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 No. 32 
 
 The Foun<jfe t)f America 
 
 'Steadfast for God and Country" 
 
 AN ADDRESS BY 
 
 WINCHESTER FITCH, B. L. 
 
 Member of New York Society of Founders and Patriots: Member of New 
 
 York Historical Society, Registrar of the New York 
 
 Genealogical and Biographical Society, Etc. 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE 
 
 The New York Society 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Order of the Founders and Patriots of America 
 
 AT THE 
 
 Hotel Manhattan, New York 
 January 10, 1912 
 
E 
 
 «8 
 
a/ 
 
 Pi 
 
 . Officers of the New York Society Order of the 
 ^ Founders and Patriots of America, 
 
 1911-1912. 
 
 Governor 
 
 THEODORE OILMAN, 
 
 55 William Street, New York. 
 
 Deputy Governor 
 EDGAR ABEL TURRELL, 
 76 William Street, New York. 
 
 Chaplain 
 
 REV. LYMAN M. GREEMAN, 
 
 68 Clinton Ave., New Brighton, S. L, N. Y. 
 
 iPCYPiiQiY'^ 
 
 WILLIAM EDWARD FITCH, M. D. 
 355 W. 145th Street, New York. 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 MATTHEW HINMAN, 
 
 416 Broadway, New York. 
 
 Stale Attorney 
 
 GOODWIN BROWN, 
 
 135 Broadway, New York. 
 
 Registrar 
 
 JOHN C. COLEMAN, 
 
 100 Broadway, New York. 
 
 Genealogist 
 
 JOHN ELDERKIN, 
 
 110 W. 57th Street, New York. 
 
 Historian 
 
 REAR ADMIRAL EBENEZER S. PRIME, U. S. N. 
 
 Huntington, Long Island. 
 
 Councillors 
 
 1909-12 
 
 MAJ. GEN. FREDERICK D. GRANT, U. S. A. 
 
 HOWARD KING COOLIDGE, 
 
 THOMAS REDFIELD PROCTOR. 
 
 1910-13 
 
 REV. EDWARD PAYSON JOHNSON, D. D. 
 
 THEODORE FITCH, 
 
 COL. GEORGE E. DEWEY. 
 
 1911-14 
 
 COL. RALPH EARL PRIME, 
 
 GEORGE CLINTON BATCHELLOR, L. L. D. 
 
 LOUIS ANNIN AMES. 
 
"^teabfagt for (gob anb Countrp" 
 
The Founders of America 
 
 WINCHESTER FITCH, B. L. 
 
 Member of New York Society of Founders and Patriots; Member of 
 
 New York Historical Society; Registrar of the New York 
 
 Genealogical and Biographical Society, Etc. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Although a new country, ours is an old civilization. As the 
 inspiration of American music is not to be found in the savage 
 chants of Aborigines, but in the development of the musical 
 ideas of our ancestors ; so in one sense our history does not begin 
 with Columbus, but at the first chapter of the Bible, which was 
 the Puritan Code, or at the latest, with Archbishop Langton and 
 the barons of Runnymede, who wrested Magna Charta from 
 King John, A. D. 1215. 
 
 In reviewing the history of modern Europe there are certain 
 years marked by such events that they have become landmarks 
 of progress. The fall of Constantinople, the invention of the 
 mariner's compass which facilitated voyages of discovery, the 
 use of printing which revived learning and distributed the Bible, 
 the Renaissance, the work of Savonarola and the Humanists of 
 Florence where Pulci (1431-1487), like Seneca and Strabo, fore- 
 told the discovery of the New World ; the end of the Wars of the 
 Roses, the Reformation from 1517 to 1689, the growth of indus- 
 tries, the rise of the middle class, the defeat of the Spanish 
 Armada in 1588, the heroic struggle of Holland, aided by Eng- 
 land, against the obsolete and horrible tyranny of Spain and the 
 Inquisition, ending by Spain's recognition of Dutch indepen- 
 dence in 1609; the rise of the Scotch covenanters in 1639, the 
 English contest against the Stuarts ending like the Reformation 
 in 1689; the noble struggle of Zwingli, Calvin, Coligny and 
 Conde in Switzerland and France, Coligny's unsuccessful pro- 
 ject of 1562 when he sent Ribault to settle Carolina, the heroism 
 of the Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572, encouraged 
 only to be abandoned by Henry of Navarre, whose edict of 
 Nantes in 1598 was revoked in 1685 when hideous atrocities and 
 outrageous persecutions sent forty thousand fugitives to England 
 and many to America, depriving France in 25 years of a million 
 people; the splendid story of the Bohemian, German and Scan- 
 dinavian princes, peasants and protestants; the end of the 
 
British War with France in 1763; it is such events as these that 
 keep certain years memorable for good or ill. 
 
 These great landmarks in the history of the Europe of our 
 ancestors, should be celebrated as American holidays, as well as 
 the great anniversaries that are associated with our own soil. 
 
 Some of the actors in these events seem akin to us, as if they 
 had been Americans before the discovery of the New World; 
 and the study of their family history rewards us by proving that 
 their blood flowed in the veins of some of those who become 
 Founders of America. Their great ideas flashing through the 
 brains of their friends and followers, resulted in the realization in 
 the New World of what they had merely dreamed in the Old. 
 
 Roger Bacon, the Father of Modern Science; Simon de Mont- 
 fort, the Patriot; Chaucer, the brother-in-law of John of Gaunt, 
 the protector of Wycliffe; Caxton and Tyndale; Ruechlin, 
 Grocyn, Linacre, Fisher, Colet, Sir Thomas More and Erasmus, 
 Roman Catholics, but not bigots; the thirteenth and fifteenth 
 Earls of Oxford; Sir William Locke, Sir Thomas Gresham, Sir 
 Edward Osborne, the "clothier" or manufacturer of woolen 
 cloth, whose descendants were Dukes of Leeds, some of the 
 Cloptons, Waldegraves and Joslyns; Willoughbys, Wingfields 
 and Wentworths; Sir Charles Brandon, Sir Thomas Wroth, 
 Lady Jane Grey, Sir John Gates, Sir Thomas Wyatt, the Marian 
 exiles and martyrs. Sir Philip Sidney, the perfect knight, an 
 aristocrat with a democratic heart, who secured a map of Amer- 
 ica in 1582 from Michael Locke; the heroic Coligny; the Earl 
 of Lincoln, Lord Say and Sele, Lord Brooke, Lord Rich, the 
 second Earl of Warwick; Sir Edwyn Sandys, Sir Walter Mild- 
 may, the fighting Veres, Lord Bacon, Archbishop Grindall and 
 his chaplain Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, Shakespeare 
 and his patron the Earl of Southampton who was also the patron 
 of Gosnold and Weymouth; Desboro, Hampden, Vane, Honey- 
 wood, Haslerig, Fleetwood, Eliot, Pym, Fairfax, Ludlow, 
 Milton and Cromwell; all these had more or less of what is now 
 known as the American spirit, and American pedigrees] name 
 many of their kinsmen, friends and followers. The Wars of the 
 Roses were the close of the feudal era and well authenticated 
 American pedigrees prove that some of the soldiers of Richmond, 
 the representative of progress, were descendants of crusaders 
 and forbears of early settlers in America. The victory at Bos- 
 worth Field in 1485 was an American victory. The accession 
 of King Henry VH, the patron of the Cabots, was not only the 
 introduction of new industries, the revival of learning, and the 
 renaissance into the upper circles of the English people, but the 
 triumph of principles that held the germs of democracy. Not- 
 withstanding the conservatism of the English majority and the 
 oppressive policies of the Tudors and Stuarts, the development of 
 these principles could not be arrested, but led to the settlement 
 of the new world and the accession of William and Mary. 
 
 The character of the English monarchy from the time of 
 
Henry VI until the accession of Elizabeth was abnormal. His- 
 tory was confused and contradictory, but as Green says: — 
 
 "At the moment when the policy of (Thomas) Cromwell 
 crushed the church as a political power and freed the growing 
 monarchy from the constitutional check which its independence 
 furnished, a new check offered itself in the very enthusiasm 
 which sprang out of the wreck of the great religious body. Men 
 stirred with a new sense of righteousness and of a divine govern- 
 ment of the world. Men, too, whose natural boldness was quick- 
 ened and fired by daily contact with the older seers, who re- 
 buked David or Jezebel, could not hold their peace in the pres- 
 ence of wrong. While nobles and statesmen were cowering in 
 silence before the dreaded power of the Kingship, the preachers 
 spoke bluntly out — not only Latimer but Knox, Grindall and 
 Lever had uttered fiery remonstrances against the plunderers of 
 Edward's reign. Bradford had threatened them with the divine 
 judgment which at last overtook them. 'The judgment of the 
 Lord! The judgment of the Lord,' cried he with a lamentable 
 voice and weeping tears. Wise or unwise, the pamphlets of the 
 (Marian) exiles only carried on this theory to its full develop- 
 ment. The great conception of the mediaeval church, that of the 
 responsibility of kings to a spiritual power was revived at an 
 hour when kingship was trampling all responsibility to God or 
 man beneath its feet. Such a revival was to have large and 
 beneficial issues in our later history. Gathering strength under 
 Elizabeth, it created at the close of her reign that moral force of 
 public opinion which under the name of Puritanism brought the 
 acts and policy of our kings to the tests of reason and the gospel. 
 However ill directed that force might be, however erroneously 
 such tests were often applied, it is to this new force that we owe 
 the restoration of liberty and the establishment of religious 
 freedom. As the voice of the first Christian preachers had broken 
 the despotism of the Roman empire, so the voice of the preachers 
 of Puritanism broke the despotism of the English monarchy." 
 
 —Green U\, 120. 
 Bayne in his essay on "Christian Civilization," says: 
 
 "In the beginning of the sixteenth century, two spectacles were 
 presented on the stage of Europe. The proud Church of St. 
 Peter at Rome was slowly rising in pillared magnificence 
 toward Heaven as if making its appeal for divine countenance; 
 and an unknown monk in the convent of Erfurth, his face pallid 
 through fasting and watching, was on his knees sending his 
 earnest prayer to God for light. The fame of St. Peter's went 
 over Christendom. Tetzel came selling indulgences to raise 
 money for its completion. Yes; the somewhat puzzling progress 
 of humanity had brought it to this: Christianity in the 
 first century was preached by Paul; Christianity in the six- 
 teenth was preached by Tetzel. The revival of letters had not 
 got near the heart of nations; on the 31st of October, 1517, 
 Luther posted his theses on the church door at Wittenberg; and 
 
in six weeks Europe was awake. The philosophy, the arts, the 
 poetry of antiquity had once more risen before the eyes of 
 Europe. That enhghtenment which had been mere dead fuel 
 crushing the life out of Christendom now, kindled by faith, 
 burst forth into a true and dazzling illumination: that Reforma- 
 tion epoch commenced which dating from 1517 to 1688 is, I 
 think, take it all in all, the greatest in the history of the human 
 race; Christianity led freedom by the hand to bless the nations. 
 Great Britain and North America, the centres of civil liberty for 
 the world are also and have been the great centres of Protes- 
 tantism." 
 
