starve. Mr. Foster, who was standing by, upon this instantly offered to lend them a hundred bushels of corn, which was part of the growth from two and a half acres in Turkey bottom, planted with six and a half quarts of corn, for which he had exchanged the same quantity of corn meal. His offer was gratefully accepted; but so remiss was the gar- rison afterwards in payment, or so poorly supplied, that, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 351 when in need himself, he had to ride six times to the fort to get as much as nineteen bushels of it returned. Mr. Foster, it may be of interest here to note, finally settled two miles south of Springdale, in Springfield township, where he lost his life on the tracks of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, August 28, 185 1, being struck by a gravel train. He was eighty-eight years old, had become deaf, and was otherwise greatly enfeebled. For many years he was an associate judge of the court of common pleas, under the old system, and was one of the first appointees to that office in Hamilton county. As soon as practicable after the landing, Stites had his proposed city surveyed, which he fondly hoped might be- come the metropolis of the west. According to the narrative of Oliver M. Spencer, published long after- wards, it was to occupy the broad and extensive plain between Crawfish creek and the mouth of the Little Miami — a distance along the Ohio of nearly three miles — and to extend up the Miami about the same distance. It was actually laid out over a mile along the Ohio, stretching back about three-quarters of a mile from that stream, and reaching half-way up the high hill whichformed in part the eastern and northern lines. This tract was platted, partly in blocks of eight lots, each of half an acre, and the rest in lots of four and five acres each. Nine hundred and forty-five inlots are said to have been staked off by Stites' surveyors. The streets intersected each other at right angles. A different plat of Columbia, corresponding more nearly to the village of recent years, bears date May 5, 1837. Major Stites' title to his entire large tract in this region was afterwards threatened, by the apparent determination of the Government authorities to draw the eastern boun- dary of the Miami purchase from a point twenty miles up the Ohio from the mouth of the Great Miami, which would have left him outside of the purchase, and alto- gether destitute of valid title from Symmes. It is to the honor of the judge that in this crisis he stood bravely by his friend, writing to his associates of the East Jersey company: "If Mr. Stites is ousted of the settle- ment he has made with great danger and difficulty at the mouth of the Little Miami, it cannot be either politic or just." Governor St. Clair at once issued his proclamation warning settlers off the Miami country east of the afore- said line; but the matter was afterwards arranged, and the east and west boundaries of the purchase were fixed as originally proposed, upon the two Miamis. During its first two years Columbia flourished hope- fully, and was then remarked as a larger and more promising place than Losantiville or its successor, Cincin- nati. It was the largest settlement in the Miami country, and was expected to increase rapidly; "but," says Dr. Drake, in his picture of Cincinnati, "the bayou which is formed across it from the Little Miami almost every year, and the occasional inundations of nearly the whole site, have destroyed that expectation, and it is now [18 15] in- habited chiefly by farmers." The village was not only superior in population, but also in the convenience and appearance of their dwellings. But for the floods, and the establishment of Fort Washington and then the county seat of Cincinnati, which naturally gave it great advantage, it might have been the metropolis of Miami- dom. Many excellent citizens, as Colonel Abram and Ezra Ferris, who came December 12, 1789, and Colo- nel Spencer, who landed a year thereafter, joined the colony during these years. We subjoin some notices of the more noted among the immigrants of the first de- cade: J ohn Reily, one of the early settlers of Columbia, was but t-wprify-fiyp yparq old when the colony came, having been born in Chester county, P ennsylva nia. April 10, 1763. He had seen much service, however, in the army ofthe Revolution; was engaged at Camden, Guilford Court House, Ninety-six, and Eutaw Springs, and served through his eighteen months' term honorably and safely. After a few years in the wilds of Kentucky, he removed from Lincoln county, near the present site of Danville, to the Columbia settlement, December 18, 1789, and the next year taught the first school kept there, or any- where in the Miami purchase. He took full part in the scouts and expeditions into the Indian country, and in 1794 removed to Cincinnati, where he became success- ively deputy clerk of the county court, clerk of the terri- torial legislature, and clerk and collector of the town. He removed to Hamilton in 1803, and there spent the remainder of his days, dying in that place June 7, 1850, after a long and highly honorable career. Judge William Goforth came in the early part of 1789. He is mentioned so often in the course of this history, as associated with affairs here and at Cincinnati, that a biographical sketch of him here seems unnecessary. The judge builded better than he knew in keeping a diary of his journey hither and of events for some time after- wards. It is an interesting old document, and the public owes access to it to Mr. Charles Cist, who pub- lished it nearly forty years ago in his Cincinnati Miscel- lany. We correct one or two patent blunders in the yearly dates : EXTRACTS FROM MEMORANDUM MADE BY JUDGE GOFORTH, IN HIS DAY-BOOK. 1789. Jan. 2 left our camp and put down the Ohio and on the 8th arrived at Limestone and thence to Washington which is in 38 degrees some minutes North, and had at that time 119 horses. " i2th left Washington (Mason Co., Ky.,) on the 12th and ar- rived on the 18th at Miami (Columbia). " 23 the first four horses were stolen — by the Indians — April 4 two of Mills' men were killed. " 5 a bark canoe passed the town and five more horses were stolen. " 16 Baily and party returned from pursuing after the Indians. May 3 Met in the shade to worship. " II A cat-fish was taken — four feet long, eight inches between the eyes, and weighed 58 pounds. Judge Symmes arrived on the 2nd of February, 1789, as he in- formed Major Stites at his own post. April 21 traded with the first Indian. " 28 Capt. Samondawat — an Indian, arrived and traded. Aug. 3 Named the Fort "Miami. " " 5 Col. Henry Lee arrived and 53 volunteers. " 27 Went to North Bend with Col. Lee. Sep. 3 Captain Flinn retook the horses. " 25 Major Stites, old Mr. Healer and myself took the depth of the Ohio River when we found there was 57 feet water in the channel, and that the river was 55 feet lower at that 352 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. time than it was at that uncommonly high fresh last winter. The water at the high flood was 112 feet. * Oct. 9 Mr. White set out for the Tiber. Aug. 16 Major Doughty went down the river. Dec. z8 Genl. Harmar passed this post down the River. 1790. Jan. 2 The Governor passed this post down the River. 3 received a line desiring my attendance with others. 4 Attended his exxellency when the Civil and Military offi- cers were nominated. " 6 The officers were sworn in. " 13 Doctor David Johns preached. 18 Doctor Gano and Thomaa Sloo came here. " 20 The church was constituted — Baptist church at Columbia, + " 21 Three persons were baptized. " 24 called a church meeting and took unanimous to call the Rev. Stephen Gano to the pastoral charge of the church at Columbia. April 15 General Harmar went on the campaign past this post. 19 The Governor went up the River. Aug. 30 Worked at clearing the minister's lot. 2 Mr. Sargent left this post to go up the River together with Judge Turner. Sep. 12 The Mason county militia past this post on their way to headquarters. " 19 200 Militia from Pennsylvania past this post on their way to Cincinnati. " 23 The Governor went down to Cincinnati. " 25 Major Doughty and Judge Turner also. " 30 The main body of the troops marched. 1791. Jan. 2 begun to thaw. Mch. I Indians fired at Lt. Baily's boat. " Mrs. Abel Cook was found dead in the Round Bottom. " 4 Mrs. Bowman was fired at in the night through a crack in the .house. " 22 Mr. Strong returned from up the River; had 24 men killed and wounded on the 19th March. " 27 Mr. Flasket arrived — the 24th in the morning fought the Indians just after daybreak, about 8 miles above Scioto — this the same battle mentioned in Hubble's narative. July 7 Col. Spencer's son taken prisoner. " 14 Francis Beadles, Jonathan Coleman, a soldier killed. 1792. Jan. 7 In the evening Samuel Welch was taken. Nov. 2 Last Monday night met at my house to consult on the expediency of founding an academy — Rev. John Smith, Major Gano, Mr. Dunlevy, — afterward Judge of the Court of Common Fleas, and myself — Wednesday night met at Mr. Reily's school-house — Mr. Reily then the teacher was for many years Clerk of Butler Common Pleas and Supreme Court — to digest matters respecting the academy, the night being bad, and but few people attending postponed till next night which was ist of November, met at Mr. Reily's to appoint a committee. Dec. 6 Fall of snow 7 inches on a level. 1793- Sep. 24 The first and fourth Sub-Legions march under General Wayne. The 27th or rather the 30th the army march. Daniel Doty, of Essex county. New Jersey, was one of the immigrants of 1790. He came on the twenty-third of October, in a flat-boat, from Pittsburgh. He then found, according to his recollections long after, but two hewedlog buildings in the place, one of them occupied by Major Stites, the other by Captain John S. Gano. He enlisted promptly in Captain Gano's company of militia, which every able-bodied man in the settlement had to join, and which now mustered about seventy — a strong and efficient company. He turned out with the parties take Cist's foot-note ; "This seems was but 64 feet above low water, and the highest flood e ement of the country was but 12 feet higher." tAnother mistake, as will appear hereafter. The flood of known at the marching to the relief of Covalt's and Dunlap's stations, when the Indian attacks were made upon them ; and was secured by the Cincinnati Presbyterians, together with a man named French, to bring their first pastor, the Rev. James Kemper, and his family, through the wilderness from near Danville to his new home. In 1792 Mr. Doty returned to New Jersey, by way of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and by sea, but came back to the Miami country in 1796, with his wife and children, and removed to the vicinity of Middletown, Butler county, where the rest of his life was spent. He was the first collector of taxes for that part of the country, which was then in Hamilton county. McBride's Pioneer Biography says: His district was twelve miles wide from north to south, comprising two ranges of townships, extending from the Great Miami to the Little Miami rivers, comprehending the sites where the towns of Franklin and Waynesvillehave been laid out, and the immediate country and settle- ments. The whole amount of the duplicate committed to him for col- lection was two hundred and forty-four dollars, of which he collected every dollar and paid it over to Jacob Burnet of Cincinnati, who was the treasurer for the county of Hamilton. Mr. Doty's own tax, for some years previous to his death, was upwards of one hundred and thirty- five dollars — more than half of the amount which he then collected from the whole district of which he had been collector. In the discharge of the duties of his office as collector, he must have ridden over more than one thousand miles. For these services, including his time and ex- penses, he received one per cent, on the amount of the duplicate, two dollars and forty-four cents, and no more. This appears to have satis- fied Mr. Doty with public office, as he never afterward, during his whole life, was a candidate for any office. Francis Dunlevy emigrated from Kentucky to Colum- bia in 1791, and at first was engaged in teaching, in com- pany with Mr. John Reily. He was then less than thirty years old, having been born near Winchester, Virginia, December 31, 1761. When but a boy he was engaged in Indian, and afterwards in the Revolutionary warfare, and helped to build up Fort Mcintosh, the first regular mili- tary work within the present bounds of Ohio. He was at Crawford's defeat on the plains of Sandusky, and in the retreat was cut off from the main body of the army, and had to make his way through the wilderness to Pitts- burgh. In 1787 he removed with his father's family to Kentucky, and ten years afterwards, having resided six years in Columbia, he removed to the vicinity of Leban- on, where he died, November 6, 1839. He was fourteen years presiding judge of the court of common pleas of the first circuit, which included Hamilton county, and was a member of the first Constitutional convention, also of the first legislature that assembled under the State gov- ernment. The following notice of perhaps the most renowned citizen that Columbia ever had, is extracted from the Life of Senator Morris, by his son, Mr. B. F. Morris: In 1795 Thomas Morris, a young and enterprising adventurer, nine- teen years of age, from the mountains of western Virginia, arrived in Columbia. He was immediately employed as a clerk in the store of Rev_Jiihj[i Smith, and became a great favorite with him. During this time his mind became deeply exercised on the subject of personal relig- ion, and his feelings found utterance in frequent poetic effusions, which are all lost. Rev. John Smith and others regarded these productions as of great merit for a youth of his age and limited education. For several years he continued in the employ of Smith, improving, as he could, his mind by reading, and preparing for a wider sphere of action. The plat of ground on which the great commercial city of Cincinnat' HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 353 now stands, was frequently traversed by Morris. His feet tlireaded tlie forest, then in the wild magnificence of nature, and the craclc of his rifle brought down many a wild turkey from the tops of lofty trees which covered the very spot on which now is erected and established that noble building and mstitution, the Young Men's Mercantile Li- brary association. How wonderful the change in fifty years' Now commerce, arts, sciences, education, Christian institutions, and the highest forms of a refined social civihzation, and a prosperous indus- trial population of over two hundred thousand people, cover with their peaceful and noble triumphs, and their monuments of taste and civiliza- tion, and happiness, the same forest where young Morris was accus- tomed to shoot his wild game. Mr. M orris married Rachel, daughter of B enjam in Davis, a Columbian who came from Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, to Mason county, Kentucky, and thence here. He was of Welsh stock and had a fine family of five sons and two daughters. Morris removed to Williams- burgh, and then to Bethel, Clermont county, and became greatly distinguished as a lawyer, legislator. United States Senator, and anti-slavery agitator. From another settler named John Morris, at the time the most prominent man in the settlement, a cluster of houses on the hillside took the name Mnrristown. By the close of 1790 Columbia contained about fifty cabins. Wickerham's mill, upon floating boats, had been established upon the Little Miami, and yielded supplies of coarse corn meal, but wheat flour was still so scarce that what could be had was generally reserved for the sick. Before Wickerham started his small run of stones, the corn had been pounded by the colonists into hominy or laboriously ground in a hand-mill. The post at Columbia was evidently regarded as of considerable importance, since as many as two hundred soldiers were stationed here in 1794. The need of mili- tary protection, however, was then mostly over. There had been demand enough for it before, as the record of Indian murders, captures and robberies in this region abundantly shows. But the first approaches of the In- dians to the settlers here, soon after their arrival were thoroughly friendly. The savages came often to the block-houses, expressing great friendship, and calling for Judge Symmes, toward whom they were very favorably disposed, on account of his having saved one of their small camps froni the Kentuckians during the surveying expedition the year before. They had seen Stites' boats on the banks of the river, opposite the block-house, and held a council at their hunting camp six miles from the Ohio, at which it was concluded to take the attitude of friends rather than enemies toward the newcomers. A white man named George had been ten or twelve years a prisoner with them, and could speak both English and Indian. At first he accompanied a single savage as near to the block-house as they dared go, and hallooed to the settlers who were at work upon it. He called for some of the whites to go to him, but they took no heed of him, mistaking him for one of their own people. Presently one of them asked "in a blackguarding manner," as the old account puts it, why he didn't come to them, if he" had anything to say. Discouraged at this, George went with the Indian back to their camp. He afterwards started out again with a party of five Indians, armed and mounted, for the block-house. They came upon a trail of a surveyor's party, numbering three, who were hunting, and followed it until the men were overtaken. The latter fled, but could not escape, and prepared for resistence. Two of the three were Robert Hanson and Joseph Cox, from Sussex county. New Jersey. Hanson aimed his gun at the foremost Indian, but the red man took off his cap, trailed his gun, and held out his right hand as a token of friendship. George called out to the other party not to fire, as the Indians were their friends, and did not wish to hurt them, and they would like to be led to the block-house. Affairs were speedily arranged, and all went amicably together to meet Major Stites. Their joint arrival very much surprised the people at the settlement, some of whom were disposed to think them spies, there only to observe the strength of the colony for defence, others thinking them sincere in their peaceful professions. Both sides, however, as the story runs, "began to form a sociable neighbor- hood," and there was for a while considerable fraternity between the whites and reds, the former frequently visit- ing and even spending nights at the Indian camps, while the savages with their squaws frequented the settlement, spending days and nights there, principally occupied in drinking whiskey. The messages of Stites to Symmes, in regard to the Indians' professions, and their desire to see him, with his action, were sufficiently set forth in previous chapter. In a very few weeks, however, the status changed, and a war period set in. The journal of Judge Goforth shows that, so early as January 23, 1789,- four horses were stolen by the Indians; that two men were killed April 4th; the next day five more horses were stolen, and outrages were frequent thereafter, and the feeling between the hostiles became so envenomed that both sides engaged in killing and scalping with apparently equal activity. Some in- cidents related of the Columbia scalpers will be found in our chapter on "The Miamese and the Indians." The news of the attack on Dunlap's station greatly ex- cited the settlers at Columbia, who quickly mounted a volunteer party, armed with rifles, under Lieutenant Luke Foster, marched to Cincinnati the same night, and joined the regular and volunteer force there forming for the re- lief of the station. Before daylight the next morning all were on the move, through several inches of snow, and arrived near the scene of action between ten and eleven o'clock in the forenoon, only to find that the Indians had mostly departed. A relief party was also promptly turned out when the attack near Covall's station was made, and two men murdered. The following is the detailed account of one of the more thrilling events briefly noticed in the Goforth jour- nal: On the night of the fourth of March, 1791 , the cabin of Mr. Jonas Bowman, which was further down the river than any other in Columbia, was approached by Indians, and an attack made. Mr. Bowman had been up the Licking hunting wild turkeys with Mr. John Reily; and, returning chilled and tired, a large fire was built in the open fireplace, which made the house a conspicuous object in the dark night, as it was not chinked between the logs, and the fire was plainly visible a long distance. The Indians fired through the cracks, but happily without effect, when Mr, Bowman, who was sitting by the fire, instantly threw 354 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. a bucket of water on the flames, thus darkening the room and confusing the Indians, who made off, vainly pursued and fired at by Bowman. Mrs. Bowman afterwards found a flattened bullet in the bosom of her dress, which had probably glanced and spent its force by the time it reached her, A messenger was dispatched to Fort Washington, with news of the attack, and a party of regulars and volunteers was made up at once, reaching Columbia before daylight; but a thorough scout for many miles into the country failed to discover any Indians. The subjoined narrative, taken frotm Cist's Miscel- lany, is a fuller and more interesting account than that previously given in this work of the capture of young Oliver Spencer: Spencer, then a boy of eleven, had been on a visit to Cincinnati, from Columbia where he then lived, to spend the Fourth of ]uly (1791) here, and having stayed until the seventh set out in a canoe with four other persons who were going to Columbia. About a mile above Deer creek, one of the men, much intoxicated, made so many lurches in the canoe as to endanger its safety, and Spencer, who could not swim, becoming alarmed, was at his earnest request set ashore, as was also the drunken man, who was unable to proceed on foot and was accordingly left where landed. The three in the canoe and Spencer on shore proceeded on, but had hardly progressed a few rods when they were fired on by two Indians. A Mr. Jacob Light was wounded in the am), and another man, name unknown, killed on the spot, both falling overboard, the man left on shore tomahawked and scalped, and Spencer, after a vain attempt to escape, was carried off by the savages and taken out to an Indian village, at the mouth of Auglaize, where he remained several months in captivity. Tidings of these events were taken by Light, who swam ashore a short distance below by the aid of his remaining arm, and Mrs. Coleman, the other passenger, who, though an old woman of si.Nty and of course encumbered with the apparel of her sex, was unable to make any efforts to save herself, but whose clothes floating to the top of the river, probably buoyed her up in safety. It is certain at any rate, incredible as it may be thought by some, that she floated down to Cincinnati where she was assisted to shore by some of the residents here. Spencer, after remaining nearly a year among the Indians, was taken to Detroit, where he was ransomed and finally sent home, after an absence in various places of three years, two of which he passed among his relatives in New Jersey. He resided subsequently in the city, where he held various offices of trust and honor, and died on May 31, 1838. Upon the occurrence of this exciting event the follow- ing dispatch was sent by the commandant at Fort Wash- ington to the chief officer at Fort Hamilton : Fort Washington, July 7, 1792. John Armstrong, esq. ; Dear Sir — I send out to apprise you that, this day about noon, a party of savages fired on a party, consisting of two men, a woman, and Colonel Spencer's son — about one and a half miles above this and on this side of the river — one man killed, the other wounded, but not mortally, and poor little Spencer carried off a prisoner. I sent out a party who fell in with their trail in General Harmar's trace, about six miles from this, and followed it on the path about two miles farther, when the men failing with fatigue, the sergeant was obliged to return. Master Spencer's trail was upon the path. This is a further answer to the pacinc overtures, and makes me tremble for your boy. I pray you if possible to redouble your vigilance, and on Monday morning early Captain Peters will march with his company and six wagons to your assistance. Send me twenty horses the moment Peters reaches you, and I will be with you next day — in the meantime your cavalry should scout on both sides of the river, and your riflemen be kept con- stantly in motion. Adieu. Yours, JAS. Wilkinson, Brig. Gen. The first church organized and the first sermon preach- ed anywhere in the Miami purchase, were at Columbia. So early as Deceinber, 1789, the Rev. David Jones, a Baptist clergyman from Chester county, Pennsylvania, while on a visit down the Ohio valley, stopped at Colum- bia and pronounced his first sermon in one of the block- houses at the fort. This place was then ldrL;er than Losantiville, and more likely to attract the attention of a visiting stranger. There was a larger Baptist element here, too.'* Another early preacher to the Columbians, Elder Stephen Gano, had further reasons for interest in the colony, since he had ties of blood connecting him with the Stiteses and the Ganos. Before he came, how- ever, the people had ministerial visits from the Rev. David Rice, a Presbyterian divine of some note from Kentucky, and Elder John Mason, a Virginia Baptist and brother-in-law of Elder John Smith, who soon afterwards became the first settled pastor among the Little Miamese. Elder Gano caine in March, 1790, making one of his many visits to his relatives, and after pleaching several sermons organized a Baptist church in Columbia — prob- ably on Saturday, March 31, 1790, though Hon. A. H. Dunlevy, descendant of Judge Dunlevy, and author of a History of the Miami Baptist Association, names the twentieth of January, 1790, as the time. Mr. Dunlevy rests upon the diary of Dr. Goforth, then a resident of Columbia, which we published on another page; but that is believed to have been made up, in part at least, many years after the occurrence narrated, and to be somewhat unreliable. The distinct recollection of persons present at the organization of the church, that it was on the last Saturday of March, is considered better testimony. The place of meeting was no longer a block-house, but the dwelling of Benjamin Davis. After appropriate services, the church was formally constituted by the aid of Elder Gano; Mr. Thomas Sloo, a member of his church in New York city, also being present. Nine per- sons joined at the time, whose names are given by Mr. Dunlevy as follows: Benjamin Davis, John Ferris, Mary Davis, Isaac Ferris, Jonah Reynolds, Elizabeth Ferris, Amy Reynolds, Thomas C. Wade, John S. Gano. Such was the little band that foimed the first organiza- tion of Christian institutions in the Miami valleys, from which a thousand church spires now point heavenward. Isaac Ferris was appointed deacon, and JohnJLiiano, clerk, of the infant church. El ijah Stij es, Rh oda Siite s, and Sarah__Feuis> ''^'sre received upon experience, and were baptized in the river the next d.iy (Sunday), afier a preaching service at the house of Major William Goforth. Three other members, Mrs. Meeks, and Messrs. Sinith and Baily, soon afterwards joined by letter; so that the church now numbered fifteen. Elder Gano was unani- mously chosen pastor; but he was too strongly bound to his work in the older communities of the east, and re- turned thither. He seems to have been a man of un- common ability and power, and certainly, as organizer of the first Christian church in the Miami country, demands some further notice here. He was born in New York city December 25, 1762, and was a brother of John S. Gano, of Cloumbia. His father was a clegyman, and * Mr. Dunlevy, in his History of the Miami Baptist Association, says of the first Columbia colony: "Among this little band of some twenty-five persons, there were six Baptists. There names were Benjamin Stites, John S. Gano, Thomas C. Wade, G'eenbright Baily, Mrs. Bailv his wife, and Edmund Buxton." HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 355 his mother of one of the Stites famihes. In his twenty- fourth year he was ordained, and served as pastor in the city, in Hillsdale and Hudson, New York, and finally for thirty-six years in Providence, Rhode Island, where he attained considerable distinction, and where he died Au- gust i8, 1828. During one of his western tours he preached at Lexington, Kentucky, having in his audience the eloquent Henry Clay, who thus testified of him: "He was a remarkably fervent preacher, and distinguish- ed for a simple, effective manner. And of all preachers I ever listened to, he made me feel the most that religion was a divine reality."* Very soon, however, the church had its pastor — one who also was destined to attain distinction, but in a dif- ferent field, and at last to end in poverty and obscurity. Elder John Smith, a Virginian by birth and education, now in the prime of his manhoood — "a man," says the volume cited above, "whose personal appearance was noble and commanding, and who was possessed of very popular manners and a remarkably fascinating address — " visited Columbia in June and preached several times so acceptably that a unanimous call was given him to settle as pastor. This he accepted, and returned home to ar- range his business, which took longer than was expected ; and he did not arrive until the spring of 1791; the church meanwhile being served acceptably by Danitl Clark, a licentiate from Whiteley church, Pennsylvania, who had removed to Columbia with his own and other Baptist fainilies. He was afterwards fully ordained by Elders Smith and John Gano, a venerable Baptist clergyman from near Lexington, on the twenty-first (or twenty-third) of September, 1793, after a preaching service by Elder Gano in a grove of elms near the village. It was the first ordination among the Miamese, or in the North- west Territory, of a Protestant clergyman. In October, 1791, the substantial addition was made to the church of fifteen members by letter and two by experience and baptism. The building of a church edi- fice was the next thing in order, upon a lot given for the purpose by Major Stites, upon a slight eminence in the northern part of Columbia, now near and east of the Little Miami railroad, where a pile of rocks and some ancient graves still mark the spot. The meeting-house was resolved upon in February, 1792, but was more than eighteen months in building, not being regularly occu- pied, probably, till late the next year, though Mr. Dun- levy says there was preaching in it in the spring of 1793.! The structure was frame, thirty-six by thirty feet, with gal- leries and a hipped roof It stood until 1835, when it was pulled down, having been abandoned for years and become very much dilapitated. A picture of it, in this state, appears in Howe's Historical collections of Ohio, in the first volume of the American Pioneer, and in Mr. Dunlevy's little history. The following lines were written during the later years of the church by an old Columbian : ON VISITING THE OLD CHURCH AT COLUMBIA. Near where the Ohio winds its lovely way Through plains with flowers and herbage richly gay, * McBride's Pioneer Biography, volume II, p. 93. + History of the Miami Baptist Association. High on a green, luxuriant, sloping sod. In ruinous mantle clad, stands the lone House of God. A strange sensation thrilled across my breast As its drear aisle my wandering footsteps prest; Its sound alone disturbed the pensive scene. That spoke what it was then and told what it had been. The pulpit mould'ring nodded from the wall. From which me thought still rang the watchman's call; Some ancient seats in circles filled the space. And seemed to say, 'A choir has left this \acant place.' But 'tis not so — here owls their vigils keep And driving winds in mournful muTmurs sweep; The bat rejoicmg flits along the gloom; All else is still, and calm, and tranquil as the tomb. ■Where are those eyes that traced those sacred lines. Where truth, where majesty, and beauty shines ? Where are those hearts that have with fervor glowed. When o'er Death's vale they viewed the Christian's blest abode? ■Vl'here is the choir that here so sweetly sang The song of praise to God and peace to man ? Methinks, returning through the lapse of years, I hear their anthem notes soft stealing on my ears. Deep in the grave, around this falling pile. They sweetly sleep, forgetful of their toil; — Have fied and left behind this loud appeal, 'AH, all on earth must die — 'tis Heaven's unchanging willl' Then fare thee well! Perhaps my feet again Shall never tread thy silent, black domain. Yes, fare thee well! — for hst'ning solitude Waits to resume her throne in dark and frowning mood. Yet may the hand of Time long spare thy brow. Though covered o'er with many a furrow now; That generations yet to come may see Some vestige left — some trace remaining still of thee. Peace to the inmates that around thee sleep! May angel bands their slumbering ashes keep, Till Gabriel's trumpet rends the hearing clay. And calls them forth to joys that never shall decay! Mi\_J) unlev y supplies the following interesting facts: The law then required every able-bodied man attending meetings for worship to carry his firearms with him, prepared to defend the inhabit- ants, as well as those at the meeting, from an attack of the Indians. On the first day the house was opened for worship. Colonel Spencer, one of the early settlers at Columbia and at that time the head of the militia, attended the services, and at the close addressed the militia and pointed out the necessity of strict discipline at these meetings. On another occasion during the same season, when the congregation had assembled for worship, two men came from the woods with an Indian's scalp wiich they Had just taken;* and during this and the ne.xt year two members of the church, Francis Grifirn and David Jennings, were killed by the savages. A number more of the inhabitants of Columbia were killed by the Indians during the years 1791-2, and several taken prisoners — among them O. M. Spencer, son of Colonel Spencer above named, and long after a well-known citizen of Cincinnati. All their religious meetings, therefore, until Wayne's victory in the autumn of 1794 (and the treaty of Greenville in the next year) had to be guarded by armed men. The Columbia church was the vigorous parent, prolific in offspring of other churches scattered up and down the Little Miami valley, at places, where its members settled after the the Greenville treaty. Within little more than a dozen years after its formation, colonies from it had founded, or helped to found. Baptist churches at the Little Miami island, on Carpenter's run, in the present unt states, Colonel Spencer addressed the he meeting and go home and prepare for See McBride's Pioneer Biography, Vol- * On this occasion, as an other ace op!e again, advising thei n to close fence; which they obedi ntly did ne II, page i86. 3S6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Sycamore township; near Ridgeville, Warren county; at Turtle creek, now Lebanon ; near Little Prairie, now Middletown; and even at Staunton, near the county seat of Miami county, about seventy miles north of Columbia According to the recollections of Mr. David Doty, published in McBride's Pioneer Biography, "the order then was for every man to meet on parade on Sunday morning, armed and equipped, and after going through the manual exercise, march to the place of worship, stack their guns in one corner of the cabin until divine service was concluded, and then take them and return to their homes." Elder Smith preached a part of the time in Cincinnati. In April, 1790, the Columbia church formally resolved "that in view of the entire destitution of preaching in Cincinnati, Brother Smiih be allowed to spend half his time in that place." In 1795 he resigned at Columbia, and devoted his work to what was known as the Little Miami Island church, on an islet in the river, about eight miles northeast of Columbia. He was assisted at the latter place by Elder Clark, the ordained of the Septem- ber meeting in 1793, who took sole charge of the church after Smith's retirement, and ministered to it until au- tumn, 1797, when he removed to the northward and or- ganized, successively, the Deer Creek and Turtle Creek (since Lebanon) churches. For a number of years he preached to both, and was the only pastor the latter church had from its formation in 1798 until 1829, or thereabouts, when he became superannuated. He lasted five or six years longer, dying December 11, 1834, in his ninetieth year. Elder Smith ministered to the pioneer church for over ten years, and then dropped into politics. He was a member of the first Constitutional convention, that which organized the State of Ohio, and was one of the first United States Senators from this State. In 1806, when the storm burst over the head of Aaron Burr, Senator Smith shared in Colonel Burr's obloquy, simply, it would appear, from the hospitality tendered by him to Burr during the latter's visit to Cincinnati, and his firm ex- pression of belief that Burr's projects involved nothing treasonable or injurious to the country. Mr. Dunlevy says in his History: A few individuals of very bad character, at Cincinnati, wlio had themselves been intimate with Burr, and several of whom, it was be- lieved, had been fully committed to his plans, when the clamor became great withdrew their familiarity with Burr, and, to screen themselves, joined in accusing Smith of connection with him. Party political strife at that time ran high, and at Cincinnati a secret organization was formed, and oaths of inviolable privacy were taken. The crimination of Senator Smith originated with the secret society. Its members were the principal witnesses against him, and refused on his trial to answer any questions except such as they pleased, and as they supposed, no doubt, would afford evidence against him. A bill of indictment was actually found against him, though abandoned without trial. He was put upon trial in the Senate, however, and though vindicated, it was by a majority so meagre that he felt virtually condemned, and resigned his seat. The expenses of his defence were so great, and the pressure of his creditors so persistent, that he was compelled to part with all his property here, and in 1808 retired to an obscure locality in Louisiana, where he owned a tract of land, and where he thenceforth lived until his death, in 1824. Other early pastors of the Columbia church were: Elder Peter Smith, from Georgia, 1800-4; William Jones, at Duck creek, 1805-14; John Clark, at Duck creek, 1814-16; and James Lyon, who was still living in 1857. A notable revival occurred under the ministry of the first named, in the spring of 1801, in which nearly one hundred and fifty persons were baptized and admitted to the church, among them several, as James Lynn, after- wards pastor of the same church, Ezra Ferris and Heze- kiah Stites,who themselves became useful preachers of the gospel. Later in its history others of its young men have gone out to different parts of the country in similar service. In 1808 the meeting-place of the membership in this church was removed from Columbia to a more central point two miles north, where it took the name of the Duck Creek church, which it has since borne. September 23, 1797, the first ecclesiastical gathering of importance in the Miami country took place with this church, in Columbia, to form an association of Baptist churches. It was composed mainly of ministers and delegated laymen from the societies at Columbia, Little Miami Island, Carpenter's run and Clear creek, though two ministers were present from Kentucky. Elder John Smith was elected moderator and David Snodgrass, clerk. After consultation it was resolved "that the churches in this Northwest Territory, and those adjacent, of the Baptist order, should meet at the Baptist meeting- house in Columbia, on the first Saturday of November ensuing." At that meeting further arrangements were made to form the Miami association, which was " fully constituted at a meeting held with the Island church October 20, 1798, still another meeting having been held meanwhile in June, 1798, at Columbia. Such bodies moved slowly in those days. A Methodist Episcopal class was formed at Columbia in 1799, by the Rev. John Kobler, the pioneer of Meth- odism in this region, and Francis McCormick, who lived near the mouth of the East fork of the Little Miami, and died near Mount Washington in 1836. The Columbia Congregational church was organized December 22, 1867, with twenty-nine members. For some time divine worship was regularly held at the town hall, but in 1870 the present edifice was commenced and completed. It is a neat, frame building, with bell, cost- ing about five thousand dollars. The auditorium or main room has a seating capacity of two hundred and seventy-five; while the room at the rear, which may be thrown open with the other, will comforta- bly seat sixty or seventy-five more. This is commonly used for the infant department of the Sabbath school, and for prayer meetings. The church has a pipe-organ, which has a distinct and peculiar history : It was ob- tained and given to the church by Mrs. H. P. B. Jewett, who now resides in New York city. In the death of HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 357 Deacon Jewett, which occurred April 2, 1877, the church lost an invaluable member, and the community was deprived of a consistent Christian citizen. The church has had five pastors, viz: Rev. J. W. Pe- ters, Rev. H. L. Howard, Rev. D. I. Jones, of Pleasant Ridge, Rev. R. M. Thompson, of Mount Washington, and Rev. D. F. Harris, who has been pastor since the fall of 1876. Like all suburban churches, this one labors under the disadvantages of a transient population. People are constantly coming and going, so that stability is almost out of the question. In the last few years the church has suffered on account of the removal of some of its most efficient members, notably Mr. O. W. Nixon, of the Inter-Ocean, Chicago, who was a few years ago the treasurer of Hamilton county. During the four years' pastorate of Rev. Mr. Harris, there have been fifty-seven additions to the church — thirty-two by letter and twenty- five by profession. The present membership is one hundred and thirty-four. The ladies of the church and congregation have two missionary societies, the Home and the Foreign; while a third, in the interest of both, is carried on by the young people. Besides this work, the chuich regularly contributes her proportion, with sister churches of the Miami conference, toward the Oberlin ministerial fund. The church also contributes toward the support of the great missionary and benevolent so- cieties, such as the American Board, the American Mis- sionary association, the Home Missionary association, and the Congregational Union. The first school in the county was opened in Columbia June 21, 1790, by John Reily, the settler before noticed. It was a six-months' subscription school, and appears to have been kept right through the warm season. The next year Francis Dunlevy joined his pedagogic interests vi'ith Mr. Reiley's, the former taking the classical department, while the other taught the English studies. In 1793 Reily gave the school over altogether to Dunlevy, and went to settle in the Mill Creek valley, seven miles from Cincinnati. The system of "boarding round" must have existed in his time of teaching in Columbia, since he records in his journal : "In the month of August boarded twelve days with Mr. Patrick Moore; in the month of September boarded twelve days with Hugh Dunn; and in the month of December boarded with John McCuUoch six days." He must have had a school-building put up for him, as Dr. Gofroth's diary names "Reiley's school- house" as a certain place of meeting. If so, this was the first temple of learning in the Miami country. A little more than eight years after the settlement of Columbia, it entertained a distinguished visitor in the person of a young Englishman named Francis Baily, afterwards an "F. R. S.'" and president of the Royal As- tronomical society. The following extracts are from his journal of a tour, which was not published until 1856, and thenappeared as an appendix to a memoir of Baily, by the late Sir John Herschel: Tuesday, February 28, 1797. This morning we dropped down the river about half a mile to a con- venient landing, and here we had a much better view of the town than we had where we lay last night. The houses lie very scattered along the bottom of a hill which is about one-eighth of a mile from the liver. The town is laid out on a regular plan, but was never in a very flourish- ing state. The neighboring and well-settled country round and at Cincinnati prevents it from being a place of any great importance: he- sides, it lies very low, and is often overflowed from the river, which prevents any houses being built immediately on the banks, as is cus- tomary in these new settlements. One-quarter of the land on which the town was intended to be laid out is now under water. After breakfast we went ashore to view the town, and H. introduced me to Mr. [Rev. John] Smith and Dr. Bean. The former gentleman is a man of very good property, which he has acquired in several different ways in this ptace : he is a farmer, a merchant, and a parson ; all these occupations, though seemingly so different, he carries en with the great- est regularity and without confusion. The latter is a man of good edu- cation and practices physic heie, somewhat in the same manner as our country apothecaries in England do, for which he is dubbed doctor. As those gentlemen rank with the first in the place, a description of their habitations, manners, and society will serve, without any great vari- ation, for that of the bulk of emigrants in a similar state of life. As Dr. Bean would insist upon our sleeping at his house, and in fact stopping with him during our residence 'here we accompfanied him home. His house was built of logs, as all the houses in these new settlements are, and consisted of a ground floor containing two rooms, one of which was appropriated to lumber, the other served all the purposes of parlor, bed-room, shop, and everything else (though there was a little out- house where they occasionally cooked their victuals and also washed), and it did not appear as if it had been cleaned out this half-year. There were two windows to throw light into the room, but there had been so many of the panes of glass broken, whose places were supplied by old hats and pieces of paper, that it was very httle benefitted by the kind intention of the architect. I saw a few phials and gallipots on a shelf in one corner of the room, and near them a few books of difterent de- scriptions. . . Such is the force of example that very few of the emigrants who come into this kind of half-savage, half-civilized, state of life, however neat and cleanly they might have been before, can have resolution to prevent themselves from falling into that slovenly practice which everywhere surrounds them ; and it is not till the first class of settlers are moved off, that any of these new countries are at all desirable to a person brought up in different habits of life. At dinner-table I observed a table prepared in the middle of the room, with some knives and forks and pewter plates placed on it, but without anv table-cloth; and when the dinner was ready, two of his servants who were working out in the field were called in, and sat down at the same table and partook of the same provisions as ourselves. Our provisions consisted of some stewed pork and some beef, together with some wild sort of vegetable which had been gathered out in the woods, as it must be observed that in all these new settlements fresh provisions, both in meat and vegetables, are at some seasons very scarce, particularly at the time we were there. The inhabitants live a great deal upon deer and turkeys, which they shoot wild in the woods, and upon bacon, which they keep by them in case of need, and as to vegetables, ' they are seldom to be procured, e.«ept in summer. The bread which is made here is chiefly of Indian meal; it is a coarse kind of fare, but after a little use becomes not all unpleasant. When the time drew nigh for us to retire to rest, we were shown to one corner of the room where there was a ladder, up which we mounted into a dismal kind of a place without a window, but instead of these there were a number of crevices between the logs, which had never been filled up, and in the room there were three beds, or rather three bedsteads, with a few blankets thrown over them. I went to breakfast with iVlr. Smith, and here I found things a little more in order, though far from that degree of refinement and comfort to be met with in the more civilized parts of this country. This house bore the marks of industry and cleanliness, and we were regaled with tea and coffee and boiled chicken for our breakfast, attended with buck- wheat cakes, which are common in this part of the country. The farm of this gentleman consists of several acres of land adjoining his house, which he keeps in high cultivation — chiefly meadow ground— and from which he has realized a great deal of money. His warehouse was near the water side. It consisted of but one room, where he brings down the river such articles of European manufacture as are most in demand. There are but two or three other stores of the same kind in Columbia. The profits of this trade are generally one hundred percent., and sufficiently compensate the trade for the trouble of a journey once or twice ayearto Philadelphia. 358 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Some lots in Columbia sold lately for thirty dollars. That inveterate romancer, Thomas Ashe, who after- wards made away with Dr. Goforth's admirable collection of fossil remains, passed Columbia on his way to Cin- cinnati in 1807, and made the following note in his book: Just below the junction of this stream [the Little Miami] with the Ohio is the town of Columbia, which rose out of the woods a few years ago with great rapidity and promise, and now is on the decline, bemg sickly and subject to insulation, when the waters of the Miami are backed up the country by the rise of the Ohio in the spring, the cur- rent of the Ohio being so impetuous as to hinder the Miami from flow- ing into the stream. [!] A topographical description of the State of Ohio, In- diana Territory, and Louisiana, by J. Cuder, published in 1810, gives a paragraph to Columbia: Immediately below the mouth of the Little Miami is the town of Co- lumbia. It was laid out by Colonel Symmes, and is the oldest settle- ment in the State, on the Ohio river, except Marietta, but has increased very little in the iiumber of its inhabitants. At present it is only a neat, pleasant village, consisting of about forty houses, built at some dis- tance from eacli other, on a rich bottom or interval. Nor is it probable, from its situation, that it will ever become a place of much business. In 1 8 19 Columbia is noticed m the Ohio State Gazet- teer as "a post town of Hamilton county, six miles east- wardly from Cincinnati. It is situated on the north bank of the Ohio river, one mile below the mouth of the little Miami, and contains about fifty houses." The first marriages in Columbia, as reported under the law of the court of general quarter sessions of the peace, are believed to have been those of Captain Jaines Flinn and Jane Newell, June 27, 1790, and of Bethuel Covalt and Rachel Blackford, December 29, 1790. Columbia village was regularly incorporated in 1868.. By the last census taken before its annexation to Cincin- nati, that of 1870, it had a population of one thousand one hundred and sixty-five. It was taken into the city in 1873. AiTiong its mayors have been — J. L. Thomp- son, 1869; W. J. M. Gordon, 1870; Benneville Kline, 1872-4. ■ LINWOOD. This place has a large site — one thousand three hun- dred and fifteen acres, or over two square miles — com- prising four hundred and forty-six acres more than all the rest of Spencer township. It is situated in the north- east part of the township, on the hills west of the Little Miami railroad, and southwest of the observatory at Mount Lookout. It was founded in 1848 for L. A. Chapman, by Israel Wilson, and has been greatly en- larged and otherwise improved since by the operations of the Linwood Land company. January 16, 1874, the village was incorporated for general purposes, and its mayor that year was Mr. John P. Lan_gdon^ It is mainly a place for suburban residence, with Meth- odist, Congregational and Baptist churches, and a good graded school; but a beginning of manufacturing has been made with a hame-factory, etc. It has a population of seven hundred and twenty-two by the census of 1880. Linwood station is half a mile south of the main part of Linwood, at the junction of the Union Bridge and Wooster turnpikes, and on the Little Miami railroad. A considerable settlement has also been made here. 1 he fine Undercliff road passes through it. James L. Langdon settled in Columbia township in 1806. He was born in Orange county, Vermont, in 1792, and emigrated to Ohio, where he still lives. He has followed the business of farming on the Miami bot- toms. At times also he has served as a Methodist preacher. His wife, Sarah Phelps, was born in Maine in 1799, and died in 1863. They have three children liv- ing in this county: John P.; Elam C, a resident of Lin- wood; and Mrs. Harriet Williams, of Springfield. Mr. Langdon is one of the oldest men living in Columbia township; he is eighty-eight years old, has lived a life that commands the respect of all who know him, and his two sons are worthy representatives of himself RED BANK STATION is on the Little Miami railroad and river, at the south- east corner of the township, on the Spencer line, about a mile east of the observatory, and two and a half miles northeast of Columbia. Batavia Junction, where the Cincinnati & Eastern narrow guage joins the Little Miami, is a few hundred yards northeast of it. MOUNT LOOKOUT is at the extreme northeast corner of Cincinnati, and lies both within and without the city. The observatory at- tached to the University of Cincinnati is located here, in charge of Director Stone. A fine private park lies just inside the city limits, which is much in request for picnic parties and celebrations. A dummy railroad connects the locality with the horse-cars at Pendleton. o'bryanville. A village on the Madison pike, now included in the First ward of the city, at the northwest corner of the old Spencer township. It was laid out in 1875 ^Y Scar- borough & Williams, executors of the will of Benjamin Hey. PENDLETON. Also an old village, but more considerable, lying be- tween the hills and the river, from Fulton to Sportsman's Hall or the East End garden. The Delta station, on the Little Miami railroad, and the termini of the Colum- bia and Mount Lookout dummy railroads, are at the latter point. LEWISTON was a former village in Spencer township, laid out in 1828 by William Lewis. It is now included in the Sev- enteenth ward of the city. UNDERCLIFF AND RUSSELL's are stations and suburban villages on the Little Miami railroad, between Columbia and Red Bank. TURKEY BOTTOM. This is a notable track of about one and a half square miles, between the Little Miami river and Columbia. It was found by the first settlers already cleared, for the most part, by the long cultivation of the Indians, and very likely also of the Mound Builders; but still exceed- ingly fertile. From nine acres of it planted by Judge Goforth during the first season of white occupancy, nine Jl e7.'7te2ct-(y. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 359 hundred and sixty-three bushels of corn were raised ; and Captain Benjamin Davis realized a crop of one hundred and fourteen bushels from one acre. There is also a tra- dition that Benjamin Randolph, having planted a single acre with corn and then compelled to visit New Jersey, came back in the fall and found one hundred bushels of corn, witiiout any attention meanwhile, ready for his in- gathering. Major Stites was its first owner, and leased it out in good-sized lots — unmarked by divisions — to six of the colonists, for terms of five years. The first cultiva- tion of it by the whites had to be done under guard, to protect against Indian surprise. It was almost the sole Columbia cornfield of 1789 and '90, and was the favorite resort of the women and children, for procuring the b.ar- grass root for fuel. In the matter of the fertility of the Columbia region, an extravagant local item in the Wesk?-n Spy and Hamil- ton Gazette for September 11, 1802, with quotation here : There is in the garden of Colonel John Armstrong, of Columbia, a peach-tree on which there is fruit nearly as big as a half-bushel, and would weigh, it is supposed, from twenty to twenty-five pounds. TUSCULUM names a station on the Little Miami railroad in Eastern Cincinnati, and also a district for suburban residence on the neighboring hill, which is called Mount Tusculum, and closely overlooks Columbia both south and east. Over three hundred acres have been handsomely laid out and improved by Judge Joseph Langworth, the im- provements including a fine roadway of about five miles length, called Undercliff avenue, which encircles and in- tersects the entire quarter. POPULATION. Spencer township — the little tract now lying outside the city — had nine hundred and ninety-five inhabitants by the census of June, 1880. And yet it had as the larger township, a population of two thousand five hun- dred and forty-three in 1880. Biographical Sketch, THE LANGDON FAMILY. The records of the Langdon family in Linwdod go back to Philip Langdon, a mariner from Boston, Massa- chusetts, who was originally from England, it is supposed. His seventh child and fifth son was Lieutenant Paul Langdon, who was born September 12, 1693, and died December 3, 1761. He married Mrs. Mary Stacy August 18, 1 7 18, in Wilbraham, Massachusetts, and they had seven children; the fifth being John Langdon (the grand- father of James D. Langdon). Lieutenant Paul Lang- don and this son John took part in the Revolutionary war. This John was born June 21, 1728, and died October 10, 1822. He married Eunice Torrcy, Decem- ber 29, 1 757, and they had a fainily of eight children, whose names were John W., Artemas, James, Josiah, Joanna, Oliver, Eunice, and Solomon. Of these Artemas died in infancy, and the brothers, excepting Josiah, all came to Ohio with their sister Joanna, and although they were farming, yet they often officiated as preachers and exhorters in the Methodist church. They settled near Cincinnati, and some of their descendants are living in the old homestead. James, the third son, was the father of the subject of the following sketch. He was born March 27, 1762, and died October 3, 1804. He was married December 15, 1788, to Esther Stebbins, also of Wilbraham, Massachusetts, and their children were Richard Chester, James Davenport, Elam Potter, Loren- da, and Joanna. He (the father) died while the children were comparatively young, leaving the cares of the fami- ly on the mother, who was a woman of remarkable energy of character. She was usually known as "Aunt Esther," and as friend, nurse, or neighbor, was very often called upon for advice or assistance. In those days the women spun and wove the cloth for bedding and clothing, and Aunt Esther was a wonderful weaver and spinner. Her father was Moses Stebbins, the son of Samuel, who was the son of Samuel, who was the son of Thomas, who was born in 1620, in England, and son of Rowland Stebbins, or Stebbing, as the name was originally, and who came to America in 1634, and settled in Massachusetts. James Davenport Langdon was born June 13, 1792, in Vershire, Vermont. His father was James Langdon, who married Esther Stebbins, December 15, 1788, in Wilbraham, Massachusetts. His parents vi^ere both natives of this place, but immediately after their marriage they moved to Vershire, Vermont. He hadjwo brothers, Richard C. and Elain P., and two sisters, Lorenda and Joanna. In October, 1804, his father died whilst away from home on business, after a very short illness of measles. Two years after his death, or in 1806, two of his uncles, John W. and Solomon, wiih thtir families, his mother with her family, Andrew Peters and Wales Aldrich and their families, in all about forty souls, moved in wagons from Vermont and came out to Ohio. The journey was tedious and slowly made through the wilderness, there being no roads scarcely, camping at night as they could, sometimes at an occasional tavern or farm house, but oftener in their wagons as night came on. It took about ten weeks to reach the Ohio river at Wellsville, where they embarked on flat-boats, taking the wagons aboard, but sending the horses by land down the Ohio side. Floating down the river they landed at Columbia two days before Christmas. That first winter in Ohio his mother and family lived in part of the house of Oliver Spencer — an old building which still stands near the old tanyard. There was only one other house then in Columbia, the McMahon house, and that is still standing near the Columbia railroad station. This Oliver Spencer was the father of Robert, after- wards a Methodist preacher, Henry E., who was for several years mayor of Cincinnati, Oliver, a judge in the Hamilton county courts, and a fourth son who became a farmer in northern Ohio. In the spring of 1807 the family located at what was 36o HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. called Red Bank station, on the farms or lands which have ever since been occupied by them and their de- scendants, on and near the Little Miami river. This land was purchased by his uncle Oliver Langdon, who was the guardian appointed in Vermont, out of tracts originally owned by Benjamin Stites. There were only ten or a dozen families then in all of what is now known as Spencer township; they were Eliphalet, Joseph, An- drew, and John Ferris, brothers, and Henry Ferris their cousin — the families of Larned, Allen Witham, Giffins, Nash, Riggle and Williams. A treaty had been made two or three years before with the Indians, and about all had gone to reservations. The first school-house was built by Joseph Ferris on his farm. The first religious society, Methodist, was formed in 1805 in the McMahon house alluded to, and the Baptists built the first church in Ohio in Columbia a few years later which was de- stroyed about 1835. The Methodists built their first church in Columbia about 1840, which was accidently burned and rebuilt on another lot. The settlers for the first year or two lived literally on hog and hominy. The first grist-mill was run by two brothers named Hawley, and was on the Miami near the mouth of Clough creek. Afterwards it was owned and run for years by the Tur- pins until worn out or destroyed. The brothers and sisters of James D. are all dead. The sister Lorenda married Lemuel SnowTfTSeptember, 181 6, and moved to a farm in Indiana; the other sister, Joanna, also married a farmer, Minervus Swift, in Sep- tember, 1 818, and lived four years in Indiana; Elam Potter married Ann Cromwell, a sister of Joseph Crom- well, who kept the famous Broadway hotel so long iti Cincinnati. Elam Potter was connected as clerk or assistant postmaster nearly all his life with the Cincinnati post office. Richard was a printer and newspaper pub- lisher, and his widow still lives in Covington, Kentucky. James D., the subject of this sketch, was married to Sarah Phelps December 23, 1818, and has lived on the one spot about sixty-three years. He has always been actively engaged in farming from his early youth, and owes his good health and long years to good habits and regular living. His uncle Oliver was quite a preacher, and officiated at funerals, baptisms and marriages. After his uncle's death, in 1828 or 1829, he began to preach himself; the text of his first sermon was i Samuel xii- 24 — "Only fear the Lord and serve Him in truth with all your heart, for consider how great things He has done for you" — and was at a service one Sunday at the mouth of the Little Miami river. There being but few rninisters in those days it naturally fell to be his lot to take the uncle's place. So from that on he was continually called on to preach, attend funerals, and solemnize marriages for miles all around the country. He was licensed to preach in 1836 and ordained elder in 1842. During the year 184S he was superintendent of Cincinnati circuit, and for eight years was a member of the annual confer- ence of the Methodist Protestant church. He was pres- ident of the first teinperance society formed in the year 1833 in Columbia township. For years in succession he was a township trustee and school director, and has all through life been an officer or trustee in Sunday-school. His wife had an experience in coming to Ohio (which was the year before the marriage, or 1817) very similar to that of her husband. She was born in Hollowell, Maine, on May i, 1797, and was the daughter of Ebenezer and Sarah Phelps. She had four brothers, William, John, Alfred and Nathan, with one sister, Eliza, who came in wagons all the long journey from Hollowell, Maine, to Columbia. The brothers and sister (who married Jon- athan Livings) all settled in Indiana, and raised families there. Dr. Ebenezer S. Phelps, the oldest brother, lo- cated in Middleton, Massachusetts, where he and his family now reside. James D. and Sarah had a family of nine children — James, Sarah, Cynthia, Harriet, Cyrus, John, Elam, Edwin and Henry. There are now living only the father and three of the children — John P., Elam C, and Harriet. John P. occupies the homestead and is a farmer, and has one son, James W., who lives near his father, and is a farmer. The old family dwelling had become so out of repair and dilapidated, in 1877, having been used for some sixty years, it was torn down by John P., and a modern and commodious dwelling was built on the site. John P. has been mayor of the village for three successive terms, and been commissioned twice as magistrate for the township. Elam C. resides on part of the homestead farm, has had four children, three now living. These two brothers, from time to time, have been called upon to take part in aifairs of the township and village. Elam has served seventeen years as school trustee, several terms in village council, two or three terms as treasurer of township, and both the brothers are members and workers in church and Sabbath- school, taking an active part in all public enterprises. Harriet became the wife of Rev. Charles H. Williams, a minister in the Methodist Protestant church. She has three sons living, and for several years her home has been in Springfield, Ohio, where the sons are connected with railroads, and the husband is an active church officer. The sons James, Cyrus and Edwin, and the daughter, Sarah, died young or unmarried. Cynthia married Dr. H. E. Morrill, and her home was in Brook- lyn, New York, where an only daughter survives her, and who is now the wife of Dr. Hugh Smith. The son, Henry, became a physician and surgeon, and acted as such during the late war, in the Seventy-ninth regiment, Ohio volunteer infantry, which was with General Sherman during that wonderful march through the South, which virtually brought the war to an end. His widow survives him and one son, Willie Carson. The doctor, after the close of the war, practised medicine in Columbia for several years, and his office was within gunshot almost of the old Spencer house, in which his grandmother and father spent the winter of 1806-7. The record of the family of James D. Langdon: James D. Langdon, born June 13, 1792; Sarah Phelps, born May i, 1797, died September 11, 1863, married December 23, 1818. Their children were: James Har- vie, born November 23, 18 19, died June 27, 1842; Sarah, born October r, 1821, died December 15, 1825; Cynthia, born August 23, 1823, died January 9, 1861; HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 361 Harriet, born July 25, 1825, still living in Springfield, Ohio; Cyrus Stebbins, born January 5, 1828, died Feb- ruary I, 1864; John Phelps, born December 8, 1829, living in Linwood, Ohio; Elam Chester, born March 31, 1832, living in Linwood, Ohio; Edwin Mattoon, born December 20, 1834, died July 26, 1847; Henry Archer, born May 28, 1839, died May 13, 1876. John P. Langdon married, for his first wife, Mary Williams, May, 1855, and James W., a son by this mar- riage, is living, and married to Lida Durham, and occu- pies part of the father's farm. John P.'s second marriage took place in April, 1861, to Keturah Nash, and the couple still occupy the homestead place, and the old father lives with them. Elam C.'s first wife was Cynthia Allen, of New York State. She died in December, 1868, leaving two girls. His second wife was Martha F. Nash (whose sister mar- ried as above), a native of the old Columbia township. Two children have been born to them, one living only. SPRINGFIELD. ITS ERECTION. The need of a new township, to be carved from the northern part of the originally great Cincinnati township, was not felt with any pressure or made necessary by the pushing of settlement up the Miami purchase, until after Wayne's victory in 1794. This greatly stimulated re- moval from the hamlets along the river to the rural districts and invited rapid immigration from abroad. The next year the court of general quarter sessions of the peace for Hamilton county answered a demand of the growing settlements and somewhat numerous stations up the Mill Creek valley for a new municipality. Spring- field township was accordingly created, to begin at a point in the meridian bounding the east side of township three, in the first entire range, two miles south of the southeast corner of said township three (that is, the present corner of Springfield township); thence north two miles to said southeast corner of township three; thence east two miles to the meridian; thence north six miles to the northern line of the entire range one; thence west to the east boundary of Colerain, which was then as now; thence south along Colerain and South Bend town- ships eight miles; thence east to the place of beginning. This boundary deprived Springfield of its present range of sections on the north, in range two, township two; but south of the south line of that range gave two tiers of sections — twelve in all, to the present south line of Sycamore, also the ranges of sections across what is now the north part of Mill Creek township. The western boundary of Springfield