 The Barons' War and the Parliaments of Edward I. had made 
 England the freest country in the world; and the Continental 
 protestants were protected in England under Henry the Eighth 
 and Elizabeth; but during the Marian persecution and under 
 the later years of Elizabeth, when Whitgift had succeeded Arch- 
 bishop Grindall, and under the Stuarts, Frankfort, Geneva, 
 Strasbourg and the Netherlands protected a noble host of Eng- 
 lishmen who refused to change their religion with each new reign. 
 We Americans laugh at the Vicar of Bray as at a vaudeville 
 lightning-change artist; but it must be admitted, if we grant the 
 right of the state to prescribe uniformity in religion and the right 
 of the King to rule by personal government, that he was merely 
 a law-abiding citizen ; and as the great Paulet said of himself he 
 was "a willow, not an oak." What is known as the "New- 
 England Conscience" guided the mind of Sir Thomas Moore, 
 the Roman Catholic, and Archbishop Grindall, the Puritan, and 
 is as old as heroism and martyrdom, but the apology of Green 
 for the Vicar of Bray type is not convincing to Americans of the 
 20th century: — 
 
 "It is idle," Green says, "to charge Cecil or the mass of 
 Englishmen who conformed with him in turn to the religion of 
 Henry, of Edward, of Mary and of Elizabeth with baseness or 
 hypocrisy. They followed the accepted doctrine of the time that 
 every realm through its rulers, had the sole right of determining 
 what should be the form of religion within its bounds. What the 
 Marian persecution gradually pressed on such men was a con- 
 viction, not of the falsehood of such a doctrine, but of the need of 
 limiting it. Under Henry, under Edward, under Mary, no dis- 
 tinction had been drawn between inner belief and outer conform- 
 ity. Every English subject was called upon to adjust his con- 
 science as well as his conduct to the varying policy of the state. 
 But the fires of Smithfield had proved that obedience such as this 
 could not be exacted save by a persecution which filled all Eng- 
 land with horror. While refusing freedom of worship, Cecil, like 
 Elizabeth, was ready to concede freedom of conscience and in 
 this concession we can hardly doubt that the bulk of Englishmen 
 went with him. Catholics shared with Protestants the horror of 
 the persecution. To Protestantism, indeed, the horror of the 
 persecution had done much to give a force, as it had never had 
 
before. The number of Protestants grew with every murder 
 done in the name of Catholicism, but they still remained a small 
 part of the realm." 
 
 Queen Elizabeth showed the "same intellectual contempt fo*^ 
 the superstition of the Romanist as for the bigotry of the Protes- 
 tant." She wore mourning for the victims of the St. Barthol- 
 omew massacre, but agreed with King Henry of France that "a 
 kingdom was well worth a mass." She retained eleven of Queen 
 Mary's council, but added Protestants who had conformed in 
 that reign, including Lord Parr, Lord Bedford, Sir Thomas 
 Parry, Edward Rogers, Sir Ambrose Cave, Francis Knollys, 
 and Sir Nicholas Bacon. 
 
 Another striking defence of these Vicars of Bray is the follow- 
 ing from the Leviathan of Thomas Hobbes, who lived from 1588 
 to 1679:— 
 
 "Another doctrine repugnant to Civil Society is that whatso- 
 ever a man doeth against his conscience is sinne and it dependeth 
 of the presumption of making himself judge of good and evill. 
 For a man's conscience and his judgment is the same thing; and 
 as the judgment so also the conscience may be erroneous. 
 Therefore though he that is subject to no civill law, sinneth in all 
 he does against his conscience, because he has no other rule to 
 follow but his own reason, yet it is not so with him that lives in a 
 Commonwealth ; because the Law is the publique conscience by 
 which he hath already undertaken to be guided. Otherwise in 
 such diversity as there is of private consciences, which are but 
 private opinions, the Commonwealth must needs be distracted 
 and no more dare to obey the Sovereign Power further than it 
 shall seem good in his own eyes." 
 
 It was in other words an effort to fit every subject to the bed of 
 Procrustes, and Queen Elizabeth who vowed to "root out" the 
 Puritans, prosecuted her own subjects for professing the dogmas 
 of the Protestants she aided in France and Holland. Protes- 
 tantism was her policy, but her faith was not that of even her 
 own appointee as Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Grindall, 
 whom she drove into retirement, for what would now be known 
 as missionary zeal. On the walls of the English college at Rome 
 are depicted the sufferings of Papists under the rule of her whom 
 they call "Bloody Elizabeth." The rule of Calvin was marred by 
 the persecution of Servetus, who died a martyr in the Roman 
 Catholic faith. 
 
 Yet, because Rev. John Cotton, President Oakes of Harvard 
 and Rev. Nathaniel Ward, author of the Massachusetts Body of 
 Liberties, in his "Simple Cobbler of Agawam," opposed general 
 toleration of those whose doctrines were deemed dangerous in 
 the theocracy; and, although the Stuyvesant persecutions in 
 New York were more vigorous, they and their disciples are 
 singled out and pilloried in the public mind as narrow-minded, 
 obstinate and ignorant bigots, unique in their generation. The 
 
fault lay in the spirit of the age; and the glory of the Pilgrims, 
 Roger Williams, Hooker, the Calverts, and Penn, but particu- 
 larly that of WiUiam the Silent and Archbishop Grindall, is the 
 greater because they rose above their contemporaries and 
 brought about the beginnings of Toleration. The men of Flush- 
 ing, Long Island, and his sister, Mrs. Bayard, deserve honor for 
 ending the persecutions of Governor Stuyvesant. 
 
 Cecil's relative, Robert Browne, while the brilliant advocate 
 of Toleration and Independency, found it impossible to live in 
 England under Elizabeth, and adopted the view of Cecil and 
 Paulet as expounded by Green to save his life. He merely be- 
 came like the Vicar of Bray, a law abiding citizen; but John 
 Fiske says: 
 
 "The flimsiness of Browne's moral texture prevented him 
 from becoming the leader in the exodus to New England. That 
 honor was reserved for William Brewster, son of a country 
 gentleman who had for many years been postmaster at Scrooby. 
 The office was one of high responsibility and influence. After 
 taking his degree at Cambridge, Brewster became private secre- 
 tary to Sir William Davison (whose wife was akin to Lord 
 Francis Bacon and the Lords Dudley and Cecil) and he accom- 
 panied him on his mission to the Netherlands. The feelings with 
 which the late Queen Elizabeth had regarded Puritanism were 
 mild compared with the sentiments entertained by her successor. 
 He could see that in fighting Spain and aiding Dutchmen and 
 Huguenots she was strengthening the very spirit that sought to 
 pull monarchy down. In spite of her faults which were neither 
 few nor small, the patriotism of that fearless woman was superior 
 to any personal ambition. It was quite otherwise with James. 
 He was by no means fearless, and he cared more for James Stuart 
 than for England or Scotland. He succeeded in arraying against 
 the monarchical principle the strongest forces of English life, 
 the spirit of nationality, the sentiment of personal freedom, of 
 Calvinism and out of this invincible combination of forces has 
 been wrought the nobler and happier state of society in which we 
 live today. 
 
 "The Puritans saw that their only hope lay in resistance. If 
 any doubt remained it was dispelled by the vicious threat with 
 which the King broke up the Hampton Court Conference in 
 1604: T will make them conform or I will harry them out of the 
 land.' This prescribed hypocrisy or migration." 
 
 The founders of New England chose migration. 
 
 Herbert wrote : 
 
 "Religion stands on tiptoe in our land 
 Ready to pass to the American strand." 
 Milton says that he perceived that "tyranny had invaded the 
 church" and that he "who would take orders must subscribe 
 slave and take an oath withal," and decided against this profes- 
 sion. Elsewhere he laments that the "fury of the bishops" has 
 
 8 
 
driven "faithful and free-born Englishmen to forsake their 
 dearest home" for the "savage deserts of America." 
 
 Carlyle says: "One wishes there were a history of Puritanism, 
 the last of all our Heroisms, but sees small prospect of such a 
 thing at present. Few nobler heroisms, at bottom, perhaps no 
 nobler heroism, ever transacted itself on this earth." 
 
 About twenty thousand Puritans came to New England ; but 
 there are many Americans today who venerate King Charles as a 
 martyr because they remember his personal virtues and charm 
 and forget his treachery, his profanity, his utter failure and de- 
 pravity as a King; just as they fail to differentiate in Arch- 
 bishop Laud his great qualities as scholar and prelate from his 
 fatal defects as a statesman, devoid of charity and mercy for 
 those who disagreed with him in matters of religion, but having 
 the unquestioned right to dictate the doctrines to be upheld in 
 the pulpits of the State church. 
 
 Although the United States of the 20th century have become 
 cosmopolitan in race, culture and religion. New York having 
 been so from the first, — even the Hudson River, although visited 
 by Cabot in 1498, Verazzano in 1524 and Gomez in 1525, having 
 been named for an Englishman employed by the Dutch, as 
 Columbus was an Italian employed by Spain, — and although the 
 Roman Church has grown so powerful that there are four 
 American cardinals among the princes of the Church, it must be 
 admitted that in the main the early founders of America in the 
 broadest vsense were British Puritans and Quakers and French 
 Huguenots who came here for freedom of conscience: and Dutch, 
 Danish, Swedish and German Protestants and English Episco- 
 palian Royalists who came here for secular purposes in the spirit 
 of the California Argonauts of 1849: with a minority of others, 
 including Jews in New York and Newport, and Roman Catho- 
 lics in Maryland and New York, who sought liberty of citizenship 
 and religion; and many indentured servants and adventurers 
 who, when not in sympathy with the majority of the ruling 
 elements of the population, were at times in certain places, nota- 
 bly in Virginia, Maryland and New York, excluded from partic- 
 ipation in political affairs, like those on the Mayfloiver who were 
 not included in the distribution of the land, or accepted as 
 citizens; and like those in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who 
 were not members of the ruling church. But finally most of 
 these who were crowded out of the Old World became useful and 
 prosperous citizens of the New. Later on came soldiers of Mon- 
 mouth and Scotch covenanters and even followers of the Stuart 
 Pretenders. Still later Germans from the Palatinate and fugi- 
 tives from Ireland. Some were forced to come through poverty, 
 sometimes more honorable than wealth; others came through 
 defeats in war, and through political earthquakes that made old 
 homes unstable. 
 