was the same as now, except that it began one mile south of its present beginning, and extended two miles further south than now. The old township contained just sixty sections. In the general reconstruction of the townships of Hamilton county in 1803, Springfield suffered a change. It was now so bounded as to include the two western tiers of sections in township four, of the first entire range, which it had previously, but which are now in Sycamore 46 township; the two sections next north of them in the second entire range, township three, also in Sycamore, which Springfield did not have before; the five eastern tiers of sections in township three, of the first entire range, all of which Springfield covered previously, but now lost the last tier on the west; one tier of sections immediately north of these, in range two, township two, which was a new acquisition of five sections to Spring- field; and the same amount on the south, from what is now Mill Creek, but was only five-twelfths of the former possession of Springfield in this direction. By these changes the township had not greatly altered its form, but had shrunk in size from sixty to fifty-four sections. Springfield now includes the whole of township three, in the first entire range, and the tier of sections next on the north, in township two, range two. It is thus, but for a somewhat broken line on the north, a regular paral- lelogram of uniform length, seven sections with Sycamore and Springfield townships, and of even width — six miles — with Mill Creek township. It contains forty-two sec- tions, some of them being of less than full size, and so yielding altogether but twenty-five thousand eight hun- dred and ninety-six acres, and is, with the exception of Sycamore, which has the same number of sections but more acres, the largest township in the county. The south, east, and west boundary lines are run straight, with approximate exactness; the first section parallel from the south is also well run, as well as the meriadians in general; but the parallels proceeding from the second begin at once to break their regularity and soon become exceedingly uneven, growing more and more so to the north line of the township and county, which is here the most broken of any part of the county line, in places almost equaling the zigzags of a Virginia rail fence. GEOGRAPHY. Springfield township is bounded on the north by But- ler county, on the east by Sycamore township, south by Mill Creek township, west by Colerain. The southeast 362 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. and eastern parts ot the township are in the Mill Creek valley, which pushes some way, in its breadth and pictur- esque effects, up the West fork, into the interior of the township. The remainder of Springfield has the general character of the Hamilton county plateau. The heads of the West fork of Mill creek are just across the south line of the township, in Mill Creek — one at College Hill, the other a mile and a half east, near the Winton pike. The stream, with its tributaries, thence winds through or touches at least twenty-six sections of this township, with the main waters of Mill creek, which, at the point where they leave the township west of Carthage, approaching within a mile and a quarter of one head of the West fork, from which source the creek is here distant, by the very involved courses of the streams, scarcely less than eighteen miles. The East and West forks unite in this township, about a mile north of the southeast corner, and flow two miles and a half to their exit from Spring- field, a mile and two-thirds west of the corner. Some of the affluents of the East fork intersect the north part of the township, one of them stretching more than halfway across the northern tier of sections. In the northwest corner flow several of the headwaters of streams that make their way thence into Butler county and to the Great Miami at the northward. By all these the town- ship is very abundantly watered, and has its surface broken into many varied and picturesque forms. The Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad runs through the entire easternmost tier of sections, in a somewhat winding course of about eight miles. The Cincinnati & Springfield railroad, commonly known as the Dayton Short Line, almost bisects section No. i, in the southeast corner, but does not elsewhere touch the township, except across a corner of the next section north. It has a course in Springfield of only about one and a half miles. The College Hill narrow-gauge rail- way now runs to a point half a mile west of "Mt. Pleas- ant, entering from the south and having about two miles of track within the township. Another narrow-gauge line, called the Cincinnati, Avondale & Hamilton rail- road, has been projected, to enter Springfield from the direction of Avondale, where it would form a junction with the Miami Valley (now Cincinnati & Northern), upon section No. 7, nearly half a mile west of the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, and run with a general parallelism to that line to Glendale, where it would strike to the northwest, leaving the township on section No. 19, two miles and a half from the northwest corner. This, however, is believed to be a dead project. The old Hamilton turnpike runs through the township almost on a due north and south line, through Mount Pleasant, one mile east of the Colerain line. The Ham- ilton, Springfield & Carthage turnpike, on the old mili- tary road, or Wayne's trace, strikes a bee line from Carth- age, on the first meridian west of the Sycamore boundary througe Hartwell, Wyoming, and to Glendale, whence it diverges to the northwest, passing through Springdale to its exit from the county in the direction of Hamilton. The line due northward from the pomt of divergence is continued by the Princetown turnpike to the north county line. The Winton pike, and several other fine roads, also aid in the accommodation of the Springfield people. The Lebanon pike barely more than touches the south- east corner. The Miami canal also crosses that angle, but farther in the interior, striking diagonally, in a course of about two miles, through sections Nos. i and 2, and passing the villages of Carthage, Hartwell, and Lockland. These with other villages named above, and also Spring- dale, are also the principal places in the township, al- though many others have been platted, particularly on the railway lines, as will appear near the close of this chapter. TOWNSHIP OFFICERS. The first, nominated by the quarter sessions court in 1795, were: John Ludlow, clerk; James Wallace, over- seer of the poor; Henry Tucker, Jacob White, overseers of highways; Isaac Martin, John Vance, Luke Foster, viewers of enclosures and appraisers of damages. Under the order of 1803, defining new boundaries for the township, the voters in Springfield were required to meet at the house of Jonathan Pittman, and elect three justices of the peace. April 24, 1809, under the system then prevailing, Zebulon Foster and Joseph Jenkins were commissioned by the governor of the State as justices of the peace for the township of Springfield, each to hold his office for the term of three years. We find the names of other Springfield justices pub- lished as follows: 181 9, Abraham Lindlay, William Snodgrass; 1825, Charles Swaim; 1829, Thomas Scott, James Whalon, Alexander Mayhew; 1865-8, Samuel McLean, John L. McGill, R. McGilliard; 1869, Mc- Gilliard, McLean, Thomas Evitt; 1870-1, Evitt, Mc- Gilliard, C. B. Rufifin; 1872, Evitt, McGilliard, E. P. Newell; 1873, McGilliard, Newell, Joseph O. Durham; 1874, Durham, McGilliard, F. M. Douglass; 1875-6, same, with Jeremiah Gross; 1878, Robert Carson, D. J. Smith, H. P. Mayhew; 1879-80, Smith, Mayhew, R. J. Stauverman. HISTORICAL NOTES. The cattle brand of the township, fixed by the court of quarter sessions in 1795, was E. It is noted that by 1810 Springfield had already a pop- ulation of about fifty-eight to the square mile. It had a total number of seven thousand nine hundred and seventy-nine inhabitants by the census of 1880. In the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette, of Cincin- nati — the number for July 9, 1800 — William Ludlow advertises his farm in Springfield township, of thirty to forty acres, for sale, and offers to take a brood-mare for part pay. Farming property, evidently, was cheap in those days. The Mound Builders left some remains of interest in this township, although none great in extent. A fine old mound, of considerable size, near the Station spring, was destroyed many years ago, in grading for a turnpike. Mr. Olden says: In cutting through it the earth presented the appearance of having been deposited from vessels little larger than a peck measure, as small heaps of that size and of eutirely different kinds of earth were found HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 363 deposited or thrown promiscuously together, showing that the builders of the worl: had no knowledge of the domestication or use of the lower animals, and that all their great works were constructed entirely by human hands. Another, said by Mr. Olden to correspond pretty nearly in size to this, still stands on the Maynard French farm, section eleven, southwest of Glendale. He says: It is seventy-three feet in diameter north and south, and sixty-three feet east and west at the base, with an altitude of eight feet. It is cov- ered with forest trees, oak and ash, some of which are more than twenty inches in diameter. Some persons in digging into it years ago left two uneven and ill-looking depressions, which mar the appearance of this otherwise beautiful little mound. A smaller mound, of about forty feet in base-diameter and six feet high, is found on section four, upon the Noah Bab's place. Several others exist upon the estate of Mr. John L. Riddle, in the northwest part of the township, and some elsewhere in Springfield, but none of so marked a character as to call for further descrip- tion. We do not learn that any enclosures or fortified works have ever been discovered in the township. THE BEGINNINGS OF SETTLEMENT. In 1792, Mr. Henry Tucker, who had come froin New Jersey to Columbia the same year with his relative, John Tucker; Henry Weaver, who came to the same place from New York, two years before; Luke and Zebulon Foster, Jonathan Pittman and James McCasken, formed a company to push up the valley of Mill creek, estabUsh a station and improve a farm. They found a suitable tract on what is now section four of this township, on the west branch of Mill creek, a little below Glendale, half a mile north of the site of the well-known tavern, afterwards kept by Mr. Pittman, and about as far east of the tracks of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad. . The site known as Foster's Hill transmits the memory of their occupation here. It was then on the military trace cut through between Forts Washington and Hamilton. East of this, and at a point about a mile and a half northwest of the present Lochland, the party began the erection of a block-house. Mr. Olden says: "The old station-house stood on the east side of the road, immediately opposite the late residence of Manning Tucker, now owned by Mr. Horace Bugher." The farm owned by Mr. Bugher is identical, in part, with the location made by the Tuck- ers and their company. Cabins were also commenced; but the settlement, although unmolested by the Indians, was presently disturbed by a dissension between Henry Tucker and Luke Foster, the former alleging that Foster, in making the lines of his own division (for the settlers were not to hold in common), had encroached upon the site Tucker had selected for his home. The trouble was serious, and the complainant, unable to obtain satisfac- tion, seceded from the colony and returned to Columbia. During the winter of 1793-4, however, the difficulty was composed, Luke Foster accepting an offer of ten acres in the southwest corner of the section, and Zebulon Foster five acres next north of it, as compensation for their im- provements made on section four. This was now divided again between the two Tuckers and Pittman, while the Fosters, with Weaver and McCashen, and two new men named James Seaward and Ziba Wingent, agreed to settle on sections nine and ten, next on the west and southwest. Under this arrangement Henry Tucker, with the rest, who had also returned to Columbia on the ad- vice of Captain Wells, an experienced Indian fighter, to await the advent of Wayne's army, went out again in the spring of 1794 and recommenced their improvements. Henry Tucker's son, the Manning R. Tucker men- tioned above, resided long after upon the tract, and the place continued to be known as Tucker's station, being mentioned by that name in the notes of early travellers, and in other accounts. But the new station-house, made necessary by the division of the original party into the settlements, thus calling for a location central and con- venient to both, was called PLEASANT VALLEY STATION. It took its name from the beautiful grove in pictur- esque surroundings, amid which it was situated. A spring near still bears the name of "Station spring," and tra- ditionally marks the site as on the line between sections four and ten, on the west bank of Mill creek, and di- rectly on the present Hamilton turnpike, near Woodlawn station. Late in the fall, about two months after Wayne had marched his protecting and avenging "legion" north- ward, the station-house and cabins being sufficiently near completion, the settlers felt it safe to remove their families to the station. Mr. Olden says: . Neither Tucker's nor Pleasant Valley stations suffered any serious trouble with the Indians. No murders or other depredations were committed, and, save one single incident, nothing occurred to cause alarm or apprehension of danger. The event referred to happened one morning during the winter of 1793-4. Mr, James Seward, while down at the spring getting water, heard what he supposed to be tur- keys calling some distance beyond the creek, and on going into the station-house spoke to a Mr. Mahan, who had been about the station several days, saying: " If you would like to have a turkey, Mahan, I think you can get one if you hurty out. I heard them calling over on the hill." Mahan at once caught up his gun and started in the direc- tion pointed out by Seaward. He had gone but a short distance when he heard the peculiar calling of turkeys, and followed on in the direc- tion until he was led away near a mile from the station, when suddenly a large Indian stepped from behind a tree not more than twenty yards from him, and said in broken English, "How do?" At the same time he saw a gun pointing towards him from a cluster of spice bushes. The surprise was so great and sudden that he dropped his gun and ran with superhuman speed for the station, followed closely by the Indians. Tlrey no doubt intended capturing him without alarming the settlement, and therefore did not fire upon and kill him at once, as they could easily have done. . . . He outstripped his pursuers and' reached the station, but so overcome that his eyes were protruding and blood- shot. He swooned from exhaustion, and lay for an hour or more in a complete stupor. 'When reaction came a fever set in, and for several days his life was despaired of. Mr. Henry Weaver, of this settlement, was appointed by Governor St. Clair, in 1794, one of the justices of the peace for Hamilton county, with a very large jurisdic- tion, in point of territory, considering the extent of the country at that time. He pushed further to the north- ward after the treaty of Greenville, settling near the pres- ent Middletown, in Butler county, and afterwards on Elk creek, Madison township, where he lived the rest of his days, filling honorably, a part of the time, the post of associate judge of the court of common pleas, and many lesser offices. Luke Foster, one of the Columbia pioneers and a lieutenant under appointment of Governor St. Clair, was 364 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the patriot who made the offer of a hundred bushels of corn to relieve the garrison at Fort Washington in 1789, as is related elsewhere. He remained with the Pleasant Valley settlement; also became an associate judge of the court of common pleas, and was killed August 28, 1857, at the great age of eighty-eight years, by a gravel train on the Cincinnati Hamilton & Dayton railroad, which passed through his farm. Foster Hill, in the south part of section four, midway between Glendale and Lockland, is named after this family. FORTIFIED STATIONS. The territory now covered by Springfield township in- cluded a greater number of these than any other tract of equal size in the county. The vigorous pushing of en- terprising colonists up the Mill Creek valley, vk^hile the necessity for special protection against Indian attacks still existed, sufficiently accounts for this. The most im- portant of these simple fortifications was probably I. White's Station. — This was formed under the lead- ership of Captain Jacob White, of Redstone, Pennsyl- vania, by a number of families, among the heads of whom were Messrs. David Flinn, Andrew and Moses Pryor, Andrew Goble, and Lewis Winans. The exact date is unknown. Local traditions fix the year as 1790; but as Captain White did not locate his land until July 23, 1792, it is believed that he did not go upon it with his settlement until after that date. His location was upon section one in this township, and the block-house was built near the present canal aqueduct, northeast of Carthage, on the southeast bank of Mill creek, at what was then called "the third crossing." Mr. Olden says: "Its particular location, as near as can be described, was where the ice-pond now is, northeast of Carthage." The block-house was a small and feeble defence, and was oc- cupied by White's family alone. Goble and Flinn built cabins for their families near, and a heavy, rough log- fence surrounded all the buildings. It was made, how- ever, rather to turn cattle and hogs, then for protection against Indians. Mr. Thomas M. Dill, of Carthage, in a narative pre- pared for the History of Mill Creek Township, gives the following description of this humble fortification: The station stood on the south bank of Mill creek, where the Cin- cinnati & Springfield railroad bridge now crosses. It was a strong doubled log structure, with a middle hall through between the inner apatments, in the upper projecting stories of which were holes through which to lire. Barricade doors effectually barred all entrance from without, while a palisade strengthened an outer enclosure, into which horses were placed in time of danger. The creek prevented approach from the north and northeast, the bank here being high, and the ford below being within range of the guns in the station. The front of the block-house was towards the southeast, fifty yards from which, along the edge of the bottom, ran a low fence, extending from the great road on the west around east aid north to the bank of the creek, where the Miami aqueduct now stands. On the bank of the creek, above and below the station-house, were the cabins of Andrew Goble and Mr. Flinn, with whom lived his sons, Stephen and Benjamin. On the north side of the creek were the houses of Andrew Pryor, John S. Wallace, and Mr. Winans, and that of Mrs. Moses Pryor, whose husband was killed the year before in the well. Andrew Pryor, Mr. Winans, and Colonel John S. Wallace afterwards built cabins on the other side of the creek, within what are now the limits of Hartwell, but not distant from the station. The tract owned formerly by Moses Pryor was in section six, Mill Creek township, including what are now the county infirmary firin, and his residence, in his lifetime, was more distant from the sta- tion, as \yas that of Mr. John Reily, a school teacher from Columbia, who was onlhe northeast corner of sec- tion twelve, the original site of Carthage. Their history belongs to the annals of Mill Creek township. The principal event at White's station, or elsewhere in the early history of Springfield township, was the des- perate attack made by a party of Indians upon the station on the evening of October, 1793, closely following the defeat of an escort to one of Wayne's wagon-trains, a few miles north of Fort St. Clair. The station had been warned of the disaster, and probable consequent danger to it, by a courier from Wayne on the morning of the same day. Mr. Olden thus tells the sad story: Many traditionary accounts have been handed down through the families then belonging to the station concerning the events about to be related, differing, as might be expected, as to the details ; but the principal facts are well substantiated, and may be relied upon as true. The whole male force about the station at the time consisted of seven men and a boy, viz.: Captain Jacob White, Andrew Goble, David Flinn and his two sons Stephen and Benjamin, both full-grown men, Andrew Pryor, Lewis Winans, and Providence, the son of Captain White, then but ten years of age. John S. Wallace, who resided in a cabin on the north bank of the creek, was at the time on a visit with his family at Cincinnati. The widow of Moses Pryor, with her three children, was residing in the family of her brother-in-law, Andrew Pry- or, opposite the station, as before stated. About five o'clock in the evening the dogs belonging to the station kept up a continuous barking on the hill, not far from the present res- idence of William R. Mol'ris. Andrew Goble, supposing the dogs had treed a coon, proposed to go into the woods and get it ; but Captain White, thinking it possible that there were Indians about, forbade any one going out. Goble, however, persisted, and finally went alone. He had gone but a few hundred yards from the station when he wa.s fired upon and fell, pierced, as it was afterwards discovered, by a num- ber of balls. The Indians then emerged from their cover (some say behind the second bank of the creek ; others assert that they were con- cealed in the little ravine south of where Mr. Morris' residence now stands). They came down the hill with their accustomed war-whoop, and as they approached the station they observed Mrs. Pryor's little girl, a child of little more than four years old, playing upon the oppo- site bank of the creek. They at once fired upon it, and it fell mortally wounded. The mother, who and her three children were then the only occupants of the cabins on the north side of the creek — all the other inmates having gone over to the station on a visit — heard the fir- ing, and went to the door of the cabin just in time to witness the fatal shot that struck her child. Her second child, a boy between two and three yeaas old, being sick, she was holding him in her arms, while her babe was lying asleep in the cradle, On seeing her little girl fall she put down the boy and went out, under the fire of the Indians, and bore the child into the house, only, however, to find it silent in death. The savages then opened fire upon the little block-house, which was promptly returned, and the crack of the rifle was incessant for some half-hour. There were a number of surplus guns in the station, and the women were kept busy loading, while the men were thus enabled to keep up an almost constant fire, making their number appear much greater. Captain White ordered the women to place his hat upon a pole and run it through the roof of the block-house. This ruse was quite successful for a time in drawing the fire of the enemy. The Indians, who numbered about thirty, and up to this time were sheltered behind trees at some distance away, now came down the hill upon the station with furious yells, as if to carry it by storm. They were led on by a large and powerful chief, who approached the block- house and, while in the act of scahng the fence, received a fatal shot and fell within the enclosure. The rest of the band, seeing their leader fall, retreated back into the woods, where they kept up an occasional fire for an hour or more, and then withdrew and were heard of no more. ^y-/, ::!/i'.M£, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 365 In the early pnrt of the engagement several Indians detached them- selves from the main body, and, crossing the creek some distance above came down in the rear of the three cabins on the opposite bank from the station, in one of which Mrs. Pryor and her children resided. On find- ing her little girl dead beyond hope, iVIrs. Pryor became so distressed over her bereavement that for a tmie she lost sis;ht of all danger and gave herself up to grief. But the peril was too imminent to allow much time for sorrow. On going to the door of the cabin she saw an Indian approaching but a few hundred yards away, and once her mind reverted to her surviving children. Her first thought was to grasp both and fly for safety, but a second glance at the Indian warned her that time was precious, and, with a gleam of hope tha.t the savage might spare her babe, she caugh up the sick boy and ran with all speed for the station, with the Indian in full pursuit. Without any regard to road or ford, she took the most direct course to the block-house, and on coming to the creek sprang into the water up to her waist , crossed the stream, and reached the station in safety, where she was compelled to remain in her wet garments during the night.* Soon after the attack began Andrew Pryor was dispatched to Fort Washington for aid. He reached the fort about midnight, and ob- tained ten dragoons, each bearing an infantryman behind his saddle, who hastened to the relief of the little station, which they reached about daylight, but found that the Indians had left during the night. On going to the cabins over the way it was discovered that the sav- ages had taken Mrs. Pryor's babe from the cradle and dashed out its brains against a stump near the cabin door, where its body was found, f They had entered all three of the cabins, ripped open the feather beds, turned out the feathers, and filled the ticks with clothing, coverlets, blankets, household goods and other valuables, and carried all away. The soldiers followed the trail for several miles but failed to overtake them. Some additional particulars of interest and value are su])plicd by Mr. Dill's relative, which we subjoin in full, notwithstanding some slight and unimportant discrepan- cies with Mr. Olden's account: Of the White family it appears that only Captain Jacob White and his son. Providence, a boy of twelve, together with the female portion of the family, were at home on that day. John S. Wallace and wife were away at Cincinnati; so that but si.^t men and a boy comprised the strength of the station. During the day the dogs, in the woods east of the station, had barked a good deal, and Andrew Goble, thinking they had treed a coon, started out about sunset, saying he would have the coon, "Indians or no Indians." The Indians were in the ravine, which ran towards the station on the north side of the graveyard, and along the hilltop (near the aqueduct) overlooking the cabins of Pryor, Winans, and Wallace. On nearing the woods, where the dogs had been noticed barking, Andrew Goble was fired upon by the Indians, and fell, with eight balls through him. The Indians above, on the bluff, immediately fired across the creek, killing one of the Widow Pryor's children. The other child ran for its mother, at Andrew Pryor's. The mother ran to the child, which was shot before her eyes, and with the other endeav- ored to reach the cabin. A second volley from the Indians on the bluft struck the other child, and when Mrs. Pryor entered the cabin both children were dead in her arms. It was supposed by Captain White and those in the station that it was one of his own children that was first shot, until some time after the attack, when the little ones came out from under the bed, where they had taken refuge from the balls of the enemy. Fire was opened effectively upon every Indian who exposed hii?iself from the cabins of Pryor and Winans, over the creek, and from the rifles of Captain White and the Flinns, in the station. The women put the children under the beds, and, themselves being protected by the strength of the lower rooms and the bullet proof palisades outside, as- sisted in loading the guns and passing them up to White and the Flinns * Mrs. Pryor was married in 1794 to Samnel Dunn, and immediately returned to the improvements made by her former husband, on what is now the county infirmary farm. There she and her husband resided for many years and raised a family of si.v children. Her maiden name was Elizabeth 'Willis, and was a na- tive of New Jersey. She died on the second day of January, 1843, in the seventy-fourth year of her age, and was buried in the old Baptist burying-ground at Duck creek. The late Jeremiah Dunn, who resided north of Lockland, was her eldest son. t Mrs. Pryor was thus trebly bereaved bv the Indian marauders. Her hus- band had been killed by the Indians at Pleasant run, near Fort Hamilton, while :onducting pack-trains for the army. above, who, firing rapidly from under the roof, not only did considera- ble execution, but impressed the savages with the belief that the post contained a greater force than it did. About dark, and after the firing had continued sharply for over an hour, the Indians prepared to charge on the station and break their way through: t^ut the deadly fire from well directed rifles caused them to hesitate. The chief was recognized by his great stature, his orders, and his dodging continually from tree to tree, working his way towards the fence which extended across the cleared yard, sixty yards from the station. At last he issued his last command, and with a whoop started in advance of the rest to clear the fence. He reached the top of it, when White's rifle cracked, and the Indian fell heavily within the en- closure, dead. The attacking party kept under cover of the trees and the banks of the ravine until darkness prevented further hope of suc- cess. No sooner had darkness made it impossible to see the rifle-sights, than those of the Whites beyond the creek came over with their families into the station. Andrew Pryor immediately mounted a horse and started — most probably by way of Ludlow's station — to Cincinnati for aid. He, with Colonel Wallace and twenty men, got to the station be- fore daylight on the twentieth, but found the Indians had withdrawn. Providence White, the boy, long afterwards related that his father. Captain White, "switched one of the horses well to make him lively, and as soon as it was dark put him on the horse's back and started him out of the station gate, telling him to whoop at the brow of the hill, to let them know he was still safe on the horse's back, and go quick for help." The boy went, taking the road or trace in the direction of Bonnell's run. Duck creek, and thence to Columbia. The Indians fired at the horse and rider, in the darkness, but did no injury other than to scalp one of Provy's big toes. It has been frequently stated in print that in this attack on White's station the Indians left but one dead — the chief, who was too heavy to be carried off under fire of the station: but this is incorrect. Twenty- five years ago William D. Ludlow stated to the writer of this narrative that he was at White's soon after the occurrence, and saw some of the dead Indians within a half-mile of the station. They were covered but slightly with earth, stalks, and weeds; the weather was warm and their bodies were much swollen, and one of them had on a sort of cotton shirt, and by his side a new rifle. His head was pillowed on the root of a tree, and on his bosom was tipped up a piece of looking-glass, re- flecting the ugly features of his dead face. Some years ago some la- borers in the vicinity of this site disinterred the parts of several skele- tons; and these were, most probably, the remains of the Indians who fell in the attack. 2. Griffin's Station. — This was but about half a mile west of White's, and was probably established in the fall of 1793, or soon afterwards. Lieutenant Daniel Griffin, upon a land warrant, July 23, 1792, entered the entire section seven, now in this township, and some time after sold three hundred and forty-eight acres of it to James Caldwell. James was one of the sons (the other being Samuel) of Robert Caldwell, who were all among the earliest settlers about this station, together with Robert Griffin, Daniel and Jacob Vorhis, James McCashen, and Daniel Seward. Their main station building was on the present Hamilton, Springfield and Carthage turnpike, where it crosses Mill creek southwest of Hartwell. It seems to have had no particular history. The cabins of the Griffin and Vorhis brothers, and that of Robert Cald- well, were on the south side of the stream; those of Daniel Seward and James McCashen on the north. Seward's is said to have been near the present dwelling of Mr. Cormany, in Hartwell ; McCashen's at the inter- section of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad and the turnpike. John Winans is also known to have been an early immigrant near the station, but just where he located is uncertain. A Uttle way below it the Cald- wells early built a saw- and grist-mill, with which a little distillery was afterwards connected. Their business was ruined in 1806 by a sudden and unusual freshet in Mill 366 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. creek, which- swept off their works ; and it was not found worth while to rebuild them. NOTES OF SETTLEMENT. Luke Foster was born on Long Island in the year 1761, and came to Hamilton county in 1788, where he first made settlement of the farm now occupied by the widow of Algernon Foster. His occupation was that of a farmer, although for a time he served as judge of the court of common pleas of Hamilton county. As he prospered he kept constantly adding to his first purchase, until he became finally one of the most prominent land holders in the county. He died at the advanced age of ninety- four, being run over by the cars. His companion died nine years previously, and they both are buried near each other in the cemetery at Reading. Further notices of this veteran pioneer appear elsewhere. Algernon Sidney Foster, the subject of the following sketch, was born in the year 1805, on the farm now occu- pied by his widow, at the age of sixty-one. He married Miss Laura T. Rudebock, a native of New Jersey. At about the age of twenty-three he graduated at Oxford school, and afterwards sought the legal profession as his choice, but owing to the indisposition of his parents to have him from home, he was compelled to yield to their wishes, and ever after followed the occupation of farming. He was a gentleman of remarkable ability and intelli- gence, esteemed and respected wherever known. He was an industrious and hard-working man, although highly cultivated and refined. He died in the year 1S80, after having lived a life of usefulness. He left a com- panion who was ever ready to share alike with him all the cares and disappointments that are so common in life, and his loss to her was irreparable. His remains were interred in the Spring Grove cemetery. Few are they whose names may grace the pages of this volume that were so well worthy as Algernon Foster. Among the first white children born in Hamilton county was one Daniel Cameron, who was born in the year i786(?). Immediately after attaining his majority he married Miss Sarah S. Haines, daughter of an early pioneer of the county. He and his family experienced all the bitterness and privations of real pioneer life. To Mr. and Mrs. Cameron were born six children : Robert H., Daniel, James H., Caroline, and Betsey. The sur- viving children of this family are Betsey, and Daniel, who was born in the year 1832. His business has been that of farming. He married, in the year 1858, Miss Maria Moore. Seven children have been given them: Watson, AUie, Daniel, George B. McClellan, Clara, and two dying in infancy unnamed. Mr. Cameron is one of the industrious citizens of the township, and is pleasantly situated on a farm of one hundred and sixteen acres — the old Haines homestead. Benjamin Perlee was born in the year 1769, in New Jersey. From this State he removed to Cincinnati in 1795. He lived till the year 1845, when he died at his home in Springfield township. His first business was that of tailoring, but he subsequently became a farmer. Mary Peterson, his wife, was born in 1770, and died in 1852. Peter and John are the only surviving children; the latter is now living on the old homestead. On this farm his father made settlement in the year 1795 or 1796. It was there in the woods, with no improvements what- ever, John Perlee was born in 1811. In 1835 he was married to Miss Maria Pearson. They have had five children: Caroline, Martha J., Benjamin, Peter, and Eugene; all have died excepting Caroline and Benjamin. Mr. and Mrs. Perlee are both members of the Presby- terian church, to which they have given material aid, as well as sustaining it by their active Christian lives. Dominicus Vandyke was born in New Jersey in the year 1779. In 1795 or 1796 he emigrated to Ohio, where he settled in Springfield township, on which place he died in 1 8 14. By trade he was a carpenter and cabinetmaker. Mary, his wife, was born in 1786, and died in 1876. There are now living only Mary Ann, who resides in Washington, Indiana, and William, the oldest son and subject of the following sketch. He was born in Spring- field township in the year 1809. His father died when he was but five years of age, leaving him to fight the bat- tle of life alone. At the age of fourteen he went as an apprentice to Cincinnati to learn the trade of harness- maker and saddler. In the year 1832 he came to Spring- field and established himself in business here. He in- dustriously and successfully pursued his occupation for a period of about forty years. He was married in the year 1834 to Miss Martha A. Sentny, and to them were born three children: Mary F., Charles H., and one that died unnamed. Mr. Vandyke has always been one of the business men of Springfield; a citizen respected and esteemed. This worthy couple are now living a quiet and retired life, and are both remarkably well preserved for their years. William McGilliard, the fourth son of John and Eliza- beth McGilliard, of whom a sketch is given elsewhere, was born in Springfield township in the year 1819. He resided with his parents until the time of his marriage, in 1839, to Miss Rebecca Cregar. Eight children have been born — four sons and four daughters: Emeline, John, Hattie, George, Edward, Stanley, Laura, and Ida May. Emeline, Hattie, and George are not now living. Mr. McGilliard is one of the most enterprising farmers of his township and county. He served in the capacity of trustee of the township for thirteen years. He and his companion are reliable members of the Christian church. James Moore was born in Pennsylvania, York county, in the year 1768. In 1796 he settled in Springfield township. At various times he served as school teacher, land surveyor, and justice of the peace. His regular business, however, was that ol a farmer. His wife, Jane Moore, was born in 1771, and died in 1855. Those now alive of the original family are David, residing in Springfield township, and Robert W. The father died at his home in the year 1829. Robert was born in 1803, and now owns and occupies his father's place. In 1832 he was married to Damaris Whallon. They have had nine children — six sons and three daughters: James W., William, Thomas W., Sarah Jane, Robert W., Hat- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 367 tie A., Frank, Allen J., and Lucy B. Sarah, Robert, Hattie, and Frank, are not living. Mr. Moore and his wife have both been members of a Christian church for a long time, and are zealous supporters of the faith they profess. Mr. Moore has almost reached his four-score years, and but for an injury sustained from a fall in 1878, would have probably survived many years longer. James W. and Allen reside at home superintending the farm and caring for their aged parents in their declining years. James has been married to Miss Elizabeth Field, Thomas to Miss Phoebe A. Roll, and William to Miss Lucretia Hoel. Jacob R. Compton was born in New Jersey, in r76o In 1796 he made his first settlement in Columbia town, ship, having emigrated into Ohio from Kentucky. His business was that of a cooper, at one time, and afterward that of a farmer. He died in 1821 at his home in Co- lumbia township. Ermina Compton, his wife, was born in 1760 and died in 1840. Abraham, who was born in 1796, in the State of Kentucky, came with his parents to Hamilton county, with whom he remained till the year 1812, when, a lad of eighteen, he enlisted in the army. Unhurt, he returned to his home, crowned with all the honor our gallant sons justly received. He was married at the age of twenty, to Abigail Philips, by whom he had thirteen children — five sons and eight daughters. Oliver died irom disease in the war of 1861; Freeman, Alfred, John A. (killed in the Mexican war), Spencer (now de- ceased), Catharine, Emma (also deceased), Sarah, Elvira and Hetty (both deceased), Hannah, and one dying in infancy unnamed. Mr. Compton is a gentleman remark- able for his memory. His business has been that of a farmer and carpenter, which he has industriously pursued for almost three-quarters of a century. He and his wife are and have been active members of the Baptist church for many years. James Carnahan was born in the year 1773, in the State of Pennsylvania. From this State he emigrated to Springfield township in 1797, or 1798. By occupation he was a farmer during the greater part of his life, but at one time worked as a teamster, and at another time helped in the first pottery in that part of the country. His wife's name was Jane Piatt. He died in the year 1848. Of his family remain Mary Hubbell; Jane, who is still unmarried, and resides at Walnut Hills; and Wil- liatn, the only male representative. He was born on the old homestead, in Springfield township, in 1804. In early life he worked in a pottery, vi^hich he afterwards gave up, as it impaired his health. He then followed the grocery business for almost half a century in New Burlington. He married, in the year 1829, Miss Maria L. Davis, of Warren county. To them were born nine chil- dren — G. A., Allen W., Piatt, James L., William, Catha- rine J., Amanda, Evaline, and Mary A. William, Mary and Evaline are not living. Both Mr. and Mrs. Carna- han are members of the Disciple church, and have always been accounted among its best supporters. He and his companion are living — she at the age of seventy-nine, and he in h's seventy-sixth year. He is postmis'"er at New Burlington (transit post office), at the present time. Aaron Lane was born in the State of New Jersey, in the year 1763,' January 2d. In 1797 or 1798 he, with his family, came to Hamilton county, and first made per- manent settlement in Springfield, in the forest. His earnest determinations were to conquer, and the mighty oaks soon yielded to his strong arm, and waving fields of grain told that his intentions had been fully executed. He lost his companion in the year 1800. He was mar- ried again to Miss Elizabeth Carnahan, daughter of an early pioneer family. To Mr. and Mrs. Lane were born six children, two sons and four daughters. Tlieir names are: William, Sarah, Abigail, Jane, Hannah, and Gar- rett. Those dead are : Sarah, Abigail, and Hannah. Our subject departed this life in the year 1845, after passing his four-score years, his companion surviving him until the year 1855, and they both lie buried side by side, in the little burial-ground at New Burlington. Garrett, the only surviving member of this once happy household, residing within the State, was born in the year 1816, in Springfield township, on the old Lane homestead, which he now owns and occupies. He was married, at the age of thirty-one, to Miss Hannah Gantz. The fruit of this union was two children, one son and one daughter, Willie and Mary. Both died in early childhood. The parents are now left alone, and are liv- ing in a beautiful and comfortable home near New Bur- lington. He is one of the prominent and highly re- spected citizens of the community in which he lives. John M. Wright settled in Cincinnati in 1798. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, emigrated from the District of Columbia into Ohio, and died at his home in Mount Pleasant. He had a part in the War of 181 2, and was a school teacher while in Cincinnati. His wife's name was Ann Maria Wright. The surviving members of the family are Joseph F., a resident of Mount Pleasant; Maria Louisa Laboyteaux, also a resident of Mount Pleasant; and F. C, the eldest son. The last mentioned was born in Cincinnati, October 16, 1813. He was a cooper by trade, which he industriously pursued for a period of fifteen years. He married, in the year 1838, Miss Julia Laboyteaux, daughter of an old and impor- tant family. To them have been born seven children — five sons and two daughters: Alvin D., John, P. N., F. C, J. F., Mary, and Cornelia. Cornelia and John are not living. In the year 1848 our subject began the mercantile business in Mount Pleasant, and successfully conducted his business until the year 1873. He then retired, and his son, P. N., took possession and is now proprietor. Henry Bolser was a German by birth, which event dates, back to the year I7r8. Some time prior to 1800 he em- igrated to Hamilton county from the State of Pennsyl- vania. While in his native land he filled the office of high sherriff, his occupation here was that of farming. He died in 1821 at his home, four miles. east of Reading. His wife, Mary Bolser, died the same year. Their chil- dren were George, Henry, Peter, John, Samuel, Joseph, Mary, Gustave, Elizabeth, and Katie — all now dead. George, the third son, was born in Pennsylvania, at Fred- ericktown, in 1765, and came with his parents to Hamil- 368 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO! ton county at an early date. Previous to coming to Ohio he married Miss Rebecca Honnell, by whom he had eleven children : George, John, Felty, Reason, Abram, Sally, Katie, Rebecca, Polly, Ann, and Elizabeth. All died but Reason, who resides in Montgomery county, In- diana, and Felty, who owns and lives on the old Bolser homestead. Felty was born in 1803, and remained with her parents until the time of his n.arriage, in 1822, to Miss Mary Anderson. They have had nine children: George, Susan, Alexander, Katie, John, Samuel, Sarah, Benjamin, and Mary (deceased). Mr. Bolser lost his wife in 1837. He was again married, to Miss Sarah An- derson, and five children were added to his family, three sons and two daughters: Anderson, Mary, Caroline, La- fayette, and Alonzo. Lafayette died, as did also his mother, in the year 1879. Mr. Bolser, by careful man- agement and industry, is now in possession of a good property. He is not a church member but is well known as one who leads a moral life and brought up his family to love and do the right. His parents are now both dead, and are buried beside each other, in a little burial place on the old homestead. Samuel Seward was born in the State of New Jersey. He married Miss Elsie Jentry, and to them were born ten children : Obediah, Ann, William, James, Samuel, Irwin, Elias, Eliza, Martin G., and Daniel. Those liv- ing are Eliza Van Zant, Daniel, and Martin G. Mr. Seward came to Hamilton county previous to 1800. For many days they were obliged to remain in the block- house at Carthage, so numerous and savage were the Indians at that time. After their fears had somewhat subsided he and his family located on a tract of land sit- uated on Winton road, near Mount Pleasant. He at once set about the clearing of his farm^ which he gradu- ally contiued to improve till to-day it is one of the finest farms in the county. His death occurred in 181 9. The wife and mother survived him till the year 1843. Mar- tin G., the seventh son, was born in 1807 on the old Seward homestead. His occupation has been that of a farmer. In 1831 he married Miss Mary Hill. They had born to them nine children: Samuel, James Rilev, Viola J., Mary, Hannah, George, Lizzie, William, and one who died in infancy. Samuel also died, after he had reached manhood. The family are pleasantly situated on a beautiful farm adjoining Mount Pleasant. Mr. and Mrs. Seward are both consistent members of the Chris- tian church in the vicinity. The McCormick family were among the earliest pio- neer families of Hamilton county, their settlement being about the year 1800 or prior to that time, but as to exact date there is no certainty. The eldest of the McCormicks were James and Mary. To them were born five chil- dren, three sons and two daughters: James, Robert, and John, Evaliza and Catharine. All have died but Eva- liza. The immediate descendants of James, the eldest son, were three children, two sons and one daughter — John B., Mary, and Willian. The maiden name of his wife was Hannah Davis, who died in i860, her husband surviving until 1862, when he died of cancer, after five years of suffering. The only representatives of this once happy household are William, and John B., the subject of the following sketch, who was born in the year 1833. He resided with his parents until the time of their de- cease, caring for them and attending them in their de- clining years. He married, in the year 1868, Miss Eliz- abeth Randolph, and to them was born one son, Perry. Mr. McCormick is one of the prosperous and enterpris- ing young farmers of the community, and comes of a quite prominent and highly respected family. David Sprong, a farmer of Springfield township, at the age of thirty-seven settled in this part of the country as early as 1800. His birthplace was in the State of New York, whence he removed to Ohio. In 1842 he died at the place now owned by his son Cornelius. Louisa Tenney, his wife, was born in 1779 and died in 1851. Of the children, Solomon, James, Ward, Stephen, David, John, and Jeremiah have died; Cornelius, Samuel, and Henry are still living. Cornelius, the subject of the following sketch, was born in this township in 1802. He made his home with his parents till the time of his mar- riage, in 1845, to ^iss Ruth Perkins. She died shortly after, and the husband married, in 1852, Miss Parmelia D. McCosh, daughter of an important pioneer family. Two children were born of this marriage — Barney C., and Lois, who died in infancy. Mr. Sprong is a substan- tial farmer and a leading man in the township and coun- ty. He and his wife are zealous members of the New Light church. His parents have been dead for some time; they are buried at Finneytown. His only child, Barny, lives with his parents on the old homestead, superintending the farm and caring for his aged parents. He married Miss Delia Cummings. They have two chil- dren--Carl C, and Albert J. James Whallon made his first settlement in Sycamore township in the year 1800. He was born in 1770 in New Jersey, from which State he emigrated into Ohio. He died at his home in Springfield township in 1849. He was by occupation a farmer; at one time served six years as justice of the peace, and was an active member of the army in the War of 18 12. His wife, Ollie Whal- lon, was born in 1773 and died in 1847, two years before her husband's death. The surviving members of the farnily are Nancy Roll, Damaris Moore, Cynthia Stone, Thomas, and Benjamin, the fourth son and subject of the following sketch. Benjamin Whallon was born in Sycamore township in 1807. He made his home with his parents until his marriage, in 1830, to Miss Eliza Moore, daughter of an early pioneer. Two years later his wife died, leaving an infant daughter, Eliza. In 1835 he married Sarah Stone, who became the mother of three children — Nancy, Eliz- abeth, and James. In 1843 his second wife died. In 1847 he was wedded to Margaret S. Griffin. The home in which he now lives with his family joins the old home- stead where his father settled in 181 1. The Presbyterian church has for a long time received his liberal support, his wife as well as himself being among its best members. It may be added as a matter of interest that Mr. Whal- lon has attended one church regularly fifty-eight years; never received a whipping at home or at school (suggest- o-c^4-€^^>^CZ:, HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 369 ive to the opposite as the name may be), and has never taken a chew of tobacco or smoked a cigar. William Pierson was born in the State of New Jersey in the year 1788. He came with his parents to Cincin- nati in the year 1800. His trade was that of a brick- maker. He was married to Miss Huldah Pierson, who was born in 1791, and was the daughter of an early set- tler. To Mr. and Mrs. Pierson were born seven children — four sons and three daughters: Sinias, Mary Ann, Har- riet, Emily, James, William, and John. John, Sinias, Mary Ann, and Harriet are now dead. Our subject died in the year 1866, surviving his companion thirty-four years. The only member of the family now residing within the county of Hamilton is William, the third son, who was born in the year 1832. His attention has prin- cipally been given to farming. He married, in the year 1852, Miss May E. Cooper. There have been born to them four sons and three daughters: George W., Laura H., Frank, William H., May, Estella, and Samuel (de- deased). Mr. Pierson is one of the first farmers of his township and county, and now owns and occupies the old Pierson homestead. He and his wife are devoted members of the United Brethren church, who supple- ment by their lives the faith they profess. Benjamin Urmston was born in the State of Pennsyl- vania in the year 1800. The same year he came with his father to Springfield township, where he remained for a short time, then moving to Butler, where they stayed until after his father's death, in 1821. In the year 1828 he married Miss Rebecca Kennedy, and to them were born five children, four sons and one daughter: Kennedy, Robert, Mary Jane, Benjamin, and Edmund. Kennedy and Mary Jane — the only daughter — are not living. In the year 1837 the family came again to Springfield, and resided here ever since. Both the parents are members af the Baptist church, and have always been among the supporters of the same. This worthy and aged couple now live at ease in a comfortable home at Mount Pleas- ant. Barnabas Hoel first settled in Springfield township, in 1801. He was born in the State of New Jersey, from which he emigrated to Ohio early in his life. He was a carpenter by trade, but afterwards became a farmer. The following are the names of the surviving members of the family: Abigail Davis, Phoebe, Rosebaum, John, and William, the eldest son and subject of the following sketch. He was born in Springfield township, in a rude log cabin, without chimney or floor, in the year 1801. He resided with his parents until the time of his marriage, in the year 1822, to Miss Julia Ann May. To them were born six children, two sons and four daughters : Sarah Ann, Alexander, Emeline, Chamberlain, Maria, Delilah, and Amanda. Those not living are Sarah Ann, Emeline, and Chamberlain. Mr. Hoel lost his companion in the year 1854. He was married again in the year 1855, to Miss Mary Ann Huffman. The occupation of Mr. Hoel has been that of a farmer. He and his wife are both zealous members of the Presbyterian church. Grand- father and Grandmother Hoel are both dead, and lie buried in the Springdale cemetery. John LaRue came to Springfield township December 16, 1802. He was born in Hunterdon county. New Jer- sey, in the year 1774, and moved from that State to Ohio. He served in the War of 181 2, and was one of the guards stationed at Blennerhasset island. His wife was Catharine Lowe, who was born in the year 1781. The pres- ent survivors of the family are James L. LaRue, who re- sides two miles west of Lockland. He was twice mar- ried — first, in 1832, to Miss Elizabeth Simmons, and second, in 1838, to Miss Naomi B. Gardener, daughter of an old and prominent settler. The first wife bore him two children — Louisa, wife of Dr. A. B. Luce, of Carthage, and George, a prominent coal dealer of Lock- land, who was a soldier in the war of the Rebellion, los- ing his right arm in the service. He returned to his na- tive county and was elected, at the close of the war, auditor of Hamilton county. His mother died in 1837. The second wife became the mother of nine children. Those now living are Alexander, John, James M., Jacob, and Eliza. The subject of this sketch has been an active business man for over half a century. He has occupied every position of honor and trust that an appreciative people could confer. He is now becoming an old man, but is strong in body, and in full possession of every fac- ulty. During his life he has acquired a pleasant home and enough of this world's goods to make himself and wife comfortable as long as they shall live. William McCash was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on November 15, r783. He married Nancy Ann Dodson, of Greenbrier, Virginia, and to them were born eleven children, six sons and five daughters: Elenord D., Will- liam D., Permelia D., Edward, Margaret, David, Cyn- thia, Serena, Luther, James and Caroline; Margaret, Ed- ward, r^uther, David and James are not living. The wife and mother died in 1869, the husband survived un- til the year 1871. They are buried at the Spring Grove cemetery. Their first settlement was in the year 1802, in Springfield township, on the Winton road. They set- tled in the woods, with no improvement excepting a log cabin, and afterwards cleared up the farm. The old homestead is now owned by Mrs. Sjiring. Peter Laboyteaux was born in the year 1783 in New Jersey, and in 1804 came with his parents to Hamilton county, Ohio. In the fall of the same year, or the follow- ing spring, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Packer. Two sons and three daughters were born to them: Sam- uel, Elizabeth, Catharine, Peter and Keziah. His first permanent settlement was made upon the Miami pur- chase. Here, in this pioneer home, he cared for his family, with all the obstacles that a pioneer had to en- counter. His father died in 181 1; his mother lived till a few years later. The wife died also in the year 1 813. He was afterward married to Margaret Cameron, who be came the mother of six children — three sons and three daughters, and died in 1833. The year following he married Miss Bedson, after which event three more sons were added to the family. In the year 1848 he died. His wife survived him some years, but died in the next decade. Samuel, the eldest son and subject of (■he following sketch, was born in Springfield township in 37° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the year 1805. He aided his father in carrying on the farm till he had passed his twentieth birthday, when he left the paternal roof, but returned fifteen months later and learned the cooper's trade with his father. In the year 1827 he was married to Maria Louisa Wright, the daughter of an early pioneer. To them were born five sons and four daugters — Frederick ^V., Peter, Thomas, Ann Maria, Lucretia, Florien, Monroe, John Murray, Eliza Jane, Lucinda Ellen, and Joseph W. Peter and Lucinda have died. Mr. Laboyteaux carried on the cooper business in the town of Mount Healthy for al- most half a century, and has acquired a good property. Although now becoming quite advanced in years, he is well preserved, and looks a hale old man. Among the early settlers of Springfield township none were more prominent than the Johnsons. Gary Johnson came to Springfield township on horseback from Bascom Ridge, New Jersey, in 1804. He was born in the year 1 78 1, and at the age of twenty-three he started for the land of promise. His first settlement in Ohio was the farm now owned and occupied by his son, Gary Benson. Here he began life. He at once set about erecting a cabin and clearing away the forest. In the year 1805 he was married to Miss Rachel Jessup, by whom he had nine children — four sons and five daughters: Drucilia, Jemima, Jane, John, Abner, Sarah A., Hampton, Au- gusta, and Gary B. All are now dead, but Sarah Manger and Gary B., who resides in Jackson county, Iowa. The father departed this life in the year i865, surviving his companion but three years; and they both are buried in the little burial ground near New Burlington. Now the only representative of this household residing in Hamil- ton county is Gary Benson, who was born in the year 1832. His business has always been that of farming. He married, in the year 1859, Miss Sarah L. Jackson. Mr. Johnson is one of the thrifty farmers of his township. While he has no membership with any church, his sym- pathies are with the Universalists. He is pleasantly lo- cated on a finely improved farm near Mount Pleasant, surrounded by every comfort necessary to his wants. Rachel Jessup, wife of Gary Johnson, was born in 1787 in the State of New Jersey, and came with her parents to Springfield township in the year 1794, coming from Pitts- burgh to Gincinnati on a flat-boat. The farm on which the family first settled had been selected some time previous by an older brother, Stephen Jessup, who came from Pennsylvania on foot to seek more suitable and produc- tive lands. Stephen Jessup was grandfather to the noted poets, the Gary sisters. Reuben S. Gompton was born in Golerain township, Hamilton county, in the year 1804. His business was farming. His wife, Bathsheba Laboyteaux, was born in 1806. The members of his family still living are An- drew Jackson, Alexander, Ghrystalina, Emeline, Eliza, Gornelia and Oliver. The last named was born at the old homestead in Golerain township in 1826. He re- mained with his parents until he attained his majority. He married, on the thirteenth of April, 1854, Miss Eliza- beth Voorhees, of Warren county. They have three children — Flora Ellen, Laura Francis, and Alfred R. Both Mr. and Mrs. Gompton belong to the Ghrislian Ghurch, to which they give their constant support. His father is buried in a private burial-place on the old Gomp- ton homestead. Benjamin Walden was born in 1757, in the State of Virginia. As early as 1805 he came to Springfield town- ship from Kentucky, and died in 1842. His business was farming. Hannah, his wife, was born in 1757, and died in 1840. The only survivor of his family is William, the youngest son. He was born in 1808, on the farm where he now lives. In the year 1842 he was married to Miss Gharlotte Joselyn, who bore him ten children — George W., William, Benjamin, Marcus, Edward J., Josephine, Nancy O., Gharlotte, Emma, and Sarah. Mr. Walden is one of the best men of the township and county. With his wife, he has long been connected with the Presbyterian church. He has gradually acquired a competency, and is now is the enjoyment of cheerful surroundings and a comfortable home. Jacob Hoffner was born in the year 1765, in Burke county, Pennsylvania, and from this State he emigrated to Ohio and settled in Springfield township in 1805. His death occurred at Mount Pleasant in 1845. While in Pennsylvania he followed the business of wagonmaker, but was a farmer in Ohio. Mrs. Magdalen Hoffner, wife of Jacob Hoffner, was born in 1768, and died in 1840. The members of the family now alive are Eliza Johnston, a resident of Gumminsville; Samuel, who lives at In- dianapolis; and Thomas, the third son, and subject of following sketch. Thomas Hoffner was born in Franklin county, Penn- sylvania, in the year 1796. He came with his parents to Hamilton county in 1805, he and his brother Jacob walking the entire distance, , and crossing the river at Wheeling, Virginia. Although but a youth of sixteen, he enlisted in the War of 1812. After an absence of six months, he returned to the parental roof unhurt, and crowned with all the honors to which our brave sons were justly entitled. After the close of the war he re- turned and aided his father in the cultivation of the pioneer home. In 1815 he was married to Miss Sarah Bolser. To Mr. and Mrs. Hoffner were born eight chil- dren — one son and seven daughters: John G., Gatharine, Rebecca, Eliza, Elizabeth, Amanda, Sarah, and Mary. Eliza, Amanda, and Mary are dead. In the year 1824 the wife also died. He was married again in the j'ear 1836, to Miss Abigail Smith. They are both active members of the church of United Brethren and have always been among its most staunch supporters. In the year 1827, he aided his father in carrying on the farm, and in 1839 returned to Massachusetts, and brought back with him Miss Sarah Adams, whom he soon after married, and who is now his companion. His first purchase was made in the woods, with no improvements whatever to give evidence of his ever having had a pre- decessor. Here he began life in reality. As time wore on, six children were born to this pioneer couple — four sons and two daughters: Thomas, Gharley, Gynthia, Joseph, Isaac, and Ella. Thomas and Gharles are now deceased. The sympathies of Mr. and Mrs. Weston HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 371 have ever been with the Universalist church, to which they give their support. John C. Hoffner, youngest child of Thomas and Sarah Hoffner, was born in the year 1833, in the old Hoffner homestead. At the age of nineteen he went as a clerk to Cincinnati with the firm of Canfield & Mofifett, grocers. In the year i860 he returned to the farm where he has ever since resided. He married in the year 1855, Miss Zorada Harrison, whose father was an early settler of Cincinnati and a noted river pilot. To Mr. and Mrs. Hoffner were born twelve children, six of whom are now living: Valleria W., Mary E., Ada Estella, Rebecca, John H., and William Allen. Mr. Hoffner comes from a family whose record is spotless. He has reached the zenith in Odd Fellowship, having been a member for thirteen years. Henry Rogers, sr., settled in Mill Creek township in the year 1806. He was born in Monmouth county. New Jersey, in 1752, from which State he moved to Pennsyl- vania, and thence to Ohio. He died in Cincinnati in 1839 or 1840. During the Revolutionary war he was a soldier in the American army. By occupation he was a weaver. His wife, Phoebe Bennet, was born in 1766, and died some time during the AVar of 1812. Their de- scendants were Elizabeth, Sarah, Hannah, Phoebe, Jemi- ma, Amos, Samuel, Nancy, Henry, and Maria — all dead except Henry, Amos and Samuel dying in infancy. Elizabeth married Thomas McFeely, of Virginia; Sarah, Michael Burge ; Hannah, Zebulon Strong, of Vermont; Phcebe, Jonathan Holden, of Vermont; Jemima, Rich- ard McFeely; Nancy, Cyrus Brown, of Ohio; Maria, Levi Finney, of Ohio ; Henry, Miss Rachel Maria Hill, daughter of Jedtdiah Hill, of New Jersey. Henry, the only survivor of this large family, was born in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, in 1806, and came with his parents to Hamilton county, Ohio, the fall of the same year. When seventeen years of age, he left his home and went out, a poor boy, to fight the battle of life alone. His life has been occupied in various pursuits. He first learned the trade of cabinetmaking, for which he soon acquired a distaste and gave it up. For a time after this he worked out by the month whenever work could be obtained. In the year 1828 he engaged with Jedediah Hill, who after- wards became his father-in-law, in operating his flouring mill and cultivating his farm. He married in the year 1832, September 22. To Mr. and Mrs. Rogers was born one son, Wilson T. He married, March 15, 1866, Mary Jane Chadwick, who has become the mother of two sons. Our subject now owns and occupies the old Hill home- stead. Mr. Rogers is not associated with any church or- ganization, but his wife is a devout Christian, a member of the Baptist church, and has always been one of its best supporters. John M. Wozencraft came to Cincinnati in 1806. He was born in Wales, but emigrated to the State of Ohio from Baltimore, Maryland. In his sixty-fourth year, while in South Carolina and on his way to England, he died. His wife, Hannah, lived to be nearly ninety-two years of age. Her death occurred in San Vermideno, California. Of this family there now remain Dr. O. M. Wozencraft, of San Francisco, California — a man of great professional prominence; and Captain J. J. Wozen- craft, who was born in Cincinnati August 6, 1807. Prior to his marriage he was with his father in business. At the age of seventeen he learned the tinner's trade with Mr. Norman Bird, and remained ten years. After com- pleting his trade, his faithful and prompt attention to his employer's wishes was so appreciated that he was given the position of superintendent. In 1828 he married Miss Olivia King, daughter of Alexander King, the first deputy sheriff of Hamilton county. Four sons and three daughters were given them : John M., Anna E., William A., ex-mayor of Paris, Illinois; Oliver, who was killed by the explosion of an engine; Edwin D., who was band master for three years during the late war; Martha M., and Mary Ellen, now wife of John Fisher, an extensive manufacturer of carriages in Cincinnati. The life of our subject has been one of position and prosperity. For eleven successive years he was elected commander of the Fire Company No. 5, of Cincinnati. He was the first grand worthy chief Templar west of the Alleghanies, besides holding other honorable places. He has ever been an active leader in advancing and improving society, and a firm advocate of law and order. His estimable wife has always been a devout Christian. They have acquired a good property that novv enables them to live at ease. Their home is at Mount Pleasant. Mr. Jacob Skillman, with his family, made his first settlement in Springfield township, in 1806. He was born on Long Island, but emigrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio. ■ In the Revolutionary war he was a recruiting officer. After coming to Ohio he cleared the farm now owned by his grandson, Henry. His children were six in number: Isaac, Benjamin, Jacob, Thomas, and Abra- ham, all now deceased. Henry, second son of Abraham and Abigail Skillman, was born in the Skillman home- stead in the year 1824. He was married in 1857, to Miss Augusta Foster, daughter of one of Hamilton county's earliest families, which came to Ohio prior to 1800. Four sons and one daughter were afterward born : Albert, George, Harry, Frank, and Emma. George and Harry hav^ died. Both parents belong to the Pres- byterian church, and have always been among the leading and most reliable members. Abiezer Miles settled in Springfield township in 1807. He emigrated from the State of Pennsylvania, where he was born in the year 1768. He was at different times farmer and shoemaker. During the War of 181 2, he helped carry the dead from the battlefield. His wife, Judith Miles, was born in 1775, and lived until 1839. His death took place at the old home in the year 1832. The children are Hannah Robinson, living at Batavia, Clermont county, and John J. The latter was born in Pennsylvania in 1801, and came with his parents to Springfield township. The farm now owned and occu- pied by him was the first permanent place of settlement made by the father. As he was prospered he gradually improved the pioneer home, till it became one of the pleasantest places in the township. John J. resided with his parents till their decease, when he became owner of 372 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the farm. He was twice married, first to Miss Margaret Skillman, October 24, 1822. To them were born nine children: James, Jacob S., John S., George, Sarah, Ju- dith, Susan R., Phcebe, and Mary. Sarah, Margaret, Phoebe, Mary, James and John are dead. In 1845 the wife died. The following year he was married to Miss Matilda Jessup, who afterward was the mother of five children: Margaret and Israel, who have died, and John B., Ella, and Emma. The last two are twins. Mr. and Mrs. Miles' are devoted members of the Christian church. William McLean came from Pennsylvania to Ohio, and settled in Springfield in the year 1807. The surviv- ing members of the family are John, Betsey, Sallie, and Samuel. Samuel, the oldest son of William and Isabella McLean, was born in the Slate of Pennsylvania in the year 1799, and came with his parents to Hamilton county in the year 1807. The family for a while was obliged to occupy the old block-house at Columbia, so hostile were the red men just at that time. The family located in Springfield township, where the father died shortly after, leaving Samuel to superintend the farm. At the age of thirty he married Miss Elizabeth Whitlock, by whom he had seven sons: Jerome B., Jasper, Sylvester, Loami, Arthur, now deceased, John and Stephen. Ar- thur was a prominent attorney of Cincinnati, and after- wards a lieutenant in the War of 1861. Here his health became impaired, and he returned to his home and soon after died. Our subject was one who led an active busi- ness life, a man of whom his neighbors could boast. He took a very active part in the militia musters, of which our older citizens have vivid recollections. He occupied the position of colonel and general, and became every- where known as Colonel Samuel McLean. After living a life of usefulness, he departed in the year 1872. He is buried beside his parents in the burial place at Spring- dale. Samuel Johnson, sr., first settled, in the year 1807, in Springfield township. He was born in 1788, in New Jersey, and from that State he emigrated to Ohio. His death occurred in 1878, at his home in Mount Pleasant. He pursued the business of farming, and his first pur- chase was the farm now owned by the Riddle heirs. His wife, whose name was Phoebe Jessup, was born in 1793, and died in 1865. She came to Ohio with her parents in the year 1797. The names of surviving members of the family and their places of residence are John, Lydia, Abigail, Jane, Dale, and Samuel. John and his sister Jane reside in Texas. Samuel and two sisters, Lydia and Abigail, reside on the old homestead in Mount Pleasant, which is also owned by them. Major William Cox came from New Jersey to Hamil- ton county, Colerain township, in 1809. He was a stone mason, and was out in the War of 181 2, where he ac- quired his military title. He had but two children, Tunis and Martha. The former settled in Springfield, near New Burlington, where he kept the old Eleven-mile House, or Farmer's Rest, on the Hamilton pike, which was known as one of the best hotels of the county out- side the city. He had twelve children, evenly divided as to sex, among whom was George Washington Cox, now of Loveland, next to the youngest of the family. He was born December 27, 1837, at New Burlington, and was brought up at the hotel and on the farm con- nected with it. In 1874 he removed to Lockland, where he is now engaged in keeping a livery stable. He was married December 10, 1858, to Rebecca Ayres, of Springfield township, and again, after her death in 1864, to Mrs. Hartin (Hole) Smith, widow of Oscar Smith, January 22, 1868. He has three children, one, Lenroy, now twenty years old, by his first wife, and the others, twins, by the second wife, Elva, a son, and Idella, a daughter, eleven years old. Elisha C. Walden was born in the year 1800, in the State of Kentucky. He came to Hamilton county when quite a small boy. He was twice married, first to Miss Nancy Ogle, who died about the year 1840. He was married again in the year 1843, to Miss Julia L. Kitchel, daughter of an old family, her parents being Samuel and Margaret Kitchel. The life of Mr. Walden was devoted to various pursuits. At first he was a merchant in Darr- town, and in later years he occupied and superintended the farm in Springfield township, where his widow now resides. He is spoken of by neighbors and friends as a most excellent citizen, a gentleman respected and es- teemed wherever known. Years before his death he associated himself with the Presbyterian church, of which his wife has long been a member. He departed this life in the fall of 1876, after several years of severe affliction. Philander Allen settled in Cincinnati in 1811. He was born in Cornwall, Connecticut, in 1779. His wife's name was Hannah Foster. She was born in 1782. The four surviving children are Samuel S., Harriet Townley, Sarah Hilts, and Edward P. Samuel S., fourth son of Philan- der and Hannah Allen, was born in Hamilton county in the year 1820. He made his home with his parents un- til the time of their death. He was married in 1849 to Miss Emeline Riddle, daughter of one of the pioneers. There were born to them seven children — four sons and three daughters. Their names are Mary, Jacob, Charles, Henry, George, Anna, and Carrie — all living but Jacob, who died at the age of two years. Our subject resides on and is the owner of the old homestead. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church in Spring- dale. Daniel Brown settled on section fifteen of Springfield township in 1812. He was born in the year 1779, at Hagerstown, Maryland, but emigrated into Ohio from Pennsylvania. While in the latter State he worked as a mechanic, but his life in Ohio was that of a farmer. His wife was Elizabeth Bahn. He died at his home in 1S53, and his wife lived but nine years longer. The surviving children are: William, now living in Illinois; Isaac, in In- diana; Mrs. McGilliard and Mrs. Yerkes, both living in Springfield township; and John, who remains on the old Brown homestead. He was born in the year 181 2, and came with his parents to Ohio in the same year. He was married in 1839 to Miss Harriet McCoy. They have nine children, six sons and three daughters. Mr. Brown is one of the substantial and enterprising farmers of yud-t:rn^ Gary Benson Johnson resides at the ancestral home, three-quarters of a mile west of Mount Pleasant. He is the fourth son of Gary Johnson, born March 28, 1781, in Somerset county. New Jersey, and died at his home farm near Mount Pleasant February 15, i866, and buried at Burlington cemetery. Gary was the oldest son of Abner Johnson, who died January 14, 1832, in Golerain township, and who was the son of Samuel, who died May 14, 1808, and was buried in Basking Ridge cemetery. They were all of Scotch ancestry, and all at some time residents of Basking Ridge, Somerset county, New Jersey; and they were all brought up as members of the old Presbyterian church, whose building (of 1839) still stands at Basking Ridge, upon the site of the log church put up for the society near the beginning of the seventeenth century. Gary Johnson was the first of the family to come to Hamil- ton county. He immigrated on horseback in 1804, a young carpenter of twenty-three, making his beginnings in the world. His father (grand- father of Gary Benson Johnson) had been a wagoner in Washmgton's army near Morristown, where it spent two winters and lost many men from small-pox and other causes. He received his pay in land warrants covering a half-section of land, which he sent out by Golonel Ludlow, with instructions to locate them favorably within eight or ten miles of Gincinnati. The colonel located with them the west half of section thirty-two, adjoining the present village of Mount Pleasant. Mr. Johnson sent his son Gary to view the tract and improve it; and he, after staying for a short time in Gincinnati, pushed his way through the woods to the site of the property, where he built a log cabin, about one hundred and fifty yards northwest of the present homestead. It stood until 1880, when it was torn down. Its appearance, however. is preserved quite faithfully in the engraving accompanying this notice. An old well, still used, marks the hallowed spot where it stood. Mr. Johnson pursued with energy the clearing and improvement of the place, which was deeded some time afterwards by the father to him and his brothers Samuel and .Andrew, who also came out in 1807 and settled their places. When the elder Johnson came, in 1813, he set- tled at the former site of Dunlap's station, in Golerain township, near the famous ancient work in the bend of the river, which contains the old cemetery in which Abner Johnson lies buried. Gary Johnson, his son, married Rachel, daughter of John Jessup, of Mill Greek township, September 12, 1805. Mrs. Johnson was an aunt of Mrs. Robert Gary, mother of the famous Gary sisters. Her grandfather, Stephen Jessup, was a weaver's apprentice in England, but ran away from a hard master and came to the new world in the early part of the eighteenth century. He lived a long time in a log^ cabin on Long Island, and moved thence to Gumberland, Deerfield township. New Jersey, where he accumulated property and made his will February 17, 1757 — a curious old document, now in possession of his great-grandson, Gary B. Johnson. He had three sons, John, Isaac, and Daniel; and two daughters, Sarah and Abigail. John was grandfather of G. B. Johnson. Daniel was father of Daniel Jessup, jr., who became known as "Indian Daniel," from the fact of his cap- ture by the Indians. Isaac went south, and from him was reputed X-o be descended General Jessup, of the United States army. Abigail came to this county, where she married a Mr. Gallagher, and became the mother of the celebrated poet and magazinist, W. D. Gallagher, thus confirming the notion of the poetic strain in the blood suggested. by the talent of the Gary sisters, who were also, on their mother's side, of the Jessup stock. Gary and Rachel Johnson had children as follows; Drusilla, born February 14, 1S07; married Samuel Weston October 25, 1828; died September 16, 1849. Jemima Hampton, born August 16, 1810; married Isaac Weston (brother of Samuel) in May, 1829; died July ir, 1831. Jane, born August 26, 1813; married George W. Rice September 26, 1833; died March 19, 1849. John, born April 29, 1815; died July ist of the same year. Abner, born September 6, 1816; was married November 16, 1843, to Mary G. Moran, of Livingston county, Missouri, where he died De- cember 8, 1846. Sarah A., born November 8, 1819; married Joseph E. Munger Octo- ber 27, 1841, and residing at Maquoketa, Iowa. Hampton, born March 21, 1824; married Harriet Freeman May 22, 1850; died September 17, 1869. Augusta L., born November i, 1828; died August 4, 1831. Gary Benson, born at the homestead near Mount Pleasant July 10, 1832; married Sarah L. Jackson, daughter of Joseph and Nancy (Rid- dle) Jackson, September 21, 1859, and residing still at his birth-place. Mrs. Rachel Jessup Johnson was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 7, 1787, and came to the Miami country with her parents about six years afterwards. She remained united in wed- lock to Mr. Johnson through the long period of nearly fifty-eight years, when, January 15, 1863, she departed this life in hope of a blessed immortality. Her husband died February 15, i866. He, as also his wife, was a member of the Universalist church. In the year 1813 he made a notable improvement in the building of a large bam upon his place, which was then one of the most capacious in the county, and is still used, with additions, by his son. Seven years afterwards he built the mansion occupied by Gary Benson Johnson, from brick burned by him upon his farm, in the identical shape and interior arrangement in which it now appears, in an excellent state of preservation in every respect. Some of the more difficult portions of the work, as the sash of the windows, were executed by Mr. Johnson himself, Their youngest child, Gary B. Johnson, came into the possession of the paternal homestead upon the death of his father and that of his brother Hampton (in 1869), who was co-heir with him under the will. His uncle Andrew's former homestead has also come into his posses- sion by purchase. He has remained from childhood at the old home, engaged in the peaceful pursuits of the farm, unvexed by political or official life. He took an active part in the extension of the GoUege Hill Narrow Gauge railroad to Mount Pleasant, and was mainly m- strumental in securing it. For this purpose he gave the right of way through a mile of his landed possessions and a thousand dollars in cash. He, although of Democratic stock, turned to Republicanism during the early part of the war of the Rebellion, and has since voted steadily with the party of that faith. About 1871 his health was permanently affected by falling from a load of lumber upon his head, which came near costing him his life, and paralyzed him for some time. His gen- eral health is otherwise excellent. His married life has been childless. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 373 Hamilton county. By hard labor and wise economy he has acquired a comfortable home. He has occupied va- rious positions ot honor and trust that the appreciative people of his neighborhood thought best to confer. He and Mrs. Brown are both earnest members of the Chris- tian church. Joel Brown, the eldest son of Aaron and Cynthia Brown, was born in the State of Connecticut, in 1808. He came with his parents to Ashtabula county in 1814. Here the family settled immediately, in the vvoods, with no improvements whatever to give evidence of their having a predecessor. Our subject resided with his father. In clearing up the pioneer home much devolved upon him, he being the eldest. At the age of seventeen he began the trade of carpenter and joiner, which occu- pation he has industriously and successfully pursued for more than twenty years. In the year 1829 he married Miss Anna Wright, of Ashtabula county, whose parents were quite prominent in the early settlement of that county. To Mr. and Mrs. Brown were born eight chil- dren — five sons and three daughters — Alphonso, Alonzo, Lorenzo, Alvin, Lovisa, Emma, Alexis, and Emma. Al- phonso, Alonzo, Lorenzo, Alvin, Lovisa, and Emma have died. Mr. Brown is one of the substantial and thrifty farmers of the township. While he is not associated with any church organization he ever favors what is good and true. He and his estimable wife live at ease in a pleasant home in Springfield township. Jacob Field was born in New Jersey in 1768. In 1812 he settled in this township. He died in 1841, at the home where he had always lived since coming to Ohio. He taught school in his early years, but later de- voted himself to farming. Hester Ross, his wife, was born in 1770, and died in 1856. The only surviving member of the family t.o-day is John R. Field, who owns and resides on the old Field homestead. He was born in the State of New Jersey in 1810, and came with his parents to Ohio two years later. In 1834 he was married to Miss Harriet Perrine, and to them have been born nine children — Jacob, Martha, Jane, Hester A., Eliza- beth, Charles, Sarah B., Catharine R., and Lydia R. Charles, Sarah, and Elizabeth are still living. Mrs. Field is a member of the Presbyterian church, but her husband has never become identified with any religious organiza- tion. John T. Snodgrass was born in Hamilton county Oc- tober 7, 1812. He remained at his early home till his marriage with Miss Catharine Hoffner, in the spring of 1836. Eleven children were born to them — William, -Thomas, John, Jethro, Oliver, Felty A., Mary F., Ange- line, Harriet, James B., and Albert. All are dead but Angeline, who married George Laboyteaux, one of the prominent merchants of Mount Pleasant. Mr. Snodgrass served as trustee of the township a number of years. He died in the year 1868, while in Minnesota recruiting his health. He, as well as his wife, was a member of the Christian church. Mrs. Snodgrass, with her son-in-law and daughter, reside in a comfortable home in Mount Pleasant. John Wolverton first settled in Springfield township, in J814. In 1783 he was born in New Jersey, from which State he moved to Ohio. His death occurred in Iowa, in the year 1850. Early in his life he carried on the business of weaving, but later became a farmer. Mary Hogland, his wife, was born in 1789, and died in 1835. The children are John, Alfred, William, Milton, Harriet, Neely, Ann Laboyteaux, and Amos, who resides in the township, and is the subject of the following sketch. Amos Wolverton was born in New Jersey, in 1811, and came with his parents to Ohio in 1814. In 1833 he married Miss Rebecca Carl, daughter of a pioneer. The fruit of this union was nine children — three sons and six daughters: David, William, Thomas, Eliza Ann, Eveline, Mary, Harriet, Matilda and one that died in infancy. Mr. Wolverton is one of the few remaining pioneers of Hamilton county, a good and esteemed citizen. While he is not associated with any church organization, he is a moral man, and lives what he believes. This worthy couple have now reached their three-score and ten years, and are remarkably well preserved for their years. William Riddle, grandson of the famous pioneer. Col- onel John Riddle, eldest son of John and Catharine Riddle, was born March 15, 18 15, and made his home with his parents until his marriage, in 1854, to Miss Lemira S. Burdsall, daughter of one of the pioneer fam- ilies. They have had four children — Lydia A., Edgar B., Alice D., and one that died without name in infancy. He has acquired a comfortable fortune, and his surround- ings show more than ordinary thrift and taste. Both are earnest members of the Church of Christ, and staunch supporters of its institutions. Joseph Carman settled in Springfield township, in 1815. He came from New Jersey to Ohio, and remained in the same township, where he made his earliest im- provements, till 1831, when his death occurred. The farm first owned by him is now the property of John M. Cochran. The wife, Mary Carman, has long been among the dead. The daughter, Susan Broadwell, living at Smith's Landing, on the Ohio river, is now over eighty-four years of age. Andrew, the only male repre- sentative, was born in the year 1S04, in the State of New Jersey, and came with his parents to Hamilton county in 1815, and made his home with them until the time of his marriage. He was thrice married — first, in 1830, to Miss Frances Watson, who died twelve years later. They had two children — one infant not named, and Benjamin, who lived to the age of thirty-four years, and died leav- ing a wife and two children. Mr. Carmen married again in the year 1850, Miss Rebecca Campbell, who died within a year after marriage. When Mr. Carmen again married, he was united to Miss Charity Sharp. He is now in his seventy-seventh year, and childless, but two little grandchildren remain to him. Mr. Carmen lived in log cabin days, and underwent the many disadvantages and hardships with the pioneer fathers. Isaac Lane, the eldest son of John and Rosanna Lane, was born in Springfield township, in the year 181 6, at the old Lane bomstead. In his youthful days he worked at blacksmithing, and assisted his father in carrying on the farm. Much devolved upon him, he being the eldest 374 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. son of his father's family. He resided under the parental roof until the time of his marriage, in 1839, to Miss Margaret Hill, daughter of a pioneer. To Mr. and Mrs. Lane were born eleven children — seven sons and four daughters. Their names are as follows: Mary, Albert, Emma, John, Anna, Frank, Newton, Charlie, Jerome, Nettie and Willie. All are living but Mary and Anna. Both grew to years of womanhood, and their loss to the fond parents was great. Mr. and Mrs. Lane are both earnest members of the Christian church. Grandfather and grandmother Lane are dead, and lie buried side by side in the little churchyard at New Burlington. John Hall was born in the State of Pennsylvania in the year 1794 and came with his parents to Springfield township in the year 1817, and resided with them until the time of his marriage to Miss Sarah Hall, in the year 1827. To them were born two sons — Joseph and John. He lost his companion in the winter of 1827. He was married again in the year 1844 to Miss Catharine Chris- man. This second union gave him six children — three sons and three daughters — Charles, Leander, Lovina, Amanda, Henry, and Emeline. Those deceased are Charles and Leander, both dying in early childhood. He and his wife were both members of the Presbyterian church, and were ever consistent to the faith they professed. The father died in 1873. He was a citizen respected and esteemed wherever known, and his loss was keenly felt among family and other friends. He now lies buried in the Springdale cemetery. Elijah Hills came to Cincinnati in 1818. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and emigrated from that State to Ohio. While living in the former State he fol- lowed the tailor's trade. After coming to Ohio he was a farmer. His death occurred in 1848. His wife, Re- becca Hills, died the year previous. The surviving mem- bers of his family are Townsend, Rebecca Maine, Martha Sprong, Susan, and Alfred, the eldest son, who was born in 1805, in the State of Connecticut. He came to Ohio with his parents, and at the age of thirty he married Ellen McCash, the daughter of an early settler. Three sons were born to them — Townsend, Alfred, and Charles, who died in infancy. Mr. Hills has gained sufficient property to make his old age comfortable, and he and his aged wife can now fully enjoy their pleasant home, and cheer- ful surroundings. Joshua Yerkes was born in Virginia and came from that State to Ohio, where he settled in Springfield town- ship in the year 1819. All through his life he followed the business of farming, and was a soldier in the War of 1812. He died in Indiana in his hundredth year. His wife, Margaret Yerkes, died in her eighty-seventh year. The surviving members of the fainily are John H., Ra- chel Reed, Mary Griffith, Margaret Jolly, and Joshua, the second son and subject of this sketch. He was born in Virginia, in the year 181 2, and came with his parents to Hamilton county when but a lad of seven summers. He left the parental roof at the age of fourteen; was twice married, first to Miss Eliza McGillard, daughter of an early pioneer. To Mr. and Mrs. Yerkes was born an only son, Howard, who resides in Iowa and has a wife and two children. Mr. Yerkes lost his companion after four years of married life. Mr. Yerkes married for his second wife Miss Elizabeth Brown, who was also of quite an early and prominent family, of whom an extended account will be found elsewhere. To this second mar- riage were born six children — four sons and two daugh- ters — Susan, Alfred, Elizabeth, Hiram, Martin, and Ed- ward — all living. Benjamin Sterritt was born in the State of Pennsyl- vania, Franklin county, in 1801, and came to Cincinnati in the year 1820. His business career has been entirely devoted to the mercantile trade in Cincinnati. He has been twice married; first to Jane B. Keys. His second wife was Abigail C. McCoy. Both are dead, and our subject is now living a retired life in a pleasant home in Glendale. Elias Compton was born in New Jersey, and emigrated to Ohio in the year 1820. His settlement was made in Springfield township. He followed shoemaking, and afterward farming. His wife, Bacheba Hill, died in 1832; the husband lived till 1866. The children are Joseph, Azariah, Wilson, Mary Ann, Phoebe, and Charles. The last-named was born in 1827, and remained at home until his marriage in 1863, to Miss Margaret Boggs. They had one child only — Ella M. In 187 1 his wife died, and he again married in 1873. The second wife was Martha N. Hurst, who has become the mother of a son, Clarence M. The family are now living on the old homestead of the Comptons. They are all connected with the Presbyterian church. His father ai^d mother are buried in the Springfield cemetery. Archibald Brown was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, January 22, 1776. In the year 1825 he emigrated to America, and settled in Cincinnati, but subsequently moved into Mill Creek township, where he died May 22, 1858. His aged wife, Ellen Brown, survived him less than a year, dying January 6, 1859. She was born on the twentieth of May, 1779. His business was that of fanning. The children were William, Archibald, Isa- belle Adams, and Matthew, the youngest son and sub- ject of the following sketch. Matthew Brown was born in Scotland in the year 182 1, and four years later came with the family to Hamilton county. He reinained with his parents till the time of his marriage to Miss Martha Brown in the year 1847. Nine children have been born to them, eight of whom are now living. Mr. Brown is one of the substantial and enterprising farmers of his region, and a citizen respected and esteemed. He and his wife are both earnest members of the Presbyterian church, and are staunch supporters of the faith they pro- fess. By dint of hard labor and careful management, he has acquired a comfortable property. He is now sur- rounded by almost every comfort that a gracious heaven can confer, and as he and his estimable lady pass along life's journey, they can look back without regret upon a well-spent life. Grandfather and grandmother Brown He buried side by side in Spring Grove cemetery. Thomas Weston settled in Springfield township in in 1827. He was born in 1769, in Townsend, Massa- chusetts, and died in 1836, at his home in this township. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 37^ He was a farmer and shoemaker, and in the winter was sometimes a miller. Mercy, his wife, was born in 1776, and died in 1829. The surviving children are: Maria Adams, who lives at Mount Pleasant; Phoebe, who lives in Missouri; and Silas, the only present male representa- tive of the family. He was born in Massachesetts in the year 181 2, and came with his parents to Hamilton county. John Adams, the eldest son of John and Asenath Adams, was born in the State of Massachusetts in the year 1805. He assisted his father in cultivating the farm and in the manufacture of barrels, up to the year 1827, when he married and immediately after came to Hamil- ton county. To Mr. and Mrs. Adams were born two daughters — Mary Ann and Harriet D. His pursuit since coming to Ohio has been that of a cooper and farmer. In the year 1855 he lost his companion. He was mar- ried again, in the year 1856, to Miss Maria Weston. Mr. and Mrs. Adams are active members of the Univer- salist church, and have ever been staunch supporters of the faith they profess. He has retired from business, and he and his family live at ease in a comfortable Httle home in Mount Pleasant. Joseph B. Hall, the eldest son of John and Sarah Hall, was born in this township • February 16, 1828. He resided with his parents until the time of his mar- riage to Miss Catharine Ayers, daughter of a prominent early family. Mr. and Mrs. Hall had eight children: Caroline, Mary E., Mary Elizabeth, William B., James A., George W., Thomas J., Flora May, and Mary Ellen (deceased). Hard labor and excellent management have accumulated quite a handsome property. Himself and wife are both members of the Presbyterian church at Springdale, and have ever been strong believers, and supporters also, of the faith they professed. John Hall, the second son of John and Christiana Hall, was born in Springfield township, Hamilton county, in 1829. His occupation has always been that of a farmer. In the year 1877 he was married to Miss Clara Riddle, daughter of a quite early and prominent pioneer family. To Mr. and Mrs. Hall was born an only son, John Hen- derson. Mr. Hall is enterprising and prosperous. His wife is an active member of the Presbyterian church, and is one of its earnest supporters; he is not connected with any church organization, but always favors the right, and firmly advocates law and order. William Herbert may not be classed among Hamilton county's pioneers, yet he deserves a place in its history. He was born in Northamptonshire, England, in the year 1806. At the age of fourteen he began an apprentice- ship at the tailor's trade. His time expiring when he had attained his majority, in the year 1829 he married Mary Page, whose maiden name was Matthews. They had three children, one son and two daughters: Eliza- beth, Mary Ann, and William, of whom only Elizabeth remains. He is one of the first farmers of the township. He followed the occupation of tailor for a period of seven years in Cincinnati. He has quite a comfortable home in Springfield township, where he resides, leading a quiet life. He lost his companion in the year 1872. Both he and his wife were earnest Christians, their sympathies being with the Presbyterian people. Augustus Isham was born in the year 1801, in the town of Colchester, Connecticut, and comes of quite a prominent family. His life has been taken up in various pursuits, but principally that of the mercantile business. He married, in the year 1822, Miss Eliza Bryce. To Mr. and Mrs. Isham were born six children, five of whom are living, one son and four daughters. He lost his com- panion in the year 1859. He now resides in Glendale, has laid aside business, and lives a quiet and retired life. Mr. Alexander Brown may not be identified with the earliest pioneers of Hamilton county, yet he is neverthe- less a character whose name deserves a place on the pages of history. He was born in Scotland on June 3, 1809. He married, in the year 1834, Miss Margaret Brown. They have had six children, one son and five daughters — Elizabeth R., Margaret, Elizabeth Jane, Jeannette, and William. Elizabeth R., Margaret, and Jane, are dead. Mr. Brown is one of the most enter- prising farmers of his township, his home and surround- ings denoting more than ordinary thrift. He and his family are earnest members of the Presbyterian church. Our subject is a member of the county board of con- trol, and has occupied nearly every position of honor that the citizens of his township could give, thus be- speaking for him the full confidence of his people. Mr. Brown is surrounded by almost every comfort necessary to his wants. Mr. James Lovett may not be classed among the earliest pioneers, yet he is a character whose name richly deserves a place in history. He was born in England Janu- ary 13, 18 13. He, with his parents, came to America and first made settlement in the State of New Jersey. Here the family remained for about five years, when, hearing of Ohio's fine climate and fertile soil, they started for the land of promise. His father's first purchase was the farm now owned and occupied by him. Here the parents resided until the time of their decease, both living beyond four-score years. Mr. Lovett married, in the fall of 1851, Miss Sophia McLean, daughter of an early settler. Two children were born to them — Aman- da, who died April 6, 1878, and Robert. Our subject lost his companion in 1875. He is now an old gen- tleman, living a quiet and retired life on the old Lovett homestead. His only son, Robert, resides with him, looking after his interests and superintending the farm. Robert married Miss Julia Riddle, of whose family will be found an account on another page. To him has been Dorn one child, James R., a bright lad of two summers. Grandfather and grandmother Lovell are both dead, and lie buried side by side in the Hamil- ton cemetery. Andrew L Sorter, second son of Hezekiah and Sarah Sorter, was born in Springfield township in the year 1830. He was married in 1852 to Miss Harriet Huffman. To them were born six children — Sarah Ann, William P., Laura, Mary, Ida, and Douglas. Sarah Ann is dead. Mr. Sorter is one of the substantial farmers of his town- ship, and a gentleman respected and esteemed by all. 376 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Philip Dorn, the eldest son of Philip and Catharine Dorn, was born in Germany in the year 1809. He came with his parents to Maryland. The family removed to Pennsylvania in 1819 or 1820, where the parents re- sided until the time of their decease. The son came to Hamilton county in the fall of 1831. He was a black- smith by trade, with which business he afterward asso- ciated the manufactory of carriages and wagons. He was twice married, first to Miss Catharine Lowe, by whom he had nine children, six sons and three daugh- ter — Alexander, John, William, Gilbert, Frank, Martha, Ruth, Ellen, and Louisa, and one son who died in in- fancy. Louisa, William, and John are dead. Mr. Dorn lost his companion about the year 1852. He was after- ward married to Miss Susannah Aldman, and there were added to the family five children, three sons and two daughters — Albert, Mary, Julia, John, and Philip, all now living. For almost half a century Mr. Dorn has been one of the prominent business men of the county. He began at the bottom of the ladder, but by hard labor and wise economy he has climbed upward, and to-day ranks among the most prosperous of his community. While he is not associated with any church he is inter- ested in public improvement, and is an earnest advocate of the right. His wife is an active member of the United Brethren church. Although past his three-score and ten years, he is yet in the manufacturing business, and successfully superintends all his affairs. David H. Gillespie was second son of John W. and Catharine (Reese) Gillespie. The father is still living near Cumminsvilie in his seventy-ninth year, and still hale and hearty. He was a son of Robert Gillespie, who set- tled very early in Butler county. John came to Spring- field in 1847, and settled upon a farm near Lockland. He had ten children among whom was David, who was born at Seven-mile village, north of Hamilton, July 30, 1 83 1. He came with his family to Lochland, in and about which he has since resided with brief intervals. He now resides in the village, and has a saloon near the Hamilton & Dayton depot. He was married to Miss Mary E. Turner in December, 1853, and has four chil- dren — Sarah, Abbeville, married to John Grismere of Lockland; Charles, William, and Alverda, all at home with their parents. Henry Moser, one of the prominent merchants of Mount Pleasant, was born in Switzerland in 1837. He came to America in 1849, and began in the mercantile business in Mount Pleasant in the year 1867. He erected a large and commodious brick building, in which his business is now conducted. He married, in 1861, Miss Sarah E. Rogers, who has five children, two sons and three daughters. Both are faithful members of the Christian church, and excellent supporters of the faith they profess. Mr. Moser was a soldier in the late civil war. Mr. J. H. Story was a native of New Hampshire, from which place he came to Ohio, with his parents, and after- ward became a resident of Cincinnati. He was born in the year 1810, was the eldest son of John Story and Sally Hoyt, who settled on their coming in Athens, now Meigs, county. In 1832 he began the lumber trade, which he industriously pursued for forty years. In 1836 he married Miss Hannah Smart, and to them were born five sons: James, Joseph, John, Charles, and William. In the year 1872 he moved to Springfield township and purchased a tract of land containing two hundred acres, known as the old "Joe Cooper farm." His surroundings denote more than ordinary thrift. He has had a life full of activity and prosperity. He has never joined any church but his wife is a member of the Baptist church. His father died at the age of seventy-seven. His mother also lived to an advanced age, and the aged couple lie buried near the old home in Meigs county. GLEN DALE. This beautiful suburban village is situated on parts of sections five, six, eleven and twelve, in the northeast part of the township, close to the east line and a little over a mile and a half from the county line. The Hamilton, Springfield and Carthage turnpike skirts its western border; the Princetown and Sharon turnpikes, as also the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad intersect it, and the Miami canal passes a mile to the eastward. The site of Glendale was originally a series of fine cul- tivated farms, belonging to Edmund R. Glenn, John M. Cochran, John Riddle, Robert Watson and others. In 185 1 a number of wealthy Cincinnatians, desiring to build suburban homes, made an inspection of the coun- try between Hamilton and the city, and lighted upon this spot as the most promising and eligible for their purposes. Among them were the Hons. S. S. L'Hom- medieu and John C. Wright, Messrs. Jacob Strader, R. B. Bowler and others, constituting a joint stock company of thirty, called the Glendale association. They pur- chased five hundred and sixty-five acres from the several owners, had two hundred acres at first surveyed m lots of one acre to twenty acres each, selected their own building sites, and then offered the remainder at public sale upon condition that purchasers should become actual residents of the jilace, at least for the summer, and that none but good dwellings should be erected. It was understood, on the part of the company, that all re- ceipts above original cost of land and expenses should be devoted to public improvement — as parks, an artificial lake and the like. The lake was made with comparative ease, by constructing a dam three hundred feet long just below some springs, whereby a beautiful sheet of water covering four acres and having a depth in places of seventeen feet, was created. An hotel was presently erected for summer boarders, but its early patronage did not equal expectations, and it was sold to the Junction railroad company by whom it was conveyed to the Rev. John Covert, who founded therein the American Female college. Three pretty little parks were laid off and im- proved in different parts of the village. A neat public school building, a one-story brick with four rooms, was put up in due time. The avenues were staked off in beautiful and symmetrical curves, and are generally sixty feet in width. Sharon avenue, upon which the road to Sharon, in Sycamore township, passes straight through GEORGE W. WALKER. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 377 the place, is eighty feet wide. Colonel Maxwell, in his admirable book on the suburbs of Cincinnati, says: Whichever way the stranger takes, he is constantly impressed with the thought that he has made a mistalter, now Mrs. Kitchell, were already here, having come with Mr. Covert from CoMege Hill. Mrs. McFerson, our lady principal for five years, and who is with us to-day, having given up her seminary in Bloomington, Indi- ana, joined us in September following. During the latter part of the summer vacation of 1856 a fire occurred, cause unknown, which de- stroyed the chapel, a music building with its contents, and other structures of lesser importance. The work of reconstructing the chapel, and of the addition of a better music building attached to the main building, was immediately commenced. The session was opened, how- ever, at the time appointed, and continued until the new buildings were finished, though with many inconveniences on account of room, as many of the old scholars present remember. Rev. S. S. Potter left us in i860, and Mrs. McFerson in 1861. Rev. J. G. Wilson, now United States Consul at Jerusalem, became connected with us in i86t, but left in 1862. Dr. Monfort left in 1865, after a successful adminis- tration as president for nine years, at the end of which time the college seemed to have become settled upon a secure and permanent basis. The steam-heating apaiatus, quite a novelty at the time, was intro- duced in the summer of 1856, and various improvements to the grounds and buildings have since been added from year to year. The number of scholars has been tolerably uniform from the beginning, with three exceptions — i. During the first years, when our public school was small and ungraded, the number of day scholars was much larger than it has been since ; 2. During the first two years of the war our num- bers were greatly diminished ; and, 3. From 1871 to 1875, after the late financial crisis commenced, we were crowded almost beyond what our accommodations would warrant. When the college was opened there was no church building in the place, and the Presbyterian church was organized in this chapel in 1855. The citizens generally, without respect to denominational pref- erences, worshipped with us in this house for the first six years — the worship being conducted by ministerial members of the faculty. The Presbyterian, Catholic, New Jerusalem, and Episcopal churches were subsequently erected in the order named. So far as I am aware, we were the first institution, east or west, to adopt the regular classification and a fourfold division of studies, in the form and under the designation historically known as applied to col- leges for males — freshman , sophomore, junior, and senior. We have been followed by many others, so that now it has become common. Of the two hundred and one, exclusive of those who graduated yesterday, only eleven, in these twenty-five years, have been called into the eternal world. All of them, we have reason to believe, died in the triumph of faith, and several of them were uncommonly bright examples of Chris-* tiau piety and character. Of those who remain, I have recorded seventy-four as having been especially commended to us for taking a lead- ing part and prominent positions in the churches and the higher walks of society in the places where their lot has been cast; seventy-three have been teachers for a longer or shorter period; thirteen have distinguished themselves as authors and writers; seven have married professors in our higher institutions, and forty-six have married gentlemen in one of the learned professions. Several of these husbands {no doubt owing largely to the influence of their wives, as is usually the case) have risen to emi- nence in the army, in their professions, and in other positions; one a justice in the United States supreme court, one a United States minis- ter to one of the foreign missions of the first class, others in the coun- cils of the States or of the United States, and others in places of influ- ence in the churches. Two are members of the present Congress of the United States. Two old scholars are foreign missionaries. Should this institution live for another quarter century, when more than half of the alumnse may have reached the prime of life, we may hope for a still brighter record, for we must remember that comparatively few of our number have as yet passed beyond the period of early life. The last catalogue of the institution at hand — that for 1879-80 — exhibits a total attendance of eighty-three: Resident graduates, two; seniors, seven; juniors, twenty- two; sophomores, eleven; freshmen, twenty-six; prepar- atory, six; in ornamental studies only, nine. Twenty-five were from Ohio, twenty-three from Indiana, three each from Pennsylvania and Kentucky, and one each from Tennessee, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, Indian Ter- ritory, New Mexico, and Russia. There were also twenty- one Ohio day scholars. The Rev. Ludlow D. Potter, D. D., president of this institution, is a native of New Providence, Union coun- ty, New Jersey, born in 1823, upon a farm which now constitutes the site of the village of Summit. He is re- 378 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. lated by blood to the Ludlow family, of which Colonel Israel Ludlow, one of the founders of Cincinnati, and was from another of them originally named Benjamin Ludlow Day Potter, his parents dropping the first name, however, when he was baptized. He prepared for col- lege at a boarding school in Mendham, and entered as a sophomore at Princeton college in 1838, graduating hon- orably in 1 84 1. During the next two years he taught languages and mathematics at a classical school in Plain- field, conducted by E. Fairchild, A. M. In the fall of 1843 he entered the Union Theological seminary, in New York city, but the next year transferred his student, ship to Princeton, where he was graduated as a theologue in the spring of 1846. Again during the next academic year he taught a classical school in Pennington, New Jersey, and then in the fall of 1847 he set his face west- ward, and became pastor of the Presbyterian church in Brookville, Indiana, where he remained about five years. He had been licensed as a Presbyterian minister in New Jersey in 1846, and was here ordained the second year thereafter. He was in 1853 elected principal of the Whitewater Presbyterian academy, and held the post for three years, when he removed to Glendale, and became as- sociated, as above stated, with the Revs. Dr. J. G. Mon- tort and S. S. Potter, in the management and instruction of the female college. He was here head of the depart- ment of instruction; and in 1865, Dr. Monfort having resigned the presidency, he succeeded to that position, and has since remained president of the institution. Education is thus seen, in the length and prominence of "his connection with it, to be his field of usefulness and honor, rather than the pulpit, although he has in the latter done reputable service, both as pastor aforesaid and as occasional preacher to congregations in Hamilton county and elsewhere. His academic honors have also approved his career, he having been made a master of arts by Princeton college in 1844, and a doctor of divini- ty by Hanover (Indiana) college in 1872. Another excellent institution of Glendale for years was the Circulating book club, whose object is sufficiently indicated in the title. The organization was changed in the winter of 1880-1 to the Library Association of Glendale, upon the plan of the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association in Cincinnati, but without a leading room for the present. The officers are as follows: Pres.- ident, Rev. W. H. Babbitt; vice-president, J. B. C. Morres; secretary and treasurer, H. L. Keys; and a board of six directors. The library is kept in a room of Bruce's new building. The First Presbyterian church (Old School when formed) is the oldest religious society in Glendale. It was organized November 29, 1855, with the Rev. H. A. Tracy as pastor. An unique, Swiss-like church edifice was erected for it in i860, which has, within a few years, been displaced by a new and finer building. The Catholic church is strong in Glendale. Saint Gabriel's was organized in 1858, and at once erected a brick building upon a lot given the society by Messrs. Gross and Dietrick, which has since been steadily occu- pied. It cost about two thousand dollars. The church is under the pa:storal care of the Rev. Father James O'Donnell. It has a parochial school of four depart- ments, and about two hundred and fifty pupils, kept in the rear of the church by the the Sisters of Charity. It is free to all children, and the citizens of Glendale in 1868 contributed one thousand and three hundred dol- lars to make valuable additions to its facilities. The Sodality of the Living Rosary is a society attached to this church. Christ Episcopal church was organized August 6, 1865, under the auspices of the Rev. J. B. Pratt. Ser- vices were held in the school-house and in private houses until about 1867, when a chapel was erected by the so- ciety on Sharon avenue, and subsequently the fine build- ing now occupi^ at the top of the hill just south of the avenue. Its cost was twenty thousand dollars, and it was first occupied May 30, 1869. The church of the New Jerusalem society was erected in i860, on Congress avenue. LOCKLAND. The village of Springfield township next in importance to Glendale is Lockland. It is a much older town, hav- ing been laid out May 27, 1829, by Messrs. Nicholas Longworth and Lewis Howell. It took its name from the locks here, built in the Miami canal, which was then a quite new thing. Two houses were here at the time. It grew with reasonable rapidity, and has become a ])ros- perous business place. It had one thousand two hun- dred and thirty-one population in i860; one thousand two hundred and ninety-nine in 1870; and one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six in 1880. Part of this, how- ever, resides in Sycamore township, into which the village extends. Two hundred and twenty acres of it are in Springfield township, sixty-five in Sycamore. It is situated on the township line just west of Reading and northeast of Carthage and Hartwell, about a mile and one-third north of the Columbia and Mill Creek township line. It was incorporated December 20, 1865. Among its mayors were Andrew Thomas, 1869; Charles S. Dunn, 1870-4. The Lockland Building and Savings association was formed here in June, 187 1. A Methodist class was or- ganized near the place so long ago as 1799, by the Rev. Francis McCormick, at the house of a Mr. Ramsey. The churches now are : The Presbyterian, Rev. S. C. Palmer, pastor; Baptist, J. W. Davis, pastor; the Wayne Avenue Methodist Episcopal, Rev. Mr. Vance; Mt. Zion Baptist (colored), Rev. S. P. Young; African Methodist, Rev. M. M. Smithy and the Christian, also a colored congregation. In the Wayne Avenue church is still used, with almost entire satisfaction, the venerable organ which was the first ever played in Cincinnati. July 2, 1876, an historical discourse was preached by the Rev. W. A. Hutchison, then pastor of the Presby- terian church in Lockland, from which the following facts are obtained: The Presbyterian church in Reading, organized August 29, 1823, divided January 2, 1839, into New and Old School branches. The Rev. Benjamin Graves, who had BENJAMIN URMSTON. Benjamin Urmston, fourth son of David and Mary (Enyard) Urmston, of Ligonier valley, New Jersey, is of English stock. They immigrated to Ohio about l8oi, coming first to Cincinnati, then pushing northward to a tract in Butler county, three miles north of Sycamore township, where both lived and died. Their children numbered ten, among whom was the subject of this sketch, born December 20, 1800, in Pennsylvania, and was a babe in arms when brought by his parents down the Ohio river on a raft. His early life was spent on the farm with his father until his marriage, and for some years afterwards, when he removed to a small place given him by his father upon the paternal estate. Here he remained several years, and about 1838 removed to Springfield township, where he has since resided as a farmer. He occupied his present place in 1853. It is about a quarter of a mile south of Mount Pleasant, on the old Hamilton pike, and the residence is that in which Robert Gary, father of Alice and Phoebe Gary, spent his last years. The old Gary residence is near, and a part of the former Gary farm is now the prop- erty of Mr. Urmston. Some of his children at- tended the district school kept by Phcebe Gary in this very neighborhood over thirty years ago. Here he is spending a tranquil and generally healthful old age. Rebecca Kennedy, wife of Benjamin Urmston, is daughter of Samuel Kennedy, son of Thomas Ken- nedy, who ran the well known "Kennedy's Ferry" from Gincinnati to the Kentucky shore, and owned the cornfield upon which Govington, in part, now MRS. BENJAMIN URMSTON. stands. Her mother's maiden name was Jane Richardson, of a Pennsylvania family, whose father came from England at the age of eighteen. Re- becca was born three miles above Hamilton, October 26, 1 801, where her father owned a large farm, which is still kept in the family, and is reck- oned one of the finest places in Butler county. About 1822, upon the death of her grandfather, she removed with her parents to the ancestral resi- dence in Govington, in the old Kennedy stone mansion. Here she was married to Mr. Urmston, October 16, 1828, and returned with him to the home of the elder Urmston, in Butler county. She has since shared his fortunes, his joys and sorrows, and all of life's experiences, through the long and . happy union of almost fifty-three years. Their children have been: Kennedy Urmston, born De- cember 30, 1829, died at the age of nearly three years; Robert, born August lO, 1 830, married Sarah Bevis, June 10, 1862, a prosperous farmer, residing near his father, has two sons and one daughter living; Mary Jane, born May 26, 1834, died March 27, 1858; Benjamin, born December 27, 1837, lives at home with his father, and mana- ges the business of the farm ; Edmond born June 25, 1840, married Margaret Butterfield October 12, 1869, resides on a farm opposite the old home in Butler county, has two sons and two daughters. Mr. and Mrs. Urmston have been members of the Old School Baptist church for more than forty years. The former has voted the Democratic' ' ticket steadily for sixty years, and still goes regu- larly to the polls. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 3^9' been called and ordained pastor of the original society in 1827, continued to preach to the New School people, and after a few years began to answer a call for Presby- terian preaching in "the neighboring and little village of Lockland," then a hamlet clustered closely about the locks. He says, in a letter to his old congregation, read upon the Centennial occasion above mentioned: I preached the first semion ever preached in Lockland, in a log cabin standing near by what is now the first lock in the canal. In progress of time the Presbytery, at the request of the people, organized the Pres- byterian cliurch of Lockland. Prior to the organization there was no house of worship, and I preached, as did Paul, "from house to house," and in Brother Long's dooryard in the summer and in his workshop in the winter. April 6, 1850, was the natal day of the Lockland New School Presbyterian church. It numbered twenty-one members. Mr. Graves preached to it until 1853, and then, in order, came the Rev. Messrs. I. De La Mater, Edward Scofield, John Hussey, Silas Hawley, W. A. Hutchison, and S. C. Palmer, the last of whom is present pastor. Under Mr. Hawley's ministrations, in February and March of 1866, a notable revival season occurred which brought thirty-eight into the church. After the formation of the Lockland society, the New School branch in Reading languished, and in a few years ceased to exist, its members tninsterring their allegiance mainly to the Colony church. To this, many years after, October 14, 1870, in the year succeeding the formal reuni- on of the Old and New School assemblies of Pittsburgh, the Reading Old School wing also came over and joined the Lockland society, which now took the name of the Reading and Lockland Presbyterian church. The Read- ing pastor. Rev. James H. Gill, came with his congrega- tion, and ministered to theUnited church for three months, when ill-health compelled him to retire; while the Lock- land pastor at the time, the Rev. Mr. Hawley, was dis- missed the same day, with sixty-one of the members, to form the Presbyterian church of Wyoming. Many in- teresting facts concerning the antecedent church in Reading will be found under the proper head in the his- tory of Sycamore township, following this chapter. From the organization of the church in Reading in 1834 to the centennial observance by the Reading and Lockland Church July 2, 1876, the number of members received on profession was seven hundred and twenty- four; on certificate, three hundred and sixty-eight; total, one thousand and ninety-two. During the five years of Mr. Hutchison's pastorate preceding the latter date, the additions aggregated one hundred and twenty, or an average of twenty-four per year. Reading is exceedingly fortunate in its industries, for which the four locks furnish an ample water-power, in an average fall of twelve feet each, yielding an equivalent of three hundred and fifty horse-power, or enough to move thirty-five run of stone. There are four paper- mills here, one of them alone employing about one hun- dred and fifty hands, with a pay roll of over forty thou- sand dollars a year and a product in printing paper and fine, plain and tinted book paper, in one recent year, of one million one hundred and twenty-five thousand pounds, worth one hundred'and ten thousand dollars. There are also two woollen mills, a huge cotton-mill recently erected, two starch factories, two flouriiig-mills, one box-factory and planing-mill, one baking-powder factory, and some wagon factories. Factory owners and operatives are thus a very large element in the population of Lockland. A neat eight-page paper called the Suburban Resident is published here, for Lockland, Reading, Wyoming and Carthage, by Mr. George W. Smith. It is an edition of the Cincinnati Tra7isC7-ipt, printed at Cumminsville by A. E. Weatherby, and bore the same name from the time of its founding, September 13, 1S79, by George K. Booth, the Lockland postmaster, to October i, 1880, when Mr. Smith took it and changed the name. It is a racy and interesting sheet, and serves a good purpose in the collec- tion and dissemination of news in these suburban villages. SPRINGDALE. This, the northernmost village in the township, is also the oldest, having been platted August 23, 1806, by John Baldwin. It was then and for many years known as Springfield, but for postal reasons was compelled to take its present name. It is at the northwest corner of sec- tion twelve, a little northwest of Glendale, on one of the Hamilton turnpikes, and a little over a mile vs^est of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad. It was incor- porated as a village March 16, 1839, and had three hun- dred and eighty-two inhabitants in 1870 and two hun- dred and eighty-four in 1880. The Ohio State Gazetteer of 1821 notices it as "a wealthy post-town of Hamilton county, fifteen miles north of Cincinnati, on the road to Hamilton, containing two hundred and twenty inhabi- tants." This is a fuller notice than any other village was able to command in the book. The Gazetteer of 1831 also mentioned it as a "wealthy" place, and credits it with .a population of two hundred and eighty. The issue of 1841 gives it the same number, with fifty-five dwellings, four stores, two taverns, one school-house, one church, and "a large number" of mechanics' shops. Some of the earliest tradesmen and mechanics of the village are thus recalled by Mr. Anthony Hilts, one of the very oldest survivors of the early day in Springdale: John Baldwood, proprietor of the town, blacksmith; John McGilliard, postmaster; Captain John Brownson, hotel- keeper; Garret Lefferson, and Isaac Larrne, blacksmiths; Colonel William Chamberlain, dry goods merchant; John Swallow, dealer in dry goods and groceries ; N. S. Schor- ey, tanner and currier; the father of Governor O. P. Morton, of Indiana (who was brought up in Springdale), hotel-keeper; William Creager, cabinetmaker and under- taker; John Rogers, manufacturer of Windsor chairs; Hatfield Williams, wheelwright; James Cogg, hatter; Jo- seph Hagerman, physician. It is also remembered by old citizens that one Birder made hats in Springdale about sixty years — of rabbit and other fur, great bell- crowned affairs, that would hold a peck apiece, the fur sticking out of them half an inch or more. It is thought that James Cogy preceded Creager as cabinetmaker, and was the first in the village; and that Creager was fol- lowed by Garrett Williamson. 38o HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. The old brick store in Springdale was erected in 1833, and the old pork-house on the other side of the street in 1838. Among the oldest dwellings in town, some of which go a long way back, are the Hunt, Prigg, and Creager houses. Mr. Hilts came to Springdale (then Springfield) in 1818, a boy of eleven years. But one other person of that day and neighborhood survives with hi.n. He con- tributes the following recollections of the school of his first winter here: "Schools were got up in those days by subscription, the employers paying usually three dollars per scholar a quarter. Three months in the winter season tl ey had school, and none in the summer. The teacher boarded from house to house. At the close of the term he was entitled to the subscription, and made his own collection. The school- house was a hewed-log house, in which was a school taught by Calkins Corkins, an Eastern man. " Mr. Huffman, a very aged resident of the village, re- members two of the pioneer.schools at Springdale — one kept by Caleb Kemper in a meeting-house originally built by the "New Light" religionists, and afterwards used for a school-house; the other, taught by a lady named An- drews, in a frame building erected in the Presbyterian churchyard. In this school needlework was among the branches taught. Alpheus Mclntyre was another of the early local pedagogues; John Wood was another. The present graded school building was put up in 1870. The Presbyterian church at Springdale is the oldest re- ligious society in the north of the county. Its history has been admirably detailed by Rev. William H. Jaraes, pastor (still in charge), in an historical discourse preached upon its seventy-ninth anniversary, June 4, 1876. Since the publication of this address Mr. James has obtained a more ancient document relating to its subject matter than any then accessible to him, which by his courtesy, we are enabled to present herewith : We, whose names are hereunto atifixed, do promise to pay or cause to be paid unto Mr. John Schooley, Mr. William Preston, or Luke Fos- ter, the several sums annexed to our names in cash or labour, for the use of procuring a piece of land for a Graveyard and to defray the ex- pense of a temporary Meeting house for the Presbyterian Society in this township of Springfield on demand — this fourth day of April, 1796. NAMES. LABOUR. LABOUR WITH CASH. DAYS. TEAM. £ John Schooley 2 i lo o Levi Sayer ...2 0150 Endorsed: " Subscription for the Grave yard and Meeting house." This church, after its people had met for worship for some time at Foster's grove, two miles south of Spring- dale, under the ministrations of Rev. Messrs James Kem- per, Peter Wilson, and Archibald Steele, was regularly constituted by the presbytery of Transylvania, probably in 1796. It first appears upon the presbyterial records October 2, 1798, when "a written supplication was pre- sented from Springfield for supplies." Among the early preachers to the society, besides those before named, were John E. Finley, Mr. Dunlavy, John Thomson, who had gone into the "New Light" movement, but returned from it, Matthew G. Wallace, Benjamin Graves, Sayrs Gazlay, and William Graham. The later settled pastors have been Adrian Aten, 1833-41; J. M. Stone, 1841-9; George P. Bergen, 1849-57; T. E. Huglies, 1858-66; William H. James, 1866 to this time. Mr. Thomson, who served the church over twenty years, was the father of four dis- tinguished sons, of whom the Syrian missionary and au- thor of The Land and the Book, Rev. William M. Thomson, D. D., is one. The first meeting-house — "a large frame building, nearly square, with galleries on the three sides, and the pulpit at the north end" was put up in 1801-2; the building now occupied, a spacious brick church, was erected in 1834. A notable revival occurred in 1802, and the next year the church numbered one hundred and three members, and was one of the strongest societies in Hamilton county, Cincinnati included. Among the early elders were John Watson, William Pres- ton, Moses Miller, Thomas Mclntire, Abraham Lindley, James Andrews, Benjamin Perlee, Caleb Crane, and others. In the winter of 1801-2 a remarkable religious move- ment, which took the name of the New Light, or Ken- tucky revival, spread into southwestern Ohio. It began in the Presbyterian churches of southern Kentucky, in 1800, and soon spread northward through that State, and finally into this, affecting chiefly the Presbyterians, but to some extent other denominations. , In the winter named two clergymen from Kentucky, John Thomson and Richard McNemar, before mentioned, preached often and very effectively at many points in the Miami coun- try. Their work was specially active at Springfield vil- lage, where Thomson uhimately settled as pastor, and at the Turtle Creek Presbyterian church, near the present Union village, or Shakertown, in Warren county, where McNemar settled. The history of the Miami Baptist association, by the Hon. A. H. Dunlevy, to which we owe these facts, thus relates, and apparently without prejudice, the singular characteristics of this revival: The effects of this revival can only be glanced at here. Indeed, the reality would hardly be credited now. New as the country was, congre- gations of one, two, and three thousand often collected at different points, and even evening meetings at private houses not unfrequently had such crowds that they were compelled to remain out of doors dur- ing the services. In cold weather it was not uncommon to build large fires around the house of logs, then very easily had, in order to the com- fort of those outside of the house. At first the excitement was distinguished by the falling exerci.se. This was marked by loud breathing at first, growing more and more rapid until the subject of it seemed to swoon, then fall, and be appa- rently without breathing for some hours. Hundreds would thus be seen prostrated in a few moments, and sometimes nearly every adult in the meeting, preacher and all, would be down at once — some silent, with scarcely the appearance of life, others apparently recovering, and either crying for mercy or praising God, with loud voices. Even wicked men who went to scoff, I have known to fall like others, wholly unable to control themselves, for a longer or a shorter time. On the recovery of these they would be unable to account for the effect on them, and in some cases such persons thus fell without producing even seriousness, more than for a few minutes, or hours^ at the furthest. In most in- stances, however, this falling was attended with strong convictions of sin, which resulted in permanent conversion. The falling exercise was succeeded by the rolling exercise, which consisted in being cast down in a violent manner, and rolling over and over like a hog. The next in time was the jerks. These were attended by violent twitchings of the muscles of the neck, arms, and sometimes of the whole body. The head would frequently be thrown from one side to another, backwards and forwards, so forcibly as to appear to threaten dislocation of the neck. A fourth exercise was what was called the barks. The individual af- fected by this would bark like a dog, and often move about on hands REEVES McGILLIARD, Esq. The parents of the subject of this sketch were John and Elizabeth (Campbell) McGilliard. The father was born in Pennsylvania in 1788, and at the age of eight years, in 1796, was brought to Springfield township by his parents, and spent there- mainder of his days there, dying in 1878, at .the ad- vanced age of ninety yeafs. He was a prominent tean in local affairs in his day, filling at different times nearly every township of- fice — as trustee, treasurer, justice of the peace, con- stable, etc. Elizabeth Campbell, his wife, was born in 1784, and died in 1861, aged seventy-seven years. Among their chil- dren was one daughter, Mary, now widow of John Moore, and residing at Mt. Pleasant. There were three sons, Andrew, William, and Reeves, all of whom are still living in Springfield township. William is the subject of vious sketches. Reeves McGillard, residing nearly two miles east of Mt. Pleasant, was born in 1809. He was married notice in our pre- in 1833 to Miss Sarah Gardiner, of this township. Their children were two, Esther and Eliza Ann, both of whom died in 1864 — the mother having pre- ceded her chidren to the grave by four years. About two years thereafter Mr. McGilliard was married to Miss Sarah Brown. He has followed the business of farming during all his active life. For more than twenty consecutive years he was entrusted by his fellow-citizens with the responsible dutifes of jus- tice of the peace, which he discharged to the general satisfaction. He has also, from time to time, served as township trustee and school director. Himself and wife are both mem- bers of the Christian church, and have long been among its staunchest supporters. Mr. McGil- liard has passed the Psalm- ist's limit of human life by almost two years, but retains considerable vigor of mind and body, and is regarded by his friends as a remarkably well-preserved old gentle- man. JOHN ROSS FIELD. The progenitors of Mr. Field in this country were of Scotch-Irish ex- traction. John, his great-great-grandfather, was the first of the name and family in America. He came from Bradford, Hertfordshire, Eng- land, and was in the fifth generation, in*direct line, from John Field, the celebrated astronomer of the sixteenth century, who was born in 1525. The later John was born in England, May 15, 1659, and settled in Piscataway township, Middlesex county, New Jersey, in 1685, where his descendants reside so numerously that their residence district (now in Somerset county) along the Raritan river, has received the popular name of Fieldville. A paper read some years ago, before the Histori- cal Society of New Brunswick, concerning this family, says : "The ruling characteristics of this branch of the family, and perhaps their greatest usefulness to the world, has been their example of earnestness in the common pursuits of life." Jeremiah, son of John Field, born May 17, 1689, was father of Benjamin, whose natal day was February 19, 1725. He in turn was father of Jacob, born February 7, 1768, married Hester Ross, also of Middlesex county, December 25, 1790, and died on the farm now oc- cupied by his son, the subject of this notice. One of his brothers, Michael, uncle of John R. Field, was killed in action at the battle of Monmouth, June 27, 1778. The latter was the sixth son of Jacob and Hester (Ross) Field, and was born at New Brunswick, Middlesex county. New Jersey, March 13, iSio. At the age of two years he was brought with his father "s family to Ohio, coming in wagons all the way with the Ross, Schooley, and Coddington families, all of whom were related. The Fields tarried for a while where St. Bernard now is, in Mill Creek township, and then, in 1813, came to the vicinity of the present residence of John R. Field, settling upon a farm just beyond the creek, between his home and Glendale. His father taught school for a short time, but devoted his attention mainly to the improvement of his place. About 1816 the family removed to the farm, now in pos- sesssion of his son, one mile west of Glendale. Here died Jacob Field, April I, 1842, aged seventy-four years, and Hester his wife, October 7, 1854, aged eighty-four years. John's advantages of early education were but limited, being confined to the poor and widely scattered schools of that time. He remained with his father, engaged in the pursuits of the farm, until his twenty- fourth year, when he was united in marriage to Miss Harriet P. Ferine, also of Springfield township, January 7, 1834, by the Rev. Adrian Aten, pastor of the Presbyterian church at Springdale. After the age of twenty-one, by reason of the increasing age and infirmities of his MRS. JOHN ROSS FIELD. father, the cares of the farm devolved upon Mr. Field, who at majority came into possession of the place. He took his young wife to the paternal home, where they have since resided. Their children have been: Jacob, born January 27, 1835, died in infancy at the age of but ten days ; Martha Anderson, born April 2, 1836, died August 7, 1858 ; Jane, born January 2, 1838, died June 27, 1841 ; Hester Ann, born July 27, 1839, died May 23, 1864 ; Elizabeth, born April 20, 1841, married October 29, 1862, to James W. Moore, a farmer residing near Mt. Pleasanc ; Charles Milton, born February 4, 1843, married Lydia A. Hough November 18, 1863, and resides as a farmer upon a place im- mediately adjoining his father's; Sarah Isabella, born April 9, 1846, and still resides with lier parents ; Catharine Rowen, born February 6, 1848, died February 17, 1861; Lydia Ross, born November 7, 1851, died November 21, 1877. Mr. Field has been a quiet farmer, but little in official life, and not connected with any religious or secret society organization. He was formerly a Whig in pohtics, but for many years has cast his vote with the Democratic party. At the age of seventy-one years, he is n2turally beginning to feel the weight of age, and for six or seven years has suf- fered the partial loss of his speech. Harriet Porter Ferine, now Mrs. John R. Field, was the second daughter of John I. and Jane (Van Tuyl) Ferine. Her father was a native of White Creek, New York, and her mother of the adjoining town, Cambridge, Washington county. She was born at White Creek, November 13, 1813, and at the age of eight years came with her family to Ohio, her father dying soon after in Ashtabula county, where he meant to settle. The widow and her young family then came on to Springfield township, where her brother, Thomas B. Van Tuyl, was settled, his lands adjoining Mr. Field's on the west. In the family of this uncle Harriet was brought up. When ten years old she experi- enced her first great grief in the loss of an older sister, Mary Ann, residing in Hamilton as an attendant at school, who was killed with three others by one fell stroke of lightning, April 5, 1825. Her mother died in Cincinnati April i, 1858, at the age of seventy-one, after a long struggle with feebleness and dehcate health. When her daughter was twenty-one years old she was married to Mr. Field, as related in the previous sketch, and their histories have been since united through the long period of nearly half a century. She has been a faithful member of the Presbyterian church at Springdale since the age of sixteen, for now more than fifty-one years. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 381 and feet as if imitating that animal in its motions as well as in sounds- Another was the whirling exercise, spinning around like a top. These all had their day, and passed off in a few years, except the jer'.vs, which continued with some for many years. These exercises were considered by the New Lights as supernatural and intended to humble their natural pride of heart and debase, in iheir ownestimation, the sub- jects of them. Though 1 give no opinion, they were sometimes diffi- cult to account for on any known principles of psychology. There were instances, and many of them, where persons would lie as if dead, with scarcely the slightest appearance of life, for days together, without mo- tion or any other signs of life, unless an almost imperceptible pulsation and breathing. These people were called New Lights, because they taught "that the will of God was made manifest to each individual who honestly sought after it, by an inward light which shown into his heart; and hence they received the name of New Lights." This revival carried off the great body of the Presbyterian church in the Miami valley, with a number of their preachers; as it did in Ken- tucky and Tennessee, southwest Virginia and northwest North Caro- lina. In 1803 they separated from all connection with the regular Presbyterial organizations, formed new presbyteries, and protested against the doctrines and government of the old ecclesiastical organiza- tion. The Cumberland Presbyterian denomination took its rise in this re- markable episode of religious history, and its name from that presby- tery of southern Kentucky, in which the revival began. The Chris- tians, or Disciples, had the way prepared for them in many places by it; and the Shakers received many accessions, in Kentucky and the Miami country, by reason of its strange experiences. The church at Springdale was greatly affected by it for years, but finally recovered al- most entirely from its influence. The Baptist church was also very early in getting a lodgment here. The Rev. William Jones was its local pastor in 1827. MOUNT PLEASANT. This village — which, like Springfield, has been forced by the post office department to take another name (Mount Healthy) for its postal arrangements — is situated in the southwestern quarter of the township, about two miles north of College Hill, at the corners of sections twenty-six and twenty-seven, thirty-two and thirty-three. It is also an old town, having been laid out in 181 7 by John Laboyteaux and Samuel Hill. A Mount Pleasant Savings andBuilding association was incorporated January 18, 187 1. It had two hundred and nineteen inhabitants in 1830; eight hundred and seventy-one in 1880. On the Fourth of July, 1837, there was a rather notable celebra- tion at the Presbyterian church in this village, with Mr. Daniel Vanmatre for orator. The neighborhood south of this place is on the Ham- ilton turnpike, principally celebrated as the early home of the Cary sisters, who receive due notice in our chapter on literature in Cincinnati. A highly poetic description of the old homestead here will also be found in that chap- ter; and we add here another poem by Alice Cary, in which there is much local coloring and some of the do- mestic history of the Carys: memory's pictures. Among the beautiful pictures That hang on Memory's wall Is one of a aim old forest, That seemeth best of all; Not for its gnarled oaks olden, Dark with the mistletoe; Not for the violets golden That sprinkle the vale below; Nor for the milk-white lilies That lean from the fragrant hedge, Coquetting all day with the sunbeams, And stealing their golden edge; Not for the vines on the upland. Where the bright-red berries rest; Nor the pinks, nor the pale, sweet cowslip, Doth it seem to me the best. I once had a little brother, With eyes that were dntk and deep — In the lap of that dim old forest Helieth in peace asleep; Light as the down of the thistle, Flee as the winds that blow, We roved there the beautiful summers, The summers of long ago; But his feet on the hiils grew weary, And one of the autumn eves I made for my little brother A bed of the yellow leaves. Sweetly his pale arms folded My neck in a meek embrace, As the light of immortal beauty Silently covered his face; And when the arrows of sunset Lodged in the tree-tops bright, He fell, in his saint-like beauty, Askep by the gates of light. Therefore, of all the pictures That h£.ng on Memory's wall The one of the dim old forest Seemeth the best of all Mount Pleasant (or Mount Healthy) was a great place, many years ago, for holding political conventions, espec- ially of the Anti-Slavery or Liberty party. At one conven- tion held here, in May, 1841, the nominees of the Liberty party, at the National convention in New York the same month, for the canvass of 1844 — Mr. James G. Birney for President, and Thomas Morris for Vice-President, both then or formerly of Hamilton county — were cordially sustained. This was before the organization of the Lib- erty party in Ohio. On the Fourth of July, 1842, another convention of Liberty men was held at Mount Pleasant, and the Hon. Samuel Lewis, formerly State superintend- ent of common schools, was nominated for the State senate. This was the first regular convention of the party in this county. It was crowded, and a very great interest was excited. The biographer of Mr. Lewis says: "One curious feature of the day was a discussion on the merits of the Liberty party and its claims to public favor, during which the gentleman who took the negative of the question labored hard to prove that slavery was an insti- tution of the Bible, and that God had sanctioned it. Such arguments were, of course, properly treated, by Messrs. Morris and Chase, who opposed his views." St. Mary's Catholic Church is located there, with a parochial school of seventy pupils, and the St. Mary's and St. Stephen's confratenities — all in charge of the Rev. Herman Johanning, pastor. A writer in a recent number of the College Hill Moon, a paper prepared at one of the literary institutions in College Hill, contributes a long article descriptive of a visit to the home of the Cary sisters, from which we ex- tract the following: A gray -painted, two-story, brick house, looking as if it had modestly stepped back from the road and drawn its leafy veil over its face as gently as a Quakeress of olden time, while its wide roof, sloping toward the road, made it look not unlike one who shades the eyes with the hand when wishing to look far off. In fact, all the air and bearing of the house gives you the impression of a person growing old, so busy 382 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. with past memories that it seems never to realize or be a part of the present. On every side tall trees overshadow it; their long branches stretch over the roof; lovingly their shadows kiss it; house and trees lived, and growing old, and talking over their .secrets together, and though we heard the whisper of the leaves when they touched the gable, what they said I cannot tell, for poets only dare breathe such confi- dences. We open the gate, now held in place by a loop of rope, and pass inside the faded paled fence, and walk with reverent feet up the fi.igged walk, where moss and grass have grown all unrebuked between the stones. The front door at the end of this walk is in the centre of the house, and has a window on either side. We sit a while on the well worn door-step, and recall the time when many children clustered on and round it, to see the sun set, for the front faces the west, and Rhoda the child of promise, who died so young, told fairy tales, and from distant hill and gathermg cloud made the children see turreted castle and lordly hall, and peopled them with great folk that came to life in her wonderful imagination. But we must follow a path that leads round the house. We find our.'elves in the lane that passes the side of the house, at the end of which we see the barn, brown gabled, where the swallows still love to build. We note in passing that the rose bushes still grow lu.Kuriantly over the fence that bounds this lane, making it look in June, when they are in bloom, like a spinster of fifty decked out for a queen of May. Tall trees line each side of this lane, so that at no time of day is there wanting cool, pleasant shade. No wonder the sisters look back lovingly to it. Here they built their play houses, and kept their pets, and romped and played in childhood, and, in later days, put out the milk pans to dry in shining rows. The dining room and kitchen, with chambers over them, are in an addition running back, and have a veranda their whole length, the roof of which is supported by round brick pillars — a curious piece of archi- tecture we never saw before. At the end of this, close to the kitchen door, is the well. The sisters say they used to think that it went through to the other side of the world, and Alice says she loved it with the well sweep tall by her father's own hand reared, but that, alas ! has long since passed away, and the water, still as pure and cool, is brought up with pulley and bucket and chain. HARTWELL, a little northeast of Carthage, on the opposite side of Mill creek, and on section one, in the southeast corner of the township, and on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton and Short Line railroads, was laid out in 1868 by the Hamilton County Building association, and named from Mr. John W. Hartwell, who was vice-president of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad when its station was located there. It had a population of but sixty-seven in 1870, which ten years later had mounted to eight hundred and ninety-two, largely of persons do- ing business in Cincinnati and having suburban residences here. A Methodist church and a good graded school are located here. It was incorporated September 9, 1876. WYOMING is west of Lockland, on the other side of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad. It was surveyed in the fall of 1869, by Isaac Riddle, for the Lockland & Wyoming Homestead association; was incorporated for special pur- poses December 7, 1870, and for general purposes March 25, 1874. Its mayor, the latter year, was Mr. W. B. Teetor. It had eight hundred and forty inhabitants by the census of June, 1880. The Presbyterian church here is in charge of the Rev. M. Maxwell. NEW BURLINGTON has had, likewise for postal reasons, to change its name to Transit Post Office. It is an old place near the west line of the township, one and a half miles northwest of Mt. Pleasant. It was laid out May 31, 1S16, by John Pegg. In 1S30 it had sixty-two inhabitants. GREENWOOD is a village plat surveyed in 1858 by C. S. Woodruff, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, between Lockland and Wyoming, by whose growth and fame its own have become considerably obscured. PARK PLACE, on the same iron road, a little northwest of Greenwood, was laid off in 1877, by the Pa;-k Place Land and Build- ing company. FOSTER HILL is next north of Park Place on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, east side, in the neighborhood of the first white settlements made in Springfield township. WOODLAWN is a short distance north of Foster Hill, on the same sec- tion, four, and the same side of the railroad, near the township line, not far from the south corporation line of Glendale. ELLISTON is a station north of Glendale, on the Cincinnati, Hamil- ton & Dayton railioad, laid out in 1868, by W. F. Much- more, and named from Mr. John W. Ellis, a resident of the neighborhood. MAPLEWOOD is another station and village on this railroad, platted in 1873, by Joseph F. Mills. It is now incorporated with Hartwell village in one municipality. THE POPULATION of Springfield township in 1870 was six thousand five hundred and eighty-four, and in 1880 had increased to seven thousand nine hundred and seventy-five. Biographical Sketches. JOSEPH JACKSON. The father of the late Joseph Jackson, of Mt. Pleas- ant, John Jackson, was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, December 8, 1775, and removed to Pennsylvania in 181 2, three years thereafter to Cincinnati, and in 1819 to the Great Miami river, in Butler county, about two miles north of the Hamilton line. Here he conducted the flouring-mill long known as Jackson's, now Graham's mill. He was himself a millwright, and by and by built and ran a paper-mill at the same place and moved by the same power. This was also maintained until within a few years, when it was suspended. Mr. Jackson died October 30, 1857, at a farm a mile and a half from the mills, to which he had retired in his old age from the former business. His wife's maiden name was Annie Hough, also of a Virginia family. She was born Sep- tember 25, 1778, and they were wedded in May, 1801. Their children were: Anna, born February 22, 1802, died June 5, 1846; Elizabeth, born April 29, 1804, died May 31, 1868; Rebecca, born May i, 1806; Samuel, JOSEPH JACKSON. MRS. JOSEPH JACKSON. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 383 born November 8, 1808; Joseph, born December 4, 1809, died May 7, 1866; Thomas, born August 30, i8ii; Mary, born March 28, 1815, died September 11, 1850; Amanda, born September 10, 1818, died June 8, 1880. Their third son was Joseph Jackson, the subject of this notice. He was born on the fourth of Decem- ber, 1809, in Morgantown, Monongaha county, Vir- ginia, and accompanied his family in their successive re- movals, learning at home his father's trade of milhvright. About the time he reached his majority he left home, taking work at his trade in various places, as he could find it. In 1834, August 19th, upon his bride's birth- day, he was wedded to Miss Nancy Riddle, daughter of Colonel John Riddle, the famous pioneer, near Cincin- nati. For some years they resided at the mills of his father, in Butler county, and then removed, in 1839, to a farm one and a half miles south of Mt. Pleasant, in the neighborhood where the Gary sisters spent their earlier years. Upon this place the remainder of his days were passed in the improvement of a tract originally very poor, but which he made to blossom as the rose. Here he died May 7, 1866, and his remains repose in the beautiful cemetery at Spring Grove, adjoining the city of Cincinnati. He was not an active politician, and sought no public office or prominence of any kind. He was, however, for a number of years, president of the Cincin- nati, Mt. Pleasant & Hamilton Turnpike company, and raised the road owned by it to a high degree of excel- lence and prosperity, so that, for the first and last time in its history, it paid some dividends to its stockholders. After his death Mr. J. F. Wright, an officer of the board of directors of the company, in the course of some re- marks submitting a resolution in tribute to his memory, included the following eulogy, to which the resolution is appended: He was elected to the presidency of the company in 1853, and con- tinued to serve uninterruptedly in that capacity until his death. For the greater pait of the time during the same period he also served as county superintendent of the road. His unanimous annual reappoint- ment to both positions is indubitable proof of the satisfaction given by his official acts. As president I know full well it was ever his desire to be impartial, just, and prompt in the discharge of the duties which his official station devolved upon him. His knowledge of mechanics and human nature, together with his unwavering integrity, eminently quali- fied him and made him the efficient superintendent that induces every voice now involuntarily to inquire: "Who can fill the place made vacant by his demise? " Only those who were intimately acquainted with the man knew his virtues. He was a man of probity and integrity; he was a lover of truth, kind and merciful in all his relations and intercourse with men, and utterly incapable of practicing deceit. The dishonest man he avoided as he would a pestilence, holding no intercourse whatever with him unless unavoidable. In a word, for I must be brief, the community has sustained the loss of a good citizen and an honest man, its chief ornament. This board has lost an esteemed and valuable member, and an active and efificient officer. 1 he loss to both is irreparable. In conclusion, I propose for adoption the following resolu- tion as the sentiment of the board: "Resolved, That we greatly deplore the death of our late fellow- member, Joseph Jackson, m whom we recognized the honest man, the genial companion, the steadfast friend, and the faithful and efficient officer; and that the family of the deceased have our liveliest sympathy in their deep affliction; and that as a memento of our regard and esteem for the deceased, this resolution be spread upon the minutes of this meeting. Nancy Riddle Jackson was born at the ancient Riddle homestead in Mill Greek, oldest daughter of Colonel John and Jane Marshall Riddle. Jane Marshall was the third wife of Colonel Riddle, who had five wives in the course of his long life. Nancy's natal day was August 19, 1811. She resided at home, receiving such educa- tion as was afforded by the schools of the neighborhood (then far out of the city, but now far within it), until she was married as above noted, when she followed the for- tunes of her husband in his several removals. She still survives her consort, and resides in a delightful home in Mount Pleasant, on the Hamilton turnpike. The third year after her husband's death she left the farm, and removed to the residence still owned by her, a little west of the Mount Pleasant station of the College Hill railroad, and in the fall of 1877 took her present place in the village. Her daughter, Miss Nancy Jane Jackson, resides with her. Mrs. Jackson presents a remarkably healthy and vigorous appearance for one of her years, and is every way a worthy descendant of the sturdy old pioneer who helped to lay the foundations of civilization in the Mill Creek and Ohio valleys. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Jackson were, in order of birth, as follows: Nancy Jane, born May 28, 1835; Sarah Louisa, now ' Mrs. Gary B. Johnson, of Mount Pleasant, born January 10, 1837; George Washington, born January 27, 1839, also residing in Mount Pleasant, in the grocery and dry- goods business for many years; John Riddle, born Au- gust 15, 1841, died August 10, 1859; Mary Maria, now Mrs. George W. Rofelty, of Home City, Ohio, born February 15, 1849; Joseph, born August 17, 1851, died August 2, 1854. HON. JOHN MORROW COCHRAN. This gentleman, one of the most distinguished and useful citizens of Springfield township, resides one-half mile north of Glendale, upon the Glendale and Port Union turnpike. He was born near Gettysburgh, Adams county, Pennsylvania, June 18, 1808, son of William, grandson of James C., and great-grandson of William Cochran. The Cochrans are of English stock. The great-grandfather was born in 1699, and died in 1771; his wife, Sarah, born 1702, died 1785. The grandfather was born July 8, 1732, died December 8, 18 10. The dates of birth and death of Jane, his wife, respectively, are November 14, 1742, and January 4, 18 15. Mr. Cochran's mother was Rebecca, daughter of John Morrow, from whom the subject of this notice was named, and sister of the late Governor Jeremiah Mor- row, of Warren (formerly Hamilton) county. In 1814 his parents, with their young family, in wagons, with a five-horse team, and a saddle-horse for the mother, who would not trust herself upon the water, and hence in- sisted upon the land journey throughout, made the long trip across the country, still very much a wilderness, arrived in June at the residence of Governor Morrow, Twenty-iniles Stand, on the banks of the Little Miami, eight miles north of Montgomery. After resting here a short time they then pushed westward, crossing the fer- 384 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. tile valley of Mill creek, and settling finally two miles west of Sharonville, and just east of Mr. Cochran's present residence. The elder Cochran here purchased one hundred and sixty-nine acres, to which his son John has made important additions by successive ]3urchases of fifty, seventy-five, and twenty acres. The latter attended the subscription schools of that day, at Springfield, now Springdale, and later the Miami university, at Oxford, where he numbered among his fellow students, these talented young men who were afterwards known as Lieu- tenant Governor Charles Anderson, the Hon. Robert Schenck, and Professor Freeman Gary, founder of Farm- ers' college, at College Hill. He spent seven years in all in Butler county, as a student at Oxfoid and a mer- chant at Millville, where his father owned and for some time conducted a mill property. In this county he was married June 28, 1832, to Miss Martha J., daughter of Joseph Wilson, of Rossville, now a part of Hamilton. Her mother was Elizabeth Dick, daughter of the old pioneer, Samuel Dick, who is celebrated in one chapter of McBride's Pioneer Biography. In the spring of 1839 they removed to Springfield township, and settled tem- porarily at Springdale, removing afterwards to the valu- able property where they have since resided. About the same time he became president of the Hamilton, Spring- field & Carthage turnpike company, which had just built the fine sixteen mile road from Hamilton to Carthage — the best paying turnpike, it is said, in the State. He has been continuously in this position for forty-two years, except during a very brief interval caused by his resig- nation. For four years in his young manhood he was township clerk, and consented in his later life to serve for three years as township trustee. He is naturally ambitious, was an ardent Whig and afterwards Republi- can, and easily turned to the active pursuits of politics and official life. In 1840, when but thirty-two years old, he was called into conspicuous service as a representative in the legislature from Hamilton county. Young as he was, he bore an influential part in securing the election of his candidates for judges of the court of common pleas in Butler county; and the friends of the defeated ones, in derision and chagrin at his success, gave him sixteen votes for judge, although his residence was not in that county. Mr. Cochran again served in the lower branch of the legislature in 1864-7, '^o terms (the Fifty-sixth and Fifty- seventh houses), during which he was chairman of the important committee on corporations other than munici- pal, and member of the joint committee on enrollment. In the latter session he was also on the penitentiary committee. In the little volume of Biographical Sketches prepared for members of the legislature, it is said of him: "He is known as one of the strong Union members of the house, faithful, prompt and efficient." For the sessions of 1872-3 he was again summoned to service in the house by his fellow-citizens, when he acted as chairman of the coinmittee on public printing, and member of that on public benevolent institutions. During the war of the Rebellion he performed impor- tant duty as a member of the military committee of Hamilton county. While the great struggle was in pro- gress, in November, 1863, he visited his childhood's home, but as an official representative of the State of Ohio, by appointment of Governor Tod, to attend the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburgh, where one of the greatest battles of the war had been fought a few months before. The confidence reposed by the community in Mr. Cochran has been shown most abundantly, not only by his rei^eated calls to official station, but by the frequent de- mands upon him to administrate upon estates, of which he has had as many as twenty-three in charge, settling all with thorough efficiency and integrity. He is uni- versally regarded as an able and very useful citizen, in public and in private life. Mrs. Cochran also still sur- vives. They have had thirteen children, as follows: William Arman, born April 14, 1835; October 14, 1856, married Julia Ann Lewis; now a farmer near De- catur, Illinois. Joseph Wilson, born December 29, 1836, married Mattie H. Cox June 18, 1862; an attorney at Peoria, Illinois, and for six years circuit judge. Infant son, born September 29, 1838, died unnamed October 24, same year. John Morrow, born December 13, 1839, residing with his parents. Samuel D., born February 13, 1842; married Marie Fitzgerald November 8, 1876; a bookkeeper and local manager in Cincinnati for the Champion Reaper company, of Springfield. Eliza W., born November 15, 1843, married October 12, 1871, to the Rev. W. H. James, pastor of the Presbyterian church at Springdale. Jeremiah Morrow, born November 20, 1845, "ow an editor and proprietor of the Daily Freeman, Peoria, Illinois. Rebecca, born November 20, 1845, residing at the old home. Nannie A., born De- cember 3, 1849, also at home. James Marion, born December 21, 1851, at home; Louisa D., born August 20, 1853, died April 12, 1854. Lewellyn, born May 20, 1855, died December 10, 1859. Martha Ella, born Septenlber 16, 1857, died April 12, 1854. CAPTAIN GEORGE W. WALKER. Joseph Walker was a native of the isle of Guernsey, born in 1774 of an English-French family. Hettie Stibbs was born in New Jersey, United States, 1780, of Holland stock. She became Mrs. Walker after the im- migration of her husband to New York city in 1806 — probably about 1807 or 1808. He labored as a house carpenter, and also, under the direction of his friend the renowned Robert Fulton, he shaped at his shop by night, after the labors of the day were over, the model for the Clermont, the first steamer to navigate the Hudson river. The family, comprising then but two children, with the parents left the Atlantic coast in 181 1, prompted thereto by the prospect of war with Great Britain and the consequent danger to him as still a British subject, and started for Cincinnati. From New York to Phila- delphia they journeyed by ocean vessel, thence three weeks' travel took them by wagon across the mountains to Pittsburgh, where they embarked upon a flatboat for JOHN L. RIDDLE. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 385 the river trip. Arriving at the young Queen City he reentered upon the pursuits of his trade, and in a short time became a prominent builder, being much in the employ of John H. Piatt, the enterprising speculator of that day. After a useful and honorable career Mr. Walker died in Cincinnati in June, 1838, and his wife in December, 1859, at the age of seventy-nine. Five chil- dren were born to them in the city, among them the subject of this sketch. George W. Walker was the fifth child and fourth son, born January 28, 181 7, near the corner of Third and Sycamore streets, which neighbor- hood was then mainly devoied to dwellings. His fath- er's house was just at the brow of the "Hill," which had not then been graded down. George was educated in the city schools, which were then almost exclusively private, and somewhat costly. Among his early teachers were Caleb Kemper, Mrs. Williamson, Mr. Wringlet, and other well-known early pedagogues. Following the ex- ample of his father and an elder brother, he learned the business of house-carpentering, to which he afterwards added the trades of ship-carpenter and steamboat-joiner, and practiced them all for some years. When about twenty-three years old his savings enabled him to invest in a steamer, the Mail, jointly with Captain Thomas J. Haldeman. — Thus early, in 1840, did the business asso- ciation of these two gentlemen begin, which continued almost unbroken in steamboating and paper manufactur- ing until the death of Captain Haldeman in October, 1874. The company with which Captain Walker is now connected, still bears from him the name of the Halde- man Paper company. On their first venture with the Mail, Mr. Haldeman went out as captain and Mr. Walker as carpenter. Selling this vessel at the end of a year, they, with others, built a fine new steamer called the Express Mail, for the New Orleans trade. It proved a profitable investment, and was run by its owners four years, when they sold it to build the more costly steamer Yorktown — a powerful vessel built for the rapid transit of passengers rather than for freight, and bearing also on the wheel-house the designation of "Fast Mail." Cap- tain Walker continued to serve as carpenter of the steamers; but when Captain Haldeman retired to take the post of inspector of steamboats at Cincinnati — the first appointment there under a law of Congress which he had been largely instrumental in securing — Mr. Walker assumed the captaincy of another vessel pur- chased by them — the Norma. In a short time this became a total wreck by snagging at Choctaw Bend, on the Mississippi, the cargo, worth about three hundred thousand dollars, being mostly saved. For a year he was then engaged at Cincinnati and Madison in super- intending the lengthening of steamers for the Peo- ple's Line to Louisville, of which Captain Haldeman was president. He then engaged in real estate operations and house-building in the city, also making purchase of a farm in Clermont county and taking stock in a National bank in New Richmond. In 1866 he removed to his farm, nine miles from that place, but was called away from it in three years to accept a superior opportunity for investment in the paper-making business at Lockland. A reconstruction of the company of Decamp, Haldeman & Parker had become necessary by the death of Mr. Parker, who was killed in one of the mills January 31, 1867. It became the Haldeman Paper company, with Captain Haldeman as president, who invited his old friend and associate to an interest in the new company. For a time Captain Walker employed his mechanical talent in the improvement and repair of the mills, and superintended the construction of the new mill in the summer of 1877, upon the site of the old mill where Mr. Parker was killed. Upon the death of Captain Haldeman, Mr. J. C. Richardson was promoted from the vice-presidency to the vacant place, and Captain Walker became vice president, in which capacity he has since served the company He has made his home in Lockland ever since his connection with the mills; is a member and trustee of the Presbyterian church at that place, which holds the faith of his fathers; and an un- compromising Republican since the outbreak of the late war. In 1858, February 28th, Captain Walker' was married to Margaret, daughter of Judge Robert Haines, of New Richmond, Clermont county. She is still living. They have two children, daughters — Hettie May, born May 10, 1859, in Cincinnati, now at home with her parents; and Alice Quinlin, born in Newport, Kentucky, Decem- ber 28, 1863, and residing at home. JOHN L. RIDDLE. John Riddle, jr., was born in New Jersey in 1789, and in the fall of the next year was brought by his parents to Cincinnati. As he grew toward manhood he assisted his father. Colonel Riddle, in clearing and work- ing the section owned by the colonel in Mill Creek val- ley, one corner of which was near the Brighton house, and all of which is now far within the city. He went out as a volunteer in the War of 1812-15, and served faithfully and safely during his term. In April, 18 14, at the age of twenty-five he was married to Catharine Long, of whom and of whose father some notice is given below. Mr. Riddle and wife settled on a quarter-section west of the site of Glendale and handsomely overlooking it, where the remainder of their lives was spent. He died suddenly of hernia at about seventy-seven years of age; and she at the age of eighty-five, from the effects of a fall which rendered her unconscious and took her life in seven hours. They had never in their married life known sickness severe enough to confine them to their rooms; had been hard workers all their lives, and were each performing their usual duties until struck down by the icy hand of death. Catharine Long, wife of John Riddle, jr., and mother of John L. Riddle, was born December 13, 1788. She was a daughter of Michael Long, an immigrant from Penn's Valley, Pennsylvania, in 1794, and among the first to break the dense forest west of the present site of Glen- dale. He settled about twelve miles north of Cincinnati and two miles west of the former place. With him came 386 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. his aged father and a number of relatives, among them some of the Longs, the McCormacks, the Smalls, the Sterretts, the Lowes, and many others, all of whom settled within a radius of four miles, and who were never driven out by the Indians. Long soon cleared land and from the first became self-supporting. He soon built a saw-mill on a small stream running through his farm, which for simplicity as well as capacity is a marvel to men yet living, who delight to relate the simplicity of the mechanicism as well as the enormous amount of work accomplished by it. During the entire life of Long it con- tinued to cut lumber for the building up of the neighbor- hood, as well as to furnish quantities to Cincinnati boat- builders. Mike, as he was called, was a farmer, black- smith, tanner, mechanic of all work, shoemaker of even^ ings, and for the first three years his own tailor, tanning skins and making clothes of them for the male portion of his family, but the first patch of flax raised relieved him of that necessity, and he lived to be able to procure for a wedding dress for his oldest daughter, calico, which then was considered the height of style in those parts. Michael lived to the age of sixty-five, when he died and was buried in the cemetery near Springdale. Since that time all his children have been laid by his side except two, and in the language of an old settler who knew him well, we know of no person, living or dead, who has con- tributed so much to improve and benefit the township of Springfield as Michael Long. The father of Michael was an emigrant from Holland, as was also his wife's father. Michael was born February 14, 1756, and died July 13, 1822. John L. Riddle is one of eight children of John and Catharine Riddle. The others were William, Jacob, Mary, Emeline, Andrew J., Nancy, and Adrian A. Of these only Jacob has died. John was born in the old log cabin home, west of Glendale, January 5, 182 1; spent his earlier years at home, getting such education as the primitive schools of the region afforded; was married in 1843 to Elizabeth J. Hitts, of Springfield township, and is the parent of eighteen children — five sons and thirteen daughters — Catharine A., Elizabeth J., Cornelia, Frank A., Harriet H., Clara, Julia, Margaret, Mary, John L., Henrietta, Jacob N., and six others who died infants un- named. Mr. Riddle has acquired a handsome property — partly by his very fortunate sale of parts of the site of Glen- dale, and is an extensive landholder in the northwest part of the township. He has never aspired to political honors, but has occupied numerous positions of trust, and is often employed to settle estates. Himself and wife have long been influential members of the church at Springdale. They occupy a pleasant home west of the village, and are spending their declining years in all honor, peace, and prosperity. GEORGE H. FRIEND, proprietor of the large paper mills of Lockland and Car- rollton, Ohio, was born in Miami county, Ohio, Septem- ber 12, 1816. His father, Charles Howard Friend, was born in Vir- ginia July 5, 1789. He removed to Cincinnati with his family in the year 1825; was a common day laborer, and, having a large family to support (nine children), it be- came necessary for his son, the subject of our sketch, to earn his own living, and, accordingly, when ten years of age, became employed in the Graham paper mills, then located at the foot of Water street — Central avenue. He began work as assistant lay-boy at a salary of seventy- five cents a week, but being apt in his work was advanced in his position, also in his salary, receiving one dollar and twenty-five cents a week. He continued in Mr. Graham's employ until the year 1832, when the mills were moved to the Black bottoms, below Hamilton, where he began work in the same business for Mr. Spears, whose mills were located near the foot of Smith street. He received there two dollars and twenty-five cents per week, but about this time his parents moved from the city, and young George, desirous of trying his adventures on the waters, left for the south on a flat-boat, having for his cargo a load of lard and bacon. He was to receive for the round trip the munificent sum of twenty dollars, which was not a fortune considering the two months' time required to go to New Orleans and back. About this time the cholera broke out and the captain of the boat had much difficulty in retaining the services of his crew, as they either would get sick or leave through fear of the epidemic. At Madison, Indiana, all left the cap- tain but young George, and at Louisville the whole force had again to be reorganized. At this last named place a German was employed, who, in consequence of idleness and refusal to work, the captain, in an enraged fit of pas- sion threshed him off the boat, but evil consequences followed. As soon as the cargo landed in New Orleans the German was also there with officers and arrested the captain, detained his stock of goods, leaving Mr. Friend in a strange land without money and in critical circum- stances. He next goes to Natches and engages work on the levee, but, changing his mind, accepts a position in a brickyard across the river, some miles above, at a sal- ary of one dollar a day, and stayed that winter and part of the summer. He had formerly worked at the same business in the summer season at Cincinnati, and, as he understood it, made a useful hand in making brick and erecting a large court house. This work being done he set out for Natches, but the distance of fifteen miles through thickets and low marshes being impossible to make in any reasonable time, quietly shifted himself into an Indian boat lying at the water's edge, and about dusk of evening set out. As it happened the night was 'dark, a heavy fog overspread the river, and not the faintest glimmering of any star could be seen. He thrust his little boat into the middle of the river, let it take the cur- rent, and in the face of all danger from collision with snags and steamboats, glided down the rapid stream at the rate of about six miles an hour, reaching Natches about eleven o'clock that night. Mr. Friend had now by hard earnings during the inter- regnum of 1834 and 1835, while away, collected together about fifty dollars, but he was yet to experience a loss y,t^3- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 387 differing from the others yet endured. At Natches a helpless applicant for a passage up the river appealed to him for aid, and after fair promises to repay the favor about twenty dollars was given and he went aboard. Being a fellow companion he laid siege to his trunk, re- lieved him of the rest of his money and all his valuables, and then deboarded his vessel at the iirst opportunity. Such were some of the friendly experiences of Mr. Friend before reaching Cincinnati on his trip to and from New Orleans, but nothing daunted by misfortune, he set himself to learn the carpenter trade after his return, and for one year drove nails and shoved the plane in Cincin- nati; but in 1836 he removed to Lockland and continued his business for eighteen years thereafter. In 1858 he and his brother, in company with a Mr. French, pur- chased from Messrs. Haldermann and Parker the first paper mill built at Lockland. In 1853 he built the dweUing house in which he now resides, but there imme- diately came a depression in his business, and owing to the facts of heavy indebtedness for property bought, and the failure of the business to support two families, Mr. Friend purchased the mill outright from Mr. French in 1862. Immediately after Mr. Friend taking the mill business revived, large demands for paper being made by the Government for war purposes, so that in a few years he found himself out of all indebtedness and mak- ing money rapidly. • In 187 1 he purchased two other mills at Carrollton, Ohio, but in five years afterwards, to the day, they were burned down, the loss being about forty thousand dol- lars. Mr. Friend immediately rebuilt, putting in ma- chinery, increasing their capacity, and making them the best of the kind in the west. His son, George Howard Friend, a young man of business tact, learned in the busi- ness, is now a partner of his father, and general mana- ger of the Carrollton mills. In 1840-41, a little church incident occurred which will illustrate Mr. Friend's politics. He was at that time a member of the Methodist Episcopal church in Lockland, and in the course of time, a minister of the Wesleyan Methodists having been invited to preach (it being in the troublous times of the free soil discussions), took for his text: "God made all men of one blood," which was so suggestive — although no ill word, bestirring plolitical or partisan hatred, had been spoken — that the pro-slavery faction of the church took umbrage, and before the preacher got under headway with the sermon, pelted him severely with eggs, and upon taking a more violent course, Mr. Friend interceded to prevent further trouble, and for this act was to be suspended from the church and reprimanded. The suspension hurt him not, and the reprimanding was not received, as he was and had been so staunch in his Union sentiments as not to allow those who fostered the free soil principles to engender his re- ligious convictions. The church, however, even before its separation into the two branches, failed to carry out its threat, and he was always considered one of its mem- bers. On June 15, 1843, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Bradford, in Lockland, Ohio, and the fruits of this union were seven children: Mary Agnes Friend, married to Charles Howell; John B. Friend, died July 2, i86i,aged eighteen years; Charles VV. Friend, married to Julia Jackson, died January 2, 1879, aged thirty years. They had three children: George, died January i, 1873, Mel- vin, and Maynard; James Howard Friend, married to Flora Myers; they had two children: George Frederick, and Edith; E. Annie Friend, married to Samuel John- son; they had one child: Fannie E; Catharine Friend, and Edward Friend. Mrs. Elizabeth Friend, nee Bradford, still lives in the enjoyment of health and comfort, after having carefully raised and trained her family. She was born in Wash- ington, Pennsylvania, July 22, 18 18. The antecedents of the Friend family are numer- ous. They date back to the time when the father of our subject went to Canada on a visit to see his brother George, and while there married a daughter of Leonard Scratch, and sister of his brother's wife. It should also be stated that three children of the Scratch family married three children of John Wendel and Juli- ana Wigle. The two brothers came to the States. Charles stopped at Cincinnati, his brother going down the river to Jeffersonville, Indiana, where they settled, and the descendants mostly reside. Charles, however, remained in Cincinnati, and finally died in Lockland on January 23, 1868, aged seventy-nine years. In the year 1870 some of the Canadian members of this large family, while on a visit to the States, proposed a reunion, to take place in Canada, which finally occurred in Gosfield, Canada, September 24, 1872. The meeting was held in a beautiful grove belonging to Theodore Wigle. Eighteen visitors from the South were present, and about eight hundred of the home relatives, making the affair, with its bounteous repasts of the day, and the cordial greetings of the numerous descendants, an occa- sion long to be remembered. SYCAMORE. FORMATION AND GEOGRAPHY. The original Sycamore township was a new creation of the general reorganization "of the townships of Hamilton county, after the erection of Ohio as a State and the set- ting off of Butler and other counties from the territory of Hamilton county. It was defined as comprising "all that fractional township No. 5, in the first entire range, and four tiers of sections on the eastern side of town four, same range; also, so much of the second entire range as lies north of the same." These tracts include the whole of what is now Symmes township, and all of the present Sycamore township, except the two westernmost tiers of sections. The township was but little larger then than it is now, having thirty-nine full and twelve fractional sections, the latter lying altogether on the west bank of the Little Miami river. Sycamore township is now bounded on the east by Symmes, on the south by Columbia, and on the west by Springfield townships. Butler county bounds it for about two and a half miles on the north, and Warren county for three and a half miles. It is an approximately exact parallelogram of seven sections long by six broad, thus containing forty-two sections. Some unevenness is mani- fest in the original running of the section lines, and the section corners on the east line of the township are considerable north of the northwest corners of the same sections in Sycamore. This breaks up the north line of the township badly at the northeast corner; it otherwise is pretty nearly a right line. The present township com- prises the whole of town four, in the first entire range, and the southernmost tier of sections in town three, of the second entire range. Sections numbered only seven, thirteen, nineteen, twenty-five, and thirty-one, are thus, as in Springfield, duplicated in the township. It is the largest township in the county, having a total of twenty- nine thousand two hundred and ninety-one acres, or nearly a square mile more than forty-two exact sections contain. Springfield, which is the next township in size, and contains just as many sections, has but twenty-five thousand eight hundred and ninety-six acres — one thou- sand five hundred and fifty-five less than Sycamore, and nine hundred and eighty-four, or more than one and a half square miles, less than it would have were all its sec- tions full and exact. The irregularity of surveys in the purchase could hardly be better illustrated. The Miami canal leaves the township at the north- west corner of section thirty-two, in Lockland, having flowed through all the westernmost tier of sections north of that, in a course of nearly six miles. The Cincinnati & Springfield railroad, — otherwise the Cleveland, Colum- bus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis, or Dayton Short Line railroad — comes into the township at the south part of Lockland, half a mile south of the canal, and runs diag- onally across the two western tiers of sections and part of the third, leaving Sycamore about two and one-third miles from the northwest corner, after traversing the township a length of a little more than six miles. The Marietta & Cincinnati railroad has only about half a mile of track in Sycamore, crossing the extreme south- west corner, between Madiera station, in Columbia town- ship, and Allandale, in Symmes. The Miami valley, or Cincinnati & Northern railway, spans the entire town- ship with nearly eight miles of track, crossing the Mont- gomery pike and entering Sycamore exactly at the centre of the south township line, and making gradually north- eastward until it leaves the township precisely one mile west of the northeast corner, or two miles east of the point of entrance. The Montgomery, Lebanon & Day- ton turnpikes, with an abundance of admirable wagon- roads and otherwise, intersect the township in all direc- tions. No stream of large size touches the township. The East fork of Mill creek, with one of its larger tribu- taries, heads in the counties to the northward, and flows through the northern and western townships to a junc- tion with the West fork a little way beyond the township line, near Hartwell. Carpenter's run flows toward the East fork from the direction of Montgomery. Three or four small affluents of the Little Miami, on the eastern side of Sycamore, penetrate the township to the breadth of one to three miles. The southernmost tier of sections is almost altogether devoid of water courses. The gen- eral character of the surface of the township resembles that of Springfield and the Hamilton county plateau. On the west, however, the Mill Creek valley in which lie the Miami canal and the Short Line railway, is broad and flat; and parts of the southeastern and eastern districts are on the low ground of the Little Miami country. The rest of the township is emphatically hill country, though not of a description unfitting it for the production of large and valuable crops and for stock-raising. Most of the township is given up to farming, not much of it, away from Reading, being devoted to suburban residences, and this place, with Montgomery and Shawn, being the only villages of account in the entire township. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. In the creative act of the county authorities in 1803, the electors of the new township were directed to meet at the house or John Ayres, in the village of Montgom- ery, and choose three justices of the peace. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 389 The following memoranda of Sycamore justices in later years have been preserved: 1819 — Peter Bell, Benajah Ayres, Hezekiah Price, Jonathan Pittman. 1825 — James J. Whalon, Nicholas Schoonmaker, James Rosebrough. 1829 — Schoonmaker, Ayres, Matthew Terwilliger, Henry Morse. 1863-9 — James Aydelotte, Daniel B. Myers, Michael Williams. 1870 — Myers, Azdelotte, L. Melendy. 1872 — Same, with William A. Aydelotte. 1873-4 — Melendy, the Aydelottes, John Todd. 1875 — Melendy, Todd, W. A. Aydelotte, Okey Van Hise. 1876 — Aydelotte, Van Hise, Todd, Jacob Voorhees. 1877 — Voorhees, Todd, Van Hise, F. Mosteller. 1878-9 — Mosteller, Voorhees, Todd. 1880 — Todd, Voorhees, Thomas W. Myers. THE FIRST IMMIGRANT to the territory now covered by Sycamore township was James Cunningham. He was born in Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania, and emigrated to Kentucky while still a comparative youth, about 1785, there engaging, with four others, in building cabins for settlers, about four miles back of the present site of Covington. They were presently assailed by the Indians and one killed, when Cunningham and the remaining three decided to aban- don their business in that quarter and settle upon the Beargrass creek, near where Louisville was afterwards founded. He was there married to Miss Janette Park, of another Pennsylvania family, in 1787, and in the second year thereafter, the first year of Cincinnati or Lo- santiville, and on the twenty-sixth of May, 1789, he en- tered a land-warrant which entitled him to locate on a half-section of land, which he chose on the west half of section twenty-eight in what is now this township, in the valley of the East fork. He soon began improvements upon his place, assisted by Arthur, Andrew, and Culbert- son, his brothers-in-law and three of the first settlers of Reading village. They were the first to make a clear- ing in Sycamore township. It is supposed, as there was then comparative peace between the white settlers and the Indians, that Cunningham moved his family to the place and resided there until the Indian troubles of the next winter, when he removed to Cincinnati, where he is known to have bought a lot and built a cabin near the corner of Walnut and Second streets. He afterwards entered the Government service for a year or so as a teamster, and in the fall of 1793 removed finally to his farm, where the rest of his life was passed. He built and ran the first saw- and grist-mills in this part of the county, and about 1808 had a distillery in connection with the grist-mill. Among his surviving descendants are: a son, Francis Cunningham, lately living north of Sharon, on the old place, near the county line; two grandsons, Elmore W. Cunningham, of Cincinnati, and James F. Cunningham, of Glendale; and a granddaughter, the wife of Mr. Andrew Erkenbrecker, of Cincinnati. James Carpenter was also a very early comer to the sections embraced in Sycamore township. He located on section fifteen, west of Montgomery, probably in the autumn of 1793, or the spring of the next year, and removed thither from Columbia. Adjoining him on the west was Price Thompson, a soldier of the Revolution, who located a land warrant on the northeast quarter of section twenty-one, November 26, 1792. Other pioneers here were David and Abner Denman, whose sisters mar- ried Thompson and Benjamin Willis. Another of this party, Elihu Crain, a distant relative of Thompson's; and Richard and Samuel Ayres. For the sake of company and mutual protection they put up their cabins near each other, where the sections fifteen and sixteen corner with sections twenty-one and twenty-two, or about where the Plainfield school-house is. Others who came to the set- tlement after Indian hostilities ceased are mentioned by Mr. Olden in his Historical Sketches, as James and John ^ Mathers, Daniel and Nathaniel Reeder, Joseph Mc- Knight, Morris Osborn, Moses Hutelings, Matthias Crow, Henry, Benjamin, and Isaac Devie, Nathaniel Jarrard, and Samuel Knott, all of whom date by resi- dence here back of 1797. He adds that "the settlement was never annoyed hy Indians, and there was nothing to encounter but the wild animals and the almost intermin- able forest." John Campbell, who built a fortified station on the Great Miami, opposite Miamitown, also made a settle- ment in Sycamore, probably in the summer or fall of 1793, on the forfeiture part of section twenty, southwest of Cunningham's. But few settlers clustered around him for years; he did not consider it necessary to fortify his cabins; and the history of his improvement here is wholly uneventful. Some other early settlers of Sycamore were John Gold- trap, on section twenty-two, where now is the Jacob Shuff place; James and John Wallace, on section twenty- one, now the Cooper farm; the Park brothers, with or neaj Cunningham, on section twenty-eight; and near Montgomery Ely Duskey, Moses and Joseph Crist, Jo- seph Tallman, and Andrew Lacky. William R. Morris was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sep- tember 12, 1836. His father is of Scotch extraction, and his mother of Irish descent. William R. Morris, sr., married Sarah Lydia Powers, sister of Hiram Powers, the sculptor. William R. Morris, jr., was one out of a family of nine, three sons only surviving to maturity. In May, 1865, he married Hattie, daughter of Captain Charles Ross, of Cincinnati, one of the old pioneers. Mr. Morris is the father of three sons and four daughters. Education- ally, he attended St. Xavier college, Cincinnati, and Ox- ford college, for three years each, preparing himself for the bar. For several years Morris engaged in the whole- sale grocery business at Toledo, though he is now a gen- tleman of rest, enjoying the fruits of his industry, resid- ing at Carthage, Ohio. FORTIFIED STATIONS. The only pioneer outpost in this direction which seems to have been occupied as a regular station-house was 39° HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Henry Runyan's, about a mile and a half north of Read- ing. Mr. Olden says: "Near the spring, east of the Dayton turnpike, stood the old station-house." Mr. Run- yan was a Virginian, but emigrated from Kentucky, where he had lived since 1784, and had there been married to Mrs. Mary Bush, of Bourbon county. Upon two land warrants. May 9, 1790, he located the west half of sec- tion nineteen, the northernmost section of that number in the township, being fourteen miles from the Ohio, and then a long way back in the wilderness. It is believed that he did not move upon the tract within the period re- quired by Symmes' contracts, and that he consequently forfeited a little over fifty-three acres in the northeast cor- ner of it. He soon, however, put up his cabin and made a clearing, and in 1792, according to his son Isaac, who is still surviving at a very advanced age, he removed per- manently to the place. Mr. Olden thus presents some of the recollections of Isaac Runyan: Mr. Runyan remembers the first school-house in the neighborhood. It was built of buclieye logs, and stood in the field south of Mr. John Rick's present residence. It was a rude cabin, with the ground for a floor. The benches were made of slabs, with wooden pins for legs. A lew openings were left in the sides of the cabin, which, being covered with greased paper, served for windows. There Mr. Runyan took his first lesson in Ditworth's speller and reader. The first religious meetings were held in the woods, where the peo- ple seated themselves on logs or on the ground, as they found most con- venient. The first preacher that came to the settlement was a Mr. Cobb. The men dressed in the hunting-shirt and knee-breeches, and the women wore the petticoat and short gown, all made of linsey-woolsey, or homespun cloth. The principal sports or recreation among the men were had at the log-rollings and cabin and barn-raisings, and consisted chiefly in wrest- ling, jumping, pitching quoits and target-shooting. Spinning and sewing-parties, apple-bees and corn-huskings, after the country had been settled a few years, were frequent, where not only the young of both sexes, but often the old and middle-aged, were brought together, when, after completing the work which the company had been invited to perform and partaking of a bountiful supper, they all joined and spent the remainder of the evening, and often the entire night, in plays and dances that formed the social glee. The dance consisted of "N.ie cotillion brent new frae France," but the genuine old Virginia reel. And those who joined in the dance paid the fiddler, whose charges were fi.xed and well established at a fi' penny bit, or si.x and one-fourth cents, a reel. * No trouble is known to have occurred with the savages at Runyan's station. Voorhees' station was situated upon section thirty- three, near the present towns of Lockland and Reading. It was not a block-house, or even stockade, but a large, strong log cabin, which answered for both residence and defence, and was frequently mentioned in the early times, in speech and print, as Voorhees' station. This cabin is said by Mr. Olden to have been situated on the west side of the East fork of Mill creek, several hundred yards east of Mr. Breck's residence in Lockland. He further says: "This old house was torn away in 181 7 by Thomas Shepherd, who then owned the place, and the logs sold to Adrian Hageman, who used a portion of them in the erection of a house on lot No. 49, next south of where the new Catholic church stands in Reading. This house is still standing; it was weatherboarded many years ago, and is now occupied by John O'Neal, the constable. It was a strong family which made this improvement — almost enough in itself to make an effective garrison. Abraham Voorhees was the head and front of it; and with him were his sons-in-law, Thomas Higgins and John Rynearson, with their families, and his five sons, Abra- ham, Miney, Garret, John and Jacob. They began their improvements in the spring of 1794, and in the fall of the same year moved their families to the station. They were soon after joined by another and still larger family, nearly all of them adult persons. The parents were Henry and Margaret Redinbo, of the Pennsylvania Ger- man stock, who removed from Reading, in that State, in the spring of 1795; their eight sons were Solomon (drowned on the journey westward), Frederick, John, Phillip, Samuel, Andrew, Henry and Adam; and the daughters were Ann, Barbara and Margaret. In August of the same year they obtained a deed from JudgeSymmes of the south half of section twenty-seven, west of the Voorhees tract, built a cabin and log barn on the property since owned by Dr. Thomas Wright, and there settled. The parents both lived to the age of ninety-four years, and died in the same year, 1828 or 1829. The younger Abraham Voorhees was a blacksmith; and as soon as the progress of settlement, or the near prospect of it, would justify, he built a shop near his cabin, on the east side of the new road running from White's to Runyan's station. Mr. Olden says this shop was "at a point where now stands the dwelling and store- house of James Browne, on the northeast corner of Main and Columbia streets, in Reading. There he carried on his business for several years, using a hickory stump as an anvil." He also, in partnership with his brother Miney, built and ran a pioneer saw-mill on the west bank of Mill creek, in what is now Conklin's addition to Lockland. The elder Voorhees laid out upon his land the adjacent village of Reading about 1798, and had it called at first Voorhees- town, but allowed it afterward to be named Reading, at the suggestion of the senior Redinbo, from the latter's birthplace in the Keystone State. Another incident of this period, occurring south of the present site of Reading, is thus related by Mr. Olden : During the autumn of 1794, William Moore, who was a great hunter, and who made his home at Covalt's station, on the Little Miami river, while out on one of his hunting excursions, wandered to the Great Lick, as it was then called, about a mile and a half east of White's station, and on the lands now owned by John Hamel, in the southeast quarter of section thirty-two. He there killed a deer, which he skinned, and had prepared the saddle for packing, and while in the act of wash- ing his hands in the brook, and at the same time amusing himself by singing an Indian song he had learned while a captive among the Shawnees, he was suddenly alarmed by a voice joining in the song in the Indian tongue. He instantly sprang to his feet and ran for the thick wood on the west, closely pursued by several Indians. As they did not fire, they evidently intended capturing him. The foremost in the pursuit was quite a small Indian, but very fleet on foot. He was gaining rapidly on Moore, when, fortunately, they came to a large fallen tree, the body of which was some lour feet in diameter. Moore placed his hand upon the log and leaped it at one bound. The Indian, being un- able to perform this feat, was compelled to go round the tree. This gave Moore a fresh start, and after a long and closely contested race, he reached White's station, with the loss of his gun and coat, and also his game. EARLY RELIGION. Two miles west of Montgomery, on Carpenter's run, is the site of the church building erected by the first HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 391 Baptist society, or religious organization of any kind, in the township. It was formerly a colony dismissed from the Baptist church in Columbia in 1797. Elder James Lee, pastor of the Miami Island church from 1799 to 1801, often preached at Carpenter's run. Mr. Richard Ayers was one of the laymen representing this church at the meetings in 1797-8, to form the Miami Baptist asso- ciation, and was one of the committee to draft "general principles of faith, practice, and decorum," as the basis of an association. The membership of the Carpenter's run church was reported at the associalional meeting in Columbia, September 6, 1799, as thirty-two. The asso- ciation met with this church in 1801, when it numbered thirteen churches and four hundred and sixty-seven members, of whom one hundred and thirty-one, or more than one-fourth, had been baptized within a year. It is said that a very few members of this church were affect- ed with the "falling" experience during the strange New Light revival of 1801-3 in the Miami country, which is described in our chapter on Springfield township. Some of the early pastors of this church were: Elder John Soward (Seward?) 