 Although the Dutch influence in the United States is still 
 great, and some writers even of British descent, have sought 
 
to make it paramount, and have even tried to transmute the 
 English blood of Hudson and Penn into Dutch, it must be 
 admitted that American history is not the continuation of the 
 History of Holland, which neglected and soon lost its American 
 colony, but a continuation of the History of England, where the 
 arrival of thousands of Dutch and Huguenot fugitives had how- 
 ever helped to increase popular sympathy with the Reformation. 
 
 As Professor Fisher has said: — 
 
 "On the accession of James, there were fresh incentives to 
 colonization. All through the sixteenth century there had been 
 a complaint in England of a redundancy of population. Such 
 were the relations of classes and the state of industry that the 
 peasant class had to endure much poverty and distress, and the 
 conviction spread that some relief must be found. Crimes 
 multiplied to a fearful extent and were not checked by the cruel 
 character of the penal laws. Under Elizabeth in the protracted 
 conflict with Spain, and in the wars in the Netherlands, there 
 had been an outlet for surplus energy, employment for the 
 restless and adventurous. Now, with various other sorts of 
 idlers, there were not a few disbanded soldiers from the Low 
 Countries, for James in his first year suspended hostilities with 
 Spain, and in the year following signed peace with that country. 
 The day for the exploits of heroes like Drake and Raleigh was 
 over. After the period of discovery, and of voyages prompted 
 largely by dreams of sudden conquests and dazzling riches, the 
 time had come for more sober and better contrived plans of 
 emigration. Imagination was still alive, for the New World 
 was yet to a great extent a mystery. But plentiful experience 
 of disaster and failure had not been wholly in vain." 
 
 The failures of Ribault and Frobisher, the experiences of Sir 
 Walter Raleigh with Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1578, when Sir 
 Philip Sidney aided by a subscription of money, with Sir Richard 
 Grenville in 1584, and John White in 1587; the failures of Gos- 
 nold under the patronage of the Earl of Southampton in 1602, 
 of Gorges, George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert, in Maine in 
 1607, demonstrated that colonization was too expensive for 
 private individuals to undertake; and both Holland and England 
 realized that corporations must be organized to make the coloni- 
 zation of the New World successful. The Dutch East India 
 Company was formed in 1599, the Dutch West India Company 
 was conceived in 1600, but was not chartered until June 1621, 
 King James chartered the Southern Virginia Company of the 
 Londoners and the Northern Virginia Company of the West of 
 England men in 1606. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company 
 sent Henry Hudson to explore New Holland and New Nether- 
 lands, and the new charter of the London Company limited its 
 territory to a point 200 miles north of Old Point Comfort. The 
 great men in these famous corporations, although few of them 
 ever saw the New World, were in fact, founders of America, and 
 
 10 
 
many of them helped to send settlers to these shores who were 
 in many instances their own kinsmen. 
 
 It is difficult to determine the precise dates that divide our 
 annals. Even the date of the discovery of the New World is 
 disputed by the Chinese, Irish, Icelanders, Norse and Welsh; 
 but Columbus annexed America to Europe and the 12th day 
 of October, 1492, known not as Discovery Day, but as Columbus 
 Day, is the date celebrated. Even the date and the place of the 
 first shot of the Revolution is uncertain as priority is claimed 
 both by North Carolina and Massachusetts. 
 
 Although previous but unsuccessful efforts to colonize the 
 New World deserve remembrance, and although the Spanish 
 founded St. Augustine on the 8th of September, 1565, the year 
 1607 in which the Pilgrims fled to Holland, and Jamestown was 
 settled and a colony in Maine failed, has become the date which 
 marks the close of the Period of Exploration, and the beginning 
 of the Period of Colonization. 
 
 It was not until the landing of the Mayflower that new ideas 
 were planted in America, for the founders of St. Augustine and 
 Santa Fe were conservatives from Spain, and those at James- 
 town were conservatives from England; and although the 
 French built "LeFort d'Anormee Berge (Norumbega) on the 
 Collect Pond on Manhattan Island about 1540 and the Dutch 
 built four summer shelters for sailors there between 1610 and 
 1613, New Amsterdam was until 1626 no more than a trading- 
 post, but a prophecy of the magnificent commercial metropolis 
 of the continent. Mr. George Rogers Howell in the first pub- 
 lication of the New York Society of Founders and Patriots fixes 
 these dates definitely and says: 
 
 "The claims of England and France, if she had any, were in 
 abeyance. It is a matter of record that the Dutch visited these 
 shores from 1614 to 1624 for trading with the natives. But only 
 for trade. The voyage of the ship, 'New Netherland' from 
 March to May, 1624 was the first attempt to plant a colony 
 within the bounds of New York State, and these colonists all 
 went to Fort Orange (Albany) and Delaware, except those who 
 may have gone to Connecticut. In 1625 the Hulst settlers all 
 went to Albany. The settlement on Manhattan seems to have 
 been in the spring of 1626." 
 
 Thus, the first permanent settlements were in Virginia, 1607: 
 Massachusetts, 1620; New Hampshire, 1623; New York, 1624; 
 Maryland, 1634; Connecticut, 1635; Rhode Island, 1636; New 
 Jersey, 1630-1660; Delaware, 1638; North Carolina, 1653-1660; 
 South Carolina, 1670; Pennsylvania, 1681. 
 
 The French founded Kaskaskia in 1685 and d'Iberville's 
 patent to colonize Louisiana was granted in 1698. It was not 
 until 1805 when Rogers and Clark had explored the Columbia 
 River that much was known with exactness concerning the 
 great West, which was claimed by conflicting patents. Peary 
 
 11 
 
is a successor of Columbus, and the missionaries that civilized 
 Hawaii are, in one sense, founders of an American colony. 
 
 As Georgia was not settled until 1733, and the Louisiana Pur- 
 chase was not made until 1803, and Texas and Alaska, Hawaii, 
 Porto Rico and the Philippines were likewise not in our original 
 domain, it is impossible to name one date that marks precisely 
 the end of the Period of Colonization. It is sometimes given as 
 1733. To determine this date, Dr. Charles Henry Smith says 
 of "The Foundation Period of American History:" — 
 
 "After a while food became abundant, homes were made 
 secure, necessities were followed by comforts, luxuries began to 
 appear and the various amenities and activities of prosperous 
 civilized life were successfully established in the New World. 
 The foundation of America had been laid." 
 
 Beginning in Virginia and New England about 1648 this 
 condition was by 1689 fulfilled in all the thirteen colonies, 
 Georgia, of course, excepted. 
 
 Among the foundation stones of Americanism of which Dr. 
 Smith names the first six, we find : — 
 
 1. Religious Liberty: Claimed by many great spirits of 
 antiquity and by Anabaptists and Mennonites in Holland 
 forty years before it guided the policy of William, the Silent, in 
 1577, it was claimed for themselves by Sir Thomas More and 
 the martyrs: it was the policy of Archbishop Grindall in 1575, 
 who liberated many prisoners and sought to protect non- 
 conformists but was overruled by Queen Elizabeth: it was 
 preached by Robert Browne at Norwich in 1581, by the English 
 baptists in Holland in 1611, and by Leonard Busher in 1614. 
 In 1620 it was the spirit that ruled under Carver, Brewster and 
 Bradford at Plymouth, where Capt. Miles Standish was not a 
 church-member, but probably a Roman Catholic, and where 
 an asylum was given to Roger Williams, who made it the corner- 
 stone of Rhode Island in 1636. Notwithstanding the relatively 
 liberal spirit of New Amsterdam before the religious persecutions 
 of Stuyvesant, and of Connecticut in 1635, where citizenship 
 did not depend on church membership, this principle was main- 
 tained by the Calverts in their first charter of 1632 and by the 
 founders of Maryland in 1634 and protected Romanists and 
 Puritans alike. It took form in the Toleration Act of 1649 when 
 less than one quarter of the population of Maryland was Roman 
 Catholic, and this act has been called the formal "beginning of 
 genuine religious liberty, the principle and practice of which is 
 the greatest American contribution to the welfare of the human 
 race." As in 1689 Maryland and Rhode Island disfranchised 
 Roman Catholics, who from 1562 to 1829 were disfranchised 
 in England, this condition in 1689 in America was found only in 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware. The Pilgrim policy of separatism, 
 and this policy of Religious Liberty were guaranteed to all by 
 the Federal constitution, which without these principles could 
 
 12 
 
never have been adopted; and were specifically included in the 
 first amendment. 
 
 II. State Support of Education: First found in Massachu- 
 setts by the founding of Harvard in 1638 and the General 
 Education Law of 1647. The remarkable assimilation of alien 
 immigration in America would have been impossible without 
 Public Education. 
 
 III. Political Liberty and Equality guaranteed by Represen- 
 tative Government; as found in Virginia in 1619, and more free 
 from aristocratic restrictions in Maryland and New England, 
 especially in Plymouth, Rhode Island and Connecticut which 
 did not limit representation by church-membership as did 
 Massachusetts, or to the gentry as did New York, Maryland 
 and Virginia. 
 
 IV. Written Constitutions: Though later than the brief but 
 prophetic Mayflower Compact of 1620, which Bancroft called 
 "the birth of Constitutional Liberty" and which was the first 
 instance of the "social compact" postulated by philosophers as 
 the basis of government, though it prudently acknowledged the 
 sovereignty of King James; and though later, too, than the 
 Virginia, Massachusetts and Maryland charters, it was the 
 "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut" in 1639 which made the 
 most vital and specific contribution to the Federal Constitution. 
 This remarkable document of 1639 was inspired by Rev. Thomas 
 Hooker's famous sermon on Deuteronomy 1:13-15: "Take you 
 wise men * * and well known among your tribes and I will make 
 them rulers over you." He based the foundation of authority 
 on the consent of the governed which was the principle of the 
 Mayflower Compact, which spoke of "combining ourselves into 
 a body politic unto which we promise all due submission and 
 obedience." Whereas the Compact of 1620 was a vague pre- 
 limiinary platform which deferred the enacting of "just and 
 equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitution and ofifices, for the 
 general good of the colony," the Orders of 1639 comprised what 
 the Compact of 1620 predicted, and contained the main prin- 
 ciples of the United States Constitution. It is an indestructible 
 monument to Hooker, Ludlow and Haynes. 
 
 Bancroft says: — 
 
 "More than two centuries have elapsed and the world has 
 been made wiser by the most various experiences; political 
 institutions have become the theme on which the most powerful 
 and cultivated minds have been employed, and so many con- 
 stitutions have been framed or reformed, stifled or subverted 
 that memory may despair of a complete catalogue, but the 
 people of Connecticut have found no reason to deviate essen- 
 tially from the form of government established by their fathers. 
 No jurisdiction of the English monarch was recognized; the 
 laws of honest justice were the basis of the commonwealth; 
 and therefore its foundations were lasting." 
 
 13 
 
It was signed fifty years before the British Declaration of 
 1689, which was the principal source of the first ten amendments 
 of the American Constitution. 
 
 V. "The institution of African slavery" introduced by Dutch 
 traders into Virginia in 1G19 and although gradually abolished 
 in the North became so strong in six of the original thirteen 
 colonies and so entrenched by the constitution, that it led 
 directly or indirectly to a disturbance of the balance of power 
 between the states and thus to the Civil War in 1861, followed 
 by the Emancipation Proclamation and amendments to the 
 Constitution. In 1910 10.7% of the total population of the 
 nation were of African descent. 
 
 VI. We have already seen that institutions of religion, edu- 
 cation and government had their foundation before the Penn- 
 sylvania Quakers came on the scene. But it remained for them 
 to make new and important contributions in the direction of 
 mitigating human suffering. 
 
 "They favored the settling of international disputes by 
 arbitration, not war. Prisons were made reformatories. Cruel 
 and indiscriminate punishments so common elsewhere were 
 replaced by humane correction graded to the offense, and the 
 death penalty was inflicted only for murder and treason, instead 
 of for two hundred offenses in New York and more than twenty 
 in Massachusetts and South Carolina. The estates of murderers 
 and suicides were not taken from their families and appropriated 
 by the State." It was through the influence of Penn that really 
 representative government was at last granted to New York. 
 Like the Pilgrims, Penn abolished primogeniture, but in wills 
 throughout the colonies eldest sons were often given at least a 
 double share. Penn in 1697 submitted his plan for the union of 
 all the colonies, which especially deserves commemoration ; but 
 the founders of Pennsylvania deserve honor for instituting the 
 first dispensary, the first hospital north of the City of Mexico; 
 the first attempt to control infection and contagion, the first 
 lunatic asylum, for that enlightened spirit that spread over the 
 whole country so that Mr. Bryce could say in his "American 
 Commonwealth :" "The Americans are conspicuous for sympathy 
 with suffering and humane treatment of animals and unfortunate 
 human beings." Penn and his companions are thus to be counted 
 with Founders of America, although they came after the fathers 
 of the earlier colonies like Dr. Fuller of Plymouth who went to 
 attend the sick in the Bay Colony, and was an angel of mercy 
 in both. Many of the early ministers in New England were also 
 the physicians of their people; and the mother of Anneke Jans, 
 wife of Dominie Bogardus, was the "trained nurse" of early 
 Manhattan. 
 
 Although not mentioned by Dr. Smith there are other prin- 
 ciples that should be considered : — 
 
 VII. The Freedom of the Press, which did not exist in Great 
 Britain until 1694. In 1670 Governor Berkley reported forty 
 
 14 
 
thousand people in Virginia and added: "But I tliank God 
 there are no free schools nor printing and I hope we shall not 
 have these for one hundred years." In 1682 Buckner was 
 arrested for printing the laws. In 1638 Glover's press and 
 Stephen Daye arrived in Boston. In 1686 William Bradford 
 was the first printer in Pennsylvania. For printing the laws he 
 was arrested and put under bonds to await the King's decision. 
 The first copy of the first newspaper in the colonies "The Boston 
 News-Letter" appeared April 24, 1704. 
 
 VIII. Regular Mails: As republics are formed and practi- 
 cally controlled by public opinion, the dissemination of infor- 
 mation is essential. The first regular stage-coach between New 
 York and Boston was not started until 1673, and the first coach 
 between New York and Philadelphia was started in 1732, the 
 year of Washington's birth. 
 
 IX. Respect for Labor: As exemplified by the Pilgrims and 
 early clergy in the spirit of Tolstoi. 
 
 X. No Taxation without Representation: This was claimed 
 in England in 1265, when as a result of the Baron's War and the 
 efforts of Simon de-Montfort the representation in Parliament 
 was extended. It was a principle maintained in Holland in 
 1477. When Massachusetts abandoned law-making to the 
 Assistants who chose the Governor and Deputy Governor, the 
 inhabitants of Watertown in 1631 refused to pay a tax levied 
 by the Assistants. It was thus a source of contention through- 
 out the Colonial era, and the chief cause of the Declaration of 
 Independence, for this right of English freemen guaranteed in 
 1689 had been withheld from the colonists who were not repre- 
 sented in Parliament. 
 
 XL Independence and Republicanism won by the Revo- 
 lution : 
 
 About fifty years from the founding of Jamestown, or just 
 before the Restoration of 1660, the Period of Colonization was 
 practically closed in all of the thirteen colonies, except in their 
 remoter corners, and except in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the 
 Carolinas and Georgia. However all of these foundation-stones 
 had not been put in place as yet in any one of the colonies ; and 
 primitive conditions and Indian Wars like those of 1676 still 
 prevailed. But speaking of the whole territory, and remem- 
 bering the high character of the Dutch, Scotch and English 
 immigration after the Restoration and the Huguenot colonists 
 who strengthened New England, New York and South Carolina 
 after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and the 
 great influence of William Penn and the Quakers, who came 
 after 1680, it is not erroneous to extend this period to the acces- 
 sion of William and Mary in 1689. 
 
 Up to 1640, New England had received about 21,200 immi- 
 grants, over fifty villages had been founded and about forty 
 churches built. In 1647 the population of New Amsterdam was 
 about one thousand; and from 2,500, in 1623, the population of 
 
 15 
 
Virginia in 1648 had grown to about 20,000, of whom about 400 
 were negro slaves. 
 
 The year 1651, when England and Holland were at war, was 
 the date of the Navigation Act. The war of 1665-7 between 
 England and Holland turned New Amsterdam into New York. 
 War was repeated in 1673 when New York was taken back by the 
 Dutch, but returned to England in 1674. 
 
 Lord Baltimore of the Virginia Company, was in 1622 a mem- 
 ber of the Council of New England. He planted a colony in New 
 Foundland, which was not successful. It was not until 1625 that 
 he was converted to Romanism, and he never became a propa- 
 gandist. He announced that the privileges granted to Roman 
 Catholic priests in their own countries could not be granted to 
 them in Maryland "without grave offense to the King and 
 State;" but he founded a colony where his fellow Romanists 
 could find a safe asylum like other non-conformists, and deserves 
 the glory he shares with Brewster, Bradford and Roger Williams 
 of showing the way to toleration: but his hope of founding a 
 successful and lucrative colony was blighted at first by the 
 factional quarrels which broke out, as in Rhode Island, between 
 the different sects. He died before the charter of 1632, but his 
 son, Cecilius, continued this policy. He was named for the great 
 Lord Burghley and descended from Sir Thomas Wroth, the 
 friend of Edward VI., the fellow exile with Grindall in Frankfort, 
 and the brother-in-law of Lord Rich. 
 
 Most of the settlers of 1633 and 1644 were Protestants. After 
 the Toleration Act of 1649, the protestants defeated the Calvert 
 Party in 1655, and there was divided rule in 1657 compromised 
 in 1658, and settled in 1660 when Maryland's population was 
 from 8,000 to 12,000: but in 1689 the Romanists were disfran- 
 chised. The New England Confederation of 1643 marked a step 
 in advance, but it broke up in 1684 being designed more for 
 military than political defense. Betw^een 1652 and 1658, Mas- 
 sachusetts annexed the settlements in Maine and bought the 
 Gorges title in 1676. 
 
 In 1664, the Hartford and New Haven colonies were united 
 and many from the latter settled in New Jersey. In 1665, Eliza- 
 bethtown, then a hamlet with only four houses, was the capital 
 of Goulding's Colony in New Jersey, and the Clarendon Colony 
 in North Carolina failed. It was not until 1675 that the Fenwick 
 or Byllynge Colony was established in New Jersey, and three 
 years later many Quakers had arrived as settlers and the treaty 
 of amity with the Indians was concluded there. In 1679 colonies 
 of foreign Protestants were sent to South Carolina by Charles II : 
 and Mason's colony of New Hampshire was separated from 
 Massachusetts. In 1679, the population of New France was 
 8,515. In 1670, Berkeley reported 40,000 people in Virginia, 
 2,000 negro slaves, 6,000 white servants. 
 
 New York was described in 1678 by Governor Andross as 
 "containing twenty-four towns with two thousand men capable 
 
 16 
 
of bearing arms, with religions of all sorts, one Church of Eng- 
 land, several Presbyterians and Independents, Quakers and 
 Anabaptists of several sorts, some Jews, but Presbyterians and 
 Independents most numerous and substantial." He enforced 
 the Navigation Act and promoted close relations with England 
 so that New York became in spirit the most English of the 
 colonies as was shown by the strength of the Loyalist cause in 
 the American Revolution. The royal officials from England 
 that came to Virginia, Maryland, New York and Boston intro- 
 duced an aristocratic spirit that was at variance with the ideals 
 of most of the colonists. It was not until 1683 that through the 
 influence of Penn, a popular assembly was instituted for New 
 York. 
 
 Charlestown, S. C, was founded in 1680, the year that William 
 Penn received his grant of Pennsylvania; but in 1683, at Phila- 
 delphia, there where "only three or four little cottages," and it 
 was not until that year that New York had the Dongan Charter 
 of Liberties, which gave toleration to all Christians, Dongan 
 himself being a Roman Catholic. 
 
 In 1682, Sir George Carteret's rights in New Jersey were sold 
 to William Penn and twenty-three other proprietors, some 
 Royalists, some Dissenters, some Quakers; and in 1685, the 
 "Henry and Frances" brought 200 pioneers, followed by many 
 Scotch during the governorship of Lord Neill Campbell, a brother 
 of the Earl of Argyle. 
 
 In 1684 there were seven or eight thousand settlers in Pennsyl- 
 vania and three hundred and fifty-seven houses and 2,500 people 
 in Philadelphia, so that William Penn could boast "I have led 
 the greatest colony into America that ever any man did upon a 
 private credit: and the most prosperous beginnings that ever 
 were in it are to be found among us." In three years the growth 
 was equal to that of the first half century in New York or Ply- 
 mouth Colony. 
 