1 800-1; Elder Stephen Card, 1803; Cyrus Crane, 181 1-26 (for one year, 18 14, Abra- ham Griffiths). The Mount Carmel church, whose meeting-house is not far south of the Carpenter's run site, long since superseded the pioneer society. Some of the early settlers near Montgomery — as the Crists, Tallman, Durkey, and Lackey — organized a church in their neighborhood very early, which was known as the old Sycamore Presbyterian church until 1803, when it changed its designation to the Hopewell church. MONTGOMERY. It is thought by some that inroads were made upon the forest and improvements begun by white men upon the present site of Montgomery as early as the fall of 1794; but the earliest trustworthy date is fixed one year from that time, when a colony of six families came in from Ulster county. New York. They were headed, re- spectively, by three brothers Felter — Jacob, Irominius, and David — Cornelius Snyder, Nathaniel Terwilliger, and Jacob Rosa. All were Felter families, indeed, in this, that the three brothers sired one-half of them, and their three sisters — Mesdames Snyder, TerwiIITgef,"and~ Rosa — were mothers to the other three. It is seldom that a pioneer colony is thus uniquely made up. Snyder bought of Thomas Espy, June 27, 1796, the whole of section four, for one thousand four hundred and forty dollars. Here the first improvements v?ere made by the party. August ist of the same year Terwilliger bought of Judge Symmes the southwest quarter of section three, upon which section Montgomery is situated, and began the clearing of that tract shortly after. Nearly five years afterwards — May 5, 1801 — he also bought the north half of the section, and upon it laid out the town of Mont- gomery. It was surveyed in 1802; but the recorded plat of this bears date the ninth of August, 1805. It is situ- ated on the Montgomery pike, two and one-half miles from the south line of the township, and one and a half miles from Montgomery station, in Symmes township. on the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad. The old State road from Columbiato Chillicothe formerly passed through it. When the Montgomery turnpike was established the State road was straightened, leaving Main street, upon which are the oldest houses in the village, out of its line, and creating State street upon its new line. The following interesting passages are taken from Mr. Richard Nelson's work on Suburban Homes. Mr. Nel- son was formerly a resident at Montgomery : Like most towns of its size Montgomery has no written history. Sit- uated on a leading road, it became a resting place for teamsters and travellers, and so grew up from a single tavern to what it now is, a town of five hundred inhabitans. A log cabin formed the first tavern of the place. This was situated on the southeast corner of Main and Mechanic streets, on what is now known as the Station road, and kept by John Osborn. A man named Yost opened another tavern on the diagonel corner. Some idea of the extent of travel, or the drinking habits of the people of that time (1809), may be formed when we state that a fifty-barrel supply of whiskey for the year failed to meet the de- mand upon Yost's bar. In 1806-7 a number of citizens from Montgomery, Orange county. New York, came by the way of Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh), and Columbia, and settled around this point, as a good place for trade and fanning. Among these were [acob and Cranmer Felton, Cornehus Snider, grand- father of James Snider; John Z. Weller, Nathaniel Terwilliger, Joseph Taulman, H. Crist, Jacob Roosa, and others. Coming from Mont- ' gomery, they naturally named the new place in honor of their old home. In 1810 a company of these men was organized for the purpose of erecting and running a grist-mill. Some of the names were Elliott, Crist, Snider, and Sears — the latter was the millwright. Soon after commencing business in the mill they opened a store on the corner now occupied by Mr. R. Parrott. In i8r6 additions to the town were made by Joseph Taulman and Lodwick Weller, and subsequently two more by Daniel Hayden and Eli Dusky. As early as 1807 a rifle company was formed, and Montgomery soon became a place for battalion muster. Quite a military spirit was excited, which was maintained for many years afterward. Schools were not neglected in the early history of the place, though the buildings were as primitive in design as in finish. Withm one hun- dred yards of the writer's residence was the first school-house built in Montgomery. This was so constructed that openings were left in the logs to serve as windows. In summer these were left without sash; in the winter sized newspapers subserved the double purpose of sash and window-glass. A mode of punishment, equally primitive, called (or another opening of six inches in the rude floor. Into this offenders were required to thrust a bare foot and keep it there until released by the teacher. As snakes were numerous in summer and the ground under the house open, the discipline proved effective. In the course of some years the Montgomery academy was organ- ized. This was a classical school, and was under good management. Professors Hayden, Locke, and Moore were some of the teachers. It was in this academy that Dr. William Jones had his education before entering upon the study of medicine. James Snider was also a scholar of this as well as of the more primitive school, where he acquired some prominence during a "barring out" adventure. Some of the early industries of Montgomery, besides those mention- ed, were the manufacture of wagons for the southern market, pork- packing, and cabinet-making. Henry Snider conducted the wagon- making business, and built his own boats to carry his freight. The gunwales of these boats consisted of logs fifty or sixty feet in length, and were hewed in the village. To get them to the river they were placed upon wheels and, being hard to manage, required a steersman as well as a teamster. To steer this caravan, a pole was inserted in the centre of the hind a.xle and made to project backwards; this was the tiller, and the man on foot behind the logs was the steersman. One of the oldest citizens of Montgomery is Abiaham Roosa, who is seventy-nine years of age. His father, Jacob Roosa, and family, came out from New Yoik in 1799. With him came also a man named Ayres, who was one of the builders of the first ocean vessel, a brig, built at Columbia. In Abraham's boyhood wolves had not been ex- terminated; and as cattle were allowed to run at large it was necessary to have them brought home in the evenings and securely penned. As soon as Abraham was able to handle a gun this duty devolved upon 392 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. him. Provided with musket, ammunition, and a faithful dog, he would tracl< the objects of his search by the sound of the bells, and before the shades of evening set in have them secure. Montgomery has contributed her quota of public men. For the early militia she furnished a general of note — Cornelius Snider. John Snider she sent to the legislature many years ago, and Dr. Alexander Duncan to Congress. California is indebted to her for a governor — Weller was a Montgomery boy; and the legislative halls of the State were reinforc- ed by Dr. William Jones, on more than one occasion, and by George Crist, of the firm of Creighton & Co., at another time. In the Presby- terian church the Rev. Daniel Hayden served with distinction, and in the Universalist church the Rev. A. Lawrie. who was ordained in the Montgomery church, was a distinguished advocate of the doctrines of his denomination. Thirty-eight years of practice of medicine in the vicinity entitles Dr. Naylor's name to a place here. Of Dr. Duncan's history and habits we learned something from Dr. Jones, and had the pleasure of examining his portrait, made by a young artist named Sweet, who carried it across the Atlantic and over Europe as a specimen of his skill in painting. The doctor's history is an inter- esting one. He was a lover of public life, and an ardent advocate of Democratic measures. He was also attached to outdoor pleasures, driving and fishing, and when in company with a friend, would often not exchange words for miles of travel, and when he did break silence it would be by the utterance of some remarkable statement, or by pro- ■ pounding some difficult problem. It was the doctor's custom, when about to engage in a fishing expedition, to catch his minnows in Syca- more creek; but some said that he was often fishing for votes when he was supposed to be engaged in legitimate piscatorial pursuits. Ac- - cordingly the knowing ones would account for his absence from home by saying he was "catching minneys in the Sycamore. " A remarkable man, of very different stamp, was Eli Dusky, whose "mark" may be seen in the records of the county. Eli was noted alike for industry, simplicity of character, and the limited amount of intelli- gence, with which he managed to transact the business of life. In poHtics, religion, and business, he was guided rather by instinct than knowledge or reason. He believed in ghosts and hobgoblins, if not in a future state; and fairies were the great facts, as well as mysteries, of his creed. This was known to the neighbors — to the men who were boys in those days, and to the boys who were men; and the latter were not slow in taking advantage of such notions, nor the former in encour- aging the fun. On a certain occasion, Eli had a prosperous stigar- camp in the rear of where Mr. Smith's house now stands. His blazing fire was rapidly converting the sugar-water into delicious syrup, and his barrels were waiting for their first installment, when, the shades of evening approaching, he slackened his fire, prepared his camp for the night, and went to his home, ruminating over his probable good luck in securing a big crop of molasses. Supper disposed off, Eli retired to his quiet couch, but had scarcely experienced his first nocturnal vision {for he was a great dreamer), when he was aroused by the barking of his fathful dog. Quickly dressing, he sallied forth, and soon was in plain sight of his factory, where, to his consternation he beheld, flitting about in the dim light of the subdued fire, the figures of full-grown elfs to the number of half a dozen. Spectres they were, sure enough — full-fledged fairies ! Eli did not hesitate long in selecting a line of re- treat. The house reached, the door was soon opened and again securely fastened, and Eli Dusky was safe froin entrusion. That night the fairies enjoyed a rick feast, and got home in time for a sound nap before daylight — larger boys might have fared worse. Montgomery was not so unimportant a settlement as to be over- looked by the showmen of the day. As early as i8i2 the leader of a troupe and proprietor of a menagerie, with Barnum's enterprise and Robinson's pluck, entered the great town of two taverns, procured a stable and provender for his menagerie, and board and lodging for his troupe. Next day he advertised his great show, and the news was blazed abroad throughout the entire settlement; and the wagons and horses, men and women, boys and girls, came to the number of fifty. The exposition was a complete success. Exposition Hall was crowded to the hay-mows, and the mulatto man, with his docile elephant, werJ the finest troupe that had ever acted, and the greatest show that had ever been exhibited in the town of Montgomery. This village was founded in 1805. Its growth was slow for many years. It had but two hundred and seventy inhabitants by the census of 1830. About 1872, however, its prospects improved by the advent of city people looking about for eligible sites for suburban resi- dences; older citizens began to improve their property, and some to build. The demand for building material led to the establishment of several new saw-mills, and in due time a new and more nearly straight road to Mont- gomery station was made. Since then a number of sub- urban homes have been made at the village. Its popu- lation, by the census of 1880, was two hundred and ninety-eight. The Presbyterian church at Montgomery was organ- ized in 1819. Rev. Daniel Hayden was the first pastor. His successors were, in order, the Rev. Messrs. L. G. Gains, C. Harrison, David McDonald, Jonathan Ed- wards, D.D., G. M. Hair, J. Stewart, J. H. Gill, McKinney, and T. F. Cortelym, who held the pastorate for many years after 1862. The Methodist Episcopal society here was organized very early. It occupies a good frame meeting-house, to which a bell of half a ton's weight was added in 1873. The Universalist church was organized in 1837, and built a church edifice soon after. The first regular preacher was the Rev. Mr. Pingley. The Rev. J. H. Henley was among his successors. The Masonic and Odd Fellows' orders are well repre- sented in Montgomery. A lodge of the former was or- ganized here in 1828, with S. W. Robinson, W. M.; James G. Cross, S. W.; and Abraham Crist, J. W. The Odd Fellows' lodge was constituted in 1865. The first notice of this place in literature probably oc- curs in Thomas' Travels Through the Western Country, a record of journey ings in 18 16. He says in this: At Montgomery, a village of a dozen houses, twelve miles from Cin- cinnati, we stopped to see a carding-machine which was turned by the treading of a horse on a wheel. A circular floor is attached to the up- right shaft, which is so much inclined as constantly to present to him a small ascent. He is blindfold, and his traces aie fastened to a beam. On stepping the wheel moves towards him. Near this place peaches and apples load the trees, especially those on the hills; and this pleasing appearance continued. About ten years after this the village was visited by an august wayfarer, in the person of his highness Bernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach, who deigned to give the hopeful hamlet a call and a notice in his book. His readable volume of Travels Through North America During 1825 and 1826, contains the following paragraph. His august highness, however, probably bunching his recollections together, has located Governor Jeremiah Morrow at Montgomery; when, as a matter of fact, he never lived there, but outside of the county, in Warren county, but eight miles above Montgomery and four miles from Loveland, at F'oster's Crossing, near the old State road. He lies buried, however, in this county, at the old Sycamore church in Symmes township: Fourteen miles from Cincinnati we reached a little country town — Montgomery — of very good appearance, surrounded with handsome fields. A few years past there was nothing but woods here, as the roots which still exist bear testimony. They cultivate Indian corn and wheat, which is said to succeed better here than in the State of In- diana. The dwelling of the governor consists of a plain frame house, situated on a little elevation not far from the shore of the Little Miami, and is entirely surrounded by fields. The business of the State calls him once a month to Columbus, the seat of government, and the re- mainder of his time he passes at his country seat, occupied with farm- ing, a faithful copy of an ancient Cincinnatus. He was engaged, on our arrival, m cutting a wagon-pole, but he immediately stopped his HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 393 work to give us a hearty welcome. He appeared to be about fifty years of age; is not tall, but thin and strong, and has an expressive physiognomy, with dark and animated eyes. He is a native of Penn- sylvania, and was one of the first settlers in the State of Ohio. He offered us a night's lodging at his house, which invitation we received very thankfully. When seated around the chimney-fire in the evening, he related to us a great many of the dangers and difficulties the first settlers had to contend with. READING. This, by far the largest village in Sycamore, containing nearly one-third of its entire population, is situated just east of Lockland, on the east side of the East fork of Mill creek, and upon the Dayton Short Line rail- road and tlie Lebanon turnpike, about one and a half miles from the south. It is one of the oldest villages in the county, having been laid out February 2, 1804, by Abram Voorhees, one of the very earliest settlers in this part of the township. It is said, indeed, that lots or small tracts of ground for residence, was offered for sale here as early as 1798 and '99. The village has been more fortunate than other old villages in the Mill Creek valley, having risen to be the most populous village in the county. In 1830 it had a population of but two hundred, but in i860 had one thousand two hundred and thirty-five, in 1870, one thousand five hundred and seventy-five, and in 1880, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-three. No other village in the county exhib- its such a growth. The great industry in Reading is the manufacture of ready made clothing, for which there are eleven shops here, employing more than a hundred hands, with a large weekly pay roll. Their product is disposed of mainly in Cincinnati, which is the greatest clothing mart in the world. There are also marble works, stone yards, and quarries, a cigar factory (formerly two sucli factories), several carriage and car manufactories, a planing mill and lumber yard, and other industries. From the founder the place took in early times the name of Vooheesetown. In 1809 a teacher from Newport, Kentucky, subscrib-. ing himself "Robert Stubbs Philom," who was, or be- came the editor of Browne's Cincinnati Almanac, took a tour through parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania, the notes whereof were published in the almanacs for the next two years. As he neared Cincinnati on his return he passed through Reading, to which he gives the fol- lowing notice: From Lebaum I passed to Reading, a town laid out on the North fork of Mill creek by Mr. Abraham Voorheese ; on which account it is well known by the name of Voorheese-towu. Here are two or three taverns, and about twenty houses. The adjacent country is very thick- ly settled. Mill creek is a fine stream, on which are several mills ; and the bottoms through which it flows are of a very rich soil. The following named gentlemen have been numbered among the mayors of Reading: 1866-8, 1870-4 — C. H. Helmkamp. 1869 — Louis Melinda. The Catholic church of Saints Peter and Paul, in charge of the Rev. Fathers J. Brunnan and E. Fisher, is located in Reading. Its present church edifice was built in i860, at a cost of nine thousand dollars, upon the site of an old one, which was then torn down. A handsome pastoral residence is also owned by the church. The- school-house belonging to the church, was built in 1863, and cost over three thousand dollars. It is occupied by a large parochial school, with four departments, and an attendance of about three hundred. The confraterni- ties of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and of the Rosary, also the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary, are con- nected with the church. The Mount Notre Dame Young Ladies' Boarding School, and the Catholic Insti- tution, is situated near Reading. The German Lutherans are also numerous in Read- ing. They have St. Paul's church, under the pastorate of the Rev. L. Buchold, and St. John's, ministered to by Rev. A. J. Spangenberg. The pioneer church here, however, was the Presbyte- rian, which long since took its departure "beyond the Rhine," or to the west side of the canal, at Lockland, in connection with which its later history has been related. Its earlier annals, drawn from the same source, the his- torical discourse of Rev. W. A. Hutchison, are briefly as follows : The Rev. Daniel Hayden, from 1817 to 1820, and possibly later it is thought, preached once or twice a month in a little brick school-house (sixteen by twenty- four), on the hillside in the eastern part of Reading, near or upon the present school lot. H e resided a mile east of Read- ing. Rev. L. G. Gaines, of Montgomery, preached about as often from 1820 until ihe Presbyterian church of Read- ing was organized Friday, August 29, 1823, with Jehiel and Margaret Day, John and Elizabeth Robertson, Rob- ert Boal, jr., and Rebekah Bates as members, and Jehiel Day and Robert Boal, jr., as ruling elders. John Gam- bril was the first member received on profession; Ann and Jane Brecount were the second and third so re- ceived. A brick church was put up in 1825-6; the Rev. Benjamin Graves called as pastor March 25, 1S27; a notable "grove meeting," held sometime after, which re- sulted in the admission of fifty-seven members at a single service, and eighteen more within the next month ; another in a grove at Sharon in 1831, where seventy-five were converted ; a colony sent off to form a church at Sharon, July 2, 1836, to which the Reading pastor also m.inistered; and admission into Old School and New School wings sustained in January, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, both, however, under amicable, written agreement, continued to occupy the same build- ing, and each experiencing some growth. Each, in due time, had its own meeting-house, located not far apart. In April, 1850, the Lockland Presbyterian church was organized, as a colony from the New School society in Reading; and the main growth of that branch in the two villages being here, the two New School societies were united October 14, 1870, Rev. Dr. J. G. Montfort, with Revs. T. F. Cortelym and James F. Gill, officiating at the union. I'.s history has since been that of the Reading and Lockland Presbyterian church, related in the history of Springfield township. Its property in Reading was deeded to the cemetery authorities, and the receiving vault in that "God's acre" is built of brick from the old church building. The Rev. Mr. Graves, pastor before mentioned, served 394 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. this church from the time of his call, in 1827, until 1853, with the exception of an interval 1842-6, when the Revs. J. C. Lockwood and J. Wilkinson severally minis- tered unto it. Soon after his pastorate closed, the church ceased to hold services in Reading. Meanwhile the Old School branch had successfully maintained its separate existence. It was formed Janu- ary 3, 1839, under the auspices of the Rev. L. G. Gaines, of seven members — James G. and Margaret Mount, John and Margaret McGrew, David McFarland, Maria Robertson and Agnes Gormond. Mount and McFar- land, with David Lee and John R. Dick — two of a band of eleven who joined a few days afterwards, were the first ruling elders. After ceasing to occupy the brick church jointly with their New School brethren, they met for a time in a neighboring and vacant log cabin, then in a brick dwelling owned by David Lee on Main street, and continued to meet there until 1843, when their own church building, still standing in Reading, near the site of the older Presbyterian edifice, was completed. For some years the society was united with that at Pleasant Ridge, and for three years from 1855 with the Mont- gomery Presbyterians. The church grew in numbers and influence for many years, and had not fallen seriously into decline when, following the union of the Old and New School wings at the general assemblies of 1869, the church at Reading was united with the New School branch at Lockland, October 14, 1870, under the union name of the Lockland and Reading Presbyterian church. Among the clergymen who ministered to the society dur- ing the generation of 1839--70, Mr. Hutchison enumer- ates the Rev. Messrs, Adrian Aten, S. J. Miller, H. R. Naylor, Samuel Cleland, Edward Wright, Samuel Hair, C. P. Jennings, John Stewart, John McRae, L. D. and S. S. Potter, W. H. Moore and James McGill. The last named of these was in the pastorate at the time of the union, and ministered for several months to the united congregation. He had been in charge of the Reading church as long before as 1853, but resigned to enter the service of the board of missions, and did not resume his pastorate until January, 1866. Since his retirement in 1871, the pastors of the church have been but two — the Revs. W. A. Hutchinson and S. C. Palmer. The rest of the story has been told in the history of Springfield township. SHARONVILLE is situated on the Short Line railway, at the point where it crosses the East fork of Mill creek, two miles distant from the north and west lines of the township, respect- ively, at the southeast corner of section thirty. It is also an ancient village, having been laid out May 30, 1818, by Messrs. Josephus Myers, Simon Hagerman, Philemon Mills and Abijah Johns. It had ninety-five inhabitants in 1830, and by the last census, taken half a century, had a population of four hundred and sixty-nine. The post office, anciently Sharonville, was discontinued some time before 1840, but has since been restored under the same name. The Sharon Improvement company was formed about 1875, for the improvement and sale of a subdivision of a tract of about four hundred acres ad- joining this place, the property of Mrs. Catharine S. Anderson. It has not yet manifested much activity, however. THE CENSUS of 1830 showed up a population of two thousand seven hundred and seventy-nine in Sycamore township. Fifty years later, in June, 1880, it made a footing of six thou- sand three hundred and seventy-one, against six thou- sand five hundred and eighty-four in 1870. Biographical Sketch, COLONEL W. H. HILL. Colonel William H. Hill, of Sharonville, was born January 21, 1826, in Humilstown, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, and is of German descent. His father, Michael, was a merchant, having a store of general mer- chandise. He died in the east, when William was quite young, about, nine years old. The widowed mother, a noble woman, moved with her family of five children from Fort Hunter, Dauphin county, to Winchester, Ran- dolph county, Indiana, in 1839, by team. Here she gave her children the best education in her power, that afforded by the common school. His first effort in busi- ness was when he was quite young, under nine years of age, in the selling of candies. His capital was twenty-five cents, which, by selling and reinvesting, in a little over one year he increased to more than one hundred dollars. This sum, after removing to the west, his mother invest- ed with other funds in purchasing a home at Winchester, where the colonel to this day is known by the old citi- zens as "the garden spader," because he was regularly employed by them nearly every spring to spade their gardens. After the death of his mother, in 1844 or 1845, his first step upon leaving school was to learn the carding and spinning trade, in which he was engaged until the fall of 1850, when he commenced for himself the mercantile and milling business, which was prose- cuted with the great energy characteristic of Colonel Hill. During his mercantile hfe he was connected with and had the management of three different mercantile houses, and purchased for two others in the eastern cities. During the same period he was the owner and manager of two mercantile houses in the same place, running one house against the other, and so well was this managed that his own family was not aware that he owned both. This singular business freak was in order to have competition and draw trade to his own town, which old citizens, after learning of it, admitted was a complete success. In 1862, while Colonel Hill was in the milling bus- iness, when the great war of the Rebellion was fully in- augurated, and all the loyal sons of the United States were preparing to defend our flag, he was among the first to settle his business, enroll his name and organize a company, which was embodied in the Eighty-first regi- z^ HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 395 ment of Ohio volunteer infantry. He was chosen cap- tain of company A, after which he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the same regiment, and breveted colonel on the twelfth day of August, 1864. While in the line of his duty in front of Atlanta, Colonel Hill re- ceived a gun-shot wound in the left hand and was sent to the hospital in Cincinnati. Before he had sufficiently recovered to return to his regiment he was assigned to duty on a court-martial. As soon as he was relieved from that duty, on his own application after having been offered a discharge, he returned to his regiment, joining it at Goldsborough, North Carolina, and remained with it until the war closed with the surrendering of General Lee. He was then mustered out with his regiment at Camp Dennison. He entered the service at the com- mencement of the war, as before noticed, with the rank of captain, and attained the position of lieutenant col- onel with a brevet colonel's rank. His war record is one of which he and his friends are justly proud. Very few men who drew their swords at the commencement of that terrible struggle served their country with greater de- votion through the entire Rebellion, from 1862, than did the gallant officer whose name stands at the head of our biographical sketch. On returning to civil life he found thousands of soldiers who, for various reasons, had not yet received the money due them from the United States, and, upon their solicitation, he opened, in Cincinnati, a war-claim and real estate office and was enabled great- ly to aid the noble defenders of the country to collect their dues and secure pensions. It is safe to say that no claim attorney in the State had a larger business. In the spring of 1868, after suffering from a disease he had contracted in addition to his wound in the service, he removed to a farm in Butler county, where he re- mained until 1870, when he moved to his valuable farm in Sycamore township, his present and no doubt future residence. During the last eleven years he has been largely engaged in farming. Beyond question Colonel Hill has grown more wheat per acre on his farm for the last three years than any other farmer in his township. In August, 1873, he assisted in organizing Eden Grange, No. 97 ^Patrons of Husbandry, being one of the charter members. When the Hamilton County council was in- stituted Colonel Hill was chosen as its first business agent, without compensation for the first year; and so well were its operations organized by him that on the twenty-ninth of July, 1874, after the council had become thoroughly organized, he was appointed financial busi- ness manager of the Ohio State grange by the State grange executive committee. He accepted the trust under protest, after having repeatedly declined and re- questing others to be appointed. Locating his office at Sharonville, m a room but eight by ten feet in dimen- sions, business increased so rapidly that it became neces- sary to open another house in Cincinnati, which was done April I, 187s, with local agents in various parts of the State. On the first day of October, 1875, the business had become so extensive, running over millions of dol- lars, a large warehouse was opened at No. 63 Walnut street, after which a still larger house had to be secured at 22 and 24 East Third street, with business so largely on the increase that he had to enlarge his clerical force until he retired with an increased salary offered him, February 11, 188 1. In 1874 Colonel Hill was a candidate on the Republi- can ticket in Hamilton county for the office of county commissioner; and although he was not elected, he ran much ahead of his ticket, and his popularity in his own township was so great that he received almost the entire vote of his own precinct In 1877 he was unanimously elected to the presidency of the Hamilton County Agri- cultural society, and took charge January i, 1878, when the society was at its lowest ebb, not paying more than thirty to fifty per cent on its debts and premiums. When Colonel Hill with the board reorganized, they managed to get the Patrons of Husbandry and farmers interested, so that his first fair (that of 1878), after renovating the old buildings and trimming up the grounds, enough was taken in to pay all premiums and nearly all expenses of improvements made. This success so encouraged Col- onel Hill and the board, that on his second election he went to work to raise funds to rebuild, but did not suc- ceed in getting enough to put the grounds in proper order. But the fair of 1879, like that of 1878, was a pronounced success, realizing funds sufficient to pay all premiums and debts. He was again, for the third time, elected president, and then prepared a bill and got it through the Ohio legislature, of which he was by this time a member, appropriating fifteen thousand dollars for the purchase of more grounds and improving the same, which was done during the summer of 1880, put- ting the grounds in such shape for that year that it was the greatest success of any fair eVer held in the county. He was once more reelected, now for the fourth term, by a unanimous vote. At this fair the association accumu- lated funds enough to pay all premiums and debts, and as the reports will show, had a surplus with rental of the grounds and State free, of three hundred to eight hun- dred dollars. Colonel Hill then drew up another bill and got an appropriation of ten thousand dollars, which will enable him and the board to make the Hamilton county fair grounds the finest of any in the State. In the fall of 1879 Colonel Hill was elected one of the Hamilton county delegation to the Sixty-fourth gen- eral assembly of the State legislature, running the second highest on the ticket. Upon the organization of the committees of the house, Colonel Hill was made chair- man of the agricultural committee, and also put on the committee on turnpikes. As a legislator he was always on hand, and attentive to the interests of his constitu- ents, very seldom losing a bill he presented to the house. On the sine die adjournment of the assembly, and return- ing home to his constituents, he opened, in connection with Colonel Thomas E. Spooner, his old book-keeper when in charge of the State Grange house, an agricul- tural warehouse and general commission business, at Nos. 13 and 15 East Third street, Cincinnati, which, from present indications, will increase as largely as his State grange business did. Colonel Hill's connection with the financial business 396 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. of the county and State granges, and his success with the Hamilton County Agriculturial society since it came under his charge, has given him a county, State and national reputation among the patrons of husbandry, and among farmers and business men generally, such as any man can be proud of. While a member of the legisla- ture, in addition to the large amount of work sent him from his county and from the State at large, he secured for the State Agricultural society a larger appropriation than it had ever received before. Colonel Hill has long been closely interested in the education of the youth of his locality; has had charge of the management of the same in Sharonville for several years, and in his efforts to bring them to a higher stand- ard and the establishment of graded schools, so that the children of the poor as well as the rich can be educated, is only waiting time to accomplish it. This, like the rest of his undertakings, will certainly be accomplished in due time. September 8, 1849, Colonel Hill was married to Char- lotte L. Kelley, af Winchester, Indiana. Nine children have been born of this union, of whom only six are now living. SYMMES. DESCRIPTION. Symmes is one of the later and smaller townships. It was created between 1820 and 1826, solely from the eastern part of Sycamore, to which were added two tiers of sections on the west which had formerly belonged to Springfield township. It is bounded on the south by Columbia township, on the west by Sycamore, on the north by Warren county, and on the east by the Little Miami, which follows a tortuous course of nearly twelve miles along the eastern front of Symmes. When about midway of its course here, it deeply indents the town- ship, reducing its width from the extreme breadth of a little more than four miles on a line a short distance north of West Loveland, to a trifle over a mile in the latitude of Remington, about two and one-half miles from the south line of the township. Below this point the width of the township is no where greater than three and a quarter miles on the section line next north of Camp Dennison. The length of the township on the western border and for more than a mile eastvyard is the same as that of Springfield and Sycamore townships — seven miles, dwindling down to nothing in the bends north and south of the great bend of the Miami. The lands of the township lie altogether in the entire range one, township five, the whole ®f which is in Symmes, and the southernmost tier of sections in the entire range two, township five. They comprise thirteen full and twelve fractional sections — the latter lying alto- gether along the Little Miami. The total number of acres is twelve thousand five hundred and thirty-eight. The boundary lines were run in this part of the Pur- chase with tolerable regularity, though some slightly broken ones appear in the north half of the township, and some singularly wide sections in the south part. Sections numbered thirteen, nineteen, twenty-five and thirty-one, lying in both ranges, are duplicated in this township. The little Miami railroad crosses about a mile and a half of the territory of Symmes in its southeastern part, on a line through Camp Dennison, averaging a half-mile's distance from the river. The Marietta & Cincinnati railroad enters at Allendale, near the opposite or south- west corner of the township, strikes the vicinity of the river at Remington and Montgomery stations, and thence follows the Little Miami closely, where it crosses into Clermont and shortly into Warren counties. The Cin- cinnati & Wooster turnpike passes through the township on the general line of the Little Miami railroad, crossing the river like that just below Miamiville. The old State road, from Columbia via Montgomery toward Chillicothe, also intersects the township, as do numerous other turn- pikes and common roads. Symmes township lies almost wholly in the valley of the Little Miami, and partakes of its general character. At some distance back from the river, however, especial- ly in the northwestern part, the hill country infringes upon the territory of the township, and variegates its topography, and to some extent its capacity of produc- tion. It is abundantly watered by several small streams, which mostly take their rise in Warren county and Spring- field township, and flow into the Little Miami. Across this river are several fine bridges crossing from Symmes township — as a large iron one at Loveland, and a long bridge above Miamiville. One of the finest bridges in southern Ohio is that between Branch Hill and Symmes' Station — places respectively in Clermont and Hamilton counties, and on the little Miami and Marietta & Cin- cinnati railroads. It is a suspension bridge three hun- dred and fifteen feet long, built at the joint expense of the two counties connected by it, and costing seventy thousand dollars. It was formally dedicated and opened to travel at a great celebration at this point on the Fourth of July, 1872, when appropriate addresses were HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 191 delivered by Governor Noj'cs and the Honorable Samuel F. Hunt. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. The following named gentlemen have served as justices in Symmes township at the period named: 1829, Thomas Rich, Ezekiel Pollock, William Bell; 1865, George W. Brown, I. M. Migley, George Apgar; 1866, Brown and Apgar; 1S67-72, Brown, W. Beard; 1873-77, Brown, A. J. Kizer; 1878-79, Kizer, A. N. Rich; 1880, Kizer, Brown. EARLY SETTLEMENT. In 1796, the advance guard of a German colony ar- rived from Norristown, Pennsylvania, all members of a Pietist church, which was offensive to the authorities in their native land, and from their connection with it they were compelled to leave the country. Then, and within three years, the following naiTied came: Christian Wald- schmidt (commonly Waldsmith), Ludwig Freiberger, George Harner, Johannes Kugler, Andreas Freis, Wilhelm Lauden, Joseph Bohne, Jacob Lefeber, Hans Leckie, Christian Ogg, Friederick Beckenbach, Kasper Spaeth, Samuel Ruethi, Hans Rodecker, Valentine Weigans, Hans Maddern, Daniel Prisch, Samuel Bachenheim (Buckingham), Andreas Orth, Johannes Montag. They stopped for a time at Columbia, exploring the back country, and presently decided upon locating at the tract since known as "Big Bottom." Waldschmidt and Harner were the moneyed men of the party, and they made purchases from Judge Symmes of a sufficient quantity for the entire colony, getting most of it for about one dollar per acre. The following account of the journey and settlement is given by Mr. Thomas Fitz- water, a descendant of William Fitzwater, who settled in Clermont county. Mr. Fitzwater was a little boy at the time. The narrative is given in the History of Clermont county, recently published : C. Waldsmith, our own family, and four other families started for this State on or near the first of .Vlay, 1796. I have but little recol- lection of the journey to Juniata; but I recollect that place. The next place I recollect seeing was Bedford Springs; then nothing more until we came to Redstone. Here we were detained near three weeks wait- ing for our flat-boats. At Pittsburgh we met General Wayne's regular army. I have a distinct recollection of seeing the soldiers firing the cannon; then the drum would beat and the fife would play a short time. The army was then going to Erie. General Wayne died the next October. A day or two after leaving Pittsburgh, Christopher Waldsmith was walking on a sand-bar, when he picked up a fife which looked very ancient. The brass on the ends was black and somewhat corroded, and it was full of sand. It was supposed it had been in the river since Braddock's defeat — nearly forty-one years. I saw the fife hundreds of times in after years. They lent it to an old rev- olutionary fifer, and never recovered it again. The Ohio River was low, and the three flat-boats had great difliculty in getting along. They only travelled in the daytime, always tieing up to the shore at night. At the mouth of Bracken river two families left and went into Kentucky, After being on the river seven weeks, we landed at Columbia. The iMiami was pouring out muddy water and driftwood. This was the first sight I got of that river. Not far above the mouth of the Miami the boat which contained Waldsmith's family ran aground. The four men and a boy tried to get it afloat that afternoon and into the night, but did not succeed. The next morning another boat came along, when they hailed the inmates for assistance. This boat landed close to ours, and I recollect seeing three or four go to the boat which was aground; in two or three hours the boat was afloat. About twenty years ago old Father Durham told me the same story, and further said that Waldsmith was so pleased to get his boat afloat that he told them he would give them ten gallons of whiskey for their services. They bought a keg which held three gal- lons, and he filled that. It was about the middle of July when we landed at Columbia. In fifteen or eighteen days, after the Miami got low, we arrived at our journey's end. Waldsmith went vigorously to work building a miU. .Some time in the summer of 1797 I saw the frame of his grist-mill put up. That same fall he started one run of stones, and also two copper stills for making whiskey. This year (1797) Matthias Kugler came to the territory. I have heard him laughingly tell about his losing his hat in the river, and shoes he had none on when he started. He was landed at Columbia in a skift"; when he arrived within reach of shore he jumped as far .as he could, but lighted in the soft, black mud, where it was so deep he got mired. After some floundering about, he got to solid ground. He then had ten miles to travel, without shoes or hat, and his legs well plastered with mud. He arrived at his stepfather's the same night. Soon after he commenced working for Waldsmith, and in September, 1798, he married his daughter. The Riggs came from the State of Delaware, starting with three thou- sand dollars in gold, a negro m.in worth eight hundred dollars, a wagon, and four good horses. They came to the Redstone country, and stayed there some time. He had a son and daughter living there. It is probable they stayed over winter, as early in the spring of 1790 they stopped at Limestone. Here his negro man gave them the slip, and they never again saw him. Old William Riggs sold the chance of him for one hundred dollars. Landing at Columbia, they put the wagon together out on shore, and tied the horses to the tongue, two boys sleeping in the wagon. Next morning every horse was gone, and they never saw them again. They could not ascertain whether Indians or white people took them. The next I knew of them they were at Covalt's station, in 1791, raising a crop of corn. The lall after, Timothy Covalt and Major Riggs took a basket, intending to bring in a basket of pawpaws; crossed the Mi- ami somehow, arrived at the foot of the gravelly hills east of John Kug- ler's distillery, and were there fired on by three Indians, from the brow of the hill, fifteen or eighteen yards distant. The Indians raised the yell. Covalt, being a few yards in the rear, seeing Riggs fall, wheeled and ran. The Indians followed him to the water's edge. He ran through the Miami, and when over met men from the station coming to their assistance. The Indians got Riggs' scalp, but they were too much hurried to take any part of his clothing. Shortly after the news of St. Clair's defeat reached the station. His mother was so near fretted out of her senses that they packed up and went somewhere into Kentucky. How long they stayed there I don't know— probably over the next winter. When they came back, finding the stations much stronger, and things better prepared for defence, they ventured to one of the frontier stations — I think to Jarrett's (Gerrard's) station. This station was near where Turpin's house now stands. Waldsmith, about 1840, founded the village of Ger- many, a small plat south of the present Camp Dennison, and near the southeast corner of the township, on the turnpike road running north and south through the township. It was a short-lived hamlet, and little sign of it now remains, except the old stone dwelling of Wald- smith on the turnpike, bearing the date 1808, and be- ing the oldest stone dwelling in the county, except one — the old residence of Colonel Sedam, near Gaff, Fleisch- mann & Company's distillery, at Sedamsville. He also built the first paper-mill in the country west of Red- stone. In the early spring of 1810 the mill there was burned, and the river frozen up. The Spy and Gazette, at Cincinnati, was obliged to suspend publication for want of paper, and Carpenter, the pubUsher, was also caught with a contract on his hands for printing the Terri- torial laws. In this emergency Waldsmith, who had been an expert paper-maker in Europe, was urged to try his hand here, and, in a rude way at first, he made enough soon to start the Cincinnati presses again. The Sjiy started again, after a suspension of a month and a half; and Waldsmith's success encouraged him to enlarge and 398 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. otherwise improve his facilities. The Liberty Hall of December i, 1811, contains this advertisement: Christian Waldsmitli is now preparing in his paper-mill another vat, and will employ some experienced hands, who understand how to work at the vat, in the paper-making business. Such will find encour- agement at his mill on the Little Miami. . . . Store-keepers and printers may be supplied with all kinds of paper at the store of Baum & Perry, Cincinnati, or at the mill. Waldsmith's paper-mill stood on the island in the Lit- tle Miami, near the southwest corner of Symmes town- ship, opposite the saw-mill, which was upon the mainland near his house. This sturdy old German pioneer and his son died in March, 1814, of the "cold plague." Another note of operations in this region in the early day is found in the Cincinnati Almanac of 181 1, which says that October loth of the previous year a company had been formed at Round Bottom, thirteen miles from Cincinnati, with one thousand shares of stock of fifty dollars each. The directors of the company were An- drew Megrue, Thomas Sloo, Jacob Broadwell, Michael Debolt, James C. Morris, William Lytle, John Smith, William Bardley, Enoch Buckingham, Thomas R. Ross, Thomas Heckewelder. Mr. Broadwell was president, and Mr. Sloo cashier of the company. About the same time the Bockenheims, or Bucking- hams, had a small saw-mill on the bank of the Little Miami, opposite Miamiville. Elsewhere, further north on the Little Miami, the Cin- cinnati Paper Fabric company has its buildings. Jabez Reynolds, oldest child of William and Elizabeth Reynolds, was born in Washington county, Rhode Is- land, January 31, 1803, emigrated to Pennsylvania in the year 1829, and remained there until the year 1832, when he came to Cincinnati, Hamilton county, Ohio, and has been a resident of the county since that time. He was married to Miss Mercy Oatley, daughter of John and Susan Oatley, of South Kingston, Washington county, Rhode Island, March 22, 1825. The fruit of this union was ten children: William B., born May 17, 1826; Elizabeth, born February 16, 1828; Lydia, born June 26, 1830; William, born December 20, 1832; Charles O., born April 25, 1835; Jabez, born December 4, 1836; Caroline E., born January 26, 1838; Mercy, born November 3, 1840; Jabez, born April 25, 1843; Thomas H., born September 13, 1845. Of these, but five are still living — Lydia, William, Mercy, Jabez, and Thomas H. — all married. Lydia married William Phipps, and is a resident of Norwood, Hamilton county, Ohio. William married Bell Ashcraft, and is a resident of Bond Hill, Hamilton county, Ohio. Mercy married Hiram D. Rodgers, and is a resident of Linwood, Hamilton county, Ohio. Jabez married Miss Estella Sanders, and is a resident of New York. Thomas H. married twice — first to E. P. Pullen; the second time he married Ade- lia B. Conklin, and is a resident of Bond Hill, Hamil- ton county, Ohio. Mr. Reynolds is a member of the Quaker church. Jonathan T. Martin, sixth child and fourth son of Robert and Jane Martin, was born in Chenango county. New York, January 4, 18 18. The subject of our sketch emigrated to Ohio, Hamilton county, with his father when he was but a year old, and has been a resident of the county ever since. Mr. Martin was married to Miss Elizabeth Lucky, daughter of Henry and Sarah Lucky, who was born in New York, October 9, 1814. They were married in February, 1841, and to them have been born seven children — WiUiam, Henry, Robert T., John, Sarah A., George, Jane. Of these, four are living — Wil- liam, Henry, Robert T., and John. Although Mr. Mar- tin is not a member of a church, he is a strong advocate of law and order. The subject of our sketch is one of Hamilton county's enterprising farmers, and one of its worthy and respected citizens. John E. Rude, son of Zala Rude, was born in Symmes township, Hamilton county, August 29, 1820, and has since been a resident of Hamilton county. He was married to -Miss Christiana Apgar, daughter of Daniel P. Apgar, November 23, 1857. To them have been born nine children — Isabel, Frank P., Catharine, John E., Liz- zie, Anna, Peter S., Hannah and Robert. All living and still at home. Mr. Rude is a member in the Christian church. Oliver P. Buckingham, son of William Buckingham, was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, August 30, 1830, and has been a resident of the county all his Ufe. He was married to Miss Eliza J. Weller, daughter of John W. Weller, November 24, 1852. They have four chil- dren — Lola, Frorence, Montford and Lee — all living at home. Mr. Buckingham lost his wife July 14, 1880, at the age of forty-nine years. William B. Cunningham, son of John Cunningham, was born in Symmes township, Hamilton county, No- vember 28, 1829, and has been a resident of this county all his life with the exception of about two years. He was married twice — first to Miss Selina Pancost, daugh- ter of Enoch Pancost, February 28, 1855. She died February 22, 1866. He was married the second time to Miss Mary R. Montford, daughter of William P. Mont- ford, June 25, 1867. To them have been born seven children — Mary B., Edwin M., Charles W., James C, Francis L., Joseph F. and Florence — all living and at home. Mrs. Cunningham is a member of the Catholic church. Our subject is now serving his seventh year as trustee of Symmes township and is in every way a worthy and excellent citizen. Rachel Price, seventh child of Frederick Bucking- paugh, was born in Symmes township, Hamilton county, February 28, 1808, and has been a resident of the county all her life. She was married to Nimrod Price January 19, 1823. To them have been born ten children — Mar- tha J., Marcus S., Marions B., Amanda M., Malen F., John N., Milton D., Ennis J., Albert P. and William P. Of them nine are living, Albert being dead. Mrs. Price is a inember in the Universalist church. She has reached the ripe old age of seventy-four years. Levi Buckingham, a native of Delaware, emigrated to Ohio in the year 1788, and 'took up a section of land in Symmes township. He then returned to Pennsylvania, and in 1794 returned to his land with his brother, Enoch Buckingham. The first thing they did was to build a log cabin to shelter the family. The Indians were very HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 399 troublesome at that time, and a man was fined who went to church without a gun. Levi Buckingham was the father of six children — William L., Lizzie, Isaac, Jane, Maria and Lydia H. Of these but two are still living — William and Maria. William S. Buckingham was born in Symmes township, Hamilton county, August 26, 181 1, and has been a resi- dent of the county all his life. He was married twice — first to Miss Elizabeth Harris, in 1834; she died the same year. He was married the second time to Miss Nancy Sanders, daughter of Meeryarter Sanders, of Tennessee, September 22, 1835. To them has been born one child — Jane — who married John Quail, and is a resident of Symmes township. Mr. and Mrs. Buckingham are both members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and are among its liberal supporters. Maria Buckingham, daughter of Levi Buckingham, was born in Symmes township, Hamilton county, August 6, 1 818, and has always been a resident of this county. She now lives on part of the section of land on which her father settled in 1794. She superintends her own farm. Horace Buckingham, son of Enoch Buckingham, who settled in Hamilton county in 1794, was born in Hamil- ton county, September 22, 1806, and lived in Hamilton county until about the year 1832, when he moved to Clermont county, and was a resident there to the time of his death. He was the father of eight children : Agnes, Charles, Albert, Louisa, Oregan, Lewis, Walter, and Victor ; of these six are still living. Albert, the third child, was born in Clermont county, Ohio, June 16, 1839, and remained in Clermont until October, 1877. He was married twice, first to Miss Virginia Doyle, December 6, i860, who died March 29, 1871. The fruit of this union was three children : Effie, Alvin, and Horace ; all living, and still at home. Henry Nenfarth, jr., son of Henry and Katie Nen- farth, was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in 1837. He emigrated to America, and settled in Hamilton county, in 1845, since which time he has been a resident of the county. He was married to Miss Elizabeth Mil- ler, daughter of George Miller, January 2, 1869. They have six children : William, Katie, Henry J., Anna I)., George E. and Cary; all living, and at home. Henry Nenfarth, sr., son of Jacob and Catharine Nen- farth, was born in the Grand Dutchy of Hesse-Darm- stadt, Germany, May 8, 1827 ; emigrated to America with his father, and settled in Hamilton county. May 27, 1839, and has been a resident of the county since that time. He was married to Magdaline Sur, daughter of John Sur, July 23, 1850. The children are Kate, Clara, Malinda, Amanda, Sophia, Julia, Ellen, and Magdaline. Kate, Clara, Sophia and Ellen are still living. Kate is married to William Birchfield, and is a resident of Lock- land, Hamilton county ; Clara is married to Morris Linke ; the other two are still single and living at home. Mr. and Mrs. Nenfarth are both members of church, Mr. Nenfarth of the Evangelical, and Mrs. Nenfarth of the Catholic Church. Mr. Nenfarth is a redistiller by trade ; had worked at that trade for about sixteen years, up to the time he moved on his farm, in March, 1873, since that time he has been farming in Symmes town- ship. His father set out the first vineyard in the garden of Eden, now Eden Park, in the year 1844. Charles J. Link, son of John H. Link, was born in Saxton, Germany, February 8, 1807 ; he emigrated to America and settled in Hamilton county in the fall of 1856, and has remained a resident of the count)-. He was married to Miss Hannah Grouse, daughter of Charles H. Crouse, in May, 1834. To them have been born fourteen children : Richard, Caroline, Hannah, Minnie, Henry, Augustus, Mary, Augusta, Ida, Robert, Morris, Gustavus, Clara and Charlotte ; of these eight are still living. Mr. and Mrs. Link are both members of the Lutheran church. Up to the time of his emigration Mr. Link worked at the wagonmakers' trade ; since he has been in America he has been farming. Jacob Klick, oldest child of Peter and Louisa Klick, was born in Bavaria, Germany, December 30, 1809, and emigrated to America January i, 1832. He settled in Butler county, and remained until the year 1857, when he moved to Hamilton county, and has been a resident of the county ever since. The subject of our sketch has been married three times — first to Louisa Fisher, of Butler county, in the fall of 1832; the second wife, mar- ried in 1838, was Miss Martha Fetherly, of Indiana; the third wife was Margaret Hinkle, a resident of Butler county, married in the fall of 1848. Mr. Klick is the father of eleven children, five by his first and six by his last wife, Louisa: James, Amelia, Catharine, Mary A., Ella, Jacob, Laura, William H., George and Ida, all living but James, Amelia and Ella. Mrs. Klick is an earnest member in the Presbyterian church. Philip Weller, oldest child of John W. and Elizabeth Weller, was born in Symmes township, Hamilton coun- ty, June 8, 181 7, and has resided here ever since. He was married to Miss Belinde Vorhees, daughter of Al- bert Vorhees, April i, 1840. To them have been born eleven children: Melissa, Robert E., John W., Anna E., Jane, Edwin, Mary, Perry, Frank, Cass and Florence, all living but Melissa, Anna E. and Frank. Mrs. Weller died August 18, 1862. Mr. Weller is one of the model farmers of Hamilton county. He has served one term as treasurer of Symmes township. George Miller, child of Adam and Dora Miller, was born in Hussian, Germany, July 18, 181 1, and emigrated to America, settling in Hamilton county, Ohio, in the year 1854, and has been a resident of the county ever since. He was married to Miss Mary Krebs, daughter of Peter Krebs, in May, 1839. To them have been born eight children: Henry, John, Gary, Lizzie, William, Le- na, Barney and George. But three of these are living: Lizzie, William and George. Mr. and Mrs. Miller are both members of the Evangelical Lutheran church. Philip Sauerback, son of Philip and Anna Sauerback, was born in Germany December 12, 1827. He emi- grated to America, Hamilton county, Ohio, in the year 1856, and has been a resident of the county ever since. He was married twice — first to Elizabeth Brigner, and the second time to Mrs. Anna Lell, widow of George 400 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Lell. They have two children: Mary and Christina. His first wife also had two: Frederick and Philip, all living. Philip is a resident of Newport, Kentucky; the others are all at home. Mr. Saurback is a member of the Catholic church. Jonathan T. Martin, the sixth child and fourth son of Robert and Jane Martin was born in New York, January 4, 1818. When but a year old he was brought to this county by his parents, and has been a resident here ever since that time. Mr. Martin was married to Miss Eliza- beth Lucky, daughter of Henry and Sarah Lucky, the first of February, 1841. His wife was born in the State of New York, October 9, 18 14. Their family consists of seven children: William, Henry, Robert T., John, Sarah A., George and Jane. Of these, the first four mentioned are living. Robert Walker, the son of John and Hannah Walker, was born in this county, March 13, 181 6, and has since been a resident of the same with the exception of about twenty years. March 19, 1844, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Anderson, who was born in Warren county, Ohio, February 11, 1824. To them have been born nine children: William N., Mary E., Elizabeth, Charles M., Sharlon M., Orville, Ida B., Emerson, and Sarah F., four of whom are dead. Mr. and Mrs. Walker are both earnest members of the United Brethren church, and are among its most able supporters. Anna Enyart, daughter of Robert McCane, was mar- ried to David Enyart, November 8, 1818. Their chil- dren are Elmer, Alsina, Verlinda, Stella A., Christopher C, and one that died in early infancy before being named. All are now dead. Her husband has been dead since 1826. Mrs. Enyart is still living on the old place, and has reached the ripe age of seventy-eight years. Nicholas Rembis, oldest child of Louis Rembis, was born in Germany, March 9, 1835, and emigrated to America, settling in Hamilton county, January 6, 1861. He was married to Miss Katie Horner, daughter of Fred- erick J. Horner, January 8, 1861. To them have been born four children: Katie, Lydia, Lizzie, and Lewis — all living and at home. George W. Brown, son of David and Emeline Brown, was born in Symmes township, Hamilton county, on the farm where he now lives, November 14, 1826, and has remained a resident of the county ever since. He was married to Miss Martha Kynon, daughter of Andy Kyn- on, July 4, 1856. He began life a poor boy, but has now one of the finest farms in the township; has held various offices of responsibility and trust. Joseph Jones emigrated from Pennsylvania to Hamil- ton county in the year 1791, and was still a resident of this county at the time of his death, January 22, 1815. He was married to Miss Mary Covalt, daughter of Cap- tain Abijah Covalt, in September of 1792. Th.ey had twelve children: Evan W., Isaiah, Jonathan, Saiah, Jo- seph, Nancy, Joel, Mary, Reason, Elizabeth H., Ephraira C, and Sidney. Of these only three are now living — Mary, Reason, and Elizabeth H. Mary married David Vhoris, and is a resident of Iowa. Elizabeth married William C. Wycoff and lives on the old home, and has her brother living with her. Their children are Ada, Laurinsky, Verner E., and Clarence C. Only Ada is liv- ing. Mrs. Mary Jones died December 8, 185 1, at the advanced age of seventy-nine years. Mr. and Mrs. Wy- coff and Mr. Jones are all members of the Baptist church. Josiah Harper, son of John and Mary Harper, was born in this township, March 11, 182 1, and has since re- mained a resident of the county. He was married to Miss Elizabeth Roosy, daughter of Jacob Roosy, in June 1843. She died in 1879, aged fifty-five years. He has served ten years as township trustee, the last being the year 1876. He is a member of the United Brethren church and is considered one of its best supporters. During the last few years he has been employed in farm- ing, but previous to that time worked at the blacksmith's trade. CAMP DENNISON. The history of this very interesting locality, as a ren- dezvous and camp of equipment for many thousands of troops during the war of the Rebellion, has been given with sufficient fullness in our chapter on the military history of Hamilton county. After the war had closed it was thought worth while to found a permanent village here, and in 1866 Camp Dennison was regularly sur- veyed and platted by Mr. E. Campbell. The Camp Dennison Building association was also incorporated April 25, 1872. A flourishing village has grown up here. It is situated below Miamiville, in the northwest part of section nineteen, on the Cincinnati & Wooster turnpike and the Little Miami railroad and river. This village had two hundred and ninety-two inhabi- tants by the census of 1880. ALLANDALE. Three miles west of Camp Dennison, almost in the extreme southwest corner of the township, on the Mari- etta & Cincinnati railroad, is the station and hamlet of Allandale. We do not learn that it has ever been platted. GLENWOOD is another station on the Marietta & Cincinnati, about at the centre of section thirty-two, a mile and a quarter northeast of Allandale. It likewise has no regular sur- vey and plat. REMINGTON is a small village at the terminus of the roads from Mont- gomery to the railroad and river, a mile east of north from Glenwood, and with MONTGOMERY STATION in its immediate vicinity. SYMMES STATION. This was formerly called Polktown, and is much the oldest village in the township. It was laid off May 6, 1817,. by James Pollock, who was the first settler in this region, having bought his land here, several hundred acres, of Judge Symmes in 1795. The first regular grist- mill established on the Little Miami — Elliott's, or "the company's" mill — was situated here, not far from the site of the present mill. The village, in the early days, as a point of rendezvous for travellers, adventurers, and HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 401 the settlers from far and near, was a place of much greater relative importance than now. The trail of the Indians, through the wilderness between Columbia and Chillicothe, crossed near it at the Three Islands. Now the splendid iron bridge before mentioned spans the Little Miami between this place and Branch Hill. A pond of considerable size along the river in this vicinity was formerly called the Symmes' fishing ground. On the other side of the stream, a short distance above Branch Hill, are the Cincinnati camp-meeting grounds of the Methodist Episcopal church. They occupy a beautiful woodland tract, near the Little Miami railroad, on an eminence overlooking the river and valley, with an easy ascent and otherwise well adapted to its present purposes. The grounds are owned by a Methodist as- sociation in the city, and are highly improved. The railroad gives them a special station in camp-meeting times. Branch Hill is considerably used as a place of subur- ban residence, and it was here, near his home, that the very able editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, Mr. G. M. D. Bloss, met his death by a railway train striking him, on the twenty-seventh of May, 1876. Symmes station is on the Marietta & Cincinnati rail- road, about midway between, or two and a half miles from Loveland and Remington. It has a good public school and a Methodist Episcopal church. WEST LOVELAND is virtually an addition to the village of Loveland, the latter on the Clermont, the former on the Hamilton county side. Most of the population, and all of the public institutions, are on the Clermont side. The Ham- ilton side covers but fifty-eight acres, and had a popula- tion in 1880 of one hundred and ninety-seven. SYCAMORE CHURCH is an old locality still marked on the county maps, on the Montgomery road, about four miles northeast of that village, and two and one-half miles northwest of Symmes station, in this township. A Presbyterian church was organized here very early, sometime before October, 1 80 1, when the Rev. James Kemper was giving one-third of his preaching services to it. A year from that time he was appointed by the presbytery to give his whole time to this and the Duck creek (now Pleasant Ridge) churches for one year. This appointment was renewed in October, 1803, when the name Sycamore was changed to Hopewell. He was invited to the pastorate of the two churches at the expiration of this year, and was installed in the Hopewell church April 4, 1805, the Rev. David Rice, his old Kentucky tutor in theology, preaching the installation sermon. In April, 1807, Mr. Kemper ap- plied for a dissolution of the pastoral relation, against the remonstrance of his people, who declared their finan- cial ability and desire to retain him. He was, however, released from the pastorate in October, and served as stated supply for six months, after which he went into Kentucky and labored there for a season. He was suc- ceeded at Sycamore (or Hopewell), by the Rev. Daniel Hayden, who was ordained and installed at the Duck Creek church, November 17, i8io. He served the Hopewell church until April 8, 181 9, and the other so- ciety from that time till his death, August 27, 1835. Some further notice of him has been given in the history of Columbia township. Governor Jeremiah Morrow, whose home was a few miles north of Sycamore church, was buried in the old cemetery here. POPULATION. Symmes township has grown in population rather slow- ly. It had one thousand, one hundred and fifty-eight inhabitants in 1830; but two hundred and nineteen more, or one thousand three hundred and seventy-seven in 1870; and four hundred and fifty-eight more, or one thousand six hundred and twenty six, the tenth census, or that of 1880. WHITEWATER. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION. There was need of a township in that part of Hamil- ton county which lies west of the Great Miami, later than in any other portion of the county similarly large. For more than twelve years after the Miami Purchase and the Virginia Military district were open to settlement, and while they were being filled with a busy population, the fertile tracts beyond this river were still withheld from sale and settlement, and only "squatters" could venture upon it. At length, in 1799 and 1800, the official sur- veys were made under direction of Government, chiefly by Vantrees — how carelessly, too, in places, has appeared in our history of Crosby township — but still not until April I, 1 80 1, could a rood of the land for which some of the pioneers were watching and waiting at the east- ward, and others already upon its soil, be purchased and improved. The land sales then occurring in Cincinnati, and for many years thereafter, at the Federal land office, gave the desired opportunity, and settlers flocked to the rich bottoms of the Great Miami and the Whitewater. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. By 1803, when the general reconstruction of the old and the creation of the new townships occurred, it was thought well to provide such a municipality for the Con- gressional division of the territory of Hamilton; and the township of Whitewater was set off, "to include all that part of Hamilton county west of the Great Miami river." The voters thereof were instructed to meet at the house of John Benefield, and elect three justices of the peace. This was, like most of the early townships, a large one. It comprised the entire tract now occupied by White- water, Crosby, and Harrison townships, and covering not less than sixty square miles. Soon, however, in 1804, it was deemed advisable to subdivide the little State, and the township of Crosby was formed, to include the five northernmost tiers of sections, and so something more than half the former territory of Whitewater. This ar- rangement endured for half a century, when, with the dense settlement of the country, and especially the growth of Harrison village, a further subdivision was called for, and, in 1853, the township of Harrison was formed, to include, as we have seen, a tract of three sec- tions wide by six sections long, or eighteen sections in all. Whitewater was cut into by the amount of the three southernmost sections, and compensation was given in almost the same amount by taking sections twenty-five, twenty-six, and twenty-seven, from the southern part of Crosby, and making them the northern tier of sections in Whitewater, thus keeping the territory of the latter pretty nearly intact, as regards quantity. Whitewater lies in range one of township one,and range one of township three, with a fractional section (thirty- one) belonging to range two, township two and three other bits of sections along the Great Miami belonging to other ranges or townships. It includes nineteen full and fourteen fractional sections, or fourteen thousand three hundred and twenty square acres. It is bounded on the west by Dearborn county, Indiana, and for the breadth of two miles at the northward by Harrison township, Hamilton county, on the north by Harrison and Crosby townships ; on the east and south by the Great Miami, beyond which lie the townships of Colerain and Miami. The township does not touch the Ohio river, although it approaches within a mile of it, at the lower part of Guard's island. The Great Miami has an exceedingly tortuous course along the front of this township, requir- ing about sixteen miles for its course, while the air-line distance between the point where it first touches the township and that where it makes its exit, is but ten and one-half miles. This is the extreme diagonal of the township ; its greatest length is six and one-half miles, being on its western line; its greatest width the same, on a line of latitude passing a little below Miamitown, from that deviating to a point at the southwest corner. The Whitewater river comes in from Harrison township, on the western side of section five, and flows in a southerly course four and one-half miles, reaching the Great Miami near the southeast corner of section twenty. Nearly two miles from its entrance it receives the waters of the Dry fork of Whitewater, which enters at the south- east corner of Harrison township, flows southward in a crooked course two miles, then westward two miles to the Whitewater. Another, but smaller tributary, head- ing in the border of Indiana, intersects sections eighteen, seventeen and twenty, and reaches the Whitewater near the railroad crossing. Two or three very pretty tribu- taries also enter the Great Miami from the side of this township. From time to time this river has changed its bed in the flow of the ages, and old channels are plainly to be seen, especially in the lower part of its course, as that south of Elizabethtown. The streams are generally well bridged at the desirable points ; and the White- water, at a point on the road from Elizabethtown north- eastward, has the finest suspension bridge, exclusively be- longing to this county. A notable pioneer ferry was kept across the Great Miami, a short distance from Cleves. A mile from the mouth of this stream, at the extreme southwestern corner of the township, about half a section of land is isolated by an irregular arc of water connecting at each end with the river, and probably one of its oldest channels — ^which takes the name Guard's island, from the old Guard family of pioneers. From this northeast and north for several miles the island is low, and part of it much subject to inundations. It is very fertile, however, some of it yielding, after more than two generations of culture, its hundred bushels of corn per acre with tolerable regularity. In the north of the township some of the characteristic hills of Hamilton county appear. The township is intersected for about four miles, from northeast to southwest, by the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago railroad, which is joined at Valley Junction, midway between the Great Miami and the Whitewater, by the Harrison branch, or the Whitewater Valley railroad, which is run by the former corporation. The Harrison branch has about three and one-half miles in the township, in a general north and south line, fol- lowing pretty closely the abandoned route of the White- water canal. The Cincinnati and Harrison turnpike crookedly crosses the township in its northern part, leav- ing it on the east at Miainitown ; and the people seem otherwise well supplied with wagon roads WHITEWATER JUSTICES. 