 Lord Cardross established his Scotch Presbyterian colony at 
 Beaufort, S. C, in 1684. 
 
 In 1685, one thousand of Monmouth's soldiers were sent from 
 their prisons to Virginia and many Huguenots arrived within the 
 next few years. 
 
 Prof. Fisher of Yale, used 1688 as a division of his compact 
 recapitulation of the history of "The Colonial Era." John 
 Fiske ends "The Beginnings of New England" in 1689. Sav- 
 age's "Genealogical Dictionary" traces the settlers of New 
 England to 1692, the date of the Massachusetts charter. The 
 accession of James II, which was merely the beginning of his 
 downfall, is the starting point of Macauley ; and the same revolu- 
 tion begins the third volume of Bancroft, who says of it: — 
 "Although narrow in its principles, imperfect in its details, and 
 frightfully intolerant toward Catholics, it forms an era in the 
 history of the liberty of mankind." 
 
 17 
 
PART II. 
 
 In an age when less than half of our people are descended from 
 the Founders of America, many false conceptions of them pre- 
 vail, and there are many who still believe in the false "Blue Laws 
 of Connecticut" fabricated by Peters. It has become fashion- 
 able in certain circles in the United States to belittle the Pilgrims 
 and Puritans, to forget the great roles they played in history and 
 to interpret the enforced simplicity of their first homes in the 
 American wilderness as a sign of inferior social rank and origin, 
 not as the measure of the self-sacrifice they imposed upon them- 
 selves and their families in their struggle for religious, political 
 and economic liberty. The sterling qualities of the Dutch 
 pioneers have been partially forgotten through the amusing 
 caricatures of Irving. 
 
 The Pilgrims are often described even in leading journals and 
 in post-prandial oratory as ridiculous, ignorant, witch-killing 
 fanatics, although no witch was ever executed in the Plymouth 
 Colony. All Puritans are sometimes described as crude plebeians, 
 although this is disproved by the Winthrop and Hutchinson 
 Memoirs, Birch's Bacon Memoirs, the Autobiography of Sir 
 John Bramston and Masson's "Milton." As to witchcraft it 
 was not only in America that it aroused the superstitious. Sir 
 Thomas Browne and Sir Matthew Hale were as uncompromising 
 toward those charged with witchcraft as the Mathers and Haw- 
 thornes. 
 
 In the popular mind no distinction is made between the dif- 
 ferent elements of the population in the first settlements. The 
 more their records are studied, the more certain it is that, al- 
 though many of the first settlers were humble folk, as were the 
 contemporary ancestors of many British peers of today, that 
 the leaders in all the colonies were not only great in themselves, 
 but connected in many ways not only with the highest coteries 
 of intellectual leaders of English life, but also with the most 
 aristocratic circles, from the world's point of view, which they 
 abandoned. 
 
 Ecclesiastical art was so connected with the religion supported 
 by those who persecuted their friends and themselves, that they 
 became iconoclasts; and the hereditary principle had so often 
 placed unworthy rulers and officials over them that they ignored 
 the claims of descent, and in noble humility belittled their own 
 claims to gentility, and gradually abandoned primogeniture, 
 the essential means of keeping wealth centralized. 
 
 The work of such genealogists as Waters, Chester, Somerby 
 and J. Henry Lea and such authors as Alexander Brown and 
 Morton Dexter have, however established the armorial rank of 
 scores of American families; part of whom were still rich, but 
 some of whom came across the sea in poverty, sometimes more 
 honorable than wealth, and as oppressed and poor as those from 
 the humbler grades of English life. These, even in America at 
 
 18 
 
the first, were seated in church according to their "quality" 
 but were put on an absolute parity before the law, — although 
 the infliction of corporal punishment for infractions of certain 
 laws was limited to those whom even Governor Winthrop called 
 the "common people," the gentry in such cases being fined and 
 admonished. 
 
 Hon. Andrew Sloane Draper says of the Pilgrims: 
 
 "How they had been winnowed by repeated separations from 
 the common herd ! At old Scrooby they had separated from all 
 the world around them; going from there, the less daring stayed 
 behind; they had left fully half their number and surely not 
 the most courageous half, at Leyden; those who started and 
 became discouraged had returned at the last moment with the 
 Captain of the Speedwell; the remaining ones were surely cast in 
 an heroic mould, and the blood of a hundred kings was not more 
 royal than was theirs." 
 
 "Puritans made the fields of Naseby and Dunbar and Marston 
 Moor grounds which inspire the progress of the human race, for 
 upon them they taught the Stuart Kings and all the world to- 
 gether the grim lesson that if there are divine rights among men 
 they are inherent in the people and not in the kings." "It was 
 to be a softened Puritan character, as exemplified in the Pilgrims 
 at Plymouth, rather than the austere type, unchanged and 
 unadapted, as seen in the Ironsides at the Bay, which was to 
 breathe not only the spirit of Christianity as they interpreted it, 
 but also of independence, of equality, of liberty, and of nation- 
 ality into American life, and by these great marks to distinguish 
 it to all the people of the world. The Pilgrim was a Puritan, but 
 he had taken a post graduate degree." 
 
 In 1670 there were fifty towns and about 8,000 people in 
 Plymouth Colony. Their religious tolerance and broad political 
 principles have been noted. They purchased lands on mutually 
 satisfactory terms from the natives sixty years before the famous 
 treaty of William Penn, and in general the Dutch and Puritans 
 pursued the same policy. As they converted Indians before the 
 arrival of Eliot from England, there were in 1675 about 600 
 praying Indians in Plymouth Colony. Elder Brewster was a 
 scholar with a valuable library. He had been at the Court of 
 Elizabeth and travelled abroad in an Envoy's suite. Governor 
 Bradford, was a linguist, a Hebrew and classical scholar. His 
 history is marked by force and beauty of style. He was tolerant, 
 and when Roman Catholics from Canada were his guests at 
 dinner he served fish on Friday and spoke to them in French, as 
 he spoke Dutch to occasional guests and envoys from New 
 Amsterdam. His correspondence with Minuit was "courteous 
 and kindly," and he entertained de Razier in 1627. It is known 
 that Capt. Miles Standish was not a member of the church, and 
 many believe that he was a Roman Catholic. He belonged to a 
 famous armorial family, as did Governor Winslow, whose benevo- 
 lent portrait with his coat of arms is a sufficient index to his 
 
 19 
 
personality and proof of his philanthropy. The Pilgrims re- 
 frained from religious persecution and never punished a single 
 human being charged with witchcraft. Although they were thus 
 more tolerant and liberal than the Bay Colony, still they did not 
 see their way clear, under the Stuarts, to open their doors of 
 citizenship, at that time, to those who disagreed with them, for 
 the very conclusive reason that it might have ruined their hazard- 
 ous experiment and driven them eventually from their own 
 homes. Even Mr. Gardiner, the English historian, admits that 
 they were wise in this, and that "their own religious liberty 
 would have been in danger if a population had grown around 
 them ready to lend a helping hand to any repressive measures 
 of the home government." 
 
 Professor Fisher adds: "For one party to give ecclesiastical 
 freedom to its adversary at that time was to forge an instrument 
 for its own destruction." 
 
 Union of church and state and theocracy were both doomed, 
 and the theory of the separatists prevailed. Romanism and 
 Anglicanism have both enjoyed a wonderful development in 
 America under the Separatist policy, which the Church of Eng- 
 land Puritans in Massachusetts first opposed and finally adopted 
 from Plymouth, and which was to become one of the most famous 
 features of the Federal constitution, and specifically guaranteed 
 by the first amendment. 
 
 The History of Dunmow in Essex records that the body of 
 Mrs. Lucy Sparhawk who died, not under Mary, but under 
 Elizabeth, was refused Christian burial because she was a Puri- 
 tan. After legal pressure, however, she was finally buried, but 
 without signs of respect which were usually given and the ab- 
 sence of which insulted her memory and her friends. It is not 
 surprising that this surname is found among those of dissenters 
 and New Englanders. It is not to be wondered at that those 
 who thus saw the dead bodies of their friends outraged, and had 
 other friends fined, imprisoned and martyred for their religion, 
 should become embittered and hate even the sacred symbols of 
 the State Church as signs of religious persecution. The Spanish 
 Inquisititon made all Holland protestant, and the English 
 persecutions turned some who might have been as well-poised as 
 Milton into half-crazed iconoclasts, who helped to make Puritan- 
 ism unpopular and the Restoration a fact. 
 
 In Queen Mary's day a list of the martyrs and their friends 
 and followers contains such names as AUerton, Brewster, Brad- 
 ford, Carver, Coe, Rogers, Sandys, Wyatt, Pierrepont, Sampson, 
 Bishop Ridley's "loving cousin Ralph Whitfield," and Arch- 
 deacon Philpot's custodian of his documents, Adam Winthrop, a 
 connection of the Mildmays; the Wilsons, including the first 
 minister at Boston, descended from the Dean of Windsor, buried 
 in St. George's Chapel, and like the Sheaf es, Tafts, Higginsons, 
 Hookers, Kings and Rawsons also from Archbishop Grindall's 
 sister; the Whitfields, descended from the Philpots, Shelleys, 
 
 20 
 
Sheafes, Wilsons, Ardens, Chaucers, from Sir William Brampton, 
 Lord Mayor of London and from the uncle of Sir Charles Bran- 
 don, Duke of Suffolk, who married Mary Tudor, Queen Dowager 
 of France, sister of Henry VIII, and grandmother of Lady Jane 
 Grey. Margaret Manning, the aunt of Rev. Henry Whitfield 
 of Connecticut married (1) Thomas Howard, Viscount Bindon, 
 son of the Duke of Norfolk and a relative of Queen Elizabeth. 
 As his widow she married (2) Sir Edmund Ludlow, a relative of 
 the Ludlows of New England, Virginia and New York, akin to 
 the Pophams, Wallers, Hampdens and Scropes, and among her 
 descendants were Lt. Gen. Edmund Ludlow, the Parliamentarian 
 and the Earls Ludlow. The stories of Sir Harry Vane, of Capt. 
 Geo. Fenwick, of Rev. Hugh Peters and of the fugitive regicides 
 Whalley, Goffe and Dixwell are too well known to be repeated. 
 Noble says that Col. Fleetwood, the regicide, died in America, 
 where many alleged relatives of others of the High Court of 
 Justice were also settled, like William Throope, William Phelps, 
 William Jones, Mrs. Knight and Theophilus Whale of Narra- 
 gansett. 
 
 Governor Thomas Dudley of Massachusetts was the son of 
 Capt. Roger Dudley, who fell at Ivry in 1590, fighting for King 
 Henry of Navarre, and was himself a captain at the Siege of 
 Amiens. He sealed his will with the arms of the Suttons, Barons 
 of Dudley. In his youth a page to the Earl of Northampton, he 
 was afterwards steward of the Earl of Lincoln. His daughter 
 Mercy, wife of Rev. Benj, Woodbridge, was daughter-in-law to 
 Rev. John Woodbridge, chaplain of Parliamentary Commission 
 sent to King Charles I, in 1646-7 at the Isle of Wight. His 
 daughter Anne Dudley, wife of Governor Simon Bradstreet, 
 formerly steward of the Countess of Warwick at Lees Priory near 
 Felsted and Braintree in Essex, referred in one of her poems to 
 her kinship to Sir Philip Sidney, nephew of Lord Leicester, but 
 this reference was more modestly omitted in a subsequent edi- 
 tion. Her brother, the Tory governor also claimed kinship with 
 the Dudleys and Sidneys of the peerage and the claim is ad- 
 mitted by John Fiske, the historian. Recent genealogical re- 
 searches have shown that Governor Thomas Dudley was through 
 the Purefoys and Dentons a cousin of Sir Fulke Greville, Lord 
 Brooke, the friend of Sir Philip Sidney and the Greys. The 
 sister of the second Lord Brooke, like Lady Frances Gorges, 
 daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, married into the Hesselrigg, 
 Gorges, Fenwick, Sheafe and Nicholls connection of Founders of 
 America. 
 
 As Lord Brooke who was born in 1554 was assassinated in 
 1628 and had been one of Queen Elizabeth's courtiers so that 
 he must have known Davison and Elder Brewster in London, 
 it is interesting to read his lines on "The Puritans' Departure 
 to New England" inspired by the sailing of the Mayflower and 
 the preparations of Winthrop and Dudley: — 
 
 21 
 
"As the wise physician 
 When he discovered death in the disease 
 Reveals his patient's dangerous condition 
 And straight abandons what he cannot ease, 
 With the ghostly physic of a Might 
 Above all second causes infinite: 
 
 So, many grave and great men of estate 
 In such despaired times retire away 
 And yield the stern of government to Fate 
 Foreseeing her remedieless decay; 
 Loath in confused torrents of oppression 
 To perish as if guilty of transgression." 
 
 Gov. Dudley's grandfather, Thomas Thorne,wasof Northamp- 
 tonshire, and the Visitation of 1619, shows that Nicholas Thorne 
 of Bristol was grandfather of John Wake, son-in-law of Sir Ed- 
 ward Gorges, and allied with Catesbys, Philpots, Sir Thomas 
 Pygott and the Marquis Dorset. Nicholas Thorne founded a 
 grammar school in Bristol, and was the patron of the Cabots. 
 His son and Michael Lock drew maps for Haklyt, used by 
 Hudson. He was associated in London with Thomas Middle- 
 ton, Thomas Parr and Sir Launcelot Thirlkeld, ancestor of 
 the Dudleys of Yanwith, one of whom was so rigid a Puritan 
 that he disinherited a son for being a Romanist, and was a friend 
 of Archbishop Grindall and Bishop May, grandfather of Gov. 
 Bradford's wife, Dorothy May, and a kin to the Scropes, Nor- 
 tons, Middletons, Stapletons, Musgraves and Pecks. 
 
 One Thomas Thorne married Alice, daughter of Robert Arden, 
 and the will of John Arden in 1550 names "cousin Thomas 
 Thorne." Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Wm. Davison, William Brew- 
 ster and John Arden were in the suite of Lord Robert Dudley in 
 Holland between 1585 and 1587. The Shelleys, from whom so 
 many Americans are descended, were ancestors of Bramptons, 
 Ardens, Whitfields, Sidneys, Chaunceys, Sandyses, Copleys, 
 Boleyns and Queen Elizabeth herself. 
 
 In Queen Elizabeth's reign, study the lists of soldiers in the 
 Netherlands under "the fighting Veres" and Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 and find Miles Standish, John Mason, John Underbill, Lyon 
 Gardiner and Thomas Dudley: — read the lives of her great 
 ministers of State and her courtiers and prelates, look over the 
 lists of landed gentry, great merchants, lord-mayors and sheriffs 
 of London, and find many connections with the names found 
 in Alexander Brown's "Genesis of the United States," Savage's 
 "Genealogical Dictionary" of the settlers of New England, 
 Water's "Genealogical Gleanings in England," Stannard's 
 "Some Emigrants to Virginia," Hayden's "Virginia Gene- 
 alogies" and the records of Maryland. 
 
 Prof. Fisher speaks of the settlers at Salem as never having 
 called in question at that time the lawfulness of a national 
 
 22 
 
church and describes Laud's policy as being as "petty as it was 
 inquisitorial and arbitrary, put into action to extinguish Puritan 
 opinions, and to punish with imprisonment and death all devi- 
 ations from the established ceremonies." "A large number of 
 men of birth and fortune, residing in different places, after 
 consultation with one another decided that it was expedient 
 to lay the foundations of a New England across the sea, where 
 the principles which they cherished might take root and flourish, 
 beyond the reach of royal and prelatical despotism." One of 
 them was John Winthrop who "belonged to an ancient family 
 and was possessed of a good estate." Like Washington he 
 was marked by "a certain grave self-control and dignity of 
 character." "Among his associates were others scarcely inferior 
 in social standing. Such were the deputy-governor Humphreys 
 and Isaac Johnson, sons-in-law of the Earl of Lincoln, and also 
 the steward of his household, Thomas Dudley: the bulk of the 
 emigrants being of the middle class uplifted by an earnest 
 religious faith." 
 
 Edward Johnson's "Wonder Working Providence" printed 
 in London in 1658 says of Ipswich founded in 1634 by Rev. 
 Nathaniel Ward, author of the "Body of Liberties," who was 
 called cousin by Governor W^inthrop, and who was a friend of 
 Sir Nathaniel Rich, "The peopling of this town is by men of 
 good rank, and quality, many of them having the yearly revenue 
 of large lands in England before they came to this wilderness." 
 Such were a long list in all the colonies, for the tradition that all 
 the "best blood" is to be found south of Mason and Dixon's 
 Line is false, and many of the same families sent branches into 
 different colonies, like the Allertons, Bacons, Bradfords, Brew- 
 sters, Carys, Lees, Fenwicks, Gookins, Honeywoods, Spellmans, 
 Stacys, Whitfields, Ludlows, Whartons, Fields, Hubbards, 
 Reves and Masons. 
 
 Richard Lyman of Connecticut, Pres."^ Chaunler of Harvard, 
 Mrs. Whiting of Lynn, a sister of Chief Justice Oliver St. John; 
 Mabel Harlackendon, wife of Governor Haynes of New England 
 and Dorothy Harlackendon, wife of Deputy Governor Samuel 
 Symonds, the two latter, both descendants from the steward 
 of the de Veres and from the Hobarts, had many royal and 
 noble ancestors, as had many others, whose records have not 
 been so often printed. Many others, north and south, were 
 allied or associated with the greatest English families and 
 intellectual leaders. Macauley has shown that the English 
 aristocracy was not a caste. 
 
 Robert Coe of Stamford and Long Island was a descendant 
 of the Goldings, and thus a cousin of Arthur Golding, secretary 
 to Lord Rich and of Margaret Golding, wife of the Earl of 
 Oxford. Her son, Edward de Vere, the seventeenth Earl, 
 married a daughter of the Great Cecil, Lord Burghley, who 
 was akin to Robert Browne the Separatist and Davison the 
 patron of Elder Brewster. This, "the prodigal Earl of Oxford" 
 
 23 
 
sold his estates to the Harlackendens, Holmsteads, Bigges and 
 other families well known in New England, acting, it is said, 
 out of pique and grief, because Cecil refused to save the life of 
 Oxford's cousin, the Duke of Norfolk, who was executed for 
 his sympathy with Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 If life was unbearable for this descendant of "a hundred 
 earls" it is not remarkable that humbler folks began to think 
 of emigration, and that some of his own kinsmen came to these 
 shores, like the Bladens of Maryland. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh stated that out of 2,000,000 English people 
 in 1588 about 200,000 were Puritans, and 20,000 Separatists. 
 
 But many more found it easier to conceal their inmost thoughts 
 and outwardly conform like Robert Browne, the relative of Lord 
 Burghley, so that under Cromwell there were more Puritans 
 in England than had been generally known. In the Parlia- 
 mentary struggles we not only find relatives of New Englanders 
 on one side, and kinsmen of New Yorkers and Virginians on 
 the other, but many who had friends and connections on both 
 sides, a tragedy to be repeated two centuries later. 
 
 Cromwell became Protector and the tide of migration toward 
 New England subsided, but the Cavaliers found an asylum 
 farther south, where famous royalist names are still found; 
 yet many of the same families were represented in New England. 
 
 "The Historical Relation of New England to the English 
 Commonwealth" was ably treated by Mr. J. Wingate Thornton 
 in the Congregational Quarterly, Vol. XVI, pages 14, 228, 382 
 and refers particularly to Cotton, Peck, Hooker, Whitfield, 
 Lothrop, Nathaniel Ward and others in New England whose 
 influence was great on both sides of the ocean. 
 
 The Ludlows, akin to the great Parliamentary General and 
 the Earls Ludlow, were prominent in New England, Virginia 
 and New York. The Mores of the Mayflower were of Norman 
 descent and their father was a famous Parliamentarian. 
 
 Major John Desboro, who married the sister of Oliver Crom- 
 well the Protector, had a brother Samuel who married a daugh- 
 ter of Rev. Henry Whitfield of Guilford, Conn, and returned 
 to England to become Member of Parliament and Keeper of 
 the Great Seal of Scotland. Another of the Desboros was early 
 in Virginia. The Claypooles of Pennsylvania and the Crom- 
 wells of New York claim kinship with the Protector. 
 