1804, Ebenezer Hughes; 1819, Patrick Smith; 1825, Luther Hopkins, Richard Arnold, William Clark; 1829, William Clark, Henry Wile, Hugh McDougal, Henry Ingersoll; 1865, A. E. West, Daniel Honder, S. W. Osborn, Uriah Stevens ; 1866-67, Hender and Osborn; 1868-69, Hender and Stevens; 1870, Hender, James Martin; 1871, Hender, E. G. Bonham ; 1872-73, Hen- der and Osborn; 1874-79, Osborn and Charles Baxter; 1880, Osborn and Charles S. Fulton. ANCIENT WORKS.* Two miles southwest of Miamitown, in this township, on the Great Miami, is a mound of nearly fifteen feet in height. It occupies a commanding position as a look- out post up and down the valley, and was undoubtedly *The remainder of this chapter is almost exclusively from the pen of the distinguished Sunday-school and clerical worker, the Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, of the Berea neighborhood. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 403 one in the series of mounds of observation that stretched from the mouth of the river far to the northward. Some of the mounds were formerly noted just above this, but they have been mostly obliterated by the ploughman. These were burial mounds, and skeletons are still occa- sionally found in this region, in a crouching position. On the Whitewater river, near and east of the railway track, about three miles from the junction, and near the north line of the township, is a very regular and sym- metrical mound, which still retains a height of twenty to twenty-five feet. It also commands a wide view, and was probably a mound of observation. From 1790 to 1795 the block-house and garrison at North Bend afforded protection to the adventurous pioneers seeking homes in the Northwestern territory. The land west of the Great Miami river had been ceded to the United States, but not yet conveyed. The Shaw- nees and Wyandots, reluctant to leave their favorite hunting grounds and the graves of their sires, still re- mained the occasion of danger and alarm to the squatter population at North Bend. The Indians gradually dis- appeared, and in 1795 the Nimrods of North Bend, at- tracted by the abundance of game in the unbroken for- ests beyond the Miami and Whitewater rivers, built their cabins, and with their families squatted on Government land. Jeremiah Chandler, from South Carohna, a sol- dier of the Revolutionary army, a bold, daring man, tired of the pent-up Utica at the North Bend settlement, built the first cabin in what is now Whitewater township. Its location was near the west end of the suspension bridge. A spring of pure water and the " salt lick " a mile away, where his sure rifle could almost any day bring down a fat buck, determined the site of this first civilized habitation in the bounds of the township. Dur- ing the spring of 1795 the following famihes squatted south of the cabin Jeremiah Chandler had built: John Burham, James Dugan, John White, and Joseph Brown. In 1796 Alexander Guard, Thomas Miller, Joseph Rolf, Joseph Hayes, James Buckelow and John McNutt; in 1798 Isaac Mills, Hugh Dunn, John Phillips and Daniel Perrine. From 1796 to 1800 the following squatters built cabins on the west side of the Miami; The first was built by Stephen Goble on land afterwards bought by Ezekiel Hughes; Hugh Karr, from Ireland, built near the Cleves bridge; Joseph Grey, Joseph Raingweather, John and Andrew Hill, I. Ingersol, E. Eades, Benjamin Welch and Hugh Bucknell. When the land was sold many of these families left, but, after the lapse of eighty-five years, descendants of John Benham, A. Guard, Thomas Miller, Joseph Hayes, Hugh Karr, Andrew Hill and I. Ingersol, who purchased land, are to be found, honored and useful citizens of the township. SQUATTER LIFE was marked with great sociability, independence, with many privations and hardships. The furniture of their log-cabin homes was made with an axe, a drawing-knife, and an auger. Nails and glass were unknown in the construction of their humble but happy homes. Their doors were hung with wooden hinges, and oiled paper answered for glass. A mush-pot and a skillet served for kitchen utensils; the knives, forks, and spoons brought from the old settlements, with cups made by hand or gathered from the gourd vines adorned their tables. Their subsistence was secured from the rivers and the forests, and the truck patch cultivated with a hoe, pro- ducing an abundant crop of corn, potatoes, beans and pumpkins. In the spring of the year they luxuriated on wild onions fried in opossum fat and omelets made of wild turkey eggs, accompanied by delicious beverage known as spice-wood tea. The sugar-tree supplied them with sap; but for the want of kettles they manulactured but limited supplies of sugar and molasses. When ket- tles were obtamed (brought to the North Bend on flat- boats from Redstone, Old Fort, and bartered for buck- skins, venison and peltries), the sugar and molasses made in the spring supplies them through the year, and the surplus was exchanged for goods at the traders' stores at the Bend, or Fort Washington. In these squat- ter times when kettles had been obtained, salt, a very scarce and necessary article, was manufactured at the "lick" a mile west of where Elizabethtown now stands. The well was sixteen feet deep and the supply of salt water enabled the boilers to produce a bushel a day, which could be sold at four dollars, hot from the kettles. CLOTHING. When the stock brought from the old settlments was worn out, necessity compelled the hardy pioneers to de- pend on their wit, invention and skill in producing the clothing needed. The skins and furs of wild animals, espe- cially the deer and raccoon, supplied the men with caps, pants, and Innged hunting shirts, and both sexes with moccasins. Cotton seed obtained from Kentucky and planted in their truck patches, afforded a valuable fiber manufactured by the use of hand-cards, spinning-wheels and the loom, furnished, with the help of flax, the mater- ial to replenish the wardrobe of these noble wives and daughters. In these early times the wild nettle, which grew luxuriantly and abundantly in the river bottoms, whose fiber was almost equal to hemp, was utilized and manufactured into a coarse linen suitable for use. The nettle, five to seven feet high, falling to the earth, would rot the stock during the winter and in the spring would be gathered and prepared tor the spinning-wheel and the loom. Mrs. Guard, the wife of Alexander Guard, during one season manufactured two hundred yards of this net- tle cloth, which answered a very good purpose in meet- ing the wants of her large family. At the pioneer meeting, in Hunt's Grove in 1869, Dr. Walter Clark exhibited a well preserved specimen of this nettle cloth. THE FIRST BIRTH of white parentage was Rebecca, the daughter of Jere- miah Chandler and Jane his wife, and the second was Mary, the daughter of John Barham. These children were born in the autumn of 1795. The former with her parents removed to lUinois, the latter spent a long and useful life where she was born. DEATH. During the year 1796 death invaded the settlement and a malignant disease removed in a few days three 404 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. members of the family of James Dugan from time to eternity. In their early struggles, trials and bereave- ments, these noble-hearted pioneers bore each other's burdens and shared each other's joy. In case of death in the household sympathy and help came promptly to the rescue. In the absence of cabinet-makers and under- takers the coffins were made of hewn slabs skilfully pre- pared with the broad-axe and drawing-knife, and held together with wooden pins, and the bodies tenderly laid in the grave dug by loving hands and bedewed with tears of genuine sorrow. PIONEER LIFE was strongly marked with true friendship and genuine hospitality. The best chair of the cabin and the hearty welcome of its inmates greeted both neighbor and stranger, for they always had time to be social and enjoy society. Before the days of post offices and the news- papers, the arrival of a stranger answered for both. Neces- sity, and inclination made these pioneers a united and happy people. Creeds, politics and nationalities yielded to the claims of social enjoyment. Common dangers and privations developed the nobler qualities of human nature, they truly bore each others burdens and shared each others joys. In times of sickness, or accident, the whole settlement would respond in sympathy and kindly efforts to relieve the sufferers. No skilled physicians with medicines and surgical instruments could be called. Some firm hand and keen eye would set and splinter a broken bone. When the fever and ague prevailed, or the ravages of a burning fever was wasting the sufferer, the simple remedies suggested by experience, such as lobelia tea, a decoction of burdock roots, and the tonic of spice bush, wild cheery, and dogwood bark would be provided and successfully employed. MILLS AND FACTORIES were conveniences that did not belong to the squatter era, yet the inventive genius of the settlers provided primitive machinery that answered the purpose. The corn was prepared for the mush-pot and johnny-cakes by pounding it in a trough dug out of a log, using a maul as a pestle. Sometimes an old superanuated coffee pot, preforated with holes, would be utilized and the grinding done on the grating principle. In the autumn the new corn, rubbed on its rugged surface, yielded a superior quality of meal, which was manufactured by a slow but sure process. Griddle cakes made of this material, ac- companied with wild honey and venison steak, were lux- uries worthy of a palace. Nearly every cabin was a factory with its big and little spinning wheels, hand-cards, reels and looms ; a tailor and milliner shop, but without Harper's Bazar or the latest fashion plates. THE PIONEER SCHOOL-HOUSE. This squatter population, appreciating the importance of educating their children before the school laws of Ohio were enacted, or Congress had granted lands for the purpose, built a log cabin school-house and employed a teacher. The school-house, built in a day, with its greased paper window, puncheon floor, clapboard roof, and door hung with wooden hinges, and furnished with split log benches, was located near the present village of Elizabethtown. Billy Jones, at four dollars a month in trade, and boarding around, was the first teacher. The text books were Dilworth's spelling book and the New Testament. Billy was not a great scholar, nor an ex- perienced teacher, but the pupils liked him, and for three months, in 1800, his labors were successful, and at the close most of them could read the Testament and spell nearly all the words in the spelling book. These were the beginning of days in educational work, and the men that inaugurated the common school system in pioneer times deserve the gratitude of the present gen- eration. THE FIRST PREACHERS. To the honor of Christianity, and in accord with its spirit and teaching, its faithful ministers found their way early into the new settlements. In 1798 Rev. Mr. Dewees, a Baptist preacher from Kentucky, visited these smaller homes in the settlement and preached the VVord of the Lord. The first service was held in the cabin of John Benham. The ten families constituting the settle- ment west of the Whitewater, parents and children, as- sembled, and with gladness of heart listened to the first gospel sermon delivered in the township. Mr. Dewees continued to visit the neighborhood for many years and his labors were blessed. He also preached in the settle- ments up the Whitewater as far as Brookville, and organ- ized a Baptist church at Cedar Grove, where he died in a good old age and full of years, and his grave is among the people for whose spiritual welfare he labored long and faithfully. In 1799 Rev. M. Lower, an itinerent preacher, found his way to these squatter homes, and for several years visited the locality — a welcome servant of God, laboring earnestly for the moral and religious interests of the peo- ple. The first regularly appointed circuit rider who preached, and in 1806 organized a class, was Rev. W. Oglesby. The house of Alexander Guard was the preaching place, and there the first religious society in the township was formed. In 1804 Rev. John W. Browne, of Cincinnati (the founder and first editor of the Cincinnati Gazette), com- menced to preach in the house of Ezekiel Hughes, and continued his acceptable labors until in 1812 he lost his life while attempting to cross the Miami river. Two of his granddaughters, Mrs. Curtis and Mrs. Dr. J. H. Hunt, are now honored residents of the township. These heralds of the cross by their zeal and abundant labors did a blessed work in laying the foundations of good so- sciety and religious life in the midst of the people when such services were so much needed, and so inadequately compensated. The religious element prevailed in the character of the early pioneers. The Sabbath was well and religiously observed. The Bible and the hymn-book were found in their cabins, and when no preacher led their services they assembled together generally in the cabin of John Benham, and held meetings for prayer, praise, and Chris- tian conference. Thus they lived in peace and harmony. They needed no law to secure good order. Under the HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 405 governing power of mutual dependence, confidence and sympathy they were a law to protect themselves. THE FIRST MAGISTRATE was Ezekiel Hughes, appointed by Governor Tiffin in October, 1805, and his docket showed but little business during his official life of over ten years. PERMANENT SETTLERS. The Government land being surveyed, in 1802 it was offered for sale at public auction held in Cincinnati. The law required it to be sold in sections of six hundred and forty acres at not less than two dollars per acre. The sale was continued for several days, at its close the unsold land could be entered at one dollar and a quarter an acre. The first land sold, sections fifteen and sixteen, was bought by Ezekiel Hughes for two dollars and some cents per acre. At the sale competition for these choice sections ran high. Mr. Hughes, an immigrant from Wales, who had carefully noted the location and fertility of the sections, and a Pennsylvania German were the competitors, and eventually the Welshmen became the purchaser. All the rest of the land in the township was en- tered at Government price, and in a few years all Congress land was taken up either by speculators or by actual set- tlers. Among these were the Ewings, Mills, Piatt, Hunt, Oury, Perine, Cilley, and Andrews families. Mr. Piatt built the first frame house in the township, a part of which is now the parsonage of the Presbyterian church at Elizabethtown. Thomas Miller built the fir.n stone house; Peter Perine built the first mill on the White- water, for which he received a bonus of a quarter section of land. BIOGRAPHICAL. Bailey Guard, son of Alexander Guard, was born in New Jersey. His child life was spent amid the scattered cabins surrounding the block-house at North Bend, where painted Indians, uniformed soldiers, and adventurous hunters filled his young mind with horror, amaze- ment, and delight. When fifteen years of age, hav- ing spent most of these years cultivating the truck patches, fishing and hunting, he went to mill with two bushels of corn. His conveyance was a canoe paddled with his own arms down the Miami to the Ohio, then up the great river to the mouth of Mill creek to where Cum- insville now stands, where a corn cracking mill was found. The trip, and waiting for his grist required two days of toil and exposure. His school days were few and irregular, in which he mastered Dilworth's spelling book and learned to read his Bible. He was a man of good natural understanding and a true Christian. Under the preaching of Rev. W. EUinger, an eminent Method- ist pioneer herald of the cross, in 1809 Bailey Guard professed religion and made a public profession by unit- ing with the Methodist Episcopal church at Ehzabeth- town. Mr. Guard died on the .^th of June, 1869, at the advanced age of eighty-two years, and left a good name as a precious inheritance to his numerous descendants. — —Ezekiel Hughes was born August 22, 1767, on a farm called Cromcarnedd Uchaf, Llanbryormair, North Wales, on which his ancestors had lived for over two hundred years. He emigrated to this country in 1795. He sailed from Bristol on the ship " Maria," and landed in Phila- delphia after a perilous and tedious voyage of thirteen weeks. His cousin, Edward Bebb, the father of the late William Bebb, Ex-governor of Ohio, accompanied him. They left Philadelphia in 1796, travelled on foot to Red Stone, Old Fort, Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela river, thence by flat-boat to Fort Washington, where Cin- cinnati now stands. In a journal which he kept, several interesting facts are preserved: "After three days and nights floating on the Ohio, we reached Marietta at the mouth of the Muskingum river, and called on General Rufus Putnam, the present register, seemingly a worthy character. He gave us plats of the land. We spent three days exploring the purchase, but were not satisfied, so we left on a flat-boat bound for Limestone (Maysville Kentucky). The passage down the Ohio is safe — plenty of hills and narrow bottoms. The heavier the cargo, the faster the boat will float. The Ohio receives many trib- utaries but does not increase much in width. We reached Cincinnati and applied to Judge Symmes, who is the register and chief proprietor of this purchase, for plats. We spent three weeks traversing the five lower ranges and saw most of the land unsold. I bought one hundred acres, northeast corner of section thirty-four, second fractional township, and first range for two dollars and a quarter an" acre [this was in Colerain township, nearly opposite New Baltimore]. My object in buying this, was to wait till the land west of the Miami would be surveyed and ready for sale, and that I might examine the land and make a good selection." He writes in 1797 "that boats go by here almost every day with provisions for the army at Greenville. The boatmen say that the Miami is navigable one hundred miles. Their crafts are long sharp keel-boats with a board fixed on each side to walk on, having long poles with iron sockets. They stand at the bow, fix these poles in the bottom of the river and push. By the middle of May, 1798, our corn and potatoes are planted in the clearing, and now we are clearing for a turnip patch. When we first came here, six months ago, we had two neighbors within three miles on one side and six miles on the other. Now a person from New Jersey has built a cabin within a hundred yards of ours. He is a very devout and religious irian, and a minister of the gospel has already visited us and held a meeting" [the first public religious service ever held in Colerain township]. Mr. Hughes, and his cousin, Edward Bebb, lived on this tract of land for four years, when Mr. Bebb bought land in Dry fork, Butler county, where his son William, afterward governor of Ohio, was, in 1802, the first white child born in Morgan township, and Mr. Hughes commenced life on his well chosen and valuable tract of land, on which a squatter, Stephen Goble, had made some improvement, for which Mr. Hughes paid the adventurous pioneer a fair compensation. In 1803 Mr. Hughes returned to Wales and married Miss Margaret Bebb, and in 1804, with his chosen com- panion, a lady of great worth, every way a helpmate for an adventurous pioneer in the wilds of the new common- wealth of Ohio, returned to make a home on the valu- 4o6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. able tract of land he had already purchased. In 1806 Mr. Hughes suffered a great bereavement in the death of his excellent wife. Her remains were interred in the first grave opened in what is now the Berea cemetery. In 1808 Mr. Hughes married Miss Mary, the daughter of Thomas and Mary Ann Ewing, of Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, who had settled on an adjoining section in 1805. There lie before me two commissions appointing Mr. Hughes to discharge important public duties, signed by Governor Edward Tiffin, the first governor of the State of Ohio — one appointing him a justice of the peace (the first in the township), signed October 7, 1804; the other appoints him as one of the three commissioners to lay out a road from Hamilton, in the county of Butler, to the mouth of the Great Miami river, and this was signed January 28, 1806. In 1808 Mr. Hughes was ap- pointed, with two others, to select a school section in place of the sixteenth section in this township, which was sold before Congress passed the law appropriating the sixteenth section in each township for school purposes. This commission selected an unoccupied section in the adjoining township of Crosby. The choice indicated good judgment and an honest purpose to benefit the gen- erations to follow. Mr. Hughes, with his foresight and desire to, under the Government, grant a great advan- tage to the cause of popular education in the township, opposed for many years the sale of it, until in 1846 it was sold for twenty-five thousand dollars and the proceeds invested according to law in Ohio six per cent, bonds, so that now the schools of the township reahze an income of fifteen hundred dollars per annum. In early times Mr. Hughes leased several portions of his land, and thus promoted the settlement of the town- ship. He was a generous and upright proprietor, and al- ways treated his tenants with kindness and liberality. Descended from a godly ancestry, in mature life he be- came an avowed disciple of the Lord Jesus Christ, and united with the Congregational church at Paddy's Run, Butler county, in 1803, and with his wife in 1830, when the Presbyterian church of Elizabethtown and Berea was organized, he united with this society and remained a faithful member until his death, in 1849, in the eighty- second year of his age. Edward Hunt, with his wife, Charlotte, and eight chil- dren — Jesse, Thomas, Jacob, Edward, Mary, Susan, Charlotte, and Keturah — left Sussex county. New Jersey, in the spring of 1806, travelled in his own wagons to Wheeling, Virginia, and thence on two flat-boats to Cin- cinnati. During the summer of 1806 he selected and bought eight hundred acres of choice land around Eliza- bethtown, and settled on it at once. Such a family of re- ligious, enterprising, and industrious people was a great acquisition to the neighborhood, and after the lapse of so many years their influence is felt for good, and their memory cherished by the community unto this day. Jesse Hunt lived in Lawrenceburgh, Indiana, and brought up a family of sons and daughters — useful and respected citizens. The survivors have left the neigh- borhood, and the aged father and mother are buried near Lawrenceburgh. Thomas and Jacob Hunt always lived at the old homestead, and accumulated a large estate. They were members and liberal supporters of the Pres- byterian church. Thomas Hunt served the church faithfully in the office of a ruling elder for over twenty years. The Presbyterian meeting-house and parsonage in Elizabethtown are monuments of their liberality and Christian lives. Edward Hunt, still surviving at the age of eighty-one years, was educated for mercantile busi- ness in the city of Cincinnati, and has been in active business, farming and merchandising, until laid aside by the infirmities of age. He has been actively engaged in the Sabbath-school work, and in laboring for the advance- ment of religion in the township for over fifiy years. In 1830 he married Miss Ann Hughes, eldest daughter of Ezekiel Hughes, esq., and their children — Thomas, Ja- cob, and Mary, who married Joseph Cilley, esq. — are living in the neighborhood, highly esteemed and useful citizens. George VV. Haire, esq., of Elizabethtown, is a son of Susan Hunt. He has been in public life, as a magistrate, a county surveyor and engineer, and for many years superintendent of Sunday-schools, and an elder in the Presbyterian church. Another son, Rev. I. P. Haire, graduated at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, and Union Theological seminary, New York, and is now settled in Janesville, Wisconsin. L. H. Bonham, esq., son of Charlotte Hunt and John Bonham, also graduated at the Miami university, was principal of a well known and use- ful female seminary at St. Louis, Missouri, for many years, and now devotes his time to cultivating a model farm near Oxford, raising fine stock, and with his facile pen is giving the agricultural world the benefit of his ex- perience in cultivating the soil. Another son. Rev. John Bonham, graduated at Miami university and Lane Theological seminary, is now the faithful pastor of a Baptist church in Kansas. William Rees, an estimable citizen of Elizabethtown, and an elder in the Presbyterian church, is a son of May, the eldest daughter of Edward and Charlotte Hunt. [Some further notice of Mr. Haire is given below.] Of the squatters who became purchasers of land and remained permanent settlers, John Bonham and his fam- ily deserve special remembrance. He was a native of Somerset county. New Jersey, and in early life left in 1792 to seek his fortune in the new country towards the setting sun. He spent two years at Red Stone, Old Fort, Pennsylvania, and thence came down the Monongahela and the Ohio in a flat-boat to North Bend, in 1794. He and his family were religious and members of the Baptist church. In all the years of their pioneer life they were careful to maintain their Christian life and family religion, as the lives of their children fully testified. Their sons — John and Aaron — were men of real worth and stand- ing in society, and, after serving God and their genera- tion, have passed away. A daughter, Mrs. Rhoda Noble, now in her eighty-seventh year, is living, closing a long, happy and useful life at the residence of Amelius Francis, esq., her son-in-law, at Harrison, Ohio. Alexander Guard, of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, with his family, came to North Bend in 1793, and in 1796 to HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 407 this township. His family consisted of five sons — Timo- thy, David, Ezra, Bailey and Chalen, with three daugh- ters — Sarah, Betsy and Hannah. Many of the descend- ants of this pioneer family are honored citizens of the township at this time. The families of Hugh Karr, Andrew and I. Hill, I. In- gersoll, I. Hayes and T. Miller became permanent set- tlers, purchasing land and improving it. The other squat- ter families removed west. Charmed with the frontier log-cabin life, they sought and secured its continuance by a fresh start where game was plenty and their cherished mode of life could be enjoyed.* Hugh Karr was born in County Donegal, North Ire- land, of Scotch-Irish parentage, in the year 1772. In 1784 he, in company with his father, Matthew Dennis Karr, and his brothers Charles and Matthew, emigrated to the United States, landing at Philadelphia. Here he remamed until the death of his father, who was fatally injured while engaged as a stone-mason, assisting in the erection of a church building in that city. After that he labored at North Hampton, Pennsylvania, where he re- mained until manhood, meanwhile having been married to Mary M. ShuU, daughter of Peter Shull, we believe, a well-to-do German farmer of the vicinity. Meanwhile, having heard of the wonderful fertility of the " Miami country," he, with his brother-in-law, the Shulls, Shoupes and others of the vicinity, set out with their families for Wheeling, where they embarked on " Broadhorns " and Pirouges, floating down the Ohio to North Bend, where they arrived late in the autumn of 1793. During the next winter he, together with others, occupied a portion of the old block-house at that place, and while residing there his oldest surviving son, John Karr, was born in Janu- ary 1794. Duringthe winter and early spring he selected a tract near the " Goose Pond " neighborhood, in Miami township, where he built a cabin and made a clearing, with the intention of purchasing the same. Here he re- mained with his family for two years. Meanwhile rumors were rife as to the unstable condition of the title to the lands embraced in the celebrated Symmes Puchase, and becoming discouraged thereat, he decided to remove further westward, and accordingly crossed the Great Miami into the then vast, unpeopled domain west of that river, and again became a squatter upon a tract of land lying near the west end of the present Cleves bridge, in Whitewater township, where he erected a cabin and made a considerable clearing, meanwhile deeming himself secure in his rights as a "Squatter Sov- ereign." Here he remained until he was ousted by a superior legal title held by a speculator, who had quietly obtained a patent for the lands so occupied from the United States. Soon after this he secured letters patent from the United States Government for the southwestern quarter of section nine, town one, range one, east, in this township, which he entered and occupied as his home- stead till the time of his death, August, 1839. His widow, Mary M. Karr, survived him until the year i860, when she died, aged nearly eighty-eight years. The fam- *The remaining notes unde Cliidlaw. this head were not prepared by Mr. ily of Hugh Karr consisted of five daughters and four sons, who survived him. The former, after marriage, immigrated to different points in the west, one daughter only having deceased in the neighborhood of the old> home. All of the daughters were mothers of large fami- lies. Of the sons, John and Charles remained in the vicinity of the old homestead, John dying in 1857, aged sixty. three, without children, and Charles in 1853, aged forty-six years. James removed to McLean county, Illi- nois, where he died a few years ago. Joseph at the present writing is residing near Fieldon, Jersey county, Illinois. The three last named brothers were and are fathers of families. Major Charles Karr, the second surviving son of Hugh and Mary M. Karr, as above stated, was born at the old homestead in Whitewater township in 1806. He inter- married with Jerusha Harvey, a native of New Hamp- shire, second daughter of Joseph Harvey, esq., later one of the pioneers of the Whitewater valley. Major Karr died in April, 1853, aged forty-six years. His widow still survives him. His family, surviving him, consisted of seven sons and one daughter, viz: John, Joseph H., Matthew H., Charles W., William W. N., Caroline, Lew- is C, and Thomas H. Karr. Of the sons, John and Charles W. are members of the Cincinnati bar, Joseph H. and AVilliam W. are. farmers residing in Nodaway county, Missouri, and Charles C. and Thomas H. in Whitewater township. Three of the sons served in vari- ous capacities during the war of 186 1-5 — John as State military agent, under Governors Brough, Anderson and Cox; Charles W., as a captain in the Second regiment, Kentucky volunteer cavalry, and afterwards as Adjutant- general of Ohio, under Governors Hayes and Young in 1876-7; Matthew H., as a sergeant in company B, Four- teenth regiment, Illinois volunteer infantry, and died from injuries and exposure upon the battlefield of Shi- loh, Tennessee, April, 1862. Jacob Herrider was born in Pennsylvania, near Som- erset, January, 1790, and came to this county in 1795 ^^^ 1796. He first stopped at White Oaks for one year; then came to Crosby township and remained seven years; then to Cincinnati for three years, draying; then to Mi- amitown and bought the first lot sold there after the town was laid out. First he worked at the cooper's trade. He at last bought a mill — flouring-mill — built by Major Henrie and continued in this busmess ten or fifteen years, at the end of which time he began in agriculture and continues yet, except not in the vigor of full manhood. His wife — first wife — Nancy Vantrese, bore him two sons and one daughter, the latter being dead. His second wife was Susan Henrie, whom he married November 24, 1824, who bore him five children — three sons and two daughters. Mrs. Herrider's father and mother came from Pennsylvania when she was a child and were called Pennsylvania Dutch. She was born December 24, 1802. Her grandfather Michael Henrie — the name has been mutilated — was a brother of Patrick Henry, of Revolu- tionary fame. Her grandmother was sister of John H. Piatt, one of the early and noted citizens of Cincinnati. Mr. and Mrs. Herrider are active consistent members of 4o8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. the Methodist Episcopal church of Miami, he building the church — but which was rebuilt last fall — by contract in 1834. His father lived to be over one hundred years old ; and at this writing he is the oldest man in White- water township. Samuel McHenry, a native of Pennsylvania, emi- grated from that State in 1806 and settled at Elizabeth- town, on the farm now owned by Mr. Ezra Guard. The same year he was appointed by Governor Tiffin as cap- tain in the Ohio Militia, and, May 23, 181 1, was com- missioned Major of the First battalion. Third regiment. First brigade. First division, in the militia. His wife was Margaret Piatt, also a native of Pennsylvania, who died at Elizabethtown June 22, 1845. He died in Indiana in 1858, aged eighty-one. Ephraim Collins, born in the Keystone State in 1766, settled in this township in iSio. Richard Simmonds, born March 14, 1800, near Balti- more, Maryland, came to Ohio in 1806, and settled on Lees creek, this county, one mile south of the Butler county line. In July, 1825, he married Susanna Potten- ger, daughter of Samuel Pottenger, founder of New Bal- timore, of Crosby township. By this marriage two sons and two daughters were born, one son — James — the only child living. Richard Simmonds has two grand- and two great-grandchildren ; had four brothers and two sisters. His life has been an active one, engaging in farming, dealing in stock and barter generally, during the twenty- five years which was spent on Lees creek. During seven years which followed at Sater in Crosby township, and the forty. seven years at Miamitown, great industry has re- warded him with handsome gains. The hardy forest lies fallen under his stroke ; the Indian, the wolf, the deer, the bear, these, too, have gone, and now, in declining age, a life freighted with philanthropy and good actions for imitation he retires to domestic happiness, waiting for a reaper which will soon gather an abundant harvest. Silas Van Hayes, was born May 31, 1833, and is the son of Enoch and Sarah E. His mother was Stephens, married in April, 18 13. His father came from Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1806, and died October 23, 1857, in Dearborn county, Indiana, being born Decem- by 27, 1791. Silas Van is one of a family of five sons and three daughters, the youngest, Silas, the only one liv- ing. His father is of Scotch-Irish descent. His mother's father was of Irish origin, and his grandmother came from New Jersey. In education he devoted himself for two terms in earnest effort at Farmer's college, and would have continued longer, but his father's health failing, he was called home and never permitted to return. In August, 1857, he married Rachel P. Miller, daughter of Enoch H., of Dearborn county, Indiana, who bore him five sons and five daughters — three sons and two daugh- ters being dead. Politically, S. V. Hayes is one of note. For five years he has been a member of the board of control and in minor offices has been prominent. Mr. Hayes is one of the coming men of this county. Moses B. Wamsley was born in Kentucky, in 1814, and two years afterwards was brought to Whitewater township by his parents. He became, in due time, a farmer and grain buyer, and has been, for twenty-five years, one of the most extensive dealers in this part of the country. In 1839 he was married to Miss Eunice Hayes, of the well known pioneer family. They have had nine children — five sons and four daughters, viz.: Anderson B., Anna H., Albin C, James Finley, Abitha B., Mary Fiance.s, Job H., Arabella, and Chalon G. Those deceased are Anna and Albin. Mr. Wamsley resides in Miami township, and is one of the prominent and sub- stantial citizens of the county. The only representa- tive residing in Whitewater township, is Anderson, the eldest son, who was born in the year 1840. He resided with his parents until the time of his marriage, in 1867, to Miss Mary H. Lewis. To Mr. and Mrs. Wamsley were born seven children — four sons and three daughters: Jqseph L., Benjamin B., Anna, Clara, Edward H., Mary Alice, and George L. Mary Alice died in in- fancy. Mr. Wamsley is one of the enterprising young farmers of Whitewater. He was a soldier in the war of 186 1-5 for more than three years. He en- listed as a private, but received three commissions as first and second lieutenant and captain. He was in numerous severe engagements, but fortune favored him and he escaped unhurt, and returned to his home crowned with all the honor to which our gallant sons were justly entitled. He has been assessor of his township various times, thus bespeaking for him the full confidence of the people. Mrs. Wamsley is an earnest member of the Presbyterian church and a staunch sup- porter of the faith. Mr. Wamsley is not associated with any church organization, but ever favors the right and is a firm advocate of law and order. Henry Lemmons was born May 4, 1838, on the Great Miami river, one mile south of Miamitown, on the old homestead, and married Sallie J. McHenry, September 28, 1865, daughter of Esquire Joseph McHenry, of Colerain township. By this union one child — a son, Harry — was born March 30, 1867. Mrs. Lemmons was born August 19, 1840. David Lemmons, his father, came from Baltimore, Maryland, in 1816; settled in Colerain township for ten years, and then came to White- water township, where he resided until his death, in 187 1. His mother, Margaret Shrill, as well as his father, was of German descent, coming from the nobility of Europe. Henry Lemmons has two brothers and two sisters, all of whom are living. Mrs. Lemmons is one of a family of six sons and seven daughters, five of the family, three sons and two daughters, with her parents, being dead. Her father descended from clear Scotch blood, while her mother, Nancy, daughter of Samuel Pottenger, founder of New Baltimore, comes from excellent parentage. They are among the first families of the county. Nicholas Reeder was born in Germany in the year 1819. He came to Hamilton county in the year 1849. In 185s he married Miss Elizabeth Sowers. They have no children. The occupation of Mr. Reeder has always been that of a farmer. In 1859 he made the purchase of a beautiful tract of land, which he now owns and oc- cupies. He is one of the substantial farmers of the township. REV. VV. B. CHIDLAVV, A. M. Rev. W. B. Chidlaw, A. M., was born in Bala, North Wales, Great Britain, July 14, 181 1. His paternal an- cestors were Huguenots, who, in the persecution which o lowed the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1685, fled from France and found refuge among the mountains of Wales. His parents were Benjamin and Mary Chid- law. They emigrated to the United States in 1821. Their voyage in the ship Manhattan, from Liverpool to New York, occupied forty-seven days. From New York they reached Albany in a sloop, on the Hudson, in a week ; thence in wagons to Schenectady, and up the Mohawk river in a keel-boat to Utica. After remaining here a few weeks with some Welsh friends, they pro- ceeded in wagons to Black Rock (now Buffalo), and on the " Walk-in- the-water," the first steamboat that plowed the waters of Lake Erie, they voyaged to Low- er Sandusky. After waiting here for trans- portation for several days, a wagon was secured to take the family — parents, a daughter and son — to Delaware, Ohio, where several of the neighbors in Wales had settled some years before. In a few weeks the father, stricken by fever, died. In 1822, his mother, a noble Christian woman, en ergetic and capable bought a tract of land in the Welsh settle ment of Radna, a few miles from Del- aware. Here, in a log cabin home, the fatherless boy spent his early years, ac- quiring habits of industry and skill m the use of the axe, the hoe, and the sickle. In Wales he had been taught in the Sunday-school of the Congregational church of his native village to read, revere, and believe the Holy Scriptures, in his vernacular. In 1823, in the log school- house of the settlement, with Webster's spelling book, for which he bartered four pounds of butter, he com- menced his English education. Engaged in labor dur- ing the summer, and attending school in winter, he mastered Webster's spelling book, read the Columbian Orator, and grappled with Pike's arithmetic. In 1826 he attended the school of Bishop Chase, at Worthington, and one term of Kenyon college, the first after the insti- tution, was removed to Gambler, Ohio, in 1827. In 1829 he united with the Presbyterian church, worshipping in a log chapel five miles from his mother's home. The same year he taught school in the settlement, receiving nine dollars a month salary, and his board in the hospitable cabins of his employes. Encouraged by the religious people in the settlement, and anxious to be useful, he organized a Sunday-school in the log meeting-house, which became a decided success. This service in his early religious life, with the deep convictions of his own mind, led him to consecrate his life to the work of the gospel ministry. Aided to the extent of the resources of his widowed mother, and his own earnings by manual labor and teaching, he graduated in the Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, in 1833. He studied theology as aresident graduate with six other students, under Dr. R. H. Bishop, Professors McGuffey Armstrong, and Scott, the able fa- culty of the univer- sity. Like many others of his worthy fellow-students, sacri- fices were made to obtain an education. Compelled to a rigid economy during his course of training for the work of life, he boarded himself at thirty eight cents a week during the win- terterms. Hebought corn meal at ten cents a bushel, po- tatoes the same price, and beef at one cent and a half a pound, choice cuts. Raw material at these I " prices, and, being his own cook, he lived comfortably, enjoyed good health and great facilities for study. In 1835 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Oxford, and accepted a call to the Welsh settlement of Paddy's Run, Butler county, Ohio, preaching in the Welsh and English languages. Organizing Sunday- schools and preaching outside the bounds of his con- gregation, his labors were blessed in the furtherance of the gospel, as well as in his own special charge. In 1839, invited by an aged and wealthy uncle in Wales, with his venerable mother, he visited the land of his birth. During this visit he travelled extensively over the Principality, preached in over a hundred chapels, wit- MRS. W. B. CHIDLAW. •nessing wonderful revivals of religion. In one congre- gation, Llanuwchllyn, near Bala, his native town, over two hundred souls were converted and added to the church. On his return, in 1840, he entered the service of the American Sunday-school union, as its superin- tending missionary for Ohio an<3 Indiana, in which he has continued until the present, except during the war of the Rebellion, when he was chaplain of the Thirty-ninth Ohio volunteer infantry, Colonel John Groesbeck's regi- ment, and in the service of the United States Christian commission. In his regiment he was a good Samaritan and true evangelist, caring faithfully for the souls and the bodies of the brave men for whose good he served God and his country. His daily religious service, reading the scriptures and pray- er in the presence of the regiment at dress-parade, his Sunday-school and preaching, as well as pastoral labors in the tent or barracks, the soldiers always ap- preciated and en- joyed. At Camp Benton, near Sl Louis, in the autumn of 1861, when ten regiments were en camped. Colonel Curtis commanding, invited him to preach on the day of fasting and prayer appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln. In the presence of this large body of troops and their officers, he discoursed on "the conditions of Divine deliverance in times of national peril," founded on Second Chronicles 7. 14. In the hospitals of Per- ryville, Kentucky, Nashville, Millikin's Bend, Murfrees- borough, Stevenson and Chattanooga, his labors of love in behalf of the Christian conversion were abundant and useful, a true friend and a willing helper to the sick, the wounded and the dying soldiers. In 1863 Governor Brough appointed him trustee of the Miami university, an office he still holds. In 1866 he was appointed by Governor J. D. Cox trustee of the Ohio Reform Farm school for boys, at Lancaster. Re- appointed by Governors Hayes and Bishop, he served the commonwealth faithfully for fourteen years. In 1880 he was oppointed by the American Sabbath-school union to represent the National society at the Raikes Sunday- school centennial memorial services, held in London, when over five hundred delegates, representing fourteen Christian nations, assembled to celebrate the first cen- tury of Sunday-school history. Before returning home he spent two months among the mountains of his native Wales, delighted by the cordial welcome and genial fel- lowship of old and new friends, participating in various religious services, and enjoying life on the sea shore and climbing the grand old rock-ribbed mountains. Now, in sight of the seventieth milestone in life's jour- ney, he enjoys good health and vigor, and is fully de- voted to his chosen work, connected with the interest of religion and the early Christian education of our youth. In 1842 he mar- ried Miss Rebecca, youngest daughter of Ezekiel and Mary Hughes. They were blessed with eight children. Henry Kerr, the youngest, died in 1862, and the eldest, Martha, who married John Karr, died in 1873, leaving seven children, Mar- tha, Jane, Rosa, John, Benjamin C, Charles and Mary C. John Chidlaw, their eldest son, married Miss Harriet Hayes. They have four chil- dren — Edward H., Rebecca C, Martha and Walter. Benja- min, their second son, married Lucre- tia T. Matson, and have one son — Wil- liam M. Chidlaw. James H., their youngest living son, married Miss Eliza- beth Tanney. They had three children — Harry, Ida and Grace. They have three daughters— Mary Irene, Anna and Jane Carter- unmarried and at home, cheering and blessing the de- clining years of their earthly pilgrimage with ministrations of love and kindness. The family residence of Mr. Chidlaw is on a large and valuable farm on the banks of the Miami. The old mansion is in a beautiful grove of forest trees, and is surrounded by the homes of his three sons, who are cultivating the farm with industry, enter- prise and skill. As the shadows of the eventide of a long and useful life are gently falling on their pathway, they wait in hope for the hour of departure from the la- bors and joys of life to the rest and glory of the life eternal. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 409 Aaron Simonson, third son of Barnabas and Elizabeth Simonson, and subject of the following sketch, was born in Hamilton county, November 17, 1840. He resided with his parents until the time of his marriage, in 1867, to Miss Anna Wait. To Mr. and Mrs. Simonson were born four children, two sons and two daughters. Their names are as follows: Carrie B., Ada, Albert, and one died in infancy unnamed. Mrs. Simonson is an earnest mem- ber of the Christian church, and a staunch supporter of the faith. Jacob Haire came from Virginia to Whitewater in 181 7, became a farmer there, and died in New Orleans in 1852. His wife's maiden name was Susan Hunt. She was born in New Jersey, December 16, 1793, and died April 5, 1871. They had children as follows: Edward, who resides at Chicago; and John P., who lives in Janesville, Wisconsin; Mary and Susan re- side with George Haire, adjoining the old homestead; Charlotte E. Delemater, living at Delhi, Hamilton county; Kittie, Humboldt, Kansas. Jacob Haire and wife are both dead and lie buried side by side in the little burial ground at Elizabethtown. George, the only male representative residing in the county, was born in Eliza- bethtown in the year 1831. His vocation through life has been that of surveying and farming. He was mar- ried in the year 1850 to Miss Catharine Porter, daughter of quite an early and distinguished family. Her father being in early life a school-teacher, afterwards a justice of the peace for many years, and later, in the fall of 1835, he represented his people in the legislature. He died January 30, 1857. His widow is still living and resides with her son-in-law. To Mr. and Mrs. Haire were born three children, two sons and one daughter — Ada Callo- way, resides at Madison, Indiana; Jacob H., M. D., and Charles L., teacher, both reside at home. Mr. Haire and wife are earnest members of the Presbyterian church and are staunch supporters of the faith they profess. Otho Hayes was born May 18, 1810, in Dearborn county, Indiana, and married March 15, 1835, Eliza Miller, of same county, born May 3, 1818. His father was of English extraction and his mother of Scotch descent. Joseph Hayes, his great-grandfather on his father's side, was one of Washington's captains. Walter Craig, his great-grandfather on the side of his father's grandmother, was a colonel of Washington's. Solomon Hayes, his grandfather on his father's side, came to North Bend in 1795, from Chester county, Pennsylvania. Thomas Billingsley, his grandfather on his mother's side, came to Reading, Ohio, about the close of the eighteenth century. Otho Hayes is the father of sixteen sons and two daughters, eleven of whom are living — nine sons and two daughters. In business he farmed, and in commerce made twenty-five round trips to New Orleans. Thomas Miller, Mrs. Hayes' grandfather, was from Pennsylvania, a German. Enoch Hayes, her grandfather on her mother's side, was of English descent, son of Captain Joseph Hayes. Captain Hayes' mother was Joanna Passmore. This family is interwoven closely and handed down to generations a handsome legacy. John J. Dumont was born in Vevay, Switzerland county, Indiana, March 26, 1816. On his father's side he is of Hollandish origin. Richard, his father, came from New Jersey to Muskingum, Ohio, and was a volunteer under General Harrison. Jeremiah Phillips, his mother's father, was a Virginian by birth ; emigrated to Kentucky, and settled at the mouth of the Kentucky river ; was a spy of great note in the Revolution. Phillips was the first ferryman and tavern-keeper at the mouth of the Kentucky river. He took an active part in Indian warfare and strategy. Matilda Phillips, his mother, was a woman of powerful energy; she aided much in pioneer life. Rich- ard, his father, married October 7, 1814, at Vevay, Indi- ana. Five daughters and three sons were born, seven of whom are living, J. J. Dumont being the oldest. August 27, 1837, John J. married Eliza L. Siebenthall, who bore him eight children — five living. April 26, 187 1, he mar- ried his second wife, a Mrs. Hayes, who was Major C. S. Hayes' widow, but whose maiden name was Josephine A. Lucas. By this marriage one child has been born. Gen- eral T. J. Lucas, her brother, enlisted and served through the Mexican war, and at the opening of the Rebellion en- listed again, was chosen captain, and returned home a brigadier general. In politics he now takes an active part and affiliates himself withtheRepublican party. Inthe mat- ter of occupation Mr. Dumont is an engine builder, and of late years has engaged himself principally in farming. He built boilers at two different periods at Indianapolis for fifteen years, and at Cincinnati belonged to the firm of C. T. Dumont & Co. Both he and his wife are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal church. Warren West came from Beaver, Pennsylvania, where he was born March 27, 1814, to Lawrenceburgh, Mary- land, along with five brothers and two sisters — of whom three brothers and both sisters are dead — in 1826. His parents were from Massachusetts, and came from Penn- sylvania early in life. Both descended from splendid an- cestry. His father died in 1832 with the cholera; his mother died in the year 1863 or 1864. His father was Zeddrick, and his mother's maiden name Rox- ana Parsons. Two brothers — Stephen and Warren — furnish the most extraordinary copartnership in the an- nals of Hamilton county. For forty years they carried on business without a written agreement or settlement. Everything was held in common. They began poor boys and ended with almost fifteen hundred acres of splendid bottom land. The division was made at a cost of twen- ty-five dollars, and only a surveyor assisted. Stephen was married twice, and died August 28, 1879. Warren was married three times; first to Brilla Ann Ross; second to Mary Jane Hayes, daughter of Walter Hayes; third to Nancy, a widow, daughter of Joseph Hayes. From the three marriages have been born three sons and four daughters and ten grandchildren. Nancy West was born May 31, 1819, and married January 4, 1855, to Mr. West. Mrs. West has been the mother of two sons and three daughters. Her father was of English and her mother of Scotch descent. As a business man Mr. West made forty-five trips to New Orleans ; has sold im- mense quantities of grain, and dealt a great deal in stock. As members of the Methodist church both are respected. 410 HISTORY QF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. They now in old age give a two-fold legacy to their descendants. They transmit to their offspring many choice parts. Uriah Rice, who was born in Granville, Vermont, April 19, 1808, and came to Covington, Kentucky, in 1834, is one of the educated characters who belong to this county, who have died and who have gathered a a choice reward. For three years he taught school in Covington, then crossed over to Cincinnati and taught for thirty-seven seasons, acting as principal of the Eighth district school for fifteen years. He then came to White- water township, located on a farm three miles and a half north of Cleves, and remained there until his death on April 17, 1878. January 6, 1840, he rnanied Goodale Huntington, of Rochester, Vermont, who bore him one daughter, who is living and married. His mother was Persis Goodeno, of Vermont ; his father, Joel, was one of Vermont's early pioneers. In July, 1851, he married Elizabeth M., daughter of Benjamin Cilley, of White- water. By this marriage two sons were born, one being dead, Benjamin C, the other living. By preference Uriah chose an education, while his brothers took their wealth in money and real estate. In Mr. Rice there were qualities which speak volumes for a ripe and generous education. Unselfishly devoted to the Methodist Epis- copal church, caring nothing for creed, he died respected and esteemed by all about him. John Reese, son of Robert, was born July 19, 1854. His father came from Wales in 1844; by trade a carpen- ter, but during the latter part of his life farmed on the Big Miami, below Miamitown one mile, and died October 5, 1872. His mother, Jane, daughter of John L. Breese, came from Montgomeryshire, Wales, in 18 19, and married January 15, 1851. By this union one son and two daughters were born, all of whom are living. Some- time during the gold excitement of 1852, Mr. John Reese visited California, remained three years, being en- gaged in the various occupations of the time. He, along with his venerable wife, belonged to the Methodist Epis- copal church. By his death the Sunday-school lost an admirable and uncommonly successful superintendent. His virtues survive him, and cannot be corrupted or for- gotten. THE BEREA CHAPEL. The early settlers, appreciating the importance of re- ligion, always welcomed its ministers with genial hospi- tality, and gladly granted the use of their log cabins as preaching places. With the increase of population, the laudable desire to secure a house of worship led the set- tlers to petition the Legislature of Ohio, in 18 19, to in- corporate the "Berea Union Society of Whitewater township." The petition was granted, and the society organized, but no records of its operations are extant until August 22, 1822, when a meeting of the society was held. Then a meeting was held in the house of Ezekiel Hughes, esq., for the purpose of choosing trustees. According to notice previously given, and agreeable to an act of the 'Ohio legislature for the incorporation of religious societies, passed in the said State February 5. 1819, a sufficient number of members being present, as required by said act, Isaac Swaringen was chosen chair- man, and Jacob Fenton clerk. The following persons were chosen trustees: John Ewing, Benjamin Cilley, Uz Noble, Isaac Swaringen and John Speer. At the same meeting the following paper, introduced by Ezekiel Hughes, was unanimously adopted: Wherkas, It is thought desirable that a house of worship be erected in this neighborhood for the public worship of God and for the purpose of a school-house. The site proposed is at the burying-ground, on Ezekiel Hughes' land. The building to be a frame, forty feet by thirty feet, as the liberality of the subscribers appears to warrant it. The de- nominations to preach there are; Congregationalists, Baptists, Episco- palians, Presbyterians, Methodists, Lutherans, and United Brethren. A subscription paper still extant shows that the people had a heart to build a house for the Lord and their gen- erous liberality. Ezekiel Hughes, one acre of land, and $100 00 Benjamin Cilley 15 00 John Ewing, labor or materials 25 00 Ed. Treadway, in work 10 00 William Leeper, in materials 15 00 James Oury, cash 12 00 William Henry Harrison, lumber 15 00 Stephen Wood, in labor 10 00 John Noble, materials 10 00 Alien Leeper, in labor 25 00 Uz Noble, work and board hands 25 00 David Noble, work 10 00 John Noble, work and materials 10 00 Joseph Noble, in hauling 5 00 William McFerrin, labor 5 00 James Anderson, in work 5 00 J acob Fenton , materials 5 00 John Snider, two dollars cash and three dollars in work 5 00 C. H. Williston, five gallons whiskey (three gallons used at the raising). Hugh Karr, in work 5 00 Thomas Williams, cash 3 00 James Goodrich, in work 4 00 Six other subscribers, in work 10 00 On the basis of this subscription the work of building was commenced at once and prosecuted with great earn- estness, for the friends of the enterprise had a heart for the work. The following subscription paper indicates the pious zeal and liberality of the ladies: The female part of the society of Whitewater township, jealous of their own rights in contributing towards objects of public benefit and utility, are determined to follow the good e.\ample of their worthy lords and masters; and, as an instance, are determined to contribute their mite towards the completion of the Union Berea meeting-house, which has been erected and in part finished by the voluntary subscription of the male part of our society alone. Therefore, the subscribers will pay, or cause to be paid , unto the trustees or treasurer of the said meeting-house, for the sole purpose of completing the inside work thereof, the amount affi.ved to our respecti\e names this twenty-fifth day of June, 1823. On this subscription paper are wTitten the names of fifty-nine noble mothers and their daughters, contributing in the aggregate the sum of thirty-six dollars eighty-seven and one-half cents, no mean sum at that time, when money was so scarce and so diiScuIt to obtain. An analysis of this sacred relic of the days of old shows that Mrs. Anna Harrison, of North Bend, the estimable wife of General W. H. Harrison, subscribed two dollars. Eight other ladies subscribed each one dollar, seventeen gave fifty cents each, thirty-three gave twenty-five cents each, and one Martha Hughes (who still survives), then a child of five years, gave twelve and a half cents. DEDICATION SERVICES. In 1823 the house of the Lord, being completed, was publicly dedicated to the service of God. This was a HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 411 great and memorable day in the religious history of the township. A large and interested audience assembled; Rev. Thomas Thomas, of Paddy's Run, and Rev. S. Slack, D. D., of Cincinnati, conducted the services, which lasted three days. For seven years ministers of different denominations preached in Berea chapel, but no religious society was organized until 1830, when Rev. Sylvester Scovil, of Lawrenceburgh, established a church known as the "Presbyterian church of Berea and Eliza- bethtown," with John Ewing and Thomas Hunt as ruling elders, and a membership of twenty-five. The same year a Sabbath-school was established at Berea, and has enjoyed a continued existence until the present time. Berea has been useful as the place where funeral services are held, and gospel preaching on alternate Sabbaths. It is still held by a board of trustees, elected according to the act of incorporation. The present board of trus- tees, Messrs. John Chidlaw, Dr. H. Hunt, and Joseph Cilley, have charge of the cemetery and the chapel, which is well preserved, a lasting monument of the pious zeal and generous liberality of its honored and faithful friends and builders. OTHER RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The first was an Episcopal Methodist church, the formation of a class in the log cabin of Alexander Guard, in 1803, by an itinerant minister, whose name can- not be ascertained. In early days the camp-meeting in Scroggin's grove, near Elizabethtown, was an occasion of great interest and spiritual profit to the multitudes that attended. In due time a meeting-house was built, and, in accordance with the Methodist economy, sup- plied with the ministry of the Gospel, exciting a wide spread and beneficent influence over the community. The Miller, Guard, Hayes, Mills, Dunn, and Scroggin families were identified with this church, and many of their posterity are found walking in the ways of their godly ancestors. The Miamitown Methodist Episcopal church was organized and a frame meeting-house built about fifty years ago, and it continues to this day, where the society is rebuilding the house of the Lord erected by their fathers. The Disciples' church in Miamitown was organized many years ago under the efficient and successful min- istry of Rev. Knowles Shaw. It enjoyed great pros- perity, and still maintains an honorable and useful place among the tribes of the Lord. The Elizabethtown and Berea Presbyterian church was organized in 1830 by the Rev. Sylvester Scovil. The following persons constituted the church as its original members : Mrs. Charlotte Hunt, Mrs. Mary Elder, Mr. Joseph Martin, and Nancy, his wife ; John Ewing and Sarah, his wife, dismissed from the Harrison Presbyter- ian church, and the following persons by examination : Mrs. Nancy Leiper, Samuel Leiper, Margaret Morrow, Eliza Barron, Hannah Elder, Deborah Coverdale, and Margaret Moore. The following were chosen trustees of the congregation : Ezekiel Hughes, John Ewing Thomas Hunt, John S. Torrence and William Leiper. Mr. Scovil continued to supply the congregation, and af the end of the first year twenty-three new members were added to the church. The first elders of the church were John Ewing, Thomas Hunt and Richard Hughes. In 1843, mainly through the liberality of Thomas and Jacob Hunt, a beautiful brick meeting-house was erected in Elizabethtown, and a parsonage. The following min- isters have had charge of the church : Revs. A. McFar- land, Charles Sturdevant, E. Scofield, H. Bushnell, B. W. Chidlaw, S. Warren, H. W. Cobb, I. Delan.ater, C. A. Jemison, C. E. Babb, I. Boal, I. P. Haire, John Stuart, H. M. Walker, R. E. Hawley. The Rev. James Mitchell is its present pastor, and George W. Haire, Ezekiel Hughes, John Chidlaw and William P. Rees, are its ruling elders. Among the members of this church, and for many years a ruling elder, was Joseph Lewis, a man of decided piety, well cultivated mind, and faithful in all Christian duties. He died at his home in Eliza- bethtown, October 3, 1S66, aged fifty-seven years, having served in the eldership with ability and faithfulness for twenty-four years. The following young men, members of this church, were educattd and entered the Gospel ministry: John Noble, William Kendrick, I. P. Haire, and John Bonham. Many years ago a chapel, called Mt. Hope, was built by the Methodist Episcopal church on the hills two miles above Miamitown. The town hall has been a place of preaching by the Methodists and Presbyterians for many years. Sunday-schools were early organized in these localities, and well sustained, accomplishing much good in the Christian education of the young people. CEMETERIES. In early times the subject of permanent and improved burial places secured but little attention. Families buried their dead on their own premises, and many graves on farms scattered over the township are now un- marked and forgotten. On the gravel bank near the railroad viaduct over the Miami river, in a clump of yellow locust trees, are the graves of several of the pio- neer settlers. Among them are the graves of Thomas and Mary Ewing, who owned a large tract of land on which this now neglected home of the dead was located. Thomas Ewing was a soldier of the Revolution in the Pennsylvania line. He participated in several battles and was honorably discharged at the close of the war. The cemetery at Miamitown occupies a fine location and is well improved and beautiful. Several monuments of marble and granite adorn the grounds, and a vault as a repository for the dead has been built, which will afford security against the ghouls who plunder and desecrate the resting places of the departed. On the "Oury farm" near the town hall is a public burial place in charge of the trustees of the township, and is well pre- served. BEREA CEMETERY. At the old chapel is the oldest burying-ground in the township. The land was donated by Ezekiel Hughes, esq., in 1805, and deeded to the Berea Union trustees. The lots are all sold, and held by parties in this and ad- joining townships. Here is the grave of Daniel G. Howell, esq., who was born in the block house at North HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. Bend, August 23, 1790, and died at Cleves April 16, 1866. He was the first white .child born in North Bend or Miami township, where he always resided, an honored and useful citizen and a devoted Christian. On a large upright slab of Italian marble is the following inscription; "Jonas Frazee. A soldier of the Revolution; a native of VVestfield, New Jersey, born 1759, died 1858 — erected by the citizens." A beautiful marble pyramid marks the grave of Colonel Benjamin Cilley, a native of New Hampshire, who died in 1857, aged sixty-two years. The family monuments of Ezekiel Hughes, esq.. Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, Edward Hunt, esq., and John V. Chamberlain, plain and substantial, beautify the secluded home of the dead. In the graveyard attached to the Presbyterian church at Elizabethtown are the honored graves of the Hunts, Bonhams, Haires, Rees, Lebow, Hayes, Guards, and other pioneer families) with monuments designating the spot containing their sacred dust. WHITEWATER VILLAGES. Cadberry was a pioneer town, laid out by Henry Cad- berry in 1802 — one of the very first to be planted in this State we.st of the Great Miami. It was in Hamilton county, but that still stretched far to the northward. Cadberry may, or may not, have been within the limits of the old Whitewater township, laid out the next year, or of the present Whitewater. Shrewsbury was another village, now utterly extinct, platted in 1803 by John Bucknell, upon the Great Miami river, but on which side we are as yet unable to learn, and so cannot locate it certainly in Whitewater town- ship. Miamitown is situated upon the north half of section six, in the northeastern part of the township, at the point where the Cincinnati and Harrison turnpike crosses the Great Miami, fifteen miles from its mouth. It is oppo- site to the southwest corner of Colerain township, upon which stood Campbell's station during the period of In- dian warfare. Miamitown was laid off on the twenty- second of April, 1816, by Arthur Henry. It is thus noticed in the Ohio Gazetteer of 18 19: "This town promises to become a place of considerable business." In the Gazetteer of 1841 it is said to have contained one hundred and eighty-seven inhabitants, thirty-three dwell- ings, one flouring- and saw-mill, one distillery, two taverns, three stores and several mechanics' shops. The macad- amized turnpike to Cincinnati and the bridge across the Miami, "with two arches of one hundred and sixty feet span each," are noticed. It enjoyed a daily mail. It had one hundred and thirteen inhabitants in 1830, one hun- dred and eighty-seven in 1840, two hundred and twenty- three in 1850, and two hundred and seventy-five in 1880. At a celebration of the Fourth of July here, in 181 7, General Harrison read the Declaration of Independence and offered the following toast: "May the fertile banks of the Miami river never be disgraced by the culture of a slave, or the revenue they afford go to enrich the cof- fers of a despot" — which was quite pronounced anti- slavery sentiment for those days and for a native Vir- ginian. Elizabethtown, as we have seen, was settled as early as 1806, but was not platted as a village until April 15, 18 1 7, when the town was ushered into being by the hands of Isaac Mills.