 Rev. Robert Peck, Vicar at Hingham in Norfolk, and founder 
 of Hingham in New England, was the pastor of the Lincolns, 
 Gilmans and Hobarts in both places. He was through the 
 Middletons, Musgraves, Nortons and Aunes connected with the 
 Ridleys, Stapiltons, Dudleys, Ardens, Grevilles and Bradfords 
 of the Heralds' Visitations, which give his pedigree for twenty 
 generations. One of his kinswomen was the wife of Sir Thomas 
 More, Lord Chancellor. Rev. Robert Peck married (2) Martha 
 Honeywood who was not only connected with Sir Thomas 
 Honeywood, Sir Harry Vane and the Elizabethan Master of 
 
 24 
 
Posts, Sir Thomas Randolph, the patron of the Brewsters at 
 Scrooby, but was a granddaughter of Mary Waters Honeywood 
 who with her sister Joyce Hales (mother of Sir James Hales) 
 and Mrs. Ann Warcop were devoted friends of the family of Sir 
 William Lock and of Rev. John Bradford the Martyr. Mrs. 
 Peck was the widow of Rev. James Bacon, a cousin of Lord 
 Francis Bacon, and mother of Mr. Nathaniel Bacon of Virginia, 
 whose kinsman was the popular leader of Bacon's Rebellion. Mr. 
 Peck's nephew was William Peck of Cave in Suffolk who married 
 Dorothy, daughter of Sir Butts Bacon, Baronet, of this same 
 great family, as shown by the Visitation of Suffolk of 1664. Mr. 
 Peck's daughter married Major John Mason, a lietuenant under 
 Sir Horatio Vere and Sir Thomas Fairfax in the Netherlands, the 
 Conqueror of the Pequots in 1637 and a kinsman of John Mason, 
 the partner of Gorges and proprietor of New Hampshire, a con- 
 nection of Edward Randolph, the unpopular royalist of Andross's 
 day, and of the Masons of Virginia. He was Acting Governor of 
 Connecticut when Winthrop was in England, and one of the 
 Patentees to whom King Charles H granted the charter con- 
 cealed in the oak. The Bladens of Maryland were descended 
 from the Fairfaxes and the de Veres. Ann de Vere, Lady 
 Sheffield, married John Brock, whose niece married John Reve 
 of Bocking and whose nephew Bartholomew Brock married a 
 daughter of Sir Ralph Wiseman of Rivenhall, and grand- 
 daughter of Lord Rich. Sir Thomas Wroth, son-in-law of Lord 
 Rich and ancestor of Cecilius Calvert was a Marian exile with 
 Archbishop Grindall and Archbishop Sandys. Governor Brad- 
 ford's wife, Dorothy May, was descended from Sir Martin Bowes, 
 Lord Mayor of London, and Dr. May, Bishop of Carlisle and the 
 Cloptons, connected with the Stacys, Hobarts and Sir Symonds 
 Dewes. Harlackenden Bowes, who succeeded to the English 
 estates of Governor Haynes of New England was a relative of 
 Mrs. Bradford as was Thomasine Clopton, wife of Governor 
 Winthrop. 
 
 The tradition that Rev. John Bradford the martyr, was akin 
 to Governor Bradford of Plymouth was referred to in an elegy 
 written at the time of the latter's death : — 
 "Now blessed holy Bradford, a successor 
 Of blessed holy Bradford the confessor. 
 Is gone to place of rest with many more 
 Of precious ones whom I might name : great store 
 And commendation of each one have been given 
 But what needs that? Their names are writ in Heaven." 
 "By one that was well acquainted with the worth of the said 
 Mr. William Bradford" in Morton's "New England's Memorial" 
 1669. John Bradford and one Cornwall were two of those exe- 
 cuted by Queen Mary for participating in Dudley's Rebellion in 
 1557. 
 
 As Governor Bradford and William Bradford the friend of 
 William Penn and pioneer printer, both used the arms of the 
 
 25 
 
Bradfords of Yorkshire, an examination of Yorkshire Visitations 
 shows affiHations with the Middletons, Pecks, Musgraves, Ogles, 
 Hails, Walleses, Carrs, Chesters, Ridleys, Fenwicks and Sir 
 Edward Gray in one pedigree; and in another with the Amyases 
 of Wakefield Yorks (into which family John Field, the astron- 
 omer married) the Middletons, Musgraves, Ridleys, Aunes, 
 Pecks, Williamsons, Fenwicks, Cornwalls, Carrs, Sutton-Dud- 
 leys, Copleys and Nowells, These Bradfords were related 
 through the Middletons, Aunes and Pecks to the wife of Major 
 John Mason. Zacheriah Field served under Major Mason in the 
 Pequot War and John Field the astronomer was of a family con- 
 nected with the Nowells, Kayes, Savilles and Saltonstalls and 
 through the Merediths with the Hills, Cookes, Stacies, Munde- 
 fords and Bramstons and with Sir William Locke, the friend of 
 Henry VHI, and of Sir Thomas Gresham, the latter a friend of 
 William, the Silent, and founder of the Royal Exchange. As one 
 of these Greshams married a daughter of Sir Henry Thwaites 
 of Lound on the Wolds in Yorkshire near Scrooby (whose wife 
 was a Saville), while another was the wife of Sir Nathaniel Bacon, 
 it may yet be proven that Margaret Gresham, grand-mother of 
 Governor Bradford, was a relative of the great family of that 
 name who were in such close touch with ancestors of New Eng- 
 landers, Virginians and Marylanders, and did so much for the 
 commerce and glory of England. 
 
 William Gresham, brother of Sir Richard Gresham, Lord 
 Mayor of London, had an apprentice Otwell Hill, son-in-law of 
 Sir \Villiam Locke. The will of Mr. Hill in 1543 refers to Roch- 
 dale in Lancaster near the reputed birthplace of Bradford the 
 martyr. The will of Joane Wilkinson, wife of Martin Locke, the 
 partner of Frobisher, and son of Sir William Locke, was proven 
 in 1587. It names her cousin Joane Argall, Lady Henry Crom- 
 well, Margaret Yale, my good friend Mrs. Anne Warcuppe, and 
 my kinsman Ralph Warcuppe." 
 
 Like Mary Waters Honeywood and her sister "my good Joyce 
 Hales," Mrs. Anne Warcuppe, Lady Elizabeth Vane, Mrs. Pier- 
 pont and Mrs. Wilkinson were devoted disciples of Bradford the 
 martyr, who sent them messages of farewell just before his death. 
 Mrs. Wilkinson became one of the Marian exiles on the continent 
 where Sir William Lock and the Greshams had commercial head- 
 quarters. Dorothy, wife of Gov. Bradford, was a great-grand- 
 daughter of Sir William Wilkinson. 
 
 In 1546 Mary Hill married Francis Spellman, one of whose 
 family Dorothy, daughter of Sir Henry Spellman, the antiquary, 
 became the wife of Sir Ralph Whitfield. Mary Hill's sister Mar- 
 garet married Sir John Cheke, the tutor of Edward VI. They 
 were related to the Cookes, Bacons, Cecils, Killigrews, Guil- 
 fords and Dudleys, and the widow of Richard Hill married (2) 
 Sir John Mason, the Tudor ambassador to Paris and Brussels. 
 It was Katherine Spellman, grand-daughter of Richard Hill who 
 became the wife of Elder Brewster's patron William Davison, 
 
 26 
 
who owed much to her influence, until Queen Elizabeth dismissed 
 him for obeying her command to deliver the order for the execu- 
 tion of Mary Queen of Scots. Bradford and Brewster are thus 
 the two ends of this chain. Another chain connects them with 
 Robert Bradford who was in the employ of Edmund Grindall, 
 Queen Elizabeth's Archbishop of York, and landlord of Scrooby, 
 who on his elevation to the See of Canterbury in 1575 was suc- 
 ceeded by his old schoolmate, Edwin Sandys, who was a prisoner 
 in the same cell with Bradford the martyr, and whose family was 
 so prominent in Virginia. Grindall and Bradford, the martyr, 
 were chaplains of Bishop Ridley at the same time and friends of 
 Sir Thomas Wroth, Sir John Cheke and Alexander Nowell. The 
 latter became chaplain to Archbishop Grindall, and Dean of St. 
 Paul's, and educated his nephew Sir John Deane, Grandfather 
 of Margaret Tyndale, wife of Governor Winthrop. William 
 Grindall and James Hill of Austerfield married relatives of Gov- 
 ernor Bradford, and Otwell Grindall was baptized there May 
 1670. 
 
 Roger Williams was a protege of Sir Edward Coke and cor- 
 responded with Sir William Martin and the Barringtons. He 
 was born in London, not as usually stated in Wales. Rev. 
 Ezekiel Rogers of New England was chaplain to Sir Francis Bar- 
 rington. Such illustrations could be quoted indefinitely. 
 
 Mr. Palfrey calls attention to the fact that between 1630 and 
 1690 there were as many sons of Oxford and Cambridge in New 
 England in proportion to the population as in the mother 
 country; and Governor Winthrop states that in 1638 there were 
 several Oxonians and forty or fifty Cambridge men in the villages 
 of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 
 
 Books in the colonial libraries, scholars like Bishop Berkeley, 
 at Newport, courtiers like the governors sent from London and 
 colonists returning from visits to the mother country kept the 
 new settlements however rude, from losing touch entirely with 
 the old civilization; but many of the second and third genera- 
 tions in the colonies had less culture than the first. But the 
 founders of America put conduct above erudition, ability before 
 pedigree, and education and manhood above rank and the 
 "guineas's stamp" before Burns was born. They combined 
 brave doing and high thinking with plain living before Franklin 
 and Emerson, before Whittier wrote "Snow Bound" or Wagner 
 preached "The Simple Life." They lived "the strenuous Hfe" 
 before Roosevelt. They were the ancestors of nineteen-twen- 
 tieths of the 2,500,000 people of the thirteen colonies who won 
 their freedom by the Revolution. 
 
 In 1674 Governor Andross arrived in New York and in 1686 
 became Governor of New England. In 1688 New York was 
 humiliated and inconvenienced by annexation to New England 
 with the capital at Boston. The demand for the surrender of 
 the charter in Connecticut and its concealment in the Charter 
 Oak takes one back to the days of Robin Hood. For the first 
 
 27 
 
time the people of New England were ruled by principles and 
 methods that had driven them from the old. Fiske says: "The 
 four years from 1684 to 1688 were the darkest years in the history 
 of New England." This was true of all the colonies. It must be 
 admitted that Andross and Randolph were able and sincere and 
 honest, but they were the representatives of obsolete policies 
 and enforced them with brusque rigor and unnecessary cruelty. 
 
 Evelyn's Diary gives an illuminating picture under date of 
 May 18, 1688 when six bishops protested against the King's 
 orders to read in churches the royal declaration of liberty of 
 conscience "not that they were averse to the publishing it for 
 want of due tenderness towards Dissenters" (including Roman- 
 ists) in relation to whom they should be willing to come to such 
 a temper as should be thought fit. * * * But that the 
 declaration being founded on such a dispensing power as might 
 at pleasure set aside all laws ecclesiastical and civil, it appeared 
 to them illegal as it had done to the Parliament in 1661 and 1672. 
 The King was so far incensed at this address that he with threat- 
 ening expressions commanded them to obey him in reading it 
 at their perils and so dismissed them." 
 