* In later days it has been found necessary, in order to meet the requirements of the post office department, to give the name Riverdale to the post office here. It does not seem to have been noticed in the State Gazetteer of 18 19, but in that of 1841 the following is said of it: "The Whitewater canal passes through this place. It contains several stores, two tav- erns, one meeting-house, and one hundred and twenty inhabitants." Eleven years before, by the census of 1830, it had one hundred and thirty-two inhabitants. It had two hundred in r88o. Berea was a little place laid out about the site of the Be- rea meeting-house, in 1817, by Samuel Pottinger. It was never much more than a "paper town." Valley Junction is not a surveyed town, but simply the point of union of the two railroads that intersect the township. It has a station-house and two or three dwellings. Hunt's Grove, on the line of the Whitewater Valley railroad, near the junction of the Whitewater and the Dry fork, is not a village, but a very pleasant locality, famous as a resort for picnics. POPULATION, ETC. Whitewater had one thousand five hundred and sev- enty-four inhabitants by the last census. In 1879 the assessed value of its lands, lots, and improvements, was seven hundred and sixty-one thousand four hundred dol- lars; of its chattel property, one hundred and ninety thousand seven hundred and forty-four dollars; and the amount of the tax duplicate for the year was therefore nine hundred and fifty-five thousand one hundred and forty-four dollars. Biographical Sketch, EZEKIEL HUGHES. Ezekiel Hughes was the descendant of an ancient and honorable family in the parish of Llanbrynmair, Mont- gomeryshire, North Wales, Great Britain. The first of his ancestors was Evan ap Owen Each, who died in 1680. His son, Hugh Evan ap Owen, died in 1720, and was succeeded by his eldest son Edward, who, according to the Welch custom, took for his surname the given narne of his father, and henceforth the name of Hughes became the surname of the family. Edward Hughes was succeeded by his eldest son, Richard, born in 1700, and he by his son, William, born in 1725, and he by his son, Richard, who married Mary Jones, of Pen-y-bout, in the same parish. They had three children: William, Ezekiel, and Martha. The family, for over two hundred * There ^v'as another town in Hamilton county, bearing the name of Elizabeth, laid oiT in 1847 by Daniel Reeder; but we are unable to lo- cate it in any of the townships. EZEKIEL HUGHES. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 41' years, had lived on a large farm called Cum Carnedd Uchaf, leased from Sir Watkin William Wynne, the great land proprietor in North Wales. The family owned three farms in the same parish; but the leasehold was so valuable that, for all these years and to this day, they have lived on a rented farm. In accord with the rights of primo- geniture, William, the eldest son, became, at the death of his father, in 1807, owner of the real estate, and continued on the leasehold. Ezekiel Hughes was born August 22, 1767. His father gave him a good education, sending him to Shrewsbury, where a good school was found, that he might acquire the English language. At the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to learn watch and clock making at Machynlleth. His venerable father en- couraged him to visit the United States with the view of selecting and purchasing a large tract of land for his future home. In April, 1795, with a good outfTt and in company with his cousin, Edward Bebb (father of Honorable William Bebb, late governor of Ohio), sailed in the ship Maria, of Salem, Massachusetts, reach- ing Philadelphia after a tempestuous and tedious voyage of thirteen weeks. He remained in this city and vicinity for nearly a year. Congress being in session, he im- proved his time by acquiring a knowledge of the govern- ment and the laws of the country, and preparing for an exploring tour beyond the Alleghanies. In the spring of 1796, he left Philadelphia for the west. He travelled on foot, passing through a Welsh settlement at Ebensburgh, Cambria county, Pennsylvania, he reached Red Stone Old Fort (Brownsville, Pennsylvania), thence on a flat- boat to Fort Washington (Cincinnati). This journey was performed in three months. Mr. Hughes, accompanied by his trusty and faithful friend, Edward Bebb, explored the Symmes purchase, and bought one hundred acres in section thirty-four, Colerain township, then an almost unbroken forest. Here these two adventurers built a cabin and cleared a few acres, and spent their time cul- tivating the virgin soil, hunting, and exploring the regions beyond the Great Miami river. In 1800 this great and fertile domain was surveyed, and in 1801 offered, by the United States, for sale. Mr. Hughes purchased two sections, Nos. 15 and 16, in Whitewater township, paying for it two dollars and five cents per acre. Having se- cured this iine body of land, he returned to Wales in 1803, and married Miss Margaret Bebb, and in 1804 re- turned with his bride to their new home on the west bank of the Miami river. In less than a year his estima- ble wife died, and her remains were the first interred in the Berea cemetery, a beautiful spot donated by Mr. Hughes for a home of the dead. In 1805 he was again united in marriage with Miss Mary Ewing, born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, June 11, 1785. Her parents, Thomas a. id Ann Ewing, were from the north of Ireland, staunch Presbyterians. Her father was a soldier of the Revolutionary army, and participated in several battles. He was one of the early settlers of Whitewater township, lived to an advanced age, and his grave is on the farm which he owned near the Cleves bridge. Mr. Hughes leased most of his valuable lands. He was a kind and generous landlord, highly esteemed by all of his tenants; always ready to help poor, honest, and industrious men. They had a family of six sons and' four daughters. Ann, the eldest, was born March 6, 1806, married Edward Hunt in 1830, and has two sons — Thomas H., Jacob H., and Mary. Richard was born in 1808, married Elizabeth Elder, died in 1850, leaving one son, Ezekiel, and six daughters — Elizabeth, Mary, Martha, Margaret, Frances, and Rebecca C. Jane was born in 1810, and is now residing on the old homestead. Thomas was born in 181 2, married Jane Bond and lives in Kansas. William was born in 1814, married Amarilla Robinson. He died in Iowa, in 1845, leaving one daughter — Martha H. Hughes. John was born in i8i6, studied medicine, and was a successful practitioner in this neighborhood for over thirty years. He married Mary B. Clark, and died in 1880, leaving two sons, Wil- liam and Richard, and three daughters, Frances, Eliza- beth, and Anna. Martha was born in 1818, and lives on the old homestead. Edward was born in 1820, mar- ried Miss Mary Davis, and has a family of three sons, William, John, and Edward, and three daughters, Alice, Henrietta, and Mary. James was born in 1823, and died in 1840, a very estimable and promising young man. Rebecca was born in 1826, married Rev. B. W. Chidlaw and has a family of four daughters — Martha, who died in 1876; Mary I., Ann, and Jane Carter, and three sons — John, Benjamin, and James H. At his death, the es- tate, as divided by Mr. Hughes, was inherited by his children, and remains to this day, after the lapse of so many years, in their possession. In 1820, Mr. Hughes suffered a severe fall while descending the steps of the First Presbyterian church, on Main street, Cincinnati, which lamed him for life. Educated in the Christian faith and encouraged by the godly example of his pious parents, he, early in life, embraced the religion of Jesus Christ, and lived a useful, happy Christian life, leaving for his large family the inheritance of a good name, and on the second of September, 1849, died the death of the righteous in a good old age, full of years, and was gathered to his fathers. His bereaved widow continued to reside at the old homestead, surrounded by the com- forts of life and the society of her children, until her death, October 2, 1857, aged seventy-two years. She commanded her household in the love and fear of God, and her children arise and call her blessed. SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER. The following biographies, settlement notes and other paragraphs have been received since the chapters of this volume, to which they severally belong, went to press : ANDERSON TOWNSHIP. Aaron Hopper, fruit and produce commission mer- chant, Cincinnati, Ohio, is a native of Anderson town- ship. His father, Abraham, settling in the centre pre- cinct of that town about the year 1812, having moved from New Jersey to that place, he carried on blacksmith- ing for about twenty years, but finally purchased four or five hundred acres of land, and farmed quite extensively before he died, which was about the year 1867. His wife died in 1861. They raised a family of twelve children, five of whom are still living, near Mount Wash- ington. Aaron Hopper was born in 1820; was raised a farmer, receiving such education as the winter schools of his day afforded. He began the produce business some fifteen years ago on a small scale, more, however, for the express purpose of disposing of the products of his own farm than as a general business. For this work the winter seasons were the time, the summer time being spent on the farm ; but as years advanced experience in the business was gained, and now the store-room is kept open during the twelve months in each year. In 1875, Mr. Hopper was elected county commissioner, which position he held until 1878. As one of the custodians of the county he manifested considerable interest in its welfare during his stay in office, and, notwithstanding the bribes by the hatful that were offered him, is proud of his clear record when he retired. He has filled other positions of trust, having been in officefor fully twenty years, as township trustee or clerk, etc. Abraham Hopper, salesman in a commission house on Sixth street, was born in 1825; has his residence near Mount Washington, where he owns a valuable farm, and was married to a Miss Johnson, of that vicinity. J. R. Silvers, of Anderson township, book-keeper for the Cincinnati Grange supply house. Third street, Cincin- nati, was born April 2, 1857; completed his education in Lebanon, Ohio, and in Bryant and Stratton's com- mercial college. He was raised a farmer, but after teach- ing school six years, became shipping clerk for a fruit house on Sixth street, and afterwards for the Grange supply house. He was married in 1877 to Miss Emma Johnson, of Mount Carmel, Clermont county, Ohio, and has two children. His grandfather, John Silvers, came to Anderson township in an early day from New Jersey. His wife was Catharine Springer, relation of Jacob Springer, the wealthy citizen of Wilmington, Delaware. Of the six children raised, Joseph E., J. R. Silver's father, born tenth of March, 1825, was the fourth child, and a well-known citizen of Anderson township. He was married to Sarah Hawkins, of the same place, in 1850, by whom he had seven children — the subject of this sketch being the second child. Moses S. Shaw, formerly a teacher but now a prosper- ous farmer residing in California, is one of the best known men in Anderson township. Intelligent and hu- morous, he counts his many friends all over the eastern part of Hamilton county. Mr. Shaw has always taken an active interest in school affairs, and by his hilarious good nature has done much to keep down the political animosities of old Anderson. Mrs. Shaw, an estimable woman, is the granddaughter of Ignatius and An- toinette Ross, old settlers at Columbia in the early days. The graves of these old pioneers may be seen on a beau- tiful knoll near the Ohio, in eastern California. They died, the wife in 1827 and the husband in 1829. It is related by one of the old folks, that once upon a time Mrs. Ross was engaged boiling maple syrup, on what is now the town site of California, when, during momentary absence, the Indians stole the syrup and broke the ket- tles. At another time, when the Indians were threaten- ing an attack, Mrs. Ross buried the family treasures, gold and silver, in an old kettle. It was never taken up, and is yet to be plowed out by some astonished farmer. Aaron Hopper lives near Mt. Washingtoil, and owns the splendid farm known as "Fruit Hill." He was born in Anderson township in 1818; was county commissioner in 1875-76-77; and has served near thirty years in town- ship otifices as trustee and on the board of education. His father, Abram Hopper, came from New Jersey to Anderson in 181 2, and with Morris Sharp and James Stagg bought large tracts of land in 1814. Mr. Hopper is a public-spirited man, doing much for the comfort, good name and happiness of the neighborhood. He is also engaged as fruit dealer and produce merchant in Cincinnati. Dr. W. W. Highlands, of Newtown, was born in Co- lumbia township, and came to Anderson in 1849. He was a surgeon in the late war. The doctor is an intelli- gent and estimable gentleman who has practiced about thirty years in Anderson township. He has served many years in the board of education at Newtown, and is now superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Sunday- school. F. W. Boye, of Mount Washington and of the firm of A. A. Colter & Co., wholesale and retail grocers, of Main and Sixth streets, was born in Hanover, Germany, in the year 1833. In 1849 his lather, with his family, emigrated HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 415 to America, and came directly to Marietta, Ohio, where he run a mill, also carried on farming, but F. P. Boye found a situation in a store, where he obtained his first ideas of carrying on business. In 1857 he came to Cin- cinnati and kept the books for B. P. Baker & Co., corner Walnut and Columbia streets, and afterwards for Mill & Kline, No. 56 Main street, and in 1862 came here, and in 1863 became a member of the firm. In 1863 he mar- ried Miss Sallie Colter, sister of A. A. Colter, the well- known grocer. He resides in Mount Washington in an elegant, substantial homestead of that place. Cyrus Broadwell was born May 9, i8or, in Anderson township. He spent part of his life in the south, from 1825 till 1830. He and his brother Jacob opened the first boat-store in Cincinnati, at the corner of Sycamore and Front streets, where they succeeded in building up a flourishing business, which continued until the death of Jacob, in 1840. Cyrus then retired to his farm, near Newtown, where he resided until his death, March 31, 1879. His generosity for all religious and charitable purposes is well known. Carvil Hawkins, one of the oldest citizens of the town- ship, was born in what is now Cincinnati, but was then outside of the corporation, June 24, 1813, and married Achy Shinn March 24, 1833. Mrs. Hawkins was born May 26, 1815. His mother is still living at the advanced age of eighty-five. Mr. Hawkins began life as a poor orphan boy, his father dying before he was born. He worked on the Little Miami bottoms when thirteen years old for eighteen and three-fourths cents per day, and is now one of the solid men in Anderson, owning two hun- dred and fifty acres of good, tillable land, and more than half a dozen dwelling houses. His entire life has been spent in the pursuits of industry, buying timbered farms, having the trees burnt into charcoal, and hauling it to Cincinnati, trading in all kinds of merchandise, and all the while engaged in farming. A great portion of his wealth was made in the thirteen years he was engaged in coal dealing. He is one of the men who have grown from childhood to old age in this county. He saw Cin- cinnati in its infancy, the first locomotive which entered the city, and Main and Sycamore streets when but a long row of stumps, and a rough bluff was at their foot, and when there were but si.x houses between Deer creek and the Little Miami river. Mr. and Mrs. Hawkins are both members of the Methodist Episcopal church, are known and admired throughout the county for their Christian charity, and esteemed for their interest in all philanthropic endeavors. Leonard Armstrong Webb was born February 7, 1826, on the island north of Newtown, and married May 16, 1846, Penthesilea Frost, in Harrison township, three- fourths of a mile west of the old Lee's Creek Baptist church in this county. By this union three daughters have been born — Gertrude, Adelaide, and Martha Vane- lia. Mr. Webb is grandparent of one child. Education- ally, he dwelt altogether in our common schools. Relig- iously, he has been a member of the Regular Baptist church forty-one years. His father came from Mon- mouth county. New Jersey, in 1793. His mother, whose maiden name was Hannah Frost, came from Berkeley county, Virginia, at the same date, from Bunker Hill, a little town situated between Martinsburgh and Winches- ter. Mr. Webb owns a well-arranged farm of one hun- dred and seventeen acres, and according to good author- ity his dwelling occupies the highest point in the county. Charles Johnson was born in Anderson township, De- cember II, 1819, and married Rebecca Corbly October 17, 1 84 1. He is the father of five sons, four of whom are living. He is of Scotch extraction on his father's side, who came from Pennsylvania in 1790, and settled in this county. His mother is of Yankee descent, was Anna Bridges in her maiden days, and was the first white child who crossed over into Anderson township and set- tled permanently with her parents. Mrs. Johnson is of German origin on the line of her father, and from her mother received English blood. By trade Mr. Johnson is a carpenter, but is now particularly engaged in farming and fruit-growing. He is one of those men who ob- tained his knowledge outside of colleges and academies, but has that rare culture which comes from experience. During the early years of the war he raised a company of volunteers, was elected captain, and served with his men in the Seventieth Ohio regiment for three years. Among the township offices he held are such as justice, school director, and other positions, which show the estimation-. in which he is looked upon by the people. Richard Ayres was born March 17, 18 17, in the south- east corner of Anderson township, in sub-school-district No. 3, and married December 27, 1842, Matilda Archer, of Clermont county. He is father of eight children — five sons and three daughters — two dead. Mr. Ayres during his entire life has been engaged in farming, but dealing a good deal in real estate. He began with sev- enty-live acres to which he fell heir by his father's death, (the latter came from Maine in 1800), and ended with seven hundred and twelve acres. Mr. Ayres' father was a ship carpenter, the son of a Hollander. His mother was Priscilla Durham, born in Hamilton county, but was of English extraction. Her mother came from Mary- land. He has been an important influence in the com- mon schools, and has taken an active part in religious matters, giving donations liberally. He has also always interested himself in turnpike building. Abner Gerard Hahn, born in Newtown May 9, 181 2, was married December 23, 1838, to Lucinda Barrow. By trade Mr. Hahn is a blacksmith, in which business he continued for twenty years. In 1836 he was a trades- man in Cincinnati, but since that time has been employed mainly in farming at Newtown. About 1844-5 he was one of the trustees of Anderson township, and at several other times has held two or three minor offices. His entire life has been spent in the vicinity of his birthplace, making him one of the very oldest residents. His de- scendants will not feel ashamed of their ancestor. John J., the father of William Ferris, came from Greenwich, Connecticut, in 1812, and settled at Lin- wood, where he lived until his death in 1857. Mr. Fer- ris is among the first families, and has often filled public offices. Hope M. Brown, father of Mrs. Ferris, was a 4i6 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. practitioner of medicine at Newtown for forty years, re- ceiving a diploma from the Miami Medical college. On the side of the husband farming has prevailed, while Mrs. Ferris' people have followed medicine. William Meldrum Ferris, the subject of this sketch, was born at Lin wood October 19, 1832, and married Sarah A. Brown May 22, i86r, by whom two children have been born, both girls. Mr. Ferris' life has been spent on a farm from early childhood, except two years as a student at Farmers' college. He is now employed in surveying, engineering and improving real estate. He ceased to farm in 1868. Linwood, jjrincipally through his efforts, has been made what it is, he being one of the first who realized profits from the sale of lots. Abram Bogart was born December 25, 18 12, in New Jersey, twenty miles from New York, in Bergen county, and came to Anderson township in 1814. There he has remained ever since. He married Patsy Bridges Sep- tember 22, 1836, and is father of eight children, all of whom are living, and all married. He has been a farm- er from boyhood. He saw Cincinnati when forest trees stood on Fourth and Fifth streets, and saw the high water of 1832 on Pearl street. He played in a locust grove on the beach of Cincinnati on what was called Western Row, now Central avenue. Mrs. Bogart was educated in a log school-house, with greased paper window panes. Her father came from New England and her mother from Virginia. John Bridges, her grandfather, was the first white man who built a house in Anderson. Both have been members of a Christian church for more than forty years. He has divided his property among his children, and now lives retired, but is superintendent of the Clough turnpike. He is respected by everybody. Gano Martin was born February 4, 181 1, and has been married three times — first to Elizabeth A. Curry, by whom six children were born, two of whom are living, one son and one daughter. Mrs. E. A. Martin died Oc- tober 31, 1 85 1. Second, to Mrs. Elizabeth Hulick, whose maiden name was Nash, April 29, 1852. By this marriage three sons were born, all of whom still live, the eldest being married. Mrs. Martin died June 20, 1865. Third, to Rachel Highlands, April 5, 1866. Educa- tionally, he received his instruction in an old hickory log school house; religiously, his family from the beginning devoted themselves to the Baptist church. Mr. Martin joined this denomination in 1844, and was elected dea- con in 1846, which office he yet holds. In politics he has always served his country first. He was paymaster under the old regimental system for six years; has been a school director for twenty odd years; during the Re- bellion was township trustee, and one of those who forced the payment of the township loan of fifteen thou- sand dollars for war purposes to be paid at one taxation. In the Eastern railway he granted the right of way through most of his farm, and took shares in the capital stock. In 1879 he received a stroke of paralysis, from which he is still a sufferer. But, all in all, he will leave behind him an honorable record. The father of C. C. Johnson was Jeptha Johnson. His mother's maiden name was Martha Estell, her na- tive State, New Jersey. His father was born in Virginia. His wife's father, Abraham Hopper, was a native of New Jersey. Her mother's maiden name was Sarah Conklin, a native of Ohio, born in this county. Christopher C. Johnson was born December 8, 1837; his wife, Joanna F. Johnson, April 17, 1843. They were married October 5, 1865. Their son, Ogden E. Johnson, was born De- cember 10, 1867. October 16, 1874, was the birthday of their daughter, Carrie E. Johnson. All of the family were born in this county, and still reside here. Mr. Johnson followed the occupation of teacher in the com- mon schools of Anderson township for ten years, and since 1868 has been engaged in farming. COLUMBIA TOWNSHIP. ' John D. Moore, born in 1836 at Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. Came to Cincinnati in 1838; learned the shoe business in early life with E. G. Webster & Company. Remained in the shoe business until 1865 — the preced- ing ten years being on Central avenue near Sixth street. Retired to a suburban life at Madeira. Not being suited to an inactive life he drifted into the real estate and build- ing interest, being instrumental in subdividing and build- ing the principal part of the town of Madeira, and en- gaged in improving his vacant property in Cincinnati. At present and for a number of years superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Sunday-school at Madeira. Elected member of the board of education for three terms. Married to Miss Rachel Mann, of Indian Hill, now Madeira, in 1858, daughter of Joseph B. and Cath- arine Mann. Both of their parents, John Mann and wife and Jacob Hetzler and wife, settled here in the last century. Major J. B. Mann was born in 1804, and died in i860 on the same tract of land his parents settled upon. Catharine Hetzler, his wife, was born in 1801, near by, and died on the same tract of land in 1875 — "°^ ^^^ residence of J. D. Moore. Major J. B. Mann was a suc- cessful farmer and business man; a public spirited citi- zen; a member of the Methodist Episcopal church at Indian Hill; and is holding positions of trust in the com- munity. Charles S. Muchmore, an enterprising and well-to-do farmer near Madisonville, was born in Hamilton county in 1 83 1. His grandfather removed from New Jersey to Madisonville about the year 1800. His father, David Muchmore, about the year 1820, married Miss Sarah Stites, niece of Judge Symmes and daughter of Benja- min Stites. David was born in 1777; his wife was born in 1776. They reared a family of six children, Charles being the only son now living. He was reared on the farm, in which business he has been careful and very success- ful, and is, in matters of an agricultural character, regard- ed by his fellows as authority. He was married to Miss Alvira Leonard January 14, 1855, daughter of a well- known and prominent citizen of Hamilton county. Mr. Muchmore has been a member of the board of educa- tion of the Madisonville schools for the past fourteen years. Joseph Coppin, of Pleasant Ridge, now in the ninety- first year of his age, rame to America by himself when a WILLIAM DAVIS MUNDELL. William Davis Mundeil, of the firm of Short & Mundell. wholesale and retail grocers and produce dealers, 102 East Pearl street, was born near Mt. Washing- ton, Anderson township, September 17, 1825. Jonathan Mundell, his grandfather, was one of the original settlers of the county; he came from Virginia to Ohio before the day log school-houses were erected, it being necessary then for the young philomatheans to assemble in squads at some convenient place and by mutual consent teach one another. Mr. Mundell was a gunsmith, a man of some genius, and one who could render service to his fellows in the early pioneer days. He settled with his family, consisting of himself, wife and five children, near Mt. Washington about the year 1795. Some pear trees planted by him soon after his arrival are still standing. He died about the year 1830. James Mundell, his son, and father of William Davis Mundell, was about two years of age when his father moved on this farm; he was reared a farmer, possessed no educational advantages, his time being taken up in tilling the land and warding off the hostile Indians, who were sometimes troublesome. In 1812 he served in the war, and received an honorable discharge fiom the ser\ice when it ended In 1815 he was married to Miss Marj McM-ihon daughter of Francis and Mary McMahon, pioneer set tiers of Columbi I town ship. The old log house, her birthplace, which wis then occupied by her par ents, is still standmg — weatherboarded a relic and tenement of the early days of Colum bia. Mrs. Myndell was the mother ol eleven chil dren, eight boys ind three girls, ten of whom li\ed to man and womanhood — Mary, Cathi drew, Hugh Davis, Jacksoi R., Martha A. and Oscar C. large a family, the duties incumbent upon her were truly irksome, but she was blessed with moie than ordinary will -md courage, and ha\ing that large hope tic of the pioneer parents, did not become, wuh all her hardships, disheart ened with her lot The religion of Christ was her support in ever) tr\incc hour, and her childit once a charge and sponsibility, li\ed t i her comfort, and to ch her declining years ! dying hour. Adjacent to the t on the father's cabin Baptist church — prol the first church in s in wait three weeks organizing a force of forty wagons of six horses each. At Fort Kearney the company disbanded, seven teams proceeding along the northern Pacific route via of Fort Laramie to the Humboldt river, from which place the original six from Mt. Washington, after throwing away their wagon, and finally alone, proceeded, crossing the desert on pack- nd reaching Car- I laid in a supply • : dollars. At Mundell and his broth horses, a distanct; of forty miles, going over in the nigh son river In the morning— Sunday— where they rested and also of provisions, paying for six pounds of flour the snug sum of n Sacramento City they sold their stock and footed it up into the gion on a mining expedition, but got sick and soon returned of: of f nths' di Suder's Fort, J the doctor 1. They ac- where it was progression the Will: iW John advised a trip on the sea as necessary to a speedy return to he. cordingly set themselves adrift in a sail vessel on the Pacific oce, becalmed for three weeks, and being disgusted with such slow brothers, upon putting in at Acapulco, went aboard a steamer, reaching Panama in December, 1850, after being on the water twenty-seven days. They crossed the isthmus to Shager's river on mules, paying forty dollars for their tran- sit. ■ At this point they took canoes to the mouth of the river, where, in company with about sixty others, they set sail in the schooner Thorne for New Orleans. The Mundell brothers had already ex- perienced sore disappoint- ments in their trip west, but the trying ordeal was yet to come. The little vessel when fairly out at sea encountered one of those tremendous and tempestuous storms, and for three days and nights was driven like a feather in a gale, and turned up finally on a coral island in the Carribean sea. The captain had lost his reck- oning and the vessel had been driven far out of its course and among the many dangerous coral reefs with which these waters are filled. At first, upon the stranding of the vessel, the captain sup- posed the bark would go to pieces in half an hour and ordered the mate to scuttle the fresh water baths, but he disobeyed orders, and this probably saved the lives of the crew as the ship was resting with one side on the reef in about four feet of water, the depth ofv othe nde uld place of worship; little child, she wont to with her paren religious servic days it was t and necessity to goarmed, and her fatherahvays took with him his faithful rifle and stood sentinel at the door or house with others, to guard against the approach of hostile Indians, while the minister, old and children would hold worship in the How many of us, our day, would go to ^ church if attended with the dangers that our pio- neer fathers had to en- counter? Mrs. Mundell was born in Columbia township, Hamilton county, Ohio, April 25t.i7?7; was married in 1813; joined the Methodist Episcopal church at Salem, Ohio, in 1840; and died at the residence of her son, Hugh Mundell, Clermont county, Ohio, January 27, 1874, aged seventy-seven years. James Mundell died about the year 1853. William Davis Mundell was reared on the farm near Mt. Washington. He attended school in a log house in the Salem neighborhood a few weeks or months each winter, and frequendy religious worship at the same place on Sundays — the same house being used for both purposes. In the year 1843 he apprenticed himself to a Mr. Joseph Hime to learn the blacksmith trade, and was to receive about thirty dollars a year for three years for his services. The full time was served, with the exception of the last three months, which he bought off from his employer that the might attend school, feeling the need of a better education. The instruction received during these three months proved to be of incalculable benefit to him in after years. He afterwards opened up a shop in Mt. Washington, being the first blacksmith of that place. In 1850 Mr. Mundell and his brother Hugh organized a company, of six persons in all, from Mt. Washington, to cross the plains for California. The wagon for the trip was made by Mr. Mundell and Davis Whippy (one of the company), and was so con- structed that it could be used as a boat when crossing rivers. They left Cincin- nati for St. Joseph, Missouri, March 25, 1850, by steamer, and at that place lay ascertained. now cast for occupancy in the long-boat, there being but the one and that only large enough to hold si.v or eight persons, and these were to be taken to a little barren egg-shaped island full fifteen miles off before it could be re- turned for another load. The Mundell brothers were by lots cast destined to wait till the last ones. Everything shadowed forth a precarious condi- tion, and in an act of des- peration they tore offloose boards from the side of the vessel with which they constructed a scow, hasti- ly built but large enough to accommodate about fif- teen, and in this frail structure they reached the island. The crew were all saved; provisions and water at the rate of one-quarter rations were divided among them. The captain upon taking his reckoning found that they were about one hundred miles from Old Town(?) (Balize), Honduras, and that it would take at least eight days to go for rescue and return. But the time from the stranding of the vessel (2 o'clock in the morning) until their rescue was about fifteen days, but deliverance carried them to Balize, from which place they sailed in a few days for New Orleans. Their stay on the barren island was attended with other dangers than those of abandonment and desolation. They were on one-fourth rations and water, and in a feverish and, to them, over- heated, torrid clime, but fortune favored them with one or two showers, and the tents being up the rain-drops were collected and carefully saved. The island fur- nished the iguana, a species of lizard, and the couch which were of great use to them for food. At New Orleans Mr. Mundell and his brother took a steamer for Cincinnati, but, to make the circuit of accidents complete, we are in truth bound to say that the vessel was snagged in the river. But despite ill fortune they reached home about March i, 1851, and Mr. Mundell again resumed work at his trade. In 1852 he married Miss Pattie C. Corbley, and has since lived in Mt. Washington. During the war he served as a recruiting officer for some time, and during the Kirby Smith raid was made captain by the unanimous voice of the com- pany, but was immediately afterwards put in charge of the regiment as colonel. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 417 mere lad. He walked in the funeral procession of George Washington in 1799, and afterwards in that of Alexander Hamilton. Has passed through all the pres- idential campaigns from Washington to that of Garfield. Came to Cincinnati at an early day; was one of the original members of the Pioneer association and possess- ing more than ordinary powers of mind. Has passed through many and varied experiences of life since that time, having always taken an active part in matters of public concern, and has always been considered a very prominent man. He lives to-day a great-grandfather and possesses more than mere ordinary faculties of mind and body. Charley B. Lewis, proprietor of bakery and lunch- room, 193 West Sixth street, came from Portsmouth, Ohio, to Cincinnati in the year 1861. His father, Thomas C. Lewis, now living, owned the rolling mills of that place, the only ones then west of Pittsburgh, in which mills Charley learned the business of machinist. The property is now owned by his brother-inJaw, George Baylis, who is probably one of the wealthiest men of the State. Mr. Lewis was for three years after coming to Cincinnati a driver of a bakery wagon, for which he re- ceived one dollar a day. From this he was promoted to a clerkship, and in 1866 bought out the entire busi- ness, since which time he has owned it himself. He also owns the building No. 206. MILL CREEK. Rev. Jerome Kilgersteen, in charge of St. Aloysius Orphan asylum, was born in Cincinnati February 22, 1847, his parents being early settlers of this city. Our subject graduated from the St. Francis college in June, 1863, and was ordained in 1870. His first charge was to St. George, of Corryville; thence to St. Stephen, of Hamilton, Ohio. From there he came to his present appointment, which he has been filling very faithfully since. John Henry Dahman, superintendent of the German Protestant cemetery, was born in Hanover, Germany, May 27, 1836. He came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1853, coming direct to Cin- cinnati. He was a soldier in the late civil war, enlisted in the Second Missouri cavalry, company C, where he served for four years and nine days, being mustered out as sergeant of company C. He did good service, and was honorably mustered out. He then returned to Cin- cinnati, where he has remained since. In February, 1879, he was appointed superintendent of the cemetery, in which position he is giving entire satisfaction, gaining the good-will of all. He has made a good many im- provements in the cemetery, and it is to-day one of the handsomest and neatest cemeteries. Anton Barkly, florist, near the German Protestant cemetery, was born in the grand duchy of Baden, Janu- ary 15, 1823. He came to America and landed in New Orleans in 1846, then went to Polk county, Tennessee; in 1847 came to Cincinnati; and in 1849 went to Nash- ville, Tennessee, and engaged in the gardening business. In 1863 he returned to Cincinnati, from which time his gardening business here dates. Of late years he has given his attention to the florist business,, of which he is making a good success. He has two hot-houses in good order, one sixty by thirteen feet in size, and the other eleven by forty feet. Mr. Barkly's father was a large grower in the old country; he was also a soldier under Napoleon, and participated in the battle of Waterloo. He died in Polk county, Tennessee, at ninety-six years of age. Christian Henning, florist, near the German Protes- tant cemetery, was born in Hanover, Germany, March 3, 1834, where he learned the art of landscaping, garden- ing and florist, working at different private places on the Rhine. He then came to the United States, and landed in Baltimore. In December, i860, he came to Cincin- nati and accepted a position with one of the leading florists of Cincinnati, where he remained for some fif- teen months. He afterward was gardener for some of the leading private families of the city. Then he ac- cepted a position with the German Protestant cemetery, where he remained for thirteen years, during which time he superintended the laying out of the grounds and the erection of the buildings; after which he began his pres- ent business. Mr. Henning has just begun in the busi- ness, but is meeting with good success, ranking as a number one florist. John D. Seefried, florist, near the German Protestant cemetery, was born on the old homestead where he is now engaged in business, March 11, 1857, and is the son of John and Margaret Seefried, who came to Ham- ilton county and located on this farm at an early day. Our subject is a practical florist. He worked at his trade as a florist in some of the leading private places around Cincinnati. In 1877 he purchased his present business, which had been operated for some years before his purchase. Mr. Seefried has three hot-houses, size seventeen by fifty, fourteen by fifty, and eleven by fifty. He is an active worker, and is meeting with fair success in his enterprise. Henry Bertrand, florist, near the German Protestant cemetery, was born in Brunswick, Germany, August 19, 1839. Learning the florist's art in his native country, he followed this business in Leipsic, Brunswick, and Hanover, in some of the leading gardens. He then sailed for America, landing in New York city in August, 1865; thence to New Jersey, where he remained some eight months; thence to Louisville; and in 1866 he came to Cincinnati. Here he was engaged as a private gardener and florist in two of the finest private places in Cincinnati, where in the later years he was as manager. He then began his present business, now occupying three buildings, and it is perhaps one of the best and most complete houses in the florist business. Mr. Ber- trand is a practically educated florist, standing at the head of his profession. He was appointed as one of the judges of the florist department of the Cincinnati expo- sition, where he gave entire satisfaction. Reinhold Schaefer, florist, at the rear of the stock yards, was born in Germany in 1850. At fifteen years of age, he began to learn the florist business. He spent some four years in the city of Perlin, being foreman of 4i8 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. private gardens. He made a study of landscape garden- ing. In 1872 he came to the United States, and worked at his trade in Brooklyn, New Haven, Cleveland, thence to Cincinnati, where he worked six years for H. Harline, one of the leading florists, three years as foreman. In 1879 he commenced his present place, which, for a new place, is one of the most attractive, having two hot- houses thirty-five by fifty-four feet, and one house twelve by thirty-two feet. Mr. Schaefer has made very good improvements on his new place, and is doing a veiy profitable business. William Schilling, gardener, was born in Hanover, Ger- many, September 15, 1831. He came to the United States and landed in Baltimore in 1858, coming thence direct to Cincinnati; commencing to work at the garde- ner's business in 1858, which business he has continued ever since, moving to his present place in 1868, consist- ing now of four and one-fourth acres of fine, improved land, which property he accumulated by hard work and good manageinent in the garden business. Mr. Schilling has been married twice — the first time in i860, to Miss Sophie Voss, a native of Germany. From this union five children were born. Mrs. Schilling died about 1877. He afterward married his present wife, Sophia Righfeld. She is a native of Germany. William Hockstedt, gardener, was born in Prussia, Sep- tember 3, 1832. He came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1849, thence went direct to Cincin- nati. He then went on a farm in Delhi township, Ham- ilton county, where he remained until about 1856, when he commenced gardening, which business he has contin- ued ever since. In 1865 he moved to his present place, which is a fine, improved gardening farm, which improve- ments were made principally by Mr. Hockstedt. He was married in Delhi township April 30, 1852, to Miss Louisa Kolthoff, who was born in Prussia, Germany, in 1831, coming to Hamilton county in 1852. By this marriage they have one child, William H., who was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, August 3, 1859. Mr. Hock- stedt owns nearly seventeen acres of fine land situated near Cumminsville. Frederick Parker was born in England in 1818. In 1839 he came from England to America, and made his first home in Mill Creek township, Hamilton county, Ohio. Margaret Langland, his wife, was born in 1820. They have had six children — four are now alive — David F., Mary F., William, and Alexander L. David is the only one married. The names of children not living are Sarah and John. Mr. Parker has been for some time employed in the lumber trade. Herman Henry Fricke, gardener, was born in Prussia, December 15, 1824. He came to the United States and landed in Baltimore in 1847, coming direct to Cin- cinnati,' arriving here December 25, 1847. Coming here he commenced to work on a farm as a laborer. In about 1849 he embarked in the garden business, which he has continued ever since. He moved to his present place in 1861, which is a very fine garden farm of twelve acres, located near Cumminsville. Mr. Fricke married in Cincinnati Miss Mary Liella, of Cincinmti, Ohio. By this marriage they have nine children. Mr. Fricke was trustee of Mill Creek township for two years, filling this office with acknowledged ability. He is a member of the German Protestant church. Edward Morris, gardener near Winton place, was born in Realm of St. David, North Wales, July 4, 1819. In 1832 he came to the United States and located in Washington county, Maryland, where he re- mained until 1839, when he moved to Cincinnati. Here he was engaged for several months as stage driver to Lebanon, Ohio. He worked for John Kilgore in the gardening business for some six years. In 1847 he en- tered the gardening business for himself; has been loca- cated on the present place for the last twenty-seven years. Mr. Morris married, in 1847, Miss Jane Watson, of England. She came to Cincinnati in 1831. By this marriage they have nine children. Thomas Cope, gardener, residence near Winton place, was born in Staffordshire, England, in about 1803 or 1804. He came to the United States and landed in Philadel- phia in 1829; remained in Pennsylvania until 1832, when he came to Cincinnati, Hamilton county, which has been his home ever since, with the exception of four years in Iowa. In 1840 Mr. Cope commenced garden- ing. In 1866 he moved to his present place of six acres. Mr. Cope is one of the oldest gardeners around Cincin- nati. He married in Cincinnati, in 1834, Miss Jane Lister, of England. She came to Cincinnati in 1831. She is the only one living of the family. By this mar- riage they have eight children living; had one son in the late civil war; he enlisted in the Second United States artillery. He was a brave soldier. In 1862 he was killed at the battle of Hanover Court House, Virginia. Lawrence Kessel, gardener, residence near Winton Place, was born in Germany and is the son of J. Kessel, who was born in Byron, Germany, in 1820, where he married Miss Susan Deal. They, with three children, in 1854, came to the United States and landed in New York city; thence direct to Cincinnati. Here he com- menced to work as a private gardener, working in Clifton and suburbs, then in business for himself on a piece of land where the toll-gate is located — Spring Grove — thence moved to the place where our subject is now gar- dening. Here he continued gardening up to his death, which occurred in about 1878. He was respected and honored for his liberal and honest dealings. Leaving a good estate, Mr. Lawrence Kessel is working on the old homestead. Henry Beckmann, a gardener, was born in Prussia, Feb- ruary 21, 1826. He came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1855. From there he came to Cincinnati, and has been a resident of Hamilton county ever since. Coming here very ppor, he went to work as a hired man. After working by the day for about two years, he purchased a piece of land and began gardening for himself, and to-day owns a fine improved property of over nine acres of land situated near Cum- minsville which he has accumulated by hard work at the gardening business. Mr. Beckmann was married in Cin- cinnnti in 1856, to Miss Louisa ^^''eded. She was born HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 419 in Germany. By this union tliey have six children, four girls and two boys. F. Varnan, gardener, was born in Germany, March i, 1833. He came to the United States and landed in New- York city in 1848. From there he came directly to Cincinnati, commencing to work at the gardener's business which he has continued ever since. He came here in meagre circumstances, and to-day owns one of the best improved gardening farms in Mill Creek town- ship, consisting of five and a half acres of land. Mr. Varnan was married in Cincinnati, to Miss Caroline Cold- hof. She was born in Germany, having come to Cin- cinnati in 185 1. By this union they have ten children. He has been a resident of the present place near Cum- minsville since 1859. Lucas Niehaus, retired dairyman, is one of the old and respected citizens of the township. He was born in Hanover, Germany, October 31, 1800; was married in Germany, to Anna Pheodock. In 1838, with wife and one child, he sailed for America, landed in Baltimore, and then set out in a wagon for Cincinnati, arriving here in June, 1837, after being on the road some seventeen days. Mr. Niehaus, walking the greater portion of the way, came here very poor. He went to work by the day as a laborer; he was engaged in cutting and selling wood for a number of years, and then entered the dairy business in a small way with one cow. His business gradually improved until he at one time had some ninety cows; he was doing exceedingly well, and, after continuing in the dairy vocation for some thirty years, he has re- tired, the business being carried on by his son, who is meeting with fine success. Mr. Niehaus has been a resident of his present home for the last thirteen years. His first wife died, and he was married a second time, to Miss Mary Lambers, of Germany, who came here in 1840. They have five children, two by the first wife, and three by the present wife. Mr. Niehaus has led a very active life. He, in later years, has suffered from pains, being unable to attend to business. John Schrenk, a dairyman, was born in Germany September, 1829, where he remained until 1853, when he came to the United States and landed in New York city. While in this country he was working in the tan- neries. In 1868 he moved to Mill Creek township and entered the dairy business for himself, and with his enter- prise and hard work he to-day owns a very neat dairy with fifty-four cows, doing a very profitable business. •He married Mary Klaiber, of Germany, by whom he has two children. B. H. Macke, a dairyman near Bond Hill, was born in Oldenburgh, Germany, in 1824. He came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1848, coming directly to Cincinnati. Here he commenced to work in a foundry, where he continued for some eight years. In 1858 he began the dairy business, starting with thirty-two cows; his business has increased through his manage- ment until now he owns eighty- four cows in connection with the dairy business. Mr. Mackey commenced the improvements on his present dairy farm some thirteen years ago until now he has one of the best improved farms in Mill Creek township. He was married in Cin- cinnati, to Catharine Sanders, of Germany, by whom he has four children. Thomas H. Kaiser, a dairyman and one of the most succcessful and fair-dealing men in the business, may be mentioned. The above-named gentleman was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1831. He came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1850, thence directly to Cincinnati. Coming here in meagre circum- stances he worked at different kinds of business until he entered the dairy business in 1866. Commencing with twenty cows and some six head of stock, his business has gradually improved until now he owns ninety-five head of cows and twelve head of stock. His dairy is located near St. Bernard, is very complete and kept in first class order. John Philipp Rhein, proprietor of the Island house near the German Protestant cemetery, was born in Germany April 15, 1828. He came to America and landed in New Orleans in 1851, thence to Cincinnati the same year. Coming here in meagre circumstances, he worked as a hostler, then as an omnibus driver from Cincinnati to Mt. Auburn, which he continued some four years, when he began vegetable gardening near his present home. Here he gardened for some seven years, when he and his brother Jacob started in the omnibus business and purchased four omnibuses and horses for the same, to run between Cincinnati, Mt. Auburn and suburbs. This business increased until they had seven omnibuses in the line. Doing a good business in 1872 Mr. Rhein retired and entered his present vocation. He was was married to Mrs. J. Bessemer, a daughter of John Seefried, who was born in Germany, and came to America and landed in Philadelphia, thence to Cin- cinnati, where he worked at his trade as a locksmith ; he then moved to the farm, where he died respected and honored, one of the oldest pioneers. H. Broermann, a stock-raiser near Bond Hill, was born in Germany, came to the United States and thence to Hamilton county in 1855. He was for some ten' years engaged in the dairy business ; since then he has been engaged in stock-raising, which he has been very successful in. He was married in Mercer county, Ohio (where he resided for some five years), to Miss Agnes Kramer. Mr.' Broermann has been a resident of his present homestead for the last fourteen years. H. H. Macke, hotel keeper, near Bond hill, was born in Aldenbush, Germany, April 19, 18 19. In 1844 he sailed for America, and landed in Baltimore, thence to Cincin- nati, arriving here in 1844, about June 13th. Mr. Macke, by his hard work and good management, saved sufficient money and went into the grocery business, which he car- ried on in Cincinnati for some ten years. He was for a short time a resident of Plainville and the Four Mile house. He also carried on the dairy business for some four years. In 1861 he moved to his present homestead, where he has put up some very valuable buildings and improvements. He is engaged in the hotel and saloon business, and is one of the best-known and most highly respected German citizens of this vicinity. Mr. Macke HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. married Mary Niehaus, who has since died. He married for his second wife Anna Gotting. He had seven children, four by his first wife, and three by the second. John H. Funk was born in Prussia, September 25,1828; came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1852, thence direct to Cincinnati, arriving here June 8, 1852. He carried on the saloon business for several years, and then engaged in the sale of glassware and queensware, at which he continued up to 1875, when he moved to his present place, where he has remained in ac- tive business since. Mr. Funk was married in Newport, Kentucky, to Miss Louisa Kramig. She was born in Germany, coming to the United States when she was about two years of age. By this marriage they have one child living. Mrs. Nancy (White) Culbertson was born in the north- west corner of Hamilton county, May 10, 1810, and is the daughter of Providence White, who was born in Pennsylvania, or Virginia, March 9, 1784. He came to Hamilton county when he was a boy, with his parents. Then there were plenty of Indians, and he had his toe shot off by them while making a trip to Fort Washington for soldiers to come and help the settlers, who were in danger. He married Catharine Tucker. Both of Mrs. Culbertson's parents are dead. She was married to Wil- liam Culbertson and went to Kentucky, where she lived thirty-two years, and, in 1877, returned to near the old home, where she is now living. Her grandfather was a captain under General Washington. Charles Gries, residence Lick Run, Mill Creek town- ship, was born in Baden, Germany, December i, 182 1. He came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1852, thence direct to Cincinnati, arriving here in December of the same year. He commenced to work with his brother, Michael, in the butcher business, where he remained for some fifteen months, when he engaged in the same business for himself, and continued in it for about ten years, when he entered his present business, grape-growing ind wine-manufacturing. He now owns seven and a lialf acres of land in the cultivation of grapes — one of the best improved vineyards in the vicin- ity. His son, John, is manager of the Union Eagle wine hall, situated iti the vineyard, and is a very neat summer resort. Mr. Gries' first wife was Theresa Eline, who is now dead. He married his present wife, Louisa Wyreck, in Lick Run. She was born in Germany, and came here in 1853. Mr. Gries is a member of the Catholic church. Herman Grover, farmer, residence Mill Creek, near Walnut Hills, was born in Hanover, Germany, November I, 1828. He came to the United States in 1845. He stopped in New York and Buffalo a short time, and then came to Hamilton county. He is now one of the oldest German pioneers in this vicinity, and is a member of the Catholic church. He is the son of Henry and Ann Grover. They were married in Germany, and with four children came to America. Henry Grover worked on a farm, and died in 1849, with the cholera. Mrs. Ann Grover was born in 1800. The subject of this sketch owns seventeen acres of fine land. Rev. Alfred F. Blake, pastor of Grace Episcopal church, Avondale, was born in Gambler, Knox county, Ohio, May 28, 1842, and is the son of Rev. Alfred and Anna Jane ; Leonard, his father, was an Episcopal min- ister; he came to Ohio and located in Knox county, as early as 1828. Our subject, after receiving a thorough collegiate education, having graduated from Kenyon college in 1862, and after graduating from a theological seminary, he, in 1867, was ordained as minister, when he soon afterwards came to Avondale and took charge of his present congregation, where he has remained since. Rev. D. O'Meara, pastor of the Catholic church, Avondale, was born in the city of Cork, Ireland, Decem- ber, 1839, and is the son of David and Mary (Casey) O'Meara. In i860 our subject came to America and located in Cincinnati; here, in 1864, he graduated from Mount St. Mary's college. In 1866 he was ordained as minister. He went to Mobile, Alabama, where he took charge of St. Mary's church; which church and congrega- tion, with hard labor, he built up and left in good condi- tion, afterwards visiting Ireland and other parts of Europe. In 1876 he returned to Cincinnati, and in March, 1878, he was appointed to his present charge, since which he has done very noble work, bringing the church out of debt. It is now in a flourishing condition. Thomas A. Stephan.head animal-keeper of the Zoologi- cal garden, Avondale, adjoining Cincinnati, was born in Dayton, Ohio, May 22, 1846, his parents being early settlers of that city. Our subject, when quite young, moved to Lafayette, Indiana. He learned a trade as a machinist, which business he followed for a short time. He at twenty years of age began his present business taking care of animals, which business he has made a study, and to-day is, perhaps, one of the finest as well as one of the best animal-keepers and trainers in America. He has travelled with a number of leading circuses and menageries of this country — De Haven's, Heming & Cooper, Great Eastern, Great Hippodrome, Dan Rice, etc., visiting in his travels thirty-four States of the Union and throughout Canada. In 1875 Mr. Stephan was ap- pointed to his present place, since which time he has be- becomeso familiar with all the animals under his charge that he can enter the dens of the most ferocious beasts. William Borman, tin-shop, Avondale, was born in Prussia, June 4, 1827, came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1846; remaining there for a time working at his trade as a tinner, then went to Buf- falo, and in 1847 came to Cincinnati. Here he began to work at his trade. In 1849 Mr. Borman established himself in the tinner business in Cincinnati. He has filled several offices of public trust with honor and credit — six years as justice of the peace and a member of the school board some fourteen years. Mr. Borman mar- ried Miss Matilda Retsch ; he has nine children living. J. B. Cook, Avondale, was born in Hanover, Ger- many, March 14, 1826; came to the United States, and landed in New Orleans in 1853, and in 1854 came to Cincinnati. He came here poor. In 1862 came to Avondale and purchased an interest in the dairy busi- ness, which he continued very successfully until 1876, when he retired. He is now^ in the saloon business, and JACOB CLARK. Jacob Clark was born at Wakefield, New Hampshire. June 25, 1819. His great-great-grandfather, Robert Clark, came from England at the close of the Seventeenth century and settled at Stratham.the same State; was the fathei of five sons and two daughters : Mayhevv, Benjamin. John. Satchell and Jacob, the latter, who was born April 15, 1751, is his grandfather. Jacob Clark, sr.. had three sons and two daughters: John, Mayhew and Johnson benig the sons; the former being the father of Jacob Clark, jr. His great-grandfather, on his mother's side, came from England at a very early day, and settled at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Thomas Cotton, his grandfather, was professionally a Free- Will Baptist preach- er, and father of five children. Betsey, his oldest daughter, be- ing the mother of Jacob Clark, jr., but who died when he was six years old. John Clark was born May 8, 1784, at Wakefield, New Hampshire, and mar- ried three times. By the second marriage, November 10, 1814, to Mrs. Cotton, who was born at Wolfboro.New Hampshire. November 17, 1793. four sons and two daughters were born, Jacob being the third son. Johnson, his father's brother, is the only uncle on this side who is living, and. out of a family of ten children, only one son remains, who lives at Salem. Massachusetts. Jacob's jDrothers and sisters are: John, Thom- as C, Johnson, Lucy P., Elizabeth P., Isaac T.Savinia G.,and Mary B.John is dead; John- son served as surgeon in the late war at Fort- ress Monroe in 1861; Savinia and Mary are both dead. Jacob ob- tained his early educa- tion by attending the old district school from two and one-half to five months in the year. At sixteen he left home with ten dollars — seven of which was given him by his father — and went to Dorchester, Massachusetts, but what is now Boston, and labored for two years. By means thus accumulated, he re- turned to New Hamp- shire, and attended school at Wolfboro — a select school — and also soon after at a school at Merideth village, same stitL md 1B38 he taught at Water village 1 deth. After these two >eais at teachm. 1 irsonv Maine. In 1 1839 at Meri- left for Boston with ten dollars again, and served as a clerk for three years at the Elm Street house, Hanover and Broomfield. His employer, Daniel Chamberlain, offered to set him up in business, but on account of ill- health and a desire to see the west, he left Boston in 1843. and came by rail to Albany. New York, and from there to Buffalo by canal, a distance of three hundred and sixty-nine miles; then to Cleveland by steamer; thence to Portsmouth by canal, and to Cincinnati by steamer. He remained for three days in the city, and then crossed over in Ken- tucky, engaged to work for Colonel James Taylor three months. After this time he resided at Locust Corner, Clermont county, with the exception of three years and six months, when he came to Sweet Wine, this county. While at the latter place he acted in the capacity of school te-acher for three years, and trafficked generally. February i, 1849, he married Mary Ann Ricker. Rev. John Weste- man, a travelling Methodist minister, performing the ceremony. By this marriage three sons and four daughters were born, of whom three are Uving — Addle, Leslie and |ewett. The eldest son married Louisa Windeler. of Cincinnati, November 7, 1876, and lives in Clermont county, occupying a handsome residence on a high point of land, and is one of the prom- inent fruit growers in this section. He is the father of two sons: Jacob Raymond and George Edward. Mrs. Clark's great-gra n d- father, Jabez Ricker, was born in Berwick, Maine. Her grand- father, Samuel Ricker, was born in the same place, July 7, 1766, and came from sound Eng- lish parentage. Susanna Jewett, her grand- mother, was born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, March 28, 1770, and married in 1790. Her father was born, July 7, 1796. and married Mary ReedWil- son. November 24, 1816, of Durham, Maine, in Campbell county, Ken- tucky. Her mother was born February 12,1800. By this marriage two sons and three daught- ers were born ; Mrs. Clark being the fourth, who was born Novem- ber 26, 1827, in Rush county, Indiana. While at Locust Corner, Mr. Clark held the oflftce of postmaster fifteen years, though actively engaged in keeping a country store and dealing in real estate. Since 1875 he has engaged mostly in turnpikes, building most of the New Richmond and Columbia road, and is owner of twenty miles. Three Clermont county pikes have been aided much through his skill, and, as a government and county contractor, is prominent. Politically, he afliiliated himself with the anti-slavery people, and has since, in the matter of public offices, been mentioned for some of the most influential positions in the county. His health is good, and from it flows a generous and warm friend- ship, which is eagerly sought and never found wanting. He is one of our genial men. Business tact and energy have re- warded him with unparalleled success in financial matters. His judgment is rarely at fault, and his word cannot be questioned. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 421 is one of the successful men of Avondale. He was married in New Orleans to Lizzie Behlmann, by whom he has eight children. Goswinn Bauer, wagonmaker and blacksmith, Avon- dale, was born in Baden Baden, Germany, April 9, 1838. Here he learned his trade as blacksmith and horse-shoer. He was foreman of the horse-shoe department of the ar- tillery for seven years — he received a diploma for fine work. Mr. Bauer served in the army nine years, six years for himself and three as a substitute. In 1866 he came to America, and located in Cincinnati. Here he worked at his trade until 1867, when he began work in Avon- dale, since which time his business has gradually im- proved, until to-day he owns one of the leading shops of Avondale, employing a number of first-class mechanics. Jacob Haehl, blacksmith and wagonmaker, Avondale, was born in Bavaria, Germany, February 9, 1816. Here he learned his trade as a wagonmaker. He then came to America, landing in New Orleans, November 6, 1833, thence to Cincinnati, taking twenty-one days in making the trip from New Orleans to Cincinnati by steamer. Arriving in Cincinnati Mr. Haehl began to work at his trade. In 1835 he established in business for himself, and to-day is one of the oldest (if not the oldest) wagon- maker in business in Hamilton county. Mr. Haehl has been a resident of Hamilton county ever since 1833, with the exception of some five years in Indiana. He was for a number of years working at his trade near the old Brighton House, with Daniel Young, an old pioneer blacksmith. In 1865 Mr. Haehl came to Avondale, where he has remained since engaged in blacksmithing and wagonmaking, employing some four hands, and occupying a two-story building thirty-one by fifty feet in size. He was married in 1836 to Barbara Bolander. She was born in Germany, and came to America in 1835. By this union they have ten children. Had three sons in the late civil war — Jacob, Henry and George; all were brave soldiers, being honorably mustered out. Mr. Haehl was four years a member of the school board of Cincinnati and two years overseer of the poor. Louis H. Bauer, residence Avondale, was born in the grand duchy of Baden, Germany, October 30, 1836. He came to America and landed in New Orleans in 1851. Mr. Bauer worked at the bakery trade in New Orleans, St. Louis, and Cincinnati; at the latter place he carried on the bakery business for himself, being very successful. He, in 1877, moved to Avondale and erected his present building; here he has carried on the saloon business. Mr. Bauer was a soldier in the late civil war; he enlisted in company G, Ninth Ohio volunteer infan- try, where he did good service for two years, participating in the engagements of his regiment. He contracted sickness (rheumatism), and on this account was honora- bly discharged. He has suffered from the rheumatism very much since, being a cripple in the hand from its ef- fects. Mr. Bauer was a policeman in Cincinnati five years and was a good officer. William Asmann, retired, residence Avondale, was born in Hanover, in 181 1, about September. He came to America and landed in Baltimore, in 1842, thence went direct to Cincinnati. Coming here in meagre circumstan- ces, he went to work at day's labor. He managed to save a little money, and in 1850 he entered the grocery business on Mulberry and Main streets, in Cincinnati. Here he remained until 1858, when he moved to Avon- dale and opened a grocery store, being one of the first in business in this town. Mr. Asmann continued actively in business up to 1880, when he retired, being very successful. He married in Germany to Miss Annie Bruchemann, and with wife and one child, accompanied him to America. By this union of marriage they have two children living, a son and daughter. Mrs. Asmann died in 1880. S. Newby & Son, wagon manufactory and blacksmith shop, Avondale. Among the leading manufacturing es- tablishments of Avondale is that owned and operated by S. Newby & Son, both men being practical mechanics, learning their trade in England. Henry, the son, finished his trade as a machinist in one of the largest machine shops in the world. In 1870 this firm came to Avon- dale, where they erected a small shop. Since then, by their good management and attention to business their trade has steadily increased, until now they occupy a large three-story house, twenty-five by eighty feet in size, and employ as high as three hundred hands doing a gen- eral wagon manufacturing, repairing and blacksmithing business. Gustave Jander, residence Avondale, was born in Prussia, April 30, 1827. He came to America in 1849, and was for three months a resident of Cleveland, Ohio, thence in the same year came to Cincinnati; here he be- gan to work at his trade as a saddler, which trade he learned in Germany. Continuing in Cincinnati, he in 1868 moved to Avondale and carried on the saddlery and harness business in the brick house opposite his present location, for some six years, when he soon after opened a saloon. Mr. Jander married Miss Annie Schuster, of Bavaria,, Germany. By this marriage they have four children. F. J. Diss, contractor and builder, residence Avondale, was born in Lorraine, France, September 6, 1821. He learned his trade as a carpenter in his native country. He then came to America and landed in New York city in 1840. He went to Pittsburgh and worked at his trade for some six months. In 1840 he came to Cincin- nati and commenced to work at his trade. In 1852 Mr. Diss moved to Avondale and has remained one of its honored residents ever since, during which he has con- tracted and erected a number of prominent buildings of this place. He was the first builder boss to locate in Avondale. Mr. Diss came to Cincinnati in poor circum- stances; to-day he is one of the successful builders and contractors of this vicinity. Catharine Karl, residence Avondale, and the subject of this sketch, is one of the old and respected pioneers of Avondale. She was born in Germany in about 18 14. She was married in Germany to the late Frederick Karl, of Germany, and they, in company with three children sailed for America and landed in New York city in 1835, coming direct to Cincinnati. Here Mr. Karl 422 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. worked as a day laborer; he was for a short time watch- man on a steamboat. In 1849 the family moved to Avondale. Here, in 185 1, he began in a small way in the dairy business, and by his industry he built up a good and profitable trade. He continued in business until his death, which occurred in 1864. Thus passed away an honored and respected citizen of Avondale, leaving a wife and three children to mourn his loss. The three children are, Maggie, Amelia and Caroline. F. Spangler, residence Avondale, and the subject of this sketch, was born in the city of Brunswick, Germa- ny, August 5, 1822. He, in 1848, came to America and landed in Galveston, where he remained but a short time, thence to New Orleans, and in the spring of 1849 came to Cincinnati, where in this vicinity he has remained ever since one of its honored and respected citizens. Mr. Spangler was for a number of years engaged in the ladies' furnishing and trimming business, on the corner of Fifth and Vine streets; he was also engaged in other mercantile occupations. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Mariah Lizzie Warner, of Albany, New York, by whom he has two children living. Mr. Spangler was very actively engaged in the late civil war; was captain in the Seventh Ohio regiment. He was promoted and served as general inspector of ammunition, where he did good duty. Mr. Spangler, in 1849, became a member of the Cincinnati Leidertafel Singing society, the third oldest singing society in America, and Mr. Spangler be- ing the sixth oldest singer in the northwest. At an early day Mr. Spangler was presented with a beer mug trim- med with silver mounting, with an iron screw on the top, for best singing. Thomas Knott, florist, residence Avondale, was born iij the western portion of Ireland, in the year 18 18. Here he grew into manhood, and in 1840 came to Cin- cinnati, where he accepted a clerkship in a dry goods store. He remained but a short time. In 1841 he moved to Avondale, then Locust Grove, and with a capi tal of some three hundred dollars embarked in the florist business, near his present location. He states that when he commenced there were only four more in the florist business here in Avondale. Mr. Knott has remained ever since, working continuously at his occupation, and today is perhaps the oldest florist near the city, and the oldest settler of Avondale. He has been very successful as a florist, owning one of the largest places of the kind near Cincinnati, having some fifteen large houses, under glass, and all filled with the choicest plants. One rose- bush he has, which is the LaMark, a pure white rose, he cut from it, one Easter, one hundred dollars' worth of buds at a moderate figure. Mr. Knott employs six hands in the florist business. George Thale, dairyman, Avondale, was born in Han- over, May 25, 1838, came to the United States and di- rect to Cincinnati in 1864. Here he worked at day's labor. He was then engaged in driving a sprinkling cart in watering the streets; then as driver of a milk wagon. Coming to Avondale, he commenced in the dairy busi- ness with forty-two cows. Since then his business has grown very extensive, and to-day he has the credit of keeping one of the best dairies in Hauiilton county, owning seventy-seven head of cows, and running two milk wagons in connection with his business. Thomas Lambert, retired, residence Avondale. The subject of this brief notice was born in Fifeshire, Scot- land, March 5, 1825, coming to the United States and direct to Avondale in 1850, which has been his home ever since. He is now one of Avondale's pioneers. Here he entered the nursery business, which he carried on very successfully for a number of years. He-entered the grocery business in Avondale, and continued in it up up to 1878, when he retired. Mr. Lambert has been very active in building up Avondale. He has filled sev- eral ofiSces of public trust with honor and credit. He was for twelve years assessor of Avondale precinct. He is now superintendent of streets. John Schroeder, saloonist, residence Avondale, was born near Frankfort on the Rhine, Germany, September 24, 1839. He learned his trade as a carpenter in Ger- many, and in 1867 came to America, landed in New York city, and then came direct to Cincinnati. Here he worked at his trade, and in 1870 he opened a grocery and saloon in Mount Auburn, continuing there until the year 1S77, when he erected his present brick block, which is two stories high, and an ornament to that part of Avondale. Here he entered his present business, which he has continued since. Rev. Hilary Hoelscher, pastor of the Catholic church at Carthage, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 14, 1857, and is the son of John and Mary Elizabeth (Mit- goes) — both parents, natives of Hanover, Germany, hav- ing come to America at an early day. Our subject, when he was two years of age, moved with his parents to Cov- ington, Kentucky. Here he received his education, graduating from the St. Francis college in 1875, when he entered upon his ministerial studies, and was ordained as a minister in 1880, his first appointment being as pastor of the Catholic church at Carthage, which pulpit he is now filling. E. A. Brown, supervisor of Longview asylum, was born in Windham county, Connecticut, and followed farming in his native State. In 1861 he enlisted in com- pany B, Eleventh Rhode Island infantry, where he served full time and was honorably mustered out. In 1876 he came to Hamilton county, Ohio, and received a place in the Longview Asylum as watchman. He was soon after appointed to his present position, in which place he is giving the best of satisfaction. A. L. Stephens, superintendent of the colored depart- ment of the Longview asylum, residence Carthage. The subject of this brief notice was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, July 19, 1839. He was for seven years connected with the lunatic asylum at Dayton. In 1873 Mr. Stephens accepted a position with the Longview asylum, where he has remained ever since. He has been very faithful, and is acknowledged to be the right man in the right place. John T. Colling, warden of the Hamilton county in- firmary, residence Carthage, was born in Aisne, France, in 1834, where he received his principal education. In HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 423 1852 he came to Cincinnati. He was for four years an employe of the Commercial hospital, when he received an appointment from Dayton Asylum, and was superin- tendent of that institution for some two years, and re- turned to Cincinnati and was in charge of the asylum at Lick Run for two years. In i860 he entered the em- ploy of the Western Insurance company as assistant sec- retary for one year, then secretary for nineteen years, be- ing a faithful employe. He was very successful, and took an active part in improving Carthage. He moved there in 1866. He was eight years a member of the council, and trustee of the schools for some ten years, filling these oiifices with acknowledged ability. In 1879 Mr. Colling was appointed to his present position, where he is giving the best of satisfaction. He was married in Cincinnati in 1856 to Miss Elizabeth Sauer, of Maryland, and has five children, four sons and one daughter. J. E. Ash, station agent Cincinnati, Hamilton & Day- ton railroad at Carthage, was born in Logan county, Ohio. When a young man, he went to Bellefontaine and worked in a carriage manufactory as a carriage painter. The work not agreeing with him, he left and began to learn telegraphing, which business he has fol- lowed for the last twenty-five years. He opened the office at Middletown, and was telegraph operator there until he went to Springfield. From there he came to Carthage January i, 1862, as telegraph operator and sta- tion agent. This position Mr. Ash has filled ever since, and is to-day the third oldest railroad operator between Toledo and Cincinnati. While a citizen of Carthage, Mr. Ash has won many warm friends. He has filled several offices of public trust with honor. He was coun- cilman one term and clerk one term. He, in connection with his station agency, operates a coal and lumber yard, which business he has been in for the last ten years. John Bickers, section boss Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, residence Carthage. Was born in Ger- many, having come to Hamilton county in 1852. In 1853 he began work on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad as a section hand. In 1857 he was made foreman of his present section, which position he has filled with the best of satisfaction ever since, and to- day perhaps is the oldest railroad section boss in Hamil- ton county. Mr. Bickers was a member of the Carthage council for two terms, filling this office with acknowl- edged ability. John McCammon, contractor and builder, residence Carthage, was born in Shippensburgh, Pennsylvania, No- vember 9, 1814, and is the son of Thomas and Mary (Piper) McCammon. His father was a native of Ireland, and a cabinetmaker by trade. He died in 1858, aged eighty-six years and two months. Our subject, with his parents, in 1816, came to Cincinnati, floating down the Ohio river in a keel-boat, locating in Cincinnati, where they remained until 182 1, then moved to a farm in Springfield township, Hamilton county. Here Mr. Mc- Cammon remained, working on the farm. In June, 1831, he began to learn the carpenter's trade in Cincin- nati, which business he continued up to 1858, when he was appointed superintendent of buildings of the schools of Cincinnati. This position he filled until June 20, 1875, during which time about all the public schools of this city were erected under his supervision. Mr. Mc- Cammon superintended the erection of the new music hall and the wings. He also superintended the erection of the gas building in Carthage. His life has been very active, and to-day, perhaps, he has superintended the erection of more prominent buildings than any one man in Cincinnati. He was married, June 14, 1840, to Miss J. Bonnel, a native of Hamilton county, Ohio. By this marriage they have had eight children, of whom six are living. In 1868 Mr. McCammon moved to Carthage, which has been his home ever since. Mrs. Hannah French, dealer in dry goods at Carthage, is the wife of the late Mr. French, who was born in England. He graduated from the Kilkenny college and soon after came to America, locating in Chicago, thence to Sandusky, Ohio, where he taught a select school. He then went to Plasdated, on the Peninsula, and here taught school and became acquainted with the subject of this sketch. Miss Hannah Slackford, who was born in London, England, and is the daughter of Thomas Slack- ford, who was a sea-faring man. They, in about 1867, came to Cincinnati. Mr. French was acknowledged to be the best penman around Cincinnati. He taught pen- manship in Covington. He entered the office of Gil- more & Dunlap, as a clerk, and soon afterwards was their general correspondent. In i860 they moved to Carthage. Here Mrs. French commenced the notion and drug store business, being the first to start a drug store in Carthage. She continued in business up to 1879, since which time her sons have been carrying on the business. Mr. French died in April, 1878 — a man respected and honored. Thus passed away one of Carthage's best citi- zens, leaving a wife and four children to mourn his loss. Pedro Benner keeps a drug store at Carthage. He was born in Hamburgh, Germany, in 1851, and came to America in 1855, and in 1S59 came to Cincinnati, where he received his principal education, and then entered a leading drug store in Cincinnati, where he remained for several years as a clerk. In December, 1874, he com- menced business for himself, in Cincinnati. In 1877 he moved to Carthage, and began business in the post office building. Here he remained up to 1879, when he moved to his present cozy quarters, which is the leading drug store of Carthage. Since Mr. Benner came to Carthage his business has gradually improved, and to- day he is doing a very good drug business. Edward P. Oberle, grocer at Carthage, was born in Bavaria, Germany, November 16, 1827. He came to the United States and landed in New York city, in 1853, thence direct to Cincinnati, arriving here in August of the same year. Here he learned the trade of a baker with his brother. In 1855, he moved to St. Bernard, and carried on the bakery business up to 1858, when he moved to Carthage, where he embarked in the bakery trade in a small frame house. In i860 he built his present store and continued the bakery up to 1874, since which time he has been in the grocery business, being very successful. Mr. Oberle, in connection with the 424 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. grocery, is engaged in the lumber and coal business. He was married, in Cincinnati, to Miss Anna Mariah Schreck. She is from Germany, and came to Cincinnati in 1S53. By this marriage they have three children living. Leonard Engel, butcher, at Carthage, was born in Wodenburgh, Germany, April 16, 1836. He came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1855, thence to Indiana, where he remained two years. In 1857 he came to Hamilton county. In 1865, he moved to Carthage. He is the oldest, as well as the most suc- cessful butcher in this vicinity. Mr. Engel has filled several offices of trust. He was elected a member of the city council, but on account of his business he re- signed. He has been a member of the school board for the last four years. Chris Schmidt, gardener, at Carthage, was born in Ger- many, in 1837. He came to the United States and land- ed in New York city in 1854, thence direct to Cincin- nati, arriving there in Maj', of the same year. He engaged in the gardening business. He was a resident of Camp Washington some .ten or fifteen years. In 1870 he moved to Carthage, and in 1873 was elected to the city council, which office he has filled with honor and credit for some two terms. He was married, in Hamil- ton county, to Miss Mary Gruber, of Germany. They have three children. H. H. Lammers, keeper of a hotel and feed store, at Carthage, was born in Oldenburgh, Germany, in 1830. He came to the United States and landed in New Or- leans in 1848; thence he came to Cincinnati, arriving there in January, 1849. Here he began to work at his trade as a wagon-maker, which trade he had learned in Germany. He continued at his trade in Cincinnati up to 1858, when he moved to Carthage and carried on the business until i860, when he entered his present bus- iness. Mr. Lammers has been very successful while 'a resident of Carthage. By his hard work and good man- agement he has accumulated a good property, and made hosts of friends. He was one of Carthage's honored councilmen for one term. He is a hard worker in the Catholic church, taking an active part in the church and school. He is a director of the St. Mary's cemetery, which bids fair to become one of the handsomest ceme- teries around Cincinnati. L. W. Haley, who keeps a tin and stove store at Carthage, was born in Winterport, Maine, in 1848. He learned his trade as a tinner in Waldo county, Maine, when he was eighteen years of age. In 1869 he came to Cincinnati and worked at his trade. In September, 1873, he embarked in business for himself in Carthage, where he has remained since. He is now doing a good business — employing as high as seven men — doing work for the public works in and around Carthage. Mr. Haley has represented Carthage as city councilman for one term, filling that office with honor and credit. Rev. Daniel Heile, pastor of St. Bernard's Catholic church, was born in the province of Hanover, August 6, 1842, and is the son of Bernard and Elizabeth (Schulter) Heile, both parents natives of Germany. Our subject, in 1867, came to America, coming to Cincinnati. He entered the St. Francis college, where he remained for several years. After receiving a thorough education, attending different colleges, he was ordained as minister July 26, 1874, at Oldenburgh, Indiana. He was for six years pastor of St. Stephen's church, of Hamilton, Ohio, when, in 1880, Father Heile received a call from his present church, where he has filled the pulpit ever since. G. H. Esselmann, superintendent of the German Catholic cemetery, at St. Bernard, was born in Hanover, Germany, May ii, 1853; came to the United States and landed in Baltimore in 1871, coming direct to Cincinnati. Since then he has learned his trade as a steel polisher, working in Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Mansfield, thence to Cincinnati. He was for four years connected with the St. Joseph cemetery. In 1879 he was made superintendent of the present cemetery, which position he has filled with ability since, giving the best of satis- faction. He married, in 1878, Miss Katie Estermann, she being a native of Cincinnati, her parents locating here at an early day. Joseph Wallrath, superintendent of the New German cemetery near St. Bernard, was born in the Rhine prov- ince, Germany, May, 1848; came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1867, coming direct to Cincinnati. Here he was engaged in landscape gar- dening, being concerned in laying out some of the finest places in Clifton. He made a visit to California, remain- ing a short time. He returned to Cincinnati and again entered his profession as a landscape gardener, and was made superintendent of the new cemetery, which so far is acknowledged to be one of the handsomest cemeteries around Cincinnati. Bernard Strothman, gardener near St. Bernard, was born in Hanover, April 19, 1841; came to the United States, and landed at New York city, in 1854, thence to Cincinnati. Here he was engaged by day's labor. In 1864 he entered his present business, in which he has been very successful. He built the improvements on his present place, which consists of four and one-fifth acres of land, all in good order. Mr. Strothman attends to the gardening. He married, in Cincinnati, Miss Henrietta Faurnan, of Germany, by whom he has had five children. Frank Kaufmann, grocer, St. Bernard, was born in Prussia in 18 16. Here he learned his trade as a black- smith. He soon after came to America and landed in New York city in 1848. He then went to Pittsburgh. Here he worked at his trade, and was married to Miss Mary Brandhover. After remaining there until 1850 Mr. Kaufmann, with his wife and one child, came to Cincinnati, where he worked at his trade up to 1854, then on the Reading road some two years, when, in 1856, he came to St. Bernard and worked at his trade for a number of years, when he engaged in the gro- cery business, and coming to Cincinnati with but little money, is to-day one of the most successful and highly respected business men of St. Bernard. He has five children. Mathias Schulhnf, grocer, St. Bernard, was born in H. KNUWENER. Herman Knuvvener, head of the prosperous firm of Knuwener & Verhage, owning and managing the Cincinnati soda and mineral water works, is of full German blood on both sides; was born in Hanover, now in Prussia, July 23, 1848; the oldest son of William and Lizzie (Huxal) Knuwener, both natives of the same German State, and both are still living at the old home in the Fatherland. He was educated in the elementary schools, under the compulsory system of school attend- ance long in vogue throughout Germany. In his fourteenth year he began active Ufa among total strangers at Diepholtz, some distance from his native place. He engaged as an apprentice in the dry goods business, serving according to the German system, not only without pay, but at his own cost for instruction in the business. For four-years he sustained this burden, not being allowed the use of any money, and being pledged against the use of tobacco in any shape, his father sign- ing a bond that he would observe an agreement to this effect. At the expiration of his apprenticeship, feeling opposed to the stern, severe military laws, which would presently have called him into needless ser- vice for three years, he resolved to emigrate to America, and again started out alone in the world. He landed in New York in 1866, came on at once to the Queen City, and for about a year did not engage in business, but improved his time in learning the language of his adopt- ed country and taking a full course in Nelson's Business college. His acquaintance in the city, and with the English speech, then enabled him to obtain a situation in the now great dry goods store of Alms & Doepke, then a comparatively small establishment in the old building at the head of Twelfth street. He was given the honorable post of salesman at the front counter, and was otherwise very kindly treat- ed by the firm, to whom he justly attributes the beginning of his for- tunes in Cincinnati. He was with them but a year, however, and then entered as a salesman the store of Messrs.C. Steinkamp & Co. , on Main street above Twelfth, in which, after only about half a year, he became a junior partner. He went out of this connection in 1874, and the house has since become extinct. Mr. Knuwener sold his interest to Mr. Steinkamp, and embarked in the soda and mineral water manufac- ture, buying the business of his father-in-law, Mr. J. H. Overdyck, at 719 Home street, after the death of the latter. He conducted the business alone until 1876, when the establishment was consolidated with the similar works of Mr. Henry Verhage, on Walnut street, and the two joined their energies m a strong and prosperous partnership. In the spring of the same year, they moved to the much more spacious and convenient quarters they now occupy, at 270-2 Sycamore street, near the corner of Eighth street, where their business and popularity have grown upon their hands until they now have the largest estab- lishment of the kind in the city and in the State of Ohio, and probably in the entire west. They have certain specialties in soda fountains (steel) not enjoyed by any other house in the city, and now supply most of the dealers in soda-water. Their business is almost exclusive- ly with city retailers, and is a good, safe traffic, which nets them very profitable results. Mr. Knuwener is the sole manager in charge of the works, and to him may be credited the success and prosperity of the firm. He has taken time, however, to interest himself somewhat in politics and other affairs, and is a member of the Lincoln club and sundry other organizations. In 1880, though a Republican, he was elected, against his inclination, in the strong Democratic Sixteenth ward, a member of the board of councilmen, in which he is now acceptably serving his constituents. When the new committee of the council was formed on the consumption of smoke, under a recent act of the legis- lature, he was appointed a member of this important committee. In the council he has kept a vigilant eye upon the public interests, partic- ularly the plunder of the city treasury, and not long since moved a resolution of inquiry into the vast expense of the city advertising, which was passed and has already been productive of much good. Mr. Knuwener was married in Cincinnati February 23, i87r, to Miss Louisa, daughter of Mr. J. H. Overdyck, a well-known German citizen, and Mrs. Henrietta (Dunker) Overdyck. Their children num- ber two: Millie and Henry Knuwener. The family live in a pleasant residence at No. 388 West Court street. HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 425 Hanover, Germany, October 8, 181 1. He came to the United States and landed in Baltimore July 13, 1833, where he remained in that vicinity for about four years, working as day laborer. In 1837 he came to Cincinnati and worked at gardening. He soon after began teaching school, and followed school teaching for some six years. In 1850 Mr. Schulhof started in the gardening business where is now located the Catholic graveyard, which busi- ness he continued there until 1862, when he began the grocery business, which he has continued in St. Bernard ever since, being now one of its highly honored pioneer settlers. Mr. Schulhof married Miss Catharine Dickmann, who came to Cincinnati at an early day. She was a good Christian lady, respected and loved by all. She died January 26, 1877. There are five children liv- ing — two sons and three daughters. George Young, blacksmith, St. Bernard, was born in Camp Washington December 30, 1845, and is the son of George Young, who came to Hamilton county at an early day. Our subject is to-day the pioneer blacksmith of St. Bernard. He is now engaged at the blacksmith business, employing three hands in the manufacture of wagons and the general blacksmith business. He mar- ried Miss Annie Sprung, of Cincinnati. By this marriage they have seven children living. Mr. Young was a sol- dier in the late war, serving in the Twenty-second Indi- ana volunteer infantry, company B, for two years and a half. He was a faithful soldier, and was honorably mus- tered out at the close of the war. The subject of this sketch, Jacob Ries (deceased), of St. Bernard, was born in Germany in 1822. He came to the United States in 1841, coming direct to Cincin- nati. In 1856 he moved to St. Bernard. Here he was actively engaged in business up to his death, which oc- curred in 1880. He was a man liked by all for his up- rightness and honorable dealings. He took an active part in the building up of St. Bernard. He died re- spected and loved by a host of friends. He was an ac- tive member of the Catholic church. Thus passed away a kind father and a loving husband, leaving a wife and five children to mourn his loss. He was married in Cincinnati in 1848 to Elizabeth Morio, who came to Cin- cinnati with her father, Michael Morio, his wife and four children. Herman Witte, a resident of St. Bernard, was born in Hanover, Germany, February 18, 1820. He learned the bakery trade, and in 1845 he sailed for America, and landed in Baltimore. Here he worked for some six months at his trade, and in the same year (1845) he came to Cincinnati, coming here very poor, having only a five-franc piece, which was soon after stolen from him. He, besides working at his trade, worked on the railroad and at other labor until he, in 1850, entered the grocery business on the corner of Race and Green streets. In 1852 Mr. Witte moved to St. Bernard, and has been one of its honored and respected citizens ever since, and is now one of the oldest settlers of the place. He moved in a little frame house, where he carried on business un- til 1861, when he built his present place of business. Mr. Witte was married in 1850 to Miss Rosena Stubbe, of Hanover, Germany. She came to Cincinnati in 1848. By this union of marriage they have had seven children, of whom four are living. Mrs. Carrie Meyer Eckert, a resident of St. Bernard, was born in Baden Baden, Germany, and is the wife of the late Val Eckert, who was born in France in 1815. He came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1834. He went then to New Orleans, and in 1845 came to Cincinnati. Coming here in meagre cir- cumstances, he went to work at day labor. He managed well, and by hard work he accumulated a good property. In 1854 he moved to St. Bernard, where he became one of its most honored and prominent citizens, taking an interest in the building up of the town. He was married in Cincinnati in 1846 to Carrie Meyer, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Eckert died in 1878, leaving a wife and five children to mourn his loss. Mrs. Julia A. Kemper, of St. Bernard, was born in Mill Creek township, Hamilton county, Ohio, March 31, 1820, and is the daughter of John Boswell, who came to Hamilton county from Maryland as early as 1812. He farmed here up to his death. Of that family there are five children living: George, Elizabeth, Mary Jane, Alex- ander and the subject of this sketch, who has remained a resident of Mill Creek township ever since she was born. She was married in 1841 to the late Reuben Kemper, who was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, July 28, 1813, and is the son of Presley Kemper, who was one of the pioneers of this county. Reuben Kemper was raised on the farm. He also followed the tannery business for sev- eral years, but spent the greater portion of his life on the farm. He died on the old farm respected and honored, leaving a wife and four children: Robert, Henry, Mary E. and Sarah. Thomas Branch Weatherby, retired, a resident of Col- lege Hill, was born in Thetford, Vermont, July 20, 1802, and is the son of Danforth and Lucy (Stiles) Weatherby. Our subject, with his father and family, in 1806 started in wagons for Kentucky, but on their way, after being out eleven weeks, arrived in Cincinnati, where they located, remaining there until about 1808, when they moved to Columbus, and in 1809 returned to Cincinnati, living in a rented log cabin on the land where the Grand Hotel is now located. In 18 10 the family moved to Eighth street, between Broadway and Sycamore. Here they remained until 1816, when they moved to a farm in Springfield township. In 183 1 the father and mother moved to Oxford, where they both died. Our subject engaged in farming on the old farm, which he purchased in 1832, where he has remained ever since. Mr. Weath- erby was married in Springfield township to Miss Mercy Van Zant. She was born in Hamilton county, her par- ents being among the early settlers, by whom they have had four children. A. B. Johnson, superintendent of the Avondale public schools, was born in Ogden, New York. His father was a teacher of thirty years' experience, and gave his son a good education in the schools of his native town and in those of Rochester, New York. -He also learned to work on a farm, and afterwards studied book-keeping 426 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. and the principles of penmanship, and the knowledge thus gained enabled him to earn a sufficient amount to graduate him in the Oberlin college, which occurred in the year 1853. He taught school in the college, and dur- ing vacations on the evenings and Saturdays of each week he posted books. In 1856 he received the degree of A. M. He taught school one year after graduating in New York, having charge of the Academy of Sodus, Wayne county, of that State. In 1855 he came to Avon- dale, where he has been elected superintendent of the school twenty-five times in as many years, without a sin- gle opposing vote in the board of education of his place. He has been for years an active member of the teachers' association of Hamilton county; has been county exam- iner of teachers of his own county, and now holds the position as one of the State examiners of applicants for State certificates. His estimable wife has labored with him during these long years of toil, and done much to make the schools of Avondale what they are. John Trotter, sexton of Spring Grove cemetery, was born in Scotland May 12, 1836. In 1863 became to America, and landed in New York; thence to Chicago, Illinois, where he remained, engaged in the gardening business, until 1867. In 1869 Mr. Trotter entered the employ of the Spring Grove cemetery as gardener. In 1 87 1 he was made the sexton, which position he has filled very satisfactorily since. Keeshan & Weber, grocery and meat store, Avondale, is one of the leading business firms of Avondale. The meat store was established about the year 1864 and was one of the first meat markets of the place. Mr. T. J. Keeshan is a native of Ireland, having come to Amer- ica when very young. He has been engaged in the mer- cantile business for the last twelve years. Mr. Henry Weber is one of the old pioneers of Hamilton county. He was engaged in farming m Glendale. Afterwards the firm of Keeshan & Weber was formed, since doing business in Avondale. SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. Rudolph Rhemboldt, of Springdale, formerly an en- terprising business man of Cincinnati, was born in Baden, Germany, December 27, 1827, His father was a brewer and gave him a good education in this business, he hav- ing attended the colleges of Carlsruhe and Freiburg, Ger- many. In 181 8 he emigrated to America and began in the brewer's business as teamster for Kauffman, where he remained for three years. He made a visit to Europe but returned in 185 1 after a short stay, and went into the commission business on Fourth street, and soon after into the brewer's business again as one of the partners of Glass & Brauer. In 1854 he married a daughter of Mr. Kauffman, and in 1856 went into the firm of Erchenlaub & Kauffman, on Vine street, which business he conduct- ed with success until 1877, when he retired from ac- tive life and settled on his farm. William P. Bruce, of Glendale, Springfield township, was born in Fleming county, Kentucky, December 7, 1832. When eighteen years of age he formed a part- nership with a Mr. Chappell in the merchandise business, and later a Mr. Mclntyre was admitted, and the firm continued thus until 1865, when Mr. Bruce, in the firm of Chappell, Bruce & Mclntyre, came to Cincinnati and located at 44 West Fourth street, where they kept a wholesale dry goods store. In 1873 Mr. Bruce went into the real estate business at 73 West Third street, but in 1875 removed to Glendale, where he operated until 1876 with Mr. Mclntyre in the general merchandise trade, and since that time with his son, under the name of W. P. Bruce & Son. Mr. Bruce's grandfather came from Scotland and settled in Virginia, but removed to Kentucky, where his father (William P.'s), was born. The family of Bruces is a large one, and includes some of the oldest prominent citizens of that State. The grandfather was high sheriff of his county, and his nu- merous descendants are well and favorably known. Major James N. Caldwell, of Carthage, was born in Franklin, Warren county, Ohio, November 17, 181 7. His father, Samuel Caldwell, was a master builder in Philadelphia, from which place he moved to Cincinnati in 1794, and settled at North Bend. He afterwards kept a (Jry goods store in Cincinnati; but moved to Franklin in 1808, where he died in 1848. He was a prominent man, holding the offices of judge of the common pleas court, was a member of the legislature, also a State senator. J. N. Caldwell received a good, liberal educa- tion at the college of Hanover, Indiana. Was a cadet at the West Point academy from 1836 to 1840, grad- uating at that time and promoted to brevet second lieuten- ancy, and from there served in the Florida war — 1840 — as second lieutenant, and on frontier duty from 1841 to 1845; then in the recruiting service, one year after which he was placed at different posts in Texas, and promoted to the positions of first lieutenant and then to that of captain. In 1861 he entered the service as commander of the barracks at Key West, Florida, and was promoted to major of infantry February 27, 1862, his corps operating principally in Tennessee and Ken- tucky. December 31, 1862, for gallantry and meritori- ous services at Murfreesborough, Tennessee, was pro- moted to brevet lieutenant colonelcy. In 1863, on account of ill health and disability, he retired from the service, and was for one year — 1866-7 — member of the executive board of candidates for promotion in the army at Louisville, Kentucky. January i, 1866, per special order No. 198, A. G. O., he was detailed as professor of military science at Louisville, Kentucky, and at his own request relieved in 1869, since which time he has lived on his farm at Carthage. Elijah Vancleve is as on of Asher, who came to Cole- rain township, Hamilton county, in 1802. He was a local preacher, a justice of the peace, and a highly re- spected and very public-spirited citizen of the county. He was killed by a runaway team in 1844. Elijah was born in 1832; and after some years of maturity had come upon him, he flat-boated from Cincinnati to New Orleans for about five years. He enlisted in the Mexican war, went south one time, but was discharged on account of sickness. In the late war he entered the service of com- pany K in 1861, as second lieutenant in the Fifth Ohio cavalry, was promoted to the first lieutenancy, and mus- HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 427 tered out as captain, December, 1864. His regiment formed part of the army of the Tennessee. When twenty years of age he learned the carpenters' trade and has followed the same business ever since. In 1862 he was married to Miss Adda Cummings, of New York. They are comfortably located in Glendale, and are mem- bers of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Vancleve is also a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity of his place. John P. Decker, the able and efficient superintendent of the Cincinnati infirmary at Hartwell, was born in Mt. Auburn, July 28, 1841. His parents were of Germanic birth, the father being born near Strasburgh and his mother near Mentz. When nineteen years of age the father came to America and in 1853 died in Cincinnati. John was raised a farmer near Hartwell, and experienced the usual hardships common to orphans (his parents were both dead when he was thirteen years of age), be- ginning life empty-handed and without friends. But he was sturdy, honest, reliable, and in the main successful. In the beginning of the war he was in the South, and in order to escape joined the Confederate army, where he remained about twenty-four hours, and on making his way to St. Louis entered the army under General Fremont. He also served in the Red River expedition and after- wards was with Sherman in his raid to the sea. In 1865 he was mustered out and went to work as a farmer at the infirmary. In 1871 he held the position as captain of the guard under Ira Wood for five years at the work- house* In 1876 he was appointed as lieutenant of the police force of the Twenty-fifth ward, and in 1877 as superintendent of the city infirmary. In 1878 he was legislated out by the O'Conor legislature, and until 1880 was United States store-keeper, appointed by Amor Smith, collector of the First district, at the end of which time he was reappointed to the position of superinten- dent of the infirmary. His amiable wife, formerly Miss Elizabeth Smith, of Cincinnati, matron of the infirmary, is a woman well fitted for the position she holds, having worked in and filled all the minor posts of the institution previous to her promotion. The infirmary now furnishes a home for five hundred and sixty persons. George W. Bacon, grocer, of Glendale, Springfield township. He was initiated into his business as clerk for Aaron A. Colter & Co., Sixth and Race streets, Cincin- nati, and afterwards for five years with Abner L. Frazier & Co., No. 44 Walnut street, in the same city. Thus, with eight years' experience in all, he came to Glendale and formed a partnership with McCormick, which was continued up to January, 1880, when Mr. Bacon began business for himself. He was born in Carthage, Ohio, in 1852; received a good common school education in his own village, and in the high schools of Cincinnati. He was married to Amanda M. Langdon, daughter of William Langdon, in October, 1879. Her parents were old settlers of the county. Joseph Sampson, bricklayer and plasterer in Lockland, in which business and town he has been for the past twenty-two years. His father, James Sampson, was an old settler of the county, being eighty four years of age when he died in 1878. In 1854 Mr. Sampson was mar- ried to Miss Jane Dotey, of Carthage, at which place he lived a short time, but since then in Lockland where he has followed his business and in which he has been very successful. He is at present engaged in building a large cotton factory. One son, Albert, the oldest, is married and lives at Cleveland, and is a telegraph operator on the Short Line. His son John is in business with his father. Mr. Sampson is not only comfortably located in the town, but owns considerable property in the country. Captain Charles Ross, of Carthage, Springfield town- ship, the well known steamboat captain and pilot, was born in 1806 in Warren county, Pennsylvania, where his parents (Scotch descent) had removed from New Jersey in 1800. In 1 810 the family removed to Columbia, Hamihon county, and from there to Cincinnati in 1815. When twelve years of age he went to New Orleans, go- ing on a barge down and walking part of the way back. After this he took several trips down and back in steam- boats. In 1825 he commenced piloting steamboats to and from Cincinnati and New Orleans, and, when the river was too low, running keel-boats and flat-boats. Between the years 1825 and 1852 he commanded not less than thirty steamers of different classes, and during all that time never met with any serious accident. In Buchanan's administration he was appointed super- vising inspector of steamboats, with headquarters at St. Louis. During the war he helped to get up regiments, and volunteered to help the Cincinnati surgeons to the fight at Fort Donelson, and brought back a boat-load of sick and wounded to Cincinnati. His boat plied be- tween all the important places on the Mississippi and the Yazoo rivers, sometimes carrying troops, at other times bringing off sick and wounded. He did efficient service for Admiral Porter, and also transported Colonel Gar- field's regiment from the Big Sandy to the south. He was at Lexington, Kentucky, during the Morgan raids, and was at the siege of Vicksburgh; at this place he had an operation performed on his hp, to remove an epithelia or lip cancer, cutting off the whole of the lower lip. It would take a volume to recount all the romantic incidents connected with the captain's history during the war; suffice it to say he performed gallant service until he resigned, June 11, 1864. He has travelled with many distinguished men, such as Andrew Jackson, Gen- eral Scott, General McComb, General Harrison, General Samuel Houston, Colonel David Crockett, Colonel Thomas Benton, Zachary Taylor, Prentiss,' and a host of others. He has now two sons and three daughters grown up, twelve grandchildren and three great-grand- children. His wife is dead. Mary I. Brown, of Wyoming, was born in Cincinnati in 1830, and when twelve years of age her father, An- thony Ireland, moved to Springfield township, where she has lived ever since. Her father, Mr. Ireland, was born in New Jersey in 1778, and settled in Ohio at an early day. He was a boss carpenter, and left many monu- ments of his life work in Cincinnati and elsewhere to attest to the industry and honesty of the man. In 1822 he was married to Miss Phoebe Collins, who was born in 1800, and by her had four children. He died in Lock- 428 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. land in 1862; she died in 1854. In 1862 Mis. Brown was married to Daniel Brown, whose father was an old settler of the township. Mr. Brown was through life an active, public-spirited citizen, and was one of the first to lay out and advance the interests of Wyoming. He died in 1877. Nathan W. Hickox, of Glendale, came with his father from the battle-grounds of Wyoming in 1836 to Ohio, when but seventeen years of age. His father was a farmer, and was born near Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1793. In 1816 he married Miss Laura Waller, and in 1862 he died. Mr. Hickox, carpenter and builder, learned his trade in 1847, ^"^ followed the business in Cincinnati until 1852, since which time he has built many houses in the town in which he lives. Mr. Hick- ox has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church for forty years, is one of the deacons, and is also superintendent of the Sabbath-school. He has been married twice, his last wife being Miss Ann Drake, of Butler county. He built himself a nice residence in 1869. J. M. Miller was born in Lancaster county, Pennsyl- vania, in 1831, and was engaged while a boy on his father's farm, attending school through the winter. At the age of eighteen he commenced teaching, and while not thus engaged attended the academy in the village during the summer months. In the spring of 1856 he removed with his family to Illinois, and while there he taught a short time; then removed to Lawrenceburgh, Indiana, where he taught eight years. In the spring of 1863 he became principal of the Camp Washington school, now the twenty-fourth district; and after four years of successful teaching, he left for a more lucrative position at Lockwood, Ohio, where he has been engaged ever since, with the exception of four years that he taught at Carthage. In 1874 he was appointed one of the examiners of the county, which position he has held for seven years. SYCAMORE TOWNSHIP. Major James Huston, jr., farmer and teacher, the old- est of twelve children, was born of Irish parentage, No- vember 20, 1819, in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. The parents, Paul and Mary (Carruthers) Huston, moved to Hamilton county in 1823, where they lived seven years; and thence to Logan county, Ohio. James Huston received a good frontier education in the schools of that day, and received a careful training at home. In 1837 he came to Hamilton county and found work on a farm, and in 1838 taught school one year in Warren county. In 1840 he went to New Orleans but returned to Ohio via Lebanon, Tennessee, where he taught school for six months and in 1841, resumed work in the school- room in Hamilton county, where he remained in that profession until 1850, when he went to California, by way of Panama, and where he remained digging in the mines until 1852. When he returned he came to Hamil- ton, and again taught school. At the breaking out of the war he entered the service as captain of company I, in the One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Ohio volunteer infantry. In 1861, he was elected member of the Ohio legislature and reelected in 1863. In 1870 he was ap- pointed assistant in the county treasurer's office, and, since 1865, has devoted himself to farming in Sycamore township. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Lloyd Smethurst Brown (deceased, of Reading) a re- tired merchant and capitalist of Sycamore township, was born October 24, 1822, in New York. His father was a shoemaker, and at an early date settled in Columbia, Hamilton county, Ohio. From here the family removed to Cairo, Illinois, and from there to Vevay, Indiana, thence to Evansville, Indiana, where the father died, in 18 1 9, and the mother in 1822. They left an orphan. Mr. Brown went to live with his uncle, Lloyd Smethurst, near Montgomery, Hamilton county, Ohio. He learned tinsmithing, and, after two years spent at his trade, en- tered a store in Montgomery, where he remained until 1840, and embarked in business for himself in the same place, and, with the exception of one year in Cincinnati, remained in Montgomery until 1846, when he moved to Lockland, where he bought an interest in the Turnpike company (Cincinnati and Xenia), and was elected its secretary and treasurer, and has been devoted to the set- tling of estates and to the insurance business. In 1875 he was elected to the Ohio legislature, and became an honored and useful member of that body. On October I, 1840, he married Margaret A. Weaver, a native of Vir- ginia. In 1879, after living a prominent member of society, he died. Wesley Smizer, M. D., was born in Clermont caunty, Ohio, February 28, 1828. He was the youngest son of seven children. His father, Phillip Smizer, was a farmer, engaging extensively in agricultural pursuits in Maryland. He was an early settler in Clermont county, and died there in 1839. His mother, Mary Carmon, was a native of Ohio, and died there in 1870. Wesley Smizer, al- though raised a farmer, received a liberal education, and ■ in 1849 began the study of medicine, under Henry Smizer, of Waynesville, Ohio, graduating, after a period of study of three years, in 1852. He first practiced in Paducah, Kentucky, but his health failing, at the end of eight months he was obliged to return to Waynesville, where he remained for three years. He attended a course of lectures at the Cincinnati Eclectic college, and graduated from that institution in 1856, and immediately afterwards went to Sharonville, where he has practiced his profession ever since, and has been successful in securing a large practice. He was married to Elizabeth Hook, a native of Hamilton county, in 1858. Her father, William Hook, was a prominent resident, and a successful farmer of that place. Libues Marshall, a well-known fire insurance agent of Sharonville, was formerly in the saddlery, and harness business, which trade he learned when he was seventeen years of age; but in 1867 he took an agency for the yEtna insurance company, and has continued in the bus- iness ever since, having at this time the agency for sev- eral companies. His father was a citizen of Reading. During the War of 181 2 he was a stone-mason on the forts then erected. Libues was born in Reading, Ham- ilton county, December 16, 1816. In 1838 he married HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 429 Miss Belinda Voorhees. She died March 4, 1877. Of this marriage but one child survives, now married and living in Indianapolis, Indiana. Mr. Marshall has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church since 1842, of which he is trustee, steward, and class-leader. H. I. Kessling, of Reading, was a native of Germany, born in Hanover, of that country, in 1821. He came to Cincinnati in 1849. His father was a good scholar and prominent man, being the mayor of the district court in Furstenan. "Mr. Kessling is a well-known baker of Cin- cinnati, where he operated on the corner of Clinton and Linn streets in that business for over twenty years, and still carries on that enterprise in the person of his son, who is a young man of some ability and fitness for the business. Mr. Kessling came to Redding in 1866, and bought some valuable property, intending to start a coal and lumber yard; but the advent of the Short Line rail- road changed his intentions, and he has since kept a wine-room. Daniel Lawrence, one of the most prominent men of Reading, was a native of New Jersey, born in that State April 7, 1809. His father, Jonathan, was a farmer, and had served a regular apprenticeship, and afterwards car- ried on the business in a successful and scientific man- ner. His grandfather, whose name also was Jonathan, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. He was born in 1757. Jonathan, jr., was born in 1776, and removed to Ohio in 181 7. Mr. Lawrence served an apprentice- ship in the tanning business, and worked in Deer Creek, on the old Hunt tan-yard, for four years. In 1836 he came to Reading and followed his business until 1869, when he sold out, having during that time made consid- erable money. He is now enjoying a retired life. In 1840 he was married to Laura Foster, daughter of Judge Foster, with whom he lived twenty-five years. In 1866 he married Mrs. Woodruff, nee Cortlewan, granddaughter of Abram Voorhees, and by her has two children living. Mr, and Mrs. Lawrence are comfortably fixed in cosy quarters, and are highly cultivated people. Harvey Voorhees, who lives on the same farm his father. Garret Voorhees, moved upon in 1794, was born on this place, near Reading, August 22, 1819. His grandfather, Abram Voorhees, was born in Somerset county, New Jersey, September 16, 1733, and emigrated to Hamilton county about the year 1793. Garret, his son, born June 9, 1763, moved from New Jersey to Hamilton county in 1791, coming down the river in a flat-boat, and landed at the fort in Columbia, and from there the family, after the war closed, settled upon sec- tion thirty-three, in a station-house — Garret moving to where Harvey now lives in 1794. Garret Voorhees died December 14, 1861. The family experienced a series of hardships common to the settlers of Indian times. Har- vey Voorhees was never married. Jacob Voorhees, the well-known justice of the peace in Reading, is a grandson of Abram Voorhees, the early pioneer, who settled on section thirty-three. Sycamore township, about the year 1794. Jacob Voorhees, sr., father of the subject of our sketch, was a public spirited citizen, and was a colonel at one time in the army. His son, Jacob Voorhees, was born and reared in Cincinnati, where he learned and followed the trade of carriage- making until about the year 1855, when he came to Read- ing, and has since that time lived a public life, filling the various offices of assessor, justice of the peace, etc., for several years. Mr. Voorhees is a prominent man and a highly esteemed citizen of his town and township. John Cooper, of Sycamore township, was born in Mill Creek in 1820. In 1832 his father moved to Reading, and in 1853 moved to the farm upon which he now lives. In 1847 he married Miss Oliver, who is now dead. His grandfather came to Cincinnati in 1793, following in the wake of Wayne's army. He was also a spy in the Revolutionary war. His son Thomas, father of John, by his third wife, married Hannah Storrs, sister of Judge Storrs, about the year 181 1, and by her had ten children. He was a prominent man in his time, having been a surveyor of the county ; also served as county commis- sioner for fourteen years. In 1831 he purchased three hundred acres of ground near Reading, part of which John now owns. Mr. Cooper is and ever has been a public spirited-citizen of his county. He has filled posi- tions of trust on the board of public works and has been identified as a leader of public improvements in general. The Cincinnati & Xenia turnpike is largely owned and controlled by him, and under his management it has been a successful, paying road. Peter Jacob, of Reading, came from France. Was a stone-cutter by trade, and is the oldest saloonist in Read- ing, having been in that business in that place for thirty- five years, and in which he has made considerable money. He served one term as mayor of the town, and has been sixteen years member of the village council, and has also filled the office of street commissioner. He had a son — now dead — who served in the war, and was also marshal of the town. Mr. Jacob owns some valuable property in the town of Reading. H. Ihlendorf, of Reading, proprietor of the livery sta- bles of that place, was born in Germany in 1848. His father was a prominent man of his place, and knowing the advantages of a good education sent him to college, where he became conversant with the ancient and modern languages. In 1870 he came to Cincinnati and took a course of instruction in St. Joseph's college, in the study of the Enghsh language, and was offered a position as teacher, but, preferring business to a sedentary life, came to Reading, where he first started the dairy business, but changed soon after for a livery and undertaking enterprise. He was married in 1874 to Miss Carrie Goeke, and by her has four children. APPENDIX. GENERAL HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY. The following statistical statement, from the returns made for the tenth census, should be read in connection with Chapter X, on the progress of Hamilton county: MANUFACTURING STATISTICS OF 1880, FOR HAMILTON COUNTY, EXCLUSIVE OF CINCINNATI. IHng Flour and grist' Lumber and saw-imlling Brick and tile making Slaughtering and meat packing Boot and shoe making Paper making Agricultural implements Blacksmithing Carpentering and building Carriage and wagon making Coopering Saddlery Cigar making Hame making Marble cutting Tailoring and clothing Tinsmithing Soap making Jewelry Brewing, distillmg, and wine makmg. Confectionery and baking Furniture making Painting, house and carriage Stove manufacturing Starch making Willow ware making.. Bookbinders' tools Fertilizers 1880 (excepting Cincinnati). 1870 (including Cincinnati). 12 $147,300 $179,767 11 29,400 56,209 9,=oo 4,410 i 13,50c 33,715 I-i 7,650 8,650 8 370,000 15,000 332.480 1.350 49 24,57° 16,350 <, 7. 450 13,500 27 29,150 18,900 ' 175,700 301,200 12 5,325 5,657 b 4.500 10,465 2 27,500 18,997 • 4,500 2,000 . 29,000 118,480 7 3,675 7,100 I 2,900 3,000 I 4,000 200 3 315,000 950 308,700 I 7,000 8,000 6 1,925 3,000 I 3,080 T 2,600 2,000 2 700,000 290,000 2 575 650 I 800 200 2 362,000 i55>ooo 227 $2,303,170 $1,904,060 2,4b9 42,646,152 44,876,148 $263,420 97,900 4,650 48,050 36,230 38,350 466,500 236 John Filson. — Since the printing of the sheet con- taining a notice of Filson, in Chapter V, of this volume, we have found the following remark in the second edi- tion of Collins' History of Kentucky, volume I, page 640: A memorandum left by his brother says he was killed by an Indian on the west side of the Ohio, October i, 1788, about five miles from the Great Miami river, and twenty or twenty-five from the Ohio — a few miles northwest of Glendale, Hamilton county, Ohio. [The possessor of this work is recommended to pass through it with pen or pencil, and correct it according to the memoranda below and the errata prefixed to the second volume. It will heighten the pleasure of subse- quent reading, and prevent some misconceptions of the text.] Page II — First-column, twenty-second line from the bottom, for "five," read " four." Page 12 — Sixth line, for " Little," read "Great." In the list of post offices, for " Banesburgh," read " Barnesburgh;" for " Newton," read " Newtown;" for *' Pleasan Ridge," "Pleasant Ridge;" for "Shann- ville," " Sharonville;" and insertan asterisk after " Walnut Hills," and a comma before the same. Page 18 — In the second line of the table, for " Land," read " Sand." Page 29 — Read the latter part of the sentence just before the middle of first column thus: " Their system of signals placed on lofty sum- mits, visible from their settlements, and communicating with the great water courses at immense distances, rival the signal systems in use at the beginning of the present century." Page 34 — In seventeenth and twenty-fourth lines, for "Miamis, " read " Munsees," Page 39 — Eighteenth line, for " impartial," read " important." Page 41 — First column, fifteenth line from the bottom, for "mayor," read "major." In the second column, twenty-first line, for "north- westward," read " northeastward." Page 43 — Second column, second line from the bottom, for "for" read "from." Page 45- -Second column, twenty-third fine, for "four," read "three." First column, thirty-fourth line, for "Green township," read ' 'Springfield township, excepting the north tier of sections, which belong to another surveyed township." The statement in the text is that usually made in regard to the College township. It is, however, certainly wrong. In the Reply, published in Cincinnati in 1803, to Judge Symmes' appeal to the committee of Congress to accept the second township, in the second fractional range (now Green), as the College township, the "proprietors, " after citing the familiar clause in Symmes' " terms of sale and settlement," promising the reservation, foracademic purposes, of the entire section nearest the point opposite the mouth of the Lick- ing, say : "Agreeably to this provision, the third towttshipof the first entire range on Mill creek, was set apart and designated on the map of the purchase by Mr. Symmes as the College township, so early as the year 1789, and for a considerable time after he refused selling it." This statement is confirmed by an appended extract from the journal of the Territorial legislature, held in Cincinnati in 1799. The township described is now, of course, identified as six-sevenths of Springfield township. Green was never the College township, except in the desire and intention of Judge Symmes, who vainly, and through several years, tried to secure its acceptance as such by the Territorial, State, or Federal authorities. The writer is very happy to be able thus to settle one of the vexed problems of local history. Page 47— Second column, twenty-fifth line, for " here," read "have." Page 50 — Second column, eleventh line from the bottom, for "Gam," read " Gano." Page 56 — First column, twenty-third fine from the bottom, for " too," read " the." Page 62 — First column, eleventh Hne from the bottom, for "feet," read " seat." Page 63 — Fifth line, for "Timraons," read "Truman." Page 66 — First column, twenty-first and twentieth lines from the bottom, for " seat of county," read " county seat." Page 78 — First column, seventeenth line from the bottom, for " ar- rived," read "armed;" second column, twenty-fourth line, for "which," read " what," Page 81 — Second column, thirteenth line, for "Memories," read " Memoirs." Page 83 — Second column, thirty-first hne, for "Colonel," read " Colonels;" next line, for "A. M. Mitchell," read " O. M. Mitchel;'' sixth line from the bottom, for " many," read "several." Page 84 — Twenty-sixth hne, for "near the place," read "in the tosvnship;" twenty-ninth line, for " ridge," read " bridge." Page 85 — Second column, twenty-second line from the bottom, for " introductionary," read "introductory." Page 90 — Fifteenth line, for ' ' six months," read " three years.'' Page 99 — Second column, sixth line from the bottom, for " Cook,'' read " McCook." Page it2 — last hne, for "Merr," read " Moor." Page 113 — Twenty-second Hne, for "Mori," read "Moor." Firsj column, sixteenth and fifteenth lines from the bottom, for "centre - charge," read "counter-charge." Page 120 — First column, fourteenth and twenty-fifth lines from the bottom, for ' ' Lewell," read " Sewell;" tenth line, for "twenty-seventh,' read "forty-seventh;" second column, twenty-first hne from the bottom, for "star," read "southern." Page 122 — Twenty-second hne, for "now," read "recently." Page 19s — Sixteenth hne, for " with them," read "them to with,'' similarly correct fourth line, second column, page 196; foot note, for "thousand," read "business;" second column, sixteenth line, for " Sunmanville," read " Summansville." HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. 431 Page ig6 — Eighteenth Hne, for " closer," read " closed." Page 197 — Fifth line, for " A. M.," read " i'. M." Page 198 — First column, ninth line from the bottom, for "three hours," read "the hour." Page 199 — First column, sixth line from the bottom, for "Remkle, " read " Runkle;" second column, twelfth and sixteenth lines from the bottom, and in several places thereafter, for "Brubeck," read "Bur- beck." Page 204 — Second column, thirteenth line, for "T. S. Potter," read "J. A. Booth." Page 207 — First column, twenty-fifth line from the bottom, for "re- puted," read "reported." Page 210 — Second column, twelfth line, for "nine-five," read "nine- ty-five. Page 214 — Second column, fifteenth line from the bottom, for "mil- lion," read "hundred thousand;" thirteenth line, for "forty," read "forty-two;" twelfth line, strike out "two hundred;" eleventh line, for ''fifty," read "fifty-eight;" tenth line, for "one," read "two, "and after "cents," insert "and $r, 000, 000 six per cents." Page 2r6 — Second column, twenty-first line from the bottom, strike out "and sixty." Page 217 — Second column, seventeenth line from the bottom, for "1814," read "r824." Page 218 — Twenty-third line, for "four," read "five." Page 224— Second column, fifth line from the bottom, for "1857' read "1857." Page 230 — Second column, fourteenth line from the bottom, for "de- lay" read "day." Page 236 — First column, twelfth line from the bottom, for "prompt" read "pomp and." Page 240 — Second column, eighth line from the bottom, for "1878-8" read "1877-8." Page 242 — Eleventh line, for the third "of," read "to;" ninth line from the bottom, first column, for "Newton," read "Newtown." Page 246 — Second column, twelfth line from the bottom, for "ridge," read "bridge." Page 255 — First column. Sixteenth line from the bottom, for "thrice," read "twice;" second column, twenty-second line from the bottom, for "first." read "just." Page 257 — Second column, ninth line, for "southeast," read "south- west." Page 260 — First column, for "Williamson Paul." read " Paul Wil- liamson. " Page 262 — Transfer the paragraph relating to the Morgan raid from Pleasant Run to Bevis ; in the second line of the paragraph, for "occu- pied," read "crossed." Page 264 — First column, eighth line from the bottom, for " county," read ' 'township." Page 267 — Second column, eleventh line from the bottom, for "1705," read "1795." Page 273 — Second column, twenty-third line, for "Gazette," read "Gazetteer." Page 274 — Second colunui, twenty-sixth line from the bottom, for "Newton," read "Newtown." So page 275, eleventh hne. Page 276 — Second column, sixteenth line, and fifteenth line from the bottom, for "Cavalt," read "Covalt." Page 277 — First column, seventeenth line from the bottom, for "she," read "he." Page 279 — Second column, fourteenth hne from bottom, for "has," read "was." Page 280 — Sixth line, for "Wickersham," read "Wickerham;" second column, twenty-fifth line from the bottom, for "whool." read "wool." Page 282 — Ninth line, for the first "of." read "to." Page 283— Second column, twenty-fourth line, for "Britterfield, " read "Butterfield. " Page 289 — Fifteenth line, for "fortune," read "future." Page 290 — First column, twenty-second hne from the bottom, for "William H. Bentlett, " read ','Josiah Bartlett," Page 293 — Second column, twenty-ninth line, for "or'" read "of." Page 297 — Second column, thirtieth line, for "Du Qusne," read "Du Quesne." Page 298 — Twenty-ninth line, for "CuUour," read "CuUom." Page 299 — Second column, ninth hne from the bottom, for "Goff," read "Gaff." Page 300 — Second column, fourth line, for "Delphi," read "Delhi;" ninth line from the bottom, for "greatly," read "gently." Page 301 — Second column, twenty-second line, for "form," read "from." Page 302 — First column, sixteenth line from the bottom, for "town- ships," read "sections;" second column, seventh hne from the bottom, and last hne, for "Bondinot." read "Boudinot" — also in three places upon the next page. Page 307 — Seventh line, for "west," read ' 'war." Page 308— Second column, twelfth line from the bottom, for "legis- lation." read "legation." ■ Page 309 — twentieth line, for "Hewitt." read "Howitt." Nextline. for "letter," read "letters." Page 310 — First column, fourth line from the bottom, for "Bendinot and Sims," read "Boudinot and Symmes." Last line, for "now," read "late." Page 311 — Second column, second line, from the bottom, for "you," read "your." Page 312 — First column, thirteenth hne from the bottom, for "quar- ter," read "corner;" second column, thirteenth line from the bottom, for "appropriately," read "approximately." Page 313 — Tenth line, for "viver," read "river." Page 316 — First column, third line from the bottom, for "Punny,'' "read "Penny;" second column, seventeenth line, for "Lynne," read "Lyme." Page 321 — Seventh line, for "damned." read "dammed;" twenty- eighth hne. for ' 'after," read "often;" seventeenth line from the bottom, for "Spata," read "Sparta." Page 322— First column, twenty-sixth line from the bottom, for "Chapter IV," read "Chapters V and VI." Page 323— Twenty-fifth line, for "crop," read "cross;" second column, ninth line, for "imminence," read "luxuriance." Page 324 — Twenty-fifth hne, for "sight," read "site." Page 328 — Twenty-seventh and thirty-second lines, for "Bondinot," read "Boudinot/' Page 329 — Twenty -fourth line, for "going," read "growing." Page 330— Second column, sixteenth line from the bottom, for "Dr. Stephenwood," read "Dr. Stephen Wood." Page 331— Twenty-seventh hne, for "Shuts," read "Short's;" next hne, in two cases, for "Shut," read "Short." P'ige 335— Eighth and twelfth lines, for "Gaudy," read "Goudy." Page 336— Second hne, for "finally," read "firmly;" twenty-sev- enth hne, in two cases, for "Erchel," read "Erckel." Second column, tv.'enty-seventh Hne, for "Kember," read "Kemper." Page 337 — Twentieth linefrom the bottom, remove "Carthage," and rnake it a head to this and the following paragraphs. Page 342 — Eleventh line, for "Bondinot." read "Boudinot;" second column, ninth line from thr bottom, for "away." read "way." Page 343— First column, eighth hne from the bottom, for "front," read "feet." Second column, twenty-fifth line, for "Flamer," read "Flamen." Page 345— Second column, sixteenth line from the bottom, for "Erkenbecker," read "Erkenbrecker;" twenty-first line, for "Faug- man, " read "Fangman. " Page 346— First column, twenty-second line from the bottom, for "fort," read "forte. Second column, eightli hne from the bottom, for "Carey," read "Gary;" sixth line, for "are," read "were." Page 349— Twenty-second line, for "cut," read "out." Page 350 — Second column, twenty-fifth line from the bottom, for "tracks." read "tracts." Page 351 — First column, eighth hne from the bottom, for "picture, " read "Picture." Second column, first line, for "of," read "at;" twenty- second hne from the bottom, for "horses," read "houses." Page 353— Second column, fourteenth line (rom the bottom, for "Covall's, " read "Covalt's." Page 357 — First column, fifth line from the bottom, for "journal of a tour," read "Journal of a Tour." Page 358— Second column, seventh line from the bottom, for "track," read "tract." Page 3S9— Fifteenth hne, for "fuel," read "food;" eighteenth line, for "with," read "is worth;" twenty-ninth line, for "Langworth." read "Longworth;" thirty-eighth line, for "i88o," read "1870." Page 361 — First column, eleventh Une from the bottom, for "the," read "two." Page 363— Twenty-seventh hne, for "McCasken," read "Mc- Cashen;" twenty-third hne from the bottom, for "Lochland," read "Lockland." Second column, twelfth line, for "the," read "two." Page 364 — First column, twenty-fifth line from the bottom, for "then," read "than." Second column, fourth line, for "are, " read 432 HISTORY OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO. and for "firm," read "farm;" thirteenth line, for "the," read "an. thirty-third lin Page 365 — Ninth line, before "once," insert for "relative," read "relation." Page 367 — First colimin, last line, for "transit," read "Transit." P.ige 36g — Second column, thirty-first line, for Elenord," read "Elenora. " Page 370— Twenty-eighth line, put "and Gary B." after "Iowa." Page 377— Seventh line, for "or," read "as;" first column, twenty- ninth line from the bottom, for "Grauque," read "Giauque;" thirty- fourth line, for "Stenell," read "Sterrett." Page 37S — First line, after "which," insert "was;" sixth line, for "Mendham," read "Windham;" first column, si.\teenth line from the bottom, for "leading," read "reading." , Page 379 — Second column, eighteenth line from the bottom, for "Baldwood," read "Baldwin;" ninth line, for "Cogg," read "Cogy;" sixth line, after "years," read "ago." Page 381 — Fifteenth line, for "shown," read "shone." Page 384 — Ninth line, for "these," read "three;" second column, eleventh line, for "administrate," read "administer." Page 386— First column, twentieth line from the bottom, for "Hitts," read "Hilts." Page 387 — Sixteenth line, for "Haldermann," read "Haldeman." Page 388 — Twenty-sixth line, for "considerable" read "consider- ably;" and for "same," read "corresponding;" second line, for "only," read "one;" second column, twentieth line, for "otherwise,'' read "other ways;" seventh line from the bottom, for "Shawn," read "Sharon;" second line, for "or," read "of" Page 392 — Second column, fourteenth line, for "Cortelym," read "Cortelyou." Page 393 — Fifteenth line, after "south," insert " line of the town- ship;" first column, twenty-fourth line from the bottom, for "Vooheese- town," read "Voorheesetown;" second column, eighth line, for "and the," read "another," nineteenth fine from bottom, for "admission," read "a division;" eighth line, for "Cortelym," read "Cortelyou." Page 394 — First column, seventh line from the bottom, after "cen- tury," read "later." Page 395 — Second column, seventeenth line, before "his," insert "at." Page 398 — Second column, twenty-seventh line, for "Frorence, " read "Florence." Page 399 — First column, second line from the bottom, and in several places above, for " Nenfarth," read " Neufarth." Page 402 — Second column, fifth line, for "pretty," read "petty." Page 404 — Thirty-second fine, for "cheery," read "cherry." LbD'U