 The news of the Revolution of 1688 was brought to Boston 
 by John Winslow, who arrived there on the fourth of April 1689, 
 and announced that William and Mary had been proclaimed 
 King and Queen of England on the thirteenth day of February 
 of that year. Fiske says: "There was such rejoicing as had 
 never before been seen in that quiet town, it was believed that 
 self government would now be guaranteed to New England." 
 
 In all the colonies the old governments were resumed. In 
 New York, Jacob Leisler, one of her popular heroes, was given 
 command of the fort, and with patriotic motives assumed the 
 governership. Nicholson and members of the Stuart govern- 
 ment however disregarded Leisler's authority, and proclaimed 
 allegiance to William and Mary, so that both factions claimed 
 the royal letters which arrived in December to Nicholson "or in 
 his absence to the Preservers of Peace and Order in New York." 
 Nicholson being absent, Leisler interpreted and held this letter 
 as a legal sanction of his authority. Although a German, Leisler 
 had seen military service with the Dutch and was "religiously 
 and politically in sympathy with William of Orange." He called 
 together the first American Congress, and by uniting on a mili- 
 tary plan of action in Canada, exercised national sovereignty 
 independently of the British authorities. Ignored by the Crown, 
 refusing to yield, through fear of the Papists, French and Indians 
 and opposing the Androssites now in authority, he was finally 
 displaced and with his son-in-law Milbourne was judicially 
 murdered on the sixteenth of May, 1691 by Governor Sloughter 
 and the New York Council and Assembly. King William sub- 
 sequently removed their attainder and restored their forfeited 
 estates to their heirs: but the aristocratic party was dominant. 
 Penn issued his plan of Union in 1697 and Franklin his in 1754. 
 
 28 
 
The efforts of King James II to unite the colonies were unpopular 
 because self-government was not provided. Had an equitable 
 plan been adopted instead of arbitrary orders of royal councils, 
 colonial union would have been welcomed as a safeguard against 
 the Indians and the French. 
 
 In Maryland the deputies of Lord Baltimore hesitated to 
 proclaim William and Mary, but John Coode formed an armed 
 force of Protestants and took possession of the government. 
 Although Lord Baltimore's property rights were respected his 
 political power was annulled, and even his representatives were 
 forced to consent to the exclusion of Roman Catholics from the 
 ranks of otftce-holders as they were in England from 1562 to 1829. 
 
 There was great alarm in England at the bold attitude of the 
 colonists in 1G89, a prophecy of 1775. 
 
 After years of bitter antagonisms and furious fratricidal battles 
 in England, hostile factions were now reunited; and as the more 
 radical elements of the British population had emigrated, Great 
 Britain became more conservative and kept in via media. The 
 peaceful accession of William and Mary was the consummation 
 of the mighty movement that began with Huss and Wycliffe and 
 Luther, and as Macauley says, the greatest of the European 
 revolutions because final and followed by stable government. 
 It practically united England and Holland. Their combined 
 fleets controlled the high seas. It ended the vassalage of England 
 to France, and avenged the Huguenots for the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes. England was restored to her old place among 
 nations. The coronation of the great-grandson of William the 
 Silent as King of Great Britain began a new and glorious epoch 
 that was continued through the Augustan age of Queen Anne. 
 
 As William, the Silent, derived his title from Orange in France 
 and battled for religious and political freedom and just govern- 
 ment in Holland, and as his successor ruled not only Holland but 
 England as well, he is one of the heroic founders of American 
 institutions on whose monument could wreaths be appropriately 
 placed by descendants of Pilgrims, Puritans, Huguenots, Knick- 
 erbockers, Quakers and Cavaliers. 
 
 The fourth of April, 1689, the date on which John Winslow 
 brought to Boston the news of the Proclamation of William and 
 Mary which resulted in the imprisonment of Governor Andross 
 as a representative of Stuart principles, hated, feared but now 
 utterly destroyed forever, marks another epoch which can be 
 celebrated by the sons of all classes of Founders of America, for 
 although still discriminated against, even the Roman Catholics 
 ceased to be persecuted. 
 
 At the accession of William and Mary the old leaders had 
 nearly all passed away, and the responsibilities of colonial life 
 were borne by their successors who were natives of the soil. 
 
 The population of Massachusetts with Maine and Plymouth 
 was 44,000, of New Hampshire 6,000; Rhode Island and Provi- 
 dence 6,000; Connecticut 19,000; New York 20,000. New 
 
 29 
 
Jersey 10,000; Pennsylvania and Delaware 12,000; Maryland 
 25,000; Virginia 50,000; Carolina as far south as Florida 8,000; 
 a total Caucasian population of about 200,000. 
 
 The Period of Colonization had practically closed. 
 
 To England and her colonies, succeeding years brought dis- 
 appointments and discouragements, but the real power became 
 vested in the House of Commons, the Declaration of Right 
 guaranteed the dearly bought privileges of the people helping to 
 inspire the American Constitution and its first ten amendments, 
 and persecution for religious belief was a horror of the past, ex- 
 cept as we see it today in Armenia and Russia. King William's 
 insistence on war with France was a part of his European policy 
 which was forced upon America and resulted in great suffering 
 from Indian atrocities added to the usual and unavoidable 
 rigors of war, but it resulted in bringing the colonists nearer 
 together, and trained native soldiers for the work of the Revolu- 
 tion. There were colonial congresses at Albany in 1694, 1711, 
 1722, 1748, and 1751 and at New London in 1709 and 1711; though 
 the most important of these was that at Albany in 1754 which 
 was dominated by Franklin ; but in none of these was there any 
 effort made toward independence. It was not until the Peace of 
 Paris in 1763 that Vergennes prophesied that the colonies "will 
 no longer need England's protection: but will call on them to 
 contribute towards supporting the burdens they have helped to 
 bring on her and they will answer by striking off all dependence." 
 
 30 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK SOCIETY OF THE ORLER OF 
 THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF AMERICA. 
 
 1. "The Settlement of New York," bv George Rogers Howell March 
 
 18, 1S97. 
 
 2. "The Battle of Lexington," by Hon. John Winslow, May 13, 1897. 
 
 3. "George Clinton," by Col. R. E. Prime, December 15, 1902. 
 
 4. "Washington, Lincoln and Grant," by Gen. James Grant Wilson 
 
 April 6, 1903. 
 
 5. "Early New York," by Hon. Robert B. Roosevelt, January 15, 1904. 
 
 6. "Thomas Hooker, The First American Democrat," by Walter Seth 
 
 Logan, February 19, 1904. 
 
 7. "Early Long Island," by Hon. Wm. Winton (ioodrich, iMarch 16, 1904 
 
 8. "Banquet Addresses," Ma\- 13, 1904. 
 
 9. "The Philippines and The Filipinos," bv Maj. (;en. Frederick D 
 
 Grant, December 10, 1904. 
 
 10. "Some Social Theories of the Revolution," \)\ Theodore Gilman 
 
 January 31, 190r>. 
 
 11. "Banquet Addresses." May 13, 19t)5. 
 
 12. "The Story of the Pequot War," h\ Thos. Egleston, LL. D., Ph D 
 
 December 15, 1905. 
 
 13. "Distinctive Traits of a Dutchman," b\ Col. [ohn W. Vrooman 
 
 February 23, 1900. 
 
 14. "An Incident of the Alabama Claims Arbitration," by Col. Ralph 
 
 K. Prime, March 23, 1900. 
 
 15. "Banquet Addresses and Memoir of Hon Robert B. Roosevelt," 
 
 May 14, 1900. 
 
 16. "Constitution, By-Laws and Regulations of the Order, and List 
 
 of Members of the General Court, with By-Laws, and List 
 of Members of the New York Society," November 1, 1906. 
 
 17. "Some Municipal Problems that Vexed the Founders," by Rev. 
 
 Wm. Reed Eastman, December 14, 1905. 
 
 18. "A Vanished Race of Aboriginal Founders," On' Brig. Gen. Henry 
 
 Stuart Tiirrill, U. S. A., February 14, 1907. 
 
 19. "List of Officers and Members of the New York Society," Novem- 
 
 ber 15, 1907. 
 
 20. "The Hudson Valley in the Revolution," bv Francis Whiting Halsey, 
 
 December 13, 1907. 
 
 21. "American Territory in Turkey; or Admiral Farragut's Visit to 
 
 Constantinople and the Extra-territoriality of Robert Col- 
 lege," by Ralph E. Prime, LL.D., I). C. L., Feiiruary 14, 1908. 
 
 22. "Banquet Addresses," May 13, 1908. 
 
 23. "Some Things the Colony of North Carolina Did and Did First 
 
 in the Founding of English-Speaking America," by Wil- 
 liam Etiward Fitch, M. I)., Deceml)er 11, 1908. 
 
 24. "Colonial Legends and Folk Lore," by Hon. John C. Coleman, 
 
 January 20, 1910. 
 
 25. "The Origin, Rise and Downfall of the State of Franklin, Under 
 
 Her First and Onlv Governor — John Sevier," l)v \\ illiam Ed- 
 ward Fitch, M. 1)., March 11, 1910. 
 
 26. "Proceedings on the Dedication of the Tablet Erected to the New 
 
 York Society of the Order of the Founders and Patriots 
 of America, on the Site of Fort Amsterdam at the United 
 States Custom House, New York City," September 29, 1909. 
 
 27. "Banquet Addresses," Ma>- 13, 1910. 
 
 28. "ComiTiodore Isaac Hull and the Frigate Constitution," bv Gen. 
 
 James Grant Wilson, D. C. L., October 28, 1910. 
 
 29. "Some Aspects of the Constitution," by Joseph Culbertson Clayton, 
 
 December 14, 1910. 
 
 30. "Early Colonial Efforts for the Improvement of the Indians," by 
 
 Re\'. P2dwarfi Pa\ son Johnson, D. 1)., February' 14, 1911. 
 
 31. "Rev. Jonas Clark, Pastor of the Church at Lexington during the 
 
 Revolution, Leader of Revolutionary Thought," b\ Theo- 
 dore Gilman, October 19. 1911. 
 
 32. "The Founders of America," bv Winchester Fitch, B. L., Januar\ 
 
 10, 1912. 
 
mZT °'' CONGRESS 
 
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